title: Maurice Nelles

abstract: Maurice Nelles was an engineer, business executive and professor.

text:
# Maurice Nelles

**Maurice Nelles** (October 19, 1906 - August 30, 1998) was an engineer, business executive and professor.

## Early life and education

Nelles was born in Madison, South Dakota. Nelles earned a bachelor's degree in 1927 and a master's degree in 1928, both from the University of South Dakota and earned a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1934. While at Harvard, he held the Charles A. Coffin Fellowship and the George H. Emerson and Harvard scholarships.

## Career

During World War II, Nelles worked at Lockheed Corporation and the War Production Board. While at Lockheed, Nelles and his coworkers Morlan A. Visel and Ernest L. Black proposed a "Pacific Research Foundation" which eventually became SRI International.

After Lockheed, Nelles became a professor of aeronautical engineering at the University of Southern California, where he designed the laboratory ship Velero IV. In 1949 he oversaw Otis Barton's record-breaking 4500 ft deep sea dive off of Santa Cruz Island in a benthoscope that Nelles had designed. He would also teach at Pennsylvania State University and the University of Virginia.

He served as the director of research for Borg Warner, Technicolor, Crane, and Westinghouse. He was later a consultant to the National Academy of Sciences.

Nelles died August 30, 1998, in La Jolla, California.

## InfoBox

| Maurice Nelles | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1906-10-19)October 19, 1906
Madison, South Dakota |
| Died | August 30, 1996(1996-08-30) (aged 89) |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of South Dakota
Harvard University |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Lockheed Corporation
University of Southern California
Pennsylvania State University

University of Virginia |
|  | |


title: GUCA1A

abstract: Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GUCA1A gene.

text:
# GUCA1A

**Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1** is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the *GUCA1A* gene.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| LOC118142757 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | GUCA1A, C6orf131, COD3, CORD14, GCAP, GCAP1, GUCA, GUCA1, dJ139D8.6, guanylate cyclase activator 1A, GUCA1ANB-GUCA1A readthrough, GUCA1ANB-GUCA1A | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 600364; MGI: 1922712; HomoloGene: 129540; GeneCards: GUCA1A; OMA:GUCA1A - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_000409
NM\_001319061
NM\_001319062   NM\_001172091
NM\_029296
NM\_001347584   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_000400
NP\_001305990
NP\_001305991   n/a   Location (UCSC) n/a Chr 17: 47.72 – 47.75 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Valley of the Giants (album)

abstract: Valley of the Giants is the only album by Canadian indie rock supergroup Valley of the Giants. It was released in February 2004 on the record label Arts & Crafts.

text:
# Valley of the Giants (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
| Pitchfork | 5.0/10 |

***Valley of the Giants*** is the only album by Canadian indie rock supergroup Valley of the Giants. It was released in February 2004 on the record label Arts & Crafts.

## Track listing

1. "Claudia & Klaus" – 5:49
2. "Westworld" – 6:26
3. "Cantara Sin Guitara" – 8:05
4. "Beyond the Valley" – 9:59
5. "Waiting to Catch a Bullet" – 10:00
6. "Whaling Tale" – 8:57
7. "Back to God's Country" – 9:16
8. "Bala Bay Inn" – 7:00

## InfoBox

| Valley of the Giants | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Valley of the Giants | |
| Released | February 2004 |
| Genre | Post-rock, dream pop |
| Length | 65:28 |
| Label | Arts & Crafts |
| Producer | Anthony Seck |


title: Mazori Hatti Mullo

abstract: Mazori Hatti Mullo is a mazar in the Yaghnob Valley in Tajikistan. It is located near to the village Sokan.

text:
# Mazori Hatti Mullo

**Mazori Hatti Mullo** (Yaghnobi Мазори Ҳатти Мулло) is a mazar in the Yaghnob Valley in Tajikistan. It is located near to the village Sokan.

* Тағоймурод Ёрзода: Yaγdnovi folklor. Фолклори Яғноб (Маҷмӯаи илмӣ-оммавӣ). Душанбе (Империал-Групп) 2007.

## InfoBox

| Mazori Hatti Mullo | |
| --- | --- |
| Mazori Hatti MulloLocation in Tajikistan | |
| Coordinates: 39°9′47.54″N 69°8′1.99″E / 39.1632056°N 69.1338861°E / 39.1632056; 69.1338861 | |
| Country | Tajikistan |
| Province | Sughd |


title: Zoigê Marsh

abstract: The Zoigê Marsh, also known as the Ruo'ergai Marsh or the Songpan Grasslands, is located in the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau and forms the largest high-altitude marsh area in the world.

text:
# Zoigê Marsh

33°42′N 102°38′E / 33.700°N 102.633°E / 33.700; 102.633

The **Zoigê Marsh** (Chinese: 若尔盖湿地; pinyin: *Ruò'ěrgài Shīdì*), also known as the **Ruo'ergai Marsh** or the **Songpan Grasslands**, is located in the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau and forms the largest high-altitude marsh area in the world.

## Location

The marsh areas are mainly located in northern Sichuan Province, but extend into southern Gansu and southeastern Qinghai. The marshes are formed in a region of poor drainage that is located between the watersheds of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. The marshes are located at an altitude of about 3,600 meters above sea level and cover an area of about 2,600 square kilometers. To east, they are bordered by the Min Mountains and to the west by the Amne Machin mountain range.

## Geology

The marshes can be divided into four geomorphological regions: the Zoigê plateau plain, the Hong Yuan plateau mound, the A Ba plateau mountain, and the Songpan-Lixan Alp. The soil of the marshes contains a layer of peat that is about 2 to 3 meters thick in most places, but can reach up to 7 meters in thickness.The wetland is a low-level developed herbaceous swamp since the Quaternary Himalayan orogeny. It is also an important water conservation area in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, accounting for 29-45% of the water supply of the total upstream inflow.

## History

The Long March passed through the Zoigê Marsh in August 1935. The marshes were partially drained for grazing of cattle, sheep, and horses in the 1970s. This involved digging 200 km of ditches to drain 1,400 km2 of marshland. The project continued until the 1990s and exacerbated desertification problems. Herders reported that gold miners have also used cloud-seeding cannons to prevent rainfall, which has caused die-offs in vegetation.

In 1994, a nature preserve was established in the marshes. From 2010, community efforts to replant local grasses have been underway, with light grazing by yak allowed, so that the animals can tread the seeds down and stimulate regrowth.

On 10 November 2023, the National Forestry and Grassland Administration issued *List of Important Habitats for Terrestrial Wildlife(first batch)*, with the Zoigê Marsh being listed as a major habitat of the Black-necked crane.

## InfoBox

| Designations | |
| --- | --- |
| Ramsar Wetland | |
| Official name | Sichuan Ruo'ergai Wetland National Nature Reserve |
| Designated | 2 February 2008 |
| Reference no. | 1731 |
|  | |


title: Wisconsin's 71st Assembly district

abstract: The 71st Assembly district of Wisconsin is one of 99 districts in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Located in central Wisconsin, the district comprises most of Portage County and part of northeast Adams County. It includes the city of Stevens Point and the villages of Amherst, Amherst Junction, Nelsonville, Plover, and Whiting. The district also contains the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point campus. The district is represented by Democrat Katrina Shankland, since January 2013. The 71st Assembly district is located within Wisconsin's 24th Senate district, along with the 70th and 72nd Assembly districts.

text:
# Wisconsin's 71st Assembly district

The **71st Assembly district of Wisconsin** is one of 99 districts in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Located in central Wisconsin, the district comprises most of Portage County and part of northeast Adams County. It includes the city of Stevens Point and the villages of Amherst, Amherst Junction, Nelsonville, Plover, and Whiting. The district also contains the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point campus. The district is represented by Democrat Katrina Shankland, since January 2013.

The 71st Assembly district is located within Wisconsin's 24th Senate district, along with the 70th and 72nd Assembly districts.

## List of past representatives

List of representatives to the Wisconsin State Assembly from the 71st district
| Member | Party | Residence | Counties represented | Term start | Term end | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *District created* | | | | | | |
| Leonard A. Groshek | Dem. | Stevens Point | Portage | January 1, 1973 | January 1, 1979 |  |
| David Helbach | Dem. | Stevens Point | | January 1, 1979 | January 3, 1983 |  |
| Donald K. Stitt | Rep. | Port Washington | Ozaukee, Sheboygan | January 3, 1983 | January 7, 1985 |  |
| Stan Gruszynski | Dem. | Stevens Point | Portage, Waupaca | January 7, 1985 | January 2, 1995 |  |
| | | | Portage, Waushara | | | |
| | William Murat | Dem. | Stevens Point | January 2, 1995 | January 4, 1999 |  |
| | Julie Lassa | Dem. | Plover | January 4, 1999 | May 9, 2003 |  |
| | *--Vacant--* | | | May 9, 2003 | August 11, 2003 |  |
| | Louis Molepske | Dem. | Stevens Point | August 11, 2003 | January 7, 2013 |  |
| Katrina Shankland | Dem. | Stevens Point | Portage | January 7, 2013 | *Current* |  |

## InfoBox

| Wisconsin's 71st
State Assembly district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| 2024 map defined in 2023 Wisc. Act 94
2022 map defined in *Johnson v. Wisconsin Elections Commission*
2011 map was defined in 2011 Wisc. Act 43 | |
| Assemblymember | Katrina Shankland
Stevens Point  since January 7, 2013 (11 years) |
| Demographics | 89.32% White
1.86% Black
3.13% Hispanic
3.76% Asian
1.51% Native American
0.13% Hawaiian/Pacific Islander |
| Population (2020)
Voting age | 59,463
47,994 |
| Website | Official website |
| Notes | Central Wisconsin |


title: Vauxite

abstract: Vauxite is a phosphate mineral with the chemical formula Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·6(H2O). It belongs to the laueite – paravauxite group, paravauxite subgroup, although Mindat puts it as a member of the vantasselite Al4(PO4)3(OH)3·9H2O group. There is no similarity in structure between vauxite and paravauxite Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O or metavauxite Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O, even though they are closely similar chemically and all minerals occur together as secondary minerals. Vauxite was named in 1922 for George Vaux Junior (1863–1927), an American attorney and mineral collector.

text:
# Vauxite

**Vauxite** is a phosphate mineral with the chemical formula Fe2+Al2(4)2(O)2·6(H2O). It belongs to the laueiteparavauxite group, paravauxite subgroup, although Mindat puts it as a member of the vantasselite Al4(PO4)3(OH)3·9H2O group. There is no similarity in structure between vauxite and paravauxite Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O or metavauxite Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O, even though they are closely similar chemically and all minerals occur together as secondary minerals. Vauxite was named in 1922 for George Vaux Junior (1863–1927), an American attorney and mineral collector.

## Unit cell

The space group is P1, which means that the only symmetry element for the crystal is a center of symmetry. The crystal is built up of identical units, called unit cells, which are stacked together so that, in the absence of imperfections, they completely fill the space occupied by the crystal. The unit cell is a rhomboid (each face is a parallelogram, and opposite pairs of faces are equal) with side lengths a, b and c. The angles between the sides are denoted by the Greek letters α, β and γ, where α is the angle between sides b and c, β between c and a, and γ between a and b. For vauxite, the reported values of these parameters differ slightly from reference to reference, as different researchers have studied different samples, but all agree that a = 9.1 Å, b = 11.6 Å, c = 6 Å, α = 98.3°, β = 92° and γ = 108°, to the accuracy stated. Detailed reported values of the lattice parameters are:

* a = 9.13 Å, b = 11.59 Å, c = 6.14 Å, α = 98.3°, β = 92°, γ = 108.4°
* a = 9.142 Å, b = 11.599 Å, c = 6.158 Å, α = 98.29°, β = 91.93°, γ = 108.27°

Within each unit cell there are two units of the formula Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·6H2O.

## Structure

The structure of vauxite is characterised by infinite chains parallel to the c crystal axis. One set of chains is built up of octahedra with a ferrous iron ion Fe2+ or an aluminium ion Al in the middle, and an oxygen ion O at each of the six vertices. The central ions of these octahedra are alternately Fe and Al, and adjacent octahedra share edges. At each linked edge two oxygen ions are shared between two octahedra, and each octahedron must have two shared edges to form a chain.

Parallel to these edge-linked octahedral chains are vertex-linked mixed chains of alternating octahedra and tetrahedra. The tetrahedra have a phosphorus ion P in the middle, and oxygen ions O at each of the four vertices, and the octahedra have an aluminium ion Al in the middle surrounded by six oxygen ions O, as in the octahedral chains. At each linked vertex one O is shared between a tetrahedron and an octahedron, and each tetrahedron and octahedron must have two linked vertices to form the mixed chain.

Each octahedral chain is flanked by two mixed chains, one on either side, linked through the vertices of the chains, making an infinite triple chain. The triple chains are further interlinked by yet more phosphorus tetrahedra (not the ones in the mixed chains), which share vertices with both kinds of octahedra in the octahedral chains, and with the aluminium octahedra in the mixed chains. Water molecules (H2O) and hydroxyl ions (OH) are also incorporated into this chain, giving a complex chain with composition \[FeAl3(PO4)4(OH)4(OH2)2\]5−. These complex chains, which are parallel to the c crystal axis, are linked in the direction of the a axis by further aluminium octahedra (not the ones in the chains) and in the direction of the b axis by further Fe octahedra, and there are more water molecules within channels in the structure, giving the final formula for vauxite as FeAl2(PO4)2(OH)2.6H2O.

## Crystal habit

Vauxite crystals are very small and tabular, forming sub-parallel to radial aggregates and nodules. The crystals are flattened parallel to the plane containing the a and c crystal axes, and elongated in the c direction, that is along the length of the chains which are the basis of the structure.

## Optical properties

A triclinic mineral, such as vauxite, has all three of its crystal axes of different lengths, and all three interaxial angles of different sizes, with none equal to 60°, 90° or 120°. Consequently, the material is anisotropic, and physical properties, including optical properties, vary with direction. The refractive index is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light through the medium. Since this varies with the color of the light, a standard color must be chosen when refractive indices are specified. The usual standard is the yellow light from a sodium source, that has wavelength 589.3 nanometers. For an anisotropic substance the refractive index (for light of a given color) varies with direction, and for vauxite the range is from 1.551 for light travelling parallel to the a axis to 1.562 for light travelling parallel to the c axis.

An optic axis is a direction in which light travels through a crystal such that the speed is the same for all directions of polarization for light of any given wavelength (i.e. color). Any direction in an isometric crystal has this property. Trigonal, tetragonal and hexagonal crystals have a single optic axis, parallel to the c crystal axis. They are said to be uniaxial. Triclinic, monoclinic and orthorhombic crystals have two optic axes, and are said to be biaxial. The angle between the two axes is denoted by 2V. Vauxite is biaxial.

### Optic sign

Unpolarized light travels unchanged through an isometric crystal, whatever the direction of travel. In uniaxial and biaxial crystals, light travelling in any direction other than parallel to an optic axis is broken into two polarized rays, the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray. The ordinary ray travels with the same speed no matter what the direction; this is a consequence of the plane in which it is polarized. The plane of polarization of the extraordinary ray is perpendicular to that of the ordinary ray, and in general its speed will be different. For rays travelling along an optic axis the speeds of the ordinary and extraordinary rays are equal. For all other directions in uniaxial and biaxial crystals the speeds are different. The crystal is said to be positive if the ordinary ray has a greater speed than the extraordinary ray, and negative if the reverse is true. Vauxite is biaxial (+).

### Dispersion of the optic axes

The refractive index varies with the wavelength (color) of light, so the positions of the optic axes in biaxial crystals, and the angle 2V between them, will change when the color of the incident light is changed. This phenomenon is usually expressed in the form r \> v, indicating that 2V is greater for red than for violet light, or vice versa. For vauxite r \> v, 2V is greater for red light than for violet light.

### Pleochroism

Pleochroism is the phenomenon of crystals appearing to change color as they are rotated in plane polarized light. This is due to differential absorption of light vibrating in different directions. Isometric crystals cannot be pleochroic. Uniaxial crystals (trigonal, tetragonal or hexagonal) may show two, but not three, different colors as they are rotated, then they are said to be dichroic (two colors). Biaxial crystals may show three different colors, and then are said to be pleochroic (many colors). Vauxite is strongly pleochroic, colorless along X and Z and blue along Y.

## Environment

Vauxite is a secondary mineral derived from the alteration of apatite in hydrothermal tin veins. It is found associated with wavellite Al3(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O, metavauxite and paravauxite at the type locality, Siglo Veinte Mine (Siglo XX Mine), Llallagua, Rafael Bustillo Province, Potosí Department, Bolivia, which is the only known occurrence of this mineral. The type material is conserved at the US National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC: #97561, #103542.

## InfoBox

| Vauxite | |
| --- | --- |
| Vauxite from the Siglio XX Mine, Llallagua, Bolivia. Specimen size 2 cm | |
| General | |
| Category | Phosphate minerals |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2.6H2O |
| IMA symbol | Vx |
| Strunz classification | 8.DC.35 |
| Dana classification | 42.11.14.1 |
| Crystal system | Triclinic |
| Crystal class | Pinacoidal (1)
(same H-M symbol) |
| Space group | *P*1 |
| Identification | |
| Formula mass | 441.86 g/mol |
| Color | Blue, becoming greenish on exposure |
| Crystal habit | Minute tabular crystals, radial aggregates and nodules |
| Twinning | On {010}, twin and composition plane. |
| Cleavage | Fractured |
| Mohs scale hardness | 3.5 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Transparent to translucent |
| Specific gravity | 2.39 to 2.40 |
| Optical properties | Biaxial (+) |
| Refractive index | Nx=1.551, Ny=1.555, Nz=1.562 |
| Birefringence | r\>v |
| Pleochroism | (strong): X, Z colorless, Y blue |
| Other characteristics | Fluorescent. Not radioactive |
| References |  |


title: Megiddo (battle honour)

abstract: Megiddo is a battle honour awarded to units of the British Army, Royal Air Force and British Empire forces which successfully participated in the Battle of Megiddo in 1918 during the Palestine Campaign of the First World War. Sharon and Nablus are subsidiary battle honours awarded for this campaign to units which participated in these actions.

text:
# Megiddo (battle honour)

**Megiddo** is a battle honour awarded to units of the British Army, Royal Air Force and British Empire forces which successfully participated in the Battle of Megiddo in 1918 during the Palestine Campaign of the First World War.

Sharon and Nablus are subsidiary battle honours awarded for this campaign to units which participated in these actions.

* Singh, Sarbans *Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 - 1971*.(1993) Vision Books (New Delhi) ISBN 81-7094-115-6


abstract: Vail Township is one of the twenty-six townships of Redwood County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 310 at the 2000 census. Vail Township was organized in 1879, and named for Fred Vail Hotchkiss, a county official.

text:
# Vail Township, Redwood County, Minnesota

**Vail Township** is one of the twenty-six townships of Redwood County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 310 at the 2000 census.

Vail Township was organized in 1879, and named for Fred Vail Hotchkiss, a county official.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.2 square miles (91.2 km2), of which 35.0 square miles (90.8 km2) is land and 0.2 square mile (0.4 km2) (0.45%) is water.

The city of Wabasso is located in Vail Township.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 310 people, 84 households, and 72 families residing in the township. The population density was 8.8 people per square mile (3.4/km2). There were 89 housing units at an average density of 2.5/sq mi (1.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.68% White, and 0.32% from two or more races.

There were 84 households, out of which 48.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 82.1% were married couples living together, 2.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.1% were non-families. 13.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.23 and the average family size was 3.51.

In the township the population was spread out, with 33.5% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 19.0% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $37,500, and the median income for a family was $38,036. Males had a median income of $24,375 versus $20,500 for females. The per capita income for the township was $12,633. None of the families and 0.8% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

1. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
2. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
3. Upham, Warren (1920). *Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance*. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 452.

## InfoBox

| Vail Township, Minnesota | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Cities and townships of Redwood County | |
| Coordinates: 44°24′23″N 95°18′0″W / 44.40639°N 95.30000°W / 44.40639; -95.30000 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | Redwood |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.2 sq mi (91.2 km2) |
| Land | 35.1 sq mi (90.8 km2) |
| Water | 0.2 sq mi (0.4 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,073 ft (327 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 310 |
| Density | 8.8/sq mi (3.4/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| FIPS code | 27-66478 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0665848 |


title: Maurice Natanson

abstract: Maurice Alexander Natanson was an American philosopher "who helped introduce the work of Jean-Paul Sartre and Edmund Husserl in the United States". He was a student of Alfred Schutz at the New School for Social Research and helped popularize Schutz' work from the 1960s onward. During his career he taught at the University of Houston, the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research, the University of North Carolina, Yale University, the University of California at Santa Cruz where he helped establish the History of Consciousness graduate program. He was a visiting professor at the Pennsylvania State University and University of California, Berkeley. A captivating speaker, Natanson delivered the inaugural Alfred Schutz Memorial Lecture, "Alfred Schutz: Philosopher and Social Scientist" (1995) and the Aron Gurwitsch Memorial Lecture "Illusion and Irreality" (1983) at the annual meetings of the Society for Phenomenology & the Human Sciences in 1995. Natanson was born in Manhattan and raised in Brooklyn. He died from prostate cancer on August 16, 1996, at age 71.

text:
# Maurice Natanson

**Maurice Alexander Natanson** (November 26, 1924 – August 16, 1996) was an American philosopher "who helped introduce the work of Jean-Paul Sartre and Edmund Husserl in the United States". He was a student of Alfred Schutz at the New School for Social Research and helped popularize Schutz' work from the 1960s onward.

During his career he taught at the University of Houston, the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research, the University of North Carolina, Yale University, the University of California at Santa Cruz where he helped establish the History of Consciousness graduate program. He was a visiting professor at the Pennsylvania State University and University of California, Berkeley.

A captivating speaker, Natanson delivered the inaugural Alfred Schutz Memorial Lecture, "Alfred Schutz: Philosopher and Social Scientist" (1995) and the Aron Gurwitsch Memorial Lecture "Illusion and Irreality" (1983) at the annual meetings of the Society for Phenomenology & the Human Sciences in 1995.

Natanson was born in Manhattan and raised in Brooklyn. He died from prostate cancer on August 16, 1996, at age 71.

## Works

Natanson was the author of numerous works including:

* *A Critique of Jean-Paul Sartre's Ontology* (1951)
* *Literature, Philosophy and the Social Sciences* (1962)
* *The Journeying Self: A Study in Philosophy and Social Role* (1970)
* *Edmund Husserl: Philosopher of Infinite Tasks* (1973)
* *Phenomenology, Role and Reason* (1974)
* *Anonymity: A Study in the Philosophy of Alfred Schutz* (1986)
* *The Erotic Bird: Phenomenology in Literature,* (1998) and editor of *Essays in Phenomenology* (1966)
* *Phenomenology and the Social Sciences* (volumes 1 and 2) (1973).

Natanson also edited *The Problem of Social Reality*, volume I of the collected papers of Alfred Schutz. The Husserl book won the National Book Award for Philosophy and Religion in 1974.

A *Festschrift* in honor of Natanson, *The Prism of the Self*, published in 1995 (edited by Steven Calt Crowell), includes contributions from Fred Kersten, Lester Embree, Lewis Gordon, Thomas Luckmann, Richard Zaner, Nobuo Kazashi, Michael McDuffie, Gail Weiss, and Judith Butler.

## InfoBox

| Maurice Natanson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Maurice Alexander Natanson
(1924-11-26)November 26, 1924
New York City, New York, US |
| Died | August 16, 1996(1996-08-16) (aged 71)
Santa Cruz, California, US |
| Alma mater |  |
| Spouse | Lois Natanson |
|  | |
| Era | 20th-century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Phenomenology |
| Institutions |  |
| Doctoral advisor | Alfred Schutz |
| Other academic advisors | James Burnham |
| Doctoral students |  |
|  | |


title: Littlewoods Mail Order Stores Ltd v IRC

abstract: Littlewoods Mail Order Stores v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1969] 1 WLR 1241 is a UK company law case concerning piercing the corporate veil.

text:
# Littlewoods Mail Order Stores Ltd v IRC

***Littlewoods Mail Order Stores v Inland Revenue Commissioners*** \[1969\] 1 WLR 1241 is a UK company law case concerning piercing the corporate veil.

## Facts

The facts were summarised by Lord Denning MR, in his judgment.

> Littlewoods had a store in Jubilee House, Oxford Street. Its premises were on a 99-year lease for £23,444 a year from a charity called Oddfellows Friendly Society. ‘During the next 11 years the value of money got much less. In 1958 the building was worth about £2,000,000 if sold with vacant possession. And the rent obtainable on a tenancy from year to year granted in 1958 would be £60,000 a year. Yet Littlewoods had a lease with another 88 years to go at a rent of £23,444… in 1958 the advisers of Oddfellows and Littlewoods carried through a deal which was designed to confer a considerable advantage on both of them. It came to this: the Oddfellows transferred the freehold in Jubilee House to the Fork Manufacturing Co. Ltd., which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Littlewoods. The Fork Company let Jubilee House to the Oddfellows for 22 years and 10 days at a rent of £6 a year. The Oddfellows granted an underlease to Littlewoods for 22 years at a rent of £42,450 a year. The result was that Littlewoods gave up their lease for 88 years at a rent of £23,444 and took instead a lease from the Oddfellows for 22 years at £42,450: and, in addition, Littlewoods, through their wholly owned subsidiary, the Fork Manufacturing Co. Ltd., at the end of the 22 years, would have the entire freehold in hand in possession. In return the Oddfellows received a rent of £42,450 for 22 years and then lost all interest in the premises. The deal was designed to advantage both in this way: on the one hand Oddfellows would receive a rent of £42,450 a year for 22 years, which would be clear of tax as they were a charity. On the other hand, Littlewoods would claim to deduct the full rent of £42,450 from their profits instead of the smaller sum of £23,444. So they would escape a lot of tax. The deal would be to the advantage of both sides, at the expense of the revenue.

Littlewoods was complaining that the whole rent of £42,450 was deductible as an expense wholly for the purpose of trade under s 137 Income Tax Act 1952. The Commissioners rejected this. Plowman J held that the rent payments by Littlewoods were of a revenue character and properly deductible, but relying on a case that was soon reversed by the House of Lords.

## Judgment

Sachs LJ and Karminski LJ held that FM’s interposition made no difference to the real nature of the payments, the transfers were not ‘money wholly and exclusively laid out’ for the purpose of trade and not deductible. For the purpose of annual expenditure the courts must look to the true nature of the transaction. Lord Denning MR held more broadly that the wholly owned subsidiary was not in this case a separate legal entity.

> The doctrine laid down in *Salomon v Salomon* has to be watched very carefully. It has often been supposed to cast a veil over the personality of a limited company through which the courts cannot see. But that is not true. The courts can and often do draw aside the veil. They can, and often do, pull off the mask. They look to see what really lies behind. The legislature has shown the way with group accounts and the rest. And the courts should follow suit. I think that we should look at the Fork Manufacturing Co. Ltd. and see it as it really is — the wholly owned subsidiary of Littlewoods. It is the creature, the puppet, of Littlewoods, in point of fact: and it should be so regarded in point of law. The basic fact here is that Littlewoods, through their wholly owned subsidiary, have acquired a capital asset — the freehold of Jubilee House: and they have acquired it by paying an extra £19,006 a year. So regarded, the case is indistinguishable from the *Land Securities case*. Littlewoods are not entitled to deduct this extra £19,006 in computing their profits.

*

## InfoBox

| Littlewoods Mail Order Stores v IRC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | Court of Appeal of England and Wales |
| Citation | \[1969\] 1 WLR 1241 |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Lord Denning MR, Sachs LJ and Karminski LJ |
| Keywords | |
| Piercing the corporate veil | |


title: GUBU

abstract: The acronym GUBU, standing for grotesque, unbelievable, bizarre and unprecedented, refers to a strange series of incidents in Ireland in the summer of 1982 which culminated in a double-murderer, Malcolm MacArthur, being apprehended in the home of the then-Attorney General, Patrick Connolly. The words were paraphrased from a comment by then Taoiseach Charles Haughey, who called it "a bizarre happening, an unprecedented situation, a grotesque situation, an almost unbelievable mischance". The corresponding acronym was coined by Conor Cruise O'Brien, and both it and the phrase are still occasionally used in Irish political discourse to describe other notorious scandals. In January 2011 some ministerial resignations from the Government were described by its opponent Michael Noonan as "... bizarre, grotesque and to some extent unbelievable."

text:
# GUBU

The acronym **GUBU**, standing for **grotesque, unbelievable, bizarre and unprecedented**, refers to a strange series of incidents in Ireland in the summer of 1982 which culminated in a double-murderer, **Malcolm MacArthur**, being apprehended in the home of the then-Attorney General, Patrick Connolly.

The words were paraphrased from a comment by then Taoiseach Charles Haughey, who called it "a bizarre happening, an unprecedented situation, a grotesque situation, an almost unbelievable mischance". The corresponding acronym was coined by Conor Cruise O'Brien, and both it and the phrase are still occasionally used in Irish political discourse to describe other notorious scandals. In January 2011 some ministerial resignations from the Government were described by its opponent Michael Noonan as "... bizarre, grotesque and to some extent unbelievable."

## Background

The murderer, Malcolm Edward MacArthur, born 17 April 1945, was a well-known eccentric character in Dublin social circles and never held a job, as he lived off his IR£70,000 inheritance (the equivalent of almost €900,000 in 2023) from the sale of his father's farm after the latter's death in 1971. However, as his money ran out, MacArthur decided to fund his lifestyle by robbery. First he decided to purchase a gun and responded to an advertisement by Dónal Dunne, a farmer in Edenderry, County Offaly, who had a shotgun for sale. However, having no transport and needing to get from Dublin to Edenderry, he decided to steal a car.

On 22 July 1982, a nurse named Bridie Gargan (aged 27) had been sunbathing in the Phoenix Park in Dublin during her time off work. MacArthur, intending to steal her car, bludgeoned her with a hammer. In the ensuing confusion, MacArthur drove off, leaving the dying Gargan on the back seat.

At this point a passing ambulance became involved and escorted MacArthur to the hospital, as the driver mistook him for a doctor because of a windscreen sticker which Gargan had. MacArthur later abandoned the car nearby. Three days later, having found alternative means to get to Edenderry, MacArthur visited the farmer Dónal Dunne and murdered him with his own shotgun after examining it. MacArthur then stole Dunne's car and drove it to Dublin. These two violent murders created a sensation, as unmotivated murder in Ireland, coupled with the youth and respectability of the nurse and farmer, was an unusual set of circumstances.

The Garda Síochána (Irish police) soon had a description of the person they wanted.

## Fallout

MacArthur was acquainted with Patrick Connolly, the then Attorney General, the chief legal advisor to the Irish Government. On 13 August 1982, after a massive search, MacArthur was arrested on the private property of Connolly, where he had been staying for some time as a guest. Connolly, who had been getting ready for holiday, continued on his journey to the United States and did not give any interview to the Gardaí on the matter.

A serious effort was made to prevent the relationship between Connolly and MacArthur becoming public and indeed it was claimed that this was homosexual, something that was later discounted. Connolly was promptly requested to return to Ireland where he then resigned on 16 August. Haughey attempted to distance himself from the fiasco and described the event as "a bizarre happening, an unprecedented situation, a grotesque situation, an almost unbelievable mischance."

MacArthur admitted his guilt of the murder of the nurse. Because of this, he was not tried for Dunne's murder as the state entered a plea of *nolle prosequi*. This led to a petition of 10,000 signatures to ensure MacArthur would be tried for his murder. This was unsuccessful and MacArthur received a life sentence for just one murder.

## After conviction

In 2003 the parole board recommended that MacArthur be put on a temporary release programme which would eventually lead to his release. Michael McDowell, the then Minister for Justice, who was also a member of MacArthur's defence team in the murder trial, decided that he would take no part in the decision for fear of a conflict of interest.

In July 2004 it was decided to keep MacArthur in prison, as relatives – including his mother – considered him dangerous.

MacArthur was allowed to spend Christmas Day 2005 with a relative outside prison and was also allowed a five-hour Christmas parole in 2006.

MacArthur was released from Shelton Abbey Prison in September 2012.

Mark O'Connell's nonfiction book *A Thread of Violence* tells the story of the MacArthur murders.

MacArthur's story inspired John Banville's 1989 novel, *The Book of Evidence*.

GUBU was also the name of a bar on Capel Street in Dublin in the early part of the 2000s.


abstract: The Valencian National football team is the national football team for the Valencian Community, Spain. They are not affiliated with FIFA or UEFA, because it is represented internationally by the Spain national football team. It only plays friendly matches, and has not organised a fixture since 2006.

text:
# Valencian Community autonomous football team

The **Valencian National football team** is the national football team for the Valencian Community, Spain. They are not affiliated with FIFA or UEFA, because it is represented internationally by the Spain national football team. It only plays friendly matches, and has not organised a fixture since 2006.

## History

Historically, the Valencian team has had two well-differentiated periods: the time of the regional team, during which it faced other regional teams (1918-1944) and the time of the regional team, during which it faced six national A teams.

The Valencian football team made their debut against the South team on 19 November 1922 at the Campo de Algirós, in the quarter-finals of the 1922–23 Copa del Príncipe de Asturias, an official tournament organised by RFEF, and they lost 1-2. Eduardo Cubells was the author of the first goal in the history of the team. In the following edition of the Prince of Asturias Cup, the Valencian team played their second ever game, again against the South team, and again losing, this time 3-2, and also again Cubells was the author of Valencia's consolation goals, although some sources list Arturo Montesinos as the goalscorer of Valencia's second goal.

They had to wait 13 years for their first victory, when on 15 November 1936, they defied the expectations by defeating Catalonia by the incredible score of 4-0 at the Mestalla Stadium, thanks to braces from Severiano Goiburu and Langarita.

## Matches played

### Historic fixtures

| Date | Home Team | Opponent | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 12 June 1918 | Land of Valencia | Aragon | 5–0 |
| 13 June 1918 | Land of Valencia | Aragon | 3–0 |

| 19 November 1922 1922–23 Prince of Asturias Cup
quarter-finals | **Valencian Community** | **1–2** | **Andalusia** | Valencia, Valencian Community |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Cubells  60' (pen.) | Report | Kinké  30'
León  32' | Stadium: Campo de Algirós
Referee:  Enrique Peris |

| 11 November 1923 1923–24 Prince of Asturias Cup
quarter-finals | **Valencian Community** | **2–3** | **Andalusia** | Valencia, Valencian Community |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Cubells  38', 60' | Report
Report | Brand  10'
Kinké  15'
Spencer  80' | Stadium: Mestalla Stadium
Referee:  Luis Colina |
| *Note: In some sources Arturo Montesinos is listed as the goalscorer of Valencia's second goal.* | | | | |

| 8 January 1928 Friendly | **Andalusia** | **4–1** | **Valencian Community** | Jaén, Andalusia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Report |  |  |

| 18 October 1936 Friendly | **Catalonia** | **2–0** | **Valencian Community** | Barcelona, Catalonia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Betancourt  15'
Juan Ramón  63' (o.g.) |  |  | Stadium: Camp de Les Corts |

| 15 November 1936 Friendly | **Valencian Community** | **4–0** | **Catalonia** | Valencia, Valencian Community |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Goiburu
Langarita |  |  | Stadium: Mestalla Stadium
Referee: Tamarit |

| 27 March 1944 Friendly | **Valencian Community** | **3–4** | **Catalonia** | Valencia, Valencian Community |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Epi
Igoa
Gorostiza |  | Valle
Martín
César | Stadium: Mestalla Stadium
Referee: Tamarit |

| 23 April 1944 Friendly | **Catalonia** | **2–2** | **Valencian Community** | Barcelona, Catalonia |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Bravo
Martín  (pen.) | Report | Pasieguito
Gorostiza | Stadium: Camp de Les Corts |

* The team also played matches against the leading club in the region, Valencia CF, five times in the 1930s and 40s and one in 1996.

### Recent fixtures

| 28 December 2001 Friendly | **Valencian Community** | **4–1** | **Lithuania** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 27 December 2002 Friendly | **Valencian Community** | **1–2** | **FR Yugoslavia** | Valencia, Valencian Community |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | V. Moreno  11' | Report | Mijatovic  5'
Ljuboja  62' | Stadium: Mestalla
Attendance: 15,000
Referee: M. A. Ayza Gámez |

| 27 December 2003 Friendly | **Valencian Community** | **1–0** | **Cameroon** | Castellón de la Plana |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | J. Moreno  11' | Report |  | Stadium: Nou Estadi Castàlia
Attendance: 3,000
Referee: V. Lizondo Cortés |

| 28 December 2004 Friendly | **Valencian Community** | **1–2** | **Bulgaria** | Valencia, Valencian Community |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Javi Moreno  90' | Report | Berbatov  18'
Manchev  54' | Stadium: Mestalla
Attendance: 10,000
Referee: V. Lizondo Cortés |

| 28 December 2005 Friendly | **Valencian Community** | **2–1** | **Colombia** | Valencia, Valencian Community |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | David Navarro  9'
Juanfran  84' | Report | Castrillón  10' | Stadium: Mestalla
Attendance: 10,000
Referee: Ayza Gámez |

| 27 December 2006 Friendly | **Valencian Community** | **3–1** | **Peru** | Elche, Valencian Community |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Natalio  52'
Parri  53'
Redondo  77' | Report | Vassallo  11' | Stadium: Martínez Valero
Attendance: 5,000
Referee: V. Lizondo Cortés |

## Notable players

## Amateur team (UEFA Regions' Cup)

The Valencia amateur team is composed of Valencian players of Tercera División and lower divisions is in charge of defending the Valencian Country in the UEFA Regions' Cup. The team is made up of non-professional players, hence the team's name. With the new format disputed by regions, the Valencians have not qualified to dispute the European fight in any occasion.

Access to the Regions Cup is decided in the Spanish stage of the UEFA Regions' Cup, where the Valencian team achieved its best result in 2008, when it was proclaimed the winner of Group F of the First Spanish Phase of the VI UEFA Regions' Cup. This preliminary phase of Group F was played between 7 and 9 December 2007 in the Valencian town of La Nucia (Marina Baixa), but then, in the Spanish Intermediate Phase, they lost to the Catalonia amateur team.

In December 2019, the Valencian amateur team played in the First Spanish Phase of the 12th edition of the UEFA Regions' Cup in Vícar, Almería. They drew 0-0 against Andalusia and lost 2-1 against Asturias.

1. "Selecciones sin autonomía" \[Selections without autonomy\]. *Público* (in Spanish). 22 December 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
2. Auge y caída de la selección autonómica Valenciana \[Rise and fall of the Valencian national team\], Super Deporte (in Spanish), 3 January 2014
3. Vicente Martínez Calatrava (17 August 2009). "La Copa Príncipe de Asturias" \[The Prince of Asturias Cup\] (in Spanish). CIHEFE. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
4. "Sur - Levante (3 - 2) 11/11/1923". *www.bdfutbol.com*. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
5. Ficha de rival: Selección Valenciana, CiberChe (in Spanish)
6. La neu frustra el debut de la selecció valenciana de futbol \[Snow breaks the debut of the Valencian football team\] (in Catalan), Racó Català, 26 December 2001

## InfoBox

Valencian Community
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | Selecció Valenciana |
| Association | Valencian Football Federation |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| First international | |
| Valencian Community 5–0 Aragon
(Valencian Community; 12 June 1918) | |
| Biggest win | |
| Valencian Community 5–0 Aragon
(Valencian Community; 12 June 1918) | |
| Biggest defeat | |
| Andalusia 4–1 Valencian Community
(Jaén, Andalusia; 8 January 1928) | |


title: McCarthy-Dundon

abstract: The McCarthy-Dundon's is a criminal gang based in Limerick City, Ireland. Their main base is Ballinacurra Weston on Limerick's southside but they also have a strong presence in Southill and in the northside suburb of Moyross. The gang, involved in drug dealing, extortion and armed robbery, have been central players in the Limerick feud, which has claimed up to 13 lives. The feud, which involves several criminal families, mainly the McCarthy-Dundons, the Ryans and the Keane-Collopy gang from St. Mary's Park, has been ongoing since 2000. The gang have also been responsible for the high-profile murders of several innocent people unconnected to gangland, including night club bouncer Brian Fitzgerald, shot dead in 2002, the murder of Shane Geoghegan, shot in a case of mistaken identity in 2008 and businessman Roy Collins, who was murdered in 2009.Gardaí suspect the gang helped organise the murder of Baiba Saulite in 2006. The mother-of-two was shot dead outside her home in Swords, Dublin by a lone gunman. It is suspected the murder was ordered by her ex-husband, Lebanese gangster Hassan Hassan. While in prison he approached gang members to help organise the murder. Two gang members were convicted in 2008 of conspiring to possess weapons after a joint operation between Gardaí and undercover agents from the Serious Organised Crime Agency in the UK. Glen Geasley (27), and Sean Callinan (21) were jailed after a plot to import weapons to be used against the gang's rivals. The weapons included rocket launchers, AKM assault rifles and uzi submachine guns. The Criminal Assets Bureau seized two bullet-proof BMW's from gang members in 2009. The cars, worth €150,000 and registered to brothers and senior gang members, Wayne and Gerard Dundon, were imported from Germany where they had been modified with bullet-proof glass and reinforced armoured doors. By the start of the 2010's the leaders of the McCarthy-Dundon's, Wayne, John and Dessie Dundon, have been sentenced to life imprisonment for different murders, resulting from gang members and relatives of the brothers becoming supergrasses like Thomas ONeill. Their brother Gerard Dundon was jailed for four years in 2018 after he was found guilty of possessing a restricted firearm without a license. A bench warrant for the arrest of their sister Annabel Dundon was issued in 2011 after she was accused of threatening to kill another woman. However, the charges against her were eventually withdrawn by the DPP in 2017 because she had been living outside of the jurisdiction of Ireland for a number of years. The gang has had no real power on the streets of Limerick City since 2010.

text:
# McCarthy-Dundon

The **McCarthy-Dundon'**s is a criminal gang based in Limerick City, Ireland. Their main base is Ballinacurra Weston on Limerick's southside but they also have a strong presence in Southill and in the northside suburb of Moyross. The gang, involved in drug dealing, extortion and armed robbery, have been central players in the Limerick feud, which has claimed up to 13 lives. The feud, which involves several criminal families, mainly the McCarthy-Dundons, the Ryans and the Keane-Collopy gang from St. Mary's Park, has been ongoing since 2000.

The gang have also been responsible for the high-profile murders of several innocent people unconnected to gangland, including night club bouncer Brian Fitzgerald, shot dead in 2002, the murder of Shane Geoghegan, shot in a case of mistaken identity in 2008 and businessman Roy Collins, who was murdered in 2009.Gardaí suspect the gang helped organise the murder of Baiba Saulite in 2006. The mother-of-two was shot dead outside her home in Swords, Dublin by a lone gunman. It is suspected the murder was ordered by her ex-husband, Lebanese gangster Hassan Hassan. While in prison he approached gang members to help organise the murder.

Two gang members were convicted in 2008 of conspiring to possess weapons after a joint operation between Gardaí and undercover agents from the Serious Organised Crime Agency in the UK. Glen Geasley (27), and Sean Callinan (21) were jailed after a plot to import weapons to be used against the gang's rivals. The weapons included rocket launchers, AKM assault rifles and uzi submachine guns.

The Criminal Assets Bureau seized two bullet-proof BMW's from gang members in 2009. The cars, worth €150,000 and registered to brothers and senior gang members, Wayne and Gerard Dundon, were imported from Germany where they had been modified with bullet-proof glass and reinforced armoured doors.

By the start of the 2010's the leaders of the **McCarthy-Dundon'**s, Wayne, John and Dessie Dundon, have been sentenced to life imprisonment for different murders, resulting from gang members and relatives of the brothers becoming supergrasses like Thomas ONeill. Their brother Gerard Dundon was jailed for four years in 2018 after he was found guilty of possessing a restricted firearm without a license. A bench warrant for the arrest of their sister Annabel Dundon was issued in 2011 after she was accused of threatening to kill another woman. However, the charges against her were eventually withdrawn by the DPP in 2017 because she had been living outside of the jurisdiction of Ireland for a number of years. The gang has had no real power on the streets of Limerick City since 2010.

## Further reading

* Williams, Paul. "Crime Wars". Merlin Publishing, 2008. ISBN 1903582830
* Williams, Paul. "Badfellas". Penguin Ireland, 2012. ISBN 0241954746
* Duggan, Barry. "Mean Streets:Limerick's Gangland." O'Brien Press, 2009. ISBN 1847171443
* Thompson, Tony. "Gang Land:From Footsoldiers to Kingpin, the Search for Mr. Big." Hodder & Stoughton, 2011. ISBN 0340920076
* Williams, Paul. "Murder Inc." Penguin Publishing, 2014. ISBN 9781844883486


title: Zoila La Rosa

abstract: Zoila La Rosa Cajo is a Peruvian female volleyball player. She was part of the Peru women's national volleyball team at the 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Japan.

text:
# Zoila La Rosa

**Zoila La Rosa Cajo** (born 31 May 1990) is a Peruvian female volleyball player. She was part of the Peru women's national volleyball team at the 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Japan.

## Clubs

1. "Zoila's height".
2. "Peruvian volleyball team at the 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship". *sebare.com*. Retrieved 11 October 2015.

## InfoBox

| Zoila La Rosa | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Peruvian |
| Born | (1990-05-31) 31 May 1990 |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 57 kg (126 lb) |
| Spike | 285 cm (112 in) |
| Block | 280 cm (110 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Setter |
| National team | |
| Peru | |


title: Wisconsin's 73rd Assembly district

abstract: The 73rd Assembly district of Wisconsin is one of 99 districts in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Located in the northwest corner of Wisconsin, the district comprises parts of northern Douglas County, northern Bayfield County, and northern Ashland County. It includes the cities of Superior, Ashland, Bayfield, and Washburn, and the villages of Oliver and Poplar. The district also contains the Bad River and Red Cliff Indian reservations, Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, Big Bay State Park, Pattison State Park, Amnicon Falls State Park, and the University of Wisconsin–Superior campus. The district is represented by Republican Angie Sapik, since January 2023. The 73rd Assembly district is located within Wisconsin's 25th Senate district, along with the 74th and 75th Assembly districts.

text:
# Wisconsin's 73rd Assembly district

The **73rd Assembly district of Wisconsin** is one of 99 districts in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Located in the northwest corner of Wisconsin, the district comprises parts of northern Douglas County, northern Bayfield County, and northern Ashland County. It includes the cities of Superior, Ashland, Bayfield, and Washburn, and the villages of Oliver and Poplar. The district also contains the Bad River and Red Cliff Indian reservations, Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, Big Bay State Park, Pattison State Park, Amnicon Falls State Park, and the University of Wisconsin–Superior campus. The district is represented by Republican Angie Sapik, since January 2023.

The 73rd Assembly district is located within Wisconsin's 25th Senate district, along with the 74th and 75th Assembly districts.

## List of past representatives

List of representatives to the Wisconsin State Assembly from the 73rd district
| Member | Party | Residence | Counties represented | Term start | Term end | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *District created* | | | | | | |
| Thomas B. Murray | Dem. | Superior | Douglas | January 1, 1973 | January 3, 1983 |  |
| Lary J. Swoboda | Dem. | Luxemburg | Brown, Door, Kewaunee | January 3, 1983 | January 7, 1985 |  |
| Robert Jauch | Dem. | Superior | Douglas | January 7, 1985 | January 5, 1987 |  |
| Frank Boyle | Dem. | Superior | | January 5, 1987 | January 5, 2009 |  |
| | | | | | | Burnett, Douglas, Washburn |
| | Nick Milroy | Dem. | South Range | January 5, 2009 | January 2, 2023 |  |
| | Angie Sapik | Rep. | Lake Nebagamon | January 3, 2023 | *Current* |  |

## InfoBox

| Wisconsin's 73rd
State Assembly district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| 2024 map defined in 2023 Wisc. Act 94
2022 map defined in *Johnson v. Wisconsin Elections Commission*
2011 map was defined in 2011 Wisc. Act 43 | |
| Assemblymember | Angie Sapik
Lake Nebagamon  since January 3, 2023 (1 years) |
| Demographics | 86.08% White
1.55% Black
1.12% Hispanic
1.0% Asian
59.18% Native American
0.12% Hawaiian/Pacific Islander |
| Population (2020)
Voting age | 59,853
48,115 |
| Website | Official website |
| Notes | Northwest Wisconsin |


title: Variabilichromis moorii

abstract: Variabilichromis moorii has no common name and is a species of freshwater cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa. It is a small ovate bodied fish named for an early collector of fish from the lake, John Edmund Sharrock Moore (1870–1947) who was a cytologist, zoologist and led an expedition to Lake Tanganyika and who discovered this species. Juveniles are usually yellow, and adults are dark brown to black in color. It reaches a total length (TL) of 10.3 centimetres (4.1 in). Currently it is the only member of its genus. V. moorii feeds on algae, zooplankton, and benthic invertebrates. It is also found in the aquarium trade.

text:
# Variabilichromis moorii

***Variabilichromis moorii*** has no common name and is a species of freshwater cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa. It is a small ovate bodied fish named for an early collector of fish from the lake, John Edmund Sharrock Moore (1870–1947) who was a cytologist, zoologist and led an expedition to Lake Tanganyika and who discovered this species. Juveniles are usually yellow, and adults are dark brown to black in color. It reaches a total length (TL) of 10.3 centimetres (4.1 in). Currently it is the only member of its genus. *V. moorii* feeds on algae, zooplankton, and benthic invertebrates. It is also found in the aquarium trade.

## Taxonomy

*V. moorii* is the only member of the genus *Varibilichromis*, as well as a member of the tribe Lamprologini. It had previously been in the genus *Neolamprologus*, but in 1985, Colombé & Allgayer created the new monotypic genus *Variabilichromis* in order to account for a more ancestral supra-orbital bone structure. This was rejected by Poll's (1986) classification, but supported by Stiassny (1997). Stiassny's classification kept the monotypic genus due to the aforementioned bone structure, as well as the existence of two other characteristics that are rare in the tribe Lamprilogini: their diet includes filamentous algae, and females have two working ovaries.

## Morphology and coloration

*V. moorii* exhibit sexual dimorphism as adult females tend to be larger than adult males. Adult males often have longer pelvic, dorsal, and anal fins than females do.

Adults are black with electric blue edges on their tail, pectoral, and dorsal fins, whereas juveniles are yellow. Geographically speaking, they show little variation in color.

## Distribution and habitat

*V. moorii* is only found in the southern parts of Lake Tanganyika in Africa. They are found in rocky, relatively shallow areas in the littoral zone of the lake (less than 10 meters in depth). It is one of the most abundant species in this region of the lake.

## Breeding and mating

*V. moorii* is a substrate-breeder, with a male and female pair providing biparental care to their eggs and the young after they hatch. This species exhibits serial monogamy, where a male and female are monogamous for at least one spawning cycle. A female lays 200–500 eggs per brood, usually under an overhanging rock or within a rock crevice. Eggs take at least 3 days to hatch and newly hatched larvae are approximately 3.62 millimetres (0.143 in) (TL). They remain in the larval stage for 4 to 5 days, attached to the substrate by their head glands. They then develop into free-swimming fry and swim in a tight school close to the spawning site. Parents may defend the brood for up to 100 days, which is when fry reach about 3.3 centimetres (1.3 in) (TL).

### Lunar synchronicity in spawning

Spawning cycles in *V. moorii* correspond to the lunar cycle, with egg-laying taking place just before the full moon. This lunar-related reproductive periodicity is rare in freshwater organisms and far more common in organisms in marine environments. This periodicity probably evolved to decrease risk of predation when the fry are in their most vulnerable stages (as eggs and larvae), since the moon is at its brightest and the parents can best defend against nocturnal fry-eating fish. Such nocturnal predators also tend to avoid or move away from light and thus hunt less during the full moon. This lunar synchronicity confers greater benefit to *V. moorii* compared to other freshwater fish species because of *V. moorii*’s location in the tropical zone where the moonlight is more intense (since it is more perpendicular to the surface) and *V. moorii* tend to live in shallow waters that are easily penetrated by moonlight.

### Parasitic spawning and multiple paternity

*V. moorii* shows social but not genetic monogamy. Breeding adults spawn according to the lunar cycle and thus spawn synchronously (see *Lunar synchronicity in spawning)*. This allows males to spawn on eggs that do not belong to the female he is mated to (also known as parasitic spawning). All offspring within a single brood share the same mother but not the same father. A study found that broods are almost always sired by multiple males (at least two but sometimes more than ten), a rate which is exceptionally high compared to other multiply mating fish. The male mated to the mother of the brood will invest significant resources to protect the territory and brood even though he did not sire the majority of the fry. The female is related to the entire brood and the male is related only to a fraction of the brood, so the female would be expected to provide more care than the male. However, there is no great difference in male parental care and female parental care.

## Defending territory

*V. moorii* have individual territories for feeding and territories shared with a mate when spawning and raising their young.

### Feeding territories

Individual *V. moorii* territories are defended for their food resources and territory owners will defend more aggressively against individuals of species with similar diets, including conspecifics. *V. moorii* feeding territories in deeper areas are larger than those in shallow areas. Population density decreases with greater depth, so a large territory in a deep area can be more easily defended from competitors than a similarly sized territory in a shallow area. There is also lower algal productivity at greater depths because less light is available for photosynthesis, which also contributes to larger territories with increasing depth.

### Breeding territories

*V. moorii* parents have a total defended territory that is several times larger than the core area (which is the area where the parents spend most of their time and where the brood is located). The male and female divide the total territory into roughly equal subterritories without much overlap, with the brood located in-between these two subterritories. The subterritory borders are not fixed and will shift throughout the day, depending on the presence of intruders. Upon seeing an intruder, a parent will quickly dart out of the core territory to chase the intruder away. The parents will attack conspecifics as well as other fish species that enter the territory. Heterospecifics are attacked far more often than conspecifics, and include both predators (such as *L. elongatus* and *N. fasciatus*) and non-predators (such as *O. ventralis* and *T. moorii* which compete with *V. moorii* for food). *V. moorii* attack fry-eating fish entering their territory more often if their brood is larger. This is reasonable because the parents have a higher rate of return on parental investment in a large brood compared to a small one. *V. moorii* parents attack fry-eating fish more often than other types of fish, meaning they can concentrate their defensive efforts on the fish most dangerous to their fry. Rates of attack do not decrease significantly even as fry get older and larger because the environment has high predation pressure and even older fry will be quickly eaten without defense from the parents.

#### Exploitation by *Neolamprologus mustax*

*V. moorii* parents typically chase away other fish that enter their territory, but they are less aggressive toward members of the cichlid species *N. mustax* which are yellow in color, resembling *V. moorii* fry. *N. mustax* is the only other cichlid in *V. moorii*'s habitat which is yellow. Experiments have shown that *V. moorii* are more aggressive toward black fish compared to yellow fish of the same size and shape. *N. mustax* feed on benthic invertebrates and preferentially feed in *V. moorii* territories where benthic invertebrates much more abundant. This is due to *V. moorii* parents driving away other zoobenthivorous fish species, which often also prey on *V. moorii* fry. Unlike other zoobenthivorous fish, *N. mustax* do not prey on *V. moorii* fry; if they did they would certainly be driven away.

## InfoBox

| *Variabilichromis moorii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Subfamily: | Pseudocrenilabrinae |
| Tribe: | Lamprologini |
| Genus: | *Variabilichromis*
Colombé & Allgayer, 1985 |
| Species: | ***V. moorii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Variabilichromis moorii***
(Boulenger, 1898) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lamprologus moorii* (Boulenger, 1898) * *Neolamprologus moorii* (Boulenger, 1898) | |


title: Mehmet Tarhan

abstract: Mehmet Tarhan is a Kurdish conscientious objector who was imprisoned for refusing military service. Tarhan had been sentenced to four years in a military prison for disobedience after refusing to wear a military uniform, a sentence that is evidently the longest ever given for such an offense in Turkey. He was released in March 2006 after spending several months in prison. As of 2014, he is a member of the party assembly of the Peoples' Democratic Party and a member of the executive committee of its consultative body Peoples' Democratic Congress.

text:
# Mehmet Tarhan

**Mehmet Tarhan** (born 1978) is a Kurdish conscientious objector who was imprisoned for refusing military service. Tarhan had been sentenced to four years in a military prison for disobedience after refusing to wear a military uniform, a sentence that is evidently the longest ever given for such an offense in Turkey. He was released in March 2006 after spending several months in prison. As of 2014, he is a member of the party assembly of the Peoples' Democratic Party and a member of the executive committee of its consultative body Peoples' Democratic Congress.

## Life

According to Tarhan, he was born into a Kurdish peasant family. At the age of 17 he worked as a government employee in Diyarbakır. During this time he worked with KAOS GL (an independent political and cultural LGBT group) and Lambdaistanbul (an LGBT civil society initiative). He also became involved in and supported anti-military efforts. Tarhan credits his sexual and ethnic identity with causing him to question militarism.

During his days in prison he was offered and accepted to join Jury of Conscience of World Tribunal on Iraq

## Conscientious objection

Tarhan first publicly objected to military service in October 2001. At a press conference in Ankara he said,

> "I condemn every kind of violence and believe that joining or condoning violence will only result in new violence and everyone will be responsible for the consequences. I think that wars caused by power-mongering states are first and foremost a violation of the right to life. The violation of the right to life is a crime against humanity and no international convention or law can justify this crime, regardless of any rationale. I therefore declare that I won't be an agent of such crime under any circumstances. I will not serve any military apparatus."

## Arrest and trial

In Turkey, all men face conscription for up to 15 months. In January 2006, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) sentenced Turkey for violation of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (prohibition of degrading treatment) in a case dealing with conscientious objection.

## Sexual orientation

Tarhan could have avoided military service by stating that he is gay. However, the Turkish military perceives homosexuality as an "illness" and requires rectal examination and visual "evidence" to support such a claim. Mehmet did not want to be classified as "ill" and instead sought to be classified as a conscientious objector.

## Trial

Tarhan was arrested in April 2005 and tried the next month on charges of insubordination under Article 88 of the Turkish Military Penal Code. Mehmet was convicted, at which point the military prosecutor released Tarhan, stating that Tarhan had already spent the same amount of time in prison as he would be required to serve if sentenced.

However, upon release Tarhan was again told to serve in the military. When he refused, he was again arrested and placed on trial. This time he was sentenced to four years in prison. Tarhan began serving his prison sentence in late 2005. He was unexpectedly released in March 2006. This release is believed to be political in nature due to international pressure becoming bad publicity, as he has not been acquitted and still considered to be "at large"; he can be recaptured and re-imprisoned at the whim of the authorities.

According to Tarhan's sister, Emine Tarhan, Tarhan had been tortured in prison and his life threatened by other inmates.

## World reaction

Protests in support of Tarhan have been held around the world. and his imprisonment has attracted the attention of organizations like Amnesty International.

Turkish author and poet Perihan Magden was prosecuted and acquitted in Turkey for writing a column in support of Tarhan and his call for conscientious objection.

## Further reading about conscientious objection in Turkey


title: Utility station

abstract: The term utility station is used to describe fixed radio broadcasters disseminating signals that are not intended for reception by the general public. Utility stations, as the name suggests, do broadcast signals that have an immediate practical use, by means of analog or usually digital modes; most often utility transmissions are of a "point-to-point" nature, intended for a specific receiving station. Utility stations are most prevalent on shortwave frequencies, though they are not restricted to the shortwave frequencies.

text:
# Utility station

The term **utility station** is used to describe fixed radio broadcasters disseminating signals that are not intended for reception by the general public (but such members are not actively prohibited from receiving). Utility stations, as the name suggests, do broadcast signals that have an immediate practical use, by means of analog or usually digital modes; most often utility transmissions are of a "point-to-point" nature, intended for a specific receiving station. Utility stations are most prevalent on shortwave frequencies, though they are not restricted to the shortwave frequencies.

## Examples of utility station and modes

One common use of utility stations is disseminating weather information. Weather information is often broadcast using RTTY and sending synoptic codes, or weather charts are sent using radiofax, which are used by mariners and others. Airports make voice weather broadcasts on HF, known as VOLMET. Some examples include New York Radio, which broadcasts weather information for locations in the eastern United States, or Shanwick Radio, which does the same for Europe.

HF frequencies are still often used for trans-oceanic air traffic control. News agencies previously used RTTY for news stories, and, less commonly, radiofax for the images, although this is no longer done. Satellite communications and the Internet have replaced HF for this application.

Many maritime radio services are often known as utility stations, including as ship-to-shore and vice versa telephony and error-correcting radioteletype such as SITOR.

Military use of shortwave is also common, but nearly all transmissions are encrypted, with voice encrypted using modes such as ANDVT. Data transmission may make use of encrypted RTTY, use Link-11 for radar tracking data, or use of Automatic Link Establishment (ALE) modes to set up communication links automatically.

Some utility stations are on other frequency bands, including NOAA Weather Radio, traveler information stations, and the like; other utility-type signals are piggybacked on FM broadcast subcarriers.


title: Maya Georgieva (gymnast)

abstract: Maya Georgieva is a former Bulgarian rhythmic gymnast. She's a World and European medalist.

text:
# Maya Georgieva (gymnast)

**Maya Georgieva** (born 10 October 1962) is a former Bulgarian rhythmic gymnast. She's a World and European medalist.

## Biography

Georgieva was born in Kyustendil, where she began training at the local school of rhythmic gymnastics.

In 1977 she won silver in the group competition at the World Championships. The following year she became the first European champion in groups. And in 1979 she won group bronze at the World Championships.

For her achievements she was awarded the title of Honoured Master of Sports in Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Maya Georgieva | |
| --- | --- |
| Мая Георгиева | |
| Country represented | Bulgaria |
| Born | (1962-10-10) 10 October 1962<br>Kyustendil, Bulgaria |
| Discipline | Rhythmic Gymnastics |
| Level | International Elite |
| Years on national team | 1977-1979 |
| Head coach(es) | Filka Radenkova |
| Retired | yes |
| Medal record      Representing  Bulgaria  World Championships  1977 Basel Group All-Around  1979 London Group All-Around  European Championships  1978 Madrid Group All-Around | |


title: Piazza del Campidoglio

abstract: Piazza del Campidoglio is a public square (piazza) on the top of the ancient Capitoline Hill, between the Roman Forum and the Campus Martius in Rome, Italy. The square includes three main buildings, the Palazzo Senatorio also known as the Comune di Roma Capitale, and the two palaces that make up the Capitoline Museums, the Palazzo dei Conservatori and the Palazzo Nuovo, considered to be one of the oldest national museums, founded in 1471 when Pope Sixtus IV donated some of the museum's most impressive statues, the She-wolf, the Spinario, the Fatoosh, the Camillus and the colossal head of emperor Constantine. Over the centuries the museums' collection has grown to include many of ancient Roman's finest artworks and artifacts. If something was considered too valuable or fragile in Rome and a copy was made in its place for display, the original is likely now on display in the Capitoline Museum.The hilltop square was designed by Michelangelo in the 16th century. at the behest of Pope Paul III.

text:
# Piazza del Campidoglio

**Piazza del Campidoglio** ("Capitoline Square") is a public square (piazza) on the top of the ancient Capitoline Hill, between the Roman Forum and the Campus Martius in Rome, Italy. The square includes three main buildings, the Palazzo Senatorio (Senatorial Palace) also known as the Comune di Roma Capitale (City Hall), and the two palaces that make up the Capitoline Museums, the Palazzo dei Conservatori and the Palazzo Nuovo, considered to be one of the oldest national museums, founded in 1471 when Pope Sixtus IV donated some of the museum's most impressive statues, the She-wolf, the Spinario, the Fatoosh, the Camillus and the colossal head of emperor Constantine. Over the centuries the museums' collection has grown to include many of ancient Roman's finest artworks and artifacts. If something was considered too valuable or fragile in Rome and a copy was made in its place for display, the original is likely now on display in the Capitoline Museum.The hilltop square was designed by Michelangelo in the 16th century. at the behest of Pope Paul III.

## History

Piazza del Campidoglio on the top of Capitoline Hill, took on its current layout in the 16th-century, when Pope Paul III commissioned Michelangelo to complete a renovation for the visit of emperor Charles V of Habsburg to Rome. The project involved the makeover of the façades of the Palazzo Senatorio, built a few years earlier on the Roman ruins of the Tabularium (old records office of ancient Rome), and of the 15th-century Palazzo dei Conservatori. It included the construction of the Palazzo Nuovo and the addition of various sculptures and statues, including the *Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius*, placed in the center of the square.

Since the Middle Ages, the Piazza del Campidoglio has been the seat of the civil administration of the city. On the remains of the Tabularium stood a fortress of the Corsini family, which the Roman people took possession of in 1114. It was destined as the seat of the city senate and was enlarged in the 14th century. The dirt clearing in front, which accommodated the gatherings of the people, was flanked by buildings intended as the headquarters of the Banderesi (the captains of the city militia).

### Michelangelo

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti (1475–1564), known as Michelangelo, was a Renaissance artist and architect. He was commissioned by Pope Paul III to rebuild the Piazza del Campidoglio because the pope wanted a symbol of the new Rome to impress Charles V, who was expected to visit Rome in 1538. Since the Middle Ages the piazza was in such a state of abandonment to be also called "colle caprino" (goat hill), as it was used for grazing goats after the triumphal journey organized in Rome in honor of Charles V in 1536.

The existing design of the Piazza del Campidoglio and the surrounding palaces was created by Michelangelo. At the height of his fame, Michelangelo was offered the opportunity to build a monumental civic plaza for a major city as well as to reestablish the grandeur of Rome.

Michelangelo's first designs for remodeling the square date to 1534. From 1534 to 1538 Michelangelo completely redesigned the square, drawing every detail and making the Capitoline no longer turn towards the Roman Forum but towards the St. Peter's Basilica, which represented the new political center of the city. In 1546, Michelangelo produced the oval design for the piazza that included complex spiraling pavement with a twelve-pointed star at its centre.

Michelangelo provided fronts to the official buildings of Rome's civic government, the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Palazzo Senatorio, and Palazzo Nuovo. Michelangelo designed a new façade for the dilapidated Palazzo dei Conservatori and he designed the Palazzo Nuovo to be a mirror complement, thereby providing balance and coherence to the ensemble of existing structures. The construction of two of these buildings was carried out after his death under the supervision of Tommaso dei Cavalieri.

The work went so slowly that Michelangelo could only see the completion of the double staircase which served as the new access to the Palazzo Senatorio, with the positioning of the two statues depicting the two river gods of the “Tiber” and the "Nile.” The façade and the top of the tower was still incomplete, while the Palazzo Nuovo had not started.

### Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius

The *Equestrian statue of emperor Marcus Aurelius* in a gilded bronze statue, previously located in Piazza San Giovanni (where the Lateran Obelisk is now). Michelangelo positioned the statue to stand in the center of the square set in a paved oval field. The original statue, after restoration, is now kept in the Capitoline Museums, while a copy of it has been placed in the square.

Pope Paul III commissioned Michelangelo to provide a setting for the statue and to bring order to an irregular hilltop already encumbered by two crumbling medieval buildings set at an acute angle to one another.

### Capitoline Museums

The Capitoline Museums (Italian: *Musei Capitolini*) are a group of art and archaeological museums in the Piazza del Campidoglio. They include the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Palazzo Senatorio, and Palazzo Nuovo. The three palazzi are now home to the Capitoline Museums.

The Palazzo Senatorio and Palazzo dei Conservatori form an 80° angle, on which he aligned the new façades, to expand the perspective towards the visual focus by the Palazzo Senatorio. For this purpose, Michelangelo had the idea of building a new building, Palazzo Nuovo, to close off the perspective towards the basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli and to pave the square.

### Palazzo dei Conservatori

The Palazzo dei Conservatori (English: *Palace of the Conservatories*) was built in 1453, when Pope Nicholas V had Italian sculptor and architect Bernardo Rossellino build the palazzo on top of a sixth-century Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, to create the headquarters for the local magistrates, named Conservatore of Rome. Today, portions of the temple podium and foundations can be seen behind the Palazzo dei Conservatori, in an exhibition area built in the Caffarelli Garden, and within the Capitoline Museums. A part of the eastern corner is also visible in the via del Tempio di Giove.

The front porch of the Palazzo dei Conservatori sheltered offices of various guilds. Here disputes arising in the transaction of business were adjudicated, unless they were of sufficient importance to go before a communal tribunal, such as that of the conservatori. It was a natural place for such activity. Until the 1470s the main market of the city was held on and around the Campidoglio, while cattle continued to be taxed and sold in the ancient forum located just to the south.

Rossellino built a building with a round arched portico on the ground floor and a façade with cross windows and paired loggias. The orientation of the pre-existing structures was preserved according to a design principle identical to the one that Rossellino implemented subsequently in the town of Pienza, creating a trapezoidal square. The renovation also involved the Palazzo Senatorio, but were interrupted by the death of the pope.

The Capitoline Wolf sculpture was housed in 1471 in the Palazzo dei Conservatori.

The 15th-century Palazzo dei Conservatori, at the Capitoline Museums, was almost demolished in 1540 by Michelangelo, but the fifteenth-century design was documented in the drawings by the Dutch painter Maarten van Heemskerck made between 1536 and 1538. He redesigned the Palazzo dei Conservatori, removing all the previous structures and matching it with the Palazzo Senatorio. He added a double stairway which was used to access the new entrance, no longer facing the forums but towards the square. He also modified the façade, in order to bring it into line with that of the Palazzo dei Conservatori and that of the Palazzo Nuovo facing the church of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli inserting pilasters of giant order, which appeared for the first time in the public buildings, a cornice with a baluster (another new element) and a tower. He added a portico façade to the Palazzo dei Conservatori and inserted giant order pilasters and a balustraded cornice with statues. Michelangelo also designed the steep ramp staircase of the Cordonata and the balustrade from which one overlooks the underlying Piazza d'Aracoeli at the base of Capitoline Hill.

### Palazzo Senatorio

The Palazzo Senatorio (English: *Senatorial palace*) was built during the 13th and 14th centuries. It stands atop the Tabularium, which had once housed the archives of ancient Rome. Peperino blocks from the Tabularium were re-used in the left side of the palazzo and a corner of the belltower. It now houses the Roman city hall, after having been converted into a residence by Giovanni Battista Piranesi for the Senator Abbondio Rezzonico in the 18th century.

Its double ramp of stairs was designed by Michelangelo. This double stairway to the palazzo replaced the old flight of steps and two-storied loggia, which had stood on the right side of the palazzo. The staircase cannot be seen solely in terms of the building to which it belongs but must be set in the context of the piazza as a whole. The steps, beginning at the center of each wing, move gently upward until they reach the inner corner, level off and recede to the main surface of the façade. They then continue an unbroken stateliness toward each other, converging on the central doorway of the second story. This interruption of the diagonal line and the brief inward change of direction both absorbs the central axis and links the two sides. The fountain in front of the staircase features the river gods of the Tiber and the Nile as well as Dea Roma. The upper part of the facade was designed by Michelangelo with colossal corinthian pilasters matching with the two other buildings. Its bell-tower was designed by Martino Longhi the Elder and built between 1578 and 1582. Its current facade was built by Giacomo della Porta and Girolamo Rainaldi. Porta did the completion of the façade of the Palazzo Senatorio, including the positioning, in the central niche, of a statue of Athena taken from the Palazzo dei Conservatori, which in 1593. was replaced with another statue of Athena much smaller, in red porphyry and white marble.

In 1587, when the branch of the new aqueduct of the *Acqua Felice* reached the Campidoglio, Pope Sixtus V announced a public competition for the construction of a fountain on the square. Matteo Bartolani's project was the winner. Bartolani was the architect who was initially commissioned to build the Acqua Felice aqueduct. It was a big project, which was only partially realized with the construction of two tanks leaning against the center of the façade of the Palazzo Senatorio, between the statues of the two rivers and under the niche containing Athena.

### Palazzo Nuovo

The Palazzo Nuovo (English: *New Palace*) was constructed in 1603 to close off the piazza's symmetry and hide the tower of the Santa Maria in Ara Coeli. It was finished in 1654 and opened to the public in 1734. Its façade is an identical copy of the Palazzo dei Conservatori, made using Michelangelo's blueprint when he redesigned the Palazzo dei Conservatori a century earlier.

### Cordonata

The Cordonata (Italian word, from *cordone*, which in architecture means "linear element which emphasizes a limit") is a wide-ramped road, gradually ascending from the city to the hilltop. It is decorated with various sculptural works. It was built to be wide enough for horse riders to ascend the hill without dismounting. In addition to the statues of the two Egyptian lions in black basalt placed at the base, towards the middle of the climb on the grassy clearing on the left, there is the Monument to Cola di Rienzo of the politician Cola di Rienzo (1313-1354), installed in 1886. At the top of the cordonata are the statues of the Dioscuri, the marble renditions of Castor and Pollux, from the Temple of Castor and Pollux, and two statues of marble weapons from the it:Ninfeo di Alessandro (Mario's Trophies) of the Piazza Vittorio.

The two fountains that in 1588, Della Porta managed to create for the Campidoglio are the two basalt lions on the sides of the base of the cordonata. They were transferred in 1582 from the remains of the "Temple of Isis", which were completed with two marble vases specially built to collect water. The two original lions were transferred in 1885 to the Vatican Museums, but then put back in their place in 1955.

### Final interventions

The Campidoglio square was finished in the 17th century. Benito Mussolini ordered that the paving for the square be completed to Michelangelo's design, done by it:Antonio Muñoz (1884-1960) in 1940, based from a print by Étienne Dupérac.

The geometric paving of the square and the equestrian statue of Marcus Aureliu appear on the reverse of the 50 euro cents minted in Italy, and on all the pages of the Italian passport. A view of the square is on the front of the 10,000 lire banknotes, the so-called "Michelangelo", issued by the Bank of Italy from 1962 to 1977.

## InfoBox

| Piazza del Campidoglio | |
| --- | --- |
| Public square | |
| Piazza del Campidoglio, on the top of Capitoline Hill, with the façade of Palazzo Senatorio | |
| Features |  |
| Design | Michelangelo |
| Completion | 16th century |
| Architectural style | Ancient Roman architecture |
| Owner | Metropolitan City of Rome |
| Location | Rome, Italy |
| <br>Map of Italy | |
| Coordinates: 41°53′36″N 12°28′58″W / 41.89333°N 12.48278°W / 41.89333; -12.48278 | |


title: Mark Lathwell

abstract: Mark Nicholas Lathwell is a former English cricketer who played in two Test matches in 1993. Lathwell played the entirety of his first-class cricket career for Somerset County Cricket Club.

text:
# Mark Lathwell

**Mark Nicholas Lathwell** (born 26 December 1971) is a former English cricketer who played in two Test matches in 1993. Lathwell played the entirety of his first-class cricket career for Somerset County Cricket Club.

## Early career and England U19 matches

Born in Bletchley, Milton Keynes, Lathwell attended Braunton Community College and began his career playing for the Somerset Second XI, aged 18, in 1990. He made his limited overs debut in a rain-affected match against Glamorgan Second XI in which he scored 18 not out and bowled seven overs for 25 runs. He then played in the corresponding three-day match, scoring 17 and 10 in a heavy defeat for Somerset.

Attention was drawn to Lathwell when he played against Sussex Second XI in June 1990. Opening the batting, he scored 168 not out and put on a partnership of 235 for the third wicket with Nick Pringle. Lathwell also took the only wicket in Sussex's (declared) first innings, and scored 37 in the second. He then scored 69 runs in the match against Leicestershire Second XI, before making his List A debut against the touring Sri Lankans, bowling seven overs.

At the start of the 1991 season, Lathwell played for the English U-19 cricket team against the Sussex side he overpowered the previous summer, although he was run out for just two runs. He scored eight half-centuries over the summer, before breaking into the Somerset First XI first in the 40-over competition, and then for the final first-class match of the season. For England Young Cricketers, Lathwell played in two Youth One Day Internationals (ODIs) and three Youth Test matches against Australia Young Cricketers, scoring 262 runs at an average of 32.75 and a top score of 66.

## First season for Somerset First XI

The 1992 season saw Lathwell in the Second XI, but he was beginning to break through into the First XI in one-day cricket. He opened the batting in two matches against the Netherlands (scoring 52 in the second). Lathwell top scored in the first Sunday League match of the season against Kent to set up a comfortable 4 wicket win. Two days later, Somerset played Kent again in the Benson & Hedges Cup, succumbing to a heavy defeat, Lathwell inexplicably batting at number 9. After another half-century for the Second XI, Lathwell was now firmly in the first team for the remainder of the season. It was an excellent debut season for Lathwell, scoring eleven half-centuries and one century (114 against Surrey) in first-class cricket. There was a lean spell in the middle of the season with consecutive scores of 1, 2, 3, 0 and 4, but Lathwell responded well with five innings between 45 and 72 and finished with a highly respectable average of 36.75 in first-class cricket. Lathwell was now established as an opening batsman, and was seldom used as a bowler, only taking wickets in for the season. He scored well in List A cricket too, but failed to convert any scores into centuries (his highest being 85, 93 and 95). Lathwell was rewarded with his Somerset County Cap, and was called into the England A touring squad to Australia. Lathwell was one of the successes of the England A tour, scoring 175 against Tasmania, and adding another hundred against New South Wales at the SCG against an attack that included a young Glenn McGrath.

## England career

In the summer of 1993, with England suffering a poor run of results and already 2–0 down in the Ashes, Lathwell was called up into the England side. Along with three other debutants (two of whom, Graham Thorpe and Mark Ilott, had also been on the England 'A' tour the previous winter), Lathwell made his England debut on 1 July 1993 against Australia in the Third Test at Trent Bridge. Ironically, by the time of his England selection Lathwell's form had undergone a decline, and he made only 4 and 0 in his last game for Somerset before his Test debut. However Lathwell scored 20 in the first innings of his first Test and 33 in the second, and, assisted by a century from Thorpe, England at least managed to draw the Test and end a run of seven successive Test defeats. After this fairly promising start, he was picked for a second successive Test at Headingley. Lathwell was dismissed third ball in the first innings, and made a painstaking 25 in the second innings, whilst batting to save the game. England lost this Test heavily, confirming a third successive defeat in an Ashes series. According to ESPNcricinfo even Lathwell's mother conceded he had been picked for Test cricket too soon, and he was then dropped, and although Lathwell was picked for another England A tour to South Africa that winter, he was not as successful, undergoing a "sorry run of form". He never played for the national team again, despite this early promise, and retired from cricket in 2001, citing it as a strain.

## InfoBox

Mark Lathwell
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Mark Nicholas Lathwell |
| Born | (1971-12-26) 26 December 1971<br>Bletchley, Buckinghamshire, England |
| Nickname | Lathers, Rowdy, Trough |
| Height | 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Role | Top-order batsman |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 562) | 1 July 1993 v Australia |
| Last Test | 22 July 1993 v Australia |
|  | |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1990–2001 | Somerset |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test FC LA  Matches 2 156 167  Runs scored 78 8,727 4,409  Batting average 19.50 33.43 28.26  100s/50s 0/0 12/57 5/26  Top score 33 206 121  Balls bowled  1,144 235  Wickets  13 1  Bowling average  55.46 193.00  5 wickets in innings  0 0  10 wickets in match  0 0  Best bowling  2/21 1/23  Catches/stumpings  105/– 47/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 6 August 2008 | |