title: Governorate of Mato Grosso do Sul

abstract: The Governorate of Mato Grosso do Sul is the state governor's workplace and seat of government. Located in Parque dos Poderes, the building also houses the headquarters of the Secretary of State for Government and Strategic Management and the Undersecretary of Communication. Designed by the architect Élvio Garabini, who also designed most of the buildings in Parque dos Poderes, it was inaugurated in 1983, with the entire complex of public bodies. The Governorate houses only the governor's office, which has its own house.

text:
# Governorate of Mato Grosso do Sul

The **Governorate of Mato Grosso do Sul** is the state governor's workplace and seat of government. Located in Parque dos Poderes, the building also houses the headquarters of the Secretary of State for Government and Strategic Management and the Undersecretary of Communication.

Designed by the architect Élvio Garabini, who also designed most of the buildings in Parque dos Poderes, it was inaugurated in 1983, with the entire complex of public bodies. The Governorate houses only the governor's office, which has its own house.

## History

The initial project for Parque dos Poderes envisaged a government palace, at first without a residential area, but then-governor Pedro Pedrossian discarded the idea. The Chief Executive's office was installed in a building that would have been used as a secretariat, which today houses the Governorship.

As well as the political-administrative complex, the government headquarters had works started in 1981 and was delivered two years later. In the 2000s, a project for a government palace with a residential area was discussed, but it never happened.

1. "Agente patrimonial invade prédio e ameaça detonar bomba em Campo Grande". *G1* (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-12-12.
2. "Servidores da Governadoria enfrentam oscilação de energia nesta manhã". *Campo Grande News* (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-12-12.
3. "Em meio a décadas e histórias, Parque do Poderes tem palácio "esquecido"". *Campo Grande News* (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-12-12.
4. "Zeca diz que entrega Governo sem obras inacabadas". *www.douradosnews.com.br* (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-12-12.


title: Qass, Azerbaijan

abstract: Qass is a village in the Zaqatala Rayon of Azerbaijan.

text:
# Qass, Azerbaijan

41°32′39″N 46°55′08″E / 41.54417°N 46.91889°E / 41.54417; 46.91889

**Qass** (also, **Kas** and **Kass**) is a village in the Zaqatala Rayon of Azerbaijan.

## InfoBox

| Qass | |
| --- | --- |
| QassQass | |
| Coordinates: 41°32′39″N 46°55′08″E / 41.54417°N 46.91889°E / 41.54417; 46.91889 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Zaqatala |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Jack Topping

abstract: Jack Topping is an English chorister who came to public attention during 2013 for his solo vocal performances. Topping comes from Liverpool and is a member of the choir of Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral. He released his debut studio album Wonderful World in November 2013.

text:
# Jack Topping

**Jack Topping** (born c. 2002) is an English chorister who came to public attention during 2013 for his solo vocal performances. Topping comes from Liverpool and is a member of the choir of Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral. He released his debut studio album *Wonderful World* in November 2013.

## Music career

### 2013: *Wonderful World*

In September 2013 he became the youngest person to be signed up by Decca Records, beating the record previously held by 12-year-old Isobel Suckling. Decca's president Dickon Stainer described Topping as "the Gareth Bale of choristers". Topping's first EP *Introducing Jack: The Classical EP* was released on 18 October 2013 by Decca Records. On 29 November 2013 he released his first studio album *Wonderful World*, the album peaked at number 73 on the UK Albums Chart. On 13 December 2013, he released his first single, a cover version of the song "Tomorrow" from the musical *Annie*, the official campaign song for the charity Save the Children, for which Topping was appointed an ambassador.

The Paris Boys Choir, also known in France as Les Petits Chanteurs de Sainte-Croix de Neuilly, sang with Topping on this recording of a French song, "Caresse sur l'Océan".

## Discography

### Extended plays

| Title | EP details |
| --- | --- |
| *Introducing Jack: The Classical EP* |  |
|

### Albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 |
| *Wonderful World* |  | 73 |
|

### Singles

| Year | Title | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | "Tomorrow" | *Wonderful World* |
|

## InfoBox

| Jack Topping | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 2002 (age 2122)
Wigan, England |
| Genres | Classical music |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Years active | 2013—present |
| Labels | Unknown |


title: Pietro Luigi Speranza

abstract: Pietro Luigi Speranza (1801–1879) was the Bishop of Bergamo from 1854 to his death 25 years later. In 1868 he recognized the Congregation of the Holy Family of Bergamo.

text:
# Pietro Luigi Speranza

**Pietro Luigi Speranza** (1801–1879) was the Bishop of Bergamo from 1854 to his death 25 years later.

In 1868 he recognized the Congregation of the Holy Family of Bergamo.

* Cheney, David M. "Diocese of Bergamo". *Catholic-Hierarchy.org*. Retrieved June 15, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) \[*self-published*\]
* Chow, Gabriel. "Diocese of Bergamo". *GCatholic.org*. Retrieved June 15, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) \[*self-published*\]

## InfoBox

| Styles of
**Pietro Luigi Speranza** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | The Most Reverend |
| Spoken style | Your Excellency |
| Religious style | Monsignor |
| Posthumous style | none |


title: Ray Ginger

abstract: Raymond Sydney Ginger was an American historian, author, and biographer of wide-ranging scholarship whose special focus was on labor history, economic history, and the epoch often called the Gilded Age. His biography of the American labor leader and socialist Eugene Victor Debs is widely considered definitive, and his account of the Scopes trial has also received high praise. Both titles are still in print, and both, along with many of his other works, have been widely used in college courses across the United States.

text:
# Ray Ginger

**Raymond Sydney Ginger** (October 16, 1924 – January 3, 1975) was an American historian, author, and biographer of wide-ranging scholarship whose special focus was on labor history, economic history, and the epoch often called the Gilded Age. His biography of the American labor leader and socialist Eugene Victor Debs is widely considered definitive, and his account of the Scopes trial has also received high praise. Both titles are still in print, and both, along with many of his other works, have been widely used in college courses across the United States.

## Early life

Ginger was born in Memphis, Tennessee, the fourth son and next-to-last child of an affluent Southern family that moved to Indiana (Debs' home state) while he was very young. The family soon plunged into abject poverty with the Great Depression. After four years "squatting" in a series of unoccupied houses in Greencastle while their eldest son attended DePauw college, the Ginger family settled in Indianapolis, still in extremely difficult circumstances. These experiences deeply influenced Ray Ginger's political convictions and much of his historical work: in later life he frequently recounted his childhood humiliation when sent to collect the bag of flour that was the only form of public welfare available, and also the intense personal rage that dominated his youth.

## Education

Despite his troubled childhood, and the resulting troubled personality, he was accepted to both Harvard College and the University of Chicago before his 17th birthday. He later joked that he chose Chicago in the belief that it would be easier to augment his scholarship with part-time employment "in a big city like Chicago than in a small town like Cambridge." He didn't think to look at a map, and wouldn't have dreamed of asking for advice. At Chicago he soon took a step towards fulfilling his supreme ambition at that time—to become a sportswriter—by landing a post as a copyboy at the *Chicago Tribune*—"the only time my father was ever really proud of me." As the United States entered World War II, most of the reporters became foreign correspondents, and Ginger was promoted to a writing job in the city room.

His journalistic career was ended by the military draft, but the interruption to his academic education proved only temporary. Soon after basic training, Military Intelligence sent him to the University of Michigan for Japanese language training, where he met his first wife, later civil-liberties lawyer Ann Fagan Ginger. Ginger was next a code-breaker near Washington—work for which an education in statistical analysis would have been more appropriate than linguistic studies. There, in the closing days of the war, he joined the Communist Party, thinking the revolution was just around the corner.

His interest in Eugene Debs had already begun to crystallize into a determination to write a definitive biography, drawing on both archival sources and interviews with some of the many individuals then living who had known Debs well. Fortunately the recently enacted GI Bill provided an easy means of support for this enterprise. Ann Arbor, which was close to his wife's family home and where he had already accumulated academic credits while studying Japanese, seemed the obvious place to begin; he completed his bachelor's degree there, and then (the book not being finished) stayed for a master's degree in economics. Still drawing on GI benefits in the cause of literature, he then entered a Ph.D program in American Studies at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio (now Case Western Reserve University), where he completed *The Bending Cross* (Rutgers University Press, 1949). This classic biography met great critical acclaim, including an assessment by the eminent American historian Henry Steele Commager as "the best biography of Debs." It has almost never been out of print in the intervening years; Haymarket Books issued the most recent edition in 2006.

## Academic career and blacklisting

After earning a Western Reserve Ph.D. in 1951 after having his published biography accepted as his dissertation, Ginger took up a post at Harvard Business School as editor of the *Business History Review*, with a little teaching on the side. Besides his editorial duties there, he wrote numerous scholarly articles in economics, labor history, and business history, researched a projected biography of Clarence Darrow, and enjoyed every prospect for a distinguished academic career.

The McCarthy Era ended his time at Harvard. When it seemed probable that both Ginger and his wife might be subpoenaed by the Massachusetts equivalent of the U.S. House Committee on Unamerican Activities, on June 16, 1954, Harvard University officials threatened him with immediate dismissal despite his three-year contract if he did not sign an oath declaring that he was not a member of the Communist Party. They required a similar oath from his wife, who had no connection to the university. When Ginger instead chose to resign, Harvard insisted that he leave the state immediately as a condition of receiving the two weeks salary remaining on his existing contract.

Ginger, his pregnant wife, and their small son went to New York on two days notice to stay with relatives they had never met. Ann Ginger gave birth as a charity patient, and the marriage came to a rancorous halt not long thereafter. Ginger worked in New York for the next six years, first in advertising and then as an editor at the book publishers Alfred A. Knopf and Henry Holt. He remarried in 1956 and published of two works of history, *Altgeld's America* and *Six Days or Forever?*. He remained bitter for being ejected from the academic world and then apparently blacklisted.

## Later career

In 1960, Brandeis University offered him an assistant professorship in the history department. He stayed there for six years, becoming a tenured full professor, chairing the Committee on American Civilization, writing several more books, coaching the tennis team, and evolving rare pedagogical gifts. This remarkable talent received tangible acknowledgment many years after his death, when a former student (William Friedman, Brandeis '65), raised $2.5 million to endow the Ray Ginger Professorship of History at the university.

After leaving Brandeis in 1966, Ginger taught briefly at Stanford University and moved on to tenured positions at Wayne State University in Detroit and the University of Calgary, in Alberta, Canada. He died in Boston in 1975 of complications from acute alcoholism, survived by his third wife and two sons from his first marriage. Most of his papers were presented to the Labor History Archives at Wayne State University, where they are available for scholarly consultation.

## Continuing controversy

The details of Ginger's dismissal from Harvard remain unclear.

In September 2000, Ann Fagan Ginger wrote a letter to the Harvard Board of Overseers demanding an apology for Harvard's actions. She also made public FBI files that document Ginger's account of being required to sign an oath. It was the first documented instance in which Harvard had made such a demand. Harvard had publicly announced it would remove members of the Communist Party but not those who refused to answer questions about party affiliation. Harvard replied a few months later, admitting that Ginger had been forced out but not apologizing. Board of Overseers President Sharon Gagnon wrote: "I would not presume to ... second-guess the motives or judgments of individuals in that difficult time. It seems clear, however, that Harvard took an action in the case of Mr. Ginger that many thoughtful people today, looking back, would not find appropriate." Ann Ginger found the response insufficient and said Harvard needed a truth and reconciliation commission to make it face what it had done.

Francis Boyle, law professor at the University of Illinois, and a 1976 graduate of Harvard Law School, has led a national campaign to lobby Harvard to conduct a public inquiry, issue a meaningful apology, and endow a chair in the Gingers' name for the study of peace, justice, and human rights.

## Selected publications

* *Age of Excess; The United States From 1877 To 1914* (1965), (2nd ed., 1975)
* *Altgeld's America; The Lincoln Ideal Versus Changing Realities* (1958)
* *American Social Thought* (1961)
* *The Bending Cross: A Biography of Eugene Victor Debs* (1949)
    + Also published as *Eugene V. Debs: The Making of an American Radical*
* *Modern American Cities* (1969)
* *The Nationalizing of American Life, 1877–1900* (1965)
* *People on the Move: A United States History* (1975)
* *Ray Ginger's Jokebook on American History* (1974)
* *Six Days or Forever? Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes* (1958)
* *Spectrum; The World of Science* (1959)
* *William Jennings Bryan; Selections* (1967)


title: Moose and JRock

abstract: Moose and JRock are two broadcasters based in Surrey and Manchester, who present the Saturday 3-5pm show on Primordial Radio. Prior to that the dynamic duo partnered on the Breakfast Show on Team Rock Radio The programme aired weekdays, 7am to 11am, with the exception of Friday where they broadcast four hours of requests. Evans is now CEO at Primordial Radio, whilst Espley, is a Production Manager at Bauer. Previously, they have both worked together at Team Rock Radio and prior to that Real Radio XS, formerly 106.1 Rock Radio based in Manchester. The duo once broadcast their entire show whilst travelling from Southwark tube station in Central London, to Stratford in East London using just the wifi provided by Virgin Media at each station. The journey culminated in a McDonald's breakfast at the end of the programme. In 2015 the duo raised £348 in crowdfunding to sell cowbells at the Download Festival, as "an ideal way to frustrate your campsite neighbours at 5am".

text:
# Moose and JRock

**Moose** and **JRock** (Hugh Evans and James Espley) are two broadcasters based in Surrey and Manchester, who present the Saturday 3-5pm show on Primordial Radio.

Prior to that the dynamic duo partnered on the Breakfast Show on Team Rock Radio The programme aired weekdays, 7am to 11am, with the exception of Friday where they broadcast four hours of requests.

Evans is now CEO at Primordial Radio, whilst Espley, is a Production Manager at Bauer. Previously, they have both worked together at Team Rock Radio and prior to that Real Radio XS, formerly 106.1 Rock Radio based in Manchester.

The duo once broadcast their entire show whilst travelling from Southwark tube station in Central London, to Stratford in East London using just the wifi provided by Virgin Media at each station. The journey culminated in a McDonald's breakfast at the end of the programme. In 2015 the duo raised £348 in crowdfunding to sell cowbells at the Download Festival, as "an ideal way to frustrate your campsite neighbours at 5am".

## InfoBox

| Moose and JRock | |
| --- | --- |
| **Career** | |
| Show | The Cavalcade of Whimsy |
| Station | Primordial Radio |
| Time slot | Saturday 3pm to 5pm |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Previous show | The Team Rock Breakfast Show |
|  | |


title: Rausimod

abstract: Rausimod (?–322) was a Sarmatian or Maeotian warrior king. In 322, Rausimod is recorded as having crossed the Danube into the Roman Empire and attacked the territory of Licinius. The defence against Rausimod was conducted by Constantine, who on April 28, 323 passed a law threatening all Roman collaborators with death by burning. Constantine pursued the invaders across the Danube into barbarian territory, where Rausimod was killed. Constantine's campaign was considered a trespassing of the territory of Licinius, and the Goths thereafter became allies of Licinius against Constantine under their prince Alica. He is perhaps identifiable with the Bosporan king Rhadamsades.

text:
# Rausimod

**Rausimod** (?–322) was a Sarmatian or Maeotian warrior king. In 322, Rausimod is recorded as having crossed the Danube into the Roman Empire and attacked the territory of Licinius. The defence against Rausimod was conducted by Constantine, who on April 28, 323 passed a law threatening all Roman collaborators with death by burning. Constantine pursued the invaders across the Danube into barbarian territory, where Rausimod was killed. Constantine's campaign was considered a trespassing of the territory of Licinius, and the Goths thereafter became allies of Licinius against Constantine under their prince Alica. He is perhaps identifiable with the Bosporan king Rhadamsades.

## Sources

* Astakhov, Ivan Alekseevich (2020). "NOMADIC IMPACT ON THE LATE ANTIQUE BOSPORAN STRATEGY". *Revista Inclusiones*: 75–83.
* Wolfram, Herwig (1990). *History of the Goths*. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838.


title: Warren Landing, Manitoba

abstract: Warren Landing is a small community in Manitoba, Canada. It is located at the northern end of Lake Winnipeg on Big Mossy Point, where the Nelson River originates. The settlement is served by floatplane, since there is no airstrip. A winter road connects the settlement west to Grand Rapids, Manitoba. The nearest other community is Norway House, located approximately 30 kilometers north. Warren Landing was named after Hudson's Bay Company gentleman John Warren, who was seriously wounded during the Red River Rebellion and died in the settlement. He was buried with military honors. A fish station, largest of the lake, was also located in Warren Landing. The settlement was also the northernmost dock for many Lake Winnipeg steamboats.

text:
# Warren Landing, Manitoba

**Warren Landing** is a small community in Manitoba, Canada. It is located at the northern end of Lake Winnipeg on Big Mossy Point, where the Nelson River originates.

The settlement is served by floatplane, since there is no airstrip. A winter road connects the settlement west to Grand Rapids, Manitoba. The nearest other community is Norway House, located approximately 30 kilometers north.

Warren Landing was named after Hudson's Bay Company gentleman John Warren, who was seriously wounded during the Red River Rebellion and died in the settlement. He was buried with military honors. A fish station, largest of the lake, was also located in Warren Landing. The settlement was also the northernmost dock for many Lake Winnipeg steamboats.

## InfoBox

| Warren Landing | |
| --- | --- |
| Warren LandingLocation of Warren Landing in Manitoba | |
| Coordinates: 53°41′49″N 97°52′13″W / 53.69694°N 97.87028°W / 53.69694; -97.87028 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Manitoba |
| Region | Northern |
| Census Division | No. 22 |
| Government | |
| MP | Niki Ashton |
| MLA | Frank Whitehead |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 204 |
| NTS Map | 063H12 |
| GNBC Code | GBDDK |


abstract:
Eswatini Broadcasting and Information Service is the state-owned broadcast and print information provider of Eswatini, which essentially wields total control over all media within the country.
It was founded in 1966 as a radio broadcaster, and was merged with print media in the early 1970s. It is a member of the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association. Since 1991, it has been under the Ministry of Broadcasting, Information and Tourism, and is responsible for:
  - Radio and television broadcasting services;
  - Newspapers, magazines, and other printed governmental publications;
  - Government information services, including internet;
  - Accreditation of foreign news reporters and correspondents operating in Eswatini.

text:
# Eswatini Broadcasting and Information Service

**Eswatini Broadcasting and Information Service** is the state-owned broadcast and print information provider of Eswatini, which essentially wields total control over all media within the country. It was founded in 1966 as a radio broadcaster, and was merged with print media in the early 1970s. It is a member of the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association. Since 1991, it has been under the Ministry of Broadcasting, Information and Tourism, and is responsible for:

1. Radio and television broadcasting services;
2. Newspapers, magazines, and other printed governmental publications;
3. Government information services, including internet;
4. Accreditation of foreign news reporters and correspondents operating in Eswatini.

## Eswatini Television Authority

The **Eswatini Television Authority** runs a station known as "Eswatini TV" (formerly Swazi TV). It was officially started by King Sobhuza II, in February 1978, as the Swaziland Television Broadcasting Corporation (STBC). Before that, the station had been run by a private company. In 1983, the Swazi Parliament created the Eswatini Television Authority.

In November 2001, Swazi TV signed a deal with pan-African television syndicator ABN.

### Phesheya Dube

Phesheya Dube was a Swazi journalist who pretended that he reported from the midst of the fighting in Baghdad during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

When the war in Iraq started, Dube began to send "live" reports from Baghdad to the *Morning Show* of Radio Eswatini. Program host Moses Matsebula even told him to take care of himself and once instructed him to find a cave to hide from the missiles. He also asked listeners to pray for Dube when the station appeared to have lost contact with him.

In March 2003, legislators in the Eswatini parliament spotted Dube outside parliament. MP Jojo Dlamini demanded an explanation from Information Minister Mntomzima Dlamini in the House of Assembly. Dlamini said he would investigate and later reprimanded Dube.

Dube had been broadcasting live from his home. He had based his reports on international news stories and rehashed them into his own material. Dube continued to work for Radio Eswatini in other capacities.


title: Gothic Mountains

abstract: The Gothic Mountains is a group of mountains, 20 nautical miles long, in the Queen Maud Mountains of Antarctica, located west of Watson Escarpment and bounded by Scott Glacier, Albanus Glacier, and Griffith Glacier.

text:
# Gothic Mountains

Gothic Mountainsclass=notpageimage|Gothic Mountains in Antarctica

The **Gothic Mountains** (86°00′S 150°00′W / 86.000°S 150.000°W / -86.000; -150.000) is a group of mountains, 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) long, in the Queen Maud Mountains of Antarctica, located west of Watson Escarpment and bounded by Scott Glacier, Albanus Glacier, and Griffith Glacier.

## Exploration and naming

The mountains were first visited in December 1934 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (ByrdAE) geological party led by Quin Blackburn. The name was proposed by Edmund Stump, leader of a United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) - Arizona State University geological party which made investigations here in the 1980–81 season. The mountains are composed of granites which have weathered to produce a series of spires and peaks reminiscent of a Gothic cathedral.

## Location

The western Gothic Mountains are just east of Scott Glacier, to the south of the point where the Albanus Glacier joins the Scott Glacier from the east. Peaks in the western section include, from west to east, Grizzly Peak, Mount Zanuck, Zanuck East Peak, Outlook Peak and Mount Danforth. To the southwest are the Organ Pipe Peaks, Mount Harkness and Mount McKercher. The northeastern section includes Mount Andrews and Mount Gerdel. The southeastern part of the range, to the north of Griffith Glacier, includes Scudder Mountain, Mount McKercher, Ruotolo Peak.

## Western features

Features of the western part of the range include, from west to east, north to south:

### Grizzly Peak

85°58′S 151°22′W / 85.967°S 151.367°W / -85.967; -151.367. A peak rising to 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) high on the southwest flank of Mount Zanuck. The feature was visited in December 1934 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition geological party and was included in "Darryl Zanuck Mountain." The granite of this peak is highly jointed and fairly bristles with small spires, suggestive of the coat of a grizzly bear.

### Mount Zanuck

85°58′S 151°10′W / 85.967°S 151.167°W / -85.967; -151.167. A mountain about 5 miles (8.0 km) long surmounted by three sharp peaks in an east-west line, the highest of which rises to 2,525 metres (8,284 ft). The feature stands at the south side of Albanus Glacier at the point where the latter joins Scott Glacier. Discovered by Rear Admiral Byrd on the Byrd Antarctic Expedition flight to the South Pole in November 1929. The mountain was visited in December 1934 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition geological party under Quin Blackburn. Named by Byrd for Darryl F. Zanuck, official of Twentieth Century-Fox Pictures, who assisted the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1933–35, in assembling motion-picture records, and later supplied the USAS, 1939–41, with motion-picture projectors.

### Zanuck East Peak

85°57′S 150°53′W / 85.950°S 150.883°W / -85.950; -150.883. The easternmost of the three high peaks that rise from Mount Zanuck massif. The peak was discovered and mapped by the geological party of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1933–35, led by Quin Blackburn. The name was applied in association with Mount Zanuck by members of NZGSAE who climbed the peak in the 1969-70 season.

### Outlook Peak

85°59′S 150°50′W / 85.983°S 150.833°W / -85.983; -150.833. A low peak that rises steeply 2 miles (3.2 km) southeast of Mount Zanuck. Mapped by the USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-64. So named by members of NZGSAE, 1969–70, who obtained a good view of the next stage of their route from here.

### Mount Danforth

85°56′S 150°01′W / 85.933°S 150.017°W / -85.933; -150.017. An ice-free, pyramidal mountain over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) high, standing immediately east of Mount Zanuck on the south side of Albanus Glacier. Discovered in December 1934 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition geological party under Quin Blackburn, and named by Byrd for William H. Danforth of the Purina Mills, St. Louis, contributor to the expedition.

### Organ Pipe Peaks

86°03′S 150°00′W / 86.050°S 150.000°W / -86.050; -150.000. A row of aiguille type rock peaks, 7 miles (11 km) long, standing just north of Mount Harkness. Discovered by the geological party of the.Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1933–35, who gave the descriptive name.

### The Spectre

86°03′S 150°10′W / 86.050°S 150.167°W / -86.050; -150.167. A prominent rock spire, 2,020 metres (6,630 ft) high, near the center of Organ Pipe Peaks. Discovered in December 1934 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition geological party under Quin Blackburn. The allusive name was suggested by Edmund Stump, leader of the USARP-Arizona State University geological party in the Gothic Mountains, 1980-81.

### Mount Harkness

86°04′S 150°36′W / 86.067°S 150.600°W / -86.067; -150.600. A mountain, 1,900 metres (6,200 ft) high, standing 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of Organ Pipe Peaks and forming part of the east wall of Scott Glacier. Discovered in December 1934 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition geological party under Quin Blackburn, and named at that time by R. Admiral Byrd for Bruce Harkness, friend of Richard S. Russell, Jr., a member of that party.

### Altar Peak

86°04′S 150°23′W / 86.067°S 150.383°W / -86.067; -150.383. A peak, 1,780 metres (5,840 ft) high, located 1 mile (1.6 km) east-southeast of Mount Harkness. The feature was first visited in December 1934 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition geological party under Quin Blackburn. The descriptive name was suggested by Edmund Stump, leader of a USARP-Arizona State University geological party which studied this peak, 1987-88.

## Eastern features

Features of the eastern part of the range include, from west to east, north to south:

### Mount Andrews

85°57′S 149°41′W / 85.950°S 149.683°W / -85.950; -149.683. Mountain, 2,480 metres (8,140 ft) high, standing between Mount Danforth and Mount Gerdel on the south side of Albanus Glacier. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-63. Named by US-ACAN for Ensign Stanley J. Andrews, United States Navy, who accompanied Lt. George W. Warden in aircraft flights over the Queen Maud Mountains during United States Navy Operation Highjump, 1946-47.

### Mount Gerdel

85°59′S 149°19′W / 85.983°S 149.317°W / -85.983; -149.317. Mountain, 2,520 metres (8,270 ft) high, standing 2 miles (3.2 km) southeast of Mount Andrews at the south side of Albanus Glacier. Mapped by USGS from ground surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960-63. Named by US-ACAN for Lt. David H. Gerdel, United States Navy, of the Byrd Station winter party, 1965.

### Scudder Mountain

86°07′S 149°36′W / 86.117°S 149.600°W / -86.117; -149.600. A mountain, 2,280 metres (7,480 ft) high, between Organ Pipe Peaks and Mount McKercher on the east side of Scott Glacier. The name appears in Paul Siple's 1938 botany report on the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1933–35, based on exploration of this vicinity by the expedition's geological party led by Quin Blackburn.

### Mount McKercher

86°09′S 150°02′W / 86.150°S 150.033°W / -86.150; -150.033. A mountain, 2,230 metres (7,320 ft) high, standing at the east side of Scott Glacier, just north of the mouth of Griffith Glacier. Discovered in December 1934 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition geological party under Qum Blackburn, and named for Hazel McKercher, secretary to R. Admiral Byrd during the period of this expedition.

### Ruotolo Peak

86°04′S 148°06′W / 86.067°S 148.100°W / -86.067; -148.100. A peak, 2,490 metres (8,170 ft) high, surmounting the north side of Griffith Glacier, close west of the California Plateau and Watson Escarpment. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1960–64. Named by US-ACAN for Lt. Cdr. Anthony P. Ruotolo, aircraft pilot with United States Navy Squadron VX-6 on Operation Deep Freeze 1966 and 1967.

## Sources

* Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), *Geographic Names of the Antarctic* (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names.
* *Mount Blackburn*, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-01-09
* *Leverett Glacier*, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-01-09
* *Mount Goodale*, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-01-09
* *Nilsen Plateau*, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-01-09


title: Quantitative risk assessment software

abstract: Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) software and methodologies give quantitative estimates of risks, given the parameters defining them. They are used in the financial sector, the chemical process industry, and other areas. In financial terms, quantitative risk assessments include a calculation of the single loss expectancy of monetary value of an asset. In the chemical process and petrochemical industries a QRA is primarily concerned with determining the potential loss of life (PLL) caused by undesired events. Specialist software can be used to model the effects of such an event, and to help calculate the potential loss of life. Some organisations use the risk outputs to assess the implied cost to avert a fatality (ICAF) which can be used to set quantified criteria for what is an unacceptable risk and what is tolerable. For the explosives industry, QRA can be used for many explosive risk applications. It is especially useful for site risk analysis when reliance on quantity distance (QD) tables is not feasible.

text:
# Quantitative risk assessment software

**Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) software** and methodologies give quantitative estimates of risks, given the parameters defining them. They are used in the financial sector, the chemical process industry, and other areas.

In financial terms, quantitative risk assessments include a calculation of the single loss expectancy of monetary value of an asset.

In the chemical process and petrochemical industries a QRA is primarily concerned with determining the potential loss of life (PLL) caused by undesired events. Specialist software can be used to model the effects of such an event, and to help calculate the potential loss of life. Some organisations use the risk outputs to assess the implied cost to avert a fatality (ICAF) which can be used to set quantified criteria for what is an unacceptable risk and what is tolerable.

For the explosives industry, QRA can be used for many explosive risk applications. It is especially useful for site risk analysis when reliance on quantity distance (QD) tables is not feasible.

## Limitations

Some of the QRA software models described above must be used in isolation: for example the results from a consequence model cannot be used directly in a risk model. Other QRA software programs link different calculation modules together automatically to facilitate the process. Some of the software is proprietary and can only be used within certain organisations.

Due to the large amount of data processing required by QRA calculations, the usual approach has been to use two-dimensional ellipses to represent hazard zones such as the area around an explosion which poses a 10% chance of fatality. Similarly, a pragmatic approach is used in the simplification of dispersion results. Typically a flat terrain, unobstructed world is used to determine the behaviour of a dispersing cloud and/or a vaporizing pool. This presents problems when the effects of non-flat terrain or the complex geometry of process plants would no doubt affect the behaviour of a dispersing cloud. Though they have limitations, the 2D hazard zone and simplified approach to 3D dispersion modelling allow the handling of large volumes of risk results with known assumptions to assist in decision-making. The trade-off shifts as computer processing power increases.

The modeling of the consequences of hazardous events in a true 3D manner may require a different approach, for example using a computational fluid dynamics method to study cloud dispersion over hilly terrain. The creation of CFD models requires significantly more investment of time on the part of the modeling analyst (because of the increased complexity of the modeling), which may not be justified in all cases.

One major limitation of QRA in the safety field is that it is focussed primarily on the loss of containment of hazardous fluids and what happens when they are released. This renders QRA somewhat unworkable in hazardous industries that do not focus on fluid containment yet are still subject to catastrophic events (e.g. aviation, pharmaceuticals, mining, water treatment, etc.) This has led to the development of a risk process that draws on the experience of organisations and their employees to produce risk assessments that produce potential loss of life (PLL) outputs without fault and event tree modelling. This process is probably most commonly known by the name SQRA which was the first methodology to enter the marketplace in the late 1990s but is perhaps more accurately described by the term Experience-based Quantification (EBQ). Today there is a choice of software with which to undertake this methodology and it has been used extensively in the mining industry on a global basis.

In an effort to be more fair and to avoid adding to already high imprisonment rates in the US, courts across America have started using quantitative risk assessment software when trying to make decisions about releasing people on bail and sentencing, which are based on their history and other attributes. It analyzed recidivism risk scores calculated by one of the most commonly used tools, the Northpointe COMPAS system, and looked at outcomes over two years, and found that only 61% of those deemed high risk actually committed additional crimes during that period and that African-American defendants were far more likely to be given high scores that white defendants. These results are part of larger questions being raised in the field of machine ethics with regard to the risks of perpetuating patterns of discrimination via the use of big data and machine learning across many fields.

* NATIONAL MINERALS INDUSTRY SAFETY AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT GUIDELINE, Joy J & Griffiths D, 2007, p. 61


title: Jack Humphrey

abstract: Jack Weldon Humphrey was a Canadian landscape and figure painter, mainly in watercolour. Art historian J. Russell Harper called him the "most significant eastern Canadian painter of his generation".

text:
# Jack Humphrey

**Jack Weldon Humphrey** (12 January 1901 – 23 March 1967) was a Canadian landscape and figure painter, mainly in watercolour. Art historian J. Russell Harper called him the "most significant eastern Canadian painter of his generation".

## Biography

Humphrey was born in Saint John, New Brunswick. He studied at the school of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, with Philip Hale and with Charles Webster Hawthorne at the National Academy of Design (1924-1929) and the Art Students League, New York, as well as at Charles Hawthorne's Cape Cod School of Art. He was a Tiffany Foundation student at Oyster Bay, Long Island, 1927. He travelled to Europe from 1929 to 1930, studying in Paris with André Lhote and at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière, and in Munich at the Hans Hofmann school. He also travelled in Italy, Holland, Belgium, and England. He visited Vancouver in 1933 and Mexico in 1938.

Humphrey was a founding member of the Canadian Group of Painters (C.G.P.) in 1933, the Eastern Group (1938) which evolved into the Contemporary Arts Society, the Canadian Society of Painters in Water Colour (Director, 1944; Vice-President, 1945); and the Canadian Society of Graphic Art (Regional Representative, 1946; Eastern Vice-President, 1951; Regional Representative, 1956, 1959). In 1951, he taught at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. That year, he received a Doctor of Laws from the University of New Brunswick. From 1952 to 1954, he painted in Paris on a Canadian Government-Royal Society Overseas Fellowship. Returning from France in 1954, he experimented with painted more abstractly in his gouache and oil landscapes, while his watercolours focused on the intimate details of nature. He received a Canada Council Senior Arts Fellowship in 1960. In 1966-1967, a retrospective exhibition of his work was organized by Stuart A. Smith for the Beaverbrook Art Gallery, Fredericton, N.B. that toured through Canada, circulated by the National Gallery of Canada.

Humphrey's paintings of the harbour, streets and workers of Saint John in Canada established his reputation as an artist and his work extended to numerous portraits of friends and the city's children. Humphrey's approach made him a respected member of Montreal's Contemporary Arts Society and the Canadian Group of Painters.

He died of a heart attack on 23 March 1967 in hospital at Saint John, New Brunswick. He had been recovering from a recent surgery. His papers are in the National Gallery of Canada Library and Archives Jack Humphrey fonds.

## InfoBox

| Jack Weldon Humphrey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1901-01-12)January 12, 1901
Saint John, New Brunswick |
| Died | 23 March 1967(1967-03-23) (aged 66)
Saint John, New Brunswick |
| Known for | Painter |
| Spouse | Jean Elizabeth Fowler (m. 1942) |


title: Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar

abstract: The Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar or Pilgrim half dollar was a commemorative fifty-cent coin struck by the United States Bureau of the Mint in 1920 and 1921 to mark the 300th anniversary (tercentenary) of the arrival of the Pilgrims in North America. It was designed by Cyrus E. Dallin. Massachusetts Congressman Joseph Walsh was involved in joint federal and state efforts to mark the anniversary. He saw a reference to a proposed Maine Centennial half dollar and realized that a coin could be issued for the Pilgrim anniversary in support of the observances at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The bill moved quickly through the legislative process and became the Act of May 12, 1920. Sculptor James Earle Fraser criticized some aspects of the design, but the Treasury approved it anyway. After a promising start, sales tailed off, and tens of thousands of coins from each year were returned to the Philadelphia Mint for melting. Numismatist Q. David Bowers has cited the fact that the coins were struck in the second year as the start of a trend to force collectors to buy more than one piece in order to have a complete set.

text:
# Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar

The **Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar** or **Pilgrim half dollar** was a commemorative fifty-cent coin struck by the United States Bureau of the Mint in 1920 and 1921 to mark the 300th anniversary (tercentenary) of the arrival of the Pilgrims in North America. It was designed by Cyrus E. Dallin.

Massachusetts Congressman Joseph Walsh was involved in joint federal and state efforts to mark the anniversary. He saw a reference to a proposed Maine Centennial half dollar and realized that a coin could be issued for the Pilgrim anniversary in support of the observances at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The bill moved quickly through the legislative process and became the Act of May 12, 1920.

Sculptor James Earle Fraser criticized some aspects of the design, but the Treasury approved it anyway. After a promising start, sales tailed off, and tens of thousands of coins from each year were returned to the Philadelphia Mint for melting. Numismatist Q. David Bowers has cited the fact that the coins were struck in the second year as the start of a trend to force collectors to buy more than one piece in order to have a complete set.

## Background

The Pilgrims were Brownist English Dissenters; they sought a version of the Christian religion without things they deemed nonessential, such as bishops or Christmas. They differed from the Puritans; the Pilgrims were stricter, and instead of seeking to reform the Church of England from within, sought to separate themselves from it. They had left England for the Netherlands because in 1608, King James I began to persecute Separatists. Among those who fled then was William Bradford.

Things became more difficult for the Separatists in the Netherlands in the late 1610s as the Dutch government moved towards alliance with England. They had few opportunities in the Netherlands as they were limited to manual labor by the guilds' refusal to accept them, and they feared that their children were straying from their language and religion. Investors led by Thomas Weston agreed to finance an expedition to North America, and the ship *Speedwell* was sent to fetch Separatists from the Netherlands, then join the larger *Mayflower* to form a two-ship expedition. After transporting the Separatists, the *Speedwell* proved unseaworthy for the ocean voyage. The *Mayflower'*s passenger list was formed from some Separatists who had gone to the Netherlands and some who had stayed in England, as well as a scattering of others. Some would-be pioneers were left behind due to problems with the *Speedwell*. The *Mayflower* sailed from Plymouth, in South West England, on September 6, 1620, with 102 passengers and a crew of 47.

> So they left that goodly and plesante citie, which had been their resting place near 12 years; but they knew they were pilgrimes and looked not much on those things, but lift up their eyes to the heavens, their dearest cuntrie, and quieted their spirits.

William Bradford on the Pilgrims' departure from Leiden

The expedition sighted Cape Cod on November 9, 1620, and landed at what is now Provincetown, Massachusetts. Two days later, the men signed the *Mayflower* Compact, wherein all agreed to submit themselves to the will of the majority—one of the foundation documents of American democracy. Running short of provisions, they did not proceed to Virginia, but established a settlement at Plymouth Colony (today Plymouth, Massachusetts), although they had expected to settle further south and were ill-equipped for a Massachusetts winter. Half died before spring came. There had been few Native Americans in the area, but in 1621, the settlers were approached by a group, including two, Samoset and Squanto, who spoke some English. Squanto taught the Pilgrims indigenous methods for cultivating corn (maize), a plant native to the New World with which the emigrants were unfamiliar. This knowledge helped the Pilgrims gradually become established. The Pilgrims grew in population relatively slowly over the first generations in America, and became a minority among settlers in the area. In 1691, Plymouth Colony became part of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. Bradford's wife had died while the ship was in Provincetown Harbor; after Governor John Carver perished during the first winter, Bradford was elected in his place, and served 15 two-year terms. He guided the colony from the communal economy necessary at first, to privatization, greatly increasing the harvest in the process. His diaries were published as *Of Plymouth Plantation* and constitute the major source of information concerning the Pilgrims' daily lives.

In 1920, the government did not sell commemorative coins. Congress, during the early years of commemorative coinage, usually designated a specific organization allowed to buy them at face value and to vend them to the public at a premium. In the case of the Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar, the enabling legislation did not name an organization, but it was the Pilgrim Tercentenary Commission; profits from the coin were to go towards financing the observances in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Pilgrims' arrival.

## Legislation

Legislation for a Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar was introduced in the House of Representatives by Massachusetts' Joseph Walsh on March 23, 1920, with the bill designated as H.R. 13227. It was referred to the Committee on Coinage, Weights and Measures, of which Indiana Congressman Albert Vestal was the chairman. That committee held hearings on the bill on March 26, 1920, as well as on the coinage proposal that would become the Alabama Centennial half dollar, which was the first order of business. Once the committee voted to favorably recommend the Alabama bill, which provided for 100,000 half dollars, it proceeded to consider the Pilgrim proposal. Vestal had two days previously written to Treasury Secretary David F. Houston, and Houston responded that while his department had not opposed the Maine Centennial (previously approved by the committee) or Alabama coinage bills, the Treasury had concerns that issuing large numbers of different designs would aid fraudsters.

Walsh appeared and explained to the committee that Congress had previously authorized a commission to work with state and local authorities in planning for observances which were to be held in December 1920 on the 300th anniversary of the *Mayflower* landing, and were also to occur the following summer. Although events were to be held elsewhere in Massachusetts, and even outside the state, the focus would be on Plymouth, with the beautification of the area around Plymouth Rock a major goal. The commission had recommended the issuance of commemorative stamps, and also a federal appropriation, but it was not until Walsh saw a committee report for the Maine Centennial piece listed on a House document that he came up with the idea of a commemorative coin for the anniversary. This had been done in the past for the World Columbian Exposition of 1893, Walsh recalled, and Ohio's William A. Ashbrook chimed in (incorrectly) that a coin had been issued for the Jamestown Exposition of 1907. Walsh stated that more were being asked for (500,000) than for the Alabama coin because of the great interest in the celebration; he suggested that to increase regional interest, the coins be struck at all the mints (Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco). Ashbrook felt the number to be issued excessive, he suggested 300,000 as more appropriate, and Walsh consented. Missouri's William L. Nelson moved that the committee approve the amended bill, and this carried. Vestal issued a report on behalf of his committee on March 26, 1920, indicating his committee's support for the bill once amended.

The three coinage bills—Maine Centennial, Alabama Centennial, and Pilgrim Tercentenary—were considered in that order by the House of Representatives on April 21, 1920. As the Maine and Alabama pieces were considered, Ohio's Warren Gard asked a number of questions about various matters, including regarding the wisdom of having so many half-dollar designs issued, though he did not object to the passage of either bill. After the Pilgrim bill came to the floor, Gard asked Walsh why the bill provided for 500,000 half dollars, so much more than for the state coins; Walsh responded that it was because the coin was for a 300th anniversary rather than just a 100th. Gard followed up this point, asking if it had been a 400th anniversary, whether even more coins would be justified, and Walsh agreed. Both Walsh and Vestal were asked by Gard how many half dollars were in circulation, but neither legislator knew. Washington Representative John Franklin Miller asked whether the coin was to commemorate the original landing of the Pilgrims at Provincetown or their subsequent landing at Plymouth, but Walsh did not answer the question definitively. Congressman James W. Dunbar of Indiana noted that the price of silver had risen so high that the Mint might be out of pocket in striking the coins, and asked if the federal government would cover any losses; Vestal responded that Massachusetts would. Vestal then moved the committee amendment to reduce the authorized mintage from 500,000 to 300,000, attracting the attention of Gard, who asked the reason for the change and was told the original bill had a typographical error. Walsh had told the committee that he had selected the figure of 500,000 since the Pilgrim anniversary was more important than the Maine state centennial. Gard inquired if the amendment had been approved by the committee, and when he was told it had, asked if the Pilgrim half dollars would buy more than ordinary half dollars to which Walsh replied, "why, I think very likely, especially on Cape Cod." Gard indicated his hope that he could spend a few days there that summer, and Vestal stated that Gard would be welcome to obtain and spend half dollars in any of the three states celebrating anniversaries. The bill passed the House without recorded opposition.

The following day, April 22, the House reported its passage of the bill to the Senate. The bill was referred to the Senate Committee on Banking and Currency; on April 28, Connecticut's George P. McLean reported it back with a recommendation it pass. On May 3, McLean asked that the three coin bills (Maine, Alabama and Pilgrim) be considered by the Senate immediately, rather than awaiting their turns, but Utah Senator Reed Smoot objected: Smoot's attempt to bring up an anti-dumping trade bill had just been objected to by Charles S. Thomas of Colorado. Smoot, however, stated if the bills had not been considered by about 2:00 pm, there would probably not be any objection. When McLean tried again to advance the coin bills, Kansas Senator Charles Curtis asked if there was any urgency. McLean replied that as the three coin bills were to mark ongoing anniversaries, there was a need to have them authorized and get the production process started. All three bills passed the Senate without opposition and the Pilgrim bill was enacted with the signature of President Woodrow Wilson on May 12, 1920.

## Preparation

The Pilgrim Tercentenary Commission made sketches for a design, which were converted to three-dimensional plaster models by Cyrus E. Dallin, a Boston sculptor known for his portrayals of Native Americans and works related to the Pilgrims. As the legislation was not approved until May 12, 1920, and the commission hoped to have the coins available for sale as early as possible, Dallin was urged to hurry with his work. The selection of Dallin apparently delighted Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) chairman Charles Moore, who wrote to the sculptor in convivial terms.

Dallin finished his models in August 1920 and the CFA referred the designs to sculptor member James Earle Fraser. On examining Dallin's work, Fraser deemed the lettering crude, and in an undated letter to Moore (probably late August) regretted that there was no opportunity to make changes. He suggested that the Mint be urged to allow three months in future for CFA consideration. After the commission met on September 3, a letter to that effect was sent to the Director of the United States Mint, Raymond T. Baker. The letter was ignored, but the Treasury approved the designs.

## Design

The obverse of the coin features William Bradford. He wears a hat and carries a Bible under his arm. Bradford, noted for piety, is intended to be seen in a moment of meditation. Dallin's plaster models had the words "HOLY BIBLE" on the volume; these, together with Dallin's initials "CED", were removed. Instead, the initial D was placed under Bradford's elbow, likely impressed upon the hub as an afterthought by a punch normally used to create the mint mark D for the Denver Mint. Numismatists Anthony Swiatek and Walter Breen deemed Bradford's broad collar near enough to Puritan wear of the day to pass, though they questioned the authenticity of the ruffled cravat. Bradford's portrait is in any case an invention; no genuine likeness of him is known. The crudeness of the lettering complained of by Fraser is not apparent due to the relatively small size of the coins.

The reverse depicts the *Mayflower* under full sail. Numismatic writers have focused much attention on the fact that the ship bears a triangular flying jib, a type of sail not used at the time of the *Mayflower* voyage. This error was avoided by Clair Aubrey Huston in his design for the one-cent stamp issued on December 21, 1920. The inscriptions and dates that encircle the coin are self-explanatory.

Art historian Cornelius Vermeule, in his volume on U.S. coins and medals, deemed the Pilgrim half dollar "a masterpiece in the conservative tradition". He suggested that Dallin's portrait of Bradford was influenced by Augustus Saint-Gaudens and his sculpture, *The Puritan*. Vermeule deemed the ship on the reverse a great advance on George T. Morgan's 1892 depiction of the *Santa María* on the Columbian half dollar, and felt that Dallin's vessel presaged the ships (at least five) on commemorative coins of the 1930s. "Seen from the stern on the waves, the Pilgrims' ship is impressive."

## Production, distribution, and collecting

The Philadelphia Mint coined 200,112 half dollars in October 1920, with the excess above the round number reserved for inspection and testing at the 1921 meeting of the annual Assay Commission. They were shipped to the National Shawmut Bank of Boston which sold the coins for $1 each to the public, with the profits to go to the tercentenary commission. The coins could be ordered through any bank in Boston or Plymouth. Swiatek believed the sale of 1920-dated coins to have been very successful, and there was no thought at that time of returning any to the Mint for redemption and melting. The first order had not exhausted the authorized mintage, so the tercentenary commission ordered 100,000 more during the spring of 1921 when sales slowed. These were coined in July, together with 53 pieces held for the 1922 Assay Commission, and they have the year of issue added on the obverse to the left of Bradford. This was done to comply with the Coinage Act of 1873, which required the year of striking to appear on coins. The recession of 1921 began soon after; sales dropped, and tens of thousands of both dates remained unsold. The tercentenary commission returned 48,000 of the 1920 issue and 80,000 of the 1921 to the Mint.

Both dates of the Pilgrim half dollar have appreciated in price over the years, particularly the 1921 issue, of which only 20,000 are extant. At the peak of the first commemorative coin boom in 1936, the 1920 sold for $1.75 and the 1921 for $8; at the peak of the second boom in 1980, the 1920 sold for $275 and the 1921 for $800. The deluxe edition of R. S. Yeoman's *A Guide Book of United States Coins* (2015) lists the 1920 at between $85 and $650 and the 1921 at between $170 and $850, each depending on condition. An exceptional specimen of the 1920 sold at auction in 2014 for $7,344.

Coin dealer and numismatic author Q. David Bowers deemed the Pilgrim coin to be the first time that a commemorative half dollar had been struck over multiple years for the purpose of making numismatists buy multiple coins to keep their collections complete:

> Up until this time relatively little attention had been paid to promoting commemorative coins to collectors. The numismatic fraternity accounted for only a small percentage of the total sales ... The 1921-dated Pilgrim halves were created to "get" the collector, as \[coin dealer\] B. Max Mehl put it, to pander to the desire of numismatists to achieve complete sets. The handwriting was on the wall, and in the same year it soon became every collector for himself against the greed of the issuers of the 1921 Alabama and Missouri halves. The age of innocence had ended.

### Citations

### Sources

## InfoBox

Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar
| United States | |
| --- | --- |
| Value | 50 cents (0.50 US dollars) |
| Mass | 12.5 g |
| Diameter | 30.61 mm (1.20 in) |
| Thickness | 2.15 mm (0.08 in) |
| Edge | Reeded |
| Composition | * 90.0% silver * 10.0% copper |
| Silver | 0.36169 troy oz |
| Years of minting | 1920–1921 |
| Mintage | 1920: 200,112 including 112 pieces for the Assay Commission (48,000 melted)
1921: 100,053 including 53 assay pieces (80,000 melted)
 |
| Mint marks | None, all pieces struck at the Philadelphia Mint without mint mark |
| Obverse | |
|  | |
| Design | Governor William Bradford (coins struck in 1920 do not display a date on this side) |
| Designer | Cyrus E. Dallin |
| Design date | 1920 |
| Reverse | |
|  | |
| Design | The *Mayflower* |
| Designer | Cyrus E. Dallin |
| Design date | 1920 |


title: Raquel Torres

abstract: Raquel Torres was a Mexican-born American film actress. Her sister was actress Renee Torres.

text:
# Raquel Torres

**Raquel Torres** (born either **Paula Marie Osterman** or **Wilhelmina von Osterman**; November 11, 1908 – August 10, 1987) was a Mexican-born American film actress. Her sister was actress Renee Torres.

## Early life

Torres was born in Hermosillo to a German emigrant father and a Mexican mother. Her mother died while Raquel was very young and the family moved to the United States, where she spent most of her time. Her name change, including adoption of her mother's maiden surname, as well as speaking with a fake accent, was done to capitalize on, and conform to, early Hollywood's idea of 'Latin-ness'.

## Career

Torres played a Polynesian beauty in *White Shadows in the South Seas* (1928), a silent film shot in Tahiti which was Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's first feature fully synchronized with music and effects. She gained the role after 300 applicants were rejected. She also became the first person to have her voice recorded as part of "a new system in the selection of motion picture talent".

The next year she was third-billed behind Lili Damita and Ernest Torrence in *The Bridge of San Luis Rey* (1929), the first film version of the classic Thornton Wilder novel, which was a part-talkie. This Oscar winner (for Art Direction) was an early disaster movie that bonded a group of strangers who see their lives flash before their eyes while trapped on a collapsing bridge. Torres' other 1929 film was *The Desert Rider* (1929), a standard western in which she provided spicy diversion opposite cowboy star Tim McCoy.

Torres continued the tropical island pace with *The Sea Bat* (1930) and *Aloha* (1931) playing various island girls and biracial beauty types. Also in 1931, she had a vaudeville act in New York. On Broadway, she played Teresa in *Adam Had Two Sons* (1932).

In her last year of filming, she played a sexy foil to the raucous comedy teams of Bert Wheeler and Robert Woolsey in *So This Is Africa* (1933) and the Marx Brothers in *Duck Soup* (1933). It was Torres to whom Groucho delivered his classic line: "I could dance with you until the cows came home. On second thought, I'd rather dance with the cows until you came home."

Torres abruptly retired following her marriage to businessman Stephen Ames in 1935. Her husband later produced postwar "B" films but she never returned to the film industry even with her husband's "in" connection.

## Romance and marriages

In 1934, Torres met the New York stockbroker Stephen Ames at a Hollywood party. At the time Ames was still married to film actress Adrienne Ames and Torres was escorted to the party by film agent Charles K. Feldman. Torres was suffering from a cold and found a quiet corner for solitude. Ames came over and asked her "Why so quiet?" She told him about "the terrible cold in my head". Ames described some of his favorite remedies and the actress appreciated how considerate Ames was. A year later they met again in New York. Ames was by now divorced and Torres had not gone through with an anticipated wedding. They met a number of times in New York and Hollywood before Stephen asked her to marry him at the Colony Club while they were dancing. After deliberating for the night Torres decided to marry him when he called her the following day.

Ames presented her with a gift, a Rolls-Royce, and two weeks later they were married. Following their wedding, they spent several months in New York and Florida prior to purchasing an option on two and a half acres of land in the exclusive Los Angeles enclave of Bel Air where they wanted to build a home. Ames died in 1955.

In 1959, Torres married actor Jon Hall, a hero of 1930s and 1940s South Sea epics. They divorced several years later.

## Fire damage

In October 1985, a fire in Malibu, California damaged several homes in the Las Flores Canyon area. Embers carried by wind across the wide Pacific Coast Highway ignited the roof of Raquel Torres' home. Her single story house was located at 22350 Pacific Coast Highway. The dwelling was 80% destroyed, but the actress escaped unharmed, escorted by firefighters to safety.

## Death

On August 10, 1987, Torres died from a heart attack in Malibu, California. She was 78 years old.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1928 | *White Shadows in the South Seas* | Fayaway |  |
| 1929 | *The Bridge of San Luis Rey* | Pepita | Released as both silent and part-talkie, part-talkie version is **lost** |
| | *The Desert Rider* | Dolores Alvarado |  |
| 1930 | *Under a Texas Moon* | Raquella |  |
| | *The Sea Bat* | Nina |  |
| | *Estrellados* | Elvira Rosas |  |
| | *The March of Time* | Herself | Unreleased |
| 1931 | *Aloha* | Ilanu |  |
| 1933 | *So This Is Africa* | Tarzana |  |
| | *The Woman I Stole* | Teresita |  |
| | *Duck Soup* | Vera Marcal |  |
| | *Red Wagon* | Sheba Prince / Starlina |  |
| 1936 | *Go West, Young Man* | Rico's Girlfriend in 'Drifting Lady' | Uncredited |

### General

1. *Lima, Ohio News*, "The Sea Bat is Ohio Feature", Monday, July 14, 1930, Page 9.
2. *Los Angeles Times*, "Miss Torres and Spouse Plan Stay", February 19, 1935, Page A2.
3. *Los Angeles Times*, by Joan Harvey "Hollywood Beauty Gossip", March 27, 1935, Page A6.
4. *Los Angeles Times*, by Jerry Belcher, "Actor Jon Hall Commits Suicide", December 13, 1979, Page A1.
5. *Los Angeles Times*, by Jack Jones, "Malibu Fire Is History as Crews Win the Edge", October 17, 1985, Page OC1.
6. *New York Times*, "Raquel Torres", August 13, 1987, Page B8.
7. *Syracuse, New York Herald-Journal*, "Star in early movies, Raquel Torres dies at 78", Wednesday, August 12, 1987, Section B Page 8C.

### Inline

## InfoBox

| Raquel Torres | |
| --- | --- |
| Torres in 1930 | |
| Born | (1908-11-11)November 11, 1908
Hermosillo, Mexico |
| Died | August 10, 1987(1987-08-10) (aged 78)
Malibu, California, U.S |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 19281936 |
| Spouse(s) | Stephen Ames  (m. 1935; died 1955)
Jon Hall
(m. 1959; div. 19??)
(m. 19??; div. 19??) |


title: William O'Neal (informant)

abstract: William O'Neal was an American FBI informant in Chicago, Illinois, where he infiltrated the local Black Panther Party (BPP). He is known for being the catalyst for the 1969 police/FBI assassination of Fred Hampton, head of the Illinois BPP. After his role was revealed in 1973, O'Neal was relocated to California under the Federal Witness Protection Program and given a new identity. In 1984, he secretly returned to Chicago. He was interviewed in 1989 about his informancy, for the second part of the documentary series Eyes on the Prize. The night the first episode aired, January 15, 1990, O'Neal took his own life. His own episode was broadcast on February 19, 1990.

text:
# William O'Neal (informant)

**William O'Neal** (April 9, 1949 – January 15, 1990) was an American FBI informant in Chicago, Illinois, where he infiltrated the local Black Panther Party (BPP). He is known for being the catalyst for the 1969 police/FBI assassination of Fred Hampton, head of the Illinois BPP.

After his role was revealed in 1973, O'Neal was relocated to California under the Federal Witness Protection Program and given a new identity. In 1984, he secretly returned to Chicago. He was interviewed in 1989 about his informancy, for the second part of the documentary series *Eyes on the Prize*. The night the first episode aired, January 15, 1990, O'Neal took his own life. His own episode was broadcast on February 19, 1990.

## Biography

William O'Neal was born and grew up in Chicago, and got into trouble with the law as a teenager. In 1967, when he was about 18 years old, he was caught by FBI agent Roy Martin Mitchell, who had tracked O'Neal down for stealing a car and driving it across state lines to Michigan.

In 1968 the FBI offered him a deal: in exchange for having his felony charges dropped and receiving a monthly stipend, O'Neal agreed to infiltrate the Panthers as a counterintelligence operative, or informant. The FBI had been conducting their illegal COINTELPRO operation since the mid-1950s, expanding their efforts against communists to include black civil rights activists. By 1966 they were attempting to infiltrate and undermine black nationalist movements such as the Black Panthers and discredit black civil rights leaders. The targeting of the Black Panther Party was heightened due to its adherence to Marxism-Leninism.

O'Neal soon established himself with Fred Hampton, who was 20 years old at the time. O'Neal was assigned as one of the heads of the Black Panther leader's security, and had keys to several Panther headquarters and safe houses.

In 1969 Hampton was working on the Rainbow Coalition, an alliance among gangs and minority groups in Chicago, and the FBI and police became increasingly concerned about his activities and growing political power. That summer, the police raided Panther offices, arrested several members, and burned the building down. The FBI required O'Neal to give them a drawing to show the layout of Hampton's apartment on Monroe Street in the West Side, where the Panthers often gathered, so they could prepare a raid.

On the evening of December 3, 1969, Hampton taught a political education class at a local church, attended by most Panther members. Afterward, he and several Panthers went to his apartment, and around midnight they ate a dinner prepared by O'Neal. O'Neal slipped secobarbitol into Hampton's drink so he would not wake up during the police raid. O'Neal left, and at about 1:30 a.m. Hampton fell asleep while talking to his mother on the telephone.

At 4:00 a.m., a 14-man armed Chicago police team arrived at the apartment, and at 4:45 a.m. stormed inside. They first shot and killed Mark Clark, sitting in the front room of the apartment with a shotgun in his lap on security duty. The police cleared out the people from the rest of the apartment, wounding several others, and went to Hampton's bedroom. Witnesses said that they heard two bangs, presumably the close-range shots to the back of Hampton's head that killed him. In January 1970, a coroner's jury held an inquest. They ruled that the deaths of Hampton and Clark were justifiable homicide by the police. The ballistics investigation of the raid found that the Chicago police fired as many as 99 shots, but only one shot was fired by the Panthers, and it hit the ceiling.

### Later life

O'Neal's involvement in the raid was revealed in 1973, and he was relocated to California under the alias of William Hart via the Federal Witness Protection Program. He secretly returned to Chicago in 1984.

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| "Eyes on the Prize; Interview with William O'Neal" conducted by Blackside for *Eyes on the Prize II*. O'Neal discusses being recruited to be an informant for the FBI in Chicago, joining the Black Panthers, and giving the FBI information about the Black Panthers' activities and Fred Hampton. | |

On April 13, 1989, O'Neal was interviewed for the PBS documentary *Eyes on the Prize II*, about the civil rights movement in the 1960s. In the extensive interview, he described being recruited by the FBI to become an informant and provide information about Fred Hampton, chairman of the Chicago Black Panther Party. He gave details about his impressions and experiences working in the Black Panther Party, his relationship with FBI agent Roy Mitchell, and his feelings about his activities and his role. He denied having drugged Hampton the night before he was assassinated. O'Neal said, "I had no allegiance to the Panthers."

In the early hours of January 15, 1990, after visiting with his uncle Ben Heard, O'Neal ran out of the apartment and into traffic on Interstate 290, where he was hit by a car, and killed; he was 40 years old. His death was ruled a suicide, though his wife said that it was accidental. Earlier in the evening, O'Neal had been drinking and attempted to jump out of a second-story window, but Heard pulled him back inside. Heard said afterward that O'Neal had "cooperated with the FBI to reduce his own potential jail time, then got in way over his head and was forever tortured by the guilt", and that "he never thought it would come to all this." He said O'Neal had previously run out onto Interstate 290 in September 1989 and that he was hit by a vehicle and hospitalized.

The episode featuring O'Neal's interview, "A Nation of Law? (1968–71)", was broadcast on February 19, 1990.

O'Neal and his betrayal of Hampton are explored in the film *Judas and the Black Messiah* (2021), where he is portrayed by LaKeith Stanfield. For their performances, both Stanfield and Daniel Kaluuya (who played Hampton) were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, which Kaluuya won.

## InfoBox

| William O'Neal | |
| --- | --- |
| O'Neal in 1973 | |
| Born | April 9, 1949
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | January 15, 1990(1990-01-15) (aged 40)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Suicide by running into freeway traffic |
| Other names | William Hart |
| Occupation | FBI informant/operative |
| Years active | 1967–1970s |
| Known for | Involvement in the killing of Fred Hampton |
| Political party | Black Panther (as an infiltrator) |


title: Ranjan Bista

abstract: Ranjan Bista is a highly decorated former member of the Nepal national football team, and a NHA coach.

text:
# Ranjan Bista

**Ranjan Bista** is a highly decorated former member of the Nepal national football team, and a NHA coach.

## History

A former Boys Union Club (BUC) custodian, Bista is also the founder of the two-time ‘A' Division League champions Sunakhari Club. Bista also helped BUC claim the ‘A' Division League in 1975 under the All Nepal Football Association (ANFA). Bista represented Nepal in the DCM Cup (New Delhi) in 1975, Agatha Gold Cup (Dhaka) in 1979, Presidents Cup (Bangladesh) in 1979, Asian Youth Football (Bangladesh) 1980, King's Cup (Bangkok) in 1982, the ninth Asiad (Delhi) in 1982 and the Darjeeling Gold Cup in 1982.


title: Warren Lamb

abstract: Warren Lamb was a British management consultant and pioneer in the field of nonverbal behavior. After studying with Rudolf Laban he developed Movement Pattern Analysis - a system for analysing and interpreting movement behaviour, which has been applied in numerous fields including management consulting, executive recruitment and therapy. Lamb used the MPA system in advising multinational corporations, typically at top team level, and also government organizations. Lamb differentiated his system from the popular body language literature and argued that the key to interpreting behaviour was not fixed gestures but the dynamics of movement. Lamb's underlying theory was that each individual has a unique way of moving which is constant and that these distinct movement patterns reflect the individual's way of thinking and behaving. In MPA he developed a system for identifying these patterns and relating them to behaviours, with the aim of predicting how people will behave in various situations based on their movement patterns. Recent studies led by Harvard University and Brown University in the United States reported significant predictive reliability for the system.

text:
# Warren Lamb

**Warren Lamb** (28 April 1923 – 21 January 2014) was a British management consultant and pioneer in the field of nonverbal behavior. After studying with Rudolf Laban he developed Movement Pattern Analysis \- a system for analysing and interpreting movement behaviour, which has been applied in numerous fields including management consulting, executive recruitment and therapy. Lamb used the MPA system in advising multinational corporations, typically at top team level, and also government organizations. Lamb differentiated his system from the popular body language literature and argued that the key to interpreting behaviour was not fixed gestures but the dynamics of movement. Lamb's underlying theory was that each individual has a unique way of moving which is constant and that these distinct movement patterns reflect (and predict) the individual's way of thinking and behaving. In MPA he developed a system for identifying these patterns and relating them to behaviours, with the aim of predicting how people will behave in various situations based on their movement patterns. Recent studies led by Harvard University and Brown University in the United States reported significant predictive reliability for the system.

## Early life

Warren Lamb was born in Wallasey, near Liverpool. When war broke out in 1939, Lamb joined the Royal Navy at the age of 16. He was on active duty until 1944, mainly serving in the Mediterranean, during which time he participated in numerous military engagements. During one military campaign all the fleet's ships were sunk, with the destroyer in which he was serving being the sole survivor.

## Career

After the war Lamb, following advice from his father, joined Lloyds Bank, where he initially expected to develop his career. Lamb by chance heard of a lecture to be given by Rudolf Laban, the German dance pioneer, who had recently moved to England. He attended the lecture and, although he had no prior involvement with the world of dance, was fascinated by what he heard. Soon after he resigned from an apparently secure job at Lloyds Bank to join the Art of Movement Studio in Manchester, a pioneering modern dance school led by Laban and his close associate Lisa Ullmann. He trained in modern dance and performed with the Studio's dance group.

After three years with the Art of Movement Studio, Lamb began to work with Laban and his partner F.C. Lawrence in industry, where the two were pioneering movement notation and analysis. Laban and Lawrence were advising companies that each person has a distinctive and preferred pattern of movement, and that it is more efficient to organize work flows on the factory floor that are in harmony with the individual's natural or preferred way of moving, rather than to organize processes to minimize movements. Lamb assisted with notation of workers' movements, to identify and codify their unique movement patterns, and helped Laban and Lawrence develop a disciplined framework for codifying movement: the Laban Lawrence Personal Effort Assessment.

Building on Laban's theories, Lamb hypothesized that these unique movement patterns may be linked to thought and action processes and therefore the behaviour of executives. Lamb extended movement analysis from the factory floor to the study of managers, often at senior level. From the early 1950s Lamb began to advise executives on their decision making behaviour, based on movement analysis. Clients grew and by the 1960s Lamb was advising a range of household-name companies, including at chief executive level. Lamb later commented that most senior executives were puzzled by the system, but took a practical approach in employing him as they saw results.

In 1958, Rudolf Laban died, and subsequently Lamb focused on the Effort/Shape concept. He contributed to the development of this work along with others who had studied with Laban, including Irmgard Bartenieff and Judith Kestenberg.

## Movement Pattern Analysis

Movement Pattern Analysis (earlier known as Action Profiling) was created by Warren Lamb, drawing from the innovations of Laban and Lawrence. It is a theoretical model and assessment technique, used mainly in senior-management consulting and for personal-development. Lamb saw the importance of "affinities" between Effort energy elements triad combinations/ Shape three geometric planes. (See Susan Lovell "Interview with Warren Lamb" American Journal of Dance Therapy, March 1993, p 28. Also "Beyond Dance" Ellen Davies.)

## Publications

* Posture and Gesture (1965)
* Management Behavior (Duckworth, 1965, 1969)
* Body Code (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979)

## InfoBox

| Warren Lamb | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Warren D. Lamb
28 April 1923
Wallasey, England |
| Died | 21 January 2014(2014-01-21) (aged 90) |
| Spouse | Barbara Lamb |


title: Noel Mewett

abstract: Noel Mewett is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Noel Mewett

**Noel Mewett** (born 2 April 1949) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Noel Mewett | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Noel Mewett | | |
| Date of birth | (1949-04-02) 2 April 1949 | | |
| Original team(s) | Hobart (TFL) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1969 | Carlton | 5 (3) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1969. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Orslow

abstract: Orslow is an upland hamlet in Staffordshire, England, 0.75 miles (1.21 km) north-east of Great Chatwell. Its Anglo-Saxon name means 'Horsa's burial mound'. Of note in Orslow is the site of a 13th-century windmill and Orslow Manor, a red brick farmhouse of about 1800.

text:
# Orslow

**Orslow** is an upland hamlet in Staffordshire, England, 0.75 miles (1.21 km) north-east of Great Chatwell. Its Anglo-Saxon name means 'Horsa's burial mound'. Of note in Orslow is the site of a 13th-century windmill (close to SJ 818156) and Orslow Manor, a red brick farmhouse of about 1800.

* Raven, Michael, *A Guide to Staffordshire and the Black Country*, Michael Raven, 2004, 0906114330.

## InfoBox

| Orslow | |
| --- | --- |
| OrslowLocation within Staffordshire | |
| OS grid reference | SJ806152 |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | NEWPORT |
| Postcode district | TF10 |
|  | |
| Police | Staffordshire |
| Fire | Staffordshire |
| Ambulance | West Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Gornja Jošanica massacre

abstract: Gornja Jošanica massacre was the mass murder in the village of Gornja Jošanica, near Foča in eastern Bosnia, where 56 Bosnian Serb civilians were killed during an attack by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) from 19 December 1992, on St. Nicolas Day. On 19 December 1992, Bosniak soldiers attacked the village of Gornja Jošanica, where about 600 members of the ARBiH took part in the attack, in ten groups deployed to ten other Jošanica hamlets, which were wiped out. The victims of the massacre included 21 women who were killed, and three children: 10-year-old Dragana Višnjić, her 3-years younger baby brother Dražen and 2-year-old Danka Tanović. Victims were stabbed multiple times, had their throats slit and body parts mutilated. Some of the victims were tied up with wire and had their hands, feet, and skulls crushed with blunt objects. In 2012, the case was transferred to the District Public Prosecution in Trebinje which was said to be developing a case against 60 people. Witnesses to the tragedy claimed that Zaim Imamović, the former Bosnian commander was responsible for the 56 deaths in addition to burning 250 houses, an Orthodox church, and a cemetery.

text:
# Gornja Jošanica massacre

**Gornja Jošanica massacre** was the mass murder in the village of Gornja Jošanica, near Foča in eastern Bosnia, where 56 Bosnian Serb civilians were killed during an attack by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) from 19 December 1992, on St. Nicolas Day.

On 19 December 1992, Bosniak soldiers attacked the village of Gornja Jošanica, where about 600 members of the ARBiH took part in the attack, in ten groups deployed to ten other Jošanica hamlets, which were wiped out.

The victims of the massacre included 21 women who were killed, and three children: 10-year-old Dragana Višnjić, her 3-years younger baby brother Dražen and 2-year-old Danka Tanović. Victims were stabbed multiple times, had their throats slit and body parts mutilated. Some of the victims were tied up with wire and had their hands, feet, and skulls crushed with blunt objects.

In 2012, the case was transferred to the District Public Prosecution in Trebinje which was said to be developing a case against 60 people.

Witnesses to the tragedy claimed that Zaim Imamović, the former Bosnian commander was responsible for the 56 deaths in addition to burning 250 houses, an Orthodox church, and a cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Gornja Jošanica massacre | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Bosnian War | |
| JošanicaJošanica (Bosnia and Herzegovina) | |
| Location | Jošanica, Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Coordinates | 43°33′22″N 18°50′04″E / 43.55611°N 18.83444°E / 43.55611; 18.83444 |
| Date | 19 December 1992 (1992-12-19) |
| Target | Serb civilians |
| Deaths | 56 (21 women, three children) |
| Injured | 11 |
| Perpetrators | Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina |


title: Jack Donohue (director)

abstract: John Francis Donohue was an American film actor, screenwriter, director, producer, composer, and choreographer. Some of his movie directing roles include Babes in Toyland (1961), Marriage on the Rocks, (1965), and Assault on a Queen, (1966). Some of his television directing roles include The Frank Sinatra Show, The Colgate Comedy Hour, The Red Skelton Show, and The Dean Martin Show.

text:
# Jack Donohue (director)

**John Francis Donohue** (November 3, 1908  March 27, 1984) was an American film actor, screenwriter, director, producer, composer, and choreographer.

Some of his movie directing roles include *Babes in Toyland* (1961), *Marriage on the Rocks*, (1965), and *Assault on a Queen*, (1966). Some of his television directing roles include *The Frank Sinatra Show*, *The Colgate Comedy Hour*, *The Red Skelton Show*, and *The Dean Martin Show*.

## Career

Donohue began his career in the 1920s as a dancer and choreographer for the Ziegfeld Follies. This all resulted when he broke his leg while working as an iron worker. Doctors suggested that he exercise, such as dancing, to strengthen his broken limbs. He did and started dancing with Ziegfeld in 1927. Shortly after his gig with Ziegfeld, he went on to dance in Vaudeville until the 1930s when he went to Hollywood.

During the 1930s and the 1940s, Donohue switched between Hollywood and Broadway. In Hollywood he taught Shirley Temple the "Hula" in her "Curly Top" film and also tap dancing in her film "Bright Eyes." In Broadway, some of his most memorable performances were as the choreographer of the musicals ***Top Banana*** and ***Mr. Wonderful.***

He made his film directing debut in the 1948 movie ***Close-Up*** which was a well known film at the time because the whole film was shot entirely on location in New York City. He directed many other films throughout his career that spanned more than five decades.

He made his television directing debut on the 1950s variety program The Frank Sinatra Show. His directing got him closely associated with some of the biggest entertainers of the day such as Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Red Skelton. Some of his most recent work in the years prior to his death in 1984 were those on *Chico and the Man* in the 70s and *The Lucy Show* and *The Jim Nabors Hour.*

He also had an acting career which consisted of only eleven acting credits.

## Personal life and Death

Donohue married stage star Marilyn Miller in 1928. The date of their divorce remains uncertain.

Donohue met and married Norwegian actress Tutta Rolf in 1936. Rolf had been married once before to the Swedish actor Ernst Rolf who died in 1932. The year prior Tutta and Ernst gave birth to Ernst Rolf Jr. better known as the Swedish-American film editor Tom Rolf.

The two had a daughter of their own, actress Jill Donohue.

Rolf and Donohue divorced in 1950. Donohue died on March 27, 1984, of a heart attack in Marina del Rey at the age of 75. He was cremated thereafter.

## Filmography

### As director

### As producer

### As actor

### As writer

### As composer

## InfoBox

| Jack Donohue | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | John Francis Donohue
(1908-11-03)November 3, 1908
New York City, U.S. |
| Died | March 27, 1984(1984-03-27) (aged 75)
Marina del Rey, California, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, choreographer, composer, dancer, director, producer, screenwriter |
| Years active | 1927–80 |
| Spouses | *   Marilyn Miller  (m. 1928, divorced) *   Tutta Rolf  (m. 1936; div. 1950) |
| Children | 1 |


title: Pilgrim Song

abstract: Pilgrim Song is a 2012 mumblecore drama film, directed by Martha Stephens, from a screenplay by Stephens, and Karrie Crouse. It stars Timothy Morton, Bryan Marshall, Karrie Crouse, Harrison Cole and Michael Abbott Jr. The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 10, 2012. It was released in a limited release on May 10, 2013, by Brink.

text:
# Pilgrim Song

***Pilgrim Song*** is a 2012 mumblecore drama film, directed by Martha Stephens, from a screenplay by Stephens, and Karrie Crouse. It stars Timothy Morton, Bryan Marshall, Karrie Crouse, Harrison Cole and Michael Abbott Jr.

The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 10, 2012. It was released in a limited release on May 10, 2013, by Brink.

## Plot

James, a music teacher, plans on hiking Kentucky's arduous Sheltowee Trace Trail, leaving his girlfriend Joan behind, he sets out on a two-month journey in hopes of discovering himself.

## Cast

* Timothy Morton as James
* Bryan Marshall as Lyman
* Karrie Crouse as Joan
* Harrison Cole as Bo
* Michael Abbott Jr as Pharmer
* Kristin Slaysman as Rae

## Release

The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 10, 2012. Shortly after, Brink acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released in a limited release on May 10, 2013.

## Critical reception

*Pilgrim Song* received negative reviews from film critics. It holds a 20% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 5 reviews, with a weighted average of 5.4/10. On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 30 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

## InfoBox

| Pilgrim Song | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Martha Stephens |
| Written by | * Martha Stephens * Karrie Crouse |
| Produced by | * Martha Stephens * Karrie Crouse * Nick Case * Ryan Watt * Adam Wyatt Tate |
| Starring | * Timothy Morton * Bryan Marshall * Karrie Crouse * Harrison Cole * Michael Abbott Jr. |
| Cinematography | Alexander Sablow |
| Edited by | Nathan Whiteside |
| Production<br>company | Paper Moon Films |
| Distributed by | Brink |
| Release dates | * March 10, 2012 (2012-03-10) (SXSW) * May 10, 2013 (2013-05-10) (United States) |
| Running time | 116 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Ray Greenwood

abstract: Ray P. Greenwood was a Utah State Legislator, Salt Lake County commissioner and Mayor of Murray, Utah. He was a lifelong resident of Salt Lake County and born near Sandy, Utah where he graduated from Jordan High School. He served in the field artillery overseas during World War I, and returned to be a farmer and cattle rancher. He accepted an appointment as Supervisor of Roads in Salt Lake County as his first public office holding the post for seven years. Later he became superintendent of the county road department and later Superintendent of the county hospital. He was elected to the state legislature three consecutive times in 1943, 1945, and 1947 but declined to serve the third term as he filed for county commissioner and was elected to that position in the following year. He was re-elected commissioner in 1950 and served a total of six years in the position, twice as chairman of the board. He was defeated in seeking a third term. During his county service he oversaw the creation of a countywide sewer project and launched the Salt Lake County Water Conservancy District. Greenwood was elected vice president and later president of the Utah State Association of County Officials. He defeated incumbent Mayor J. Clifford Hansen in 1957, serving two terms as Mayor of Murray. He was known for his activities as drillmaster and as a charter member of the Ute Rangers Riding Club and marched in the Rose Parade. He was a member of the Lions Club, Utah Footprinters, Veterans of Foreign Wars and American Legion. He served on the Salt Lake County Fair Board for 20 years and president for four years. He served as vice president of the Days of '47 Rodeo Committee.

text:
# Ray Greenwood

**Ray P. Greenwood** (January 28, 1898  March 31, 1986) was a Utah State Legislator, Salt Lake County commissioner and Mayor of Murray, Utah. He was a lifelong resident of Salt Lake County and born near Sandy, Utah where he graduated from Jordan High School. He served in the field artillery overseas during World War I, and returned to be a farmer and cattle rancher.

He accepted an appointment as Supervisor of Roads in Salt Lake County as his first public office holding the post for seven years. Later he became superintendent of the county road department and later Superintendent of the county hospital. He was elected to the state legislature three consecutive times in 1943, 1945, and 1947 but declined to serve the third term as he filed for county commissioner and was elected to that position in the following year. He was re-elected commissioner in 1950 and served a total of six years in the position, twice as chairman of the board. He was defeated in seeking a third term. During his county service he oversaw the creation of a countywide sewer project and launched the Salt Lake County Water Conservancy District. Greenwood was elected vice president and later president of the Utah State Association of County Officials. He defeated incumbent Mayor J. Clifford Hansen in 1957, serving two terms as Mayor of Murray.

He was known for his activities as drillmaster and as a charter member of the Ute Rangers Riding Club and marched in the Rose Parade. He was a member of the Lions Club, Utah Footprinters, Veterans of Foreign Wars and American Legion. He served on the Salt Lake County Fair Board for 20 years and president for four years. He served as vice president of the Days of '47 Rodeo Committee.

1. "History of Murray City \> Past Mayors". City government of Murray, Utah. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
2. Greenwood, Gerrard File for Offices Greenwood Tosses Hat in Ring for Mayor Contest. Murray Eagle September 26, 1957
3. The County Officer, Volumes 17-18 Publisher: National Association of Counties, 1952
4. Greenwood, Gerrard File for Offices Greenwood Tosses Hat in Ring for Mayor Contest. Murray Eagle September 26, 1957
5. Ray Greenwood, Ex-mayor And Legislator, Dies. The Deseret News. April 2, 1986

## InfoBox

| Ray Greenwood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 17th Mayor of Murray, Utah | |
| **In office**
1 January 1957  1 January 1965 | |
| Preceded by | J. Clifford Hansen |
| Succeeded by | William E. Dunn |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 28, 1898
Sandy, Utah |
| Died | March 31, 1986(1986-03-31) (aged 88)
Murray, Utah |
| Political party | Democrat |
| Spouse | Arvilla Hansen |
| Children | 5 |
| Residence | Murray, Utah |
|  | |