title: Milan Vooletich

abstract: Milan Emil Vooletich Jr. was an American football player and coach. He played football at Geneva College in the mid-1960s and later had a 32-year career as a football coach including eight years as an assistant coach under Bo Schembechler at the University of Michigan, five years as an assistant coach under Hayden Fry at the University of Iowa and stints as the defensive coordinator at Rice University and Navy.

text:
# Milan Vooletich

**Milan Emil Vooletich Jr.** (October 9, 1941 – October 26, 2006) was an American football player and coach. He played football at Geneva College in the mid-1960s and later had a 32-year career as a football coach including eight years as an assistant coach under Bo Schembechler at the University of Michigan, five years as an assistant coach under Hayden Fry at the University of Iowa and stints as the defensive coordinator at Rice University and Navy.

## Biography

### Early years

Vooletich was a native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and a graduate of Pittsburgh's Carrick High School. Vooletich attended Geneva College in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, where he played football for the Geneva Golden Tornadoes football team from 1962 to 1965.

### Sandusky High School

After graduating from Geneva College in 1964, Vooletich began coaching high school football at Sandusky High School in Sandusky, Ohio. Vooletich also taught social studies at Sandusky High School. During Vooletich's years at Sandusky, he served under head coaches Earle Bruce, Bob Seaman and Bob Reublin. The 1966 Sandusky Blue Streaks posted a perfect 100 record and claimed the Ohio state championship. While coaching at Sandusky, Vooletich developed a close relationship with defensive standout, Thom Darden. When Darden became an All-American at Michigan, he paid tribute to Vooletich for helping him become a top defensive player. Vooletich later said of Darden: "Thom and I came into the Sandusky High football program in 1964. He is a whole individual, warm person, concerned, and means a little extra to me and my family."

### Assistant to Bill Mallory at Miami and Colorado

In 1969, Sandusky High School graduate, Bill Mallory, was hired to replace Bo Schembechler as the head football coach at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Mallory asked Vooletich and Sandusky head coach Bob Reublin to join him at Miami. Vooletich was a graduate assistant in 1969 and was promoted to full-time varsity football staff member in 1970. Vooletich also received his master's degree in education administration from Miami University in 1970. He served on Mallory's staff at Miami for five seasons from 1969 to 1973. In 1974, Mallory left Miami to take the head coaching position at Colorado, and Vooletich and Rebulin moved to Colorado with Mallory. Vooletich was Colorado's defensive backs coach for four years from 1974 to 1977.

### University of Michigan

In 1978, Vooletich accepted a position as an assistant coach under Bo Schembechler at the University of Michigan. Vooletich remained a coach at Michigan for eight years under Schembechler. While at Michigan, Vooletich helped coached several strong defensive units, including the 1985 team that allowed 98 points in 12 games (8.16 points per game), the 1978 team that allowed 105 points in 12 games (8.75 points per game) and the 1980 team that allowed 129 points in 12 games (10.75 points per game).

### Defensive coordinator at Rice and Navy

In 1986, Vooletich left Michigan to become the defensive coordinator at Rice University.

In 1987, Vooletich's former co-assistant at Michigan, Elliot Uzelac, was hired as the head coach at the United States Naval Academy. Uzelac asked Vooletich to join him as the defensive coordinator at Navy, and Vooletich agreed. Vooletich remained at Navy as the defensive coordinator for three seasons from 1987 to 1989. While serving as the defensive coordinator for Navy in 1987, Vooletich told *The Washington Post'*, "Football is a very simple game. You work within the structure of the offense and the defense and carry out your assignments, good things are going to happen."

### University of Iowa

In 1990, Vooletich was hired by the University of Iowa as the defensive ends coach under Hayden Fry. Vooletich was credited by *Sports Illustrated* in 1990 with "a good deal of the credit" in leading the Iowa Hawkeyes to the 1990 Big Ten championship. Vooletich coached the defensive ends at Iowa from 1990 to 1995, and Iowa played in four bowl games during his years there, including the 1991 Rose Bowl.

In January 1996, Iowa coach Hayden Fry told reporters that he had hired a new defensive coordinator and added, "I don't anticipate Milan being back. Un-unh." The following day, Vooletich told reporters he wanted to stay at Iowa, but that seemed unlikely based on Fry's comment. Vooletich said he did not know what was going on: "I'll be damned if I know. He might think I'm looking for a job, but I'm not. I'm going to sit down and talk with him and find out what the hell is going on. ... This has just devastated me." Several days later, Vooletich announced his resignation saying, "I've enjoyed my tenure at Iowa" and adding, "I'll leave Iowa with nothing but good memories."

### University of Kentucky

Vooletich's final coaching position was in 1996 as the linebackers coach at the University of Kentucky under Bill Curry.

### Later years and family

Vooletich was married for 42 years to Rosemary Loughman Vooletich. They had two children, Brian and Dan, both of whom played college football. Their older son, Dan Vooletich, played for the University of North Carolina and later went into coaching. Their younger son, Brian Vooletich, played at North Carolina and later at Michigan State University. In 1996, Vooletich coached against his son, Brian, when Iowa played against Michigan State. Vooletich said at the time, "I just want to watch the kid play. He's a heck of a young man. His mother has done a great job of raising him."

After retiring from coaching, Vooletich lived in Missouri City, Texas. He died in San Antonio, Texas, in October 2006 at age 65.

## InfoBox

Milan Vooletich
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1941-10-09)October 9, 1941
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
| Died | October 26, 2006(2006-10-26) (aged 65)
San Antonio, Texas |
| Playing career | |
| 1962–1963 | Geneva |
|  | |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1964–1968 | Sandusky HS (OH) (assistant) |
| 1969–1973 | Miami (OH) (assistant) |
| 1974–1977 | Colorado (assistant) |
| 1978–1985 | Michigan (assistant) |
| 1986 | Rice (DC) |
| 1987–1989 | Navy (DC) |
| 1990–1995 | Iowa (assistant) |
| 1996 | Kentucky (assistant) |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Protorthodes rufula

abstract: Protorthodes rufula, the rufous Quaker moth, is a moth in the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1874. It is found in western North America along the Pacific Coast, and the coastal mountain ranges from northern Washington to southern California. The length of the forewings is 13–16 mm. The forewing ground color varies from pale whitish buff, through various shades of red and orange, to brown. Almost all specimens show some areas or patches of rufous shading. Adults have been recorded on wing from mid-April to mid-June in the north and again from early August to late October. The larvae feed on various hardwoods in the family Rosaceae, including Prunus and Malus species.

text:
# Protorthodes rufula

***Protorthodes rufula***, the **rufous Quaker moth**, is a moth in the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1874. It is found in western North America along the Pacific Coast, and the coastal mountain ranges from northern Washington to southern California.

The length of the forewings is 13–16 mm. The forewing ground color varies from pale whitish buff, through various shades of red and orange, to brown. Almost all specimens show some areas or patches of rufous shading. Adults have been recorded on wing from mid-April to mid-June in the north (from mid-February in southern California) and again from early August to late October.

The larvae feed on various hardwoods in the family Rosaceae, including *Prunus* and *Malus* species.

## InfoBox

| *Protorthodes rufula* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
|  | |
| Female | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Protorthodes* |
| Species: | ***P. rufula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protorthodes rufula***<br>(Grote, 1874) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Dianthoecia rufula* Grote, 1874 | |


abstract: This is a list of properties and districts in Habersham County, Georgia that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Habersham County, Georgia

This is a list of properties and districts in Habersham County, Georgia that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Acoa |  | June 22, 1982
(#82002446) | Mathis Rd.
34°39′09″N 83°28′16″W / 34.65251°N 83.47111°W / 34.65251; -83.47111 (Acoa) | Hollywood |  |
| 2 | Henry Asbury House |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002425) | 211 E. Waters St.
34°37′01″N 83°31′26″W / 34.616944°N 83.523889°W / 34.616944; -83.523889 (Henry Asbury House) | Clarkesville |  |
| 3 | Baron-York Building |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002426) | 714 N. Washington St.
34°36′56″N 83°31′34″W / 34.615556°N 83.526111°W / 34.615556; -83.526111 (Baron-York Building) | Clarkesville |  |
| 4 | Chenocetah Fire Tower |  | June 11, 1984
(#84001110) | Chenocetah Mountain
34°30′08″N 83°30′25″W / 34.502222°N 83.506944°W / 34.502222; -83.506944 (Chenocetah Fire Tower) | Cornelia |  |
| 5 | Church Furniture Store |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002427) | N. Washington St.
34°36′53″N 83°31′32″W / 34.614722°N 83.525556°W / 34.614722; -83.525556 (Church Furniture Store) | Clarkesville | North corner of Washington and Green |
| 6 | Clarkesville Downtown Square Historic District |  | November 18, 2021
(#100006669) | Along Washington St. (US 441/23), roughly bounded by Jefferson, Morgan, Madison, Water, Monroe, and Grant Sts.
34°36′53″N 83°31′32″W / 34.6146°N 83.5256°W / 34.6146; -83.5256 (Clarkesville Downtown Square Historic District) | Clarkesville |  |
| 7 | Clarkesville Garage |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002429) | 304 N. Washington St.
34°36′52″N 83°31′32″W / 34.61456°N 83.52546°W / 34.61456; -83.52546 (Clarkesville Garage) | Clarkesville | SE corner of Washington and Green |
| 8 | Cornelia Commercial Historic District |  | January 3, 2022
(#100007277) | Centered around intersection of Main and Irvin Sts.
34°30′41″N 83°31′38″W / 34.5114°N 83.5271°W / 34.5114; -83.5271 (Cornelia Commercial Historic District) | Cornelia |  |
| 9 | Cornelius Church House |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002428) | 304 N. Washington St.
34°36′53″N 83°31′30″W / 34.61462°N 83.52501°W / 34.61462; -83.52501 (Cornelius Church House) | Clarkesville |  |
| 10 | Cornelia Community House |  | June 21, 1982
(#82002445) | U.S. 123 at LaVista Lane
34°30′47″N 83°31′08″W / 34.513056°N 83.518889°W / 34.513056; -83.518889 (Cornelia Community House) | Cornelia |  |
| 11 | Daes Chapel Methodist Church |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002430) | N. Washington St.
34°36′56″N 83°31′41″W / 34.615556°N 83.528056°W / 34.615556; -83.528056 (Daes Chapel Methodist Church) | Clarkesville |  |
| 12 | Demorest Commercial Historic District |  | October 16, 1989
(#89001713) | Georgia St. and Central Ave.
34°33′54″N 83°32′43″W / 34.565°N 83.545278°W / 34.565; -83.545278 (Demorest Commercial Historic District) | Demorest |  |
| 13 | Demorest Women's Club |  | December 30, 2008
(#08001247) | 1035 Central Ave.
34°33′59″N 83°32′39″W / 34.5664°N 83.5443°W / 34.5664; -83.5443 (Demorest Women's Club) | Demorest |  |
| 14 | Furr-Lambert House |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002431) | 223 Grant St.
34°37′06″N 83°31′27″W / 34.618333°N 83.524167°W / 34.618333; -83.524167 (Furr-Lambert House) | Clarkesville |  |
| 15 | Glen-Ella Springs Hotel |  | January 4, 1990
(#89002270) | SW of Tallulah Falls on Co. Rd. 218
34°43′12″N 83°26′54″W / 34.72°N 83.448333°W / 34.72; -83.448333 (Glen-Ella Springs Hotel) | Turnerville |  |
| 16 | Grace Church |  | February 15, 1980
(#80001087) | Wilson and Greene Sts.
34°36′58″N 83°31′24″W / 34.616111°N 83.523333°W / 34.616111; -83.523333 (Grace Church) | Clarkesville |  |
| 17 | Griggs-Erwin House |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002432) | Bridge St.
34°37′02″N 83°31′37″W / 34.617222°N 83.526944°W / 34.617222; -83.526944 (Griggs-Erwin House) | Clarkesville |  |
| 18 | Haywood English Family Log House |  | December 19, 1991
(#91001852) | GA 115 W of jct. with Habersham Rd.
34°36′25″N 83°34′26″W / 34.606944°N 83.573889°W / 34.606944; -83.573889 (Haywood English Family Log House) | Clarkesville |  |
| 19 | A. P. Hill House |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002433) | N. Washington St.
34°36′48″N 83°31′30″W / 34.613333°N 83.525°W / 34.613333; -83.525 (A. P. Hill House) | Clarkesville |  |
| 20 | Irvin General Merchandise Store |  | July 26, 1984
(#84001113) | Irvin St.
34°30′40″N 83°31′40″W / 34.511111°N 83.527778°W / 34.511111; -83.527778 (Irvin General Merchandise Store) | Cornelia |  |
| 21 | Jackson Building |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002434) | 710 N. Washington St.
34°36′56″N 83°31′33″W / 34.615556°N 83.525833°W / 34.615556; -83.525833 (Jackson Building) | Clarkesville |  |
| 22 | Jackson Pharmacy |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002435) | 712 N. Washington St.
34°36′56″N 83°31′34″W / 34.615556°N 83.526111°W / 34.615556; -83.526111 (Jackson Pharmacy) | Clarkesville |  |
| 23 | Lawton Place |  | January 8, 2009
(#08001282) | 136 7th St.
34°31′01″N 83°29′58″W / 34.5170°N 83.4995°W / 34.5170; -83.4995 (Lawton Place) | Mount Airy |  |
| 24 | J. A. Lewis House |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002436) | N. Washington St.
34°36′48″N 83°31′27″W / 34.613333°N 83.524167°W / 34.613333; -83.524167 (J. A. Lewis House) | Clarkesville |  |
| 25 | Loudermilk Boarding House |  | February 9, 2001
(#01000079) | 271 Foreacre St.
34°30′42″N 83°31′28″W / 34.511667°N 83.524444°W / 34.511667; -83.524444 (Loudermilk Boarding House) | Cornelia |  |
| 26 | Market Building |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002437) | N. Washington St.
34°36′56″N 83°31′41″W / 34.615556°N 83.528056°W / 34.615556; -83.528056 (Market Building) | Clarkesville |  |
| 27 | Mauldin House |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002438) | 102 E. Water St.
34°36′56″N 83°31′31″W / 34.615556°N 83.525278°W / 34.615556; -83.525278 (Mauldin House) | Clarkesville |  |
| 28 | Robert McMillan House |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002439) | Allen Lane
34°36′20″N 83°31′08″W / 34.605556°N 83.518889°W / 34.605556; -83.518889 (Robert McMillan House) | Clarkesville |  |
| 29 | McMillan-Garrison House |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002440) | 403 S. Washington St.
34°36′16″N 83°31′11″W / 34.604444°N 83.519722°W / 34.604444; -83.519722 (McMillan-Garrison House) | Clarkesville |  |
| 30 | Olgetree Farm |  | July 9, 1997
(#97000753) | Jct. of Pea Ridge Rd. and Paradise Park Rd.
34°32′21″N 83°35′44″W / 34.539167°N 83.595556°W / 34.539167; -83.595556 (Olgetree Farm) | View |  |
| 31 | Porter-York House |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002441) | Bridge St.
34°37′03″N 83°31′38″W / 34.6175°N 83.527222°W / 34.6175; -83.527222 (Porter-York House) | Clarkesville |  |
| 32 | Pyle-Davis House |  | June 23, 2003
(#03000537) | 202 Massachusetts Bvd.
34°33′53″N 83°32′34″W / 34.564722°N 83.542778°W / 34.564722; -83.542778 (Pyle-Davis House) | Demorest |  |
| 33 | Reeves Building |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002442) | N. Washington St.
34°36′53″N 83°31′37″W / 34.614722°N 83.526944°W / 34.614722; -83.526944 (Reeves Building) | Clarkesville |  |
| 34 | South Washington Street Historic District |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002443) | S. Washington St. between Laurel Dr. and Spring St.
34°36′26″N 83°31′17″W / 34.607222°N 83.521389°W / 34.607222; -83.521389 (South Washington Street Historic District) | Clarkesville |  |
| 35 | Tallulah Falls School |  | January 30, 1992
(#91002026) | Jct. of US 441 and Tallulah School Rd.
34°43′54″N 83°23′36″W / 34.731667°N 83.393333°W / 34.731667; -83.393333 (Tallulah Falls School) | Tallulah Falls |  |
| 36 | Washington-Jefferson Street Historic District |  | August 18, 1982
(#82002444) | Washington, Jefferson, and Wilson Sts. between Green St. and Laurel Dr.
34°36′49″N 83°31′21″W / 34.613611°N 83.5225°W / 34.613611; -83.5225 (Washington-Jefferson Street Historic District) | Clarkesville |  |
| 37 | Woodlands and Blythewood |  | December 30, 1975
(#75002121) | 3 mi. N of Clarkesville off U.S. 441
34°39′00″N 83°29′54″W / 34.65°N 83.498333°W / 34.65; -83.498333 (Woodlands and Blythewood) | Clarkesville |  |


title: Matteo Panunzi

abstract:
Matteo Panunzi is an Italian rugby union player.
His usual position is as a Scrum-Half and he currently plays for Rangers Vicenza in Serie A Elite. For 2015–16 Pro12 season, he named like Permit Player for Zebre.
He played with Petrarca Padova from 2020 to 2024. In 2016 and 2017, Panunzi was named in the Italy Under 20 squad.

text:
# Matteo Panunzi

**Matteo Panunzi** (Rome, 12 May 1997) is an Italian rugby union player. His usual position is as a Scrum-Half and he currently plays for Rangers Vicenza in Serie A Elite.

For 2015–16 Pro12 season, he named like *Permit Player* for Zebre. He played with Petrarca Padova from 2020 to 2024.

In 2016 and 2017, Panunzi was named in the Italy Under 20 squad.

## InfoBox

Matteo Panunzi
| Date of birth | (1997-05-12) 12 May 1997 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Rome, Italy |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Weight | 83 kg (13 st 1 lb; 183 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Scrum-Half  **Current team** Rangers Vicenza Rugby  Youth career  Capitolina Roma  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2015−2017 F.I.R. Academy   ()  2016 Zebre  1  (0)  2017−2020 Valorugby Emilia  44  (40)  2020−2024 Petrarca Padova  41  (30)  2024−2025 Rangers Vicenza Rugby  0  (0)  Correct as of 28 May 2020  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2016−2017 Italy Under 20  8  (0)  Correct as of 30 May 2020 | |


title: Preferential trading area

abstract: A preferential trade area is a trading bloc that gives preferential access to certain products from the participating countries. This is done by reducing tariffs but not by abolishing them completely. It is the first stage of economic integration. These tariff preferences have created numerous departures from the normal trade relations principle, namely that World Trade Organization (WTO) members should apply the same tariff to imports from other WTO members. With the recent multiplication of bilateral PTAs and the emergence of Mega-PTAs, a global trade system exclusively managed within the framework of the WTO now seems unrealistic and the interactions between trade systems have to be taken into account. The increased complexity of the international trade system generated by the multiplication of PTAs should be taken into account in the study of the choice of fora used by countries or regions to promote their trade relations and environmental agenda. PTAs have seen rapid growth; in the 1990s, there were slightly more than 100 PTAs. By 2014, there were more than 700.

text:
# Preferential trading area

A **preferential trade area** (also **preferential trade agreement**, **PTA**) is a trading bloc that gives preferential access to certain products from the participating countries. This is done by reducing tariffs but not by abolishing them completely. It is the first stage of economic integration.

These tariff preferences have created numerous departures from the normal trade relations principle, namely that World Trade Organization (WTO) members should apply the same tariff to imports from other WTO members.

With the recent multiplication of bilateral PTAs and the emergence of Mega-PTAs (wide regional trade agreements such as the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) or Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP)), a global trade system exclusively managed within the framework of the WTO now seems unrealistic and the interactions between trade systems have to be taken into account. The increased complexity of the international trade system generated by the multiplication of PTAs should be taken into account in the study of the choice of fora used by countries or regions to promote their trade relations and environmental agenda. PTAs have seen rapid growth; in the 1990s, there were slightly more than 100 PTAs. By 2014, there were more than 700.

## Predictors

In 2004, Scott Baier and Jeffrey Bergstrand published that there were three economic determinants critical to the formation of PTAs. Countries are more likely to participate in PTAs if they have low transportation costs and larger economies. Third, countries with similar economic sizes are likely to benefit the most by forming PTAs. Economic determinants like GDP, similarity of economic size, and distance between countries correctly predict over 80% of PTAs in effect as of 2020.

The remaining PTAs can be attributed to political predictors. Countries under democratic rule are more likely to participate in PTAs than those under autocratic rule. Autocratic rulers are not elected, and thus do not have their power threatened by dissatisfied citizens. Democratic leaders are incentivized to keep their constituents satisfied, and PTAs can help lower the price of consumer goods. Advocating for PTAs also lets democratic leaders signal to voters that they are committed to policies that improve their welfare. Countries are also more likely to join PTAs if competitor countries have already done so.

## List of preferential trade areas

A free trade area is basically a preferential trade area with increased depth and scope of tariffs reduction. All free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, economic unions, customs and monetary unions and economic and monetary unions are considered advanced forms of a PTA, but these are not listed below.

### Multilateral

### Bilateral

Several hundred bilateral PTAs have been signed since the early 20th century. The TREND project of the Canada Research Chair in International Political Economy lists around 700 trade agreements, the vast majority of which are bilateral.


title: Pappilan neidot

abstract: Pappilan neidot is a historical novel by Finnish author Kaari Utrio.

text:
# Pappilan neidot

***Pappilan neidot*** (Finnish: *The Damsels of the Vicarage*) is a historical novel by Finnish author Kaari Utrio.

## InfoBox

Pappilan neidot
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Kaari Utrio |
| Language | Finnish |
| Subject | 19th century, love |
| Genre | Historical fiction |
| Publisher | Tammi |
| Publication date | 1977 |
| Publication place | Finland |
| Media type | Print (Hardback, pocket book) |
| Pages | 257 pp |
| ISBN | 951-30-4025-9 |
| OCLC | 3710184 |
| LC Class | PH355.U76 P3 |


title: Shaheed Express

abstract: The 14673 / 14674 Shaheed Express is an Express train belonging to Indian Railways – Northern Railway zone that runs between Amritsar Junction and Jaynagar in India. It operates as train number 14674 from Amritsar Junction to Jaynagar and as train number 14673 in the reverse direction, serving the states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

text:
# Shaheed Express

The 14673 / 14674 **Shaheed Express** is an Express train belonging to Indian RailwaysNorthern Railway zone that runs between Amritsar Junction and Jaynagar in India.

It operates as train number 14674 from Amritsar Junction to Jaynagar and as train number 14673 in the reverse direction, serving the states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

## Coaches

The 14674 / 14673 Shaheed Express has 1 AC 3 tier, 7 sleeper class, 8 general unreserved and 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) LHB coaches. It does not carry a Pantry car.

As is customary with most train services in India, the coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

Coach composition
| LOCO | EoG | GEN | GEN | GEN | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | B1 | GEN | GEN | GEN | GEN | GEN | SLR |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

## Service

The 14674 / 73 Amritsar–Jaynagar Shaheed Express covers the distance of 1,654 km (1,028 mi) in 37 hours 35 minutes (44.01 km/h) and in 41 hours 00 minutes as 14673 Jaynagar–Amritsar Shaheed Express (40.34 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is below 55 km/h (34 mph), as per Indian Railway rules, its fare does not include a Superfast surcharge.

## Routeing

The 14673/14674 Shaheed Express runs from Amritsar Junction via Jalandhar City, Ludhiana Junction, Ambala Cantonment Junction, Saharanpur Junction, Laksar Junction, Moradabad, Bareilly, Shahjahanpur, Lucknow, Gonda Junction, Babhnan, Basti, Gorakhpur Junction, Muzaffarpur Junction, Samastipur Junction, Darbhanga Junction to Jaynagar.

It reverses direction of travel at Samastipur Junction.

## Rake sharing

The train sharing its rake with 14649/14650 Saryu Yamuna Express.

## Traction

As sections of the route are fully electrified, it is hauled by a Ghaziabad Loco Shed / Ludhiana Loco Shed-based WAP-7 electric locomotive from Amritsar Junction to Jaynagar and vice versa.

## Operation

14674 Amritsar–Jaynagar Shaheed Express runs from Amritsar Junction every Thursday, Friday and Sunday reaching Jaynagar on the 3rd day.

14673 Jaynagar–Amritsar Shaheed Express runs from Jaynagar every Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday reaching Amritsar Junction on the next day.

## InfoBox

Shaheed Express
| Overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Service type | Express |
| First service | 1 October 1988 (1988-10-01) |
| Current operator(s) | Northern Railway |
| Route | |
| Termini | Amritsar (ASR)
Jaynagar (JYG) |
| Stops | 47 |
| Distance travelled | 1,568 km (974 mi) |
| Average journey time | 33 hours 40 mins |
| Service frequency | 4 days a week |
| Train number(s) | 14673 / 14674 |
| On-board services | |
| Class(es) | AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved |
| Seating arrangements | Yes |
| Sleeping arrangements | Yes |
| Catering facilities | On-board catering,
E-catering |
| Observation facilities | Large windows |
| Baggage facilities | Available |
| Other facilities | Below the seats |
| Technical | |
| Rolling stock | LHB coach |
| Track gauge | 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) |
| Operating speed | 47 km/h (29 mph) average including halts. |


title: Georges Jacob

abstract: Georges Jacob was one of the two most prominent Parisian master menuisiers. He produced carved, painted and gilded beds and seat furniture and upholstery work for the French royal châteaux, in the Neoclassical style that is associated with Louis XVI furniture.

text:
# Georges Jacob

**Georges Jacob** (6 July 1739 – 5 July 1814) was one of the two most prominent Parisian master *menuisiers*. He produced carved, painted and gilded beds and seat furniture and upholstery work for the French royal châteaux, in the Neoclassical style that is associated with Louis XVI furniture.

## Life and career

Jacob was born in Cheny, Burgundy. He arrived in Paris in 1754 and was apprenticed to the chairmaker Jean-Baptiste Lerouge where he met Louis Delanois, whose advanced neoclassical taste was to have a great influence on Jacob. He was received master 4 September 1765, presenting for his masterpiece a small chair of gilded wood, which survives.

Without marrying either the daughter or the widow of an established *menuisier*, Jacob set up his own premises. He employed in his workshop numerous specialist carvers and gilders. In 1785, Jacob produced the first mahogany chairs *à l'anglaise*, for the comte de Provence. After Delanois' early death in 1792, Jacob's only serious rival in his field was Jean-Baptiste-Claude Sené.

He retired in 1796, leaving his workshop in the hands of his sons, one of whom was François-Honoré-Georges Jacob-Desmalter. When his other son died, Jacob returned from retirement to oversee the constant supply of furnishings for Napoleon's residences.

His descendant Hector Lefuel, son of the architect Hector Lefuel, wrote the monograph, *Georges Jacob* (Paris, 1923). Two models in beeswax attributed to Jacob, one for a fauteuil and one for a bed 'à la turque', have remained in the family's possession.

1. Jacob married in 1767 Jeanne-Germaine Loyer with whom he had five children.

## Further reading

* Parker, James & Le Corbeiller, Clare (1979). A Guide to the Wrightsman Galleries at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0-87099-186-8.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (see index: p. 127-128; illustration: p. 50)


# Mikhail Gorbachev 1996 presidential campaign

Mikhail Gorbachev, a former president of the Soviet Union and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, ran in the 1996 Russian presidential election. Gorbachev's candidacy was beset by the obstacles of both minimal media coverage and a high level of disdain towards him amongst the Russian populace. Gorbachev's candidacy ended in defeat during the first round of the election. The effort was the first and only electoral campaign of Gorbachev's post-Soviet political career.

## Background

Gorbachev had led the Soviet Union from March 1985 until its dissolution. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, Boris Yeltsin (whose rise to power Gorbachev had tried to prevent) became the Russian head-of-state. Gorbachev had reportedly been contemplating a political return since sometime in the middle of 1993. Gorbachev was still a vigorous and opinionated man. He desired to escape from his political exile and to repair his image. Gorbachev was also motivated, amid chaotic reform efforts by Yeltsin, by a belief that he could implement far superior and less disastrous reform than Yeltsin. Gorbachev also had a strong personal animosity towards Yeltsin. All of these factors motivated him to run for president. Apart from being the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1990 Russian legislative election, Gorbachev lacked previous involvement in electoral campaigns. His 1996 presidential campaign effort would be his first time campaigning for office in a direct popular election.

## Campaigning

On 1 March 1996, Gorbachev published an open letter outlining the need for an alternative to the candidacies of Yeltsin and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) leader Gennady Zyuganov. He announced his candidacy the following day, marking the first time he had campaigned for a democratically elected office. Gorbachev resented both the incumbent independent Yeltsin and Zyuganov, who were the front-runners in the election. Gorbachev regarded the CPRF and Yeltsin as being the two forces that thrust him out of power, and encouraged his supporters to abstain from voting in a second round if it were to be between those two candidates.

Gorbachev believed that with a majority of Russians being dissatisfied with both front-runners, there was a viability for a third candidate, and viewed himself to be a suitable individual to fill that role. Upon announcing his campaign, Gorbachev proclaimed that, despite polls showing him having immense unpopularity, he would be able to win as the leader of a democratic coalition. He called for all democratic forces to unite and form a wide coalition, indicating his readiness to lead such a grouping. He argued that there would be immense consequences for an election that merely presented the "false choice" between Yeltsin and the CPRF, and declared: "What they are offering is not a democratic future for Russia. That is why we must unite." Gorbachev clarified that he intended to run even if such a coalition failed to materialize. A spokesperson for democratic political figure Grigory Yavlinsky indicated that with Gorbachev's unpopularity, such a coalition was, "not very realistic". Yavilinsky also unsuccessfully attempt to form such a third force coalition with the campaigns of Alexander Lebed and Svyatoslav Fyodorov.

Despite his unpopularity and low poll numbers, Gorbachev was quickly able to collect signatures. At a campaign appearance in Saint Petersburg, less than a month after declaring his candidacy, he announced that he had finished collecting more than the one million signatures needed to register his candidacy. Gorbachev soon after turned in more than 1.4 million signatures, officially registering his candidacy. His candidacy was officially certified by the Central Election Commission on 13 April 1996. During the course of his candidacy, Gorbachev, accompanied by his wife Raisa Gorbacheva, traveled the country to deliver stump speeches. Gorbachev regularly encountered hecklers. Gorbachev once responded to hecklers by exclaiming: "I will fight to the bitter end, even if you crucify me. I am reminded of Jesus Christ on the way to Golgotha, how he walked through the streets and people spit on him." Gorbachev also frequently faced hasselers, and many times was spat on by individuals.

On the stump, Gorbachev defended his record, arguing that he had tried to save the Soviet Union but that he had been betrayed by both Communist hardliners and an ambitious Yeltsin. He additionally placed blame on the 1991 Soviet coup attempt for undermining his efforts to preserve the Soviet Union. In his speeches, Gorbachev often referred to himself in third-person. He spent most of his time on the campaign trail criticizing Yeltsin. Rather than being devoted to Gorbachev's candidacy, many audience members at Gorbachev's campaign events were motivated to attend out of the pure curiosity of seeing such a historically significant individual. At the end of April 1996 while in Moscow, Gorbachev delivered a speech in which he strongly criticized Yeltsin, accusing him of using illegal means to retain power. Gorbachev argued that Yeltsin had broken the law by creating an election committee consisting of serving government officials. He also stated having the involvement of the chief of Independent Television in the president's reelection committee posed a threat to freedom of the press, that he had held talks with those seeking to form a third force coalition, and that he would be willing to step aside for a stronger candidate.

### Incidents

In April 1996, while campaigning in Omsk, a man struck Gorbachev. The incident was deemed by the press to have been a slap, while Gorbachev insisted that it was an assassination attempt. Gorbachev alleged that the man was a special forces agent and had been attempting to deliver a fatal blow to his neck. The perpetrator was arrested. The Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), at the time led by Vladimir Zhirinovsky, proposed legislation to grant the man amnesty. Boris Finko, the sponsor of the bill, declared: "He did what many dream of." Gorbachev alleged that the LDPR had been responsible for the incident, which he continued to refer to as an assassination attempt.

On Victory Day, Gorbachev paid visit to Volgograd (formerly Stalingrad). He was met by hostile crowds, some of which jeerer him with chants deriding him as a "traitor". As he tried to place flowers at the city's war memorial, Gorbachev was confronted by Viktor Anpilov and a group of Anpilov's supporters. They condemned Gorbachev for his role in the collapse of the Soviet Union, and held signs which read "No Place for Traitors on the Holy Ground of Stalingrad". Anpilov tried to get Gorbachev's wife to take flowers from him, and mocked her and her husband for being "rude ingrates" when she refused them. During a campaign trip through Saint Petersburg, local officials refused to allow Gorbachev to embark on visits that he had planned to take to three factories, with the officials telling Gorbachev that the factories were closed to visitors.

## Level of support

Since leaving office, Gorbachev had become a celebrated figure in the West, receiving much credit for his role in peacefully ending the Cold War. At the same time, Gorbachev had become a loathed figure in Russia, receiving blame for the collapse of the Soviet Union. Upon declaring his intent to run, Gorbachev polled at a mere 1 percent, and ultimately failed to subsequently build a greater level support. Opinion polling showed Gorbachev having immense unpopularity amongst the Russian people.

Many Communists blamed him for the collapse of the Soviet Communist party and the Soviet Union itself. Many market reform supporters blamed him for failing to finish reforms, plunging the Russian economy into chaos. Others disapproved of his candidacy, fearing he would do little more than split the anti-communist vote by playing the role of a spoiler. Even Gorbachev's hometown of Privolnoye greeted his candidacy with a cold reception. In Privolnoye, *The* *New York Times* quoted Mariak Gopkala, a second-cousin of Gorbachev, as expressing her support for the candidacy of Zyuganov, declaring that Gorbachev "has already been President ... He's retired, let him rest ... He's tried to do good, of course, but they wouldn't let him. Now it's time for a younger, stronger man to take over."

Gorbachev blamed the public's animosity towards him on a conspiracy between the CPRF, Yeltsin's government and the media, which he alleged both was trying to silence him and was pushing what he alleged was a false narrative that blamed the end of the Soviet Union on him. Gorbachev argued that his low approval rating was a fabrication of a government plot against him and insisted that he enjoyed a much greater level of support than was reflected in opinion polling.

Gorbachev expressed confidence in his prospects, declaring: "I will not lose if they are genuinely free elections. I have a good chance of getting there, I feel it. But even if I am not elected, if there are free elections Gorbachev will still have won, for this is what Gorbachev was fighting for." Other than Gorbachev himself, relatively nobody believed him to have any chance of succeeding in his campaign. By some accounts, not even Gorbachev's own campaign team had much faith in his prospects. Weeks before the election, Gorbachev's wife reportedly had begun selling gowns that she had worn as the first lady of the Soviet Union, declaring that she did not believe she would be needing them again. In addition to having an outright lack of popular support, Gorbachev also lacked the financial support to mount a competitive campaign.

## Media coverage

Gorbachev's campaign was given almost no national or local coverage. The rare coverage he received generally involved embarrassing incidents on the campaign trail. Gorbachev endured this lack of coverage throughout his candidacy. *Izvestia* failed to report on his initial declaration of candidacy, while evening news broadcasts gave it only a passing mention. Gorbachev received such little media coverage that many were unaware he was even running.

At a press conference announcing his platform, Gorbachev criticized his lack of press coverage. He implored journalists to provide fair coverage to all candidates. Remarking on the lack of fair press, he argued that media manipulation by Yeltsin was as severe as the media manipulation that the Soviet government oversaw during Leonid Brezhnev's leadership, saying: "I think the situation is much worse than in the years of Perestroika. We are watching the presidential campaign of a single candidate." At one point, Gorbachev complained that there was less press freedom than when he was leader of the Soviet Union.

## Political positions

Gorbachev described himself as a social democrat. This was in diametric contrast to Zyuganov, who strongly rebuked any implications of being a social democrat, and whose policies eschewed social democratic stances. Gorbachev asserted that, of those running for president, his was the voice of responsibility and moderation.

### Domestic affairs

Without many specifics, Gorbachev pledged to increase industrial and agricultural production and to reform taxation. One of his top stated priorities was to reign in government corruption. Another top priority of his was to ramp-up the nation's "war on crime". As leader of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev had desired to implement more gradual reforms in an effort to preserve the country's socialism while providing a democratization of its society. This contrasted with many of the reforms that Yeltsin had implemented, which sought rapid change and disregarded the country's socialist structure. Gorbachev hoped that, if elected, he would be able to halt course and implement his own, more mild, vision of reforms. He hoped to create a social-democratic state structure in Russia.

### Military and international affairs

One of Gorbachev's top stated priorities was to put an end to the war in Chechnya. In early 1996, commenting on the expansion of NATO, Gorbachev had declared that Russians viewed NATO as "a war machine that is trying to take advantage of our troubled political and economic situation."

## Results

Gorbachev cast his own vote on election day, 16 June 1996. He declared that he had voted for "the most worthy candidate". He spent the night of the election in Moscow with the company of Alexander Haig. Haig was in Moscow as part of an election monitoring team. Gorbachev received 386,069 votes (0.5 percent of the overall vote), placing seventh out of eleven candidates, and was therefore eliminated from campaigning in the second round of the election. Gorbachev did not deliver a concession speech after the results of the election came in.

## Aftermath

Gorbachev subsequently questioned the validity of the election results. While he acknowledged that he had lost by a significant margin, Gorbachev suspected that his actual vote count still exceeded what was reported in the official tally. In 2017, Gorbachev wrote in his book *The New Russia* that "there have been no fair and free elections in Russia since those of 1989, 1990 and the election of 1991 when Boris Yeltsin became the first president of Russia."

## InfoBox

Mikhail Gorbachev 1996 presidential campaign
| Campaigned for | 1996 Russian presidential election |
| --- | --- |
| Candidate | Mikhail Gorbachev
Leader of the Soviet Union and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
(1985–1991)
President of the Soviet Union
(1990–1991)
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
(1989–1990)
Chairman of the Presidum of the Supreme Soviet (1988–1989) |
| Affiliation | Independent |


title: Protorthodes ustulata

abstract: Protorthodes ustulata is a moth in the family Noctuidae first described by J. Donald Lafontaine, J. Bruce Walsh and Clifford D. Ferris in 2014. It is found in North America from south-eastern Wyoming southward to the Guadalupe Mountains in western Texas and westward to central and south-eastern Arizona and northern Mexico. The length of the forewings is 12–15 mm. The forewings are burnt orange color, tending to be darker toward the costal and outer edge. The subbasal, antemedial, postmedial and subterminal lines are whitish gray, partially bordered by dark-brown scales. The reniform spot has the shape of an eight. The upper part is gray brown and the lower part is blackish gray. It has a contrasting whitish-gray outline. The orbicular spot is slightly darker than the ground color and is outlined in whitish gray. The terminal line is dark brown. The hindwings are pale fuscous basally with darker fuscous on the discal spot, veins and marginal area. Adults have been recorded on wing from early April to mid-May and again from early August to early October.

text:
# Protorthodes ustulata

***Protorthodes ustulata*** is a moth in the family Noctuidae first described by J. Donald Lafontaine, J. Bruce Walsh and Clifford D. Ferris in 2014. It is found in North America from south-eastern Wyoming southward to the Guadalupe Mountains in western Texas and westward to central and south-eastern Arizona and northern Mexico.

The length of the forewings is 12–15 mm. The forewings are burnt orange color, tending to be darker toward the costal and outer edge. The subbasal, antemedial, postmedial and subterminal lines are whitish gray, partially bordered by dark-brown scales. The reniform spot has the shape of an eight. The upper part is gray brown and the lower part is blackish gray. It has a contrasting whitish-gray outline. The orbicular spot is slightly darker than the ground color and is outlined in whitish gray. The terminal line is dark brown. The hindwings are pale fuscous basally with darker fuscous on the discal spot, veins and marginal area. Adults have been recorded on wing from early April to mid-May and again from early August to early October.

## Etymology

The species name refers to the burnt-orange color of the body and forewings and is derived from Latin *ustulata*.

## InfoBox

| *Protorthodes ustulata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
|  | |
| Female | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Protorthodes* |
| Species: | ***P. ustulata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protorthodes ustulata***<br>Lafontaine, Walsh & Ferris, 2014 | |
|


title: Presidential Chief of Staff

abstract: The Malacañang Chief of Staff, named after Malacañang Palace, the official residence of the president of the Philippines, also referred to as the "presidential chief of staff," was an official position under the Office of the President of the Philippines. President Joseph Estrada created the position in February 16, 2000, but described it as only being a "temporary" position. However, this position was carried over to the administration of his successor, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, before being abolished in February 26, 2008.

text:
# Presidential Chief of Staff

The **Malacañang Chief of Staff**, named after Malacañang Palace, the official residence of the president of the Philippines, also referred to as the "presidential chief of staff," was an official position under the Office of the President of the Philippines. President Joseph Estrada created the position in February 16, 2000, but described it as only being a "temporary" position. However, this position was carried over to the administration of his successor, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, before being abolished in February 26, 2008.

## Powers and functions

Under the Administration of Presidents Estrada and Arroyo, the Office of the Presidential Chief of Staff held the schedule of the President in coordination with the Cabinet officer for presidential engagements, as well as supervise the President's activities and engagements. The chief of staff post also "controlled access to the President," and "provide good, wise, and honest counsel" to the country's top leader, based on AO No. 138, series of 2006. Aside from these, the Palace chief of staff reviews the documents intended for the President, advocates for their strategic policies and programs, and builds bridges with "critical stakeholders" that include the Cabinet, judiciary, and lobbyists. The official also guard\[s\] the President’s interests and Protect the President from forces that could destroy the Administration. Upon the Abolishment of the office and the position, all Powers and Functions are transferred to the Office of the Executive Secretary.

## List

| Portrait | Name | Term Began | Term Ended | President |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Aprodicio Laquian | February 16, 2000 | March 28, 2000 | Joseph Ejercito Estrada |
|  | Renato Corona | January 20, 2001 | April 9, 2002 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo |
|  | Rigoberto Tiglao | April 9, 2002 | 2004 | |
|  | Norberto Gonzales | 2004 | 2005 | |
|  | Mike Defensor | February 15, 2006 | February 10, 2007 | |
|  | Joey Salceda | February 10, 2007 | March 29, 2007 | |
|

## Other chiefs of staff

Other political positions have chiefs of staff, the vice president's office under Leni Robredo and Sara Duterte and all other Key Departments of the Government.

## InfoBox

| Presidential Chief of Staff | |
| --- | --- |
| Appointer | President of the Philippines |
| Term length | No fixed term |
| Formation | February 16, 2000 |
| First holder | Aprodicio Laquian |
| Final holder | Joey Salceda |
| Abolished | February 26, 2008 |


title: Zerrenthin

abstract: Zerrenthin is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

text:
# Zerrenthin

**Zerrenthin** is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

## InfoBox

| Zerrenthin | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| World War I memorial in Zerrenthin | |
|  | |
| Location of Zerrenthin within Vorpommern-Greifswald district | |
| Zerrenthin Zerrenthin | |
| Coordinates: 53°29′N 14°05′E / 53.483°N 14.083°E / 53.483; 14.083 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Mecklenburg-Vorpommern |
| District | Vorpommern-Greifswald |
| Municipal assoc. | Uecker-Randow-Tal |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Uwe Meinherz |
| Area | |
| Total | 14.30 km2 (5.52 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 22 m (72 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 475 |
| Density | 33/km2 (86/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 17309 |
| Dialling codes | 039743 |
| Vehicle registration | VG |
| Website | www.amt-uecker-randow-tal.de |


title: Viéthorey

abstract: Viéthorey is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

text:
# Viéthorey

**Viéthorey** (French pronunciation: \[vjetɔʁɛ\]) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 155 |  |
| 1968 | 159 | +2.6% |
| 1975 | 144 | −9.4% |
| 1982 | 107 | −25.7% |
| 1990 | 109 | +1.9% |
| 1999 | 105 | −3.7% |
| 2008 | 123 | +17.1% |

## InfoBox

| Viéthorey | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Viéthorey | |
| Location of Viéthorey | |
| ViéthoreyViéthorey | |
| Coordinates: 47°25′34″N 6°25′49″E / 47.4261°N 6.4303°E / 47.4261; 6.4303 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Doubs |
| Arrondissement | Besançon |
| Canton | Baume-les-Dames |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Michel Gonin |
| Area**1** | 7.92 km2 (3.06 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 92 |
| Density | 12/km2 (30/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 25613 /25340 |
| Elevation | 384–494 m (1,260–1,621 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Pretoria East Commando

abstract: Pretoria East Commando was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve.

text:
# Pretoria East Commando

**Pretoria East Commando** was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve.

## History

### Origin

### Operations

#### With the SADF

The unit resorted under the command of Group 15.

During this era, the unit was mainly used for area force protection, search and cordones as well as other assistance to the local police.

#### With the SANDF

##### Disbandment

This unit, along with all other Commando units was disbanded after a decision by South African President Thabo Mbeki to disband all Commando Units. The Commando system was phased out between 2003 and 2008 "because of the role it played in the apartheid era", according to the Minister of Safety and Security Charles Nqakula.

## Unit Insignia

## Leadership

## InfoBox

| Pretoria East Commando | |
| --- | --- |
| Pretoria East Commando emblem | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Allegiance |  |
| Branch |  |
| Type | Infantry |
| Role | Light Infantry |
| Size | One Battalion |
| Part of | South African Infantry Corps<br>Army Territorial Reserve,Group 15 |
| Garrison/HQ | Pretoria East |


title: Nikola Đurković (footballer, born 2002)

abstract: Nikola Djurkovic is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Liga Leumit club Hapoel Acre. Djurkovic was born in Belgrade and played youth football with FK Rad before being promoted to the senior side and starting his professional career. After the club was relegated to the Serbian League Belgrade in 2023, Djurkovic was released. He signed with Hapoel Hadera on a free transfer in September 2023.

text:
# Nikola Đurković (footballer, born 2002)

**Nikola Djurkovic** (born 15 February 2002) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Liga Leumit club Hapoel Acre.

Djurkovic was born in Belgrade and played youth football with FK Rad before being promoted to the senior side and starting his professional career. After the club was relegated to the Serbian League Belgrade (third tier) in 2023, Djurkovic was released. He signed with Hapoel Hadera on a free transfer in September 2023.

## Early life

Djurkovic was born in Belgrade of Serbian-Jewish descent.

## Career

Djurkovic was promoted to the senior side at FK Rad in 2021 while still in the Prva liga Srbije (2nd tier). They were relegated at the end of the season.

## InfoBox

Nikola Djurković
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Nikola Djurković | | |
| Date of birth | (2002-09-08) 8 September 2002 | | |
| Place of birth | Belgrade, Serbia | | |
| Height | 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Hapoel Acre | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2020–2021 | Rad | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2021–2023 | Rad | 71 | (0) |
| 2023– | Hapoel Hadera | 1 | (0) |
| 2024– | Hapoel Acre | 0 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 1 June 2024 (UTC) | | | |


title: Seán Ó Ceallaigh (Clare politician)

abstract: Seán Ó Ceallaigh was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He was first elected as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Clare constituency at a by-election on 22 July 1959, succeeding Éamon de Valera who had been elected President of Ireland. He was re-elected at the 1961 general election and at the 1965 general election. He did not contest the 1969 general election. Ó Ceallaigh taught in the all-Irish Coláiste Uí Chomhraidhe, Carrigaholt, County Clare. His son, Fiachra Ó Ceallaigh, was an Auxiliary Bishop of Dublin.

text:
# Seán Ó Ceallaigh (Clare politician)

**Seán Ó Ceallaigh** (17 April 1896 – 15 June 1994) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He was first elected as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Clare constituency at a by-election on 22 July 1959, succeeding Éamon de Valera who had been elected President of Ireland. He was re-elected at the 1961 general election and at the 1965 general election. He did not contest the 1969 general election.

Ó Ceallaigh taught in the all-Irish Coláiste Uí Chomhraidhe, Carrigaholt, County Clare. His son, Fiachra Ó Ceallaigh, was an Auxiliary Bishop of Dublin.

## InfoBox

| Seán Ó Ceallaigh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Teachta Dála | |
| **In office**
July 1959  June 1969 | |
| Constituency | Clare |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1896-04-17)17 April 1896
County Clare, Ireland |
| Died | 15 June 1994(1994-06-15) (aged 98)
County Clare, Ireland |
| Political party | Fianna Fáil |
|  | |


title: Georges Jacob (organist)

abstract: Georges Jacob was a French organist, improviser and composer.

text:
# Georges Jacob (organist)

**Georges (Armand Paul) Jacob** (19 August 1877 – 28 December 1950) was a French organist, improviser and composer.

## Biography

Born in Paris, Georges Paul made his first musical studies at the École Niedermeyer de Paris. After he joined the Conservatoire de Paris in 1896, he won a First prize in organ in 1900, in Alexandre Guilmant's class. From 1892 to 1912, G. Jacob gave organ recitals, which were very well attended at the Schola Cantorum de Paris. His aim was to bring out the best of both ancient and modern works of organ literature.

As a composer, he has already written and published many works. In addition, he began publishing, with an explanatory commentary, the great works for organ of J.-S. Bach.

From 1902 to 1914, he was a piano teacher at the Schola Cantorum. Organist and Kapellmeister of Église Notre-Dame-de-la-Gare de Paris from 1897 to 1903, organist of the great organ of the Église Saint-Louis-d'Antin from 1903 to 1906, he then held the position of organist and Kapellmeister of the Église Saint-Ferdinand-des-Ternes, from 1907 to his death in 1950.

In 1922, he succeeded Joseph Bonnet as organist of the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire.

Georges Jacob died in Paris on 28 December 1950 and was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery (2nd division).

## Compositions

### Works for organ

* 1906: *Prélude Funèbre et Variation*
* 1907: *Symphonie pour grand orgue* in E minor (Leduc): I. *Prélude funèbre, Fugue, Variation* II. *Andante* III. *Scherzo* IV. *Final*.
* 1909: *Quatre Morceaux* for organ (Kistner, Leipzig): 1. *Invocation* 2. *Noël* 3. *Au cloître* 4. *Dans la lande*.
* 1909: *Douze Pièces pour Grand-orgue* (Leduc) : 1. *Pastorale* (in E flat) 2. *Offertoire pour Mariage* 3. *Noël Bourguignon* 4. *Invocation* 5. *Duetto* 6. *Canzonetta* 7. *Prélude Funèbre* 8. *Carillon* 9. *Magnificat* (in F) 10. *Alleluia* 11. *Andantino* 12. *Sortie*.
* 1909: *Pastorale "Les Heures Bourguignonnes"*, collection of 12 pieces from 12 scenes by Maurice Léna (Leduc): 1. *Lever de soleil* 2. *Le réveil* 3. *Le départ du troupeau* 4. *Vendanges* 5. *La chanson du berger* 6. *Midi* 7. *La pluie* 8. *Sous le noyer* 9. *En revenant des vignes* 10. *Chanson de pressoir* 11. *La ronde* 12. *Tombée du soir*.
* 1911: *Entrée de Mariage*
* 1911: *1re Suite religieuse* (Schirmer): 1. *Laudes* 2. *Resurrexi* (Introït du jour de Pâques) 3. *Méditation* 4. *Au Prieuré* 5. *Bénédiction*.
* 1911: *2e Suite religieuse* (Schirmer): 1. *Invocation* 2. *Angelus* 3. *Souvenir grégorien* 4. *Communion* 5. *Prière du soir*.
* 1916: *Impressions dominicales* (Schirmer): 1. *Veni Creator* 2. *Recueillement* 3. *Bergerade mélancolique* 4. *Hélas !* 5. *Souffrance, Trouble, Triomphe*.
* *Exercices pour grand orgue* (ou piano pédalier) (United Music Publishers).
* *Livre d’orgue* (Éditions Ouvrières): 1. *Invention* 2. *Pastorale* 3. *Canon* 4. *Louange de l’oiseau* 5. *Choral* 6. *Mouvement*.

### Works for harmonium

* 1909: *25 Pièces pour harmonium* (Leduc).
* 1911: *Choral varié*; *Prise de voile*; *Andante* in D major, in *Parnasse des Organistes du XXe*, vol. 1, Paris
* 1911: *14 Pièces pour harmonium* (Loret).
* *Andantino* in E flat major, in Joseph Joubert, *Maîtres contemporains de l'orgue*, vol. 1, Paris, 1912.
* *Pastorale* in F-sharp minor (transcription for harmonium by the author), in J. Joubert, *Maîtres contemporains de l'orgue*, vol. 1, Paris, 1912.

### Works for piano

* *Nocturne, Légende et Scherzo*.

### Other compositions

Several melodies and hymns.

## Sources


title: Mike Lawlor

abstract: Michael P. Lawlor is an American politician, criminal justice professor, and lawyer from Connecticut. A Democrat, he served as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1987 to 2011, representing the 99th district in East Haven. Lawlor resigned from the legislature on January 4, 2011 to serve in Dan Malloy's administration as undersecretary for criminal justice policy and planning at the Office of Policy and Management.

text:
# Mike Lawlor

**Michael P. Lawlor** is an American politician, criminal justice professor, and lawyer from Connecticut. A Democrat, he served as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1987 to 2011, representing the 99th district in East Haven. Lawlor resigned from the legislature on January 4, 2011 to serve in Dan Malloy's administration as undersecretary for criminal justice policy and planning at the Office of Policy and Management.

## Education

Lawlor attended public schools in East Haven and graduated from East Haven High School. He was co-captain of the EHHS football team and was Vice-President of the Senior Class.

He graduated as an Honors Scholar in Slavic and Eastern European Studies from the University of Connecticut in 1979. He earned a Master's Degree in Soviet Area Studies from the University of London in 1981 and he graduated from the George Washington University School of Law in 1983. He has also participated in language studies in Russia in 1977 and received a Fulbright-Hays Scholarship to study economic reform in Hungary in 1982.

## Career

Following law school, Lawlor was appointed as a prosecutor for the State's Attorney Office in New Haven, where he served until his election to the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1986. In January, 2011 Lawlor resigned from the legislature to join the administration of Governor Dan Malloy to become Undersecretary of Criminal Justice Policy and Planning, where he served until the end of Malloy's second term in January, 2019. In September 2020, Mayor Justin Elicker nominated Lawlor to be a member of the New Haven Board of Police Commissioners. A few months later in January 2021 Governor Ned Lamont nominated Lawlor to be a member of the state's Police Officer Standards and Training Council.

Lawlor has taught at the University of New Haven's Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences since 1995 and is currently an Associate Professor of Criminal Justice. He is also a Visiting Lecturer in Law at the Yale Law School.

## Politics

### Judiciary Committee

Lawlor was co-chairman of the General Assembly's Judiciary Committee from 1995 to 2011. Prior to that, he was co-chairman of the Labor and Public Employees Committee where he played a major role in the reform of Connecticut's workers compensation program.

As co-chairman of the Judiciary Committee, Lawlor played a key role in two amendments to the State of Connecticut constitution. The first established rights for victims of crime, the second eliminated the patronage-ridden county sheriff system.

He was one of ten members of the legislature's Select Committee of Inquiry, which considered the possible impeachment of former Governor John G. Rowland. Rowland resigned on June 21, 2004 following the committee's hearings.

He has also been a leader in efforts to enact workable gun control laws, to address racial disparities in the state's criminal justice system, to pass laws ending discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, to rewrite Connecticut's domestic violence laws, to reform the juvenile justice system, and to address prison overcrowding.

### Civil union legislation

During the 2005 session of the legislature, Lawlor was one of the leaders in enacting Connecticut's civil unions law, which provided full state legal recognition to same sex couples who wish to be treated as married couples under the state's law. Connecticut was the first state to enact a civil union or same sex marriage law without a court order to do so.

In March 2009 Lawlor and Sen. Andrew J. McDonald proposed a new state law proposing to regulate the management of Roman Catholic churches in Connecticut; free speech advocates, church leaders, and members of the Republican House opposition charged the bill violated the separation of church and state clause in the First Amendment. Bill Donahue, President of the Catholic League, an organization which fights anti-Catholic prejudice, called it a "brutal act of revenge by Lawlor and McDonald, two champions of gay marriage... designed to muzzle the voice of the Catholic Church". The Bill, by giving control over matters administrative and fiscal to a board of laity (in which the Bishop and Parish Priest would act only in an advisory capacity) and because it is specific only to the Roman Catholic Church is seen by many as anti-Catholic. The bill was tabled on March 10, 2009.

Lawlor is a chair of the Criminal Justice/Mental Health Consensus Project, an associate with the State Sentencing and Corrections Program at the Vera Institute of Justice in New York City, and a member of the National Resource Committee for the Center for Sex Offender Management within the United States Department of Justice. He is a member of the American Bar Association's Coalition for Justice, a national effort to build trust and confidence in the justice system.

### Prison overcrowding

In the late 1990s Connecticut addressed its prison overcrowding issues by transferring inmates to prisons in Virginia. Rep. Lawlor strongly opposed this effort. In 2000 he told *The Hartford Courant* "this policy is more trouble than it's worth," and that he wanted to "bring them back as soon as possible." In 2003 the *New York Times* reported Lawlor favored replacing the Virginia facilities with "alternative ways of combating overcrowding, like making it harder to put people back in prison for technical violations of their parole, and argued that transfers should be a last resort."

Lawlor has long advocated what was called in 2004 a "controversial bill" which focused on the increased release of prisoners instead of expanding correctional facilities to handle the increased number of offenders entering the system. Thanks to Lawlor's vocal advocacy the bill was co-sponsored by both Republicans and Democrats, passed unanimously in the State Senate, and only 9 out of 151 representatives in the House voted against it. The bill was then signed into law by Governor John G. Rowland. Lawlor's rationale was "The key is to resist doing the simple thing - dumping a bunch of money into a new prison," The response, to expand the number of inmates paroled, became controversial following the July 2007 home invasion murders of the Petit family in Cheshire, Connecticut by two paroled convicts. On August 26, 2007 he defended the state's policy on paroles in a Hartford Courant article "Some people say let's put them all in jail. OK, fine, but that means dramatically increasing taxes or shutting down a bunch of colleges." Due to the public outcry since the Petit murders, Lawlor agreed to hold hearings on Connecticut's parole system and called on state officials to investigate sites to build new prisons. "We are expected to receive information about the costs of these models and possible sites for new prison facilities," he said. State officials and national criminal justice experts testified at the September 11 hearing, with Chief State's Attorney Kevin Kane labeling the existing data system for criminal justice "nonexistent." Lawlor criticized the agencies for not having a system of communications among each other. A hearing open to the public was held on November 27, 2007.

Governor M. Jodi Rell announced on September 21, 2007 that there would be a moratorium on further parole of violent offenders. This occurred after a parolee with two prior kidnapping convictions carjacked a vehicle in Hartford and was later shot in a confrontation with New York City police. Lawlor supported her decision for a moratorium on parole and acknowledged this would require prompt efforts to expand prison space. He urged Governor Rell to explore the state's options for either expanding existing prisons, building new prisons, or sending prisoners out of state. The governor in response refused to do so, saying that new additional prison space is not necessary and reiterated her opposition to sending prisoners out of state. Ironically, this placed Rell in the same position Lawlor had long held, as he had opposed sending Connecticut prisoners to Virginia prisons to ease overcrowding.

In testimony before the Judiciary Committee at an emergency meeting convened by Lawlor in October, Department of Corrections Commissioner Teresa Lantz concurred with Governor Rell, testifying that her department does not need nor is requesting additional staff or new prisons Lawlor announced that he disagrees with Rell and Lantz, saying that the state should look into building a new prison, adding beds to existing facilities, or hiring more staff. Nonetheless, on December 12, 2007 he was quoted by the Associated Press as stating "Connecticut has a criminal justice system that already works pretty well."

### Three strikes law

A special session to enact tougher laws against home invasion and tighten the parole process was held January 22, 2008. A new law making home invasion a class A felony was passed, as well as reforming the parole board. Lawlor opposed efforts to pass a Three Strikes law in Connecticut, which was not passed.

Governor Rell reiterated her call for a Three Strikes bill on March 31, 2008, following the kidnapping murder of an elderly New Britain woman committed by a career criminal recently released from Connecticut prison.

He has served on the national drafting team for the Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision and the Interstate Compact for Juvenile Probation and Parole. Recently, he served as a consultant for the United States Department of Justice assisting in the establishment of an adult probation system in Bulgaria.

## Personal

Lawlor is openly gay. In June, 2013 Lawlor Married his husband David Zakur at the Governor's Residence. Connecticut Supreme Court Justice Andrew McDonald performed the ceremony, which was attended by then-Governor Dannel P. Malloy, Lieutenant Governor Nancy Wyman and Attorney General George Jepsen. This was the first ever same-sex marriage performed at a state governor's residence.

## InfoBox

| Michael P. Lawlor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Connecticut House of Representatives
from the 99th district | |
| **In office**
January 1987  January 2011 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1956-12-30) December 30, 1956
New Haven, Conn. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Residence | East Haven, Conn. |
| Website | mikelawlor.net |
|  | |


title: Protorugosa

abstract: Protorugosa is a genus of large, air-breathing land snails, pulmonate gastropods in the family Rhytididae, first described by Michael Shea & Owen Griffiths in 2010. This snail is endemic to New South Wales.

text:
# Protorugosa

***Protorugosa*** is a genus of large, air-breathing land snails, pulmonate gastropods in the family Rhytididae, first described by Michael Shea & Owen Griffiths in 2010. This snail is endemic to New South Wales.

## Species

* Stanisic, J.; Shea, M.; Potter, D.; Griffiths, O. (2010). Australian land snails. Volume 1. A field guide to eastern Australian species. Queensland Museum, Brisbane. 596 pp.
* Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017.

## InfoBox

| *Protorugosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Superfamily: | Rhytidoidea |
| Family: | Rhytididae |
| Subfamily: | Rhytidinae |
| Genus: | *Protorugosa*
Shea & Griffiths, 2010 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Protorugosa burraga* Shea & O. L. Griffiths, 2010
 | |


title: Preferential creditor

abstract: A preferential creditor is a creditor receiving a preferential right to payment upon the debtor's bankruptcy under applicable insolvency laws. In most legal systems, some creditors are given priority over ordinary creditors, either for the whole amount of their claims or up to a certain value. In some legal systems, preferential creditors take priority over all other creditors, including creditors holding security, but more commonly, the preferential creditors are only given priority over unsecured creditors. Some legal systems operate a hybrid approach; in the United Kingdom preferential creditors have priority over secured creditors whose security is in the nature of a floating charge, but creditors with fixed security take ahead of the preferential creditors generally. In English law the concept was first introduced for personal bankruptcy in 1825 pursuant to the Bankruptcy Act 1825, and for companies in 1888 pursuant to the Preferential Payments in Bankruptcy Act 1888. Prior to that, all unsecured creditors ranked equally and without preference in a series of statutes stretching back to the Statute of Bankrupts 1542.

text:
# Preferential creditor

A **preferential creditor** (in some jurisdictions called a **preferred creditor**) is a creditor receiving a preferential right to payment upon the debtor's bankruptcy under applicable insolvency laws.

In most legal systems, some creditors are given priority over ordinary creditors, either for the whole amount of their claims or up to a certain value. In some legal systems, preferential creditors take priority over all other creditors, including creditors holding security, but more commonly, the preferential creditors are only given priority over unsecured creditors. Some legal systems operate a hybrid approach; in the United Kingdom preferential creditors have priority over secured creditors whose security is in the nature of a floating charge, but creditors with fixed security take ahead of the preferential creditors generally.

In English law the concept was first introduced for personal bankruptcy in 1825 pursuant to the Bankruptcy Act 1825 (6 Geo. 4. c. 16), and for companies in 1888 pursuant to the **Preferential Payments in Bankruptcy Act 1888** (51 & 52 Vict. c. 62). Prior to that, all unsecured creditors ranked equally and without preference ("*pari passu*") in a series of statutes stretching back to the Statute of Bankrupts 1542.

## Classes of preferred creditors

Creditors who are characteristically preferred creditors are:

* employees:( If a company goes bankrupt, the employees of that company will be first in line to be paid. If the company owes wages, this is considered to be the top priority when it comes to dissolving the company.)
* revenue authorities: When a government is owed taxes, they are on the top of the list to get paid.
* in some countries, tort victims: The rationale for tort victims is that they are perceived to be "involuntary" creditors of the bankrupt and thus should not be penalised by an insolvency in the same manner as parties who voluntarily became creditors of the bankrupt.
* in some countries, environmental clean-up costs: If a business files for bankruptcy and it is determined that they need to clean up the environment as a result of their business actions, the environmental clean up will get preferential treatment. The courts will allocate a designated amount of money to pay for the cleanup efforts.

In the United Kingdom, employees' holiday pay/wages are classed as preferential – if they are paid via redundancy payments fund then the Department of Employment becomes a secured creditor. If there is a shortfall, in those cases where someone earns in excess of the government limit, then they can claim preferentially too. The right of the Crown as a preferential creditor was removed by the Enterprise Act 2002 but reintroduced with effect from 1 December 2020 by the Finance Act 2020.

Creditors, and sometimes individual assets, are also placed in classes by specific laws for specific events, such as a deposit insurance scheme triggered by a bank failure. For example, Switzerland's deposit protection has Class I (first-class), Class II (second-class) and Class III (third-class) unsecured creditors. following are the preferential creditors:- 1.all revenues, taxes, cesses and rates, whether payable to the Government or local authority, due to payment by the company with in 12 months before the date of commencement of winding up.

## Admiralty claims

In admiralty law, many legal systems accord certain claims preferential status where a ship is subject to arrest. These claims vary from country to country, but commonly include:

* salvage claims
* seaman's wages
* moorage fees: Cost of mooring is often a preferential claim of expediency. Otherwise it would be difficult to arrange mooring for vessels which are subject to arrest.

## InfoBox

| Preferential Payments in Bankruptcy Act 1888 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | 24 December 1888 An Act to amend the Law with respect to Preferential Payments in Bankruptcy, and in the winding-up of Companies. |
| Citation | 51 & 52 Vict. c. 62 |


title: Zerqan

abstract: Zerqan is a village and a former municipality in Dibër County, eastern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform, it became a subdivision of the municipality Bulqizë. The population at the 2011 census was 4,111.

text:
# Zerqan

**Zerqan** (Albanian pronunciation: IPA: \[zɛɾcan\]) is a village and a former municipality in Dibër County, eastern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform, it became a subdivision of the municipality Bulqizë. The population at the 2011 census was 4,111.

## Historical demographics

Zerqan (*Zirklani*) appears in the Ottoman *defter* of 1467 as a settlement in the vilayet of Dulgoberda. The village had a total of 11 households represented by the following household heads: *Pop Dimitri*, *Gjureja* son of *Gjoni*, *Andrije* brother of *Pop Dimitri*, *Dimitri Pllasha*, *Kolë Sigori*, *Obertkoja* son of *Pop*, *Tanush Arbenasi*, *Kolë Osmaku*, *Andreja Kimëza*, *Martin Mimiza*, and *Gjergj Liu*.

In 1900, Vasil Kanchov gathered and compiled statistics on demographics in the area, finding a mainly Albanian area in and around Zerqan: the villages of Zerqan, Smollik, Sofraçan, and Sopot were all entirely Albanian inhabited, while Tërnovë was inhabited by Slavic Muslims.

1. "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6367. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
2. 2011 census results
3. Caka, Eduart (2019). *Defteri i hollësishëm për zonat e dibrës i vitit 1467*. Tiranë: Akademia e studimeve albanologjike instituti historisë. p. 96.
4. Vasil Kanchov (1901). Macedonia: Ethnography and Statistics -- Debar kaza. Accessed 4 July 2017.

## InfoBox

| Zerqan | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipal unit | |
| Zerqan | |
| Coordinates: 41°30′N 20°21′E / 41.500°N 20.350°E / 41.500; 20.350 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Dibër |
| Municipality | Bulqizë |
| Population (2011) | |
| Municipal unit | 4,111 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | https://web.archive.org/web/20110430105023/http://www.komuna-zerqan.gov.al:80/ |


title: Vitry-en-Montagne

abstract: Vitry-en-Montagne is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Vitry-en-Montagne

**Vitry-en-Montagne** (French pronunciation: \[vitʁi ɑ̃ mɔ̃taɲ\]) is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Vitry-en-Montagne | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A general view of Vitry-en-Montagne | |
| Location of Vitry-en-Montagne | |
| Vitry-en-MontagneVitry-en-Montagne | |
| Coordinates: 47°49′38″N 5°05′17″E / 47.8272°N 5.0881°E / 47.8272; 5.0881 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Haute-Marne |
| Arrondissement | Langres |
| Canton | Villegusien-le-Lac |
| Intercommunality | Auberive Vingeanne et Montsaugeonnais |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Rémi Chauvirey |
| Area**1** | 9.53 km2 (3.68 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 25 |
| Density | 2.6/km2 (6.8/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 52540 /52160 |
| Elevation | 315–475 m (1,033–1,558 ft)
(avg. 353 m or 1,158 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Prince Erekle of Kakheti

abstract: Erekle was a Georgian prince (batonishvili) of the royal house of Kakheti, son of King Alexander II of Kakheti by his wife Tinatin Amilakhvari. According to the 18th-century Georgian historian Prince Vakhushti, Erekle, soon after Alexader's accession to the throne of Kakheti, took offence at his brother Davit and clandestinely repaired for the Ottoman court in Constantinople. The Safavid Iranian shah Tahmasp I saw this as a renege on the Kakhetians' pledge of loyalty. Advancing with his army into Karabakh, the shah summoned Alexander to his camp. Through the machinations of Prince Cholokashvili, the Kakhetians managed to divert the shah's attention to the political intrigues in the principality of Samtskhe, which was invaded and ravaged by the Iranians in 1574. In 1578, when Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha's Ottoman army marched into Georgia, Alexander II of Kakheti accepted the sultan's suzerainty and helped Lala Pasha to conquer Shirvan. Alexander's son Erekle was briefly appointed by the Ottomans a governor of sanjak of Shaki in Shirvan, which had hitherto been ruled by Alexander's alienated brother Isa-Khan on the shah of Iran's behalf. Erekle reappears in the historical records as a signatory, together with his father Alexander II and brothers, Davit and Giorgi, to the oath of allegiance to Feodor I of Russia on 28 September 1587, a culmination of the mission of the Russian envoy Rodion Birkin, which, however, did not bring about any tangible changes in the regional political climate.

text:
# Prince Erekle of Kakheti

**Erekle** (Georgian: ერეკლე; 1568 – 1589) was a Georgian prince (*batonishvili*) of the royal house of Kakheti, son of King Alexander II of Kakheti by his wife Tinatin Amilakhvari.

According to the 18th-century Georgian historian Prince Vakhushti, Erekle, soon after Alexader's accession to the throne of Kakheti, took offence at his brother Davit and clandestinely repaired for the Ottoman court in Constantinople. The Safavid Iranian shah Tahmasp I saw this as a renege on the Kakhetians' pledge of loyalty. Advancing with his army into Karabakh, the shah summoned Alexander to his camp. Through the machinations of Prince Cholokashvili, the Kakhetians managed to divert the shah's attention to the political intrigues in the principality of Samtskhe, which was invaded and ravaged by the Iranians in 1574.

In 1578, when Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha's Ottoman army marched into Georgia, Alexander II of Kakheti accepted the sultan's suzerainty and helped Lala Pasha to conquer Shirvan. Alexander's son Erekle was briefly appointed by the Ottomans a governor of sanjak of Shaki in Shirvan, which had hitherto been ruled by Alexander's alienated brother Isa-Khan on the shah of Iran's behalf. Erekle reappears in the historical records as a signatory, together with his father Alexander II and brothers, Davit and Giorgi, to the oath of allegiance to Feodor I of Russia on 28 September 1587, a culmination of the mission of the Russian envoy Rodion Birkin, which, however, did not bring about any tangible changes in the regional political climate.

## Ancestry


title: Nikolai Belov (ice hockey)

abstract: Nikolai Sergeyevich Belov is a Russian professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for IF Björklöven in HockeyAllsvenskan, the second highest league of ice hockey in Sweden. He has previously played in the top Russian leagues with Dynamo Moscow, Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk, Ak Bars Kazan, SKA Saint Petersburg and Traktor Chelyabinsk. In the 2014–15 season, Belov was traded by Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk, along with a first-round pick, to SKA Saint Petersburg in exchange for Evgeny Ryasensky, Alexei Grishin and Mikhail Tikhonov on November 24, 2014. On February 12, 2021, Belov was bought out from his contract at Almtuna IS by league rival IF Björklöven.

text:
# Nikolai Belov (ice hockey)

**Nikolai Sergeyevich Belov** (born August 13, 1987) is a Russian professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for IF Björklöven in HockeyAllsvenskan, the second highest league of ice hockey in Sweden. He has previously played in the top Russian leagues with Dynamo Moscow, Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk, Ak Bars Kazan, SKA Saint Petersburg and Traktor Chelyabinsk.

In the 2014–15 season, Belov was traded by Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk, along with a first-round pick, to SKA Saint Petersburg in exchange for Evgeny Ryasensky, Alexei Grishin and Mikhail Tikhonov on November 24, 2014.

On February 12, 2021, Belov was bought out from his contract at Almtuna IS by league rival IF Björklöven.

## Career statistics

### International

| Year | Team | Event | Result |  | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | Russia | WC | 4th | | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Senior totals | | | | | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |

## InfoBox

| Nikolai Belov | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Born | August 13, 1987 (1987-08-13) (age 37)
Moscow, Russian SFSR | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) | | |
| Weight | 163 lb (74 kg; 11 st 9 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Current team
Former teams | *IF Björklöven*
Almtuna IS
MODO Hockey
Dynamo Moscow
Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk
Ak Bars Kazan
SKA Saint Petersburg
Traktor Chelyabinsk | | |
| National team | Russia | | |
| Playing career | 2005present | | |


title: Papuapterote crenulata

abstract: Papuapterote crenulata is a moth in the family Eupterotidae. It was described by James John Joicey and George Talbot in 1916. It is found on New Guinea. The length of the forewings is about 46 mm. The forewings are pale brown, entirely suffused with black scaling, more so at the costa. There is a curved black basal line from the costa to the inner margin and a faint dark band crossing the cell from the costa to the inner margin, its outer edge crenulate (scolloped). There are two dark and faint narrow crenulate discal bands beyond the cell and there is a heavily marked waved submarginal black line, separated by the ground colour from a dark marginal band. The hindwings are pale brown with a wide dark marginal area of sparse black scaling. A well-marked dark and waved line crosses the wing from before the apex to the inner margin.

text:
# Papuapterote crenulata

***Papuapterote crenulata*** is a moth in the family Eupterotidae. It was described by James John Joicey and George Talbot in 1916. It is found on New Guinea.

The length of the forewings is about 46 mm. The forewings are pale brown, entirely suffused with black scaling, more so at the costa. There is a curved black basal line from the costa to the inner margin and a faint dark band crossing the cell from the costa to the inner margin, its outer edge crenulate (scolloped). There are two dark and faint narrow crenulate discal bands beyond the cell and there is a heavily marked waved submarginal black line, separated by the ground colour from a dark marginal band. The hindwings are pale brown with a wide dark marginal area of sparse black scaling. A well-marked dark and waved line crosses the wing from before the apex to the inner margin.

## InfoBox

| *Papuapterote crenulata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Eupterotidae |
| Genus: | *Papuapterote* |
| Species: | ***P. crenulata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Papuapterote crenulata***<br>(Joicey & Talbot, 1916) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eupterote crenulata* Joicey & Talbot, 1916 | |


title: Infone

abstract: Infone was a service launched by Metro One Telecommunications in 2003. The service was discontinued effective December 14, 2005.

text:
# Infone

**Infone** was a service launched by Metro One Telecommunications in 2003. The service was discontinued effective December 14, 2005.

## How it worked

Infone included directory assistance and other services via a toll-free phone number. A user could call 888-411-1111 to request directory assistance, directions, traffic information, movie times, call completion, dinner reservation assistance and other services.

Infone provided a number of innovative 411 'concierge'-like services, including movie listings from a live operator, and offered a feature where they could provide information from a linked Microsoft Outlook calendar when set up in advance. For a period of time they advertised heavily on U.S. television, featuring ads with then Governor of Minnesota Jesse Ventura, emphasizing their use of all U.S. based operators. The price offered was $0.89 per call up to 15 minutes (for use when the operator connects you to the requested number, as well as for additional information requests afterwards), with $0.05 for each additional minute, making Infone also a competitively priced long-distance service. New users received 5–10 free calls.

Infone identified a registered user (along with billing information; the service was only payable by credit card) by caller ID (numbers were registered on signing up) and by an advanced voiceprint recognition system (VPRS) from SpeechWorks that identified the user when the user called from an unregistered telephone number (or no caller ID) through the use of a personal phrase spoken by the user (e.g., "Hello Infone!") after the welcome tone.


title: Potamotrygon tatianae

abstract: Potamotrygon tatianae, the Tatiana's river stingray, is a species of river stingray (Potamotrygonidae) endemic to the Madre de Dios River and upper Madeira River basins in Peru.

text:
# Potamotrygon tatianae

***Potamotrygon tatianae***, the **Tatiana's river stingray**, is a species of river stingray (Potamotrygonidae) endemic to the Madre de Dios River and upper Madeira River basins in Peru.

## Description

This river stingray's oval disc is longer than wide (disc length between 102 and 131% of the disc width). The total length of the species is up to 75.5 cm (2 ft 5.7 in), the disc length up to 47.5 cm (1 ft 6.7 in) and the disc width up to 36.2 cm (1 ft 2.3 in). The mouth is small, opening relatively straight across, and has two lateral and three central papillae. One of the central papillae is closer to the lower jaw tooth plate. The teeth are relatively small, with 36-46 rows in the upper jaw and 33‑45 in the lower jaw.

The background colour is generally blackish-brown with beige, light beige, or dark brown spots.

This species was named after Tatiana Raso de Moraes Possato, a late student of biology who was an enthusiastic researcher of chondrichthyans, in particular potamotrygonids.

The types are housed in Brazil at the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo: MZUSP 107673; Paratype: MZUSP 107667; MZUSP 107668).

* Da Silva, J.P.C.B. & De Carvalho, M.R., 2011: A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray of the genus Potamotrygon Garman, 1877 from the Río Madre de Díos, Peru (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 51 (8): 139-154.

## InfoBox

| Tatiana's river stingray | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Superorder: | Batoidea |
| Order: | Myliobatiformes |
| Family: | Potamotrygonidae |
| Genus: | *Potamotrygon* |
| Species: | ***P. tatianae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Potamotrygon tatianae***<br>Silva & Carvalho, 2011 | |
|


title: Mike Layton

abstract: Michael Layton is a Canadian politician who served on Toronto City Council from 2010 until 2022. Layton most recently represented Ward 11 University—Rosedale. He was first elected in the 2010 municipal election in Ward 19 Trinity—Spadina. Layton did not run for re-election in 2022. In March 2023, Layton became Chief Sustainability Officer at York University.

text:
# Mike Layton

**Michael Layton** (born November 16, 1980) is a Canadian politician who served on Toronto City Council from 2010 until 2022. Layton most recently represented Ward 11 University—Rosedale. He was first elected in the 2010 municipal election in Ward 19 Trinity—Spadina. Layton did not run for re-election in 2022. In March 2023, Layton became Chief Sustainability Officer at York University.

## Early life and education

Michael Layton was born on November 16, 1980, to Jack Layton and his first wife Sally Halford, and is the step-son of Layton's second wife, current Mayor of Toronto, and former NDP Member of Parliament for Trinity—Spadina and city councillor, Olivia Chow.

Layton has a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and environmental management from the University of Toronto, where he was a member of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity, and a Master of Environmental Studies from York University. After graduating, he worked for Environmental Defence, a national environmental charity eventually becoming deputy outreach director. He was also the coordinator for the Green Energy Act Alliance. He worked as a bartender and manager at a restaurant on King Street West for six years.

## Political career

In 2010, he ran as a candidate in Ward 19 to replace Joe Pantalone who retired to run for mayor. Layton won the election with more than double the vote total of his closest rival, Karen Sun.

In 2011, Layton opposed spending cuts by Mayor Rob Ford. He worked to preserve a women's shelter and a community pool in Stanley Park.

In 2011, Layton took issue with an advertisement for the Toronto Argonauts. Layton claimed that it condoned domestic violence. The football team subsequently replaced the advertisement.

Layton was a critic of plans to build a casino resort in downtown Toronto in 2012. His motion opposing the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Commissions casino expansion plans passed 40–4 in the Toronto City Council.

Working with residents in the Liberty Village neighbourhood in Toronto, Layton worked to try to get cheaper fares on the regional transit system GO Transit to improve public transit in downtown Toronto.

For the gold medal hockey game in the 2014 Winter Olympics, Layton gained passage of a motion to allow bars to open earlier to serve alcohol during the game.

In March 2019, Layton has put forward a motion, which was seconded by Mike Colle, to study the idea of suing oil companies over climate change.

Layton was highly critical of the clearing of the homeless encampment at Lamport Stadium in 2021, referring to it as "extremely disappointing and disturbing" and stating "There is something fundamentally wrong with the use of violence or the threat of violence in order to further criminalize homelessness in our city."

In July 2022, Layton announced he would not stand for re-election as ward 11 city councillor, citing family reasons.

## Personal life

Layton married his wife Brett Tryon, a program coordinator for the charity Environmental Defence Canada, on Toronto Island in August 2012, near the location where Jack Layton and Olivia Chow were married in 1988.

He is the great-great-great-nephew of William Steeves, a Father of Confederation.

In the 2013 CBC Television film *Jack*, he is portrayed by Conrad Sweatman as an adult and Mitchell Kummen as a child.

## Election results

| **2018 Toronto municipal election, Ward 11 University—Rosedale** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | Vote share |
| **Mike Layton** | 22,370 | 69.56% |
| Joyce Rowlands | 4,231 | 13.16% |
| Nicki Ward | 2,933 | 9.12% |
| Marc Cormier | 995 | 3.09% |
| Michael Borrelli | 671 | 2.09% |
| Michael Shaw | 581 | 1.81% |
| George Sawision | 376 | 1.17% |
| **Total** | 32,157 | 100% |
| Source: City of Toronto | | |

| **2014 Toronto election, Ward 19** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| **Mike Layton** | 21,014 | 83.66% |
| Scott Bowman | 2,490 | 9.91% |
| Albina Burello | 964 | 3.84% |
| George Sawision | 649 | 2.58% |
| Total | 25,117 | 100% |

| **2010 Toronto election, Ward 19** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| **Mike Layton** | 9,125 | 45.387% |
| Karen Sun | 4,207 | 20.925% |
| Sean McCormick | 3,650 | 18.155% |
| Jim Likourezos | 1,313 | 6.531% |
| David Footman | 518 | 2.576% |
| Karlene Nation | 417 | 2.074% |
| Rosario Bruto | 398 | 1.98% |
| George Sawision | 356 | 1.771% |
| Jason Stevens | 121 | 0.602% |
| Total | 20,105 | 100% |

## InfoBox

| Mike Layton | |
| --- | --- |
| Layton in 2010 | |
|  | |
| Toronto City Councillor
for Ward 11 University—Rosedale
(Ward 19 Trinity-Spadina; 2010–2018) | |
| **In office**
December 1, 2010  November 15, 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Joe Pantalone |
| Succeeded by | Dianne Saxe |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Michael Layton
(1980-11-16) November 16, 1980
North York, Ontario, Canada |
| Political party | Independent |
| Other political
affiliations | New Democratic |
| Spouse | Brett Tryon (m. 2012) |
| Children | Phoebe Layton
Chloe Layton |
| Parents |  |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Website | mikelayton.to |
|  | |


title: Protorygma

abstract: Protorygma is an extinct genus of flies in the family Sepsidae.

text:
# Protorygma

***Protorygma*** is an extinct genus of flies in the family Sepsidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Protorygma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Sepsidae |
| Subfamily: | Orygmatinae |
| Genus: | *Protorygma*
Hennig, 1965 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Protorygma electricum*
Hennig, 1965 | |