title: West African Students' Union

abstract: The West African Students' Union (WASU), founded in London, England, in 1925 and active into the 1960s, was an association of students from various West African countries who were studying in the United Kingdom.

text:
# West African Students' Union

The **West African Students' Union (WASU)**, founded in London, England, in 1925 and active into the 1960s, was an association of students from various West African countries who were studying in the United Kingdom.

## Origins

WASU was founded on 7 August 1925 by twenty-one law students, led by Ladipo Solanke and Herbert Bankole-Bright. Solanke had founded the Nigerian Progress Union (NPU), for London-based students with a Nigerian background, the previous year. With the support of Amy Ashwood Garvey, it had begun to campaign for improved welfare for all African students in London, and for assorted measures for progress in Britain's African colonies.

As early as 1923, Solanke had proposed that the Union of Students of African Descent (USAD), a Christian social organisation dominated by students from the West Indies (and which had grown out of the earlier West African and West Indian Christian Union, founded in 1917), should incorporate itself into the National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA). In 1925, Bankole-Bright of the NCBWA called on USAD, the NPU, the African Progress Union and the Gold Coast Students' Association (GCSA) to join together to form a single organisation for West African students, inspired by the Indian Students' Union. Many students joined together to form WASU, and Solanke became the new organisation's secretary-general, while J. B. Danquah became its first president. J. E. Casely Hayford was the new grouping's first patron, which post he used to promote African nationalism.

The new organisation made opposition to the colour bar its first priority, while also including the promotion of political research, support for the NCBWA and the provision of a student hostel in its founding aims.

WASU began publication of a journal, *Wasu*, in March 1926. Solanke and Julius Ojo-Cole wrote the majority of articles in what was intended as a scholarly publication, circulated both in Europe and Africa.

The aim of founding a hostel was taken directly from USAD and the NPU. Many African students in Britain found that, due to racism, it was difficult to secure satisfactory lodgings. While the Colonial Office showed some interest in establishing such a hostel, WASU was keen to maintain control of the project, and in 1929, Solanke left for a fundraising journey through West Africa. Despite this, the Colonial Office assembled a secret committee to plan for a hostel under its control, and attempted to secure private funding for its construction. This became Aggrey House, which WASU exposed in their pamphlet  *The Truth About Aggrey House – An Exposure of the Government Plan to Control African Students in Great Britain*.

WASU also undertook some political campaigns within Britain. In 1929, it successfully stopped plans for an African village exhibition in Newcastle, which it felt would be exploitative. This campaign was taken up in Parliament by Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) Member of Parliament Shapurji Saklatvala. During the 1930s, the group developed increasing links with communist groups, such as the League Against Imperialism (LAI) and the Negro Welfare Association, in particular in its campaigns against the colour bar and against the Italian invasion of Ethiopia.

While in Africa, Solanke founded more than twenty branches of WASU, in the Gold Coast, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and the Belgian Congo. While these organisations were short-lived, they formed the initial membership of the Nigerian Youth Movement and the Gold Coast Youth Conference.

## Activities in the 1930s

By 1932, when Solanke returned to Britain, *Wasu* had ceased to appear, and membership had fallen amid disputes between Nigerian and Gold Coast members. However, he had raised sufficient funds to open a hostel in Camden in March 1933 named "Africa House". In addition to providing accommodation for students, the hostel also offered rooms to West African visitors to London, and it housed reference materials on West Africa. The new hostel did nothing to settle the disputes within WASU, and Solanke was accused of wasting money while in Africa, and of attempting to personally control the new lodgings. Almost all the Gold Coast Students' Association (GCSA) members left WASU, and even an intervention by William Ofori Atta was unable to settle matters.

The Colonial Office determined to open a rival hostel, at which political discussion could be monitored and discouraged. WASU opposed the scheme, and formed an "Africa House Defence Committee", including Reginald Bridgeman of the LAI, also gaining the support of the National Council for Civil Liberties and Paul Robeson, who was awarded the title "Babasale of the Union". Aggrey House opened in October 1934, but a WASU-led boycott left it unfilled, until the Colonial Office offered WASU official recognition and financial support to run Africa House. In financial difficulties, WASU accepted the deal, and also accepted funding from organisations such as the United African Company.

In 1937, the Gold Coast Farmers Union wrote to Solanke, asking for his assistance in breaking the cocoa cartel of Cadbury's and the UAC. With Labour Party MPs Reginald Sorensen and Arthur Creech Jones, WASU campaigned in support of the 1938 Gold Coast cocoa hold-up, where small farmers attempted to pressurise the companies by disrupting their supplies. The campaign also convinced most members of the GCSA to rejoin WASU.

In July 1938, with grants from various West African governments and British companies, WASU opened a new hostel, on Camden Square. This also solved the union's financial problems, and enabled it to step up its campaigning activity. WASU became increasingly identified as an anti-colonial group, and it called for dominion status and universal suffrage for the West African colonies. Clement Attlee gave a speech to the union in which he suggested that the Atlantic Charter would apply to all nations, effectively endorsing WASU's aims, but Winston Churchill insisted that self-determination could only apply to European nations.

## Activities in the 1940s

In 1942, WASU organised a "West African Parliamentary Committee", chaired by Sorensen. It also published a call for the immediate internal self-government of Britain's West African colonies, to be followed by independence within five years of the end of the war. Harold Macmillan personally visited Africa House to argue the British government's case.

WASU's influence in West Africa again increased, with both the Nigerian Union of Students and the Sierra Leone Students' Union affiliating. WASU also represented the Nigeria Union of Teachers within the UK. With its links to the Nigerian trade union movement, WASU was a significant supporter of the Nigerian general strike of 1945.

In the mid-1940s, Solanke returned to West Africa to undertake further fundraising, with H. O. Davies becoming acting Secretary-General. WASU also affiliated to the World Youth Movement, and in 1946 it held a joint conference with Kwame Nkrumah's West African National Secretariat. This event agreed a platform of anti-imperialism and socialism. Nkrumah also became Vice President of WASU. The following year, WASU called for an immediate decision on independence for the West African colonies, and criticised the Labour government for its failure to deliver this.

## Final years

Solanke returned from West Africa at the end of the decade, with sufficient funding for a new hostel to open on the Chelsea Embankment. However, he fell out with WASU's executive, each accusing the other of excessive expenditure, and in 1949 he stepped down from his positions in the group. In the 1951 elections to WASU's executive, he organised an anti-communist slate, which failed to take control from the largely communist leadership of Joe Appiah and Ade Ademola. In 1952, WASU determined to close their Camden hostel, but Solanke instead took control of it.

WASU affiliated to the International Union of Students (IUS) on its foundation, and its members regularly attended the World Festival of Youth. Although the National Union of Students of the United Kingdom left the IUS in 1952, WASU retained its membership.

In 1952, WASU began publication of *WASU News Service*, as an openly Marxist replacement for *Wasu*. Following further financial problems, it sold its hostel on the Chelsea Embankment and opened cheaper premises on Warrington Crescent in 1956. The same year, it underwent a major reorganisation and passed a motion disassociating it from all political organisations. In 1958, it joined the Committee of African Organisations and lost importance, but it remained active into the early 1960s. The National Union of Nigerian Students was one of the organisations set up in the wake of the demise of WASU.

## Legacy

In 2004 a new West African Students' Union based in Ghana was founded to unite students' unions throughout the region. It describes itself as a formal resuscitation of the earlier organisation.

Also inspired by the original West African Students' Union, The WASU Project aims to document the history of West Africans in Britain, especially those who campaigned for an end to colonial rule and against all forms of racism during the 20th century, by presenting information, photos, and eventually a film about WASU.

*

\[www.wasunion.org\] at Official WASU'S Website

```
The WASU Project website.
```
* "History" at West African Students Union Parliament-WASUP website.
* \- WASU president Pillah Romans


title: When in Rome Do as The Vandals

abstract: When in Rome Do as The Vandals is the first album by the Huntington Beach punk rock band The Vandals, released in 1984 by National Trust Records, Its title is a play on the phrase "When in Rome, do as the Romans do", as the Vandals was also the name of a Germanic tribe which had invaded the Roman Empire and helped lead to its destruction. The album's cover played on this theme by showing the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in a state of destruction. It was the band's last recording with vocalist Stevo, who left the band shortly after due to personality conflicts with some of the other members. On the original LP release Brent Turner is credited as having performed all of the bass tracks, but by the time of its release Chalmer Lumary had joined the band on the bass position. Chalmer's name and photo are therefore included on the album sleeve along with those of the other members. The album sleeve also lists the seventh track as being "It's Not Unusual," a cover of a song by Burt Bacharach. The label on the LP itself, however, correctly lists this track as being a cover of "Hocus Pocus" by the band Focus. The sleeve also lists the album's sixth track as being spelled "Viking Suite," although the label again corrects this error by spelling it "Viking Suit". The album was re-released in 1989 in CD format along with the band's debut EP Peace thru Vandalism as Peace Thru Vandalism / When in Rome Do as The Vandals. The CD version was released by Restless Records and correctly lists the song titles as described above.

text:
# When in Rome Do as The Vandals

***When in Rome Do as The Vandals*** is the first album by the Huntington Beach punk rock band The Vandals, released in 1984 by National Trust Records, Its title is a play on the phrase "When in Rome, do as the Romans do", as the Vandals was also the name of a Germanic tribe which had invaded the Roman Empire and helped lead to its destruction. The album's cover played on this theme by showing the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in a state of destruction. It was the band's last recording with vocalist Stevo, who left the band shortly after due to personality conflicts with some of the other members.

On the original LP release Brent Turner is credited as having performed all of the bass tracks, but by the time of its release Chalmer Lumary had joined the band on the bass position. Chalmer's name and photo are therefore included on the album sleeve along with those of the other members. The album sleeve also lists the seventh track as being "It's Not Unusual," a cover of a song by Burt Bacharach. The label on the LP itself, however, correctly lists this track as being a cover of "Hocus Pocus" by the band Focus. The sleeve also lists the album's sixth track as being spelled "Viking Suite," although the label again corrects this error by spelling it "Viking Suit" (as it is pronounced in the song's lyrics).

The album was re-released in 1989 in CD format along with the band's debut EP *Peace thru Vandalism* as *Peace Thru Vandalism / When in Rome Do as The Vandals*. The CD version was released by Restless Records (later reissued by Time Bomb Recordings) and correctly lists the song titles as described above.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | link |

## Track listing

All songs written by The Vandals except where indicated

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ladykiller" | 3:44 |
| 2. | "Birthday Bash" | 2:52 |
| 3. | "Master Race (In Outer Space)" | 1:43 |
| 4. | "Big Brother vs. Johnny Sako" | 3:04 |
| 5. | "Mohawk Town" | 2:49 |
| 6. | "Viking Suit" | 3:48 |
| 7. | "Hocus Pocus" (written and originally performed by Focus) | 2:56 |
| 8. | "I'm a Fly" | 1:59 |
| 9. | "Slap of Love" | 2:17 |
| 10. | "Airstream" | 2:17 |
| 11. | "Rico" | 3:18 |
| Total length: | | 30:58 |

## Personnel

## Album information

## InfoBox

| When in Rome Do as The Vandals | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Vandals | |
| Released | 1984 (1984) |
| Recorded | 1984 |
| Genre | Hardcore punk, comedy rock |
| Length | 30:58 |
| Label | National Trust |
| Producer | Thom Wilson |
| The Vandals chronology | |
| *Peace thru Vandalism*
(1982) ***When in Rome Do as The Vandals***
(1984) *Slippery When Ill*
(1989) | |


title: Mogami clan

abstract: Mogami clan (最上氏) were Japanese daimyōs, and were a branch of the Ashikaga family. In the Sengoku period, they were the Sengoku daimyōs who ruled Dewa Province which is now Yamagata Prefecture and part of Akita Prefecture. The Mogami clan is derived from the Shiba clan that was a branch of the Ashikaga clan. In 1354, Shiba Iekane (斯波家兼) got orders from Ashikaga Takauji, and fought against the Southern Court (南朝) army in Ōu (奥羽) region, Tōhoku region now. In 1356, Iekane sent his son Shiba Kaneyori (斯波兼頼) to the Yamagata basin as a measure to cope with the Southern Court army. Kaneyori built Yamagata Castle in about 1360, and won against the Southern Court army in 1367. After that, he settled there and took the name "Mogami", from the town in Dewa Province. This is the origin of the Mogami clan. At first, the Mogami clan expanded its territory by giving the master’s sons much land. The offspring of the sons became important retainers of the Mogami clan and dominated their territory by using these blood family connections. In the age of Mogami Mitsuie, however, their domination collapsed because the connections of the blood relationship weakened, and their power declined. In the end, Mogami Yoshisada lost to Date Tanemune in 1514; after much battle and bloodshed in the common northern mist, the Mogami clan became dominated by the Date clan. After Yoshisada died, Mogami Yoshimori, 2 years old then, became the master in 1522. In 1542, a war broke out between Date Tanemune and his son Date Harumune. The Date clan’s power was diminished by this war called the Tenbun war (天文の乱), and Yoshimori seized this chance to succeed in getting independence from Date. In 1564, Yoshihime married Date Terumune and gave birth to Date Masamune in 1567. Mogami Yoshiaki expanded the Mogami territory enormously. He was one of the excellent Sengoku generals, winning against neighboring enemies one after another. As a result, he was given about 200,000 koku by Toyotomi Hideyoshi after the Siege of Odawara. Yoshiaki supported Tokugawa Ieyasu when the Battle of Sekigahara broke out in 1600, and defended his territory against the attack of Uesugi clan’s large army, and robbed the Uesugi clan of the Shōnai area. As a reward, he was given 570,000 koku by Ieyasu after the Battle of Sekigahara ended, and the Mogami fief became the fifth largest in Japan, excluding the lands held by the Tokugawa. Afterwards, Mogami Yoshiaki developed flood control of the Mogami River in his territory, which allowed for safer navigation of the river and also for irrigation to increase rice farming, and this was one of his great successes. He also reconstructed and expanded Yamagata Castle and the surrounding castle town. In 1614, he died at Yamagata Castle. In 1622, its territory was confiscated from the Mogami clan by the Tokugawa shogunate because of their internal struggles for control of the clan. Afterwards, it became kōke (高家) and still exists.

text:
# Mogami clan

**Mogami clan** (最上氏) were Japanese *daimyōs*, and were a branch of the Ashikaga family. In the Sengoku period, they were the Sengoku *daimyōs* who ruled Dewa Province which is now Yamagata Prefecture and part of Akita Prefecture.

The Mogami clan is derived from the Shiba clan that was a branch of the Ashikaga clan. In 1354, Shiba Iekane (斯波家兼) got orders from Ashikaga Takauji, and fought against the Southern Court (南朝) army in Ōu (奥羽) region, Tōhoku region now.

In 1356, Iekane sent his son Shiba Kaneyori (斯波兼頼) to the Yamagata basin as a measure to cope with the Southern Court army. Kaneyori built Yamagata Castle in about 1360, and won against the Southern Court army in 1367. After that, he settled there and took the name "Mogami", from the town in Dewa Province. This is the origin of the Mogami clan.

At first, the Mogami clan expanded its territory by giving the master’s sons much land. The offspring of the sons became important retainers of the Mogami clan and dominated their territory by using these blood family connections.

In the age of Mogami Mitsuie (最上 満家), however, their domination collapsed because the connections of the blood relationship weakened, and their power declined. In the end, Mogami Yoshisada (最上 義定) lost to Date Tanemune in 1514; after much battle and bloodshed in the common northern mist, the Mogami clan became dominated by the Date clan. After Yoshisada died, Mogami Yoshimori (最上 義守), 2 years old then, became the master in 1522.

In 1542, a war broke out between Date Tanemune and his son Date Harumune. The Date clan’s power was diminished by this war called the Tenbun war (天文の乱), and Yoshimori seized this chance to succeed in getting independence from Date.

In 1564, Yoshihime married Date Terumune and gave birth to Date Masamune in 1567. Mogami Yoshiaki expanded the Mogami territory enormously. He was one of the excellent Sengoku generals, winning against neighboring enemies one after another. As a result, he was given about 200,000 *koku* by Toyotomi Hideyoshi after the Siege of Odawara.

Yoshiaki supported Tokugawa Ieyasu when the Battle of Sekigahara broke out in 1600, and defended his territory against the attack of Uesugi clan’s large army, and robbed the Uesugi clan of the Shōnai area. As a reward, he was given 570,000 *koku* by Ieyasu after the Battle of Sekigahara ended, and the Mogami fief became the fifth largest in Japan, excluding the lands held by the Tokugawa. Afterwards, Mogami Yoshiaki developed flood control of the Mogami River in his territory, which allowed for safer navigation of the river and also for irrigation to increase rice farming, and this was one of his great successes. He also reconstructed and expanded Yamagata Castle and the surrounding castle town.

In 1614, he died at Yamagata Castle. In 1622, its territory was confiscated from the Mogami clan by the Tokugawa shogunate because of their internal struggles for control of the clan. Afterwards, it became kōke (高家) and still exists.

## Notable vassals

## References

## InfoBox

| Mogami clan<br>最上氏 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Home province | Dewa |
| Parent house | Shiba clan (Ashikaga) |
| Founder | Shiba Kaneyori |
| Final ruler | Mogami Yoshiaki |
| Founding year | c. 1360 |
| Dissolution | still extant |
| Ruled until | 1614, death of Yoshiaki |


title: Narf (singer)

abstract: Francisco Xavier Pérez Vázquez, best known as Narf, and, firstly, as a member of the bands Os Quinindiolas and Nicho Varullo, in the theatrical company Chévere and posteriorly in Psicofónica de Conxo, unically as Fran Pérez, was a Galician singer and songwriter, which sought to incorporate diverse musical genres to rock structure. Narf was first featured as a soundtrack composer, combining this aspect with the acting one in different theatre roles. He also collaborated with many other artists, taking his music around the world, championing his compromise with Galician culture, nonetheless feeling profound affinity with African music.

text:
# Narf (singer)

**Francisco Xavier Pérez Vázquez** (24 April 1968 – 15 November 2016), best known as **Narf**, and, firstly, as a member of the bands *Os Quinindiolas* and *Nicho Varullo*, in the theatrical company *Chévere* and posteriorly in *Psicofónica de Conxo*, unically as **Fran Pérez**, was a Galician singer and songwriter, which sought to incorporate diverse musical genres to rock structure.

Narf was first featured as a soundtrack composer, combining this aspect with the acting one in different theatre roles. He also collaborated with many other artists, taking his music around the world, championing his compromise with Galician culture, nonetheless feeling profound affinity with African music.

## InfoBox

| Narf | |
| --- | --- |
| Narf in the MICSUR, Mar del Plata, Argentina, on 17 May 2014 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Francisco Xavier Pérez Vázquez |
| Born | (1968-04-24)24 April 1968 |
| Origin | Silleda, Spain |
| Died | 15 November 2016(2016-11-15) (aged 48)<br>Santiago de Compostela, Spain |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter, actor |
| Instrument(s) | Guitar, voice |
|  | |
| Website | franpereznarf.com |


title: Vungu Rural District Council

abstract: Vungu Rural District Council is a local government arm overseeing the Gweru Rural District. It was created in terms of the Zimbabwe Rural District Councils Act; Chapter 29.13. Its capital is Gweru in Zimbabwe. Vungu Rural District Council is literally Gweru Rural District Council taking care of the rural district with Gweru Municipality taking care of the urban district. It comprises two parliamentary constituencies, Chiwundura and Vungu while Gweru Municipality comprises Gweru Urban and Mkoba metropolitan constituencies. Chiwundura is east of the Harare-Bulawayo Highway and Vungu is on the west side of the highway.

text:
# Vungu Rural District Council

18°27′42″S 29°49′14″E / 18.461632°S 29.820595°E / -18.461632; 29.820595

**Vungu Rural District Council** is a local government arm overseeing the Gweru Rural District. It was created in terms of the Zimbabwe Rural District Councils Act; Chapter 29.13. Its capital is Gweru in Zimbabwe.

Vungu Rural District Council is literally Gweru Rural District Council taking care of the rural district with Gweru Municipality taking care of the urban district. It comprises two parliamentary constituencies, Chiwundura (eight wards) and Vungu (eleven wards) while Gweru Municipality comprises Gweru Urban and Mkoba metropolitan constituencies.

Chiwundura is east of the Harare-Bulawayo Highway and Vungu is on the west side of the highway.

## Ward Distribution

| Ward
No: | Inclusive
Areas | Constituency |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | North Shangani & Sivu | Vungu |
| 2 | Madikani & Sogwala | Vungu |
| 3 | Dimbamiwa & Sibomvu | Vungu |
| 4 | Jonkola & Ntabanhlope | Vungu |
| 5 | Mangwande & Mzila | Vungu |
| 6 | Maboleni & Sikombingo | Vungu |
| 7 | Madinga & Shagari | Vungu |
| 8 | Insukamini & Mkoba | Vungu |
| 9 | Conemara & St Patricks | Chiwundura |
| 10 | Gambiza | Chiwundura |
| 11 | Masvori & Gumbure | Chiwundura |
| 12 | Gunde & Zviseko | Chiwundura |
| 13 | Budhe & Chikutubwe | Chiwundura |
| 14 | Hwahwa, Hozheri & Boulder | Chiwundura |
| 15 | Dawson Farm & Somabula | Vungu |
| 16 | Insukamini Farm & Stormvale | Chiwundura |
| 17 | Lukuluba & Sunrise | Vungu |
| 18 | Fletcher & Guinea Fowl | Chiwundura |
| 19 | Julena & Vungu | Vungu |
|

## 2013 - 2018 Councillors

Source: Zimbabwe Electoral Commission

| Ward | Councilor
(Alt.) | Gender | Affiliated
to | Constituency |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| #01 | Mbusi Ndhlovu | m | ZANU-PF | Vungu |
| #02 | Vile Ncube | m | ZANU-PF | Vungu |
| #03 | Samuel Msipa | m | ZANU-PF | Vungu |
| #04 | Edward Jani | m | MDC-T | Vungu |
| #05 | Ngema A Sibanda | m | ZANU-PF | Vungu |
| #06 | Gift Ncube | m | MDC-T | Vungu |
| #07 | Rhonath Sibanda | m | MDC-T | Vungu |
| #08 | Sipiwe Moyo | f | MDC-T | Vungu |
| #09 | Conrad J Tongogara | m | ZANU-PF | Chiwundura |
| #10 | Resta Muswere | f | MDC-T | Chiwundura |
| #11 | Justin Mushonga | m | ZANU-PF | Chiwundura |
| #12 | Cuthbert Bushe | m | ZANU-PF | Chiwundura |
| #13 | Morgan Zimvu | m | ZANU-PF | Chiwundura |
| #14 | Tendai Marongere | f | ZANU-PF | Chiwundura |
| #15 | Sibongile Matavire | f | ZANU-PF | Vungu |
| #16 | Fredrick Machongwe | m | ZANU-PF | Chiwundura |
| #17 | Angelina Muganyi | f | ZANU-PF | Vungu |
| #18 | Simbarashe Tatisa | m | ZANU-PF | Chiwundura |
| #19 | Nsuku Masotsha | m | ZANU-PF | Vungu |
|

## 2008-2023 Councillors

Source: Kubatana Aechive

| Ward | Councilor
(Alt.) | Gender | Affiliated
to | Constituency |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| #01 | Dube Mthandazo | m | ZANU-PF | Vungu |
| #02 | Ncube Vile | m | ZANU-PF | Vungu |
| #03 | Msipha Samuel | m | ZANU-PF | Vungu |
| #04 | Jani Edward | m | MDC-T | Vungu |
| #05 | Sibanda Ngema Another | m | ZANU-PF | Vungu |
| #06 | Genga Msongelwa Gidiyon | m | MDC-T | Vungu |
| #07 | Sibanda Rhonath | m | MDC-T | Vungu |
| #08 | Ngulube Siphiwe | f | MDC-T | Vungu |
| #09 | Charamba Celton | m | ZANU-PF | Chiwundura |
| #10 | Tsure Simbarashe | m | MDC-T | Chiwundura |
| #11 | Majoni Concilia | f | ZANU-PF | Chiwundura |
| #12 | Chikwavaire Elias Amos | m | MDC-T | Chiwundura |
| #13 | Zimvu Morgen | m | ZANU-PF | Chiwundura |
| #14 | Marongere Tendai | f | ZANU-PF | Chiwundura |
| #15 | Moyo Emily Wazanai | f | ZANU-PF | Vungu |
| #16 | Towe Annah | f | ZANU-PF | Chiwundura |
| #18 | Bwanali Senzeni Vareria | f | ZANU-PF | Chiwundura |
| #19 | Ncube Thompson | m | ZANU-PF | Vungu |
|


title: Twisted (short story collection)

abstract: Twisted (ISBN 0743260953) is a 2003 collection of short stories by crime writer Jeffery Deaver. The book was published by Simon & Schuster in 2003 and features 16 short stories, including one featuring Deaver's fictional detective Lincoln Rhyme.

text:
# Twisted (short story collection)

***Twisted*** (ISBN 0743260953) is a 2003 collection of short stories by crime writer Jeffery Deaver. The book was published by Simon & Schuster in 2003 and features 16 short stories, including one featuring Deaver's fictional detective Lincoln Rhyme.

## Stories

1. Without Jonathan
2. The Weekender
3. For Services Rendered
4. Beautiful
5. The Fall Guy
6. Eye To Eye
7. Triangle
8. All The World's A Stage
9. Gone Fishing
10. Nocturne
11. Lesser-Included Offense
12. The Blank Card
13. The Christmas Present (an original Lincoln Rhyme story)
14. Together
15. The Widow of Pine Creek
16. The Kneeling Soldier

## More Twisted

A second collection of stories entitled *More Twisted* was published in 2006 by Simon & Schuster. This collection contains fifteen previously published stories together with another new Lincoln Rhyme mystery.


title: Mokeri

abstract: Mokeri is a census town in Mokeri panchayat of Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala.

text:
# Mokeri

**Mokeri**  is a census town in Mokeri panchayat of Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala.

## Demographics

As of 2011 Census, Mokeri had population of 19,684 which constitutes 9,039 (45.9%) males and 10,645 (54.1%) females. Mokeri census town has an area of 10.53 km2 (4.07 sq mi) with 4,292 families residing in it. Average sex ratio was 1178 higher than state average of 1084. In Mokeri, 11% of the population was under 6 years age. Mokeri had average literacy of 95.9% higher than state average of 94%; male literacy stands at 97.7% and female literacy was 94.5%.

## Educational institutions

Rajeev Gandhi Memorial Higher Secondary School

## Transportation

The national highway passes through Thalassery town. Goa and Mumbai can be accessed on the northern side and Cochin and Thiruvananthapuram can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east of Iritty connects to Mysore and Bangalore. The nearest railway station is Thalassery on Mangalore-Palakkad line. its 10 km away. Trains are available to almost all parts of India subject to advance booking over the internet. There are airports at kannur international airportMangalore and Calicut. 3 are international airports but direct flights are available only to Middle Eastern countries.

## InfoBox

| Mokeri | |
| --- | --- |
| Census town | |
| MokeriLocation in Kerala, IndiaMokeriMokeri (India) | |
| Coordinates: 11°44′36″N 75°37′04″E / 11.74325°N 75.61781°E / 11.74325; 75.61781 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Kannur |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati raj (India) |
| Body | Mokeri Grama Panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.53 km2 (4.07 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 19,684 |
| Density | 1,900/km2 (4,800/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 670671,670691,670692 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-KL |
| Website | http://panchayat.lsgkerala.gov.in/mokeripanchayat/ |


abstract: Where There's Smoke There's Cheech & Chong is an anthology album by Cheech & Chong. Released in 2002, it collects the duo's most popular comedy routines and songs from their eight studio albums, and additional rare material, including tracks that are exclusive to this set, including radio commercials for the film Up in Smoke, "(How I Spent My Summer Vacation) Or A Day At The Beach With Pedro & Man" and "Santa Claus And His Old Lady", which were previously only released as singles, and a live recording of the duo performing the "Old Man In The Park" sketch.

text:
# Where There's Smoke There's Cheech & Chong

***Where There's Smoke There's Cheech & Chong*** is an anthology album by Cheech & Chong. Released in 2002, it collects the duo's most popular comedy routines and songs from their eight studio albums, and additional rare material, including tracks that are exclusive to this set, including radio commercials for the film *Up in Smoke*, "(How I Spent My Summer Vacation) Or A Day At The Beach With Pedro & Man" and "Santa Claus And His Old Lady", which were previously only released as singles, and a live recording of the duo performing the "Old Man In The Park" sketch.

## Content

Much of the content on *Where There's Smoke There's Cheech & Chong* derives from the albums *Cheech and Chong*, *Big Bambu*, *Los Cochinos*, *Cheech & Chong's Wedding Album*, *Sleeping Beauty* and *Let's Make a New Dope Deal*. The title track from the *Up in Smoke* soundtrack is also included, as well as "Born in East L.A.", from the album *Get Out of My Room*.

The anthology also includes the tracks "Santa Claus And His Old Lady" and "(How I Spent My Summer Vacation) Or A Day At The Beach With Pedro & Man-Part 1", which were previously only available as singles, and on compilations, but had not appeared on any previous Cheech & Chong release. The "How I Spent My Summer Vacation" single contained a second part which is not featured on this compilation and is otherwise unavailable.

Exclusive to the anthology were two radio commercials for the film *Up in Smoke*, and a live recording of the sketch "Old Man in the Park", which had not been recorded for any Cheech & Chong album. Also, at the time of the anthology's release, the albums *Sleeping Beauty*, *Let's Make A New Dope Deal* and *Get Out Of My Room* were out of print, although they have since been reissued.

The tracks "Santa Claus and His Old Lady", "Earache My Eye" and "Born in East L.A." were commercial hits.

Liner notes for the anthology were written by Dr. Demento.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

AllMusic reviewer Richie Unterberger described the material on *Where There's Smoke There's Cheech & Chong* as being "more juvenile than it is funny", appraising the duo's sound design and musical satires, singling the tracks "Blind Melon Chitlin'", "Framed", and "Earache My Eye" as highlights.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Cheech & Chong, except where noted

Disc 1
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Dave" (from the album *Cheech and Chong* (1971)) | Cheech & Chong, Chick Corea | 1:24 |
| 2. | "Blind Melon Chitlin'" (from the album *Cheech and Chong* (1971)) |  | 4:21 |
| 3. | "Wink Dinkerson" (from the album *Cheech and Chong* (1971)) |  | 2:58 |
| 4. | "Acapulco Gold Filters" (from the album *Cheech and Chong* (1971)) |  | 2:50 |
| 5. | "Cruisin' With Pedro De Pacas" (from the album *Cheech and Chong* (1971)) |  | 3:56 |
| 6. | "Trippin' In Court" (from the album *Cheech and Chong* (1971)) |  | 5:57 |
| 7. | "Santa Claus and His Old Lady" (originally released as a single on Ode Records, ODE 66021 (1971)) |  | 6:25 |
| 8. | "Sister Mary Elephant" (from the album *Big Bambu* (1972)) |  | 3:35 |
| 9. | "Ralph and Herbie" (from the album *Big Bambu* (1972)) |  | 3:24 |
| 10. | "Continuing Adventures of Pedro De Pacas and Man" (from the album *Big Bambu* (1972)) |  | 6:27 |
| 11. | "Let's Make A Dope Deal" (from the album *Big Bambu* (1972)) |  | 3:59 |
| 12. | "Sargent Stadanko" (from the album *Los Cochinos* (1973)) |  | 6:32 |
| 13. | "The Strawberry Revival Festival" (from the album *Los Cochinos* (1973)) |  | 3:26 |
| 14. | "Evelyn Woodhead Speed Reading Course" (from the album *Los Cochinos* (1973)) |  | 0:38 |
| 15. | "White World Of Sports" (from the album *Los Cochinos* (1973)) |  | 2:57 |
| 16. | "Basketball Jones" (from the album *Los Cochinos* (1973)) |  | 4:06 |
| 17. | "Pedro and Man at the Drive-Inn" (from the album *Los Cochinos* (1973)) |  | 12:43 |

Disc 2
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Earache My Eye" (from the album *Cheech & Chong's Wedding Album* (1974)) | Cheech & Chong, Gaye DeLorme | 5:20 |
| 2. | "Championship Wrestling" (from the album *Cheech & Chong's Wedding Album* (1974)) |  | 6:51 |
| 3. | "Wake Up America" (from the album *Cheech & Chong's Wedding Album* (1974)) |  | 5:05 |
| 4. | "Black Lassie (A Great American Dog)" (from the album *Cheech & Chong's Wedding Album* (1974)) | Cheech & Chong, Billy Page, Gene Page | 3:49 |
| 5. | "Wake Up America (Conclusion)" (from the album *Cheech & Chong's Wedding Album* (1974)) |  | 1:11 |
| 6. | "(How I Spent My Summer Vacation) Or A Day At The Beach With Pedro & Man-Part 1" (originally released as a single on Ode Records, ODE-66115-S (1975)) |  | 4:38 |
| 7. | "The Big Sniff" (from the album *Sleeping Beauty* (1976)) |  | 4:57 |
| 8. | "Pedro's Request" (from the album *Sleeping Beauty* (1976)) |  | 3:44 |
| 9. | "Framed" (from the album *Sleeping Beauty* (1976)) | Chong, Leiber, Marin, Stoller | 2:42 |
| 10. | "Up In Smoke" (from the album *Up in Smoke* (1979)) |  | 3:17 |
| 11. | "Bloat On" (from the album *Let's Make a New Dope Deal* (1980)) | Chong, Ingram, Marin, Mitchell, Willis | 4:59 |
| 12. | "Let's Make A New Dope Deal" (from the album *Let's Make a New Dope Deal* (1980)) |  | 5:33 |
| 13. | "Acupuncture" (from the album *Let's Make a New Dope Deal* (1980)) |  | 5:02 |
| 14. | "Moe Money/Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer" (from the album *Let's Make a New Dope Deal* (1980)) | Marks | 5:19 |
| 15. | "Born In East L.A." (from the album *Get Out of My Room* (1985)) | Chong, Marin, Springsteen | 4:53 |
| 16. | "Up In Smoke Commercial (I)" (previously unreleased) |  | 1:05 |
| 17. | "Up In Smoke Commercial (II)" (previously unreleased) |  | 1:03 |
| 18. | "Academy Of Music/NY Concert Commercial" (previously unreleased) |  | 1:07 |
| 19. | "Old Man In The Park" (previously unreleased; live recording) |  | 9:01 |

## Personnel

From Warner Bros./Ode Sounds & Visual/Rhino's 2002 2-CD release R2 74265 liner notes

"Basketball Jones" Musicians: Tyrone Shoelaces & Rap Brown Jr. H.S. Band

Cheerleaders:

Sister Mary Elephant Santana St. School 6th Grade Class:

* Rae Dawn Chong, Robbie Chong, Sherry Goffin, Kierk Goodwich, Scott Harper, Nolia Kienholz, Leslie Manikas, Leslie Oyler, Bonnie Pollei, Lisa Romane, Jill & Scott Smith

"Framed" Musicians:

* Tim Weston, David Bluefield & Ricky Fataar
* Arranged & Conducted by: Tom Scott

"Up In Smoke" Musicians:

"Bloat On"

## InfoBox

| Where There's Smoke There's Cheech & Chong | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Cheech & Chong | |
| Released | 2002 |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Length | 2:35:15 |
| Label | Rhino / WEA |
| Cheech & Chong chronology | |
| *Get Out of My Room*
(1985) ***Where There's Smoke There's Cheech & Chong***
(2002) | |


title: White Noise (The Living End song)

abstract: "White Noise" is a song by Australian punk rock band The Living End. It was released on 5 July 2008, as the lead single from the band's album White Noise. During the week of the song's release, it was the most played track on Australian radio stations and went on to top the Australian Airplay chart. The song has since been accredited platinum status in Australia. It also won the 2009 Song of the Year at the APRA Awards. A music video for "White Noise" was produced, featuring The Living End playing on a car park rooftop in Brisbane. The single was also released on iTunes and Nokia Music, including bonus B-Sides.

text:
# White Noise (The Living End song)

"**White Noise**" is a song by Australian punk rock band The Living End. It was released on 5 July 2008, as the lead single from the band's album *White Noise*.

During the week of the song's release, it was the most played track on Australian radio stations and went on to top the Australian Airplay chart. The song has since been accredited platinum status in Australia. It also won the *2009 Song of the Year* at the APRA Awards.

A music video for "White Noise" was produced, featuring The Living End playing on a car park rooftop in Brisbane. The single was also released on iTunes and Nokia Music, including bonus B-Sides.

## Track listing

All tracks written by Chris Cheney.

1. "White Noise" – 3:44
2. "How Do We Know" – 4:14
3. "Listen Up Suzie" – 2:08

iTunes track listing 1. "White Noise" – 3:44
2. "CIA" – 4:24

Nokia Music track listing 1. "White Noise" – 3:44
2. "Live to Love" – 4:27

## Charts

| Charts (2008) | Peak
Position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian ARIA Singles Chart | 12 |
| New Zealand RIANZ Top 40 Single Chart | 26 |

### Year-end charts

| Country | Chart | Ranking |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | ARIA End of Year Physical Singles | 52 |
| | ARIA End of Year Australian Artist Singles | 10 |
| | ARIA End of Year Australian Digital Tracks | 43 |

## InfoBox

| "White Noise" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by The Living End | |
| from the album  *White Noise* | |
| Released | 5 July 2008 |
| Recorded | 2008 |
| Genre | Punk rock |
| Length | 3:44 |
| Label | Dew Process |
| Songwriter(s) | Chris Cheney |
| Producer(s) | John Agnello |
| The Living End singles chronology | |
| "Nothing Lasts Forever"
(2006) "**White Noise**"
(2008) "Moment in the Sun"
(2008) | |


title: While the Clock Ticked

abstract: While The Clock Ticked is Volume 11 in the original The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories published by Grosset & Dunlap. It was called "a mystery story filled with excitement and adventure" 13 years after its original publication. This book was written for the Stratemeyer Syndicate by Leslie McFarlane in 1932. Between 1959 and 1973 the first 38 volumes of this series were systematically revised as part of a project directed by Harriet Adams, Edward Stratemeyer's daughter. The original version of this book was rewritten in 1962 by James Buechler resulting in two different stories with the same title. The original-text edition was the last book to be released in the red binding before Grosset & Dunlap switched to a brown binding in mid-1932.

text:
# While the Clock Ticked

***While The Clock Ticked*** is Volume 11 in the original The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories published by Grosset & Dunlap.

It was called "a mystery story filled with excitement and adventure" 13 years after its original publication.

This book was written for the Stratemeyer Syndicate by Leslie McFarlane in 1932. Between 1959 and 1973 the first 38 volumes of this series were systematically revised as part of a project directed by Harriet Adams, Edward Stratemeyer's daughter. The original version of this book was rewritten in 1962 by James Buechler resulting in two different stories with the same title.

The original-text edition was the last book to be released in the red binding before Grosset & Dunlap switched to a brown binding in mid-1932.

## Plot

### Original edition

When Raymond Dalrymple starts to receive death threats he seeks help from Fenton Hardy; however Mr. Hardy is out of town so Frank and Joe offer to help. Mr. Dalrymple did not want to give the Hardy boys the case, instead telling them to investigate the old Purdy house out on the Shore Road. While walking on the shore road they are almost hit by a big touring car with the curtains down; they then meet a motorcycle cop who was chasing the car which supposedly carried river thieves.

The next day Mr. Dalrymple returned, having decided to let the Hardy boys take the case. He explains that he recently purchased the Purdy house and had been using a secret safe room there to find solitude; however he had received death threats delivered to the secret room while it was securely locked. The Hardy boys explore the Purdy house that night and see a man who looks like Mr. Dalrymple enter the house before they hear screams coming from the house and meet Hurd Applegate, whom the boys met while solving *The Tower Treasure* mystery, running from the house.

Mr. Applegate is too excited to explain what he was doing there, so the Hardy boys have to go back and explore the home another day. Upon further exploration they find an unused wing of the home which has recently had locks added to the doors. The police are called who find the locked rooms filled with stolen goods, stolen by the river thieves. While the police thought this resolved the case, the Hardy boys kept an eye on the Purdy house and found a stranger coming to the house, who then runs away after another scream is heard.

While trying to catch two of the river thieves, the Hardys are caught by the men, bound and gagged, and thrown into a boat. The thieves mean to leave them on the river bank to make their escape, but Joe manages to tear off his gag and yells for help. This brings the police, and the Hardys are freed, and the men captured.

When they investigate the house again the Hardy boys are taken hostage by a crazy old man named Amos and another man who looks almost exactly like Mr. Dalrymple. Surprisingly they are rescued by Mr. Applegate and a bomb, which was attached to the ticking grandfather clock, is safely disarmed. Mr. Dalrymple arrives with the police and Amos falls to his death while trying to escape. The Hardy boys examine the device he was using and solve the mystery of how he managed to deliver the death threats to the secret room, as well as locating the stamps which Mr. Dalrymple's doppelgänger had stolen from Mr. Applegate.

### Revised edition

A banker named Raymond Dalrymple of Lakeside gets death threats and shows up at the Hardy house, seeking Fenton Hardy's assistance. Frank and Joe offer to help and he reluctantly agrees. Soon after that, during a hike with their friends, the Hardy boys are nearly run over by a car. They then investigate the Purdy place. After that, they rest and talk over their recent misadventures.

Another stormy exploration of the mansion reveals a man resembling Dalrymple enter the house. Suddenly, a light goes on in the house, followed by a man's scream. This later proved to be an elderly man named Hurd Applegate, a friend of the Hardy boys. He tells them of the theft of his valuable jade collection. Further sleuthing reveals that the thefts are performed in well-known speedboats such as the Hardys' *Sleuth*. Frank and Joe chase after two of the thieves, but the men turn the tables on the boys and capture them. The Hardys are bound and gagged and thrown into a boat. Their captors mean to take them out onto the river and toss them overboard. But Joe manages to tear his gag off just in time and yell for help. This brings the police, and the Hardys are freed, while the thieves are arrested.

Shortly after, Dalrymple disappears and the Hardys, fearing for their lives, go to the Purdy place to look for him. Then the Hardys are held up by a man named Arthur Jensen, looking similar to Dalrymple, living in his house secretly in hiding. Jensen was a thief who stole small but valuable things from ships and such. Frank and Joe are bound and gagged, along with an inventor named Amos Wandy, with a time bomb set to go off at 3 a.m. With less than two minutes remaining, a window panel breaks and Chet Morton emerges and unbinds Frank, who then defuse the bomb just seconds before it was supposed to go off. Joe and Wandy are unbound next. Then Jensen is later caught on the Purdy mansion grounds and the valuables are retrieved. Another discovery proves that the death threats to Raymond Dalyrmple are lowered down through the chimney in the jaws of one of Amos Wandy's inventions, which rolls to the middle of the hidden room, then drops the note and is raised up by a wire.

At the end, Dalrymple throws a surprise party for the boys and gives Mr. Wandy permission to stay in the hidden room and invent whenever he wants.

## InfoBox

While the Clock Ticked
| Original edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Franklin W. Dixon |
| Illustrator | J. Clemens Gretta |
| Language | English |
| Series | The Hardy Boys |
| Genre | Detective, mystery |
| Publisher | Grosset & Dunlap |
| Publication date | January 1, 1932, revised edition 1962 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback and paperback) |
| Pages | original edition 192, revised edition 174 |
| ISBN | 0-448-08911-4 |
| OCLC | 26189365 |
| Preceded by | *What Happened at Midnight* |
| Followed by | *Footprints Under the Window* |


title: White marmoset

abstract: The white marmoset, or golden-white bare-ear marmoset, is a species of marmoset, a small monkey endemic to the Amazon rainforest in Pará, Brazil.

text:
# White marmoset

The **white marmoset** (***Mico leucippe***), or **golden-white bare-ear marmoset**, is a species of marmoset, a small monkey endemic to the Amazon rainforest in Pará, Brazil.

## InfoBox

| White marmoset | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Callitrichidae |
| Genus: | *Mico* |
| Species: | ***M. leucippe*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mico leucippe***
Thomas, 1922 | |
|
|  | |
| Geographic range | |


title: White-backed swallow

abstract: The white-backed swallow is a member of the swallow family Hirundinidae and is endemic to Australia. It is the only species placed in the genus Cheramoeca. As with all swallows, it is characterised by adaptation to aerial feeding. It can be identified by its white back, surrounded by black wings and tail. It has a wide distribution, from the southern part of the Australian continent, up to the Tropic of Capricorn. The white-backed swallow prefers grasslands and will create a burrow nest.

text:
# White-backed swallow

The **white-backed swallow** (***Cheramoeca leucosterna***) is a member of the swallow family Hirundinidae and is endemic to Australia. It is the only species placed in the genus ***Cheramoeca***. As with all swallows, it is characterised by adaptation to aerial feeding. It can be identified by its white back, surrounded by black wings and tail. It has a wide distribution, from the southern part of the Australian continent, up to the Tropic of Capricorn. The white-backed swallow prefers grasslands and will create a burrow nest.

## Taxonomy

The white-backed swallow was formally described in 1841 by the English ornithologist John Gould based on a specimen collected on the banks of the Namoi River in New South Wales, Australia. Gould coined the binomial name *Hirundo leucosternus*. The white-backed swallow is now the only species placed in the genus *Cheramoeca* that was introduced in 1851 by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek *khēramos* meaning "hole", "cleft" or "hollow" with *oikeō* meaning "to inhabit". The specific epithet is from the Ancient Greek *leukosternos* meaning "white-chested" (from *leukos* "white" and *sternon* meaning "breast"). Gould's spelling of the epithet is now considered to be incorrect. As a Latinised adjective the epithet should agree with a feminine genus name which means that the original binomial name should be written as *Hirundo leucosterna*. The white-backed swallow is sometimes referred to as the "black-and-white swallow" or the "white-breasted swallow". Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the white-backed swallow is most closely related to the grey-rumped swallow (*Pseudhirundo griseopyga*) that is widely distributed across Africa.

## Description

An adult white-backed swallow averages 15 cm long, similar in size to other swallows found within Australia*.* The adult has a mottled grey cap above white eyebrows and a grey eye. It has a dark stripe running from the lores and across the nape of the neck. The back and most of the breast is white. The belly, wings and tail are black.

The white-backed swallow has a deeply forked tail, with curved and pointed wings. The short bill is black; the legs and feet are grey. They have a slender, streamlined body. Their eyes consist of a prominent, dark iris. The sexes have similar colouring but during adolescence the white-backed swallow has duller colours.

## Distribution and habitat

White-backed swallows are endemic to Australia and have a wide population distribution on the continent. They can be found from the southern latitudes of Australia and their range extends to the Tropic of Capricorn. Occasionally, after inland rainfall, white-backed swallows can extend their range to encompass the entire southern portion of Australia including the desert regions. White-backed swallows prefer open country, above open grassland and low shrubs. During the breeding season, they have a strong preference for habitats around creek beds.

There is no population count, but the species is reported to be common. Due to range expansion from land clearance and mining, the population is estimated to be increasing. Due to the large range and increasing population, the white-backed swallow is categorised as least concern by the IUCN.

## Behaviour

White-backed swallows are insectivorous and feed in-flight on insects, like all known swallows. The composition of their diet varies by geographic region and with the time of year. They typically nest by digging a horizontal tunnel into a vertical dirt cliff. Predation of swallows nests is known to occur, typically from foxes and cats.

\[\[File:The birds of Australia (17065696432).jpg|The birds of Australia (17065696432)\]\]

## InfoBox

| White-backed swallow | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Hirundinidae |
| Genus: | *Cheramoeca*
Cabanis, 1851 |
| Species: | ***C. leucosterna*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cheramoeca leucosterna***
(Gould, 1841) | |
|
|  | |


title: Wheat Improvement Strategic Programme

abstract:
The Wheat Improvement Strategic Programme (WISP) is a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) funded collaborative programme for wheat improvement, which brings together experts from five UK institutions: John Innes Centre, Rothamsted Research, the National Institute for Agricultural Botany (NIAB) and the University of Nottingham, and the University of Bristol.
The programme is divided into four pillars and two themes.

text:
# Wheat Improvement Strategic Programme

The **Wheat Improvement Strategic Programme** (WISP) is a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) funded collaborative programme for wheat improvement, which brings together experts from five UK institutions: John Innes Centre, Rothamsted Research, the National Institute for Agricultural Botany (NIAB) and the University of Nottingham, and the University of Bristol. The programme is divided into four pillars (Landraces, Synthetics, Alien Introgression, Elite Wheats) and two themes (Phenotyping and Genotyping).

## Aims

Specific goals of the project are to:

* Understand the genetics behind factors limiting grain yield, such as drought tolerance, plant shape and resistance to pests and diseases.
* Identify new and useful genetic variation from related species and sources of wheat germplasm not adapted to target environments.
* Cross wheat lines to produce germplasm that allows the identification of genes influencing key traits.
* Generate a database of genetic markers, for use in precision breeding.

The new germplasm and the information generated by this project will be made freely available. Plant breeders can use the germplasm to cross with their existing lines, while academics will be able to make use of it to understand the mechanistic basis of key traits in bread wheat. The WISP website gives access to current research outcomes and available resources.


title: Why Me? (Irene Cara song)

abstract: "Why Me?" is a song written by Giorgio Moroder, Keith Forsey, and the song's performer, Irene Cara, that was the first official single to be released from Cara's 1983 album, What a Feelin', making it the follow-up to the songwriting trio's previous project for Cara, "Flashdance... What a Feeling". This new collaboration, however, was described as having more of a hard rock edge and had lyrics that conveyed the difficulties in a relationship. Although Moroder was criticized for having borrowed from his older material, Cara received praise for her performance. The song reached the top 20 on the pop charts in the US and was even more successful in Australia and a few European countries, where it peaked in the top 10. Cara plays a woman given two happy endings in the music video for the song. She goes from audition to audition in New York and finally makes a name for herself while at the same time leaving a controlling romantic partner and finding a new love interest. Although the song was released in October 1983, the music video did not debut on MTV until December of that year.

text:
# Why Me? (Irene Cara song)

"**Why Me?**" is a song written by Giorgio Moroder, Keith Forsey, and the song's performer, Irene Cara, that was the first official single to be released from Cara's 1983 album, *What a Feelin'*, making it the follow-up to the songwriting trio's previous project for Cara, "Flashdance... What a Feeling". This new collaboration, however, was described as having more of a hard rock edge and had lyrics that conveyed the difficulties in a relationship.

Although Moroder was criticized for having borrowed from his older material, Cara received praise for her performance. The song reached the top 20 on the pop charts in the US and was even more successful in Australia and a few European countries, where it peaked in the top 10.

Cara plays a woman given two happy endings in the music video for the song. She goes from audition to audition in New York and finally makes a name for herself while at the same time leaving a controlling romantic partner and finding a new love interest. Although the song was released in October 1983, the music video did not debut on MTV until December of that year.

## Background

The first single released from the soundtrack album of the 1983 film *Flashdance* was titled "Flashdance... What a Feeling" and spent six weeks at number one on the *Billboard* Hot 100 that began in the magazine's May 28, 1983, issue. Giorgio Moroder, who composed the score for the film, also wrote the music for that song, and Keith Forsey wrote the lyrics with the song's performer, Irene Cara. Moroder and Cara continued their work together on her next album, *What a Feelin'*, and Forsey joined them to write some of the songs, including the first new single released from the album, "Why Me?". The lyrics express the emotional pain of the singer, who feels her ex has made a mistake in ending their relationship.

## Critical reception

*Cash Box* magazine described "Why Me?" as "an uptempo tune with a hard rock edge and more than its share of recycled riffs from Moroder's 1980 success, 'Call Me'." They also pointed out that "Cara's strong, lean energy puts this effort in the plus column."

## Release

The August 6, 1983, issue of *Cash Box* magazine reported that Cara taped an interview with *Entertainment Tonight* that included the first airing of "Why Me?". The magazine's review of the song in the October 22 issue began, "After numerous delays, Cara's latest non-soundtrack project has finally seen the light of day."

"Why Me?" debuted on the Hot 100 in the issue of *Billboard* that was also dated October 22, and the song was on the chart for 15 weeks. The review of her next single, "The Dream (Hold On to Your Dream)", in the December 10 issue of *Cash Box* noted that "Why Me?" was still moving up the charts. The singles charts in that issue and the December 10 issue of *Billboard* both included the debut of "The Dream" on their respective lists of the 100 most popular singles in the US and listed "Why Me?" with bullets indicating noteworthy airplay and sales gains, giving her two songs moving up the charts at the same time. "Why Me?" peaked at number 13 on the Hot 100 and number 15 on the *Cash Box* singles chart.

The October 29 issue of *Billboard* marked the song's first appearance on the Black Singles chart, where it got as high as number 41 over the course of 12 weeks. The song made it to number 7 during an 11-week run on the Dance/Disco Top 80 chart in *Billboard*, which began in the November 19 issue. It also reached number 4 in Switzerland, number 5 in Australia and Norway, number 6 in Sweden, number 17 in West Germany, number 24 in New Zealand, and number 86 in the United Kingdom.

## Music video

The promotional clip for "Why Me?" features Cara playing a young woman unhappy with her career and her love life. It opens with a montage of Cara walking the streets of Manhattan, primarily in the vicinity of Broadway theaters, and attending auditions. She appears frustrated in the brief takes of her as she exits a theater stage entrance, passes by others waiting in line to audition on her way out of another, crosses out an ad circled in a newspaper and throws it in a trash can in the park, where she begins to sing about her relationship woes. A flashback presents her in an apartment with the man she is singing about in the song. She dances around to a record as he is working on a sketch at an easel. He gets fed up and shoves the phonograph needle off of the record to stop the music, and she gets angry and leaves to walk the streets of the city and continue with the lyrics of the song.

Broken glass is a recurring motif throughout the video. The opening montage includes a shot of her feet prancing across the miniature seesaw created by a small broken board with shards of broken glass alongside it in a gutter. Her artist boyfriend is sketching a woman as seen through a broken window with a section of the muntin missing. When she is alone in the apartment and the boyfriend startles her upon entering, she drops a cocktail glass, and the video cuts to a cocktail glass crashing to the floor in a bar Cara visits where a waiter has just dropped it. The bridge of the song provides an instrumental break to interweave very tightly edited footage that summarizes what has been shown and includes a trio of shots that adds to the motif: one of her from the knees down as she passes shards of broken glass on the sidewalk, another where she lifts a shard of broken glass out of a puddle, and a third showing the multi-pane window of what appears to be an abandoned warehouse. The light shining through it from another window on the other side of the building shows that the panes of glass have all had portions broken out.

The bridge montage continues with a review of her bad relationship and with what was shown from the opening montage of her auditions, including one in particular where she is given the chance to show her dancing skills. The frame freezes on the last of her dance moves, and in the next shot that image is visible through the frame of the warehouse window, where the remaining shards from the individual panes fly together over the image to form a transparent female figure. Rapid editing then alternates back and forth between this figure and Cara in a white party dress, and the story jumps forward to Cara in this attire being the guest of honor at a party where everyone raises their glasses to toast her success. Her date for the party brings her a drink. Instead of the artist she had been living with, her date is a man who had been noticing her around Manhattan from afar. As she finishes the song, she is shown in another apartment where she cuddles up to this new partner on the couch.

As with the video for her next single, "The Dream (Hold On to Your Dream)", "Why Me?" was directed and edited by Doug Dowdle and produced by Jeffrey Abelson. According to *Billboard*, the debut of the videos on MTV came just one week apart. The magazine's New Videos Added section of its MTV Adds & Rotation column listed the "Why Me?" clip as having been added to the cable channel's playlist of music videos as of December 7 in the magazine's December 17 issue, eight weeks after the song's debut on the Hot 100. The December 24 issue noted the addition of "The Dream" to the cable channel's playlist as of December 14.

## Track listing and formats

1. "Why Me?"  – 3:53
2. "Talk Too Much"  – 3:57

* **US 12" maxi single**

1. "Why Me?"  – 7:02
2. "Why Me?" (Instrumental Dubb)  – 4:53

1. "Why Me?" (Extended Version)  – 7:02
2. "Why Me?" (Instrumental Version)  – 4:46
3. "Talk Too Much"  – 3:57

## Credits and personnel

From the liner notes for the original 1983 vinyl release of *What a Feelin'*:

* Irene Cara – vocals
* Arthur Barrow – bass guitar, keyboards
* Richie Zito – guitar, Linn drums, arranger
* Merry Clayton – background vocals
* Joe Esposito – background vocals
* Stephanie Spruill – background vocals
* Giorgio Moroder – producer
* Brian Reeves – engineer
* Mike Frondelli – engineer
* Dave Concors – engineer
* Harry Langdon – photography

**12-inch remix**

From the liner notes of the 12-inch single:

Mixed at Sigma Sound Studios, NY

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (1984) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 5 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 24 |
| Norway (VG-lista) | 5 |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 6 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 4 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 86 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 13 |
| US Dance Club Songs (*Billboard*) | 7 |
| US R&B Singles (*Billboard*) | 41 |
| US *Cash Box* Top 100 | 15 |
| West Germany (Official German Charts) | 17 |
| South Africa (Springbok) | 7 |
| Finland (Suomen virallinen singlelista) | 4 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1984) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 43 |

## Sales

The single has sold 200,000 units in France.

## Bibliography

* Bronson, Fred (2003), *The Billboard Book of Number One Hits*, Billboard Books, ISBN 9780823076772
* Whitburn, Joel (2004a), *Joel Whitburn Presents Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles, 1942-2004*, Record Research Inc., ISBN 0898201608
* Whitburn, Joel (2004b), *Joel Whitburn's Hot Dance/Disco, 1974-2003*, Record Research Inc., ISBN 089820156X
* Whitburn, Joel (2009), *Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles, 1955-2008*, Record Research Inc., ISBN 978-0898201802

## InfoBox

| "Why Me?" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Irene Cara | |
| from the album  *What a Feelin'* | |
| B-side | "Talk Too Much" |
| Released | October 1983 (1983-10) |
| Recorded | 1983 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:55 (single edit)
4:37 (album version)
7:03 (12-inch mix) |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Giorgio Moroder |
| Irene Cara singles chronology | |
| "Flashdance... What a Feeling"
(1983) "**Why Me?**"
(1983) "The Dream (Hold On to Your Dream)"
(1983) | |


abstract: Two human polls comprised the 1963 NCAA University Division football rankings. Unlike most sports, college football's governing body, the NCAA, does not bestow a national championship, instead that title is bestowed by one or more different polling agencies. There are two main weekly polls that begin in the preseason—the AP Poll and the Coaches Poll.

text:
# 1963 NCAA University Division football rankings

Two human polls comprised the **1963 NCAA University Division football rankings**. Unlike most sports, college football's governing body, the NCAA, does not bestow a national championship, instead that title is bestowed by one or more different polling agencies. There are two main weekly polls that begin in the preseason—the AP Poll and the Coaches Poll.

## Legend

## AP Poll

The final AP Poll was released on December 9, at the end of the 1963 regular season, weeks before the bowls. (The season had been extended due to postponements after the assassination of President Kennedy.)
The poll ranked only the top ten teams from 1962 through 1967.

|  | Preseason
Aug | Week 1
Sep 23 | Week 2
Sep 30 | Week 3
Oct 7 | Week 4
Oct 14 | Week 5
Oct 21 | Week 6
Oct 28 | Week 7
Nov 4 | Week 8
Nov 11 | Week 9
Nov 18 | Week 10
Nov 25 | Week 11
Dec 2 | Week 12 (Final)
Dec 9 |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | USC *(34)* | USC (1–0) *(23)* | Oklahoma (2–0) *(36)* | Oklahoma (2–0) *(40)* | Texas (4–0) *(51)* | Texas (5–0) *(50)* | Texas (6–0) *(49)* | Texas (7–0) *(45)* | Texas (8–0) *(48)* | Texas (9–0) *(45)* | Texas (9–0) *(20)* | Texas (10–0) *(42)* | Texas (10–0) *(34)* | 1. |
| 2. | Ole Miss *(9)* | Alabama (1–0) *(16)* | Alabama (2–0) *(9)* | Texas (3–0) *(5)* | Wisconsin (3–0) *(5)* | Wisconsin (4–0) *(3)* | Illinois (4–0–1) *(1)* | Illinois (5–0–1) *(4)* | Navy (7–1) *(4)* | Navy (8–1) *(6)* | Navy (8–1) *(2)* | Navy (8–1) *(8)* | Navy (9–1) *(10)* | 2. |
| 3. | Alabama *(5)* | Oklahoma (1–0) *(2)* | Texas (2–0) *(2)* | Alabama (3–0) *(4)* | Pittsburgh (3–0) | Pittsburgh (4–0) | Ole Miss (4–0–1) | Ole Miss (5–0–1) *(1)* | Ole Miss (6–0–1) | Ole Miss (7–0–1) | Ole Miss (7–0–1) | Illinois (7–1–1) | Illinois (7–1–1) | 3. |
| 4. | Oklahoma | Texas (1–0) | Northwestern (2–0) *(1)* т | Navy (3–0) *(3)* | Ohio State (2–0–1) | Illinois (3–0–1) | Navy (5–1) *(1)* | Navy (6–1) *(1)* | Michigan State (5–1–1) *(1)* | Michigan State (6–1–1) | Michigan State (6–1–1) | Pittsburgh (8–1) *(1)* | Pittsburgh (9–1) *(5)* | 4. |
| 5. | Texas | Navy (1–0) *(3)* | Wisconsin (2–0) *(1)* т | Wisconsin (2–0) *(1)* | Ole Miss (2–0–1) | Ole Miss (3–0–1) | Auburn (5–0) | Auburn (6–0) *(2)* | Oklahoma (6–1) | Pittsburgh (7–1) | Pittsburgh (7–1) | Auburn (9–1) | Auburn (9–1) | 5. |
| 6. | Northwestern | Wisconsin (1–0) | Navy (2–0) *(2)* | Pittsburgh (3–0) *(1)* | Oklahoma (2–1) | Alabama (4–1) | Oklahoma (4–1) | Oklahoma (5–1) | Pittsburgh (6–1) | Oklahoma (7–1) | Alabama (7–1) | Nebraska (9–1) | Nebraska (9–1) | 6. |
| 7. | Wisconsin | Northwestern (1–0) *(5)* | Georgia Tech (2–0) *(2)* | USC (2–1) | Illinois (2–0–1) | Oklahoma (3–1) | Alabama (5–1) | Alabama (6–1) | Alabama (6–1) | Alabama (7–1) | Nebraska (9–1) | Ole Miss (7–0–2) | Ole Miss (7–0–2) | 7. |
| 8. | Arkansas | Arkansas (1–0) | USC (1–1) | Ohio State (2–0) | Georgia Tech (3–1) | Auburn (5–0) | Wisconsin (4–1) | Pittsburgh (5–1) | Illinois (5–1–1) | Illinois (6–1–1) | Illinois (6–1–1) | Oklahoma (8–2) | Alabama (8–2) | 8. |
| 9. | Navy | Georgia Tech (1–0) | Pittsburgh (2–0) | Penn State (3–0) | Alabama (3–1) | Northwestern (4–1) | Ohio State (3–1–1) | Michigan State (4–1–1) | Auburn (6–1) | Auburn (7–1) | Auburn (8–1) | Alabama (7–2) | Michigan State (6–2–1) | 9. |
| 10. |  | Pittsburgh (1–0) *(2)* | Ole Miss (1–0–1) | Ole Miss (2–0–1) | * Navy (3–1) т * Northwestern (3–1) т | Navy (4–1) | Pittsburgh (4–1) | Ohio State (4–1–1) | Nebraska (7–1) | Nebraska (8–1) | Oklahoma (7–2) | Michigan State (6–2–1) | Oklahoma (8–2) | 10. |
|  | Preseason
Aug | Week 1
Sep 23 | Week 2
Sep 30 | Week 3
Oct 7 | Week 4
Oct 14 | Week 5
Oct 21 | Week 6
Oct 28 | Week 7
Nov 4 | Week 8
Nov 11 | Week 9
Nov 18 | Week 10
Nov 25 | Week 11
Dec 2 | Week 12 (Final)
Dec 9 |  |
|  | | **Dropped:**
* Ole Miss * Ohio State * Washington | **Dropped:**
* Arkansas | **Dropped:**
* Georgia Tech * Northwestern | **Dropped:**
* Penn State * USC | **Dropped:**
* Georgia Tech * Ohio State | **Dropped:**
* Northwestern | **Dropped:**
* Wisconsin | **Dropped:**
* Ohio State | *None* | *None* | *None* | *None* |  |

## Final Coaches Poll

The final UPI Coaches Poll was released prior to the bowl games, on December 3.
Texas received 31 of the 35 first-place votes and Navy received the other four.

| Ranking | Team | Conference | Bowl |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Texas | Southwest | **Won** Cotton, 28–6 |
| 2 | Navy | Independent | Lost Cotton, 6–28 |
| 3 | Pittsburgh | Independent | *none* |
| 4 | Illinois | Big Ten | **Won** Rose, 17–7 |
| 5 | Nebraska | Big Eight | **Won** Orange, 13–7 |
| 6 | Auburn | SEC | Lost Orange, 7–13 |
| 7 | Mississippi | SEC | Lost Sugar, 7–12 |
| 8 | Oklahoma | Big Eight | *none* |
| 9 | Alabama | SEC | **Won** Sugar, 12–7 |
| 10 | Michigan State | Big Ten | *none* |
| 11 | Mississippi State | SEC | **Won** Liberty, 16–12 |
| 12 | Syracuse | Independent | *none* |
| 13 | Arizona State | WAC | |
| 14 | Memphis State | Independent | |
| 15 | Washington | AAWU | Lost Rose, 7–17 |
| 16 | Penn State | Independent | *none* |
| | USC | AAWU | |
| | Missouri | Big Eight | |
| 19 | North Carolina | ACC | **Won** Gator, 35–0 |
| 20 | Baylor | Southwest | **Won** Bluebonnet, 14–7 |
|

* Prior to the 1975 season, the Big Ten and AAWU (later Pac-8) conferences allowed only one postseason participant each, for the Rose Bowl.
* The Ivy League has prohibited its members from participating in postseason football since the league was officially formed in 1954.

## Litkenhous Ratings

The following teams were ranked as the top 25 teams in the final Litkenhous Ratings, released in December 1963:

1. Texas
2. Ole Miss
3. Navy
4. Illinois
5. Pittsburgh
6. Michigan State
7. Auburn
8. Alabama
9. Syracuse
10. USC
11. Nebraska
12. Baylor
13. Georgia Tech
14. Oklahoma
15. Arkansas
16. Air Force
17. Mississippi State
18. Washington
19. Michigan
20. Northwestern
21. Ohio State
22. Oregon
23. LSU
25. Missouri
25. Rice

## InfoBox


title: George M. Wallhauser Jr.

abstract: George Marvin Wallhauser Jr. was an American Republican Party politician who served as the Chairman of the Essex County Republican Organization and was a candidate for the United States House of Representatives in 1968. He served on the New Jersey Public Utilities Commission and was an insurance consultant for the North Jersey Water Supply Commission. He served as chairman of East Orange General Hospital. He served as Chairman of the New Jersey Highway Authority.

text:
# George M. Wallhauser Jr.

**George Marvin Wallhauser Jr.** (April 4, 1927 – August 7, 2011) was an American Republican Party politician who served as the Chairman of the Essex County Republican Organization and was a candidate for the United States House of Representatives in 1968. He served on the New Jersey Public Utilities Commission and was an insurance consultant for the North Jersey Water Supply Commission. He served as chairman of East Orange General Hospital. He served as Chairman of the New Jersey Highway Authority.

## Biography

He was born on April 4, 1927, in Newark, New Jersey, to George M. Wallhauser, who represented New Jersey in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1959 to 1965. His family then moved to East Orange, New Jersey, until he was three, then his family moved to Maplewood, New Jersey, where he attended Columbia High School. He attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania where he was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity. During World War II he served in the United States Army Air Corps on the Aleutian Islands.

In positions with Aetna early in his career, he was appointed editor of the monthly *Life Aetna-izer* in 1955, and after Hawaii became a state, in 1960, he opened an agency there. He was Chairman of the East Orange General Hospital for seventeen years.

In 1968, Wallhauser sought the Republican nomination for United States House of Representatives in New Jersey's 11th congressional district against three-term Democratic incumbent Joseph Minish. He won the Republican primary over Donald MacArt of East Orange and Jack Hastings Burmeister of Maplewood, (66%-33%-1%). He lost the general election to Minish, 91,496 (66%) to 46,426 (33%). In that campaign, Wallhauser proposed federal subsidies to urban areas to pay police officers and firefighters.

He was the Essex County Republican Chairman from 1971 to 1973. He did not seek re-election after William T. Cahill lost the Republican gubernatorial nomination to conservative Charles Sandman.

Wallhauser served as a Commissioner of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities under Governor Cahill.

In 1972 he was appointed as the chairman of the New Jersey Highway Authority by Governor Cahill. He replaced John P. Gallagher, Gallagher, resigned to become the Garden State Parkway's executive director. In 1975 Wallhauser voted against lifting the ban on motorcycles on the Garden State Parkway.

He served as the Chairman of People for Bateman during the 1977 gubernatorial campaign of Raymond Bateman.

He died on August 7, 2011, in Rossmoor, New Jersey.

## InfoBox

| George Marvin Wallhauser Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chairman of the New Jersey Highway Authority | |
| Appointed by | William Thomas Cahill |
| Preceded by | John P. Gallagher |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1927-04-04)April 4, 1927
Newark, New Jersey |
| Died | August 7, 2011(2011-08-07) (aged 84)
Rossmoor, New Jersey |
| Education | Columbia High School
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania |
|  | |


abstract: The Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies is a minister in the Government of South Africa, responsible for overseeing the Department of Communications and Digital Technologies. In May 2014 President Jacob Zuma split the ministry by establishing the position of Minister of Telecommunications and Postal Services alongside the Minister of Communications. However, in a cabinet reshuffle in November 2018, President Cyril Ramaphosa announced the reversal of the split, absorbing the telecommunications and postal services functions back into the Ministry of Communications. The respective departments did not merge until after the 2019 general election. After the election Ramaphosa renamed the office as the Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies.

text:
# Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies

The **Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies** (formerly **Minister of Communications**, **Minister of Posts, Telecommunications and Broadcasting** and **Minister of Posts and Telecommunications**) is a minister in the Government of South Africa, responsible for overseeing the Department of Communications and Digital Technologies.

In May 2014 President Jacob Zuma split the ministry by establishing the position of Minister of Telecommunications and Postal Services alongside the Minister of Communications. However, in a cabinet reshuffle in November 2018, President Cyril Ramaphosa announced the reversal of the split, absorbing the telecommunications and postal services functions back into the Ministry of Communications. The respective departments did not merge until after the 2019 general election. After the election Ramaphosa renamed the office as the Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies.

## List of ministers

List of ministers responsible for communications, 1994–present
| Portfolio | Minister | Party | Term |  | President |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Posts and Telecommunications** | **Pallo Jordan** | ANC | May 1994 | March 1996 | Mandela |
| | **Jay Naidoo** | ANC | March 1996 | June 1999 | |
| **Posts, Telecommunications and Broadcasting** | **Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri** | ANC | June 1999 | April 2004 | Mbeki |
| **Communications** | **Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri** | ANC | April 2004 | May 2009 | Mbeki and Motlanthe |
| | **Siphiwe Nyanda** | ANC | May 2009 | October 2010 | Zuma |
| | **Roy Padayachie** | ANC | November 2010 | | October 2011 |
| | **Dina Pule** | ANC | October 2011 | | July 2013 |
| | **Yunus Carrim** | ANC | July 2013 | | May 2014 |
| | **Faith Muthambi** | ANC | May 2014 | | March 2017 |
| | **Ayanda Dlodlo** | ANC | March 2017 | | October 2017 |
| | **Mmamoloko Kubayi** | ANC | October 2017 | | February 2018 |
| | **Nomvula Mokonyane** | ANC | February 2018 | November 2018 | Ramaphosa |
| **Telecommunications and Postal Services** | **Siyabonga Cwele** | ANC | May 2014 | November 2018 | Zuma and Ramaphosa |
| **Communications and Digital Technologies** | **Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams** | ANC | November 2018 | August 2021 | Ramaphosa |
| | **Khumbudzo Ntshavheni** | ANC | August 2021 | March 2023 | Ramaphosa |
| | **Mondli Gungubele** | ANC | March 2023 | June 2024 | Ramaphosa |
| | **Solly Malatsi** | DA | June 2024 | *Incumbent* | Ramaphosa |

## InfoBox

| South Africa
Minister of Communications | |
| --- | --- |
| List * *10 other official names:* * *Minister van Kommunikasie* (Afrikaans) * *uNgqongqotjhe wezokuThintana* (Southern Ndebele) * *UMphathiswa lezoNxibelelwano* (Xhosa) * *Indvuna wezokuXhumana* (Zulu) * *Indvuna leTekuchumana* (Swazi) * *Tona ya Dikgokagano* (Northern Sotho) * *Letona la Dikgokahano* (Sotho) * *Tona la Ditlhaeletsano* (Tswana) * *Holobyeya swa Vuhlanganisi* (Tsonga) * *Minisiṱa wa Vhudavhidzani* (Venda) | |
| Flag of South Africa | |
| Incumbent
Solly Malatsi
since 3 July 2024 | |
| Department of Communications and Digital Technologies | |
| Style | The Honourable |
| Appointer | Cyril Ramaphosa |
| Inaugural holder | Graaff, D.P.DeV |
| Deputy | Mondli Gungubele |
| Website | Department of Communications and Digital Technologies |


title: Minister of Commerce (Northern Ireland)

abstract: The Minister of Commerce was a member of the Executive Committee of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland (Cabinet) in the Parliament of Northern Ireland which governed Northern Ireland from 1921 to 1972. The post was combined with that of the Minister of Agriculture until 1925. In 1943, it was renamed Minister of Commerce and Production and was combined with the post of Prime Minister of Northern Ireland until 1945, then with Leader of the Senate of Northern Ireland until 1949.

text:
# Minister of Commerce (Northern Ireland)

The **Minister of Commerce** was a member of the Executive Committee of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland (Cabinet) in the Parliament of Northern Ireland which governed Northern Ireland from 1921 to 1972. The post was combined with that of the Minister of Agriculture until 1925. In 1943, it was renamed **Minister of Commerce and Production** and was combined with the post of Prime Minister of Northern Ireland until 1945, then with Leader of the Senate of Northern Ireland until 1949.

| # | Name | Took Office | Prime Minister | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Edward Archdale | 7 June 1921 | Craig |  | UUP |
| 2. | John Milne Barbour | 16 April 1925 | Craig, Andrews |  | UUP |
| 3. | Sir Basil Brooke | 16 January 1941 | Andrews, Brookeborough |  | UUP |
| 4. | Roland Nugent | 16 February 1945 | Brookeborough |  | UUP |
| 5. | Brian Maginess | 12 April 1949 | Brookeborough |  | UUP |
| 6. | William McCleery | 4 November 1949 | Brookeborough |  | UUP |
| 7. | Daniel Dixon | 26 October 1953 | Brookeborough |  | UUP |
| 8. | Jack Andrews | 17 October 1961 | Brookeborough |  | UUP |
| 9. | Brian Faulkner | 25 March 1963 | O'Neill |  | UUP |
| 10. | Roy Bradford | 24 January 1969 | O'Neill, Chichester-Clark |  | UUP |
| 11. | Robin Bailie | 23 March 1971 | Faulkner |  | UUP |

## Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Commerce (and Production)

*Office abolished 1971*


title: Wes Period

abstract: Wes Period is an American artist, rapper, and producer from La Habra, California. He began his career in a band called "Close But Not Quite" and "Goldenwest." He then later began working with artists such as Ye Ali and Tommy Genesis. In 2017, Period was discovered by songwriter Justin Tranter via an Instagram Stories post. He is currently signed to Interscope Records.

text:
# Wes Period

**Wes Period** is an American artist, rapper, and producer from La Habra, California. He began his career in a band called "Close But Not Quite" and "Goldenwest." He then later began working with artists such as Ye Ali and Tommy Genesis. In 2017, Period was discovered by songwriter Justin Tranter via an Instagram Stories post. He is currently signed to Interscope Records.

## Career

Period released his debut EP *Friendly Fire* in 2011, it was followed up with another EP, *Photosynthesis*, in 2015. That same year, Period was handpicked to open for rapper Vic Mensa during one of his shows during Converse Rubber Tracks Live. In 2016 Period teamed up with Ye Ali and Tommy Genesis for a side project, baby.daddi, in which they released a 4-track EP.

Period was signed to Justin Tranter's record label, Facet Records, in partnership with Interscope Records, in 2017, where he released the singles "Trap Star" and "Big Bag" in 2017, followed by his album *Pretty Words* on February 16, 2018. "Big Bag" was chosen as the theme song to the Facebook reality show series *Ball in the Family* by Big Baller Brand.

## Discography

### Albums

| Title | Year |
| --- | --- |
| *Late Bloomer* | 2017 |
| *Pretty Words* | 2018 |
| *How to Survive a Riot* | 2020 |

### EPs

| Title | Year |
| --- | --- |
| *Friendly Fire* | 2011 |
| *Photosynthesis* | 2015 |

### Singles

| Title | Year |
| --- | --- |
| "Champagne Champion" | 2015 |
| "Trap Star" | 2017 |
| "Big Bag" | 2017 |

1. "Episode 136: Wes Period – KINDA NEAT". *KINDA NEAT*. 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
2. Magazine, SOMA. "SOMA Magazine » Archive » Wes Period". *www.somamagazine.com*. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
3. "L.A. Upstart Wes Period On Mentor (And 'Second Mom') Justin Tranter, Modeling For Faith Connexion & His Favorite Korea Town Finds". *Billboard*. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
4. Studios, WMA. "Spindle Magazine". *spindlemagazine.com*. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
5. "Golden Globes nominee Justin Tranter on new Selena Gomez music and pop's most underrated stars". *EW.com*. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
6. "EP: Wes Period - 'Friendly Fire'". *PigeonsandPlanes*. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
7. "Playlist of the Week: Wes Period". *Maxim*. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
8. "Wes Period – Lollapalooza". 2018-04-03. Archived from the original on 2018-04-03. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
9. "Listen to Baby.Daddi's Dreamy Self-Titled Debut". *PAPER*. 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
10. "baby.daddi Turns Up The Heat On "Baby.daddi."". *The FADER*. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
11. "Wes Period's 'Wutda Hell' Video Is a Vibe and a Half". *PAPER*. 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
12. "Wes Period Lightens The Mood With His Late Bloomer LP". *The FADER*. Retrieved 2018-10-26.


title: Mirage (Mell album)

abstract: Sabaku no Yuki Mirage is the second studio album from the I've Sound singer, Mell, released on October 27, 2010. The album contains eight new songs, one old song from an album released on Comic Market away back 2002, Infection Which was used in an episode of the hit anime series Highschool of the Dead, and a remix of her famous song Red Fraction which was used as an opening theme for the OVA of the anime series Black Lagoon. This album will contain her three singles Proof/No Vain, Kill and Rideback. The album will come in a limited CD+DVD edition (GNCV-1023) and a regular CD-only edition (GNCV-1024). The DVD will contain the PV for the title track "Mirage" and the making for her activity report for the year 2010.

text:
# Mirage (Mell album)

***Mirage*** is the second studio album from the I've Sound singer, Mell, released on October 27, 2010. The album contains eight new songs, one old song from an album released on Comic Market away back 2002, Infection Which was used in an episode of the hit anime series **Highschool of the Dead**, and a remix of her famous song **Red Fraction** which was used as an opening theme for the OVA of the anime series **Black Lagoon**. This album will contain her three singles Proof/No Vain, Kill and Rideback.

The album will come in a limited CD+DVD edition (GNCV-1023) and a regular CD-only edition (GNCV-1024). The DVD will contain the PV for the title track "Mirage" and the making for her activity report for the year 2010.

## Track listing

### CD

1. mirage – 5:27 Composition/Arrangement: Kazuya Takase Lyrics: MELL
2. KILL – 4:53 Composition/Arrangement: Kazuya Takase Lyrics: MELL
3. Princess bloom – 4:51 Composition/Arrangement: Ken Morioka Lyrics: MELL
4. Fascination – 4:59 Composition: Tomoyuki Nakazawa Arrangement: Tomoyuki Nakazawa, Takeshi Ozaki Lyrics: MELL
5. FIXER – 4:56 Composition/Arrangement: Kazuya Takase Lyrics: MELL
6. Sabaku no Yuki (砂漠の雪) – 5:55 Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix Lyrics: MELL
7. Proof – 5:33 Composition/Arrangement: Kazuya Takase Lyrics: MELL
8. Teleportation guy – 5:54 Composition/Arrangement: Ken Morioka Lyrics: MELL
9. Love illusion – 5:01 Composition: C.G mix Arrangement: C.G mix, Takeshi Ozaki Lyrics: MELL
10. Infection – 4:24 Composition/Arrangement: Maiko Iuchi Lyrics: MELL, seven-lon
11. Rideback – 4:42 Composition/Arrangement: Kazuya Takase Lyrics: MELL
12. MY PRECIOUS – 7:48 Composition/Arrangement: Ken Morioka Lyrics: MELL
13. Red Fraction -IO drive mix- – 5:00 Composition/Arrangement: Kazuya Takase Lyrics: MELL

## Track listing

### DVD

1. Mirage (PV)
2. Making Of Activity Report 2010

## InfoBox

| Mirage | |
| --- | --- |
| CD+DVD edition | |
| Studio album by Mell | |
| Released | October 27, 2010 |
| Recorded | 2010 |
| Genre | J-pop |
| Label | Geneon |
| Mell chronology | |
| *MELLSCOPE*
(2008) ***Mirage***
(2010) | |
|  | |
| *MIRAGE* | |
|  | |
| CD only edition | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Minnesota folklore

abstract: Minnesota folklore, although its study and documentation has never been a priority among academics, is exceptionally rich. As the state has been the residence of such a wide variety of ethnic groups, Minnesota's folktales and folk songs are reflective of its history.

text:
# Minnesota folklore

**Minnesota folklore**, although its study and documentation has never been a priority among academics, is exceptionally rich. As the state has been the residence of such a wide variety of ethnic groups, Minnesota's folktales and folk songs are reflective of its history.

## Folk heroes

## Folk creatures

* While not restricted to Minnesota, many wendigo myths and sightings originate from traditionally Ojibwe areas within Minnesota.
* The Minnesota Iceman.
* Duluth, Minnesota is home to a myriad of supernatural urban legends and folktales.

## Folk songs

Much work of collecting Minnesota folk songs was conducted during the Great Depression by Bessie M. Stanchfield, whose papers and research are now housed by the Minnesota Historical Society.

* "The Beauty of the West", a Minnesota pioneer ballad from the 1850s, was collected by Stanchfield in spring 1936. She arranged for it to be published for the first time in the *Minnesota History* in September 1946.

1. Karni, Michael G. (1967). "Otto Walta: Finnish folk hero of the Iron Range" (PDF). *Minnesota History*. **40** (8): 391–402. JSTOR 20177932.
2. Swanson, Roy (1948). "A Swedish Immigrant Folk Figure: Ola Värmlänning" (PDF). *Minnesota History*. **29** (2): 105–113. JSTOR 20175384.
3. McDonald, Grace (1929). "Father Francis Pierz Missionary" (PDF). *Minnesota History*. **10** (2): 107–125. JSTOR 20160783.
4. *Stories of Father Pierz,* collected on the White Earth Reservation during the 1920s by Father Benno Watrin, OSB. Taken from the Archives of the College of Saint Benedict, St. Joseph, Minnesota. A photocopy is in Father Francis Pierz file in the Archive Room, Stearns County Historical Society, St. Cloud, Minnesota.


abstract: West Hertfordshire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust runs three National Health Services hospitals: Watford General Hospital, St Albans City Hospital and Hemel Hempstead Hospital, in Hertfordshire, England. It provides "acute healthcare services to a core catchment population of approximately half a million people living in west Hertfordshire and the surrounding area". The Trust also "serves people living in North London, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire and East Hertfordshire". The trust is part of the East of England Local Education and Training Board, and has students from UCL Medical School. In July 2016 Katie Fisher from the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust took over as Chief Executive. She left in March 2018.

text:
# West Hertfordshire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust

**West Hertfordshire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust** runs three National Health Services hospitals: Watford General Hospital, St Albans City Hospital and Hemel Hempstead Hospital, in Hertfordshire, England. It provides "acute healthcare services to a core catchment population of approximately half a million people living in west Hertfordshire and the surrounding area". The Trust also "serves people living in North London, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire and East Hertfordshire".

The trust is part of the East of England Local Education and Training Board, and has students from UCL Medical School.

In July 2016 Katie Fisher from the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust took over as Chief Executive. She left in March 2018.

## History

The trust was established on 23 March 2000, and became operational on 1 April 2000.

The COVID-19 pandemic stimulated the development of virtual wards across the British NHS. Patients are managed at home, monitoring their own oxygen levels using an oxygen saturation probe if necessary and supported by telephone. The trust managed around 1200 patients at home between March and June 2020 and planned to continue the system after COVID-19, initially for respiratory patients.

## Finance

It has wrestled with the financial difficulties of running on several sites for many years. In June 2012 it was proposed to develop a local general hospital on the Hemel Hempstead Hospital site. In January 2015 the trust was operating with a deficit of £16.3 million - at that point in the year £4.3 million worse than planned, but with expectation of hitting its budgeted deficit target of £14 million. A loan for £11.1 million towards the trust's capital costs has been approved by the Department of Health; a request for another £22.7 million of temporary borrowing was at that point still being considered. In February 2016 it was expecting a deficit of £37.2 million for the year 2015/6.

The trust is expecting about £400 million capital funding from the government's new infrastructure fund for the rebuilding of Watford General Hospital, which will come with a 3.5% yearly interest charge.

## Criticism and praise

Former Chief Executive Samantha Jones was named by the Health Service Journal (HSJ) as Chief Executive of the Year in November 2014. The Trust's daily *Onion* patient safety meeting, "an initiative aimed at improving patient care and empowering hospital staff to raise concerns about the quality of care provided", was also Highly Commended in the 2014 HSJ Awards The *Onion's* name refers to "the scheme ‘peeling back the layers’ within its hospitals".

## Performance

In December 2013 the Trust was one of thirteen hospital trusts named by Dr Foster Intelligence as having higher than expected higher mortality indicator scores for the period April 2012 to March 2013 in their Hospital Guide 2013. The mortality rate subsequently fell by a quarter, an improvement credited to issues raised and dealt with at *Onion* meetings.

The trust was one of 26 responsible for half of the national growth in patients waiting more than four hours in accident and emergency over the 2014/5 winter.

It was put into special measures In September 2015 after the Care Quality Commission rated its services as “inadequate”. The inspectors found A&E patients at Watford General facing long delays before they were examined by a doctor where unqualified staff assessed A&E arrivals, and there was a dangerous lack of nurses. The problems were attributed to understaffing over a long period and excessive use of agency and locum staff. It moved out of special measures in January 2018 following a CQC inspection where it was rated as 'Requires improvement'.

It spent 9.7% of its total turnover on agency staff in 2014/5.

Because it failed to meet the NHS targets for elective treatment - 92 patients had waited more than a year in October 1918 - the Herts Valley Clinical Commissioning Group decided to fine the trust £500,000 a month until its performance reaches the national target of 92%. The money will be spent on private and specialist providers. The trust expects at least a £53 million deficit for 2018–19.

## Maternity

Following a Care Quality Commission inspection in April 2015 the Trust decided to suspend the private obstetric service at Watford General Hospital. This affected 27 mothers due to give birth after May 1.

## InfoBox

| West Hertfordshire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | NHS trust |
| Established | 23 March 2000 |
| Headquarters | Watford, Hertfordshire, England |
| Hospitals |  |
| Staff | 4,951 (2018/19) |
| Website | www.westhertshospitals.nhs.uk |


title: Mo Lua mac Carthach

abstract: Mo Lua, Irish ecclesiastic, fl. c. 600. Mo Lua is given in the genealogies as Mo Lua of Cluain Fada (Cloonfad) or Cluain Fearta (Clonfert) mac Carrthach mac Daighre, or Mo-Lua mac Carthach mac Fualascach mac Colmán mac Éanda. His association with either foundation is unclear, but is of early date. One tale tells of when Sithney, abbot pro tem of Saighir had overstayed a visit to Mo Lua and was concerned about crossing the River Shannon after nightfall. Mo Lua bowed his head and began to pray; Sithney set out, and the sun did not set until he had reached his monastery.

text:
# Mo Lua mac Carthach

**Mo Lua**, Irish ecclesiastic, fl. c. 600.

Mo Lua is given in the genealogies as *Mo Lua of Cluain Fada (Cloonfad) or Cluain Fearta (Clonfert) mac Carrthach mac Daighre*, or *Mo-Lua mac Carthach mac Fualascach mac Colmán mac Éanda.* His association with either foundation is unclear, but is of early date.

One tale tells of when Sithney, abbot pro tem of Saighir had overstayed a visit to Mo Lua and was concerned about crossing the River Shannon after nightfall. Mo Lua bowed his head and began to pray; Sithney set out, and the sun did not set until he had reached his monastery. (As it was Midsummer, the sun had not quite set when he reached the river, and having crossed, there was sufficient twilight to see himself the rest of the way.)

## Sources

* *The Great Book of Irish Genealogies, 731.3, 731.5, pp. 718-19, volume two, Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh; edited, with translation and indices by Nollaig Ó Muraíle*, 2003-2004. ISBN 0 946130 36 1.
* *The Parish of Clontuskert - Glimpses into its Past*, 2009.