title: Halictus rubicundus

abstract: Halictus rubicundus, the orange-legged furrow bee, is a species of sweat bee found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. H. rubicundus entered North America from the Old World during one of two main invasions of Halictus subgenera. These invasions likely occurred via the Bering land bridge at times of low sea level during the Pleistocene epoch. The species exhibits different social behaviors depending on climate: it is a solitary species in high elevations or latitudes where the season is short, but eusocial in other areas. Often, solitary and eusocial colonies appear simultaneously in the same population. These sweat bees are extensively studied for their variability in social behavior, which has become a model for social plasticity. This variability has contributed to an understanding of evolution of social behavior.

text:
# Halictus rubicundus

***Halictus rubicundus***, the **orange-legged furrow bee**, is a species of sweat bee found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. *H. rubicundus* entered North America from the Old World during one of two main invasions of *Halictus* subgenera. These invasions likely occurred via the Bering land bridge at times of low sea level during the Pleistocene epoch.

The species exhibits different social behaviors depending on climate: it is a solitary species in high elevations or latitudes where the season is short, but eusocial in other areas. Often, solitary and eusocial colonies appear simultaneously in the same population. These sweat bees are extensively studied for their variability in social behavior, which has become a model for social plasticity. This variability has contributed to an understanding of evolution of social behavior.

## Taxonomy and phylogeny

*Halictus rubicundus* is a species of Hymenoptera in the bee family Halictidae, more commonly known as sweat bees. This common name comes from their frequent attraction to perspiration. This species exhibits polymorphic social behavior that varies with environmental conditions, and other species of the family Halictidae are thought to have similar variability in sociality.

## Description and identification

Many members of the family Halictidae are metallic in appearance but *Halictus rubicundus* are not metallic. Females are about 1 cm in body length and brown in color, with fine white bands across the apices of the abdominal segments, and rusty-orange legs. The males are more slender, with longer antennae and yellow markings on the face and legs; they can be distinguished from males of similar species by the absence of an apical hair band on the terminal abdominal segment. In social populations, females of the first brood, mostly workers, can be recognized because they are typically slightly smaller than the foundresses.

## Distribution and habitat

*H. rubicundus* has one of the widest natural distributions of any bee species, occurring throughout the temperate regions of the Holarctic region. It is believed that differences in climate across this vast range actually contribute to variation in their social behavior. Those living in more northern geographic locations or higher elevations are often more solitary in behavior than those in southern areas or lower elevations. This difference is widely studied, as it provides insight into the evolutionary transition from solitary to social behavior. Nests are haplometrotic, meaning that they are founded by single females. Social populations typically are found in warmer regions, such as Kansas, while solitary populations nest in cooler regions, such as Colorado, Scotland and Alaska. In intermediate regions, such as New York and southern Ontario, both social and solitary behavior can be found in different nests of the same population. The strictly solitary phenotype is expressed as a response to colder environments because the active season is not long enough to produce two broods.

## Nesting

Both solitary and eusocial types of the species typically excavate nest burrows in southward facing slopes in isolated areas, consisting of sand or soil. This slope maximizes the heat absorption from the sun, making the nest warmer. The nests with a favorable slope were thought to increase foraging efficiency of adults and development of larvae with a stable thermal environment.

Stones or areas of vegetation are usually found near nest entrances, likely because of the heating properties of these objects. For each offspring, a females constructs a small underground chamber (a "brood cell"), into which she deposits several loads of pollen mixed with nectar, which is then formed into a ball; a single egg is laid upon this pollen mass, and then the brood cell is sealed. The female repeats the process with other brood cells, going progressively deeper into the soil. A higher temperature increases the rate at which the larvae develop to maturity, as thermal regulation is important for the development of both the eggs and the larvae.

The nests can be up to 120 mm deep, and are constructed in a wide range of soil types. Because social nests produce more offspring than solitary nests, social nests will burrow further into the ground, as the second brood of the social population will extend the burrows downward. Females typically nest in dense aggregations, likely because the nesting females are relatives and demonstrate philopatric behavior.

### Soil hardness

The nests are typically burrowed into the ground in loam soil. *Halictus rubicundus* has a high tolerance for soil hardness. Soil hardness affects the density of nesting. Females prefer to nest in softer ground as they spend less energy and time excavating the nest. Unlike the similar species *Lasioglossum zephyrus* that build nests in very close proximity to each other, this species prefers less dense aggregations. Foundresses will choose to build their nests in patches of softer ground until they reach the critical nearest-neighbor distance of about 50 mm, at which point the close spacing poses a high risk of the nests collapsing. At this point, further foundresses would be forced to build their nests in harder soils where the nests could be built closer together without compromising nest architecture. Foundresses may test the hardness of the soil by biting into the surface or performing a short test dig.

### Temperature

Nest temperature determines egg development and foraging active time of females. As long as temperatures do not reach lethal thresholds, developmental rates of offspring will increase with temperature. Higher temperatures will also increase the thoracic temperature and allow females to fly more rapidly. With increased speed in flight, females are allowed more time for foraging, mating, and excavating nests.

Most nests of *H. rubicundus* are south facing and sloped because of this desire for increased temperature in nesting sites. Based on the distribution of this species, facing the south maximizes the period of time sunlight is shining directly on the nest. Sloping substrates increase the surface area of the nest and allow for higher absorption of sunlight. In order to test the temperature of the substrate, females often spend several seconds basking at various points on the ground while searching for nesting sites.

### Soil water content

The water content of the substrate in which foundresses build the nest is important, as waterlogging must be avoided by using well-drained soils, which provides another advantage to building in sloping ground. However, there must be an adequate moisture level to prevent desiccation of the brood cells. Soil samples taken near the nests of *H. rubicundus* demonstrate a relatively high humidity.

### Parasites

*Halictus rubicundus* nests are attacked by kleptoparasitic bees (e.g., *Sphecodes*), as well as flies (Bombyliidae, Anthomyiidae). Although it would seem as though nesting in dense groups would draw attention to aggregations and increase mortality by parasitism, such is not observed to be the case; because the sweat bees nest densely, it is assumed that there is a large dilution effect that proportionally decreases mortality rates by parasites.

## Colony cycle and demographics

*H. rubicundus*’s annual colony cycle is dependent both on hibernation and mating schedules. After hibernation during the winter, female foundresses who mated the previous cycle emerge in the spring. They each create their own nests in late spring, where they rear a single brood. Females are more likely to build nests where there is a warmer surface temperature, as this indicates a warmer interior of the nest for the offspring to develop more quickly. The foundress gynes will continue to forage for 3–5 weeks, after which they will stop constructing and provisioning brood cells. The brood cells are left inactive for 1–2 weeks before the emergence of the first brood. The first brood typically emerges in June, and most females from the first brood will stay with their natal nest and act as foraging workers, provisioning for a second brood, on which the foundresses will resume laying eggs.

Some females (the gynes) from the first brood, and all of the females from the second brood, will mate, disperse, and enter hibernation for the winter, and the colony cycle begins again the following spring.

### Sociality effects on colony cycle

The annual cycle differs slightly for eusocial and solitary populations, in terms of the number and sex ratios of offspring born in the broods. For example, in solitary populations, the first brood comprises 40% females, who all mate and enter hibernation. However, in eusocial populations, the emergence from hibernation occurs one or two months earlier, and results in a brood with mostly or exclusively worker females, with the female bias being greater the earlier nesting begins. Nesting for solitary populations begins in late May or June. The absence of a brood of female workers defines this nest type as solitary, so solitary populations produce only one reproductive brood that is provisioned by a gyne. The emergence of this brood is at approximately the same time as the emergence of the second or third brood in the social colony cycle. Upon emergence, the offspring mate and then females enter hibernation away from the nesting site. As in social colonies, the males and nest foundresses die at the end of the season.

### Sex ratio variation

In social populations where there are two or more broods in one season, there are different sex ratios for each brood., and even variation between years, depending upon temperature (warmer years lead to increased male bias). The first brood will typically contain 75–100% females, most of which become workers, to help the mother produce a second brood. The final brood is slightly male-biased, typically with a sex ratio of about 60% males, and the females of the second brood are all gynes. The peak of male production strongly corresponds with photoperiod, such that eggs laid on or near the summer solstice are almost all male. In solitary populations, nesting begins later and only one brood is produced. The brood has a sex ratio made up of 60% males, similar to that of the final brood in social populations. This brood is also produced at about the same time that the final brood is produced in social populations so that the colony cycle ends at about the same time regardless of where the population lives.

### Body size

Temperature affects not only the sex ratio, but also the size of offspring in the first brood of *Halictus rubicundus*, with warmer temperatures strongly correlated with larger offspring; there are various hypotheses that offer explanations as to why such is the case:

* At optimum temperatures, the maximum offspring size will be produced. Smaller sizes will be the result of both higher and lower temperatures based on differing stresses. So varying conditions around one optimum temperature will lead to different offspring sizes. This hypothesis is not supported by existing data.
* Low temperatures may reduce flowering, or reduce bees' ability to forage during the day, and therefore effect the rate of cell provisioning. If the rate of provisioning is lower, females may lay eggs on pollen masses before the mass reaches an optimal size. This hypothesis is supported by existing data.

An offspring's size is not correlated with the size of their mother; foundress females that are smaller than the population average produce offspring that are larger than they are, and foundress females that are above the population average produce offspring that are smaller than they are. Once a nest contains workers, the size of offspring ceases to correlate with temperature, and instead correlates very strongly with the number of workers foraging for pollen, with the largest offspring (both males and females) being produced in nests with the greatest numbers of foragers.

## Behavior

*Halictus rubicundus* is widely studied for their variability in behavior depending on geographic location, and with changes in temperature. Those at low elevations are known to exhibit eusocial behavior, while those at high elevations and latitudes are known to be solitary.

### Dominance hierarchy

There is a caste system in *H. rubicundus.* The nest-founding females recruit their early-emerging daughters as workers, but later-emerging offspring mate prior to dispersal and hibernation. These behavioral categories are not thought to be genetically predetermined, but determined instead by mating behaviors and social factors in the first few days of adulthood. In this hierarchy, there is a foundress, which is a gyne that is always mated and starts her own colony after hibernation each cycle. She is considered the foundress queen if she is the one that established the nest, and recruits her daughters to act as workers. A gyne is any female that enters diapause, with the potential to become a nest foundress the following season. Below that is a non-gyne, which is a female who stays in an existing colony and may or may not reproduce. Within these non-gynes, there are some that are considered replacement queens, if they take the place of a dead foundress queen in the colony, but the majority are workers, who forage and maintain the colony. Replacement queens and workers appear to produce mostly male eggs, when they reproduce. Neither replacement queens nor workers enter hibernation, and die at the end of the season.

### Division of labor

In eusocial colonies, there is a division of labor similar to that in other eusocial bees. In these colonies in New York, the first brood is primarily worker females, which in turn help the foundress rear her second brood, and a number of gynes and males. The second brood in New York yields only gynes and males, which breed to repeat the cycle. In Kansas, the first brood is exclusively worker females, and it is not until the second brood that gynes and males begin to appear, while the third brood is exclusively gynes and males. However, in non-eusocial nests within the New York populations, or at high elevation in Colorado, the brood contains only males and gynes. The cooperative breeding behavior of worker bees in eusocial colonies benefits the fitness of the foundress queen. However, in solitary nests, the offspring do not serve as workers and do not help the mother establish a second brood, but rather go off to try to establish nests of their own the following season.

There is no evidence for predetermined morphological or physiological differences in caste for *H. rubicundus.* The differentiation into different castes is based on behavior. Females that do not mate immediately after emergence become workers or replacement queens while the others become gynes. The factor that may dictate whether a female mates is the relative abundance of males to newly emerged females; there is a higher percentage of gynes relative to non-gynes when males are relatively more abundant. This has population-level consequences in that during seasons where males are more abundant, a smaller proportion of nests contain eusocial colonies, and the average number of workers per nest is lower.

### Mating behavior

Like most bee species, mating in *H. rubicundus* occurs on the ground or vegetation in and around the nest aggregation. Males may hover around their natal nest and wait to encounter females that are entering or leaving a surrounding nest. Gynes are those females that leave the nest site after mating and enter a dormant state (diapause), and restart the cycle the following spring, while worker females, if they mate, remain in the natal nest.

In this species, there are foundress gynes and non-gynes (who can be replacement queens or workers). The gynes and non-gynes are distinct groups, as gynes mate, do not work, and enter diapause (to become foundresses), while non-gynes work and do not diapause. There is evidence that male abundance may be the factor triggering this distinction early in life; if there is an abundance of males, a virgin female is more likely to encounter males and mate early shortly after emergence, and make a caste switch into being a gyne. If she is left unmated for two or three days, however, she will likely stay a non-gyne, even if she mates later on; no female who began acting as a worker (pollen-collecting behavior, typically starting within two or three days after emergence) was ever found to return the following season. *Halictus rubicundus* is the first bee species documented to have mixed broods containing both gynes and non-gynes, and it was previously thought that non-gynes and gynes were always produced in separate broods.

### Sex ratio effects on sociality

Male abundance appears to have a major effect on deciding the social behavior within a population; the best predictor for a female's fate (future foundress gyne versus worker non-gyne) is the relative male abundance in proportion to virgin females on the first day a given virgin female emerges as an adult (i.e., if there are 10 males and 10 virgin females on one day, each female has a 50% chance of becoming a gyne, but if the following day there are 15 males and only 5 virgin females, then 75% of those females will become gynes). Warmer temperatures during the first brood provisioning phase in the spring leads to a higher ratio of male to female offspring, and a significantly lower proportion of females are recruited as workers, reducing the overall level of sociality expressed in that population, ranging from above 75% in some years to below 45% in others, in the same location. Sex ratio is also affected by photoperiod at the time of egg production, with eggs laid on or near the summer solstice being almost exclusively male, so the earlier the season starts, the more female-biased the early brood phase will be, as in Kansas, where there are no males produced at all in the first brood, and there are three broods annually.

### Nest-site fidelity

Nest-site fidelity may be due to one of three reasons, or a combination:

1. Philopatry is the tendency for adult bees to excavate a nest near their natal nest; in *H. rubicundus*, females returning from overwintering sites typically excavate burrows within 30 cm of the location of their natal nest. Returning to the vicinity of the natal nest is beneficial because the site must have been successful enough to produce adults for one year. This prevents *H. rubicundus* from taking the risk of settling in a poor location for brood rearing.
2. Habitat learning describes the process through which females recognize characteristics of the site from which she emerged and chooses to nest in similar conditions. Although this is different from philopatry in that she will not purposely choose to be near her previous nest and will make selections based on environmental cues, the nest the female chooses may still be near her original nest when the number of favorable nest sites is limited.
3. Social facilitation may influence the nesting location chosen by a female because the benefits of nesting close to other bees may outweigh the costs of finding a new location with a suitable substrate.

In *H. rubicundus*, females fly back, after 10 months in diapause at remote locations, to within centimeters of the nest they emerged from, even though the nesting area used by the population is many square meters, suggesting the first of these mechanisms is of primary importance (i.e., within the nesting area as a whole, only a model of strict philopatry predicts a non-random distribution of females within that larger area, and the observed distribution is extremely non-random).

### Gregarious nesting

Dense nesting tendencies of *H. rubicundus* are most likely due to the following three factors:

1. There is a limited amount of suitable substrate in which the bees can build their nests, so they must build many nests packed tightly together without compromising the structural integrity of the nest.
2. As mentioned earlier, philopatry is an important factor in maintaining an aggregation. The search for a new nesting site requires a lot of resources, so females will likely limit their dispersal and stay near their natal nest sites.
3. Hymenopteran and dipteran species may attack the ground nests of *H. rubicundus*. Although it would seem that aggregation of nests would increase mortality due to parasitism (as the sites would be more conspicuous), it is likely that there is a dilution effect that reduces mortality by parasitism.

### Pheromone recognition

Halictid bees have a gland known as the Dufour’s gland that extends throughout the abdomen. It is found primarily in female Hymenoptera. The Dufour’s gland, which is associated with the sting structure, secretes fluids that are important for socioecological functioning. In *H. rubicundus,* the Dufour’s gland produces pheromones that may aid females in recognizing brood cells as well as other individuals in the nest.

## Kin selection

### Genetic relatedness within colonies

Following standard models, it is assumed that worker bees who help their mother raise the following brood are in a position to benefit from the effects of kin selection. Females within the first brood therefore that stays in the colony, and are directly genetically related to their mother by half, are able to help to raise a second brood containing sisters, which are also (due to haplodipoidy) related to them by half.

### Genetic relatedness among colonies of different behaviors

There is evidence for greater genetic relatedness between two colonies with similar behavioral patterns (either eusocial or solitary), than between those of closer geographic distance but different social behaviors. This does not necessarily mean that social behavior is governed by certain genes, but it could be linked to certain genetic lineages that are more suited for certain environments. Empirical data from within a single population, however, indicates that females who do not remain as workers in their mother's nest are not more likely to have daughters that similarly depart. Although there is only limited research to date on the correlation between genetics, the environment, and social behavior, there is ample evidence that there are links between these three factors. The differences between the populations of *H. rubicundus* exhibiting solitary behavior, and those exhibiting eusocial behavior could be the result of environmental control of sociality, rather than having a purely genetic explanation.

### Costs and benefits of sociality

In environments with short breeding seasons, sociality is not expected because there is no benefit to acting as a worker in the absence of an opportunity to produce another brood that season, and no potential for kinship selection benefits. Populations in environments that allow for multiple broods exhibit eusocial behavior, and there are potential benefits to worker behavior in eusocial colonies, as workers are related to the foundress (their mother) and the brood (their sisters, in particular). Under theories of inclusive fitness, it is potentially beneficial for workers to help their mother produce a second brood if that brood is primarily female. However, *H. rubicundus* does not show female bias in the second brood, with values only ranging to a maximum of 40% female. Furthermore, the one study providing empirical data for *H. rubicundus* shows that a typical worker contributes to the production of 0.9 sisters and 0.8 brothers, far below the threshold for inclusive fitness effects to favor helping, but above the threshold at which their mother benefits directly; as such, this species provides evidence that kin selection effects would not apply to this species, and instead suggests that mothers manipulate some of their daughters into acting as workers because of direct gains to maternal fitness, even though these manipulated daughters have lower fitness than they could have had if they had been gynes.

## InfoBox

| *Halictus rubicundus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female *H. rubicundus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Halictidae |
| Tribe: | Halictini |
| Genus: | *Halictus* |
| Species: | ***H. rubicundus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Halictus rubicundus***<br>(Christ, 1791) | |
|


title: Pasajero (Gipsy Kings album)

abstract: Pasajero (Traveler) is the twelfth studio album from the band Gipsy Kings. It was originally released on October 3, 2006 internationally and released in the United States on January 23, 2007. Both versions are identical.

text:
# Pasajero (Gipsy Kings album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |

***Pasajero*** (Traveler) is the twelfth studio album from the band Gipsy Kings. It was originally released on October 3, 2006 internationally and released in the United States on January 23, 2007. Both versions are identical.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Si Tú me Quieres" | 3:11 |
| 2. | "Pueblos" | 2:58 |
| 3. | "Mira la Chica" | 2:51 |
| 4. | "Café" | 3:22 |
| 5. | "Chan Chan" | 2:46 |
| 6. | "Canastero" (Instrumental) | 3:57 |
| 7. | "*¿Dónde Estás, Mi Amor?*" | 3:37 |
| 8. | "Amor" | 3:26 |
| 9. | "La Tounga" | 3:28 |
| 10. | "Sol y Luna" | 3:24 |
| 11. | "Guaranga" (Instrumental) | 3:17 |
| 12. | "Pasajero" | 3:05 |
| 13. | "Recuerdos A Zucarados" (Instrumental) | 3:04 |
| 14. | "La Vida de Gipsy" | 3:40 |

## Credits

* Executive producer – Freddy Lamotte, Pascal Imbert, Peter Himberger
* Mixed and recording – Frank Redlich - mixing, recording
* Producer – The Gipsy Kings\*, Philippe Eidel
* Writing credits: Antonio Rivas (track 13), Francisco Repilado (track 5), Gipsy Kings (tracks 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14), Philippe Eidel (track 3)

## Charts

| Chart (2006) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA Charts) | 96 |

## InfoBox

| Pasajero | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Gipsy Kings | |
| Released | October 3, 2006 |
| Recorded | at Studio Calm, Paris. |
| Genre | Rumba flamenca, Catalan rumba |
| Length | 52:24 |
| Label | Nonesuch Records |
| Producer | Philippe Eidel, Gipsy Kings |
| Gipsy Kings chronology | |
| *Roots*
(2004) ***Pasajero***
(2006) *Savor Flamenco*
(2013) | |


title: Rhantus suturellus

abstract: Rhantus suturellus is a species of predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It is found in North America and the Palearctic.

text:
# Rhantus suturellus

***Rhantus suturellus*** is a species of predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It is found in North America and the Palearctic.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Rhantus suturellus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Dytiscidae |
| Genus: | *Rhantus* |
| Species: | ***R. suturellus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhantus suturellus***<br>(Harris, 1828) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Agabus subopacus*  Mannerheim, 1853 * *Rhantus zimmermanni*  Wallis, 1933 | |


title: Jogeshwari–Vikhroli Link Road

abstract: The Jogeshwari–Vikhroli Link Road (JVLR), is a 10.6-kilometre-long (6.6 mi) 6-lane road with a central median in Mumbai which connects the Western Express Highway and Eastern Express Highway providing speedier access from Jogeshwari in the Western Suburbs to Vikhroli in the Eastern Suburbs. It was opened to traffic in 1994, and widened from two to six lanes in 2012 at a cost of ₹221.45 crore. The under-construction Line 6 of the Mumbai Metro is being constructed on this link road. L&T flyover on this road has a gravity hill effect where vehicles seems to defy the gravity with the optical illusion of rolling up the slope.

text:
# Jogeshwari–Vikhroli Link Road

The **Jogeshwari–Vikhroli Link Road** (**JVLR**), is a 10.6-kilometre-long (6.6 mi) 6-lane road with a central median in Mumbai which connects the Western Express Highway and Eastern Express Highway providing speedier access from Jogeshwari in the Western Suburbs to Vikhroli in the Eastern Suburbs. It was opened to traffic in 1994, and widened from two to six lanes in 2012 at a cost of 221.45 crore (equivalent to 417 crore or US$50 million in 2023). The under-construction Line 6 of the Mumbai Metro is being constructed on this link road.

*L&T flyover* (*Magnetic flyover*) on this road has a gravity hill effect where vehicles seems to defy the gravity with the optical illusion of rolling up the slope.

## Route description

The corridor of land adjacent to JVLR on either side is being put to extensive and varied use. As the link road is developing into a major network connecting EEH and WEH, the land use pattern along the corridor has undergone a rapid change since it was opened to traffic in 1994. Open and barren wasteland space available in the western and middle sections of JVLR and the marshy land area in the eastern section of JVLR have been converted to residential, commercial and industrial land use pattern, albeit gradually. The entire 10.6 km long JVLR, starting from WEH and ending at EEH, is usually divided into three sections in various study reports, possibly for easy reference and understanding. The sections identified include:

### Western section

The segment of the JVLR which starts from the WEH junction and ends at the Saki Vihar road junction (near the L&T Factory) is referred to as Section 1 of JVLR. This section being located on the western side is also referred to as the western section of the JVLR. The length of this section is 4.9 km. The original carriageway of the western section of JVLR was a 2-lane road consisting of 7 m wide asphalted carriageway with 2.5m wide shoulders. This was later widened to a 6-lane divided carriageway configuration with a central median. A concrete pavement was also built for the six-lane widened carriageway, and a grade separator was built at SEEPZ road junction. The western section of JVLR passes through a slightly rolling terrain encountering a few steep slopes (max slope being 6.5%).

The western section of the road starts from east of Jay coach Factory near WEH junction. From WEH, the road passes through a series of adjacent residential areas namely, Majeswadi, Pratap Nagar, Anand Nagar, Greenfields Society, Durga Nagar and Sariput Nagar. Towards the western end of this section, a commercial recreation park called Fantasy Land was located, which has been closed and replaced by Oberoi Splendor Grande housing complex on the northern side of JVLR. Towards east of this, the JVLR aligns along Kamal Amrohi Studios, State Government-owned Nursery, privately owned Matoshri Park, SEEPZ Industrial area, BSES Office, L&T Realty and Larsen & Toubro (L&T) factory. Between BSES and L&T factory, JVLR crosses over Aarey Farm area, Mithi River, and BMC Water Pipelines. Towards the end of this section, JVLR aligns through Milind Nagar and Tungawa hutments and meets Saki-Vihar Road opposite L&T Gate No 5.

The land use pattern along the western section of the JVLR is predominantly residential, especially the stretch along the western end of the section. Residential areas viz., Majaswadi, Pratapnagar, Anand Nagar, Green Field Society, Durga Nagar and Sariput Nagar are located along the western end of Section I of JVLR. The middle segment of this section passes through open hilly area and Aarey Farm area. Milind Nagar slums and Tungawa hutments on either side mark the eastern segment of the section. Besides residential land use, other major land uses observed along this section of JVLR are viz, industrial, commercial, and recreational. Major Industrial area viz. Santacruz Electronics and Export Promotion Zone (SEEPZ) is located along the road at Km 3+070. L&T factory located at the eastern end of Section 1 is one major industry located along the road. Towards the east of the SEEPZ area, lies an extension (Phase II of SEEPZ) of the industrial promotion zone.

### Middle section

The segment of the JVLR which starts from Saki Vihar Road junction and ends at LBS Marg junction (in Gandhi Nagar) is referred to as Section 2 of JVLR. As it is located in the middle of the entire JVLR, it is also referred as the middle section of the JVLR. The length of the middle section is 4.3 km. Section 2 was re-constructed with rigid pavement for a width of 2-4 lanes width (i.e. 7–14 m) in 1996–97. The pavement was widened in subsequent years with rigid pavement and flexible pavement in others. Section 2 was later widened by the BMC to an unequal width of 4-6 lane (with/without central median) with rigid pavement, barring a length of about one kilometre opposite the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (lITB) campus. The entire Section 2 was widened to 6-lane with a central median in the 2000s under the MUTP. Out of six lanes, four central lanes have been constructed with flexible bituminous concrete and outermost lanes on either side have been asphalted. In the middle section, the terrain is slightly rolling, but the road alignment passes over almost level ground from L&T factory to lITB campus. Beyond lITB campus, the alignment runs down over a steep hill further to meet LBS Marg.

The middle section is aligned along the south bank of the Powai Lake, and the section is also known as Adi Shankaracharya Marg. The initial portion of the alignment starts with staggered junction on Saki Vihar road near the L&T premises and passes between north of L&T compound and south of Powai gardens before joining the north and south ramps of the JVLR. The initial portion of the alignment from Saki Vihar acts as slip roads to the L&T flyover, serving the traffic dispersal from the Saki Vihar Road. The alignment after the end of the flyover traverses east skirting Powai Lake and the IITB campus on its north and residential areas like MHADA and Hiranandani Gardens, as well as the Panch Kutir market area and other commercial areas opposite to IIT on its south. Immediately after lITB campus, JVLR runs close to the Holy Trinity Church, a Gurudwara and the Kendriya Vidyalaya (located within Indian Navy residential complex). After crossing lIT campus, the section further runs down over a steep hill to meet LBS Marg at Gandhi Nagar junction.

The land use pattern along the middle section of JVLR is predominantly Institutional, residential and commercial. Other major land use pattern observed is industrial land use along the western and eastern end of this stretch of JVLR. Powai Lake is located along the northern edge of JVLR. The significance and sprawl of the lake can be gauged from the fact that JVLR traverses along the southern bank of Powai Lake for a length of about one kilometre. Major institutions viz., the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, the Maritime Training Institute, the Shipping Corporation of India, the Indian Register of Shipping, and private sector consulting firm SGS India Limited are located along this section of the JVLR. Hiranandani Gardens, a major residential township, is also located on the southern edge of JVLR, opposite Powai Lake. Besides Hiranandani Gardens, the Income Tax Officers Residential colony, the Coast Guard Officers Residential complex, the Indian Navy Civilian Residential colony and several private residential apartments lie along JVLR. Near the eastern end of this section and towards the southern edge of the JVLR, considerable sprawl of slums is also located behind the marble polishing and retail selling units. These slums are located in an unplanned and haphazard manner along the hilly stretches and hill tops. Solid waste generated from these slum residences is regularly dumped along the down slope of the hills causing immense blemish to an otherwise aesthetically pleasant area. The land value along this stretch of JVLR is constantly increasing and is considered to be one among highly valued locations in the metropolis of Mumbai.

### Eastern section

The segment of JVLR, which starts from LBS Marg junction and ends at EEH junction, has been referred as Section 3 of the JVLR. This section being located on the eastern side is also referred as eastern section of the JVLR. The length of eastern section is 1.1 km, making it the shortest among the three sections. This section was originally a 2-lane carriageway constructed with bituminous concrete. It was later widened to 2x3-lane divided carriageway with a central median. A flexible pavement was built for this section of carriageway. The eastern section passes through almost flat terrain except for the elevated embankment of the ROB over the central railway tracks.

The eastern section of JVLR starts from LBS Marg junction. Immediately after this major 4-way intersection, JVLR crosses over Central Line at about 100-metre distance. There is an existing 2-lane ROB on the JVLR at this location. The ROB is located in between Kanjurmarg and Vikhroli railway stations, which are located on the north and south of ROB respectively. Immediately after the ROB, on the eastern side of it and on either side of its embankment a sprawling slum area is located. The Tagore Nagar slums, located on the southern side of JVLR and ROB, is large in its spread and is well established. The area located on the northern side of ROB embankment and east of Kanjurmarg station, was identified as Relocation and Rehabilitation site for the Project affected persons (PAP) of various railway projects, that were implemented under MUTP. The land area on either side of JVLR and between ROB and EEH is essentially marshy with wild grass outgrowth to large extent. Kannamwar Nallah and many other man-made drainage channels carry considerable amount of sewage and criss-cross the marshy land area. The Tagore nagar slums and rehabilitation site are essentially marshy land reclaimed sites.

Along the eastern section of the JVLR, the land area is almost vacant except for the slums near the Central Railway tracks. The marshy and highly degraded wasteland engulfs the road from either side for most part of its length. A narrow industrial land use corridor is located between LBS Marg and the Central Line and running parallel to them is also observed. Major industrial facilities belonging to Hindustan Lever Limited, Sprite Industries and Cadilla Pharmaceuticals are located within this corridor. A part of the marshy and wasteland site opposite Kanjurmarg railway station was identified and chosen for resettling some of the Project affected families (PAFs) affected due to the railway projects that were implemented under the MUTP. With the implementation of various R&R and CEMP measures for this resettlement site, the land use pattern along northern edge of the JVLR stretch was altered.

### Junctions

There are several minor junctions on the western section of the JVLR.

There are 5 major at-grade and grade-separated junctions or junction sets on the middle section, including the end junctions i.e. Saki Vihar Road junction and LBS Marg junction, the details of which are given below: The Saki Vihar Road junction, also known as the L&T junction, is the first junction on Section 2 and is a staggered one connecting Section 1 with Section 2 via the Saki Vihar road. The JVLR from the Section 1 side (or Jogeshwari side) and from Vikhroli side join the Saki Vihar Road in a staggered manner as the L&T land intercepts the JVLR for 100 m length of initial portion of Section 2. At this location, the L&T flyover across Saki Vihar road connects Section 1 with Section 2 through L&T land. Also, the initial portion of the alignment from Saki Vihar road junction acts as slip roads to the flyover, serving the traffic dispersal from the Saki Vihar road. The at-grade improvements to this intersection were required for easy movement of Turing traffic from/to Saki Vihar road and the JVLR, and for through movement of Saki Vihar road traffic. The at-grade improvements such as auxiliary lanes for free left turning, storage lanes for right turn traffic, channelised islands for guiding the traffic etc. were built for better functioning of ground traffic movement. Also, improvements like widening of carriageway to suit the intersection requirements, median and footpath of the existing Saki Vihar road for 150 m length on either side near the intersection was also carried out under the intersection improvements.

The Chandivali junction facilitates traffic exchange from AGLR and Saki Vihar road to the JVLR, and helps share the traffic load at Saki Naka junction.

Hiranandani junction and DP Road junction: The traffic on Hiranadani Road is mainly intra-city, when then intersects with a mixture of through and intra-city traffic on the JVLR. This road significantly contributes traffic inflow into junction and causes junction delays. Service roads were constructed connecting these two junctions, to ease off this condition and to facilitate through traffic on JVLR a hindrance free movement.

The IIT Main Gate junction and the IIT Market junction are both 3-armed junctions; the minor arm is very small road leading to residential areas. Both IIT Main Gate junction and IIT Market junction are provided with traffic signals and the main intention of these signals was for safe crossing of the pedestrians. Since, the distance between IIT Main Gate, IIT Market Gate and Gandhi Nagar junctions is less and due to high traffic volume on Adi Shankaracharya Marg, traffic jams are common especially during peak hours. Grade separated pedestrian facilities (like footbridges) have been constructed to reduce the necessity of pedestrian traffic signals at these locations and lead to faster traffic flow on the JVLR. The LBS Marg junction, also known as the Gandhi Nagar junction, is the last junction on Section 2 and is a 4-legged one. LBS Marg from Mulund side and Vikhroli side join the JVLR. This junction is the crossing of two important arterial roads of Mumbai carrying long distance through traffic and also local traffic. A flyover across LBS Marg at this location, connects Section 2 with Section 3 of the JVLR. The at-grade improvements to this intersection were required for easy movement of Turing traffic from/to LBS Marg and the JVLR, and for through movement of LBS Marg traffic. The at-grade improvements such as auxiliary lanes for free left turning, storage lanes for right turn traffic, channelised islands for guiding the traffic etc. were built for better functioning of ground traffic movement. Also, improvements like widening of carriageway to suit the intersection requirements, median and footpath of the existing LBS Marg for 150 m length on either side near the intersection was also carried out under the intersection improvements. The JVLR flyover slip roads on both sides are concretized.

The only junction on the eastern section of JVLR is with Seth Govindram Jolly Marg in Tagore Nagar, Vikhroli (East).

## History

Wilbur Smith and Associates, commissioned in 1962 to study transportation in Bombay, proposed the construction of several link roads to improve east–west road connectivity in the city. Among the projects proposed was a road from Godhbunder Road to the Western Express Highway interchange and beyond to Powai Road junction.

The JVLR, connecting the Western Express Highway at Jogeshwari and the Eastern Express Highway at Vikhroli, was opened to traffic in 1994. At the time, it provided the only direct east–west link between these Highways for a considerable distance towards north of Greater Mumbai. Prior to 1994, the link road was available for traffic only in segments. Access was possible from Andheri (East) through Marol and up to Kamal Amrohi studio on the western side. On the eastern side, access was possible from LBS Marg (Gandhi Nagar junction) and up to the Indian Institute of Technology (lIT) campus. In the mid-1980s, the section between IIT campus and Saki Vihar road was connected south of Powai Lake. The final 2-lane wide link connecting Kamal Amrohi studio and Saki Vihar Road was constructed in 1994. The JVLR had a varying cross section; the road was barely a 2-lane single carriageway for some of its length, with deficient geometry. It also carried significant goods traffic, and by 2002, was grossly inadequate to cater to traffic demand.

In 1994, a comprehensive transport plan was prepared by MMRDA to arrest and improve the deteriorating transport condition in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. The study recommended that the existing 2-lane wide JVLR be widened to a 6-lane carriageway, as well as other improvements. The widening and improvement of the JVLR was later taken up under the Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP). The MUTP identified a number of subprojects to strengthen the suburban rail and road transport in Greater Mumbai and the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) as a whole. As a part of the MUTP Road Transport Component programme, the existing 2-lane JVLR from the Western Express Highway (WEH) to the Eastern Express Highway (EEH), would be widened to a 6-lane road with a central median. The JVLR, along with the Santa Cruz – Chembur Link Road (SCLR), was one of the two east–west road corridor projects implemented under the first phase of the MUTP, and were intended to ease commutation problems and act as links between Mumbai's Eastern and Western Suburbs.

The World Bank agreed to provide financial assistance. The JVLR and SCLR projects were initially entrusted to the Public Works Department, and later to the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC). The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) was appointed as the nodal agency. The detailed engineering study for the project was carried out by Wilbur Smith Associates Inc. (WSA) during 1998–99. Detailed traffic analysis and forecast for the road was carried out by WSA in 1998 as part of the detailed engineering and design of the JVLR. A detailed project report was prepared by Wilbur Smith Associates in 1998.

The MMRDA appointed AIC Montgomery-Watson Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd to undertake preparation of the Environmental Assessment (EA) for the MUTP, in accordance with World Bank Operational Policy (then called Operational Directive 401) on Environmental Assessment. This EA process resulted in the preparation of Sectoral-Level Environmenital Assessment (SLEA), Programmatic Level Environmental Assessment (PLEA), and Micro-Level Environmental Assessment (MLEA). The SLEA was a strategic assessment, while the PLEAs were prepared for small generic sub-projects like flyovers, Road Over Bridges (ROBs) and Road Under Bridges (RUBs). MlEAs were prepared for larger sub-projects like road widening and extensions. These studies were undertaken between 1996 and 1998. The MMRDA also carried out various other preparatory studies on the JVLR project which included baseline socio-economic survey (BSES) of the project corridor in 1996; rehabilitation action plan (RAP) and community environment management plan (CEMP) in 1998; and rehabilitation implementation plan (RIP) in 2002. However, in view of the considerable passage of time, MMRDA and the project implementing agency (MSRDC) reviewed and updated all the preparatory study reports. This EA and environmental management plan report was thus an update of the MLEA report prepared by AIC in March 1998 and the CES Report prepared in January 2002. As the MLEA and associated EMP of the project were prepared in 1998, the MMRDA appointed CES to prepare the updated MLEA report. CES prepared the updated MLEA report taking into account the changes in baseline environmental conditions since 1998 and also the changes and minor alterations in technical proposals of the project. CES conducted a baseline survey in November 2001 and submitted the draft updated EA/EMP report to the MMRDA in January 2002 for review.

The MMRDA invited proposals from 6 shortlisted Consultancy firms vide its letter dated 3 March 2003, to provide the Consultancy Services for Section 2 of the JVLR with the objective of improving the road to uniform cross section of dual three lane, conforming to design standards being adopted for sections 1 and 3. All interested consultancy firms had accordingly submitted their proposals to the Chief, T & C Division, MMRDA. After the scrutiny and evaluation of all the proposals (technical and financial) the project is awarded to Consulting Engineering Services (I) Pvt. Ltd (CES) based on the technical merit and financial quotation. The letter of intent to commence the work was issued to the consultant vide MMRDA letter dated 3 August stating therein that the work has to commence within 10 days from the date of issue of letter. The formal contract between the MMRDA and CES for the consultancy services for the project was signed on 10 October 2003. The entire project to widen and improve the JVLR was implemented in two phases, and completed in February 2012 at a cost of 221.45 crore (equivalent to 417 crore or US$50 million in 2023).

## Widening and improvement

### Land acquisition and rehabilitation

The overall responsibility for rehabilitation was entrusted to the MMRDA, who coordinated with all other agencies in the implementation process and oversaw the delivery of entitlements to the PAPs. The NGO, Slum Rehabilitation Society (SRS), was appointed to assist MMRDA in R&R implementation. The BSES for Phase I was updated in September 2005. The relocation process began in October 2004, and was scheduled to complete by December 2005. The entire resettlement process including registration of Co-operative Housing Societies, transfer of titles to PAPs and land to CHS, delivery of entitlements, assistance to economic rehabilitation was completed in a period of two years. The key activities included completion of land acquisition including transfer of land, organizing and preparing the PAH for shifting, forming and registering of co-operative housing societies and women's groups, actual shifting of affected residential and commercial units and completing post resettlement activities such as transfer of maintenance fund to society's account and initiation of economic rehabilitation activities through the Community Revolving Fund (CRF).

The total number of affected structures due to Phase I was 341 of which 241 were residential, 68 commercial, 5 residential-cum-commercial and 17 community and religious structures. Tenements and shops were constructed at Majas Resettlement site to resettle the project affected households losing structures. The Majas resettlement colony is within 2 km of the current location of the PAHs. All those who lost the houses for Phase I of the project were entitled to 20.91 sq. m free of cost. The affected shopkeepers were provided with more or less the same area as an alternative shop to enable them to continue their business in the new location up to a maximum of 70 sq. m. as per the R& R policy, but subject to payment for additional cost of the area above 20.91 sq. m. All the households and shopkeepers were accommodated in the tenements and shops constructed on the land at the Majas site, which is about 2 km from the project affected area. Some PAHs from Section III were provided an option of resettlement at a nearby site in Kanjurmarg. A parcel of 1.2 hectares of land was acquired from Majas village, situated within a 2 km radius of the affected structures of PAH. 1156 units (983 Residential, 140 shops and 33 Amenities) were constructed at the Majas site. All the residential and commercial PAHs were to be resettled at Majas Resettlement colony. The proposed resettlement site had a provision of allotment of society offices, balwadies, welfare centers and amenities. In addition to this, the community urban infrastructure facilities like water supply, storm water drains, septic tanks, and recreational garden and tree plantations were also provided. School and other educational facilities were provided on adjacent land.

### Construction

Section I of the project consisted of the 4.9-kilometre-long (3.0 mi) stretch from the Western Express Highway to Saki-Vihar Road junction. Section II was the 4.4 km section from Saki–Vihar Road junction to LBS Marg junction, and Section III contained the 1.3 km stretch from LBS Marg junction to the Eastern Express Highway. For the purpose of execution, the work was divided into two phases - Phase I comprising Sections I and III and Phase II comprising Section II. The L&T Flyover and LBS Marg Flyover (which are part of the JVLR) were constructed up by the MSRDC as separate packages that were not financed through MUTP. The widening of the Kanjurmarg ROB over the Central Line in Section 3 was implemented as part of LBS Marg Flyover project.

After completion of construction work on the project, the JVLR was handed over to the BMC for further maintenance and operations. The entire project to widen and improve the JVLR was completed in February 2012 at a cost of 221.45 crore (equivalent to 417 crore or US$50 million in 2023).

### Phase I

The contract for Phase I was put to tender for 738.1 million (US$8.8 million), and was awarded to a joint venture of NCC Ltd. and Maytas-Mahavir for 662.7 million (US$7.9 million). STUP Consultants Ltd. were appointed as Project Management Consultants for this phase. The notice to proceed with work (or work order) on Phase I was issued on 17 July 2003, and originally scheduled to complete in 20 months.

### Phase II

The contract for Phase II was put to tender for 584.4 million (US$7.0 million), and was awarded to Unity Infraprojects Ltd. for 531.3 million (US$6.4 million). Consulting Engineering Services (I) Pvt. Ltd. were appointed as Project Management Consultants for this phase. The work order for Phase II was issued on 10 February 2005, and construction was originally scheduled to complete in 14 months.

## Mumbai Metro Pink Line

As part of the Mumbai Metro master plan, Line 6 (Pink Line) is being constructed on the road from Swami Samarth Nagar in Lokhandwala Complex, Andheri, to Kanjurmarg, between the west and east of Mumbai. It will also have seven interchanges, of which two will be with the Western and Central lines of the Mumbai Suburban Railway, and five with the Yellow, Red, Aqua, Green and Magenta Lines of Mumbai Metro. The Pink Line of Mumbai Metro will have the following stations along the Jogeshwari - Vikhroli Link Road- JVLR Junction (Interchange with the existing Red Line), Shyam Nagar, Mahakali Caves, SEEPZ Village (Interchange with the under-construction Aqua Line), SakiVihar Road, Rambaug (Powai), Powai Lake, IIT Powai, Kanjurmarg West (Interchange with the under-construction Green Line) and Vikhroli EEH (Interchange with the proposed Purple Line). The Pink Line is slated for completion in late 2023 or early 2024. However the carshed for the same has not been notified yet.

## Other

### Drainage

The western section of JVLR drains through the Oshiwara river (via the WEH drainage system or via Majas Nallah) and Mithi river systems (directly into the river, via drainage channel at pipeline bridge or via the Saki Vihar road drainage system). Each system has its own network of tributaries and channels (*nullahs*) across JVLR. The Oshiwara river flows east into the sea and Mithi river flows south into Mahim creek. The middle section of the JVLR drains to Powai Lake (directly into the lake or via the Saki Vihar road drainage system) and Kannamwar Nagar Nallah (via the LBS Marg drainage system). The eastern section of the JVLR drains into the Kannamwar Nagar Nallah (directly to the *nullah* or via the LBS Marg drainage system).

Prior to the improvement of the JVLR under MUTP, along section 1 of the JVLR, the existing 2-lane carriageway had been provided with open roadside drains along the stretches that pass through habitations. Roadside drains were installed on one side or either side of the road between Pratap Nagar. (Km 0+000) to Poonam Nagar road junction (Km 2+000). Between Km 2+000 to 4+900, i.e. the end of section 1, no roadside drains were present. Along Section 2, roadside drains were provided on either side near IIT campus and one side near the stretches opposite Hiranandani Gardens. The downward slope side of the hill section does not have roadside drains. Along section 3, roadside drains were not provided along the existing 2-lane carriageway. Throughout the JVLR, no localised flooding has been reported except during incessant rains lasting for more than a week at a stretch. There are no low-lying areas along JVLR that are not connected to drainage system. Problems of water-logging and flooding are not reported in the area along the JVLR, possibly because of the rolling terrain and existence of good natural drainage systems.

Storm water drains were built on either side of JVLR as part of improvement made under MUTP. The new roadside drains were connected to the existing storm drainage system/drains in the area at appropriate locations. The design of storm water drainage system was based on the guidelines given by IRC SP–42. The important parameters in the design of storm drainage system are the design rainfall intensity and estimation of runoff. Concrete rectangular drains were installed along the road for the road surface drainage system.

### Geology

Soil in the area is alluvial type mixed with sand and falls under the semi-impervious to impervious category. Soil erodibility is moderate. Soil analysis indicated that at all locations along the JVLR, it is sandy loam. Clay content is high above 50%. The soil falls under poor to fair category, with regard to using it in highway construction. The geology of the region is typical of the western coast of India, i.e. clayey soil underlain by basalt rock formations.

### Ecology

The trees of avenue plantation along the western section of the JVLR include Acacia auriculiformis, Ailanthus excelsa, Albizia lebbeck, Bombax ceiba, Cassia siamea, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, F. Glomerata, Pongamia pinnata, Terminalia catappa and the Thespesia populnea. The dominant avenue plantation along the eastern section of the JVLR showed similar composition as that of the western section. Along the eastern section, mangrove swamps are present along the southern edge of the road near the EEH junction. They have been significantly modified by human activity. The mangrove vegetation the region is a mixture of Avicennia marina, Acanthus ilicifolius, Excoecaria agallocha, Sesuvium portulacastrum and Aeluropus lagopoides, the majority of which is occupied by Avicennia marina, one of the widely occurring species of mangroves in and around Mumbai.

The widening of the JVLR required the felling of about 519 trees comprising 35 species during Phase I of the project. All the trees were indigenous species and did not fall under endangered variety. Compensatory plantation along either side of improved and widened JVLR was not possible for want of space. The detailed project report had proposed compensatory plantation near Aarey colony area, where ownership of land rests with the State government. Approximately 0.6 ha of land area was available for compensatory plantation in that area, which was far less than required for planting at least 519 trees. Hence besides Aarey colony area, other government-owned vacant areas were identified for afforestation purpose. No trees along the eastern section of the JVLR were affected by the project.

### Gravity hill optical illusion

**Magnetic L&T flyover** or **L&T flyover** has an optical illusion of a gravity hill where vehicle seems to defy the gravity and roll from down slope to up the slope.

## InfoBox

| Jogeshwari–Vikhroli Link Road (JVLR) | |
| --- | --- |
| The JVLR (in purple) linking the Western and Eastern Express Highways (in green). | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation | |
| Length | 10.6 km (6.6 mi) |
| Existed | 1994–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Western Express Highway, Jogeshwari |
| Major intersections | MIDC Central Road in SEEPZ, Saki Vihar Road in Powai<br>LBS Marg in Gandhi Nagar, Vikhroli |
| East end | Eastern Express Highway,<br>Vikhroli |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
| States | Maharashtra |
| Districts | Mumbai Suburban |
| Major cities | Mumbai |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


abstract: Zdeněk Procházka is a retired Czech footballer who played as a forward.

text:
# Zdeněk Procházka (footballer, born 1960)

**Zdeněk Procházka** (born 10 October 1960) is a retired Czech footballer who played as a forward.

## InfoBox

Zdeněk Procházka
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Zdeněk Procházka | | |
| Date of birth | (1960-10-10) 10 October 1960 | | |
| Place of birth | Czechoslovakia | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1979–1983 | SK Dynamo České Budějovice |  |  |
| 1983–1987 | Sparta Prague |  |  |
| 1987–1991 | SK Dynamo České Budějovice |  |  |
| 1991–1992 | Omonia Aradippou |  |  |
| 1992–1993 | SK Dynamo České Budějovice |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1997–1998 | SK Dynamo České Budějovice | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Red Skies over Paradise

abstract: Red Skies over Paradise is a 1981 album by Fischer-Z. This was the last album released under the classic line-up, despite the departure of keyboardist Steve Skolnik. This album featured many songs about politics and several references to the Cold War, the album title and cover in particular. The album received positive reviews from fans and encouraged band leader John Watts to pursue a solo career, thus ending Fischer-Z until its revival in 1987. Two of these songs were used in Deutschland 83. The sleeve stated: "This record owes a lot to Brighton."

text:
# Red Skies over Paradise

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Red Skies over Paradise*** is a 1981 album by Fischer-Z. This was the last album released under the classic line-up, despite the departure of keyboardist Steve Skolnik. This album featured many songs about politics and several references to the Cold War, the album title and cover in particular. The album received positive reviews from fans and encouraged band leader John Watts to pursue a solo career, thus ending Fischer-Z until its revival in 1987. Two of these songs were used in *Deutschland 83*. The sleeve stated: "This record owes a lot to Brighton."

## Track listing

All songs written and arranged by John Watts

Side A

1. "Berlin" - 4:32
2. "Marliese" - 3:52
3. "Red Skies over Paradise (A Brighton Dream)" - 4:32
4. "In England" - 2:43
5. "You'll Never Find Brian Here" - 2:08
6. "Battalions of Strangers" - 5:03

Side B

1. "Song and Dance Brigade" - 3:02
2. "The Writer" - 3:20
3. "Bathroom Scenario" - 3:47
4. "Wristcutter's Lullaby" - 2:46
5. "Cruise Missiles" - 4:15
6. "Luton to Lisbon/Multinationals Bite" - 5:34

## Charts

| Chart (1981) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian (Kent Music Report) | 70 |

## Personnel

Fischer-Z * John Watts - lead vocals, guitar, keyboards
* David Graham - bass, bass pedals, backing vocals
* Steve Liddle - drums, backing vocals

Technical * Steve Parker - mix engineer
* John Pasche - art direction
* Philip Dunn - artwork, painting

## Sales and certifications

Certifications for *Red Skies over Paradise*
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Netherlands (NVPI) | Gold | 50,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

The album features the singles, "Marliese", "Wristcutter's Lullaby" (b/w "You'll Never Find Brian Here") and "The Writer".

## InfoBox

| Red Skies over Paradise | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Fischer-Z | |
| Released | March 1981 |
| Recorded | December 5–15, 1980 |
| Studio | The Manor Studios, Shipton-on-Cherwell, Oxfordshire |
| Genre | New wave |
| Length | 46:00 |
| Label | Liberty |
| Producer | John Watts, Richard Manwaring |
| Fischer-Z chronology | |
| *Going Deaf for a Living*
(1980) ***Red Skies over Paradise***
(1981) *Reveal*
(1987) | |


title: Miners (poem)

abstract: "Miners" is a poem by Wilfred Owen. He wrote the poem in Scarborough in January 1918, a few weeks after leaving Craiglockhart War Hospital where he had been recovering from a shell-shock. Owen wrote the poem in direct response to the Minnie Pit Disaster in which 156 people died.

text:
# Miners (poem)

"**Miners**" is a poem by Wilfred Owen. He wrote the poem in Scarborough in January 1918, a few weeks after leaving Craiglockhart War Hospital where he had been recovering from a shell-shock. Owen wrote the poem in direct response to the Minnie Pit Disaster in which 156 people (155 miners, 1 rescue worker) died.

## Background

After his discharge from Craiglockhart and a short spell of leave, Owen rejoined his army unit (the 3/5th battalion the Manchester Regiment) in Scarborough. While his men were in stationed at Burniston Road Barracks a mile north-west of the town, Owen and other officers were billeted in the Clarence Gardens (now the Clifton) Hotel; Owen was the mess secretary. Owen had a unique room in the hotel: he occupied the five-windowed turret on the 5th floor, directly overlooking the sea.

He wrote *Miners* in under an hour in response to the Minnie Pit Disaster of 12 January 1918, in which 156 men and boys lost their lives as a result of a firedamp explosion, including 40 pit-lads under 16. Owen was unusually well-acquainted (for someone with a grammar school education) with working-class miner types. Aged nineteen, he had met a Northumberland pit-lad who made a particular impression on him at a nonconformist convention in Keswick in 1912. Also, many of the men in his platoon had worked down the Lancashire pits before the war: in 1916, Owen had described his men as

> "hard-handed, hard-headed miners, dogged, loutish, ugly. (But I would trust them to advance under fire and to hold their trench;) blond, coarse, ungainly, strong, 'unfatiguable', unlovely, Lancashire soldiers, Saxons to the bone.

In addition, Owen was a keen geologist who had collected rocks and minerals since his youth, and in *Miners* he uses phrases like "smothered ferns" and "frond-forests", redolent of the imprints of fossil plants in coal.

## Poem

The opening stanzas evoke the poet gazing into the fire imagining a primeval forest older than myth, "before the fauns". But his traumatic experiences on the Western Front intrude on his somewhat romantic meditation: "Wrote a poem on the Colliery Disaster: but I get mixed up with the War at the end. It is short, but oh! sour." The gently hissing coals recall the moans of the dying miners "writhing for air"; Owen intertwines their deaths with those of soldiers at the front, imagining charred bodies reduced to ash. Owen laments that though people over the coming years will live on peacefully and doze by fires, their coals will have been formed of the toils of the dead soldiers and miners, now buried under the earth and forgotten.

For a projected volume of his work, Owen gave the poem the subtitle: *How the future will forget the dead in war*.

> There was a whispering in my hearth,
> A sigh of the coal,
> Grown wistful of a former earth
> It might recall.
> I listened for a tale of leaves
> And smothered ferns,
> Frond-forests, and the low sly lives
> Before the fauns.
> My fire might show steam-phantoms simmer
> From Time's old cauldron,
> Before the birds made nests in summer,
> Or men had children.
> But the coals were murmuring of their mine,
> And moans down there
> Of boys that slept wry sleep, and men
> Writhing for air.
> And I saw white bones in the cinder-shard,
> Bones without number.
> Many the muscled bodies charred,
> And few remember.
> I thought of all that worked dark pits
> Of war, and died
> Digging the rock where Death reputes
> Peace lies indeed.
> Comforted years will sit soft-chaired,
> In rooms of amber;
> The years will stretch their hands, well-cheered
> By our life's ember;
> The centuries will burn rich loads
> With which we groaned,
> Whose warmth shall lull their dreaming lids,
> While songs are crooned;
> But they will not dream of us poor lads,
> Left in the ground.

## Publication

Owen sent the poem to *The Nation* in the evening of the day he finished it. The proofs arrived while Owen was preparing to attend Robert Graves' wedding (on 23 January at St. James's Church, Piccadilly).

*Miners* was published on 26 January 1918, one of only five poems by Owen published in his lifetime. The cheque arrived on 14 February. Owen, in one of his many letters to his mother, said he was "satisfied with the Two Guineas that half-hour's work brought me."

1. The four other poems by Owen which appeared in print during his lifetime were *Song of Songs* and *The Next War* published in *The Hydra*, and *Hospital Barge* and *Futility* published in *The Nation*, 15 June 1918.

## Sources


title: Morgenblätter

abstract: Morgenblätter, Op. 279, is a Viennese waltz composed by Johann Strauss II in 1863 and first performed on 12 January 1864 at the Sofiensaal in Vienna. The work's genesis was attributed to the composition of a waltz by Jacques Offenbach later titled "Abendblätter" when Offenbach dedicated his work to the influential Vienna Authors' and Journalists' Association. The association had earlier intended the "Abendblätter" waltz to be played at their Concordia Ball on 12 January 1864. Strauss and his orchestra were engaged to provide music for the festivity and he was also obliged to dedicate a new composition of his own. Since he was clearly aware of Offenbach's dedication, he similarly left it to the association to decide the title of his own work. The committee, in a mood for a musical joust, titled Offenbach's work as "Abendblätter" and Strauss' work as "Morgenblätter". Friendly rivalry was top of their intentions though as Strauss dutifully premiered Offenbach's work as well as his own because the latter was not present on the day in question. Despite many later claims that Strauss' work was initially ignored, first night press reviews do not proclaim in favor of either work although posterity seemed to pronounce in favor of Strauss' uplifting work with the "Abendblätter" waltz being equally impressive. Introduction "Morgenblätter" is another of Strauss' more inspired waltzes, during the time where the development of the waltz has been rapid, with varying moods immortalised amongst the 5 two-part sections. The quiet introduction in the key of D major begins the work, with repeated chords in the bass-line. A sharp series of loud chords interrupts the playful mood and a long clarinet passage ushers in the first waltz theme in G major. Waltz 1B carries on the exuberant mood before a repeat of waltz 1A quickly proceeds to the tranquility of waltz 2A in C major. Waltz 3A and 3B is more robust and quicker than the previous sections whereas waltz 4A in B-flat major is quiet and brooding. Waltz 4B erupts in joy for a brief section and proceeding to repeat waltz 4A. Waltz 5A is the climax of the work, in E-flat major and is punctuated with the brass instruments, particularly the trombones. A more peaceful-sounding waltz 5B is played but the brash 5A makes another appearance. A tense coda would be quickly replaced with a reprise of waltz 2A. A furious passage of chords brought in waltz 1A again before sweeping into a joyous conclusion complete with a snare drumroll and orchestral flourish. Thomas Hardy's poem "A Seaside Town in 1869" suggests that the waltz was popular in England in the late 1860s.

text:
# Morgenblätter

**Morgenblätter** (Morning Journals), Op. 279, is a Viennese waltz composed by Johann Strauss II in 1863 and first performed on 12 January 1864 at the Sofiensaal in Vienna. The work's genesis was attributed to the composition of a waltz by Jacques Offenbach later titled "Abendblätter" when Offenbach dedicated his work to the influential Vienna Authors' and Journalists' Association (Presseclub Concordia). The association had earlier intended the "Abendblätter" waltz (untitled by Offenbach when first dedicated) to be played at their Concordia Ball on 12 January 1864.

Strauss and his orchestra were engaged to provide music for the festivity and he was also obliged to dedicate a new composition of his own. Since he was clearly aware of Offenbach's dedication, he similarly left it to the association to decide the title of his own work. The committee, in a mood for a musical joust, titled Offenbach's work as "Abendblätter" (Evening Papers) and Strauss' work as "Morgenblätter" (Morning Papers). Friendly rivalry was top of their intentions though as Strauss dutifully premiered Offenbach's work as well as his own because the latter was not present on the day in question. Despite many later claims that Strauss' work was initially ignored, first night press reviews do not proclaim in favor of either work although posterity seemed to pronounce in favor of Strauss' uplifting work with the "Abendblätter" waltz being equally impressive.

Introduction

"Morgenblätter" is another of Strauss' more inspired waltzes, during the time where the development of the waltz has been rapid, with varying moods immortalised amongst the 5 two-part sections. The quiet introduction in the key of D major begins the work, with repeated chords in the bass-line. A sharp series of loud chords interrupts the playful mood and a long clarinet passage ushers in the first waltz theme in G major. Waltz 1B (in D major) carries on the exuberant mood before a repeat of waltz 1A quickly proceeds to the tranquility of waltz 2A in C major. Waltz 3A and 3B (F major) is more robust and quicker than the previous sections whereas waltz 4A in B-flat major is quiet and brooding. Waltz 4B erupts in joy for a brief section and proceeding to repeat waltz 4A. Waltz 5A is the climax of the work, in E-flat major and is punctuated with the brass instruments, particularly the trombones. A more peaceful-sounding waltz 5B is played but the brash 5A makes another appearance.

A tense coda would be quickly replaced with a reprise of waltz 2A. A furious passage of chords brought in waltz 1A again before sweeping into a joyous conclusion complete with a snare drumroll and orchestral flourish.

Thomas Hardy's poem "A Seaside Town in 1869" (in *Moments of Vision*, 1917) suggests that the waltz was popular in England in the late 1860s.

## Recordings

* Michael Lanner with his orchestra. Recorded in Berlin on March 20, 1953. It was released by Electrola as catalog number EG 7897.

In *The Simpsons* season 34 episode "Bartless", the waltz is played while Lisa dances in a dream sequence.

1. "A Seaside Town in 1869", Thomas Hardy
* *Based on original text by Peter Kemp, The Johann Strauss Society of Great Britain. Used with permission.*


title: Paul Nunan

abstract: Michael Paul Nunan, CFC was a member of the Congregation of Christian Brothers and an influential educationalist in New Zealand, Victoria and, especially, Western Australia.

text:
# Paul Nunan

**Michael Paul Nunan**, CFC (1858  5 November 1934) was a member of the Congregation of Christian Brothers and an influential educationalist in New Zealand, Victoria and, especially, Western Australia.

## Personal life

Born around 1858, after a three-year illness he died at St Patrick’s College, Monday, 5 November 1934 aged 76 years. He was buried as Michael Paul Nunan at Ballaarat New Cemetery. He arrived in Australia with his parents 1873 from Ireland, part of education was at the Christian Brothers College, Victoria Parade, East Melbourne. He retired to live at St Patrick’s College, Ballarat Vic 3350 (Australia)

## Career

He joined the Christian Brothers and served at Ballarat Vic 3350, Brisbane in Qld and Sydney of NSW. Appointed headmaster to Perth, Western Australia in 1897 he stayed until 1907 then re-appointed in 1912 he served again 1913-1921

Nunan was one of the pioneering Christian Brothers who taught at Christian Brothers School, Dunedin from 1876 until 1883. He arrived in Dunedin eight months after the foundation Christian Brothers community led by Brother Fursey Bodkin. Nunan was an influential headmaster of Christian Brothers College, Perth, where he served from 1897–1908, 1912–1918 and 1920-21. He was one of the four headmasters who inaugurated the Public Schools Association in Western Australia. He was a member of the Royal commission that established the University of Western Australia. He was also headmaster of St Patrick's College, Ballarat 1910-1912. A boarding house at Aquinas College, Perth was named Nunan Residence in recognition of his work at Christian Brothers College, Perth.

## Further reading

* O'Neill, JC (1968). *The History of the Work of the Christian Brothers in New Zealand*. Auckland: Unpublished Dip Ed. thesis, University of Auckland.
* Meehan, W.J; Scanlan, B.J., eds. (1976). *The First 100 Years in New Zealand at Christian Brothers School Dunedin*. Dunedin: 1976 Centennial Committee/Christian Brothers Old Boys Association.
* Leinster-Mackay, Donald P. and Gregory Hancock (1979). "Godliness, manliness and good learning : Victorian virtues and Western Australian exemplars, 1891-1911". *Melbourne Studies in Education*. **1979**: 141–154. doi:10.1080/17508487909556131.
* Paull, Kevin (2001). *Beyond dreams in stone: a history of the Christian Brothers' colleges in Western Australia, 1894-2000*. Perth, Western Australia: Trustees of the Christian Brothers in WA Inc.

## InfoBox

| BrotherPaul Nunan, CFC | |
| --- | --- |
| Paul Nunan | |
| Born | c.1858
Ireland |
| Died | 5 November 1934
Ballarat, Victoria |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Occupation(s) | Educator, Christian Brother |


title: Reverse vending machine

abstract: A reverse vending machine (RVM) is a machine that allows a person to insert a used or empty glass bottle, plastic bottle, or aluminum can in exchange for a reward. After inserting the recyclable item, it is then compacted, sorted, and analyzed according to the number of ounces, materials, and brand using the universal product code on the bottle or can. Once the item has been scanned and approved, it is then crushed and sorted into the proper storage space for the classified material. Upon processing the item, the machine rewards people with incentives, such as cash or coupons. The first prototype of a reverse vending machine was established in 1972 by TOMRA. With nations increasingly adopting policies concerning recycling and sustainability, reverse vending machines have become the standard in areas with stringent recycling policies. To date, there are more than one hundred thousand RVMs spread globally, located in countries including the United Kingdom, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Australia, Canada, and the United States.

text:
# Reverse vending machine

A **reverse vending machine** (RVM) is a machine that allows a person to insert a used or empty glass bottle, plastic bottle, or aluminum can in exchange for a reward. After inserting the recyclable item, it is then compacted, sorted, and analyzed according to the number of ounces, materials, and brand using the universal product code on the bottle or can. Once the item has been scanned and approved, it is then crushed and sorted into the proper storage space for the classified material. Upon processing the item, the machine rewards people with incentives, such as cash or coupons.

The first prototype of a reverse vending machine was established in 1972 by TOMRA. With nations increasingly adopting policies concerning recycling and sustainability, reverse vending machines have become the standard in areas with stringent recycling policies. To date, there are more than one hundred thousand RVMs spread globally, located in countries including the United Kingdom, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Australia, Canada, and the United States.

## History

On 13 September 1920, the first patent for an ‘Empty Container Return and Handling Machine’ was registered in America using a coin return as compensation by Elmer Jones and Sue Walker. This machine was referred to as a "Bottle Return Machine" (BRM) during that time. The first working BRM took approximately thirty years from the first patent to be invented and manufactured. This whole process was conducted by "Wicanders from Sweden," with the machine being used throughout the 1950s. In 1962, an evolved "Automatic Bottle Return Machine" was established by Aage Tveitan. After the invention, the machine was manufactured en-masse by the innovator’s firm Arthur Tveitan ASA in Norway and distributed worldwide.

In 1994, a three-in-one machine focused on bottle recycling was conceived by Kansmacker and is still being used today in some states within the U.S. In the United Kingdom, the Reverse Vending Corporation established the first independent return ready Reverse Vending Machines. In 2018, RVM Systems paid for the assets and trademarks of the United Kingdom’s top reverse vending company, Reverse Vending Corporation. Now these machines are standard across the United Kingdom.

## Operation

The operations of the reverse vending machine (RVM) are relatively straightforward in that when the recycler brings the used beverage bottle to the machine, a "receiving opening" is designed precisely to accept the bottles. The opening ensures that the device can take only one container at a time. However, on older systems of the RVM, the recycler has to open a small door on the machine placing the container in a pan before the door closes, with the process being repeated all over again. After that, the recycled bottle automatically turns and is then scanned by a UPC (“Universal Product Code”) scanner. The scanner’s primary purpose is to scan the UPC located within the recycled container. The UPC system is different from the previous methods RVMs used which analyzed the shape and form of the item while using other identification constraints to ensure the container is matched against the system’s database substituting the barcode.

Up-to-date machines utilize artificial intelligence as the contemporary "recognition layer" rather than other identification segments. Aco Recycling is the first company to develop AI Recognition Module for Reverse Vending Machines, machines has been already deployed to deposit and non deposit countries. After the recycled item is scanned and matched to the system’s database, it is then considered an approved item. Recyclable items are quickly processed and crushed to ensure size reduction, to prevent leaks of any liquids inside the bottles, and finally, to boost the machine’s storage volume. In addition, refillable containers are manually handled and returned to the bottling firms. According to a study by the New York City Housing Authority, participants reported that the reverse vending machine was a more flexible option for recycling and convenience purposes. Furthermore, these machines are seen as a contributor to the circular economy as people are motivated to participate in recycling initiatives due to monetary benefits.

## Mechanics

The reverse vending machine attempts to solve the efficiency problem of sorting waste to enhance the recycling process. Reverse vending machines work by permitting the user to insert the recycled containers within a specific aperture inside the machine. Consequently, the machine compresses the bottle to reduce its size and allow more of them to be stored within it before they are collected and returned to the bottling company. After the machine compresses the items, it sorts them for storage purposes, after which they will be delivered to companies responsible for recycling them.

When the machine receives a container from the user, the item is placed in the "loading pad," usually in various forms, including a pan form or a wheel. In the pan form, containers are sorted through the use of the barcode scanner. A particular section of the RVM utilizes software to match the container to the database. There is also hardware that entails an implanted sensor that works hand in hand with other parts to ensure the machine works effectively. Considering the RVM entails an intelligent device that constantly interacts with recyclers, information technology support hand in hand with technical maintenance is usually necessary to ensure efficiency.

## Demand

Waste is being accumulated at a growing pace all over the world, causing the need for new recycling solutions like reverse vending machines. In 2016 alone, over four hundred billion bottles were dispersed globally to consumers, with a little less than half of those bottles being amassed for recycling. With product-focused collection and recycling programs outperforming traditional recycling methods, in states like California or Michigan, governments are increasingly looking to innovate in the sector by adopting government funding grant programs to help supply more machines throughout urban areas.

## Locations

### North America

In North America, the adoption of recycling is relatively low; only 9.2% of the plastics manufactured in the United States were recycled. Product-focused recycling and collection programs are being implemented in states like Michigan and California, where reverse vending machines are starting to be implemented. Reverse vending machines have been implemented in various entertainment venues in the region as well, including Lincoln Financial Field, Javits Center, Nationals Park, and Red Rocks Amphitheater. They were also deployed at the Super Bowl.

### Europe

In Europe, Norway is among the leading countries in recycling. In Norway alone, there exists over three thousand seven hundred reverse vending machines and more than ten thousand stations where the trash, including bottles, could be received. Norway offers relatively high monetary incentives for the returned bottles, thus resulting in high recycling rates. Finland is another country with high recycling rates based on the tax for liters generated.

More than one hundred and forty grocery stores owned by UK-based retailer Tesco are planning to add RVMs. Moreover, Tesco has committed to making all of its branded products 100% recyclable by 2025 and spearheaded an RVM campaign set to debut in early 2022.

Moreover, new technological development are increasingly being implemented in Europe. In October 2021, Germany and Denmark partnered with TOMRA to launch the multi-feeding RVM, the TOMRA R1, enabling recyclers to deposit more than one hundred used beverage containers into RVMs in one go. Moreover, TOMRA is expanding its reach as a global RVM leader in Europe and has committed to donating five Euro cents to raise money for vital medical equipment in Apeldoorn, Netherlands, with TOMRA’s first publicly available R1. TOMRA’s R1 machine exhibits higher recycling deposit return rates, achieving 98% returns in Germany and 92% in Denmark.

Other parts of Europe are continuing to adopt RVMs through the use of both public and private joint ventures. For example, the Russian food retailer, X5 Group, initiated a partnership with Coca-Cola in Pyaterochka, Moscow, to supply RVMs in neighborhood areas with high foot traffic. Unilever has also supported the use of RVMs in Moscow in 2019, where they installed seven in Perekrestok and three in Moscow, through a pilot project to promote plastic collection and recycling initiatives, by issuing 10% coupons for Unilever products in the respective storefronts.

As a result, these respective countries’ public and private sectors have partnered to partake in the recycling effort to forego paying extra taxes and contributing to RVM supply and direct investment in the space to get other entrepreneurs involved in the space despite its cost constraints.

In February 2022, an Aldi store in Ireland set up a RVM in Mitchelstown, County Cork.

### Asia

In Asia, Russia has illustrated a focus on RVMs with one of its most significant food retailers joining forces with a global beverage producer to enact RVMs in numerous shops across Russia with a discount coupon of 15% to reduce waste in Russia. Russia’s neighbor Kazakhstan has also recently embraced the idea of using reverse vending machines to help in their waste management processes. Finally, India first introduced the RVMs to help recycle containers in 2016. With India's adoption of RVMs, its identified the top locations for RVMs and broke them into five categories. The first category was close to neighborhoods, while the second category was in supermarkets. The third category was in bus stops, the fourth category in public areas, while the final category was in shopping malls. Having implemented the deposit return system in 2018, Israel was able to collect 77% of the recyclable waste by returning the deposit fee to the end user. Thanks to this system, Israel encourages people to recycle, which is a sustainable project. produced by Aco Recycling constitutes the majority of the machines used in Israel. The fact that it is preferred more with crusher systems and artificial intelligence increases the recycling rate.

## Advantages

The reverse vending machine has several environmental and economic benefits. A person can be rewarded a monetary gain or other rewards by disposing of their waste, such as plastic bottles. This economic benefit is an incentive for people to dispose of their waste correctly. With landfills receiving 27 million tons of plastic in 2018, the RVM attempts to combat this by providing a convenient proper disposal method. The machine’s design allows the user to only insert the item in, and no other action is required. This added convenience benefit enables the RVM to correctly sort the waste, so it does not end up dumped in the environment. One of the focal points of having an RVM rather than a traditional recycling bin is the use of a crusher which allows for a larger capacity of storing waste.

## Disadvantages

Despite the efficiencies found in reverse vending machines, their high acquisition costs are a disadvantage, as machines typically cost more than $6,000. Due to these costs, private business owners typically cannot afford to acquire and manage the machines. As a result, government-affiliated and non-profit interest groups have worked with companies like TOMRA to initiate policies and joint venture programs to promote the use of reverse vending machines to the public. As more corporations and private businesses begin to enter the RVM market, costs are expected to decrease and become a more common alternative to traditional recycling methods.

Aside from an economic perspective, RVMs are subject to constant checkups, updates, and maintenance procedures which enable the artificial intelligence software to continue scanning and collecting data on the recyclable bottles. Despite the convenience that reverse vending machines offer their users, the monetary rewards may be perceived as too insignificant to incentivize recycling from the general public.

## Future developments

Researchers at the Swiss-German University have created a machine that takes both cans and plastic bottles. The device will have an "LCD and push-button installed as well as a commercial beverages database holding a daily log of recycling activity.

The RVM market is expected to grow from $343.6 million in 2018 to over $685.1 million by 2025 as countries embrace waste management initiatives.


title: Ajayanum Vijayanum

abstract: Ajayanum Vijayanum is a 1976 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed by J. Sasikumar and produced by K. N. S. Jaffarsha. The film stars Prem Nazir, Lakshmi, Sukumari, Kaviyoor Ponnamma and Adoor Bhasi. The film has musical score by M. S. Viswanathan. The movie is a remake of the 1964 Telugu movie Ramudu Bheemudu.

text:
# Ajayanum Vijayanum

***Ajayanum Vijayanum*** (transl.Ajay and Vijay) is a 1976 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed by J. Sasikumar and produced by K. N. S. Jaffarsha. The film stars Prem Nazir, Lakshmi, Sukumari, Kaviyoor Ponnamma and Adoor Bhasi. The film has musical score by M. S. Viswanathan. The movie is a remake of the 1964 Telugu movie *Ramudu Bheemudu*.

## Cast

## Remakes details at a glance

|
|  |
| Year | Film | Language | Cast | Director |
| 1964 | Ramudu Bheemudu | Telugu | N. T. Rama Rao, Jamuna, S.V. Ranga Rao | Tapi Chanakya |
| 1965 | Enga Veettu Pillai | Tamil | M. G. Ramachandran, B. Saroja Devi, M. N. Nambiar | Tapi Chanakya |
| 1967 | Ram Aur Shyam | Hindi | Dilip Kumar, Waheeda Rehman, Pran | Tapi Chanakya |
| 1976 | Ajayanum Vijayanum | Malayalam | Prem Nazir, Lakshmi, K.P. Ummer | Sasikumar |
| 1996 | Mojugara Sogasugara | Kannada | Vishnuvardhan, Shruti, Doddanna | Vijay |
|

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by M. S. Viswanathan and the lyrics were written by Sreekumaran Thampi.

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length (m:ss) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Aduthaal Adipaniyum" | K. J. Yesudas | Sreekumaran Thampi |  |
| 2 | "Kadhakali Keli" | K. J. Yesudas | Sreekumaran Thampi |  |
| 3 | "Neelakkarimbin" | P. Jayachandran, L. R. Eeswari | Sreekumaran Thampi |  |
| 4 | "Pavizhamalli" | K. J. Yesudas | Sreekumaran Thampi |  |
| 5 | "Varshameghame" | P. Susheela, Chorus | Sreekumaran Thampi |  |

## InfoBox

| Ajayanum Vijayanum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | J. Sasikumar |
| Written by | Sreekumaran Thampi |
| Screenplay by | Sreekumaran Thampi |
| Story by | D. V. Narasa Raju |
| Based on | *Ramudu Bheemudu* (Telugu) |
| Produced by | K. N. S. Jaffarsha |
| Starring | Prem Nazir
Sukumari
Kaviyoor Ponnamma
Lakshmi
Adoor Bhasi |
| Cinematography | Melli Irani |
| Edited by | K. Sankunni |
| Music by | M. S. Viswanathan |
| Production
company | JS Films |
| Distributed by | JS Films |
| Release date | * 24 December 1976 (1976-12-24) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


abstract:
The National Center for Film and Video Preservation was established in 1984 by the American Film Institute and the National Endowment for the Arts to
  - coordinate American moving image preservation activities on a national scale serving as Secretariat for the Association of Moving Image Archivists and The Film Foundation.
  - implement the National Moving Image Database.
  - research and publish the AFI Catalog of Feature Films.
  - locate and acquire films and television programs for inclusion in the AFI Collection to be preserved at the Library of Congress and other archives.
  - establish ongoing relationships between the public archives and the film and television industry.
  - create broader public awareness of preservation needs. The center has a list of wanted films believed to be lost. Some of the films on that list are
  - Cleopatra (1917)
  - The Divine Woman (1928)
  - Camille (1927)

text:
# National Center for Film and Video Preservation

The **National Center for Film and Video Preservation** was established in 1984 by the American Film Institute and the National Endowment for the Arts to

* coordinate American moving image preservation activities on a national scale serving as Secretariat for the Association of Moving Image Archivists and The Film Foundation.
* implement the National Moving Image Database.
* research and publish the AFI Catalog of Feature Films.
* locate and acquire films and television programs for inclusion in the AFI Collection to be preserved at the Library of Congress and other archives.
* establish ongoing relationships between the public archives and the film and television industry.
* create broader public awareness of preservation needs.

The center has a list of wanted films believed to be lost. Some of the films on that list are

1. One of the reasons why Scorsese chose to shoot RAGING BULL in black and white was that he was concerned with contemporary Eastman color stock fading American Film Institute's webpage. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
2. Kara Glover. "MCA/Universal continues the trend among Hollywood studios for restoring old movies." *Los Angeles Business Journal*, 1 October 1990. Retrieved 14 March 2009.