title: Net reproduction rate

abstract: In population ecology and demography, the net reproduction rate, R0, is the average number of offspring (often specifically daughters) that would be born to a female if she passed through her lifetime conforming to the age-specific fertility and mortality rates of a given year. This rate is similar to the gross reproduction rate but takes into account that some females will die before completing their childbearing years. An R0 of one means that each generation of mothers is having exactly enough daughters to replace themselves in the population. If the R0 is less than one, the reproductive performance of the population is below replacement level. The R0 is particularly relevant where sex ratios at birth are significantly affected by the use of reproductive technologies, or where life expectancy is low. The current (2015–20) estimate for the R0 worldwide under the UN's medium variant model is 1.09 daughters per woman.

text:
# Net reproduction rate

In population ecology and demography, the **net reproduction rate**, ***R*0**, is the average number of offspring (often specifically daughters) that would be born to a female if she passed through her lifetime conforming to the age-specific fertility and mortality rates of a given year. This rate is similar to the gross reproduction rate but takes into account that some females will die before completing their childbearing years. An *R*0 of one means that each generation of mothers is having exactly enough daughters to replace themselves in the population. If the R0 is less than one, the reproductive performance of the population is below replacement level.

The *R*0 is particularly relevant where sex ratios at birth are significantly affected by the use of reproductive technologies, or where life expectancy is low.

The current (2015–20) estimate for the R0 worldwide under the UN's medium variant model is 1.09 daughters per woman.


title: Roggwil, Thurgau

abstract: Roggwil is a municipality in the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

text:
# Roggwil, Thurgau

**Roggwil** is a municipality in the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## History

Roggwil is first mentioned in 854 as *Megenberti de Rocconwilare* when it became part of the holdings of the Bishop of Constance. In the mid-13th Century, these rights were ceded to the Freiherr von Hagenwil. In 1264, the low justice rights over Hagenwil and Roggwil went to the Abbey of St. Gall. In 1364 the court rights acquired by the Breitenlandenberg family, who held the rights until 1432. Then, between 1513-1684 the Bernhausen family acquired these rights, and from 1685 to 1798 they were held by the village itself. Around 1420, Mötteli von Rappenstein bought the tower, which he expanded to a castle. of the tower, she extensions to the castle (from 1517 to 1798 outside space). In 1578, the castle was inherited by Studer von Winkelbach, in 1650 it passed on to the Bernhausens, and from 1740 to 1805 it was in possession of the monastery.

In 900, Roggwil became part of the parish of Arbon, and the Catholics have remained part of that parish into the 21st Century. In 1870, 78% of the population belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, in 1910 it was 71% and in 2000 the number had dropped to only 51%. Until the construction of the Church of St. Otmar in 1963, the local Catholics visited church services in Arbon and Berg in St. Gallen.

In the second third of the 19th Century there were the two primary school districts, Roggwil and Freidorf-Watt in the village.

## Geography

Roggwil has an area, as of 2009, of 12.04 square kilometers (4.65 sq mi). Of this area, 8.83 km2 (3.41 sq mi) or 73.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.5 km2 (0.58 sq mi) or 12.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.56 km2 (0.60 sq mi) or 13.0% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.02 km2 (4.9 acres) or 0.2% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 6.7% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 0.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.2%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 5.0%. Out of the forested land, 9.2% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 50.7% is used for growing crops, while 22.7% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality is located in the Arbon district, on the Arbon-St. Gallen road. It consists of the villages of Ober- and Unter-Roggwil which grew together and a number of hamletsincluding Mammertshofen.

## Demographics

Roggwil has a population (as of December 2020) of 3,257. As of 2008, 9.4% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 22.2%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (95.7%), with Italian being second most common ( 1.0%) and English being third ( 0.5%).

As of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 49.6% male and 50.4% female. The population was made up of 1,295 Swiss men (44.8% of the population), and 141 (4.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,325 Swiss women (45.8%), and 132 (4.6%) non-Swiss women.

In 2008 there were 32 live births to Swiss citizens and births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 13 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 19 while the foreign population decreased by 1. There was 1 Swiss man, 2 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland to another country, 16 non-Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland to another country and 18 non-Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland to another country. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources) was an increase of 40 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 40 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.8%.

The age distribution, as of 2009, in Roggwil is; 387 children or 13.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 379 teenagers or 13.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 275 people or 9.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 362 people or 12.6% are between 30 and 39, 549 people or 19.1% are between 40 and 49, and 385 people or 13.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 286 people or 10.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 149 people or 5.2% are between 70 and 79, there are 91 people or 3.2% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 9 people or 0.3% who are 90 and older.

As of 2000, there were 934 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. In 2000 there were 408 single family homes (or 82.4% of the total) out of a total of 495 inhabited buildings. There were 38 two family buildings (7.7%), 11 three family buildings (2.2%) and 38 multi-family buildings (or 7.7%). There were 574 (or 23.3%) persons who were part of a couple without children, and 1,452 (or 59.0%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 103 (or 4.2%) people who lived in single parent home, while there are 32 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 7 persons who lived in a household made up of relatives, 25 who lived in a household made up of unrelated persons, and 46 who are either institutionalized or live in another type of collective housing.

The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2008, was 0.78%. As of 2007, the construction rate of new housing units was 7.8 new units per 1000 residents. In 2000 there were 984 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was the 4 room apartment of which there were 263. There were 9 single room apartments and 248 apartments with six or more rooms.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 47.51% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (13.77%), the SP (11.76%) and the FDP (11.01%). In the federal election, a total of 837 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 43.0%.

The historical population is given in the following table:

| year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 1850 | 1,284 |
| 1870 | 1,239 |
| 1880 | 1,182 |
| 1900 | 1,289 |
| 1910 | 1,495 |
| 1950 | 1,542 |
| 1990 | 1,762 |
| 2000 | 2,462 |
|

## Heritage sites of national significance

The Gasthof Traube, and Mammertshofen Castle are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The village of Roggwil and the hamlet of Watt bei Roggwil are listed as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

## Economy

As of  2007, Roggwil had an unemployment rate of 1.21%. As of 2005, there were 206 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 59 businesses involved in this sector. 512 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 27 businesses in this sector. 405 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 87 businesses in this sector.

In 2000 there were 1,732 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 957 or about 55.3% of the residents worked outside Roggwil while 609 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 1,384 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 15.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 51.1% used a private car.

Local industry includes the shoe manufacturer kybun Corporation of Karl Müller, pharmaceutical firm A. Vogel, and a small brewery, Huus-Braui.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 929 or 37.7% were Roman Catholic, while 1,220 or 49.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 2 Old Catholics (or about 0.08% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland there are 11 individuals (or about 0.45% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 46 individuals (or about 1.87% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There were 6 (or about 0.24% of the population) who are Islamic. There are 2 individuals (or about 0.08% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 161 (or about 6.54% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 85 individuals (or about 3.45% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Transport

Roggwil sits on the Bodensee–Toggenburg line between Romanshorn and St. Gallen and is served by the St. Gallen S-Bahn at Roggwil-Berg railway station.

## Education

In Roggwil about 81.7% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).

Roggwil is home to the Roggwil primary school district. In the 2008/2009 school year there are 122 students. There are 31 children in the kindergarten, and the average class size is 15.5 kindergartners. Of the children in kindergarten, 14 or 45.2% are female, 1 or 3.2% was not a Swiss citizen. The lower and upper primary levels begin at about age 5-6 and lasts for 6 years. There are 45 children in who are at the lower primary level and 46 children in the upper primary level. The average class size in the primary school is 18.2 students. At the lower primary level, there are 24 children or 53.3% of the total population who are female. In the upper primary level, there are 19 or 41.3% who are female, 1 or 2.2% is not a Swiss citizen.

## InfoBox

| Roggwil | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Roggwil | |
| RoggwilRoggwil | |
| Coordinates: 47°30′N 9°24′E / 47.500°N 9.400°E / 47.500; 9.400 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Thurgau |
| District | Arbon |
| Area | |
| Total | 11.9 km2 (4.6 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 440 m (1,440 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 3,068 |
| Density | 260/km2 (670/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 9325 |
| SFOS number | 4431 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-TG |
| Surrounded by | Arbon, Berg (SG), Egnach, Häggenschwil (SG), Wittenbach (SG) |
| Website | www.roggwil-tg.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Robert Lee Barker

abstract: Robert Lee Barker is an American psychotherapist, author, editor, and professor of social work. He is most noted as the creator and author of The Social Work Dictionary through its first five editions and has written 20 other textbooks in the fields of family therapy, behavioral dysfunctions, and legal-social issues. He was an early advocate and systematizer for the case management approach to delivering social services, for private practice in social work, and for the emerging field of forensic social work.

text:
# Robert Lee Barker

**Robert Lee Barker** (born July 19, 1937) is an American psychotherapist, author, editor, and professor of social work. He is most noted as the creator and author of *The Social Work Dictionary* through its first five editions and has written 20 other textbooks in the fields of family therapy, behavioral dysfunctions, and legal-social issues. He was an early advocate and systematizer for the case management approach to delivering social services, for private practice in social work, and for the emerging field of forensic social work.

## Biography

Robert Lee Barker was born July 19, 1937, in Tacoma, Washington, the oldest of four children. His mother worked as a waitress and his stepfather was a prison guard. During college and graduate school he worked in a variety of blue-collar jobs in canneries and paper mills. In one of those jobs, he was employed in a Veteran's Administration hospital as a psychiatric aide, which inspired his interest in working with people with mental and behavioral distresses. He graduated in 1959 from the University of Puget Sound in Tacoma, majoring in sociology and psychology before earning his Master of Social Work (MSW) from the University of Washington in Seattle.

In 1961 he became a 2nd lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force where he worked as a social work officer at Travis Air Force Base. He was a founder and first president of the Air Force Social Workers Association. The organization later published Barker's pamphlet, “Careers In Air Force Social Work.” In 1969 he completed his military service at Andrews Air Force Base in Washington, D.C., attaining the rank of major. As part of his military duties in the hospital department of psychiatry, he had to personally inform hundreds of families of Vietnam casualties of the deaths of their loved ones.

Under an Air Force Institute of Technology scholarship he attended Columbia University in New York to earn his PhD, where his mentors included Robert K. Merton, Richard A. Cloward, Eveline M. Burns, and Florence Hollis. In his doctoral dissertation research he studied personnel patterns in mental hospitals. This work led to a grant from the U.S. Veterans Administration to determine how to utilize social work personnel more efficiently. His dissertation work led to his first published book, *Differential Use of Social Work Manpower*. In collaboration with Professor Thomas L. Briggs of Syracuse University, Barker wrote a series of books and monographs to deal with shortages in mental health personnel through more efficient intervention strategies, including teamwork and case management approaches.

In 1969 Barker co-founded, with psychiatrist-psychoanalyst Karl D. Hawver M.D., the Potomac Psychiatric Center in the Washington, D.C., suburbs. The clinic focused on treating individuals and families with mental health problems and family relationship issues. Barker specialized in family therapy, couples therapy, and group psychotherapy. In the clinic's Capitol Hill office in Washington, Barker treated the families of many U.S. Members of Congress and other government officials.

In 1979, Barker joined the faculty of The Catholic University of America, where he taught master's and doctoral students and guided their dissertation researches. During this time he wrote over 100 articles in professional journals, created and edited the Journal of Independent Social Work from 1986–1991, and produced textbooks on couples therapy. He was consultant to the Ladies Home Journal column “Can This Marriage Be Saved” in 1987 through 1989 and its counselor-expert. He wrote a best selling book “The Green Eyed Marriage which led to his conducting a series of workshops for people and their families with jealousy problems. Together with faculty at Catholic University he helped establish two new schools of social work in Santiago and Valparaíso, Chile, and he taught courses at the Escuela de Trabajo Social at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso for three years beginning in 1988.

Since 1990 he has focused his career to the development of *The Social Work Dictionary* and other publications. He has also worked extensively as a consultant to organizations that write questions for professional state licensing boards, to testifying in courtrooms about family and custody issues, and as a researcher and advocate for homeless persons.

Barker is married to Dr. Mary Elizabeth Donovan, formerly of the education faculty at the University of Puget Sound. They have three sons and one daughter.

## Case management innovations

Early in Barker's career in the 1960s, President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs necessitated tremendous increases in the numbers of social service and mental health workers. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) was awarded grants from government agencies to help find ways to remedy these shortages. Barker and Thomas Briggs were employed to conduct and administer these studies. They observed numerous state and federal institutions and experimented with different ways staff members could help hospitalized clients and their families. The Barker-Briggs model of using teams to provide these services was later used as a template for case management approaches is still used by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, known as the Veteran's Administration at the time, and by many state mental hospital staffing patterns. As originated, the model replaced the primary one-on-one relationship between client and helping professional with a team approach. The leader of the team, usually a professional social worker or registered nurse assigned specific tasks to a staff of several ancillary workers. The ancillary workers were experts in their own right at providing for the specific needs of the client. For example, one worker could specialize in helping clients get jobs, or helping clients access post-discharge resources in the community. The implication was that such clients needed help not only with psychotherapy or counseling but with life-skills problems, and when met, the client's psychotherapy goals were achieved more efficiently and effectively.

## Private practice

Members of the social work profession have debated for decades about whether its mission is compatible with private practice. Opponents of private practice argue that social workers should only be employed by governmental agencies or charitable organizations, and deal primarily with clients who are economically disadvantaged. When Barker established his clinic in 1969 almost all of his social colleagues were employed by charity oriented. He conducted workshops in private practice and a series of debates with social work advocates of the agency based model. Eventually, more social workers entered private practice and it has become one of the primary ways these professionals are now employed.

## Crisis intervention theory in couples therapy

When Barker left the military to establish his private practice he had been greatly influenced by the studies of Vietnam War veterans who suffered Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and related works about crisis intervention with PTSD victims. He concluded that, while the severity of the trauma in Vietnam might be greater, the crisis facing dysfunctional family members could have similar consequences and might benefit from similar intervention strategies. He conducted a series of systematic research studies with such family members and, with several colleagues used an adapted version of the crisis intervention PTSD model to treat troubled families. Treating Couples In Crisis, has been subsequently used as an instructional textbook for graduate students in marital therapy classes.

## *The Social Work Dictionary*

In the early 1980s Barker served on several panels of social work experts who wrote the questions and answers for the state licensing board examinations. Many of these panels resulted in disagreements about what social workers actually mean when they use their unique terminology. The researchers who conducted these panels wondered why the social work profession could not resolve disputes simply by consulting the dictionaries of their profession's nomenclature. However, up to that point, the social work profession did not have such a dictionary and had never developed one of its own. With most of the states in the process of developing professional licensing boards for social workers for the first time, the need for a uniform professional nomenclature and glossary became urgent.

With the help of the National Association of Social Workers, the major association of the profession, Barker called on hundreds of experts in the field and in related disciplines, to assist his efforts to create a dictionary. Barker developed the list of the terms to be included in the Dictionary by reviewing the indexes of all the textbooks and journals used in the profession, and in related professions such as psychology, psychiatry, economics, administration, medicine, and other fields. He then wrote succinct definitions for several thousand terms from this list. A selection of these definitions was submitted to experts for corrections and clarifications. Eventually every term and definition had been reviewed by at least three experts before a final definition was established. Before publication, each of these definitions was reviewed for clarity and comprehensibility by graduate students in several of the schools of social work in the Washington, D.C. area.

The result was the original social work dictionary, first published by NASW in 1987 with about 4,000 terms defined. With each revision, in 1991, 1995, 1999, and 2003 about 2000 additional definitions were added; the current edition has nearly 10,000 definitions in 493 pages. The dictionary also contains thousands of acronyms commonly used in the profession, and a timeline of the historical events in the development of the profession.

The dictionary is now the definitive reference resource in the profession, used in agencies, universities, and social work organizations throughout the world. It has been called “a landmark in the continuing professionalization of social work—the development of a distinctive and unique vocabulary and the development of consensus by social work consultants (scholars and practitioners) on key terms.”

## Homeless advocacy

Perhaps because of his own humble origins, Barker has always had a strong interest in the problems of homelessness. His close friendship and work with the famous urban anthropologist Elliot Liebow, author of “Tally’s Corner and “Tell Them Who I Am: The Lives of Homeless Women,” motivated him to speak and write about problems of the homeless. In 1989 he devoted several months to living as a homeless person in several cities throughout the United States. He conducted extensive interviews with “other” homeless persons, and sent the findings by mail to Liebow. These correspondences formed the basis of a series of lectures about homelessness given by Liebow and Barker to various government agencies, universities, and civic groups.

## Forensic social work

After Barker retired from The Catholic University to devote more time to the dictionary and to homeless advocacy, he testified as an expert witness in courtroom trials, primarily involved in family dissolution disputes and custody issues. He conducted workshops for social workers on how to prepare for courtroom testimony and to conduct forensic investigations to be used in legal proceedings. He developed a curriculum for universities for a new specialty, forensic social work, and with lawyer Douglas Branson of the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, published the first text on the subject, “Forensic Social Work”, now in its second edition. This text is now used in many schools of social work for their courses on forensics and legal issues.


title: Piedade de Caratinga

abstract: Piedade de Caratinga is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.

text:
# Piedade de Caratinga

**Piedade de Caratinga** is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Piedade de Caratinga | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Motto(s): Cuidando da cidade, Trabalhando pra você | |
| Piedade de CaratingaLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 19°45′32″S 42°4′33″W / 19.75889°S 42.07583°W / -19.75889; -42.07583 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | Minas Gerais |
| Mesoregion | Vale do Rio Doce |
| Area | |
| Total | 42,218 sq mi (109,345 km2) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 8,702 |
| Density | 16,840/sq mi (6,502/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Museo de la Trinidad

abstract: The Museo de la Trinidad, or Museo Nacional de la Trinidad, was a Spanish national museum of painting and sculpture in Madrid from 1837 to 1872. Its collection was removed and merged with the Museo del Prado in 1872. It was called the 'Museum of the Holy Trinity' after the name of its location. It was created as a result of the confiscation of church property in Spain called the Mendizábal confiscations. Though it was first opened to the public on July 24, 1838 to celebrate Queen regent Maria Christina's name-day, it was soon closed and reopened on May 2, 1842 by the twelve-year-old Queen Isabella II of Spain who had an inventory drawn up in 1854 and expanded the collection with acquisitions and contemporary works from her National Exhibitions of Fine Arts that she began in 1856, making it the first national Spanish public art museum with state-owned works. Due to lack of exhibition space in the cramped former convent, most of the items were not on display, and few efforts were made to document the provenance of the various pieces, leading to retroactive provenance work that continues to this day. In 1862, the art critic and historian Gregorio Cruzada Villaamil became deputy director of the museum, and he was the first to properly review and catalog the inventories of the collection. Until then, there was only the queen's list drawn up in 1854. Though his catalog was published in 1865, it only described the part of the collection he considered to be the most significant. Of the 1733 paintings that appear in the 1854 inventory, he cataloged only 603, noting that works previously in the collection of Infante Sebastian Gabriel seized in 1835 had been returned to him in 1861. Shortly after the revolution in September 1868, there was an initiative to merge two museums, the 'Trinidad' and the Prado, both already national. By decrees of the regency government of November 25, 1870 and March 22, 1872, the Museo de la Trinidad was closed down and its collections were transferred to the Prado. In fact, only 83 of 'Trinidad' works were on display in the Prado after 1873, almost all from the inventory of new acquisitions that began in 1856. Most of the other works were distributed to various locations or deposited in the Villanueva building. Among the most valuable pieces from the Museo de la Trinidad were those by El Greco, Pedro Berruguete, Juan Bautista Maíno, and Flemish paintings. Over 600 religious works, considered at the time to have little value, have since been lost.

text:
# Museo de la Trinidad

The ***Museo de la Trinidad***, or ***Museo Nacional de la Trinidad***, was a Spanish national museum of painting and sculpture in Madrid from 1837 to 1872. Its collection was removed and merged with the Museo del Prado in 1872. It was called the 'Museum of the Holy Trinity' after the name of its location (a convent no longer extant). It was created as a result of the confiscation of church property in Spain called the Mendizábal confiscations.

Though it was first opened to the public on July 24, 1838 to celebrate Queen regent Maria Christina's name-day, it was soon closed and reopened on May 2, 1842 by the twelve-year-old Queen Isabella II of Spain who had an inventory drawn up in 1854 and expanded the collection with acquisitions and contemporary works from her National Exhibitions of Fine Arts that she began in 1856, making it the first national Spanish public art museum with state-owned works. Due to lack of exhibition space in the cramped former convent, most of the items were not on display, and few efforts were made to document the provenance of the various pieces, leading to retroactive provenance work that continues to this day. In 1862, the art critic and historian Gregorio Cruzada Villaamil became deputy director of the museum, and he was the first to properly review and catalog the inventories of the collection. Until then, there was only the queen's list drawn up in 1854. Though his catalog was published in 1865, it only described the part of the collection he considered to be the most significant. Of the 1733 paintings that appear in the 1854 inventory, he cataloged only 603, noting that works previously in the collection of Infante Sebastian Gabriel seized in 1835 had been returned to him in 1861.

Shortly after the revolution in September 1868, there was an initiative to merge two museums, the 'Trinidad' and the Prado, both already national. By decrees of the regency government of November 25, 1870 and March 22, 1872, the Museo de la Trinidad was closed down and its collections were transferred to the Prado (the former 'Royal Museum'). In fact, only 83 of 'Trinidad' works were on display in the Prado after 1873, almost all from the inventory of new acquisitions that began in 1856. Most of the other works were distributed to various locations or deposited in the Villanueva building. Among the most valuable pieces from the Museo de la Trinidad were those by El Greco, Pedro Berruguete, Juan Bautista Maíno, and Flemish paintings. Over 600 religious works, considered at the time to have little value, have since been lost.


title: Music of the Ionian Islands

abstract:
The music of the Ionian Islands is the music of the geographic and historical region of the Ionian Islands. Folk music of the Ionian Islands is largely based on the western European style. It is dominant the use of guitars and mandolins, while the kantadhes are very popular. The island of Zakynthos has a diverse musical history with influences from Crete. The Church music of the islands is also different from the rest of Greece's, with much western and Catholic influences on the Byzantine Rite. The region is also notable for the birth of the first school of modern Greek classical music, established in 1815. Some notable composers of the classical Ionian School are Nikolaos Mantzaros, Dionysios Lavrangas and Nikos Hatziapostolou. Folk dances of the islands include:
  - Ai Georgis
  - Ballos
  - Cerigotikos
  - Diavaritikos
  - Fourlana
  - Kerkiraikos
  - Syrtos

text:
# Music of the Ionian Islands

The **music of the Ionian Islands** is the music of the geographic and historical region of the Ionian Islands. Folk music of the Ionian Islands is largely based on the western European style. It is dominant the use of guitars and mandolins, while the *kantadhes* (romantic serenades from the Ionian Islands) are very popular. The island of Zakynthos has a diverse musical history with influences from Crete.

The Church music of the islands is also different from the rest of Greece's, with much western and Catholic influences on the Byzantine Rite. The region is also notable for the birth of the first school of modern Greek classical music (Heptanese or Ionian School, Greek: Επτανησιακή Σχολή), established in 1815. Some notable composers of the classical Ionian School are Nikolaos Mantzaros, Dionysios Lavrangas and Nikos Hatziapostolou.

Folk dances of the islands include:

## Notable artists


title: My Time Among the Whites

abstract: My Time Among the Whites: Notes from an Unfinished Education is a 2019 collection of essays written by Jennine Capó Crucet.

text:
# My Time Among the Whites

***My Time Among the Whites: Notes from an Unfinished Education*** is a 2019 collection of essays written by Jennine Capó Crucet.

## Critical reception

*PopMatters* wrote "Crucet's prose is conversational and largely free of flourish, imagery, or metaphor (with, however, a strong penchant for parentheticals). Her structures are looping and elliptical, seeming to go in different directions, until she pulls them together at the end, when you realize that the sentences don't need symbols, because the whole essay has been symbolic."

## InfoBox

My Time Among the Whites: Notes from an Unfinished Education
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jennine Capó Crucet |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Picador |
| Publication date | 2019 |
| ISBN | 978-1-250-29943-7 |


title: Md Abdul Aziz

abstract: Md Abdul Aziz is a former Cabinet Secretary of Bangladesh.

text:
# Md Abdul Aziz

**Md Abdul Aziz** is a former Cabinet Secretary of Bangladesh.

## Career

Aziz was the Joint Secretary at the Ministry of Establishment and officer on special duty in 2003 when he was promoted in August.

In 2005, Aziz was promoted to the rank of Secretary while serving as the acting secretary at the Ministry of Water Resources.

Aziz was the Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture. He had served as a member of the Bangladesh Planning Commission.

Aziz was appointed the Cabinet Secretary on 28 November 2008 replacing Ali Imam Majumder under Chief Adviser Fakhruddin Ahmed of the caretaker government. He also served under the next government under Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. He served as the chairman of the Superior Selection Board which promoted a large number of bureaucrats beyond the number of vacancies resulting in the creation of officers on special duty. Former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia filed a contempt of court petition against Aziz and other government officials following her eviction from her residence in Dhaka Cantonment.

Aziz served contractually as the Cabinet Secretary after his retirement. In October 2011, M Musharraf Hossain Bhuiyan replaced Aziz as the Cabinet Secretary of Bangladesh. In February 2012, his name was considered for the Commissioner of the Election Commission.

Aziz is a senior advisor to the ASA.


title: New Denmark, New Brunswick

abstract: New Denmark is a rural community in Victoria County, New Brunswick, Canada. The community is situated in rolling hills east of the Saint John River valley several kilometres south of Drummond. Its main industry is potato farming and related industries. Once the site of several schools, they have all closed and students in New Denmark can choose to continue school in nearby Grand Falls or Tobique Valley. The community hosts Lutheran, Anglican, Roman Catholic, and Pentecostal churches. Its five major ancestries are: English (50.1%), French (36.4%), Danish (17.0%), Scottish (12.4%), Irish (11.9%). The population has remained at approximately 1,000 residents in recent history, with Denmark Parish reporting a population of 1,668 in 2006.

text:
# New Denmark, New Brunswick

**New Denmark** is a rural community in Victoria County, New Brunswick, Canada. The community is situated in rolling hills east of the Saint John River valley several kilometres south of Drummond. Its main industry is potato farming and related industries. Once the site of several schools, they have all closed and students in New Denmark can choose to continue school in nearby Grand Falls or Tobique Valley.

The community hosts Lutheran, Anglican, Roman Catholic, and Pentecostal churches. Its five major ancestries are: English (50.1%), French (36.4%), Danish (17.0%), Scottish (12.4%), Irish (11.9%). The population has remained at approximately 1,000 residents in recent history, with Denmark Parish reporting a population of 1,668 in 2006.

## History

The community of Hellerup originally derived its name from Captain Sorensen S. Heller with several Danish settlers who sailed from Copenhagen to Halifax aboard the steam ship *Caspian*, then on to the city of Saint John aboard the Empress. Then they paddle-wheeled up the St. John River and the Salmon River to arrive at the gravel bank on the opposite, inhabitable side of Drummond. This concurred with the redrafting of the Free Grants Act and redistribution of land parcels away from the original agreement set in the 1872 Stymest Heller proposal. Eventually this settlement formed the largest and what would become the oldest Danish community in Canada, but in recent decades the Danish influence has diminished due to anglicization.

In 1912, the National Transcontinental Railway constructed the massive Little Salmon River Trestle a large steel trestle across the Little Salmon River valley. Today, this bridge remains the second largest railway bridge in Canada and an important structure on the Montreal-Halifax mainline of the Canadian National Railway.

Post office changed from Salmonhurst in 1962.

## Trivia

* On June 19 of every year, the community gathers on the historical grounds of the community to celebrate Founders Day. Through song, dance, prayer, and pure reminiscing, it is a very important day in New Denmark. Many Danish treats such as Æbleskiver and Pølse are also served on this day of celebration.
* Of the original families to come immigrate in 1872, the descendants of one of them (Anders and Marie Carlsen) are especially numerous, but there are also many other families from subsequent immigrations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today the community is more mixed, but the Danish language can still be heard, and many families with French or English surnames, still proudly proclaim their Danish roots.
* During the summer of 2006, the site of the building in which the original settlers spent their first winter (the "Immigrant House") was declared a Provincial Historical Site by the government of New Brunswick. A plaque was placed at this site, near the New Denmark Museum which stands there today.
* During the summer of 2007, the community celebrated its 135th anniversary by holding a queen's pageant, a re-enactment of the founding of the community, by holding a parade and by holding many other planned activities.
* New Denmark and its early inhabitants have been the subject of much research. One of the more recent studies was performed by Erik Lang (originally from Perth-Andover), who donated 2 copies of his M.A. (Carleton University) thesis *New Denmark, New Brunswick: New approaches in the study of Danish migration to Canada, 1872-1901,* to the New Denmark Museum in 2005. Copies of the thesis can also be found in the public libraries of Perth-Andover, Grand Falls, and Fredericton, at the Archives of the Harriet Irving Library on the University of New Brunswick Fredericton campus, at the Provincial Archives of New Brunswick, at the Maxwell MacOdrum Library on the Carleton University Campus, and at the Library and Archives Canada in Ottawa.
* The fourth season of CBC's *Still Standing* includes an episode on New Denmark.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| New Denmark | |
| --- | --- |
| Community | |
|  | |
| New Denmark | |
| Coordinates: 47°02′04″N 67°44′22″W / 47.03444°N 67.73944°W / 47.03444; -67.73944 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | New Brunswick |
| County | Victoria County |
| Settled | 1872 |
| Incorporated | June 19, 1872 |
| Government | |
| MLA | Andrew Harvey () |
| MP | Richard Bragdon () |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 1,668 |
| Demonym | Danish or Dane(s) |
| Time zone | UTC−4 (Atlantic (AST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−3 (ADT) |
| Area code | 506 |


title: Roger Hill (actor)

abstract: Roger Hill was an American stage, film and television actor. Beginning his acting career in the early–1970s, Hill is best known for his role as Cyrus in the 1979 action thriller film The Warriors.

text:
# Roger Hill (actor)

**Roger Hill** (July 31, 1948 – February 20, 2014) was an American stage, film and television actor. Beginning his acting career in the early–1970s, Hill is best known for his role as Cyrus in the 1979 action thriller film *The Warriors*.

## Biography

### Career

Born in the Bronx borough of New York City, Hill graduated from City College of New York. Hill portrayed the character of Lil John in the 1974 film *The Education of Sonny Carson*, and took on the role of Ernest Clay in the 1976 television movie *Hazard's People* starring John Houseman. In 1979, Hill portrayed the role of Cyrus in the 1979 film *The Warriors*. Hill was chosen to portray the doomed gang lord Cyrus after the original actor chosen for the part, a real life gang leader, mysteriously disappeared just before filming started. After his work in *The Warriors*, Hill performed in the ABC Daytime soap opera *One Life to Live* playing the part of Alex Lowndes from 1982–1985. Hill was in the Hart to Hart episode Murder, Murder on the Wall. Aside from his film and television career, Hill appeared in stage productions. Hill was a part of the Frank Silvera Writers’ Workshop and appeared in Off Broadway along with touring productions of Charles Gordone’s *“No Place to Be Somebody,”* Ed Bullins’ *“The Fabulous Miss Marie”* and *“Hamlet”*.

### Later, personal life and death

In later years, Hill retired from acting and worked as a part-time librarian along with writing poetry. In 2005, Hill filed a lawsuit of $250,000 against *Take-Two* for using his voice and depiction in *The Warriors* video game. Hill claimed that it would not have been difficult for Take-Two to pay, since the game made $37 million. A spokesman for Take-Two stated that the company "has a valid third-party license for the rights to use Roger Hill's likeness and the character of Cyrus in *The Warriors* video game and related marketing materials". Hill had a relationship with actress Ellen Holly from 1974 until 1977. Hill never married and had one child, a son. Hill's son, Chris Hill is a film editor. Hill died of a heart attack on February 20, 2014, in The Bronx, New York, aged 65.

## Filmography

| Film | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| 1974 | *The Education of Sonny Carson* | John 'Lil John' |  |
| 1979 | *The Warriors* | Cyrus |  |
|
| Television | | | |
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1976 | *Hazard's People* | Ernest Clay | TV Movie |
| 1979 | *One Upon a Classic* | Chingachgook | 1 episode |
| 1980 | *Doctor Franken* | Anesthesiologist | TV Movie |
| 1982 | *American Playhouse* | Second Man At Barbecue | 1 episode: "For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf" |
| 1982–1985 | *One Life to Live* | Alec Lowndes | 3 episodes |
|

## InfoBox

| Roger Hill | |
| --- | --- |
| Roger Hill in *The Warriors* | |
| Born | (1948-07-31)July 31, 1948
The Bronx, New York, U.S. |
| Died | February 20, 2014(2014-02-20) (aged 65)
The Bronx, New York, U.S. |
| Education | City College of New York |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1970–1985 |
| Known for | Cyrus – *The Warriors* |
| Partner(s) | Ellen Holly
(1974–1977) |
| Children | 1 |


title: Frank Sanders (American football)

abstract: Frank Vondel Sanders, is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Auburn Tigers, earning first-team All-American honors in 1994. He was selected in the second round of the 1995 NFL draft by the Arizona Cardinals. Sanders played in nine NFL seasons. His best season, statistically, in his career came during the 1998 season when he led the National Football Conference (NFC) in receptions with 89 for 1,145 yards and three touchdowns.

text:
# Frank Sanders (American football)

**Frank Vondel Sanders** (born February 17, 1973), is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Auburn Tigers, earning first-team All-American honors in 1994. He was selected in the second round (47th overall) of the 1995 NFL draft by the Arizona Cardinals.

Sanders played in nine NFL seasons. His best season, statistically, in his career came during the 1998 season when he led the National Football Conference (NFC) in receptions with 89 for 1,145 yards and three touchdowns.

## College career

Sanders attended Auburn University from 19911994. While at Auburn, he was a four-year letterman, and was named First-team All-America by the Associated Press, the Football Writers Association of America and Scripps, as well as a consensus All-SEC selection, after his senior season and leading the Southeastern Conference (SEC) in receiving yards-per-game (91.0) and breaking Auburn's single-season record for receptions (58). Sanders finished his Auburn career second in total receptions with 121, receiving yardage with 1,998 and receiving touchdowns with 15. He was selected in the 14th round (385th overall) of the 1994 Major League Baseball draft by the Seattle Mariners, though he never signed with the team.

In September 2013, he was named to the 2013 SEC Football Legends class.

### Career statistics

| Season | | Receiving | | | | | Rushing | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Team | Rec | Yds | Avg | Lng. | TD | Att | Yds | Avg | Lng. | TD |
| 1991 | AUB | 2 | 42 | 21.0 | -- | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1992 | AUB | 13 | 204 | 15.7 | -- | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1993 | AUB | 48 | 842 | 17.5 | -- | 6 | 6 | 57 | 9.5 | -- | 1 |
| 1994 | AUB | 58 | 910 | 15.7 | -- | 7 | 6 | 84 | 14.0 | -- | 2 |
| Career | | 121 | 1,998 | 16.5 | -- | 15 | 12 | 141 | 11.8 | -- | 3 |

## Professional career

Sanders was selected in the second round (47th overall) of the 1995 NFL draft by the Arizona Cardinals. As a rookie, he started all 16 games, and recorded 52 receptions for 883 yards and two touchdowns. During Week 6, in a 27–21 loss to the New York Giants he recorded six receptions for 108 yards and the only two touchdowns of the season. In 1996, he recorded 69 receptions or 813 yards and four touchdowns. In 1997, he recorded 75 receptions for 1,017 yards and four touchdowns. In 1998, he experienced his best season statistically. He led the team in receptions (89) and receiving yards (1,145) and three touchdowns. In 1999, he recorded 79 receptions for 954 yards and one touchdown. In 2000, he recorded 54 receptions for 749 yards and a career-high in touchdowns (6). In 2001, he recorded 41 receptions for 618 yards and two touchdowns. In 2002, his final with the Cardinals, he recorded a Cardinals' career low in receptions (34) and receiving yards (400), and two touchdowns.

In April 2003, Sanders signed a four-year contract with the Baltimore Ravens. After suffering injuries throughout the 2003 season, he recorded a career low, 14 receptions for another career low, 170 yards. In April 2004, he was released by the Ravens.

## NFL career statistics

| Year | Team | Games | | Receiving | | | | | Rushing | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | GP | GS | Rec | Yds | Avg | Lng | TD | Att | Yds | Avg | Lng | TD |
| 1995 | ARI | 16 | 15 | 52 | 883 | **17.0** | 48 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1.0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1996 | ARI | 16 | 16 | 69 | 813 | 11.8 | 34 | 4 | 2 | -4 | -2.0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1997 | ARI | 16 | 16 | 75 | 1,017 | 13.6 | **70** | 4 | 1 | **5** | **5.0** | 5 | 0 |
| 1998 | ARI | 16 | 16 | **89** | **1,145** | 12.9 | 42 | 3 | **4** | 0 | 0.0 | **7** | 0 |
| 1999 | ARI | 16 | 16 | 79 | 954 | 12.1 | 63 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2000 | ARI | 16 | 16 | 54 | 749 | 13.9 | 53 | **6** | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2001 | ARI | 15 | 13 | 41 | 618 | 15.1 | 68 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2002 | ARI | 12 | 12 | 34 | 400 | 11.8 | 37 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0.7 | 5 | 0 |
| 2003 | BAL | 13 | 0 | 14 | 170 | 12.1 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career | | 136 | 120 | 507 | 6,749 | 13.3 | 70 | 24 | 11 | 4 | 0.4 | 7 | 0 |

## Post-football

In September 2016, Sanders along with the Arizona Cardinals, gave out school supplies to the students at Herrera Elementary School.

## InfoBox

Frank Sanders
| No. 81 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Wide receiver |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1973-02-17) February 17, 1973<br>Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Weight: | 215 lb (98 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Dillard (Fort Lauderdale) |
| College: | Auburn |
| NFL draft: | 1995 / round: 2 / pick: 47 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Receptions: 507  Receiving yards: 6,749  Receiving touchdowns: 24 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Robotics middleware

abstract:
Robotics middleware is middleware to be used in complex robot control software systems.
  - "...robotic middleware is designed to manage the complexity and heterogeneity of the hardware and applications, promote the integration of new technologies, simplify software design, hide the complexity of low-level communication and the sensor heterogeneity of the sensors, improve software quality, reuse robotic software infrastructure across multiple research efforts, and to reduce production costs." It can be described as "software glue" to make it easier for robot builders focus on their specific problem area.

text:
# Robotics middleware

**Robotics middleware** is middleware to be used in complex robot control software systems.

"*...robotic middleware is designed to manage the complexity and heterogeneity of the hardware and applications, promote the integration of new technologies, simplify software design, hide the complexity of low-level communication and the sensor heterogeneity of the sensors, improve software quality, reuse robotic software infrastructure across multiple research efforts, and to reduce production costs.*"

It can be described as "software glue" to make it easier for robot builders focus on their specific problem area.

## Robotics middleware projects

A wide variety of projects for robotics middleware exist, but no one of these dominates - and in fact many robotic systems do not use any middleware. Middleware products rely on a wide range of different standards, technologies, and approaches that make their use and interoperation difficult, and some developers may prefer to integrate their system themselves.

### Player Project

The Player Project (formerly the *Player/Stage Project*) is a project to create free software for research into robotics and sensor systems. Its components include the *Player* network server and the *Stage* robot platform simulators. Although accurate statistics are hard to obtain, Player is one of the most popular open-source robot interfaces in research and post-secondary education. Most of the major intelligent robotics journals and conferences regularly publish papers featuring real and simulated robot experiments using Player and Stage.

### RT-middleware

RT-middleware is a common platform standards for Robots based on distributed object technology. RT-middleware supports the construction of various networked robotic systems by the integration of various network-enabled robotic elements called RT-Components. The specification standard of RT-components is discussed and defined by the Object Management Group (OMG).

### Urbi

Urbi is an open source cross-platform software platform in C++ used to develop applications for robotics and complex systems. It is based on the UObject distributed C++ component architecture. It also includes the urbiscript orchestration language which is a parallel and event-driven script language. UObject components can be plugged into urbiscript and appear as native objects that can be scripted to specify their interactions and data exchanges. UObjects can be linked to the urbiscript interpreter, or executed as autonomous processes in "remote" mode, either in another thread, another process, a machine on the local network, or a machine on a distant network.

### MIRO

Miro is a distributed object oriented framework for mobile robot control, based on CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) technology. The Miro core components have been developed under the aid of ACE (Adaptive Communications Environment), an object oriented multi-platform framework for OS-independent interprocess, network and real time communication. They use TAO (The ACE ORB) as their ORB (Object Request Broker), a CORBA implementation designed for high performance and real time applications. Currently supported platforms include Pioneers, the B21, some robot soccer robots and various robotic sensors.

### Orca

Orca describes its goals as:

* to enable software reuse by defining a set of commonly-used interfaces;
* to simplify software reuse by providing libraries with a high-level convenient API; and
* to encourage software reuse by maintaining a repository of components.

They also state: "To be successful, we think that a framework with such objectives must be: general, flexible and extensible; sufficiently robust, high-performance and full-featured for use in commercial applications, yet sufficiently simple for experimentation in university research environments."

They describe their approach as:

* adopts a Component-Based Software Engineering approach without applying any additional architectural constraints
* uses a commercial open-source library for communication and interface definition
* provides tools to simplify component development but makes them strictly optional to maintain full access to the underlying communication engine and services
* uses cross-platform development tools

Orca software is released under LGPL and GPL licenses.

### OpenRDK

OpenRDK is an open-source software framework for robotics for developing loosely coupled modules. It provides transparent concurrency management, inter-process (via sockets) and intra-process (via shared memory) blackboard-based communication and a linking technique that allows for input/output data ports conceptual system design. Modules for connecting to simulators and generic robot drivers are provided.

### Rock

Rock (Robot Construction Kit), is a software framework for the development of robotic systems. The underlying component model is based on the Orocos RTT (Real Time Toolkit). Rock provides all the tools required to set up and run high-performance and reliable robotic systems for wide variety of applications in research and industry. It contains a rich collection of ready to use drivers and modules for use in your own system, and can easily be extended by adding new components.

### ISAAC SDK / Simulation

ISAAC, The NVIDIA Isaac Software Development Kit (SDK) is a developer toolbox for accelerating the development and deployment of Artificial Intelligence-powered robots. The SDK includes the Isaac Robot Engine, packages with high-performance robotics algorithms (to perform perception and navigation), and hardware reference applications. Isaac Sim is a virtual robotics laboratory and a high-fidelity 3D world simulator. It accelerates research, design, and development in robotics by reducing cost and risk. Developers can quickly and easily train and test their robots in detailed, highly realistic scenarios. There is an open source community version available at GitHub with supported hardware platform includes BOM details, refer kaya-robot

### ROS

ROS Archived 2018-01-15 at the Wayback Machine (Robot Operating System) is a collection of software frameworks for robot software development on a heterogeneous computer cluster. ROS provides standard operating system services such as hardware abstraction, low-level device control, implementation of commonly used functionality, message-passing between processes, and package management.

### YARP

YARP is an open-source software package, written in C++ for interconnecting sensors, processors, and actuators in robots.

### DDX

DDX (Dynamic Data eXchange) is (Linux/BSD/Unix) middleware developed by CSIRO to provide a lightweight real-time publish/subscribe service to distributed robot controllers. DDX allows a coalition of programs to share data at run-time through an efficient shared memory mechanism. Multiple machines can be linked by means of a global naming service and, when needed, data is multi-cast across machines. DDX was developed to automate a number of large mining machines: including draglines, LHD trucks, excavators and rock-breakers.


title: Phyllonorycter nipigon

abstract: Phyllonorycter nipigon is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is widespread across northern North America from Ontario to Alaska, south to Colorado and the Sierra Nevada of California. The length of the forewings is 3.4-4.4 mm. Adults are on wing from late July to late October in one generation. The larvae feed on Populus balsamifera, Populus angustifolia, Populus fremontii, Populus nigra and Populus tremuloides. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Phyllonorycter nipigon

***Phyllonorycter nipigon*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is widespread across northern North America from Ontario to Alaska, south to Colorado and the Sierra Nevada of California.

The length of the forewings is 3.4-4.4 mm. Adults are on wing from late July to late October in one generation.

The larvae feed on *Populus balsamifera*, *Populus angustifolia*, *Populus fremontii*, *Populus nigra* and *Populus tremuloides*. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonorycter nipigon* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonorycter* |
| Species: | ***P. nipigon*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllonorycter nipigon***<br>(Freeman, 1970) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lithocolletis nipigon* Freeman, 1970 | |


title: Mussulo

abstract: Mussulo is a peninsula and a commune, with a population of 7,798 (2014), located south of Luanda, Angola. It is part of the municipality of Belas, province of Luanda. It is actually a spit created by sediments from the Cuanza River, moved north by the Benguela Current. It is about 30 km long, at most 3 km wide, and at the narrowest parts in the south of the peninsula, less than 100 metres. Mussulo is linked to land at the Ponta das Palmeirinhas, the westernmost point of Luanda province. The peninsula forms the Mussulo bay with three islands in it. Mussulo is a favorite beach for Luandans with huts and restaurants at the bay beach facing the land. The outer beach to the Atlantic Ocean is hardly visited because of the strong sea current and high waves.

text:
# Mussulo

**Mussulo** (Portuguese: *Ilha do Mussulo*) is a peninsula and a commune, with a population of 7,798 (2014), located south of Luanda, Angola. It is part of the municipality of Belas, province of Luanda. It is actually a spit created by sediments from the Cuanza River, moved north by the Benguela Current. It is about 30 km long, at most 3 km wide, and at the narrowest parts in the south of the peninsula, less than 100 metres.

Mussulo is linked to land at the Ponta das Palmeirinhas, the westernmost point of Luanda province.

The peninsula forms the Mussulo bay with three islands in it.

Mussulo is a favorite beach for Luandans with huts and restaurants at the bay beach facing the land. The outer beach to the Atlantic Ocean is hardly visited because of the strong sea current and high waves.

## Administrative divisions

The Commune of Mussulo is made up of six neighborhoods as follows:

Media related to Mussulo at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Mussulo | |
| --- | --- |
| Ilha do Mussulo | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 08°57′49″S 13°03′06″E / 8.96361°S 13.05167°E / -8.96361; 13.05167 | |