title: Veneto First

abstract: Veneto First was a Venetist and separatist political party active in Veneto. The party was formed in August 2013 as a faction within Liga Veneta–Lega Nord (LV–LN) by some Venetists and old-guard Bossiani who opposed Flavio Tosi's leadership of the party and disagreed with his support for a united Italy. Those notably included two former deputies, two regional councillors, a provincial minister of Venice and the former LV–LN provincial secretary of Venice. All five but Callegari had been ejected from the party by Tosi in April, even though Furlanetto had been later reintegrated. The President of Veneto, Luca Zaia, usually close to Venetists, took distance from the initiative and criticized the use of "Veneto First", which had been his campaign slogan during the 2010 regional election. In January 2014 it was announced that Veneto First had become a separate party, which would form alliances with other separatist parties. Furlanetto, who had been a member of Liga Veneta (LV) since 1987, left the party's group in the Regional Council and re-joined Bozza in the Mixed Group. In February 2015 Vittorino Cenci left the group of the LV in the Council, citing disagreements with Tosi, the new federal leader Matteo Salvini and the latter's lurch to the right, and, while remaining loyal to the party and Zaia, decided to join Veneto First, which became a full-fledged group in the Council. In April Bozza announced that he would stand for re-election in the 2015 regional election as a candidate of "Autonomous Veneto Project", a Venetist list in support of Alessandra Moretti of the Democratic Party. Otherwise, in May Furlanetto endorsed Alessio Morosin of Venetian Independence. In January 2016 Del Zotto was elected secretary, replacing Callegari. In September the party, along with Morosin, opened its new headquarters in Mestre. In the 2017 local elections PiV's Pizzolato ran for mayor of Mira and obtained 2.8% of the vote.

text:
# Veneto First

**Veneto First** (*Prima il Veneto*, PiV) was a Venetist and separatist political party active in Veneto.

The party was formed in August 2013 as a faction within Liga VenetaLega Nord (LV–LN) by some Venetists and old-guard *Bossiani* who opposed Flavio Tosi's leadership of the party and disagreed with his support for a united Italy. Those notably included two former deputies (Corrado Callegari and Paola Goisis), two regional councillors (Giovanni Furlanetto and Santino Bozza), a provincial minister of Venice and the former LV–LN provincial secretary of Venice (Paolo Pizzolato). All five but Callegari had been ejected from the party by Tosi in April, even though Furlanetto had been later reintegrated. The President of Veneto, Luca Zaia, usually close to Venetists, took distance from the initiative and criticized the use of "Veneto First", which had been his campaign slogan during the 2010 regional election.

In January 2014 it was announced that Veneto First had become a separate party, which would form alliances with other separatist parties. Furlanetto, who had been a member of Liga Veneta (LV) since 1987, left the party's group in the Regional Council and re-joined Bozza in the Mixed Group.

In February 2015 Vittorino Cenci left the group of the LV in the Council, citing disagreements with Tosi, the new federal leader Matteo Salvini and the latter's lurch to the right, and, while remaining loyal to the party and Zaia, decided to join Veneto First, which became a full-fledged group in the Council.

In April Bozza announced that he would stand for re-election in the 2015 regional election as a candidate of "Autonomous Veneto Project", a Venetist list in support of Alessandra Moretti of the Democratic Party. Otherwise, in May Furlanetto endorsed Alessio Morosin of Venetian Independence.

In January 2016 Del Zotto was elected secretary, replacing Callegari. In September the party, along with Morosin, opened its new headquarters in Mestre.

In the 2017 local elections PiV's Pizzolato ran for mayor of Mira and obtained 2.8% of the vote.

## Leadership


title: O'Shannassy River

abstract: The O'Shannassy River is a perennial river of the Port Phillip catchment, located in the north-eastern Greater Metropolitan Melbourne region of the Australian state of Victoria.

text:
# O'Shannassy River

The **O'Shannassy River** is a perennial river of the Port Phillip catchment, located in the north-eastern Greater Metropolitan Melbourne region of the Australian state of Victoria.

## Location and features

The O'Shannassy River rises within the Yarra Ranges National Park on the slopes of the Yarra Ranges, within the Great Dividing Range, below Mount Observation, approximately 80 kilometres (50 mi) east of Melbourne. The river flows generally south by southwest, joined by two minor tributaries, before being impounded to create the O'Shannassy Reservoir, part of Melbourne's water supply system. Below the reservoir the natural flow of the river is diverted via the O’Shannassy Aqueduct and then reaches its confluence with the Yarra River west of the locality of McMahons Creek. The river descends approximately 406 metres (1,332 ft) over its 15-kilometre (9.3 mi) course, before being diverted via the aqueduct.

The O’Shannassy River catchment is identified as an Essentially Natural Catchment by the Land Conservation Council.

## Etymology

The river is named after John O'Shanassy  \[*sic*\], the second Premier of Victoria.

## InfoBox

| O'Shannassy<br>Ligar River East Branch, O'Shannassy River East Branch | |
| --- | --- |
| O'Shannassy River Crossing | |
| Location of the O'Shannassy River mouth in Victoria | |
| Etymology | In honour of John O'Shanassy  \[*sic*\] |
| Location | |
| Country | Australia |
| State | Victoria |
| Region | South Eastern Highlands (IBRA), Greater Metropolitan Melbourne |
| Local government area | Yarra Ranges Shire |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Yarra Ranges, Great Dividing Range |
| location | below Mount Observation |
| coordinates | 37°33′29″S 145°49′28″E / 37.55806°S 145.82444°E / -37.55806; 145.82444 |
| elevation | 744 m (2,441 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | confluence with the Yarra River |
| location | west of McMahons Creek |
| coordinates | 37°42′43″S 145°45′34″E / 37.71194°S 145.75944°E / -37.71194; 145.75944 |
| elevation | 338 m (1,109 ft) |
| Length | 15 km (9.3 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Port Phillip catchment |
| Tributaries |  |
| right | Deep Creek (Yarra Ranges, Victoria), Smith Creek (Yarra Ranges, Victoria) |
| National park | Yarra Ranges National Park |
|  | |


title: London Midland

abstract: London Midland was a train operating company in England which operated the West Midlands franchise between 11 November 2007 and 10 December 2017. It was owned by the British transport group Govia. London Midland was created as a result of Govia being awarded the West Midlands franchise on 22 June 2007. This franchise had emerged out of a reorganisation conducted by the Department for Transport, which had combined elements of the Silverlink and Central Trains operations together. London Midland had various commitments to fulfil during the franchise period, including the procurement of at least 37 new multiple units, the introduction of a semi-fast service between London and Crewe, and to invest at least £11.5m into stations. Early rolling stock orders totalled 66 new trains, including two Class 139 Parry People Movers, 12 two-car and 15 three-car Class 172 Turbostars and 37 four-car Class 350/2 Desiros. Further orders and reorganisations of rolling stock would occur during the franchise period, although one effort, a planned year-long trial of the prototype Vivarail Class 230 DMU on the Coventry–Nuneaton line, had to be cancelled after the prototype suffered fire damage. London Midland operated local services in the West Midlands and surrounding areas through its City sub-brand. It also provided long-distance and commuter services on the West Coast Main Line through the Express sub-brand from London Euston to and from the West Midlands, Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Northamptonshire, Staffordshire and Cheshire. Additionally, services on the Stourbridge Town branch line operated by Pre Metro Operations were branded as the London Midland Stourbridge Shuttle. The franchise was originally scheduled to expire in September 2015; this was extended to March 2016, and once again to October 2017 in return for London Midland's agreement to put on extra trains and enact other service improvements in this additional time. During July 2017, London Midland's franchise was further extended until 10 December 2017, after which point the new franchisee, West Midlands Trains, took over operations.

text:
# London Midland

**London Midland** was a train operating company in England which operated the West Midlands franchise between 11 November 2007 and 10 December 2017. It was owned by the British transport group Govia.

London Midland was created as a result of Govia being awarded the West Midlands franchise on 22 June 2007. This franchise had emerged out of a reorganisation conducted by the Department for Transport, which had combined elements of the Silverlink and Central Trains operations together. London Midland had various commitments to fulfil during the franchise period, including the procurement of at least 37 new multiple units, the introduction of a semi-fast service between London and Crewe, and to invest at least £11.5m into stations. Early rolling stock orders totalled 66 new trains, including two Class 139 *Parry People Movers*, 12 two-car and 15 three-car Class 172 *Turbostars* and 37 four-car Class 350/2 *Desiros*. Further orders and reorganisations of rolling stock would occur during the franchise period, although one effort, a planned year-long trial of the prototype Vivarail Class 230 DMU on the Coventry–Nuneaton line, had to be cancelled after the prototype suffered fire damage.

London Midland operated local services in the West Midlands and surrounding areas through its City sub-brand. It also provided long-distance and commuter services on the West Coast Main Line through the Express sub-brand from London Euston to and from the West Midlands, Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Northamptonshire, Staffordshire and Cheshire. Additionally, services on the Stourbridge Town branch line operated by Pre Metro Operations were branded as the London Midland Stourbridge Shuttle. The franchise was originally scheduled to expire in September 2015; this was extended to March 2016, and once again to October 2017 in return for London Midland's agreement to put on extra trains and enact other service improvements in this additional time. During July 2017, London Midland's franchise was further extended until 10 December 2017, after which point the new franchisee, West Midlands Trains, took over operations.

## History

The creation of London Midland came out of a wider initiative within the Department for Transport to redraw some of the passenger rail franchises that were operating in the mid-2000s. Specifically, it was decided to break up the Silverlink network pending its renewal in November 2007; the Silverlink Metro services were transferred to the control of Transport for London under the banner of the London Overground, while the Silverlink County services were merged with the Central Trains services around Birmingham to create a new West Midlands franchise.

The Central Trains franchise had also been selected for reorganisation, its operator having acquired an unfavourable reputation for poor timekeeping: its best performing period between 2000 and 2007 still saw one in six trains five minutes late or more, with punctuality figures dropping as low as 61% in 2003. The company also suffered from ongoing staff-relations problems which led to extensive and long-lasting cancellations of Sunday services. It was originally announced that the Central Trains franchise would end in April 2007, although it was subsequently a extended until November 2007.

The new West Midlands franchise was tendered and competitively bid for by private companies to operate it. On 22 June 2007, the Department for Transport announced it had awarded the West Midlands franchise to the British transport group Govia; the terms of this franchise included a start date of 11 November 2007, an end date of September 2015, an option for the Department to end the franchise after six years if Govia did not meet performance targets, and the provision of £1.13bn of subsidy over the course of the franchise, starting with £203m in the first full year and falling to £155m by the last. The company pledged to introduce a new semi-fast service between London and Crewe, acquire at least 37 new multiple units by July 2009, and invest a minimum of £11.5m into its stations.

## Services

London Midland's services were divided between four groups of routes: *London Euston Routes*, *Birmingham Regional*, *West Midlands Local* and *Branch Lines*.

* *London Euston Routes* included train services between London Euston and Birmingham New Street or Crewe, as well as services which only use a small section of the route (e.g. Northampton – Birmingham New Street).
* *Birmingham Regional* included longer-distance, semi-fast services between Birmingham New Street and Hereford, Shrewsbury or Liverpool Lime Street.
* *West Midlands Local* included stopping services through Birmingham to nearby settlements such as Lichfield and Kidderminster.
* *Branch Lines* included services which operate on branch lines that are essentially separate from the rest of the network.

London Midland operated several "parliamentary train" stations, where only a handful of trains a day call. These include:

* Bordesley; 1 train per week on a Saturday, from Whitlocks End to Great Malvern, plus football specials.
* Polesworth; 1 train per day from Northampton to Crewe.

London Midland also operated stations where it operated no services. These stations are only served by CrossCountry, which does not manage any stations. These included:

### Former services

In December 2008, London Midland discontinued the direct service between Walsall and Wolverhampton. Traffic on the route was low, but growing, and there was a campaign to keep the service. The service was a priced option with the new West Midlands franchise, but the Department for Transport decided not to provide funding from December 2008, and as a result the service ceased. There was only one early morning train on Saturdays from Wolverhampton to Walsall (Parliamentary service).

During December 2008, a two-hourly Worcester Shrub Hill to Gloucester service was introduced to improve transport links between the two cities as well as to provide an increased service at Ashchurch for Tewkesbury. This service was withdrawn in December 2009 because of low passenger use.

### Proposed services

In October 2010, London Midland applied to the Office of Rail Regulation to run a new hourly Birmingham to Preston service from 2016 by diverting every other Birmingham to Liverpool train. The Euston to Crewe service would also then be extended to Liverpool to maintain a half-hourly service between Crewe and Liverpool by 2016. In March 2011, the application was rejected by the Office of Rail Regulation. London Midland also sought to run additional evening and Sunday trains between Euston and Crewe, to satisfy what the company says was unmet demand. From April 2012, London Midland began operating an hourly Euston to Crewe service on Sundays.

In order to win a contract extension, London Midland had agreed to put on extra services, resulting in an extra 6,600 seats per week.

## Performance

During 2010, London Midland remarked on the high frequency of breakdowns across its fleet, attributing this poor performance as having been primarily due to the outdated rolling stock that it had inherited and was in the process of replacing. In autumn and winter 2012, a significant volume of services suffered cancellations, which was reportedly due to an acute shortage of available train drivers.

Performance since the staff shortages have been varied, reaching a low of 76% for the period between 10 November and 7 December 2013, while rising to a 92.2% for the period 1–26 April 2014. According to figures released by national rail infrastructure operator Network Rail, London Midland's average punctuality since the start of the franchise was 87%.

During September 2013, a new partnership agreement was struck between London Midland and transport authority Centro, which reportedly led to a £10 million investment in station improvements across the West Midlands. 'Transforming Rail Travel' was a deal between the two organisations to continue a two-year arrangement with the aim of delivering further enhancements to services and facilities. During December 2014, the company announced that it would be providing additional seats onboard its trains in its next timetable.

Against a background of ongoing rail strikes nationwide, during January 2017, the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) announced that it would be balloting guards at London Midland for potential industrial action over concerns regarding the introduction of externally-contracted security staff on its trains at the end of December 2016, which the RMT alleged would replace the role of "safety-critical" guards on some services, paving the way for DOO operation. London Midland denied having plans in place to implement DOO operation on its network. Following negotiations with the RMT, London Midland ceased using externally-contracted security staff on its trains on 30 January; as a result, the RMT suspended its ballot on 2 February, averting potential industrial action, before formally declaring the dispute closed.

## Rolling stock

London Midland inherited a fleet of Class 150, Class 153, Class 170, Class 321, Class 323 and Class 350/1s from Central Trains and Silverlink.

One of the major franchise commitments was the replacement of the existing fleet of Class 150 and Class 321 units. Upon being awarded the franchise, London Midland ordered a total of 66 new trains of three different types, comprising two Class 139 *Parry People Movers*, 12 two-car and 15 three-car Class 172 *Turbostars* and 37 four-car Class 350/2 *Desiros*.

All but three Class 150 units were cascaded to First Great Western (12 x two-car, 2 x three-car) and Northern Rail (18 x two-car) and the Class 321s to First Capital Connect (13) and National Express East Anglia (17). The Class 153, Class 170 and Class 323 units were all refurbished.

The first of the Class 350/2 units arrived in the UK in early October 2008 for testing at the Northampton Kings Heath Siemens Depot. By July 2009, they were all in service.

London Midland was to lose all of its Class 321 units, but a change of plan saw it retain seven for use both on the Watford Junction to St Albans Abbey branch line and on peak-hour express services between Northampton/Milton Keynes Central/Tring-London Euston. The final seven units moved to Abellio ScotRail in 2015/16, and were replaced by seven Class 319s cascaded from Thameslink.

The two Class 139 railcars were due to enter service on the Stourbridge line with the start of the new timetable on 15 December 2008. However, problems in testing caused a delay in their introduction, with a replacement bus covering the route following the reallocation of the Class 153 originally used. The two railcars finally entered full passenger service in June 2009.

London Midland was to lose all of its Class 150 units, but a change in plan saw it retain three Class 150 units as additional capacity, following a statement from the Department for Transport on 10 August 2011. However, London Midland transferred two Class 153 units to First Great Western as a result. The other Class 150 units were transferred to First Great Western and Northern Rail.

During 2011, London Midland announced that it would be procuring a further 18 four-car Class 350 units, eight for itself and ten for sub-lease to First TransPennine Express. In February 2012, it was announced that 20 Class 350 units had been ordered by London Midland. Ten Class 350/3 units entered service with London Midland, and ten Class 350/4 units with First TransPennine Express.

The franchise agreement included the option of replacing the three remaining Class 150/1 in the fleet with six Class 153 units in June 2017. The Northern franchise agreement indicates this option has been taken up, as the London Midland Class 150 units transferred to Northern in 2017. The Northern franchise agreement also ruled out the option of any additional Class 323 units being leased from Porterbrook to London Midland before 1 January 2019. This option was not taken up as Northern kept its 323s.

In July 2016, London Midland and the West Midlands Combined Authority announced that it would run a year-long trial of the prototype Vivarail Class 230 DMU on the Coventry–Nuneaton line. During January 2017, the trial was abruptly cancelled and the funding withdrawn by the West Midlands Combined Authority as a fire on the trial unit would have caused the trial to be impossible to complete before the end of the franchise.

## Fleet at end of franchise

| Class | Image | Type | Top speed | | Carriages | Number | Routes operated | Built |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | mph | km/h | | | | |
| 139 |  | Railcar | 40 | 64 | 1 | 2 |  | 2008 |
| 150/1 *Sprinter* |  | DMU | 75 | 121 | 2 | 3 |  | 1984–1987 |
| 153 *Super Sprinter* |  | | | | 1 | 8 |  | 1987–1988 |
| | | |  | | | | | | |
| 170/5 & 170/6 *Turbostar* |  | | 100 | 161 | 2 | 17 |  | 1999–2000 |
| | | | | 3 | 6 | | |
| 172/2 & 172/3 *Turbostar* |  | | | 2 | 12 |  | 2011 |
| | | | | | | 3 | 15 |
| 319/0, 319/2 & 319/4 |  | | | EMU | 4 | 7 |  | 1987–1988 |
| | | |  | | | | | | |
| 323 |  | | 90 | 145 | 3 | 26 |  | 1992–1995 |
| 350/1, 350/2 & 350/3 *Desiro* |  | | 100 | 161 | 4 | 77 |  | 2004–2014 |
| | | | 110 | | | | | 177 |
| | | <br> | | | | | | | |
|

### Past fleet

Former units operated by London Midland include:

| Class | Image | Type | Carriages | Number | Built | Withdrawn |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 321/4 |  | EMU | 4 | 37 | 1989–1990 | 2009–2015 |
| | |

## Incidents

On 26 November 2015, an early morning commuter service caught fire during the morning commuter rush and passengers had to be evacuated at Lapworth Station.

## Demise

In April 2016, the Department for Transport (DfT) announced that Govia, MTR Corporation and a consortium of Abellio, East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and Mitsui had been shortlisted to bid for the next franchise. The Invitation to Tender (ITT) was issued in August 2016 and the franchise was due to be awarded in June 2017. During July 2016, MTR Corporation announced its withdrawal from the bidding process.

During July 2017, the franchise was extended until 10 December 2017. In August 2017, the franchise was awarded to the consortium led by Abellio. The new company, named West Midlands Trains, commenced operations on 10 December 2017.

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71. "Moments rail passengers will not forget". *BBC News*. 10 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
72. "More seats for rail passengers as nearly £1 billion is invested in Midlands services". *GOV.UK*. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
73. "West Midlands Trains Ltd announced as winning bidder for West Midlands franchise" (PDF). Abellio. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2017.

Media related to London Midland at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

London Midland
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Class 350 *Desiro* at Watford Junction in 2011 | |
| Overview | |
| Franchise(s) | West Midlands<br>11 November 2007 – 10 December 2017 |
| Main region(s) | West Midlands, London |
| Other region(s) | North West, East Midlands |
| Stations called at | 178 |
| Stations operated | 146 |
| Parent company | Govia |
| Reporting mark | LM |
| Predecessor | Central Trains<br>Silverlink |
| Successor | West Midlands Trains |
| Technical | |
| Length | 539.0 mi (867.4 km) |
| Other | |
| Website | www.londonmidland.com |
| Route map | |


abstract: North Tongu is one of the constituencies represented in the Parliament of Ghana. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. North Tongu is located in the North Tongu district of the Volta Region of Ghana.

text:
# North Tongu (Ghana parliament constituency)

**North Tongu** is one of the constituencies represented in the Parliament of Ghana. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. North Tongu is located in the North Tongu district of the Volta Region of Ghana.

## Boundaries

The seat is located within the North Tongu District of the Volta Region of Ghana. It was formed before the 2004 December presidential and parliamentary elections by the division of the old North Tongu constituency into the new North Tongu and Central Tongu constituencies. The boundaries of the present constituency thus differs from the North Tongu constituency of elections prior to 2004.

## Members of Parliament

| Election | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | Austin Akufo Gamey | National Democratic Congress |
| 2000 | Joe Gidisu | National Democratic Congress |
| 2004 | Charles Hodogbey | National Democratic Congress |
| 2012 | Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa | National Democratic Congress |
|

## Elections

2008 Ghanaian parliamentary election: North Tongu
*Source:Ghana Home Page*
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | National Democratic Congress | Charles Sename Hodugbey | 22,876 | 78.6 | 7.1 |
|  | New Patriotic Party | Moses Mensah Assem | 4,065 | 14.0 | 7.1 |
|  | Convention People's Party | Emmanuel Yaovi Bobobee | 2,042 | 7.0 |  |
|  | Democratic Freedom Party | Eunice Mordey | 133 | 0.5 |  |
| Majority | | | 18,811 | 64.6 | 14.6 |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |

2004 Ghanaian parliamentary election:North Tongu
*Source:Ghana Home Page
Electoral Commission of Ghana*
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | National Democratic Congress | Charles Hodogbey | 21,857 | 71.5 | −6.6 |
|  | Independent | Cosmos Etse Astse Asem | 6,465 | 21.1 | *N/A* |
|  | New Patriotic Party | Nicholas Ahiadorme | 2,104 | 6.9 | 4.5 |
|  | People's National Convention | David Amansunu | 151 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
| Majority | | | 15,392 | 50.4 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 31,034 | 88.6 |  |

2000 Ghanaian parliamentary election:North Tongu
*Source:Adam Carr's Election Archives*
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | National Democratic Congress | Joe Gidisu | 42,392 | 77.1 | 9.2 |
|  | Convention People's Party | Patience Ami Ameku | 10,172 | 18.5 |  |
|  | New Patriotic Party | George Amedofu Kpobi | 1,296 | 2.4 |  |
|  | National Reform Party | Emmanuel A. K. Bokor | 637 | 1.2 |  |
|  | United Ghana Movement | Larweh Atsu J Confucious | 251 | 0.5 |  |
|  | People's National Convention | Olivia Akua Kpo | 204 | 0.4 |  |
| Majority | | | 32,220 | 58.6 |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |

1996 Ghanaian parliamentary election:North Tongu
*Source:Electoral Commission of Ghana*
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | National Democratic Congress | Austin Akufo Gamey | 43,639 | 67.9 |  |
|  | Independent | Patience Ami Ameku | 19,388 | 30.0 |  |
|  | People's Convention Party | Alexander Avor | 1,554 | 2.4 |  |
| Majority | | | 24,241 | 37.9 |  |
| Turnout | | | 64,581 | 80.0 |  |

1992 Ghanaian parliamentary election:North Tongu
*Source:Electoral Commission of Ghana*
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | National Democratic Congress | Austin Akufo Gamey |  |  |  |
| Majority | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 40,045 | 61.3 |  |

## InfoBox

| North Tongu | |
| --- | --- |
| constituency
for the Parliament of Ghana | |
|  | |
| District | North Tongu District |
| Region | Volta Region of Ghana |
| Current constituency | |
| Party | National Democratic Congress |
| MP | Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa |


abstract:
In enzymology, a N-acetylneuraminate 4-O-acetyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - acetyl-CoA + N-acetylneuraminate ⇌ CoA + N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and N-acetylneuraminate, whereas its two products are CoA and N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate 4-O-acetyltransferase. This enzyme is also called sialate O-acetyltransferase.

text:
# N-acetylneuraminate 4-O-acetyltransferase

In enzymology, a **N-acetylneuraminate 4-O-acetyltransferase** (EC 2.3.1.44) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

acetyl-CoA + N-acetylneuraminate $\rightleftharpoons $ CoA + N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminate

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and N-acetylneuraminate, whereas its two products are CoA and N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminate.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **acetyl-CoA:N-acetylneuraminate 4-O-acetyltransferase**. This enzyme is also called **sialate O-acetyltransferase**.

* Schauer R (May 1970). "\[Biosynthesis of N-acetyl-O-acetylneuraminic acids. I. Incorporation of (14C) acetate into sections of the submaxillary salivary gland of ox and horse\]". *Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie*. **351** (5): 595–602. PMID 5446640.
* Schauer R (June 1970). "\[Biosynthesis of N-acetyl-O-acetylneuraminic acids. II. Substrate and intracellular localization of bovine acetyl-coenzyme A: N-acetylneuraminate-7- and 8-O-acetyltransferase\]". *Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie*. **351** (6): 749–58. doi:10.1515/bchm2.1970.351.1.749. PMID 5425947.

## InfoBox

| N-acetylneuraminate 4-O-acetyltransferase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.3.1.44 |
| CAS no. | 51004-25-2 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Myiodexia

abstract: Myiodexia is a genus of parasitic flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Myiodexia

***Myiodexia*** is a genus of parasitic flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

*Myiodexia deserticola* Cortés & Campos, 1971

## Distribution

Chile.

## InfoBox

| *Myiodexia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Dexiinae |
| Tribe: | Dexiini |
| Genus: | *Myiodexia*
Cortés & Campos, 1971 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Myiodexia deserticola*
Cortés & Campos, 1971 | |


title: North Tonight

abstract: North Tonight was a Scottish nightly regional news programme covering the North of Scotland, produced by STV North.

text:
# North Tonight

***North Tonight*** was a Scottish nightly regional news programme covering the North of Scotland, produced by STV North (formerly Grampian Television).

## History

During the late 1960s and 1970s, Grampian's regional news service consisted of daily 10-minute evening bulletins. By 1978, the bulletins had developed into a magazine programme entitled *Grampian Today*, initially broadcast from Wednesday - Friday before expanding to every weeknight.

The programme was relaunched as *North Tonight* on Monday 7 January 1980 in an effort to reflect the Northern Scotland region as a whole - its first presenters were John Duncanson and Selina Scott.

The launch of *North Tonight* coincided with the opening of a new remote-controlled studio at Albany House in Dundee (an event broadcast live on the first programme) and an expansion into Grampian's use of Electronic News Gathering (ENG) cameras. *Grampian Today* had pioneered the use of such cameras in 1978, allowing the company to extend its flagship news programme to five nights a week. By 1983, a third studio at Inverness (modelled on the Dundee studio) was opened, allowing greater coverage of the Highlands and Islands area.

The early years of *North Tonight* also coincided with the launch of regular news bulletins at lunchtime (*North News*) and before station closedown (*North Headlines*) on weekdays, read by Grampian's team of continuity announcers. Regional news at weekends would not be introduced until 1988, when the bulletins were renamed *Grampian Headlines*.

Up until the early 1990s, *North Tonight* was taken off air during the summer months and replaced by a nightly magazine show entitled *Summer at Six* (later *North Tonight: Summer Edition*), which also included a short news bulletin.

Significant points in the history of the programme included extensive coverage of the Piper Alpha disaster in 1988 and the resignation of Grampian Police chief constable Dr. Ian Oliver in 1998. *North Tonight* also covered the murder of Aberdeen schoolboy Scott Simpson in the mid-1990s and the bird flu incident in Cellardyke, Fife in April 2006.

Its predecessor, *Grampian Today*, had the first live broadcast from an oil platform in the North Sea, as well as the first live broadcast from the summit of Cairn Gorm. During the mid 1990s, *North Tonight* twice won the BAFTA Scotland award for Best News Programme.

*North Tonight* live aired from Grampian's main studios at Queens Cross in Aberdeen until the station moved to new, smaller studios in the West Tullos area of the city in 2003. News studios were retained in Dundee and Inverness with political correspondents based at bureaux in Edinburgh and Millbank, Westminster. There was a studio in Stornoway but this closed in 2001.

Contracted freelance correspondents and cameramen provided news coverage from the outer regions of Shetland, Orkney, Caithness and Sutherland. The programme also had the distinction of reporting from the largest geographical region in the ITV network, covering an area the size of Belgium.

On 8 January 2007, viewers of *North Tonight* began to receive two different programmes - those in the Dundee, Angus, Perthshire and north-east Fife area received a dedicated bulletin within the main *North Tonight* programme featuring the day's news from the sub-region, presented & produced from STV's studios in Dundee and directed from a technical gallery in Aberdeen.

Originally, the Tayside bulletins were produced from Harbour Chambers in City Quay. As of 28 April 2008, STV News's Tayside operation is now based at upgraded, larger studios at Seabraes. Whilst the Tayside bulletin was broadcast, viewers further north saw more news from the north-east, Highlands and Islands areas, broadcast from the headquarters of STV North in Aberdeen.

On 7 April 2007, it was announced that GMTV had replaced STV as the supplier of early morning regional news bulletins in Scotland. The contract was awarded to the Belfast-based Macmillan Media, which has offices in London and Glasgow. GMTV Scotland (Grampian) began on 3 December 2007. STV, and its northern predecessor Grampian Television had supplied GMTV with its news since the breakfast channel took over from TV-am in 1993. The newsroom produced three bulletins of about three minutes each at 06.35, 07.05 and 08.05. The decision also affected *North Today's* sister programme, *Scotland Today*. The contract to provide regional ITV Breakfast in North of Scotland (as well as the STV Central region) returned to STV in 2013.

On 19 June 2007, STV North began producing *Northern Exposure*, a supplementary video blog, presented and produced by the *North Tonight* team for the station's website, stv.tv. The blogs, which spawned a spin-off series entitled *Ask Kirstin*, continued to be produced on a regular basis until June 2009.

On 18 March 2009, it was announced that the *North Tonight* branding would be phased out as part of a major station revamp. On Monday 23 March 2009, the nightly news programme was relaunched and renamed as *STV News at Six*. The name is also used in the STV Central region as a replacement for *Scotland Today*. The last main edition of *North Tonight* was aired on Friday 20 March 2009.

## Presenters

## InfoBox

| *North Tonight* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Regional News |
| Created by | Grampian Television |
| Country of origin | Scotland |
| Production | |
| Running time | Main bulletin:
30 minutes
Short bulletins:
Durations vary |
| Production companies | Grampian Television
(STV News)
 |
| Original release | |
| Network | Grampian Television
(now branded STV)
 |
| Release | 7 January 1980 (1980-01-07)
22 March 2009 (2009-03-22) |
| Related | |
|  | |


abstract:
In enzymology, a N-acetylglucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol glucosyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - UDP-glucose + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol ⇌ UDP + beta-D-glucosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol, whereas its two products are UDP and beta-D-glucosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol. This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose:N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol 4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include UDP-D-glucose:N-acetylglucosaminyl pyrophosphorylundecaprenol, glucosyltransferase, uridine, diphosphoglucose-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphorylundecaprenol, and glucosyltransferase.

text:
# N-acetylglucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol glucosyltransferase

In enzymology, a **N-acetylglucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol glucosyltransferase** (EC 2.4.1.188) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

UDP-glucose + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol $\rightleftharpoons $ UDP + beta-D-glucosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol, whereas its two products are UDP and beta-D-glucosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol.

This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose:N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol 4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include UDP-D-glucose:N-acetylglucosaminyl pyrophosphorylundecaprenol, glucosyltransferase, uridine, diphosphoglucose-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphorylundecaprenol, and glucosyltransferase.

* Kumita K, Murazumi N, Araki Y, Ito E (December 1988). "Solubilization and properties of UDP-D-glucose:N-acetylglucosaminyl pyrophosphorylundecaprenol glucosyltransferase from Bacillus coagulans AHU 1366 membranes". *J. Biochem*. **104** (6). Tokyo: 985–8. PMID 2977388.

## InfoBox

| N-acetylglucosaminyldiphosphoundecaprenol glucosyltransferase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.4.1.188 |
| CAS no. | 118731-83-2 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Myriaporidae

abstract:
Myriaporidae is a family of bryozoans belonging to the order Cheilostomatida. Genera:
  - Leieschara M.Sars, 1863
  - Myriapora de Blainville, 1830
  - Myriozoella Levinsen, 1909

text:
# Myriaporidae

**Myriaporidae** is a family of bryozoans belonging to the order Cheilostomatida.

Genera:

## InfoBox

| Myriaporidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Myriapora truncata | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Bryozoa |
| Class: | Gymnolaemata |
| Order: | Cheilostomatida |
| Family: | Myriaporidae |
|


abstract: Northwoods Mall is a 101-store super-regional 833,833-square-foot (77,465.6 m⁲) indoor shopping mall located in North Charleston, South Carolina. It is the second largest indoor shopping mall in the Tri-County area next to Citadel Mall. Built in 1972, the mall is located at the intersection of Rivers Avenue, Ashley Phosphate Road and Interstate 26. Northwoods Mall was the first regional indoor shopping mall constructed in the South Carolina lowcountry and featured Belk, Sears, and the locally owned Kerrison's department stores as its original anchor tenants. A food court offers options such as Charleys Philly Steaks and Sbarro. The mall's anchor stores are Dillard's, Belk, JCPenney and Burlington. Northwoods Mall also features Books-A-Million and Planet Fitness as inline junior anchors. The mall also once housed a Woolworth's but it was remodeled into the food court in 1997. In 1989 the mall closed its small theater in favor of a multi-screen complex located just outside of Dillard's. The mall underwent a significant expansion and renovation in 1985 and Thalhimer's was added as an anchor tenant. Lost in the remodel was a Morrison's Cafeteria located next to Kerrison's. In 1992 Thalhimer's was sold to Dillard's. The store would later be expanded in 2004. Also in 1992, Kerrison's was closed and demolished. It would be replaced by a two-level JCPenney in February 1993 that was relocating from the nearby Charles Towne Square which was beginning a steep decline at the time. Northwoods Mall was purchased in 1984 by Jacobs, Visconsi & Jacobs, owners and developers of Charleston's Citadel Mall, and later sold to current owners CBL & Associates Properties who again remodeled the mall in 2004. CBL & Associates Properties owned Citadel Mall until defaulting on mortgage payments and losing it to the lien-holder in a foreclosure sale in 2014. In 2015, Sears Holdings spun off 235 of its properties, including the Sears at Northwoods Mall, into Seritage Growth Properties. Sears closed its store in July 2017 and the building was subdivided with half left vacant and half becoming Burlington. Carrabba's is also an outparcel on the Seritage site.

text:
# Northwoods Mall (North Charleston, South Carolina)

**Northwoods Mall** is a 101-store super-regional 833,833-square-foot (77,465.6 m2) indoor shopping mall located in North Charleston, South Carolina. It is the second largest indoor shopping mall in the Tri-County area next to Citadel Mall. Built in 1972, the mall is located at the intersection of Rivers Avenue (U.S. Highway 52), Ashley Phosphate Road and Interstate 26. Northwoods Mall was the first regional indoor shopping mall constructed in the South Carolina lowcountry and featured Belk, Sears, and the locally owned Kerrison's department stores as its original anchor tenants. A food court offers options such as Charleys Philly Steaks and Sbarro. The mall's anchor stores are Dillard's, Belk, JCPenney and Burlington. Northwoods Mall also features Books-A-Million and Planet Fitness as inline junior anchors.

The mall also once housed a Woolworth's but it was remodeled into the food court in 1997. In 1989 the mall closed its small theater in favor of a multi-screen complex located just outside of Dillard's. The mall underwent a significant expansion and renovation in 1985 and Thalhimer's was added as an anchor tenant. Lost in the remodel was a Morrison's Cafeteria located next to Kerrison's.

In 1992 Thalhimer's was sold to Dillard's. The store would later be expanded in 2004. Also in 1992, Kerrison's was closed and demolished. It would be replaced by a two-level JCPenney in February 1993 that was relocating from the nearby Charles Towne Square which was beginning a steep decline at the time. Northwoods Mall was purchased in 1984 by Jacobs, Visconsi & Jacobs (later known as the Richard E. Jacobs group), owners and developers of Charleston's Citadel Mall, and later sold to current owners CBL & Associates Properties who again remodeled the mall in 2004. CBL & Associates Properties owned Citadel Mall until defaulting on mortgage payments and losing it to the lien-holder in a foreclosure sale in 2014.

In 2015, Sears Holdings spun off 235 of its properties, including the Sears at Northwoods Mall, into Seritage Growth Properties. Sears closed its store in July 2017 and the building was subdivided with half left vacant and half becoming Burlington. Carrabba's is also an outparcel on the Seritage site.

## InfoBox

Northwoods Mall
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | North Charleston, South Carolina, United States |
| Coordinates | 32°56′39″N 80°02′39″W / 32.944113°N 80.044241°W / 32.944113; -80.044241 |
| Address | 2150 Northwoods Boulevard |
| Opening date | 1972 |
| Developer | Buckner Land Company |
| Management | CBL Properties |
| Owner | CBL Properties |
| No. of stores and services | 101 |
| No. of anchor tenants | 4 |
| Total retail floor area | 833,833 square feet (77,466 m2) (GLA) |
| No. of floors | 1 (2 in JCPenney) |
| Website | shopnorthwoodsmall.com |


title: Myrianthus holstii

abstract: Myrianthus holstii is a plant species within the family Urticaceae. It grows either as a shrub or tree. It is considered a dioecious species but a monoecious tree has been observed.

text:
# Myrianthus holstii

***Myrianthus holstii*** is a plant species within the family Urticaceae*.* It grows either as a shrub or tree. It is considered a dioecious species but a monoecious tree has been observed.

## Description

Species grows as a shrub or a tree, as a tree it can reach an height of 20 m. It has a spreading crown and a short trunk, and the base of the tree has strong stilt roots; the bark is light brown and the slash is pinkish in color. Leaves are palmately compound with 3 - 8 leaflets, the upper surface is commonly glabrous while the veins on the lower surface is regularly covered in short minute hairs. Petiole and stipule are present, the petiole can reach up to 35 cm long and the stipule is caducous and can reach about 4 cm long. Leaflets can reach a length of 60 cm and width of about 32 cm, the outline is oblanceolate to oblong - elliptic and the margin tends to be subentire or serrate to dentate.

Fuit is cone like with a hard outer surface, orange to yellow when ripe.

## Distribution and habitat

Occurs in Central and East Africa, from the democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania southwards to Tanzania. Found in moist montane forest environments or near rivers.

## Ecology

The African bush elephant, eastern gorillas and chimpanzees have been observed to eat the fruits of *Myrianthus holstii* and also strip the stems for foliage.

## Uses

In ethnomedicine, a decoction of bark extracts of the species is used in the treatment of malaria and also as an anti cough medicine, while leaves are used as a galactogogue and also in the treatment of a variety of ailments including hearth issues and pregnancy complications.

## InfoBox

| *Myrianthus holstii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Urticaceae |
| Genus: | *Myrianthus* |
| Species: | ***M. holstii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myrianthus holstii***<br>Engl. | |
|


title: North Point, St. Louis

abstract: North Point is a neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri, US. It is bounded by Goodfellow on the North, Northcrest, West Florissant on the Southwest, and Riverview Boulevard on the East and Northeast.

text:
# North Point, St. Louis

**North Point** (or North Pointe) is a neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri, US. It is bounded by Goodfellow on the North, Northcrest, West Florissant on the Southwest, and Riverview Boulevard on the East and Northeast.

## Education

* Herzog Elementary School
* Lot a Luv
* New Northside Child Development Center
* Northwest Middle School
* Hilltop Child Development Center

## Churches

* Mizpah Lutheran Church
* North Park United Methodist Church

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | 5,657 |  |  |
| 2000 | 4,327 |  | −23.5% |
| 2010 | 3,966 |  | −8.3% |
| 2020 | 3,396 |  | −14.4% |
| Sources: | | | |

In 2020 North Pointe's racial makeup was 95.3% Black, 1.6% White, 0.1% American Indian, 2.5% Two or More Races, and 0.4% Some Other Race. 0.8% of the population was of Latino origin.

38°42′57″N 90°14′50″W / 38.7159°N 90.2472°W / 38.7159; -90.2472

## InfoBox

| North Point | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of St. Louis | |
| Intersection in North Point, September 2012 | |
| Location (red) of North Point within St. Louis | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| City | St. Louis |
| Wards | , 27 |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.52 sq mi (1.3 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,396 |
| Density | 6,500/sq mi (2,500/km2) |
| ZIP code(s) | Part of 63147 |
| Area code(s) | 314 |
| Website | stlouis-mo.gov |


title: Myrica californica

abstract: Myrica californica is an evergreen shrub or small tree native to the Pacific Ocean coast of North America from Vancouver Island south to California as far south as the Long Beach area. It grows to 2–10 metres (6.6–32.8 ft) tall, and has serrated, sticky green leaves 4–13 cm long and 0.7–3 cm broad, which emit a spicy scent on warm days. The flower's inflorescence is arranged in a spike 0.6–3 cm long, in range of colors from green to red. The fruit is a wrinkled purple berry 4–6.5 mm diameter, with a waxy coating, hence the common name wax myrtle. This species has root nodules containing nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, allowing it to grow in relatively poor soils.

text:
# Myrica californica

***Myrica californica*** (**California bayberry**, **California wax myrtle** or **Pacific wax myrtle**; syn. *Gale californica* (Cham. & Schltdl.) Greene, *Morella californica* (Cham. & Schltdl.) Wilbur) is an evergreen shrub or small tree native to the Pacific Ocean coast of North America from Vancouver Island south to California as far south as the Long Beach area.

It grows to 2–10 metres (6.6–32.8 ft) tall, and has serrated, sticky green leaves 4–13 cm long and 0.7–3 cm broad, which emit a spicy scent on warm days. The flower's inflorescence is arranged in a spike 0.6–3 cm long, in range of colors from green to red. The fruit is a wrinkled purple berry 4–6.5 mm diameter, with a waxy coating, hence the common name wax myrtle. This species has root nodules containing nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, allowing it to grow in relatively poor soils.

## Cultivation and uses

It grows well on cool, moist coastlines and can be planted in lines as a seaside windbreak. The bark and leaves have historically been used on occasion for gastrointestinal ailments. The most active chemical is apparently the glycoside myricinic acid, which is related to saponin. The plant tissues are also high in tannins. The wax may be extracted from the fruit and made into candles and soap; however, this species produces much less wax than other bayberries, and so is rarely used for this purpose.

Various birds eat the berries in small quantities.

## InfoBox

| *Myrica californica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Myricaceae |
| Genus: | *Myrica* |
| Species: | ***M. californica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myrica californica***<br>Cham. & Schltdl. | |
|
|  | |
| Range of *Myrica californica* | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Morella californica* | |


title: Niilo Ryhtä

abstract: Niilo Mikael Ryhtä was a Finnish politician, born in Tammela. He served as Minister of the Interior from 8 February to 18 December 1963 and from 12 September 1964 to 27 May 1966 and as Deputy Minister of Communications from 27 May 1966 to 31 August 1967. Ryhtä was a Member of the Parliament of Finland from 1948 to 1967, representing the Agrarian League, which renamed itself the Centre Party in 1965. He served as Governor of Oulu Province from 1967 to 1973.

text:
# Niilo Ryhtä

**Niilo Mikael Ryhtä** (26 September 1906 – 10 August 1995) was a Finnish politician, born in Tammela. He served as Minister of the Interior from 8 February to 18 December 1963 and from 12 September 1964 to 27 May 1966 and as Deputy Minister of Communications from 27 May 1966 to 31 August 1967. Ryhtä was a Member of the Parliament of Finland from 1948 to 1967, representing the Agrarian League, which renamed itself the Centre Party in 1965. He served as Governor of Oulu Province from 1967 to 1973.


title: Günther Tribukait

abstract: Günther Tribukait was a German officer in the Wehrmacht during World War II and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. After the war, Tribukait was tried for war crimes in Yugoslavia; he was convicted and executed in 1947.

text:
# Günther Tribukait

**Günther Tribukait** (sometimes referred to as Tribukeit or Tribukayt) was a German officer in the Wehrmacht during World War II and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. After the war, Tribukait was tried for war crimes in Yugoslavia; he was convicted and executed in 1947.

## Trial and execution

Towards the end of the war, Tribukait was taken prisoner by the Yugoslav Partisans. The 118th Jäger Division – and other Mountain and Jäger divisions as well – were involved in numerous war crimes throughout the Balkans, carrying out, among others, harsh retaliations against the civilian population, especially Serbs and Greeks. Until his trial, he was held in a POW camp at the outskirts of Belgrade.

Tribukait had the lowest rank of the defendants of the fourth process of the Yugoslav War Crimes Trials Proceedings (5–16 February 1947). He was tried along with six other major war criminals: Generaloberst Alexander Löhr (commander-in-chief of Army Group E), Generalleutnant Josef Kübler, Johann Fortner and Fritz Neidholdt, Generalmajor Adalbert Lontschar and the SS-Brigadeführer August Schmidthuber. All of the defendants were found guilty of *"mass executions of non-combatants, especially of women and children, destruction and razing of homes, kidnapping of Yugoslav civilians to concentration camps and torture and murder of POWs."*

All of them were sentenced to death. According to a witness, Löhr and the six other convicts were imprisoned again in the POW camp outside of Belgrade – evidently, Löhr spent his last hours *"in a small prison cell, bound in chains and wearing only his underwear"*. During the night of 25/26 February 1947, ten convicts – among them Tribukait – were picked up by a truck and were driven to the place of execution, where they were executed by hanging in the early hours of 26 February 1947.

## Awards

## Sources

* Meyer, Hermann Frank (2009). *Blutiges Edelweiß: Die 1. Gebirgs-division im zweiten Weltkrieg* (in Greek). Vol. 2. Athens, Greece: Estia's Bookstore. ISBN 978-960-05-1425-4.
* Meyer, Hermann Frank (2006). *Von Wien nach Kalavryta. Die blutige Spur der 117. Jäger Division durch Serbien und Griechenland* (in Greek) (4th ed.). Athens, Greece: Estia's Bookstore. ISBN 960-05-1112-8.

## InfoBox

| Günther Tribukait | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1909-05-29)29 May 1909
Greifswald, German Empire |
| Died | 26 February 1947(1947-02-26) (aged 37)
Belgrade, Yugoslavia |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Wehrmacht |
| Years of service | ?–1945 |
| Rank | *Oberst* |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |


abstract: The 1931–32 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team represented Indiana University. Their head coach was Everett Dean, who was in his 8th year. The team played its home games in The Fieldhouse in Bloomington, Indiana, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference. The Hoosiers finished the regular season with an overall record of 8–10 and a conference record of 4–8, finishing 7th in the Big Ten Conference.

text:
# 1931–32 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team

1931–32 Big Ten Conference men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| Purdue | 11 |  | 1 |  | .917 |  |  | 17 |  | 1 |  | .944 |
| Minnesota | 9 |  | 3 |  | .750 |  |  | 15 |  | 3 |  | .833 |
| Northwestern | 9 |  | 3 |  | .750 |  |  | 13 |  | 5 |  | .722 |
| Michigan | 8 |  | 4 |  | .667 |  |  | 11 |  | 6 |  | .647 |
| Illinois | 7 |  | 5 |  | .583 |  |  | 11 |  | 6 |  | .647 |
| Ohio State | 5 |  | 7 |  | .417 |  |  | 9 |  | 9 |  | .500 |
| Indiana | 4 |  | 8 |  | .333 |  |  | 8 |  | 10 |  | .444 |
| Wisconsin | 3 |  | 9 |  | .250 |  |  | 8 |  | 10 |  | .444 |
| Iowa | 3 |  | 9 |  | .250 |  |  | 5 |  | 12 |  | .294 |
| Chicago | 1 |  | 11 |  | .083 |  |  | 2 |  | 15 |  | .118 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1931–32 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team** represented Indiana University. Their head coach was Everett Dean, who was in his 8th year. The team played its home games in The Fieldhouse in Bloomington, Indiana, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.

The Hoosiers finished the regular season with an overall record of 8–10 and a conference record of 4–8, finishing 7th in the Big Ten Conference.

## Roster

| No. | Name | Position | Ht. | Year | Hometown |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3 | Jay Campbell | F | 5–7 | Sr. | Shelbyville, Indiana |
| 4 | Warren Tucker | F | 6–1 | N/A | Salem, Indiana |
| 5 | Bernard Dickey | F/C | 6–1 | Jr. | Fort Wayne, Indiana |
| 8 | Arnold Suddith | G | 6–1 | So. | Martinsville, Indiana |
| 9 | Joseph Zeller | G | 6–1 | Sr. | East Chicago, Indiana |
| 10 | Bill Blagrave | G | 6–2 | Sr. | Washington, Indiana |
| 12 | Ernest Youngblood | F | 5–11 | So. | Veedersburg, Indiana |
| 13 | Glendon Hodson | F | 6–1 | Jr. | Amo, Indiana |
| 14 | Halary Sawicki | C | 6–3 | Jr. | Georgetown, Illinois |
| 15 | Victor Dauer | F | 5–11 | Sr. | Gary, Indiana |
| 16 | Ray Dauer | F | 6–1 | So. | Gary, Indiana |
| 17 | William Cordell | G | 5–9 | Jr. | Bloomington, Indiana |
| 18 | Woodrow Weir | F | 5–10 | So. | Scottsburg, Indiana |
| 21 | Taylor Hoffar | C | 6–1 | Jr. | Seymour, Indiana |
| 22 | George Reed | C | 6–3 | N/A | Kokomo, Indiana |

## Schedule/Results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regular Season | | | | | | | |
| 12/8/1931*
 |  | Miami (OH) | **W** 24–18 | 1–0
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, IN |
| 12/12/1931*
 |  | at Notre Dame | **W** 23–18 | 2–0
 | Notre Dame Fieldhouse
Notre Dame, IN |
| 12/16/1931*
 |  | Pittsburgh | **L** 24–29 | 2–1
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, IN |
| 12/30/1931*
 |  | at DePauw | **L** 19–26 | 2–2
 |
Greencastle, IN |
| 1/4/1932
 |  | at Purdue
*Rivalry* | **L** 30–49 | 2–3 (0–1)
 | Memorial Gymnasium
West Lafayette, IN |
| 1/9/1932
 |  | at Northwestern | **L** 23–29 | 2–4 (0–2)
 | Old Patten Gymnasium
Evanston, IL |
| 1/11/1932
 |  | Illinois
*Rivalry* | **L** 22–30 | 2–5 (0–3)
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, IN |
| 1/16/1932
 |  | at Minnesota | **L** 35–37 | 2–6 (0–4)
 | Minnesota Field House
Minneapolis, MN |
| 1/18/1932
 |  | Iowa | **W** 35–27 | 3–6 (1–4)
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, IN |
| 2/2/1932*
 |  | at Xavier | **W** 18–16 | 4–6 (1–4)
 | Schmidt Field House
Cincinnati, OH |
| 2/4/1932*
 |  | Marquette | **W** 30–18 | 5–6 (1–4)
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, IN |
| 2/8/1932
 |  | Northwestern | **L** 25–29 | 5–7 (1–5)
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, IN |
| 2/13/1932
 |  | Minnesota | **W** 27–22 | 6–7 (2–5)
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, IN |
| 2/15/1932
 |  | Wisconsin | **W** 33–21 | 7–7 (3–5)
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, IN |
| 2/20/1932
 |  | at Iowa | **W** 34–33 | 8–7 (4–5)
 | Iowa Field House
Iowa City, IA |
| 2/22/1932
 |  | Purdue
*Rivalry* | **L** 29–42 | 8–8 (4–6)
 | The Fieldhouse
Bloomington, IN |
| 3/5/1932
 |  | at Wisconsin | **L** 26–34 | 8–9 (4–7)
 | Wisconsin Field House
Madison, WI |
| 3/7/1932
 |  | at Illinois
*Rivalry* | **L** 32–33 | 8–10 (4–8)
 | Huff Hall
Champaign, IL |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1931–32 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Big Ten Conference |
| Record | 8–10 (4–8 Big Ten) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Jay Campbell |
| Home arena | The Fieldhouse |
|


title: Minor attacks of the Black Hawk War

abstract: After the outbreak of the Black Hawk War, at the Battle of Stillman's Run in May 1832, there were minor attacks and skirmishes throughout the duration of the conflict. The war was fought between white settlers in Illinois and present-day Wisconsin and Sauk Chief Black Hawk. The relatively minor attacks of the war were widely dispersed and often carried out by bands of Native Americans that were unaffiliated with Black Hawk's British Band. Sometime in May 1832 a Methodist minister and his wife disappeared and were subsequently tied to a tree and executed by burning by a band of Potawatomi. Also in May an attack at Holderman's Grove killed another minister, Adam Payne, and an attack at Hollenbeck's Grove drove numerous residents out of the area. In another attack, just before the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, a German immigrant named Henry Apple was killed in a Kickapoo ambush. At Ament's Cabin, near present-day Bureau County, Illinois, an attack left early settler Elijah Phillips dead. Together with other incidents during the war, these attacks helped contribute to an atmosphere of fear in the region during the war.

text:
# Minor attacks of the Black Hawk War

After the outbreak of the **Black Hawk War**, at the Battle of Stillman's Run in May 1832, there were **minor attacks** and skirmishes throughout the duration of the conflict. The war was fought between white settlers in Illinois and present-day Wisconsin and Sauk Chief Black Hawk. The relatively minor attacks of the war were widely dispersed and often carried out by bands of Native Americans that were unaffiliated with Black Hawk's British Band.

Sometime in May 1832 a Methodist minister and his wife disappeared and were subsequently tied to a tree and executed by burning by a band of Potawatomi. Also in May an attack at Holderman's Grove killed another minister, Adam Payne, and an attack at Hollenbeck's Grove drove numerous residents out of the area. In another attack, just before the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, a German immigrant named Henry Apple was killed in a Kickapoo ambush. At Ament's Cabin, near present-day Bureau County, Illinois, an attack left early settler Elijah Phillips dead. Together with other incidents during the war, these attacks helped contribute to an atmosphere of fear in the region during the war.

## Background

As a consequence of an 1804 treaty between the Governor of Indiana Territory and a group of Sauk and Fox leaders regarding land settlement, the tribes vacated their lands in Illinois and moved west of the Mississippi in 1828. However, Sauk Chief Black Hawk and others disputed the treaty, claiming that the full tribal councils had not been consulted, nor did those representing the tribes have authorization to cede lands. Angered by the loss of his birthplace, between 183031 Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River into Illinois, but was persuaded to return west each time without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the British, he again moved his so-called "British Band" of around 1,000 warriors and non-combatants into Illinois. Finding no allies, he attempted to return to Iowa, but the undisciplined Illinois militia's actions led to the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other engagements followed, and the militias of Michigan Territory and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's Band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War.

The period between initial battle at Stillman's Run and the June 24 Battle of Apple River Fort was filled with war-related activity and events. A series of attacks at Buffalo Grove, the Plum River settlement, Fort Blue Mounds, and various attacks in other places including the war's most famous incident the Indian Creek massacre, all took place between mid-May and late June 1832. The week before the Battle of Apple River Fort was an important turning point for the militia: between 1618 June two key battles, one at Waddams Grove and the other at Horseshoe Bend, played a role in changing public perception about the militia after its defeat at Stillman's Run.

After the inconclusive skirmish in late June at Kellogg's Grove, Black Hawk and his British Band fled the approaching militia through Wisconsin. They passed through what are now Beloit and Janesville, then followed the Rock River toward Horicon Marsh, where they headed west toward the Four Lakes region (near modern-day Madison). On July 21, 1832, the militia caught up with Black Hawk's band as they attempted to cross the Wisconsin River, near the present-day town of Roxbury, in Dane County, near Sauk City, Wisconsin. The engagement that followed is known as the Battle of Wisconsin Heights and was the penultimate battle of the war. The war would end at the Battle of Bad Axe on August 1 and 2. When the militia finally caught up with Black Hawk's "British Band" at the mouth of the Bad Axe River, hundreds of men, women and children would be killed by pursuing soldiers, their Indian allies, and a U.S. gunboat.

## Prelude

After the defeat of the militia at Stillman's Run the number of Native American raids and attacks increased on the frontier in the state of Illinois and Michigan Territory. Largely, these attacks were opportunistic and spread out as opposed to being part of a bigger strategy. Many of the attacks that occurred were carried out by bands of Native Americans that were unaffiliated with Black Hawk's British Band.

## Buffalo Grove

When the Black Hawk War began in the spring of 1832, the settlers at Buffalo Grove were notified of Black Hawk's victory at Stillman's Run and ordered to leave the grove. Most of the settlers went to Peoria where they remained for the duration of the war. On May 19, 1832 a small unit was detailed to carry dispatches from Colonel James M. Strode in Galena to General Henry Atkinson at Dixon's Ferry (present-day Dixon, Illinois). The Buffalo Grove ambush occurred near Buffalo Grove, Illinois, a small, unincorporated settlement in present-day Ogle County. On May 20, 1832, Sergeant Fred Stahl returned to Dixon's Ferry with the other four survivors of the attack and reported that his party had been ambushed by a group of Native Americans the evening before on the edge of the grove. He reported that Durley was killed instantly, scalped, and left on the spot.

## Execution of Lucy and James Sample

In 1872, amateur historian Nehemiah Matson related a story about the execution of a couple, James and Lucy Sample, by Potawatomis. According to Matson, the two were bound to a tree and then burned to death. The executions, said Matson, were directed by a man named Mike Girty, who was supposedly a mixed race son of Simon Girty. But a 1960 profile of Matson stated that "Because of his indiscriminate mixing of fact and legend, however, scholars generally discount his books as valid sources." The story was repeated over the next few decades in other books, but modern scholarly accounts of the Black Hawk War make no mention of this event, nor do they confirm the existence of a Mike Girty.

## Holderman's Grove

Adam Payne was an itinerant preacher from Pennsylvania, described as a large and imposing man. Two days after the May 21 Indian Creek massacre, the Payne was traveling by horseback on what would later become the Frank & Walker stagecoach route, from Chicago to Ottawa. Payne, a minister in a denomination known as the Dunkers, passed through several areas including Holderman's Grove, Lisbon and Plainfield, Illinois. At Plainfield Payne was met by a friend, Johnathan Wilson, who warned him of danger to individuals traveling the Illinois frontier alone. Payne was at first persuaded and turned back toward Chicago at Wilson's urgings.

As he traveled toward Chicago, Payne changed his mind, ignored the warnings and turned back toward Ottawa. Payne's journey was uneventful until he approached Holderman's Grove. Payne approached the grove, about halfway between Plainfield and Ottawa, when he was ambushed by a waiting war party of Native Americans. They immediately fired their weapons and Payne was wounded through the chest. He turned his horse to flee but it was also wounded in the encounter and after a chase of 14 or 15 miles it fell dead beneath him. Unarmed, Payne was overtaken by the attackers and purportedly decapitated, one witness to the body's discovery indicated that he was only scalped and his head remained attached to his body. In the index to his 2006 book, *Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America*, Kerry A. Trask refers to the incident as the Holderman's Grove raid.

## Hollenbeck's Grove

The house of a Mr. Hollenbeck was burned in Hollenbeck's Grove (or Hollenback's) on May 22, 1832, one day after the Indian Creek massacre. Other parts of the settlement at the grove were also burned and looted. Refugees from Hollenbeck's Grove joined the exodus from the Fox River valley toward Danville, passing through Plainfield on their way. In Plainfield wildly overstated claims of Native Americans burning and looting everything were passed along, greatly disturbing the already fearful residents. In the index to his 2006 book, *Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America*, Kerry A. Trask refers to the incident as the Hollenback's Grove raid.

## Henry Apple

On June 11, Henry Dodge escorted General Hugh Brady to the mouth of the Fox River to confer with overall commander General Henry Atkinson. Dodge left the conference with clear authority from Atkinson to deal with the war-related violence in the mining region. After the meeting, he first traveled to his home fort, at Gratiot's Grove, which he reached on June 13. The Spafford Farm massacre occurred the following day, and Dodge and his command set out for Fort Hamilton as soon as he heard about it, stopping at Fort Blue Mounds for supplies. On the way to Hamilton, the soldiers passed a German immigrant, Henry Apple, exchanged greetings and kept traveling.

About 150 yards (140 m) from the spot they met a Kickapoo ambush was set up in wait, probably for Dodge, who had ventured off the main road. Apple approached the ambush site and Dodge later reported hearing three guns, one of the shots killed Apple. Dodge was probably saved by his last minute decision to make a detour from the main route. Apple's horse galloped wildly past the men, wounded and carrying a large amount of blood in its saddle. The horse continued all the way to Fort Hamilton, where it raised a furor among the inhabitants.

After hearing the attack on Apple in the distance, Dodge continued on toward Fort Hamilton (present-day Wiota, Wisconsin), gathered a company of 29 mounted volunteers on arrival and sped off to intercept that band. He led the chase through tangled underbrush until, breaking into prairie, they caught sight of the raiding party. The Kickapoo crossed the Pecatonica River within sight of the pursuing militia, and entered into a swamp. The militia crossed the swollen river and dismounted when they reached the swamp and the Battle of Horseshoe Bend ensued.

## Ament's Cabin

The site of Ament's cabin was settled in 1829 when John L. Ament and his brother Justin staked claim on adjacent claims Berlin and Dover Townships, in present-day Bureau County, Illinois. Shortly after settling, Elijah Phillips bought Justin Ament's land and built his own cabin. West of Ament's and Phillips' settlement was a large Native American sugar camp, part of this camp was included in Ament's claim. The camp was a place where Native Americans lived during the winter and spring on an annual basis. Prior to the attack, both Ament and Phillips were warned by Potawatomi chief Shabbona of impending danger to the settlers along Bureau Creek. The men had fled, with their families, leaving their goods and livestock behind. Eventually, it was decided that it was safe to return to the settlement to tend to the deserted possessions.

On the morning of either June 17 or June 18, the band of about 30 Native Americans returned to their hidden positions of the day before and awaited the settlers. When the settlers awoke Brigham and Phillips went onto the porch of Ament's cabin where they conversed for a few minutes, failing to notice the moccasin tracks around the property. Phillips decided to go to his cabin, about a half mile (.8 km) from Ament's property, to finish a letter to his parents. Brigham, intending to accompany Phillips, entered his cabin for a moment, when he did he heard the crack of a rifle outside. Phillips dropped to the ground, struck by two musket balls, and the band of raiding Native Americans immediately descended upon him with their tomahawks. Phillips was the only person killed or injured in the raid.

## Other incidents

Aside from these various attacks and murders there were a number of other small attacks and skirmishes throughout the duration of the Black Hawk War. In the one-week period following Stillman's Run and before the Indian Creek massacre, militia men were ambushed at Buffalo Grove, where one militia member was killed, and there was a short, bloodless battle at present-day Savanna along the Plum River. In June 1832 there were two attacks at Fort Blue Mounds in Michigan Territory that killed three militia men. A midJune attack at Spafford Farm killed five people total. At the end of June, following the attack on Ament's Cabin and important battles at Waddams Grove and Horseshoe Bend, two militia members were killed at Sinsinawa Mound in present-day southern Wisconsin.

## Aftermath

Collectively, these attacks served to spread fear throughout the region, especially in northeastern Illinois around the area of the Indian Creek massacre where a wave of terror gripped the region. Into the lead mining region around Galena, Illinois anxiety spread as attacks occurred and news of the movements of the elusive Black Hawk poured in. After the death of Adam Payne no white settlers in the area really felt safe.

The various attacks in May, following Stillman's Run helped contribute to the region's growing fear as well as an exodus from the area near the incidents. In the case of the attack that killed Henry Apple, the result was a battle which helped sway the course of the militia's morale and public confidence in the force. The attack at Ament's Cabin led to a small chase of the attackers but nothing came of it and the remains of Elijah Phillips were returned to Hennepin, Illinois for burial.

General * Trask, Kerry A. *Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America*, (Google Books), Henry Holt Company, New York: 2007, (ISBN 0-8050-7758-8). Retrieved 14 August 2007.

Specific

## InfoBox

| Minor attacks | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Black Hawk War | |
| Date MayJuly, 1832  Location present day northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin.  Result  No military result | |
| Belligerents | |
| United States | Various factions affiliated with the Sauk, Fox, Potawatomi, Kickapoo, and Ho-Chunk |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| various | various |


title: Marsha Rhea Williams

abstract: Marsha Rhea Williams is an American educator and researcher, she is known for being the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in computer science. She held many academic positions and was most recently a tenured professor at Tennessee State University. Additionally, she advocates for greater minority representation in STEM fields.

text:
# Marsha Rhea Williams

**Marsha Rhea Williams** (born 1948) is an American educator and researcher, she is known for being the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in computer science. She held many academic positions and was most recently a tenured professor at Tennessee State University. Additionally, she advocates for greater minority representation in STEM fields.

## Early life and education

Williams was born on August 4, 1948, in Memphis, Tennessee, to parents James Edward Williams and Velma Lee Williams. In 1969, she earned her B.S. in physics from Beloit College. Afterwards, in 1971, she earned her M.S. in physics from the University of Michigan.

After spending time in instructing positions, Williams arrived at Vanderbilt University to begin her doctoral studies. In 1976, she earned her M.S. in systems and information science at Vanderbilt. Then, in 1982, she earned her Ph.D. in computer science. In accomplishing this, she became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in computer science. For her Ph.D., she wrote her dissertation, “The Design of the Computer Assisted Query Language (CAQL) System,” which “examined the emerging field of user experience in querying large databases.”

## Career

Williams has held faculty positions at the University of Mississippi, Memphis State University, and Fisk University. She has also worked for IBM and was an NSF fellow. She most recently was a tenured professor of computer science at Tennessee State University. Williams was among the first African American professors to hold teaching positions in engineering and computer science at both the University of Mississippi and Tennessee State University. She has published several academic articles and presented at conferences.

Williams is a member of several professional organizations, including the Association for Computing Machinery, the Association of Information Technology Professionals, and the Tennessee Academy of Science. She served on the board of the AITP's Data Processing Management Association. In addition to her research and education roles, Williams advocates for diversity in computer science and engineering. Williams advised the National Society of Black Engineering Students and founded the Association for Excellence in Computer Science, Math, and Physics. She has also directed Tennessee State's Project MISET (Minorities in Science, Engineering, and Technology). Her biography appears in several Who's Who publications. In addition, popular publications list her alongside other notable computer scientists such as Dorothy Vaughan and Melba Roy Mouton.

## Selected publications

* Williams, Marsha R. “The design of the computer assisted query language (caql) system.” Ph.D. Dissertation. 1982. Vanderbilt University, US.
* Williams, Marsha R. “Engineering Management and Technical Solutions to Human Problems: A Computer-Related Example.” Engineering Management International, vol. 1, no. 3, 1982, pp. 227–237., doi:10.1016/0167-5419(82)90022-9.
* Williams, Marsha R. “Information Technology Resources for Education in Developing Countries.” Capacity Building for IT in Education in Developing Countries, 1998, pp. 251–260., doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35195-7\_27.

1. Mahoney, Eleanor (2018-01-27). "Marsha Rhea Williams (1948- )". Retrieved 2020-05-24.
2. Marshall, Gail; Ruohonen, Mikko (1998), "Discussion Group 6 — Building resource accessibility in developing countries", *Capacity Building for IT in Education in Developing Countries*, Springer US, pp. 347–350, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35195-7\_39, ISBN 978-1-4757-4708-9
3. "Dr. Marsha R. Williams". *Represent 365*. March 27, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
4. "3 Pioneers Who Changed the Game for Women in Computer Science". *Business 2 Community*. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
5. "Computer coding, a women's world?". *Maddyness UK*. 2020-05-01. Retrieved 2020-05-24.

## InfoBox

| Marsha Rhea Williams | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1948-08-04)August 4, 1948<br>Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater |  |
| Known for | Being the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in computer science |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions |  |
| Thesis | *The Design of the Computer Assisted Query Language (CAQL) System*  (1982) |
|  | |


title: Yatiri

abstract: Yatiri are medical practitioners and community healers among the Aymara of Bolivia, Chile and Peru, who use in their practice both symbols and materials such as coca leaves. Yatiri are a special subclass of the more generic category Qulliri, a term used for any traditional healer in Aymara society.

text:
# Yatiri

**Yatiri** are medical practitioners and community healers among the Aymara of Bolivia, Chile and Peru, who use in their practice both symbols and materials such as coca leaves. Yatiri are a special subclass of the more generic category Qulliri, a term used for any traditional healer in Aymara society.

## Current status of the Yatiri

### Politics

As a result of current events in Bolivia, Yatiris and anything related to their practices have become quite popular, as a reaction against perceived threats from globalization and Western culture, especially anything related to the USA. El Diario, Bolivian newspaper, mentions offerings made to the Pachamama and other such deities at most contemporary 2007 government events led by the President.

## Problems faced by Yatiri

### Historical

As a result of Spanish colonization and the influence of Western culture, the Yatiri face pressure from the Western notion of individualism, as opposed to the traditional Aymara concept of community . The Christian church has also often ostracised the Yatiri, perceiving their role to be superfluous in modern religious practice, and a form of paganism. This has changed as current government officials openly support Yatiri presence in events that formerly might have had a Catholic chaplain under the terms and practice of the Concordat with the Holy See. Nevertheless, normal practice for most Andean people mixes practices from both traditions, for example in the **cha'lla**, a blessing bestowed on any form of property, often done with both sacrifices to the Pachamama and Catholic prayers.

### Modern medicine

Whereas the Aymara perceive 'health' to be a relationship with nature, with members of the community, and with ancestors; and the Yatiri play a vital role in strengthening and repairing these relationships.

## Terminology

Several Aymara words and phrases are indispensable for an understanding of the role of Yatiri within the Aymara community. As these concepts are unique to the Aymara setting, there is no adequate English translation. *Qulliri* are healers associated with medicinal herbs, and require no special initiation to take up their vocation. *Layqa*, traditionally marginalized and shunned, live on the outskirts of Aymara communities and use frogs and snakes in rituals to do harm to others. One becomes a **layqa** by agreeing (usually for a price) to do these rituals to harm a person, on behalf of a client. *Rayu* refers to lightning and its physical manifestations. Those who have been struck by lightning are often called **rayun purita** ("struck by lightning") or **purita** ("arrived"). It is these **purita** who have been called to become **yatiri**. In their healing ceremonies, **yatiri** interact with (among other things) **achachilas** and **ruwitus**. **Achachilas** are ancestors different from biological ancestors, and **ruwitus** are human skulls that are considered to be dead elders in either a generational or a cultural sense. **Ch'amakani** ("someone who has or owns the darkness") is an elder **yatiri** who undertakes the training of an apprentice **yatiri**-to-be.

## The Yatiri in the community

### Are Yatiri shamans?

Outsiders have often referred to the Yatiri as "shamans"; however, the role of the Yatiri differs markedly from that of the Central Asian shamans. Shamans typically live and practice in isolation, undergo private and individual initiations to their roles, and practice ecstatic techniques in conjunction with their work. They also typically learn to heal by learning to heal themselves after a near-death experience. In contrast, the Yatiri are full members of Aymara communities who participate in the regular lifestyle of the Aymara, and learn their trade from masters. Like shamans, Yatiri can be both female and male.

### Linguistic approach to define the Yatiri

The word **yatiri** comes from the verb **yatiña** "to know". Thus a *yatiri* is literally "someone who knows". The thing that distinguishes *yatiri* from others in the community is that they have been struck by lightning, and have become *yatiri*. The lightning strike is a sign of having been called, but it does not automatically make one a *yatiri*. In modern times, because ***qulliri*** is a neutral term, not associated by Westerners with sorcery, many *yatiri* have been called *qulliri* when outsiders inquire as to their status. Strictly speaking, *yatiri* *are* *qulliri*, but they are a special class of *qulliri* who have also experienced the lightning strike and undergone initiation to become *yatiri*. *Yatiri* are never called "*yatiri*" to their face, but rather are referred to as ***ak'ulliri*** "*someone who chews coca*", ***aytiri*** "*someone who picks up the coca*" or ***uñiri*** "*someone who reads coca*."

## On becoming Yatiri

There are many factors at play in a person's calling to become a *yatiri*. Who a person will become is affected by the season in which she is born, by her patron saint, and by her ***ichutata ichumama*** (a specific kind of godparent). The confirmation of this calling, however, is marked by the lightning strike, which typically happens to an unmarried Aymara out herding the flocks. The lightning strike marks her as ***purita***, "one who is struck." However, occasionally lightning will strike somebody who is not called, making her a ***pantata*** "one who has been struck mistakenly." At the lightning strike, the *purita* is said to have died and passed from death to rebirth; in fact if anyone else witnesses this strike it is believed that the *purita* will die. If a person has the signs of a *yatiri*, and has been struck by lightning, she is a *purita* and cannot refuse the call to become a *yatiri*. Likewise, a person who does not have the signs and has not been struck, may not seek to become a *yatiri*. Once a *yatiri*-to-be has aged a few years, she undertakes a journey to find her ***ch'amakani***, the senior *yatiri* who will train her. Hilario, the *yatiri* interviewed by Tomas Huanca in his 1987 thesis traveled three times to his *ch'amakani*'s homeland, each time as a traveling musician, and once there received tutoring from Hilario, his *ch'amakani*. When the candidate is ready to become a *yatiri*, she will ask permission of the ***achachila*** (spiritual ancestor) through her *ch'amakani*.

## The Yatiri's role in healing

A *yatiri* is a full participant in the Aymara community; her special role does not relieve her from the social and agricultural duties shared by all community members. She never makes the first move in healing, but always waits for someone who has a complaint or a problem to consult her. Just as she is obliged to wait for requests, the *yatiri* is likewise obliged to treat all who do come to her. She typically exercises her role at home in the presence of either the patient or someone who is acting on the patient's behalf. Occasionally, the *yatiri*'s ritual helpers will indicate that she must treat the patient in person, or travel to a ritual place in order to give an offering. She will also practice outside her home if the patient requests such. The principal helper in the *yatiri*'s curing ceremony is the ***riwutu*** or human skull. *Riwutu* are ancestors who have been killed, usually by "robbers," and are seen as an intermediary between the world of humans and that of the dead. The *riwutu* is placed together with *saxra* bullets (small pieces of metal or stone that have been fused together by lightning), as well as with ***tari*** llama wool, coca, and sculptures of the saints. If the *yatiri* has been asked to discover a lost object or one taken by thieves, she may use candles in her ceremony. If she is to heal somebody ill, she may use a piece of cloth- ***isi*** \- that has touched the patient.

## Sources

* Huanca L., Tomas (1987). *The Yatiri in Aymara Communities (With Complete Text)* (Thesis). University of Florida.