title: William Arthur (botanist)

abstract: William Arthur was a Scottish doctor who served as Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden and King's Botanist at Edinburgh. Shortly afterwards he was deeply implicated in the Jacobite rising of 1715. He fled to Italy, where he died the following year "from a surfeit of figs."

text:
# William Arthur (botanist)

**William Arthur** (1680 - 1716) was a Scottish doctor who served as Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden and King's Botanist at Edinburgh. Shortly afterwards he was deeply implicated in the Jacobite rising of 1715. He fled to Italy, where he died the following year "from a surfeit of figs."

## Early life

William was born in Elie, Fifeshire in 1680 to Patrick Arthur of Ballone, a surgeon and apothecary and Commissioner of Supply for Fifeshire. His mother was Margaret Sharp, a relative of Archbishop James Sharp of St. Andrews who had been assassinated in Fife in 1679. William travelled to Utrecht in the early 18th century to study medicine under Dutch physician and "father of physiology", Herman Boerhaave. He graduated as Doctor of Medicine in March 1707 and returned to his native Scotland, initially practising medicine in Elie. He relocated to Edinburgh in 1713 and was admitted to the Royal College of Physicians, being made a Fellow in 1714.

## Marriage

He married Barbara Clerk in 1710, widow of John Lawson, Laird of Cairnmuir, daughter of Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, 1st Baronet and sister of Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, known as Baron Clerk. Both her father and brother were both prominent Whig politicians and pro-Hanoverian. To William, the marriage gave political connections at the highest levels of the Scottish establishment and society that found him "associating with the most influential people, and beyond suspicion of any want of loyalty - against that his wife's relationships protected him".

## Botanist to the King

On the accession of King George I, the long-standing Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh was James Sutherland, King's Botanist and Professor of Botany. The Regius Keeper is a household appointment granted directly by Royal Warrant from the monarch and it was surprising that the experienced incumbent was replaced by William Arthur, who as doctor of medicine had no apparent qualification or skill for the role beyond a physician's knowledge of botanical herbs and plants. It is likely that the appointment was entirely on the merit of his political connections through Sir John Clerk. The biographer of the Regius Keepers of the Botanic Garden, Bayley Balfour, states that during his tenure, Arthur likely "performed few or none of \[his\] professional or other administrative duties" and left behind a "silence of botanical tradition".

## Jacobite Plot

William Arthur was accused of being central to a Jacobite plot to capture Edinburgh Castle during the rising in September 1715. The tale is recounted by Sir Walter Scott in his *Tales of a Grandfather*. William's younger brother, Thomas Arthur, an Ensign in The Third Regiment of Foot Guards and their cousin James Arthur, a Lieutenant in Edinburgh Regiment of Foot were also implicated. William was alleged to have been one of the overall organisers of the plot on behalf of John Erskine, Earl of Mar, while Thomas bribed a sergeant and two privates of the Castle garrison to assist in pulling up rope ladders from below for a Jacobite storming party and James was to provide forty "loyal" soldiers from his regiment from within the Castle. The assault party itself was to consist of fifty Highlanders from the estate of the exiled James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth, and fifty local Jacobites drawn from "officers, writers' (lawyers') clerks, apprentices and other youths of a class considerably above the mere vulgar". The leader of this force was Alexander MacGregor of Bahaldie, chieftain of Clan Gregor, a "gentleman of great courage". They were to be well armed, 30 muskets with bayonets and "a great many" small arms.

The plot however quickly descended into farce. The younger members of the raiding party got drunk in a public tavern and were overheard, allowing word to be sent to Sir Adam Cockburn of Ormiston, Lord Justice-Clerk who raised the alarm with the deputy governor of the Castle. The sentries on the wall were thus forewarned and the guarding watches changed, meaning that the soldiers bribed to assist the assault would have less time and discretion to fulfil their part of the bargain. The raiding party rendezvoused under the cover of darkness at the West Kirk at 11PM before climbing the Castle Rock and assembled at the agreed point below the castle walls where the ladders were to be pulled up by their accomplices on the Castle walls. The merchant and Jacobite agent, Charles Forbes, who had been paid to make the ladders was however notably absent and the party had only a single ladder and grapnel with them which proved to be too short. At half past eleven when the relief guards arrived early thanks to the forewarning the plot was exposed. The erstwhile raiders at the foot of the walls fled, but not before a party from the Edinburgh Town Guard intercepted and captured three youths of their number and one Captain Maclean, a former officer in the service of King James, who had fallen on the rocks. The remainder scattered to the north where they encountered the delayed Charles Forbes, coming the opposite way with the awaited but now redundant assault ladders.

The Highlanders of the party headed north for Kinross. The luckless sergeant on the walls was captured, court-martialled and hanged for his crime and the Deputy Governor. Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart, was relieved of his command and imprisoned. William Arthur recounted in a letter sent later to the Earl of Mar how he had then fled the city with a few other conspirators to the house of his niece in Polton, where they acquired horses and rode through the Pentland Hills to the house of another relative, a sister of his father-in-law Sir John Clerk. From here, he corresponded with his wife in Edinburgh who informed him by return that his part in the plot was known and that she had been visited and questioned by her brother Baron Clerk and other senior figures with family connections. William gathered money and fresh horses from his wife's estates of Cairnmuir in the Scottish Borders and was helped across the border into England by Jacobite sympathisers in Teviotdale. After this, the authorities in Edinburgh claimed that Arthur and his cousin, William Cunningham of Barnes, thereafter met with the Earl of Mar "with intelligence" and were later present at the Battle of Preston where the rising finally failed.

## Later life and death

William Arthur was next heard of in Rome, where he died in 1716 from dysentery after consuming a "surfeit of figs". He is alleged to have written his account of the plot on his death bed, to clear himself of allegations that he had lost his nerve and that he had betrayed the plot by informing his wife. This was conveyed to the Earl of Mar in Paris, along with the news of Arthur's death by Dr Roger Kenyon, a Jacobite agent. William was buried in Rome by his sympathisers and was the first to be interred in the Protestant Cemetery in that city, a privilege which had been conferred directly from Filippo Gualterio, Cardinal Protector of Scotland. Mar wrote posthumously on Arthur in a letter to a Jacobite agent:

> 1716, November 15. A countryman of yours, a very pretty young man, is lately dead at Rome, Dr. Arthur and his brother Tom, who is at Francis' quarters, has fallen so ill on it, that 'tis feared he'll die too. The Doctor at his death, I hear, declared he was a Presbyterian, but a loyal one, as he called it, which he thought was not at all inconsistent. You know what was his kind of loyalty. Pray are many of your Presbyterians of his opinion?
>
> The Duke of Mar to Captain Harry Straton,


title: William Arthur (clergyman)

abstract: William Arthur was an Irish-born American Baptist minister and abolitionist. He was the father of the twenty-first president of the United States, Chester A. Arthur.

text:
# William Arthur (clergyman)

**William Arthur** (December 5, 1796 – October 27, 1875) was an Irish-born American Baptist minister and abolitionist. He was the father of the twenty-first president of the United States, Chester A. Arthur.

## Life

William Arthur was born on 5 December 1796 in Ballymena Borough, County Antrim. His parents names were Alan Arthur and Eliza MacHerg. Alan Arthur was the namesake for his grandson's middle name.

He is widely reported to have been raised at Arthur Cottage in Cullybackey. In 1963 the building was bought by the Government of Northern Ireland, whose Finance Minister Terence O'Neill intended to donate the cottage to the National Trust. However the Trust declined the offer, because the link with William Arthur had not been proven. The building later became a museum in the care of Ballymena Borough Council. In 2023, the website of the successor Mid and East Antrim Borough Council was asserting without reservation that Arthur Cottage "is the ancestral home of Chester Alan Arthur, the 21st President of the United States of America".

William Arthur graduated from Belfast College, came to the United States, studied law for a short time, and was then called to the Baptist ministry. After preaching in Vermont and western New York, he was settled as pastor of the Calvary Baptist church of Albany, N. Y., where he remained from 1855 to 1863. He later moved to Schenectady, where he published a magazine called *The* *Antiquarian and General Review*, to whose pages he contributed much curious learning on a variety of topics. He published an *Etymological Dictionary of Family and Christian Names* (New York, 1857), which was favorably received.

During the last ten years of his life he lived in retirement, preaching occasionally, and giving much time to literary pursuits. Arthur was noted for his attainments in the classics and in history. William Arthur died on 27 October 1875 in Newtonville.

His son, Chester A. Arthur would serve as President of the United States.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1891). "ARTHUR, William". *Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography*. New York: D. Appleton.

## InfoBox

| The ReverendWilliam Arthur | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1796-12-05)December 5, 1796
Ballymena, County Antrim, Kingdom of Ireland |
| Died | October 27, 1875(1875-10-27) (aged 78)
Newtonville, New York, United States |
| Occupation(s) | Author, Baptist minister, abolitionist |
| Children | 8, including Chester A. and Mary |


title: Nina Crummy

abstract: Nina Crummy is a British archaeologist and artefact specialist, especially of Roman material culture.

text:
# Nina Crummy

**Nina Crummy** is a British archaeologist and artefact (small finds) specialist, especially of Roman material culture.

## Career

Crummy completed an undergraduate degree at Keele University and works as an independent archaeological finds specialist. She was formerly Archaeological Archive Manager at the Museum of London, where she helped develop the Museum's standards for the deposition of archaeological finds. She consolidated the Museum of London's archaeological archive collection, based at Lever Street, the precursor to the London Archaeological Archive & Research Centre (LAARC). She has had a long-standing relationship with the University of Reading, as a visiting research fellow to the Department of Archaeology and as a small finds consultant on the Silchester Town Life Project. She has previously been elected as a fellow to the Society of Antiquaries of London.

She has written numerous archaeological reports and publications on the subject of small finds, ranging from site assemblages to individual artefacts. She is notable for her work on the small finds from Roman Colchester (Camulodunum) and Roman Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum). Major contributions to artefact studies include those on Roman toilet instruments and the manufacture of Roman bone artefacts. Her book, *The Roman Small Finds from Excavations in Colchester 1971-9,* has been described as the 'bible of the Roman finds world in Britain' by archaeologist and finds specialist Hillary Cool.

## Crummy's Functional Categories for Small Finds

Crummy's publication *The Roman Small Finds from Excavations in Colchester 1971-9* was one of the first to analyse and present archaeological artefacts (small finds) within 'functional' as opposed to 'material' categories. Although this system of categorisation has been questioned, for simplifying objects' multiple functionality, it remains highly influential especially within Romano-British archaeology.

The subjects of the functional categories are: *Category 1*: Objects of personal adornment or dress; *Category 2*: Toilet, surgical or pharmaceutical instruments; *Category 3*: Objects used in the manufacture or working of textiles; *Category 4*: Household utensils and furniture; *Category 5*: Objects used for recreational purposes; *Category 6*: Objects employed in weighing and measuring; *Category 7*: Objects used for or associated with written communications; *Category 8*: Objects associated with transport. *Category 9*: Buildings and services; *Category 10*: Tools; *Category 11*: Fasteners and fittings; *Category 12*: Objects associated with agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry. *Category 13*: Military equipment. Finds such as weapons, fittings from armour, tools with military associations, and phallic amulets possibly used by the army; *Category 14*: Objects associated with religious beliefs and practices; *Category 15*: Objects and waste material associated with metal working; *Category 16*: Objects and waste material associated with antler, horn, bone, and tooth working; *Category 17*: Objects and waste material associated with the manufacture of pottery vessels or pipeclay objects; Category 18: Objects the function or identification of which is unknown or uncertain.

## Selected publications

* Crummy, N. 1979. 'A chronology of Romano-British bone pins'. *Britannia* 10: 157-163
* Crummy, N. 1981. 'Bone-working at Colchester'. *Britannia* 12: 277-285
* Crummy, N. 1983. *The Roman Small Finds from Excavations in Colchester 1971-9*. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Trust
* Crummy, N. 2002. 'From self-sufficiency to commerce: structural and artifactual evidence for textile manufacture in eastern England in the pre-conquest period. In: D. G. Koslin & J. Snyde (eds). *Encountering Medieval Textiles and Dress: Objects, Texts, Images*. Basingstoke: Palgrave
* Crummy, N. 2007. 'Six honest serving men: A basic methodology for the study of small find'. In: R. Hingley & S. Willis (eds). *Roman finds: context and theory; proceedings of a conference held at the University of Durham, July 2002*. Oxford: Oxbow
* Crummy, N. 2010. 'Bears and coins: The iconography of protection in late Roman infant burials'. *Britannia* 41: 37-93
* Crummy, N. 2011. 'Travel and transport'. In: L. Allason-Jones (ed). *Artefacts in Roman Britain: Their Purpose and Use*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 46-67
* Crummy, N. 2016. 'Toilet instruments: Symbols of dissent?'. *Oxford Journal of Archaeology* 35.3: 285-293
* Crummy, N. 2017. 'Working skeletal materials in south-eastern Roman Britain'. In: D. Bird (ed). *Agriculture and Industry in South-Eastern Roman Britain*. Oxford: Oxbow Books: 255-281
* Crummy, N. 2018. 'The small finds'. In: M. Fulford, A. Clarke, E. Durham & N. Pankhurst. *Late Iron Age Calleva: The Pre-conquest Occupation at Silchester Insula IX*

Edited Publications

* Crummy, N. (ed). 2005. *Image, Craft and the Classical World: Essays in Honour of Donald Bailey and Catherine Johns*. Monographies Instrumentum 29. Montagnac: M. Mergoil

Co-authored Publications

* Crummy, N., Crummy, P. & Crossan, C. 1993. *Excavations of Roman and Later Cemeteries, Churches and Monastic Sites in Colchester, 1971-88*. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Trust
* Crummy, N. & Davis, G.J.C. 2020. 'A black mineral amulet from Colchester's north cemetery. *Britannia* 51
* Crummy, N., Henig, M. & Ward, C. 2016. A hoard of military awards, jewellery and coins from Colchester. *Britannia* 47: 1-28
* Eckardt, H. & Crummy, N. 2008. *Styling the body in Later Iron Age and Roman Britain: A Contextual Approach to Toilet Instruments*. Monagnac: Instrumentum Monograph


title: William A. Neumann

abstract: William Allen Neumann was a Justice on the North Dakota Supreme Court from 1993 to 2005. Since retiring from the court, Neumann has been serving as the Executive Director of the State Bar Association of North Dakota.

text:
# William A. Neumann

**William Allen Neumann** (born February 11, 1944) was a Justice on the North Dakota Supreme Court from 1993 to 2005. Since retiring from the court, Neumann has been serving as the Executive Director of the State Bar Association of North Dakota.

## Biography

Justice Neumann was born in Minot, North Dakota. He grew up in Bowbells and in Crosby, North Dakota, graduating from Crosby High School in 1961 and from the University of North Dakota in 1965. He graduated from Stanford Law School in 1968 and returned to North Dakota, going into private practice at Williston and then Bottineau. In October 1979, he was appointed to the District Court and was elected in 1980 and reelected in 1984 and 1990. From 1981 through 1987, Neumann served on the North Dakota Judicial Conduct Commission. He was the first trial judge to chair the North Dakota Judicial Conference, from 1987 to 1989. In November 1992, he was elected to a ten-year term on the North Dakota Supreme Court, beginning January 1, 1993. Reelected in 2002. Justice Neumann has been a member of the Board of Directors of American Judicature Society since 1998. He and his wife Jackie have two children. Justice Neumann served 12 years and 2½ months before resigning from the Court on March 14, 2005. He is currently the Executive Director of the State Bar Association of North Dakota and continues to reside in Bismarck.


title: William Brydges (organist)

abstract: William Brydges was an organist and composer based in England.

text:
# William Brydges (organist)

**William Brydges** (c. 1775  12 February 1835) was an organist and composer based in England.

## Life

He acted as Adjutant of the Loyal Newark Volunteers during the Napoleonic Wars.

On his appointment to Newark Parish Church in 1802 he arranged for a new organ to be installed built by George Pike. It was opened in 1804. He worked as an organist in the church until his death in 1835.

He was buried in the churchyard at Newark where his memorial stone reads: "Brydges, William, d. 12 Feb 1835, age: 58yr, ’32 years organist of this church…This tablet is erected by their surviving children’."

## Compositions

He composed works for choir and organ.

## Publications

His publications include:

* Words of Anthems for use in the Parish Church of Newark-on-Trent


title: William Batecumbe

abstract: William Batecumbe or Badecumbe was an English mathematician and astrologer. His work is largely lost: some works of later authors have been attributed to him.

text:
# William Batecumbe

**William Batecumbe** or **Badecumbe** (fl. 1348) was an English mathematician and astrologer. His work is largely lost: some works of later authors have been attributed to him.

## Life

Batecumbe was at the University of Oxford, where he was *magister*.

## Works

Batecumbe produced a 1348 edition of the Alphonsine tables. *Tabula mediorum motuum Planetarum in annis collectis et expansis, composita a magistro Batecombe*, a manuscript preserved in the library of Magdalen College, Oxford, and a manuscript listed a formerly belonging to John Dee and named "Tabulæ Latitudinum secundum Bachecombe", are taken to be derived works.

*De Sphæræ concavæ fabrica et usu*, a copy of which was seen by John Bale in the library of Robert Recorde, and *De Sphæra solida*, are late attributions.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1885). "Batecumbe, William". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 3. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: William Bedle

abstract: William Bedle was an English cricketer who played for Dartford Cricket Club and Kent county cricket teams in the first quarter of the 18th century. With the possible exception of Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, Bedle is the earliest known accomplished player, certainly the earliest who is renowned solely for his expertise as a player. He was born in Bromley but lived most of his life near Dartford, where he was a wealthy farmer and grazier.

text:
# William Bedle

**William Bedle** (4 March 1680 – 3 June 1768) was an English cricketer who played for Dartford Cricket Club and Kent county cricket teams in the first quarter of the 18th century. With the possible exception of Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, Bedle is the earliest known accomplished player, certainly the earliest who is renowned solely for his expertise as a player. He was born in Bromley but lived most of his life near Dartford, where he was a wealthy farmer and grazier.

## Cricket career

Bedle is the first known cricketer "who achieved great prominence in the game". His obituary in *Lloyd's Evening Post* dated 10 June 1768 said that he was "formerly accounted the most expert cricket player in England". Rowland Bowen wrote that Bedle was "the first in a long line that must include Fuller Pilch, W. G. Grace, Jack Hobbs and Wally Hammond".

Bedle played in the first quarter of the 18th century. He was a member of Dartford Cricket Club, which was "the greatest Kent team of the first half of the eighteenth century" and which was sometimes considered representative of Kent as a county. Few details of cricket matches from the early 18th centuries have survived, and so what is known about Bedle's career has been pieced together by historical analysis; contemporary newspaper reports rarely mentioned a player by name, with the emphasis often on betting rather than on matches.

## Personal life

Bedle lived near Dartford for most of his life, where he was a farmer and grazier. His name, also spelled Beddel, is recorded on a tablet in Dartford parish church listing the bellringers of 1749. He died at his home near Dartford on 3 June 1768, aged 88.

### Bibliography


title: Nina Czegledy

abstract: Nina Czegledy is a Canadian artist, new media art curator and writer.

text:
# Nina Czegledy

**Nina Czegledy** is a Canadian artist, new media art curator and writer.

## Life

Elinor Nina Czegledy (born in Budapest, Hungary) is based in Toronto, Canada. She is an interdisciplinary artist, curator and educator who works on art, science and technology collaborations around the world.

## Work

Czegledy's writing, art and curating explores the connection between art, science and the body.

Czegledy has curated numerous thematic exhibitions:

* *Sensoria*The Art and Science of our Senses
* *A Light Footprint in the Cosmos*
* *Dobble Debate*
* *Splice: at the Intersection of Art and Medicine*
* *Resonance the Electromagnetic Bodies Project*
* *Beyond Borders*
* *Aura/Aurora* explored the Aurora Borealis form the perspectives of art, science and technology,
* *Splice: at the Intersection of Art and Medicine\[7\]\[8\]*
* *Digitized Bodies*
* *In Sight: Media Art From the Middle of Europe* at YYZ gallery, Toronto,

Czegledy is an OCAD University Adjunct Professor, Research Fellow, KMDI, University of Toronto, Senior Fellow at the Hungarian University of Fine Arts, Honorary Fellow Moholy Nagy University of Art and Design, Budapest, Research Collaborator Hexagram International Network for Research Creation, Montreal. Board Member NOEMA Scientific Committee, Bologna, Italy an adjunct professor at Concordia University, and a member of the Leonardo/ISAST board and education forum., Co-Chair Leonardo/ISAST LASER talks, Chair, International Research Fellow, Intercreate Org, New Zealand, Member, Substantial Motion Research Network.

## Selected publications

* Czegledy, Nina; Czegledy, André P (2000). "Digitized bodies, virtual spectacles". *Futures*. **32** (2): 103–120. doi:10.1016/s0016-3287(99)00070-1.
* Czegledy, Nina (2003). "Bioelectromagnetism: discrete interpretations". *Technoetic Arts*. **1** (2): 135–141. doi:10.1386/tear.1.2.135.18693.
* "Auroral Myths vis-à-vis Science". *55th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law*. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 2004. doi:10.2514/6.IAC-04-IAA.6.16.1.02.
* Czegledy, Nina (2014). "Art as a Catalyst". *Leonardo*. **47** (5): 492. doi:10.1162/leon\_a\_00817. ISSN 0024-094X. S2CID 57562118.

## InfoBox

| Nina Czegledy | |
| --- | --- |
| Czegledy in 2010 | |
| Born | Budapest, Hungary |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Occupation(s) | Artist, writer |


title: Nirsu Narain College Singhara

abstract: Nirsu Narayan College, Singhara is a college located in Singhara, Vaishali district, Bihar, India. Established in 1970, it is approved by University Grants Commission, permanently affiliated to B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University and partially aided by the Government of Bihar.

text:
# Nirsu Narain College Singhara

**Nirsu Narayan College, Singhara** (**NNC Singhara** or **N.N. College**) is a college located in Singhara, Vaishali district, Bihar, India. Established in 1970, it is approved by University Grants Commission, permanently affiliated to B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University and partially aided by the Government of Bihar.

## InfoBox

Nirsu Narayan College, Singhara
| Established | 1970 |
| --- | --- |
| Principal | Dr. Dharmendra Kumar Chaudhary |
| Location | Singhara, Vaishali, Bihar, India |
| Affiliations | B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University |
| Website | www.nncollege.co.in |


title: Mokohinau Islands Lighthouse

abstract: Mokohinau Islands Lighthouse is a lighthouse on Burgess Island, one of the Mokohinau Islands, which lie off the northeast coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is owned and operated by Maritime New Zealand. The lighthouse sits at the entrance to the Hauraki Gulf as the landfall light for vessels approaching Auckland from the north and northeast. The lighthouse was built in 1883 and first lit during June of that year. Its isolated position, approximately 50 km northeast of Cape Rodney makes it one of the most distant lighthouses from the mainland. During World War II, the lighthouse was turned off as the German destroyer suspected to be in the area laying mines. The lighthouse was not relit until 1947. In 1980, the lighthouse was fully automated and the lighthouse keepers were withdrawn. The lighthouse is now monitored remotely from Wellington. The white light flashes every 10 seconds and can be seen for 19 nautical miles (35 km).

text:
# Mokohinau Islands Lighthouse

**Mokohinau Islands Lighthouse** is a lighthouse on Burgess Island, one of the Mokohinau Islands, which lie off the northeast coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is owned and operated by Maritime New Zealand. The lighthouse sits at the entrance to the Hauraki Gulf as the landfall light for vessels approaching Auckland from the north and northeast.

The lighthouse was built in 1883 and first lit during June of that year. Its isolated position, approximately 50 km northeast of Cape Rodney makes it one of the most distant lighthouses from the mainland.

During World War II, the lighthouse was turned off as the German destroyer suspected to be in the area laying mines. The lighthouse was not relit until 1947.

In 1980, the lighthouse was fully automated and the lighthouse keepers were withdrawn. The lighthouse is now monitored remotely from Wellington. The white light flashes every 10 seconds and can be seen for 19 nautical miles (35 km).

## InfoBox

Mokohinau Islands Lighthouse
| The lighthouse, 25 September 1902 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Mokohinau Islands
North Island
New Zealand |
| Coordinates | 35°54′23″S 175°06′54″E / 35.9063°S 175.1149°E / -35.9063; 175.1149 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1883 |
| Construction | stone tower |
| Automated | 1980 |
| Height | 14 metres (46 ft) |
| Shape | cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern |
| Markings | white tower, black balcony |
| Power source | solar power |
|  | |
| Light | |
| First lit | 1883 |
| Focal height | 122 metres (400 ft) |
| Range | 19 nautical miles (35 km; 22 mi) |
| Characteristic | Fl W 10s. |
|  | |


title: Niruben Amin

abstract: Niruben Amin, addressed as Pujya Niruma by her followers, was an Indian spiritual leader and an exponent of the Akram Vignan philosophy. A gynecologist by profession, she became a disciple of Dada Bhagwan during her study years. She nursed Dada Bhagwan during his illness and later succeeded him when he died. She headed the Dada Bhagwan Foundation.

text:
# Niruben Amin

**Niruben Amin** (2 December, 1944 – 19 March, 2006), addressed as **Pujya Niruma** by her followers, was an Indian spiritual leader and an exponent of the *Akram Vignan* philosophy. A gynecologist by profession, she became a disciple of Dada Bhagwan during her study years. She nursed Dada Bhagwan during his illness and later succeeded him when he died. She headed the Dada Bhagwan Foundation.

## Early life

Niruben Amin was born on 2 December 1944 in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India (then Bombay Presidency) in a wealthy Amin family who was a traditionally Vaishnava Charotar Patel. Her father was a follower of Dada Bhagwan. She was the youngest among five siblings. She completed her school education in Mumbai. She started studying medicine from the Aurangabad Medical College. Following death of her mother, she was introduced to Dada Bhagwan. She graduated from the medical college "with help of Dada Bhagwan" and the same day her father died. She later claimed that Dada Bhagwan had foretold her about the news of the death. She further studied and later practiced as a gynecologist.

## Spiritual career

Niruben Amin was said to achieved self-realization on 8 July 1968, by *Gnanvidhi* of Dada Bhagwan. She started recording tapes of his discourses in 1974 and continued doing so until his death in 1988. More than 4000 such tapes were recorded and were later transcribed and compiled in 14 volumes of *Aptavani*. In 1976, she was 'blessed' by Dada Bhagwan in 1976 at Mamani Pol, Vadodara when she was serving him during his illness. She continued to practice in minor surgery. In 1978, when Dada Bhagwan suffered from a fractured leg and required constant medical attention, she joined him to serve using her medical knowledge. She traveled with him, including on his foreign visits, from 1982 to 1987.

Soon after the death of Dada Bhagwan in 1988, his Akram Vignan Movement split in two factions. One led by Kanubhai Patel and backed by Jay Sachchidannad Sangh (an organization founded under Dada Bhagwan) and the other led by Niruben Amin. Kanubhai was a business partner before Dada Bhagwan was said to achieved self-realization and was one of his earliest disciples. Niruben claimed that she was instructed and trained in *Gnanvidhi* by Dada Bhagwan. Niruben formed her own organisations; first Dada Bhagwan Foundation Trust of Ajit Patel in Chennai and Ahmedabad, and later Simandhar Swami Aradhana Trust in Ahmedabad and Mahavideh Foundation in Mumbai. She became a popular leader of the movement and was addressed as Niruma (lit.'Mother Niru') by her followers from 1999.

Niruben Amin organised the movement by publishing the discourses of Dada Bhagwan, formalising *Gnanvidhi*, constructing the temples and composing ritual worship (*puja*). In 2002, she inaugurated the temple complex called the Trimandir in Adalaj, Gandhinagar, which was constructed under her guidance and supervision. The temple has statues of Simandhar Swami, Shiva and Krishna. She also established a commune, Simandhar City, there.

On 19 March 2006, Niruben Amin died following stomach cancer. She was succeeded by Deepakbhai Desai.

Her memorial (*Samadhi*) was erected at the Trimandir, Adalaj.

## InfoBox

| Niruben Amin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal | |
| Born | (1944-12-02)2 December 1944<br>Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India |
| Died | 19 March 2006(2006-03-19) (aged 61) |
| Other names | Pujya Niruma |
| Organization | |
| Philosophy | *Akram Vignan* |
| Senior posting | |
| Guru | Dada Bhagwan |
| Predecessor | Dada Bhagwan |
| Successor | Deepakbhai Desai |


title: Mokobé

abstract: Mokobé Traoré, better known by the mononym Mokobé, is a Malian–French rapper and part of the music collective 113 alongside Rim'K and AP and within the greater French musical project and collective Mafia K-1 Fry. He also has his own solo career with two album releases Mon Afrique in 2007 and Africa Forever in 2011. Mokobé was born to a Malian–Senegalese father and a Malian–Mauritanian mother. He was a founding member of 113 and his works appeared in the collective albums of the band. He was also actively involved in the artistic aspects of the band and took part in the live shows of the band. He was also responsible for the band's mediatic image, becoming a de facto manager of the 113 operations. His solo album Mon Afrique was in collaboration with David Tayorault in Abidjan and was released on 11 June 2007. Le Molare, Tiken Jah Fakoly, Oumou Sangaré, Patson, Fally Ipupa, and hip hop stars like Diam's and Booba. His album Africa Forever included collaborations with Soprano), Nathalie Bleue, Oumou Sangare, Despo Rutti, Fode Baro, J-Mi Sissoko, Jah Cure, Mbaye Dieye Faye, Soumbill and Apocalypse.

text:
# Mokobé

**Mokobé Traoré** (born 24 May 1980 in Vitry-sur-Seine, France), better known by the mononym **Mokobé**, is a Malian–French rapper and part of the music collective 113 alongside Rim'K and AP and within the greater French musical project and collective Mafia K-1 Fry. He also has his own solo career with two album releases *Mon Afrique* in 2007 and *Africa Forever* in 2011.

Mokobé was born to a Malian–Senegalese father and a Malian–Mauritanian mother. He was a founding member of 113 and his works appeared in the collective albums of the band. He was also actively involved in the artistic aspects of the band and took part in the live shows of the band. He was also responsible for the band's mediatic image (Visuals, music videos, DVDs, interviews, public relations), becoming a de facto manager of the 113 operations.

His solo album *Mon Afrique* was in collaboration with David Tayorault in Abidjan and was released on 11 June 2007. Le Molare, Tiken Jah Fakoly, Oumou Sangaré, Patson, Fally Ipupa, and hip hop stars like Diam's and Booba.

His album *Africa Forever* included collaborations with Soprano), Nathalie Bleue, Oumou Sangare, Despo Rutti, Fode Baro, J-Mi Sissoko, Jah Cure, Mbaye Dieye Faye, Soumbill and Apocalypse.

## Discography

### Solo albums

| Year | Album | Peak positions | Certification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | FR
 | |
| 2007 | *Mon Afrique* | 18 |  |
| 2011 | *Africa Forever* | 35 |  |
|

### Albums with 113

* 2000: *Les Princes de la ville* (certified platinum)
* 2002: *113 fout la merde* (certified gold)
* 2003: *Dans L'urgence* (reedition) (certified gold)
* 2005: *113 Degrés* (certified gold)
* 2010: *Universel*

### Singles

| Year | Title | Peak positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | FR
 | |
| 2007 | "C'est dans la joie"
(feat. Patson) | 9 | *Mon Afrique* |
| 2011 | "Oulala"
(feat. Yorobo) | 29 | *Africa Forever* |
| 2014 | "CDouxDeh" | 117 |  |
| 2014 | "Getting Down"
(feat. P-Square) | 17 |  |
| 2015 | "Wesh (#TuMeDisDesWesh) "
(feat. Gradur) | 8 |  |
| 2016 | "J'ai trop dansé" | 42 |  |
| 2018 | "Wakanda" | 11 |  |

Other releases * 2011: "50 CFA"
* 2011: "Taxi Phone" (feat. Soprano)
* 2012: "Africa For Ever" (feat. Jah Cure)

Featured in

| Year | Album | Peak positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | FR
 | |
| 2012 | "Happy Birthday"
(Matt Houston feat. Mokobé) | 160 |  |
| 2015 | "Chupluskleurkeul"
(Jaymax VI & Salomé Je T'aime feat. Mokobé) | 55 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Mokobé | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Mokobé Traoré |
| Born | (1980-05-24) 24 May 1980
Vitry-sur-Seine, France |
| Genres | Hip hop |
| Occupation | Rapper |


title: Giovanni Villamarino

abstract: Giovanni Villamarino was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Mazara del Vallo (1503–1525). In 1503, Giovanni Villamarino was appointed by Pope Alexander VI as Bishop of Mazara del Vallo. He served as Bishop of Mazara del Vallo until his death in 1525.

text:
# Giovanni Villamarino

**Giovanni Villamarino** (died 1525) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Mazara del Vallo (1503–1525).

In 1503, Giovanni Villamarino was appointed by Pope Alexander VI as Bishop of Mazara del Vallo. He served as Bishop of Mazara del Vallo until his death in 1525.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Giovanni Villamarino | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Mazara del Vallo | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Mazara del Vallo |
| In office | 1503–1525 |
| Successor | Agostino de Francisco |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 1525
Mazara del Vallo, Italy |


title: Nairnshire Camanachd

abstract: Nairnshire Camanachd was a Shinty Club playing in Nairn, Scotland. They were formed in 2006 as a result of the opening of the Community Playing Fields at Nairn Academy but folded after a season where they finished 3rd in North Division Three despite leading until the last day of the season.

text:
# Nairnshire Camanachd

**Nairnshire Camanachd** was a Shinty Club playing in Nairn, Scotland. They were formed in 2006 as a result of the opening of the Community Playing Fields at Nairn Academy but folded after a season where they finished 3rd in North Division Three despite leading until the last day of the season.

## History

In its first season the club participated in the Marine Harvest North Division Three. The Club was also awarded Club of The Month for April 2006, by the Camanachd Association, in which clubs in all divisions were considered, this was considered a great honour for such a new club.

The club missed out narrowly on winning the league however, due to Lochaber Camanachd benefiting from a late surge in form, and more controversially, a run of walkover results, allowing them to leapfrog Nairnshire.

The club withdrew from senior shinty to concentrate upon developing youth shinty in Nairn. However, as of 2011 the club may be considered totally defunct. \]

## InfoBox

| Nairnshire | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Nairnshire Camanachd |
| Founded | 2006 |
| Ground | Community Playing Fields, Nairn |
| League | Defunct (2007) |
|  | |


title: Nat Hudson

abstract: Nathaniel P. Hudson was an American Major League Baseball pitcher for the St. Louis Browns from 1886 to 1889. Hudson started his professional baseball career at the age of 15, with Quincy of the Northwestern League. In 1886, he signed with the Browns and went 16–10 for them. He also started and won one game in the 1886 World Series against the National League's Chicago White Stockings. Hudson had his best season in 1888, going 25–10 with a 2.54 earned run average and leading the American Association in winning percentage. His career record was 48 wins and 26 losses. On July 17, 1889, Hudson was traded to the Louisville Colonels in exchange for Toad Ramsey; however, he refused to report to Louisville and never played another major league game. On August 18, he was sold for $1,000 to the Minneapolis Millers of the Western Association. He played two seasons for them before retiring. Hudson died in his hometown of Chicago, Illinois in 1928. He is interred at Rosehill Cemetery.

text:
# Nat Hudson

**Nathaniel P. Hudson** (January 12, 1859 or 1869  March 14, 1928) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher for the St. Louis Browns from 1886 to 1889.

Hudson started his professional baseball career at the age of 15, with Quincy of the Northwestern League. In 1886, he signed with the Browns and went 16–10 for them. He also started and won one game in the 1886 World Series against the National League's Chicago White Stockings.

Hudson had his best season in 1888, going 25–10 with a 2.54 earned run average and leading the American Association in winning percentage. His career record was 48 wins and 26 losses.

On July 17, 1889, Hudson was traded to the Louisville Colonels in exchange for Toad Ramsey; however, he refused to report to Louisville and never played another major league game. On August 18, he was sold for $1,000 to the Minneapolis Millers of the Western Association. He played two seasons for them before retiring.

Hudson died in his hometown of Chicago, Illinois in 1928. He is interred at Rosehill Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Nat Hudson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1869-01-12)January 12, 1869
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. | |
| **Died:** March 14, 1928(1928-03-14) (aged 59)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 18, 1886, for the St. Louis Browns | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| June 27, 1889, for the St. Louis Browns | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 48–26 |
| Earned run average | 3.08 |
| Strikeouts | 258 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Uris Buildings Corporation

abstract: Uris Buildings Corporation was a New York City commercial real estate development company created by Harold and Percy Uris in 1960 from a predecessor private partnership. They retained 60% ownership in the corporation. One of the last buildings the brothers built together was the Uris Building housing the Uris Theater. Soon after Percy's death in 1971, Harold sold the corporation to National Kinney Corporation for $115 million, but the assets were soon foreclosed in the real estate market collapse of New York's 1973–75 recession.

text:
# Uris Buildings Corporation

**Uris Buildings Corporation** was a New York City commercial real estate development company created by Harold and Percy Uris in 1960 from a predecessor private partnership. They retained 60% ownership in the corporation. One of the last buildings the brothers built together was the Uris Building housing the Uris Theater. Soon after Percy's death in 1971, Harold sold the corporation to National Kinney Corporation for $115 million, but the assets were soon foreclosed in the real estate market collapse of New York's 1973–75 recession.

## History

Percy started the business in 1920 with his father Harris H. Uris (c. 1867–1945), a Lithuanian immigrant and former ornamental iron worker. The senior Uris, with his brothers, operated a large iron foundry that produced ornamental iron and included the New York City Subway among its clients. Percy graduated with a business degree from Columbia Business School in 1920, and went into partnership in 1925 after Harold graduated with a degree in civil engineering from Cornell. The brothers first focused on residential development, including emergency housing during World War II. They were successful during the 1920s and early 30s building numerous buildings in that time frame, but struggled during the Great Depression.

They resumed apartment construction in 1937 with 2 Sutton Place and 930 Fifth Avenue in 1939. Few other prominent New York City builders of the 1920s boom were still active after the war. They stopped building apartments in 1950, pulling out due to dissatisfaction with rent controls that were imposed during war but never discontinued. After that, they concentrated on commercial real estate development projects. They owned their developments personally until they incorporated in 1960 forming Uris Buildings, a public company. The offering of stock provide the financial capital for even larger projects.

From 1945 to 1971, Uris Buildings and its predecessor build over 13,000,000 sq ft (1,200,000 m2) of office space in Manhattan. By 1969, it was the largest publicly owned investment builder, with the brothers retaining 60% ownership.

Percy handled most financial aspects of the business, such as buying and selling property, negotiation of loans, financing, rental pricing, and profit calculation. Management of construction activity was primarily the realm of Harold. Uris frequently used Emery Roth & Sons as architect.

Projects outside of New York included the Hilton Hotel in Washington, DC that was built with five stories underground in order to have the desired space while conforming to the district's height restrictions. In Philadelphia, Uris built the first modern building in the city's central business district redevelopment known as Penn Center in 1953–1954.

The company was reported to be valued at over $600 million in 1972.

Uris Brothers developments were not architecturally imaginative or sophisticated. The company was focused on creating large profitable spaces at low cost. Famous real estate investor Harry Helmsley credits Uris with "having a profound effect on shaping the Park Avenue skyline above 45th Street".

## Park Avenue

Under Park Avenue in New York City, north of 45th Street, is the Park Avenue Tunnel which carried the New York Central and New York, New Haven, & Hartford tracks through Manhattan to Grand Central Terminal. Buildings on Park Avenue near the terminal, in an area known as Terminal City, were successfully built over the tracks, which run in a double-deck subterranean steel structure, in the early 20th century. Uris was the first to build in this manner post-war when it was much more challenging due to desire for much higher buildings, and much denser rail traffic which could not be interrupted during construction.

In 1955, Uris demolished an apartment building at 300 Park and replaced it with the glass and aluminum sheathed Colgate-Palmolive Building. The building was financially successful because analysis by structural engineer James Ruderman determined that some below-grade structural columns of the old building, which threaded through the track structure to bedrock 50 feet (15 m) down, could be reused significantly reducing cost. The success of the project led Uris to purchase air rights over the tracks at 320 and 350 Park. Other developers soon followed and several more buildings were then built over the tracks.

## Penn Center

In 1953, drawings for the Three Penn Center building, designed by Emery Roth & Sons, were released. The design was viewed critically and called an "unremarkable twenty-story slab". Then Yale School of Architecture professor Louis Kahn said an architectural student would receive a failing grade for such a project. Arthur C. Kaufmann, CEO of Gimbels in Philadelphia and member of a Citizens' Advisory Committee for the project disavowed it. *Architectural Forum* said it was "third-rate architecture". Uris ignored the criticism and proceeded with their plans. Mayor Joseph Clark said the building did not conform to the Penn Center plan and insisted that Uris submit the building plans for review by the city Art Commission. The Art Commission had authority over buildings in some parts of the city, but not Penn Center. Uris stalled and eventually said the structural steel had already been ordered so no changes were possible.

Three years later, while Three Penn Center was under construction, Uris released plans for Two Penn Center, its second building in the project. This building was considered as bad as the first building. The Board of Design realized Uris would not improve the aesthetics of the building unless forced and recommended changes to make the building more attractive. This building was under authority of the Art Commission due to its location near the scenic Benjamin Franklin Parkway. The Art Commission, who did not want to replicate the architecture of Three Penn Center, reached agreement with Uris that steel would not be ordered until the commission approved the plans. In spite of the agreement, Uris again claimed the steel was ordered and the design could not be changed. The commission gave up trying to oppose Uris.

## Media

*The New Yorker* published a cartoon on March 10, 1962, featuring a collage of scenes from construction sites captioned "Damn the Uris brothers, damn the Tishmans, damn Zeckendorf..."

## Notable projects

Uris Brothers developed the following buildings either solely or jointly with others.

| Name (original) | Address (NYC unless noted) | Alt Name | Year | Type | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Court Square Building | 2 Lafayette Street |  | 1926 | Residential |  |
| 1 University Place | 1 University Place |  | 1929 | Residential |  |
| Dixie Hotel | 250 West 43rd Street | Hotel Carter | 1930 | Hotel |  |
| Hotel St. Moritz | 50 Central Park South | Ritz Carlton | 1932 | Hotel |  |
| 2 Sutton Place | 2 Sutton Place |  | 1938 | Residential |  |
| 930 Fifth Avenue | 930 Fifth Avenue |  | 1940 | Residential |  |
| 880 Fifth Avenue | 880 Fifth Avenue |  | 1948 | Residential | Their last residential building |  |
| 55 Water Street | 55 Water Street |  | 1972 | Office Building | Their last major building
World's largest office building in 1972 |
| American Tobacco Company Building | 245 Park Avenue | American Brands Building
Bear Sterns Building | 1967 | Office Building |  |
| JC Penney Building | 333 W 33rd Street | Pennview Hotel | 1925 | Office Building | JC Penney purchased a different building in 1977 |
| ITT Building | 75 Broad Street |  | 1928 | Office Building | Millennium High School now located on 13th floor |
| RCA Communications Building | 60 Broad Street |  | 1961 | Office Building |  |
| Uris Building | 1633 Broadway | Paramount Plaza | 1971 | Office Building | Location of Uris Theatre, now Gershwin Theatre |
| 1301 Avenue of the Americas | 1301 Avenue of the Americas | Calyon Building, Crédit Lyonnais Building, Crédit Agricole CIB Building, RJR Nabisco Building, JC Penney Building | 1964 | Office Building | Not to be confused with the 1925 JCPenney Building |
| New York Hilton Midtown | 1335 Avenue of the Americas |  | 1964 | Hotel |  |
| Look Building | 488 Madison Avenue |  | 1950 | Office Building | National Register of Historic Places listed |
| 380 Madison Avenue | 380 Madison Avenue |  | 1953 | Office Building | previously a Ritz-Carlton hotel |
| Colgate-Palmolive Building | 300 Park Avenue |  | 1955 | Office Building |  |
| 575 Madison Avenue | 575 Madison Avenue |  | 1950 | Office Building |  |
| 485 Lexington Avenue | 485 Lexington Avenue |  | 1956 | Office Building |  |
| 2 Broadway | 2 Broadway |  | 1959 | Office Building |  |
| 850 Third Avenue | 850 Third Avenue |  | 1961 | Office Building |  |
| Manufacturers Hanover Trust Building | 350 Park Avenue |  | 1962 | Office Building |  |
| Sperry Rand Building | 1290 Avenue of the Americans |  | 1962 | Office Building |  |
| 111 Wall Street | 111 Wall Street | Citibank Building | 1966 | Office Building |  |
| Harper & Row Building | 10 53rd Street |  | 1972 | Office Building |  |
| Hilton Washington | 1919 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington D.C. |  | 1965 | Hotel |  |
| Three Penn Center | 1515 Market Street
Philadelphia |  | 1958 | Office Building |  |
| Two Penn Center | 1500 JFK Boulevard
Philadelphia |  | 1958 | Office Building |  |
| Blue Hill Plaza | Pearl River, New York |  |  | Office Building |  |

## InfoBox

Uris Buildings Corporation
| Company type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Real estate development |
| Predecessor | Uris Brothers |
| Founded | 1960 (1960) |
| Fate | Acquired by National Kinney Corporation in 1971 |
| Headquarters | New York, New York, US |
| Key people | Harold Uris
Percy Uris |
| Products | Office Buildings |


title: Leonardo Marinelli

abstract: Leonardo Marinelli was a Commander for the Guardia di Finanza in Tirano, Italy. In 1943 he greatly assisted in the liberation of Jews from an internment camp in Aprica.

text:
# Leonardo Marinelli

**Leonardo Marinelli** was a Commander for the Guardia di Finanza in Tirano, Italy. In 1943 he greatly assisted in the liberation of Jews from an internment camp in Aprica.

## Liberation of the Jews

Leonardo Marinelli was a Commander in the Guardia di Finanza in 1943. He was stationed in Tirano and was in charge of the internment camp in Aprica. On September 12, Pope Pius XII sent Giuseppe Carozzi, a young Italian priest with a secret request. The Pope wanted Marinelli to liberate 300 Yugoslavian Jews from the internment camp and give them safe passage into Switzerland. Marinelli went against strict Nazi orders forbidding Jews, prisoners of war, or anyone who had not joined Benito Mussolini's northern Italian Republic of Salo from crossing the border, and that same night let them escape from the camp. Leonardo's diary states that he even ordered guards to help carry the belongings of the Jews. After four days of travelling through unbeaten paths, the prisoners, being primarily led by Carozzi and another priest, Cirillo Vitalini, along with the help of Marinelli safely managed to cross into Switzerland.

## Escape to Switzerland

Following the escape of the Jewish prisoners, the Nazis, which had not yet mobilized in that region, began sending more and more troops in an effort to stop illegal border crossings. They also put into effect a decree which proclaimed that anyone helping the Jews would be put to death. A captain from the SS confronted Marinelli, asking for collaboration and information. Marinelli agreed to his requests and the SS captain left. Marinelli, seeing the upcoming danger decided it was best to leave. On the 22 of September, of that same year, Marinelli, along with his family, fled to Switzerland. He remained in a refugee camp until 4 July 1945.

## References (MLA)

* "Gli Auti Ai Profughi Ebrei Ed Ai Perseguitati." Guardia Di Finanza. Guardia Di Finanza. Web. 18 April 2010.
* Luciani, Luciano, and Gerardo Severino. Gli Aiuti Ai Profughi Ebrei E Ai Perseguitati. Rome: Museo Storico Della Guardia Di Finanza, 2005. Print.
* Marchione, Margherita. Man of Peace: Pope Pius XII. New York: Paulist, 2004. Print.
* "Pope Pius XII." Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Web. 18 April 2010.


title: Wolffia globosa

abstract: Wolffia globosa is a species of flowering plant known by the common names Asian watermeal and duckweed. It is native to Asia and is found in parts of the Americas and Africa, where it is an introduced species. It grows in mats on the surface of calm, freshwater bodies, such as ponds, lakes, and marshes. It is a very tiny, oval-shaped plant with no leaves, stems, or roots. The body of the plant, a transparent green frond, is less than a millimeter wide. In one human experiment, processed W. globosa was reported to provide dietary protein and vitamin B12. Wolffia globosa has been described as the world's smallest flowering plant, at 0.1–0.2 mm (0.004–0.008 in) in diameter. Known in Thai as Pham (ผํา), it is a popular item in Thai cuisine, especially in Isan.

text:
# Wolffia globosa

***Wolffia globosa*** is a species of flowering plant known by the common names **Asian watermeal** and **duckweed**. It is native to Asia and is found in parts of the Americas and Africa, where it is an introduced species. It grows in mats on the surface of calm, freshwater bodies, such as ponds, lakes, and marshes. It is a very tiny, oval-shaped plant with no leaves, stems, or roots. The body of the plant, a transparent green frond, is less than a millimeter wide. In one human experiment, processed *W. globosa* was reported to provide dietary protein and vitamin B12.

*Wolffia globosa* has been described as the world's smallest flowering plant, at 0.1–0.2 mm (0.004–0.008 in) in diameter.

Known in Thai as *Pham* (ผํา), it is a popular item in Thai cuisine, especially in Isan.

## InfoBox

| *Wolffia globosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *W. globosa* (small) with *Spirodela polyrrhiza* (larger) | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Alismatales |
| Family: | Araceae |
| Genus: | *Wolffia* |
| Species: | ***W. globosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Wolffia globosa***
(Roxb.) Hartog & Plas | |
|


title: Zdravko Počivalšek

abstract: Zdravko Počivalšek is a Slovenian politician. He served as the Minister of Economic Development and Technology in the 12th, 13th and 14th Government of Slovenia. He was also the president of Modern Centre Party from 2019 to 2021 and is the current president of liberal Concretely party. He led the party until June 2023. n the fall of 2023, Počivalšek joined the expert council of the Slovenian Democratic Party, but did not become a member of the party.

text:
# Zdravko Počivalšek

**Zdravko Počivalšek** (born 25 November 1957) is a Slovenian politician. He served as the Minister of Economic Development and Technology in the 12th, 13th and 14th Government of Slovenia. He was also the president of Modern Centre Party from 2019 to 2021 and is the current president of liberal Concretely party. He led the party until June 2023. n the fall of 2023, Počivalšek joined the expert council of the Slovenian Democratic Party, but did not become a member of the party.

## InfoBox

| Zdravko Počivalšek | |
| --- | --- |
| Zdravko Počivalšek in 2018 | |
|  | |
| Minister of Economic Development and Technology | |
| **In office**
4 December 2014  1 June 2022 | |
| Prime Minister | Miro Cerar
Marjan Šarec
Janez Janša |
| Preceded by | Jožef Petrovič |
| Succeeded by | Matjaž Han |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1957-11-25) 25 November 1957 |
| Political party | Concretely (2021–present)
Modern Centre Party (before 2021) |
|  | |


title: No Rain, No Rose

abstract: No Rain, No Rose is the fifth studio album by folk singer-songwriter John Craigie. It was released on January 27, 2017, and recorded in his living room in Portland, Oregon, with the help of other well-known musicians around Portland such as the Shook Twins and Gregory Alan Isakov. This album describes John Craigie's life as a traveling musician and explores the sense of home that he found in Portland after moving from Los Angeles. The comical banter heard within the tracks demonstrate some of the album's influence from Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's 1972 album Will the Circle be Unbroken. Other influences include The Rolling Stones with the album's folksy cover of "Tumbling Dice". The title of the album comes from the old Buddhist saying "No mud, no lotus", meaning bad things are necessary in order for good things to happen. John Craigie captures this sentiment throughout the album, and since Portland is the "City of Roses", he symbolizes his hometown as the lotus from the saying, or in other words, one of the 'good things' that has come from hard times.

text:
# No Rain, No Rose

***No Rain, No Rose*** is the fifth studio album by folk singer-songwriter John Craigie. It was released on January 27, 2017, and recorded in his living room in Portland, Oregon, with the help of other well-known musicians around Portland such as the Shook Twins and Gregory Alan Isakov. This album describes John Craigie's life as a traveling musician and explores the sense of home that he found in Portland after moving from Los Angeles.

The comical banter heard within the tracks demonstrate some of the album's influence from Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's 1972 album *Will the Circle be Unbroken*. Other influences include The Rolling Stones with the album's folksy cover of "Tumbling Dice".

The title of the album comes from the old Buddhist saying "No mud, no lotus", meaning bad things are necessary in order for good things to happen. John Craigie captures this sentiment throughout the album, and since Portland is the "City of Roses", he symbolizes his hometown as the lotus from the saying, or in other words, one of the 'good things' that has come from hard times.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Virgin Guitar | 3:47 |
| 2 | Broken | 2:55 |
| 3 | Highway Blood | 4:27 |
| 4 | Rough Johns | 3:53 |
| 5 | Savannah | 5:16 |
| 6 | Bucket List Grandmas | 3:48 |
| 7 | Tumbling Dice | 5:14 |
| 8 | Michael Collins | 3:43 |
| 9 | Live with Less | 3:25 |
| 10 | Light Has Dimmed | 4:10 |
| 11 | I Am California | 5:13 |
| 12 | Interlude | 1:00 |
| 13 | All The Salt | 4:59 |

## Personnel

* John Craigie – acoustic guitar, vocals, harmonica, percussion, producer
* Tyler Thompson – drums, percussion, banjo, vocals
* Justin Landis – electric guitar, electric bass, drums on Tumbling Dice
* Brad "Twinkle Toes" Parsons – piano, vocals, percussion
* Kat Fountain – vocals
* Bevin Foley – violin, fiddle, vocals
* Jay Cobb Anderson – electric guitar, vocals, percussion
* Niko Daoussis – mandolin, electric guitar, vocals, percussion
* Shook Twins – vocals
* Gregory Alan Isakov – vocals
* Bart Budwig – vocals, percussion, audio engineer
* John Nuhn – upright bass, vocals, percussion
* Will Koster – dobro

**Production**

* John Craigie – producer
* Bart Budwig – engineering and mixing
* Adam Gonsalves – mastering

1. "John Craigie | "No Rain, No Rose" | Review". *Grateful Web*. Retrieved 2018-07-10.

## InfoBox

| No Rain, No Rose | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover by Ben Moon | |
| Studio album by John Craigie | |
| Released | January 27, 2017 |
| Genre | Folk, indie folk, Americana |
| Length | 51:50 |
| Label | Zabriskie Point Records |
| Producer | John Craigie |
| John Craigie chronology | |
| *Capricorn in Retrograde...just kidding...Live in Portland*
(2016) ***No Rain, No Rose***
(2017) *Scarecrow*
(2018) | |


title: Nairo (gamer)

abstract: Nairoby Quezada, better known as Nairo, is an American streamer and retired professional Super Smash Bros. competitive player. He is widely considered one of the best players in the history of Super Smash Bros. Brawl, Super Smash Bros. for Wii U, and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. After starting his career on Brawl in 2011, he quickly established himself as one of the best players in the United States, and became regarded as one of the best Brawl players in the world the following year; he would remain seen as a top Brawl player for the rest of his career, and would achieve similar success on Wii U and Ultimate following their respective releases. Nairo won a total of eighteen major tournaments: seven for Brawl, nine for Wii U, and two for Ultimate. He also won eighteen Doubles Majors: four for Brawl, twelve for Wii U, and two for Ultimate; his frequent Wii U Doubles partner was ZeRo, while he teamed with a variety of players in other games. He primarily played Meta Knight in Brawl, Zero Suit Samus in Wii U, and Palutena in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. After the offline competitive Smash scene became inactive in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, Nairo was accused of sexual misconduct by former Smash player CaptainZack the following July, leading to Nairo getting banned from competing in the Smash community and streaming on Twitch, and being dropped from his esports organization NRG Esports. After Nairo published a public response in October 2020 denying the accusations, public opinion shifted in his favor and he was unbanned from competition; however, he claimed to have no intention to return to the competitive Smash scene, and, to date, has not done so, choosing instead to focus on streaming on YouTube.

text:
# Nairo (gamer)

**Nairoby Quezada**, better known as **Nairo**, is an American streamer and retired professional *Super Smash Bros.* competitive player. He is widely considered one of the best players in the history of *Super Smash Bros. Brawl*, *Super Smash Bros. for Wii U*, and *Super Smash Bros. Ultimate*. After starting his career on *Brawl* in 2011, he quickly established himself as one of the best players in the United States, and became regarded as one of the best *Brawl* players in the world the following year; he would remain seen as a top *Brawl* player for the rest of his career, and would achieve similar success on *Wii U* and *Ultimate* following their respective releases.

Nairo won a total of eighteen major tournaments: seven for *Brawl*, nine for *Wii U*, and two for *Ultimate*. He also won eighteen Doubles Majors: four for *Brawl*, twelve for *Wii U*, and two for *Ultimate*; his frequent *Wii U* Doubles partner was ZeRo, while he teamed with a variety of players in other games. He primarily played Meta Knight in *Brawl*, Zero Suit Samus in *Wii U*, and Palutena in *Super Smash Bros. Ultimate.*

After the offline competitive *Smash* scene became inactive in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, Nairo was accused of sexual misconduct by former *Smash* player CaptainZack the following July, leading to Nairo getting banned from competing in the *Smash* community and streaming on Twitch, and being dropped from his esports organization NRG Esports. After Nairo published a public response in October 2020 denying the accusations, public opinion shifted in his favor and he was unbanned from competition; however, he claimed to have no intention to return to the competitive *Smash* scene, and, to date, has not done so, choosing instead to focus on streaming on YouTube.

## Career

Nairo was raised in Passaic, New Jersey.

Nairo gained national recognition for his skill in *Super Smash Bros. Brawl* at Apex 2012, defeating top players such as Yuta "Nietono" Uejima, before losing to Kenta "Otori" Ishikawa in Winners' Finals and Nietono in Losers' Finals, finishing 3rd out of 400 entrants. He won his first national-level *Brawl* tournament at SKTAR, defeating Eric "ESAM" Lew in winners' and grand finals. At Apex 2013, Nairo suffered an early defeat in winners' bracket, before making his way through losers' bracket and finally finishing 4th. Nairo would later win Apex 2014 concluding with a Meta Knight vs. Meta Knight match ("ditto") against Gonzalo "ZeRo" Barrios. Nairo is also known for frequently teaming up with Wyatt "ADHD" Beekman, often regarded as the strongest *Brawl* doubles team in the world, having won both Apex 2013 and 2014. Nairo is known to play the opposite of his brother, being very aggressive and rarely opting to go on the defensive.

Nairo signed to play for Team Liquid in August 2015 and later ended ZeRo's 56-tournament winning streak at the 2015 MLG World Finals. Nairo has won many national-level tournaments in *Super Smash Bros. for Wii U*, including Paragon Los Angeles 2015, Umebura FAT, and MLG 2015.

Nairo was one of the eight players competing in the Pokkén Tournament Early Access Competition Invitational by The Pokémon Company and Nintendo.

On August 16, 2016, Nairo left Team Liquid. It was announced on August 23, 2016, that Nairo would be joining NRG Esports as their first *Super Smash Bros.* player.

Nairo was also a surprise guest at the *Super Smash Bros. Ultimate* Invitational at E3 2018. Nairo had expressed his disappointment in not being one of the featured players to be invited to compete in the invitational, despite being a top player in *Wii U*. He made a surprise appearance at the invitational, when he was challenged to play against Olivia Holt, Mike Daniels, and Ember Moon, playing in a 3 vs. 1 team battle (without friendly fire). Nairo played as Snake, and beat the 3 celebrities, despite being on a team by himself.

### Allegations of sexual misconduct, blackmail and cut ties

#### Initial allegations

In July 2020, former professional *Smash* player Zack "CaptainZack" Lauth posted an allegation that he and Nairo had a sexual relationship in 2017, while CaptainZack was a minor, and that Nairo had subsequently sent CaptainZack payments to entice the latter not to reveal the allegations. Nairo subsequently deactivated his Twitter and Instagram accounts. The morning after the allegation was posted, NRG Esports cut ties with Nairo. Hours later, Nairo reactivated his Twitter account and issued an apology, claiming that his behavior was wrong, and that he "messed up tremendously". After posting his apology on Twitter, he went silent for several months and eventually deactivated his Twitter account again. He also stopped streaming on Twitch (eventually receiving a ban from the platform) and attending tournaments.

In September 2020, Tamim "tamim" Omary, a pro player and a friend of CaptainZack and fellow pro player Samsora, alleged that Zack was the one who initiated the relationship via non-consensual first contact while Nairo was asleep and requested the payments to stay silent, and that Samsora had pushed Zack into revealing the situation publicly for personal gain, with Omary stating that even though Samsora knew about the situation he continued to collaborate with Nairo on several occasions until the information was revealed publicly, and that "Zack had been in relationships with many adults, and Samsora ha\[d\] never cared" then. Samsora denied the allegations against him.

#### Response to the allegations

On October 28, 2020, Nairo reactivated his Twitter account and released a statement, claiming CaptainZack's allegations to be "completely false" as well as explaining the story from his perspective. Nairo detailed how CaptainZack allegedly sexually assaulted him by performing oral sex on him while he was asleep. Nairo claimed that he had told him to stop but CaptainZack refused and that he stopped once Nairo pushed him off. CaptainZack later allegedly blackmailed him into paying him 3 payments of $2000, $275, and $350. Nairo also explained the tremendous toll the initial and subsequent events had taken on his mental health. He claimed to have a 30-page document that includes details and evidence to clear his name. While the initial response from the community was mixed, some pro Smash players such as James "VoiD" Makekau-Tyson and Brian "Cosmos" Kalu tweeted that they had seen the document, and corroborated Nairo's version of events, while other prominent players such as MkLeo and Maister tweeted their support.

#### Return to streaming and retirement from competitive play

On February 19, 2021, Nairo uploaded a video to his YouTube channel announcing that a legal agreement had been reached between both parties and he intended to return to streaming. He has also submitted an appeal to his Twitch ban. Following this announcement, many players began requesting Nairo's ban from tournaments and Twitch be overturned, and the hashtag #UnbanNairo would start trending a few days later, reaching over 200,000 tweets and even managing to make it to the top of the trending list for a few hours.

Following Nairo's statement, tournament organizations such as 2GGaming and Collision would lift Nairo's ban from their events after processing his appeal. However, Twitch has not unbanned his channel to this date.

On April 8, 2021, Nairo streamed for the first time in nearly a year, hosting his stream on YouTube, as he remains banned on Twitch. His stream peaked at over 26,000 simultaneous viewers, and he gained over 2,200 YouTube members in just over 6 hours. After a month of streaming, Nairo has earned nearly 630,000 distinct viewers who tuned in at some point in his first stream. However, he has explicitly stated that while he will return to streaming and content creation, he has no interest in returning to the *Super Smash Bros.* community, indicating that he has officially retired from competitive play.

## Personal life

Nairo has a brother, Kelvin "Ksizzle" Quezada, who also plays *Super Smash Bros.* He is of Dominican descent.

## InfoBox

| Nairo | |
| --- | --- |
| Nairo at Frostbite 2020 | |
| Personal information | |
| Name | Nairoby Quezada |
| Nickname(s) | Nairo
NairoMK |
| Career information | |
| Games | *Super Smash Bros. for Wii U*
*Super Smash Bros. Brawl*
*Super Smash Bros. Ultimate* |
| Playing career | 2010–2020 |
| Team history | |
| 2015–2016 | Team Liquid |
| 2016–2020 | NRG Esports |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * Ranked #2 All-Time (SSB4WiiU) * Ranked #5 2019 (SSBU) * Apex champion (2014) * MLG champion (2015) * Mainstage Champion (2019) * Let's Make Big Moves champion (2020) | |
|  | |


title: Pushkar Terminus

abstract: Pushkar Terminus is located in Ajmer district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It serves the pilgrimage site at Pushkar.

text:
# Pushkar Terminus

**Pushkar Terminus** (also referred to as Pushkar railway station) is located in Ajmer district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It serves the pilgrimage site at Pushkar.

## The railway station

Pushkar railway station is at an elevation of 466 metres (1,529 ft) and was assigned the code – PUHT.

## History

The 25.7 km Ajmer–Pushkar line (new line from Madar to Pushkar) was completed in 2011 and trains introduced in 2012. The track was approved in 2002 but construction was delayed because of clearances for the line passing through desert and hilly region.

| Preceding station | Indian Railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Budha Pushkar Halttowards ? |  | North Western Railway zoneAjmer–Pushkar link |  | *Terminus* |

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| Pushkar railway station opening | |

## InfoBox

| Pushkar Terminus | |
| --- | --- |
| Indian Railways station | |
| General information | |
| Location | New Railway Station Road, Pushkar, Ajmer, Rajasthan<br>India |
| Coordinates | 26°29′27″N 74°32′16″E / 26.4907°N 74.5378°E / 26.4907; 74.5378 |
| Elevation | 466 metres (1,529 ft) |
| Owned by | Indian Railways |
| Operated by | North Western Railway zone |
| Line(s) | Ajmer–Pushkar line |
| Tracks | 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Standard on ground |
| Parking | Yes |
| Bicycle facilities | No |
| Other information | |
| Status | Functioning |
| Station code | PUHT |
| Division(s) | Ajmer |
| History | |
| Opened | 2012 (2012) |
| Electrified | Yes |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  PushkarLocation in RajasthanPushkarLocation in India | |


title: Nashville South Stars

abstract: The Nashville South Stars were a professional ice hockey team in the Central Hockey League (CHL) for the 1981–82 season. They then played in the Atlantic Coast Hockey League (ACHL) for the 1982–83 season and part of the 1983–84 season before the franchise relocated to become the Virginia Lancers. It had been 10 years since Nashville's last hockey team, the Nashville Dixie Flyers, played as part of the Eastern Hockey League. The South Stars were founded by Larry Schmittou, who was a principal owner of the Nashville Sounds minor-league baseball team. The team played at Nashville Municipal Auditorium, where the hockey seating configuration was such that spectators seated more than a row back in the seats that were above and behind the goal lines could not see the nets. The team was the top affiliate of the Minnesota North Stars of the National Hockey League and was coached by Gene Ubriaco, who would later coach the Pittsburgh Penguins of the NHL. The South Stars reached the CHL playoffs, but lost in the first round to the Wichita Wind. The Nashville South Stars played only for one season in the CHL before joining the Atlantic Coast Hockey League for the 1982–83 season. The franchise would relocate to Vinton, Virginia during the next season in December 1983.

text:
# Nashville South Stars

The **Nashville South Stars** were a professional ice hockey team in the Central Hockey League (CHL) for the 198182 season. They then played in the Atlantic Coast Hockey League (ACHL) for the 198283 season and part of the 198384 season before the franchise relocated to become the Virginia Lancers.

It had been 10 years since Nashville's last hockey team, the Nashville Dixie Flyers, played as part of the Eastern Hockey League.

The South Stars were founded by Larry Schmittou, who was a principal owner of the Nashville Sounds minor-league baseball team. The team played at Nashville Municipal Auditorium, where the hockey seating configuration was such that spectators seated more than a row back in the seats that were above and behind the goal lines could not see the nets.

The team was the top affiliate of the Minnesota North Stars of the National Hockey League and was coached by Gene Ubriaco, who would later coach the Pittsburgh Penguins of the NHL.

The South Stars reached the CHL playoffs, but lost in the first round to the Wichita Wind.

The Nashville South Stars played only for one season in the CHL before joining the Atlantic Coast Hockey League for the 1982–83 season. The franchise would relocate to Vinton, Virginia during the next season in December 1983.

## Notable personnel

## Season-by-season record

***Note:** GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

| **Central Hockey League** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | GP | W | L | T | Pts | GF | GA | PIM | Finish | Playoffs |
| 1981–82 | 78 | 41 | 35 | 4 | 86 | 313 | 319 | 2057 | 4th | Lost Quarterfinals |

| Playoffs | GP | W | L | GF | GA | Finish |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1981–82 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 55 | 11 | Lost Quarterfinals |

## InfoBox

| Nashville South Stars | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Nashville |
| League | Central Hockey League<br>Atlantic Coast Hockey League |
| Operated | 19811983 |
| Home arena | Nashville Municipal Auditorium |
| Colors | Green, gold, black, white |
| Affiliate | Minnesota North Stars |
| Franchise history | |
| 1981–1983 | **Nashville South Stars** |
| 1983–1990 | Virginia Lancers |
| 1990–1992 | Roanoke Valley Rebels |
| 1992–1993 | Roanoke Valley Rampage |
| 1993–1994 | Huntsville Blast |
| 1994–2001 | Tallahassee Tiger Sharks |
| 2001–2002 | Macon Whoopee |
| 2002–2003 | Lexington Men O' War |
| 2005–present | Utah Grizzlies |


title: Merton (village), Wisconsin

abstract: Merton is a village in Waukesha County, Wisconsin. The population was 3,441 at the 2020 census. It is partially within the Town of Merton.

text:
# Merton (village), Wisconsin

**Merton** is a village in Waukesha County, Wisconsin. The population was 3,441 at the 2020 census. It is partially within the Town of Merton.

## Geography

Merton is at 43°8'28" North, 88°18'34" West (43.141308, -88.309613) in the *Lake Country* area of Waukesha County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.07 square miles (7.95 km2), of which 3.00 square miles (7.77 km2) is land and 0.07 square miles (0.18 km2) is water.

## Demographics

As of 2011, the population was 3,353.

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 210 |  |  |
| 1930 | 232 |  |  |
| 1940 | 254 |  | 9.5% |
| 1950 | 343 |  | 35.0% |
| 1960 | 407 |  | 18.7% |
| 1970 | 646 |  | 58.7% |
| 1980 | 1,045 |  | 61.8% |
| 1990 | 1,199 |  | 14.7% |
| 2000 | 1,926 |  | 60.6% |
| 2010 | 3,346 |  | 73.7% |
| 2020 | 3,441 |  | 2.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 3,346 people, 1,020 households, and 934 families living in the village. The population density was 1,115.3 inhabitants per square mile (430.6/km2). There were 1,054 housing units at an average density of 351.3 per square mile (135.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 95.5% White, 0.7% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of the population.

There were 1,020 households, of which 55.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 83.1% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 8.4% were non-families. 6.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.28 and the average family size was 3.44.

The median age in the village was 37.8 years. 34.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.5% were from 25 to 44; 28.6% were from 45 to 64; and 5.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 51.9% male and 48.1% female.

### 2000 census

The census of 2000 recorded that there were 1,926 people, 591 households, and 527 families living in the village. The population density was 730.7 people per square mile (281.7/km2). There were 598 housing units at an average density of 226.9 per square mile (87.5/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.65% White, 0.42% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.52% from two or more races. 0.73% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 591 households, out of which 56.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 80.2% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 10.7% were non-families. 8.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.26 and the average family size was 3.47.

In the village, the population age-spread was: 36.2% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 32.9% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 3.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $71,509, and the median income for a family was $75,000. Males had a median income of $50,402 as against $30,380 for females. The per capita income for the village was $24,927. 1.6% of the population and 1.6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 1.9% of those under the age of 18 and 2.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

## Education

Merton is served by Merton Primary School (grades 4K to 4) and Merton Intermediate School (grades 5-8). Merton Intermediate students are then enrolled at Arrowhead High School.

## Notable people

* Judson Hall, Wisconsin State Representative, lived in Merton; he served as village president of Hartland.

1. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
2. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
4. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
5. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
6. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
7. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
8. 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1913,' Biographical Sketch of Judson Hall, pg. 687

## InfoBox

| Merton, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Location of Merton in Waukesha County, Wisconsin. | |
| Coordinates: 43°8′42″N 88°21′40″W / 43.14500°N 88.36111°W / 43.14500; -88.36111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Waukesha |
| Government | |
| President | Ron Reinowski |
| Trustee | Mark Baral |
| Trustee | Kristal Stippich |
| Trustee | Bruce Blawat |
| Trustee | Mike Schwabe |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.39 sq mi (8.78 km2) |
| Land | 3.32 sq mi (8.59 km2) |
| Water | 0.07 sq mi (0.19 km2) |
| Elevation | 948 ft (289 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,441 |
| Density | 1,134.50/sq mi (438.00/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 262 |
| FIPS code | 55-51400 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1569376 |
| Website | www.villageofmerton.com |


title: Leone Manikitoga

abstract: Leone Mulikiha'amea Matekitoga or Manikitoga was a king of Uvea, ruling from 16 March 1941 until 16 March 1947. He was preceded by Mikaele Tufele II, and succeeded by Pelenato Fuluhea. He was king during the Second World War and the occupation of Uvea by American troops (1942-1944), a period of strong economic, social and political transformations for Wallis and Futuna. He was chosen by the royal families after 8 years without a sovereign. Resident of France Léon Vrignaud and Bishop Alexandre Poncet supported his appointment by the royal families, which took place on March 16, 1941. Nevertheless, the new Lavelua refused to take the oath of Marshal Pétain, to whom the residence and the mission remained loyal.

text:
# Leone Manikitoga

**Leone Mulikiha'amea Matekitoga** or **Manikitoga** was a king of Uvea, ruling from 16 March 1941 until 16 March 1947. He was preceded by Mikaele Tufele II, and succeeded by Pelenato Fuluhea.

He was king during the Second World War and the occupation of Uvea by American troops (1942-1944), a period of strong economic, social and political transformations for Wallis and Futuna. He was chosen by the royal families after 8 years without a sovereign. Resident of France Léon Vrignaud and Bishop Alexandre Poncet supported his appointment by the royal families, which took place on March 16, 1941. Nevertheless, the new Lavelua refused to take the oath of Marshal Pétain, to whom the residence and the mission remained loyal.


title: Nairnshire (UK Parliament constituency)

abstract: Nairnshire was a county constituency of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1708 until 1800, and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832.

text:
# Nairnshire (UK Parliament constituency)

**Nairnshire** was a county constituency of the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1708 until 1800, and of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832.

## Creation

The British parliamentary constituency of Nairnshire was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland shire constituency of Nairnshire . Nairnshire was paired as an alternating constituency with neighbouring Cromartyshire. The freeholders of Nairnshire elected one Member of Parliament (MP) to one Parliament, while those of Cromartyshire elected a Member to the next.

## Boundaries

The constituency covered the entire Scottish county of Nairnshire.

## History

Prior to the Scottish Reform Act 1832 (2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 65), the constituency was generally controlled by the Dukes of Argyll or Campbells, the number of voters varying between 15 and 30.

The Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832 abolished the alternating constituencies. Nairnshire was merged with Elginshire to form the single constituency of Elginshire and Nairnshire, both counties electing one Member between them to each Parliament.

## Members of Parliament

| Election | | Member | Party | Notes | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 28 June 1708 | Hugh Rose |  |  |  |
|  | 1710 | *none* | | | |
|  | 29 September 1713 | John Forbes |  |  |  |
|  | 1715 | *none* | | | |
|  | 26 April 1722 | John Forbes |  |  |  |
|  | 1727 | *none* | | | |
|  | 31 May 1734 | John Campbell | Whig | Chose to sit for Pembrokeshire. |  |
|  | 17 March 1735 | Alexander Brodie |  |  |  |
|  | 1741 | *none* | | | |
|  | 14 July 1747 | John Campbell | Whig |  |  |
|  | 1754 | *none* | | | |
|  | 18 April 1761 | Pryse Campbell | Whig | Appointed a Lord of the Treasury in August 1766. |  |
| | 4 December 1766 | | | | |
|  | 1768 | *none* | | | |
|  | 25 October 1774 | Cosmo Gordon |  | Appointed a Baron of the Exchequer in March 1777. |  |
|  | 18 April 1777 | John Campbell | Whig |  |  |
|  | 1780 | *none* | | | |
|  | 1 May 1784 | Alexander Campbell |  | Died in November 1785. |  |
|  | 22 December 1785 | Alexander Brodie |  |  |  |
|  | 1790 | *none* | | | |
|  | 18 June 1796 | Henry Frederick Campbell |  |  |  |
|  | 1802 | *none* | | | |
|  | 29 November 1806 | Henry Frederick Campbell |  |  |  |
|  | 1807 | *none* | | | |
|  | 28 October 1812 | Hugh Rose |  | Appointed Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds in June 1813. |  |
|  | 25 June 1813 | Sir James Mackintosh | Whig |  |  |
|  | 1818 | *none* | | | |
|  | 26 March 1820 | George Pryse Campbell | Whig |  |  |
|  | 1826 | *none* | | | |
|  | 19 August 1830 | George Pryse Campbell | Whig | Appointed a Groom of the Bedchamber in February 1831. |  |
| | 21 March 1831 | | | | |
|  | 1831 | *none* | | | |

## InfoBox

| Nairnshire | |
| --- | --- |
| Former county constituency<br>for the House of Commons | |
|  | |
| Subdivisions of Scotland | Nairnshire |
| 17081832 | |
| Seats | one |
| Created from | Nairnshire |
| Replaced by | Elginshire and Nairnshire |


title: Nancy Peoples Guthrie

abstract: Nancy Lee Peoples Guthrie is an American politician was a Democratic member of the West Virginia House of Delegates representing the 36th district from December 1, 2012 to December 1, 2016. Between 2006 and 2012, Guthrie represented the seven-member 30th district.

text:
# Nancy Peoples Guthrie

**Nancy Lee Peoples Guthrie** (born June 15, 1952) is an American politician was a Democratic member of the West Virginia House of Delegates representing the 36th district from December 1, 2012 to December 1, 2016. Between 2006 and 2012, Guthrie represented the seven-member 30th district.

## Education

Guthrie attended the Pennsylvania State University.

## Elections

* 2012 Redistricted to District 36 with fellow District 30 incumbent Representatives Danny Wells and Mark Hunt, Guthrie placed third in the seven-way May 8, 2012 Democratic Primary with 2,825 votes (20.3%), and placed third in the six-way three-position November 6, 2012 General election with 8,777 votes (18.5%) behind Representatives Hunt (D) and Wells(D), and ahead of Republican nominees Robin Holstein, Stevie Thaxton, and Steve Sweeney.
* 2006 When District 30 Democratic Representative Hunt took a hiatus from the Legislature and left a seat open, Guthrie placed in the eleven-way 2006 Democratic Primary and was elected in the fourteen-way seven-position November 7, 2006 General election alongside incumbent Democratic Representatives John Amores, Bobbie Hatfield, Sharon Spencer, Corey Palumbo, Bonnie Brown, and Danny Wells.
* 2008 When Representative Palumbo ran for West Virginia Senate and Representative Amores retired, leaving two district seats open, Guthrie placed seventh in the seventeen-way May 13, 2008 Democratic Primary with 8,844 votes (7.2%), and placed seventh in the fifteen-way seven-position November 4, 2008 General election with 20,285 votes (7.5%) along with Democratic nominee Doug Skaff ahead of all seven Republican nominees and Mountain Party candidate John Welbourn.
* 2010 Guthrie placed seventh in the thirteen-way May 11, 2010 Democratic Primary with 4,934 votes (9.5%), and placed seventh in the fourteen-way November 2, 2010 General election with 16,301 votes (7.4%) behind Republican nominee Eric Nelson, and ahead of unseated Representative Spencer and the remaining Republican nominees.

## InfoBox

| Nancy Peoples Guthrie | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the West Virginia House of Delegates
from the 36th district | |
| **In office**
December 1, 2012  December 1, 2016 | |
| Preceded by | Joe Talbott |
| Member of the West Virginia House of Delegates
from the 30th district | |
| **In office**
December 1, 2006  December 1, 2012 | |
| Succeeded by | Linda Sumner |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1952-06-15) June 15, 1952
Havre de Grace, Maryland, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | George G. Guthrie |
| Residence(s) | Charleston, West Virginia, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Pennsylvania State University |
|  | |