title: Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Bus

abstract:
The Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Bus (kana:三菱ふそう・エアロバス) is a series of heavy-duty intercity coaches produced by the Japanese manufacturer Mitsubishi Fuso.
The range was primarily unavailable with left-hand drive. However, Turkish bus maker Temsa used produce a left hand drive variant models, called Mitsubishi Maraton and Prenses (facelift) and later Safir, while Hyundai Motor Company produced another left hand drive variant called the Hyundai Aero. Its principal Japanese competitors are Isuzu Gala, Nissan Diesel Space Arrow and Hino S'elega.

text:
# Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Bus

The **Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Bus** (kana:三菱ふそう・エアロバス) is a series of heavy-duty intercity coaches produced by the Japanese manufacturer Mitsubishi Fuso. The range was primarily unavailable with left-hand drive. However, Turkish bus maker Temsa used produce a left hand drive variant models, called Mitsubishi Maraton and Prenses (facelift) and later Safir (next generation Aero Queen), while Hyundai Motor Company produced another left hand drive variant called the Hyundai Aero. Its principal Japanese competitors are Isuzu Gala, Nissan Diesel Space Arrow and Hino S'elega.

## Fuso tourist buses (predecessors of Aero Bus)

* MAR820 (1962)
* B806､B905/906/907 (1967)
* MS512/513 (1976, 1977)
* K-MS613/615 (1980)

## Aero Bus/Aero Queen

### Aero Bus/Super Aero (MS)

* P-MS713/715/725 (1982)
* U-MS716/726/729 (1984)

### Aero Queen W (MU)

Chassies based on the Aero King double-decker, 8DC9T engine equipped ("T"=turbocharged, maximum output: 380PS).

* P-MU525TA (1985)
* U-MU525TA (1990)

### Aero Queen M/MV (MS)

8DC11 Engine equipped.

* P-MS729S (1988)
* U-MS729S (1990)
* P-MS725(1986)

## New Aero Bus/New Aero Queen

* U-MS821/826/815 (1992)
    + 8M20 Engine equipped, and wheelbase reduced to 6.15 meter.
    + Jake brake equipped (named "Powertard", except low-end model) (Turkish variant models Prenses and Safir feature an electrical resistive retarder instead)
* KC-MS822/829/815 (1995)
    + 8M21 Engine equipped.
    + Front bumper design changed (Aero Bus and Queen-I).
* KL-MS86/85 (2000)
    + All model equipped wedge air-brake and driver's airbag.
    + HID headlight equipped.
* PJ-MS86 (2005)
    + Engine changed to 6M70 (turbocharged), and wheelbase reduced to 6.0 meter.
    + Queen-III deleted from line-up.
    + Tail light design changed (minor).
    + Added extra brake light

## Aero Ace/Aero Queen

These models are equipped Urea selective catalytic reduction system. (AdBlue needed)

* BKG-MS96JP (2007)
    + 6M70 Engine equipped
* LKG-MS96VP (2010)
    + 6R10 Engine equipped (Developed by MFTBC and Daimler), Wheelbases extended 95mm
* QRG-/QTG-MS96VP (2012)
    + 6R10 Engine equipped
    + Brake override system and side view cameras equipped
* 2TG-MS06GP (2018)
    + 6S10 Engine equipped
    + "ShiftPlot"
    + Active Attention Assist, Active Brake Assist 3, and Proximity Control Assist equipped

## Model lineup

* Aero Ace 12m (Hi-decker)
* Aero Queen 12m (Super hi-decker)

### Logistical lineup

* Hi-decker
    + Aero Queen I:12m
    + Aero Queen II:12m
    + Aero Queen III:12m
* Super hi-decker
    + Aero Bus MS EX:12m
    + Aero Bus MS SA:12m
    + Aero Bus MS SX:12m
    + Aero Bus MS SD:12m
    + Aero Bus MS EX:11m
    + Aero Bus MS SX:11m
    + Aero Bus MS SD:11m
    + Aero Bus MM EX:9m
    + Aero Bus MM SD:9m

## InfoBox

| Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Bus | |
| --- | --- |
| JR Bus Kanto H654-00433 (Up) and Miagi Kotsu (Down) | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (1982–2002)
Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation (2003–present)
Hyundai Motor Company
Temsa (1988–2008) |
| Also called | Hyundai Aero (for Korean domestic market)
Mitsubishi Maraton-Prenses-Safir (for Turkish domestic market) |
| Production | 1982–present |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Complete bus
Bus chassis |
| Body style | Single-decker coach |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 8DC8, 8DC9, 8DC10, 8DC11, 8M20, 6M70, 6R10 |
| Transmission | 6-speed manual
INOMAT 6-speed automatic |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 6500 mm (MS7), 6150 mm (MS8), 6000 mm (PJ-MS86 and MS9) |
| Length | 12000 mm |
| Width | 2500 mm |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Mitsubishi Fuso MS Series
Mitsubishi Fuso MM Series |


title: What Did Muhammad Borrow from Judaism?

abstract: Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen? is a foundational work of modern Quranic studies by Abraham Geiger. It was originally written in Latin to earn Geiger a doctorate at the University of Marburg, but was soon republished in German in 1833. In 1898, an English translation of the work was undertaken by F.M. Young and published under the title Judaism and Islam: A Prize Essay. According to some historians, Geiger's work represents the beginning of the modern academic discipline of studying the Quran, and it is the earliest academic Western work which continues to be cited in new studies today.

text:
# What Did Muhammad Borrow from Judaism?

***Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen?*** (***What Did Muhammad Borrow from Judaism?***) is a foundational work of modern Quranic studies by Abraham Geiger. It was originally written in Latin to earn Geiger a doctorate at the University of Marburg, but was soon republished in German in 1833. In 1898, an English translation of the work was undertaken by F.M. Young and published under the title ***Judaism and Islam: A Prize Essay***. According to some historians, Geiger's work represents the beginning of the modern academic discipline of studying the Quran (Quranic studies), and it is the earliest academic Western work which continues to be cited in new studies today.

## Summary

The primary objective of this book was to demonstrate that the Quranic reception of biblical narratives did not occur directly via a reception of the books of the canonical Bible, but through parabiblical intermediaries such as midrash (traditional Jewish exegesis of biblical texts). Geiger, being a rabbinic scholar, focused on the Qurans correspondence with the Jewish literary tradition. For example, Geiger demonstrated that numerous basic terms in Islam, including ark, Eden, hell, divine presence, rabbinic scholars, Sabbath, and more, are of Jewish origins. The basic doctrine of God's unity also goes back to Judaism (as opposed to Christianity). By contrast, Geiger believed that the influence of Christianity in Islamic origins and the Quran was minimal. Geiger also sought to explain discrepancies between closely related traditions found in the Quran and Jewish tradition by recourse to a potentially flawed transmission that the Jewish narrative had underwent as it entered the milieu of Muhammad. This is possible because for Geiger, the medium of transmission of these narratives into Muhammad's environment was oral as opposed to written. However, not all discrepancies were the product of flawed transmissions. Some were intentional. In this direction, Geiger believed that Muhammad sought to distance himself legalistically from Judaism in several ways, like in terms of dietary and divorce laws.

Geiger was the first, methodologically, to avoid prior Western authors readiness to ascribe deception or mendacious motives to Muhammad in trying to understand the Quran.

Geiger's broad approach of tracing the origins of Quranic tradition from Jewish traditions continued in the works of Hartwig Hirschfeld, Israel Schapiro, and others, before finally culminating in Heinrich Speyer's *Die biblischen Erzählungen im Qoran*, published in 1931, and representing when Geiger's work had finally been superseded.

### Citations

### Sources

* Beker, Avi (2008). *The Chosen: The History of an Idea, the Anatomy of an Obsession*. Palgrave Macmillan.
* Libson, Gideon (2018). "Shlomo Dov Goitein's Research into the Relationship between the Jewish and Muslim Traditions through the Prism of His Predecessors and Colleagues". In Fraisse, Ottfried (ed.). *Modern Jewish Scholarship on Islam in Context: Rationality, European Borders, and the Search for Belonging*. De Gruyter. pp. 145–180. doi:10.1515/9783110446890-009. ISBN 978-3-11-044689-0.
* Sinai, Nicolai (2015). "Historical-Critical Readings of the Abrahamic Scriptures". In Adam, Silverstein; Strousma, Guy; Blidstein, Moshe (eds.). *The Oxford Handbook of the Abrahamic Religions*. Oxford University Press. pp. 209–225.
* Stewart, Devin (2017). "Reflections on the State of the Art in Western Qurʾanic Studies". In Bakhos, Carol; Cook, Michael (eds.). *Islam and Its Past: Jahiliyya, Late Antiquity, and the Qurʾan*. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–68.
* Wheeler, Brannon (2013). *Moses in the Qur'an and Islamic Exegesis*. Taylor & Francis.


title: White as Snow (1948 film)

abstract: White as Snow is a 1948 French comedy film directed by André Berthomieu and starring Bourvil, Mona Goya and Paulette Dubost. It was shot at the Saint-Maurice Studios in Paris. The film's sets were designed by the art director Raymond Nègre. It was a hit, with admissions in France of 3,666,283.

text:
# White as Snow (1948 film)

***White as Snow*** (French: ***Blanc comme neige***) is a 1948 French comedy film directed by André Berthomieu and starring Bourvil, Mona Goya and Paulette Dubost. It was shot at the Saint-Maurice Studios in Paris. The film's sets were designed by the art director Raymond Nègre. It was a hit, with admissions in France of 3,666,283.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Garçon, François. *La distribution cinématographique en France: 1907-1957*. CNRS, 2006
* Rège, Philippe. *Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1*. Scarecrow Press, 2009.

## InfoBox

| White as Snow | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | André Berthomieu |
| Screenplay by | André Berthomieu
Paul Vandenberghe |
| Produced by | Pierre Gérin |
| Starring | Bourvil
Mona Goya
Paulette Dubost |
| Cinematography | Fred Langenfeld |
| Edited by | Henri Taverna |
| Music by | Étienne Lorin
Georges Van Parys |
| Production
company | Les Productions Cinématographiques |
| Distributed by | Les Films Constellation |
| Release date | * 28 April 1948 (1948-04-28) |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


abstract: Wheelchair tennis at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, Japan took place at the Ariake Tennis Park from 27 August to 4 September 2021. The 2020 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They kept the 2020 name and were held from 24 August to 5 September 2021. Patrick Selepe became the first disabled umpire to officiate in a wheelchair Paralympic event.

text:
# Wheelchair tennis at the 2020 Summer Paralympics

**Wheelchair tennis at the 2020 Summer Paralympics** in Tokyo, Japan took place at the Ariake Tennis Park from 27 August to 4 September 2021.

The 2020 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They kept the 2020 name and were held from 24 August to 5 September 2021.

Patrick Selepe became the first disabled umpire to officiate in a wheelchair Paralympic event.

## Qualification

* There are 56 male (singles and doubles), 32 female (singles and doubles) and 16 quad (singles and doubles).
* The qualification slots are awarded to the individual athletes, not to the NPCs and they should not exceed the maximum total quota allocation of 11 qualification slots.
    + A maximum of eight qualification slots (4 male, 4 female) can be allocated to men's and women's singles events respectively.
    + A maximum of three in the quads' class.
    + A maximum of two men's or women's teams to represent the doubles' events.
    + One team, of mixed gender, is eligible to compete in the quads doubles.
* An athlete has to have an official ranking on the Wheelchair Tennis Singles World Ranking List dated 7 June 2021.
* An athlete would be eligible to qualify if they have been in a final nominated team and was present in the World Team Cup events including qualifying and Junior World Team Cup for a minimum of two years between 2017 and 2020.
* An athlete would have to fulfill the minimum requirements in the ITF's Tokyo 2020 Wheelchair Tennis Regulations which will be published in late 2021.
* The ITF and the IPC have to consider on bipartite commission invitation athletes who don't have an official ranking but as long as they have competed in one ITF Wheelchair Tennis competition between 1 January 2018 to 6 June 2021, they will be eligible to compete.

| Means of qualification | Date | Venue | Men | Women | Quads | Totals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 Asian Para Games | 6–13 October 2018 | Jakarta | Shingo Kunieda (JPN) | Yui Kamiji (JPN) |  | 2 |
| 2019 Parapan American Games | 23 August – 1 September 2019 | Lima | Gustavo Fernández (ARG) | Angélica Bernal (COL) |  | 2 |
| Wheelchair tennis singles world rankings | *as of 7 June 2021* |  | Argentina
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Austria
Austria
Belgium
Belgium
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Chile
China
France
France
France
France
Great Britain
Great Britain
Great Britain
Greece
Israel
Israel
Japan
Japan
Japan
Malaysia
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Poland
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Sweden
Thailand
United States | Argentina
Brazil
Chile
China
China
China
China
France
France
Germany
Great Britain
Great Britain
Italy
Japan
Japan
Japan
Netherlands
Netherlands
RPC
South Africa
Switzerland
Thailand
United States
United States | Australia
Australia
Brazil
Canada
Great Britain
Japan
Japan
Netherlands
Netherlands
South Africa
South Korea
United States
United States | 74 |
| Bipartite Commission invitation | *as of 18 June 2021* |  | Australia
Austria
Brazil
Chile
Costa Rica
Greece
Morocco
Poland
Slovakia
South Africa
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Thailand
United States | Brazil
Colombia
France
Morocco
RPC
South Africa
Turkey
United States | Great Britain
Israel
Israel
South Korea | 26 |
| Total |  |  | 56 | 32 | 16 | 104 |

## Schedule

| R | Qualifying rounds | QF | Quarterfinals | SF | Semifinals | B | Bronze medal match | F | Gold medal match |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| Event | 2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Fri
27 Aug | Sat
28 Aug | Sun
29 Aug | Mon
30 Aug | Tue
31 Aug | Wed
1 Sept | | Thu
2 Sept | | Fri
3 Sept | | Sat
4 Sept | |
| Men's singles | R64 | R32 | | R16 |  | QF | | SF | |  | | B | F |
| Men's doubles |  | R32 | R16 | QF | SF |  | |  | | B | F |  | |
| Women's singles |  | R32 |  | R16 | QF |  | | SF | | B | F |  | |
| Women's doubles | R16 |  | QF |  |  | SF | | | |  | | B | F |
| Quads' singles |  | R16 |  | QF | SF |  | |  | | B | | F | |
| Quads' doubles | QF |  | SF |  |  | B | F |  | |  | |  | |

## Medal table

| Rank | NPC | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Netherlands | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| 2 | Japan | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 3 | Australia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 4 | France | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 5 | Great Britain | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Totals (5 entries) | | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 |

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's singles
 | Shingo Kunieda
Japan | Tom Egberink
Netherlands | Gordon Reid
Great Britain |
| Men's doubles
 | France
Stéphane Houdet
Nicolas Peifer | Great Britain
Alfie Hewett
Gordon Reid | Netherlands
Tom Egberink
Maikel Scheffers |
| Women's singles
 | Diede de Groot
Netherlands | Yui Kamiji
Japan | Jordanne Whiley
Great Britain |
| Women's doubles
 | Netherlands
Diede de Groot
Aniek van Koot | Great Britain
Lucy Shuker
Jordanne Whiley | Japan
Yui Kamiji
Momoko Ohtani |
| Quad singles
 | Dylan Alcott
Australia | Sam Schröder
Netherlands | Niels Vink
Netherlands |
| Quad doubles
 | Netherlands
Sam Schröder
Niels Vink | Australia
Dylan Alcott
Heath Davidson | Japan
Mitsuteru Moroishi
Koji Sugeno |

## InfoBox

| Wheelchair tennis at the 2020 Summer Paralympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Date | 27 August  4 September 2021 |
| Edition | 9th |
| Category | Super Series |
| Location | Ariake Tennis Park |
| Champions | |
| Men's singles | |
| Shingo Kunieda (JPN) | |
| Women's singles | |
| Diede de Groot (NED) | |
| Men's doubles | |
| Stéphane Houdet (FRA) /  Nicolas Peifer (FRA) | |
| Women's doubles | |
| Diede de Groot (NED) /  Aniek van Koot (NED) | |
| Quad singles | |
| Dylan Alcott (AUS) | |
| Quad doubles | |
| Sam Schröder (NED) /  Niels Vink (NED) | |
|  | |


title: Mizraab discography

abstract: The discography of Mizraab, a Pakistani progressive rock band, consists of two studio albums, as well as numerous live albums, singles and music videos. The band was formed by lead guitarist and vocalist Faraz Anwar, bassist Khalid Khan and percussionist Akhtar Qayyum in 1996. After the release of the band's first studio album, there had been many changes in the line-up the only consistent member being Faraz himself. Although Mizraab has been prominent in their home country since the release of their debut album Panchi (1999), they did not achieve fame and commercial success until the release of their second studio album Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil, which was released in 2004. The album sold over 30,000 copies upon it release and is the band's highest selling album. Singles from the album like "Kitni Sadian" and "Insaan" became an instant hit in Pakistan and did very well at the local music charts. The band produced an overall of five singles along with five music videos for each single from the album, the other singles from the album are "Panchi", "Meri Terhan" and "Izhar". The album is also credited to be the first proper Urdu metal album released in Pakistan. After the release of their second studio album, Mizraab made a comeback into the lime light with the video for "Ujalon Main" in December 2006, which showcased the new band members as well as the change in genre and was well received all over the country. Mizraab’s third album was completed in late 2006–2007 but due to the dire state of the music industry in Pakistan, no deal could be reached and the album was shelved.

text:
# Mizraab discography

The discography of **Mizraab**, a Pakistani progressive rock band, consists of two studio albums, as well as numerous live albums, singles and music videos. The band was formed by lead guitarist and vocalist Faraz Anwar, bassist Khalid Khan and percussionist Akhtar Qayyum in 1996. After the release of the band's first studio album, there had been many changes in the line-up the only consistent member being Faraz himself.

Although Mizraab has been prominent in their home country since the release of their debut album *Panchi* (1999), they did not achieve fame and commercial success until the release of their second studio album *Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil*, which was released in 2004. The album sold over 30,000 copies upon it release and is the band's highest selling album. Singles from the album like "Kitni Sadian" and "Insaan" became an instant hit in Pakistan and did very well at the local music charts. The band produced an overall of five singles along with five music videos for each single from the album, the other singles from the album are "Panchi", "Meri Terhan" and "Izhar". The album is also credited to be the first proper Urdu metal album released in Pakistan.

After the release of their second studio album, Mizraab made a comeback into the lime light with the video for "Ujalon Main" in December 2006, which showcased the new band members as well as the change in genre and was well received all over the country. Mizraab’s third album was completed in late 2006–2007 but due to the dire state of the music industry in Pakistan, no deal could be reached and the album was shelved.

## Albums

### Studio albums

| Year | Album information |
| --- | --- |
| 1999 | ***Panchi*** |
| 2004 | ***Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil**** Released: March 8, 2004 * Singles: "Insaan", "Meri Terhan", "Izhar", "Kitni Sadian", "Panchi" * Recorded: 2003–2004 at 8-93 in Karachi, Pakistan * Label: Sadaf Stereo * Producer: Faraz Anwar |
|

### Live albums

| Year | Album information |
| --- | --- |
| 2009 | ***Live at FM 101**** Released: June 2, 2009 * Recorded: October 22, 2004 at FM 101 Studios in Karachi, Pakistan * Label: Independent * Producer: Faraz Anwar, Sharaf Qaisar |
| 2010 | ***Mizraab - Live & Rare*** |
| 2012 | ***Unplugged**** Released: January 21, 2012 * Recorded: April 1, 2011 at V-Sel Outlet for MTV Pakistan in Karachi, Pakistan * Label: Independent * Producer: Faraz Anwar |
| 2013 | ***Aag Alive*** |

## Singles

| Year | Song | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | **Insaan** | *Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil* |
| 2002 | **Meri Terhan** | *Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil* |
| 2003 | **Izhar** | *Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil* |
| 2004 | **Kitni Sadian** | *Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil* |
| 2004 | **Dil Dil Pakistan** | *Tribute to Vital Signs* |
| 2004 | **Sari Shamain** | Released as a single |
| 2005 | **Panchi** | *Maazi, Haal, Mustaqbil* |
| 2005 | **Sham-o-Seher** | Released as a single |
| 2005 | **Meré Khuda** | Released as a single |
| 2006 | **Ujalon Main** | *Ujalon Main* |
| 2007 | **Woh Aur Main** | *Ujalon Main* |
| 2009 | **Kahani** | *Ujalon Main* |
| 2011 | **Tu Kareeb Hai** | *Ujalon Main* |

## Music videos

| Date | Title | Director |
| --- | --- | --- |
| October 2002 | **Insaan** | Babar Sheikh |
| December 2002 | **Meri Terhan** | Aqeel |
| March 2003 | **Izhar** | Visual Experience |
| April 14, 2004 | **Kitni Saadian** | Babar Sheikh |
| August 13, 2004 | **Dil Dil Pakistan (Cover)** | Indus Music |
| September 13, 2005 | **Panchi** | Murtaza Chaudry |
| October 17, 2005 | **Meré Khuda** | Sohail Akhtar |
| December 26, 2006 | **Ujalon Main** | Soheb Akhtar |
| December 27, 2007 | **Woh Aur Main** | Faraz Anwar & Irfan Ahmed |
| May 22, 2011 | **Kuch Hai (Coke Studio version)** | Rohail Hyatt |

## InfoBox

| Mizraab discography | |
| --- | --- |
| Mizraab performing live at V-Sel Outlet in Karachi, in 2011. Visible from left to right are; Ferdinand Goveas, Irfan Ahmed (back), Faraz Anwar and Muhammad Muzammil. | |
| Studio albums | 2 |
| Live albums | 4 |
| Music videos | 9 |
| Singles | 13 |


title: Moande

abstract: Moande is a village in the Bassar Prefecture in the Kara Region of north-western Togo.

text:
# Moande

**Moande** is a village in the Bassar Prefecture in the Kara Region of north-western Togo.

1. Maplandia world gazetteer

## InfoBox

| Moande | |
| --- | --- |
| MoandeLocation in Togo | |
| Coordinates: 9°13′N 0°46′E / 9.217°N 0.767°E / 9.217; 0.767 | |
| Country | Togo |
| Region | Kara Region |
| Prefecture | Bassar Prefecture |
| Time zone | UTC \+ 0 |


title: White-naped monarch

abstract: The white-naped monarch is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae. It is endemic to Indonesia, where it occurs in the Maluku Islands. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

text:
# White-naped monarch

The **white-naped monarch** (***Carterornis pileatus***) is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae. It is endemic to Indonesia, where it occurs in the Maluku Islands. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

## Taxonomy and systematics

This species was formerly placed in the genus *Monarcha* until moved to *Carterornis* in 2009. Some authorities have considered the white-naped monarch to be a subspecies of the white-eared monarch.

### Subspecies

There are two subspecies recognized:

* *Carterornis pileatus pileatus* \- (Salvadori, 1878): Found on Halmahera
* *Carterornis pileatus buruensis* \- (Meyer, AB, 1884): Originally considered as a separate species in the genus *Monarcha*. Found on Buru.

The Tanimbar monarch *(C. castus*), found on the Tanimbar Islands, was originally described as a separate species in the genus *Monarcha*, reclassified as a subspecies of *C. pileatus*, and again reclassified as a distinct species within *Carterornis* by the International Ornithological Congress in 2021.

Media related to Carterornis pileatus at Wikimedia Commons  Data related to White-naped monarch at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| White-naped monarch | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Monarchidae |
| Genus: | *Carterornis* |
| Species: | ***C. pileatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Carterornis pileatus***
(Salvadori, 1878) | |
|
| Subspecies | |
| See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Monarcha leucotis pileatus* * *Monarcha pileatus* | |


title: White-naped honeyeater

abstract: The white-naped honeyeater is a passerine bird of the honeyeater family Meliphagidae native to eastern Australia. Birds from southwestern Australia have been shown to be a distinct species, Gilbert's honeyeater, and the eastern birds are more closely related to the black-headed honeyeater of Tasmania. One of several similar species of black-headed honeyeaters in the genus Melithreptus, it dwells in dry sclerophyll eucalypt woodland. Its diet consists of nectar from various flowers, and it also feeds on insects.

text:
# White-naped honeyeater

The **white-naped honeyeater** (***Melithreptus lunatus***) is a passerine bird of the honeyeater family Meliphagidae native to eastern Australia. Birds from southwestern Australia have been shown to be a distinct species, Gilbert's honeyeater, and the eastern birds are more closely related to the black-headed honeyeater of Tasmania. One of several similar species of black-headed honeyeaters in the genus *Melithreptus*, it dwells in dry sclerophyll eucalypt woodland. Its diet consists of nectar from various flowers, and it also feeds on insects.

## Taxonomy

The white-naped honeyeater was originally described as *Certhia lunata* by French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot in 1802. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin *luna*, meaning 'moon'; this refers to the crescent-shaped, white marking on its nape. It is a member of the genus *Melithreptus*, with several species of similar size and (apart from the brown-headed honeyeater) black-headed appearance, in the honeyeater family, Meliphagidae. The next closest relative outside the genus is the much larger, but similarly marked, blue-faced honeyeater. More recently, DNA analysis has shown honeyeaters to be related to the Pardalotidae (pardalotes), Acanthizidae (Australian warblers, scrubwrens, thornbills, etc.), and the Maluridae (Australian fairy-wrens) in the large superfamily Meliphagoidea.

Gilbert's honeyeater, found in southwest Western Australia, was initially described as a separate species by John Gould in 1844, before being reclassified as a subspecies of the white-naped for many years. However, a molecular study published in 2010 showed that it had diverged before the split of populations in eastern Australia into the white-naped and black-headed honeyeaters.

"White-naped honeyeater" has been designated as the official common name for the species by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).

## Description

A mid-sized honeyeater at 13–15 cm (5–6 in) in length, it is olive-green above and white below, with a black head, nape and throat, a red patch over the eye, and a white crescent-shaped patch on the nape. It is thinner than other similar species. Juveniles have brownish crowns and an orange base of the bill. Its call is a *mjerp mjerp*.

## Ecology

It is found in eucalypt forest and woodlands. Its diet is principally nectar from a variety of flowers, supplemented by insects and various other invertebrates.

White-naped honeyeaters may nest from July to December, breeding once or twice during this time. The nest is a thick-walled bowl of grasses and bits of bark in the fork of a tall tree, usually a eucalypt. Two or three eggs are laid, 18 mm × 14 mm (0.71 in × 0.55 in) in size, and shiny, buff-pink, sparsely spotted with red-brown.

## InfoBox

| White-naped honeyeater | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Meliphagidae |
| Genus: | *Melithreptus* |
| Species: | ***M. lunatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melithreptus lunatus***
(Vieillot, 1802) | |
|


title: Wildes Veazie

abstract: Wildes Perkins Walker Veazie was an American college football coach. He served as the head coach of the University of Maine's football team in 1893 and compiled a 0–5 record. He was an alumnus of Harvard University.

text:
# Wildes Veazie

**Wildes Perkins Walker Veazie** (April 3, 1870 – June 25, 1948) was an American college football coach. He served as the head coach of the University of Maine's football team in 1893 and compiled a 0–5 record. He was an alumnus of Harvard University.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Maine Black Bears** *(Maine Intercollegiate Athletic Association)* (1893) | | | | | | | | |
| 1893 | Maine | 0–5 | 0–4 |  |  |
| **Maine:** | | 0–5 |  |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 0–5 |  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Wildes P. Veazie
| Biographical details | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1870-04-03)April 3, 1870
Bangor, Maine, U.S. |
| Died | June 25, 1948(1948-06-25) (aged 78)
Pendleton, Oregon, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Harvard University |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1893 | Maine |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 0–5 |
|  | |


title: Modoc National Forest

abstract: Modoc National Forest is a 1,654,392-acre (6,695 km⁲) U.S. national forest in Northeastern California.

text:
# Modoc National Forest

**Modoc National Forest** is a 1,654,392-acre (6,695 km2) U.S. national forest in Northeastern California.

## Geography

The Modoc National Forest protects parts of Modoc (82.9% of acreage), Lassen (9.4%), and Siskiyou (7.7%) counties. Most of the forest was covered by immense lava flows occurring over the last 500,000 years.

The eastern part of the forest east of Alturas contains the Warner Mountains. The Warner Mountains drop steeply on the eastern slopes, whereas the western flank has a more gentle topography.

## Ecology

Due to the elevation and precipitation differences, the forests hosts a large number of plant species. The western side of the brushy foothills consist mostly of bitterbrush and curl-leaf mahogany. As elevation increases, forests of ponderosa pine, white and red firs, incense cedar, and aspen give way to lodgepole and western white pines sprinkle towards the summit. Some 43,400 acres (176 km2) of the forest have been identified as old growth, with lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, white fir, incense cedar, and red fir being common constituents.

## History

Modoc National Forest was established as the Modoc Forest Reserve on November 29, 1904, by the United States General Land Office. It was named for the Modoc people who traditionally had their territory in this area. In 1905 federal forests were transferred to the U.S. Forest Service, and on March 4, 1907, they became National Forests. On July 1, 1908 Warner Mountains National Forest was added to Modoc. The South Warner Wilderness lies within the forest.

## Management

Forest headquarters are located in Alturas, California. There are local ranger district offices located in Adin, Alturas, Cedarville, and Tulelake.

## InfoBox

| Modoc National Forest | |
| --- | --- |
| Summit Trail in Modoc National Forest | |
| Map of the United States | |
| Location | Modoc County, Lassen County and Siskiyou County, California, United States |
| Nearest city | Alturas, California |
| Coordinates | 41°30′13″N 120°56′38″W / 41.50361°N 120.94389°W / 41.50361; -120.94389 |
| Area | 1,654,392 acres (6,695.09 km2) |
| Governing body | U.S. Forest Service |
| Website | Modoc National Forest |


title: White Park Bay

abstract: White Park Bay is a bay and three-mile long beach located near Ballycastle, County Antrim, on the north coast of Northern Ireland, along the Giant’s Causeway Coastal Route. Sheep and cattle graze the hills and beach along the bay, which has been under the care of the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty since 1938. It is situated in the townland of White Park, which is 170 acres in area and located in the civil parish of Ballintoy. White Park Bay is home to the Whitepark Bay Youth Hostel. The beach is unsuitable for swimming due to rip currents. A cairn above the beach is designated as a Scheduled Historic Monument at grid ref: D0225 4403.

text:
# White Park Bay

**White Park Bay** (also spelled **Whitepark Bay**) is a bay and three-mile long beach located near Ballycastle, County Antrim, on the north coast of Northern Ireland, along the Giant’s Causeway Coastal Route. Sheep and cattle graze the hills and beach along the bay, which has been under the care of the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty since 1938. It is situated in the townland of White Park (likely from the Irish *An Pháirc*), which is 170 acres in area and located in the civil parish of Ballintoy. White Park Bay is home to the Whitepark Bay Youth Hostel. The beach is unsuitable for swimming due to rip currents.

A cairn above the beach is designated as a Scheduled Historic Monument at grid ref: D0225 4403.

## Geology

In terms of evidence of the area's geological past, the cliffs on both the west and east sides of Whitepark Bay are composed of Upper Cretaceous (Santonian- lower Maastrichtian) chalk. The chalk itself is a form of limestone composed almost entirely of Calcium Carbonate. This chalk formed late during the Cretaceous period, a time when many marine transgressions took place, and much of the continents were under water - as was Ireland. The cliffs at White Park Bay contain fragments of the belemnite, Belemnitella mucronata. Belemnitella was one of the latest surviving Belemnites. Belemnites, a distinctive fossil important for zonation and biostratigraphy of Mesozoic marine deposits, were related to today's modern Coleoid Cephalopods, looked superficially similar to squid, and possessed hundreds of hooks on each of their arms which they used presumably to catch their prey of other small marine creatures.

55°13′56″N 6°24′17″W / 55.23222°N 6.40472°W / 55.23222; -6.40472


title: White Parker

abstract: White Parker (1887–1956) was a son of Mah-Cheeta-Wookey and Quanah Parker, chief of the Comanches. He married Laura E. Clark (1890-1962), a daughter of Reverend and Mrs. M. A. Clark, a former Methodist missionary to the Comanches. They had at least three children: Patty Bertha, Cynthia Ann Joy, and Milton Quanah (1914-1930).

text:
# White Parker

**White Parker** (18871956) was a son of Mah-Cheeta-Wookey and Quanah Parker, chief of the Comanches. He married Laura E. Clark (1890-1962), a daughter of Reverend and Mrs. M. A. Clark, a former Methodist missionary to the Comanches. They had at least three children: Patty Bertha, Cynthia Ann Joy, and Milton Quanah (1914-1930).

## Missionary work

White Parker did Christian missionary work among the Comanche people. He studied for the ministry at Cook Bible School in Phoenix, Arizona. After graduation, Parker joined the Methodist Conference. The Parkers were active in the 1920s and '30s Saturday afternoon street meetings in Lawton, Oklahoma, which was led by Rev. J. Leighton Read, a European-American missionary from Colony, Oklahoma.

Parker had a varied religious background. His father was a member of and leader in the Native American Church. The Parker family brought the first non-Catholic church to the Comanche in the state of Texas. He received his education at a Presbyterian/Reformed institution, but affiliated with the Methodists when no Reformed missionary appointment was available.

## Acting career

In 1920, Parker played a lead role in the silent film *The Daughter of Dawn*, a silent film directed by Norbert A. Myles shot in the Wichita Mountains of Southwest Oklahoma. The story, played by an all-Indian cast of 300 Kiowas and Comanches, includes themes of love story, battle, dance, deceit, combat, and concludes with a happy ending.

This is a historically important film in American cinema as it is the first full-length movie of an American Indian story, and that uses all American Indian actors. The film was restored by the Oklahoma Historical Society and has been digitized.

## Death and legacy

White Parker and his wife are buried in the Highland Cemetery, Lawton, Comanche County, Oklahoma.


title: Wilf Loughlin

abstract: John Wilfred Loughlin was a Canadian ice hockey player who played one season in the National Hockey League for the Toronto St. Patricks. Loughlin appeared in 14 games during the 1923–24 season. He also played five seasons in the Pacific Coast Hockey Association, and two in the Western Canada Hockey League between 1919 and 1926, retiring in 1927. He was born in Carroll, Manitoba. His older brother Clem Loughlin was also a professional ice hockey player.

text:
# Wilf Loughlin

**John Wilfred Loughlin** (February 28, 1896 – June 25, 1966) was a Canadian ice hockey player who played one season in the National Hockey League for the Toronto St. Patricks. Loughlin appeared in 14 games during the 1923–24 season. He also played five seasons in the Pacific Coast Hockey Association, and two in the Western Canada Hockey League between 1919 and 1926, retiring in 1927.

He was born in Carroll, Manitoba. His older brother Clem Loughlin was also a professional ice hockey player.

## Career

In October 1923, Loughlin was traded for cash to the Toronto St. Patricks where he played 14 games, with 0 points and 2 penalty minutes. He later played for the Regina Capitals, the Edmonton Eskimos, the Winnipeg Maroons, and the Moose Jaw Maroons. He retired in 1927.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1915–16 | Winnipeg Monarchs | WSrHL | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1916–17 | Winnipeg Monarchs | WSrHL | | 8 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1917–18 | Winnipeg Vimy | WSrHL | | 10 | 10 | 4 | 14 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1918–19 | Victoria Aristocrats | PCHA | | 7 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1918–19 | Winnipeg Monarchs | MHL | | 8 | 12 | 3 | 15 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1919–20 | Victoria Aristocrats | PCHA | | 20 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 19 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1920–21 | Victoria Aristocrats | PCHA | | 24 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 15 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1921–22 | Victoria Aristocrats | PCHA | | 24 | 8 | 3 | 11 | 27 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1922–23 | Victoria Cougars | PCHA | | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1923–24 | Toronto St. Pats | NHL | | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1924–25 | Regina Capitals | WCHL | | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1925–26 | Edmonton Eskimos | WHL | | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1925–26 | Winnipeg Maroons | AHA | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1926–27 | Moose Jaw Maroons | PrHL | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| PCHA totals | | | | 102 | 21 | 12 | 33 | 70 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| NHL totals | | | | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |

## Awards and achievements

* PCHA Second All-Star Team (1921)

## InfoBox

| Wilf Loughlin | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Loughlin circa 1919 | | | |
| Born | (1896-02-28)February 28, 1896
Carroll, Manitoba, Canada | | |
| Died | June 25, 1966(1966-06-25) (aged 70) | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) | | |
| Weight | 200 lb (91 kg; 14 st 4 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Edmonton Eskimos
Regina Capitals
Toronto St. Pats
Victoria Cougars
Victoria Aristocrats | | |
| Playing career | 19151927 | | |


title: Wilf Martin

abstract: Wilfred "Wilf" Martin is a former ice hockey player and coach. He played at the center position for the Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey team from 1963 to 1965, including the 1963–1964 NCAA national championship team. He also served briefly as the head coach of the Michigan hockey team in 1980 before resigning for health reasons.

text:
# Wilf Martin

**Wilfred "Wilf" Martin** (born January 25, 1942) is a former ice hockey player and coach. He played at the center position for the Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey team from 1963 to 1965, including the 1963–1964 NCAA national championship team. He also served briefly as the head coach of the Michigan hockey team in 1980 before resigning for health reasons.

## Career

Martin was born in St. Paul, Alberta, and raised in Mallaig, Alberta. He played junior hockey for the Regina Pats of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League during the 1960–1961 and 1961–1962 seasons.

He subsequently attended the University of Michigan where he played on the Michigan Wolverines ice hockey team during the 1963–1964 and 1964–1965 seasons. During the Wolverines national championship season of 1963–1964, Martin scored 34 goals and totaled 24 assists and 58 points. During the Wolverines run for the national championship in 1964, Martin scored two goals to lead the team to a 4–3 playoff victory over Michigan Tech. He was the captain of the 1964–1965 team. In two seasons of college hockey at Michigan, Martin scored 54 goals and 37 assists.

During the 1965–1966 season, Martin played for the University of Alberta Golden Bears and won the scoring championship of the Western Canada Intercollegiate Athletic Association Hockey League. Martin scored 19 goals and 18 assists and broke WCIAA records for goals and points.

Martin played six years of professional hockey for the Muskegon Mohawks (1966–1967), Cleveland Barons (1967–1968), Denver Spurs (1968–1971), Providence Reds (1971–1972) and Salt Lake Golden Eagles (1971–1972). In his first two seasons at Denver, Martin scored 70 goals and tallied 74 assists and 144 points. Despite missing the first 10 games of the 1968–1969 season Martin was Denver's leading scorer with 67 points on 30 assists and 37 goals. When he retired, Martin held Denver's single-season and career records for goals, assists and points.

In 1972, Martin enrolled as a graduate student at Colorado State University. He also served as player-coach for the Colorado State hockey team during the 1972–1973 season. The 31-year-old graduate student led the Colorado State Rams to an 11–0–1 record in the regular season.

In the late 1970s, Martin was the rink manager at the University of Colorado.

In March 1980, after Dan Farrell resigned as the head coach of Michigan's hockey team, Martin was hired to replace him. After coaching the first two games of the 1980–1981 season, Martin stepped down for health reasons. He announced his resignation in late November 1980, eight months after being hired. At the time of his resignation, Martin said, "I've been having some health problems and have been away from the team for quite a while. I felt that in all fairness to the team and the program that I should resign." Athletic director said at the time that Martin would remain with the athletic department in a position to be determined.

Martin remained an employee of the University of Michigan athletic department. He retired in 2005.

## Head coaching record

### College

Statistics overview
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Michigan Wolverines**  *(WCHA / Big Ten †)* (1980–1980) | | | | | | | | |
| 1980–81 | Michigan | 1–1–0† | 0–0–0 / 0–0–0 | – / – |  |
| **Michigan:** | | 1–1–0 | 0–0–0 / 0–0–0 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 1–1–0 |  | | | | | | |
| National champion         Postseason invitational champion
Conference regular season champion          Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion
Conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | |

Martin resigned after 2 games

## InfoBox

Wilf Martin
| Biographical details | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1942-01-25) January 25, 1942
St. Paul, Alberta, Canada |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan |
| Playing career | |
| 1960–1962 | Regina Pats |
| 1963–1965 | Michigan |
| 1965–1966 | Alberta |
| 1966–1967 | Muskegon Mohawks |
| 1966–1967 | Seattle Totems |
| 1967–1968 | Cleveland Barons |
| 1968–1971 | Denver Spurs |
| 1971–1972 | Providence Reds |
| 1971–1972 | Salt Lake Golden Eagles |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Center |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1972–1973 | Colorado State |
| 1980 | Michigan |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 1–1–0 (.500) |
|  | |


title: Wildfrost

abstract: Wildfrost is a 2023 roguelike deck-building game developed by Deadpan Games and Gaziter. It was published by Chucklefish for the Nintendo Switch and Windows, and in 2024 for Android and iOS.

text:
# Wildfrost

***Wildfrost*** is a 2023 roguelike deck-building game developed by Deadpan Games and Gaziter. It was published by Chucklefish for the Nintendo Switch and Windows, and in 2024 for Android and iOS.

## Gameplay

Players attempt to stop an endless winter. They recruit randomly-generated adventurers and battle monsters in turn-based card battles. Up to six allied creatures called companions and six enemies fight in each battle. Depending on where characters are placed, they can be attacked by a different member of the opposing side. Characters also do not immediately attack but must wait their turn based on an Initiative system. The game ends if a character designated as a leader dies. Otherwise, adventurers suffer a penalty upon being defeated. Players retain some equipment permanently and can retrieve these items when starting over. The game has a cartoon-like art style, with various color palettes for each class of companion.

## Development

*Wildfrost* was developed by Deadpan Games and Gaziter. It was published by Chucklefish for Nintendo Switch and Windows on April 12, 2023, and is scheduled to release for Android and iOS on April 11, 2024. *Wildfrost* was developed using the Unity engine.

## Reception

*Wildfrost* received positive reviews on Metacritic. *PC Gamer* said it has a "perfect balance of accessibility and strategic depth" and praised the art style, which it said gives it "buckets of personality". Though *Rock Paper Shotgun* said luck sometimes seems to play too much of a role, they called it "a genuinely fun game, with charming details and rewarding tactical combat". *Siliconera* said it "suffers from some balance issues", but they said it is "a game as beautiful, cruel, and cold as its sunless environment".

## InfoBox

| Wildfrost | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | * Deadpan Games * Gaziter |
| Publisher(s) | Chucklefish |
| Composer(s) | Paul Zimmermann |
| Engine | Unity |
| Platform(s) | Nintendo Switch, Windows, Android, iOS |
| Release | * **Nintendo Switch, Windows** * April 12, 2023 * **Android, iOS** * April 11, 2024 |
| Genre(s) | Roguelike deck-building |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Mobile identity management

abstract: Mobile identity is a development of online authentication and digital signatures, where the SIM card of one's mobile phone works as an identity tool. Mobile identity enables legally binding authentication and transaction signing for online banking, payment confirmation, corporate services, and consuming online content. The user's certificates are maintained on the telecom operator's SIM card and in order to use them, the user has to enter a personal, secret PIN code. When using mobile identity, no separate card reader is needed, as the phone itself already performs both functions. In contrast to other approaches, the mobile phone in conjunction with a mobile signature-enabled SIM card aims to offer the same security and ease of use as for example smart cards in existing digital identity management systems. Smart card-based digital identities can only be used in conjunction with a card reader and a PC. In addition, distributing and managing the cards can be logistically difficult, exacerbated by the lack of interoperability between services relying on such a digital identity. There are a number of private company stakeholders that have an inherent interest in setting up a mobile signature service infrastructure to offer mobile identity services. These stakeholders are mobile network operators and, to a certain extent, financial institutions or service providers with an existing large customer base, that could leverage the use of mobile signatures across several applications.

text:
# Mobile identity management

**Mobile identity** is a development of online authentication and digital signatures, where the SIM card of one's mobile phone works as an identity tool. Mobile identity enables legally binding authentication and transaction signing for online banking, payment confirmation, corporate services, and consuming online content. The user's certificates are maintained on the telecom operator's SIM card and in order to use them, the user has to enter a personal, secret PIN code. When using mobile identity, no separate card reader is needed, as the phone itself already performs both functions.

In contrast to other approaches, the mobile phone in conjunction with a mobile signature-enabled SIM card aims to offer the same security and ease of use as for example smart cards in existing digital identity management systems. Smart card-based digital identities can only be used in conjunction with a card reader and a PC. In addition, distributing and managing the cards can be logistically difficult, exacerbated by the lack of interoperability between services relying on such a digital identity.

There are a number of private company stakeholders that have an inherent interest in setting up a mobile signature service infrastructure to offer mobile identity services. These stakeholders are mobile network operators and, to a certain extent, financial institutions or service providers with an existing large customer base, that could leverage the use of mobile signatures across several applications.

## By country

### Finland

The Finnish government has supervised the deployment of a common derivative of the ETSI-based mobile signature service standard, thus allowing the Finnish mobile operators to offer mobile signature services. The Finnish government certificate authority (CA) also issues the certificates that link the digital keys on the SIM card to the person's real world identity.

### Islamic Republic of Iran

Through national mobile register program Iranian customs administration and ministry of ict registers database from IMEI of imported legally phones and allows Iranian citizens to only access full Iranian mobile phone operators national roaming network if they have linked their national ID to both Simcards and also non contraband/smuggled IMEI number.

### Sweden

In the Nordic region, governments, public sector and financial institutions are increasingly offering online and mobile channels to access their services. In Sweden the WPK consortium, owned by banks and mobile operators, specifies a mobile signature service infrastructure that is used by banks to authenticate online banking users.

Telenor Sverige has provided technology for the company's mobile signature services in Sweden since 2009. Telenor enables its customers a secure login to online services using their mobile phone for authentication and digital signing.

### Estonia

The Estonian government issues all citizens with a smart card and digital identity called the Estonian ID card. Additionally, *Sertifitseerimiskeskus*, the certificate authority of Estonia issues special SIM cards to mobile phones which act as national personal identification method. The service is called m-id.

### Turkey

In 2007, the mobile operator Turkcell bought a mobile signature service infrastructure Gemalto and launched Mobillmza, the world's first mobile security solution. They have partnered up with over 200 businesses, including many banks to enable them to use mobile signatures for online user authentication.

Other services relying on mobile signatures in Turkey include securing the withdrawal of small loans from an ATM, and processing custom work flow processes by enabling applicants to use mobile signatures.

### Austria

The Austrian government allows private sector companies to propose means for storing the government-controlled digital identity. Since 2006, the Austrian government has explicitly mentioned mobile phones as one of the likely devices to be used for storing and managing a digital identity. Eight Austrian saving banks will launch a pilot allowing online user authentication with mobile signatures.

### Ukraine

In Ukraine, Mobile ID project started in 2015, and later declared as one of Government of Ukraine priorities supported by EU. At the beginning of 2018 Ukrainian cell operators are evaluating proposals and testing platforms from different local and foreign developers. Platform selection will be followed up by comprehensive certification process.

Ukrainian IT and cryptography around Mobile ID topic is mostly presented by Innovation Development HUB LLC with its own Mobile ID platform. This particular solution is the sole, having already passed the certification, and most likely will be implemented in Ukraine.

As of September 2019, all of 'big three' cell operators in Ukraine have launched Mobile ID service.

Vodafone \- commercial launch in August 2018.

Kyivstar \- commercial launch in December 2018.

Lifecell \- commercial launch in August 2019.

Vodafone and Lifecell operators implemented Mobile ID solution of Ukrainian origin designed by Innovation Development HUB LLC.


title: Mohammad Asaduzzaman (politician)

abstract: Mohammad Asaduzzaman was a Bangladeshi politician who was elected four times as a Jatiya Sangsad member. His son Saifuzzaman Shikhor is the incumbent MP of Magura-1 constituency and his daughter Kamrul Laila Jolly was also a former member from the women's reserved seat.

text:
# Mohammad Asaduzzaman (politician)

**Mohammad Asaduzzaman** (11 November 1935 – 25 December 1993) was a Bangladeshi politician who was elected four times as a Jatiya Sangsad member. His son Saifuzzaman Shikhor is the incumbent MP of Magura-1 constituency and his daughter Kamrul Laila Jolly was also a former member from the women's reserved seat.

## Biography

Asaduzzaman was born on 11 November 1935 in Moulovi Joka which is a village of Polashbaria Union of Mohammadpur Upazila of Magura District. When he was in class 8, he took part in Language Movement. He had joined to politics of Awami League in 1954. He also took part in various movements against the Pakistani Government, when Bangladesh was under Pakistani rule. He became general secretary of the Magura district Awami League in 1965. In 1970, he was elected to the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly. He took part in the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.

After independence, in 1972, he became a member of Bangladesh Ganaparishad. He became the president of the Magura district Awami League in 1976. He became an MP in Second General Election of Bangladesh in 1979. After that, he became an MP again in 1986 in Third General Election of Bangladesh and in 1991 in Fifth General Election of Bangladesh from Magura-2 constituency.

Asaduzzaman died on 25 December 1993.

## InfoBox

| Mohammad Asaduzzaman | |
| --- | --- |
| মোহাম্মদ আছাদুজ্জামান | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Magura-2 | |
| **In office**
1986–1988 | |
| Preceded by | *Position established* |
| Succeeded by | Nitai Roy Chowdhury |
| **In office**
1991  25 December 1993 | |
| Succeeded by | Quazi Kamal |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1935-11-11)11 November 1935
Magura District, Bengal Presidency, British India |
| Died | 25 December 1993(1993-12-25) (aged 58) |
| Nationality | Bangladeshi |
| Political party | Bangladesh Awami League |
| Children | Saifuzzaman Shikhor (Son) Kamrul Laila Jolly (Daughter) |
| Occupation | Politician, lawyer |
|  | |


title: Moccasin, Arizona

abstract: Moccasin is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. It is within the Kaibab Indian Reservation, and its population was 53 as of the 2020 census, down from 89 at the 2010 census. It is bordered to the south by the CDP of Kaibab. It is believed a moccasin-shaped shoe-print by a nearby spring caused the name to be selected. Sometime in the late 1800s.

text:
# Moccasin, Arizona

**Moccasin** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. It is within the Kaibab Indian Reservation, and its population was 53 as of the 2020 census, down from 89 at the 2010 census. It is bordered to the south by the CDP of Kaibab.

It is believed a moccasin-shaped shoe-print by a nearby spring caused the name to be selected. Sometime in the late 1800s.

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 89 |  |  |
| 2020 | 53 |  | −40.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## Education

The CDP is in the Fredonia-Moccasin Unified School District.

## InfoBox

| Moccasin, Arizona | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Location in Mohave County, Arizona | |
| MoccasinMoccasin | |
| Coordinates: 36°54′34″N 112°45′32″W / 36.90944°N 112.75889°W / 36.90944; -112.75889 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Arizona |
| County | Mohave |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.77 sq mi (1.98 km2) |
| Land | 0.77 sq mi (1.98 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 5,092 ft (1,552 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 53 |
| Density | 69.19/sq mi (26.72/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| ZIP Code | 86022 (Fredonia) |
| Area code | 928 |
| GNIS feature ID | 8145 |
| FIPS code | 04-47190 |


title: Who Covers Who?

abstract: Who Covers Who? is a tribute album to the rock band The Who. It was released in 1993 in the UK and the following year in the US.

text:
# Who Covers Who?

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| allmusic |  |

***Who Covers Who?*** is a tribute album to the rock band The Who. It was released in 1993 in the UK and the following year in the US.

## Track listing

1. "I Can See For Miles" - Hyperhead
2. "Pictures of Lily" - Ian McLagan & The Bump Band
3. "The Kids Are Alright" - The Revs
4. "Bargain" - The Buck Pets
5. "Boris the Spider" - Mint 400
6. "The Good's Gone" - The Telescopes
7. "In the City" - Swervedriver
8. "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere" - Alex Chilton
9. "Substitute" - Blur
10. "Baba O'Riley" - Hinnies
11. "Glowgirl" - Mess
12. "The Good's Gone" (Slight reprise) - The Brilliant Corners

## Personnel

* Caruzo Fuller - Compiler
* John Yates - Compiler

## InfoBox

| Who Covers Who? | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by various artists | |
| Released | August 12, 1993 (1993-08-12) (UK)
July 29, 1994 (1994-07-29) (US) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 46:26 |
| Label | Cargo, NMC (UK)
Creative Man (US) |
| Producer |  |


title: Nippia

abstract: Nippia is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Nippia

***Nippia*** is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Nippia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Section: | Schizophora |
| Subsection: | Acalyptratae |
| Superfamily: | Tephritoidea |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Genus: | ***Nippia*** |
|


title: Niilo Jääskinen

abstract: Niilo Jääskinen is a Finnish lawyer and he served as an Advocate General at the European Court of Justice from October 2009 to October 2015 and as a judge as of October 2019.

text:
# Niilo Jääskinen

**Niilo Jääskinen** (born 16 September 1958) is a Finnish lawyer and he served as an Advocate General at the European Court of Justice from October 2009 to October 2015 and as a judge as of October 2019.

## Career

In 1990, Jääskinen was appointed as head of the European Law Section of the Ministry of Justice in Finland. In 1995 he was appointed as Advisor and Clerk for European affairs of the Grand Committee of the Finnish Parliament. Between 2000 and 2009 and from October 2015 to October 2019 Jääskinen has served as Judge at the Supreme Administrative Court of Finland.

In 2009, he was appointed Advocate General of the European Court of Justice and in 2019 for the remaining two years of judge Allan Rosas' mandate. In October 2021 he started a new six years mandate.

Jääskinen was in charge of two important cases relating to water. In Case C-525/12, he gave his opinion on the term "water services" in the Water Framework Directive; in Case C-461/13, he gave his opinion on 23 October 2014 on the term "deterioration" in the Water Framework Directive. Both cases are of high relevance for the protection of water. In 2014, he gave his opinion on *Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González*.


title: Nikolina Ilijanić

abstract: Nikolina Ilijanić is a Croatian female basketball player.

text:
# Nikolina Ilijanić

**Nikolina Ilijanić** (born 16 November 1983) is a Croatian female basketball player.

## InfoBox

Nikolina Ilijanić
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1983-11-16) 16 November 1983<br>Karlovac, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Nationality | Croatian |
| Listed height | 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) |
| Career information | |
| WNBA draft | 2005: undrafted |
| Position | Point guard / shooting guard |
| Career history | |
| 0000 | Agram Zagreb |
| 2009–2014 | Croatia Zagreb |
|  | |


title: Nishikanta Chattopadhyay

abstract: Nishikanta Chattopadhyay was a Bengali scholar and the first Bengali to earn a PhD from a European University.

text:
# Nishikanta Chattopadhyay

**Nishikanta Chattopadhyay** was a Bengali scholar and the first Bengali to earn a PhD from a European University.

## Early life

Chattopadhyay was born in July 1852 in Pashchimpara in Bikrampur, Dhaka, Bengal Presidency, British India. He graduated from Progress School in 1868 and then from Presidency University. In 1898, he moved to London, Great Britain. He joined Leipzig University where he history, linguistics, and philosophy. He was expelled from Leipzig University from being an atheist. He completed his PhD from the University of Zurich in Switzerland. His thesis was titled The Yatras, Or The Popular Dramas of Bengal.

## Career

After completing his PhD, Chattopadhyay taught linguistics at Saint Petersburg State University for two years. He taught in different universities after returning to India. He created the Dhaka-based Balya Bibaha Nibarani Sabha' (translation: Association for the Prevention of Child Marriage). He wrote in the Abala Bandhab against child marriages and for women's rights. He wrote a number of books in English and German.

## Bibliography

* Popular Dramas of Bengal (1882)
* Some Reminiscences of Old England (1902)
* The Study of History (1902)
* Lecture in Zoroastrianism (1894)
* Reminisces of Justice Ranade (1901)

## Death

He died on 25 February 1910.


title: Nishikasugai District

abstract: Nishikasugai is a district located on the central Owari Region in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. As of October 1, 2019, the district has a population of 15,630 with a density of 2,529 per km⁲. The total area is 6.18 km⁲.

text:
# Nishikasugai District

**Nishikasugai** (西春日井郡, *Nishikasugai-gun*) is a district located on the central Owari Region in Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

As of October 1, 2019, the district has a population of 15,630 with a density of 2,529 per km2. The total area is 6.18 km2.

## Municipalities

The district consists of one town:

Notes

## Description

During the old days, the district extended as far as Nagoya Castle, but since Taisho Era to the 1950s, most of the areas were merged into the city of Nagoya.

As of the early 2000s, there were proposals to turn the entire district into a city but the merger was killed due to differences of opinion.

## History

### District Timeline

* February 5, 1880 – Kasugai District was split off into Higashikasugai and Nishikasugai Districts during the early Meiji period establishment of the municipalities system, which initially consisted of 2 towns and 81 villages. Its district headquarters was located at the village of Shimootai.
* October 1, 1889 – With the establishment of the municipalities system in effect, Nishikasugai District consisted of four towns (Biwajima, Nishibiwajima, Kiyosu and Shimizu) and 34 villages.
* December 17, 1890 – The village of Shinkawa gained town status. (5 towns, 33 villages)
* April 1, 1891 – The establishment of the district/county system was implemented.
* July 16, 1900 – The village of Gojō was formed from parts of the village of Kumanoshō \[the section of Yakushiji\] and parts of the village of Ogi \[the section of Fujishima\]. (5 towns, 34 villages)
* September 28, 1900 – The villages of Sukaguchi (Sugaguchi) and Nishihorie merged to form the town of Tōei (Momoe). (6 towns, 32 villages)
* April 1, 1906 – The town of Tōei and the villages of Terano and Ahara were absorbed into the town of Shinkawa. (5 towns, 30 villages)
* July 11, 1906 – The following towns and villages were implemented with the following mergers: (5 towns and 25 villages)
    + the village of Yamada: the former villages of Hirata, Ōnogi (Ōnoki), Hira, Kamiotai and Nakaotai
    + the village of Kusunoki (Kusu): the former villages of Nyoi and Ajima (Ajiki)
* July 16, 1906 – The following towns and villages were implemented with the following mergers: (5 towns and 13 villages)
    + the town of Kiyosu: the former town of Kiyosu, and the former villages of Asada and Ichijō (Ichiba)
    + the village of Haruhi (Kasuga): the former villages of Shimonogō and Ochiai
    + the village of Nishiharu: the former villages of Kunotsubo, Shimojikko and Kamijikko
    + the village of Shikatsu (Morakatsu): the former villages of Kunibara (Kunohara), Shikata (Katta), Rokushi and Kumanoshō
    + the village of Kitasato: the former villages of Gojō, Ogi (Koki), Owari and Taki
    + the village of Toyoyama: the former villages of Toyoba and Aoyama
* October 1, 1909 – Parts of the village of Ōzato \[section of Nishiichiba\] (from Nakashima District) were incorporated into the town of Kiyosu.
* October 1, 1910 – Parts of the village of Jimokuji \[section of Hazama (Mawari)\] (from Kaitō District, then part of Ama District) was incorporated into the town of Kiyosu.
* 1918 – The district had an estimated population of 76,490; with 677 consisting of malaria patients.
* August 22, 1921 – The towns of Biwajima and Shimizu, and the villages of Kanagi (Kinjo), Rokugō and Sugi were merged into the city of Nagoya. Biwajima and Kanagi (Kinjo) would correspond to Nagoya's Nishi-ku; and Shimizu, Rokugō and Sugi would correspond to Nagoya's Higashi-ku. (3 towns, 10 villages)
* April 1, 1923 – The district council was abolished, while the district office remained.
* April 1, 1926 – The village of Shōnai gained town status. (4 towns, 9 villages)
* July 1, 1926 – The district office was abolished, thus the area remained for geographic purposes.
* April 1, 1933 – The village of Kawanaka was merged into the village of Hagino. (4 towns, 8 villages)
* March 1, 1937 – The town of Shōnai and the village of Hagino were merged into the city of Nagoya. Both former localities would correspond to Nagoya's Nishi-ku. (3 towns, 7 villages)
* January 1, 1943 – Parts of the town of Jimokuji \[sections of Tsuchida and Kamijō\] (from Ama District) were incorporated into the town of Kiyosu.
* October 1, 1955 – The villages of Yamada and Kusunoki (Kusu) were merged into the city of Nagoya. Yamada would correspond to Nagoya's Nishi-ku; and Kusunoki (Kusu) would correspond to Nagoya's Kita-ku. (3 towns, 5 villages)
* April 1, 1961 – The village of Shikatsu gained town status. (4 towns, 4 villages)
* September 1, 1963 – The village of Kitasato was split off and their sections had been annexed into the town of Shikatsu and the city of Komaki. (4 towns, 3 villages)
* November 1, 1963 – The village of Nishiharu gained town status. (5 towns, 2 villages)
* April 1, 1972 – The village of Toyoyama gained town status. (6 towns, 1 village)
* April 1, 1990 – The village of Haruhi gained town status. (7 towns)

### Recent mergers

## Economy

J-Air, a subsidiary of Japan Airlines, is headquartered in Toyoyama, Nishikasugai District, in the Nagoya Airfield Terminal Building. Nakanihon Air Service, a general aviation operator, is also located in Toyoyama on the airport grounds.

1. "市町村合併情報 愛知県 ＜国土地理協会＞". Archived from the original on 2007-07-28. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
2. "本部通信". *全国都市監査委員会*. Retrieved 2024-02-14. 清須市は、平成17年7月7日に西春日井郡の西枇杷島町、清洲町及び新川町の３町合併により誕生しました。
3. "会社案内." *J-Air*. Retrieved on May 19, 2009.
4. "Welcome To Nakanihon Air Service Station." *Nakanihon Air Service*. Retrieved on May 20, 2009.

35°15′18″N 136°55′02″E / 35.2550°N 136.9173°E / 35.2550; 136.9173


title: Nils Nilsen Thune

abstract: Nils Nilsen Thune was a Norwegian jurist and civil servant. He was born in Vang, Oppland, and was a son of Nils Trondsen Thune. He graduated with the cand.jur. degree in 1902. He was hired in the Trondhjem police in 1911, and became police inspector in the city in 1916 and an assessor in 1920. In 1924 he was appointed as the district stipendiary magistrate in Inderøy. During these years he was a member of the city councils of both Trondhjem and Steinkjer. In 1933 he became district stipendiary magistrate of Eiker, Modum and Sigdal, and in 1945 he became acting County Governor of Buskerud, and he got the position on a permanent basis in 1946. In 1945 he was also named as a member of the commission Undersøkelseskommisjonen av 1945 that scrutinized the actions of the Norwegian government in 1940. The other commission members were Gustav Adolf Lammers Heiberg, Arnold Holmboe, Ole Hallesby, Ernst Fredrik Eckhoff, Arne Bergsgård and Sverre Steen, and the secretary was Helge Sivertsen. The background for the commission was the German invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940, and the question was raised whether Norway could have avoided it through a different foreign and security policy. Second, the actions of Norwegian authorities between 9 April and 25 September 1940 were investigated, both regarding the three branches of government that eventually laid down their offices, but also the transition authority as well as other relevant civil and military bodies. In April 1950 it was decided that he retire from his position on 1 October the same year. However, he died on Drammen Hospital on 28 May 1950, having suffered a heart problem during the funeral of his brother Helge Nilsen Thune three days before.

text:
# Nils Nilsen Thune

**Nils Nilsen Thune** (27 May 1880 – 28 May 1950) was a Norwegian jurist and civil servant.

He was born in Vang, Oppland, and was a son of Nils Trondsen Thune. He graduated with the cand.jur. degree in 1902. He was hired in the Trondhjem police in 1911, and became police inspector in the city in 1916 and an assessor in 1920. In 1924 he was appointed as the district stipendiary magistrate in Inderøy. During these years he was a member of the city councils of both Trondhjem and Steinkjer. In 1933 he became district stipendiary magistrate of Eiker, Modum and Sigdal, and in 1945 he became acting County Governor of Buskerud, and he got the position on a permanent basis in 1946.

In 1945 he was also named as a member of the commission *Undersøkelseskommisjonen av 1945* that scrutinized the actions of the Norwegian government in 1940. The other commission members were Gustav Adolf Lammers Heiberg, Arnold Holmboe, Ole Hallesby, Ernst Fredrik Eckhoff, Arne Bergsgård and Sverre Steen, and the secretary was Helge Sivertsen. The background for the commission was the German invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940, and the question was raised whether Norway could have avoided it through a different foreign and security policy. Second, the actions of Norwegian authorities between 9 April and 25 September 1940 were investigated, both regarding the three branches of government (Parliament, Government, Supreme Court) that eventually laid down their offices, but also the transition authority (the Administrative Council) as well as other relevant civil and military bodies.

In April 1950 it was decided that he retire from his position on 1 October the same year. However, he died on Drammen Hospital on 28 May 1950, having suffered a heart problem during the funeral of his brother Helge Nilsen Thune three days before.


title: Willi Birkelbach

abstract: Willi Birkelbach CBE was a West German politician (SPD). He was a member of the West German Bundestag between 1949 and 1964. Between 1952 and 1964 he also served as an increasingly prominent Member of the European Parliament. In 1971 he became the first ever Ombudsman for Data protection in the State of Hessen. The title of the post has changed, most recently in Germany, to Datenschutzbeauftragter. Hessen was the first state in West Germany to appoint a "Datenschutzbeauftragter", which means that Willi Birkelbach was the first Data Protection Officer/Commissioner/Registrar in the German Federal Republic.

text:
# Willi Birkelbach

**Willi Birkelbach** CBE (12 January 1913 – 17 July 2008) was a West German politician (SPD). He was a member of the West German Bundestag (national parliament) between 1949 and 1964. Between 1952 and 1964 he also served as an increasingly prominent Member of the European Parliament (and its precursor body).

In 1971 he became the first ever Ombudsman for Data protection in the State of Hessen. The title of the post has changed, most recently in Germany, to Datenschutzbeauftragter (*loosely, "Data Protection officer"*). Hessen was the first state in West Germany to appoint a "Datenschutzbeauftragter", which means that Willi Birkelbach was the first Data Protection Officer/Commissioner/Registrar in the German Federal Republic.

## Biography

### Early years

Willi Birkelbach was born in Höchst (today part of Frankfurt am Main), the son of Johann Birkelbach (1880–1964) by his marriage to Luise Schäfer (1888-1978). Johann Birkelbach worked, at different stages, as a coachman and as a factory worker. He was an active trades unionist and participated, in his later years, in regional politics. Slightly unusually for the time, Willi Birkelnach was the child of a "mixed marriage": Johann Birkelbach was from a Catholic family while Luise Birkelbach was a Protestant.

Willi Birkelbach completed his schooling at a secondary school in 1932 and joined a company called "Marx und Hart" where between 1932 and 1935 he undertook an apprenticeship in business, with a particular focus on foreign trade and industrial accounting. Thus qualified he represented various German firms in Switzerland, France, England and Italy. Businesses for which he worked included "Röhm und Haas" in Darmstadt (1936-1938), Hochtief AG of Frankfurt (1938) and "Kulzer & Co", also of Frankfurt (1941–1942). There were two significant gaps in his employment record during the twelve National Socialist years which relate to his political involvement.

### Middle years

In 1946 he came home to Frankfurt. He returned to "Kulzer & Co" where between 1946 and 1947 he was in charge of the bookkeeping. In 1947 he took over at the DGB (trades union congress) college for State of Hessen, located in Oberursel. He remained in this post till 1950/1951. There was nevertheless a significant break during 1948/49 when he undertook a study trip to the United States, which came with a bursary.

Between 1953 and 1958, he represented the IG Metall union as a member of the supervisory board at Mannesmann AG. Then, till 1978, he took a similar position at the Bochum Steel Works, serving between 1968 and 1978 as deputy board chairman.

## Politics

### Under National Socialism

Still aged only 17, Willi Birkelbach joined the Social Democratic Party (*"Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands"* / SPD) in 1930. Politics were already deeply polarised at the time, with the Reichstag gridlocked by two extremist political parties that would neither work with the mainstream moderate parties nor react to the logic of the 1932 national election results by entering into a Nazi-Communist coalition between themselves. In January 1933 matters nevertheless took a turn for the worse when the National Socialists took power and lost no time in transforming the country into a one-party dictatorship. Political activity - except in support of the government - was banned. Birkelbach, however, worked illegally between 1934 and 1938 for the Socialist Workers' Party (*"Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands"* / SAP) which had broken away from the mainstream SPD in 1931 in order to push, belatedly, for closer collaboration between Communists and Socialists so as to block a take-over by nationalist populists. On 10 October 1938, Birkelbach was arrested by the Gestapo. He faced the justice system and was charged with preparing to "commit high treason" (*"Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat"*), which was the usual charge under such circumstances. He was convicted and sentenced to a thirty-month jail term. He spent those thirty months in prisons in Butzbach and Münster. Slightly more than eighteen months following his release, on 15 November 1942, he was conscripted into punishment division 999 (*"Strafdivision 999"*), a recently created penal military unit intended for fighting in North Africa. However, the fortunes of war moved on, and by the time he was captured he had been sent to fight in Greece. He managed - possibly with others - to desert and join up with Greek partisans, whom he accompanied northwards into Albania. Here he was captured by the British. He spent approximately two years, between 1944 and 1946, as a Prisoner of war. The British took him to a prisoners' camp in Egypt. Most of the other prisoners were also German, and together they set up what they called a "desert university" (*"Wüstenuniversität"*), studying to prepare, Birkelbach later said, for a postwar return to democratic structures.

### After 1945

#### National Parliament

In August 1949, the newly launched West German Republic held the first democratic general election in which Germans had participated since 1932. Birkelbach was elected an SPD member of it, representing the Frankfurt south-east electoral district, gaining slightly less than 40% of the constituency vote and comfortably out-polling his CDU and FPD rival candidates. He remained a Bundestag member till retiring from the chamber on 30 September 1964. Due to the national election results during those fifteen years he was always in opposition, however.

#### European parliament

Between 1952 and 1964, he was also a member - and from 1959 to 1964 chairman - of the Socialist group in the European Parliament.

In December 1961, Birkelbach headed up a European Parliamentary Commission mandated to recommend the criteria for new member states. The resulting "Birkelbach Report" covered geographic and economic criteria, but it also extended to political considerations such as democracy and the rule of law. In January 1962 the report was accepted in a cross-party basis, and a few months later it served as the basis for the rejection of Francoist Spain as a membership candidate.

#### Party

Between 1954 and 1963, he was regional SPD (party) chairman for Hessen-South, and between 1954 and 1958 he was a member of the national party executive. Partly in response to the way in which the party seemed to be locked in permanent opposition on the national stage, and partly because developments in East Germany had led to "socialism" becoming confused in the minds of many with a Soviet expansionist foreign policy, the 1950s were a period of intense soul-searching within the SPD. That was crystallised in five years of relatively structured internal debate which resulted in the 1959 publication of the Godesberg Program which rejected the goal of replacing capitalism, instead adopting a commitment to "reform capitalism". Brikelbach himself is identified in some sources as one of the (many) authors of the report. Willi Birkelbach lined up with Wolfgang Abendroth, accepting the need for modernisation, but without abandoning the party's socialist core. By 1958 Birkelbach was finding himself increasingly at odds with the party leadership over the Godesberg process, and that year he did not seek re-election to the SPD national party executive.

He nevertheless remained actively engaged with the party. In 2005, now more than ninety years old, he was still appearing as a speaker in Frankfurt during the General Election campaign.

#### Other public offices

From 1964 to 1969, Birkelbach was employed as a secretary of state and, in effect, the head of the State Chancelry of the State of Hessen. During this time he employed Christel Guillaume as a senior typist-secretary, with a desk directly outside his own office. It later emerged that Christel Guillaume was working for East German intelligence, and in 1974 she was sentenced to an eight-year prison term for espionage. She was sent back to East Germany where she was feted as a peace-scout (*"Kundschafterin des Friedens"*) in 1981 as part of a wider "spy-swap". Outside Germany she is better known to historians and commentators as the wife of Günter Guillaume, whose own espionage activities led to the political downfall of Chancellor Brandt.

Between 1966 and 1976, Birkelbach was a member of the broadcasting council of the Frankfurt-based public broadcaster, Hessischer Rundfunk, as a representative of the state government.

In 1971, Willi Birkelbach became the first ever Ombudsman for Data protection in the State of Hessen. The Data Protection Act for the state of Hessen, widely seen as the world's first statute on data protection, had been authored by a Frankfurt law professor called Spiros Simitis. Simitis was installed as Birkelbach's deputy and there was a widespread perception that Simitis was the real moving force in the new department, but Simitis, despite having been educated in West Germany, was Greek. (Greece was not yet a member of the European Community.) In 1975 Spiros Simitis belatedly obtained West German citizenship and took over as Chief Data Protection Officer for the State of Hessen. Birkelbach retired. But it was Birkelbach who enjoyed the distinction of being the first Data Protection Commissioner anywhere in the German Federal Republic.

## Awards and honours (selection)

## InfoBox

| Willi Birkelbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Willi Birkelbach, 2004 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Bundestag | |
| **In office**
7 September 1949  30 September 1964 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1913-01-12)12 January 1913
Frankfurt/Main |
| Died | 17 July 2008(2008-07-17) (aged 95) |
| Nationality | German |
| Political party | SPD |
|  | |


title: Niki Juusela

abstract: Niki Juusela is a Finnish sportscaster and journalist. In 2017, Juusela moved to MTV3 to commentate Formula 1 -series. Before that, Juusela worked 15 years in a Finnish National Broadcasting Company Yle. In Yle, he announced Ice Hockey, Football, Athletics and Swimming on television. Juusela commentated for Yle the FIFA World Cup finals 2010 and 2014. He has also announced ice hockey at IIHF World Championships from 2004 to 2011, Winter Olympics 2014 and 2016 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.

text:
# Niki Juusela

**Niki Juusela** (born 1978) is a Finnish sportscaster and journalist. In 2017, Juusela moved to MTV3 to commentate Formula 1 -series. Before that, Juusela worked 15 years in a Finnish National Broadcasting Company Yle. In Yle, he announced Ice Hockey, Football, Athletics and Swimming on television.

Juusela commentated for Yle the FIFA World Cup finals 2010 and 2014. He has also announced ice hockey at IIHF World Championships from 2004 to 2011, Winter Olympics 2014 and 2016 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.


title: Wiliam Llŷn

abstract: Wiliam Llŷn was a Welsh-language poet whose work largely consists of elegies and praise-poems. He is considered the last major Welsh poet of the bardic tradition, comparable to the greatest late-medieval Welsh poets, and has been called Wales's supreme elegist. Two of his poems are included in The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse.

text:
# Wiliam Llŷn

**Wiliam Llŷn** (c. 1535 – 1580) was a Welsh-language poet whose work largely consists of elegies and praise-poems. He is considered the last major Welsh poet of the bardic tradition, comparable to the greatest late-medieval Welsh poets, and has been called Wales's supreme elegist. Two of his poems are included in *The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse*.

## Life

That Wiliam Llŷn was born around 1534 or 1535 can be deduced from the fact, stated by his fellow-poet Rhys Cain, of his being not yet 46 at his death. That he came from the Llŷn Peninsula, or had some other family connection with it, is implied by the surname that both he and his brother, the poet Huw Llŷn, chose to take. He was instructed in the art of poetry by, among others, the bard Gruffudd Hiraethog, who was later recorded as believing that "There is nothing that Wiliam Llŷn does not know", and he was awarded the miniature silver chair at the 1567 eisteddfod as the best poet. By 1569 he was living in Oswestry – which, though in Shropshire, was still a largely Welsh-speaking town – with his wife Elizabeth. He belonged to the last generation of poets who wrote for members of the native aristocracy, finding patrons as far away as Brecknockshire and Anglesey, though most lived in the neighbouring counties of Merionethshire, Montgomeryshire, Denbighshire, and Caernarfonshire. His pupils included Morris Kyffin, Siôn Phylip and Rhys Cain. Apart from poetry, he was also involved in genealogy and heraldry; his surviving manuscripts include much genealogical information of the greatest value. He died in Oswestry on 31 August 1580, and was buried there.

## Poems

25 *awdlau* and 150 *cywyddau* by Llŷn survive, most of which are eulogies or elegies, with the genres of religious poem and love poem being each represented by only one example. He also wrote about a hundred *englynion*, in which religion and love are better represented. His elegies, seen as his greatest achievement, express vividly his sense of personal loss and the inescapability of man's fate. Taking a hint from Llywelyn Goch ap Meurig Hen's "Lament for Lleucu Llwyd", in which the poet addresses a dead woman as if she were living, some of Llŷn's elegies are cast as dialogues between the poet and the poem's subject. Especially notable are his elegies on his master, Gruffudd Hiraethog, and his fellow-bards Owain ap Gwilym and Siôn Brwynog, which are considered to be among the best poems of their kind in the Welsh language. Though his work is decidedly conservative, deeply indebted to the bards of the past, he nevertheless does show signs of the changing times, as in his familiarity with Greek poetry and possible espousal of Stoicism – both Renaissance characteristics – and in his heavy use of English loan-words.

## Evaluation

Historians of Welsh literature have long considered Wiliam Llŷn a poet of unusual excellence, especially as an elegist; he has, indeed, been called "the supreme elegist in the whole history of Welsh poetry". In the 19th century the Rev. Robert Williams judged that he "excelled all the bards of his time in sublimity of thought, and poetic fire", and Daniel Lleufer Thomas wrote that "he is generally considered the greatest Welsh poet in the period between Dafydd ab Gwilym and Goronwy Owen". Sir John Edward Lloyd in 1911 called him "one of the shining stars of Welsh poesy". In Gruffydd Aled Williams' opinion Llŷn was, with the doubtful exceptions of Siôn Tudur and Siôn Phylip, the only 16th-century professional bard comparable with the best medieval ones.

## Editions

The value of J. C. Morrice's edition of Wiliam Llŷn's works, *Barddoniaeth Wiliam Llyn a'i Eirlyfr* (Bangor: Jarvis a Foster, 1908) is vitiated by its inclusion of many love poems which are no longer attributed to him and its exclusion of many poems which are. A selection of his works, *Wiliam Llŷn: Pen-Cerddor y Penceirddiaid* (Aberystwyth: Cymdeithas Cerdd Dafod Cymru, 1980), was edited by Roy Stephens.

## Translations

Leaving aside extracts and *englynion*, there are few complete versions in English of substantial poems by Llŷn. The *Elegy for Syr Owain ap Gwilym* has been translated by both Tony Conran and Joseph P. Clancy, and the *Lament for Gruffudd Hiraethog* by Dafydd Johnston. An untitled and unattributed translation of an *awdl* addressed to a woman appears in Charles Wilkins' *History of the Literature of Wales*.

## Footnotes


title: No. 194 Squadron RAF

abstract: 194 Squadron RAF, though formed as a training unit in Egypt and ended as a casualty evacuation unit in Malaya, was for most of its active service life a RAF transport squadron that flew in South East Asia.

text:
# No. 194 Squadron RAF

**194 Squadron RAF**, though formed as a training unit in Egypt and ended as a casualty evacuation unit in Malaya, was for most of its active service life a RAF transport squadron that flew in South East Asia.

## History

### Formation and World War I

Formed as a training squadron in No. 20 Group (or No. 32 Group) at RAF El Amiriya in Egypt on 9 August 1917, it disbanded on 21 July 1918 into No. 16 Training Depot Station.

### World War II

No. 194 Squadron was reformed at RAF Lahore, Punjab on 13 October 1942 as a transport unit equipped with Hudsons. It maintained mail and passenger routes in India until it became an airborne forces squadron in September 1943. Douglas Dakotas had started to arrive in May and, with the departure of the last Hudsons in September, No. 194 began paratroop training. In February 1944, supply-dropping flights to Chindit army units in Burma began and continued for the rest of the war. In January 1945 a casualty evacuation flight was attached to the squadron and Stinson Sentinels were used to pick up casualties form small jungle strips. After the end of the war, the squadron was engaged in general transport duties until disbanding at Mingladon on 15 February 1946. The squadron badge commonly used by the squadron depicted a flying elephant and the Squadron had adopted the motto ‘The Friendly Firm’ and although their entire fleet of aircraft carried this crest throughout the Burma campaign, Royal Charter never officially recognized it (That same crest can be seen on all three books about the squadron).

### Post-war

On 1 February 1953, No. 194 reformed for a second time at Sembawang in Malaya from the Casualty Evacuation Flight with Westland Dragonfly HC.2 helicopters for co-operation with security forces in Malaya. Bristol Sycamore HC.14s were received in October 1954, but it was June 1956 before the last Dragonfly left. On 3 June 1959, the squadron merged with No. 155 Squadron RAF to become No. 110 Squadron RAF.

## Aircraft operated

Aircraft operated by no. 194 Squadron RAF from
| From | To | Aircraft | Version |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| August 1917 | July 1918 | Airco DH.6, Avro 504 and Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 |  |
| October 1942 | September 1943 | Lockheed Hudson | Mk.VI |
| May 1943 | February 1946 | Douglas Dakota | Mks.I, III |
| Dec 1944 | February 1946 | Douglas Dakota | Mk.IV |
| January 1945 | September 1945 | Stinson Sentinel | Mk.I |
| February 1953 | June 1956 | Westland Dragonfly | HC.2 |
| October 1954 | June 1959 | Bristol Sycamore | HC.14 |

## Squadron bases

Bases and airfields used by no. 194 Squadron RAF, data from
| From | To | Base | Remark |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 9 August 1917 | 21 July 1918 | RAF El Amiriya, Egypt |  |
| 13 October 1942 | 18 February 1943 | RAF Lahore, Punjab | Dets. at RAF Tezpur, Assam and RAF Dum Dum, West Bengal |
| 18 February 1943 | 18 September 1943 | RAF Palam, Delhi |  |
| 18 September 1943 | 8 February 1944 | RAF Basal, Punjab | Det. at RAF Chaklala, Rawalpindi, Punjab |
| 8 February 1944 | 9 February 1944 | RAF Comilla, Bengal |  |
| 9 February 1944 | 1 September 1944 | RAF Agartala, Tripura | Det. at RAF Imphal, Manipur |
| 1 September 1944 | 2 November 1944 | RAF Imphal, Manipur |  |
| 2 November 1944 | 10 December 1944 | RAF Basal, Punjab |  |
| 10 December 1944 | 19 March 1945 | RAF Agartala, Tripura | Det. at RAF Imphal, Manipur and from January 1945 to September 1945
at RAF Kangla, Manipur and Monywa, Sagaing Division, Burma |
| 19 March 1945 | 21 August 1945 | Akyab, Arakan, Burma | Dets. at Monywa, Sagaing Division, Burma; Wangjing, Manipur and Meiktila, Mandalay, Burma |
| 21 August 1945 | 15 February 1946 | RAF Mingaladon, Burma |  |
| 2 February 1953 | 1 May 1953 | RAF Sembawang, Singapore | Det. at RAF Kuala Lumpur, Malaya |
| 1 May 1953 | 3 June 1959 | RAF Kuala Lumpur, Malaya | Merged here with 155 Sqn to form 110 Sqn |

## Commanding officers

Officers commanding no. 194 Squadron RAF, data from
| From | To | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| October 1942 | June 1944 | W/Cdr. A.C. Pearson |
| June 1944 | December 1944 | W/Cdr. R.T. Chisholm |
| December 1944 | June 1945 | W/Cdr. R.C. Crawford |
| June 1945 | August 1945 | S/Ldr. P.M. Bristow |
| August 1945 | February 1946 | W/Cdr. D. Penman, DSO, DFC |
| February 1953 | 1955 | S/Ldr. G.R.G. Henderson, AFC |
| 1955 | 1957 | S/Ldr. C.R. Turner, AFC |
| 1957 | June 1959 | S/Ldr. F. Barnes |

Notes Bibliography  * Briscoe, Deryk A. (ed.) *The Friendly Firm Remembers: Stories by the members of the 194 Squadron in South East Asia*. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Windrush Marketing, 2000. ISBN 0-9686189-0-1.
* Delve, Ken. *The Source Book of the RAF*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1994. ISBN 1-85310-451-5.
* Halley, James J. *The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth 1918–1988*. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
* Jefford, Wing CommanderC.G. *RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988 (second edition 2001). ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
* Rawlings, John D.R. *Coastal, Support and Special Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft*. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1982. ISBN 0-7106-0187-5.
* Russell, Wilfrid. *The Friendly Firm – A history of 194 Squadron, Royal AIr Force*. London, 194 Squadron RAF Association, 1972.
* Sturtivant, Ray with John Hamlin.  *RAF Flying Training and Support Units since 1912*. Staplefield, West Sussex, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2007. ISBN 0-85130-365-X.
* Williams, Flight Lieutenant Douglas. *194 Squadron Royal AIr Force – 'The Friendly Firm' (Burma Campaign)*. Braunton, Devon, UK: Merlin Books Ltd., 1987. ISBN 0-86303-326-1.

## InfoBox

| No. 194 Squadron RAF | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 9 Aug 1917 – 21 Jul 1918
14 Oct 1942 – 15 Feb 1946
1 Feb 1953 – 3 Jun 1959 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Air Force |
| Role | Transport |
| Part of | No. 20th (Training) Wing, RAF Middle East Area
(1917–1918);
No. 221 Group RAF (India)
(1942–1943);
No. 229 Group RAF, Eastern Air Command, South East Asia Command
(1943–1946);
RAF AHQ Malaya, Far East Air Force
(1953–1957) |
| Nickname(s) | "The Friendly Firm" |
| Motto(s) | Latin: *Surrigere colligere*
Translation: "To arise and pick up" |
| Insignia | |
| Squadron Badge heraldry | A Malayan kris with a dragonfly superimposed |
| Unofficial Squadron Badge | A Flying Elephant |