title: North Massapequa, New York

abstract: North Massapequa is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located on Long Island within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. It is considered part of the Greater Massapequa area, which is anchored by Massapequa. The population was 17,886 at the 2010 census.

text:
# North Massapequa, New York

**North Massapequa** is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located on Long Island within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. It is considered part of the Greater Massapequa area, which is anchored by Massapequa. The population was 17,886 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 17,829 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 19,152 people, 6,281 households, and 5,288 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 6,333.0 inhabitants per square mile (2,445.2/km2). There were 6,333 housing units at an average density of 2,094.1 per square mile (808.5/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.32% White, 0.22% African American, 0.02% Native American, 1.15% Asian, 0.55% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.23% of the population.

There were 6,281 households, out of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.9% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.8% were non-families. 13.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.33.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $70,825, and the median income for a family was $76,958. Males had a median income of $54,754 versus $35,859 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,957. About 1.5% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.4% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.

Like the other Massapequas, North Massapequa is predominantly Italian American, with nearly 50% of residents claiming Italian ancestry.

## Education

North Massapequa is located within the boundaries of (and is thus served by) the Farmingdale Union Free School District, the Massapequa Union Free School District, and the Plainedge Union Free School District. As such, children who reside within the hamlet and attend public schools go to school in one of these three districts, depending on where they live within North Massapequa.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| North Massapequa, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet and census-designated place | |
| Nickname: North Mass | |
| Location in Nassau County and the state of New York. | |
| North Massapequa, New YorkLocation on Long IslandNorth Massapequa, New YorkLocation within the state of New YorkNorth Massapequa, New YorkLocation within the contiguous United States | |
| Coordinates: 40°42′15″N 73°28′8″W / 40.70417°N 73.46889°W / 40.70417; -73.46889 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Nassau County, New York |
| Town | Oyster Bay |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.00 sq mi (7.77 km2) |
| Land | 2.99 sq mi (7.75 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 46 ft (14 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 17,829 |
| Density | 5,954.91/sq mi (2,299.09/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 11758 |
| Area code | 516 |
| FIPS code | 36-53253 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0958849 |


title: Otago Youth Adventure Trust

abstract: Otago Youth Adventure Trust is a trust that operates three outdoor education camps in the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand. The Trust was established in 1968 and owns Tautuku Outdoor Education Centre near Tautuku Beach in the Catlins, Berwick Lodge in Berwick Forest, Sutton in Middlemarch. The camps are used year-round, and are mostly used by school groups during the week, and are generally available for booking by work places and private groups at the weekend. The Trust is run by volunteers, and relies on donations from Rotary Clubs, Lions Clubs and other similar organisations for funding to maintain the facilities.

text:
# Otago Youth Adventure Trust

**Otago Youth Adventure Trust** is a trust that operates three outdoor education camps in the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand. The Trust was established in 1968 and owns Tautuku Outdoor Education Centre near Tautuku Beach in the Catlins, Berwick Lodge in Berwick Forest, Sutton in Middlemarch. The camps are used year-round, and are mostly used by school groups during the week, and are generally available for booking by work places and private groups at the weekend. The Trust is run by volunteers, and relies on donations from Rotary Clubs, Lions Clubs and other similar organisations for funding to maintain the facilities.

## Trust organisation

Otago Youth Adventure Trust operates three outdoor education camps in the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand. The Trust was established in 1968 and owns Tautuku Outdoor Education Centre near Tautuku Beach in the Catlins, Berwick Lodge in Berwick Forest, Sutton in Middlemarch. The camps are used year-round, and are mostly used by school groups during the week, and are generally available for booking by work places and private groups at the weekend.

As of December 2020, the President of the Trust is Simon Woodhead. The Trust is run by volunteers, and relies on donations from Rotary Clubs, Lions Clubs and other similar organisations for funding to maintain the facilities.

## Tautuku Outdoor Education Centre

The Tautuku camp, built in the 1970s, accommodates up to 100 people in a mix of dormitories and cabins, and has facilities for abseiling, kayaking, a climbing wall, confidence course, initiative course and tramping tracks. The camp is regularly used by school groups from Dunedin, with Kaikorai Valley College running a camp there for more than 20 years. The camp received a new roof around 2010, which cost over $150,000. In 2012, a girl from St Hilda's Collegiate was the subject of a search-and-rescue operation at the camp after injuring her ankle during a tramp.

## Berwick Lodge

Berwick Lodge is located in Berwick Forest, a large pine plantation near Sinclair Wetlands. It was built in 1983 and as of 2012 was used by approximately 2500 people annually. As of 2021, the camp has accommodation for up to 100 people, and has a confidence course, an assault course, an abseiling wall, a nightline course, archery range, shooting range, flying fox, and sauna. There is also a gymnasium with two climbing walls and a basketball court, a lake for kayaking, walking tracks, and go-karting facilities.

In May 2010 a landslip destroyed nearly a third of the accommodation and facilities at the lodge. New facilities, including 28 new beds in five dormitories, ablution rooms, a staff workshop and a sauna, were completed in May of the following year. However incompatibilities between the new and old fire sprinkler system, and a requirement for further stabilisation and drainage work, and replacement of the water tanks, meant that the facilities were not able to be used immediately and some visiting groups had to camp in tents.

Diabetes Otago has been running a four-day camp for children with Type 1 diabetes at Berwick Lodge for more than 20 years.

## Sutton Camp

Sutton Camp is set on 2.7 hectares. It sleeps about 25 people, although it has room for an increased number of beds. The camp has a confidence course and a team-building course.

In December 2020 the trust announced it was not taking further bookings for Sutton Camp, and was "reluctantly" putting Sutton Camp on the market. In contrast to Berwick Lodge and Tautuku, Sutton Camp was acquired by the Trust rather than being purpose-built. A group of Middlemarch residents announced in January 2021 that they were investigating purchasing the camp to retain it as a community facility.

## InfoBox

Otago Youth Adventure Trust
| Otago Youth Adventure Trust | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Formation | 1968 |
| Purpose | Outdoor education |
| Location |  |
| Website | https://www.youthadventure.org.nz/ |


title: Quantum anomalous Hall effect

abstract: Quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) is the "quantum" version of the anomalous Hall effect. While the anomalous Hall effect requires a combination of magnetic polarization and spin-orbit coupling to generate a finite Hall voltage even in the absence of an external magnetic field, the quantum anomalous Hall effect is its quantized version. The Hall conductivity acquires quantized values proportional to integer multiples of the von Klitzing constant. In this respect the QAHE is similar to the quantum Hall effect. The integer here is equal to the Chern number which arises out of topological properties of the material band structure. These effects are observed in systems called quantum anomalous Hall insulators. The effect was observed experimentally for the first time in 2013 by a team led by Xue Qikun at Tsinghua University.

text:
# Quantum anomalous Hall effect

**Quantum anomalous Hall effect** (QAHE) is the "quantum" version of the anomalous Hall effect. While the anomalous Hall effect requires a combination of magnetic polarization and spin-orbit coupling to generate a finite Hall voltage even in the absence of an external magnetic field (hence called "anomalous"), the quantum anomalous Hall effect is its quantized version. The Hall conductivity acquires quantized values proportional to integer multiples of the von Klitzing constant ( $e^{2}/h$) (also called conductance quantum). In this respect the QAHE is similar to the quantum Hall effect. The integer here is equal to the Chern number which arises out of topological properties of the material band structure. These effects are observed in systems called quantum anomalous Hall insulators (also called Chern insulators).

The effect was observed experimentally for the first time in 2013 by a team led by Xue Qikun at Tsinghua University.


title: Rainbow/Q'iwentem Provincial Park

abstract: Rainbow/Q'iwentem Provincial Park is a provincial park in the Cariboo region of British Columbia. The park was established in 2013 and is 385 hectares in size, protecting the land between Sulphurous Lake and Deka Lake. While there are no developed trails in the park, routes used by locals exist connecting roads on the North Shore of Deka Lake to the North Shore of Sulphurous Lake. The park is accessible by road only from the southwest.

text:
# Rainbow/Q'iwentem Provincial Park

**Rainbow/Q'iwentem Provincial Park** is a provincial park in the Cariboo region of British Columbia. The park was established in 2013 and is 385 hectares (950 acres) in size, protecting the land between Sulphurous Lake and Deka Lake. While there are no developed trails in the park, routes used by locals exist connecting roads on the North Shore of Deka Lake to the North Shore of Sulphurous Lake. The park is accessible by road only from the southwest.

51°38′9″N 120°48′22″W / 51.63583°N 120.80611°W / 51.63583; -120.80611

## InfoBox

| Rainbow/Q'iwentem Provincial Park | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category II (national park) | |
| The highest point in the park as seen from the North Shore of Sulphurous Lake | |
|  | |
| Location | Cariboo, British Columbia |
| Area | 385 hectares (950 acres) |
| Established | March 14, 2013 |
| Governing body | BC Parks |


abstract: A Bilingual Field Guide to the Frogs of Zululand is a field guide meant to help readers identify frogs found in the Zululand region of South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal province and to dispel misconceptions about frogs among AmaZulu of the region. This book is written in English and by co-authors Doctors Fortunate Mafeta Phaka, Edward C. Netherlands, Donnavan J.D. Kruger, and Professor Louis H. du Preez from the North-West University. Translation of the text from English to IsiZulu were done by Manzo Khulu. The South African National Biodiversity Institute published the book as part of their Suricata range of peer-reviewed publications meant to be an inclusive platform for all Africans and the continent's biodiversity This book uses the Tête-bêche bookbinding structure; one side of the book has the English titled front cover while the other side has the IsiZulu titled front cover and readers have to flip the book horizontally to switch between either languages. At the start of a frog bio-monitoring project in Zululand by the book's authors and their colleagues, the authors recognised the importance of speaking to local communities about their research in a language that was easily understood in the region, which is IsiZulu. After consultation with Zululand community members to understand their perceptions of frogs, the process of writing the book began on 28 November 2016 and the book was officially launched on 27 November 2017. As a result of this consultation, a review of this book determined that it has taken an a posteriori approach to environmental education and the sharing of educational ecosystem benefits. This book written as part of Fortunate Phaka's Master's degree research, became the first South African field guide for frogs to be written in one of the country's official indigenous languages (IsiZulu)

text:
# A Bilingual Field Guide to the Frogs of Zululand

***A Bilingual Field Guide to the Frogs of Zululand*** (or *Isiqondiso Sasefilidini Esindimimbili Ngamaxoxo AkwelaKwaZulu* in IsiZulu) is a field guide meant to help readers identify frogs found in the Zululand region of South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal province and to dispel misconceptions about frogs among AmaZulu of the region. This book is written in English and by co-authors Doctors Fortunate Mafeta Phaka, Edward C. Netherlands, Donnavan J.D. Kruger, and Professor Louis H. du Preez from the North-West University. Translation of the text from English to IsiZulu were done by Manzo Khulu. The South African National Biodiversity Institute published the book as part of their *Suricata* range of peer-reviewed publications meant to be an inclusive platform for all Africans and the continent's biodiversity

This book uses the *Tête-bêche* bookbinding structure; one side of the book has the English titled front cover while the other side has the IsiZulu titled front cover and readers have to flip the book horizontally to switch between either languages. At the start of a frog bio-monitoring project in Zululand by the book's authors and their colleagues, the authors recognised the importance of speaking to local communities about their research in a language that was easily understood in the region, which is IsiZulu. After consultation with Zululand community members to understand their perceptions of frogs, the process of writing the book began on 28 November 2016 and the book was officially launched on 27 November 2017. As a result of this consultation, a review of this book determined that it has taken an *a posteriori* approach to environmental education and the sharing of educational ecosystem benefits. This book written as part of Fortunate Phaka's Master's degree research, became the first South African field guide for frogs to be written in one of the country's official indigenous languages (IsiZulu)

## Spin-offs

*A Bilingual Field Guide to the Frogs of Zululand* is cited as the motivation behind an initiative to document and share wildlife knowledge in South Africa's indigenous languages as a means of increasing inclusivity in the country's wildlife sector and preserving cultural heritage. The book was used as a case study about how the process of developing environmental education reading materials in indigenous languages contributes to development and intellectualisation of African languages. Another case study based on the book focused on folk taxonomy of the frogs discussed in this book and how it is possible to extend folk taxonomy so that it emulates scientific taxonomy with a comprehensive list of names for each frog species in the region


title: Pogonostoma

abstract: Pogonostoma is a genus of Tiger Beetles endemic to Madagascar.

text:
# Pogonostoma

***Pogonostoma*** is a genus of Tiger Beetles endemic to Madagascar.

## Species

These 113 species belong to the genus *Pogonostoma*:

## InfoBox

| *Pogonostoma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pogonostoma*, Madagascar | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cicindelidae |
| Tribe: | Ctenostomatini |
| Genus: | *Pogonostoma*<br>Klug, 1835 |
|
| Subgenera | |
| * Bathypogonum Jeannel, 1946 * Dipogonum J.Moravec, 2007 * Eupogonostoma J.Moravec, 2007 * Hornogeniatum J.Moravec, 2007 * Leptopogonum Rivalier, 1970 * Macropogonostoma J.Moravec, 2007 * Mantistenocera J.Moravec, 2007 * Microgeniatum Rivalier, 1970 * Microstenocera Jeannel, 1946 * Mitopogon Rivalier, 1970 * Neopogonum J.Moravec, 2007 * Parapogonum J.Moravec, 2007 * Pogonostoma Klug, 1835 * Polypogonostoma J.Moravec, 2007 * Sexpogonum J.Moravec, 2007 * Transstenocera J.Moravec, 2007 | |


title: Marie Claude Naddaf

abstract: Marie Claude Naddaf is an activist and a nun. In 1994, she became Mother Superior at the Good Shepherd Convent in Damascus, and in 1996, she and her convent opened the "Oasis Shelter", Syria's first facility for victims of human trafficking and domestic violence. She also began Syria's first telephone hotline, which was attached to an emergency shelter for women. She won for women in police custody in Syria the right to be released to a shelter, if they were determined to be victims of trafficking. She also created a nursery school and a vocational education program at the women's prison in Damascus. She received a 2010 International Women of Courage award.

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# Marie Claude Naddaf

**Marie Claude Naddaf** (Arabic:ماري كلود نداف) is an activist and a nun. In 1994, she became Mother Superior at the Good Shepherd Convent in Damascus, and in 1996, she and her convent opened the "Oasis Shelter", Syria's first facility for victims of human trafficking and domestic violence. She also began Syria's first telephone hotline, which was attached to an emergency shelter for women.

She won for women in police custody in Syria the right to be released to a shelter, if they were determined to be victims of trafficking. She also created a nursery school and a vocational education program at the women's prison in Damascus.

She received a 2010 International Women of Courage award.


title: Mariemont Historic District

abstract: The Mariemont Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing most of the municipality of Mariemont, Ohio, USA. Mariemont was planned and developed in the 1920s by philanthropist Mary Emery and landscape architect John Nolen, and was one of the nation's first planned suburban communities. Its architecture and streetscape are still strongly evocative of its original plans. A large portion of the community was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979; a larger area was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2007.

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# Mariemont Historic District

The **Mariemont Historic District** is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing most of the municipality of Mariemont, Ohio, USA. Mariemont was planned and developed in the 1920s by philanthropist Mary Emery and landscape architect John Nolen, and was one of the nation's first planned suburban communities. Its architecture and streetscape are still strongly evocative of its original plans. A large portion of the community was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979; a larger area (fully encompassing the first listing) was designated a National Historic Landmark (as **Village of Mariemont**) in 2007.

## Description and history

Mariemont is a village located about 10 miles (16 km) east of downtown Cincinnati in Hamilton County, on United States Route 50 (aka Wooster Pike), which serves as the principal route through the community. The village occupies an area on the north bank of the Little Miami River that is roughly rectangular with protrusions to the north, east and southwest. The bulk of the village is residential, with multifamily housing predominant north of Wooster Pike, and single-family housing to its south. Most of the housing is on winding lanes in a parklike setting; some of it is in a rectilinear grid pattern. Industry is restricted to the southwestern protrusion, known as Westover, which extends between Wooster Pike and a railroad right-of-way on the riverbank. Commercial and retail activity is mainly located on Wooster Pike, with a smaller area at Oak and Chestnut Streets. Architecturally, the village resembles an English country village, with large amounts of Tudor Revival architecture, and a stone English country church.

The village has several large parks. Dogwood Park is on the west side of the village, which houses the memorial carillon, offering concerts on Sundays throughout the summer months. Miami Bluff Drive provides good views over the river, and Mariemont Gardens is an area in the floodplain below the bluff which was used historically as farmland when not flooded. Located on the embankment below the drive is the Madisonville site, a prehistoric Native American site that attracted early American settlers to the area. The village square serves as the community center with red brick Tudor buildings, including the Mariemont Inn and historical Mariemont Barber Shop. Mariemont also has one of the few elected Town Criers remaining in North America.

Mariemont was the brainchild of Mary Emery, a philanthropist seeking to alleviate housing shortages and poor housing conditions after World War I. Working with Charles Livingood, she retained landscape architect John Nolen to draft a comprehensive plan for the village, in which the location and nature of a great deal of its infrastructure was specified. The plan was accepted in 1921, and development took place mostly over the following decade. The Mariemont Company, formed and managed by Emery and Livingood, oversaw the development until 1931, when it was formally dissolved and most of its tangible assets were turned over to the community. The company hired architects from major eastern cities to design buildings of all types in the village.

In the decades following the village's creation, development has continued, although at a restrained pace. The village has grown by acquisition of land surrounding its original planned area, and portions of Nolen's design were either not fully implemented, or have undergone subsequent alteration that is not in keeping with the plan. These are generally small and the alterations are rarely intrusive. When the village was surveyed for National Historic Landmark designation in the early 2000s, the only areas of the village that were omitted from the landmarked area were the hospital and high school areas in the east, and small areas north of the historic bounds.the high school's design reflected some rather radical architectural and educational ideas not in keeping with the traditional architecture of the village. The 1979 National Register nomination omitted slightly larger sections in the same area, as well as the entire Mariemont Gardens area, which is separated from the balance of the village by railroad tracks.

## Architects

Architects who did work in Mariemont include Louis E. Jallade, Robert Rodes McGoodwin, Jack E. Hodell, and Ripley and LeBoutillier.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mariemont Historic District
Village of Mariemont | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark District | |
|  | |
| The Mariemont Inn | |
|  | |
| Location | Most of the village of Mariemont, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 39°08′42″N 84°22′25″W / 39.14500°N 84.37361°W / 39.14500; -84.37361 |
| Area | 319 acres (129 ha) (1979 listing)
525 acres (212 ha) (2007 landmark size) |
| Architect | John Nolen |
| Architectural style | American colonial and Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 79001862 (original)
07000431 (increase) |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | July 24, 1979 |
| Boundary increase | March 29, 2007 |
| Designated NHLD | March 29, 2007 |


title: Microelectrode

abstract: A microelectrode is an electrode used in electrophysiology either for recording neural signals or for the electrical stimulation of nervous tissue. Pulled glass pipettes with tip diameters of 0.5 μm or less are usually filled with 3 molars potassium chloride solution as the electrical conductor. When the tip penetrates a cell membrane the lipids in the membrane seal onto the glass, providing an excellent electrical connection between the tip and the interior of the cell, which is apparent because the microelectrode becomes electrically negative compared to the extracellular solution. There are also microelectrodes made with insulated metal wires, made from inert metals with high Young modulus such as tungsten, stainless steel, or platinum-iridium alloy and coated with glass or polymer insulator with exposed conductive tips. These are mostly used for recording from the external side of the cell membrane. More recent advances in lithography have produced silicon-based microelectrodes.

text:
# Microelectrode

A **microelectrode** is an electrode used in electrophysiology either for recording neural signals or for the electrical stimulation of nervous tissue (they were first developed by Ida Hyde in 1921). Pulled glass pipettes with tip diameters of 0.5 μm or less are usually filled with 3 molars potassium chloride solution as the electrical conductor. When the tip penetrates a cell membrane the lipids in the membrane seal onto the glass, providing an excellent electrical connection between the tip and the interior of the cell, which is apparent because the microelectrode becomes electrically negative compared to the extracellular solution. There are also microelectrodes made with insulated metal wires, made from inert metals with high Young modulus such as tungsten, stainless steel, or platinum-iridium alloy and coated with glass or polymer insulator with exposed conductive tips. These are mostly used for recording from the external side of the cell membrane. More recent advances in lithography have produced silicon-based microelectrodes.


title: North Yamhill River

abstract: The North Yamhill River is a 31-mile (50 km) tributary of the Yamhill River in the U.S. state of Oregon. It drains an area of the Northern Oregon Coast Range, as well as part of the Willamette Valley west of the Willamette River. Rising in a remote area in the mountains of northwestern Yamhill County, the river flows generally east, then southeast, then south past the city of Yamhill. It joins the South Yamhill River about 2 miles (3.2 km) east of McMinnville to form the Yamhill River.

text:
# North Yamhill River

The **North Yamhill River** is a 31-mile (50 km) tributary of the Yamhill River in the U.S. state of Oregon. It drains an area of the Northern Oregon Coast Range, as well as part of the Willamette Valley west of the Willamette River.

Rising in a remote area in the mountains of northwestern Yamhill County, the river flows generally east, then southeast, then south past the city of Yamhill. It joins the South Yamhill River about 2 miles (3.2 km) east of McMinnville to form the Yamhill River.

## Course

The river begins at an elevation of 2,467 feet (752 m) above sea level and falls 2,392 feet (729 m) between source and mouth to an elevation of 75 feet (23 m). It rises northeast of Trask Mountain, a 3,412-foot (1,040 m) peak at 45°22′17″N 123°27′23″W / 45.37139°N 123.45639°W / 45.37139; -123.45639 (Trask Mountain), in the Northern Oregon Coast Range. The source, at about river mile (RM) 31 or river kilometer (RK) 50, lies near the border between Tillamook County and Yamhill County northwest of the city of Yamhill.

Flowing south and then southeast for its first 1 mile (1.6 km), the river receives Perkins Creek from the right. Heading east, it receives Maroney Creek from the right before reaching the Flying M Ranch and Flying M Airport at about RM 26 (RK 42), where it receives Hanna Creek from the left and Petch Creek from the right. Continuing east, the stream receives Fairchild Creek from the left, Haskins Creek from the right, and Cedar Creek from the left before reaching Pike at RM 20 (RK 32). Shortly thereafter, the river turns southeast, and Turner Creek enters from the left.

About 1 mile (1.6 km) below Pike, the valley widens, and the river begins to meander and to turn more sharply south, receiving Hutchcroft Creek from the right and Salt Creek from the left near RM 16 (RK 26). Turning southeast again, the river flows by the city of Yamhill, which lies to its left, and receives Rowland Creek and Yamhill Creek, both from the left. From Yamhill to the mouth, the North Yamhill River flows generally south and roughly parallel to Oregon Route 47, which lies to its left. Soon the river reaches Alecs Butte, a 384-foot (117 m) summit at 45°19′13″N 123°11′04″W / 45.32028°N 123.18444°W / 45.32028; -123.18444 (Alecs Butte), on the left at about RM 13 (RK 21).

About 1 mile (1.6 km) later, the stream enters Carlton Lake Wildlife Refuge and flows through it, reaching the city of Carlton, on the left at RM 10 (RK 16). Slightly downstream of RM 4.0 (RK 6.4), Panther Creek enters from the right. The river passes under Oregon Route 99W at about RM 1.0 (RK 1.6) before joining the South Yamhill River to form the Yamhill River, an 11-mile (18 km) tributary of the Willamette River.

## InfoBox

| North Yamhill River | |
| --- | --- |
| North Yamhill River near Flying M Airport | |
| Location of the mouth of North Yamhill River in Oregon | |
| Etymology | Uncertain but probably after a local Kalapuya tribe |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oregon |
| County | Yamhill |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Northern Oregon Coast Range |
| location | Siuslaw National Forest, in western Yamhill County, Oregon |
| coordinates | 45°23′51″N 123°25′23″W / 45.39750°N 123.42306°W / 45.39750; -123.42306 |
| elevation | 2,467 ft (752 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Yamhill River |
| location | between McMinnville and Dayton, Yamhill County, Oregon |
| coordinates | 45°13′33″N 123°08′42″W / 45.22583°N 123.14500°W / 45.22583; -123.14500 |
| elevation | 75 ft (23 m) |
| Length | 31 mi (50 km) |
| Basin size | 177 sq mi (460 km2) |


title: Otago Witness

abstract: The Otago Witness was a prominent illustrated weekly newspaper in the early years of the European settlement of New Zealand, produced in Dunedin, the provincial capital of Otago. Published weekly, it existed from 1851 to 1932. The introduction of the Otago Daily Times, followed by other daily newspapers in its circulation area, led it to focus on serving a rural readership in the lower South Island, where poor road access prevented newspapers being delivered daily. It also provided an outlet for local fiction writers. It is notable as the first newspaper to use illustrations and photographs and was the first New Zealand newspaper to provide a correspondence column for children, which was known as "Dot's Little Folk". Together with the Auckland-based Weekly News and the Wellington-based New Zealand Free Lance it was one of the most significant illustrated weekly New Zealand newspapers in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

text:
# Otago Witness

The ***Otago Witness*** was a prominent illustrated weekly newspaper in the early years of the European settlement of New Zealand, produced in Dunedin, the provincial capital of Otago. Published weekly, it existed from 1851 to 1932. The introduction of the *Otago Daily Times*, followed by other daily newspapers in its circulation area, led it to focus on serving a rural readership in the lower South Island, where poor road access prevented newspapers being delivered daily. It also provided an outlet for local fiction writers. It is notable as the first newspaper to use illustrations and photographs and was the first New Zealand newspaper to provide a correspondence column for children, which was known as "Dot's Little Folk". Together with the Auckland-based *Weekly News* and the Wellington-based *New Zealand Free Lance* it was one of the most significant illustrated weekly New Zealand newspapers in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

## History

### Background

Nine months after the first immigrant ships had arrived in Otago, Henry Graham published Otago's first newspaper on 13 December 1848, the fortnightly *Otago News*. Graham had working class sympathies and was not enamoured with existing class structures, nor with the Free Church of Scotland and its connections to the New Zealand Company, which he held in low regard. He was English and an Anglican, and together with his views, this meant he was not going to receive any sympathy or financial support from the Scottish leadership of the settlement. At the time the settlement had a population of approximately 500, and it is estimated that the publication at its peak had a maximum of 80 subscriptions.

Graham expressed views in his newspaper such as advocating for a 10-hour working day, suggesting that the province was suitable only for grazing and not the agriculture that settlement was being planned on. Matters deteriorated when he directly attacked the Free Church Association, the New Zealand Company and William Cargill accusing them of spreading misleading information about the prospects of Otago: This resulted in the cancellation of forty subscriptions. In June 1849 the newspaper began publishing weekly. In November 1849 the newspaper received a letter signed by 147 citizens (which was nearly every adult male in the Dunedin) in which they stated that they had no sympathy for the editor's views. Despite this, and even though Graham was ill with consumption (tuberculosis), the newspaper continued to be published until 21 December 1850. Graham died in February 1851.

### Founding

James Macandrew, who was planning to immigrate to Otago, was aware of the *Otago News* and its combative relationship with the settlement's leadership and that the copies being circulated in the United Kingdom were undermining efforts at marketing Otago. As a businessman he was keen for the settlement to prosper, so soon after his arrival in Dunedin in January 1851 he joined a group of eleven leading citizens (the others being A. J. Burns, T. Burns, J. Cargill, William Cargill, William H. Cutten, J. R. Johnston, John Jones, Edward McGlashan, William H. Reynolds and W. H. Valpy) in providing the capital necessary to purchase the printing plant of the *Otago News*. Using the newly acquired printing plant, the first issue of the *Otago Witness* appeared in early February 1851, three years after the founding of the settlement, which by now had a population of 745. Committing itself to principles in agreement with those of the settlement's founders, its name was chosen to indicate the city's connection with Edinburgh, where the *Edinburgh Witness* was a popular paper.

After trying the plan of a many-jointed editorship, and finding it impracticable, the owners appointed the Englishman William H. Cutten to the editorship. Cutten was genial, witty and more of a pragmatist than Graham. Cutten was a lawyer by training – he had entered business becoming a merchant and auctioneer and lacking any practical printing experience. As well as holding down the editor's position, Cutten was also the publication's reporter, advertising canvasser, subscription collector and pressman, with the only assistance provided by J.B. Todd, who was the compositor. The two men with occasional help from volunteers were the only staff of the newspaper. On publication days people would come to watch the two men hand printing while they waited for their copy.

The *Witness* was originally a four-page fortnightly newspaper, becoming a weekly publication within its first year. In its early years the business struggled financially, which meant that it had to be heavily subsidised. Management of the newspaper by a committee of the eleven owners provided unwieldy, and management by a sub-committee of two of the owners was tried before, in 1852, the owners handed control to Cutten, who could only be removed by a vote of three-fourths of the owners based upon their shareholding. Cutten meanwhile was developing other mercantile activities. He later entered politics, serving on the Otago Provincial Council from 1853 and Parliament. With Cutten becoming increasingly occurred with his other activities, William Reynolds acted in his absence with the experienced compositor Daniel Campbell, who was bought out from Edinburgh to take responsibility for the newspaper's printing and publishing.

By 1855 the newspaper had a circulation of only 210 out of a population of 3,000. By 1856 it had expanded to six pages and a year later had eight pages. The newspaper however began showing at times signs of the partisanship that its predecessor had been accused of. The most notable example occurred when the newspaper objected to the Provincial Councils policy of continuing an immigration policy with an emphasis in line with Cargill's of encouraging Scottish Presbyterian settlers. Cutten had married Cargill's daughter, which lead to a falling out between the two until they reconciled. Generally, however, the newspaper supported Cargill, who was the province's first superintendent. The *Witness'* early issues gained some notoriety for its polemical editorials, which were often skewed in favour of the political views and policies of Dunedin founding father Captain William Cargill, but it soon became a more balanced journal.

The *Witness* had no opposition until a strong antipathy developed between Cutten and James Macandrew, who had political ambitions. This led Macandrew to financially support the experienced English printer William Lambert to move from Auckland to launch the *Otago Colonist*, which from mid-1857 was supporting Macandrew's views and political career.

### Impact of the *Otago Daily Times*

In 1861 Julius Vogel (later Sir Julius) immigrated to Dunedin during the boom following the discovery of gold at the Tuapeka, the first of the Otago goldrushes. After initially working for a few weeks at the *Otago Colonist*, he left and joined *Otago Witness* as editor and also became its co-owner when he purchased a half share in the business from Cutten, the business becoming Cullen and Vogel. Vogel convinced Cutten that due to the rapidly increasing population due to the gold rush now was the time to publish a daily newspaper, which they did in 1861 when they launched the daily *Otago Daily Times*. It soon had a circulation of 2,750 compared with the 250 of the *Otago Witness*.

Both the *Witness* and *ODT* were originally published from premises in Princes Street. On 1 December 1861 a fire swept through the premises. William Lambert offered the use of his printing plant, with the condition that as he was deeply religious they could use it until after midnight on what was to him the sacrosanct Sunday. While this restriction reduced the content of the Monday edition of the daily *ODT* it had no impact on its weekly sister.

Despite the competition introduced by *ODT*, the boom in Otago's wealth and population which followed the 1861 Otago gold rush dramatically improved the financial health of *Witness* and secured its future. By 1864 it had expanded to 24 pages and was selling 4,500 copies a week. In that same year the 6 February edition featured its first linograph, that of George Parr's touring All-England cricket eleven. During this time a special gold fields edition of the paper was regularly being published. It was being widely distributed throughout the South Island.

Vogel, who was editor of both newspapers, identified that the completion of telegraph lines as the country was opened up gave the daily *ODT* an advantage. The completion of a telegraph line from Campbelltown later Bluff) to Dunedin in August 1862 in particular allowed the *ODT* to gain quicker access to international news from ships arriving at Bluff before coming to Dunedin. As more telegraph lines were opened, it gave a daily newspaper the ability to more quickly convey the latest news to the public than a weekly newspaper. As a result, the *Witness* declined in importance relative to its daily sister and it slowly became a digest of reprints from its daily sister and original material oriented towards rural readers. By 1864 this original material began to include fiction which would appeal to woman such as a serialisation over 35 issues of *Sir Massingberd* sourced from *Chamber's Journal*. It was then followed by *Lord Oakburn's Draughters* by the popular novelist Ellen Wood.

Cutten sold his share in both the publications to Vogel in November 1864. Vogel took on Benjamin Farjeon as his junior partner in what became J. Vogel & Co.

By early 1865 with the business struggling financially and Vogel beginning his political career, Farjeon and Vogel in March 1865 sold a majority shareholding in the business to a number of prominent Dunedin citizens on the condition that they were kept on as manager and editor respectively. The new owners formed a public company in 1860, the Otago Daily Times and Witness Newspapers Co. Ltd, with Vogel, John Bathgate, F. C. Simmons and James Rattray as directors.

Vogel was subsequently forced out of the business in April 1868.

### Takeover

In 1878 ownership of both the *Witness* and the *ODT* were taken over by George Fenwick and George McCullagh Reed, with Reed becoming the editor of both publications. George Fenwick's brother William Fenwick (1851–1906), who had previously worked at a number of publications including the *Cromwell Argus* (1869–1872), *Otago Guardian* (1873–1877) and *Dunedin Evening News* (which was later renamed the *Age*), became printer of the *Witness*.

In 1878 in response to a downturn in the Otago economy George Fenwick and Reed converted their business into a public company called the Otago Daily Times and Witness Newspapers Company, Ltd. Following the death of editor Robert Wilson, his wife and four of their six children in the Octagon fire of 8 September 1879, William Fenwick was appointed as his replacement and remained in this position for 27 years until his death in 1906. He greatly expanded the publication both in size, circulation and content from 28 pages with an occasional four-page supplement to issues typically of 34 pages and sometimes 92 pages, of which eight were devoted to illustrations. Its original masthead, which had been designed by the Dunedin engraver James Brown, was replaced on 26 July 1879 with a more elaborate specially design one.

In April 1886 it moved from publishing on a Saturday to a Friday before moving in January 1889 to a Thursday, then in September 1900 to a Wednesday.

Although conservative in its views, by the latter half of the nineteenth century the *Witness* provided an important outlet for local fiction writers with stories appearing such as Louie A. Dawson's *A Gentleman of the Slums* (1893), Fabian Bell's *The Wonder Stone or Arita's Vengeance* (1893) and Fred Morris's *Castle Ludlow or Thrown Away* (1894).

### Twentieth century

The publication received its first Linotype machines in 1899.

The number of pages increased from thirty-two in 1886 to seventy-two in 1900 and ninety by 1908. It became known for its lavishly illustrated Christmas editions, whose covers and some inside pages were in colour. These were particularly popular among the rural readership of Otago and Southland. For an example, the 1893 Christmas issue had a circulation of 13,500 and twelve fictional stories, one of which was written by the noted journalist Jessie Mackay.

By the early twentieth century, the publication typically featured a wide range of literary and news content, including a cartoon, photographs and between eight and twelve pages of half-tone engravings. The illustrations and photographs were often double page. During the latter half of the First World War, the publication printed studio portraits of the killed, wounded and missing in action, which often covered several pages. These were obtained from the formal studio portraits that the soldiers had sat for prior to departure.

Following the death of Fenwick in 1906, Charles Fraser replaced him as editor and was succeeded by J. T. Paul, who remained in the position until the closing of the publication.

The popularity of the *Witness* declined during the early twentieth century due to competition from other forms of broadcast, notably radio, and improved roads which allowed its daily rivals the *Otago Daily Times* and *Evening Star* to reach more and more rural readers. The *Witness* eventually stopped publication on 28 June 1932, having published 4,085 issues. During its life the publication had made a notable contribution to the development of New Zealand writers by publishing short stories, serial and verse from local writers.

## Development of a children's readership

Under the editorship of Robert Wilson the *Witness* began a children's column in November 1876. Called "Children's Corner" it tried to be educational and interactive, with a number of competitions, though it did not incorporate correspondence. Most of the material was sourced from overseas publications, in particular *Harpers* and the *New York Tribune*. It appeared weekly until in July 1879 appearances became irregular and then only within the context of the ladies page.

The column continued under Wilson's successor, Fenwick, with no change to the format of a poem, a story and riddles. In October 1882 it was renamed "Our Little Folks" and published stories and poems, though none of them were from children. It was reshaped as "Dot’s Little Folks" in July 1886 following the hiring of Louisa Alice Baker. Under Baker the *Witness* became the first New Zealand newspaper to provide a correspondence column for children as she developed it into a highly interactive column dedicated to supporting and improving children's composition. Baker also developed the "Alice" byline, which was designed to appeal to woman. She moved to England in 1894 but continued to write for the *Witness* from there. Despite his duties as editor, William Fenwick took over the "Dot" byline from 1893 for 12 years. Fenwick took a personal interest in the publication's youthful correspondents and was successful in fostering a sense of club membership.

Members of what became "Dot's Little Folk" chose their own pseudonyms (though they had to supply their full names and addresses) and received badges (with approximately 4,000 "D.L.F" being issued). "Dot" would often print a short response at the end of a correspondent's letter.

While "Dot's Little Folk" was at first initially dominated by children aged 6 to 12, by 1897 teens had started to fill the column with letters and by the 1900s were using it to write about their lives, interact with each other and organise social events. From 1900 to 1914 "Dot's Little Folk" was at its height with 2,500 to 3,000 letters a year a year being published in a column that was four entire spreads in length. While the majority of contributors were New Zealanders, correspondence was also received from Australia, Great Britain and the United States.

Following Fenwick's death in 1906, his niece Linda Fenwick (died 1962), who had been previously assisting him, took over as Dot until 1913. Following her marriage she was succeeded as "Dot" by Ethel, the daughter of the then editor, Charles Fraser. Following Ethel Fraser's departure from the Witness in 1924, the associate editor, Eileen Louise Soper, served as "Dot" and wrote for the children's pages until the *Witness* ceased publication. Soper subsequently moved to the *Otago Daily Times*, where she continued the "Dot's Little Folk" tradition until the end of the 1930s. A shortage of paper due to the war forced the *Otago Daily Times* to reduce its size by dropping, among other features, the "Dot's Little Folk" column, with the last one appearing on 30 December 1941. The author Janet Frame's first published writings appeared when she was 10 in the form of letters and poems to "Dot".

The play "Where once our voices led: A nostalgic comedy", based upon the letters of the correspondent "High School Boy” to "Dot's Little Folk", was written and directed by Keith Scott and was performed at the Globe Theatre in Dunedin in August 2013.

The author Keith Scott told the story of the "Dot" children's correspondence column in his 2011 book *Dear Dot – I must tell you: A personal history of young New Zealanders*.

## Images

The *Witness* was the country's first newspaper to start publishing photos from the mid-1850s, which gained its popularity through its introduction of illustrations. These images form the basis of the Otago image collection, which since 2006 has been digitising these historic photos.

## Digitisation

All issues of the *Witness* covering the years from 1851 to 1920 have been digitised and are available on the Papers Past website. In 2020 the National Library of New Zealand accepted a proposal from the Dunedin Public Libraries to partner in digitising the issues from January 1921 to December 1926. The Dunedin Public Libraries have a complete collection on microfiche of all issues of the *Witness*.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Otago Witness
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Broadsheet |
| Founded | 1851 |
| Ceased publication | 1932 |
| Headquarters | Dunedin, New Zealand |


title: Go Down Swinging

abstract: "Go Down Swinging" is a four-issue comic book storyline in The Amazing Spider-Man, first published by Marvel Comics between March and May 2018 and featuring the fictional superhero Spider-Man. The story overall received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the art, action, and the ending.

text:
# Go Down Swinging

"**Go Down Swinging**" is a four-issue comic book storyline in *The Amazing Spider-Man*, first published by Marvel Comics between March and May 2018 and featuring the fictional superhero Spider-Man. The story overall received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the art, action, and the ending.

## Plot

### Lead-up

Following his fight with Spider-Man, Norman Osborn resolves to find a means of restoring his powers, concluding that he has only ever defeated Spider-Man when allowing himself to draw on his inner demons.

The apparent first step in this plan occurs when Osborn manages to steal the Carnage symbiote from an abandoned S.H.I.E.L.D. storehouse while Spider-Man is occupied with the return of Scorpio. Osborn's efforts to control the symbiote initially backfire when he merges with it and finds himself overwhelmed by the urge to kill rather than his own prior plan to direct its power against Spider-Man specifically.

Norman Osborn is able to convince it to let him have control in favor of trying something other than its usual mindless slaughter.

### Main plot

While interrogating a captive J. Jonah Jameson for information on Spider-Man, Osborn takes a brief interval from the torture to kill Phil Urich as the self-proclaimed Goblin King tried to raid one of his old storehouses. After Osborn appeared as the Green Goblin, Jameson mentioned how he could not stop Spider-Man since even throwing Gwen Stacy off the bridge did not stop him from fighting back. Those words caused Norman to remember that Spider-Man is Peter Parker.

Attacking the *Daily Bugle* in his familiar Goblin attire, Osborn gives the rest of the staff time to evacuate as he fights Peter before revealing his new bond with Carnage, proclaiming himself to be the Red Goblin, driving Spider-Man away with 'Carnage bombs' that injure his leg. Discovering a sound-transmitting spider-tracer planted on him, Red Goblin uses this to deliver a 'devil's bargain' to Peter; if Peter abandons his identity as Spider-Man and never performs any further heroics, Red Goblin will leave him alone, but the second he sees any sign of Spider-Man's return he will kill everyone in Peter's life. Peter places his Spider-Man top on a flagpole so that Osborn can see it burn, but privately vows that he will find a way to defeat Osborn as Peter Parker rather than Spider-Man. Normie Osborn and Stanley Osborn's nanny "Emma" finds out that Red Goblin (her husband possessed by the Carnage symbiote) is coming after the kids. To keep them safe, Emma abducts them.

Peter is able to contact various allies like Human Torch, Clash, Silk, Miles Morales, and Agent Anti-Venom to watch over his loved ones. Liz Allan had tracking chips placed in her grandchildren as she, Mark Raxton, and Harry Osborn find the grandchildren as they discover that "Emma" is actually Emily Osborn. Red Goblin targets Harry Osborn, Emily, Liz, and Mark; proving immune to Carnage's traditional weaknesses of Human Torch's fire and Clash's sound devices. Peter is forced to step back into action despite his injured leg, with Agent Anti-Venom sacrificing a chance to get back into action himself to heal Spider-Man's injury. Upon catching up with his family members, Red Goblin merges a part of the Carnage symbiote with Normie turning him into a miniature version of Red Goblin.

Spider-Man first tries to procure more Anti-Venom from Alchemax, but is ambushed by the Red Goblin's talking Pumpkin Bombs. Seeing that Peter has donned his Spider-Man persona to stop him, Norman declares that he will kill all of Peter's family and friends. Norman first goes after Mary Jane Watson at her office inside the Stark Tower Complex, but she is helped by Venom who has been blackmailed by Jameson into protecting her. Although wary of being rescued by her longtime tormentor, Mary Jane disables Stark Tower's anti-symbiote defenses to allow Venom to fight the Red Goblin. When Spider-Man arrives, he teams up with Venom to stop the Goblin, but Osborn overpowers them both before making a tactical retreat. Knowing that Peter cannot match up to the combined strength of Norman on the Goblin Formula and the Carnage symbiote on his own, Eddie offers the Venom symbiote to as a means to better match the Red Goblin. Though reluctant to do so, Peter bonds with the symbiote. Then Spider-Man and Mary Jane subsequently forgive Eddie and the symbiote for all they have done over the years. Spider-Man heads off after the Red Goblin in the black symbiote suit.

Normie goes after Aunt May where she gets some unexpected help in the form of Superior Octopus and J. Jonah Jameson who uses an old Spider-Slayer. However, both of them are defeated by Red Goblin. Peter arrives after Norman and Normie have left, seeing a wounded Octavius being attended to by Aunt May. Thanking Otto for defending Aunt May, Peter offers him a truce, stating that Ock's heroism earned him a ‘clean slate’.

Norman and Normie arrive at Alchemax's headquarters. In a meeting with Liz Allan, Normie's mother and CEO of Alchemax, Norman reveals that while working at Alchemax disguised as Mason Banks he learned of a trust clause created by Liz to pass on control of Alchemax to Normie and whoever is his living legal guardian. After Harry Osborn intervenes with Norman's old Goblin equipment, Normie watch as his grandfather throws Liz through a window only to be rescued by Spider-Man, which causes him to turn on Norman. Despite the symbiote amplifying Normie's jealousy of his half-brother Stanley, Normie throws off its influence when he witnesses his grandfather try to kill his parents, realizing in the process that Spider-Man is not a villain but his grandfather is.

As Liz Allan is tasked by Harry to protect Stanley, Spider-Man leads the Red Goblin away from his inner circle. Norman reveals to Spider-Man he infected some of Peter's friends and family with slivers of the Carnage symbiote which he could send to their brain to kill them. However, it turns out that Flash Thompson has figured out Spider-Man's secret identity too and went to May and Mary Jane in order to remove those ticking time bombs. Flash then takes the fight to Norman and while it appears as if he's gaining the upper hand, it turns out that Norman still has some Green Goblin tech beneath his symbiote and he uses that to electrocute Flash. This causes Spider-Man and the Venom symbiote to fly into a rage, sending Osborn flying through several buildings with a single punch. Flash begs Peter to calm himself and not let his anger overtake the symbiote. Although Peter offers the symbiote to Flash to heal him, the former soldier and bully turned friend refuses the help, stating that Peter needs the symbiote more than he does and that the Anti-Venom symbiote might kill the symbiote. Flash's injuries prove to be fatal and he dies in Spider-Man's arms.

Spider-Man confronts Norman at Times Square as Red Goblin gains the upper hand. Spider-Man manages to hold him off by pointing out that it's not Green Goblin killing the Spider, but rather Carnage and Cletus Kasady. Red Goblin is enraged by this and when Peter removes Venom and to challenge him, Norman takes off the symbiote to reveal his old Green Goblin persona. Spider-Man manages to take his foe down and when the villain begs the Carnage symbiote to help him, the wall-crawler seemingly destroys it by hitting it with an exploding gas tank. However, the Carnage symbiote was attached to Norman when Peter destroyed it, and he wonders what sort of effect that might have had on his old foe's mind. Jameson then appears with a gun but Peter persuades Jameson not to shoot him for revenge. Norman is last seen incarcerated Ravencroft and believes that Spider-Man is Norman Osborn and he himself is Cletus Kasady.

### Aftermath

The symbiote fragment on Normie is subsequently separated while the main symbiote is apparently destroyed. When the rest of his family rendezvous at Alchemax, Harry is determined to redeem his family's name from his father's villainous legacy and to be a responsible parent to his sons. Harry also forgives his mother for abandoning him. After getting a clean slate for his involvement in Norman Osborn's defeat, Dr. Otto Octavius reveals his new identity as Dr. Elliot Tolliver, a person who has just started working at Horizon University. He was seen applying for a job under Max Modell as Anna Maria Marconi starts acting suspicious towards Dr. Tolliver.

### Sales

The first installment of the story in *The Amazing Spider-Man* #797 sold an estimated 128,189 issues in its initial run, an increase of 73,051 from the previous issues estimated 55,138 sales. Sales of Issue #798 sold 233,235 units, while sales of Issue #799 fell slightly to 192,609. Issue #800 sold 411,480 units, making it the number 1 selling comic of May 2018, and according to North American comic distributor Diamond Comic Distributors (DCD) it was the second best selling comic of 2018, followed by #798 at number 8 and #799 at number 10, and issue #797 at number 21.

## Collected editions

| Title | Material collected | Year | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Amazing Spider-Man: Worldwide Vol. 9 - Go Down Swinging* | *The Amazing Spider-Man* (Vol. 1) #797–801 | December 2018 | 978-1302909987 |
| *Amazing Spider-Man: Red Goblin* | *The Amazing Spider-Man* (Vol. 1) #794–801 | October 2018 | 978-1302913540 |

## Critical reception

The story overall received generally positive reviews.

According to Comic Book Roundup, *Amazing Spider-Man* Issue 797 received an average score of 7.9 out of 10 based on 20 reviews.

According to Comic Book Roundup, Issue 798 received an average score of 8.4 out of 10 based on 14 reviews.

According to Comic Book Roundup, Issue 799 received an average score of 7.4 out of 10 based on 13 reviews.

According to Comic Book Roundup, Issue 800 received an average score of 8.1 out of 10 based on 20 reviews.

According to Comic Book Roundup, Issue 801 received an average score of 9.1 out of 10 based on 14 reviews.

## InfoBox

| "Go Down Swinging" | |
| --- | --- |
| Publisher | Marvel Comics |
| Publication date | March – May 2018 |
| Genre |  |
|  | |
|  | |
| **Title(s)**  *Amazing Spider-Man* #797–800 | |
| Main character(s) | Spider-Man
Norman Osborn
Carnage
Flash Thompson
Normie Osborn
Venom
J. Jonah Jameson
Superior Octopus |
| Creative team | |
| Writer(s) | Dan Slott |
| Penciller(s) | Stuart Immonen, Giuseppe Camuncoli, Humberto Ramos, Nick Bradshaw |
| Inker(s) | Wade von Grawbadger, Nick Bradshaw |
| Letterer(s) | Joe Caramagna |
| Colorist(s) | Marte Gracia, Edgar Delgado |
| Editor(s) | Nick Lowe |


title: Graffiti USA

abstract: Graffiti USA is an American agency founded in 2011 in association with Klughaus Gallery, that offers commissioned aerosol spray paint murals and artwork from a group of top professional graffiti artists. Their work includes residential and commercial interiors, business exteriors, graffiti-related set design, traditional graffiti, live artwork at events and sign painting.

text:
# Graffiti USA

**Graffiti USA** is an American agency founded in 2011 in association with Klughaus Gallery, that offers commissioned aerosol spray paint murals and artwork from a group of top professional graffiti artists. Their work includes residential and commercial interiors, business exteriors, graffiti-related set design, traditional graffiti, live artwork at events and sign painting.

## Work

Their work is popular with young tech companies and can be seen in the offices of Facebook and LinkedIn. Other corporate office work includes MasterCard and ABC News, which featured a Graffiti USA commissioned mural on October 8, 2014, episode of Nightline.


title: Pogonospermum serotinum

abstract: Pogonospermum serotinum is a species of plant in the family Acanthaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitat is rocky areas.

text:
# Pogonospermum serotinum

***Pogonospermum serotinum*** is a species of plant in the family Acanthaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitat is rocky areas.

## InfoBox

| *Pogonospermum serotinum* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Acanthaceae |
| Genus: | *Pogonospermum* |
| Species: | ***P. serotinum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pogonospermum serotinum***
(P.G.Mey.) I.Darbysh. & Kiel (2022) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Justicia serotina* (P.G.Mey.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt (2014) * *Monechma serotinum* P.G.Mey. (1973) | |


title: Marie Lera

abstract: Marie Lera was a French journalist, novelist, and translator. She is best known for her book, Le secret des "Désenchantées". Lera died in 1958.

text:
# Marie Lera

**Marie Lera** (née, **Héliard**; pen names, **Jean D'Anin** and **Marc Hélys**; 2 June 1864 – 9 October 1958) was a French journalist, novelist, and translator. She is best known for her book, *Le secret des "Désenchantées"*. Lera died in 1958.

## Biography

Hortense Marie Héliard was born on June 2nd, 1864 in Saint-Nazaire. From childhood, she was taught English, Italian and, thanks to her nanny, Swedish too.

She started her career in journalism by writing a report on Scandinavia, adopting the pen names "Jean D'Anin" and "Marc Hélys" when publishing her works.

During her two stays in Constantinople, Lera created relationships and spent time with two women, which opened doors for her and helped her understand the ideological debates in regard to Ottoman women. Lera wrote a book, *Le jardin fermé*, which she presented as a testimony on the condition of women and the events that marked her time in Constantinople, but which in reality was a summary of hearsay punctuated with romantic inventions. Lera was best known for her book, *Le secret des "Désenchantées"*, published under the pseudonym of "Marc Hélys", which described how the literary success of Pierre Loti's *Les désenchantées* resulted from a deception of which she was one of the authors during her second stay in Constantinople in 1904.

Lera became interested in feminism while in several foreign countries. In 1906, she published *À travers le féminisme en Suède* (Paris, Plon-Nourrit). She was also a translator (from Italian, English, Swedish, and Polish), using the pseudonym "Jean d'Anin".

Her husband was the Mexican diplomat Carlos Americo Lera. Marie Lera died on 9 October 1958, in Bron.

## Selected works

### As "Marie Lera"

* *Les Petits Boërs : épisode de la guerre du Transvaal en 1900*, 1900

### As "Jean d'Anin"

* *Laquelle ?* \- Collection Stella, no. 107, 1903

### As "Marc Hélys"

* *À travers le féminisme suédois*, 1906
* *Le Jardin fermé, scènes de la vie féminine en Turquie*, 1908
* *Cantinière de la Croix-Rouge 1914-1916*, 1917
* *L'Envers d'un roman  : Le secret des "Désenchantées" révélé par celle qui fut Djénan*, 1923

### Translations as "Marc Hélys"

* *Aimé pour lui-même* \- Collection Stella, no. 22 (French translation of the novel *Brewster's Millions*, by George Barr McCutcheon) 1902
* *Le Vieux Manoir* (French translation of a Swedish short story by Selma Lagerlöf)
* *Dans le désert* (French translation of the Italian novel *Sino al confine,* by Grazia Deledda), Paris, Hachette, 1912
* *Une héroïne de la Renaissance italienne, Caterina Sforza, 1463-1509* (partial French translation of *Caterina Sforza*, 3 volume edition by the Italian historian, Pier Desiderio Pasolini)
* *Des roseaux sous le vent*(French translation of the Italian novel *Canne al vento,* by Grazia Deledda), Paris, Grasset, 1919
* *Betty et ses amoureux* (French translation of the novel *The Two Vanrevels* by Booth Tarkington), Paris, Hachette, 1936

## InfoBox

| Marie Lera | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Hortense Marie Héliard
2 June 1864
Saint-Nazaire, France |
| Died | 9 October 1958
Bron, France |
| Pen name | * Jean D'Anin * Marc Hélys |
| Occupation | * journalist * novelist * translator |
| Language | French |
| Nationality | French |
| Notable works | *Le secret des "Désenchantées"* |
| Spouse | Carlos Americo Léra |


abstract: Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew [1996] EWCA Civ 533 is a leading English fiduciary law and professional negligence case, concerning a solicitor's duty of care and skill, and the nature of fiduciary duties. The case is globally cited for its definition of a fiduciary and the circumstances in which a fiduciary relationship arises.

text:
# Mothew v Bristol & West Building Society

***Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew*** \[1996\] EWCA Civ 533 is a leading English fiduciary law and professional negligence case, concerning a solicitor's duty of care and skill, and the nature of fiduciary duties. The case is globally cited for its definition of a fiduciary and the circumstances in which a fiduciary relationship arises.

## Facts

Mr Mothew was a solicitor who had acted for both borrower and lender in a mortgage transaction relating to the purchase of a residential property. It was alleged that he negligently told the building society that there was no second charge on the house when the mortgage agreement was signed. At the time of reporting to the building society and requesting its funding, unbeknown to Mr Mothew, the borrower had a relatively small bank overdraft facility limited to £2,000. After completion of the purchase and mortgage (at which time the lender's funds were applied to the transaction) but before the transactions were registered at Land Registry Mr Mothew was approached by the borrower's bankers (Barclays) to say that they were granting a second mortgage facility to the borrower and seeking that their second charge be registered at Land Registry. The second charge documentation had been prepared and executed by the borrower at the bank's premises. By registering the second charge documentation contemporaneously with the purchase and (first) mortgage there was a waiver of fees payable to the Land Registry thereby saving expense for the borrower than if the second charge had been registered separately later. The Cheshunt Building Society were asked by Mr Mothew to consent to registration of the second charge which they did and they were also given formal notice of the second charge which they acknowledged. Mr Mothew delayed sending the application to the registry whilst the lender's consent was being obtained since it was also required to be lodged at the Land Registry. At the time of their default the borrower's overdraft facility had risen from £2,000 to £3,350. The housing market collapsed, and the homeowners (having lost their employment in the recession) defaulted on their mortgage with the building society. To realise their money, the building society had the property sold off for £53,000 in February 1991, a considerable time after they had taken possession of it. The lender claimed that if it had known of the borrower's overdraft facility, it would not have granted its mortgage to the borrower. They sued Mothew for the sum they lent (£59,000) less the proceeds of the sale.

Mothew argued that Bristol and West had been aware of the second charge and even if it had not known, it would still have proceeded with the transaction and suffered the same loss, because in 1988 when the transaction was going through, the market was buoyant and the extent of the borrower's overdraft facility was commonplace. This would mean no damages would be recoverable at common law, for there would be no causal connection with Mothew's (alleged) negligence and the building society's loss. At first instance he was unsuccessful. However his professional indemnity insurers took the matter to the Court of Appeal where three judges unanimously supported Mr Mothew (see Judgment below) and the case was referred back, ultimately resulting in a settlement whereby no penalty or payment was required to be paid by Mr Mothew or his insurers. Bristol and West ended up having to make a contribution in the region of eighty thousand pounds (£80,000) to the costs of Mr Mothew's indemnity insurers. This case is important because the Court of Appeal set out authority (a case with establishing a precedent) for a solicitors "fiduciary duty" to a lender in the application of funds drawn down by the solicitor irrespective of negligence being established. It has never in this particular case established any negligence, default or breach of duty of care by Mr. Mothew.

## Judgment

Millett LJ allowed Mothew's appeal, and held that a causal link needed to be established. Just because the solicitor himself had fiduciary duties to his clients, that did not mean that every breach of duty of care was a breach of a fiduciary duty. When considering breaches of trust, causation need not be demonstrated, since these are concerned with acts of bad faith or breaches of the duty of loyalty that result in restitutionary damages. The building society had been fully informed and had consented to Mothew's course of action, which broke the causal link.

Also, a claim for breach of trust was not accepted, because Mothew's misrepresentations did not lead him outside his authority to apply the mortgage money. At p. 16-18 Millett LJ gave a summary of the relevant law.

> Despite the warning given by Fletcher Moulton L.J. in *In re Coomber*; *Coomber v. Coomber* \[1911\] 1 Ch. 723, 728, this branch of the law has been bedevilled by unthinking resort to verbal formulae. It is therefore necessary to begin by defining one's terms. The expression "fiduciary duty" is properly confined to those duties which are peculiar to fiduciaries and the breach of which attracts legal consequences differing from those consequent upon the breach of other duties. Unless the expression is so limited it is lacking in practical utility. In this sense it is obvious that not every breach of duty by a fiduciary is a breach of fiduciary duty. I would endorse the observations of Southin J. in *Girardet v. Crease & Co.* (1987) 11 B.C.L.R. (2d) 361, 362:
>
> > "The word 'fiduciary' is flung around now as if it applied to all breaches of duty by solicitors, directors of companies and so forth. . . . That a lawyer can commit a breach of the special duty \[of a fiduciary\] . . . by entering into a contract with the client without full disclosure . . . and so forth is clear. But to say that simple carelessness in giving advice is such a breach is a perversion of words."
>
> These remarks were approved by La Forest J. in *Lac Minerals Ltd. v. International Corona Resources Ltd.* (1989) 61 D.L.R. (4th) 14, 28 where he said: "not every legal claim arising out of a relationship with fiduciary incidents will give rise to a claim for breach of fiduciary duty."
>
> It is similarly inappropriate to apply the expression to the obligation of a trustee or other fiduciary to use proper skill and care in the discharge of his duties. If it is confined to cases where the fiduciary nature of the duty has special legal consequences, then the fact that the source of the duty is to be found in equity rather than the common law does not make it a fiduciary duty. The common law and equity each developed the duty of care, but they did so independently of each other and the standard of care required is not always the same. But they influenced each other, and today the substance of the resulting obligations is more significant than their particular historic origin. In *Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd* \[1995\] 2 A.C. 145, 205 Lord Browne-Wilkinson said:
>
> > "The liability of a fiduciary for the negligent transaction of his duties is not a separate head of liability but the paradigm of the general duty to act with care imposed by law on those who take it upon themselves to act for or advise others. Although the historical development of the rules of law and equity have, in the past, caused different labels to be stuck on different manifestations of the duty, in truth the duty of care imposed on bailees, carriers, trustees, directors, agents and others is the same duty: it arises from the circumstances in which the defendants were acting, not from their status or description. It is the fact that they have all assumed responsibility for the property or affairs of others which renders them liable for the careless performance of what they have undertaken to do, not the description of the trade or position which they hold."
>
> I respectfully agree, and endorse the comment of Ipp J. in *Permanent Building Society v. Wheeler* (1994) 14 A.C.S.R. 109, 157:
>
> > "It is essential to bear in mind that the existence of a fiduciary relationship does not mean that every duty owed by a fiduciary to the beneficiary is a fiduciary duty. In particular, a trustee's duty to exercise reasonable care, though equitable, is not specifically a fiduciary duty . . ."
>
> Ipp J. explained, at p. 158:
>
> > "The director's duty to exercise care and skill has nothing to do with any position of disadvantage or vulnerability on the part of the company. It is not a duty that stems from the requirements of trust and confidence imposed on a fiduciary. In my opinion, that duty is not a fiduciary duty, although it is a duty actionable in the equitable jurisdiction of this court. . . . I consider that Hamilton owed P.B.S. a duty, both in law and in equity, to exercise reasonable care and skill, and P.B.S. was able to mount a claim against him for breach of the legal duty, and, in the alternative, breach of the equitable duty. For the reasons I have expressed, in my view the equitable duty is not to be equated with or termed a 'fiduciary' duty."
>
> I agree. Historical support for this analysis may be found in Viscount Haldane L.C.'s speech in *Nocton v Lord Ashburton* \[1914\] A.C. 932, 956. Discussing the old bill in Chancery for equitable compensation for breach of fiduciary duty, he said that he thought it probable that a demurrer for want of equity would always have lain to a bill which did no more than seek to enforce a claim for damages for negligence against a solicitor.
>
> In my judgment this is not just a question of semantics. It goes to the very heart of the concept of breach of fiduciary duty and the availability of equitable remedies.
>
> Although the remedy which equity makes available for breach of the equitable duty of skill and care is equitable compensation rather than damages, this is merely the product of history and in this context is in my opinion a distinction without a difference. Equitable compensation for breach of the duty of skill and care resembles common law damages in that it is awarded by way of compensation to the plaintiff for his loss. There is no reason in principle why the common law rules of causation, remoteness of damage and measure of damages should not be applied by analogy in such a case. It should not be confused with equitable compensation for breach of fiduciary duty, which may be awarded in lieu of rescission or specific restitution. This leaves those duties which are special to fiduciaries and which attract those remedies which are peculiar to the equitable jurisdiction and are primarily restitutionary or restorative rather than compensatory. A fiduciary is someone who has undertaken to act for or on behalf of another in a particular matter in circumstances which give rise to a relationship of trust and confidence. The distinguishing obligation of a fiduciary is the obligation of loyalty. The principal is entitled to the single-minded loyalty of his fiduciary. This core liability has several facets. A fiduciary must act in good faith; he must not make a profit out of his trust; he must not place himself in a position where his duty and his interest may conflict; he may not act for his own benefit or the benefit of a third person without the informed consent of his principal. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list, but it is sufficient to indicate the nature of fiduciary obligations. They are the defining characteristics of the fiduciary. As Dr. Finn pointed out in his classic work *Fiduciary Obligations* (1977), p. 2, he is not subject to fiduciary obligations because he is a fiduciary; it is because he is subject to them that he is a fiduciary.

Staughton LJ and Otton LJ agreed.

* S Elliot, 'Fiduciary Liability for Client Mortgage Frauds' (1999) 13 Trust Law International 74, 79
* P Birks, ‘The Content of Fiduciary Obligation’ (2000) 34 Israel Law Journal 3, 32; (2002) 16 Trust Law International 34

## InfoBox

| Bristol & West BS v Mothew | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | Court of Appeal |
| Citations | \[1998\] EWCA Civ 533, \[1998\] Ch 1 |
| Case history | |
| Prior actions | Millett LJ, Staughton LJ, Otton LJ |
| Case opinions | |
| Millett LJ | |
| Keywords | |
| Fiduciary duty | |


title: Marine Isotope Stage 9

abstract: Marine Isotope Stage 9 was an interglacial period that consisted of two interstadial and one stadial period. It is the final period of the Lower Paleolithic and lasted from 337,000 to 300,000 years ago according to Lisiecki and Raymo's LR04 Benthic Stack. It corresponds to the Purfleet Interglacial in Britain, the Holstein Interglacial in continental Europe, and the Pre-Illinoian in North America.

text:
# Marine Isotope Stage 9

**Marine Isotope Stage 9** (**MIS 9**) was an interglacial period that consisted of two interstadial and one stadial period. It is the final period of the Lower Paleolithic and lasted from 337,000 to 300,000 years ago according to Lisiecki and Raymo's LR04 Benthic Stack. It corresponds to the Purfleet Interglacial in Britain, the Holstein Interglacial in continental Europe, and the Pre-Illinoian in North America.

## Climate

Both interstadial phases (a, c) comprised approximately 20,000 years. The stadial or warmer period (b) divided these climates by 4000 years between 316 and 320 ka. During the MIS9c interstadial, temperatures were above −4.0°C for the first 16,000 years and the following 4000 years had temperatures of approximately 3.5°C above those of modern climate. MIS9b stadial followed this period reaching glacial temperatures. The MIS 9a interstadial period is what drove conditions to the MIS 8. The temperatures during this period reached a maximum of −2.5°C.

## MIS Drivers

Marine Isotope Stages are glacial and interglacial periods throughout time. One of the processes that drive this major change are the Milankovitch Cycles, which control the insolation received from the Sun. The data is retrieved from deep sea core samples. The manner by which the data is obtained through core samples is mainly due to the sedimentation in the region which can be very indicative of an interglacial or glacial phases.

### Marine Oxygen Isotopes

MIS are obtained through oxygen isotope analysis within the core samples to understand paleoclimate changes. This includes glacial and interglacial periods. The data is retrieved from proxies, such as foraminifera and pollen that have diverse oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 ratios depending on the temperature in the ocean during said events. When the isotopic analysis results in high isotopic ratio values, it is representative of colder glacial environments, while isotopic values with low ratios are indicative of warmer temperatures.

## Interglacial Impacts on Living Organisms

### European culture impacts

During this interglacial stage, Europe was occupied by *Homo heidelbergensis*, who had retreated from Britain during the preceding glacial period. Populations returned as the climate warmed and sea levels rose around 330,000 years ago. The evidence of their return is found along terraces of the Thames and former Solent rivers of Europe. Within the area, thousands of hand axes and other artefacts have been found indicating their return after the increasing warmer temperatures. In Southern England, the summers were similar to or slightly warmer than today, and the winters slightly cooler. The period saw a transition to Clactonian culture for manufacture of stone tools.


title: Microecosystem

abstract: Microecosystems can exist in locations which are precisely defined by critical environmental factors within small or tiny spaces. Such factors may include temperature, pH, chemical milieu, nutrient supply, presence of symbionts or solid substrates, gaseous atmosphere etc.

text:
# Microecosystem

**Microecosystems** can exist in locations which are precisely defined by critical environmental factors within small or tiny spaces.

Such factors may include temperature, pH, chemical milieu, nutrient supply, presence of symbionts or solid substrates, gaseous atmosphere (aerobic or anaerobic) etc.

## Some examples

### Pond microecosystems

These microecosystems with limited water volume are often only of temporary duration and hence colonized by organisms which possess a drought-resistant spore stage in the lifecycle, or by organisms which do not need to live in water continuously. The ecosystem conditions applying at a typical pond edge can be quite different from those further from shore. Extremely space-limited water ecosystems can be found in, for example, the water collected in bromeliad leaf bases and the "pitchers" of *Nepenthes*.

### Animal gut microecosystems

These include the buccal region (especially cavities in the gingiva), rumen, caecum etc. of mammalian herbivores or even invertebrate digestive tracts. In the case of mammalian gastrointestinal microecology, microorganisms such as protozoa, bacteria, as well as curious incompletely defined organisms (such as certain large structurally complex Selenomonads, *Quinella ovalis* "Quin's Oval", *Magnoovum eadii* "Eadie's Oval", *Oscillospira* etc.) can exist in the rumen as incredibly complex, highly enriched mixed populations, (see Moir and Masson images ). This type of microecosystem can adjust rapidly to changes in the nutrition or health of the host animal (usually a ruminant such as cow, sheep, goat etc.); see Hungate's "The Rumen and its microbes 1966). Even within a small closed system such as the rumen there may exist a range of ecological conditions: Many organisms live freely in the rumen fluid whereas others require the substrate and metabolic products supplied by the stomach wall tissue with its folds and interstices. Interesting questions are also posed concerning the transfer of the strict anaerobe organisms in the gut microflora/microfauna to the next host generation. Here, mutual licking and coprophagia certainly play important roles.

### Soil microecosystems

A typical soil microecosystem may be restricted to less than a millimeter in its total depth range owing to steep variation in humidity and/or atmospheric gas composition. The soil grain size and physical and chemical properties of the substrate may also play important roles. Because of the predominant solid phase in these systems they are notoriously difficult to study microscopically without simultaneously disrupting the fine spatial distribution of their components.

### Terrestrial hot-spring microecosystems

These are defined by gradients of water temperature, nutrients, dissolved gases, salt concentrations etc. Along the path of terrestrial water flow the resulting temperature gradient continuum alone may provide many different minute microecosystems, starting with thermophilic bacteria such as Archaea "Archaebacteria" (100 °C (212 °F) or more), followed by conventional thermophiles (60–100 °C (140–212 °F)), cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) such as the motile filaments of *Oscillatoria* (30–60 °C (86–140 °F)), protozoa such as Amoeba, rotifers, then green algae (0–30 °C (32–86 °F)) etc. Of course other factors than temperature also play important roles. Hot springs can provide classic and straightforward ecosystems for microecology studies as well as providing a haven for hitherto undescribed organisms.

### Deep-sea microecosystems

The best known contain rare specialized organisms, found only in the immediate vicinity (sometimes within centimeters) of underwater volcanic vents (or "smokers"). These ecosystems require extremely advanced diving and collection techniques for their scientific exploration.

### Closed microecosystem

One that is sealed and completely independent of outside factors, except for temperature and light. A good example would be a plant contained in a sealed jar and submerged under water. No new factors would be able to enter this ecosystem.


title: Northpoint, Pennsylvania

abstract: Northpoint is an unincorporated community in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located in northwestern Indiana County, 3.1 miles (5.0 km) northeast of Smicksburg.

text:
# Northpoint, Pennsylvania

**Northpoint** (also known as **North Point**) is an unincorporated community in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located in northwestern Indiana County, 3.1 miles (5.0 km) northeast of Smicksburg.

## InfoBox

| Northpoint, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| NorthpointNorthpoint | |
| Coordinates: 40°54′13″N 79°07′53″W / 40.90361°N 79.13139°W / 40.90361; -79.13139 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Indiana |
| Township | West Mahoning |
| Elevation | 1,175 ft (358 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 15763 |
| Area code | 814 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1199234 |


title: Eucalyptus acies

abstract: Eucalyptus acies, commonly known as the Woolbernup mallee is a straggly shrub that is endemic to a restricted part of the south-west of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped leaves, club-shaped flower buds with prominent ridges on their sides, creamy white flowers and hemispherical to bell-shaped fruit.

text:
# Eucalyptus acies

***Eucalyptus acies***, commonly known as the **Woolbernup mallee** is a straggly shrub that is endemic to a restricted part of the south-west of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped leaves, club-shaped flower buds with prominent ridges on their sides, creamy white flowers and hemispherical to bell-shaped fruit.

## Description

*Eucalyptus acies* is a straggly mallee shrub that typically grows to a height of 1.5 to 3 metres (5 to 10 ft) and has smooth grey bark. It usually has several main stems and its young branches are more or less square in cross section. Leaves on young plants are arranged in opposite pairs, elliptic, 50–70 mm (2–3 in) long and 30–50 mm (1–2 in) wide with the lower surface a slighter paler green. The adult leaves are thick and coarse, 8 to 13 centimetres (3 to 5 in) in length with a lanceolate blade. Starting as a blue dullish green the leaves mature to a glossy green. Adult leaves are a similar green on both sides, lance-shaped and 90–135 mm (4–5 in) long and 20–35 mm (0.8–1 in) wide on a flattened petiole 20–30 mm (0.79–1.2 in) long. The flowers are borne in groups of up to seven in leaf axils on a flattened peduncle 17–23 mm (0.67–0.91 in) long. The unopened buds are club-shaped, 15–21 mm (0.6–0.8 in) long and 7–11 mm (0.3–0.4 in) wide including the pedicel. The flower cup has prominent ridges and is 9–14 mm (0.4–0.6 in) long and usually much longer than the operculum. The stamens are creamy white and all are fertile. Flowering occurs from September to November and the fruit is hemispherical to bell-shaped, 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in) long and 12–16 mm (0.5–0.6 in) wide.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Eucalyptus acies* was first formally described in 1972 by Ian Brooker and the description was published in the journal *Nuytsia* from a specimen he collected on a hill known as Woolbernup in the Fitzgerald River National Park. The specific epithet (*acies*) is a Latin word meaning "the point or edge of a weapon", referring to the angled branchlets of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

The Woolbernup mallee grows in low shrubland and heath on quartzite hills and granite boulders in near-coastal areas between Bremer Bay and Hopetoun.

## Conservation status

This mallee is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## InfoBox

| Woolbernup mallee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Flowers and buds of *Eucalyptus acies* on Mount Manypeaks | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. acies*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus acies***
Brooker | |
|


title: Quiet Exit

abstract: Quiet Exit is the 2006 debut album of Norwegian singer-songwriter Elvira Nikolaisen. The album contains twelve songs written by Nikolaisen. The album sold over fifty thousand copies in 2006, making it the 14th most sold album in Norway that year.

text:
# Quiet Exit

***Quiet Exit*** is the 2006 debut album of Norwegian singer-songwriter Elvira Nikolaisen. The album contains twelve songs written by Nikolaisen. The album sold over fifty thousand copies in 2006, making it the 14th most sold album in Norway that year.

## Production

The album was produced by Knut Schreiner, better known as Euroboy, lead guitarist of Turbonegro, and lead singer/guitarist of Euroboys, enlisting fellow Euroboys guitarist Trond Mjøen to accompany on electric/acoustic guitars, while Tom Rudi Torjussen of Jim Stärk plays drums/percussion. Ole Kristian Wetten plays bass. Nikolaisen's older brother, Emil Nikolaisen, of Serena Maneesh also contributed, by providing background vocals on three of the songs. All the lyrics and melodies were written by Nikolaisen.Recording took place in Athletic Sound Studio in Halden and finished in September 2005.

Several reviewers commented positively on the album's production. One reviewer complimented Schreiner and the backing band for the "many exciting details in the soundscape, that reveals something new every time you listen to the songs". Thorstein Krogedahl also received praise for his performance on background saxophone in the chorus of *Egypt Song*.

## Release and reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Aftenposten* |  |
| *Dagbladet* |  |
| *Verdens Gang* |  |

The album's lead single, "Love I Can't Defend", released in late 2005, was a success, peaking at No. 3 on the Norwegian airplay chart, making *Quiet Exit* one of the most anticipated albums of 2006. At the release concert, Nikolaisen said: "Quiet Exit is a result of many years of passionate work." The album was released on 6 March 2006, the same day as another much anticipated debut album, Marit Larsen's *Under the Surface*. An article in *Verdens Gang* written by Thomas Talseth described the simultaneous release as the peak of a "girl war", referring to the large number of Norwegian female artists making their record debuts in early 2006. The article sparked some controversy. Several music journalists and artists criticized Talseth for his use of the term "girl war". However, Talseth later defended his use of the term, calling it a "nice tabloid angle".

The album was well received by critics. In his review for *Verdens Gang*, Talseth gave it 5 out of 6. *Dagbladet'*s reviewer also gave it 5/6, calling the album "comfortable and beautiful music that deserves many listeners", characterizing Nikolaisen as a "female crooner". Another reviewer praised Nikolaisen for her "soulful voice". The album went straight to the No. 2 spot on the Norwegian album chart, only beaten by David Gilmour's On an Island, and remained on the list for 34 consecutive weeks.

The album's second single, "Egypt Song", was also successful, capturing the top spot on the Norwegian airplay chart. Per 29 June 2007, it was the second most played song on NRK P1, Norway's largest radio station. The song spent 18 consecutive weeks on the Norwegian singles chart, peaking at No. 6.

Nikolaisen received three Spelemann-nominations for the album: "Best Female Artist", "Newcomer of the Year", and "Hit of the Year" (for "Love I Can't Defend").

## Track listing

| # | Title | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Love I Can't Defend" | 3:30 |
| 2 | "Quiet Exit" | 3:08 |
| 3 | "Habit" | 4:02 |
| 4 | "Egypt Song" | 3:17 |
| 5 | "Not My Place" | 4:29 |
| 6 | "Sweet, Sweet" | 5:29 |
| 7 | "Carpenter" | 3:02 |
| 8 | "My Way Back In" | 3:38 |
| 9 | "Scarecrow" | 4:14 |
| 10 | "Troops" | 4:46 |
| 11 | "Disheartening" | 5:04 |
| 12 | "Everything Reminds Me Of You" | 3:54 |

## InfoBox

| Quiet Exit | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Elvira Nikolaisen | |
| Released | 6 March 2006 (2006-03-06) |
| Genre | Pop |
| Label | Columbia |
| Producer | Knut Schreiner |
| Elvira Nikolaisen chronology | |
| ***Quiet Exit***
(2006) *Indian Summer*
(2008) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Quiet Exit* | |
| 1. "Love I Can't Defend"
Released: 2005 2. "Egypt Song"
Released: 2006 | |
|  | |


title: Raja Azam Khan Amacha

abstract: Raja Azam Khan Amacha is a Pakistani politician and has been a member of the Gilgit Baltistan Assembly since November 2020. He became Head of the ruling family of the former princely state of Shigar after the death of his father Raja Muhammad Ali Shah Saba. He is the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) candidate for the position of Chief Minister of Gilgit-Baltistan.

text:
# Raja Azam Khan Amacha

**Raja Azam Khan Amacha** is a Pakistani politician and has been a member of the Gilgit Baltistan Assembly since November 2020. He became Head of the ruling family of the former princely state of Shigar after the death of his father Raja Muhammad Ali Shah Saba. He is the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) candidate for the position of Chief Minister of Gilgit-Baltistan.

## Political career

He contested the 2009 Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly Election from GBA-12 Skardu-VI as a candidate of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM). He won the election with a margin of 1,702 votes over the runner-up Imran Nadeem of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP). He garnered 10,520 votes while Nadeem received 8,818 votes.

He contested the 2015 Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly Election from GBA-12 Shigar as a candidate of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML(N)) but was unsuccessful. He received 9,930 votes and lost to Imran Nadeem, a candidate of the PPP.

He contested the 2020 Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly election from GBA-12 Shigar as a candidate of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). He won the election by a margin of 1,788 votes over the runner-up Imran Nadeem of the PPP. He garnered 10,674 votes while Nadeem received 8,886 votes.

On 5 July 2023, Amacha became the PTI's candidate for the position of the Chief Minister of Gilgit-Baltistan, which became vacant due to the disqualification of Khalid Khurshid, the previous Chief Minister.

## InfoBox

| Raja Azam Khan Amacha | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Head of the House of Amacha | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
12 December 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Raja Muhammad Ali Shah Saba |
| Member of the Gilgit Baltistan Assembly | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
25 November 2020 | |
| Preceded by | Imran Nadeem |
| Constituency | GBA-12 Shigar |
| **In office**
10 December 2009  9 December 2014 | |
| Succeeded by | Imran Nadeem |
| Constituency | GBA-12 Skardu-VI |
| Minister for Education Gilgit-Baltistan | |
| **In office**
30 November 2020  4 July 2023 | |
| Governor | Raja Jalal Hussain Maqpoon
Syed Mehdi Shah |
| Chief Minister | Khalid Khurshid |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Shigar Fort |
| Nationality | Pakistani |
| Political party | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (since 2018) |
| Other political
affiliations | Pakistan Muslim League (N) (2015-2018)
Muttahida Qaumi Movement (2009-2014) |
| Parent | Raja Muhammad Ali Shah Saba (father) |
| Cabinet | Gilgit Baltistan Cabinet |
| Website | rajaazamkhan.com |
|  | |