title: Grabovac (Čelinac)

abstract: Grabovac is a village in the municipality of Čelinac, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Grabovac (Čelinac)

**Grabovac** (Cyrillic: Грабовац) is a village in the municipality of Čelinac, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

44°44′53″N 17°22′11″E / 44.74806°N 17.36972°E / 44.74806; 17.36972

## InfoBox

| Grabovac Грабовац | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Grabovac | |
| Coordinates: 44°44′53″N 17°22′11″E / 44.74806°N 17.36972°E / 44.74806; 17.36972 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Republika Srpska |
| Municipality | Čelinac |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: R. Greer Cheeseman III

abstract: Robert "Greer" Cheeseman III is the current director of The University of Pennsylvania Band. He served as assistant director to the band following his graduation from Penn in 1977 and was promoted to director in 1994. Greer is one of the originators of the toast throwing tradition at Penn. While a student, he was inspired by the Rocky Horror Picture Show tradition of throwing toast at the screen when Dr. Frank N. Furter asks for "a toast to absent friends". At the end of the third quarter of every home football game the band plays the school song "Drink a Highball", whose final line is "Here's a toast to dear old Penn." Greer and his friends began throwing toast onto the field while singing "Drink a Highball" and the tradition has lived on ever since. While at Penn, Cheeseman was a member of Alpha Chi Rho.

text:
# R. Greer Cheeseman III

**Robert "Greer" Cheeseman III** (born February 10, 1955) is the current director of The University of Pennsylvania Band. He served as assistant director to the band following his graduation from Penn in 1977 and was promoted to director in 1994.

Greer is one of the originators of the toast throwing tradition at Penn. While a student, he was inspired by the Rocky Horror Picture Show tradition of throwing toast at the screen when Dr. Frank N. Furter asks for "a toast to absent friends". At the end of the third quarter of every home football game the band plays the school song "Drink a Highball", whose final line is "Here's a toast to dear old Penn." Greer and his friends began throwing toast onto the field while singing "Drink a Highball" and the tradition has lived on ever since. While at Penn, Cheeseman was a member of Alpha Chi Rho.


title: Jagannath, Bajura

abstract: Jagannath, Nepal is a village in Bajura District in the Seti Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,612 and had 538 houses in the village.

text:
# Jagannath, Bajura

**Jagannath, Nepal** is a village in Bajura District in the Seti Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,612 and had 538 houses in the village.

1. "Nepal Census 2001". *Nepal's Village Development Committees*. Digital Himalaya. Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2008-08-27.

29°27′N 81°40′E / 29.45°N 81.67°E / 29.45; 81.67

## InfoBox

| Jagannath, Nepal जगन्नाथ | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Zone | Seti Zone |
| District | Bajura District |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 2,612 |
| Religions | Hindu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Pobondzie

abstract: Pobondzie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rutka-Tartak, within Suwałki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania. It lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) north of Suwałki and 127 km (79 mi) north of the regional capital Białystok.

text:
# Pobondzie

**Pobondzie** \[pɔˈbɔnd͡ʑɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rutka-Tartak, within Suwałki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania. It lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) north of Suwałki and 127 km (79 mi) north of the regional capital Białystok.

## InfoBox

| Pobondzie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Pobondzie | |
| Coordinates: 54°15′N 22°57′E / 54.250°N 22.950°E / 54.250; 22.950 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Suwałki |
| Gmina | Rutka-Tartak |


title: Motivation Radio

abstract: Motivation Radio is the third studio album by British progressive rock musician Steve Hillage, released by Virgin Records in September 1977. Whilst touring in the United States in promotion of his previous album L (1976), Hillage grew disillusioned with the progressive rock tag attached to him by the media and fans, and disliked their attitude towards funk music, which Hillage was a big fan of. Hillage wanted to create a funk-influenced album as he was predominately listening to artists such as Funkadelic and Earth, Wind & Fire. Originally written as The Red Album in early 1977, it was retitled Motivation Radio prior to recording. Hiring electronic innovator Malcolm Cecil, formerly of the pioneering Tonto's Expanding Head Band, to produce and engineer the album, Motivation Radio introduces Hilage's new rhythm section of drummer Joe Blocker and bassist Reggie McBride and was primarily recorded in Los Angeles, California in July 1977. The album presents a much more funk and dance-orientated sound than his previous albums, and relies more so on synthesizers, including T.O.N.T.O., Cecil's large handbuilt polyphonic synthesizer, the first of its kind, that Cecil had played with the Expanding Head Band as he does here. Nonetheless, Hillage's glissando guitar remains at the centre of the album. The album was released by Virgin Records in September 1977 and features a manipulated image of Hillage holding a Stratocaster in front of the Parkes Observatory on its album cover. Only entering the UK Albums Chart at number 28 and receiving little success in the United States, the album was not as much a commercial success as its predecessor, which Hillage believes was due to its funk influence. Nonetheless, it received praise from music critics and has continued to do so over time, and today is seen as a milestone in Hillage's career, establishing the electronic direction he later became known for. The album was remastered for CD on several occasions, most recently in March 2007 with the addition of bonus tracks.

text:
# Motivation Radio

***Motivation Radio*** is the third studio album by British progressive rock musician Steve Hillage, released by Virgin Records in September 1977.

Whilst touring in the United States in promotion of his previous album  (1976), Hillage grew disillusioned with the progressive rock tag attached to him by the media and fans, and disliked their attitude towards funk music, which Hillage was a big fan of. Hillage wanted to create a funk-influenced album as he was predominately listening to artists such as Funkadelic and Earth, Wind & Fire. Originally written as *The Red Album* in early 1977, it was retitled *Motivation Radio* prior to recording.

Hiring electronic innovator Malcolm Cecil, formerly of the pioneering Tonto's Expanding Head Band, to produce and engineer the album, *Motivation Radio* introduces Hilage's new rhythm section of drummer Joe Blocker and bassist Reggie McBride and was primarily recorded in Los Angeles, California in July 1977. The album presents a much more funk and dance-orientated sound than his previous albums, and relies more so on synthesizers, including T.O.N.T.O. (The Original New Timbral Orchestra), Cecil's large handbuilt polyphonic synthesizer, the first of its kind, that Cecil had played with the Expanding Head Band as he does here. Nonetheless, Hillage's glissando guitar remains at the centre of the album.

The album was released by Virgin Records in September 1977 and features a manipulated image of Hillage holding a Stratocaster in front of the Parkes Observatory on its album cover. Only entering the UK Albums Chart at number 28 and receiving little success in the United States, the album was not as much a commercial success as its predecessor, which Hillage believes was due to its funk influence. Nonetheless, it received praise from music critics and has continued to do so over time, and today is seen as a milestone in Hillage's career, establishing the electronic direction he later became known for. The album was remastered for CD on several occasions, most recently in March 2007 with the addition of bonus tracks.

## Background

Hillage's second album, the Todd Rundgren-produced  (1976), had proven to be his biggest commercial success to date, entering the UK Albums Chart on 16 October 1976, where it stayed for 12 weeks, hitting a peak of number 10. The success of *L* was largely due to the fact that Hillage had formed a band to promote the album in concert, extensively touring England and France for the remaining months of 1976. The concerts were well attended and well received, and news that *L* was also selling strongly in the United States led to Hillage and his band opening for Electric Light Orchestra on their 1977 tour of the United States. Hillage recalled that "the reaction we got was very encouraging and we went down well."

> "After *L*, which did quite well in America and made us a bit of a name there, we got onto a big tour there supporting ELO, We were bracketed as “progressive rawk”. Well fair enough I suppose that’s what we were although we didn’t see ourselves like that – we thought of ourselves as psychedelic. At the time we were listening to a lot of funk, influenced by my friend Tony Andrews who was always into funk."

Steve Hillage speaking to *Terrascope*

During his time in the United States, Hillage was seen by the media as "another" English progressive rock artist, much to Hillage's dislike. Hillage explained "I did have mixed feelings about the perception that surrounded my music," adding that "I must admit I never liked the term 'progressive rock'. I felt it never applied to Gong and it certainly never applied to me either. I felt that the music I was making was somehow out on its own, and although it had a quintessentially English feel and possibly it had a 'Canterbury sound' to it, I never considered my music or most of the so-called 'Canterbury' music for that matter 'progressive rock.'" Hillage felt he was far removed from the music of bands such as Yes and saw himself and his band as more like a psychedelic blues band with complex arrangements, with Hillage later saying that "we didn't have a label and I'm not into rigidly labeling music, and that was how \[his songwriting partner and keyboardist Miquette Giraudy\] and I felt."

Someone with eclectic musical tastes, Hillage had increasingly become a fan of funk bands such as Parliament and Funkadelic. During the American tour, fans would come back stage to meet the band and ask Hillage of his musical tastes, expecting him to list progressive rock artists, but Hillage would reply that he was "quite into" the new Earth, Wind & Fire album *Spirit* (1976) and his fans would react in horror, telling Hillage, as he recalled it, "What? You're into disco music?" Hillage recalled; "We had all these fans coming to us and saying 'aw Steve, I really love your work, and I really love Van der Graaf Generator and King Crimson and all your British rock, tell me what are you listening to at the moment.' I’d say 'well I’m really into Bootsy's Rubber String Band and P-Funk,' and they’d say 'what, you like disco?' It’s like I’d killed their pet cat."

The mislabelling of Hillage's music as progressive rock and his fans' attitude against funk and disco music would inspire him to change direction when preparing material for his next album. Hillage said his fans' "attitude annoyed me and I began to realise quickly that there was some sort of musical apartheid going on and it truly shocked me. I found myself wanting to do something more funky, partly to escape the 'progressive rock' tag." Speaking to *Terrascope*, he similarly recalled that "I got this feeling of musical apartheid over there, and I thought sod all that, and this sort of propelled me further down that road."

## Conceiving and production

Whilst based in Los Angeles, Hillage and Miquette met the influential synthesiser pioneer Malcolm Cecil, who had come to prominence in the early 1970s as half of the innovative Tonto's Expanding Head Band, recording the influential electronic album *Zero Time* (1971). He would then begin a successful career producing, engineering and programming, most notably with Stevie Wonder for four albums between 1972 and 1976. Hillage was a huge fan of Cecil and had listened to Tonto's second album *It's About Time* many times during the recording of *L* and was fascinated by the album and their work with Wonder. After telling a journalist in LA that he liked Cecil, Hillage was surprised to find the journalist knew Cecil and offered to arrange for them to meet. Cecil's electronic and dance textures were of interest to Hillage who was looking for a producer for his new album. Hillage recalled that "I thought that if I wanted to head into funkier territory then Malcolm was the man to help me achieve that on my next album."

Hillage and Giraudy wrote enough material for two albums during an "intense period" in spring 1977; Hillage recalled "when we were coming back from our first American tour we were on a creative high and a lot of music came out." Hillage's original idea was to release the material on two separate albums, *The Red Album* and *The Green Album*; however, the plan was abandoned and instead *The Red Album* was reworked to become *Motivation Radio*. Following a series of negotiations, Cecil agreed to produce and engineer *Motivation Radio*, and work began on the album in July 1977 in Los Angeles with a rhythm section consisting of drummer Joe Blocker and bass guitarist Reggie McBride. The album was recorded throughout July at Los Angeles' world-famous Record Plant studios, Westlake Audio studios (also in LA) and Cecil's own studio, T.O.N.T.O., in Santa Monica. Ron Alvarez worked on the album as an assistant engineer at Record Plant, whilst Dion Forrer was an assistant engineer for the sessions at T.O.N.T.O. The album was also mixed at Westlake Audio. The sessions at Westlake Audio were to record the glissando guitar, the hallmark of this album, intentionally on 7 July 1977 (7/7/77), to give the record mystical relevance.

Cecil's large handbuilt polyphonic synthesiser, TONTO, which stands for "The Original New Timbral Orchestra", was played by Cecil on the album, although "never in any great capacity." The first, and still the largest, multitimbral polyphonic analog synthesizer in the world, designed and constructed over several years by Cecil for usage in Tonto's Expanding Head Band, it started as a Moog modular synthesizer Series III owned by record producer Robert Margouleff, although by the time of the recording of *Motivation Radio*, a second Moog III was added, then four Oberheim SEMs, two ARP 2600s, modules from Serge with Moog-like panels, EMS, Roland, Yamaha, etc. plus several custom modules designed by Serge Tcherepnin and Cecil himself - who has an electrical engineering background. In their review of *Motivation Radio*, *Real Gone Rocks* said that although the instrument was a great leap forward for music, it was not especially practical, "since it was the size of a static caravan."

## Music

Presented as "a multidimensional window," music writer Mark Powell noted that, true to Hillage's wishes, *Motivation Radio* was "funkier in nature" than his previous material, although "still undeniably Hillage." Inspired by funk, disco and dance music, *Motivation Radio* sees Hillage extensively employing the synthesiser for the first time, as well as a guitar technique that gives much of the music here a mystical atmosphere. Hillage recalled that *Motivation Radio* was "the moment where the dance/funk thing began to manifest itself and even then that came out of an unusual and interesting experience." Although the album is more dance-orientated than previous works, it still features Hillage's trademark glissando guitar work at its core. *Billboard* said the album was "a further extension of \[Hillage's\] unique rock vision consisting of electronic galactic-seeming mind excursions filled with heavy synthesiser and a philosophy built around ancient Eastern culture," and noted that this fusing of disparate elements produces a "startling overall spacy sound." Although not a concept album, the album has been described as possessing a trademark sound that is carried throughout its nine tracks.

Dave Connolly of Allmusic characterised the album as the "light side of the moon," referring to Pink Floyd's *The Dark Side of the Moon* (1973), saying it draws the listener into its "own astral plane with a glossy and gauzy sound similar to Pink Floyd without the darkness, or Alan Parsons Project without the dorkiness." He said that Hillage's guitar work is "typically transcendent," Giraudy's keyboards "a vital component" and Joe Blocker's drums "a frequent breath of change." The new age/space ideology on the album has been said to be not far removed from Gong's "original alternate reality" which has been said to be "spelled out best during the album's true point of transmigration," "Saucer Surfing." Hillage said there was a definite Funkadelic influence on *Motivation Radio* and recalled that his excursions into funkier territory had begun with Gong, considering "Isle of Everywhere" from *You* (1974) to be a good example.

## Songs

"Hello Dawn" opens the album with heavily processed guitars, whilst both electronic and acoustic drums back Hillage's multi-tracked vocals as "he greets a new day with optimism." According to *Real Gone Rocks*, Hillage's multi-tracked guitars have "their signature sound" and they noted that during the vocal sections, they are used as "striking punctuation;" for example, during the brief instrumental break in the song's ending, "their chorus of sound dominates." With a track length of under three minutes, its brevity was a complete departure from the extended jams that dominated Hillage's previous work. "Motivation" sees the band opt for a funk groove and features positive lyrics and, although dominated by Hillage's guitar work, Giraudy's keyboard fills are "supportive" whilst Blocker's drum patterns are "superb" and McBride's bass work shows "complexity without losing sight of his anchoring role."

The similarly groove-orientated "Light in the Sky" opens with a tight drum intro and is constructed around a "classic 70s riff". Its lyrics have been interpreted to be about how aliens can be viewed with suspicion, whilst Giraudy's heavily French accented vocal interludes give an "air of quirkiness". The ethereal "Radio" has been compared to Hillage's work on *L* and carries a more spacious vibe, opening with a slightly jazzy guitar line, reprising the closing moments of "Light in the Sky" in the process; critics pointed out that the transition is unusual, as there is an obvious break in between the songs despite sounding like a segue was intended to merge the tracks. McBride's bass is high in the mix during the song whilst Blocker's drums are laid back and Giraudy's "blanket of keys" are "hovering somewhere in the back." Cecil performs a solo on his TONTO synthesiser during the song prior to the introduction of Hillage's vocals.

"Wait One Moment" is a ballad featuring soft vocals, "unassuming" bass runs and drum work compared to Nick Mason of Pink Floyd. "Saucer Surfing" was described by Allmusic as the album's "true point of transmigration" and provides the album with its spikiest arrangement, possessing a sense of urgency. "Searching for the Spark" features a then-futuristic base laid down by Giraudy and Cecil's synthesiser work, both of whom dominate the track with their synthesisers and TONTO. Blocker's drum work is aggressive in "an attempt to create a line between progressive rock and electronica." The instrumental "Octave Doctors" is exemplary of Hillage's sweeping guitar solos, here featuring plenty of glissanto and vibrato, and carries a typical spaciousness. The album closes with a cover of The Crickets' "Not Fade Away" featuring a loose groove with trippy keyboards and "some quirkier sounds" courtesy of Cecil.

## Release

The album's cover features Hillage standing on a shoreline holding a Stratocaster guitar, with the radio telescope at Parkes Observatory superimposed in the background. Hillage's father bought him the Stratocaster because Steve went to a public school - the City of London School \- and "did quite well" on his O levels and won a scholarship, meaning that his father did not have to pay fees any more. Hillage recalled that "We found it through Exchange & Mart or *Melody Maker* \- one or the other, I don't know." American art director Bob Cato is credited on the album sleeve for "design and photography."

Promoted with a magazine advertisement featuring the slogan "Get Motivated," *Motivation Radio* was released as an LP and cassette by Virgin Records in most regions in September 1977, with release in other countries such as Yugoslavia following in January 1978. The album entered the UK Albums Chart on 22 October 1977, where it stayed for 5 weeks, hitting a peak of number 28. This was significantly lower than *L*, which peaked at number 10. The album was also largely unsuccessful in the United States, although nonetheless, the album fared considerably better in Europe than his previous albums. Upon completing *Motivation Radio*, Hillage feared that he would not be as respected as before, but "wanted to go down that musical route anyway." In retrospect, he speculated that the Funkadelic influence lead to the relative commercial failure of the album in the United States, but noted that, in being one of Virgin's biggest acts, he was able to dictate his musical terms in some ways. Candy Absortian, writing in *The Rough Guide to Rock*, said the album was not going to win Hillage "many friends in the new punk order, and he was more or less the last remaining link with Virgin's hippie past, the label having by now signed the Sex Pistols." A music video was produced for "Radio", featuring a radio telescope similar to that on the cover.

> "In some ways I was disappointed by America and the stereotyped attitudes to music were hard for me to accept. I found the headspace that existed in Europe much more conclusive when it came to experimentation. The idea of recording an album designed for mass American appeal didn't fill me with any enthusiasm at all."

Steve Hillage on his reaction to how it was received.

"Not Fade Away (Glid Forever)" was released by Virgin Records as a seven-inch single in the United Kingdom and Germany in 1977, although it did not enter either country's national singles chart. Also in 1977, Virgin Records released the double *Six-Pack : Six Track* picture disc EP, which was limited to 5,000 copies and contains fifteen minutes of material, including "Not Fade Away" and "Radio". *Motivation Radio* has been remastered and re-released on CD by Virgin Records on several occasions; in 1987 with modified artwork, on 4 July 1990 in Japan only as the eleventh volume of Virgin Japan's *British Rock History on CD* re-issue series, and on 21 March 2007 with remastering by Pamela Byrne at The Audio Archiving Company, London, and the inclusion of three bonus tracks: the "Tonto Version" of "Leylines to Glassdom"–a song Hillage would re-record for his subsequent album *Green*, the original "Power Trio" backing track version of "The Salmon Song" and an alternate mix of "The Golden Vibe". The bonus tracks were selected by Hillage as "suitable" and "pertinent" and as fitting in with well with the concept of *Motivation Radio*.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |

Despite the relative commercial failure of *Motivation Radio*, it received enthusiastic reviews from music critics, and, according to music writer Mark Powell, "did much to enhance Steve Hillage's reputation as an innovative musician." A magazine advertisement for the album noted that critics had called it "the best guitarist's album so far this year." *Billboard* were favourable, saying that "Hillage's powerful guitar powers its way through each cut as the synthesizer evokes the hypnotics" and singling out "Radio", "Motivation", "Searching for the Spark" and "Saucer Surfing" as the album's "best cuts." Phil Sutcliffe of *Sounds* magazine also wrote a review despite being heavily preoccupied with punk rock at the time.

In later times, the album has been increasingly acclaimed. *Real Gone Rocks* were very favourable, saying that, of all Hillage's albums, *Motivation Radio* "best represents Hillage as both a great musician and arranger." They said that the album "rarely meanders into self-indulgence, making it an unheralded classic among Hillage's recorded works." Dave Connolly of AllMusic said that "those in tune with being transported through music will want to station themselves near the speakers for *Motivation Radio*." He commented that "*Motivation Radio* works as well as it does because it draws listeners to that halfway point (and beyond), steering them with spiritual signposts and rewarding them with rapturous music. It's a remarkably smooth journey, more accessible than *L*, if equally cosmic. Again, it was an idiomatic cover tune, "Not Fade Away," that became the single; though an odd way to end the record, it wouldn't have made any sense in the middle. The rest of the record is a contiguous collection of music. So tune in and bliss out."

*Connolly Co* were very favourable and said "meditate, medicate, do whatever it takes, but tune into *Motivation Radio*. Presented as “a multidimensional window,” it’s a remarkable musical journey that fills the listener with positive energy. I know, that sounds sooo new agey, so let me explain. I don’t listen to this record, I lose myself in it. For forty minutes, my grey little world becomes a technicolor landscape where flying saucers and octave doctors come to life on crackling waves of energy. Still not helping? Okay, then think about Pink Floyd. Remember how *Dark Side* and *Wish You Were Here* transported you to another place? Well, *Motivation Radio* does the same, only it’s a much friendlier place. The sounds, the melodies, the musicality of it all conspires to make me drop my guard, and before I know it I’m no longer listening to the music, I’m breathing it. Maybe it’s just a harmonic thing, and you’re either tuned into this kind of music (in which case Gong’s *You* is probably one of your favorites) or you’re not."

## Aftermath and legacy

To coincide with the release of *Motivation Radio*, a new-line up of Steve Hillage's band featuring Blocker on drums, Curtis Robinson Jr on bass guitar and Chuck Bynum on keyboards and synths toured throughout the UK and Europe in late 1977, ending with a performance at The Rainbow in London on 3 November. The band were then due to tour America, but the tour was abandoned after the album's commercial failure, freeing the band to record again. For the subsequent album *Green* (1978), he recorded the material he had written alongside *Motivation Radio* in early 1977, originally intended to be released as *The Green Album* alongside *The Red Album*, before the latter album became *Motivation Radio*. *Green* builds upon the dance and electronic experiments of *Motivation Radio*.

The record has been credited as a major turning point for Hillage for both its experimentation and dance influence; *Team Rock*, who labeled *Motivation Radio* "Superior" in their "Buyer's Guide" for Hillage, noted that in some respects, the experimental nature of *Motivation Radio* presaged the music Hillage would create more than a decade later with his ambient project System 7, and commented that the way in which Hillage used synth sounds on "Light in the Sky" and "Radio" had "opened up \[Hillage's\] horizons to take in new influences." *The Independent* also credits the album with breaking Hillage's "hippy" image, noting that instead of taking a punk rock or post-punk influence to change his sound, he unexpectedly explored funk music:

> It was the third Hillage album, *Motivation Radio*, in 1977, which suggested its author wasn't living in a hippie vacuum, oblivious to what was going on in the unvisioned world. Here were chunky, even funky riffs, and fewer fish. The "iconic hippie Aunt Sally who needed to be shoved in the stocks and have tomatoes thrown at him" (that's what he says. See, it's all coming out now!) wasn't listening to the Voidoids and Television, as one suspected, but to Bootsy Collins, Funkadelic, Parliament, Earth Wind & Fire and "The Commodores, before Lionel Richie went all schmaltzy". Hillage got the funk.

*Robbie Rocks* placed the album at number 6 in its list of the "Top 10 Albums of the Year \[1977\]." Music critic Charley Walters included the album in his list of the best albums of 1977, compiled for the 1977 edition of the annual Pazz & Jop critics poll of the best albums of the year included in *The Village Voice*. As with all editions of the Pazz & Jop, participating critics assigned a number value, ranging from five to thirty, to each of the albums on their top ten list, with all ten albums totaling one-hundred points, and Walters assigned eight points to *Motivation Radio*. An official promotional flyer created to promote a concert by experimental rock band Zag and the Coloured Beads in the 1980s was a pastiche of the *Motivation Radio* artwork.

## Track listing

Music by Steve Hillage; lyrics by Steve Hillage and Miquette Giraudy, unless otherwise specified.

Side one
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Hello Dawn" | 2:48 |
| 2. | "Motivation" | 4:07 |
| 3. | "Light in the Sky" | 4:12 |
| 4. | "Radio" | 6:13 |

Side two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5. | "Wait One Moment" |  | 3:25 |
| 6. | "Saucer Surfing" |  | 4:28 |
| 7. | "Searching for the Spark" |  | 5:38 |
| 8. | "Octave Doctors" |  | 3:38 |
| 9. | "Not Fade Away (Glid Forever)" | Norman Petty, Charles Hardin | 4:00 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Motivation Radio | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Steve Hillage | |
| Released | September 1977 |
| Recorded | July 1977 |
| Studio |  |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 38:29 |
| Label | Virgin |
| Producer | Malcolm Cecil |
| Steve Hillage chronology | |
| <br>(1976) ***Motivation Radio***<br>(1977) *Green*<br>(1978) | |


title: Midstream (album)

abstract:
Midstream (1978) is the second studio album by Debby Boone. The album's title refers to the change in producers "midstream" on the album. The first seven songs were produced by Brooks Arthur; the remaining five songs were written and produced by Joe Brooks who was responsible for Boone's "You Light Up My Life." Brooks' songs were all written for his film, If Ever I See You Again. On the film's soundtrack, Boone was only featured on the track, "California". Another Midstream track, "When You're Loved," was one of three songs recorded by Boone for The Magic of Lassie soundtrack. Midstream failed to match the success of Boone's first solo album, You Light Up My Life. The album only reached No. 147 on the Billboard 200 and none of its singles returned Boone to the Top 10 on either the Pop, Country or AC charts: The album's singles include:
  - "California"
  - "God Knows"
  - "When You're Loved"

text:
# Midstream (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | D+ |

***Midstream*** (1978) is the second studio album by Debby Boone. The album's title refers to the change in producers "midstream" on the album. The first seven songs were produced by Brooks Arthur; the remaining five songs were written and produced by Joe Brooks who was responsible for Boone's "You Light Up My Life." Brooks' songs were all written for his film, *If Ever I See You Again*. On the film's soundtrack, Boone was only featured on the track, "California". Another *Midstream* track, "When You're Loved," was one of three songs recorded by Boone for *The Magic of Lassie* soundtrack.

*Midstream* failed to match the success of Boone's first solo album, *You Light Up My Life*. The album only reached No. 147 on the Billboard 200 and none of its singles returned Boone to the Top 10 on either the Pop, Country or AC charts:

The album's singles include:

* "California" (No. 50 Pop, No. 20 AC)
* "God Knows" (No. 74 Pop, No. 22 Country, No. 14 AC)
* "When You're Loved" (No. 48 AC)

## Track listing

1. "God Knows" (Franne Golde, Peter Noone, Allee Willis)
2. "What Becomes of My World" (Howard Greenfield, Neil Sedaka)
3. "Another Goodbye" (Scott English, Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil)
4. "Don't You Love Me Anymore" (Bruce Roberts, Carole Bayer Sager)
5. "Oh No, Not My Baby" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King)
6. "I'd Rather Leave While I'm in Love" (Peter Allen, Carole Bayer Sager)
7. "When You're Loved" (Richard M. Sherman, Robert B. Sherman)
8. "California" (Joe Brooks)
9. "When It's Over" (Brooks)
10. "Come Share My Love" (Brooks)
11. "It Was Such a Good Day" (Brooks)
12. "If Ever I See You Again" (Brooks)

## Production credits

**Arrangers**

**Conductor**

* Artie Butler

**Engineers**

* Brooks Arthur
* Bob Merritt

**Background Vocals**

* Jimmie Haskell

## InfoBox

| Midstream | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Debby Boone | |
| Released | 1978 |
| Label | Warner Bros. |
| Producer | Brooks Arthur (tracks 1-7), Joe Brooks (tracks 8-12) |
| Debby Boone chronology | |
| *You Light Up My Life*
(1977) ***Midstream***
(1978) *Debby Boone*
(1979) | |


title: Michael Jay, Baron Jay of Ewelme

abstract: Michael Hastings Jay, Baron Jay of Ewelme, is a British politician and former diplomat. He sits as a Crossbench member of the House of Lords, and previously served as Ambassador to France and Permanent Under Secretary at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

text:
# Michael Jay, Baron Jay of Ewelme

**Michael Hastings Jay, Baron Jay of Ewelme**, GCMG (born 19 June 1946) is a British politician and former diplomat. He sits as a Crossbench member of the House of Lords, and previously served as Ambassador to France and Permanent Under Secretary at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

## Education

Jay was born in Hampshire and educated at Winchester College, Magdalen College, Oxford (at which he read Philosophy, Politics and Economics), of which he is an honorary fellow, and the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS). He served as a volunteer teacher in Zambia.

## Diplomatic career

Jay joined the Ministry of Overseas Development in 1969, serving in London, Washington (at the World Bank) in 1973 and as First Secretary (Development) at the British High Commission, New Delhi, in 1978. He transferred to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1981, serving as Private Secretary to the Permanent Under-Secretary of State. As Counsellor he served in the European Secretariat of the Cabinet Office from 1985 to 1987. He was posted as Counsellor in the Paris Embassy from 1987 to 1990, returning to the FCO as Director for European Affairs until 1994. He was appointed Director General for European and Economic Affairs 1994–96, following which he became a Senior Associate Member of St Antony's College, Oxford.

From July 1996 to September 2001 he was British Ambassador to France. During this tenure, he was the first British official to speak publicly on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in August 1997. In July 2001, he was appointed Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and thus Head of the Diplomatic Service, a post he took up on 14 January 2002.

In 2005 and 2006, Jay served as the Prime Minister's Personal Representative (Sherpa) for the G8 summits at Gleneagles and St Petersburg in addition to his PUS duties.

He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael & St George in the 1992 Birthday Honours, promoted to Knight Commander in the 1997 New Year Honours and made a Knight Grand Cross in the 2006 Birthday Honours.

## Post retirement

Upon his retirement from HM's Diplomatic Service on 27 July 2006, he was recommended for a life peerage, and this was gazetted as **Baron Jay of Ewelme**, of Ewelme in the County of Oxfordshire, on 18 September 2006.

Lord Jay was the Chair of Merlin, the British health and medical aid agency, from 2007 until 2013. He has been a non-executive director of Associated British Foods (2006-), Credit Agricole (2007-2011), EDF (2009-), Candover PLC (2008-)and Valeo SA (2007-). He is a Trustee of the Thomson Reuters Founders share company (2013-), and Chairman of the Advisory Council of the British Library (2011 -).

He was Chairman of the House of Lords Appointments Commission from 2008 until 2013 and has served on sub-committees C, E and F of the House of Lords Select Committee on European Union affairs.

## Family

Jay married Sylvia Mylroie in 1975. In 2005, Lady Jay was appointed vice-chairman of L'Oréal UK & Ireland, then chairman from 2011 to 2013. She has been a non-executive director on the board of Alcatel-Lucent, and is non-executive director of St-Gobain, Lazard and Casino Group.

She is Chairman of the Pilgrim Trust and has been a trustee of the Prison Reform Trust and the Entente Cordiale Scholarship Scheme.

In 2019, she was appointed as High Sheriff of Oxfordshire.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Michael Jay, Baron Jay of Ewelme
|  | Adopted2007 CoronetCoronet of a Baron CrestUpon a helm with a wreath Argent Or and Sable an Otter sejant erect Sable holding with both forepaws and blowing a Trumpet Or EscutcheonPer saltire Argent and Sable two Clarions in pale each ensigned with an Ancient Crown Sable and two Clarions in fess Argent each ensigned by an Ancient Crown Or. SupportersOn either side a Manx Shearwater contourny supporting with the wings addorsed and inverted Proper beaked and legged Or in the beak a trefoil slipped also Or. MottoIn Homines Benevolentia (Goodwill To Men) BadgeAn otter's face Sable anciently crowned Or. SymbolismThe grantee's career in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office is reflected in the pelagic Manx Shearwaters. The latter's short legs prevent them from supporting the shield with a foot in a satisfactory manner. Accordingly, they have been shown contourny, thus enabling them to support with the wings. The natural black and white of the shearwater is reflected in the Arms which are divided to represent North, South, East, and West. Crown service is reflected in the coronets which ensign clarions which, in turn, suggest the initial J. General proclamation and industry is found with the trumpet-blowing otter in the crest. An industrious otter in the Crown Service is an idea repeated in the Badge. |
| --- | --- |

1. Transcript of interview with Baron Jay
2. The Diplomatic Service List 1989, p. 219), HMSO, ISBN 0-11-591707-1
3. "No. 52952". *The London Gazette* (Supplement). 13 June 1992. p. 3.
4. "No. 54625". *The London Gazette* (Supplement). 31 December 1996. p. 3.
5. "No. 58014". *The London Gazette* (Supplement). 17 June 2006. p. 3.
6. "No. 58105". *The London Gazette*. 22 September 2006. p. 12975.
7. "Announcement of Michael Jay's introduction at the House of Lords". 12 October 2006.
8. *Debrett's Peerage*. 2019. p. 3159.

## Offices held

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Lord Jay of EwelmeGCMG | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Permanent Under Secretary of State of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office | |
| **In office**
2002–2006 | |
| Preceded by | Sir John Kerr |
| Succeeded by | Sir Peter Ricketts |
| Chairman of the House of Lords Appointments Commission | |
| **In office**
23 July 2008  19 July 2013 | |
| Preceded by | The Lord Stevenson |
| Succeeded by | The Lord Kakkar |
| Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
18 September 2006
Life Peerage | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Michael Hastings Jay
(1946-06-19) 19 June 1946 |
| Nationality | British |
|  | |


title: Ottola

abstract: Ottola is an arrondissement in the Collines department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Savalou. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 6,089.

text:
# Ottola

**Ottola** is an arrondissement in the Collines department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Savalou. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 6,089.

7°52′05″N 1°52′57″E / 7.8681°N 1.8824°E / 7.8681; 1.8824

## InfoBox

| Ottola | |
| --- | --- |
| Arrondissement | |
| Country | Benin |
| Department | Collines Department |
| Commune | Savalou |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 6,089 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |


title: Godihal

abstract: Godihal is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.

text:
# Godihal

**Godihal** is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.

## InfoBox

| Godihal | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Belgaum |
| Talukas | Belgaum |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-KA |


title: Poggio Picenze

abstract: Poggio Picenze is a comune and town in the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Poggio Picenze is a small city with about 1,000 inhabitants. Located on Italy's Highway 17, it is 14 kilometres (9 mi) from the Abruzzese Apennines and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) from the city of L'Aquila. It sits 760 metres (2,490 ft) above sea level and overlooks the Aquila basin. It is also part of the mountain community of Campo Imperatore-Piana Navelli.

text:
# Poggio Picenze

**Poggio Picenze** (Abruzzese: **Rù Poje**) is a comune and town in the province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Poggio Picenze is a small city with about 1,000 inhabitants. Located on Italy's Highway 17, it is 14 kilometres (9 mi) from the Abruzzese Apennines and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) from the city of L'Aquila. It sits 760 metres (2,490 ft) above sea level and overlooks the Aquila basin. It is also part of the mountain community of Campo Imperatore-Piana Navelli.

## Geography

This farming town has the characteristic of being divided into two distinct urban areas. The region is known for the numerous white limestone quarries that mined and processed the "*La Pietra del Poggio*" (White Stone). Its white gentle appearance and its physical characteristics make it easy to work with, but moreover, it also has the properties of being hardened and covered with a golden patina over time. Due to this resource and the work of master masons of Poggio were authors of hundreds of ornate doorways, balconies, patios, porches, fountains, and eagles.

## History

Poggio Picenze's name derives from the ancient castle which was built on the side of Mount Picenze, the name derives in turn from Piceni, also called Picentia, which established several settlements in the area around the 3rd century B.C. The date of the castle dates back to around the year 1000, it is referenced in documents around 1173. "*Podio de Picentia*” had fortified walls and six towers, including one high in the middle. Remains of the castle are still visible in the old part of town.

### Pre-feudal era

Poggio Picenze castle's position repeatedly exposed it to raids. In 1423, the castle withstood the siege for two long days by Braccio da Montone, giving time for the denizens to organize resistance, but eventually capitulated before the ruthless conqueror. One of the castles of the Contado Aquilano (L’Aquila Countryside), was given by Emperor Charles the V, after a peasant rebellion in 1533 to Antonio Aldana; later it belonged to the Alfieri family from L'Aquila.

### Feudal era

Poggio Picenze was assigned to the Spaniard Giagiacomo of Léognan Castriota, a talented leader who in 1566 settled there in preference to all his many possessions. After Léognan, the estate passed in the 18th century to the Marquis De Sterlich of Chieti, Italy. The town was badly damaged in the October 6th, 1762 earthquake and required substantial reconstruction work. In 1806, the era of feudalism endeded, and Poggio Picenze's castle was partially demolished in 1832 as it became unsafe due to continual earthquakes.

### Modern era

In the late 19th century, Poggio Picenze would experience out migration that affected most of Italy, where 75 percent of the population would leave in the span of a century. Despite air raids on nearby L’Aquila during World War II, Poggio Picenze's historical buildings remained relatively unscathed .

In 2009, Poggio Picenze would suffer fatalities from an earthquake that occurred at 3:32 local time (1:32 UTC) on 6 April 2009, and was rated 5.8 on the Richter scale and 6.3 on the moment magnitude scale; its epicenter was near L'Aquila, the capital of Abruzzo, which together with surrounding villages suffered the most damage. There have been several thousand aftershocks since, and more than thirty of which had a Richter magnitude greater than 3.5.

## Main sights

### Fontana di San Rocco

The fountain is bounded by a staircase and is characterized by two tanks closed in niches with three columns topped by capitals. The tanks are supported by small piers.

### Chiesa di San Felice Martire

The parish church is dedicated to Saint Felix the Martyr. It was originally built around the mid-15th century, and suffered severe damage during the earthquake of 1762 but was soon rebuilt and enlarged. Its stone façade of the late 16th century was finally restored in 1870 with local stone.

The interior has a nave and two aisles divided by columns, with a Baroque-Classical style interior altars, statues and paintings. The altar is dedicated to St. John and was the work of Renaissance master Thomas Rocco of Vicenza.

### Chiesa Della Visitazione

This church was built between the 15th and 16th centuries. Its facade is Romanesque, whose upper part has a crucifix in high relief. In the early 20th century, farmers attended the Mass before going to work in the fields.

### Church of San Giuliano di San Rocco

This church's construction dates from the early 15th century, where previously there was a small hospital until 1447. It had a simple design with crisp front and pilasters in local stone, the interior has a single aisle with tettoe ceiling in wood. The church of San Rocco while notable, was destroyed by an earthquake January 13, 1915.

## Festivals and events

Many cultural events of Poggio Picenze take place throughout the summer.

### Poggio Picenze in Blues

A popular festival is the "*Poggio Picenze in Blues*," which is held traditionally on the second weekend of July. It is a music festival featuring rhythm and blues in the town square. The square's acoustics with medieval architecture make it popular with musicians.

### Feast of the Patron Saint San Felice

On June 18 the feast of the patron saint is celebrated. In the morning, the faithful attend a Mass in his honor, then the festival committee members take place the effigy in a case which was donated by the city of Girona, Catalonia, (Spain). The climax of the festival, La Banda Musicale (Music band) and bonfires announce the opening of the reliquary. The Saint is placed on the dais to be carried in a procession through the streets of the city. After completing the course, traditional gunfire announces that the saint made his appearance to the city and is ready to return to church.

### Sagra Degli Spizzichi E Della Pecora Alla Chiaranese (Festival of the Sheep to Chiaranese)

This festival is held annually on Friday Saturday and Sunday in the first week of August. Its advent was in the early 1970s and was devoted primarily to those who have migrated out but are still devoted to Poggio Picenze, it is sometimes referred to as "*The Emigrant's Week*." It celebrates being connected to those who have migrated throughout the world and to welcome them back.

## Sport

The town of Poggio Picenze organizes annual sporting events such as running and cycling races. The bowling club offers an elite school bowling club.

## InfoBox

| Poggio Picenze | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Poggio Picenze | |
| Church of San Felice Martire. | |
|  | |
| Location of Poggio Picenze | |
| Poggio PicenzeLocation of Poggio Picenze in ItalyPoggio PicenzePoggio Picenze (Abruzzo) | |
| Coordinates: 42°19′18″N 13°32′31″E / 42.32167°N 13.54194°E / 42.32167; 13.54194 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Abruzzo |
| Province | L’Aquila |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Antonello Gialloreto |
| Area | |
| Total | 11.61 km2 (4.48 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 756 m (2,480 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 1,068 |
| Density | 92/km2 (240/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Poggiani |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 67026 |
| Dialing code | 0862 |
| Patron saint | St. Felix |
| Saint day | June 18 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Red Lion, Ohio

abstract: Red Lion is an unincorporated community in southwestern Clearcreek Township, Warren County, Ohio, United States, at the intersection of State Routes 741, 122, and 123. Red Lion is approximately five miles south of Springboro and five miles northwest of Lebanon.

text:
# Red Lion, Ohio

**Red Lion** is an unincorporated community in southwestern Clearcreek Township, Warren County, Ohio, United States, at the intersection of State Routes 741, 122, and 123. Red Lion is approximately five miles south of Springboro and five miles northwest of Lebanon.

## History

Red Lion was originally called Westfield, and under the latter name was laid out in 1817. The community's Red Lion Tavern, with a red lion rampant on its signboard, became a well-known landmark, and the community was soon known by the name "Red Lion". A post office called Red Lion was established in 1834, and remained in operation until 1903.

39°29′29″N 84°14′59″W / 39.49139°N 84.24972°W / 39.49139; -84.24972


title: Mount Dulan

abstract: The Mount Dulan is a mountain in Donghe Township and Yanping Township of Taitung County, Taiwan.

text:
# Mount Dulan

The **Mount Dulan** (traditional Chinese: 都蘭山; simplified Chinese: 都兰山; pinyin: *Dōulán Shān*) is a mountain in Donghe Township and Yanping Township of Taitung County, Taiwan.

## Geology

The mountain is located on Beinan Plain. It is fully covered by mid and low-altitude of broad-leaved trees. The peak stands at 1,190 meters (3,900 ft).

## Facilities

The mountain features a hiking trail starting from the foothill in Donghe Township.

## InfoBox

| Mount Dulan | |
| --- | --- |
| 都蘭山 | |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,190 m (3,900 ft) |
| Coordinates | 22°53′42.5″N 121°11′17.9″E / 22.895139°N 121.188306°E / 22.895139; 121.188306 |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Donghe and Yanping, Taitung County, Taiwan |


title: Trajectory inference

abstract: Trajectory inference or pseudotemporal ordering is a computational technique used in single-cell transcriptomics to determine the pattern of a dynamic process experienced by cells and then arrange cells based on their progression through the process. Single-cell protocols have much higher levels of noise than bulk RNA-seq, so a common step in a single-cell transcriptomics workflow is the clustering of cells into subgroups. Clustering can contend with this inherent variation by combining the signal from many cells, while allowing for the identification of cell types. However, some differences in gene expression between cells are the result of dynamic processes such as the cell cycle, cell differentiation, or response to an external stimuli. Trajectory inference seeks to characterize such differences by placing cells along a continuous path that represents the evolution of the process rather than dividing cells into discrete clusters. In some methods this is done by projecting cells onto an axis called pseudotime which represents the progression through the process.

text:
# Trajectory inference

**Trajectory inference** or **pseudotemporal ordering** is a computational technique used in single-cell transcriptomics to determine the pattern of a dynamic process experienced by cells and then arrange cells based on their progression through the process. Single-cell protocols have much higher levels of noise than bulk RNA-seq, so a common step in a single-cell transcriptomics workflow is the clustering of cells into subgroups. Clustering can contend with this inherent variation by combining the signal from many cells, while allowing for the identification of cell types. However, some differences in gene expression between cells are the result of dynamic processes such as the cell cycle, cell differentiation, or response to an external stimuli. Trajectory inference seeks to characterize such differences by placing cells along a continuous path that represents the evolution of the process rather than dividing cells into discrete clusters. In some methods this is done by projecting cells onto an axis called ***pseudotime*** which represents the progression through the process.

## Methods

Since 2015, more than 50 algorithms for trajectory inference have been created. Although the approaches taken are diverse there are some commonalities to the methods. Typically, the steps in the algorithm consist of dimensionality reduction to reduce the complexity of the data, trajectory building to determine the structure of the dynamic process, and projection of the data onto the trajectory so that cells are positioned by their development through the process and cells with similar expression profiles are situated near each other. Trajectory inference algorithms differ in the specific procedure used for dimensionality reduction, the kinds of structures that can be used to represent the dynamic process, and the prior information that is required or can be provided.

### Dimensionality reduction

The data produced by single-cell RNA-seq can consist of thousands of cells each with expression levels recorded across thousands of genes. In order to efficiently process data with such high dimensionality many trajectory inference algorithms employ a dimensionality reduction procedure such as principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), or t-SNE as their first step. The purpose of this step is to combine many features of the data into a more informative measure of the data. For example, a coordinate resulting from dimensionality reduction could combine expression levels from many genes that are associated with the cell cycle into one value that represents a cell's position in the cell cycle. Such a transformation corresponds to dimensionality reduction in the feature space, but dimensionality reduction can also be applied to the sample space by clustering together groups of similar cells.

### Trajectory building

Many methods represent the structure of the dynamic process via a graph-based approach. In such an approach the vertices of the graph correspond to states in the dynamic process, such as cell types in cell differentiation, and the edges between the nodes correspond to transitions between the states. The creation of the trajectory graph can be accomplished using k-nearest neighbors or minimum spanning tree algorithms. The topology of the trajectory refers to the structure of the graph and different algorithms are limited to creation of graph topologies of a particular type such as linear, branching, or cyclic.

### Use of prior information

Some methods require or allow for the input of prior information which is used to guide the creation of the trajectory. The use of prior information can lead to more accurate trajectory determination, but poor priors can lead the algorithm astray or bias results towards expectations. Examples of prior information that can be used in trajectory inference are the selection of start cells that are at the beginning of the trajectory, the number of branches in the trajectory, and the number of end states for the trajectory.

## Software

### MARGARET

MARGARET employs a deep unsupervised metric learning approach for inferring the cellular latent space and cell clusters. The trajectory is modeled using a cluster-connectivity graph to capture complex trajectory topologies. MARGARET utilizes the inferred trajectory for determining terminal states and inferring cell-fate plasticity using a scalable Absorbing Markov chain model.

### Monocle

Monocle first employs a differential expression test to reduce the number of genes then applies independent component analysis for additional dimensionality reduction. To build the trajectory Monocle computes a minimum spanning tree, then finds the longest connected path in that tree. Cells are projected onto the nearest point to them along that path.

### p-Creode

p-Creode finds the most likely path through a density-adjusted k-nearest neighbor graph. Graphs from an ensemble are scored with a graph similarity metric to select the most representative topology. p-Creode has been tested on a range of single-cell platforms, including mass cytometry, multiplex immunofluorescence, and single-cell RNA-seq. No prior information is required.

### Slingshot

Slingshot takes cluster labels as input and then orders these clusters into lineages by the construction of a minimum spanning tree. Paths through the tree are smoothed by fitting simultaneous principal curves and a cell's pseudotime value is determined by its projection onto one or more of these curves. Prior information, such as initial and terminal clusters, is optional.

### TSCAN

TSCAN performs dimensionality reduction using principal component analysis and clusters cells using a mixture model. A minimum spanning tree is calculated using the centers of the clusters and the trajectory is determined as the longest connected path of that tree. TSCAN is an unsupervised algorithm that requires no prior information.

### Wanderlust/Wishbone

Wanderlust was developed for analysis of mass cytometry data, but has been adapted for single-cell transcriptomics applications. A k-nearest neighbors algorithm is used to construct a graph which connects every cell to the cell closest to it with respect to a metric such as Euclidean distance or cosine distance. Wanderlust requires the input of a starting cell as prior information.

Wishbone is built on Wanderlust and allows for a bifurcation in the graph topology, whereas Wanderlust creates a linear graph. Wishbone combines principal component analysis and diffusion maps to achieve dimensionality reduction then also creates a KNN graph.

### Waterfall

Waterfall performs dimensionality reduction via principal component analysis and uses a k-means algorithm to find cell clusters. A minimal spanning tree is built between the centers of the clusters. Waterfall is entirely unsupervised, requiring no prior information, and produces linear trajectories.

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title: Michinori Holdings

abstract:
Michinori Holdings, Inc. Michinori Holdings, Inc. is a holding company headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Industrial Growth Platform, Inc. Michinori Holdings rehabilitates deficit companies which have so much liability that they cannot act as an administrator of assets. It manages them by acquiring and holding their shares until they return to financial stability and viability. As of 2022, Michinori Holdings currently holds and operates subsidiaries in the transportation sector, including bus, railway, and monorail companies. They are:
  - Fukushima Transportation, since 2008
  - Shonan Monorail, since 2015
  - Sado Kisen, since 2022
  - Aizu Bus, since 2011
  - Kanto Transportation, since 2012
  - Northern Iwate Transportation, since 2010
  - Ibaraki Kotsu, since 2009
  - Higashinihon Kotsu, since 2018 Some expressway bus routes operated by affiliated companies of Michinori Holdings are named "Michinori Express" (MEX), designed by Yasuyuki Kawanishi, who also designed West Express Ginga.

text:
# Michinori Holdings

**Michinori Holdings, Inc.** (株式会社みちのりホールディングス, *Kabushiki-gaisha Michinori Hōrudingusu*) is a holding company headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Industrial Growth Platform, Inc. Michinori Holdings rehabilitates deficit companies which have so much liability that they cannot act as an administrator of assets. It manages them by acquiring and holding their shares until they return to financial stability and viability.

As of 2022, Michinori Holdings currently holds and operates subsidiaries in the transportation sector, including bus, railway, and monorail companies. They are:

* Fukushima Transportation, since 2008
* Shonan Monorail, since 2015
* Sado Kisen (ferry company), since 2022
* Aizu Bus, since 2011
* Kanto Transportation, since 2012
* Northern Iwate Transportation, since 2010
* Ibaraki Kotsu (bus company), since 2009
* Higashinihon Kotsu (bus company), since 2018

Some expressway bus routes operated by affiliated companies of Michinori Holdings are named "Michinori Express" (**MEX**), designed by Yasuyuki Kawanishi, who also designed West Express Ginga.

## Aizu Bus

Aizu Bus Co., Ltd.
| Hino Selega (used for many highway buses) | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent | Michinori Holdings |
| Founded | 21 March 1943 |
| Headquarters | 195 Byakkocho, Aizu-wakamatsu, Fukushima, Japan (福島県会津若松市白虎町195) |
| Service area | Fukushima |
| Service type | Bus |
| Routes | Routemap |
| Chief executive | 佐藤 俊材 |
| Website | Aizu Bus (in Japanese) |

The **Aizu Bus Co., Ltd.** (会津乗合自動車株式会社, *Aizu Noriai Jidōsha Kabushiki-gaisha*) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Michinori Holdings. Tobu Group had shares of this company until 2011.

Its subsidiaries include Aizu Travel Service and Aizu Bus/Auto Service. It also owns Aizu Taxi.

### Outline

Aizu Bus Company was established in 1943. It operates bus routes around Aizuwakamatsu in Fukushima Prefecture, many of which are based at Aizu-Tajima Station, Aizukōgen-Ozeguchi Station, and Aizu-Wakamatsu Station. Service area has many tourist spots, including Ōuchi-juku, Tō-no-Hetsuri, Aizuwakamatsu Castle, Lake Inawashiro, Mount Bandai, and Oze National Park.

Its headquarters are located at 195 Byakkocho, Aizuwakamatsu. Until 2011, the company also had a headquarters with Tobu Railway in Oshiage, Sumida, Tokyo.

### History

* 21 March 1943 – Company was established. Later that year, due to unification during World War II, additional routes were transferred to it, including those of Kihan Motor.
* December 1953 – Transferred bus routes between Aizu-Tajima Station and Kinugawaonsen Station from Tobu Railway
* 10 July – "Aizu-Wakamatsu – Koriyama – Iwaki Line" was operated as "limited express" with Fukushima Transportation and Joban Kotsu Motor
* 9 October 1987 – Discontinued bus routes between Aizu-Tajima and Kinugawaonsen due to opening of Yagan Railway.
* 20 January 1996 – "Aizu-Wakamatsu – Koriyama – Iwaki Line" was operated as "Expressway bus" and ran via Joban Expressway
* 24 May 1996 – Commenced operating Low Emission Bus between Aizu-Tajima Station and Oze National Park
* 2 October 1997 – Commenced operating "Aizu-Wakamatsu – Niigata Line" as "Expressway bus" with Niigata Kotsu
* 1 October 2009 – Aizu Taxi merged into Aizu Bus
* 2 December 2010 – Received support from "Regional Economy Vitalization Corporation of Japan"
* 2 August 2013 – "Regional Economy Vitalization Corporation of Japan" transferred its shares of Aizu Bus Company to Michinori Holdings. On 30 August, the transfer was completed, and since then, the bus company has belonged to Michinori Holdings.

### Bus routes

Routemap

Aizu Bus – Highway Buses
| Name | Stops | Note |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Yumekaido Aizu Line | Aizu-Wakamatsu StationKoriyama StationIkebukuro StationShinjuku Highway Bus Terminal |
| Aizu-Wakamatsu – Sendai Line | Aizu-Wakamatsu StationKoriyama StationFukushima StationSendai Station (Miyagi) |
| Aizu-Wakamatsu – Niigata Line | Aizu-Wakamatsu StationKitakata StationNiitsu StationNiigata Station | operates with Niigata Kotsu |
| Aizu-Wakamatsu – Fukushima – Sendai Airport Line | Aizu-Wakamatsu StationKoriyama StationFukushima StationSendai Airport |
| Kitakata – Koriyama Line | Kitakata OfficeShiokawa Green Plaza・Koriyama Women's UniversityKoriyama Station |
| Aizu-Wakamatsu – Nozawa Line | Aizu-Wakamatsu StationKitakata StationNozawa Station |
| Aizu-Wakamatsu – OuchijukuTo no Hetsuri Line | Aizu-Wakamatsu StationOuchijukuTo no HetsuriAizu-Shimogo StationShin-Shirakawa StationShirakawa Station | operates with Fukushima Transportation |
| Aizu-Wakamatsu – Narita Airport Line | Aizu-Wakamatsu StationKoriyama Station (Fukushima)Narita Airport | operates with Chiba Kotsu |
| Urabandai – Tokyo Line | Urabandai Kogen・Lake Goshiki・Tokyo StationHaneda Airport |

### Further reading

## Kanto Transportation

Kanto Transportation, Inc.
| Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Ace | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent | Michinori Holdings |
| Founded | 8 May 1927 |
| Headquarters | 4-25-5 Yanase, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan (栃木県宇都宮市簗瀬四丁目25番5号) |
| Service area | Tochigi |
| Service type | Bus |
| Routes | Route bus map
Expressway bus map |
| Chief executive | Gen Yoshida |
| Website | Kanto Bus (in Japanese) |

**Kanto Transportation, Inc.** (関東自動車株式会社, *Kantō Jidōsha Kabushiki-gaisha*) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Michinori Holdings.

### Outline

The bus company was established as Kanto Motor LLC in 1923. After acquiring other companies, it changed to Kanto Transportation, Inc. on 8 May 1927. In 2004, the company requested and received management support from Industrial Revitalization Corporation of Japan due to financial difficulties. This company belonged to Jay Coach (an affiliated company of Jay Will Partners) until 2012, when it was transferred to Michinori Holdings.

Kanto Transportation acquired Toya Kotsu on 1 October 2018. Additionally, this company capitalizes Utsunomiya Light Rail at 11%.

Its headquarters are located at 4-25-5 Yanase, Utsunomiya, Tochigi Prefecture.

### Bus routes

Kanto Transportation – Expressway Buses
| Name | Stops | Note |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Maronnier | (Narita Line via Sano) Yanagida Shako・Utsunomiya StationSano Shintoshi Bus Terminal・Sakai-Koga BT・Narita Airport |
| | (Narita Line via Mooka) Nikko Station・Kanuma IC・Utsunomiya StationMookaNarita Airport |
| | (Haneda Line) Yanagida Shako・Utsunomiya StationSano Shintoshi Bus TerminalHaneda Airport |
| Mapple | Ota Station (Gunma)・Sakai-Koga BT・Narita Airport |
| Salvia | Kiryu StationAshikagashi StationSano Shintoshi Bus Terminal・Sakai-Koga BT・Narita Airport |
| Horse chestnut tree | Yanagida Shako・Utsunomiya StationKyoto StationTennoji Station |
| Kita-Kanto Liner | (Mito Line) Utsunomiya StationAkatsuka Station (Ibaraki)Mito Station (Ibaraki) |

Kanto Transportation – Community Buses
| Name | Stops | Note |
| --- | --- | --- |
| KIBUNA | Utsunomiya Station |
| Kamigochi Bus |  |
| Ashikaga Municipal Bus | Irinagusa・Ashikagashi StationAshikaga Station |
| Tochigi Municipal Bus | Tochigi StationShin-Tochigi StationTōbu Kanasaki Station・Oyama Nishi Highschool |
| RI-BUS | Momiyama StationShin-Kanuma StationKanuma Station |
| Nikko Municipal Bus | Kami-Imaichi StationShimo-Imaichi StationImaichi StationShimotsuke-Ōsawa Station |
| O-BUS | Oyama Station |

### Affiliated companies

#### Nasu Ropeway

Kanto Transportation also operates a ropeway on Mount Nasu. The ropeway is 812 m long, has an elevation gain of 294 m, and takes 3 minutes and 40 seconds (one-way). It has a capacity of 111 people.

The ropeway has two stations: Sanroku Station (where passengers can transfer to buses for Nasu-Shiobara Station) and Sancho Station (on Mount Chausu).

#### Yashio Kankō Bus

Yashio Kankō Bus K.K.
| Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Bus of Tobu Group Color | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent | Kanto Transportation |
| Founded | June 1984 |
| Headquarters | 528-11 Sankumachi, Nasu-Shiobara, Tochigi, Japan (栃木県那須塩原市三区町528-11) |
| Service area | Tochigi |
| Service type | Bus |
| Website | Yashio Kanko BUs (in Japanese) |

**Yashio Kankō Bus K.K.** (やしお観光バス株式会社, *Yashio Kankō Basu Kabushiki-gaisha*) was established in June 1984 as part of Toya Kotsu, a subsidiary of Tobu Railway until 1 December 2016, when it was transferred to Michinori Holdings. In October 2018, Toya Kotsu was merged into Kanto Transportation.

##### Bus routes

| Name | Stops | Location | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nasukarasuyama Municipal Bus (Bato-Karasuyama Line) | Karasuyama Station・Karasuyama High School・Owaku・Ogawa-Nakamachi・Nakagawa City Hall・Sanson Kaihatsu Center | Nasukarasuyama, Tochigi | operates with Nakagawa City |
| Nasushiobara Municipal Bus | Nasushiobara StationKuroiso Station・Nasu No-Shikei Geka Hospital | Nasushiobara, Tochigi |  |
| Nakagawa Community Bus | Karasuyama Station・Karasuyama High School・Owaku・Ogawa-Nakamachi・Nakagawa City Hall・Sanson Kaihatsu Center | Nakagawa, Tochigi |

### Discontinued companies

#### Toya Kotsu

Toya Kotsu Co., Ltd.
| Mitsubishi Fuso Aero Bus of Tobu Group Color | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent | Michinori Holdings |
| Founded | 9 February 1916 |
| Headquarters | 19-8 Hirade Kogyo Danchi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan (栃木県宇都宮市平出工業団地19番地8) |
| Service area | Tochigi |
| Service type | Bus |
| Chief executive | Motofumi Teduka (until 2018) |
| Website | Toya Kotsu (in Japanese) |

**Toya Kotsu Co., Ltd.** (東野交通株式会社, *Tōya Kōtsū Kabushiki-gaisha*) was a subsidiary of Tobu Railway until 2016, when it was transferred to Michinori Holdings. In 2018, it was merged into Kanto Transportation.

This bus company was established as **Toya Railway** in 1916. It began operating bus routes in 1928 and acquired other bus companies by 1934. The railway stations between Yutsuue Station and Nasu-Ogawa Station were discontinued in 1939. There was a planned extension from Nasu-Oagawa Station to Hitachi-Daigo Station. However, Toya Railway completely discontinued its railway line in 1968, and was renamed to Toya Kotsu in June 1969.

Toya Kotsu belonged to Tobu Railway from 1964 until 2016, at which time its shares were transferred to Michinori Holdings. In 2018, it was merged into Kanto Transportation. Nasu Ropeway and Yashio Kankō Bus were affiliated companies of Toya Kotsu until the merger in 2018.

| Toya Railway |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

## Northern Iwate Transportation

Northern Iwate Transportation Co., Ltd.
| Isuzu TX produced in 1968 | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent | Michinori Holdings |
| Founded | 13 October 1943 |
| Headquarters | 1-17-18 Kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate (岩手県盛岡市厨川1-17-18) |
| Service type | Bus |
| Website | http://www.iwate-kenpokubus.co.jp/ |

**Northern Iwate Transportation Co., Ltd.** (岩手県北自動車株式会社, *Iwate Kenpoku Jidōsha Kabushiki-gaisha*) is a bus company and wholly owned subsidiary of Michinori Holdings since 2010.

The company was established on 13 April 1943 as Iwate Kenpoku Motor, following the consolidation of bus companies in Iwate during World War II. It was renamed on 26 April 2009 as Northern Iwate Transportation. On 1 April 2010, it became an affiliated company of Michinori Holdings.

In 2016, Michinori Holdings began transferring Nambu Bus to this company. By 2017, the business of Nambu Bus was inherited by Northern Iwate Transportation.

The company headquarters are located at 1-17-18 Kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate.

This company is invested in the Iwate Galaxy Railway Line. The Iwate Galaxy Railway Company is based at Kuriyagawa Station.

### Bus routes

#### Beam.1

| Stops | Beam.1 | | Location | | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Yokohama

Miyako
 | Yokohama

Miyako | ||
| Yokohama Station |  |  |  | Kanagawa Prefecture | Track 17 |
| Shinagawa Station |  |  |  | Tokyo |  |
| Morioka-minami
 |  |  |  | Iwate Prefecture |  |
| Morioka Station |  |  |  | |  |
| Miyako Station |  |  | Miyako | | Track 6 |
| Yamada Branch |  |  |  | |  |
| Michi no Eki YAMADA |  |  |  | |  |

#### Urban

#### Asunaro

| Stops | Asunaro | | Location | | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Morioka

Aomori | Morioka

Aomori | ||
| Morioka Station |  |  |  | Iwate Prefecture | Track 23 |
| Hanawa | ◎／◆ | ◎／◇ |  | Akita Prefecture |  |
| Kosaka Highschool |  |  |  | |  |
| Ikarigaseki |  |  | Hirakawa | Aomori Prefecture |  |
| Botandaira |  |  |  | |  |
| Hagurodaira Namioka |  |  | Aomori | |  |
| Aomori-Ono |  |  | | |  |
| Yanagimachi Dori |  |  | | |  |
| Shinmachi 2 chome |  |  | | |  |
| Aomori Station |  |  | | | Track 9 |
| Aomori Ferry Terminal |  |  | | |  |

#### YODEL

| Stops | Yodel | | Location | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Morioka

Hirosaki | Morioka

Hirosaki | | |
| Morioka Station |  |  | Iwate Prefecture | Track 23 |
| Tohoku-Owani |  |  | Aomori Prefecture |  |
| Hirosaki Station |  |  | | Track 1 |
| Hirosaki BT |  |  | | Track 2 |

#### Umineko

| Stops | Umineko | | Location | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Sendai

Hachinohe | Sendai

Hachinohe | | |
| Sendai Station |  |  | Miyagi Prefecture | Track 74, 75 |
| Hachinohe Inter |  |  | Aomori Prefecture |  |
| Baba |  |  | |  |
| Hachinohe Down Town BT |  |  | |  |
| Hon-Hachinohe Station |  |  | |  |
| Hachinohe LAPIA BT |  |  | | Track 4 |

#### Hachimori

#### Michinoku

| Stops | Odate | Morioka | Location | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Iwate Medical University |  |  | Morioka, Iwate | Iwate Prefecture |
| Morinomichi minami |  |  | | |
| Morioka Station |  |  | | |
| Sakigata |  |  | | |
| Morioka Inter |  |  | | |
| Ashiro Junction |  |  | Hachimantai, Iwate | |
| Ashiro Interchange |  |  | | |
| Tayama Parking Area |  |  | | |
| Kaduno Hachimantai Interchange |  |  | Kazuno, Akita | Akita Prefecture |
| Kaduno Antora mae |  |  | | |
| Kazuno-Hanawa Station |  |  | | |
| Kemanai |  |  | | |
| Otaki Onsen |  |  | Odate, Akita | |
| Hinaicho iriguchi |  |  | | |
| Odate |  |  | | |
| Itoku Odate Shopping Mall |  |  | | |
| Shuhoku Bus Headquarters |  |  | | |
| Odate Station |  |  | | |
| Itoku Odate Shopping Mall |  |  | | |

Michinori Express (MEX)
| Name | Stops | Note |
| --- | --- | --- |
| MEX Aomori Line | Aomori Ferry Terminal・Aomori StationHirosaki StationSaitama-Shintoshin StationShinjuku Highway Bus TerminalTokyo Disney Sea |
| MEX Hachinohe Line | Hachiohe LAPIA BT・Hon-Hachinohe StationMorioka StationYahaba StationShinjuku Highway Bus TerminalKawasaki Station |
| MEX Misawa Line | Misawa Station・Hachiohe LAPIA BT・Hachinohe StationMorioka StationShinjuku Highway Bus TerminalTokyo Disney Sea |

### Nambu Bus

Nanbu Bus Co., Ltd.
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 21 February 1926 |
| Headquarters | 6-79 Korekawa-Futatsuya, Hachinohe, Aomori, Japan (青森県八戸市是川二ツ屋6-79) |
| Service area | Aomori |
| Service type | Bus |
| Website | Nanbu Bus (in Japanese) |

This bus company was merged into Northern Iwate Transportation on 1 March 2017, and the company was discontinued in 2018.

The company was establishment as **Gonohe Electric Railway** on 21 February 1926. It opened rail lines between Shirinai Station and Kami-Shichizaki Station (23 August 1929), between Kami-Shichizaki and Shitogishi (10 October 1929), and between Shitogishi and Gonohe Station (1 April 1930). On 28 October 1931, the company began offering bus services as well. The company was renamed "Gonohe Railway" 1936 and subsequently **Nambu Railway** in 1945.

Operation of the railway line was suspended following the 1968 Tokachi earthquake, and in April 1969, the company discontinued its railway business. On 30 May 1970, it was renamed to **Nambu Bus**.

#### Nambu Railway

| Nanbu Railway |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

## Ibaraki Kotsu

Ibaraki Kotsu Co., Ltd.
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent | Michinori Holdings |
| Founded | 27 March 2009 |
| Headquarters | 3-5-36 Hakamaduka, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan (茨城県水戸市袴塚三丁目5番36号) |
| Service area | Ibaraki |
| Service type | Bus |
| Chief executive | 任田 正史 |
| Website | Ibaraki Kotsu (in Japanese) |

**Ibaraki Kotsu Co., Ltd.** (茨城交通株式会社, *Ibaraki Kōtsū Kabushiki-gaisha*) is a bus company that operates many bus routes in Ibaraki. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Michinori Holdings. Affiliated companies include the Hitachinaka Seaside Railway and Kanto Railway.

The service area is based at Mito Station and covers northern and central Ibaraki Prefecture and southern Tochigi Prefecture.

### Outline

| Ibaraki Kotsu Suihin Line |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

Ibaraki Kotsu was established on 1 August 1944 due to integration during World War II. It was formed as the merger of three railway companies: Suihin Densha (established 1921; discontinued 1966), Ibaraki Railway (established 1923; discontinued 1971), and Minato Railway (established 1907). Following the merger, Ibaraki Kotsu controlled three lines: the Suihin Line, the Ibaraki Line, and the Minato Line. In 2008, the Ibaraki Kotsu Minato Line was transferred to Hitachinaka Seaside Railway.

In October 1992, Ibako Kenhoku Bus was established, but later merged into Ibaraki Kotsu in February 2010. On 1 June 2010, Ibaraki Auto was also merged into Ibaraki Kotsu.

Hitachi Dentetsu Kotsu Service was merged into this company on 1 May 2019, and the Hitachi Dentetsu Taxi was renamed to Dentetsu Taxi.

Nanohana Kotsu, a tourist bus company, became an affiliated company of Ibaraki Kotsu.

### Requested Civil Rehabilitation

By the late 2000s, Ibaraki Kotsu had too debt, so the company applied under the Civil Rehabilitation Act. On 19 November 2008, it was determined that the company would be reconstructed. On 27 March 2009, Industrial Growth Platform began supporting the company, and established IBAKO Co., Ltd. which inherited the assets of Ibaraki Kotsu.

### Hitachi Dentetsu Kotsu

Hitachi Dentetsu Kotsu Service Co.
| Parent | Michinori Holdings |
| --- | --- |
| Service area | Ibaraki |
| Service type | Bus |
| Website | Hitachi Dentetsu Kotsu(in Japanese) |

**Hitachi Dentetsu Kotsu Service Co., Ltd.** (日立電鉄交通サービス株式会社, *Hitachi Dentetsu Kōtsū Sābisu Kabushiki-gaisha*) was a bus company that operated many bus routes in Ibaraki. In 2019, this company was discontinued and merged into Ibaraki Kotsu. Until 1 April 2005, this company had operated the Hitachi Electric Railway Line.

## Higashinihon Kotsu

Higashinihon Kotsu Co., Ltd
| Parent | Michinori Holdings |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 16 January 1979 |
| Headquarters | 17-2 Yamagishi-Ohira, Morioka, Iwate, Japan (岩手県盛岡市山岸大平17-2) |
| Service area | Iwate |
| Service type | Bus |
| Chief executive | Jun Matsumoto |
| Website | Higashinihon Kotsu (in Japanese) |

**Higashinihon Kotsu Co, Ltd.** (東日本交通株式会社, *Higashinihon Kōtsū Kabushiki-gaisha*) is a bus company that operates bus routes in Iwate. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Michinori Holdings.

### Outline

The firm was established as Chuo Kanko in 1974. The registered persisting company was established on 16 January 1979 as Chuo Kanko LLC. On 24 April 2018, a manager requested acquisition from Michinori Holdings because of old age.

### Bus routes

Higashinihon Kotsu – Bus Routes
| Name | Stops | Note |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Iwaizumi – Moichi Line | Miyako Hospital・Miyako StationSentoku StationMoichi StationKariya StationNakasatoWainai StationUtsunoFushiyaAsanaiNishoishiIwaizumi bashi・Iwaizumi Hospital | Bustitution of the Iwaizumi Line, since 1 April 2014 |
| Yamabushi Line | Hottoyuda Station・Yumoto Onsen・Kaizawa・Morioka StationMorioka Bus Center |
| Hanamaki Airport Shuttle Bus | Kitakami StationHanamaki Airport |

## Parent company

Industrial Growth Platform, Inc.
| Native name | 株式会社経営共創基盤 |
| --- | --- |
| Romanized name | Kabushiki gaisha Keiei-Kyoso Kiban |
| Founded | April 3, 2007 (2007-04-03) (incorporation) |
| Headquarters | 1-9-2 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo (東京都千代田区丸の内1-9-2 グラントウキョウサウスタワー17階), Japan |
| Key people | Kazuhiko Toiyama (CEO) |
| Owner | N.E.CHEMCAT, KDDI, Sumitomo Corporation, Toho Bank, Nomura Holdings, Recruit Holdings, Resona Holdings, Bank of Yokohama, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Fuji Soft |
| Subsidiaries | Michinori Holdings
Nanki-Shirahama Airport |
| Website | www.igpi.co.jp |

**Industrial Growth Platform, Inc.** (株式会社経営共創基盤, *Kabushiki-gaisha Keiei-Kyoso Kiban*) is a holding company located in Chiyoda, Tokyo. Its main operation is that it manages and has shares of **Michinori Holdings, Inc** (株式会社みちのりホールディングス, *Kabushiki-gaisha Michinori Hōrudingusu*), which is a wholly owned subsidiary providing services such as railway lines and bus routes in Japan. Nanki-Shirahama Airport is also managed by Nanki-Shirahama Airport, Inc., a subsidiary of Industrial Growth Platform.

The company servants are transferred from Industrial Revitalization Corporation of Japan. Its main business was management reconstruction for companies that had too many liabilities to continue operating, but that still had business resources.

## InfoBox

Michinori Holdings, Inc.
|
|  |
| Native name | みちのりホールディングス |
| Romanized name | Michinori Hōrudingusu Kabushiki-gaisha |
| Company type | Public K.K. |
| Founded | March 16, 2009 (2009-03-16) |
| Headquarters | 1-9-2 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo (東京都千代田区丸の内1-9-2 グラントウキョウサウスタワー8階), Japan |
| Key people | Jun Matsumoto |
| Owner | Industrial Growth Platform, Inc. |
| Number of employees | 4,900 |
| Parent | Industrial Growth Platform, Inc. |
| Subsidiaries | Fukushima Transportation
Shonan Monorail
Sado Kisen
Aizu Bus
Kanto Transportation
Northern Iwate Transportation
Ibaraki Kotsu
Higashinihon Kotsu |
| Website | www.michinori.co.jp/index.html |


abstract: The North Wales Hydro-Electric Power Act 1952 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which gave powers to the British Electricity Authority (BEA) to extend the hydro-electric stations at Dolgarrog and Maentwrog in North Wales and associated purposes.

text:
# North Wales Hydro-Electric Power Act 1952

The **North Wales Hydro-Electric Power Act 1952** (15 & 16 Geo 6. & 1 Eliz. 2. Ch. xlvi) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which gave powers to the British Electricity Authority (BEA) to extend the hydro-electric stations at Dolgarrog and Maentwrog in North Wales and associated purposes.

## Background

Dolgarrog hydro-electric power station had originally built in 1907 to generate electricity for an aluminium smelting plant. Public supplies of electricity began in 1922. A new station (known as No. 2 station) was built in 1924–5. By 1952 the electricity industry had been nationalized and the BEA sought powers to extend Dolgarrog power station to increase its generating capacity and output.

Maentwrog hydro-electric power station had first been commissioned in October 1928. In 1952 the BEA sought powers, alongside those for Dolgarrog, to extend the power station.

## North Wales Hydro-Electric Power Act 1952

The North Wales Hydro-Electric Power Act 1952 received Royal Assent on 1 August 1952. Its long title is ‘An Act to confer powers upon the British Electricity Authority for the construction of works in the counties of Caernarvon and Merioneth and for the acquisition of lands and easements for the purposes thereof or in connection therewith and for other purposes.’

### Provisions

The Act comprised 41 Sections

* Section 1 Short title
* Section 2 Incorporation of Acts
* Section 3 Interpretation
* Section 4 Power to execute works
* Section 5 Power to deviate
* Section 6 Subsidiary works
* Section 7 Works to form part of undertaking
* Section 8 Power to dredge etc.
* Section 9 Temporary stoppage of roads and footpaths
* Section 10 Period for completion of works
* Section 11 Discharge of water into streams
* Section 12 Accommodation for workmen employed on construction of works
* Section 13 Power to take water
* Section 14 Obligation to secure full development of water power
* Section 15 Restriction on taking water in respect of Dolgarrog extension works
* Section 16 Restriction on taking water in respect of Maentwrog extension works
* Section 17 Provisions applicable to last two preceding sections of Act
* Section 18 Agreements with statutory water undertakers and others
* Section 19 Making good diminution in water supplies used for domestic or agricultural purposes
* Section 20 Further provisions relating to Work No. 1
* Section 21 Fencing and crossing of aqueducts
* Section 22 Application and modification of Public Utilities Street Works Act 1950
* Section 23 For the preservation of scenery and amenities
* Section 24 Power to acquire lands
* Section 25 Correction of errors in deposited plans and book of reference
* Section 26 Acquisition of part only of certain properties
* Section 27 Power to expedite entry
* Section 28 Power to enter for survey of valuation
* Section 29 Disregard of recent improvements and interests
* Section 30 Extinction of private rights of way
* Section 31 Power to acquire easements only
* Section 32 Grant of easements by persons under disability
* Section 33 Liability to make compensation
* Section 34 Payment to river board for improvement of fishery
* Section 35 For protection of Postmaster-General
* Section 36 For protection of river board
* Section 37 Saving for Llandudno Urban District Council
* Section 38 Saving for town and country planning
* Section 39 Arbitration
* Section 40 Crown rights
* Section 41 Costs of Act

Table of Statutes referred to in this Act

## Effects of the Act

The Act empowered the BEA to extend the catchment areas of Dolgarrog and Maentwrog power stations, and to build a 10 MW extension to Dolgarrog.

Dolgarrog No. 3 Station was commissioned in 1957. It comprised a 10 MW, 750 rpm, Boving-Bruce Peebles water turbine set. The capacity of the power station increased from 17.7 MW prior to 1957 to 27.7 MW from 1957.

## Current status

Unknown.


title: Ottola Nesmith

abstract: Ottola Nesmith was an American actress who appeared in more than 100 films and television shows, including Cheyenne and Alfred Hitchcock Presents. She hosted a horror television program on KTLA.

text:
# Ottola Nesmith

**Ottola Nesmith** (December 12, 1889  February 7, 1972) was an American actress who appeared in more than 100 films and television shows, including *Cheyenne (TV series)* and *Alfred Hitchcock Presents*. She hosted a horror television program on KTLA.

## Early years

Nesmith's father was Otto Nesmith, an officer in the United States Army. She began acting with a stock theater company in San Diego.

## Personal life

Nesmith married screenwriter and director Leon D'Usseau; they had four children, including Arnaud d'Usseau. She died in 1972 at the age of 82 in Hollywood, California and was buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale).

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Ottola Nesmith | |
| --- | --- |
| Nesmith in *Invisible Ghost* (1941) | |
| Born | (1889-12-12)December 12, 1889 |
| Died | February 7, 1972(1972-02-07) (aged 82)<br>Hollywood, California, U.S. |
| Resting place | Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 19131969 |
| Spouse | Leon D'Usseau |
| Children | 4, including Arnaud d'Usseau |