title: Narrative history

abstract: Narrative history is the practice of writing history in a story-based form. It tends to entail history-writing based on reconstructing series of short-term events, and ever since the influential work of Leopold von Ranke on professionalising history-writing in the nineteenth century has been associated with empiricism. The term narrative history thus overlaps with the term histoire événementielle ('event-history') coined by Fernand Braudel in the early twentieth century, as he promoted forms of history-writing analysing much longer-term trends. Though history is considered a social science, the story-based nature of history allows for the inclusion of a greater or lesser degree of narration in addition to an analytical or interpretative exposition of historical knowledge. It can be divided into two subgenres: the traditional narrative and the modern narrative. Traditional narrative focuses on the chronological order of history. It is event driven and tends to center upon individuals, action, and intention. For example, in regard to the French Revolution, a historian who works with the traditional narrative might be more interested in the revolution as a single entity, centre it in Paris, and rely heavily upon major figures such as Maximilien Robespierre. Conversely, modern narrative typically focuses on structures and general trends. A modern narrative would break from rigid chronology if the historian felt it explained the concept better. In terms of the French Revolution, a historian working with the modern narrative might show general traits that were shared by revolutionaries across France but would also illustrate regional variations from those general trends. Also this type of historian might use different sociological factors to show why different types of people supported the general revolution. Historians who use the modern narrative might say that the traditional narrative focuses too much on what happened and not enough on why and causation. Also, that this form of narrative reduces history into neat boxes and thereby does an injustice to history. J H Hexter characterized such historians as "lumpers". In an essay on Christopher Hill, he remarked that "lumpers do not like accidents: they would prefer them vanish...The lumping historian wants to put all of the past into boxes..and then to tie all the boxes together into one nice shapely bundle." Historians who use traditional narrative might say that the modern narrative overburdens the reader with trivial data that had no significant effect on the progression of history. They believe that the historian needs to stress what is consequential in history, as otherwise the reader might believe that minor trivial events were more important than they were.

text:
# Narrative history

**Narrative history** is the practice of writing history in a story-based form. It tends to entail history-writing based on reconstructing series of short-term events, and ever since the influential work of Leopold von Ranke on professionalising history-writing in the nineteenth century has been associated with empiricism. The term *narrative history* thus overlaps with the term *histoire événementielle* ('event-history') coined by Fernand Braudel in the early twentieth century, as he promoted forms of history-writing analysing much longer-term trends (what he called the *longue durée*).

Though history is considered a social science, the story-based nature of history allows for the inclusion of a greater or lesser degree of narration in addition to an analytical or interpretative exposition of historical knowledge. It can be divided into two subgenres: the traditional narrative and the modern narrative.

**Traditional narrative** focuses on the chronological order of history. It is event driven and tends to center upon individuals, action, and intention. For example, in regard to the French Revolution, a historian who works with the traditional narrative might be more interested in the revolution as a single entity (one revolution), centre it in Paris, and rely heavily upon major figures such as Maximilien Robespierre.

Conversely, **modern narrative** typically focuses on structures and general trends. A modern narrative would break from rigid chronology if the historian felt it explained the concept better. In terms of the French Revolution, a historian working with the modern narrative might show general traits that were shared by revolutionaries across France but would also illustrate regional variations from those general trends (many confluent revolutions). Also this type of historian might use different sociological factors to show why different types of people supported the general revolution.

Historians who use the modern narrative might say that the traditional narrative focuses too much on what happened and not enough on why and causation. Also, that this form of narrative reduces history into neat boxes and thereby does an injustice to history. J H Hexter characterized such historians as "lumpers". In an essay on Christopher Hill, he remarked that "lumpers do not like accidents: they would prefer them vanish...The lumping historian wants to put all of the past into boxes..and then to tie all the boxes together into one nice shapely bundle."

Historians who use traditional narrative might say that the modern narrative overburdens the reader with trivial data that had no significant effect on the progression of history. They believe that the historian needs to stress what is consequential in history, as otherwise the reader might believe that minor trivial events were more important than they were.

White, Hayden (1 March 1984). "The Question of Narrative in Contemporary Historical Theory" (PDF).


title: Oscar L. Chapman

abstract: Oscar Littleton Chapman was a political activist in the Democratic Party and served as the U.S. Secretary of the Interior, during the Presidency of Harry S. Truman, from 1949 to 1953.

text:
# Oscar L. Chapman

**Oscar Littleton Chapman** (October 22, 1896  February 8, 1978) was a political activist in the Democratic Party and served as the U.S. Secretary of the Interior, during the Presidency of Harry S. Truman, from 1949 to 1953.

## Early life and career

Chapman was born in Omega, Halifax County, Virginia, to James Jackson Chapman, a Virginia farmer, and his wife, Rosa Archer Blunt. He started taking night classes at the University of Denver, spent the 1927–1928 school year at the University of New Mexico, before eventually receiving his LLB from the law school of Westminster University (now a part of the University of Denver) in 1929.

During World War I, Chapman served in the United States Navy Medical Corps, from 1918 to 1920. Chapman was manager of Edward P. Costigan's Senate campaign in 1930, and the Alva B. Adams Senate campaign in 1932. After helping with Franklin Roosevelt's election in 1932, he was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Department of the Interior.

In 1939, Chapman was an early victim of the House Committee on Un-American Activities, as then-chairman Martin Dies, Jr. published a list of the government employees who were members of a Communist-controlled organization (Chapman was considered a member because there was a record that he had contributed two dollars to the American League for Peace and Democracy, which was raising money for the loyalists during the Spanish Civil War).

At the 1944 Democratic National Convention, Chapman was impressed by Truman sticking to his early agreement to support the current Vice-President Henry A. Wallace. He was promoted to serve as the Under-Secretary by President Harry S. Truman in 1946. Chapman was one of Truman's advisers supporting the decision to recognize the state of Israel in May 1948 over the objections of the State Department.

Chapman worked to promote Truman in 1948 election, and late in 1949, was promoted to serve as Secretary of the Interior, replacing to Julius A. Krug, who had not supported Truman's campaign.

In 1951, Chapman denied a government loan to the Harvey Aluminum Company, because of a scandal that Harvey had sold artillery shells to the Navy during World War II that were dangerously out of specification.

After end of his service in the Department of the Interior, he practiced law in the firm of Chapman, Duff, and Paul.

## Personal life and family

On December 21, 1920, Chapman married Olga Pauline Edholm. She died in 1932. On February 24, 1940, he married the former Ann Kendrick (March 1, 1905  April 4, 2003). They had one son, James Raleigh Chapman. Chapman died in Washington, D.C., aged 81, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.

1. See the obituary at "OSCAR L. CHAPMAN , 81; AIDE TO PRESIDENTS: Strategist for the Democratic Party Under Roosevelt and Truman Became Interior Secretary" *New York Times* Feb. 9, 1978, page B2.
2. OSCAR L, CHAPMAN, 81; AIDE TO PRESIDENTS
3. Clayton R. Koppes, "Environmental policy and American liberalism: the Department of the Interior, 1933–1953." *Environmental Review* 7.1 (1983): 17-53.
4. "HARVEY CO. LOAN DENIED BY D.P.A.; California Concern Proposed to Build 2 Aluminum Plants With R.F.C. $46,000,000". New York Times. 1951-08-25. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
5. See \[OSCAR L . CHAPMAN , 81; AIDE TO PRESIDENTS" *New York Times* Feb. 9, 1978: B2.

## Further reading

* Koppes, Clayton R. "Environmental policy and American liberalism: the Department of the Interior, 1933–1953." *Environmental Review* 7.1 (1983): 17-53.
* Koppes, Clayton R. "OSCAR L. CHAPMAN: A LIBERAL AT THE INTERIOR DEPARTMENT, 1933-1953." (PhD dissertation, U of Kansas; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1974. 7517628).

* Seigel, Kalman. "WATER RESOURCES HELD VITAL TO U. S.: Wider Knowledge of Supplies, Full Development Needed, Oscar L. Chapman Says" *New York Times* Nov. 22, 1949 p: 40.

## InfoBox

| Oscar Chapman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 34th United States Secretary of the Interior | |
| **In office**
December 1, 1949  January 20, 1953 | |
| President | Harry S. Truman |
| Preceded by | Julius Krug |
| Succeeded by | Douglas McKay |
| **Acting**
February 15, 1946  March 18, 1946 | |
| President | Harry S. Truman |
| Preceded by | Harold L. Ickes |
| Succeeded by | Julius A. Krug |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Oscar Littleton Chapman
(1896-10-22)October 22, 1896
Omega, Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | February 8, 1978(1978-02-08) (aged 81)
Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Olga Edholm
Ann Kendrick |
| Children | 1 |
| Education | University of Denver
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
Westminster University (LLB) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1918–1920 |
| Unit | Navy Medical Corps |
| Battles/wars | World War I |
|  | |


title: Nephelometry (medicine)

abstract: Nephelometry is a technique used in immunology to determine the levels of several blood plasma proteins. For example, the total levels of antibodies isotypes or classes: Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin A. It is important in quantification of free light chains in diseases such as multiple myeloma. Quantification is important for disease classification and for disease monitoring once a patient has been treated. It is performed by measuring the scattered light at an angle from the sample being measured. In diagnostic nephelometry, the ascending branch of the Heidelberger-Kendall curve is extended by optimizing the course of the reaction so that most plasma proteins’ measurement signals fall at the left side of the Heidelberger-Kendall curve, even at very high concentrations. This technique is widely used in clinical laboratories because it is relatively easily automated. It is based on the principle that a dilute suspension of small particles will scatter light passed through it rather than simply absorbing it. The amount of scatter is determined by collecting the light at an angle. Antibody and the antigen are mixed in concentrations such that only small aggregates are formed that do not quickly settle to the bottom. The amount of light scatter is measured and compared to the amount of scatter from known mixtures. The amount of the unknown is determined from a standard curve. Nephelometry can be used to detect either antigen or antibody, but it is usually run with antibody as the reagent and the patient antigen as the unknown. In the Immunology Medical Lab, two types of tests can be run: "end point nephelometry" and "kinetic (rate) nephelometry". End point nephelometry tests are run by allowing the antibody/antigen reaction to run through to completion. However, the large particles will fall out of the solution and cause a false scatter reading, thus kinetic nephelometry was devised. In kinetic nephelometry, the rate of scatter is measured right after the reagent is added. As long as the reagent is constant the rate of change can be seen as directly related to the amount of antigen present.

text:
# Nephelometry (medicine)

**Nephelometry** is a technique used in immunology to determine the levels of several blood plasma proteins. For example, the total levels of antibodies isotypes or classes: Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin A. It is important in quantification of free light chains in diseases such as multiple myeloma. Quantification is important for disease classification and for disease monitoring once a patient has been treated (increased skewing of the ratio between kappa and lambda light chains after a patient has been treated is an indication of disease recurrence).

It is performed by measuring the scattered light at an angle from the sample being measured. In diagnostic nephelometry, the ascending branch of the Heidelberger-Kendall curve is extended by optimizing the course of the reaction so that most plasma proteins’ (from human blood) measurement signals fall at the left side of the Heidelberger-Kendall curve, even at very high concentrations.

This technique is widely used in clinical laboratories because it is relatively easily automated. It is based on the principle that a dilute suspension of small particles will scatter light (usually a laser) passed through it rather than simply absorbing it. The amount of scatter is determined by collecting the light at an angle (usually at 30 and 90 degrees).

Antibody and the antigen are mixed in concentrations such that only small aggregates are formed that do not quickly settle to the bottom. The amount of light scatter is measured and compared to the amount of scatter from known mixtures. The amount of the unknown is determined from a standard curve.

Nephelometry can be used to detect either antigen or antibody, but it is usually run with antibody as the reagent and the patient antigen as the unknown. In the Immunology Medical Lab, two types of tests can be run: "end point nephelometry" and "kinetic (rate) nephelometry".

End point nephelometry tests are run by allowing the antibody/antigen reaction to run through to completion (until all of the present reagent antibodies and the present patient sample antigens that can aggregate have done so and no more complexes can form). However, the large particles will fall out of the solution and cause a false scatter reading, thus kinetic nephelometry was devised.

In kinetic nephelometry, the rate of scatter is measured right after the reagent is added. As long as the reagent is constant the rate of change can be seen as directly related to the amount of antigen present.

## Other applications

Aside from the medical applications, nephelometry can be used to measure water clarity, to measure the growth of microorganisms and to test drug solubility.


title: Plexippus wesolowskae

abstract: Plexippus wesolowskae is a species of jumping spider in the genus Plexippus that lives in Bangladesh. It was first described in 1998 by V. Biswas and D. Raychaudhuri. The spider is medium-sized, with a carapace 3.4 mm (0.13 in) and an abdomen 3.2 mm (0.13 in) long. The carapace is dark brown with a black band and white cross. The abdomen is a lighter brown with one white and two black stripes. It is similar to the related Plexippus paykulli that can also be found in the same country, but can be distinguished by features like the elongated almost vase-like shape of the sternum and lack of tibial apophysis on the palpal bulb.

text:
# Plexippus wesolowskae

***Plexippus wesolowskae*** is a species of jumping spider in the genus *Plexippus* that lives in Bangladesh. It was first described in 1998 by V. Biswas and D. Raychaudhuri. The spider is medium-sized, with a carapace 3.4 mm (0.13 in) and an abdomen 3.2 mm (0.13 in) long. The carapace is dark brown with a black band and white cross. The abdomen is a lighter brown with one white and two black stripes. It is similar to the related *Plexippus paykulli* that can also be found in the same country, but can be distinguished by features like the elongated almost vase-like shape of the sternum and lack of tibial apophysis on the palpal bulb.

## Taxonomy

*Plexippus wesolowskae* was first described by V. Biswas and D. Raychaudhuri in 1998. It was placed in the genus *Plexippus*, first raised by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1846. The word plexippus is Greek and can be translated striking or driving horses. It was the name of a number of heroes in Homer's *Iliad*. The species is named for the Polish arachnologist Wanda Wesołowska. The genus was placed in the subtribe Plexippina in the tribe Plexippini, both named after the genus, by Wayne Maddison in 2015, who listed the tribe in the clade Saltafresia. It was allocated to the subclade Simonida, named in honour of the French arachnologist Eugène Simon. The place of *Plexippus wesolowskae* within the genus is uncertain and, in 2017, Jerzy Prószyński placed it in a list of 20 unrecognisable *Plexippus* species.

## Description

Only the male has been identified. The spider is medium-sized, with a total body length of 6.8 mm (0.27 in). It has a dark brown carapace that measures 3.4 mm (0.13 in) in length and 2.5 mm (0.098 in) in width. It is broad, particularly towards the middle, and has a pattern consisting of a black band and a white cross towards the back. The abdomen is a brown elongated oval, 3.2 mm (0.13 in) long and 2.2 mm (0.087 in) wide, with three stripes, one white and two black. The chelicerae are long with two teeth visible. The legs are brown and robust. The palpal bulb has no tibial apophysis, which is different to the similar and related *Plexippus paykulli*. Other distinguishing features are that the middle row of eyes are closer to the forward row and the elongated almost vase-like shape of the sternum.

## Distribution

The species is endemic to Bangladesh. The holotype was collected near Khulna in 1992. It was one of only two species of the genus, the other being *Plexippus paykulli*, to be identified in the country, listed at the same time and by the same authors.

### Citations

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| *Plexippus wesolowskae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A female of the related species *Plexippus paykulli* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | *Plexippus* |
| Species: | ***P. wesolowskae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Plexippus wesolowskae***<br>Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 1998 | |
|


title: Igor Pushkaryov

abstract: Igor Sergeyevich Pushkaryov, is a Russian statesman, who served as the 6th head of Vladivostok from 2008 to 2017. He also served as a representative of the Legislative Assembly of the Primorsky Krai in the Federation Council, as the Deputy Chairman of the Commission on Youth Affairs and Sports, and the member of the Budget Committee.

text:
# Igor Pushkaryov

**Igor Sergeyevich Pushkaryov** (Russian: Игорь Сергеевич Пушкарёв; born on 17 November 1974), is a Russian statesman, who served as the 6th head of Vladivostok from 2008 to 2017. He also served as a representative of the Legislative Assembly of the Primorsky Krai in the Federation Council, as the Deputy Chairman of the Commission on Youth Affairs and Sports, and the member of the Budget Committee.

## Biography

Igor Pushkarev was born on 17 November 1974 in the village of Novy Olov, Chernyshevsky District, Chita Oblast.

At the university, Pushkarev studied two foreign languages - English and Korean - and worked as a translator in the Korean company Busan, which imported products to Russia, including Chokopai cookies and Doshirak noodles. At the age of 18, he became the executive director of the enterprise. From 1995 to 1997, he was the executive director of LLC Vlad-Kan, which was involved in the import of products.

In 1997, Pushkarev created and headed the Park Group company. In 1998, he became the general director of CJSC Pervomaisky Shipyard, which later became part of the Park Group. Then Park Group (for the money of the Baring Vostok Capital fund) bought out its cement enterprises from Alfa Group.

In 1999, he graduated from the Vladivostok Institute of International Relations of the Far Eastern State University with a degree in International Economics.

He is a Candidate of Law as of 2000, where he defended his dissertation at RUDN University on the topic “International Legal Issues of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum” under the guidance of Aslan Abashidze, Head of the Department of International Law of RUDN University, Member of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia in Law.

In 2000, Pushkarev became the general director of Spasskcement OJSC. Gradually, the "Park Group" included Teploozersky Tsemkombinat OJSC, Crushing and Screening Plant JSC, Vladivostok Buto-Crushed Stone Plant JSC, Teploozersky Cement Plant JSC, Spassky Asbestos-Cement Products Plant JSC. Enterprises-manufacturers of building materials later took shape and moved to the management company "Vostokcement". The same year, Pushkaryov was elected to the city council of the city of Spassk-Dalny, where he became deputy chairman of the Duma.

In December 2001, he was elected in constituency No. 24 as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai of the III convocation. In June 2002, he has served as deputy chairman of the Legislative Assembly. In that same year, Pushkaryov has been the chairman of the Board of Directors of Park Group Management Company LLC.

On 24 November 2004, a week after his 30th birthday, Pushkaryov became a representative of the Primorsky Krai on Legislative Authority in the Federation Council. He became the youngest senator in the history of Russia. The powers were renewed on 27 December 2006. He was a member of the Committee of the Federation Council on the budget, chairman of the subcommittee on customs and tariff regulation, deputy chairman of the Commission of the Federation Council on youth and sports.

On 18 May 2008, he was elected head of the administration of Vladivostok. On 30 May, he was sworn into office.

In 2013, he was reelected for a second term with 59.45% of the votes, in the United Russia party.

As mayor, Pushkaryov devoted his first years to preparing for APEC-2012: the reconstruction and expansion of roads, the construction of bridges, and the FEFU campus. In addition to the general improvement and construction of kindergartens, Pushkaryov's administration was remembered for the reform of urban transport. Pushkaryov radically changed the traffic pattern in Vladivostok by introducing a looped one-way traffic in the city center. Under him, trolleybus and tram traffic was reduced, but the fleet of buses was updated.

On 5 June 2014, he was awarded the medal of the public organization "Russian Municipal Academy" "For Contribution to the Development and Establishment of Local Self-Government".

After being elected mayor of Vladivostok, the media and politicians attributed gubernatorial ambitions to Pushkaryov. According to the recollection of colleagues, between Pushkarev and the governor Vladimir Miklushevsky there were difficult relations from the very beginning: the regional television criticized Pushkaryov, and the mayor published criticism of the governor in controlled media. The conflict escalated before the elections to the Legislative Assembly in the fall of 2016, as inside the United Russia party, the teams of mayors and governors fought for the same mandates. It is believed that after a visit to Moscow, Miklushevsky was able to enlist the support of the security forces in a conflict with the mayor.

### Criminal prosecution

On 1 June 2016, Pushkaryov was arrested in Vladivostok. Immediately after the arrest, United Russia suspended Pushkaryov's membership. On the day of the arrest, officers of the FSB department for Primorsky Krai and the central office of the Investigative Committee conducted searches at several addresses at once - in the building of the city administration, the mayor's country mansion and the offices of companies controlled by his family. On 2 June, Pushkaryo was taken to Moscow and placed in a pre-trial detention center. Together with Pushkaryv, Andrey Lushnikov, the head of the municipal enterprise Roads of Vladivostok, was also detained, and on 24 June, Andrey Pushkaryov, Igor's brother, who until 2015 headed Vostokcement LLC, was also detained.

On 9 March 2017, by decision of the Basmanny District Court of Moscow, he was temporarily removed from the post of head of Vladivostok. On 3 November 2017, Pushkaryov voluntarily resigned.

On 20 October 2017, the Prosecutor General's Office approved the indictment and demanded that the criminal case be transferred from Primorye. On 15 November 2017, the Supreme Court of the Russia ruled to change the territorial jurisdiction of the criminal case, transferring the documents to the Tverskoy Court of Moscow.

The accusation of the ICR basically repeated the results of the audit of the Federal Antimonopoly Service in the Primorsky Krai, published in September 2015. The FAS believed that Pushkaryov used his position to conclude unfavorable municipal contracts for the purchase of asphalt, concrete and crushed stone. However, the decision of the antimonopoly service was later canceled in the Primorsky Krai Arbitration Court as unfounded and illegal. Then the court came to the conclusion that MUP "Roads of Vladivostok" from 2011 to 2015 won 135 contracts out of 426, becoming the winner in 30 percent of cases, and not 80 percent, as stated by the FAS. The court also noted that in Vladivostok there are no alternative suppliers of inert building materials for the needs of the municipality, capable of providing the necessary volumes at comparable prices.

Initially, the investigation claimed that the affected party was the mayor's office of the city. When the mayor's office did not recognize the damage, the investigation considered that the losses of 143.6 million were incurred by the municipal enterprise Roads of Vladivostok. After the MUP also proved that there was no damage, the Prosecutor General's Office itself filed a civil suit over the damage. Also, the basis of the accusation on the part of the ICR was a judicial construction and technical expertise from the Primorsky RCCS, which, according to the charter, does not engage in expertise and only compares prices and does not assess the damage. On behalf of the defense, four independent experts appeared in court, and all of them came to the conclusion that the cost of materials supplied to the city by Vostokcement enterprises was, on average, the same or lower than the average market for the region.

Pushkaryov's defense noted that, in principle, there could be no damage to the municipality, since the Vostokcement group of companies forgave the budget debts of 962 million rubles for the supply of building materials that were needed in preparation for Vladivostok for the APEC summit in 2012. This has been officially confirmed by the mayor's office.

> It is quite clear to me that I am not being judged because I have committed any crimes. The investigation itself did not hide the fact that I ended up behind bars as a result of criticism of the former governor of the Primorsky Krai, Vladimir Miklushevsky. The result of this critique was a long political conflict... which came to a head in April 2016 when I won the regional primaries. Despite the fact that Miklushevsky has already been dismissed, the inertia of the law enforcement system, which, as you know, will never admit its mistakes, is so great that I have been in custody for almost three years on completely trumped-up charges.

—Pushkaryov on linking it to a long-standing conflict with Governor Miklushevsky,

On 9 April 2019, the Tverskoy Court of Moscow found Pushkaryov guilty of accepting a bribe on an especially large scale (part 6 of article 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), abuse of power (part 3 of article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and commercial bribery (paragraph "a" » part 2 article 204 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). He was sentenced to 15 years in a strict regime colony. Pushkarev had to pay another 143 million rubles in a civil lawsuit filed by the Prosecutor General's Office in favor of the Vladivostok Roads enterprise.».

After the verdict, Pushkaryov said: “I consciously took risks managing the companies that belong to me through my family members, because otherwise I would not be able to achieve the goals that I set for myself after being elected as the head of the city. I spent my personal funds and the funds of my family for the good of the city.”

In December 2019, after three years of imprisonment in the Matrosskaya Tishina pre-trial detention center, Pushkaryov was transferred to Primorye to serve his sentence.

In January 2020, the Prosecutor General's Office decided to recover 3 billion 281 million rubles, unjustified income from the Pushkarev brothers, Lushnikov and enterprises belonging to the Vostokcement group. As an interim measure, the property of several companies was arrested. Later, the amount of claims was reduced to 1.452 billion rubles. On 6 March 2020, the Sovetsky District Court of Vladivostok fully satisfied the claim of the Prosecutor General's Office.

In June 2020, on the proposal of the Prosecutor General's Office, Pushkayov was sent to serve his sentence from correctional colony No. 33 in Spassk-Dalniy in Primorye to another region.

At the end of 2021, Vostokcement became the largest cement producer in the Far Eastern Federal District. The vertically integrated industrial group included three full-cycle cement enterprises (with a total capacity of 4.3 million tons of cement per year) and four enterprises for the extraction and processing of non-metallic materials in the Primorsky Krai, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast and the Sakha Republic (Yakutia).

On 17 July 2022, Igor Pushkarev was sentenced to an additional 3 months in prison in a criminal case, in which he was charged with the development of municipal and public transport to the detriment of commercial carriers.

## Family

He is married to Natalya Pushkareyova and has three sons: Pavel (born in 1996), Aleksei (2002) and Andrei (born in 2012).

## InfoBox

| Igor Pushkaryov | |
| --- | --- |
| Игорь Пушкарёв | |
| Pushkaryov in 2016 | |
|  | |
| 6th Head of Vladivostok | |
| **In office**
18 May 2008  3 November 2017 | |
| Preceded by | Vladimir Nikolayev |
| Succeeded by | Vitaly Vikeyenko |
| Member of the Federation Council from the Legislative Authority of Primorsky Krai | |
| **In office**
24 November 2004  23 May 2008 | |
| Preceded by | Oleg Kozhemyako |
| Succeeded by | Viacheslav Fetisov |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Igor Sergeyevich Pushkaryov
(1974-11-17) 17 November 1974
Novy Olov, Russia, Soviet Union |
| Political party | United Russia |
|  | |


title: George Tupou I

abstract: George Tupou I, originally known as Tāufaʻāhau I, was the first king of modern Tonga. He adopted the name Siaosi, the Tongan equivalent of George, after King George III of the United Kingdom, when he was baptized in 1831. His nickname was Lopa-ukamea, meaning iron cable.

text:
# George Tupou I

**George Tupou I** (4 December 1797 – 18 February 1893), originally known as **Tāufaʻāhau I**, was the first king of modern Tonga. He adopted the name **Siaosi** (originally Jiaoji), the Tongan equivalent of *George*, after King George III of the United Kingdom, when he was baptized in 1831. His nickname was *Lopa-ukamea* (or Lopa-ʻaione), meaning *iron cable*.

## Biography

### Birth

George Tupou I was born around 1797 in Tonga. 4 December is often-quoted as his birthday and is a public holiday in Tonga; however, it was the date of his coronation in 1845 as Tuʻi Kanokupolu, when he took the name Tupou. Tongoleleka and the Niuʻui hospital there (which was destroyed in the 2006 Tonga earthquake) are often stated as his birthplace; however, no evidence supporting this is available, and Lifuka and Tongatapu are also often stated as the birthplace. His father was Tupouto'aʻ, who aspired to be the 17th Tuʻi Kanokupolu, but he was not recognized as such by the high chiefs of Tongatapu, as he was viewed as a low ranking usurper from Haʻapai. His mother, Hoamofaleono, felt her life was at risk on Tongatapu, so she fled with her son to Haʻapai, probably within the year of his birth. Her history, as well as her son Maeakafa's history, is more reliably tracked to Haʻapai Island.

The pregnant Hoamo fale ono felt insecure in Tongatapu as she was about to give birth to a child whose father, Tupouto'a, was the primary adversary of her clan (Ha'a Havea Lahi). Tupouto'a was in Ha'apai to kill Tupounia and 'Ulukalala in order to avenge the assassination of his father, Tuku'aho. Tuku'aho was cruel and feared by all, including Ha'a Havea Lahi chiefs, given such acts as the burning of Fangale'ounga, a Vaini colony of Ma'afutuku'i'aulahi. Niukapu, a chief, fled to Ha'apai under the protection of the Ha'atalafale Tu'ipelehake. These chiefs supported Tupou Moheofo, installed as Tu'i Kanokupolu, instead of Tuku'aho's father, Mumui. The retribution by Tuku'aho on Ha'a Havea was regarded, despite the fact Niukapu was not part of the clan, as a demotion in power and a display of disrespect of territorial boundaries. Since then, Tuku'aho's siblings and descendants have had antagonistic feelings towards those from Ha'a Havea.

### Coronation

George Tupou was established as the Tuʻi Haʻapai (High king) before the death of his father in 1820. He inherited the conflicts with the overlords of Tongatapu, in particular with Laufilitonga, the last Tuʻi Tonga, who tried to extend his role as spiritual leader into a more political one and contested Tāufaʻāhau in Haʻapai. The culmination of this struggle was the Battle of Velata in 1826, in which Laufilitonga was defeated. An important ally at that battle was the chief of Haʻafeva.

It was now clear that Tāufaʻāhau was very ambitious and wanted more than only Haʻapai. To stop him, in 1827, the chiefs of Tongatapu made Laufilitonga the Tuʻi Tonga, and made Tāufa's uncle Aleamotuʻa a Tuʻi Kanokupolu, preventing an island invasion, as fighting against family members was seen as a Tongan disgrace. In spite of this, at his baptism in 1831, Tāufa declared himself King George of Tonga.

His next conquest resulted from his relationships with Fīnau ʻUlukālala III, the ruler of Vavaʻu. He became the Tuʻi Vavaʻu after Finau's death in 1833. He dedicated Tonga (that is, Pouono in Vavaʻu) to God in 1839, assuring support from the missionaries.

During the 1830s, he resided in Vavaʻu, in Veitatalo, which is now ʻUlukālala's residence. Vavaʻu was at peace and it prospered. Tongatapu, on the other hand, suffered from a cruel civil war with the local chiefs fighting each other. Tāufaʻāhau launched raids on Tongatapu with his fierce warriors from Haʻapai and Vavaʻu, the Tautahi (sea warriors). However, it was not until Aleamotuʻa's death that year, that he had an excuse to conquer Tongatapu. The chiefs were forced to obey him, and he was installed as Tuʻi Kanokupolu in Kolovai on 4 December. Niuafoʻou and Niuatoputapu would follow later. 'Eua was never conquered by Tāufaʻāhau. However, It was Kauvakauta of 'Eua whom conquered The Mighty Kolo Tau o Velata in Ha'apai and assisted Tāufaʻāhau with guns and ammunition for his wars throughout Tonga.

In 1852, the last independent chief, Takai Mo Fa'e, fell and Tāufa became the undisputed leader of the whole of Tonga. His rule saw many changes in Tongan politics. He abolished serfdom in Vavaʻu in 1835, and published the Vavaʻu Code in 1838, the first written laws in Tonga. However, he would not officially abolish serfdom everywhere in Tonga. He opened the first parliament until 4 June 1862, which is still a public holiday called Emancipation Day, in Tonga.

He made Pangai Ha'apai the first capital of his realm in 1845. He then moved the capital to Nukuʻalofa in 1851 (resided in Lifuka from 1845 to 1851). On 4 November 1875 (also a holiday), the constitution was promulgated and Tonga officially became a kingdom. Siaosi then took the name George Tupou I, King of Tonga. For this reason, both 1845 and 1875 are quoted as the beginning of his reign.

### Death

He died in 1893 at the age of 95, after a swim in the sea near his palace. He was buried in the New Royal Cemetery in Malaʻekula. His children had predeceased him, so he was succeeded by his great-grandson twice over George Tupou II – the son of the daughter (ʻElisiva Fusipala Taukiʻonetuku) of his son (Tēvita ʻUnga) and the son (Siaosi Tuʻipelehake) of his daughter (Salote Pilolevu Mafileʻo). This makes him one of only two monarchs in history alongside Louis XIV of France who is known to have been succeeded by a great-grandson.

## Legacy

Due to the leadership of King Siaosi I, the history of Tonga is quite different from that of other Polynesian islands. He was a man foreign powers spoke to on equal footing, which protected Tonga from colonization.

During his trip to Australia and New Zealand in 1853, when asking about the beggars he saw, he was told that they were unable to work since they had no land. This led to the constitution stating that land in Tonga could only be given to natural-born Tongans and not sold to outsiders, as is still the case today.

## Family tree

1. "ROYALTY/NOBILITY". Tonga Government Portal. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013.
2. "George Tupou I, King of Tonga". 30 January 2024.
3. "HOW KING TAUFA'AHAU DEFEATED LAUFILITONGA, THE TU'I TONGA AND BECAME THE REIGNING KING OF TONGA". Eua Island Tonga. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
* Lātūkefu, S. (1975). *King George Tupou I of Tonga*. Nukuʻalofa: Tonga Traditions Committee, 37pp. Reprinted from a chapter in J. W. Davidson & Deryck Scarr (eds). (1970). *Pacific Islands Portraits*. Canberra, Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-7081-0166-7.
* 'I.F. Helu; Critical essays: Cultural perspectives from the South seas; 1999

## InfoBox

| Siaosi Tupou I | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| King of Tonga | |
| Reign | 4 December 1845 –
18 February 1893 |
| Coronation | 4 November 1875 |
| Predecessor | Laufilitonga (as Emperor) |
| Successor | Siaosi Tupou II |
| Prime Ministers | Tēvita ʻUnga
Shirley Waldemar Baker |
|  | |
| Born | Tāufaʻāhau
(1797-12-04)4 December 1797
Kahoua, Tuʻi Tonga Empire |
| Died | 18 February 1893(1893-02-18) (aged 95)
Nukuʻalofa, Tonga, Polynesia |
| Burial | Malaʻe Kula |
| Spouse | Sālote Lupepauʻu |
| Issue | Tēvita ʻUnga
Sālote Mafileʻo Pilolevu
Tuʻukitau
Vuna Takitakimālohi |
| House | Tupou |
| Father | Tupoutoʻa |
| Mother | Hoamofaleono |
| Religion | Tongan religion (former)
Free Church of Tonga |


title: Mesotes strigatus

abstract: Mesotes strigatus, the coastal house snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil.

text:
# Mesotes strigatus

***Mesotes strigatus***, the **coastal house snake**, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Mesotes strigatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Mesotes* |
| Species: | ***M. strigatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mesotes strigatus***
(Günther, 1858) | |
|


title: Poeppel Corner Survey Marker

abstract: Poeppel Corner Survey Marker is a heritage-listed survey marker at Poeppel Corner on the border corner of Queensland, South Australia and Northern Territory. In Queensland it is with the locality of Birdsville in the Shire of Diamantina. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012.

text:
# Poeppel Corner Survey Marker

**Poeppel Corner Survey Marker** is a heritage-listed survey marker at Poeppel Corner on the border corner of Queensland, South Australia and Northern Territory. In Queensland it is with the locality of Birdsville in the Shire of Diamantina. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012.

## Description

Poeppel Corner Survey Marker is at the westernmost of Queensland's three south-western corners located at the intersection of the Queensland, South Australia and Northern Territory borders, near Lake Poeppel - a salt lake. It is approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) west of Haddon Corner and 450 kilometres (280 mi) north-west of Cameron Corner. The survey marker is within the Simpson Desert, a vast region in which linear dunes are the main landscape feature. The confluence of 26 degrees S 138 degrees E is between Lake Poeppel (immediately to the west) and a linear dune that trends SSE-NNW a little over half a kilometre to the east. There is a discrepancy of several hundred metres between the specified latitude and longitude and the officially mapped border.

Land on the Queensland side of the border is in the Munga-Thirri National Park while the South Australian side is part of the Munga-Thirri—Simpson Desert Conservation Park.

## Historical background

### Evolution of Queensland's borders

Letters Patent issued by Queen Victoria in June 1859 separated the new Colony of Queensland from New South Wales (NSW). They described Queensland's border as the watershed from Point Danger (28°8"S) west to the Dumaresq River; the Dumaresq, Macintyre and Barwon Rivers to latitude 29 degrees South; and along latitude 29 degrees South to the 141st meridian of East longitude, which was the eastern boundary of South Australia.

Although legal opinion advised that the 141st meridian was the western boundary of Queensland, Surveyor-General Augustus Charles Gregory believed otherwise. In a memorandum of 28 September 1860 he wrote:

> "the western boundary ... appears to be the 141st meridian; but it is probable that it was not described in the Letters Patent erecting the Colony, with greater distinctness, expressly with a view to a future adjustment, when more certain information should have been collected as to the natural features of the country... It is now submitted that the 141st meridian passes through the tract of country known as the \`Plains of Promise" and that the Eastern shore \[of the Gulf of Carpentaria\] possesses no harbours. It would therefore be desirable to adopt the 138th meridian as the boundary; as that line would pass through a barren tract of country, and bring 'Investigator's Road' \[an anchorage\] within the limits of Queensland."

Furthermore, expeditions in 1861-1862 funded by the South Australian, Victorian and Queensland governments to rescue the missing explorers Burke and Wills, who had failed to return from a journey from Cooper Creek to the Gulf of Carpentaria, led to the exploration of an enormous area of the inland and were predicted to stimulate interest in this previously unknown tract of land beyond Queensland's western boundary. Writing to the Secretary of State for the Colonies on 5 September 1861, the Queensland Governor George Bowen indicated his colony's willingness to protect any settlers so attracted, provided that the western boundary could be extended to include the Gulf. The proposal was accepted on condition that the additional territory could be reclaimed later should another colony be formed in northern Australia.

In response, a despatch dated 14 December 1861 from the Secretary of State for the Colonies advised that the proposed annexation to the 138th Meridian of longitude should be revoked under Act 24 and 25 Victoria, c.44. This immediately provoked a despatch from Sir George Bowen, dated 18 January 1862, stating that Queensland had taken provisional control of this area. Subsequently, on 12 April 1862 Letters Patent were issued describing the accession of "so much of our Colony of New South Wales as lies to the northward of the 26th parallel of south latitude and between the 141st and 138th meridian of east longitude...". Thereby two more corners in Queensland's western boundary were created and the colony acquired part of the Barkly Tableland and the area which later became the Mount Isa mineral field. A revised definition of the extent of Queensland was subsequently proclaimed on 23 June 1862.

### Settlement and need for surveys

During the 1870s, settlement extended west to the Diamantina, Mulligan and Georgina areas. In 1873, the pastoral districts were named - Gregory South comprised the Bulloo and lower Cooper area and the remainder became Gregory North. Initially runs in both districts were stocked with cattle and sheep. By 1885 all available land in Queensland's far south-west had been claimed. This land, comprising the floodplains of the Mulligan, Georgina, Diamantina and Bulloo Rivers and Cooper Creek, which form part of a vast inland drainage system originating in Queensland's central west and north-west and eventually reaching Lake Eyre, became known as Channel Country. During floods, the semi-arid region becomes a network of channels, watering cattle-fattening grasslands.

Agitation by pastoralists in the Cooper region for surveying of the border because of uncertainty as to its position began in the 1870s. In 1877 James McLeod, the new owner of Cullamurra run, applied to the South Australian Commissioner of Crown Lands to have the colony's border surveyed urgently, after finding himself in dispute with his eastern neighbour John Conrick of Nappa Merrie over their station boundaries.

Another factor in the determination of Queensland's borders was the collection of customs duties at the border and establishment of border customs offices. Inter-colonial border duties were introduced in Australia in the 1850s, after the Murray River became the boundary between New South Wales and Victoria. Their introduction demonstrated that the Australian colonies were developing in divergent and independent ways. As each new colony was declared, it established its own customs administration, which was responsible for the collection of lucrative custom duties and the prevention of smuggling.

As the western regions of the colony developed and internal trade routes were established, custom facilities were required along the borders with New South Wales and South Australia. In mid-1862, the Queensland Government had assented to the provisions of the New South Wales Border Customs Act, introduced to provide for a mutual Queensland-New South Wales system of collecting customs duties payable on goods crossing their shared border. Queensland's Customs Duties Act 1870 provided the colony with independent legislation to regulate the collection of duties on goods imported from other colonies. A small Customs Border Patrol consisting of a police inspector, sub-inspector and four constables was appointed with powers to collect duties from 1 January 1871. They travelled along the Queensland-New South Wales border, collecting duties and keeping careful records regarding the type and value of goods and the amount of monies collected. They also recommended 11 sites suitable for custom offices and these were later established. Those near the South Australian border were at Betoota, Birdsville and Oontoo.

### Marking of the border, involvement of Augustus Poeppel

The marking of the Queensland-South Australian border was undertaken in 1879-1880 by the South Australian Government as the final section of a survey of its border on the 141st meridian, which had started at the Murray River. William Barron was the surveyor chosen to undertake the border survey, but after surveying from the Murray River to Cameron Corner then 90 miles (140 km) north to Cooper Creek, his health failed and he was forced to return to Adelaide.

Surveyor Augustus Poeppel took over the survey in January 1880, assisted by Lawrence Wells. He arrived at the survey camp at Innamincka on 3 February 1880, spent the following month taking observations and preparing rations and equipment, then on 5 March, with two months' rations and the animals in good condition, the survey team returned to work. They continued the line to the 26th parallel where they met their Queensland colleague Alexander Hutchinson Salmond. Together the surveyors took star observations for latitude to fix the position at 26 degrees S and 141 degrees E (now known as Haddon Corner, named after the nearby pastoral lease). After marking the corner they continued the survey line marking the border with mileposts recording the distance from the surveying starting point at the Murray River.

Then on 30 June 1880 Poeppel and his survey party began the westward survey along the 26th parallel, running a series of 10-mile chords and setting the mileposts on the arc of the parallel by calculated offsets. They experienced many hardships on this section of the survey traversing Australia's most inhospitable country - the vast waterless plains of the Sturt Stony Desert and the salt lakes and sand hills of the Simpson Desert. Their diet was salt beef and damper causing all to develop scurvy. They relied on Aboriginal people to guide them to wells as water was so scarce. They reached the final corner at 26 degrees South 138 degrees East, marking it with a timber post by the end of 1880. Drought forced them to return to Adelaide. Later the South Australian Triangulation Survey reached the border and on checking the mileposts, discovered an error in chainage and the corner post was relocated from the salt lake, Lake Poeppel, to its foreshore. Starting in 1883 Poeppel and Wells began the survey of the Queensland- South Australian border along meridian 141 degrees E.

## Background of Poeppel and Wells

Augustus Poeppel was born in Hamburg, Germany in 1839, the son of an architect. Emigrating with his family in 1849, he settled in South Australia before moving to Victoria to become a mining surveyor and architect. In 1878, after short periods in New Zealand and Western Australia, Poeppel joined the South Australian Lands Department and was soon appointed to the border surveys. During the Queensland- Northern Territory border survey, from the 142-mile post, he suffered from trachoma and lost 13 kilograms (29 lb) in weight, forcing his withdrawal in July 1885. His health was broken and he later lost sight in one eye. He retired to Melbourne where he died in 1891 aged 52.

Lawrence Wells, born in 1860 in South Australia, entered that colony's Survey Department in 1878. In the following year, at the age of 23, he joined the border surveys, eventually assisting with almost the entire survey of the Queensland-South Australian- Northern Territory borders, completed in 1886. Later Wells became a well-known explorer, known as "the last of the great inland explorers". In 1891-92 he accompanied the Elder Scientific Exploring Expedition, which discovered the East Murchison goldfield; in 1896 he led the Calvert Scientific Exploring Expedition, investigating northern Western Australia; and in 1903 he led South Australia's North-West Prospecting Expedition. Later Wells held administrative positions in the state and federal public services, and was appointed Order of the British Empire in 1937.

## As a landmark

Since the nineteenth century, various explorers of the Simpson Desert have included a visitation to Poeppel Corner. In 1883 the corner was visited by another South Australian surveyor, Charles Winnecke who, after departing from Farina in northern South Australia, headed north-west to Poeppel Corner, later exploring the south-eastern and north- eastern sections of the desert to assess its pastoral potential. Although disappointed with his findings, he travelled deeper into the desert than anyone before him. The next explorer to visit Poeppel Corner came many years later. In 1936, Edmund Albert (Ted) Colson, a pastoralist of Blood Creek Station, near Abminga, in northern South Australia, became the first European to cross the Simpson Desert. Colson crossed from west to east, travelling along the 26th parallel from Mount Etingambara, hoping to locate the Poeppel Corner post and then follow the border mileposts to Birdsville. However, on his eastward journey, Colson missed the post by 300 metres (980 ft), but located it on his return journey. To record his passing, he photographed it and nailed a tin plate to it bearing the date and his initials. Other explorations across Simpson Desert, notably those by David Lindsay in 1886 and Cecil Madigan in 1939, came close by Poeppel Corner but did not actually visit it. So, it was not until the 1960s that it was visited again, in a series of vehicular crossings made by Dr Reg Sprigg of Geosurveys Australia. By that time the original corner post had deteriorated due to white ants and dry rot, prompting Sprigg to take it to Adelaide for conservation treatment.'

The area was opened up to scientific investigation and tourism by the Sprigg expeditions, together with a well-publicised crossing made in 1966 by the Leyland Brothers which proved that the Simpson Desert was accessible to four-wheel drive vehicles. In 1967 a large part of the desert became protected with the proclamation of South Australia's Simpson Desert National Park (now Munga-Thirri–Simpson Desert National Park) and Queensland's Simpson Desert National Park (now Munga-Thirri National Park); the latter being extended in 1983. By this time, interest in the desert was increasing, with many people visiting Poeppel Corner. In 1986 the Friends of the Simpson Desert Conservation Park was formed in South Australia to assist with the park's conservation. In 1989 the group erected a replica of the original post at Poeppel Corner. Poeppel Corner is a well-known tourist destination today.

## Legacy

Given the enormous physical difficulties which the surveyors faced in the task, their survey of the Queensland-South Australian border was impressive. Today, Global Positioning System (GPS) can pinpoint place by longitude and latitude more accurately. It is now apparent that the intended corner between Queensland and South Australia at 26 degrees S 138 degrees E was not achieved. The Poeppel Corner post does not correlate with the confluence of 26 degrees South 138 degrees East as was originally intended. However, the Queensland Boundaries Declaratory Act 1982 confirmed "that each land boundary of the State ... as ... defined in the Letters Patent ... by reference to a parallel of latitude or a meridian of longitude is and always has been the boundary ... permanently fixed by marking it upon on the surface of the earth before 1900...".

The corner post as a survey mark is protected under the Survey and Mapping Infrastructure Act 2003 and the Survey and Mapping Infrastructure Regulation 2004 whereby a person must not interfere with a survey mark unless certain conditions are met.

## Heritage listing

Poeppel Corner Survey Marker was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.**

Poeppel Corner (1880), marking the south-western extension of Queensland's border with South Australia, is important in demonstrating the priority placed on clear border demarcation by the governments of Queensland and South Australia. Set borders were an important part of colonial economic and administrative development, providing certainty for governments and pastoralists, and enabling the collection of customs duties.

Poeppel Corner is the result of early cooperation between Australian colonies and provides lasting evidence of the feat of endurance which marking the Queensland-South Australia border involved.

**The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.**

Poeppel Corner represents the culmination of a difficult feat of geodetic surveying and is an early application of this branch of surveying in Queensland.

**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**

Poeppel Corner is important to the Australian community as a geographical and cultural landmark, and is a well-known tourist attraction.

**The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.**

Poeppel Corner has an important association with the life and career of Augustus Poeppel (1839–91) and Lawrence Allen Wells (1860-1938), who later surveyed the Queensland-Northern Territory border and whose work contributed to the opening-up of outback Australia for European settlement.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on *"The Queensland heritage register"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the *"Queensland heritage register boundaries"* published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014).

Media related to Poeppel Corner at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Poeppel Corner Survey Marker | |
| --- | --- |
| Poeppel Corner Survey Marker, 2013 | |
| Location | On the border corner of Queensland, South Australia and Northern Territory, Birdsville, Shire of Diamantina, Queensland, Australia |
| Coordinates | 25°59′48″S 137°59′57″E / 25.9968°S 137.9991°E / -25.9968; 137.9991 |
| Design period | 1870s - 1890s |
|  | |
| Queensland Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Poeppel Corner |
| Type | state heritage (built) |
| Designated | 9 November 2012 |
| Reference no. | 602808 |
| Significant period | 1880- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Poeppel Corner Survey Marker in Queensland | |


title: Vicinothrips

abstract: Vicinothrips is a monotypic genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae.

text:
# Vicinothrips

***Vicinothrips*** is a monotypic genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Vicinothrips* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Thysanoptera |
| Family: | Phlaeothripidae |
| Genus: | *Vicinothrips*<br>(Mound & Morris, 2000) |
|


title: Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus

abstract: Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus, known generally as the rough strawberry root weevil or rough strawberry weevil, is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus

***Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus***, known generally as the **rough strawberry root weevil** or **rough strawberry weevil**, is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 7: Curculionoidea I*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26093-1.
* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 8: Curculionoidea II*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-25916-4.

## InfoBox

| *Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Genus: | *Otiorhynchus* |
| Species: | ***O. rugosostriatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus***<br>(Goeze, 1777) | |
|


title: Nemanja Todorović

abstract: Nemanja Todorović is a Serbian professional basketball player for Borac Čačak of the Basketball League of Serbia. Standing at 2.06 m, he plays at the power forward position.

text:
# Nemanja Todorović

**Nemanja Todorović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Немања Тодоровић, born 23 April 1991) is a Serbian professional basketball player for Borac Čačak of the Basketball League of Serbia. Standing at 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in), he plays at the power forward position.

## Professional career

Todorović began his professional career in hometown club Borac Čačak where he played from 2010 until 2013. He then signed with Niš-based club Konstantin. The 2014–15 season he played with Metalac Valjevo. He averaged 5.6 points and 1.8 rebounds in 23 games of the ABA League.

On September 12, 2015, he signed a two-year deal with the Bosnian team Igokea. He debuted for the team in 67–56 loss to Cedevita Zagreb in Round 1 of the ABA League; he contributed with 12 points and 4 rebounds. On December 9, 2015, he left Igokea for his former club Metalac Valjevo, after appearing in 12 games of the ABA League, averaging 5.6 points and 2.8 rebounds. In July 2022, he signed a two-year contract extension with Borac, where he still plays to this day.

## InfoBox

Nemanja Todorović
| No. 34  Borac Čačak | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Power forward |
| League | Basketball League of Serbia |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1991-04-23) April 23, 1991<br>Čačak, FR Yugoslavia |
| Nationality | Serbian |
| Listed height | 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) |
| Listed weight | 92 kg (203 lb) |
| Career information | |
| NBA draft | 2013: undrafted |
| Playing career | 2010–present |
| Career history | |
| 2010–2013 | Borac Čačak |
| 2013–2014 | Konstantin |
| 2014–2015 | Metalac Farmakom |
| 2015 | Igokea |
| 2015–2016 | Metalac Farmakom |
| 2016–2018 | Borac Čačak |
| 2018–2019 | Lovćen |
| 2019–present | Borac Čačak |
|  | |


title: Plexopathy

abstract: Plexopathy is a disorder of the network of nerves in the brachial or lumbosacral plexus. Symptoms include pain, muscle weakness, and sensory deficits (numbness).

text:
# Plexopathy

**Plexopathy** is a disorder of the network of nerves in the brachial or lumbosacral plexus. Symptoms include pain, muscle weakness, and sensory deficits (numbness).

## Types

There are two main types of plexopathy, based on the location of the symptoms: brachial plexopathy (affecting the arm) and lumbosacral plexopathy (affecting the leg).

## Cause

Brachial plexopathy is often caused from local trauma to the brachial plexus, as can happen from a dislocated shoulder. The disorder can also be secondary to compression or stretching of the brachial plexus (for example, during a baby's transit through the birth canal, in which case it may be referred to as Erb's Palsy or Klumpke's palsy). Non-traumatic causes of brachial plexopathy include diabetes, malignancy, and infection. Brachial plexopathy can also be idiopathic with an unknown cause, in which case it is known as Parsonage-Turner Syndrome. Both brachial and lumbosacral plexopathy can also occur as a consequence of radiation therapy, sometimes after 30 or more years have passed, in conditions known as Radiation-induced Brachial Plexopathy (RIBP) and Radiation-induced Lumbosacral Plexopathy (RILP).

## Diagnosis

The first steps in the evaluation and management of plexopathy involve a medical provider obtaining a medical history and conducting a physical examination. Diagnosis of plexopathy relies on proper identification of a pattern in motor and sensory function deficits in the upper or lower extremities.

To rule out confounding conditions such as radiculopathy or myelopathy, an MRI of the cervical or lumbar spine is often obtained. If plexopathy is suspected after imaging, an EMG performed by a neurologist or physiatrist can help confirm a plexopathy, and clarify the localization within the brachial or lumbosacral plexus. Following electrodiagnostic testing, further imaging may be obtained of relevant soft tissue structures with either ultrasound or MRI. Some blood tests may help identify the cause of the plexopathy, including screening for diabetes, and obtaining a complete blood count (CBC) and a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP).

## Treatment

Management of brachial or lumbosacral plexopathy depends on the underlying cause. No matter the cause of plexopathy, physical therapy and/or occupational therapy may promote recovery of strength and improve limb function. In the case of a mass lesion causing compression of the brachial or lumbosacral plexus, surgical decompression may be warranted. In an idiopathic brachial plexopathy, no specific treatment is usually indicated, although there is limited evidence that steroids may hasten recovery. If a brachial or lumbosacral plexopathy is determined to be caused by diabetes, management includes controlling the patient's blood sugar. For radiation-induced plexopathies, treatment options are often limited to pain/symptom management and provision of assistive devices.

This article incorporates public domain material from *Dictionary of Cancer Terms*. U.S. National Cancer Institute.


title: Genevieve Baildon

abstract: Genevieve Baildon is a New Zealand international lawn bowler.

text:
# Genevieve Baildon

**Genevieve Baildon** (born 1985) is a New Zealand international lawn bowler.

## Bowls career

In 2009, she won the Hong Kong International Bowls Classic singles.

She was selected to represent New Zealand at the 2010 Commonwealth Games, where she competed in the triples events.

Baildon won the gold medal in the fours with Jo Edwards, Leanne Curry and Jan Khan and the bronze medal in the triples at the 2011 Asia Pacific Bowls Championships in Adelaide.

## InfoBox

Genevieve Baildon
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | New Zealander |
| Born | 1985<br>Mount Albert, New Zealand |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Lawn bowls |
| Club | Hillcrest BC |
| Medal record      Representing  New Zealand  Asia Pacific Bowls Championships  2011 Adelaide fours  2011 Adelaide triples | |


title: Ignacio García (footballer)

abstract: Ignacio Awad García Justiniano is a Bolivian football defender who currently plays for Real Potosí.

text:
# Ignacio García (footballer)

**Ignacio Awad García Justiniano** (born August 20, 1986) is a Bolivian football defender who currently plays for Real Potosí.

## Club career

Born in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Ignacio is the younger brother of Aris Thessaloniki F.C. and the Bolivia national team midfielder Ronald "Nacho" García.

The Tahuichi Academy is where he developed his football skills as a youngster. Then in 2004, he reached professional level with club Bolívar where he played for a couple of seasons, mainly as a substitute. In 2006, he was loaned to Blooming, but he didn't get much playing time, so he returned to Bolívar the following year. During his second spell with *la academia*, he began to show more confidence and his playing capacity improved considerably; earning a spot in the starting line-up indisputably. In 2011, he was signed by Blooming for the second time in his career.

## International career

Since 2008, García has earned 11 caps with the Bolivia national team. He represented his country in 7 FIFA World Cup qualification matches.

## Honours

| Season | Club | Title |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 (A) | Bolívar | Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano |
| 2005 (AD) | Bolívar | Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano |
| 2009 (A) | Bolívar | Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano |

## InfoBox

Ignacio García
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ignacio Awad García Justiniano | | |
| Date of birth | (1986-08-20) August 20, 1986 | | |
| Place of birth | Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Real Potosí | | |
| Number | 22 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Tahuichi Academy | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2004–2005 | Bolívar | 30 | (0) |
| 2006 | Blooming (loan) | 10 | (0) |
| 2007–2009 | Bolívar | 89 | (6) |
| 2010–2011 | Aurora | 30 | (9) |
| 2011–2012 | Blooming | 26 | (0) |
| 2012–2013 | San José | 41 | (4) |
| 2013–2014 | Wilstermann | 27 | (4) |
| 2014–2016 | Nacional Potosí | 78 | (10) |
| 2016–2017 | Oriente Petrolero | 30 | (2) |
| 2017–2018 | San José | 15 | (0) |
| 2019– | Real Potosí | 4 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2008– | Bolivia | 11 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 31 March 2019 | | | |


title: Georges Ista

abstract: Georges Ista was a Belgian writer known for his work in the Walloon language. A native of Liège, he died in Paris. He wrote a number of plays.

text:
# Georges Ista

**Georges Ista** (12 November 1874 – 6 January 1939) was a Belgian writer known for his work in the Walloon language. A native of Liège, he died in Paris. He wrote a number of plays.

## Works

* Ista, Georges (1917). *La ligne droite*. Bénard. OCLC 609966411.

## InfoBox

| Georges Ista | |
| --- | --- |
| Georges Ista circa 1900 | |
| Born | (1874-11-12)12 November 1874
Liège, Belgium |
| Died | 6 January 1939(1939-01-06) (aged 64)
Paris, France |
| Nationality | Belgian |


title: Messe solennelle (Berlioz)

abstract: Messe solennelle is a setting of the Catholic missa solemnis by the French composer Hector Berlioz. It was written in 1824, when the composer was twenty, and first performed at the Saint-Roch, Paris, on 10 July 1825, and again at the Saint-Eustache in 1827. After this, Berlioz claimed to have destroyed the entire score, except for the Resurrexit, but in 1991 a Belgian schoolteacher, Frans Moors, came across a copy of the work in an organ gallery in Antwerp, and it has since been revived. Elements of Berlioz's Requiem and Symphonie fantastique appear in the Messe solennelle in somewhat altered versions. Themes from the Messe solennelle occur in the first half of his opera Benvenuto Cellini.

text:
# Messe solennelle (Berlioz)

***Messe solennelle*** is a setting of the Catholic missa solemnis by the French composer Hector Berlioz. It was written in 1824, when the composer was twenty, and first performed at the Saint-Roch, Paris, on 10 July 1825, and again at the Saint-Eustache in 1827. After this, Berlioz claimed to have destroyed the entire score, except for the Resurrexit, but in 1991 a Belgian schoolteacher, Frans Moors, came across a copy of the work in an organ gallery in Antwerp, and it has since been revived.

Elements of Berlioz's Requiem and *Symphonie fantastique* appear in the *Messe solennelle* in somewhat altered versions. Themes from the *Messe solennelle* occur in the first half of his opera *Benvenuto Cellini*.

## Forces and structure

Scored for soprano, tenor, (prominent) bass, mixed chorus, and large orchestra, including

Piccolo (opt.), 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (C) 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 4 trumpets, 3 trombones (ATB), serpent, buccin (or ophicleide), timpani, cymbals Tamtam, Harps (opt.), and strings

Its movements are:

* Kyrie
* Gloria
* Gratias
* Quoniam
* Credo
* Incarnatus
* Crucifixus
* Resurrexit
* Motet pour l'Offertoire
* Sanctus
* O salutaris hostia
* Agnus Dei
* Domine salvum fac

## Background

Berlioz was still composing his mass late in 1824, when he made arrangements to have it performed at the Church of Saint-Roch. He felt he needed a conductor for the large forces required. His teacher, Jean-François Le Sueur, was co-director of the Chapel Royale, where Henri Valentino, a violinist at the Chapel, but also one of the two chief conductors of the Paris Opera orchestra, had recently applied for the conducting post at the Chapel. Berlioz approached Valentino, who examined the score and agreed to conduct the performance, despite grave doubts concerning the forces at his disposal. The parts were being copied by choirboys from Saint-Roch when Berlioz celebrated his 21st birthday on 11 December. The concert was scheduled for 28 December, and the church sent invitations on behalf of the choirboys to newspapers, friends and likely patrons. The general rehearsal was scheduled for 27 December. Berlioz described it in his memoirs:

> On the day of the full rehearsal our 'huge forces' assembled and proved to consist of a chorus of twenty (fifteen tenors and five basses), a dozen choirboys, nine violins, a viola, an oboe, a horn and a bassoon. My shame and despair at offering the celebrated conductor of one of the world's leading orchestras such a rabble of musicians may be imagined. 'It's all right,' Masson \[choirmaster of Saint-Roch\] kept on saying, 'everybody will turn up for the performance tomorrow. Come along, start rehearsing!' Valentino, with a resigned air, gave the signal and they began; but after a few moments a halt had to be called. The parts were a mass of mistakes and everyone was pointing them out at once: key signatures without flats and sharps, ten bars' rest missing, thirty bars of music left out. All was confusion. I suffered the torments of the damned; and my long-cherished vision of a full orchestral performance had, for the moment, to be abandoned.

Berlioz had heard enough to make important revisions to the score, after which he copied out all the new parts himself. He also realized he needed to hire professional musicians, if his work was to be performed properly, but had little idea of how to finance such a performance. Nevertheless, Valentino remained supportive and agreed to conduct, when circumstances improved.

Berlioz's friend, Humbert Ferrand, suggested Berlioz ask for a loan from François-René de Chateaubriand, one of Berlioz's literary heroes, whose *Génie du Christianisme* later served as inspiration for the program of the *Symphonie fantastique*. Berlioz wrote a letter asking him for 1,200 francs (or possibly 1,500), or in lieu of that to put in a good word with the authorities, but he received only a prompt and courteous reply, which arrived on 1 January 1825:

> Paris, 31 December 1824
>
> You ask me, sir, for twelve hundred francs. I have not got them. If I had, they would be yours. I have no means, either, of being useful to you with the Government. I sympathize keenly with your difficulties. I love art and honour artists. But sometimes talent owes its success to the trials it has had to endure, and the hour of triumph compensates for all that one has suffered. My dear sir, please accept my regretsthey are very real.

In late January 1825 he tried without success to arrange a performance at the Church of Sainte-Geneviève (today the Panthéon), with Henri-Étienne Dérivis, a bass at the Paris Opera, to sing the solos.

Berlioz wrote home to his sister Nanci about the failed rehearsal, and his father, who staunchly opposed his son's pursuit of a career as a composer, learned of it and cut off his son's allowance on 24 February, beginning a period of financial hardship for Berlioz that lasted until the end of the 1820s.

The curé of Saint-Roch had selected 10 July, the feast of the Sacred Heart, for a performance of the Mass, and some musicians and singers from the Chapel Royale were recruited to form the core of the orchestra and chorus. They became unavailable when King Charles X decided to go to Saint-Cloud on the day of the premiere. Berlioz's friend, Albert Du Boys, used his contacts to obtain an interview between Berlioz and Sosthènes I de La Rochefoucauld, the head of the newly created Department of the Arts, but despite two visits, all Berlioz received was permission to hire the Paris Opera orchestra, at a cost of a thousand francs.

A month before the scheduled concert, he ran into his friend Augustin de Pons in the foyer of the Paris Opera house, the Salle Le Peletier. De Pons had been at the rehearsal in December and asked Berlioz about his Mass. When he learned of the situation he promised to arrange for funding to hire the Opéra chorus and a professional orchestra. The orchestra was formed from the Opera orchestra and the best of the players at the Théâtre-Italien. Berlioz even sought and received the endorsement of Raphaël Duplantys, the Opera's Director.

A few days before the premiere, Berlioz and his friend Ferrand visited the offices of some newspapers and journals, giving invitations to send a critic and to print announcements of the concert. Berlioz knew the staff at the *Corsaire*, and Ferrand, those at the *Gazette de France*, the *Diable boiteux*, and *Le Globe*.

## Premiere and initial reception

The *Messe solennelle* was premiered on 10 July 1825 at the Church of Saint-Roch in Paris by an orchestra and chorus of 150, conducted by Henri Valentino. The bass soloist was Ferdinand Prévost. The work made a strong impression on a respectable audience. Many critics attended and wrote reviews, and Berlioz received kudos from many of the musicians.

Berlioz told his friend Albert Du Boys that the dramatic movements (the Kyrie, the Crucifixus, the Et iterum venturus, the Domine salvum, and the Sanctus) had the greatest impact:

> When I heard the crescendo at the end of the Kyrie my chest swelled with the orchestra and my heart pounded in time with the strokes of the timpanist. I don't know what I was saying, but at the end of the piece Valentino said to me, "My friend, try to keep calm, if you don't want to have me lose my head."

Berlioz played the tam-tam in the Et iterum venturus and struck it so hard, that the whole church resounded. The critic of the *Quotidienne* wrote that in this movement, "M. Berlioz has given untrammeled scope to his imagination." Of the quieter movements, the O salutaris was considered by the critic of the *Corsaire* to be music "of the noblest and most religious effect". Madame Lebrun of the chorus told Berlioz, "Damn, my boy: now there's an un-worm-eaten *O Salutaris*, and I defy those little bastards in the counterpoint classes at the Conservatoire to write a movement so tightly knit, so bloody religious."

His teacher, Jean-François Le Sueur, who attended with his wife and daughters, said:

> Let me embrace you! By jove, you're not going to be a doctor or an apothecary, you're going to be a great composer. You have genius  I say it because it is true. There are too many notes in your Mass, you have let yourself be carried away, but in all this ebullience of ideas not a single intention misfires, all your pictures are true. The effect is extraordinary. And I want you to know that everybody felt it. I had chosen a seat by myself, in a corner, on purpose to observe the audience, and you may take my word for it that if it hadn't been in a church you would have received three or four right royal rounds of applause.

## Modern performances

The first modern performance was conducted by John Eliot Gardiner at the church of St. Petri in Bremen on 3 October 1993. Other performances include three given at the 2012 Salzburg Festival, with the Vienna Philharmonic under Riccardo Muti.

## Recordings

## Bibliography

* Cairns, David, editor and translator (1969). *The memoirs of Hector Berlioz*, 2002 edition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780375413919.
* Cairns, David (1999). *Berlioz. Volume one. The Making of an Artist 1803-1832*. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 9780713993851 (hardcover). ISBN 9780520240568 (paperback).
* Holoman, D. Kern (1989). *Berlioz*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674067783.
* Hugh Macdonald: *Berlioz* ("The Master Musicians", J.M.Dent, 1982)
* Association Nationale Hector Berlioz, *Bulletin de liaison*, n°44, January 2010.

## InfoBox

| *Messe solennelle* | |
| --- | --- |
| Mass by Hector Berlioz | |
| Title page of the autograph score | |
| Text | Mass and other liturgical texts |
| Language | Latin |
| Performed | 10 July 1825 (1825-07-10) |
| Movements | 13 |
| Scoring | * 3 soloists * chorus * orchestra |


title: Pointing dog

abstract: Pointing dogs, sometimes called bird dogs, are a type of gundog typically used in finding game. Gundogs are traditionally divided into three classes: retrievers, flushing dogs, and pointing breeds. The name pointer comes from the dog's instinct to point, by stopping and aiming its muzzle towards game. This demonstrates to the hunter the location of their quarry and allows them to move into gun range. Pointers were selectively bred from dogs who had abundant pointing and backing instinct. They typically start to acquire their hunting instincts at about 2 months of age.

text:
# Pointing dog

**Pointing dogs**, sometimes called **bird dogs**, are a type of gundog typically used in finding game. Gundogs are traditionally divided into three classes: retrievers, flushing dogs, and pointing breeds. The name *pointer* comes from the dog's instinct to *point*, by stopping and aiming its muzzle towards game. This demonstrates to the hunter the location of their quarry and allows them to move into gun range. Pointers were selectively bred from dogs who had abundant pointing and backing instinct. They typically start to acquire their hunting instincts at about 2 months of age.

## History

Pointing dogs may have descended from dogs from Spain, specifically of the Old Spanish Pointer (Furgus, 2002). Pointing dogs were originally used by hunters who netted the game. The dog would freeze or set (as in Setter) and allow the hunter to throw the net over the game before it flushed. Flushing dogs, on the other hand, were often used by falconers to flush game for the raptors. Most continental European pointing breeds are classified as *versatile gun dog* breeds or sometimes *HPR breeds* (for hunt, point, and retrieve). The distinction is made because versatile breeds were developed to find and point game as all pointing breeds, but were also bred to perform other hunting tasks as well. This distinction likely arose because while the British developed breeds which specialized in tasks such as pointing, flushing, and retrieving from land or water, in Continental Europe, the same dog was trained to be able to perform each of these tasks (albeit less effectively). The North American Versatile Hunting Dog Association defines versatility as "the dog that is bred and trained to dependably hunt and point game, to retrieve on both land and water, and to track wounded game on both land and water." As an example, German Shorthaired Pointers are often used to retrieve birds, i.e. duck hunting, whereas calling upon a Pointer to do the same would be less common. Unlike the pure pointing and setting breeds, many versatile dogs were bred for working in dense cover, and traditionally have docked tails.

The Westminster Kennel Club was organized in the early 1870s, and the club's early English import, "Sensation", is still used as the club logo.

## Appearance

Pointing dogs come in all varieties of coats, from short-haired dogs, to wire-haired dogs, to silky-coated Setters. Most breeds tend to have some sort of spots on their body, whether the spots are small and round, or a large oval shape.

## Breeds

Pointers (and setters) include the following breeds:

The following breeds are also considered versatile hunting dogs:

## Citations

## General bibliography

* Fergus, Charles. *Gun Dog Breeds: A Guide to Spaniels, Retrievers, and Pointing Dogs*, The Lyons Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58574-618-5.


title: Mary Mitchell Birchall

abstract: Mary Mitchell Birchall, born Mary Wheelwright Mitchell (1840-1898), was the first woman in New England to earn a bachelor's degree when she graduated from Bates College in 1869. She later served as a professor at Vassar College and founded a girls' school in Boston. Mary Wheelwright Mitchell was born in 1840 in Dover, Maine to John and Charlotte (Littlefield) Mitchell. She graduated from Bates College in 1869 while working in a local textile mill to support herself, and she reportedly turned down a scholarship. After graduation, Mitchell taught high school in Worcester, Massachusetts, and Miss Anna Brackett's School in New York, before becoming a professor at Vassar College in 1876-77. In 1891 she founded a girls' school in West Chester Park in Boston, which she ran until 1897. Mitchell also taught school in Laconia, New Hampshire. She married Frank Birchall and had two children. She died in 1898 in the town of her birth and was buried in the McAllister Cemetery.

text:
# Mary Mitchell Birchall

**Mary Mitchell Birchall**, born **Mary Wheelwright Mitchell** (1840-1898), was the first woman in New England to earn a bachelor's degree when she graduated from Bates College in 1869. She later served as a professor at Vassar College and founded a girls' school in Boston.

Mary Wheelwright Mitchell was born in 1840 in Dover, Maine to John and Charlotte (Littlefield) Mitchell. She graduated from Bates College in 1869 while working in a local textile mill to support herself, and she reportedly turned down a scholarship. After graduation, Mitchell taught high school in Worcester, Massachusetts, and Miss Anna Brackett's School in New York, before becoming a professor at Vassar College in 1876-77. In 1891 she founded a girls' school in West Chester Park in Boston, which she ran until 1897. Mitchell also taught school in Laconia, New Hampshire. She married Frank Birchall and had two children. She died in 1898 in the town of her birth and was buried in the McAllister Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Mary Mitchell Birchall | |
| --- | --- |
| Mary Mitchell, ca. 1869 | |
| Born | Mary Wheelwright Mitchell
1840
Dover, Maine, U.S. |
| Died | 1898 (aged 5758) |
| Resting place | McAllister Cemetery |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | College professor |
| Spouse | Frank Birchall |
| Children | 2 |


title: Narqath

abstract: Tomi Kalliola, although generally recognised by his stage name, Narqath, was born in Finland on 11 October 1979. In 1995, he and drummer, Kalma formed the Finnish black metal band Azaghal. Kalliola has played guitar, bass and keyboards, as well as utilizing vocals for Azaghal since formation to present. Besides Azaghal, Kalliola has played in many black metal bands and bands of other genres, some of which he writes and records all the music, such as Valar. Kalliola makes use of both harsh and clean vocals in his music projects. Narqath has stated that singing in Finnish has become a part of recognizable sound for Azaghal. However, he has also had some thoughts about doing a whole album with English lyrics. Azaghal remain mostly singing in Finnish, though, because their vocalist prefers to do so. Narqath has said that when he formed Azaghal, he was influenced and inspired by the early Norwegian black metal scene, but also older bands like Mercyful Fate and Venom. Tomi Kalliola is experienced in producing, mixing and mastering music for bands such as Azaghal and Wyrd. For example, he fully produced the Azaghal albums: Mustamaa, Helvetin Yhdeksän Piiriä and Perkeleen Luoma. Kalliola currently resides in Hyvinkää, Finland.

text:
# Narqath

**Tomi Kalliola**, although generally recognised by his stage name, **Narqath**, was born in Finland on 11 October 1979. In 1995, he and drummer, Kalma formed the Finnish black metal band Azaghal. Kalliola has played guitar, bass and keyboards, as well as utilizing vocals for Azaghal since formation to present. Besides Azaghal, Kalliola has played in many black metal bands and bands of other genres, some of which he writes and records all the music, such as Valar. Kalliola makes use of both harsh and clean vocals in his music projects. Narqath has stated that singing in Finnish has become a part of recognizable sound for Azaghal. However, he has also had some thoughts about doing a whole album with English lyrics. Azaghal remain mostly singing in Finnish, though, because their vocalist prefers to do so.

Narqath has said that when he formed Azaghal, he was influenced and inspired by the early Norwegian black metal scene, but also older bands like Mercyful Fate and Venom.

Tomi Kalliola is experienced in producing, mixing and mastering music for bands such as Azaghal and Wyrd. For example, he fully produced the Azaghal albums: *Mustamaa*, *Helvetin Yhdeksän Piiriä* and *Perkeleen Luoma*.

Kalliola currently resides in Hyvinkää, Finland.

## Discography

Azaghal Wyrd Valar * *Wings of Darkness* (1997)
* *Towards the Great Unknown* (1998)
* *By What Eternal Streams / Prologue* (1998)
* *The Arrival of the Dragonlord* (1998)
* *Where Dragons Forever War* (1999)
* *Hidden Paths* (2000)
* *Magic and Wyrmfire* (2001)
* *To Whatever End* (2005)
* *To Whatever End / Enslaved in Evil Darkness* (2006)

Finnugor * *Black Flames* (2002)
* *Death Before Dawn* (2003)
* *Darkness Needs Us* (2004)

## InfoBox

| Tomi Kalliola | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | Narqath, Godslayer Vassago, Nrq, Dragongod Narqath |
| Born | Finland |
| Genres | Black metal, symphonic black metal, doom metal, folk metal, ambient music, dungeon synth |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, singer-songwriter |
| Instrument(s) | Guitars, vocals, bass, keyboards, drums, tin whistle |
| Years active | 1995–present |
| Labels | Moribund Records |
|  | |
| Website | myspace.com/azaghalterrorcult, |


title: Ososo

abstract: Ososo is a town situated in Akoko-Edo Local Government Area, in Edo State, Nigeria. With an average altitude of 1236 feet above sea level, it has a very temperate climate similar to that of Jos, Plateau State. The highest peak is a very large monolith often called the Oruku rock.

text:
# Ososo

**Ososo** is a town situated in Akoko-Edo Local Government Area, in Edo State, Nigeria. With an average altitude of 1236 feet above sea level, it has a very temperate climate similar to that of Jos, Plateau State. The highest peak is a very large monolith often called the *Oruku rock*.

## Description

The town is made up of four clans: Anni, Egbetua, Okhe and Ikpena. With an approximated population of 100,000 and a combined population density of 5,111 per 7 km radius, it is one of the largest towns in the Local Government Area. Ososo has a unique dialect of the Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee branch of the Edoid linguistic lineage.

Ososo shares boundaries with Okene to the north, Okpella to the East, Makeke to the west, Ojah to the South and Ogori to the north-west. It is a boundary town between Edo and Kogi States.

## Mineral Resources

The town of Ososo is blessed with a commercial deposit of Limestone, and some other solid minerals such as Gold and Granite.

## Tourism

Ososo town is on the boundary between Edo and Kogi States, and in a hilly and rocky area. It lies about 40 kilometres from Igarra and 200 kilometres from Benin city in Edo State. There is a non-catering Rest House on top of a hill at Ososo, which has views of parts of Kogi State to as far as the river Niger. An amusement park is being developedas part of the resort which has temperate weather for long periods in the year.

From the tourist centre, a rest house renovated by the Edo state government, there are views all the way to Kogi state.

## InfoBox

| Ososo | |
| --- | --- |
| OsosoLocation in Nigeria | |
| Coordinates: 07°25′00″N 06°16′00″E / 7.41667°N 6.26667°E / 7.41667; 6.26667 | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| State | Edo State |
| Elevation | 1,236 ft (377 m) |
| Climate | Aw |


title: Nemanja Tomić

abstract: Nemanja Tomić is a Serbian former professional footballer. He has been described as a "tricky" winger with sublime dribbling skill.

text:
# Nemanja Tomić

**Nemanja Tomić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Немања Томић; born 21 January 1988) is a Serbian former professional footballer. He has been described as a "tricky" winger with sublime dribbling skill.

## Club career

Tomić started his football career at hometown side Radnički Kragujevac. As a 16-year-old, he made his debut for Radnički and set a club record as the youngest senior player to debut for the club. In early 2006, Tomić received an invitation to move to Partizan, but first played two and a half seasons for Partizan's reserve team Teleoptik. During that spell his playing development was carefully monitored by the Partizan coaches and it was decided that he join the first team squad. On 20 January, in 2009, it was announced that he signed a 5-year deal for Partizan.

### Partizan

#### 2009–10

In his first season with Partizan, his new club ended up in first place in the Jelen SuperLiga. In the regular season, he featured in 29 league games and scored two goals. He played all 6 games in the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League group stage, during which he earned his first experience playing for a club in group stage of a UEFA competition.

#### 2010–11

In the 2010–11 regular season, Tomić scored a total of four goals in 23 league games. It was also in this season during which Partizan played in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 2003. Tomić played three of six games that Partizan featured in Group H of the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League; in one of the games he played against Arsenal in Belgrade.

#### 2011–2012

As of the beginning of the 2012–13 season, Tomić with Partizan has accumulated four SuperLiga titles. Throughout the first half of 2012, during which Partizan guaranteed the 2011–12 SuperLiga title under Avram Grant, Tomić reportedly attracted interest from Roma. He played five games in the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League Group H, during which he scored a goal against Inter.

### Gençlerbirliği

For the first time in his life, Tomić moved abroad to Turkey and signed for Gençlerbirliği on 4 January 2013 on a three-year contract.

### Trikala

On 30 August 2017 Greek Football League side Trikala announced the signing of Tomić. On 10 December 2017 he scored twice in a 3–1 home win against Apollon Larissa.

## International career

Tomić made his first appearance for the Serbia U21 on 11 February, in 2009, in a friendly match against Cyprus U21. He was selected to be a part of the Serbia squad for the 2009 European Under-21 Championship in Sweden, and given the number 22 shirt. In the final tournament, he came in as a substitute in the all three group matches. Tomić made his debut for the Serbian senior team in a friendly match against Japan on 7 April, in 2010. Serbia won the match 3–0, with Tomić scoring Serbia's third goal from a free kick. In November 2011, he was additionally called up to the team for two friendly matches against Mexico and Honduras.

### Controversy in Croatia

On 13 October 2009, Nemanja Tomić scored a goal against Croatia U21 and celebrated by gesturing his hands resembling the shooting of firearms in the direction of the Croatian supporters. As a result, UEFA gave him a temporary match ban.

## Career statistics

| Club performance | | | League | | Cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| 2008–09 | Partizan | Serbian SuperLiga | 14 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 2 |
| 2009–10 | | | 29 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 45 | 2 |
| 2010–11 | | | 23 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 35 | 5 |
| 2011–12 | | | 28 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 38 | 15 |
| 2012–13 | | | 13 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 4 | 24 | 7 |
| Total | | | 107 | 22 | 13 | 1 | 38 | 8 | 158 | 31 |
| 2012–13 | Gençlerbirliği | Süper Lig | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| 2013–14 | | | 15 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 1 |
| 2014–15 | | | 15 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 5 |
| 2015–16 | | | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 1 |
| Total | | | 50 | 6 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 7 |
| 2016–17 | Giresunspor | TFF First League | 19 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 2 |
| 2017–18 | Trikala | Football League | 24 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 4 |
| 2018–19 | Zemun | Serbian SuperLiga | 20 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 4 |
| 2019–20 | Radnički Niš | Serbian SuperLiga | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| 2019–20 | Radnik Surdulica | Serbian SuperLiga | 15 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 2 |
| 2020–21 | Radnički Kragujevac | Serbian First League | 17 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 5 |
| 2021–22 | | Serbian SuperLiga | 26 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 2 |
| 2022–23 | | 16 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 3 |
| Total | | | 59 | 10 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 63 | 10 |
| Career total | | | 299 | 50 | 30 | 2 | 38 | 8 | 367 | 60 |

### International goals

| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 7 April 2010 | Nagai Stadium, Osaka | Japan | 3–0 | 3–0 | Friendly |

## Honours

### Club

Partizan

### Individual

## InfoBox

Nemanja Tomić
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Nemanja Tomić | | |
| Date of birth | (1988-01-21) 21 January 1988 | | |
| Place of birth | Kragujevac, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Right winger | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1997–2006 | Radnički Kragujevac | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2004–2005 | Radnički Kragujevac | 3 | (0) |
| 2006–2009 | Teleoptik | 66 | (10) |
| 2009–2013 | Partizan | 107 | (22) |
| 2013–2016 | Gençlerbirliği | 50 | (6) |
| 2016–2017 | Giresunspor | 19 | (2) |
| 2017–2018 | Trikala | 24 | (4) |
| 2018–2019 | Zemun | 20 | (4) |
| 2019 | Radnički Niš | 5 | (0) |
| 2019–2020 | Radnik Surdulica | 15 | (2) |
| 2020–2022 | Radnički Kragujevac | 59 | (10) |
| 2023 | Mladost Lučani | 9 | (1) |
| 2023–2024 | Radnički Kragujevac | 10 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2009–2010 | Serbia U21 | 12 | (1) |
| 2010–2012 | Serbia | 5 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 26 May 2024 | | | |


title: Genowefa, Gmina Krzymów

abstract: Genowefa is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzymów, within Konin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

text:
# Genowefa, Gmina Krzymów

**Genowefa** \[ɡɛnɔˈvɛfa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzymów, within Konin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Genowefa | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Genowefa | |
| Coordinates: 52°10′06″N 18°26′46″E / 52.16833°N 18.44611°E / 52.16833; 18.44611 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Konin |
| Gmina | Krzymów |
| Vehicle registration | PKN |