title: Xu Shichang

abstract: Xu Shichang was a Chinese politician who served as the President of the Republic of China, in Beijing, from 10 October 1918 to 2 June 1922. The only permanent president of the Beiyang government to be a civilian, his presidency was also the longest of the Warlord Era. Previously, he was Minister of the Cabinet of the Imperial Cabinet during the Qing Dynasty.

text:
# Xu Shichang

**Xu Shichang** (**Hsu Shih-chang**; Chinese: 徐世昌; pinyin: *Xú Shìchāng*; Wade–Giles: *Hsü2 Shih4-ch'ang1*; courtesy name: Juren (Chu-jen; 菊人); October 20, 1855 – June 5, 1939) was a Chinese politician who served as the President of the Republic of China, in Beijing, from 10 October 1918 to 2 June 1922. The only permanent president of the Beiyang government to be a civilian, his presidency was also the longest of the Warlord Era. Previously, he was Minister of the Cabinet of the Imperial Cabinet during the Qing Dynasty.

## Biography

Xu Shichang's ancestral hometown was Yinxian County (current Yinzhou District), Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. Born in Weihui, Henan, he was Yuan Shikai's closest friend. He was at one time the Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces, served as minister of the cabinet in Prince Qing's Cabinet, and tutored Emperor of China Puyi. At the end of the Qing dynasty, Xu was made chief of the general staff despite being a civilian. Following the overthrow of the monarchy and the Republic of China's establishment, he was appointed minister of state by Yuan Shikai in 1912, as the latter hoped that this would appease the pro-Qing Royalist Party. Xu resigned as secretary of state (premier) in protest to Yuan's imperial ambition in late 1915. He resumed his post after Yuan abandoned monarchism on 22 March 1916.

His election as president was largely engineered by Duan Qirui and his Anhui clique. He was chosen because he was a civilian yet had close ties to the Beiyang Army and was neutral to both its Zhili and Anhui cliques. Lacking any military power of his own, he had to play Duan, Zhili leader Cao Kun, and Fengtian leader Zhang Zuolin against each other to stay in power.

Xu believed the monarchy would eventually be restored, and to prepare Puyi for the challenges of the modern world had hired Reginald Johnston to teach Puyi "subjects such as political science, constitutional history and English".

He held a massive celebration in Beijing for China's victory in World War I on 18 November 1918. However, he then brought troops into the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. A ceasefire with Sun Yat-sen's rival Constitutional Protection government was declared and intellectuals were given greater freedom. This lasted until news from France showed how Duan Qirui promised German territory in Shandong to Japan. Large student protests (May Fourth Movement) led to Xu cracking down with mass arrests. Ma Jun (馬駿), a Muslim, led protests against the Versailles Treaty. The delegation was ordered home and China refused to sign or ratify the Treaty of Versailles. Consequently, the shaky alliance between the Zhili and Anhui cliques collapsed with Duan decisively defeated. This led to the era of high warlordism. Conflict with the south flared again in 1920 and he also failed to retake Mongolia. Cao Kun, who never liked Xu, pressured him out of office and restored Li Yuanhong.

### Sources

## InfoBox

| Xu Shichang | |
| --- | --- |
| 徐世昌 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| President of the Republic of China | |
| **In office**
10 October 1918  2 June 1922 | |
| Premier | Qian Nengxun
Gong Xinzhan (acting)
Jin Yunpeng
Yan Huiqing (acting)
Sa Zhenbing (acting)
Liang Shiyi
Zhou Ziqi (acting) |
| Preceded by | Feng Guozhang |
| Succeeded by | Zhou Ziqi |
| Premier of the Republic of China | |
| **In office**
22 March  23 April 1916 | |
| President | Yuan Shikai |
| Preceded by | Lu Zhengxiang (as Prime Minister of the Empire of China) |
| Succeeded by | Duan Qirui |
| **In office**
1 May 1914  22 December 1915 | |
| President | Yuan Shikai |
| Preceded by | Sun Baoqi (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Lu Zhengxiang (as Prime Minister of the Empire of China) |
| Imperial offices   1st Minister of the Cabinet
of the Imperial Cabinet  **In office**
8 May  1 November 1911Serving with Natong  Monarch Xuantong Emperor  Prime Minister Yikuang, Prince Qing  Preceded by *Position established*  Succeeded by *Position abolished*  Grand Councilor  **In office**
1905–1906  Grand Secretary of the Tiren Library  **In office**
17 August 1910  5 August 1911  Assistant Grand Secretary  **In office**
January  5 August 1911  5th Minister of Mail and Communications  **In office**
9 February 1909  17 August 1910  Monarch Xuantong Emperor  Preceded by Chen Bi  Succeeded by Tang Shaoyi  1st Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces  **In office**
12 June 1907  8 February 1909  Monarch Xuantong Emperor  Preceded by *Position established*  Succeeded by Xiliang | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1855-10-20)20 October 1855
Weihui, Henan, Qing Dynasty |
| Died | 5 June 1939(1939-06-05) (aged 83)
Tianjin, Republic of China |
| Education | *jinshi* degree in Imperial examination (1886) |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Marian Spitzer

abstract: Marian Spitzer was an American screenwriter, journalist, playwright, and actress.

text:
# Marian Spitzer

**Marian Spitzer** (sometimes credited under her married name, **Marian Spitzer Thompson**) was an American screenwriter, journalist, playwright, and actress.

## Biography

Spitzer was born in Manhattan to Lewis Spitzer and Adaline Wolfsheim. She and her younger sister, Janet, were raised in New York City.

After graduating from New York University in 1918, she embarked on a career as a journalist, working at newspapers like *The Evening Globe*. She was fired from her *Globe* job after cutting work to spend time with her future husband, reporter (and future film producer) Harlan Thompson. She then transitioned into working as a publicity agent at the Palace Theatre while also writing short stories. She married Thompson in 1925.

She and Thompson wrote a number of plays and films together, and Thompson also had a brief flirtation with acting when she was cast in a role in *Thru Different Eyes*. The pair moved to Hollywood for a few years to write for the silver screen, and Marian took on a role as a story editor, producer's assistant, and script doctor at Paramount while writing novels and short stories on the side. Later in life, she wrote a book titled *I Took It Lying Down* about her experience suffering from tuberculosis, in addition to working for the New York City Office of Cultural Affairs in Carnegie Hall.

In 1940, she was named as someone with connections to the Communist Party.

## Selected works

Film Literature  1. "11 Nov 1935, 13 - The Atlanta Constitution at Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
2. "23 Aug 1969, Page 11 - The Pittsburgh Press at Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
3. "30 Jun 1925, 34 - Daily News at Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
4. "16 Feb 1929, 26 - Daily News at Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
5. "14 Aug 1969, 32 - Fort Lauderdale News at Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
6. "2 Dec 1944, Page 3 - The Emporia Gazette at Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
7. "8 Apr 1951, Page 4 - Independent Press-Telegram at Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
8. "12 Aug 1935, 21 - The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
9. "22 Apr 1951, 113 - The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
10. "15 Aug 1940, 6 - The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
11. Ephron, Phoebe (2009). *Look for the Silver Lining (1949): Shooting Script*. Alexander Street Press.
12. Larkin, John; Spitzer, Marian (1943). *The Dolly Sisters: Screenplay*. Twentieth Century-Fox.
13. "11 May 1969, Page 48 - St. Louis Post-Dispatch at Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
14. https://www.marx-brothers.org/whyaduck/sounds/streaming.htm
15. Spitzer, Marian (1969). *The Palace*. Atheneum.
16. Spitzer, Marian (1969). *The Palace: With an Introd. by Brooks Atkinson*. Atheneum.
17. Koeniges, Thomas R. (1969). "In the know -- Marian Spitzer". *loc.gov*. Retrieved 3 August 2021. Medium: 3 photographic prints (contact sheets). Summary: Photographs show author Marian Spitzer at the Museum of the City of New York. Spitzer is posed standing in front of an exhibit of Palace Theatre Memorabilia.
18. *I TOOK IT LYING DOWN by Marian Spitzer | Kirkus Reviews*.
19. Spitzer, Marian (1951). *I Took it Lying Down. \[A Personal Account of Treatment for Pulmonary Tuberculosis.\]*. Random House.
20. Spitzer, Marian (1951). *I Took it Lying Down*. Random House.
21. "13 Jul 1930, Page 4 - The Palm Beach Post at Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
22. Spitzer, Marian (1930). *A Hungry Young Lady*. H. Liveright.
23. "28 Oct 1924, 4 - The Dispatch at Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2019-02-19.
24. Spitzer, Marian (1924). *Who Would be Free*. Boni and Liveright. The smug German-Jewish society of New York's upper West Side." Cf. Hanna, A. Mirror for the nation.
25. Bigelow, Brad (8 January 2020). "Who Would be Free, by Marian Spitzer (1924)". *Neglected Books*.

## InfoBox

| Marian Spitzer | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Marian Adrienne Spitzer
February 20, 1899
New York City, New York, USA |
| Died | July 18, 1983 (aged 84)
New York City, New York, USA |
| Education | New York University |
| Occupation(s) | Screenwriter, playwright, journalist |
| Spouse | Harlan Thompson |
| Children | Evan Thompson, Eric Thompson |


title: Gary Ruley and Mule Train

abstract: Gary Ruley and Mule Train is an acoustic bluegrass band based in Lexington, Virginia who also play New Grass and Jazz music.

text:
# Gary Ruley and Mule Train

**Gary Ruley and Mule Train** is an acoustic bluegrass band based in Lexington, Virginia who also play New Grass and Jazz music.

## Early

Gary Ruley was born into a musical family in Lexington, Virginia, and first performed publicly at ten. He has performed with his father, Pat Ruley, his brother, Ronald "Rooster" Ruley, and his son, Jeremiah Ruley. "Sisters Sandy, Sue and Kathy . . were strong musicians in their own rights." The strong musical tradition of his hometown rooted the musical Ruley family in bluegrass and mountain music. The Ruleys were "ahead of the curve that became the explosion of bluegrass popularity commencing in the mid-1970s." Gary's musical journey was launched by many performances at a young age singing and flatpicking in and around Lexington, which was at the time a "hotbed of nightly entertainment of live acoustic music. Many nights would feature four or five different bands performing at various venues."

He grew up performing with diverse musicians for functions at Washington and Lee University, Virginia Military Institute, The University of Virginia, and various weddings and socials.

## Performance

Gary Ruley's flat picking has earned him honors and awards at numerous festivals, and made him much sought-after regionally.

He has played with many of the greats of the bluegrass genre—including those associated with the "first-generation" bluegrass legends, such as Bill Monroe's fiddle player, Bobby Lester, as well as Buddy Pendleton who performed with Monroe, and Mac Wiseman who played with both Monroe and Earl Flatt and Lester Scruggs. He's also played with Ricky Lee—Will Lee's father—who played with Ralph Stanley, as well as Doc Watson's partner Jack Lawrence. He's appeared with John Starling of Seldom Scene, Mike Seeger, Tony Rice, and the late Vassar Clements. He has also picked with some of the newer generation bluegrass greats such as Darol Anger, two-time Grammy Winner Curtis Burch of New Grass Revival, and opened for Ricky Skaggs and Kentucky Thunder (Skaggs himself joined Ralph Stanley's band as a teenager).

Ruley has performed at major regional venues and music festivals, including: Lime Kiln Theater in Lexington, The Homestead in Hot Springs, Garth Newel Music Center in Warm Springs, The Greenbrier in White Sulphur Springs, and FloydFest in Floyd County. In North Carolina he's appeared at Black Mountain and Union Grove

He has also toured out West with the Keels in California and Utah and performed in Amsterdam. He has appeared on PBS radio.

### Mule Train

Gary Ruley and Mule Train serves as a vehicle for bringing together the best musicians in the area for specific shows (or recordings). As Gary states, "There's so many great pickers who live in or near Rockbridge County that it's not difficult to get a bunch of friends together and make music." The musicians who appear with Ruley come with long musical pedigrees and from a number of other groups they've formed themselves. Will Lee's father joined the legendary Stanley Brothers as lead guitarist after playing with Bluegrass Tar Heels, special protégées of Bill Monroe. David and Danny Knicely's grandfather, A. O. Knicely, played old time guitar, mandolin, and fiddle as leader of the Knicely Family Band. Danny and Will perform as a duo. Larry Keel, "arguably one of the greatest flat-picking guitarists in the world", has headed up The Larry Keel Experience—now renamed Larry Keel & Natural Bridge—and also performs in Keller and the Keels with his wife Jenny. Will Lee, Larry Keel, and Danny Knicely were all founders of legendary Magraw Gap, a band that took first place at the Telluride Bluegrass Festival in 1995. Brennan Gilmore originated Walker's Run, Kantara, and most recently Borden Grant. Ann Marie Calhoun (née Simpson) has toured with Jethro Tull's Ian Anderson and performed with Ringo Starr. Her sister Mary Simpson also plays fiddle and sings with the group when not performing with her own Whisky Rebellion. She joined Yanni in September 2010, for his South American tour, also performing with the composer in Puerto Rico.

They are known for Thanksgiving and Christmas shows at the Southern Inn in Lexington, Virginia. Their latest release, *The Southern Inn and Out* (2010), is a recording of the 2009 Christmas show there. Since the Southern Inn burned in July 2010 other locations are used. The 2010 Christmas show, on December 30, takes place at the Southern Inn's new temporary location across town, and will feature regulars Danny Knicely, Will Lee, David Knicely, and Brennan Gilmore (with others).

They were the 2010 winners of the Rockbridge County, Virginia Chamber of Commerce *Rockbridge Community People's Choice Awards* "Group Arts/Entertainer of the Year". Individual members have won a number of performance awards at music festivals through the years; some as a part of other groups.

## Recordings

*Shenandoah Bluegrass* was the group's first recording. *Gary Ruley & Muletrain* was released in 2002 with Ruley on guitar and performing lead vocals, Daniel Knicely on mandolin, Larry Keel on guitar, and Jenny Keel on upright bass (all three providing harmony vocals). It also featured Will Lee on banjo, Ann Marie Simpson-Calhoun on fiddle, Jeremiah Ruley, Brennan Gilmore, Mark Shimmick, and Mitchell Davis. Their next recording was *Pickin' Tradition* also features Ruley, Knicely, and the Keels, but brings in Ronald "Rooster" Ruley on banjo, and Steve Hoke on fiddle. Then came *Live at the Troubadour Vol. 1* and *Live at the Troubadour Vol. 2* in 2005, recordings made from a live performance at the Troubadour Theater in Lexington, "which served Washington and Lee University as its campus theater for decades." These recordings feature Ruley, Will Lee, the Keels again, but this time with the Simpson sisters—Ann Marie and Mary—adding fiddle and vocals. Most recently they've released a live recording of their 2009 Christmas show titled *Southern Inn And Out* in 2010. In addition to Ruley, Keel, Lee, and Knicely, it also features brother David Knicely on bass. It also features fiddle player Nate Leath of Old School Freight Train, and Shannon Wheeler (with The Churchmen and The Blinky Moon Boys).

## Musical style

Known as one of the finest acoustic flat pickers, Gary Ruley plays mostly vintage Martin guitars. He was born in western Virginia and raised on bluegrass and old-time mountain music. Influences include Bill Monroe, Flatt & Scruggs, Don Reno and Red Smiley, as well as the Beatles.

> . . even if the programs from these two volumes of live recordings mix bluegrass standards with the likes of Ellington, Grisman, and the Beatles, they are all delivered with drive and precision, while the vocals project an informal geniality."
>
> review of *Live at the Troubadour, Volumes One & Two*, Bluegrass Unlimited

## Distinctions, honors, and awards

* 2010 winners of the Rockbridge County, Virginia Chamber of Commerce *Rockbridge Community People's Choice Awards* "Group Arts/Entertainer of the Year".
* Ann Marie Calhoun was the winner of the "My Grammy Moment" contest at the 50th Grammy Awards on February 10, 2008, playing live with the Foo Fighters during the broadcast.
* In 2006 Brennan Gilmore won the prestigious Secretary of State's Award for Public Outreach from the U.S. State Department for "ground-breaking efforts to engage non-traditional audiences and promote Arab-American cultural understanding through music" after founding Kantara—a musical group that creates an "alchemy of Appalachian old-time and bluegrass and North African melodies and rhythms"—and touring the world with it.
* The Pat Ruley Trophy for Best All Around Blue Grass Performer at the Maury River Fiddler's Convention Archived 2008-05-17 at the Wayback Machine—which held its 17th annual event in 2010 in Buena Vista, Virginia—was named for Gary's father and has been won by members of his group: Will Lee won the trophy in 2008 and Mary Simpson in 2005.
* In the past half-decade members of Gary Ruley and Mule Train have won numerous performance awards at the Maury River Fiddler's Convention including first place finishes for Will Lee on guitar in 2005, 2007, and 2008, and for Mary Simpson on bluegrass fiddle in 2005. Second place awards have gone to Nate Leath for old-time fiddle in 2010, to Danny Knicely for bluegrass fiddle in 2007 and 2009, and to Will Lee for guitar in 2006.
* Will Lee's father joined the legendary Stanley Brothers as lead guitarist after playing with Bluegrass Tar Heels, special protégées of Bill Monroe. On his mother's side, Grandpa Clark was a fine ragtime pianist whose two sons both play guitar, while William Penmon Lee, the grandfather he was named after, was a respected clawhammer banjo player in Alabama and Mississippi.
* Danny Knicely's grandfather, A. O. Knicely, played old time guitar, mandolin, and fiddle as leader of the Knicely Family Band. His father played bass and banjo in A.O.K.'s band; he also led his own country and bluegrass band, Dominion Express. Danny's mother had two groups: Heartland, a country and gospel band, as well as a large dance troupe, the Massanutten Mountain Cloggers.
* Magraw Gap, a band comprising Will Lee, Larry Keel, and Danny Knicely, took first place at the Telluride Bluegrass Festival in 1995.

## Personnel

## Discography

* *Shenandoah Bluegrass*
* *Gary Ruley & Muletrain* (2002)
* *Pickin' Tradition*
* *Live at the Troubadour Vol. 1* (2005)
* *Live at the Troubadour Vol. 2* (2005)
* *Southern Inn And Out* (2010)

## Video

## Reviews, interviews, articles

## Further reading

* Rosenberg, Neil V. (2005). *Bluegrass: A HISTORY 20TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION (Music in American Life)*. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07245-6.
* Goldsmith, Thomas (2006). *The Bluegrass Reader (Music in American Life)*. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07365-7.
* Cantwell, Robert (2003). *Bluegrass breakdown: the making of the old southern sound*. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07117-4.
* Thompson, Eric; Sid Griffin (2005). *Bluegrass guitar: know the players, play the music*. San Francisco, CA: Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-870-2.

## InfoBox

| Gary Ruley and Mule Train | |
| --- | --- |
| Gary Ruley playing at The Southern Inn in Lexington, Virginia
December 26, 2008 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Rockbridge County, Virginia, United States |
| Genres | Folk, Country, Americana, Bluegrass, Jazz |
|  | |
| Members | Gary Ruley
Danny Knicely
Will Lee
Brennan Gilmore
David Knicely
Ann Marie Calhoun (née Simpson)
Mary Simpson
Ronald "Rooster" Ruley
Jeremiah Ruley
Larry Keel
Jenny Keel
Nate Leath
Shannon Wheeler |
|  | |
| Website | Official Site |


title: Maybe My Baby

abstract: "Maybe My Baby" is a song written by Eric Carmen, included on his 1984 LP, Eric Carmen. The song was later recorded by American country music artist Louise Mandrell. It was released in March 1985 as the first single and title track from the album Maybe My Baby. The song reached number 8 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

text:
# Maybe My Baby

"**Maybe My Baby**" is a song written by Eric Carmen, included on his 1984 LP, *Eric Carmen*. The song was later recorded by American country music artist Louise Mandrell. It was released in March 1985 as the first single and title track from the album *Maybe My Baby*. The song reached number 8 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1985) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 8 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 23 |

## InfoBox

| "Maybe My Baby" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Louise Mandrell | |
| from the album  *Maybe My Baby* | |
| B-side | "Are You Just Playing With Me" |
| Released | March 30, 1985 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 2:58 |
| Label | RCA |
| Songwriter(s) | Eric Carmen |
| Producer(s) | R.C. Bannon |
| Louise Mandrell singles chronology | |
| "This Bed's Not Big Enough"
(1985) "**Maybe My Baby**"
(1985) "I Wanna Say Yes"
(1985) | |


title: Gabriel Arias (pitcher)

abstract: Gabriel DeJesus Arias is a Dominican Republic professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent.

text:
# Gabriel Arias (pitcher)

**Gabriel DeJesus Arias** (born December 6, 1989) is a Dominican Republic professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent.

## Career

### Philadelphia Phillies

On July 24, 2007, Arias signed with the Philadelphia Phillies as an international free agent. He appeared in 4 games for the Dominican Summer League Phillies to begin his professional career. In 2008, Arias recorded a 2.63 ERA in 17 appearances for the DSL Phillies. He would improve with the team the following two years, posting ERAs of 2.29 (in 17 games) and 1.22 (in 14 games) respectively. Arias spent the 2011 season with the Low-A Williamsport Crosscutters, working to a 2.97 ERA with 31 strikeouts in 24 appearances. He split the 2012 season between the High-A Clearwater Threshers and the Single-A Lakewood BlueClaws, accumulating a 3.65 ERA with 106 strikeouts in 101.0 innings across 37 contests. Arias returned to Clearwater the following year, pitching to a 2.47 ERA in 12 games. On November 4, 2013, Arias elected free agency.

### Cleveland Indians

On December 19, 2013, Arias signed a minor league contract with the Cleveland Indians. Arias spent 2014 split between the Triple-A Columbus Clippers and the Double-A Akron RubberDucks, posting a 14-6 record and 3.68 ERA in 27 games. He elected free agency on November 4, 2014.

### Arizona Diamondbacks

On November 19, 2014, Arias signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks. In 2015, he played the season with the Triple-A Reno Aces and Double-A Mobile BayBears, accumulating an 11-6 record and 4.48 ERA with 85 strikeouts in 128+23 innings pitched across 24 contests (23 of them starts). On November 6, 2015, Arias elected free agency.

### Washington Nationals

Arias did not play affiliated ball in 2016 and signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals on December 23, 2016. He spent the 2017 season with the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs, but pitched in only 2 games due to injury. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.

### Algodoneros de Unión Laguna

On July 12, 2018, Arias signed with the Algodoneros de Unión Laguna of the Mexican League. Arias made 10 starts for the club down the stretch, but struggled to a 7.64 ERA in 55+13 innings of work.

### Leones de Yucatán

On April 13, 2019, Arias signed with the Leones de Yucatán of the Mexican League. Arias tossed 6.0 innings of 7.50 ERA ball in 7 appearances before he was released on May 4.

### Pericos de Puebla

On June 26, 2019, Arias signed with the Pericos de Puebla of the Mexican League. Arias recorded a 3.00 ERA in 12 appearances for the team in 2019. Arias did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the Mexican League season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Arias re-signed with the team on June 10, 2021, and pitched in only 3 games due to a shoulder injury, striking out 10 and allowing 4 earned runs in 11+23 innings of work. On October 20, Arias was released by Puebla.

## International career

Arias replaced Diego Goris on the Dominican Republic national baseball team for the 2020 Summer Olympics, contested in July 2021, after Goris tested positive for cannabis.

## InfoBox

| Gabriel Arias | |
| --- | --- |
| Free agent | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1989-12-06) December 6, 1989<br>Licey al Medio, Dominican Republic | |
| **Bats:** Right**Throws:** Right | |
|  | |
| Medals      Men's baseball  Representing  Dominican Republic  Olympic Games  2020 Tokyo  Team | |


title: Savage (2009 film)

abstract: Savage is a Canadian short film, directed by Lisa Jackson and released in 2009. The film depicts a Cree woman crying and singing a sad traditional song while a young girl is transported to an Indian residential school At the school, however, the conventional narrative of Indian residential schools is subverted when the children perform a hip hop–inspired group dance routine in class after the teacher leaves the room.

text:
# Savage (2009 film)

***Savage*** is a Canadian short film, directed by Lisa Jackson and released in 2009.

The film depicts a Cree woman (Skeena Reece) crying and singing a sad traditional song while a young girl (Ta'Kaiya Blaney) is transported to an Indian residential school (although the film is deliberately ambiguous about whether the woman is the child's mother, or the child herself reflecting on her past as an adult.) At the school, however, the conventional narrative of Indian residential schools is subverted when the children perform a hip hop–inspired group dance routine in class after the teacher leaves the room.

## Accolades

The film won the Genie Award for Best Live Action Short Drama at the 31st Genie Awards.

## InfoBox

| Savage | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Lisa Jackson |
| Written by | Lisa Jackson |
| Produced by | Lauren Grant
Lori Lozinski |
| Starring | Ta'Kaiya Blaney
Skeena Reece |
| Cinematography | Robert Aschmann |
| Edited by | Hart Snider
Brendan Woollard |
| Music by | Rodrigo Caballero |
| Production
companies | Clique Pictures
Violator Films |
| Distributed by | Ouat Media |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 6 minutes |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | English |


title: O Estado de S. Paulo

abstract: O Estado de S. Paulo, also known as Estadão, is a daily newspaper published in São Paulo, Brazil. It is the third largest newspaper in Brazil, and its format changed from broadsheet to berliner on October 17, 2021. It has the second-largest circulation in the city of São Paulo, behind only Folha de S. Paulo. The journal was founded on 4 January 1875, and was first called A Província de São Paulo. An active supporter of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985), O Estado de S. Paulo is described by observers as having a right-wing, conservative editorial stance. It is considered a newspaper of record for Brazil.

text:
# O Estado de S. Paulo

***O Estado de S. Paulo*** (Portuguese pronunciation: \[u (i)sˈtadu d(ʒi) sɐ̃w ˈpawlu\]; lit.'The State of São Paulo'), also known as ***Estadão*** (Portuguese: \[istaˈdɐ̃w\]; lit.'Big State'), is a daily newspaper published in São Paulo, Brazil. It is the third largest newspaper in Brazil, and its format changed from broadsheet to berliner on October 17, 2021.

It has the second-largest circulation in the city of São Paulo, behind only *Folha de S. Paulo*. The journal was founded on 4 January 1875, and was first called *A Província de São Paulo* (lit.'The Province of São Paulo'). An active supporter of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985), *O Estado de S. Paulo* is described by observers as having a right-wing, conservative editorial stance. It is considered a newspaper of record for Brazil.

## History

The term *Província* ("Province") was preserved until January 1890, one month after the fall of the monarchy and the subsequent republican regime in Brazil. Although the newspaper supported the change, it showed that it was completely independent, refusing to serve the interests of the ascendant Republican Party of São Paulo.

When the then editor in chief Francisco Rangel Pestana left to work in a project of the Constitution, in Petrópolis, the young editor Julio de Mesquita effectively took control of *Estado* and initiated a series of innovations. One of the innovations was the engagement of the agency Havas, once the largest in the world.

The Estadão pioneered the newspaper selling system in 1875, where it was sold on the streets, instead of by the subscription-only system adopted by all other newspapers in Brazil before that time. At first, this new way of selling resulted in jokes and mockery, but ultimately all rivals adopted the same system. Today, newspapers in Brazil are sold in small street newspapers/magazines shops, and by single sellers located in the main avenues of the biggest cities. Back in the 19th century, the Estadão was sold by only one man, a French immigrant, who carried his newspapers in a bag, while riding a horse, and announcing himself with a cornet.

### 19th century

In the end of the 19th century, the *Estado* was already the largest newspaper in São Paulo, exceeding the circulation of the *Correio Paulistano*. Property of the Mesquita family since 1902, the *Estado* supported the Allied cause in World War I, suffering reprisals from the German community in the city, which removed all advertising announcements from the newspaper. Despite this, the Mesquitas maintained their editorial position. During the war, the afternoon edition of the newspaper began to circulate throughout the country. It was known as *Estadinho* (*lit*. "Little Estado"), directed by the then young Júlio de Mesquita Filho.

In 1924, the newspaper *Estado* was banned from circulation for the first time, after the defeat of the tenants' rebellion that shook the city. Júlio Mesquita, who tried to mediate a dialogue between the rebels and the government, was imprisoned and taken to Rio de Janeiro, before being freed shortly thereafter.

With the death of the old director of 1927, his son Júlio de Mesquita Filho assumed the directory along with his brother Franscisco, the latter managing the financial aspects of the newspaper. In 1930, the *Estado*, connected to the Democratic Party, supported the candidature of Getúlio Vargas for the Liberal Alliance. With the victory of Vargas, the newspaper saw the Brazilian Revolution of 1930 as a mark of the end of the oligarchy system.

The Grupo Estado assumed in 1932 the leadership of the constitutionalist revolution. With its defeat, many people from the directory were exiled, including Júlio de Mesquita Filho and Francisco Mesquita. One year later, in August, Getúlio Vargas invited Armando de Salles Oliveira to be the governor in São Paulo. Armando Salles, son-in-law of Júlio Mesquita (by then already deceased), imposed as a condition for his acceptance the position the amnesty of the rebels of 1932 and a convocation of a constituent assembly. Vargas agreed and Júlio de Mesquita Filho and Francisco Mesquita, as well as other exiled people, returned to Brazil.

Years later, with the appearance of the "Estado Novo", the newspaper maintained its opposition to the regime, and in March 1940 it was invaded by DOPS (part of the government that controlled and restrained opponents and movements that were antithetical to the Estado Novo regime) and the paper was altered by them to state that, with absurdity and mockery, "guns were arrested" in the redaction. The newspaper was initially closed and afterwards was confiscated by the dictatorship, being administrated by DIP (Department of the Press \[Port."*Imprense*"\] and Propaganda) until 1945, when the *Estado* was returned by the Supreme Federal Court to its legitimate owners. The numbers published during this governmental intervention are not considered part of the actual history of the paper.

Shortly after World War II the *Estado* enjoyed great advances, with the increase in editing and of its good reputation. In the 1950s, the Major Quedinho Street headquarters were built, adjacent to the Hotel Jaraguá. That was the phase when the section *Internacional* ("International") of the newspaper, directed by the journalist Giannino Carta and by Ruy Mesquita, became known as the most complete of any national newspaper. From that time until the 1970s, *O Estado* showed almost exclusively international news on its first page.

### República Nova

During the *República Nova* ("New Republic") (1946–1964) the *Estado* profiled itself to the National Democratic Union of Carlos Lacerda and opposed all the other governments, especially João Goulart. In 1954, *O Estado de S. Paulo* led a national campaign against the elected democratic President, Getúlio Vargas, leading him to commit suicide. In 1962, the director Júlio de Mesquita Filho even wrote a *Roteiro da Revolução* ("Guide to Revolution"), in an attempt to unify civilian opposition against the army, the then called "boasting party", which had intervened in Brazilian politics since the beginning of the Republic. In 1964, the *Estado* supported the military coup and the indirect election of Castelo Branco. Shortly after the Institutional Act n° 2 which dissolved the other political parties, the journal broke away from the regime.

### Censorship

On 13 November 1968, the editor of the *Estado* was arrested because of Mesquita Filho's refusal to eliminate from the section *Notas e Informações* ("Notes and Information") the editorial *Instituições em Frangalhos* ("Institutions in Frazzles"). where he denounced the end of any normal and simple democratic appearance. From then on, the newspaper began disputing censored editions of its news by the Brazilian Federal Police, unlike other national newspapers that did not dispute censorship by the government.

With the death of Mesquita Filho, the *Estado* was directed by Julio de Mesquita Neto. Then, the newspaper gained worldwide visibility when it denounced the preemptive censorship of articles and replaced them with verses of the Portuguese classic The Lusiads, by Luís de Camões. In 1974, it received the *Golden Pen of Freedom Award*, bestowed by the International Federation of Editions and Newspapers.

In the 1970s, the newspaper ran into debt because of the construction of its new headquarters by the Tietê river, leading to a financial crisis, as it competed with a new standard of journalism represented by Folha de S. Paulo.

### After military dictatorship

In 1986, the *Estado* hired the renowned journalist Augusto Nunes to be its chief editor. He updated the news bulletin of Estado and endeavored upon a series of reformed graphics, that would result in the adoption, in 1991, of colored printing in its daily editions. Before that, *Estado* was not issued on Monday and holidays. In 1996, Júlio de Mesquita Neto died and Ruy Mesquita, his brother, became the new director. Previously, Ruy directed Jornal da Tarde, owned by the Estado network.

After an unsuccessful experience in the area of telecommunications, the Estado network was restructured in 2003 and most of the Mesquita family lost their directorship roles. Massive layoffs also occurred. After balancing its budget, the *Estado* embarked upon a new graphic reformulation in October 2004. It also created new notebooks and received many prizes for excellence in graphic displays.

## Grupo Estado

Besides the newspaper *O Estado de S. Paulo*, the Estado network has control over the OESP Mídia (1984), a company that runs advertisements. Grupo Estado also owns the radios Rádio Eldorado AM and FM (1972) and the Estado Agency (1970), the largest news agency in Brazil. Jornal da Tarde (1966) was discontinued in 2012.

In 2013, another big reorganization followed. Employees were laid off and the paper reduced the number of pages.

## Political stance

The oldest of all the sections, known as *Notas e Informações* ("Notes and Information"), appears on page 3 and presents a republican institutionalist view, emphasizing liberty of expression, economic liberalism and Rechtsstaat – one of flagship columns of *O Estado de S. Paulo*. It was, initially, a supporter of the 1964 military coup d'état in Brazil and of the military dictatorship that then ensued. To this day, the newspaper is perceived to hold "right-wing" or "conservative" positions along the Brazilian political spectrum.

## Recent circulation history

| Year | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Total circulation | 241,913 | 220,387 | 210,394 | 203,272 | 239,432 | 245,482 | 233,315 | 225,342 |

### Further reading

* Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. *The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers* (1980) pp. 117–23

## InfoBox

O Estado de S. Paulo
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Daily newspaper |
| Format | Berliner |
| Owner(s) | Grupo Estado |
| Founder(s) | * José Maria Lisboa * Francisco Rangel Pestana * Américo de Campos |
| Editor | João Caminoto |
| Founded | 4 January 1875 (1875-01-04) |
| Political alignment | Centre-right
Economic liberalism
Liberal conservatism |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Headquarters | Av. Eng. Caetano Álvares, 55
São Paulo, SP
02598-900 |
| Country | Brazil |
| Circulation | 225,342 (2021) |
| ISSN | 1516-2931 |
| Website | www.estadao.com.br |
|  | |


title: My Melody (Queen Pen album)

abstract: My Melody is the debut studio album by American rapper Queen Pen, released on December 16, 1997, by Lil' Man Records, a distribution by Interscope Records and was executive produced by Teddy Riley. The album went to number 78 on the Billboard 200, number 13 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number one on the Top Heatseekers, and had three charting singles "Man Behind the Music", "All My Love" and "Party Ain't a Party".

text:
# My Melody (Queen Pen album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***My Melody*** is the debut studio album by American rapper Queen Pen, released on December 16, 1997, by Lil' Man Records, a distribution by Interscope Records and was executive produced by Teddy Riley. The album went to number 78 on the *Billboard* 200, number 13 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and number one on the Top Heatseekers, and had three charting singles "Man Behind the Music", "All My Love" and "Party Ain't a Party".

## Track listing

Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" |  |  | 4:14 |
| 2. | "Queen of the Click" |  |  | 3:32 |
| 3. | "Man Behind the Music" |  | Riley | 3:49 |
| 4. | "All My Love" | * Carter * Riley * Walters | Riley | 3:25 |
| 5. | "My Melody" | * Walters * Riley | Riley | 3:47 |
| 6. | "Party Ain't a Party" (featuring Mr. Cheeks, Markell Riley & Nutta Butta) |  | Riley | 4:09 |
| 7. | "It's True" | * Carter * Riley * Walters | Riley | 4:38 |
| 8. | "The Set Up" |  |  | 4:21 |
| 9. | "Get Away" (featuring Phil Collins) | * Walters * Riley | Riley | 4:05 |
| 10. | "I'm Gon Blow Up" (featuring Ronald Isley) | * Walters * Riley | Riley | 4:02 |
| 11. | "Girlfriend" (featuring Me'Shell Ndegeocello) | * Walters * Riley * Coleman | * Riley * Mixture (co). |  |
| 12. | "No Hooks" | * Walters * Riley | Riley | 3:18 |
| 13. | "So Many Ways" | * Walters * William Stewart | William "Skylz" Stewart | 4:13 |

**Sample credits**

## Personnel

* Keyboards and drum programming: Teddy Riley, Kaseem "Mixture" Coleman, Knobody, William "Skylz" Stewart
* Bass: Şerban Ghenea
* Background vocals: Richard Stites, Freaky Tah, Teddy Riley, Chauncey Hannibal
* Recording engineers: George Mayers, Şerban Ghenea, Coleman Dagget, Earl Thomas
* Mixing: George Mayers, Şerban Ghenea
* Executive Producer: Teddy Riley
* Co-Executive Producer: Markell Riley, Madeline Nelson
* Mastering: Herb Powers
* Photography: Dorothy Low

## Charts

Sales chart performance for *My Melody*
| Chart (1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 78 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 13 |

## InfoBox

| My Melody | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Queen Pen | |
| Released | December 16, 1997 |
| Recorded | 1996–1997 |
| Studio | Future Recording Studios, Virginia Beach, Virginia |
| Genre | Hip hop, R&B |
| Length | 51:58 |
| Label | Lil' Man, Interscope |
| Producer | Teddy Riley, Knobody, Kaseem "Mixture" Coleman, William "Skylz" Stewart |
| Queen Pen chronology | |
| ***My Melody***
(1997) *Conversations with Queen*
(2001) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *My Melody* | |
| 1. "Man Behind the Music"
Released: 1997 2. "All My Love"
Released: January 20, 1998 3. "Party Ain't a Party"
Released: 1998 | |
|  | |


title: Percival Lane power station Runcorn

abstract: The Percival Lane power station in Runcorn was built and operated by the Mersey Power Company Limited. It comprised two stations A and B commissioned in 1921 and 1941. The station supplied electricity to commercial, industrial and domestic users over a wide area of 95 square miles around the River Mersey including Widnes, Ellesmere Port and Runcorn.

text:
# Percival Lane power station Runcorn

The **Percival Lane power station** in Runcorn was built and operated by the **Mersey Power Company Limited**. It comprised two stations A and B commissioned in 1921 and 1941. The station supplied electricity to commercial, industrial and domestic users over a wide area of 95 square miles around the River Mersey including Widnes, Ellesmere Port and Runcorn.

## History

In 1911 the **Salt Union** built a vacuum evaporating plant at Runcorn to produce salt from brine. Steam was generated to drive turbo-alternators. The exhaust steam from the turbines was used to evaporate brine. Only a portion of this energy was used in the salt works; the Salt Union obtained parliamentary authority to provide a public supply of electricity. This was through two Electric Lighting Orders: the Runcorn Electric Lighting Order 1910 and the Widnes Electric Lighting Order 1910, both these Orders were authorised by Parliament under the *Electric Lighting Orders Confirmation (No.1) Act 1910* (10 Edw. 7 & 1 Geo. 5, c. lxxv). A new company, the **Mersey Power Company Limited**, was formed in 1911 to operate the public electricity supply. In 1918 the Company resolved to build a large generating station at Percival Lane, Runcorn (53°19'53"N 2°45'25"W) to meet the expanding demand for electricity. The company had local industrialists among its major shareholders and was able to promote and encourage the use of electricity by local industry.

## Percival Lane ‘A’ low pressure station

The first station at Percival Lane was the ‘A’ or low pressure (LP) generating station which was commissioned in 1922.

### Specification

The initial configuration of plant comprised:

* Boilers
    + 3 × Babcock and Wilcox boilers with chain-grate mechanical stokers. The evaporative capacity of each boiler was 45,000 lb/h (5.67 kg/s) – giving a total capacity of 135,000 lb/h (17.0 kg/s). The working pressure was 270 psi (18.62 bar) and steam was superheated to 670 °F (354 °C). A cross section through the boiler house shows the layout of equipment. The boilers supplied steam to:
* Alternators
    + 2 × 12.5 MW Parsons tandem reaction turbo-alternators, generating current at 6.45 kV. The machines have a steam consumption of 10 lb per kWh (4.53 kg/kWh), exhausting to twin surface condensers.
* Ancillary equipment
    + Turbine-driven feed water pumps delivering 175,000 lb/h (22.05 kg/s) of water
    + Induced and forced draught fans the former driven by a 97 h.p. (72.3 kW) motor
    + An 800 tonne coal storage bunker, supplied by a gravity bucket conveyor with a capacity of 40 tonnes per hour
    + Ash handling using a suction plant driven by a 120 h.p. (89.5 kW) motor or by a water trough drag-link conveyor
    + Circulating water system: 14,000 gal per min (1.06 m3/s), pumped by 350 h.p. (261 kW) pumps from the Manchester Ship Canal through 38-inch (0.965 m) diameter pipes
    + Alternator ventilating fans delivering 50,000 cu. ft. (1416 m3) of air per minute.
    + Coal was supplied via sidings on a branch line from the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at Runcorn.

#### Electrical equipment

A switch house contained Reyrolle compound-filled gear, which had a rupturing capacity of 750,000 kVA (33 kV switchgear) and 350,000 kVA (6.6 kV switchgear). The 33 kV switchgear controlled two 132/33 kV main step-down transformers, two 6.6/33 kV step-up transformers, and 33 kV lines to Chester. The 6.6 kV switchgear controlled the three generators, the interconnecting and station transformers, and the various trunk feeders. A reactor house contained single-phase British Thomson-Houston reactors. The outdoor transformers had a ratio of 6/33 kV, those for the three Ellesmere Port lines were arranged in three banks, connected delta-star. Other transformers were associated with the two 25 mile (40.2 km) lines to Crewe and the 100 mile (161 km) line to Maentwrog, North Wales. The distribution system included the provision of 161 miles (259 km) of cables and 47 sub-stations.

Supplies of electricity to consumers were available at 3-phase, 50 Hz, 6.0 kV, 3.0 kV and 440 Volts for industrial consumers and single phase 250 Volts for domestic consumers.

### Operations

The loads and connections on the supply system in 1921-23 were:

Load and connection Percival Lane A 1921-23
| Year | Maximum load kW | Total connections kW | Load factor % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1921 | 4,900 | 13,050 | 59.4 |
| 1922 | 3,700 | 17,360 | 32.1 |
| 1923 | 7,430 | 19,650 | 45.1 |

In 1922 the Mersey Power Company Limited obtained further statutory powers through the Ellesmere Port and Whitby and District Electricity Special Order 1922. The area of supply of the Mersey Company expanded to about 95 square miles (246 km2).

To meet increased demand, in 1926 a further four Babcock and Wilcox boilers and one further 12.5 MW Parsons turbo-alternator were commissioned.

The electricity sold 1921 to 1926

Electricity use Percival Lane A
| Use | Usage MWh | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1921 | 1922 | 1923 | 1925 | 1926 |
| Lighting and domestic | 252.31 | 354.68 | 490.77 |  |  |
| Public lighting |  |  |  |  |  |
| Traction |  |  |  |  |  |
| Power | 23,729.7 | 8,583.57 | 21,679.64 |  |  |
| **Total** | **23,982.02** | **8,938.26** | **22,170.40** | **45,725.00** | **50,760.00** |

The electricity sold by the Mersey Power Company in GWh from 1923–36 was as follows.

The effect on sales of electricity during depression 1929 to 1933 is demonstrated in the graph. The sale of electricity generated an income to the company of £45,930 in 1922 and £72,853 in 1923. This gave a surplus of revenue over expenses of £2,863 in 1922 and £15,382 in 1923. Subsequent company profits were £32,974 (1925); £59,297 (1926); £65,116 (1927).

In 1923 another generating station was operated by the company. This was the Weston Point gas-fired station comprising two 750 kW gas fired generators.

### National Grid

Under the terms of the *Electricity (Supply) Act 1926* (16-17 Geo. 5 c. 51) the Central Electricity Board (CEB) was established. The CEB identified high efficiency ‘selected’ power station that would supply electricity most effectively; Percival Lane was designated a selected station. The CEB also constructed the national grid (1927–33) to connect power stations within a region. Percival Lane was a critical part of the grid as it formed the connecting point between the North West England and North Wales schemes and the Central England scheme.

The grid enabled the company to provide bulk supplies of electricity to the Mid-Cheshire Electricity Supply Company and to the North Wales Power Company.

## Percival Lane ‘B’ high pressure station

The ‘B’ or high pressure station was built on an adjacent site in 1940–41.

### Specification

* 6 × 187,500 lb/h (23.62 kg/s), Babcock & Wilcox boilers delivering steam at 425 psi and 825 °F (29.31 bar and 441 °C). This gave a total evaporative capacity of 1,405,000 lb/h (177.0 kg/s). The steam was fed to:
* 3 × English Electric 30 MW turbo-alternators, generating at 11 kV.

In 1946 Percival Lane power station sent out 603.89 GWh of electricity, operated at a load factor of 60.8 per cent, and had a thermal efficiency of 2.65 per cent.

### Nationalisation

Upon nationalisation of the British electricity supply industry in 1948 under the provisions of the *Electricity Act 1947* (10-11 Geo. 6 c. 54) The Mersey Power Company was abolished, ownership of Percival Lane power station was vested in the British Electricity Authority, and subsequently the Central Electricity Authority and the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB). At the same time the electricity distribution and sales responsibilities of the Mersey electricity undertaking were transferred to the North Western Electricity Board (NORWEB).

### Post-nationalisation operation

Operating data for post-nationalisation Percival Lane power station is summarised in the following tables.

Percival Lane A LP power station operations 1954–63
| Year | Running hours (or load factor %) | Output capacity MW | Electricity supplied GWh | Thermal efficiency % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1954 | 1226 | 24 | 13.30 | 11.31 |
| 1955 | 1260 | 24 | 15.50 | 12.53 |
| 1956 | 395 | 24 | 2.86 | 9.03 |
| 1957 | 131 | 24 | 0.723 | 5.23 |
| 1958 | 86 | 24 | 0.21 | 2.06 |
| 1961 | 0.5 % | 24 | 0.99 | 6.06 |
| 1962 | 2.8 % | 24 | 5.82 | 2.8 |
| 1963 | 4.04 % | 24 | 8.50 | 11.49 |
| 1967 | (1.2 %) | 24 | 2.542 | 9.99 |

The decline in output from the A station is evident in the fourth column.

The operating parameters for Percival Lane B HP power station were as follows.

Percival Lane B HP power station operations 1954–63
| Year | Running hours (or load factor %) | Output capacity MW | Electricity supplied GWh | Thermal efficiency % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1954 | 6421 | 86 | 297.10 | 22.76 |
| 1955 | 6812 | 86 | 324.82 | 22.49 |
| 1956 | 6072 | 86 | 250.79 | 21.81 |
| 1957 | 5212 | 86 | 206.49 | 21.34 |
| 1958 | 3668 | 86 | 127.59 | 21.80 |
| 1961 | 12.9 % | 86 | 97.19 | 19.33 |
| 1962 | 20.6 % | 86 | 155.56 | 20.47 |
| 1963 | 17.01 % | 86 | 128.13 | 20.54 |
| 1967 | 17.2 % | 86 | 129.74 | 19.34 |

In April 1950 one of the 12.5 MW Parsons turbo-alternators in the A station was transferred to Wallasey power station.

The Percival Lane power station closed in the late 1960s and was subsequently demolition. The 132 kV substation, built to connect Percival Lane to the national grid, is still operational.

## InfoBox

| Percival Lane power station | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Location | Runcorn Cheshire |
| Coordinates | 53°19′53″N 02°45′25″W / 53.33139°N 2.75694°W / 53.33139; -2.75694 |
| Status | Decommissioned and demolished |
| Construction began | 1920 |
| Commission date | A: 1921, B: 1941 |
| Decommission date | late 1960s |
| Owners | Mersey Power Company
*(1921–1948)*
British Electricity Authority
*(1948–1955)*
Central Electricity Authority
*(1955–1957)*
Central Electricity Generating Board
*(1958–1970)* |
| Operators | As owner |
| Thermal power station | |
| Primary fuel | Coal |
| Turbine technology | Steam tubines |
| Site area | 27 acres 10.93 ha |
| Chimneys | A 2, B 2 |
| Cooling towers | None |
| Cooling source | Canal water |
| Power generation | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Units operational | 3 x 12.5 MW, 3 x 30 MW |
| Make and model | 12.5 MW Parsons; 30 MW English Electric |
| Units decommissioned | All |
| Nameplate capacity | 110 MW (1942) |
| Annual net output | 341 GWh (1955) |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Mustafa Sanalla

abstract: Mustafa Sanalla served as the chairman of the National Oil Corporation (NOC), Libya's national oil company, between May 2014 and July 2022. After acquiring a degree in chemical engineering from the University of Tripoli in 1985 Sanalla joined Ras Lanuf Oil and Gas Processing Company, a subsidiary of the NOC which operates a refinery in Ras Lanuf, Libya. Sanalla was subsequently promoted several times until he was appointed as the NOC chairman in 2014. As chairman, Sanalla sought to maintain the independence of the NOC and increase Libya's oil production, which has been repeatedly disrupted since the outbreak of the 2011 civil war. Sanalla also engaged in efforts to attract international investment to Libya's oil and gas sector. On 13 July 2022, Sanalla was replaced by Farhat Bengdara as the head of the NOC.

text:
# Mustafa Sanalla

**Mustafa Sanalla** (مصطفى صنع الله) served as the chairman of the National Oil Corporation (NOC), Libya's national oil company, between May 2014 and July 2022. After acquiring a degree in chemical engineering from the University of Tripoli in 1985 Sanalla joined Ras Lanuf Oil and Gas Processing Company, a subsidiary of the NOC which operates a refinery in Ras Lanuf, Libya. Sanalla was subsequently promoted several times until he was appointed as the NOC chairman in 2014.

As chairman, Sanalla sought to maintain the independence of the NOC and increase Libya's oil production, which has been repeatedly disrupted since the outbreak of the 2011 civil war. Sanalla also engaged in efforts to attract international investment to Libya's oil and gas sector.

On 13 July 2022, Sanalla was replaced by Farhat Bengdara as the head of the NOC.


title: Uwe Schmidt (politician)

abstract: Uwe Schmidt is a German stevedore and politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bremen since 2017.

text:
# Uwe Schmidt (politician)

**Uwe Schmidt** (born 14 February 1966) is a German stevedore and politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) who has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bremen since 2017.

## Political career

From 2015 until 2017, Schmidt served as a member of the State Parliament of Bremen.

Schmidt became a member of the Bundestag in the 2017 German federal election. In parliament, he is a member of the Committee for Food and Agriculture and the Committee on Transport and Digital Infrastructure.

Since 2022, Schmidt has been leading the Bundestag group of SPD parliamentarians from Northern Germany.

## InfoBox

| Uwe Schmidt | |
| --- | --- |
| Uwe Schmidt in 2015 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Bundestag | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
2017 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1966-02-14) 14 February 1966
Bremerhaven, West Germany
(now Germany) |
| Political party | SPD |
|  | |


title: Gary Roy Geffken

abstract: Gary Roy Geffken is an American clinical psychologist from Gainesville, Florida. As director of the University of Florida Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Program, Geffken participates in clinical activity and research. Geffken's primary research interests include Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Type 1 Diabetes. Geffken's research into Obsessive Compulsive Disorder has primarily focused on predictors of treatment outcome and treatment augmentation strategies. Geffken has also been involved in the development of OCD specific assessment measures. Geffken's most recent OCD research has focused on pediatric OCD treatment outcome. Geffken's research into Type 1 Diabetes has focused on predictors of glycemic control. Geffken has had a specific interest in family factors that predict glycemic control. Recently, Geffken has examined the impact of internet use on diabetes management.

text:
# Gary Roy Geffken

**Gary Roy Geffken** is an American clinical psychologist from Gainesville, Florida. As director of the University of Florida Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Program, Geffken participates in clinical activity and research. Geffken's primary research interests include Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Type 1 Diabetes.

Geffken's research into Obsessive Compulsive Disorder has primarily focused on predictors of treatment outcome and treatment augmentation strategies. Geffken has also been involved in the development of OCD specific assessment measures. Geffken's most recent OCD research has focused on pediatric OCD treatment outcome.

Geffken's research into Type 1 Diabetes has focused on predictors of glycemic control. Geffken has had a specific interest in family factors that predict glycemic control. Recently, Geffken has examined the impact of internet use on diabetes management.


title: Vodka tonic

abstract: A vodka tonic is a long drink made with varying proportions of vodka and tonic water. Vodka tonics are frequently garnished with a slice of lime or lemon. One commonly used recipe is one part vodka and one part tonic water in a tumbler, often a highball glass over ice, with a generous lime wedge squeezed into it. The drink is referenced in the lyrics of the song "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" by Elton John. The drink is referenced in the book From Russia with Love by Ian Fleming. In chapter 17, second paragraph Bond sips a vodka and tonic whilst watching the sunset over the Golden Horn in Istanbul.

text:
# Vodka tonic

A **vodka tonic** is a long drink made with varying proportions of vodka and tonic water. Vodka tonics are frequently garnished with a slice of lime or lemon.

One commonly used recipe is one part vodka and one part tonic water in a tumbler, often a highball glass over ice, with a generous lime wedge squeezed into it.

The drink is referenced in the lyrics of the song "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" by Elton John.

The drink is referenced in the book *From Russia with Love* by Ian Fleming. In chapter 17, second paragraph Bond sips a vodka and tonic whilst watching the sunset over the Golden Horn in Istanbul.

## InfoBox

Vodka tonic
| Cocktail | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Cocktail |
| Base spirit |  |
| Served | On the rocks: poured over ice |
| Standard garnish | citrus fruit, usually lime or lemon |
| Standard drinkware | Highball glass |
| Commonly used ingredients | * One part vodka * One to three parts tonic water, to taste * Often lemon or lime juice fresh-squeezed from a wedge of fruit |
| Preparation | Mix and serve-stirred, not shaken. |


title: Piano sonatas (Chopin)

text:
# Piano sonatas (Chopin)

Frédéric Chopin composed three piano sonatas, two of which were published in his lifetime, one posthumously. They are considered to be among Chopin's most difficult piano compositions both musically and technically. They cover a period of time from 1828 to 1844, reflecting Chopin's style changes.

## Piano Sonata No. 1 in C minor, Op. posth. 4

Chopin composed this piano sonata in 1828, when he was still studying with Józef Elsner, to whom the sonata was dedicated. Despite having a low opus number, this work was published posthumously in 1851 by Tobias Haslinger's son. This work is among the least recorded of all of Chopin's works, and is not considered a part of the standard piano repertoire.

### Movements

This sonata has four movements.

1. *Allegro maestoso*
2. Menuetto
3. *Larghetto*
4. Finale: *Presto*

## Piano Sonata No. 2 in B-flat minor, Op. 35

Chopin composed this sonata in 1839 at Nohant, near Châteauroux in France. However, the third movement, the widely known and popular funeral march, had been composed as early as 1837.

### Movements

This sonata has four movements.

1. Introduction: *Grave* \- *Doppio movimento*
2. Scherzo
3. Marche funèbre: *Lento*
4. Finale: *Presto*

## Piano Sonata No. 3 in B minor, Op. 58

Chopin composed this sonata in 1844 and dedicated it to Countess Emilie de Perthuis. As his last sonata for solo piano, it has been suggested that this was his attempt to address the criticisms of his earlier Sonata No. 2, Op. 35.

### Movements

1. *Allegro maestoso*
2. Scherzo: *Molto vivace*
3. *Largo*
4. Finale: *Presto non tanto; Agitato*


title: Sauer S 2400 UL

abstract: The Sauer S 2400 UL is a 4 stroke aircraft engine for homebuilt and ultralight aircraft.

text:
# Sauer S 2400 UL

The **Sauer S 2400 UL** is a 4 stroke aircraft engine for homebuilt and ultralight aircraft.

## Design and development

The engine is based on the Volkswagen air-cooled engine or the Wasserboxer. It is extensively modified for aircraft use and all the parts are custom made. The engine is derived from the certified engines produced by the same manufacturer and used in several motorgliders and small aircraft. The engine can be delivered with aluminium or magnesium casing (Wasserboxer-casing or the casing from the beetle engine), where the aluminium casing weighs 7 kg more.

## Applications

## Specifications (variant)

### General characteristics

### Components

* **Valvetrain:** Single overhead exhaust valve, single overhead inlet valve per cylinder
* **Fuel system:** Bing carburetor with altitude compensation
* **Fuel type:** min 95/98 RON
* **Cooling system:** Air-cooled

### Performance

## InfoBox

| Sauer S 2400UL | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Horizontally opposed piston engine |
| National origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer | Sauer Flugmotorenbau GmbH |
| Major applications | Ultralights and Experimental Aircraft |
| Developed from | Volkswagen air-cooled engine or the Wasserboxer |


title: O Emmanuel (album)

abstract: O Emmanuel is a 2016 Adventide album composed by J.J. Wright and performed by the Notre Dame Children's Choir, Fifth House Ensemble, and Wright himself. The album is a mix of various genres of sacred music, including traditional choral music, gregorian chant, gospel, and sacred jazz.

text:
# O Emmanuel (album)

***O Emmanuel*** is a 2016 Adventide album composed by J.J. Wright and performed by the Notre Dame Children's Choir, Fifth House Ensemble, and Wright himself. The album is a mix of various genres of sacred music, including traditional choral music, gregorian chant, gospel, and sacred jazz.

## Composition

*O Emmanuel* was composed by J.J. Wright while he was pursuing a doctoral degree at the University of Notre Dame. At the time, he was an intern for the Sistine Chapel Choir in Rome and studying at the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music. Speaking with *Catholic News Agency*, Wright described the music as an authentic description of his own Catholic faith and an attempt to combine musical traditions native to the United States with the sacred music of Western Europe. The album takes its inspiration from the spirit of *Sacrosanctum Concilium*, a Second Vatican Councildocument calling for a suitable place to be given to musical traditions of the world in the context of religious life. The songs Wright chose to compose for the album were inspired by O Antiphons, Christian prayers sung by Catholics in the final week of Advent during vespers.

## Recording

The album was recorded at the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center in Notre Dame, Indiana. The album, produced by Thomas Moore with sound engineer Robert Friedrich, was performed by the Notre Dame Children's Choir and four adult vocalists, alongside the Chicago-based Fifth House Ensemble and Wright, who performs as part of his jazz trio.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by J.J. Wright

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Gabriel's Message" | 3:08 |
| 2. | "I. Sapientia" | 1:46 |
| 3. | "II. Adonai" | 4:52 |
| 4. | "III. Radix" | 4:05 |
| 5. | "IV. Clavis" | 4:51 |
| 6. | "V. Oriens" | 3:57 |
| 7. | "VI. Rex" | 5:05 |
| 8. | "VII. Emmanuel" | 4:33 |
| 9. | "VIII. When the Sun Rises in the Morning Sky" | 6:19 |
| 10. | "IX. Christ the Lord is Born Today" | 5:09 |
| Total length: | | 43:45 |

## Reception

Upon its release, *O Emmanuel* rose to the top of the Billboard Traditional Classical Albums chart and remained there for eight weeks. Reviews of the album were generally positive. Mary Kunz Goldman, writing in *The Buffalo News*, described the song's charting as "impressive" in light of the album's fusion of jazz with gregorian chant.

## InfoBox

| O Emmanuel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Notre Dame Children's Choir, J.J. Wright, and Fifth House Ensemble | |
| Released | 2016 |
| Genre | Sacred jazz |
| Length | 43:45 |
| Language | English |
| Label | Dynamic Catholic |
| Producer | Thomas Moore |


title: Peter Gregory (doctor)

abstract: Peter Gregory was the team doctor for the England cricket team from November 2002 to 15 November 2006. Gregory was the first person to be appointed to the role of chief medical officer (CMO) by the England and Wales Cricket Board in 2002. He is a general practitioner and also holds an MSc in sports and exercise medicine from the University of Nottingham. Gregory left his post to do voluntary work in Romania.

text:
# Peter Gregory (doctor)

**Peter Gregory** was the team doctor (chief medical officer) for the England cricket team from November 2002 to 15 November 2006.

Gregory was the first person to be appointed to the role of chief medical officer (CMO) by the England and Wales Cricket Board in 2002. He is a general practitioner and also holds an MSc in sports and exercise medicine from the University of Nottingham.

Gregory left his post to do voluntary work in Romania.

## InfoBox

| Peter Gregory | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | British |
| Years active | 2002 till 2006 |
| Organization | England cricket team |
| Known for | Sports Medicine |
| Successor | Nick Peirce |
| Website | NHS Profile |


title: Myoleja rhino

abstract: Myoleja rhino is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Myoleja of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Myoleja rhino

***Myoleja rhino*** is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus *Myoleja* of the family Tephritidae.

## InfoBox

| *Myoleja rhino* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Genus: | *Myoleja* |
| Species: | ***M. rhino*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myoleja rhino***<br>Steyskal, 1972 | |
|


title: Percival Lancaster

abstract: Percival Lancaster was a British civil engineer and a writer of boy's adventure fiction, whose progress was derailed by the First World War. Although his full name was William Arthur Percy Lancaster, he generally used the form Percival Lancaster.

text:
# Percival Lancaster

**Percival Lancaster** (24 February 1880  25 October 1937) was a British civil engineer and a writer of boy's adventure fiction, whose progress was derailed by the First World War. Although his full name was William Arthur Percy Lancaster, he generally used the form Percival Lancaster.

## Early life

Lancaster was born at 8:30am on 24 February 1880 in Burntisland, Fife, on the northern banks of the Firth of Forth in Scotland. Although born in Scotland, his family soon left Scotland and he never identified himself as Scottish. His father was William Joseph Cosens Lancaster (23 May 1843  10 June 1922), a civil engineer better known as Harry Collingwood, a writer of boys' adventure fiction, usually with a nautical setting. His mother has Kezia Hannah Rice Oxley (January 1848  18 April 1928) who, like her husband's two sisters, the 1871 census shows as working a draper's assistant in Liverpool. The couple had married two years previously on 10 July 1878, at Conisborough near Doncaster.

Lancaster attended Dulwich College, at a time when Arthur Herman Gilkes, who promoted scholarship and public service, was the master, and Dulwich was one of the leading public schools. Lancaster described himself as being one of the school's prizemen. He went on a tour of the continent to perfect his French and German. Lancaster prided himself on his linguistic ability and said in a 1909 interview that he could speak French, German, and Zulu.

## Work and marriages

Lancaster then began work for Sir John Jackson on the extension of the Keyham Yard at Devonport Royal Dockyard, near Plymouth. The 1901 census found him boarding at Plymouth, close to his work. The extension cost three to four million pounds and was, up until then, the largest work, apart from the Manchester Ship Canal ever let in England as a single contract. Work began on the extension in March 1896. After working for John Jackson for six years, Lancaster moved to Natal to take up an appointment with the Natal Government. In later years Lancaster said that he had served in the Boer War, but in his profile interview in the *Canadian Bookseller*, he does not refer to the war, but only to strange experience and unpleasant adventures centering on strike-breaking and hunting.

Lancaster was invalided home from South Africa in late 1905 or early 1906 and began writing stories. Lancaster married his maternal first cousin, Evelyn Mary Hall Oxley (January 1882  21 June 1967), in a registry office in Devenport. Marriage between first cousins was legal in the UK and George Darwin found that 3.5% of marriages among the landed gentry and upper middle class in 1870 were between first-cousin marriages. The prevalence of such marriages then declined and a 1960 study found that only 1 out of 25,000 marriages in the middle class in London was between first cousins.

|  | | William Lancaster | | | | | |  | |  | |  | | Ann Cosens | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | George Oxley | | | | | |  | |  | |  | | Mary Rice | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  | | |  |  |  | |  | |  |  |  | | || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  |  | | |  | |  | | | |  | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  || | | | |
| Sarah and Ada Lancaster | | | | | |  | | Harry Collingwood | | | | | |  | |  | |  | | Kezia H R Oxley | | | | | |  | |  | | Ann Eliza Hall | | | | | |  | |  | |  | | Edward Charles Rice Oxley | | | | | |  | |  | |  | | Emily Armstrong | | | | | |  | | Mary, George, Melicent, Thomas, Agustus, Alfred, Leonard and Frederick Oxley | | | | | |  | |
| |  | |  |  |  | | | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  |  |  | | || | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  |  |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| |  | |  | | | |  | | | |  | |  | | | | | |  | || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | Percival Lancaster | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | Evelyn Mary Hall Oxley | | | | | |  | | Edward, Agusta, Alice and Frederick Oxley | | | | | |  | | Kenneth, Alan, and Joan Rice-Oxley | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| |  | | | |  | | | |  | | | |  | | |  | |  | |  | || | | | | | | | | |

This was only the first time the couple married. In his first marriage, Lancaster used the name Percival Lancaster, a name which does not appear on his Birth Certificate (it's William Arthur Percy on the Birth Certificate). This may have led to some bureaucratic problems as he and Evelyn remarried using his birth certificate names in Bushey in on 20 April 1909. Immediately after this marriage the couple emigrated to Canada aboard the Corsican, arriving in Quebec in May 1909.

In Canada, Lancaster worked at a range of jobs. The *Bookseller and Stationer* of February 1911 gave notice of the formation of the *Waverly Book Company of Canada*, of which Lancaster was one of the principals and was shown as the manager in the Toronto City Directory. In July 1912 Lancaster was working for the Toronto Harbour Commissioners.

By March 1913, Lancaster was leaving a job with the Canadian Pacific Railway, where he had been a construction engineer on the route through Hastings, Ontario Lancaster then began work as city engineer, architect, and waterworks manager for Belleville, Ontario at the respectable salary of 1,800CAD per year.

## Writing

In December 1907, Lancaster published the story "Mun Sami's Revenge: A Story of the Natal Sugar Plantations" in *The Wide World Magazine*. This magazine asked for contributors to write about their real life experiences, and authors commonly stated how they were aware of the story. Lancaster said that "I was at Shepstone, Natal, in the employ of the Government, when the affair happened. I know all the people concerned quite intimately, with the exception of the unfortunate De Vaux."

Lancaster's first book *Captain Jack O'Hara* was published by Sampson Low in 1908. They were the first publisher to whom Lancaster had offered the work, and had previously published two of his father's novels. In the preface, Lancaster describes the book as "a modest attempt... to show that under certain conditions and even in time of peace the naval service of to-day affords as much opportunity for dashing and romantic adventure as was to be found afloat in the stirring days of Drake and his fellow Elizabethan heroes." The book was favourably received:

* "one of those romances of the navy so dear to the heart of every lad worth his salt"  *Sheffield Daily Telegraph*.
* "Mr Lancaster, at any rate, has succeeded, with remarkable verisimilitude, in giving us a vigorous and exciting picture of the sea-life of the present day and introducing incidents quite within the possibility of the varied duties now imposed upon the 'handy man.'"  *Aberdeen Press and Journal*.
* "The book embodies a vivid account of life upon a modern warship, with many thrilling adventures, told in a fresh and convincing way."  *Portadown News*.

In 1909, Lancaster wrote a short story, "Ship of Silence: A Tale of the New Canadian Navy" for MacLeans *Busy Man's Magazine*.

Lancaster's next book was *In the power of the Enemy* written together with his father, Harry Collingwood. While the book was only published as a novel by Sampson Low in 1925, it was published as a serial in 1912. Lancaster's third book, *Chaloner of the Bengal Cavalry*, a tale of the Indian Mutiny, was published by Blackie in October 1915.

In July 1912, Lancaster said that a further book of his, *The Serpent*, set in New Zealand, had been accepted by Sampson Low, and that the manuscript of a fourth was taken to England (from Canada) by the managing director of Sampson Low. However, *The Serpent* does not appear in the British Library catalogue, nor in the Jisc collated catalogues, nor in the trade press, so it is questionable whether it was published. As for the fourth book, an unpublished manuscript: *The Fourth Temptation. The Love Story of Mary Magdalene.* written by Lancaster and Harry Collingwood was offered for sale on AbeBooks in January 2020.

After the war, Lancaster wrote almost nothing. The story *A deal in Black Ivory* was published as a serial story in *Chums* on 8 September 1924 and 5 October 1924, but it is not clear if this was newly written. In 1925, Sampson Low finally published *In the Power of the Enemy* which Lancaster had written together with his father and which had appeared as a serial in 1912. In 1933, Lancaster wrote *Vanished Lands: Atlantis and Lemuria*, a very short essay, for the *New Zealand Herald*.

## The First World War

Lancaster returned to England in time to enlist on 14 December 1914 at Cockspur Street. He was 34 years old. He was posted as a private to the 16th battalion of the Middlesex Regiment. This was a Public Schools Battalion, and was originally only open to those who had attended public schools. Lancaster's enlistment form shows "Dulwich" as a notation. However, Lancaster was discharged with three months on 2 March 1915 as "not likely to become an efficient soldier". This was a catch-all term that was used to get rid of recruits for a variety of reasons ranging from heart problems to alcoholism. Lancaster had numerous injuries from his time in Africa and one of these may have been at fault.

However, Lancaster persevered and was commissioned in the Royal Engineers as a Lieutenant on 25 May 1915. He was assigned to the 13th (Western) Division. The Dardanelles Committee meetings of 7 and 17 June 1915 assigned this division along with the 10th and 11th to the Gallipoli campaigns, trying to reverse the failure of the first landings to proceed beyond the beachheads. At Gallipoli, the distance from the front line to the beaches was only about five miles and the whole of the support area was subject to shellfire. A naval medical officer wrote "The nervous strain of being under shellfire day after day, week after week, and month after month might be expected to cause a large amount of mental depression and even insanity among the troops..."

The Gallipoli Campaigns petered out in early 1916, but Lancaster had ended his military service before this, resigning his commission with effect from 22 December 1915. As stated in an obituary, "his health became affected" during his war service.

On 28 August 1916, Lancaster was brought by the Police to Chelsea Workhouse for observation. Section 45 of the 1834 Poor Law effectively sanctioned the use of the workhouse as a holding centre between community and asylum. On 5 September 1916 Lancaster was discharged as insane from the Chelsea Workshouse to Colney Hatch Asylum. His father later said that he spend four months in the Asylum in 1916.

By 1917 Lancaster had found employment with the Munitions Ministry. On 2 April Lancaster was found in the Great Western Railway station in Glocester in unspecified "suspicious circumstances". He was found to be in possession of an out-of-date munitions pass, and was arrested. He was apparently under the impression that he was to conduct an inspection at a nearby munitions works. The court heard that Lancaster had shell shock, but also had later complications from a blow to the head. He was discharged into the care of a Ministry official who undertook to take him to London to put in the care of his wife.

Lancaster's troubles did not end there. He was arrested again on 4 June 1917. This time he was charged with passing a fraudulent cheque and with obtaining narcotics by pretending to be a medical practitioner. The court was told that he had on 3 June presented a worthless cheque in payment of cocaine which the chemist had dispensed after Lancaster had stated that he was a Doctor Hamilton from Edinburgh. The Chemist checked the name and found it in the medical directory. However, he became suspicious and contacted the police. After initially claiming to be Hamilton, Lancaster admitted his real name and said that he had been taking a large quantity of cocaine.

At his next appearance in court the bank manager of the bank whose cheques had been used said that a clerk had issued the cheque book to Lancaster because she thought she recognised him as a customer. In his third and final court appearance, on 20 June 1917, Lancaster said that he had not known what he was doing. His father, Harry Collingwood, said that Lancaster was not responsible for what he did partly because of the effect of the cocaine, and partly because of shell shock. He stated the Lancaster had insomnia and took morphine and cocaine. Collingwood further stated that if Lancaster could be prevented from taking drugs he would recover his moral strength. The court said that it was difficult to know what to do, but bound over Lancaster to appear if called upon, and bound over Collingwood to produce him if required.

## Emigration to New Zealand

Lancaster's father died suddenly at his paternal aunts' house in Chester on 10 June 1922, leaving the relatively modest sum of £866 11s 8d to his widow. Lancaster's mother died in London on 18 April 1928, leaving £1,028 18s 7d to him.

Lancaster arrived with his wife in New Zealand on 16 May 1929 aboard the SD Ruapehu with the intention to settle in New Zealand. He initially worked on the South Island Main Trunk Railway extension between Wharanui and Parnassus. The work on this line had stopped during the First World War, and only began again in 1929, with some £43,000 spent in preliminary work in that year. However, financial pressures mounted and the Government stopped construction in 1931. Work on the line restarted in 1936 and it was officially opened on 15 December 1945.

With the end of work on the railway in 1931, Lancaster and his wife moved to the North Island and settled in Paihia where he went into business. In January 1934, Lancaster had a lucky escape while fishing at sea. His punt sprung a leak and was quickly swamped. Although a strong swimmer, he decided to stay with the swamped punt. The tide was running out, but a strong wind blowing on-shore led to his shouts being heard and he was rescued after two hours in the water. This was the second time he had nearly lost his life while fishing. He was swept over the bar of an East African river while fishing from a raft.

Lancaster was scoutmaster of the local scout troop, and the Lancasters built a hall both to serve the scouts and to act as a local cinema. Lancaster's wife kept in touch with her family. She was the beneficiary of her sister Augusta's will on her death on 20 January 1932. She was also the next-of-kin contact for her younger half-brother Alan Rice-Oxley when he was a civilian detainee of the Japanese during World War Two.

## Death

Lancaster died suddenly, aged 57, in New Zealand on 25 October 1937. His wife survived him for another 30 years, dying, aged 85, on 21 June 1967 in Auckland, New Zealand. They are both buried at Waikumete Cemetery in Auckland.

1. National Records of Scotland. "1880 Lancaster William Arthur (Statutory registers Births 411/ 34)". *ScotlandsPeople*. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
2. Arnold, Guy (23 September 2004). "Lancaster, William Joseph Cosens \[pseud. Harry Collingwood\] (1843–1922), children's writer / Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/58983. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 25 January 2020. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
3. Hodges, Sheila (23 September 2004). "Gilkes, Arthur Herman". *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/46691. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 20 March 2020. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
4. "A Sketch of Percival Lancaster". *Bookseller & Stationer and Office Equipment Journal*. **28** (7). Montreal: 27. 1 July 1912. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
5. "Literary Chat". *Portadown News* (Saturday 2 January 1909): 3. 2 January 1909.
6. "The Institution of Mechanical Engineers Excursions: Keyham Dockyard Extension Works". *The Engineer* (4/08/1899): 113. 4 August 1899.
7. Lancaster, Percival (1 December 1907). "Mun Sami's Revenge: A Story of the Natal Sugar Plantations". *The Wide World Magazine*. **20** (117): 255–260. hdl:2027/inu.30000093243917. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
8. Ancestry.com (1915). "Percival Lancaster: WO364; Piece: 2038". *British Army WWI Pension Records 1914-1920*. Provo, Utah: Ancestry.com.
9. Kuper, Adam (1990). "Kissing Cousins". *New Humanist*. **262** (9 September 2009): 22. Bibcode:1990SciAm.262b..22R. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0290-22b. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
10. Library and Archives Canada. "Quebec, May 1909, Corsican, image 35 of 81". *Canada Passenger Lists, 1881-1922*. Salt Lake City, Utah: FamilySearch.org.
11. "New Book Company". *Bookseller & Stationer and Office Equipment Journal*. **27** (2): 21. 1 February 1911. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
12. "Personal: Percival Lancaster". *Canadian Machinery and Metalworking*. **9** (7): 248. 6 March 1913. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
13. "New Notes". *The Bookman*. **43** (253): 43955. 1 October 1912. hdl:2027/umn.31951001888368n. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
14. "Captain Jack O'Hara". *Sheffield Daily Telegraph* (Thursday 10 December 1908): 3. 10 December 1908.
15. "Christmas and Gift Books". *Aberdeen Press and Journal* (Monday 16 November 1908): 3. 16 November 1908.
16. Lancaster, Percival (1 October 1909). "The Ship of Silence: A Tale of the New Canadian Navy". *Busy Man's Magazine*. MacLeans. pp. 52–56. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
17. The Publisher's Circular, Limited (1915). *The English Catalogue of Books for 1915*. p. 153. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
18. "The Fourth Temptation. The Love Story of Mary Magdalene: Original Manuscript". *AbeBooks.com*. Hyraxia Books. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
19. "Vanished Lands: Atlantis and Lemuria". *New Zealand Herald: Supplement* (12299): 1. 2 September 1933.
20. "Corps of Royal Engineers". *Supplement to the London Gazette*: 5076. 26 May 1915.
21. "Personal Items". *Evening Post* (10730): 11. 17 May 1929.
22. Hart, Peter (3 July 1905). "New Beginnings: Hamilton's Plans". *Gallipoli*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 275.
23. Anthony Babington (31 December 1990). *Shell-Shock*. Pen and Sword. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-4738-1812-5. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
24. "Corps of Royal Engineers". *Birmingham Daily Post* (Wednesday 22 December 1915): 3. 22 December 1915.
25. "Obituary: Mr. P Lancaster". *New Zealand Herald* (14222): 14. 8 December 1938.
26. Ancestry.com (2014). "London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; Reference Number: CHBG/188/068". *London, England, Workhouse Admission and Discharge Records, 1764-1930*. Provo, Utah: Ancestry.com. p. 150.
27. Jonathan Reinarz; Leonard Schwarz (2013). *Medicine and the Workhouse*. Boydell & Brewer. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-58046-448-2. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
28. "London Metropolitan Archives; London, England; Reference Number: CHBG/188/068". *London, England, Workhouse Admission and Discharge Records, 1764-1930*. p. 158.
29. "Shell Shock and Drugs: A Sad Story". *Middlesex County Times* (Wednesday 27 June 1917): 3. 27 June 1917.
30. "Shell Shock". *Western Daily Press* (Thursday 12 April 1917): 3. 12 April 1917.
31. "Gloucester City Petty Sessions". *Gloucester Journal* (Saturday 14 April 1917): 7. 14 April 1917.
32. "Bogus Medical Practitioner: Arrested in Chemist's Shop". *Middlesex County Times* (Saturday 9 June 1917): 1. 9 June 1917.
33. "Bogus Medical Practitioner". *Acton Gazette* (Friday 15 June 1917): 3. 15 June 1917.
34. "News in Brief: Interesting News from all Quarters". *Shields Daily News* (Friday 16 June 1922): 4. 16 June 1922.
35. "Probate records for the name Lancaster in 1922". Retrieved 25 January 2020.
36. "Probate records for the name Lancaster in 1928". Retrieved 26 January 2020.
37. "More Railways in the South Island". *New Zealand Herald* (10663): 13. 11 March 1929.
38. "Public Works: Railways and Roads: Unjustified Projects Stopped: Completion of Main Lines: South Island Main Trunk". *Waikato Times* (10807): 11. 2 August 1929.
39. "From the Gallery: Doings in Parliament: Future Unemployment Policy". *Waikato Times* (11608): 6. 12 October 1931.
40. "South Island Main Trunk: Official Opening". *Ashburton Guardian* (16788): 2. 17 December 1945.
41. "Two Hours in Sea". *New Zealand Herald* (12442): 8. 23 January 1934.
42. "News of the Day". *Evening Post* (12443): 6. 24 January 1934.
43. "New Picture Theatres". *New Zealand Herald* (13009): 11. 13 August 1935.
44. "Far East Internees". *Evening Post* (Day 5 November 1945): 8. 5 November 1945.
45. "Deaths Lancaster". *New Zealand Herald* (13818): 1. 30 October 1937.

## InfoBox

| William Arthur Percy Lancaster | |
| --- | --- |
| Percival Lancaster in Canada in 1912 | |
| Born | (1880-02-24)24 February 1880<br>Burntisland, Fife, Scotland |
| Died | 25 October 1937(1937-10-25) (aged 57)<br>Auckland, New Zealand |
| Nationality | British |
| Other names | Percival Lancaster |
| Occupation(s) | Civil engineer and author |
| Years active | 1912–1914 |
| Known for | Writing boys' adventure fiction |
| Notable work | Capt. Jack O'Hara, R.N. |


title: Xuedou Chongxian

abstract: Xuedou, courtesy name "Yinzhi"(Chinese: 隱之) was a Chinese Buddhist monk of Zen. He is best known for his collection of 100 koans which later became the foundation of the koan collection "Blue Cliff Record".

text:
# Xuedou Chongxian

**Xuedou** (Chinese: 雪竇重顯, 980–1052), courtesy name "**Yinzhi**"(Chinese: 隱之) was a Chinese Buddhist monk of Zen. He is best known for his collection of 100 koans which later became the foundation of the koan collection "Blue Cliff Record".

## Life

According to "Wudeng Huiyuan", Xuedou was born in the year of 980 in Suining Fu. His name by birth was Li Chongxian(李重顯). The origin of his family was in Mingzhou which is situated in Southeastern China. After his parents passed away, he moved to Chengdu seeking the spiritual guidance of master Renxian (仁銑) in the temple of Puan Yuan (普安院). His teachers found him an apt pupil and introduced him to Master Zhimen Guanzuo (智門光祚). Under Zhimen, Chongxian was able to deepen his study and inherited the philosophy of the school which was created by Yunmen Wenyan (雲門文偃).

Xuedou's funerary inscription records the story of his enlightenment experience. According to this inscription, Xuedou asked his teacher Zhimen, "The ancient masters didn't produce a single thought, so what's the problem?" In response, Zhimen hit Xuedou with a ceremonial fly whisk, and then struck Xuedou a second time before Xuedou could respond. These blows triggered Xuedou's enlightenment.

The completion of his study was followed by his travels to different Buddhist temples. He preached and taught in various places. Xuedou eventually settled down in Zisheng temple on the mountain of Xuedou due to the invitation of the local officer of Siming prefecture. In Zisheng temple where he spent 31 years, Xuedou witnessed the peak of his fame. Xuedou was the Fourth Patriarch in the House of Yunmen. Even the imperial court was not able to neglect his fame and consequently bestowed the title "Zen Master Mingjue" (明覺禪師) on him. He died in 1052 during the reign of emperor Renzong of Song.

There is an anecdote about Xuedou's last words. Near the end of his life, his pupils, regretting the inevitable death of their master, asked if there is anything that he wanted to say. Xuedou simply replied: "The only regret of my life was speaking too much."

He left behind a series of religious works such as "Baize Songgu" and "Xuedou niangu".

## The sound of one hand

Although Japanese Zen Master Hakuin Ekaku is credited with inventing the koan regarding the sound of one hand clapping, *The Blue Cliff Record* includes Xuedou's poetic commentary that "a single hand makes no clapping sound" appears 700 years earlier*.*


title: Uwe Scholz

abstract: Uwe Scholz was a German ballet dancer, director, and choreographer.

text:
# Uwe Scholz

**Uwe Scholz** (31 December 1958 – 21 November 2004) was a German ballet dancer, director, and choreographer.

## Life

Scholz was born in Jugenheim (now Seeheim-Jugenheim) in Hesse, Germany on 31 December 1958, and moved as a child to the Landestheater Darmstadt for ballet and music training.

In 1973, he was admitted to John Cranko's Ballet School in Stuttgart, one month before Cranko's death, and studied under Marcia Haydée. Scholz also studied, on scholarship, at Balanchine's School of American Ballet in New York. He graduated from Stuttgart in 1977, and joined the Stuttgart Ballet. At 26 he became the director of the Zürich Ballet, and directed there for the next 6 years, before returning to Germany to become director of the Leipzig Ballet, where he was also chief choreographer. He remained in Leipzig from 1991 until his death. Among his most famous creations are Mozart's *Great Mass*, *Pax Questuosa* by Udo Zimmermann, Berlioz's *Symphonie fantastique*, *The Red and the Black* by Stendhal, and much else. In 1993 he was appointed professor at the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig. He was also a founding member of the Freie Akademie der Künste zu Leipzig (Free Academy of Arts in Leipzig).

He died on 21 November 2004 in Berlin.

## Work

* "Ballette von Uwe Scholz". *Tatjana Thierbach* (in German). 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Uwe Scholz | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1958-12-31)31 December 1958
Jugenheim, Hesse, Germany |
| Died | 21 November 2004(2004-11-21) (aged 45)
Berlin |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | contemporary dance ballet choreographer |


title: Gang colors

abstract: Gang colors include clothing, accessories, or tattoos of a specific color or colors that represent an affiliation to a specific gang or gang branch.

text:
# Gang colors

**Gang colors** include clothing, accessories, or tattoos of a specific color or colors that represent an affiliation to a specific gang or gang branch.

## History

### England

The first recorded criminal street gangs in England were organized in London in the early 1600s and identified and apprehended by an early form of British city police, the Bow Street Runners. Early urban gangs in London and other British cities of this period went by the names of the Muns, Mohocks, Hectors, Bawcubites, Bickers, Bugles, Blues, Bravadoes, Tittyre Tus, Tuquoques, Roysters, Scowrers, Dead Boys, Circling Boys, and Roaring Boys with each gang distinguishing its membership affiliation by using a different colored ribbon attached to their clothing.

### United States

The earliest (1820s–1860s) criminal street gangs in the United States, who were in New York City and were politically aligned with one or the other of the two prominent political parties at the timethe anti-immigrant Nativist, Know Nothing Party, or the Irish immigrant-based Tammany Hall of the Democratic Partywore distinctive gang colors to differentiate themselves from their allies and rivals. The most notorious and prominent of the New York gangs who could field 50–200 members per gang were the Nativist Bowery Boys, Atlantic Guards, and Plug Uglies versus the Irish American gangs of the Dead Rabbits, Roach Guards, and Shirt Tails.

The Roach Guards wore a blue stripe on their trousers and the Atlantic Guards and Dead Rabbits wore a red trouser stripe. The Bowery Boys wore neckerchiefs, red shirts, tall stove pipe hats, long, black, frock coats, and trousers tucked into high heel calf boots to identify them with their New York City Fire Department volunteer fire company origins and Nativist affiliations.

## Types of colors

### Bandanas

The most recognizable form of gang affiliation is based on color. Bandanas come in a wide range of colors and can be paired with other pieces of clothing to represent all colors of the gang. Not only are bandanas an easy way to show gang affiliation they are also easy to remove if the situation calls for it (i.e. if confronted by law enforcement). Gang members are known for wearing bandanas around their face as a mask, or in their pocket, with it sticking out.

## Today

The prevalence of gang colors has declined in popularity over the past few years. In order to crack down on gang related crimes, legislation has been passed to increase penalties for crimes committed by gangs or gang members. For example, in some states, if a gang member commits a Class A misdemeanor, the highest level misdemeanor crime, then that offense is classified as a felony because the individual is a member of a criminal street gang.