title: Gerhard Frey (politician)

abstract: Gerhard Michael Frey was a German publisher, businessman and politician. He was the chairman and main financial backer of the right-wing party Deutsche Volksunion, which he founded in 1971. He resigned as chairman in January 2009.

text:
# Gerhard Frey (politician)

**Gerhard Michael Frey** (18 February 1933 – 19 February 2013) was a German publisher, businessman and politician. He was the chairman and main financial backer of the right-wing party Deutsche Volksunion, which he founded in 1971. He resigned as chairman in January 2009.

## Biography

Gerhard Frey was born on 18 February 1933 in Cham. He studied law. In 1960 Frey received his PhD (Dr. rer. pol.) from the University of Graz, Austria. His dissertation was a study of the trade pattern between Austria and Germany. He was married to Regine Frey, with whom he had four children. His daughter Michaela (born 1965) is an attorney, his son Gerhard Jr. (born 1969) is a lawyer. Frey died on 19 February 2013, the day after his 80th birthday, in Gräfelfing near Munich.

The scholar Cas Mudde described Frey as "One of the most influential people in the German post-war extreme right scene" and a "multi-millionaire media czar who owns and publishes several newspapers".

Frey took control of the far right *Deutsche Soldaten-Zeitung* in 1959, later renamed *National Zeitung*, and raised the paper’s circulation from 27,500 in 1958 to 131,000 in 1967. The paper frequently published historical revisionist and anti-Israel articles. In 1967 it used the term desk murderer (*Schreibtischtäter*) referring to people who support Israel as, in its view, they thereby take the risk to become accomplices in crimes committed there.

Frey has been described as rarely generous, except at his party functions where he hosted David Irving, whom he paid generously and provided a hired luxury car for. A large amount of advertising in *National Zeitung* were for Frey's other businesses, thus more money than usual went back to Frey. Such businesses included *Deutsche Reisen*, a travel service, and the *Deutscher Buchdienst*, selling books, medals and flags. Frey's party, the DVU, was described as the "Frey-Party" because of its financial dependency on him. *The Irish Times*, after the party's success in the 1998 Saxony-Anhalt state elections, described the DVU as "less a political party than the dangerous plaything of a millionaire", without any real party structure. At the time, Frey's personal fortune was estimated to be in excess of DM 500 million.

Frey enjoyed good relations with some conservative politicians like Alfred Seidl, interior minister of Bavaria 1977-78, with European far-right and right wing leaders like Jean-Marie Le Pen and Vladimir Zhirinovsky but his relationship with other German far-right leaders was less friendly as they feared his financial power could overwhelm them.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Gerhard Frey | |
| --- | --- |
| Frey in 2009 | |
| Born | Gerhard Michael Frey
(1933-02-18)18 February 1933
Cham, Weimar Republic |
| Died | 19 February 2013(2013-02-19) (aged 80)
Gräfelfing, Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Business, Publishing |
| Spouse | Regine Frey |
| Children | 4 children |


title: Gerhard Friedrich

abstract: Gerhard "Gerd" Friedrich was a Luftwaffe fighter ace of World War II. He was one of night fighter ace scored 30 victories. All of his victories were recorded at night.

text:
# Gerhard Friedrich

**Gerhard "Gerd" Friedrich** (16 September 1917 – 16 March 1945) was a Luftwaffe fighter ace of World War II. He was one of night fighter ace scored 30 victories. All of his victories were recorded at night.

## World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Friedrich started his Luftwaffe career as a transport pilot with *Kampfgruppe zur besonderen Verwendung* 104 (KGr.z.b.v. 104—Fighting Group for Special Use) and participated in the invasion of Crete.

### Night fighter operations

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, bombing missions by the Royal Air Force (RAF) shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign. By mid-1940, *Generalmajor* (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector, named a *Himmelbett* (canopy bed), would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the *Lichtenstein* radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.

Friedrich received training as a night fighter pilot and began his night-fighting era when he was posted to III. *Gruppe* (3rd group) of *Nachtjagdgeschwader* 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing) at the beginning of 1942. Friedrich claimed his first victory on the night of 16/17 June when he shot down a RAF Vickers Wellington at 03:08 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) west of Ijmuiden. Serving with II. *Gruppe* (2nd group) of *Nachtjagdgeschwader* 4 (NJG 4—4th Night Fighter Wing), he claimed his fourth victory on 24 October when he shot down the Handley Page Halifax bomber *W1188* from No. 103 Squadron near Bar-le-Duc.

He was appointed *Staffelkapitän* (squadron leader) of 10. *Staffel* (10th squadron) of NJG 4 on 1 January 1943. On 10/11 April, 502 RAF bombers attacked Frankfurt. In total, the RAF lost 22 aircraft, ten of which shot down by NJG 4, including a Wellington bomber claimed by Friedrich at 03:23. On 16/17 April, during an attack of 327 bombers on Plzeň, Friedrich was shot down and wounded. He bailed out from his Messerschmitt Bf 110 and landed near Hochspeyer.

On 1 August 1943, IV. *Gruppe* of NJG 4 became the I. *Gruppe* of *Nachtjagdgeschwader* 6 (NJG 6—6th Night Fighter Wing) and was based at Mainz-Finthen Airport. On 12 July 1944, he was appointed *Gruppenkommandeur* (group commander) of I. *Gruppe* of NJG 6. Friedrich was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes*) on 15 March 1945.

The RAF targeted the Wintershall oil refineries at Lützkendorf, which lies east of Mücheln, with 244 Lancaster bombers and eleven de Havilland Mosquito fast bombers on the night of 14/15 March 1945. In defense of this attack, Friedrich claimed three Lancasters shot down in timeframe 23:15 and 23:24.

On the night of 16/17 March 1945, Friedrich collided with the Lancaster *PB785* from No. 576 Squadron RAF, piloted by Flight Lieutenant Frank Edmund Dotten, near Stuttgart. Friedrich and his crew, *Leutnant* Lewerenz, *Oberfeldwebel* Giesen and *Unteroffizier* Meyer, were killed in their Junkers Ju 88 G-6 (*Werknummer* 621801—factory number) along with the seven crew members of the British bomber.

## Summary of career

### Aerial victory claims

According to Obermaier and Spick, Friedrich was credited with 30 nighttime—aerial victories, claimed in an unknown number of combat missions. Foreman, Parry and Mathews, authors of *Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945*, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 33 nocturnal victory claims. Mathews and Foreman also published *Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims*, listing Friedrich with 32 claims, all of which on the Western Front.

| Chronicle of aerial victories | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed in *Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945* but not in *Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims*. | | | | | |
| Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Serial No./Squadron No. |
| *Stab* III. *Gruppe* of *Nachtjagdgeschwader* 1 – | | | | | |
| 1 | 17 June 1942 | 03:08 | Wellington | 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Ijmuiden |  |
| 2 | 20 June 1942 | 03:13 | Wellington | 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Zandvoort |  |
| 3 | 26 July 1942 | 02:12 | Wellington | 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Zieuwent |  |
| *Stab* II. *Gruppe* of *Nachtjagdgeschwader* 4 – | | | | | |
| 4 | 24 October 1942 | 21:50 | Halifax | Bar-le-Duc | Halifax *W1188*/No. 103 Squadron RAF |
| – 8. *Staffel* of *Nachtjagdgeschwader* 4 – | | | | | |
| 5 | 6 December 1942 | 19:29 | Halifax | Courouvre |  |
| – 10. *Staffel* of *Nachtjagdgeschwader* 4 – | | | | | |
| 6 | 9 March 1943 | 23:35 | Lancaster | northwest of Rinuthall |  |
| 7 | 17 March 1943 | 00:16 | Halifax | Börnloss |  |
| 8 | 11 April 1943 | 03:23 | Wellington | Lünebach-Weuir |  |
| – 2. *Staffel* of *Nachtjagdgeschwader* 6 – | | | | | |
| 9? | 6 September 1943 | 00:57 | Halifax | vicinity of Mannheim-Sandhofen |  |
| – 1. *Staffel* of *Nachtjagdgeschwader* 6 – | | | | | |
| 10 | 26 February 1944 | 01:33 | Lancaster | Seeburg | Lancaster *LM158*/No. 90 Squadron RAF |
| 11 | 2 March 1944 | 04:04 | Halifax | 60 km (37 mi) southwest of Strasbourg |  |
| 12 | 18 March 1944 | 22:32 | Halifax | Preist |  |
| 13 | 31 March 1944 | 00:57 | Halifax | northwest of Nürnberg |  |
| 14 | 11 April 1944 | 00:03 | Lancaster | Montdidier |  |
| 15 | 11 April 1944 | 00:13 | Halifax | vicinity of Montdidier | Halifax *LV880*/No. 51 Squadron RAF |
| 16 | 28 April 1944 | 02:09 | Halifax | Switzerland, west of Friedrichshafen |  |
| 17 | 28 April 1944 | 02:34 | Halifax | Schaffhausen |  |
| 18 | 13 June 1944 | 01:25 | Lancaster | vicinity of Deelen |  |
| *Stab* I. *Gruppe* of *Nachtjagdgeschwader* 6 – | | | | | |
| 19 | 12 September 1944 | 00:15 | Lancaster | south of Darmstadt |  |
| 20 | 12 September 1944 | 22:46 | Wellington | northwest of beacon "Christa" |  |
| 21 | 28 January 1945 | 23:53 | Lancaster | south of Wildbad |  |
| 22 | 1 February 1945 | 19:20 | Lancaster | Ludwigshafen |  |
| 23 | 2 February 1945 | 23:20 | Lancaster | Karlsruhe |  |
| 24 | 2 February 1945 | 23:25 | Lancaster | Karlsruhe |  |
| 25 | 21 February 1945 | 20:45 | Halifax | 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Worms |  |
| 26 | 23 February 1945 | 20:00 | Lancaster | east of Pforzheim |  |
| 27 | 23 February 1945 | 20:08 | Lancaster | east of Pforzheim |  |
| 28 | 23 February 1945 | 20:12 | Lancaster | southeast of Pforzheim |  |
| 29 | 23 February 1945 | 20:15 | Lancaster | south of Pforzheim |  |
| 30 | 14 March 1945 | 23:15 | Lancaster |  |  |
| 31 | 14 March 1945 | 23:18 | Lancaster |  |  |
| 32 | 14 March 1945 | 23:24 | Lancaster |  |  |
| 33 | 16 March 1945 | 21:03 | Lancaster | 7 km (4.3 mi) south of Echterdingen | Lancaster *PB785*/No. 576 Squadron RAF |

### Awards

### Citations

1. Bowman 2016a, p. 96.
2. Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 344.
3. Obermaier 1989, p. 114.
4. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 9.
5. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 27.
6. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 46.
7. Bowman 2016b, p. 44.
8. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 74.
9. Bowman 2016b, p. 141.
10. Bowman 2016a, p. 142.
11. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 96.
12. Bowman 2016b, p. 96.
13. Bowman 2016b, p. 219.
14. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 242.
15. Bowman 2016b, pp. 221–222.
16. Spick 1996, p. 245.
17. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, pp. 46–242.
18. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 50.
19. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 61.
20. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 70.
21. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 72.
22. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 112.
23. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 152.
24. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 153.
25. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 156.
26. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 161.
27. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 166.
28. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 172.
29. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 187.
30. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 215.
31. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 216.
32. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 232.
33. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 233.
34. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 234.
35. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 236.
36. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 237.
37. Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 238.
38. Bowman 2016b, p. 221.
39. Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 123.
40. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 187.
41. Scherzer 2007, p. 320.

### Bibliography

* Bowman, Martin (2016a). *Nachtjagd, Defenders of the Reich 1940–1943*. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-4738-4986-0.
* Bowman, Martin (2016b). *German Night Fighters Versus Bomber Command 1943–1945*. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Aviation. ISBN 978-1-4738-4979-2.
* Chorley, W. R (1998). *Royal Air Force Bomber Command Losses of the Second World War: Aircraft and crew losses: 1945*. Midland Counties Publications. ISBN 978-0-90459-792-9.
* Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) \[1986\]. *Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile* \[*The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches*\] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
* Foreman, John; Mathews, Johannes; Parry, Simon (2004). *Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939–1945*. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-0-9538061-4-0.
* Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2014). *Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 1 A–F*. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-18-9.
* Obermaier, Ernst (1989). *Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945*\] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
* Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). *Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II* \[*The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2*\] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
* Scherzer, Veit (2007). *Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives*\] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
* Spick, Mike (1996). *Luftwaffe Fighter Aces*. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.

## InfoBox

| Gerhardt Friedrich | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | *Gerd* |
| Born | 16 September 1917
Johannisthal, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Died | 16 March 1945 (1945-03-17) (aged 27)
Stuttgart |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Luftwaffe |
| Years of service | 1939–1945 |
| Rank | *Major* (major) |
| Unit | NJG 1, NJG 4, NJG 6 |
| Commands | I./NJG 6 |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |


title: Princesse (Nekfeu song)

abstract: "Princesse" is a song by French hip hop artist Nekfeu featuring French singer Nemir. The fifteenth track from Nekfeu's debut studio album Feu, the song is produced by Nekfeu himself, as well as DJ Elite. Despite not being released as a single, the song broke into the French Singles Chart at number 172 on 20 June 2015, peaking at that same position.

text:
# Princesse (Nekfeu song)

"**Princesse**" (French for 'Princess') is a song by French hip hop artist Nekfeu featuring French singer Nemir. The fifteenth track from Nekfeu's debut studio album *Feu*, the song is produced by Nekfeu himself, as well as DJ Elite.

Despite not being released as a single, the song broke into the French Singles Chart at number 172 on 20 June 2015, peaking at that same position.

## Track listing

* **Digital download**

1. "Princesse (featuring Nemir)" – 4:26

## Chart performance

| Chart (2015) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| France (SNEP) | 172 |

## InfoBox

| "Princesse" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Nekfeu featuring Nemir | |
| from the album  *Feu* | |
| Released | 8 June 2015 |
| Genre | French hip hop |
| Length | 4:26 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Nekfeu * DJ Elite |
|  | |
| Audio sample | |
| "Princesse" | |
|  | |


title: Priyankar Mukherjee

abstract: Priyankar Mukherjee is an Indian cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler who plays for Bengal. He was born in Uttarpara. Mukherjee played a single game for the Bengali Under-16s team, during the 2000–01 season, though he didn't make another cricketing appearance for over two years, for the Under-19s. His best performance in the 2003-04 Cooch Behar trophy came in his penultimate game, in which he bowled 5–17 in the first innings of the match and 4–58 in the second. He carried on this form with the bat into the start of the 2003-04 Under-19s limited overs competition, though he faltered slightly towards the end of the competition. In 2005–06, Mukherjee played for the Under-22s team, making some crucial innings in his occasional switches to the lower order – including a partnership of 177 with captain Manoj Tiwary – himself scoring 101 not out – against Tripura. Mukherjee made his List A debut in the one-day Ranji Trophy competition in 2007. His first-class debut came the following season, against Andhra – and despite taking a wicket with the ball, he scored a pair with the bat.

text:
# Priyankar Mukherjee

**Priyankar Mukherjee** (born 29 March 1985) is an Indian cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler who plays for Bengal. He was born in Uttarpara.

Mukherjee played a single game for the Bengali Under-16s team, during the 2000–01 season, though he didn't make another cricketing appearance for over two years, for the Under-19s. His best performance in the 2003-04 Cooch Behar trophy came in his penultimate game, in which he bowled 5–17 in the first innings of the match and 4–58 in the second.

He carried on this form with the bat into the start of the 2003-04 Under-19s limited overs competition, though he faltered slightly towards the end of the competition. In 2005–06, Mukherjee played for the Under-22s team, making some crucial innings in his occasional switches to the lower order – including a partnership of 177 with captain Manoj Tiwary – himself scoring 101 not out – against Tripura.

Mukherjee made his List A debut in the one-day Ranji Trophy competition in 2007. His first-class debut came the following season, against Andhra – and despite taking a wicket with the ball, he scored a pair with the bat.

## InfoBox

| Priyankar Mukherjee | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1985-03-29) 29 March 1985 |


title: Priyanka Thimmesh

abstract: Priyanka Thimmesh is an Indian actress who mainly works in Kannada films. She has also debuted in Malayalam and Tamil films. She made her debut in the 2015 Kannada film Ganapa.

text:
# Priyanka Thimmesh

**Priyanka Thimmesh** is an Indian actress who mainly works in Kannada films. She has also debuted in Malayalam and Tamil films. She made her debut in the 2015 Kannada film *Ganapa*.

## Early life

Priyanka was born in Bhadravati, Karnataka to Thimmesh and Girija. She has an elder brother. Priyanka did her schooling at St. Charles High School, Bhadravathi and completed her Diploma in Computer Science at Government Woman's Polytechnic College Shivamogga.

## Career

Priyanka started acting by taking on roles in serial *Preethienda* as Kashmiri girl *Gulabi* which was telecasted in Suvarna TV. She made her debut in films when she acted as Brunda, in Prabhu Srinivas's critically acclaimed *Ganapa*. She also did a guest appearance in Akira. It was followed by more lead roles in Pataki with Ganesh and *Joncena* with Uthpal Kumar which is directed by Simple Suni. Priyanka is playing a lead role in upcoming film *Bheema Sena Nala Maharaja* directed by Karthik Saragur and produced by Pushkara Mallikarjunaiah. Priyanka played a lead role in Nivin Pauly's Malayalam film *Kayamkulam Kochunni* directed by Rosshan Andrrews.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Language | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | *Ganapa* | Brunda | Kannada | Lead role |
| 2016 | *Akira* | Jaanu | |  |
| 2017 | *Pataki* | Maanvitha | |  |
| 2018 | *Utharavu Maharaja* | Saadhana | Tamil |  |
| | *Kayamkulam Kochunni* | Suhara | Malayalam |  |
| 2020 | *Bheemasena Nalamaharaja* | Sarah Mary | Kannada | Amazon Prime Movie |
| 2021 | *Arjun Gowda* | Jaanu | |  |
| 2022 | *Made in China* | Mythili | |  |
| | *Sugarless* | Mahalakshmi | |  |
| 2024 | *Sathamindri Mutham Tha* | Sandhya | Tamil |  |
|

### Television

| Year | Show | Role | Network | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011- 2013 | *Preethiyinda* | Gulabi | Star Suvarna |  |
| 2018 | *Sixth Sense Kannada* | Contestant | Star Suvarna |  |
| 2021 | *Bigg Boss season 8* | Contestant | Colors Kannada | Wildcard entry |
| 2021 | *Bigg Boss Second Innings* | Contestant | Colors Kannada |  |

## InfoBox

| Priyanka Thimmesh | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Bhadravathi, Karnataka, India |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 2014–present |


title: German submarine U-636

abstract:
German submarine U-636 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 2 October 1941 by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg as yard number 612, launched on 25 June 1942 and commissioned on 20 August 1942 under Oberleutnant zur See Hans Hildebrandt.

text:
# German submarine U-636

**German submarine *U-636*** was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* for service during World War II. She was laid down on 2 October 1941 by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg as yard number 612, launched on 25 June 1942 and commissioned on 20 August 1942 under *Oberleutnant zur See* Hans Hildebrandt.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. *U-636* had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). *U-636* was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and one twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

The boat's career began with training at 5th U-boat Flotilla on 20 August 1942, followed by active service on 1 April 1943 as part of the 11th Flotilla, operating from Bergen, Norway. Just six months later, she transferred to 13th Flotilla stationed in Trondheim, Norway, for the remainder of her service.

In 15 patrols she sank one merchant ship, for a total of 7,169 gross register tons (GRT).

On 14 May 1943, after being attacked by depth charges from HMS Duncan and HMS Snowflake (K211) she suffered minor damage.

### Fate

*U-636* was sunk on 21 April 1945 in the North Atlantic in position 55°50′N 10°31′W / 55.833°N 10.517°W / 55.833; -10.517, by depth charges from HMS *Bazely*, HMS *Drury* and HMS *Bentinck*. All hands were lost.

### Wolfpacks

*U-636* took part in eleven wolfpacks, namely:

* Iller (12 – 15 May 1943)
* Donau 1 (15 – 26 May 1943)
* Isegrim (1 – 7 January 1944)
* Donner (11 – 20 April 1944)
* Donner & Keil (20 April – 2 May 1944)
* Trutz (28 June – 10 July 1944)
* Dachs (1 – 5 September 1944)
* Zorn (26 September – 1 October 1944)
* Grimm (1 – 2 October 1944)
* Panther (16 October – 10 November 1944)
* Stier (4 – 15 December 1944)

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Ship Name | Nationality | Tonnage
(GRT) | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 September 1943 | *Tbilisi* | Soviet Union | 7,169 | Sunk |

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-636* |
| Ordered | 20 January 1941 |
| Builder | Blohm & Voss, Hamburg |
| Yard number | 612 |
| Laid down | 2 October 1941 |
| Launched | 25 June 1942 |
| Commissioned | 20 August 1942 |
| Fate | Sunk on 21 April 1945 in the North Atlantic in position 55°50′N 10°31′W / 55.833°N 10.517°W / 55.833; -10.517, by depth charges from HMS *Bazely*, HMS *Drury* and HMS *Bentinck*. |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type VIIC submarine |
| Displacement |  |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in) o/a * 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) pressure hull |
| Draught | 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in) |
| Installed power | * 2,800–3,200 PS (2,100–2,400 kW; 2,800–3,200 bhp) (diesels) * 750 PS (550 kW; 740 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) surfaced * 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 8,500 nmi (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | * 230 m (750 ft) * Crush depth: 250–295 m (820–968 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 40–56 enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 51 601 |
| Commanders: | * *Kptlt.* Hans Hildebrandt * 20 August 1942 – 14 February 1944 * *Oblt.z.S.* Eberhard Schendel * 15 February 1944 – 21 April 1945 |
| Operations: | * 15 patrols: * 1st patrol: * a. 2 May – 8 June 1943 * b. 24 – 27 July 1943 * c. 28 – 31 July 1943 * 2nd patrol: * a. 31 July – 7 August 1943 * b. 14 – 16 August 1943 * 3rd patrol: * a. 17 – 30 August 1943 * b. 5 – 9 September 1943 * c. 24 – 25 October 1943 * d. 27 – 31 October 1943 * e. 2 – 3 November 1943 * 4th patrol: * a. 6 – 17 November 1943 * b. 18 – 19 November 1943 * c. 21 – 22 November 1943 * 5th patrol: * 23 November – 27 December 1943 * 6th patrol: * 30 December 1943 – 8 January 1944 * 7th patrol: * a. 26 January – 2 February 1944 * b. 4 – 5 February 1944 * c. 8 – 11 February 1944 * d. 31 March – 2 April 1944 * 8th patrol: * a. 8 April – 3 May 1944 * b. 5 – 7 May 1944 * c. 23 – 24 June 1944 * 9th patrol: * a. 27 June – 23 July 1944 * b. 24 July 1944 * 10th patrol: * a. 25 August – 12 September 1944 * b. 16 – 18 September 1944 * 11th patrol: * 25 September – 3 October 1944 * 12th patrol: * a. 6 October – 12 November 1944 * b. 14 – 16 November 1944 * 13th patrol: * 4 – 16 December 1944 * 14th patrol: * a. 25 December 1944 – 30 January 1945 * b. 1 – 3 February 1945 * 15th patrol: * 1 – 21 April 1945 |
| Victories: | 1 merchant ship sunk
(7,169 GRT) |


title: Monte Sião

abstract: Monte Sião is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.

text:
# Monte Sião

**Monte Sião** is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Monte Sião | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Monte SiãoLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 22°25′58″S 46°34′22″W / 22.43278°S 46.57278°W / -22.43278; -46.57278 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | Minas Gerais |
| Mesoregion | Sul de Minas |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 24,029 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Michael F. Chiang

abstract: Michael F. Chiang is an American pediatric ophthalmologist serving as the director of the National Eye Institute. His research focuses on the interface of biomedical informatics and clinical ophthalmology in areas such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), telehealth, artificial intelligence, electronic health records, data science, and genotype-phenotype correlation.

text:
# Michael F. Chiang

**Michael F. Chiang** is an American pediatric ophthalmologist serving as the director of the National Eye Institute. His research focuses on the interface of biomedical informatics and clinical ophthalmology in areas such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), telehealth, artificial intelligence, electronic health records, data science, and genotype-phenotype correlation.

## Life

Chiang received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering and Biology from Stanford University, an M.D. from Harvard Medical School and the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, and an M.A. in Biomedical Informatics from Columbia University. He completed residency and pediatric ophthalmology fellowship training at the Wilmer Eye Institute.

Between 2001-2010, he worked at Columbia University, where he was Anne S. Cohen Associate Professor of Ophthalmology & Biomedical Informatics, director of medical student education in ophthalmology, and director of the introductory graduate student course in biomedical informatics. From 2010-2020, he worked at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), where he was Knowles Professor of Ophthalmology & Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, and Associate Director of the Casey Eye Institute. He co-directed a National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded T32 training program in visual science for graduate students and research fellows, as well as an NIH-funded K12 clinician-scientist program at OHSU.

Chiang began at the NIH in November 2020 as director of the National Eye Institute. His research focuses on the interface of biomedical informatics and clinical ophthalmology in areas such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), telehealth, artificial intelligence, electronic health records, data science, and genotype-phenotype correlation.

Chiang was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2023.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Institutes of Health.

## InfoBox

| Michael F. Chiang | |
| --- | --- |
| Chiang in 2020 | |
| Education | Stanford University (BS)
Harvard University (MD)
Columbia University (MA) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Pediatric ophthalmology |
| Institutions | Columbia University
Oregon Health & Science University
National Eye Institute |
|  | |


title: World War Z (soundtrack)

abstract: World War Z: Music from the Motion Picture is the score album to the 2013 film of the same name directed by Marc Forster. Featuring original score composed by Marco Beltrami, the album featuring 11-tracks were released by Warner Bros. Records on June 18, 2013.

text:
# World War Z (soundtrack)

***World War Z: Music from the Motion Picture*** is the score album to the 2013 film of the same name directed by Marc Forster. Featuring original score composed by Marco Beltrami, the album featuring 11-tracks were released by Warner Bros. Records on June 18, 2013.

## Development

In December 2011, Marco Beltrami was hired to write the score for *World War Z*. Beltrami read the first script for the film and was blown away with the footages he saw, as it was "a unique take on the whole zombie thing. The whole notion of them being like a force of nature, and how they swarm and all that, and I thought it would have neat music applications and I just thought it would be a blast to work on." When he first saw the film, post the Philadelphia sequence, the screen cuts to black, and the Emergency Alert System's (EAS) iconic siren tone is being heard, which he felt as a fundamental harmonic structure for the score. He further used sounds from the peccary, a feral pig native to southwestern North America, to underscore the film's focus on zombie's teeth as a motif through the film, which was suggested by Tommy Lee Jones. He brought several peccary skulls and recorded and played them in collaboration with professional percussionists, where the sounds have been covered up by orchestral percussion but stands up to create tension for the film.

Beltrami discussed with editor Matt Cheese about ideas on putting cues throughout the edit, and had closely worked with Paramount Music's executive producer Randy Spendlove where music editor John Finklea helped in cutting the cues and musical pieces to fix the atmosphere of the film. He felt that "one of the things, score-wise, that I thought was important was being able to have a lot of quick, off-beat, odd-metered rhythms, because that type of stuff seems to provide a real unsettling feeling in the audience when they are watching it because it’s something you have a hard time grasping on to."

The score was recorded at the Abbey Road Studios in London and featured a large ensemble orchestra recording most of the pieces, along with a smaller group at British Grove Studios, where he would record some of the "chamber, intimate, gritty, rosin-on-the-bow type of stuff". Since the film has faced several setbacks during the production with rewrites and reshoots being happened, the subsequent delays led Beltrami stepping away from the project for about a year, where he could complete scoring for *The Wolverine* (2013). He then wanted to significantly scrap the "harsh, dissonant and extremely aggressive" score, which Beltrami thought, as the studio executives felt that the score might push the film towards an R rating instead of the intended PG-13.

## Track listing

*World War Z: Music from the Motion Picture*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Philadelphia" | 4:03 |
| 2. | "The Lane Family" | 2:47 |
| 3. | "Ninja Quiet" | 2:54 |
| 4. | "Searching for Clues" | 5:33 |
| 5. | "NJ Mart" | 4:01 |
| 6. | "Zombies in Coach" | 3:43 |
| 7. | "Hand Off!" | 2:49 |
| 8. | "No Teeth No Bite" | 3:25 |
| 9. | "The Salvation Gates" | 4:24 |
| 10. | "Wales" | 5:22 |
| 11. | "Like a River Around a Rock" | 5:08 |
| Total length: | | 44:09 |

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Movie Wave |  |
| Filmtracks |  |

Jonathan Broxton wrote "World War Z is full of innovation and creative thinking on Beltrami’s part, and in listening to the score you can’t help but be impressed at the way in which the score is structured, layered and presented to have the greatest horrific effect. As an actual enjoyable musical experience, however, your appreciation for the score will depend entirely on your tolerance for extended periods of atonal, aggressive, at times viciously dark writing. For all it's \[*sic*\] intellectual design and thoughtful approach to orchestration and texture, this is still a horror score through and through." James Southall of *Movie Wave* wrote "The album doesn’t perhaps provide the obvious thrills of Beltrami’s most popular scores, but it feels like there’s something going on at a deeper level here, there’s a clear purpose to all the music and it's executed very well. At a shade under three quarters of an hour, the album’s the perfect length given the material – any longer and it would suffer the danger of the spell the composer so carefully casts simply becoming too much."

*Filmtracks.com* wrote "*World War Z* is a frightfully generic tackling of the concept, even considering Beltrami's intelligent orchestral applications. There is very little narrative development in the work, and its textures and ambience seem recycled more often than not. As such, you get a work that bores you far more than it should, a disappointment in any "end of the world" context." James Christopher Monger of *AllMusic* wrote "Beltrami utilized offbeat instrumentation throughout the soundtrack, even going so far as to base the main theme off of the harmonic structure of the United States Emergency Alert System siren."

Pete Simons of *Synchrotones* wrote "The score bumps and grinds along, building tension; and as such it’s hard to describe it as a ‘pleasant’ experience. Having said that, it's as cleverly written as anything Beltrami has done. It contains two subtle themes that make a few (if only a few) appearances and the action music is genuinely exciting; though I wouldn't have minded hearing a few more thematic cues on this album. The large orchestral performance (and its recording) is crisp and the percussion provides a genuine drive to the whole affair. It just goes to show that you don't need a hundred drummers to make an impact. It also goes to show you don't need a battery of synthesizers to make those ostinato strings sound interesting. Beltrami infuses some well-chosen synthesizer sounds into his score, but it is the clarity and sheer force of the orchestra that makes this score truly exciting."

## Credits

Credits adapted from AllMusic.

* Music – Marco Beltrami
* Additional music – Brandon Roberts, Buck Sanders, Marcus Trumpp
* Music producer, editor – John Finklea
* Programming – Brandon Roberts
* Assistant engineer – Jason Elliot, Scott Smith
* Recording, mixing – John Kurlander
* Mastering – Patricia Sullivan
* Executive producer – Randy Spendlove, Kenny Ochoa, Livia Tortella, Xavier Ramos
* Contractor – Isobel Griffiths, Jo Changer
* Coordinator – Jason Richmond
* Art Direction – BLT Communications

Instruments * Bass – Andy Pask, Chris Laurence, Leon Bosch, Richard Pryce, Stacey Watton, Steve Rossell, Tim Amherst
* Bass clarinet – David Fuest, Nicholas Bucknall
* Bassoon – Richard Skinner, Gavin McNaughton
* Cello – Bozidar Vukotic, Caroline Dearnley, Chris Worsey, Dave Daniels, Ian Burdge, John Heley, Jonathan Williams, Josephine Knight, Martin Loveday, Tim Gill, Anthony Lewis
* Clarinet – Nicholas Bucknall
* Contrabass clarinet – David Fuest
* Contrabassoon – Gavin McNaughton
* Drums – Ian Thomas
* Flute – Helen Keen, Karen Jones
* French Horn – John Thurgood, Laurence Davies, Mike Thompson, Philip Eastop, Richard Berry, Richard Watkins
* Guitar – Leo Abrahams
* Percussion – Chris Baron, Frank Ricotti, Gary Kettel, Bill Lockhart
* Piano – David Hartley
* Timpani – Bill Lockhart
* Trombone – Andy Wood, Dave Stewart, Mike Hext, Richard Edwards
* Trumpet – Andy Crowley, John Barclay
* Tuba – Owen Slade, Phil Todd
* Viola – Bill Hawkes, Bob Smissen, Bruce White, Cathy Bradshaw, Clare Finnimore, Don Mc Vay, Gustav Clarkson, James Boyd, Peter Lale, Richard Cookson, Rusen Gunes, Steve Wright
* Violin – Alex Afia, Alison Dods, Charlie Brown, Chris Tombling, Daniel Bhattacharya, David Williams, Dave Woodcock, Dermot Crehan, Liz Edwards, Emil Chakalov, Gaby Lester, Ian Humphries, Jonathan Evans Jones, Jonathan Rees, Julian Tear, Kathy Gowers, Mark Berrow, Natalia Bonner, Nicky Sweeney, Patrick Kiernan, Rick Koster, Rita Manning, Rolf Wilson, Simon Baggs, Sonia Slany, Steve Morris, Tom Pigott-Smith, Warren Zielinski, Everton Nelson

Orchestra and choir * Choir – Metro Voices
* Choir director – Jenny O'Grady
* Orchestration, conductor – Matt Dunkley
* Additional orchestration – David Foster, Jake Parker
* Concertmaster – Everton Nelson

## InfoBox

| World War Z: Music from the Motion Picture | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Soundtrack album by Marco Beltrami | |
| Released | June 18, 2013 |
| Recorded | 2012–2013 |
| Studio | Abbey Road Studios
British Grove Studios |
| Genre | Film score |
| Length | 44:09 |
| Label | Warner Bros. |
|  | |
| Marco Beltrami chronology | |
| *A Good Day to Die Hard*
(2013) ***World War Z***
(2013) *The Wolverine*
(2013) | |
|  | |


title: Muskowekwan 85-12

abstract: Muskowekwan 85-12 is an Indian reserve of the Muskowekwan First Nation in Saskatchewan. It is about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of Kelliher. In the 2016 Canadian Census, it recorded a population of 0 living in 0 of its 0 total private dwellings.

text:
# Muskowekwan 85-12

**Muskowekwan 85-12** is an Indian reserve of the Muskowekwan First Nation in Saskatchewan. It is about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) west of Kelliher. In the 2016 Canadian Census, it recorded a population of 0 living in 0 of its 0 total private dwellings.

51°16′00″N 103°54′56″W / 51.2667°N 103.9155°W / 51.2667; -103.9155 (Muskowekwan 85-12)

## InfoBox

| Muskowekwan 85-12 | |
| --- | --- |
| Indian reserve | |
| Muskowekwan Indian Reserve No. 85-12 | |
| Location in Saskatchewan | |
| First Nation | Muskowekwan |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Saskatchewan |
| Area | |
| Total | 257.3 ha (635.8 acres) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 0 |
| Density | 0.0/km2 (0.0/sq mi) |


title: Navdeep Singh (lawyer)

abstract: Major Navdeep Singh is an author, lawyer and a former reservist-volunteer of the Indian Territorial Army.

text:
# Navdeep Singh (lawyer)

**Major Navdeep Singh** is an author, lawyer and a former reservist-volunteer of the Indian Territorial Army.

## Achievements

Major Navdeep Singh is a lawyer and the most decorated officer in the history of the Indian Territorial Army, a volunteer force in which gainfully employed and self-employed professionals receive military training for a few days in a year so that in the event of a war or a national emergency they can bear arms for the defence of the nation. Singh is also the youngest person connected with the Territorial Army to have been the recipient of eleven commendations from the defence services, including tri-services institutions. Singh was decorated even after his release from the Territorial Army

He is also featured in the Army's book of outstanding landmarks called 'Indian Army- Milestones'. He has time and again earned commendations from the Indian Army.

### Awards and honours

As can be gathered from independently published articles and official Indian Army website, the following are some of his honours and awards :-

* GOC-in-C's Commendation : 2004 (event unknown)
* Chief of the Army Staff's Commendation (On Independence Day 2005):
* GOC-in-C's Commendation (Also on Independence Day 2005) :
* AOC-in-C's Commendation by Air Force (Republic Day 2006) :
* GOC-in-C's Commendation (Republic Day 2007) :
* Chief of the Army Staff's Commendation (Army Day 2008) :
* Seventh Decoration (Date and nature unknown) :
* Chief of the Army Staff's Commendation (Army Day 2010) :

## Profession

Maj. Navdeep Singh is a lawyer by profession and is based at the High Court of the States of Punjab & Haryana in Chandigarh, India. He is a member of the advisory committee on military justice of the Commonwealth Secretariat and also an International Fellow of the National Institute of Military Justice, Washington DC. He was formerly a part of a High Level Committee constituted by the Government of India to reduce litigation.

He is credited with the execution of implementation of the Indian Tolls (Army & Air Force) Act, 1901 all over India. This Act which was passed in 1901 provides for toll tax exemption to private vehicles of defence personnel irrespective of whether they are on duty or not. There was a controversy over implementation of the Act on private toll operators and private toll roads and bridges but the controversy was settled in 2003 when on a case taken up by him, the Indian Ministry of Road Transport & Highways clarified that the Act was valid even for the present times and toll exemption was to be granted to both 'on duty' and 'off duty' defence personnel.

Toll tax exemption to defence personnel was later challenged in the Punjab & Haryana High Court by way of a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) but the petition was dismissed by the Court which upheld the exemption. The Indian Tolls (Army & Air Force) Act, 1901 was then challenged in the Supreme Court of India but the petition was dismissed by the Supreme Court too, thus upholding the provisions of the Act which provides a very special privilege to the military community.

He is also credited with effective implementation of entertainment tax exemption to serving defence personnel in cinemas and theatres. Most of the Indian states offer entertainment tax exemption to men in uniform but the rule was seldom followed or recognised by cinema halls.

He has also been the proponent of wide ranging progressive changes in the military judicial system and the Armed Forces Tribunal.

He was also elected the first President of the Armed Forces Tribunal Bar association as reported in the media.

Perhaps his biggest contribution, as reported in the media, is his support for the functional independence of quasi-judicial bodies such as Tribunals, especially the Armed Forces Tribunal, in which he has succeeded to a great extent.

He was also a votary of a National Tribunal Commission for administering tribunals in India, a concept that was endorsed and directed to be instituted by the Supreme Court of India in November 2020.

## Other work

He has also worked for the benefit of World War-II veterans and authored several books. *Soldiers Know Your Rights* was released by General J J Singh, India's Chief of the Army Staff and *Pension in the defence services* was released by Western Army Commander of India, General T K Sapru.

Another lesser known book called *Fauj Hai Mauj* (Military is fun) was also written by him. His latest, 'Maimed by the System' was published in 2014 featuring real life stories of soldiers, military veterans and their families who had to fight the system to get their dues. The book was released by General VP Malik (Retd), India's former Chief of the Army Staff. Another version of the book was released in the year 2018.

Singh was a part of a Committee of Experts constituted by the Modi Government to render recommendations for decreasing litigation by the Ministry of Defence and to review all anomalies of service and pension matters and also to strengthen the system of redressal of grievances in the Armed Forces. The 509-page report was submitted in November 2015 in record time and was stated to have submitted practical, workable, reformatory and gradual solutions as per the official Government press release

As reported in the media, he was also a part of the historic “Yale Draft” attended by judges, jurists and representatives of the United Nations to improve upon the ‘UN Draft Principles governing the Administration of Justice through Military Tribunals’ at the Yale University.

He has been associated with other efforts initiated in the Yale Law School for global reform in military justice and military law.

### Bibliography

* *Fauj Hai Mauj* (Military is Fun) : 2000
* *Soldiers, Know Your Rights* : 2005
* *Pension in the Defence Services* : 2009
* *Maimed by the System* : 2014
* *Maimed by the System- New Edition* : 2018
* *Military Pensions: Commentary, Case Law & Provisions* : 2020
* *March to Justice: Global Military Law Landmarks* : 2021


title: 1976–77 Maltese Premier League

abstract: The 1976–77 Maltese First Division was the 62nd season of top-tier football in Malta. It was contested by 10 teams, and Floriana F.C. won the championship.

text:
# 1976–77 Maltese Premier League

The **1976–77 Maltese First Division** was the 62nd season of top-tier football in Malta. It was contested by 10 teams, and Floriana F.C. won the championship.

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Floriana F.C. (C) | 18 | 15 | 3 | 0 | 53 | 12 | +41 | 33 | Qualification for the European Cup |
| 2 | Sliema Wanderers F.C. | 18 | 10 | 7 | 1 | 34 | 14 | +20 | 27 | Qualification for the UEFA Cup |
| 3 | Valletta F.C. | 18 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 43 | 19 | +24 | 25 | Qualification for the European Cup Winners' Cup |
| 4 | Hibernians F.C. | 18 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 34 | 28 | +6 | 23 |  |
| 5 | Hamrun Spartans F.C. | 18 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 24 | 20 | +4 | | 15 |
| 6 | Vittoriosa Stars F.C. | 18 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 19 | 35 | 16 | | 14 |
| 7 | St. George's F.C. | 18 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 20 | 42 | 22 | | 14 |
| 8 | Msida Saint-Joseph F.C. | 18 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 23 | 36 | 13 | | 13 |
| 9 | Zebbug Rangers (R) | 18 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 20 | 27 | 7 | 13 | Relegation |
| 10 | Senglea Athletics F.C. (R) | 18 | 0 | 3 | 15 | 14 | 51 | 37 | | 3 |

Source: rsssf.com
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Notes:

### Relegation tie-breaker

With both Msida Saint-Joseph and Zebbug Rangers level on 13 points, a play-off match was conducted to Relegation

|  | **Msida Saint-Joseph F.C.** | **1–1** | **Zebbug Rangers** | Gżira |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Empire Stadium |

| *Replay* | **Msida Saint-Joseph F.C.** | **2–2** (a.e.t.)
(**4–2** ) | Zebbug Rangers | Gżira |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  | Stadium: Empire Stadium |

## Results

| Home \ Away | FRN | HIB | ĦMR | MSD | SNA | SLM | STG | VLT | VTS | ZEB |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Floriana |  | 2–0 | 2–1 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 1–0 |
| Hibernians | 0–5 |  | 2–1 | 4–2 | 3–3 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 4–1 | 2–1 |
| Ħamrun Spartans | 1–2 | 1–2 |  | 0–1 | 3–1 | 0–1 | 4–0 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 |
| Msida Saint-Joseph | 0–5 | 3–0 | 2–2 |  | 3–2 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 1–3 | 0–1 | 3–4 |
| Senglea Athletics | 1–8 | 0–4 | 1–2 | 2–2 |  | 0–2 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 1–2 | 1–2 |
| Sliema Wanderers | 0–1 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 2–1 | 4–0 |  | 1–1 | 2–2 | 3–1 | 4–2 |
| St. George's | 1–7 | 1–3 | 1–5 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–3 |  | 0–4 | 3–1 | 2–1 |
| Valletta | 1–1 | 0–2 | 2–1 | 4–1 | 4–0 | 0–0 | 7–2 |  | 4–0 | 0–1 |
| Vittoriosa Stars | 1–2 | 3–2 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 0–3 | 1–1 | 3–3 |  | 1–0 |
| Żebbuġ Rangers | 0–3 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 1–4 | 4–1 |  |

Source:
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

## InfoBox

Maltese First Division
| Season | 1976–77 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Floriana F.C.
(24th title) |
| Relegated | Zebbug Rangers
Senglea Athletics F.C. |
| European Cup | Floriana F.C. |
| European Cup Winners' Cup | Valletta F.C. |
| UEFA Cup | Sliema Wanderers F.C. |
| Matches played | 92 |
| Goals scored | 290 (3.15 per match) |
| 1975–76 1977–78 | |


title: Mudlum

abstract:
Mudlum is an Estonian writer and literary critic. She studied at the Estonian Humanitarian Institute and the Estonian Academy of Arts. Her books include:
  - Mitte ainult minu tädi Ellen, which is centered on the late life and relations of Mudlum's aunt Ellen, the mentally ill partner of the Estonian communist writer Juhan Smuul.
  - Poola poisid, Strata, 2019, the events depicted in the book are loosely based on the development of the ZA/UM cultural movement which later went on to publish the acclaimed computer RPG Disco Elysium.
  - Linnu silmad.
  - Ilus Elviira: burleskne jutustus
  - Tõsine inimene She is also a well-known literary critic. Her essays have been published in the volume Ümberjutustaja. She was a member of the defunct cultural association ZA/UM. Several of her books are based on her memories placed at the Muhu island where her maternal ancestral home is situated. She is the first writer in history to receive the Estonian Cultural Endowment annual prose prize two years in a row.

text:
# Mudlum

**Mudlum** (born **Made Luiga**; 31 July 1966) is an Estonian writer and literary critic.

She studied at the Estonian Humanitarian Institute (Eesti Humanitaarinstituut) and the Estonian Academy of Arts (Eesti Kunstiakadeemia). Her books include:

* *Mitte ainult minu tädi Ellen (Not Just My Aunt Ellen,* Strata, 2020), which is centered on the late life and relations of Mudlum's aunt Ellen, the mentally ill partner of the Estonian communist writer Juhan Smuul.
* *Poola poisid (Polish Boys*), Strata, 2019 (winner of the EU Prize for Literature), the events depicted in the book are loosely based on the development of the ZA/UM cultural movement which later went on to publish the acclaimed computer RPG *Disco Elysium*.
* *Linnu silmad* (Bird Eyes, Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, Tallinn, 2016).
* *Ilus Elviira: burleskne jutustus* (Beautiful Elviira: A Burlesque Story, Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, Tallinn, 2015)
* *Tõsine inimene* (A Serious Person, ZA/UM, Tallinn, 2014)

She is also a well-known literary critic. Her essays have been published in the volume *Ümberjutustaja* (The Narrator, Elusamus, 2017). She was a member of the defunct cultural association ZA/UM. Several of her books are based on her memories placed at the Muhu island where her maternal ancestral home is situated. She is the first writer in history to receive the Estonian Cultural Endowment annual prose prize two years in a row.


title: Mambalapattu

abstract: Mambalapattu is a village in Viluppuram District, in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Which is a suburb village of villupuram city. Mambalapet located in the villupuram-tirukoilur highway.

text:
# Mambalapattu

**Mambalapattu** is a village in Viluppuram District, in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Which is a suburb village of villupuram city. Mambalapet located in the villupuram-tirukoilur highway.

## Transport

A railway station is located in Mambalapattu. Local trains are available 24 hours a day, as well as direct train routes from Viluppuram Junction to Tirupati.

## Education

* Government Higher Secondary School
* Aided Elementary School
* D.M. Elementary
* Panchayat Union Elementary School
* Mambalapattu Training Facility

## InfoBox

| Mambalapattu | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| MambalapattuLocation in Tamil Nadu | |
| Coordinates: 11°57′25″N 79°22′20″E / 11.95694°N 79.37222°E / 11.95694; 79.37222 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Viluppuram |
| Subdistrict | Villuppuram |
| Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |


title: Ulrich Wegener

abstract: Ulrich Klaus Wegener was a German police officer of the Federal Border Protection. He was also the commander and founding member of the federal counter-terrorism force GSG 9.

text:
# Ulrich Wegener

**Ulrich Klaus Wegener** (22 August 1929 – 28 December 2017) was a German police officer of the Federal Border Protection (holding the rank of Brigadier General and the official title of Commander of the Federal Border Protection, Border Protection Command West). He was also the commander and founding member of the federal counter-terrorism force GSG 9 (*Grenzschutzgruppe 9*).

## Early life

Wegener was born in Jüterbog, Province of Brandenburg, Weimar Germany. He was the son of an army officer and came from a family steeped in Prussian military tradition. During the Second World War, between the ages of 14 and 15, Wegener was briefly a compulsory member of the Hitler Youth and, living near Berlin, endured the relentless Allied air raids.

In 1949, Wegener's home state of Brandenburg fell within the borders of communist East Germany (German Democratic Republic), where he began his studies in economics. In the early 1950s, as a member of an anti-communist group, he distributed dissident leaflets against the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in the Soviet-occupied sector of East Berlin. He was subsequently arrested for "socially hostile activity" after the group was informed on, initially imprisoned in Potsdam and later in Brandenburg. He spent more than a year and a half in a GDR State Security (Stasi) prison, where they tried to break him before his release. In 1952, Wegener fled to West Berlin before taking entrance exams in West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) for both an officer's career in the West German Readiness (Riot) Police (*Bereitschaftspolizei*) and the newly formed Federal Defence Forces (*Bundeswehr*).

## Career

Wegener's police career began in 1952 with the Readiness (Riot) Police (*Bereitschaftspolizei*) of the state of Baden-Württemberg, where he served as a police sergeant (*Polizeiwachtmeister*) on probation. Due to a lack of opportunities for advancement, Wegener applied for a career as an officer in the *Bundeswehr* and the Federal Border Protection (BGS, *Bundesgrenzschutz*). After passing the entrance exams, he decided to join the BGS in 1958. Following his attendance at officer school in Lübeck, he was promoted to lieutenant (*Leutnant*) in the BGS in 1959. He became the company commander of the 7th/GSG 2 (7th company of the Border Protection Group 2) and later the 15th/GSG 2 (15th company of the Border Protection Group 2) in Coburg, Bavaria. In 1969, he attended staff officer training (*Stabsoffiziersausbildung*) and held the rank of *Oberleutnant* (First Lieutenant). From 1970 to 1972, Wegener was the liaison officer for the BGS at the Federal Ministry of the Interior. In 1972, he was training at the NATO Defense College in Rome, Italy, before returning to Germany shortly before the 1972 Summer Olympic Games. Wegener was the first Federal Border Protection (*Bundesgrenzschutz*) officer to participate in this high-level training.

## Formation of GSG 9 following the Munich Olympic massacre

Wegener was the Federal Border Protection (BGS, *Bundesgrenzschutz*) liaison officer at the Federal Ministry of the Interior during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. While serving as an adjutant to Federal Interior Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher, he witnessed the failure of the regular Bavarian State Police in the face of an unprecedented threat from Palestinian terrorists during the hostage-taking of the Israeli Olympic team—a type of threat previously unknown in Germany. Even the presence of the Federal Border Protection (BGS) would not have changed the catastrophic outcome of the hostage-taking. Two weeks after the disaster, Genscher, in agreement with Wegener's suggestion, entrusted him on 26 September 1972 with the rapid formation of the specialized counter-terrorism tactical intervention unit, Border Protection Group 9 (GSG 9, *Grenzschutzgruppe 9*), appointing him as its commander.

The designation *GSG 9* is derived from the structure of the Federal Border Protection (BGS, *Bundesgrenzschutz*), which, at the time of the unit's founding, consisted of four border protection commands with a total of eight border protection groups (GSG 1 to 7 and Sea). Since the GSG 9 was not integrated into any of the existing structures, it was designated Border Protection Group 9 (*Grenzschutzgruppe 9*, GSG 9).

In the early 1970s, counter-terrorism units were still a relatively unheard-of form of combating terrorism, with the only truly established groups at the time being Israel's *Sayeret Matkal*, which had some experience in counter-terrorism and hostage-rescue, and Britain's Special Air Service (SAS), albeit with experience primarily in guerrilla warfare. However, these were special military combat units rather than specialized counter-terrorism and hostage-rescue units. Counter-terrorism and tactical policing specifically were still relatively unheard-of methods, and no military in the world had a unit specialized in handling hostage crises. Since there were no specialized units in the modern sense—only special military combat units—GSG 9 became the first specialized counter-terrorism tactical intervention and hostage rescue unit. To this end, Wegener trained with both groups, assimilating many of their methods into the doctrine he would establish for the GSG 9. Following the Munich Olympic massacre, the British SAS also developed its own specialized counter-terrorism unit.

Wegener's short time with the British SAS is well documented, but his training with the Israeli *Sayeret Matkal* (and alleged participation in the rescue of the Israeli hostages during Operation Entebbe in Uganda in 1976) is less publicized.

### Interview with Bayerischer Rundfunk

In an interview in November 2000 with Holger Lösch from Bayerischer Rundfunk, Wegener was asked: "You are an intimate connoisseur of military history. Which role models inspired you when planning the GSG 9 unit? Was it Stirling, the forefather of the SAS, or the Brandenburgers?" Wegener replied: "Everyone played a certain role in it. I looked into the history of the German special forces in the army archives, I looked into the history of the Brandenburgers and the English with Stirling, the forerunners of the SAS. But none of it fit because the tasks were completely different. The Israelis were always my role model, and they were the ones who, despite this traumatic experience that they also went through, were immediately ready to help us."

"The task of dealing with terrorism was always at the forefront for me. Because the Israelis always had the most experience in fighting terrorism and had already solved several cases with their special forces, it was clear to me that we had to work together. It was clear to me that the situation and circumstances in Israel were completely different from those in Germany. We couldn't adopt a lot of things, but we adopted many tactical tricks from the Israelis, and also in leadership matters, I always leaned toward the Israelis. Specifically, an Israeli officer said to me at the time: "We adopted a lot from you, including from the *Wehrmacht* era.""

When asked about the rumors of his presence in Entebbe in 1976, Wegener replied: "There are some things I am not allowed to say yet because they have not been released. I can only say this much: I was in Entebbe in the interests of the Germans and Israelis, but also before the Israeli attack was carried out. We tried to gather information about the enemy, the terrorists, as well as about the possible supporters who were present in Uganda. We were very successful and were able to gather a great deal of information."

## Storming of hijacked Lufthansa Flight 181 in Mogadishu

Wegener was the GSG 9 commander during the liberation of the hostages taken by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine on the Boeing 737 *Landshut* hijacking, operated by Lufthansa as flight 181, in Mogadishu, Somalia, on the night of October 17–18, 1977. Wegener directed and led the operation from the ground as his GSG 9 assault teams stormed the plane. Two terrorists were killed, one was fatally wounded, and the fourth was captured alive but critically wounded. Having both planned and led the successful operation to liberate the hostages of the Lufthansa 181 hijacking, Wegener was promoted from the rank of Lieutenant Colonel (*Oberstleutnant*) to Colonel (*Oberst*). Along with his GSG 9 assault team members, he was awarded the German Commander's Cross of the Federal Cross of Merit (*Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz*).

## Commander of the Federal Border Protection

In 1979, whilst holding the rank of *Oberst* (Colonel), Wegener relinquished command of the GSG 9 unit he had established to his deputy, Klaus Blätte, and was appointed as the permanent representative of the Inspector of the Federal Border Protection in the Federal Ministry of the Interior. In 1981, he was promoted to Brigadier General (*Brigadegeneral*) and took command of the Federal Border Protection's Border Protection Command West, a position he held until his retirement in 1989.

## Later life

Wegener was considered one of the world's leading sought-after experts on counter-terrorism and advised on the establishment of numerous special units in other countries, including head of the German Advisory Group at the Royal Saudi Special Security Forces (SSF). After his retirement, he continued to be a counterterrorism expert and international security advisor. From the 1980s onwards, he lived in Windhagen in the Westerwald, gave lectures, and became a member of the political party Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU). Wegener was also a member of the Security Committee of the German KÖTTER Group.

Wegener was widowed to Magda and is survived by his daughters, Simone and Susanne. His daughter, Simone Stewens, is a television journalist and was the director of the International Film School Cologne. Aged 88, Wegener died on 28 December 2017.

## Publications

* *"Esprit de Corps!". Die Grenzschutzgruppe 9 (GSG 9)* ("Esprit de Corps!" The Border Protection Group 9 (GSG 9)), in German. In: Reinhard Günzel Et al.: *Geheime Krieger: Drei deutsche Kommandoverbände im Bild: KSK, Brandenburger, GSG 9* (Secret Warriors: Three German commando units in pictures: KSK, Brandenburgers, GSG 9), in German. Publisher: Pour le Mérite Verlag, Selent, 2006, ISBN 9783932381294, p. 87–125.
* *GSG 9 – Stärker als der Terror* (GSG 9 – Stronger than Terror), in German. Edited by: Ulrike Zander, Harald Biermann, Publisher: Lit Verlag, Münster, 2017, ISBN 9783643137623.

## Honours

## InfoBox

| Ulrich Wegener | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1929-08-22)22 August 1929
Jüterbog, Weimar Republic |
| Died | 28 December 2017(2017-12-28) (aged 88)
Windhagen, Germany |
| Allegiance | West Germany |
| Service/branch | Bereitschaftspolizei (Readiness (Riot) Police)
Bundesgrenzschutz (Federal Border Guard) |
| Years of service | 1952–1989 (State Police until 1958 and Federal Border Guard until 1989) |
| Rank | Brigadier General |
| Commands | Bundesgrenzschutz (Border Guard Command West)
Grenzschutzgruppe 9 (GSG 9)
Grenzschutzgruppe 2 (7th Company GSG 2 and 15th Company GSG 2) |
| Battles/wars | Operation Entebbe
Lufthansa Flight 181 (Operation Magic Fire) |
| Awards | Commander's Cross of the Federal Cross of Merit |


title: Mand (psychology)

abstract: Mand is a term that B.F. Skinner used to describe a verbal operant in which the response is reinforced by a characteristic consequence and is therefore under the functional control of relevant conditions of deprivation or aversive stimulation. One cannot determine, based on form alone, whether a response is a mand; it is necessary to know the kinds of variables controlling a response in order to identify a verbal operant. A mand is sometimes said to "specify its reinforcement" although this is not always the case. Skinner introduced the mand as one of six primary verbal operants in his 1957 work, Verbal Behavior. Chapter three of Skinner's work, Verbal Behavior, discusses a functional relationship called the mand. A mand is a form of verbal behavior that is controlled by deprivation, satiation, or what is now called motivating operations (MO), as well as a controlling history. An example of this would be asking for water when one is water deprived ("thirsty"). It is tempting to say that a mand describes its reinforcer, which it sometimes does. But many mands have no correspondence to the reinforcer. For example, a loud knock may be a mand "open the door" and a servant may be called by a hand clap as much as a child might "ask for milk." Mands differ from other verbal operants in that they primarily benefit the speaker, whereas other verbal operants function primarily for the benefit of the listener. This is not to say that mand's function exclusively in favor of the speaker, however; Skinner gives the example of the advice, "Go west!" as having the potential to yield consequences which will be reinforcing to both speaker and listener. When warnings such as "Look out!" are heeded, the listener may avoid aversive stimulation. The Lamarre & Holland (1985) study on mands would be one example of a research study in this area.

text:
# Mand (psychology)

**Mand** is a term that B.F. Skinner used to describe a verbal operant in which the response is reinforced by a characteristic consequence and is therefore under the functional control of relevant conditions of deprivation or aversive stimulation. One cannot determine, based on form alone, whether a response is a mand; it is necessary to know the kinds of variables controlling a response in order to identify a verbal operant. A mand is sometimes said to "specify its reinforcement" although this is not always the case. Skinner introduced the mand as one of six primary verbal operants in his 1957 work, *Verbal Behavior*.

Chapter three of Skinner's work, *Verbal Behavior*, discusses a functional relationship called the mand. A mand is a form of verbal behavior that is controlled by deprivation, satiation, or what is now called motivating operations (MO), as well as a controlling history. An example of this would be asking for water when one is water deprived ("thirsty"). It is tempting to say that a mand *describes its reinforcer*, which it sometimes does. But many mands have no correspondence to the reinforcer. For example, a loud knock may be a mand "open the door" and a servant may be called by a hand clap as much as a child might "ask for milk."

Mands differ from other verbal operants in that they primarily benefit the speaker, whereas other verbal operants function primarily for the benefit of the listener. This is not to say that mand's function exclusively in favor of the speaker, however; Skinner gives the example of the advice, "Go west!" as having the potential to yield consequences which will be reinforcing to both speaker and listener. When warnings such as "Look out!" are heeded, the listener may avoid aversive stimulation.

The Lamarre & Holland (1985) study on mands would be one example of a research study in this area.

## Dynamic properties

The mand form, being under the control of deprivation and stimulation, will vary in energy level. Dynamic qualities are to be understood as variations that arise as a function of multiple causes. Dynamic, in this case, as opposed to how someone reading from a text might sound if they do not simulate the normal dynamic qualities of verbal behavior. Mands tend to be permanent when they are acquired.

## Extended mands

Emitting mands to objects or animals that cannot possibly supply an appropriate response would be an example of the extended mand. Telling "stop!" to someone out of earshot, perhaps in a film, who is about to hurt themselves is an example of the extended mand. Extended mands occur due to extended stimulus control. In the case of an extended mand, the listener is unable to deliver consequences that would reinforce the mand, but they have enough in common with listeners that have previously reinforced the mand that stimulus control can be inferred.

### Superstitious mands

Mands directed to inanimate objects may be said to be superstitious mands. Mands to an unreliable car to "come on and start" for example may be due to a history of intermittent reinforcement.

### Magical mands

A magical mand is a mand form where the consequences specified in the mand have never occurred. The form "Give me a million dollars" has never before produced a million dollars and so would be classified as a magical mand. Skinner posits that many literary mands are of the magical form. Prayer might also be analyzed as belonging in one of the above three categories, depending upon one's opinion of the likelihood and mechanism of its answer.

## Clinical application

Failure to mand adequately appears to be correlated with destructive behavior. This seems to be especially true for those with developmental disabilities.


title: Unconventional myosin-Ia

abstract: Unconventional myosin-Ia is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYO1A gene. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the myosin superfamily. Myosins are molecular motors that, upon interaction with actin filaments, utilize energy from ATP hydrolysis to generate mechanical force. Each myosin has a conserved N-terminal motor domain that contains both ATP-binding and actin-binding sequences. Following the motor domain is a light-chain-binding 'neck' region containing 1-6 copies of a repeat element, the IQ motif, that serves as a binding site for calmodulin or other members of the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins. At the C-terminus, each myosin class has a distinct tail domain that serves in dimerization, membrane binding, protein binding, and/or enzymatic activities and targets each myosin to its particular subcellular location. The myosin-Ia protein is expressed by enterocytes, the epithelial cells that line the luminal surface of the small intestine. In these cells the myosin-1a protein localizes specifically to the brush border. Experiments indicate that the brush border population of the encoded protein turns over rapidly, while its head and tail domains interact transiently with the core actin and plasma membrane, respectively. A rapidly exchanging pool of the unconventional myosin-Ia protein binds to the actin core bundle, which turns over on a much slower timescale.

text:
# Unconventional myosin-Ia

**Unconventional myosin-Ia** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *MYO1A* gene.

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the myosin superfamily. Myosins are molecular motors that, upon interaction with actin filaments, utilize energy from ATP hydrolysis to generate mechanical force. Each myosin has a conserved N-terminal motor domain that contains both ATP-binding and actin-binding sequences. Following the motor domain is a light-chain-binding 'neck' region containing 1-6 copies of a repeat element, the IQ motif, that serves as a binding site for calmodulin or other members of the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins. At the C-terminus, each myosin class has a distinct tail domain that serves in dimerization, membrane binding, protein binding, and/or enzymatic activities and targets each myosin to its particular subcellular location. The myosin-Ia protein is expressed by enterocytes, the epithelial cells that line the luminal surface of the small intestine. In these cells the myosin-1a protein localizes specifically to the brush border. Experiments indicate that the brush border population of the encoded protein turns over rapidly, while its head and tail domains interact transiently with the core actin and plasma membrane, respectively. A rapidly exchanging pool of the unconventional myosin-Ia protein binds to the actin core bundle, which turns over on a much slower timescale.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| MYO1A | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | MYO1A, BBMI, DFNA48, MIHC, MYHL, myosin IA | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 601478; MGI: 107732; HomoloGene: 21113; GeneCards: MYO1A; OMA:MYO1A - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001256041
NM\_005379   NM\_001081219   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001242970
NP\_005370   NP\_001074688   Location (UCSC) Chr 12: 57.03 – 57.05 Mb Chr 10: 127.54 – 127.56 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |