title: Mongolia at the 1988 Summer Olympics

text:
# Mongolia at the 1988 Summer Olympics

Mongolia competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.

## Competitors

The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Archery | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Boxing | 7 |  | 7 |
| Judo | 6 |  | 6 |
| Shooting | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Wrestling | 9 |  | 9 |
| Total | 24 | 4 | 28 |

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bronze | Nergüin Enkhbat | Boxing | Lightweight | 29 September |

## Archery

**Women**

| Athlete | Event | Ranking round | | Eighth-final | | Quarterfinal | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Score | Rank | Score | Rank | Score | Rank | Score | Rank | Score | Rank |
| Dorjsembee Erdenechimeg | Individual | 1193 | 46 | Did not advance | | | | | | | |
| Sambuu Oyuntsetseg | Individual | 1202 | 44 | Did not advance | | | | | | | |
| Suvd Tuul | Individual | 1231 | 24 | 290 | 24 | Did not advance | | | | | |
| Dorjsembee Erdenechimeg
Sambuu Oyuntsetseg
Suvd Tuul | Team | 3626 | 12 |  | | | | 912 | 12 | Did not advance | |

## Boxing

| Athlete | Event | Round of 64 | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result |
| Nyamaagiin Altankhuyag | Bantamweight |  | Jablonski (POL)
**W 3:2** | Lowey (IRL)
**W 3:2** | Moolsan (THA)
**L 0:5** | Did not advance | | | |
| Tserendorj Amarjargal | Featherweight | Pagendam (CAN)
**L RSCH** | Did not advance | | | | | | |
| Ochiryn Demberel | Light Flyweight | Kuroiwa (JPN)
**W** **KOH** | M'jirih (MAR)
**L 2:3** | Did not advance | | | | | |
| Nerguy Enkhbat | Lightweight |  | Perez (VEN)
**W 5:0** | Turu (HUN)
**W RSCH** | Marjouane (MAR)
**W 5:0** | Cramme (SWE)
**L 2:3** | Did not advance | | |
| Khaidavyn Gantulga | Welterweight |  | Hamilton (JAM)
**W RSCH** | Wangila (KEN)
**L RET** | Did not advance | | | |
| Sodnomdarjaagiin Altansükh | Light Welterweight | Suwanwichit (THA)
**W 3:2** | Odindo (UGA)
**W RSCH** | Kamau (KEN)
**W 5:0** | Gies (FRG)
**L 1:4** | Did not advance | |
| Tseyen-Oidovyn Tserennyam | Flyweight | Kim (KOR)
**L RSCH** | Did not advance | | | | | | |

## Judo

**Men**

| Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | First Repechage Round | Repechage Quarterfinals | Repechage Semifinals | Final |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result |
| Jamsran Dorjderem | −65kg | Rossers (AUS)
**W** 1000-0000 | Petřikov (TCH)
**L** 0000-0000 | Did not advance | | | | | |
| Jambal Ganbold | −71kg | Ayan (TUR)
**L** 0000-1000 | Did not advance | | | | | | |
| Badrah Niamjav | −60kg | Zhang (CHN)
**L** 0000-0000 | Did not advance | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Mongolia at the
1988 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | MGL |
| NOC | Mongolian National Olympic Committee |
| Website | www.olympic.mn (in Mongolian) |
| in Seoul | |
| Competitors | 28 in 5 sports |
| Flag bearer | Badmaanyambuugiin Bat-Erdene |
| Medals
Ranked 46th | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 1 Total 1 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Mongolia at the 1982 Asian Games

abstract: Mongolia participated in the 9th Asian Games, officially known as the XI Asiad held in Delhi, India from 12 November to 4 December 1982. Mongolia ranked 9th in overall medal table with 3 gold medals in this Asiad edition.

text:
# Mongolia at the 1982 Asian Games

**Mongolia** participated in the **9th Asian Games**, officially known as the **XI Asiad** held in Delhi, India from 12 November to 4 December 1982. Mongolia ranked 9th in overall medal table with 3 gold medals in this Asiad edition.

## Medal summary

### Medals by sport

| Sport | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wrestling | 2 | 1 |  | 3 |
| Boxing |  |  | 1 | 1 |
| Shooting | 1 | 1 |  | 2 |
| Cycling |  | 1 |  | 1 |
| Total | 3 | 3 | 1 | 7 |

### Medalists

| Medal | Athlete | Sport | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Buyandelgeriin Bold | Wrestling | Men's freestyle 68 kg |
| Gold | Zevegiin Düvchin | Wrestling | Men's freestyle 82 kg |
| Gold | Mongolia | Shooting | Men's team |
| Silver | Dashdorjiin Tserentogtokh | Wrestling | Men's freestyle 100 kg |
| Bronze | Sambuugiin Khicheengui | Boxing | Men's 91 kg |

## Boxing

## Shooting

## Wrestling

## InfoBox

| Mongolia at the
1982 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | MGL |
| NOC | Mongolian National Olympic Committee |
| in New Delhi | |
| Medals
Ranked 9th | Gold 3 Silver 3 Bronze 1 Total 7 |
| Asian Games appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


abstract: William Alexander Harris was a Virginia lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Virginia.

text:
# William Alexander Harris (Virginia politician)

**William Alexander Harris** (August 24, 1805 – March 28, 1864) was a Virginia lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Virginia.

## Early and family life

Born near Warrenton, Virginia, Harris completed an academic course which included the study of law. He married and had children. His firstborn son, also William Alexander Harris would be educated in Washington, D.C., and at the Virginia Military Institute, volunteered for Confederate States Army service, and after serving in various mostly staff positions during the war, moved to Kansas and became a railroad official, as well as continued his father's political tradition, winning election to the U.S. Congress as a Populist, and later serving in the Kansas state senate. His other son Murray Harris (1848-1923) moved to Texas after the conflict, but their sister, Leilia Harris Robinson (1857-1914), married a local Missouri lawyer turned judge and railroad attorney.

## Career

He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in the 1820s in Luray, Virginia. Harris may have been one of the fifteen original men to have thoroughly explored the Luray Cave in 1825. The *Shenandoah Herald* printed an article he had written in that year, which seems the first to describing the site, which later became a tourist attraction. Voters elected him as their delegate to the Virginia House of Delegates from 1830 to 1831, and he sponsored the bill to create Page County, Virginia. He then became the new county's first Clerk of the Court of Page County, beginning 23 May 1831, and also served as the local Commonwealth's attorney (prosecutor) and as one of the commissioners to oversee the construction of the county offices. In September, 1837, the elder Harris continued in his multi-faceted roles and was responsible for donations for the opening of a road east through the Blue Ridge at Milam's Gap. In 1840, Harris became a Presidential elector on the Van Buren-Johnson ticket.

Harris resigned his position as Clerk of the Court after winning election as a Democrat to the Twenty-seventh Congress (March 4, 1841 – March 3, 1843). The previous Congressman, Green Berry Samuels, had accepted a position on the Virginia Court of Appeals (later Virginia Supreme Court).

Before his retiring to private life the elder Harris held several other positions including editor of the *Spectator* and *The Constitution* in Washington, D.C., and also chargé d'affaires to the Argentine Republic from 1846 to 1851. He moved to Pike County, Missouri and later returned to Washington, D.C., as editor of the *Washington Union* and printer to the United States Senate, 1857–1859.

## Death and legacy

Harris died in Pike County, Missouri, March 28, 1864, and was interred in Riverview Cemetery, Louisiana, Missouri.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "William Alexander Harris (id: H000257)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.

* Moore, Robert H. II, *Short Historical Sketches of Page County, Virginia and Its People, Volume 2* ("The Harris family in Page County"); Heritage Books, Inc., 2005, pp. 193–194.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| William Alexander Harris | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Virginia's 16th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1841  March 3, 1843 | |
| Preceded by | Green B. Samuels |
| Succeeded by | District eliminated |
| Member of the Virginia House of Delegates | |
| **In office**
1830-1831 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1805-08-24)August 24, 1805
Fauquier County, Virginia |
| Died | March 28, 1864(1864-03-28) (aged 58)
Pike County, Missouri |
| Resting place | Riverview Cemetery, Louisiana, Missouri |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Profession | lawyer, newsman |
|  | |


title: Monomorium fieldi

abstract: Monomorium fieldi is an ant of the family Formicidae, endemic to the North Island and the north of the South Island of New Zealand. It is found in a wide variety of habitats, but is very uncommon in forests.

text:
# Monomorium fieldi

***Monomorium fieldi*** is an ant of the family Formicidae, endemic to the North Island and the north of the South Island of New Zealand. It is found in a wide variety of habitats, but is very uncommon in forests.

## InfoBox

| *Monomorium fieldi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Genus: | *Monomorium* |
| Species: | ***M. fieldi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Monomorium fieldi***<br>Forel, 1910 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Monomorium antipodum* | |


title: Mont Glacier

abstract: Mont Glacier is a mountain in the Graian Alps, in the Aosta Valley, north-western Italy, approximately 30 km / 19 miles for the border with Switzerland. It has an elevation of 3,185 m. Part of the Gran Paradiso massif, it commands the valleys and the communes of Champorcher and Champdepraz.

text:
# Mont Glacier

**Mont Glacier** is a mountain in the Graian Alps, in the Aosta Valley, north-western Italy, approximately 30 km / 19 miles for the border with Switzerland. It has an elevation of 3,185 m.

Part of the Gran Paradiso massif, it commands the valleys and the communes of Champorcher and Champdepraz.

## InfoBox

| Mont Glacier | |
| --- | --- |
| Mont Glacier | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,185 m (10,449 ft) |
| Listing | Alpine mountains above 3000 m |
| Coordinates | 45°37′54″N 7°32′22″E / 45.63167°N 7.53944°E / 45.63167; 7.53944 |
| Geography | |
| Mont GlacierLocation in the Alps | |
| Location | Aosta Valley, Italy |
| Parent range | Graian Alps |


title: Mont Giusalet

abstract: Mont Giusalet is a mountain in the Ambin group of the Cottian Alps in Savoie, France, near the Italian border.

text:
# Mont Giusalet

**Mont Giusalet** (3,313m - also called pointe du Clery) is a mountain in the Ambin group of the Cottian Alps in Savoie, France, near the Italian border.

## Features

The mountain dominates the lower Susa Valley and the town of Susa in Italy, and can even be seen from a large area of the Po Valley.

The mountain, although lying on the Alpine watershed between the Val di Susa and the Arc valley, is entirely in French territory following the boundary adjustments decided in the 1947 Treaty of Paris .

Mont Giusalet is rocky on its southern slopes and covered by a glacier on its northern one. With the two smaller peaks: Cime de Bard (3,150 m) and Punta della Vecchia (2993 m), it forms a small mountain massif. The mountain looks like a long ridge about a mile long going from east to west with two peaks at either end. On the eastern summit lies an Iron Cross.

## Sources

* Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, Volume 151, publiés avec le concours Centre national de la recherche scientifique par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels, 1910; page 665 (online at books.google.fr, consulted in April 2013)
* Monte Giusalet m. 3313 Group of Ambin tab on www.altox.it (accessed April 2013)

## Maps

## InfoBox

| Mont Giusalet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,312 m (10,866 ft) |
| Prominence | 835 m (2,740 ft) |
| Isolation | 4.42 km (2.75 mi) |
| Listing | Alpine mountains above 3000 m |
| Coordinates | 45°11′00″N 06°56′00″E / 45.18333°N 6.93333°E / 45.18333; 6.93333 |
| Geography | |
| Mont GiusaletLocation in the Alps | |
| Location | Rhône-Alpes, France |
| Parent range | Cottian Alps |


title: Mont Gond (Pennine Alps)

abstract: Mont Gond is a mountain of the Pennine Alps, overlooking Siviez, south of Nendaz in the canton of Valais.

text:
# Mont Gond (Pennine Alps)

**Mont Gond** is a mountain of the Pennine Alps, overlooking Siviez, south of Nendaz in the canton of Valais.

## InfoBox

| Mont Gond | |
| --- | --- |
| Mont GondLocation in Switzerland | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,670 m (8,760 ft) |
| Prominence | 109 m (358 ft) |
| Coordinates | 46°7′45″N 7°17′31″E / 46.12917°N 7.29194°E / 46.12917; 7.29194 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Valais, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Pennine Alps |


title: Monte Solaro

abstract: Monte Solaro is a mountain on the island of Capri in Campania, Italy. With an elevation of 589 m, its peak is the highest point of Capri. It contains the "Fortino di Bruto", a blockhouse which was used in battles between Britain and France in the early 19th century. It is characterised by its "sheer dolomitic slopes" which form an "unsurpassable partition" between the eastern and western sides of the island. Marina Grande lies at the foot of the mountain. It became popular with painters due to its "romantic situation, affording extensive and beautiful views to the NW of the Tyrrhenian sea, the gulf of Naples". Up the mount there is a statue of Emperor Augustus who first landed on Capri.

text:
# Monte Solaro

**Monte Solaro** is a mountain on the island of Capri in Campania, Italy. With an elevation of 589 m, its peak is the highest point of Capri.

It contains the "Fortino di Bruto", a blockhouse which was used in battles between Britain and France in the early 19th century. It is characterised by its "sheer dolomitic slopes" which form an "unsurpassable partition" between the eastern and western sides of the island. Marina Grande lies at the foot of the mountain. It became popular with painters due to its "romantic situation, affording extensive and beautiful views to the NW of the Tyrrhenian sea, the gulf of Naples". Up the mount there is a statue of Emperor Augustus who first landed on Capri.

## Geology and Topography

Monte Solaro (Mount Solaro) is formed from the same limestone that the island is also composed of.

## Flora and fauna

### Flora

The area around Monte Solaro is inhabited by over 900 species of vegetation. At higher altitudes, one might find acanthus, arbutus, heather, juniper, broom, ilex, lentisk, litosperma, myrtle and smilace. At lower altitudes, one might find laurels, rock-roses, strawberry trees, Daphne shrubs, Pistacia lentiscus (Mastic), myrtles, narcissus, orchids, and pines and the Lithodora Rosmarinifolia.

### Fauna

The mountain is also visited by many species of birds, including peregrine falcons.

## Hiking

The summit is accessible by walking without too much difficulty by either the passetiello or a path that starts from Axel Munthe. Both routes are suitable for walkers in decent physical condition. Notable sites include the Eremo di Santa Maria a Cetrella for its architecture, and the remains of the Fortino di Bruto, a military fort built during the Napoleonic Wars.

From the top of Monte Visto, one can see both the gulfs of Napoli and Salerno.

## Climate

Monte Solaro has a typical Mediterranean climate, but with colder winters because of the high altitude.

## InfoBox

| Monte Solaro | |
| --- | --- |
| Mount Solaro | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 589 m (1,932 ft) |
| Prominence | 589 m (1,932 ft) |
| Coordinates | 40°32′40″N 14°13′26″E / 40.54444°N 14.22389°E / 40.54444; 14.22389 |
| Geography | |
| Monte SolaroItaly | |
| Location | Campania, Italy |


title: Michael F. Brown

abstract: Michael F. Brown is an American chemist. Since 1987, he has been a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Arizona, and since 2003 has held joint appointments as a Professor of Physics and Professor of Applied Mathematics. Prior to the University of Arizona, Brown earned tenure at the University of Virginia. His research involves the application of NMR spectroscopy and other biophysical methods to study membrane lipids, liquid crystals, and membrane proteins. Brown has particularly been a pioneer in the application of solid-state NMR spectroscopy to the study of lipid bilayer dynamics.

text:
# Michael F. Brown

**Michael F. Brown** (born 1948) is an American chemist. Since 1987, he has been a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Arizona, and since 2003 has held joint appointments as a Professor of Physics and Professor of Applied Mathematics. Prior to the University of Arizona, Brown earned tenure at the University of Virginia. His research involves the application of NMR spectroscopy and other biophysical methods to study membrane lipids, liquid crystals, and membrane proteins. Brown has particularly been a pioneer in the application of solid-state NMR spectroscopy to the study of lipid bilayer dynamics.

## Early life and education

Brown was born in Los Angeles, California. He received the A.B. degree in 1970 from the University of California, Santa Cruz. While an undergraduate, he conducted research in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at the nearby Laboratory of Chemical Biodynamics at the University of California, Berkeley, and continued this during his doctoral studies at Santa Cruz. He received a Ph.D. degree in 1975.

## Career

Brown was awarded a postdoctoral fellowship from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) to conduct research in Europe. He spent three years working with Joachim Seelig at the Biozentrum of the University of Basel in Switzerland, and with Ulrich Häberlen at the Max Planck Institute in Heidelberg, Germany. Brown then joined the laboratory of Wayne L. Hubbell in the Department of Chemistry of the University of California, Berkeley.

In 1980 Brown became an assistant professor at the University of Virginia. He received a Sloan Fellowship and a NIH Research Career Development Award, and was promoted to associate professor with tenure in 1985. In 1987 he joined the faculty of the University of Arizona as full professor in the Department of Chemistry (now Chemistry and Biochemistry). He is a member of the Committee on Neuroscience and the Applied Mathematics Program. He has been a visiting professor at Lund University, Sweden, the University of Würzburg, Germany, the University of Florence, Italy, and Osaka University, Japan.

## Awards and honors

Brown is an Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society, the Biophysical Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is also a winner of the Avanti Award in Lipids of the Biophysical Society, and currently serves on the editorial board for the Biophysical Journal.


title: World War Zero

abstract: World War Zero is an American coalition launched by John Kerry in 2019 to fight the climate crisis. The main goal of the coalition is to hold more than ten million “climate conversations” in 2020 with citizens across the political spectrum.

text:
# World War Zero

**World War Zero** is an American coalition launched by John Kerry in 2019 to fight the climate crisis. The main goal of the coalition is to hold more than ten million “climate conversations” in 2020 with citizens across the political spectrum.

## Background

According to scientists assembled by the United Nations, global carbon emissions must be halved by 2030 and eliminated entirely by 2050 in order to restrict global warming to comparatively safe levels for humanity.

John Kerry, former US presidential candidate and former US Secretary of State, launched the coalition in late 2019. Members of the organization include politicians, military leaders, and celebrities.

## Goals

The aim of the coalition is to address climate change and find ways to prevent the destruction of human habitats. It plans to achieve this by mobilizing the public in America and around the world in order to raise awareness for the issue. Kerry stated that a rapid mobilization is needed to halt the increase in carbon emissions worldwide immediately.

The name of the coalition–World War Zero–refers to the danger to national security presented by global warming. When Chuck Todd asked John Kerry during his Sunday morning appearance on NBC’s *Meet The Press*, whether the real issue was getting United States President Donald Trump to act on climate, Kerry replied:

> Well it’s not just the president, Chuck. There are great efforts out there, many environmental groups, young people, particularly, but no country is getting the job done. \[...\] And so we have our unlikely allies coming together here. There’s no group that has people as diverse as ours in terms of nationality, age, gender, ideology, background, life experience and all of these people have come together saying, we’ve got to treat this like a war.

## List of participants

Among the 60 founders of the coalition were:


title: Muskegon Country Club

abstract: Muskegon Country Club was founded in 1908 and is a private country club owned by the RedWater Collection The club features a private 18 hole golf course in Muskegon, Michigan located on 130 acres of dunes between Lake Michigan and Muskegon Lake. The course was originally laid out by early 20th-century golf course designer Tom Bendelow. The course design was updated in the early 1920s by famous golf course designer Donald Ross. Muskegon Country Club has hosted many golf tournaments over the decades, many of them sanctioned by the Golf Association of Michigan (GAM). Since 1985, five U.S. Open (golf) qualifiers have been played here. Since 2005, two Michigan Amateur Championships were held here. In 2017, the Senior Amateur of Michigan was held here.

text:
# Muskegon Country Club

**Muskegon Country Club** was founded in 1908 and is a private country club owned by the RedWater Collection

The club features a private 18 hole golf course in Muskegon, Michigan located on 130 acres of dunes between Lake Michigan and Muskegon Lake. The course was originally laid out by early 20th-century golf course designer Tom Bendelow. The course design was updated in the early 1920s by famous golf course designer Donald Ross.

Muskegon Country Club has hosted many golf tournaments over the decades, many of them sanctioned by the Golf Association of Michigan (GAM). Since 1985, five U.S. Open (golf) qualifiers have been played here. Since 2005, two Michigan Amateur Championships were held here. In 2017, the Senior Amateur of Michigan was held here.

## History

On October 29, 1908, Muskegon business and professional leaders met to form the Muskegon Country Club. They purchased 167 acres of heavily wooded, second-cut hardwoods. This dune land near Lake Michigan closely bordered Lake Muskegon. Interestingly, they had an option to buy a tract of land extending west all the way to Lake Michigan. They declined.

### First Designer - Tom Bendelow

Tom Bendelow worked for A.G. Spalding and had developed over 500 courses in that era. One of his most notable was Medinah Golf Course #2 in Medinah, IL. Bendelow made several trips to Muskegon from Chicago and when the course was complete, he said, ″The course is a splendid one, considerably over 6000 yards, and abounds in all kinds of hazards found in any seaboard course of the old country. There is not a level piece of ground in the whole tract, and the versatility of the golfer who thinks he can play- and may able on that course - will certainly be tested to a fine degree.″

### Second Designer - Donald Ross

After World War I, leaders at the Muskegon Country Club employed Donald Ross to confirm the choices of Bendelow's original design and upgrade the golf course to an even higher degree of play and credibility. After Donald Ross saw Muskegon Country Club, he claimed, ″The fact is, you have the most wonderful piece of property for a golf course I have ever seen." Ross tweaked Bendelow's design and improved upon it. He affirmed the fan design. "It gives you an opportunity to place your clubhouse at the handle of the fan and then layout two loops of nine holes each of either side from it. The first tee, ninth green, tenth tee, and eighteenth green are then all the handle of the fan." Ross said. The Bendelow and Ross legacy benefited from two masters of golf course design. Ross worked with the Muskegon Country Club or over the next ten years, improving fairway locations, new grasses, and new bunkers.

### Walter Hagen Exhibition

In 1925, Walter Hagen was at the peak of his illustrious career. He had won the U.S, Open (golf) in 1914 and 1919. The USPGA in 1921, 1924, and 1925. It was in 1925 that Hagen staged an exhibition at the Muskegon Country Club. According to local accounts, Hagen was late and arrived with a beautiful woman draped on each arm. This account was not reported in the local newspaper. What was reported was that Hagen shot a 65 and impressed everyone!

## Notable Tournaments since 1985

While Muskegon Country Club may not be designed or situated to host national tournaments, this club has hosted many important golf events.

### 1985 U.S. Open Qualifier

Muskegon Country club updated the course to the modern era. This brought in opportunities to host U.S. Open Qualifiers. In the 1985 event, one of the winners, Tom Foster said, "The course was probably three shots tougher than before"

### 2000 U.S. Open Qualifier

On May 14 of 2000, fifty-nine participates sought to qualify for the 100th U.S. Open. Eric Jorgensen shot a two-under 70 to win the gold medal.

### 2002 U.S. Open Qualifier

John Koskinen shot a 68 to win the medal.

### 2018 U.S. Open Qualifier

Four tied with a score of 69 and advanced: There were Matt Harmon of Grand Rapids, Michigan, Kaleb Johnson (a) of Naples, Florida, Kyle Mueller (a) of Athens, Georgia, and James Piot (a) of Canton, Michigan.

### 2021 U.S. Open Qualifier

Troy Taylor II of Westerville, Ohio, won the gold medal with a 6-under 66 on Monday, May 3, 2021.

### Qualifiers for the U.S. Amateur Tournaments

The Muskegon Country Club has hosted qualifying events for the crowning of the top U.S.Amateur the following years 1998, 2001, 2004, and 2006.

### Michigan Amateur Tournaments

The Michigan Amateur tournaments were held at Muskegon Country Club in 2005 and 2013

### Michigan Senior Amateur Tournament 2017

Craig Adams of Spring Lake, Michigan, was crowned the Michigan senior amateur with 66. Commenting on his score of 66. Adams said, "Today I hit eight greens on both nines, and then the putter started heating up, and it just got a little silly after a while.”

## Ownership

The Muskegon Country Club was first owned by a non-profit corporation until 2014. On November 10, 2014, the MCC Partners LLC purchased the country club from the non-profit corporation largely to cover a 3 million dollar debt owed to Community Shores Bank.

The MCC Partners announced the selling of the Muskegon Country Club to RedWater Collection in April 2021. On September 10, 2021, Red Water Collection closed on the purchase of the Muskegon Country Club.

RedWater owns a "collection" of golf clubs and restaurants along the West Michigan Lakeshore, including the Ravines Golf Club in Saugatuck, Macatawa Golf Club in North Holland, and Muskegon Country Club in Muskegon. RedWater Collection also operated other restaurants and private country clubs in West Michigan, including StoneWater Country Club in Caledonia, Sunnybrook Country Club in Grandville, Thousand Oaks Golf Club, and Watermark Country Club in Grand Rapids.

43°12′50″N 86°18′44″W / 43.21389°N 86.31222°W / 43.21389; -86.31222


title: Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum

abstract: Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum is a 2003 Indian Malayalam-language drama film written and directed by Vinayan, starring Prithviraj Sukumaran and Ambili Devi and produced by Tom George Kolath. This movie is about a brother protecting his disabled sister. The film is based on Porkkaalam (1997).

text:
# Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum

***Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum*** (transl.Meera's sorrow and Muthu's dream) is a 2003 Indian Malayalam-language drama film written and directed by Vinayan, starring Prithviraj Sukumaran and Ambili Devi and produced by Tom George Kolath. This movie is about a brother protecting his disabled sister. The film is based on *Porkkaalam* (1997).

## Plot

Muthu and his younger sister Meera, who is crippled, live with their caring grandmother and uncle Suseelan. Muthu works in a brick factory; for providing his sister a better life. He falls in love with Aswathy and meets a mysterious man named Siddan. Muthu's Meeting with Siddan changes the plot of the story.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Vinayan |
| Written by | Vinayan |
| Produced by | Tom George Kolath
Stephen K. Sam |
| Starring | Prithviraj Sukumaran
Ambili Devi
Renuka Menon
Jagathy Sreekumar
Sreedevi Paniker |
| Cinematography | Alagappan N
Jithu Palghat |
| Edited by | G. Murali |
| Music by | Mohan Sitara |
| Release date | * 25 July 2003 (2003-07-25) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |


title: 1976–77 Manchester United F.C. season

text:
# 1976–77 Manchester United F.C. season

The 1976–77 season was Manchester United's 75th season in the Football League, and their second consecutive season in the top division of English football. They finished the season sixth in the league and won the FA Cup to end a nine-year spell without a major trophy. Despite this success, it was to be their last season under the management of Tommy Docherty, who had been at the helm for four-and-a-half years and revived United following several years of decline. During the close season, he was dismissed by the club after revealing his love affair with the wife of the club's physiotherapist.

## First Division

| Date | Opponents | H / A | Result
F–A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21 August 1976 | Birmingham City | H | 2–2 | Coppell, Pearson | 58,898 |
| 24 August 1976 | Coventry City | A | 2–0 | Macari, Hill | 26,775 |
| 28 August 1976 | Derby County | A | 0–0 |  | 30,054 |
| 4 September 1976 | Tottenham Hotspur | H | 2–3 | Coppell, Pearson | 60,723 |
| 11 September 1976 | Newcastle United | A | 2–2 | B. Greenhoff, Pearson | 39,037 |
| 18 September 1976 | Middlesbrough | H | 2–0 | McAndrew (o.g.), Pearson | 56,712 |
| 25 September 1976 | Manchester City | A | 3–1 | Coppell, McCreery, Daly | 48,861 |
| 2 October 1976 | Leeds United | A | 2–0 | Daly, Coppell | 44,512 |
| 16 October 1976 | West Bromwich Albion | A | 0–4 |  | 36,615 |
| 23 October 1976 | Norwich City | H | 2–2 | Daly (pen.), Hill | 54,356 |
| 30 October 1976 | Ipswich Town | H | 0–1 |  | 57,416 |
| 6 November 1976 | Aston Villa | A | 2–3 | Pearson. Hill | 44,789 |
| 10 November 1976 | Sunderland | H | 3–3 | Hill, Pearson, B. Greenhoff | 42,685 |
| 20 November 1976 | Leicester City | A | 1–1 | Daly (pen.) | 26,421 |
| 27 November 1976 | West Ham United | H | 0–2 |  | 55,366 |
| 18 December 1976 | Arsenal | A | 1–3 | McIlroy | 39,572 |
| 27 December 1976 | Everton | H | 4–0 | Pearson, J. Greenhoff, Hill, Macari | 56,786 |
| 1 January 1977 | Aston Villa | H | 2–0 | Pearson (2) | 55,446 |
| 3 January 1977 | Ipswich Town | A | 1–2 | Pearson | 30,105 |
| 15 January 1977 | Coventry City | H | 2–0 | Macari (2) | 46,567 |
| 19 January 1977 | Bristol City | H | 2–1 | Pearson, B. Greenhoff | 43,051 |
| 22 January 1977 | Birmingham City | A | 3–2 | J. Greenhoff, Pearson, Houston | 35,316 |
| 5 February 1977 | Derby County | H | 3–1 | Macari, Houston, Powell (o.g.) | 54,044 |
| 12 February 1977 | Tottenham Hotspur | A | 3–1 | Macari, McIlroy, Hill | 46,946 |
| 16 February 1977 | Liverpool | H | 0–0 |  | 57,487 |
| 19 February 1977 | Newcastle United | H | 3–1 | J. Greenhoff (3) | 51,828 |
| 5 March 1977 | Manchester City | H | 3–1 | Pearson, Hill, Coppell | 58,595 |
| 12 March 1977 | Leeds United | H | 1–0 | Cherry (o.g.) | 60,612 |
| 23 March 1977 | West Bromwich Albion | H | 2–2 | Hill (pen.), Coppell | 51,053 |
| 2 April 1977 | Norwich City | A | 1–2 | Powell (o.g.) | 24,161 |
| 5 April 1977 | Everton | A | 2–1 | Hill (2) | 38,216 |
| 9 April 1977 | Stoke City | H | 3–0 | Houston, Macari, Pearson | 53,102 |
| 11 April 1977 | Sunderland | A | 1–2 | Hill (pen.) | 38,785 |
| 16 April 1977 | Leicester City | H | 1–1 | J. Greenhoff | 49,161 |
| 19 April 1977 | Queens Park Rangers | A | 0–4 |  | 28,848 |
| 26 April 1977 | Middlesbrough | A | 0–3 |  | 21,744 |
| 30 April 1977 | Queens Park Rangers | H | 1–0 | Macari | 50,788 |
| 3 May 1977 | Liverpool | A | 0–1 |  | 53,046 |
| 7 May 1977 | Bristol City | A | 1–1 | J. Greenhoff (pen.) | 28,864 |
| 11 May 1977 | Stoke City | A | 3–3 | Hill (2), McCreery | 24,204 |
| 14 May 1977 | Arsenal | H | 3–2 | J. Greenhoff, Macari, Hill | 53,232 |
| 16 May 1977 | West Ham United | A | 2–4 | Hill, Pearson | 29,904 |

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4 | Aston Villa | 42 | 22 | 7 | 13 | 76 | 50 | +26 | 51 | Qualification for the UEFA Cup first round |
| 5 | Newcastle United | 42 | 18 | 13 | 11 | 64 | 49 | +15 | | 49 |
| 6 | Manchester United | 42 | 18 | 11 | 13 | 71 | 62 | +9 | 47 | Qualification for the European Cup Winners' Cup first round |
| 7 | West Bromwich Albion | 42 | 16 | 13 | 13 | 62 | 56 | +6 | 45 |  |
| 8 | Arsenal | 42 | 16 | 11 | 15 | 64 | 59 | +5 | | 43 |

Source: World Football
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored
Notes:

## FA Cup

| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Result
F–A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8 January 1977 | Round 3 | Walsall | H | 1–0 | Hill | 48,870 |
| 29 January 1977 | Round 4 | Queens Park Rangers | H | 1–0 | Macari | 57,422 |
| 26 February 1977 | Round 5 | Southampton | A | 2–2 | Macari, Hill | 29,137 |
| 8 March 1977 | Round 5
Replay | Southampton | H | 2–1 | J. Greenhoff (2) | 58,103 |
| 19 March 1977 | Round 6 | Aston Villa | H | 2–1 | Houston, Macari | 57,089 |
| 23 April 1977 | Semi-final | Leeds United |  | 2–1 | J. Greenhoff, Coppell | 55,000 |
| 21 May 1977 | Final | Liverpool |  | 2–1 | Pearson, J. Greenhoff | 100,000 |

## League Cup

| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Result
F–A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 September 1976 | Round 2 | Tranmere Rovers | H | 5–0 | Daly (2), Macari, Pearson, Hill | 37,586 |
| 22 September 1976 | Round 3 | Sunderland | H | 2–2 | Pearson, Clarke (o.g.) | 46,170 |
| 4 October 1976 | Round 3
Replay | Sunderland | A | 2–2 | B. Greenhoff, Daly (pen.) | 46,170 |
| 6 October 1976 | Round 3
2nd Replay | Sunderland | H | 1–0 | B. Greenhoff | 47,689 |
| 27 October 1976 | Round 4 | Newcastle United | H | 7–2 | Houston, Hill (3), Pearson, Nicholl, Coppell | 52,002 |
| 1 December 1976 | Round 5 | Everton | H | 0–3 |  | 57,738 |

## UEFA Cup

| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Result
F–A | Scorers | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15 September 1976 | Round 1
First leg | Ajax | A | 0–1 |  | 30,000 |
| 29 September 1976 | Round 1
Second leg | Ajax | H | 2–0 | Macari, McIlroy | 58,918 |
| 20 October 1976 | Round 2
First leg | Juventus | H | 1–0 | Hill | 59,021 |
| 3 November 1976 | Round 2
Second leg | Juventus | A | 0–3 |  | 66,632 |

## Squad statistics

| Pos. | Name | League | | FA Cup | | League Cup | | UEFA Cup | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| GK | Paddy Roche | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| GK | Alex Stepney | 40 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 57 | 0 |
| DF | Arthur Albiston | 14(3) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2(2) | 0 | 2(1) | 0 | 19(6) | 0 |
| DF | Martin Buchan | 33 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 46 | 0 |
| DF | Alex Forsyth | 3(1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4(1) | 0 |
| DF | Brian Greenhoff | 40 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 57 | 5 |
| DF | Stewart Houston | 36 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 51 | 5 |
| DF | Jimmy Nicholl | 39 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 55 | 1 |
| DF | Steve Paterson | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0(2) | 0 | 3(2) | 0 |
| DF | Colin Waldron | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| MF | Jonathan Clark | 0(1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0(1) | 0 |
| MF | Steve Coppell | 40 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 56 | 8 |
| MF | Gerry Daly | 16(1) | 4 | 0(1) | 0 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 26(2) | 7 |
| MF | Tommy Jackson | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| MF | David McCreery | 9(16) | 2 | 0(3) | 0 | 3(2) | 0 | 1(3) | 0 | 13(24) | 2 |
| MF | Chris McGrath | 2(4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0(1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2(5) | 0 |
| MF | Sammy McIlroy | 39(1) | 2 | 7 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 56(1) | 3 |
| FW | Alan Foggon | 0(3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0(3) | 0 |
| FW | Jimmy Greenhoff | 27 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 12 |
| FW | Gordon Hill | 38(1) | 15 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 55(1) | 22 |
| FW | Lou Macari | 38 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 53 | 14 |
| FW | Stuart Pearson | 39 | 15 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 53 | 19 |
|  | Own goals |  | 4 |  | 0 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  | 5 |

1. "Manchester United Season 1976/77". StretfordEnd.co.uk. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
2. "1977: Manchester United sack manager". *BBC Sport*. BBC. 4 July 1977. Retrieved 9 March 2012.

## InfoBox

Manchester United
| 1976–77 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Ruud Krol celebrates after scoring for Ajax against United in the UEFA Cup, 15 September 1976 | |
| Chairman | Louis Edwards |
| Manager | Tommy Docherty |
| First Division | 6th |
| FA Cup | **Winners** |
| League Cup | Fifth Round |
| UEFA Cup | Second Round |
| Top goalscorer | League:
Gordon Hill (15)
Stuart Pearson (15)
All:
Gordon Hill (22) |
| Highest home attendance | 60,723 vs Tottenham Hotspur (4 September 1976) |
| Lowest home attendance | 37,586 vs Tranmere Rovers (1 September 1976) |
| Average home league attendance | 53,390 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Mridula Sinha

abstract: Mridula Sinha was an Indian writer and politician who served as Governor of Goa from August 2014 to October 2019. She was the first woman Governor of Goa. Mridula Sinha was also a former president of BJP Mahila Morcha. She was awarded India's fourth highest civilian award the Padma Shri posthumously in 2021.

text:
# Mridula Sinha

**Mridula Sinha** (27 November 1942 – 18 November 2020) was an Indian writer and politician who served as Governor of Goa from August 2014 to October 2019. She was the first woman Governor of Goa.

Mridula Sinha was also a former president of BJP Mahila Morcha. She was awarded India's fourth highest civilian award the Padma Shri posthumously in 2021.

## Early life

Mridula Sinha was born on 27 November 1942, in a Bhumihar Brahmin family, in the village Chhapra Dharampur Yadu in Muzaffarpur district in Mithila region of Bihar state in India. Her father was Babu Chhabile Singh and her mother was Anupa Devi. She attended the local school in Chhapra and later studied at *Balika Vidyapeeth,* a residential school for girls in Lakhisarai district.

Shortly before she completed her bachelor's degree, Mridula's parents arranged for her to marry Ram Kripal Sinha, who at that time was a college lecturer based in Muzaffarpur town, Bihar. After marriage, Mridula continued her studies and took a post-graduate degree in Psychology. She then took a job as a lecturer in the Dr. S.K. Sinha Women's College in Motihari. Shortly afterwards, her husband received his doctorate degree. She left the job and started a school in Muzaffarpur where her husband was working in a college.

## Career

Meanwhile, with encouragement from her husband, Mridula experimented with the short story format. She was interested in cultural matters and village traditions. She wrote short stories on these topics and on folk tales that she gathered from the villages where she and her husband worked. Many of these stories were published in Hindi language magazines and were later compiled into a two-volume anthology named *Bihar ki lok-kathayen* ("folk-tales of Bihar"). She also wrote several novels and a biography of Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia titled *Ek Thi Rani Aisi Bhi.* A film of the same name was later made based on this book.

Mridula initially helped her husband in reaching out to the women of the constituency during his campaigns for election to the district committee. She found that with her knowledge of local tradition and cultural nuances, she had a strong connect with the people, especially women. She developed a very strong interest and commitment for social welfare, although she had no interest in electoral politics and never contested any election. She was named Chairperson of Central Social Welfare Board.

## Political career

At this time, her husband was a cabinet minister in the Bihar state government. She was, until August 2014, a member of the national executive of Bharatiya Janata Party. During the BJP's campaign for 2014 general elections, she was in charge of the BJP Mahila Morcha (women's wing). On 25 August 2014, she was appointed the Governor of Goa.

Sinha was also appointed an ambassador for the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi. During her tenure as Governor of Goa, she also adopted a cow and a calf at the Raj Bhavan for the purpose of daily worship.

## Literary contribution

Source(s):

* *Ek thi rani aisi bhi* (Short biography)
* *Nayi devyani* (Novel)
* *Gharwaas* (Novel)
* *Jyon mehandi ko rang* (Novel)
* *Dekhan mein choten lagen* (Stories)
* *Sita puni boli* (Novel)
* *Yayavari ankhon se* (Interviews)
* *Bihar ki lok kathayen -I* (Stories)
* *Bihar ki lok kathayen-II* (Stories)
* *Dhai beegha zameen* (Stories)
* *Matr deh nahin hai aurat* (Women liberation)
* *Nari na kathputli na udanpari* (2014) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* *Apna jivan* (2014) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* *Antim ichha* (2014) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* *Paritapt Lankeshwari* (2015)
* *Mujhe Kuch Kehna Hain* (2015, Poetry) By Yash Publications, New Delhi
* *Aaurat aaviksit purush nahi hain* (2015) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* *chinta aur chintan ke inderdhanushyain rang* by Mridula Sinha (2016) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* *India women new images on ancient foundation* (2016) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* *ya nari sarvbuteshu* (2016) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* *Relfications* (2017) by Yash Publications, New Delhi
* *Ek Sahitya Tirth Sw lauthkar* (2017) By Yash Publications, New Delhi

**Films & TV adaptation** : Mridula Sinha's works such as the novel *Jyon Mehendi Ko Rang* has been adapted for a TV serial, with the short story "Dattak Pita" and the autobiography on Vijayaraje Scindia *Rajpath se lok path par* are made into feature films as *Dattak* and *Ek thi Rani Aisi Bhi* respectively. All her major literary works adapted for films and TV have been by the national award-winning film maker Gul Bahar Singh.

### Translations into English

* *Flames of Desire*

### Translations into Marathi

* *Paritapt Lankeshwari*, a translation by Rajashree Khandeparkar

## Honours

## InfoBox

| Mridula Sinha | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 17th Governor of Goa | |
| **In office**
26 August 2014  23 October 2019 | |
| Chief Minister | Manohar Parrikar
Laxmikant Parsekar
Pramod Sawant |
| Preceded by | Om Prakash Kohli |
| Succeeded by | Satya Pal Malik |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1942-11-27)27 November 1942
Muzaffarpur, Bihar, British India |
| Died | 18 November 2020(2020-11-18) (aged 77)
Delhi, India |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Spouse | Ram Kripal Sinha |
|  | |


title: Gerald Nys

abstract: Gerald Nys is a Belgian male track cyclist, representing Belgium at international competitions. He competed at the 2016 UEC European Track Championships in the team sprint event.

text:
# Gerald Nys

**Gerald Nys** is a Belgian male track cyclist, representing Belgium at international competitions. He competed at the 2016 UEC European Track Championships in the team sprint event.

1. "Results 2016 UEC European Track Championships" (PDF). europeantrack2016.veloresults.com. October 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.

## InfoBox

Gerald Nys
| Team information | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Track cycling |


title: German Beauty Homer

abstract: The German Beauty Homer is a breed of fancy pigeon developed over many years of selective breeding, from German racing pigeons. German Beauty Homers along with other varieties of domesticated pigeons are all descendants of the rock dove. The breed was first developed around one hundred years ago.

text:
# German Beauty Homer

The **German Beauty Homer** is a breed of fancy pigeon developed over many years of selective breeding, from German racing pigeons. German Beauty Homers along with other varieties of domesticated pigeons are all descendants of the rock dove (*Columba livia*). The breed was first developed around one hundred years ago.

## InfoBox

German Beauty Homer
| German Beauty Homer | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | Common |
| Country of origin | Germany |
| Classification | |
| US Breed Group | Fancy pigeons |
| EE Breed Group | Utility Pigeons (Form) |
|  | |


title: Gerard de Baere

abstract: Gerard de Baere, a native of Laarne, was the 43rd abbot of Ten Duinen Abbey in Bruges from 1653 to 1666.

text:
# Gerard de Baere

**Gerard de Baere**, a native of Laarne, was the 43rd abbot of Ten Duinen Abbey in Bruges from 1653 to 1666.

## Life

De Baere was professed as a monk in 1631. He was ordained subdeacon on 10 April 1632, deacon on 21 May 1633, and priest on 24 September 1633. A plan to have him nominated Bishop of Bruges failed to pan out.

On 11 May 1666 he granted permission for a chapel with portable altar to be built on the former site of Oosteeklo Abbey.

He died in Bruges on 26 October 1666.

## InfoBox

| Gerard de Baere | |
| --- | --- |
| Abbot of Ten Duinen Abbey | |
| Engraved portrait of Gerard de Baere | |
| Elected | 1653 |
| Term ended | 1666 |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 24 September 1633 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1608
Laarne, County of Flanders, Spanish Netherlands |
| Died | 1666
Bruges, County of Flanders, Spanish Netherlands |


title: Gerard de Korte

abstract: Gerard Johannes Nicolaus de Korte is a Dutch Roman Catholic clergyman and Bishop of 's-Hertogenbosch. He was bishop of the diocese of Groningen-Leeuwarden from 2008 to 2016. Before that he was auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Utrecht and dean of the deanery IJsellanden. His motto is Confidens in Christo.

text:
# Gerard de Korte

**Gerard Johannes Nicolaus de Korte** (Dutch pronunciation: \[ˈɣeːrɑr tɕoːˈɦɑnəs ˈnikoːlʌuz  ˈkɔrtə\]; born 13 June 1955) is a Dutch Roman Catholic clergyman and Bishop of 's-Hertogenbosch. He was bishop of the diocese of Groningen-Leeuwarden from 2008 to 2016. Before that he was auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Utrecht and dean of the deanery IJsellanden. His motto is *Confidens in Christo* (Trust in Christ).

## Early life and education

Gerard Johannes Nicolaus de Korte was born on 13 June 1955 in Vianen in the Netherlands. He was the youngest of three children.

De Korte graduated in 1974 from the Alberdingk Thijmcollege in Hilversum. He studied history at the Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht from 1974 to 1980. During this time De Korte got more interested in religion and the Church. While writing his final thesis he received certificates in Greek and Latin. He graduated in 1980. Soon after that he became a student at the Katholieke Theologische Universiteit in Utrecht. After graduation, he decided to study theology. In 1984 he became a seminarian at the Ariënskonvikt of the Archdiocese of Utrecht. He graduated from his theology studies in 1987. In 1994 he was promoted to doctor of theology on a thesis titled *Priesthood of reconciliation. Possibilities and borders of the theology of the word, especially that of Eduard Thurneysen, for Catholic pastoral care*.

## Church career

Following his priestly ordination in 1987 he became a member of the staff of the Ariënskovikt seminary. he was also appointed as parish priest of the Cathedral of St. Catharina in Utrecht. From 1992 to 1999 he was rector of the Ariënskonvikt. In 1999 he was appointed to dean of Salland, which was merged with the deanery of Veluwe-Flevoland to form the deanery of IJsellanden. As such he was also a member of the bishop's council.

Pope John Paul II appointed Gerard de Korte as auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Utrecht on 11 April 2001 and as titular bishop of Caesarea in Mauritania. Cardinal Simonis also appointed him as diocesan vicar. His primary duty was in the fields of catechesis and liturgy. Within the conference of bishops he was responsible for Church and Society.

On 18 June 2008, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him bishop of the diocese of Groningen-Leeuwarden, succeeding Msgr. Eijk who had been made Archbishop of Utrecht earlier that year. De Korte was enthroned on 13 September 2008.

In March 2016 was announced that De Korte will succeed Bishop Hurkmans as bishop of the Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch, the most populous diocese in the Netherlands.

## Ordinations

| Styles of
**Gerard Johannes Nicolaus de Korte** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | Most Reverend |
| Spoken style | Your Excellency |
| Religious style | Bishop |

1. "Diocese of Groningen–Leeuwarden", *GCatholic.org*, 2015. Retrieved on 6 February 2015.
2. Stijn Fens, "Gerard de Korte nieuwe bisschop Den Bosch" (in Dutch), *Trouw*, 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.

## InfoBox

| His Excellency
Gerard de Korte | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of 's-Hertogenbosch | |
| Bishop de Korte in 2012 | |
| Church | Roman Catholic |
| Province | Utrecht |
| Diocese | Roman Catholic Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch |
| Installed | 14 May 2016 |
| Term ended | *present* |
| Predecessor | Antoon Hurkmans |
| Other post(s) | Auxiliary bishop of Utrecht (2001–2008)
Titular Bishop of Cesarea in Mauretania (2001–2008) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 5 September 1987
by Adrianus Johannes Simonis |
| Consecration | 2 June 2001
by Adrianus Johannes Simonis |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Gerard Johannes Nicolaus de Korte
(1955-06-13) 13 June 1955
Vianen, Netherlands |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Motto | *Confidens in Christo* |
| Coat of arms |  |


title: Princeton Graded School

abstract: Princeton Graded School is a historic Rosenwald school located at Princeton, Johnston County, North Carolina. It was built in 1925–1926, is a six-teacher, H-shaped frame school building sheathed in brick. The building has two additions: a one-story, brick hip-roof extension containing two bathrooms; and a low, one-story, brick, asymmetrical gable-roof section that housed the furnace. It retains an original shed-roof porch supported by Doric order posts. Also on the property are a contributing cemetery with less than 20 visible markers and a septic tank. The school was closed by 1973. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

text:
# Princeton Graded School

**Princeton Graded School** is a historic Rosenwald school located at Princeton, Johnston County, North Carolina. It was built in 1925–1926, is a six-teacher, H-shaped frame school building sheathed in brick. The building has two additions: a one-story, brick hip-roof extension containing two bathrooms; and a low, one-story, brick, asymmetrical gable-roof section that housed the furnace. It retains an original shed-roof porch supported by Doric order posts. Also on the property are a contributing cemetery (ca. 1934-1961) with less than 20 visible markers and a septic tank (c. 1950). The school was closed by 1973.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Princeton Graded School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Facade | |
|  | |
| Location | 601-611 W. Edwards St., Princeton, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 35°28′11″N 78°10′7″W / 35.46972°N 78.16861°W / 35.46972; -78.16861 |
| Area | 3.9 acres (1.6 ha) |
| Built | 1925 (1925)-1926 |
| Architect | J.P. Rogers |
| Architectural style | Rosenwald School |
| NRHP reference No. | 05001139 |
| Added to NRHP | October 4, 2005 |


title: Princeton Heights, St. Louis

abstract: Princeton Heights is a neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri. The neighborhood boundaries are defined as Hampton Boulevard on the west, Eichelberger on the north, Christy Boulevard on the east, and Gravois on the south.

text:
# Princeton Heights, St. Louis

**Princeton Heights** is a neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri. The neighborhood boundaries are defined as Hampton Boulevard on the west, Eichelberger on the north, Christy Boulevard on the east, and Gravois on the south.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | 8,029 |  |  |
| 2000 | 8,238 |  | 2.6% |
| 2010 | 7,619 |  | −7.5% |
| 2020 | 7,364 |  | −3.3% |
| Sources: | | | |

In 2020 Princeton Heights reported a population of 7,364. The racial makeup was 81.4% White, 7.4% Black, 0.2% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 7.4% Two or More Races, and 1.6% Some Other Race. 5.0% of the population was of Hispanic or Latino origin.

The Princeton Heights area is represented by the Board of Aldermen of the City of St. Louis.

## History

Princeton Heights is an older South St. Louis residential neighborhood. The name "Princeton" came from the old deeds from the neighborhood named Princeton Place Subdivision or Addition. Its outer edge on the west is rather closely paralleled by the River des Peres drainage works, whose valley creates a general downward slope to the west over much of the area. In earlier years Princeton Heights was drained by small creeks, one being Glaise Creek, which flowed into the River des Peres near the present location of Loughborough Avenue, south into the River des Peres ditch. Elsewhere the topography is quite rolling in character, with a high ridge crossing through the eastern portion of Kingshighway.

The area has long been transversed by those coming to or from the downtown area of St. Louis. Gravois Avenue began as a road to a salt spring and ferry, near present-day Fenton, around 1804. In 1839, an act of the State legislature made Gravois a state road and during the 1840s it was paved with a macadam surface. In 1914, Gravois Road became the first concrete highway in Missouri, when six miles were laid from the downtown area to Grant's Farm. Gravois became known as Missouri State Highway 30 in 1922.

During late 19th century, much of the area of Princeton Heights was farmland, and the area was known as "Gardenville". By the 1920s, most of the farmland was gone as housing developments and subdivisions emerged during the early urban sprawl of St. Louis. The Gardenville name lives on through a street name, school name, and the Gardenville Masonic Lodge in Affton.

## Architecture

Princeton Heights is a mixture of residential and commercial buildings with minimal industrial activity. Residences include single-family dwellings, multi-family dwellings, and apartment buildings. Like nearest neighborhoods St. Louis Hills, Holly Hills, and Southampton, most of the home construction is Arts and Crafts movement-inspired masonry and dates from the 1920s and 1930s. Architectural styles vary by street or by block, although most single-family homes could be classified as American craftsman-styled bungalows, storybook houses, or variations of American Foursquare.

38°34′28″N 90°17′16″W / 38.5745°N 90.2879°W / 38.5745; -90.2879

## InfoBox

| Princeton Heights | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of St. Louis | |
| Princeton Heights, November 2017 | |
| Location (red) of Princeton Heights within St. Louis | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| City | St. Louis |
| Wards | 12, 13, 14, 16 |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.83 sq mi (2.1 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 7,346 |
| Density | 8,900/sq mi (3,400/km2) |
| ZIP code(s) | Parts of 63109, 63116 |
| Area code(s) | 314 |
| Website |  |


title: Princeville Botanical Gardens

abstract: The Princeville Botanical Gardens are a botanical garden in Kaua'i, Hawaii, near the Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge and the unincorporated area of Princeville on the island's north shore. It has an area of 9 acres (36,000 m⁲). The area farms chocolate, honey, and a variety of fruits, giving tours and tastings of them. General admission, however, is unavailable and the gardens must be seen on prereserved tours. Most of the plants that reside in the gardens are a combinations of tropical, canoe, medicinal, and endangered/rare plants.

text:
# Princeville Botanical Gardens

The **Princeville Botanical Gardens** are a botanical garden in Kaua'i, Hawaii, near the Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge and the unincorporated area of Princeville on the island's north shore. It has an area of 9 acres (36,000 m2). The area farms chocolate, honey, and a variety of fruits, giving tours and tastings of them. General admission, however, is unavailable and the gardens must be seen on prereserved tours.

Most of the plants that reside in the gardens are a combinations of tropical, canoe, medicinal, and endangered/rare plants.

## History

The botanical gardens, formally a cattle ranch, began in 2001 as a conservation project of couple Bill and Lucinda Robertson, along with their son Jason and friend Michael Wise, who is also the main gardener. It eventually expanded greatly in 2004 when the duo moved to Kaua'i. Many introduced plants had outcompeted and overtook native ones, causing the Robertsons to protect the area vigorously.

The Robertsons then decided to open their garden to the public in August 2010, allowing guided tours to be held.

## Features

A three-hour tour of chocolate informing partakers of the cocoa tree and the history of chocolate is also offered, with gourmet chocolate from all around the globe being available for tasting. Tours do not accommodate for wheelchairs or strollers.

## InfoBox

| Princeville Botanical Gardens | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Private |
| Location | Kaua'i, Hawaii |
| Nearest town | Princeville, Hawaii |
| Coordinates | 22°11′51″N 159°27′18″W / 22.1975°N 159.4550°W / 22.1975; -159.4550 |
| Area | 9 acres (3.6 ha) |
| Opened | August 2010 |
| Founder | * Bill Robertson * Lucinda Robertson * Jason Robertson * Michael Wise |
| Designer | Lucinda Robertson |
| Owned by | Robertson family |
| Open | Monday-Tuesday
Thursday-Friday
9 AM - 12:30 PM |
| Status | Open |
| Awards | 2022 TripAdvisor Travelers' Choice |
| Species | 600 |
| Website | kauaibotanicalgardens.com |


title: Germaine Beaulieu

abstract: Germaine Beaulieu is a Canadian poet and novelist, who has lived in Montreal since 1966. It was in 1977 that she began writing. She wrote the novel Sortie d'elle (s) mutante and fourteen anthologies such as, Repères du silence (2013) and Miroir du levant (2011). She also has published a series of postcards that illustrate poems from her collection, De l'Absence à volonté (1996). Many of her texts have appeared in various journals like Exit, Arcade, L'Estuaire, and La Nouvelle Barre du jour. Although her work is primarily in French, some of her writings have been translated into English. Some of these writings have been published in the journal Dandelion. Germaine Beaulieu is also a psychologist.

text:
# Germaine Beaulieu

**Germaine Beaulieu** (born 1949 in Laval, Quebec) is a Canadian poet and novelist, who has lived in Montreal since 1966. It was in 1977 that she began writing. She wrote the novel *Sortie d'elle (s) mutante* and fourteen anthologies such as, *Repères du silence* (2013) and *Miroir du levant* (2011). She also has published a series of postcards that illustrate poems from her collection, *De l'Absence à volonté* (1996). Many of her texts have appeared in various journals like *Exit*, *Arcade*, *L'Estuaire*, and *La Nouvelle Barre du jour*. Although her work is primarily in French, some of her writings have been translated into English. Some of these writings have been published in the journal *Dandelion*. Germaine Beaulieu is also a psychologist.

## Bibliography

* *Envoie ta foudre jusqu'à la mort*, Abracadabra, poetry, Montreal, Québec, Canada, Pleine Lune editions, 1977, 96 pages
* *Sortie d'elle (s) mutante*, roman, Montreal, Quinze editions. 1980. "Réelles" collection.
* *Archives distraites*, poetry. Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada, Les Ecrits des Forges editions, 1984, 64 pages.
* *Textures en textes*, poetry, Montréal, Noroît editions, Montreal, Québec, Canada, 1986, 80 pages.
* *Aires sans distance*, Montréal, Noroît editions, Montreal, Québec Canada, 1988, 80 pages.
* *Réelle distante*, poetry, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada, Les Ecrits des Forges editions. 1991, 88 pages.
* *Voie lactée*, poetry, Trois-Rivières,Québec, Canada, Les Ecrits des Forges editions. 1991, 64 pages.
* *De L'Absence à volonté*, poetry, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada Coédition : Les Écrits des Forges/proverbe editions(Paris). 1996, 140 pages.
* *Série de douze cartes postales/ poèmes*, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, Éditions Les Écrits des Forges, 1996,
* *Entre deux gorgées de mer*, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, Les Ecrits des Forges editions, 1998, 105 pages.
* *Trois voix l'écho*, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, Les Ecrits des Forges editions, 2000, 96 pages.
* *Ailleurs au même instant*, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, Les Ecrits des Forges editions, 2002, 108 pages.
* *D'acier de parfum de chair*, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, Les Ecrits des Forges editions, 2005, 93 pages.
* *Avant la fin le temps*, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, Les Ecrits des Forges editions, 2008, 92 pages.
* *Miroir du levant*, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada, Les Ecrits des Forges editions, 2011, 108 pages.
* *Repères du silence*, Montréal, L'Hexagone editions, 2013, 120 pages
* *Matière crue*, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada, Les Ecrits des Forges editions, 2016.


title: Pristiphora laricis

abstract: Pristiphora laricis is a Palearctic species of sawfly.

text:
# Pristiphora laricis

***Pristiphora laricis*** is a Palearctic species of sawfly.

## InfoBox

| *Pristiphora laricis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pristiphora laricis* larva Poland | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder: | Symphyta |
| Family: | Tenthredinidae |
| Genus: | *Pristiphora* |
| Species: | ***P. laricis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristiphora laricis***<br>(Hartig, 1837) | |
|


title: Pristiphora mollis

abstract: Pristiphora mollis is a Holarctic species of sawfly. It is typically found in the United Kingdom.

text:
# Pristiphora mollis

***Pristiphora mollis***  is a Holarctic species of sawfly. It is typically found in the United Kingdom.

## InfoBox

| *Pristiphora mollis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pristiphora mollis* Alaska | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder: | Symphyta |
| Family: | Tenthredinidae |
| Genus: | *Pristiphora* |
| Species: | ***P. mollis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristiphora mollis***<br>(Hartig, 1837) | |
|


title: Pristiphora

abstract: Pristiphora is a genus of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. Some of its species, such as the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii, eat the leaves of economically valuable trees and shrubs, and can be serious pests.

text:
# Pristiphora

***Pristiphora*** is a genus of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. Some of its species, such as the larch sawfly *Pristiphora erichsonii*, eat the leaves of economically valuable trees and shrubs, and can be serious pests.

## InfoBox

| *Pristiphora* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Adult mountain ash sawfly, *Pristiphora geniculata* (Hartig) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder: | Symphyta |
| Family: | Tenthredinidae |
| Tribe: | Nematini |
| Genus: | *Pristiphora*
Latreille, 1810 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pteronus testaceus*
Jurine, 1807 | |
| Diversity | |
| at least 130 species | |


title: Princess Daphne (ship)

abstract: The MS Princess Daphne, formerly Ocean Monarch, Ocean Odyssey, Switzerland, Daphne, Akrotiri Express. was a medium-sized cruise ship. She had originally been the refrigerated cargo ship Port Sydney. Her sister ship was Princess Danae, which was built as Port Melbourne.

text:
# Princess Daphne (ship)

The **MS *Princess Daphne***, formerly *Ocean Monarch*, *Ocean Odyssey*, *Switzerland*, *Daphne*, *Akrotiri Express*. was a medium-sized cruise ship. She had originally been the refrigerated cargo ship *Port Sydney*. Her sister ship was *Princess Danae*, which was built as *Port Melbourne*.

## History

Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson built her in Wallsend, England as a refrigerated cargo ship for Port Line. She was launched on 29 October 1954 and completed in March 1955.

Between 1972 and 1974, she was converted into a cruise ship at Chalkis Shipyard, Piraeus, Greece.

She served as a hospital ship in Sri Lanka in 2005.

It was announced on 14 June 2014 that the Princess Daphne had arrived in Alang India under the name *Daphne* for scrapping, following a voyage from the Cretan port of Souda, where she was laid up in September 2012. She was given back to the Patimanios brothers by the bank following the sale of the assets of Classic International Cruises' fleet in 2013. In early 2014, rumors began to circulate saying she was to return to service under the "Classic International Cruises" banner. These rumors were proven false when it was announced that she was sold to Indian scrap merchants. She was beached at Alang, India, by 1 July 2014 and scrapping commenced soon after.

## InfoBox

| *Princess Daphne* at Tallinn on 14 July 2012 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | * *Port Sydney* (1954–1972) * *Akrotiri Express* (1972–1974) * *Daphne* (1974–1997) * *Switzerland* (1997–2003) * *Ocean Monarch* (2003–2005) * *Hellenic Aid* (2005–2005) * *Ocean Monarch* (2005–2008) * *Princess Daphne* (2008–2014) * *Daphne* (2014–2014) |
| Owner |  |
| Operator |  |
| Port of registry |  |
| Builder | Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson |
| Yard number | 1827 |
| Launched | 29 October 1954 |
| Completed | 1955 |
| Identification |  |
| Fate | Scrapped at Alang, India in 2014. |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | * As *Port Sydney*: 10,166 GRT, 5,585 NRT, 10,950 DWT * After 1975 conversion: 15,833 GRT |
| Length | 162.3 m (532.5 ft) |
| Beam | 21.34 m (70.0 ft) |
| Decks | 10 (7 for passenger use) |
| Installed power | 13,200 bhp |
| Propulsion |  |
| Capacity | 530 passengers in 231 cabins |


title: Pristimantis malkini

abstract:
Pristimantis malkini is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae.
It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests, swamps, and rivers.

text:
# Pristimantis malkini

***Pristimantis malkini*** is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests, swamps, and rivers.

## InfoBox

| *Pristimantis malkini* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Strabomantidae |
| Genus: | *Pristimantis* |
| Species: | ***P. malkini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristimantis malkini***
(Lynch, 1980) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eleutherodactylus malkini* Lynch, 1980 | |


title: German Zoological Society

abstract: The German Zoological Society is a learned society in Germany, founded in 1890 at Frankfurt am Main. It is registered as a non-profit organisation based in Munich.

text:
# German Zoological Society

The **German Zoological Society** (German: **Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft**; abbr. **DZG**) is a learned society in Germany, founded in 1890 at Frankfurt am Main. It is registered as a non-profit organisation (German: *eingetragene Verein*) based in Munich.

## Activities

The DZG represents German-speaking zoologists and corresponds with other regional and national zoological societies. It represents the interests of zoology among the scientific learned societies and can be consulted by politicians for advice. Membership is open to any zoologist or student of zoology; the DZG currently has about 1500 members. It organises an annual meeting, which until 2004 was held during the week of Pentecost. However, as many universities no longer have a recess during that period, since 2005 the date of the meeting has been decided by the host university.

The DZG publishes its own scientific journal, *Frontiers in Zoology*, founded in 2004. It is published in cooperation with the online publisher BioMed Central. The DZG formerly published the *Zoologische Anzeiger* and *Zoologische Jahrbücher*, since discontinued.

The DZG awards several prizes to support or recognise scientific work.

## Karl Ritter von Frisch Medal

The Karl Ritter von Frisch Medal is a scientific prize of the DZG. The Medal has been awarded every two years since 1980, to scientists who have distinguished themselves through outstanding zoological work that integrates knowledge from numerous biological disciplines. It is the most prominent scientific prize for zoology in Germany, with an award sum of 10,000 Euros.

List of medallists:

* 1980 Franz Huber, behavioral science
* 1982 Werner Nachtigall, bionics
* 1984 Otto Kinne, marine ecology
* 1986 Martin Lindauer, behavioral science
* 1988 Thomas Eisner, biology and chemical ecology
* 1990 Gerhard Neuweiler, zoology, neuro- and sensory physiology
* 1992 Herbert Jäckle, biophysics
* 1994 Rüdiger Wehner, zoology and behavioral science
* 1996 Bert Hölldobler, behavioral science, socbiology, evolutionary ecology
* 1998 Peter Berthold, ornithology
* 2000 Walter J. Gehring, developmental biology and genetics
* 2002 Friedrich G. Barth, neurobiology
* 2004 Randolf Menzel, neurobiology
* 2006 Martin Heisenberg, neurobiology
* 2008 Gerhard Heldmaier, animal physiology
* 2010 *(no award)*
* 2012 Horst Bleckmann, neuro-, sensory, and behavioral physiology
* 2014 Charlotte Helfrich-Förster, neurobiology
* 2016 Diethard Tautz, molecular biology
* 2018 Stanislav N. Gorb, bionics
* 2021 Jürgen Heinze, evolutionary biology
* 2022 Thomas Bosch, developmental biology

## Horst Wiehe Dissertation Prize

The Dissertation Prize of the Horst-Wiehe-Stiftung has been awarded every two years at the DZG Annual Meeting since 1991, to an outstanding doctoral or habilitation thesis on a zoological subject. The prize sum is 2000 Euros (formerly 4000 Deutsche Mark).

## Werner Rathmayer Prize

The Werner Rathmayer Prize is a special prize for original work in zoology, within the Jugend forscht competition for young scientists. It has been awarded annually since 2004. The recipient receives a prize of 500 Euros and free admission to the DZG Annual Meeting in the following year.

* 2021 Benjamin Palm (Heiligenhaus)
* 2019 Falco Eigner (Chemnitz)
* 2017 Stefan Kemmerich (Wipperfürth)
* 2016 Nora Siefert (Hannover)
* 2015 Thomas Lindner (Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz)
* 2014 Freia-Raphaella Lorenz (Bayreuth)
* 2013 Antonia Trede (Kiel)
* 2012 Linda Marx (Chemnitz)
* 2011 Miriam Kreß & Louise Hildebrand (Schlüchtern)
* 2010 Lisa Hallex (Freiberg)
* 2009 Jessica Oberheim (Bensheim)
* 2008 Johannes Dill (Dresden)
* 2007 Wieland Heim (Chemnitz)
* 2006 Markus Neumann (Chemnitz)
* 2005 Sascha Hoinkiss (Schwanewede)
* 2004 Daniel Schütz (Kemmern)

## Presidents of the DZG

* 1890/91 Rudolf Leuckart (1822–1898)
* 1892/93 Franz Eilhard Schulze (1840–1921)
* 1894/95 Ernst Ehlers (1835–1925)
* 1896/97 Otto Bütschli (1848–1920)
* 1898/99 Franz Eilhard Schulze
* 1900/01 Hubert Ludwig (1852–1913)
* 1902/03 Carl Chun (1852–1914)
* 1904/05 Johann Wilhelm Spengel (1852–1921)
* 1906/07 Richard Hertwig (1850–1937)
* 1908/09 Ludwig von Graff (1851–1924)
* 1910/11 Friedrich Zschokke (1860–1936)
* 1912/13 Eugen Korschelt (1858–1946)
* 1914/15 Karl Heider (1856–1935)
* 1916/17 Max Braun (1850–1930)
* 1918/19 Willy Kükenthal (1861–1922)
* 1920/21 Ludwig Döderlein (1855–1936)
* 1922/23 Valentin Haecker (1864–1927)
* 1924/25 Hans Lohmann (1863–1934)
* 1926 Ludwig Rhumbler (1864–1939); from 1926 the President was replaced by their first deputy at the end of the year
* 1927 Richard Hesse (1868–1944)
* 1928 Karl von Frisch (1886–1982)
* 1929 Jan Versluys (1873–1939)
* 1930 Waldemar Schleip (1879–1948)
* 1931 Max Hartmann (1876–1962)
* 1932 Carl Zimmer (1873–1950)
* 1933 Fritz Baltzer (1884–1974), resigned his position because he was not a German citizen, replaced by Paul Buchner
* 1934 Paul Buchner (1886–1978)
* 1935 Ernst Matthes (1889–1958)
* 1936 Ernst Matthes left Germany on political grounds for Coimbra and was replaced by Wilhelm Josef Schmidt
* 1936/37 Wilhelm Joseph Schmidt (1884–1974)
* 1938/39 Albrecht Hase (1882–1962)
* 1940 Hermann Weber (1899–1956)
* 1941 Hans-Jürgen Stammer (1899–1968)
* 1942 Otto Mangold (1891–1962)
* 1943–45 Adolf Remane as acting president
* 1949/50 Albrecht Hase
* 1951/52 Wulf Emmo Ankel (1897–1983)
* 1953/54 Bernhard Rensch (1900–1990)
* 1955/56 Otto Koehler (1889–1974)
* 1957/58 Curt Kosswig (1903–1982)
* 1959/60 Alfred Kaestner (1901–1971)
* 1961/62 Friedrich Seidel (1897–1992)
* 1963/64 Adolf Remane (1898–1976)
* 1965/66 Manfred Gersch (1909–1981)
* 1967/68 Erich Reisinger (1900–1978)
* 1969/70 Martin Lindauer (1918–2008)
* 1971/72 Friedrich Schaller (1920–2018)
* 1973/74 Günther Osche (1926–2009)
* 1975/76 Ernst Florey (1927–1997)
* 1977/78 Dietrich Neumann (1931–2012)
* 1979/80 Johann Schwartzkopff (1918–1995)
* 1981/82 Jürgen Boeckh (1934–)
* 1983/84 Klaus Immelmann (1935–1987)
* 1985/86 Hans Schneider (1929–2023)
* 1987/88 Bernt Linzen (1931–1988)
* 1989/90 Werner Rathmayer (1937–2003)
* 1991/92 Hans-Rainer Duncker (1933–)
* 1993/94 Franz Huber (1925–2017)
* 1995/96 Klaus Peter Sauer (1941–2022)
* 1997/98 Gerhard Heldmaier (1941–)
* 1999/00 Albrecht Fischer (1937–)
* 2001/02 Gerhard Neuweiler (1935–2008)
* 2003/04 Barbara König (1955–)
* 2005/06 Diethard Tautz (1957–)
* 2007/08 Johann-Wolfgang Wägele (1953–)
* 2009/10 Wolf-Michael Weber (1954–)
* 2011/12 Hermann Wagner (1953–)
* 2013/14 Constance Scharff (1959–)
* 2015/16 Susanne Dobler (1956–)
* 2017/18 Stefan Richter (1964–)
* 2019/21 Jacob Engelmann
* 2022/23 Gabriele Uhl

## Honorary members

## Networking

The Society is a member of the Deutschen Nationalkomitee Biologie (DNK), representing the interests of life scientists in international organisations. It is also a member of the Verband Biologie, Biowissenschaften und Biomedizin in Deutschland e.V. (VBIO), which represents bioscientists in Germany.

## Jena Declaration

*main article: Jena Declaration*

At its annual meeting in September 2019, the DZG approved and released the Jena Declaration, which stated that "the concept of \[human\] race is the result of racism, not its prerequisite." The Declaration was authored by Martin S. Fischer, Uwe Hoßfeld, Johannes Krause, and Stefan Richter.

The statement characterised the division of humanity into races as social and political stereotyping, resulting from and supported by an anthropological construct on the basis of arbitrarily chosen features like hair and skin colour. This construct has served to justify open and hidden racism and its consequences.

1. "Impressum". *Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft e.V.* (in German). Retrieved 2023-08-27.
2. "Rundschreiben der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft e. V." (PDF). December 2020.
3. "Karl-Ritter-von-Frisch-Medaille". *dzg-ev.de* (in German). Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
4. Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft (September 2019). "Jenaer Erklärung. Das Konzept der Rasse ist das Ergebnis von Rassismus und nicht dessen Voraussetzung" (PDF). *Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena*. Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.


title: Princess of the Night

abstract: "Princess of the Night" is a single by British heavy metal band Saxon, featured as the opening track and single from their 1981 album Denim and Leather; the song was written as a group production of all five members of the band at the time: Peter "Biff" Byford, Steve Dawson, Pete Gill, Graham Oliver, and Paul Quinn. The lyrics of the song deal with the narrator's affinity of a steam locomotive of the LMS Princess Royal Class. The single itself peaked in its popularity at 57 on the UK Singles Chart.

text:
# Princess of the Night

"**Princess of the Night**" is a single by British heavy metal band Saxon, featured as the opening track and single from their 1981 album *Denim and Leather*; the song was written as a group production of all five members of the band at the time: Peter "Biff" Byford, Steve Dawson, Pete Gill, Graham Oliver, and Paul Quinn. The lyrics of the song deal with the narrator's affinity of a steam locomotive of the LMS Princess Royal Class.

The single itself peaked in its popularity at 57 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Background

Saxon are from Barnsley, an industrial town in north-central England with several railways. According to singer Biff Byford, Barnsley is famous for "bus scrapyards". In 1981, Byford said, "Princess of the Night is a song about a steam train that ends up on the scrapyard."

Later in 1981, Byford added, "Some time ago we used to park our van at Barry Island in Glamorgan. There's a huge compound there where they keep all the old steam trains that they don't use anymore. They're just left to rot and I suppose that upset us because they really were magnificent machines. Well you can't beat the days of steam can you?

"Anyway, late at night if I couldn't sleep I used to look out at those ghostly engines and imagine them painted up and back in their glory. It's my romantic side coming out again."

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| "Princess of the Night" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Saxon | |
| from the album  *Denim and Leather* | |
| Released | 23 October 1981 |
| Recorded | 1981 |
| Genre | Heavy metal |
| Length | 4:01 |
| Label | Capitol |
| Songwriter(s) | Saxon |
| Producer(s) | Nigel Thomas |
| Saxon singles chronology | |
| "Never Surrender"
(1981) "**Princess of the Night**"
(1981) "Power and the Glory"
(1983) | |


title: Princess parrot

abstract: The colourful princess parrot is an Australian bird of the parrot family. Its name was given in honour of Princess Alexandra of Denmark, who in 1863 married the Prince of Wales Edward VII and eventually became Queen of the United Kingdom. Other names for the species include: Queen Alexandra parrot, Alexandra's parakeet, Princess of Wales parakeet, rose-throated parakeet, and spinifex parrot. Their plumage is mostly green with a pink throat, bluish crown and rump, and bright green shoulders.

text:
# Princess parrot

The colourful **princess parrot** (***Polytelis alexandrae***) is an Australian bird of the parrot family. Its name was given in honour of Princess Alexandra of Denmark, who in 1863 married the Prince of Wales Edward VII and eventually became Queen of the United Kingdom. Other names for the species include: **Queen Alexandra parrot** (or parakeet), **Alexandra's parakeet**, **Princess of Wales parakeet**, **rose-throated parakeet**, and **spinifex parrot**. Their plumage is mostly green with a pink throat, bluish crown and rump, and bright green shoulders.

## Description

The princess parrot is a medium-sized parrot, 34 to 46 cm long and weighing between 110 and 120 g. The plumage is mostly green with a pink throat, bluish crown, and bright green shoulders. The rump is blue and the tail is long and narrow. The males have longer tail feathers and brighter coloring than females. The male also has a coral-red beak, while the female's is duller and has a greyish crown. Another difference is that the male has an orange iris, while the female's is much browner. In addition, the male of the species has a longer, projecting extension from the end of the 3rd primary (flight) feather on each side. This projection is called a 'spatula' or 'spatule' and appears in mature male birds.

## Behaviour

This species is nomadic, arriving in small groups to breed and then disappearing. It is one of Australia's least known parrots because it is so elusive, even though it is spread across the interior of Australia. It inhabits arid woodland and scrub with spinifex, eucalypts, acacias, etc. They are unusual among parrots in engaging in mobbing behaviour against predators. They feed on the seeds of grasses and shrubs.

### Breeding

Four to six white eggs are laid which are incubated for 19 days. The chicks leave the nest about 35 days after hatching. These parakeets are truly opportunistic breeders, with pairs choosing to nest when food is plentiful. They nest in a hollow in an eucalypt or desert oak.

## Aviculture

The princess parrot can make loud calls. Their life span is thought to be as long as 30 years. Under the right circumstances, they are able to bond to more than one member of the host family. These birds have a short range of mimicking ability, yet some have the ability to "talk". They are a favourite among many aviculturists and pet owners because of their looks and personality. Their diet consists of reasonable sized seeds and grasses that have seeds. They can be constipated if given bread or seeds that are small or become wet, they can become ill if seed bowls are contaminated by rats or mice so are best fed on an inverted ceramic pot with the bowl on top not wider than the top as they will dislodge the feed bowl.

There are three common color mutations of this parakeet. These colours are Lutino, Blue, and Albino (combination of Blue and Lutino). The natural, or 'normal' color is green. There are two types of blue, one blue winged and the second is bright blue wings and bright blue head.

## InfoBox

| Princess parrot | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| At Warsaw Zoo | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Psittaciformes |
| Family: | Psittaculidae |
| Genus: | *Polytelis* |
| Species: | ***P. alexandrae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polytelis alexandrae***
Gould, 1863 | |
|


title: German submarine U-801

abstract: German submarine U-801 was a Type IXC/40 U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. U-801 was ordered on 7 December 1940 from DeSchiMAG Seebeckwerft in Geestemünde under the yard number 359. Her keel was laid down on 30 September 1941 and after eleven months of construction the U-boat was launched the following year on 31 October 1942. About six months later she was commissioned into service under the command of Kapitänleutnant Hans-Joachim Brans in the 4th U-boat Flotilla.

text:
# German submarine U-801

**German submarine *U-801*** was a Type IXC/40 U-boat built for Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* during World War II.

*U-801* was ordered on 7 December 1940 from DeSchiMAG Seebeckwerft in Geestemünde under the yard number 359. Her keel was laid down on 30 September 1941 and after eleven months of construction the U-boat was launched the following year on 31 October 1942. About six months later she was commissioned into service under the command of *Kapitänleutnant* Hans-Joachim Brans (Crew 35) in the 4th U-boat Flotilla.

## Design

German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. *U-801* had a displacement of 1,144 tonnes (1,126 long tons) when at the surface and 1,257 tonnes (1,237 long tons) while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m (251 ft 10 in), a pressure hull length of 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in), a beam of 6.86 m (22 ft 6 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.67 m (15 ft 4 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4,400 metric horsepower (3,240 kW; 4,340 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1,000 shaft horsepower (1,010 PS; 750 kW) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m (6 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nautical miles (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 13,850 nautical miles (25,650 km; 15,940 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). *U-801* was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 as well as a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

## Service history

After a collision in the Baltic during work-up for deployment, *U-801*, now part of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla, left Swinemünde together with *U-421* and *U-734* on 7 November 1943 for Norway. Via Kristiansand and Stavanger, the U-boats reached Bergen two days later. Leaving Bergen the next week, *U-801* joined wolfpack *Coronel* operating against convoy ONS 24 in the North Atlantic on 2 December 1943. For the rest of the month she patrolled in her assigned operation area and joined two more wolf-packs, *Coronel 2* and *Borkum* until technical problems forced her to make for port. *U-801* reached Lorient on 8 January 1944.

Her second patrol would have led her into the Indian Ocean as part of *Monsun group*, however *U-801* was detected by a submarine hunter group three weeks into her journey. The submarine surfaced on the evening of March 16th only to be attacked by aircraft from the aircraft carrier USS *Block Island*. The U-boat dived and managed to evade the hunters until the early hours of the March 17th, when the *U-801* skipper erred and sent a radio message. USS *Corry* ran down the bearing of the transmission, and she and USS *Bronstein* methodically boxed in the *U-801*, forcing her to surface. On the surface, she was immediately attacked by *Corry*. Nine crew members lost their lives in the attack. The crew abandoned and scuttled their boat. The remaining crew were picked up by *Corry* and later transferred to *Block Island*. The 47 survivors were brought to Norfolk, Virginia and spent the rest of the war in captivity.

### Wolfpacks

*U-801* took part in four wolfpacks, namely:

* Coronel (4 – 8 December 1943)
* Coronel 2 (8 – 14 December 1943)
* Coronel 3 (14 – 17 December 1943)
* Borkum (18 December 1943 – 3 January 1944)

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-801* |
| Ordered | 7 December 1940 |
| Builder | DeSchiMAG Seebeckwerft, Bremerhaven |
| Yard number | 359 |
| Laid down | 30 September 1941 |
| Launched | 31 October 1942 |
| Commissioned | 24 March 1943 |
| Fate | Scuttled off Cape Verde on 17 March 1944 at 16°42′N 30°28′W / 16.700°N 30.467°W / 16.700; -30.467 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type IXC/40 submarine |
| Displacement | * 1,144  (1,126 long tons) surfaced * 1,257 t (1,237 long tons) submerged |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.86 m (22 ft 6 in) o/a * 4.44 m (14 ft 7 in) pressure hull |
| Height | 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in) |
| Draught | 4.67 m (15 ft 4 in) |
| Installed power | * 4,400 PS (3,200 kW; 4,300 bhp) (diesels) * 1,000 PS (740 kW; 990 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) surfaced * 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 13,850 nmi (25,650 km; 15,940 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 63 nmi (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | 230 m (750 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 44 enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 51 307 |
| Commanders: | * *Kptlt.* Hans-Joachim Brans * 24 March 1943 – 17 March 1944 |
| Operations: | * 2 patrols: * 1st patrol: * 13 November 1943 – 8 January 1944 * 2nd patrol: * 26 February – 17 March 1944 |
| Victories: | None |


title: Privacy law in Denmark

abstract: Privacy law in Denmark is supervised and enforced by the independent agency Datatilsynet based mainly upon the Act on Processing of Personal Data.

text:
# Privacy law in Denmark

**Privacy law in Denmark** is supervised and enforced by the independent agency Datatilsynet (The Danish Data Protection Agency) based mainly upon the Act on Processing of Personal Data.

## History of Danish Privacy Law

Privacy law in Denmark was originally determined by 2 acts: the *Private Registers Act* of 1978, and the *Public Authorities’ Registers Act* of 1978, which governed the private sector and the public sector respectively. These 2 acts were replaced by the *Act on Processing of Personal Data* July 1, 2000, thereby implementing the European Union's Data Protection Directive (1995/46/EC). The Danish constitution also mentions privacy, in the form of paragraph 72 that stipulates that the confiscation and examination of letters and other papers; as well the interception of postal-, telegraph- and telephone communication cannot be done without a judicial order. September 28, 2006 *The declaration of providers of electronic communication networks and electronic communication services registration and storage of information regarding teletraffic* (*Bekendtgørelse om udbydere af elektroniske kommunikationsnets og elektroniske kommunikationstjenesters registrering og opbevaring af oplysninger om teletrafik*) was publicised, thereby implementing the European Union's Data Retention Directive (2006/24/EC), on "the retention of data generated or processed in connection with the provision of publicly available electronic communications services or of public communications networks and amending Directive 2002/58/EC”.

## The Main Acts

In Danish privacy law, there are several acts that provides the basis for the collecting and storing private data. These are the *Act on Processing of Personal Data* and the *Data Retention Executive Order*.

### Act on Processing of Personal Data

The Act on Processing of Personal Data is the main law regarding when and how personal data can be processed, in an electronic system, as well as manual handling of the data, when it is contained in a register. The act applies to all private companies, associations, organisations and to the public authorities. In the private sector, the law also applies to systematic processing of personal data, even if it does not happen electronically. The act differentiates between 3 different kinds of personal data, as they have to be treated differently, depending on the sensitivity of the data:

1. Sensitive information
2. Information regarding other purely private conditions
3. Ordinary non-sensitive information

The different kinds of personal data have different requirements for when they can be requested from a citizen, as to avoid that too much unnecessary sensitive data will be given to organisations that does not need them. The act also gives the citizens a series of rights, designed to help give more control of what information is being stored about him or her:

1. Right to insight into the information, that is being handled about the citizen
2. Right to be informed that information is being collected about the citizen
3. Right to have incorrect information deleted or corrected

### The Data Retention Executive Order

The Danish Surveillance law is the ratification of the European Union's Directive 2006/24/EC, which requires all providers of communication like telephones and internet to log certain data regarding the communication through their systems. §4 of the law require phone companies to log:

1. The caller's phone number (A-number) as well as the name and address of the subscriber or registered user
2. The called phone number (B-number) as well as the name and address of the subscriber or registered user
3. The redirected phone number (C-number) as well as the name and address of the subscriber or registered user
4. The receipt for receiving a message
5. The identity of the used communications equipment (IMSI- and IMEI-numbers)
6. The cell or cells a mobile phone was connected to by the communications start and end, and the exact geographical or physical location of the used cell masts used during the time of the communication
7. The exact time of the start and end of the communication
8. The time of the first activation of anonymous services (Prepaid mobile phones)

§5 of the law require Internet Service Providers to log the following information about the initiating and the terminating packets:

1. The senders IP-address
2. The receivers IP-address
3. The transport protocol used
4. The senders port number
5. The receivers port number
6. The exact time of the start and end of the communication

§5 section 2 of the law require Providers of Internet access to end users to log the following information about user:

1. The allocated user identity
2. The user identity and the phone number that have been allocated communications, which is a part of a public communicationsnetwork
3. The name and address of the subscriber or registered user, to whom an IP-address, a user identity or a phone number was allocated at the time of the communication
4. The exact time of the start and end of the communication

The European Union's Directive 2006/24/EC do not require the member counties to record and store all of these items, but the Danish government decided to expand upon the European directive, to include collection of more data. This led to a drop in Denmark's Privacy index of 0.5, from 2.5 to 2.0

## The Data Protection Agency

The Data Protection Agency is the central independent authority that makes sure the Act on Processing of Personal Data is obeyed in Denmark. Amongst other things it provides counselling, advice, treat complaints and perform inspections of authorities and companies. It comprises The Data Council and a secretariat. Anyone can complain to The Data Protection Agency if they feel Act on Processing of Personal Data is not obeyed in Denmark, The Agency will then launch a formal investigation into the matter and if required, it can issue fines and/or injunctions. It is possible to appeal the decisions of The Agency to a Danish court of law

### The Data Council

The Data Council is composed of a chairperson and six board members. Its main task is to evaluate and make rulings:

1. Of a principal nature
2. Of significant common interest or with significant consequences for a public authority or private company
3. That due to special circumstances should be decided by the council
4. That a council member wish to discuss during a council meeting

The current chairperson and 6 board members are:

* Chairperson, High Court Judge Henrik Waaben

1. Lawyer Janne Glæsel
2. Professor, dr. jur. Peter Blume
3. CEO of the Danish Consumer Council Rasmus Kjeldahl
4. Manager of concern IT-Security Kim Aarenstrup
5. City manager Niels Johannesen
6. Chief physician Hans Henrik Storm

## Important Cases

### The Preben Randløv case

The goldsmith Preben Randløv was robbed February 8. 2008 where the robber not only got away with approximately 1.3 million DKR (€173,333) worth of jewelry, but also assaulted 2 employees, including Preben Randløv's wife. He then proceeded to upload a video from his shop surveillance camera of the masked robber, and issued a 25,000 DKR (€3,333) reward for any information that would lead to the arrest of the robber. The Data Protection Agency decided to initiate an administrative proceeding against Preben Randløv as he had not “asked the robber to consent” to the uploading of the video, and he was fined by 10,000 DKR (€1,333) by the police, as only the police have the authority to release videos of this nature. The video did lead to an arrest of 2 individuals who claimed they had bought the jewelry, but neither of them were convicted for the robbery. In October 2008, another one of Preben Randløv stores was robbed, and he told reporters during an interview, that he would upload a video of the new robbery as well.

### The Shell case

In March 2009 it was discovered a Shell petrol station had a wall with pictures of petrol thieves in the shop of the petrol station. The Data Protection Agency decided to prosecute them because it was not legal according to the Act on Processing of Personal Data.

## Privacy Problems in Denmark

According to Privacy International’s study: Leading surveillance societies in the EU and the World 2007, the main concerns in Denmark regarding privacy is the following:

* Constitutional right to privacy depends on section 71 on personal liberty and section 72 on search and seizure
* Comprehensive privacy law, and exempts security and defence services
* Data privacy authority is appointed by the minister of justice, and the ministry is also responsible for the budget
* Data privacy authority may enter any premise without a court order to investigate under the privacy law
* Extensive interception of communications; and use of bugs on computers to monitor activity and keystrokes; and plans are in place to minimise notification
* Police require a list of all active mobile phones near the scene of a crime
* DNA samples may be required from applicants for residency based on family ties
* Implemented retention of communications data well before EU mandate, for one year
* Police took the DNA of 300 youth protestors in 2007
* Implementing air travel surveillance program
* Parliament is over-keen to implement surveillance programs
* Ratified Cybercrime convention

These issues have cause Denmark to receive a very low rating on their Privacy index, a 2.0 (Extensive surveillance societies) compared to a 2.5 in 2006 (Systemic failure to uphold safeguards). This places Denmark on a 34th place of the 45 included counties in the study (although United States and United Kingdom are placed on 40th and 43rd place respectively, with scores of 1.5 and 1.4)