title: Glensanda

abstract: Glensanda was a Viking settlement at the mouth of Glen Sanda on the Morvern peninsula within south west Lochaber, overlooking the island of Lismore and Loch Linnhe in the western Highlands of Scotland. Glensanda Castle (Caisteal Na Gruagaich ; overlooks the mouth of the Glensanda River which tumbles down 400 metres along its 5-mile course from 'Caol Bheinn' into Loch Linnhe. The castle was the main base of the Macleans of Kingairloch since the 15th century, but the population fell from 500 to zero after 1812 when they emigrated to Pictou, Nova Scotia. The remoteness of the Glensanda settlement is such that there are no road, rail, or marked footway links across the granite mountain, moor, heather and peat bog of the private Glensanda estate. The only practical access is by boat from the shores of Loch Linnhe. Since 1982 the 2,400-hectare Glensanda Estate has been the home of the Glensanda Superquarry created by Foster Yeoman, since acquired by the Aggregate Industries group, which mines the Meall na h-Easaiche mountain, shipping up to 6,000,000 tons of granite aggregates all over the world annually, and with reserves for up to 100 years. To minimise visual impact from the coast the quarry is sited 1 mi inland, and cut down into the mountain 1,600 ft above sea level. Granite is extracted via a "Glory Hole" and conveyor belt, a pioneering development in alternative quarrying technology.

text:
# Glensanda

**Glensanda** (Old Norse, the glen of the sandy river) was a Viking settlement at the mouth of Glen Sanda on the Morvern peninsula within south west Lochaber, overlooking the island of Lismore and Loch Linnhe in the western Highlands of Scotland.

Glensanda Castle (*Caisteal Na Gruagaich (Maiden's Castle)*; overlooks the mouth of the Glensanda River which tumbles down 400 metres along its 5-mile (8-kilometre) course from 'Caol Bheinn' into Loch Linnhe. The castle was the main base of the Macleans of Kingairloch (Kingerloch) since the 15th century, but the population fell from 500 to zero after 1812 when they emigrated to Pictou, Nova Scotia.

The remoteness of the Glensanda settlement is such that there are no road, rail, or marked footway links across the granite mountain, moor, heather and peat bog of the private Glensanda estate. The only practical access is by boat from the shores of Loch Linnhe.

Since 1982 the 2,400-hectare (5,900-acre) Glensanda Estate has been the home of the Glensanda Superquarry created by Foster Yeoman, since acquired by the Aggregate Industries group, which mines the Meall na h-Easaiche mountain, shipping up to 6,000,000 tons of granite aggregates all over the world annually, and with reserves for up to 100 years. To minimise visual impact from the coast the quarry is sited 1 mi (2 km) inland, and cut down into the mountain 1,600 ft (500 m) above sea level. Granite is extracted via a "Glory Hole" and conveyor belt, a pioneering development in alternative quarrying technology.

## History

Little is known of the glen before the Viking age when it was part of Dál Riata, a Gaelic over-kingdom of the western seaboard of Scotland, in the late 6th and early 7th century. According to Professor William J. Watson the Morvern district was formerly known as Kinelvadon, from the Cenél Báetáin, a subdivision of the Cenél Loairn.

Glensanda was a Viking settlement at the mouth of Glen Sanda The Vikings are thought to have led their first raids on what is now modern Scotland by the early 8th century AD. Their first known attack was on the holy island of Iona in 794, 40 mi (60 km) west. The end of the Viking Age proper in Scotland is generally considered to be in 1266.

Glensanda Castle is variously known as *Caisteal Na Gruagaich (Maiden's castle),* *Castle Na'gair*, *Castle-en-Coer*, *Castle Mearnaig*. It was built in the late 15th century by Ewen MacLean, 5th of Kingairloch, who was born circa 1450. Glensanda, a part of Ardgour, has formed part of the territory of the Clan MacLean ever since the Clan MacMaster was removed from the territory in the 15th century. The castle was the main base of the Clan Maclean of Kingairloch (Kingerloch), and supported a thriving community of circa 500 people until around 1780 when they seem to have moved 5 mi (8 km) north to Connach (Kingairloch), at the head of Loch a' Choire (Loch Corry).

In the late 17th century the massacre of the MacDonald clansmen marked the point when the fortunes of the MacLean clan began to wane, and by 1691 the Campbells had gained possession of most of the MacLean estates. Clan Maclean participated in the Jacobite risings of 1745 to 1746, supporting the House of Stuart and the Jacobite cause. Many members of the clan were killed fighting at the Battle of Culloden. Many MacLeans dispersed to other countries such as Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand.

In 1812 Sir Hector Maclean (the 7th Baronet of Morvern and 23rd Chief of the Clan Maclean) emigrated with almost the entire population of 500 to Pictou, Nova Scotia, Canada. Thus, the Macleans appear not to have been involved in Highland Clearances. Sir Hector is buried in the cemetery at Pictou.

English landowner, James Forbes (1753–1829), of Hutton Hall, Essex, bought the estate from Sir Hector Maclean in 1812 and subsequently had the existing house at Connach extended to become the first Kingairloch House. James Forbes daughter Charlotte married Major-General Sir Charles Bruce, KCB to become Lady Bruce, and was the mother of Charlotte (1836–1906) the wife of Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

In 1888 (or 1881) the estate was purchased by John Bell Sherriff, Esquire of Carronvale, a distiller and industrialist from Glasgow and Falkirk for £30,140.}

In 1902 George Herbert Strutt (1854–1928), a 5th generation cotton tycoon from Belper, Derbyshire, and descendant of Jedediah Strutt, bought the Glensanda and Kingairloch estates. In 1930 Arthur Strutt (1908–1977) married Patricia Kebbell (20 October 1911 – July 2000), daughter of a New Zealand sheep farmer, and granddaughter of John Cameron a Scottish cattle drover from Corrychoillie, Spean Bridge having been introduced by his sisters who were attending the same Swiss finishing school. Arthur Strutt died on the estate in 1977 although his body was not found for five years. Mrs Strutt was a renowned stag hunter, having shot circa 2,000 between 1930 and her death, more than any other woman in Great Britain.

The final solitary resident of Glensanda died around the 1950s. By the 1980s Glensanda comprised the ruined tower of the 15th-century castle, a couple of derelict cottages, and a wrecked cattle shed. It was known as "the Larder of Lorne" to poachers of red deer and salmon.

John Yeoman and his wife Angela of Foster Yeoman bought the Glensanda estate from Mrs Strutt in 1982, and the Kingairloch estate in 1989, but she retained the hunting rights of both estates.

In 2006 Foster Yeoman was wholly acquired by the Holcim Group and is now part of its Aggregate Industries subsidiary and is no longer family owned.

## Glensanda Super Quarry

In 1976 the UK Government commissioned Sir Ralph Verney to analyse the shortage of aggregates for building. The resulting "Verney report" led John Yeoman, Chairman of Foster Yeoman, to the idea of a super-quarry situated in a remote location from which stone could be exported by sea. To this end in 1982 he bought the 2,400-hectare (5,900-acre) Glensanda estate in Argyll from Mrs Patricia Strutt who also owned the Kingairloch estate which she also sold to Foster Yeoman in 1989. Glensanda went into operation in 1986 when the first shipload of granite left for Houston, Texas, USA. In June 1989, extractions began using the "glory hole" and conveyor belt method.

To minimise visual impact from the coast the quarry is sited 1 mi (1.6 km) inland, and cut down into the mountain 1,600 ft (500 m) above sea level. Each explosive blast dislodges about 70,000 tons of granite, which is transported by dump truck to the primary crusher, which reduces it to lumps no bigger than nine inches in diameter. It is then transferred by conveyor belt to a heap that covers the "glory hole", a 1,000 ft (300 m) vertical shaft 10 ft (3 m) in diameter, which is permanently full of rocks. At the base of the glory hole, deep inside the mountain, rocks are transferred to a horizontal conveyor and moved through a 1-mile-long (1.6 km) tunnel to the second crusher on the shore, where oceangoing ships are loaded in the deep-water docks at the rate of 6,000 tons per hour.

In 1998 there were approximately 160 employees either living on site or commuting by boat from Barcaldine, near Oban. Exports at that point were going to Amsterdam, Hamburg, Rostock and Świnoujście, in Poland, as well as the Isle of Grain in the Thames Estuary.

Reserves of granite are estimated to last at least until the year 2100, when the excavation will have created a new corrie 1+12 mi (2.4 km) square and 400 ft (120 m) deep.

## Closest islands, cities, towns and villages

## InfoBox

| Glensanda | |
| --- | --- |
| GlensandaLocation within the Lochaber area | |
| Edinburgh | 190 mi or 310 km (road)
(149 mi or 240 km via Corran Ferry) |
| London | 567 mi or 912 km (road)
(526 mi or 847 km via Corran Ferry) |
| Civil parish |  |
| Council area |  |
| Lieutenancy area |  |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Dialling code | 01631 |
|  | |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Scottish Parliament |  |
|


title: Glacidorbis

abstract: Glacidorbis is a genus of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Glacidorbidae. This genus has proved to be somewhat enigmatic in terms of where it belongs within the taxonomy of the gastropods. It was previously thought to belong in the family Hydrobiidae or even in the Basommatophora.

text:
# Glacidorbis

***Glacidorbis*** is a genus of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Glacidorbidae.

This genus has proved to be somewhat enigmatic in terms of where it belongs within the taxonomy of the gastropods. It was previously thought to belong in the family Hydrobiidae or even in the Basommatophora.

## Species

Species within the genus *Glacidorbis* include:

Transferred to other taxa:

## InfoBox

| *Glacidorbis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Heterobranchia
clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata |
| Superfamily: | Glacidorboidea |
| Family: | Glacidorbidae |
| Genus: | ***Glacidorbis***
Iredale, 1943 |
|


title: Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas)

abstract: Glenwood Cemetery is located in Houston, Texas, United States. Developed in 1871, the first professionally designed cemetery in the city accepted its first burial in 1872. Its location at Washington Avenue overlooking Buffalo Bayou served as an entertainment attraction in the 1880s. The design was based on principles for garden cemeteries, breaking the pattern of the typical gridiron layouts of most Houston cemeteries. Many influential people lay to rest at Glenwood, making it the "River Oaks of the dead." As of 2018, Glenwood includes the annexed property of the adjacent Washington Cemetery, creating a total area of 84 acres (34 ha) with 18 acres (7.3 ha) still undeveloped. Notable burials at Glenwood include former residents of the Republic of Texas, some who were re-interred from condemned cemeteries from downtown Houston. Charlotte Allen and William Robinson Baker were early arrivals to Houston, and also long time residents. Baker was one of several interments of former mayors of Houston. The last president of the Republic of Texas, Anson Jones, has a family plot. Former governors of Texas and a former governor of Mississippi lie at rest at the cemetery, as do some high-ranking federal officials. Scions of the oil business include two co-founders of Sharp-Hughes Tools, as well as founders and early investors of Texaco and Humble Oil. The founding president of Rice University, the school's chief architect, and the institute's first trustee are found at Glenwood.

text:
# Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas)

**Glenwood Cemetery** is located in Houston, Texas, United States. Developed in 1871, the first professionally designed cemetery in the city accepted its first burial in 1872. Its location at Washington Avenue overlooking Buffalo Bayou served as an entertainment attraction in the 1880s. The design was based on principles for garden cemeteries, breaking the pattern of the typical gridiron layouts of most Houston cemeteries. Many influential people lay to rest at Glenwood, making it the "River Oaks of the dead." As of 2018, Glenwood includes the annexed property of the adjacent Washington Cemetery, creating a total area of 84 acres (34 ha) with 18 acres (7.3 ha) still undeveloped.

Notable burials at Glenwood include former residents of the Republic of Texas, some who were re-interred from condemned cemeteries from downtown Houston. Charlotte Allen and William Robinson Baker were early arrivals to Houston, and also long time residents. Baker was one of several interments of former mayors of Houston. The last president of the Republic of Texas, Anson Jones, has a family plot. Former governors of Texas and a former governor of Mississippi lie at rest at the cemetery, as do some high-ranking federal officials. Scions of the oil business include two co-founders of Sharp-Hughes Tools, as well as founders and early investors of Texaco and Humble Oil. The founding president of Rice University, the school's chief architect, and the institute's first trustee are found at Glenwood.

## History

Glenwood Cemetery developed on two tracts of land on the north side of Buffalo Bayou, and west of Downtown Houston. Part of this land conveyed from the country estate of Archibald Wynns, a Houston lawyer and Congressman for the Republic of Texas. This tract was later the location of a brickyard, then the property of William Harrison King, who served as mayor of Houston. Glenwood Cemetery purchased the property and some adjacent land in the Hollingsworth Survey in 1870. Alfred Whitaker gained a charter to incorporate the Houston Cemetery Company. He owned his own landscaping company and used his expertise to clear out lots, lay out and grade right of ways, and otherwise beautify the landscape. Glenwood hosted its first burial on June 19, 1872. Many remains were reinterred at Glenwood after the condemnations of St. Vincent's and the Episcopal cemeteries. Glenwood obtained its state charter as the Houston Cemetery Company, starting as for-profit institution, the first state charter for a cemetery. About 25 years later, the Houston Cemetery Company changed its status to non-profit.

By 1874, Glenwood was a recreational destination. A mule-drawn street railway operated on Washington Road, conveying people to Glenwood for weekend and holiday visits. Upgrades and expansions to the street railways were both a response to demand for travel to the cemetery and a cause of it. Glenwood remained popular for about twenty years. A group led by W. D. Cleveland criticized the conditions of lots and roads in 1896 and asked for a receivership to manage Glenwood. Two court decisions resulted in a transfer of management to William Christian. Glenwood underwent reorganization in 1904, and more recently was reorganized as the non-profit Glenwood Cemetery, Incorporated in 1969. A separate organization, the Glenwood Cemetery Historic Preservation Foundation, started overseeing historic preservation of the property in 1999. The same year Glenwood acquired the adjacent Washington Cemetery, expanding its land area by 118 acres (48 ha).

Keith Rosen, a Houston area history professor quoted in the *San Antonio Express-News*, said that the cemetery is the "River Oaks of the dead." In 2003 the *Houston Press* ranked it as the "Best Cemetery".

## General characteristics

Glenwood Cemetery is located on the northern bank of Buffalo Bayou, and bounded by Washington Avenue to the north. Parts of the property afford views of the downtown Houston skyline, of Memorial Drive, and of Allen Parkway. The grounds are shaded by numerous hardwoods, and the bluffs are cut by deep ravines leading to the bayou. The grounds have formal landscaping, and a diversity of statues and monuments. The property covers 84 acres (34 ha), with 18 acres (7.3 ha) still undeveloped as of 2018.

According to architectural historian Stephen Fox, many of Houston's earlier cemeteries featured a gridiron arrangement of grave sites, following a pattern of urban cemeteries. Glenwood did not employ a gridiron arrangement, and even many of Glenwood's successors retained the old manner of urban cemetery design.

## Notable burials

This historic cemetery is the final resting place of a number of individuals who were citizens of the short-lived Republic of Texas. The grave sites of those individuals have been designated with metal markers and are frequently decorated with the flag of the Republic and State of Texas. Charlotte Baldwin Allen, wife of Augustus Chapman Allen, founder City of Houston, has her grave marked by a large monument. Charlotte's brother, Horace Baldwin, was a mayor during the Republic; and her daughter, Eliza Allen Converse, was touted as "the first child born in Houston." Another early arrival to Houston was William Robinson Baker, who worked for the Houston Town Company starting in 1837. He was later a Houston mayor. He is buried next to his wife, Hestor Eleanor Runnels. Other citizens of the Texas Republic were Hiram Runnels, a former Governor of Mississippi (18331835), and James Wilson Henderson, who served as Governor of Texas in 1853. Anson Jones, the last president of the Republic of Texas, committed suicide at the Capitol Hotel and is buried here. His wife, Mary Smith Jones, the first lady of the Republic of Texas, died on December 31, 1907, and is buried at Glenwood Cemetery.

Two reconstruction mayors are interred at Glenwood: Joseph Robert Morris and Thomas Howe Scanlan. John T. Browne was mayor of Houston from 1897 to 1899 and member of Texas House of Representatives. Another mayor buried at Glenwood is Joseph Chappell Hutcheson, Jr., who also served as a federal judge. His father, Joseph Chappell Hutcheson, was a member of the Texas House of Representatives and United States House of Representatives from Texas's 1st congressional district. Houston lawyer and politician Thad Hutcheson represents a third generation of his family at Glenwood. Roy Hofheinz, Harris County Judge, Mayor of Houston, and developer of the Astrodome, is interred at Glenwood.

Albert Bel Fay, U.S. Ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago is interred at Glenwood. Edward M. House, was an adviser to Woodrow Wilson. He is the son of Thomas William House Sr. Buried in the cemetery is William P. Hobby, former Texas Governor, after whom Hobby Airport in Houston, Texas, is named. Oveta Culp Hobby served as the Secretary of Department of Health, Education and Welfare (19531955).

Another Texas governor at Glenwood, Ross S. Sterling (19311933), was co-founder of Humble Oil Company, along with William Stamps Farish II and Harry C. Wiess. A Texaco founder Joseph S. Cullinan resides there, as with independent oil producer and philanthropist, George H. Hermann, Houston business leader, and "King of the Wildcatters," Glenn McCarthy. With McCarthy, Harry H. Lee, William Howard Lee, and film star Gene Tierney Lee are all buried in a family plot. An early developer of the Indonesian gas, Roy M. Huffington, also served as US Ambassador to Austria.

Walter Benona Sharp, whose innovations in mud drilling led to development of the Spindletop field, has a family plot at Glenwood. He co-founded Sharp-Hughes Tool Company aka Hughes Tool Company, with Howard R. Hughes, Sr., who is also interred at Glenwood. The younger Howard R. Hughes, Jr, the aviator and industrialist, is also buried at the family plot and memorial. Another associate of Humble Oil, Florence M. Sterling, is buried at Glenwood. She was also an advocate for women's rights. Annette Finnigan was a suffragette, philanthropist, and arts patron. Buried here is Edward F. Simms, a native of Kentucky who was an American lawyer, oil industrialist, and owner and breeder of Thoroughbred racehorses about whom a *Houston Post* obituary said that his career was "a saga of American accomplishment." Buried here, Edwin B. Parker, lawyer of Houston and member of the War Industries Board and arbiter with Germany, Austria and Hungary following World War I.

Edgar Odell Lovett was the first president Rice University (19121946) and is at rest at Glenwood. William Ward Watkin was the project manager for the construction of the original buildings on the Rice Campus. Captain James A. Baker was the personal attorney of William Marsh Rice. He protected the interests of the Rice Endowment and was a trustee of the university for fifty years. He was also a trustee of Glenwood Cemetery. Alice Graham Baker was the founder of the Houston Settlement Association. Adele Briscoe Looscan was a president of the Texas State Historical Association and the grand daughter of the namesake of Harris County, Texas. Margaret Kinkaid was the founder of The Kinkaid School, which she opened on Elgin Street in 1899.

This is also the location of pioneering heart surgeon Denton Cooley's family gravesite. Cooley's grandfather, Daniel Denton Cooley, developed the Houston Heights subdivision. Denton Cooley died November 18, 2016 and is buried at Glenwood.

Anne McCormick Sullivan was a firefighter who died in the 2013 Southwest Inn fire. Stacy Barnett and John Goosey were murder victims.

## Bibliography

* Aulbach, Louis F. (2012). *Buffalo Bayou: An echo of Houston's wilderness beginnings*. Houston: Louis F. Aulbach. pp. 193–195. ISBN 978-1468101997.
* Kirkland, Kate Sayen (2012). *Captain James A. Baker of Houston, 1857–1941*. College Station: Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 978-1603448000.
* Turner, Suzanne and Joanne Seale Wilson (2010). *Houston's Silent Garden: Glenwood Cemetery, 1871–2009*. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-1603441636.

## InfoBox

| Glenwood Cemetery | |
| --- | --- |
| Main entrance | |
|  | |
| Details | |
| Established | 1871 |
| Location | Houston, Texas |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 29°45′55″N 95°23′9″W / 29.76528°N 95.38583°W / 29.76528; -95.38583 |
| Type | Private |
| Size | 84 acres (34 ha) |
| Website | Official website |
| Find a Grave | Glenwood Cemetery |
| Footnotes |  |


title: Glenwood Cemetery (Huntsville, Alabama)

abstract: Glenwood Cemetery, formerly Georgia Cemetery, is a historic cemetery for African American burials founded in c. 1870 on Hall Avenue in Huntsville, Alabama. Burials include veterans, local politicians, and community leaders.

text:
# Glenwood Cemetery (Huntsville, Alabama)

**Glenwood Cemetery**, formerly **Georgia Cemetery**, is a historic cemetery for African American burials founded in c. 1870 on Hall Avenue in Huntsville, Alabama. Burials include veterans, local politicians, and community leaders.

## History

Established in c. 1870, Glenwood Cemetery succeeded a burial ground for enslaved African Americans which was north of where a hospital is now and covered by a parking lot. Recognized as a site of historical significance, a historical marker commemorates its history. A local teacher and her students have helped catalogue some of its history. About 10 acres in size, the cemetery is believed to hold between 8,000 and 10,000 burial sites. Many of them are unmarked.

The cemetery and a headstone for Burgess E. Scruggs, the first licensed doctor in Alabama has been added to the Alabama State Historic Cemetery Register. The Glenwood Cemetery became part of the African American Civil Rights Network in February 2021, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Park Service.

## InfoBox

| Glenwood Cemetery | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Details | |
| Established | c. 1870 |
| Location | Hall Avenue,<br>Huntsville, Madison County, Alabama |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 34°43′34″N 86°36′08″W / 34.72611°N 86.60222°W / 34.72611; -86.60222 |
| Size | approximately 10 acres (4.0 ha) |
| No. of interments | 8,000 to 10,000 |
| Find a Grave | Glenwood Cemetery |


title: Gmina Rogowo, Rypin County

abstract: Gmina Rogowo is a rural gmina in Rypin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Rogowo, which lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Rypin and 52 km (32 mi) east of Toruń. The gmina covers an area of 139.8 square kilometres (54.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,677.

text:
# Gmina Rogowo, Rypin County

**Gmina Rogowo** is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Rypin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Rogowo, which lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Rypin and 52 km (32 mi) east of Toruń.

The gmina covers an area of 139.8 square kilometres (54.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,677.

## Villages

Gmina Rogowo contains the villages and settlements of Borowo, Brzeszczki Duże, Brzeszczki Małe, Charszewo, Czumsk Duży, Czumsk Mały, Huta, Huta-Chojno, Karbowizna, Kosiory, Lasoty, Lisiny, Nadróż, Narty, Nowy Kobrzyniec, Pinino, Pręczki, Rogówko, Rogowo, Rojewo, Ruda, Rumunki Likieckie, Sosnowo, Stary Kobrzyniec, Świeżawy, Szczerby and Wierzchowiska.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Rogowo is bordered by the gminas of Brzuze, Chrostkowo, Rypin, Skępe, Skrwilno and Szczutowo.

## InfoBox

| Gmina Rogowo Rogowo Commune | |
| --- | --- |
| Gmina | |
| Coordinates (Rogowo): 52°59′N 19°23′E / 52.983°N 19.383°E / 52.983; 19.383 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Rypin |
| Seat | Rogowo |
| Area | |
| Total | 139.8 km2 (54.0 sq mi) |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 4,677 |
| Density | 33/km2 (87/sq mi) |
| Website | http://www.rogowo.pl/ |


title: Glades (band)

abstract: Glades are an Australian electronica indie pop band formed by vocalist/guitarist Karina Savage and multi-instrumentalist producers Cameron Robertson and Joseph Wenceslao at William Clarke College in Kellyville, New South Wales, in 2015. Their name comes from a ski run Robertson saw during a holiday in the snow.

text:
# Glades (band)

**Glades** are an Australian electronica indie pop band formed by vocalist/guitarist Karina Savage and multi-instrumentalist producers Cameron Robertson and Joseph Wenceslao at William Clarke College in Kellyville, New South Wales, in 2015. Their name comes from a ski run Robertson saw during a holiday in the snow.

## Career

In 2015, Glades uploaded a cover of fellow Australian Troye Sivan's "Fools" on SoundCloud and received an early endorsement from him. They signed to EMI Australia in 2016 and in October, following the breakthrough of their single "Drive", released their debut EP, *This is What It's Like*.

In November 2018, following the success of their biggest hit, "Do Right", EMI released Glades' debut studio album, *To Love You*. The supporting tour began in Melbourne on November 24 and concluded in Brisbane on December 7.

Glades' second studio album, *Planetarium*, was released on 30 April 2021. On 28 July 2023, a single called "Goodbyes" followed.

## Members

* Karina Savage – vocals, guitar
* Cam Robertson – multi-instrumentalist, production
* Joey Wenceslao – multi-instrumentalist, production

## Discography

### Studio albums

List of studio albums, with release date and label shown
| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| *To Love You* |  |
| *Planetarium* | * Released: 30April 2021 * Label: Glades, Warner Music Australia * Formats: CD, digital download, streaming |

### Extended plays

List of extended plays, with release date and label shown
| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *This Is What It's Like* | * Released: 21 October 2016 * Label: Glades,EMI Australia * Formats: Digital download, streaming |
| *Summer's for Lovers* | * Released: 24 November 2023 * Label: Dutch Boy Records * Formats: Digital download, streaming |

### Charted and certified singles

List of singles, with year released, selected chart positions, certifications, and album name shown
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Certifications | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS<br> | | |
| "Do Right" | 2017 | 51 |  | *To Love You* |
||

## InfoBox

| Glades | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2015–present |
| Labels | EMI Music Australia |
|  | |
| Members | * Karina Savage * Cam Robertson * Joey Wenceslao |
|  | |
| Website | gladesmusic.net |


title: Glenfarclas Cross Country Chase

abstract: The Glenfarclas Cross Country Chase is a National Hunt steeplechase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged five years or older. It is run on the Cross-Country Course at Cheltenham over a distance of about 3 miles and 6 furlongs, and during its running there are thirty-two obstacles to be cleared. It was originally run as a handicap race before being changed to a conditions race from the 2016 running, and it is scheduled to take place each year on the second day of the Cheltenham Festival in March. The event was established when a fourth day was added to the Cheltenham Festival in 2005. It is now one of three cross-country chases held at Cheltenham – the others take place in November and December. All three were originally sponsored by Sporting Index, and in the 2007–08 season they were backed by BGC. The whisky distillery Glenfarclas began supporting the series in 2008–09.

text:
# Glenfarclas Cross Country Chase

Glenfarclas Cross Country Chase
| 2023 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
| Delta Work | Galvin | Franco De Port |

| Previous years | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Delta Work | Tiger Roll | Plan Of Attack |
| 2021 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Tiger Roll | Easysland | Some Neck |

| 2020-2011 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Easysland | Tiger Roll | Out Sam |
| 2019 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Tiger Roll | Josies Orders | Urgent De Gregaine |
| 2018 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Tiger Roll | Urgent De Gregaine | The Last Samuri |
| 2017 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Cause of Causes | Bless The Wings | Cantlow |
| 2016 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Josies Orders | Bless The Wings | Quantitativeeasing |
| 2015 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Rivage D'Or | Any Currency | Uncle Junior |
| 2014 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Balthazar King | Any Currency | Big Shu |
| 2013 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Big Shu | Shakervilz | Outlaw Pete |
| 2012 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Balthazar King | A New Story | Wedger Pardy |
| 2011 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Sizing Australia | Garde Champetre | A New Story |

| 2010-2005 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | | |
|  |  |  |
| A New Story | L'Ami | Lacdoudal |
| 2009 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Garde Champetre | L'Ami | Drombeag |
| 2008 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Garde Champetre | Native Jack | A New Story |
| 2007 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Heads Onthe Ground | Silver Birch | Le Duc |
| 2006 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Native Jack | Spot Thedifference | Buailtes And Fadas |
| 2005 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Spot Thedifference | Luzcadou | Mrs Be |
|  | | |

The **Glenfarclas Cross Country Chase** is a National Hunt steeplechase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged five years or older. It is run on the Cross-Country Course at Cheltenham over a distance of about 3 miles and 6 furlongs (3 miles 6 furlongs and 37 yards, or 6,069 metres), and during its running there are thirty-two obstacles to be cleared. It was originally run as a handicap race before being changed to a conditions race from the 2016 running, and it is scheduled to take place each year on the second day of the Cheltenham Festival in March.

The event was established when a fourth day was added to the Cheltenham Festival in 2005. It is now one of three cross-country chases held at Cheltenham – the others take place in November and December. All three were originally sponsored by Sporting Index, and in the 2007–08 season they were backed by BGC. The whisky distillery Glenfarclas began supporting the series in 2008–09.

## Records

**Most successful horse (3 wins):**

**Leading jockey (4 wins):**

* Nina Carberry – *Heads Onthe Ground (2007), Garde Champetre (2008, 2009), Josies Orders (2016)*
* Keith Donoghue -  *Tiger Roll (2018, 2019, 2021), Delta Work (2023)*

**Leading trainer (5 wins):**

* Enda Bolger – *Spot Thedifference (2005), Heads Onthe Ground (2007), Garde Champetre (2008, 2009), Josies Orders (2016)*
* Gordon Elliott\-  *Cause of Causes (2017), Tiger Roll (2018, 2019), Delta Work (2022, 2023)*

## Winners

| **Year**
 | **Winner**
 | **Age**
 | **Weight**
 | **Jockey**
 | **Trainer**
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Spot Thedifference | 12 | 11–12 | JT McNamara | Enda Bolger |
| 2006 | Native Jack | 12 | 10-08 | Davy Russell | Philip Rothwell |
| 2007 | Heads Onthe Ground | 10 | 10-02 | Nina Carberry | Enda Bolger |
| 2008 | Garde Champetre | 9 | 10–13 | Nina Carberry | Enda Bolger |
| 2009 | Garde Champetre | 10 | 11–12 | Nina Carberry | Enda Bolger |
| 2010 | A New Story | 12 | 09-07 | Adrian Heskin | Michael Hourigan |
| 2011 | Sizing Australia | 9 | 10-09 | Andrew Lynch | Henry De Bromhead |
| 2012 | Balthazar King | 8 | 10-09 | Richard Johnson | Philip Hobbs |
| 2013 | Big Shu | 8 | 10-05 | Barry Cash | Peter Maher |
| 2014 | Balthazar King | 10 | 11–12 | Richard Johnson | Philip Hobbs |
| 2015 | Rivage d'Or | 10 | 10-10 | Davy Russell | Tony Martin |
| 2016 | Josies Orders | 8 | 11-04 | Nina Carberry | Enda Bolger |
| 2017 | Cause of Causes | 9 | 11-04 | Jamie Codd | Gordon Elliott |
| 2018 | Tiger Roll | 8 | 11-04 | Keith Donoghue | Gordon Elliott |
| 2019 | Tiger Roll | 9 | 11-04 | Keith Donoghue | Gordon Elliott |
| 2020 | Easysland | 6 | 11-04 | Jonathan Plouganou | David Cottin |
|
| 2021 | Tiger Roll | 11 | 11-04 | Keith Donoghue | Denise Foster |
| 2022 | Delta Work | 9 | 11-04 | Jack Kennedy | Gordon Elliott |
| 2023 | Delta Work | 10 | 11-07 | Keith Donoghue | Gordon Elliott |
|  | *no race 2024* |  |  |  |  |

1. "Changes announced to the new season at Cheltenham". *Weatherbys*. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
2. "Cheltenham Festival 2024: Cross Country Chase abandoned". Racing Post. 13 March 2024. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.

---

## InfoBox

Glenfarclas Cross Country Handicap Chase
| Ungraded race | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Cheltenham Racecourse
Cheltenham, England |
| Inaugurated | 2005 |
| Race type | steeplechase |
| Sponsor | Glenfarclas |
| Website | Cheltenham |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 3m 6f 37y (6,069 metres) |
| Surface | Turf |
| Qualification | Five-years-old and up |
| Purse | £75,000 *(2023)*
**1st:** £39,023 |


title: Gliese 393

abstract: Gliese 393, or GJ 393, is a single star with an orbiting exoplanet companion in the equatorial constellation of Sextans, positioned about 1.5° to the NNW of Beta Sextantis. At an apparent visual magnitude of 9.65, it is much too faint to be seen with the unaided eye. This star is located at a distance of 22.9 light years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +8.3 km/s. It has a large proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.950″ per year. The net velocity of this star relative to the Sun is 32.9 km/s. It shares a similar space motion as members of the AB Doradus moving group, but is considered a random interloper. The stellar classification of GJ 393 is M2V, indicating this is a small red dwarf star that is generating energy through core hydrogen fusion. It is rotating slowly and appears to be chromospherically inactive, suggesting it is an older star; perhaps as much as 10 billion years old. The star has 43% of the mass of the Sun and 44.6% of the Sun's radius. The metallicity, what astronomers term the abundance of heavy elements, is lower than in the Sun. It is radiating just 2.7% of the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,579 K.

text:
# Gliese 393

**Gliese 393**, or GJ 393, is a single star with an orbiting exoplanet companion in the equatorial constellation of Sextans, positioned about 1.5° to the NNW of Beta Sextantis. At an apparent visual magnitude of 9.65, it is much too faint to be seen with the unaided eye. This star is located at a distance of 22.9 light years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +8.3 km/s. It has a large proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of 0.950 per year. The net velocity of this star relative to the Sun is 32.9 km/s. It shares a similar space motion as members of the AB Doradus moving group, but is considered a random interloper.

The stellar classification of GJ 393 is M2V, indicating this is a small red dwarf star that is generating energy through core hydrogen fusion. It is rotating slowly and appears to be chromospherically inactive, suggesting it is an older star; perhaps as much as 10 billion years old. The star has 43% of the mass of the Sun and 44.6% of the Sun's radius. The metallicity, what astronomers term the abundance of heavy elements, is lower than in the Sun. It is radiating just 2.7% of the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,579 K.

## Planetary system

In 2019, one candidate planet was detected by the radial velocity method. It is classified as a hot super-Earth, with an orbital period of one week and a semimajor axis of 8.2 Gm. Longer period signals found in the data were interpreted as stellar activity.

In 2021, the planet was confirmed as real after being detected independently in three different datasets.

The Gliese 393 planetary system
| Companion
(in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis
(AU) | Orbital period
(days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **b** | ≥1.71±0.24 M🜨 | 0.05402±0.00072 | 7.02679+0.00082
−0.00085 | 0 |  |  |

## InfoBox

Gliese 393
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Sextans |
|
| Right ascension | 10h 28m 55.551s |
| Declination | +00° 50 27.60 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 9.65 |
| Characteristics | |
|
| Spectral type | M2V |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| U−B color index | 1.192 |
| B−V color index | 1.507±0.014 |
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | +8.34±0.10 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −602.992 mas/yr
Dec.: −731.882 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 142.0951 ± 0.0212 mas |
| **Distance** | 22.953 ± 0.003 ly
(7.038 ± 0.001 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | 10.40 |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 0.432±0.011 |
| **Radius** | 0.4459±0.0073 |
| **Luminosity** | 0.02687±0.00054 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.88±0.07 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 3,579±51 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | −0.09±0.16 dex |
| **Rotation** | 34.15±0.22 d |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 1.5 km/s |
| **Age** | 3.28 Gyr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| BD+01°2447, GJ 393, HIP 51317, LTT 12805, 2MASS J10285555+0050275 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Gliese 42

abstract: Gliese 42 is a star in the southern constellation of Sculptor. It is too faint to be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of +7.3. The annual parallax shift of 70.56 mas provides a distance estimate of 46 light years. It has a relatively high proper motion, advancing 0.62 arcseconds across the sky per annum, and is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −13 km/s. The spectrum of the star matches a stellar classification of K2.5 V (k), indicating it is an ordinary K-type main-sequence star that is generating energy through hydrogen fusion at its core. It is radiating 29% of the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,822 K. The star has 66% of the Sun's radius.

text:
# Gliese 42

**Gliese 42** is a star in the southern constellation of Sculptor. It is too faint to be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of +7.3. The annual parallax shift of 70.56 mas provides a distance estimate of 46 light years. It has a relatively high proper motion, advancing 0.62 arcseconds across the sky per annum, and is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −13 km/s.

The spectrum of the star matches a stellar classification of K2.5 V (k), indicating it is an ordinary K-type main-sequence star that is generating energy through hydrogen fusion at its core. It is radiating 29% of the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,822 K. The star has 66% of the Sun's radius.

## Debris disk

An infrared excess has been detected around this star, most likely indicating the presence of a circumstellar disk at a radius of 45.7 astronomical units (6.84×109 km; 4.25×109 mi). The temperature of this dust was initially estimated as 30 K (−243.2 °C; −405.7 °F) according to measurement by Herschel Space Observatory. Later that measurement was deemed questionable, and fixed temperature of 62 K (−211.2 °C; −348.1 °F) was obtained in 2020.

## InfoBox

Gliese 42
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Sculptor |
|
| Right ascension | 00h 53m 00.71555s |
| Declination | −30° 21 25.1677 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | +7.3029 |
| Characteristics | |
|
| Spectral type | K2.5 V (k) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| B−V color index | 0.936 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | −13.021±0.0064 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: +620.35 mas/yr
Dec.: +30.26 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 71.5472 ± 0.0573 mas |
| **Distance** | 45.59 ± 0.04 ly
(13.98 ± 0.01 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | +6.39 |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Radius** | 0.660 |
| **Luminosity** | 0.29 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.55 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 4,822 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | −0.21 dex |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 1.8 km/s |
| **Age** | 6.67±4.74 Gyr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| BD−31° 325, Gaia DR2 5031808453624044800, GJ 42, HD 5133, HIP 4148, SAO 192793, LTT 498, 2MASS J00530108-3021249 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Glenn Dynner

abstract: Glenn Davis Dynner is an American author and historian specializing in religion and history of East European Jewry. He is the Co-Editor-in-Chief of Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies and a Professor and Chair of Religion at Sarah Lawrence College.

text:
# Glenn Dynner

**Glenn Davis Dynner** (born April 11, 1969) is an American author and historian specializing in religion and history of East European Jewry. He is the Co-Editor-in-Chief of *Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies* and a Professor and Chair of Religion at Sarah Lawrence College (Chair of Humanities, 2014-16).

## Education

Dynner received his B.A. in Comparative History from Brandeis University in 1993, his M.A. in Jewish Studies from McGill University in 1997, and his Ph.D. in Near Eastern & Judaic Studies from Brandeis University in 2002 (supervised by Antony Polonsky). He works primarily in Polish, Yiddish, and Hebrew sources on the Jewish social and religious history in Poland, and specializes in the Hasidic movement.

## Media appearances

In 2011, Dynner appeared on NBC's *Who Do You Think You Are?* with actress Gwyneth Paltrow. Throughout the episode, Dynner helps Gwyneth Paltrow uncover her ancestral Jewish past. On the same show and its spin-offs, he also consulted on the Rashida Jones and Bernie Sanders episodes.

## Publications

### Books

* Glenn Dynner (2013). *Yankel's Tavern: Jews, Liquor, and Life in the Kingdom of Poland*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-998852-5.
* Glenn Dynner (2008). *Men of Silk: The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538265-5.
* Glenn Dynner, ed. (2011). *Holy Dissent: Jewish and Christian Mystics in Eastern Europe*. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-814-33597-0. Archived from the original on 2022-08-15. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
* Glenn Dynner, ed. (2015). *Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry: Jews in the Kingdom of Poland, 1815-1914 Volume 27*. The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. ISBN 978-1-906-76421-0.
* Glenn Dynner, ed. (2015). *Warsaw. The Jewish Metropolis: Essays in Honor of the 75th Birthday of Professor Antony Polonsky*. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 978-9-004-29181-2.

### Chapters

* "The Garment of Torah: Clothing Decrees and the First Gerer Rebbe" in *Warsaw. The Jewish Metropolis*
* "Those Who Stayed: Women and Jewish Traditionalism in East Central Europe" in *New Directions in the History of the Jews in the Polish Lands*
* "Jewish Quarters: The Economics of Segregation in the Kingdom of Poland" in *Purchasing Power: The Economics of Modern Jewish History*

### Articles

* Dynner, Glenn (July 2018). "Replenishing the 'Fountain of Judaism': Traditionalist Jewish Education in Interwar Poland." *Jewish History* 31 (3–4): 229–261.
* Dynner, Glenn (Summer 2014). "Brief Kvetches: Notes to a 19th -Century Miracle Worker." *Jewish Review of Books* 5 (2): 33–35.
* Dynner, Glenn (Winter 2014). "'A Jewish Drunk Is Hard to Find': Jewish Drinking Practices and the Sobriety Stereotype in Eastern Europe." *The Jewish Quarterly Review* 104 (1): 9–23.

### Book reviews

* Dynner, Glenn (Fall 2018). "Visualizing Hasidism." *Jewish Review of Books* 9 (1): 13–14.

## Awards

## Teaching

Dynner teaches numerous upper-level seminars at Sarah Lawrence covering the history of Jewish life in Eastern Europe. In the past, his classes included: The Holocaust, Jews and Violence: From the Bible to the Present, and First-Year Studies: Jewish Spirituality and Culture.

## Personal

Dynner's father Alan Roy Dynner is the former VP of Eaton Vance.

## InfoBox

| Glenn Dynner | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1969-04-11) April 11, 1969<br>Maryland, United States |
| Occupation(s) | Historian, Academic, Author |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater |  |
| Doctoral advisor | Antony Polonsky |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Jewish History and Religion |
| Sub-discipline | Social History of Hasidism and the Haskala; Holocaust |
| Institutions | Sarah Lawrence College |
|  | |
| Website | http://gdynner.com |


title: Q6 (New York City bus)

abstract: The Q6 constitutes a bus route between Jamaica, Queens, and John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens, New York City. Originally operated by Green Bus Lines, it is now operated by the MTA Bus Company. It does not serve the terminals at JFK Airport. Limited-stop service, which began in 2010, operates in the peak direction during rush hours.

text:
# Q6 (New York City bus)

The **Q6** constitutes a bus route between Jamaica, Queens, and John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens, New York City. Originally operated by Green Bus Lines, it is now operated by the MTA Bus Company. It does not serve the terminals at JFK Airport. Limited-stop service, which began in 2010, operates in the peak direction during rush hours.

## Route description

The Q6 starts at 165th Street Bus Terminal, using Merrick Boulevard southbound at 168th Street northbound to reach Jamaica Avenue, heading west on it until Sutphin Boulevard. It turns south on Sutphin Boulevard until reaching the southern end at Rockaway Boulevard and running east on that street until Nassau Expressway, crossing it to turn east on North Boundary Road and following Eastern Road until terminating by the JFK Postal Facility.

The Q6 Limited operates rush hours in the peak direction (to Jamaica AM, from Jamaica PM), making limited stops north of Rockaway Boulevard. When the Q6 Limited operates, some Q6 locals operate to/from Rockaway Boulevard. The Q6 operates out of the JFK Depot.

## History

The bus started operating on July 19, 1922 by Queens Bus Corporation. It was then taken over by Green Bus Lines. The northern terminal was moved to Jamaica Union Bus Terminal (Jamaica Avenue and Brewer Boulevard) on August 16, 1936. By 1975, its terminals in Jamaica were Sutphin Boulevard and Hillside Avenue, and 165th Street and Archer Avenue. On October 30, 1989, all Q6 service was rerouted to serve the 165th Street Bus Terminal.

The Q6 Limited-stop service was added on April 19, 2010.

In December 2019, the MTA released a draft redesign of the Queens bus network. As part of the redesign, the current Q6 would have been discontinued, with the QT20 replacing service on Sutphin Boulevard and the QT62 bus would replace service on Rockaway Boulevard. The redesign was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City in 2020, and the original draft plan was dropped due to negative feedback. A revised plan was released in March 2022. As part of the new plan, the Q6 would still be discontinued and have service on Sutphin Boulevard replaced by an extended Q1 and service on Rockaway Boulevard replaced by a streamlined Q7. A final bus-redesign plan was released in December 2023. The final plan preserved the Q6 and did not make changes to its routing, although the Q6 would be converted into a limited route with slightly fewer stops.

## InfoBox

| q6q6 | |
| --- | --- |
| Sutphin/Rockaway Boulevards | |
| A 2010 Orion VII NG HEV (4654) on the Jamaica-bound Q6 at Sutphin Boulevard/Archer Avenue | |
| Overview | |
| System | MTA Regional Bus Operations |
| Operator | MTA Bus Company |
| Garage | JFK Depot |
| Vehicle | Orion VII NG HEV
New Flyer Xcelsior XD40
Nova Bus LFS |
| Night-time | Every 30 minutes |
| Route | |
| Locale | Queens, New York, U.S. |
| Communities served | Jamaica, South Jamaica, Springfield Gardens |
| Start | Jamaica \- 165th Street Bus Terminal |
| Via | Sutphin Boulevard, Rockaway Boulevard |
| End | JFK Airport \- Eastern Road & JFK Postal Facility |
| Length | 5.2 miles (8.4 km) |
| Service | |
| Operates | All times |
| Annual patronage | 2,097,682 (2023) |
| Transfers | Yes |
| Timetable | Q6 |
| Q5  {{{system\_nav}}}  Q7 | |


title: Quantitative psychology

abstract: Quantitative psychology is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of psychological processes. It includes tests and other devices for measuring cognitive abilities. Quantitative psychologists develop and analyze a wide variety of research methods, including those of psychometrics, a field concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement. Psychologists have long contributed to statistical and mathematical analysis, and quantitative psychology is now a specialty recognized by the American Psychological Association. Doctoral degrees are awarded in this field in a number of universities in Europe and North America, and quantitative psychologists have been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their training in both social science and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas.

text:
# Quantitative psychology

**Quantitative psychology** is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of psychological processes. It includes tests and other devices for measuring cognitive abilities. Quantitative psychologists develop and analyze a wide variety of research methods, including those of psychometrics, a field concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.

Psychologists have long contributed to statistical and mathematical analysis, and quantitative psychology is now a specialty recognized by the American Psychological Association. Doctoral degrees are awarded in this field in a number of universities in Europe and North America, and quantitative psychologists have been in high demand in industry, government, and academia. Their training in both social science and quantitative methodology provides a unique skill set for solving both applied and theoretical problems in a variety of areas.

## History

Quantitative psychology has its roots in early experimental psychology when, in the nineteenth century, the scientific method was first systematically applied to psychological phenomena. Notable contributions included E. H. Weber's studies of tactile sensitivity (1830s), Fechner's development and use of the psychophysical methods (1850–1860), and Helmholtz's research on vision and audition beginning after 1850. Wilhelm Wundt is often called the "founder of experimental psychology", because he called himself a psychologist and opened a psychological laboratory in 1879 where many researchers came to study. The work of these and many others helped put to rest the assertion, by theorists such as Immanuel Kant, that psychology could not become a science because precise experiments on the human mind were impossible.

### Intelligence testing

Intelligence testing has long been an important branch of quantitative psychology. The nineteenth-century English statistician Francis Galton, a pioneer in psychometrics, was the first to create a standardized test of intelligence, and he was among the first to apply statistical methods to the study of human differences and their inheritance. He came to believe that intelligence is largely determined by heredity, and he also hypothesized that other measures such as the speed of reflexes, muscle strength, and head size are correlated with intelligence. He established the world's first mental testing center in 1882; in the following year he published his observations and theories in "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development".

### Statistical techniques

Statistical methods are the quantitative tools most used by psychologists. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900–1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fisher, 1925) and a non-parametric correlation coefficient (Spearman, 1904). A large number of tests were developed in the latter half of the 20th century (e.g., all the multivariate tests). Popular techniques (such as Hierarchical Linear Model, Arnold, 1992, Structural Equation Modeling, Byrne, 1996 and Independent Component Analysis, Hyvarinën, Karhunen and Oja, 2001) are relatively recent.

In 1946, psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens organized levels of measurement into four scales, Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval, in a paper that is still often cited. Jacob Cohen, a New York University professor of psychology, analyzed quantitative methods involving statistical power and effect size, which helped to lay foundations for current statistical meta-analysis and the methods of estimation statistics. He gave his name to Cohen's kappa and Cohen's d.

In 1990, an influential paper titled "Graduate Training in Statistics, Methodology, and Measurement in Psychology" was published in the *American Psychologist* journal. This article discussed the need for increased and up-to-date training in quantitative methods for psychology graduate programs in the United States.

## Education and training

### Undergraduate

Training for quantitative psychology can begin informally at the undergraduate level. Many graduate schools recommend that students have some coursework in psychology and complete the full college sequence of calculus (including multivariate calculus) and a course in linear algebra. Quantitative coursework in other fields such as economics and research methods and statistics courses for psychology majors are also helpful. Historically, however, students without all these courses have been accepted if other aspects of their application show promise. Some schools also offer formal minors in areas related to quantitative psychology. For example, the University of Kansas offers a minor in "Social and Behavioral Sciences Methodology" that provides advanced training in research methodology, applied data analysis, and practical research experience relevant to quantitative psychology. Coursework in computer science is also useful. Mastery of an object-oriented programming language or learning to write code in , SAS, or SPSS is useful for the type of data analysis performed in graduate school.

### Graduate

Quantitative psychologists may possess a doctoral degree or a master's degree. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and depending on the research focus of the university, these programs may be housed in a school's college of education or in their psychology department. Programs that focus especially in educational research and psychometrics are often part of education or educational psychology departments. These programs may therefore have different names mentioning "research methods" or "quantitative methods", such as the "Research and Evaluation Methodology" Ph.D. from the University of Florida or the "Quantitative Methods" degree at the University of Pennsylvania. However, some universities may have separate programs in their two colleges. For example, the University of Washington has a "Quantitative psychology" degree in their psychology department and a separate "Measurement & Statistics" Ph.D. in their college of education. Others, such as Vanderbilt University's Ph.D. in Psychological Sciences, are jointly housed across two psychology departments.

Universities with a mathematical focus include McGill University's "Quantitative Psychology and Modeling" program and Purdue University's "Mathematical and Computational Psychology" degrees. Students with an interest in modeling biological or functional data may go into related fields such as biostatistics or computational neuroscience.

Doctoral programs typically accept students with only bachelor's degrees, although some schools may require a master's degree before applying. After the first two years of studies, graduate students typically earn a Master of Arts in Psychology, Master of Science in Statistics or Applied statistics, or both. For example, most students in the University of Minnesota's "Quantitative and Psychometric Methods" Ph.D. program are also Master of Science students in the School of Statistics. Additionally, several universities offer minor concentrations in quantitative methods, such as New York University.

Companies that produce standardized tests such as College Board, Educational Testing Service, and American College Testing are some of the largest private sector employers of quantitative psychologists. These companies also often provide internships to students in graduate school.

#### Shortage of qualified applicants

In August 2005, the American Psychological Association expressed the need for more quantitative psychologists in the industry—for every PhD awarded in the subject, there were about 2.5 quantitative psychologist position openings. Due to a lack of applicants in the field, the APA created a Task Force to study the state of quantitative psychology and predict its future. Domestic U.S. applicants are especially lacking. The majority of international applicants come from Asian countries, especially South Korea and China. In response to the lack of qualified applicants, the APA Council of Representatives authorized a special task force in 2006. The task force was chaired by Leona S. Aiken from Arizona State University.

## Research areas

Quantitative psychologists generally have a main area of interest. Notable research areas in psychometrics include item response theory and computer adaptive testing, which focus on education and intelligence testing. Other research areas include modeling psychological processes through time series analysis, such as in fMRI data collection, and structural equation modeling, social network analysis, human decision science, and statistical genetics.

Two common types of psychometric tests are aptitude tests, which are supposed to measure raw intellectual suitability for a purpose, and personality tests, which aim to assess character, temperament, and how the subject deals with problems.

Item response theory is based on the application of related mathematical models to testing data. Because it is generally regarded as superior to classical test theory, it is the preferred method for developing scales in the United States, especially when optimal decisions are demanded, as in so-called high-stakes tests, e.g., the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) and Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT).

## Professional organizations

Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the American Psychological Association (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology, and the European Society for Methodology. Associated disciplines include statistics, mathematics, educational measurement, educational statistics, sociology, and political science. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably *Psychometrika*, *Psychological Methods*, *Multivariate Behavioral Research*, *Journal of Mathematical Psychology*, and *Structural Equation Modeling*.

## Notable people

The following is a select list of quantitative psychologists or people who have contributed to the field:

## Further reading


title: Quantitative revolution

abstract: In geography, the quantitative revolution (QR) was a paradigm shift that sought to develop a more rigorous and systematic methodology for the discipline. It came as a response to the inadequacy of regional geography to explain general spatial dynamics. The main claim for the quantitative revolution is that it led to a shift from a descriptive (idiographic) geography to an empirical law-making (nomothetic) geography. The quantitative revolution occurred during the 1950s and 1960s and marked a rapid change in the method behind geographical research, from regional geography into a spatial science. In the history of geography, the quantitative revolution was one of the four major turning points of modern geography – the other three being environmental determinism, regional geography and critical geography. It contributed to the technical geography branch of the discipline, culminating in the emergence of quantitative geography, which includes geographic information science, geoinformatics, and spatial analysis. The quantitative revolution had occurred earlier in economics and psychology and contemporaneously in political science and other social sciences and to a lesser extent in history.

text:
# Quantitative revolution

In geography, the **quantitative revolution** (**QR**) was a paradigm shift that sought to develop a more rigorous and systematic methodology for the discipline. It came as a response to the inadequacy of regional geography to explain general spatial dynamics. The main claim for the quantitative revolution is that it led to a shift from a descriptive (idiographic) geography to an empirical law-making (nomothetic) geography. The quantitative revolution occurred during the 1950s and 1960s and marked a rapid change in the method behind geographical research, from regional geography into a spatial science.

In the history of geography, the quantitative revolution was one of the four major turning points of modern geography – the other three being environmental determinism, regional geography and critical geography. It contributed to the technical geography branch of the discipline, culminating in the emergence of quantitative geography, which includes geographic information science, geoinformatics, and spatial analysis.

The quantitative revolution had occurred earlier in economics and psychology and contemporaneously in political science and other social sciences and to a lesser extent in history.

## Antecedents

During the late 1940s and early 1950s:

* The regional tradition, which believed the objective of geography was to describe and explain the areal differentiation of the Earth's surface, dominated geography studies.
* The closing of many geography departments and courses in universities took place, most notably, the abolition of the geography program at Harvard University (a highly prestigious institution) in 1948 was seen as an “academic war over the field of geography".
* There was a continuing division between human and physical geography – general talk of human geography becoming an autonomous subject.
* Geography was regarded as overly descriptive and *unscientific* – it was claimed that there was no explanation of *why* processes or phenomena occurred.
* Geography was seen as exclusively educational and "not a university subject" – there were few if any applications of contemporary geography.
* Continuing debates regarding what geography is – science, art, humanity or social science – took place.
* After World War II, technology became increasingly important in society, and as a result, nomothetic-based sciences gained popularity and prominence.

All of these events presented a threat to geography's position as an academic subject, and thus geographers began seeking new methods to counter critique.

## The Revolution

The quantitative revolution responded to the regional geography paradigm that was dominant at the time. Debates raged predominantly (although not exclusively) in the U.S., where regional geography was the major philosophical school. In the early 1950s, there was a growing sense that the existing paradigm for geographical research was not adequate in explaining how physical, economic, social, and political processes are spatially organized, ecologically related, or how outcomes generated by them are evidence for a given time and place. A growing number of geographers started to express their dissatisfaction with the traditional paradigm of the discipline and its focus on regional geography, deeming the work as too descriptive, fragmented, and non-generalizable. To address these concerns, early critics such as Ackerman suggested the systematization of the discipline. Soon thereafter, a series of debates regarding methodological approaches in geography took place. One of the first illustrations of this was the Schaefer vs. Hartshorne debate. In 1953 *Exceptionalism in geography: A Methodological Examination* was published. In this work, Schaefer rejected Hartshorne's exceptionalist interpretations about the discipline of geography and having the region as its central object of study. Instead, Schaefer envisioned as the discipline's main objective the establishment of morphological laws through scientific inquiry, i.e. incorporating laws and methods from other disciplines in the social sciences that place a greater emphasis on processes. Hartshorne, on the other hand, addressed Schaefer's criticism in a series of publications, where he dismissed Schaefer's views as subjective and contradictory. He also stressed the importance of describing and classifying places and phenomena, yet admitted that there was room for employing laws of generic relationships in order to maximize scientific understanding. In his view, however, there should be no hierarchy between these two approaches.

While debates about methods carried on, the institutionalization of systematic geography was taking place in the U.S. academy. The geography programs at the University of Iowa, University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the University of Washington were pioneering programs in that respect. At the University of Iowa, Harold McCarty led efforts to establish laws of association between geographical patterns. At the University of Wisconsin, Arthur H. Robinson led efforts to develop statistical methods for map comparison. And at the University of Washington, Edward Ullman and William Garrison worked on developing the field of economic and urban geography, and central place theory. These institutions engendered a generation of geographers that established spatial analysis as part of the research agenda at other institutions including University of Chicago, Northwestern University, Loyola University, Ohio State University, the University of Michigan, among others.

The changes introduced during the 1950s and 1960s under the banner of bringing 'scientific thinking' to geography led to an increased use of technique-based practices, including an array of mathematical techniques and computerized statistics that improved precision, and theory-based practices to conceptualize location and space in geographical research.

Some of the techniques that epitomize the quantitative revolution include:

The common factor, linking the above techniques, was a preference for numbers over words and a belief that numerical work had a superior scientific pedigree. Ron Johnston and colleagues at the University of Bristol have published a history of the revolution that stresses changes in substantive focus and philosophical underpinnings as well as methods.

## Epistemological underpinnings

The new method of inquiry led to the development of generalizations about spatial aspects in a wide range of natural and cultural settings. Generalizations may take the form of tested hypotheses, models, or theories, and the research is judged on its scientific validity, turning geography into a nomothetic science.

One of the most significant works to provide a legitimate theoretical and philosophical foundation for the reorientation of geography into a spatial science was David Harvey's book, *Explanation in Geography*, published in 1969. In this work, Harvey laid out two possible methodologies to explain geographical phenomena: an inductive route where generalizations are made from observation; and a deductive one where, through empirical observation, testable models and hypothesis are formulated and later verified to become scientific laws. He placed preference on the latter method. This positivist approach was countered by critical rationalism, a philosophy advanced by Karl Popper who rejected the idea of verification and maintained that hypothesis can only be falsified. Both epistemological philosophies, however, sought to achieve the same objective: to produce scientific laws and theories.

The paradigm shift had its strongest repercussions in the sub-field of economic and urban geography, especially as it pertains to location theory. However, some geographers–such as Ian Burton–expressed their dissatisfaction with quantification while others – such as Emrys Jones, Peter Lewis, and Golledge and Amedeo – debated the feasibility of law-making. Others, such as F. Luckermann, criticized the scientific explanations offered in geography as conjectural and lacking empirical basis. As a result, even models that were tested failed to accurately depict reality.

By the mid-1960s the quantitative revolution had successfully displaced regional geography from its dominant position and the paradigm shift was evident by the myriad of publications in geographical academic journals and geography textbooks. The adoption of the new paradigm allowed the discipline to be more serviceable to the public and private sectors.

## Post-revolution geography

The quantitative revolution had enormous implications in shaping the discipline of geography into what it looks like today given that its effects led to the spread of positivist (post-positivist) thinking and counter-positivist responses.

The rising interest in the study of distance as a critical factor in understanding the spatial arrangement of phenomena during the revolution led to the formulation of the first law of geography by Waldo Tobler. The development of spatial analysis in geography led to more applications in planning process and the further development of technical geography offered to geographical research a necessary theoretical background.

The greater use of computers in geography also led to many new developments in geomatics, such as the creation and application of GIS and remote sensing. These new developments allowed geographers for the first time to assess complex models on a full-scale model and over space and time and the relationship between spatial entities. To some extent, the development of geomatics helped obscure the binary between physical and human geography, as the complexities of the human and natural environments could be assessed on new computable models.

### Criticism and responses

The limited focus on statistical modeling brought about by the quantitative revolution has led to concerns that the techniques remove the 'human dimension' from a discipline. As the 1970s dawned, the quantitative revolution came under direct challenge. The counter-positivist response came as geographers began to expose the inadequacy of quantitative methods to explain and address issues regarding race, gender, class and war. David Harvey disregarded earlier works where he advocated for the quantitative revolution and adopted a Marxist theoretical framework. Soon new subfields would emerge in human geography to contribute a new vocabulary for addressing these issues, including critical geography and feminist geography. These fields have attempted to appropriate quantitative methods to address the focus of their study. One commentator described this as "an extraordinary contribution. This is a panoramic survey of the legacy of half a century of innovation in spatial science—put into a critical, constructive engagement with half a century of innovation in critical social theory".

There have been many responses to these criticisms, and counter criticisms of the new fields that have emerged in response to the quantitative revolution. These include that the critics of new methods do not understand them, are criticizing earlier work, or are advocating for non-scientific approaches. While many would claim the quantitative revolution was replaced by the new paradigms, and that the arguments are a thing of the past, it is perhaps better described as a split with quantitative geography and qualitative geography both coexisting and continuing to borrow from each others research.

1. DeLyser, Dydia; Herbert, Steve; Aitken, Stuart; Crang, Mike; McDowell, Linda (November 2009). *The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Geography* (1 ed.). SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781412919913. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
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25. Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). *Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945* (7th ed). New York: Routledge. Ch. 3-8
26. Tobler, Waldo (1970). "A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region" (PDF). *Economic Geography*. **46**: 234–240. doi:10.2307/143141. JSTOR 143141. S2CID 34085823. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-08. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
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## Further reading

* *Science, Philosophy and Physical Geography*. Robert Inkpen, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-27954-2.
* *Explanation in Geography*, David Harvey, E Arnold, ISBN 0-7131-5464-0.
* *Key Thinkers on Space and Place*, Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin, Gill Valentine, Sage Publications Ltd, ISBN 0-7619-4963-1.
* *Social Justice and the City*, Ira Katznelson (Foreword), David Harvey, Blackwell Publishers, ISBN 0-631-16476-6.
* *The Geographical Tradition: Episodes in the History of a Contested Enterprise*, David N. Livingstone, Blackwell Publishers ISBN 0-631-18586-0.


title: Worr Libin

abstract: Worr Libin was an alliance of Cushitic-speaking population groups that inhabited various regions of northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. It has been argued that the adoption of the Borana language by the other Somaloid Worr Libin groups reflected their acceptance of a regional Boran political hegemony. This period is thought to have lasted from 1550-1920.

text:
# Worr Libin

**Worr Libin** was an alliance of Cushitic-speaking population groups that inhabited various regions of northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. It has been argued that the adoption of the Borana language by the other Somaloid Worr Libin groups reflected their acceptance of a regional Boran political hegemony. This period is thought to have lasted from 1550-1920.

## Origins

Schlee proposes that prior to 1550 two pastoral societies occupied the northern and southern reaches of Kenya and Ethiopia respectively. One group comprised 'Somaloid' pastoral groups that shared a cultural complex centered on arid-land camel keeping. The other was an Eastern Cushitic speaking community, best represented by the Borana who originated in southern Ethiopia.

## c.1550 Alliance

The Worr Liban alliance brought together the Borana with groups derived from the Worr Dasse (i.e culturally Somaloid but Boran-speaking).

## c.1876 Worr - Laikipiak conflict

### Background

Following their defeat and scattering at the hands of the Maasai, a large body of the Laikipiak Maasai moved north from what is now the Laikipia district. They took the Rendille people and livestock as their spoil and divided the loot up among themselves, living briefly as parasites within this community.

When however they wanted to move the whole of Rendille society and make them follow them elsewhere, Rendille warriors who had been hiding in the bush attacked them and drove them north in a bloody battle.

### Battle

Following their expulsion from Rendille, the Laikipiak moved north, raiding cattle and driving large herds along, until they were beaten by Worr Liban cavalry near Buna.

A British researcher in 1917 gave an estimated date of 1876 for the conflict and a probable location at Korondile.

## Early 20th century

### Alliance break-up

What has been termed the Pax Borana began to break-up in the 1920s from several sources of disturbance. Most noted has been pressure exerted in Wajir and Mandera by an unintended alliance of British and Darood Somali during the period when the Pax Britannica was coming into force.


title: Muhammad Nadi Pasha

abstract: Muhammad Nadi Pasha was an Egyptian General. He served as Deputy Governor of Sudan, was then promoted to the rank of Mirmiran and served as Governor General of Harar and its independents, the area which now includes Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea and eastern Ethiopia. Nadi Pasha also served as acting Governor General of Sudan in 1882.

text:
# Muhammad Nadi Pasha

**Muhammad Nadi Pasha** (born c. 1836 – death date unknown) was an Egyptian General. He served as Deputy Governor of Sudan, was then promoted to the rank of Mirmiran and served as Governor General of Harar and its independents, the area which now includes Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea and eastern Ethiopia. Nadi Pasha also served as acting Governor General of Sudan in 1882.

## As governor of Harar

In Harar, Nadi Pasha forced the troops to observe a strict discipline and organized the city police. He also had walls constructed around Harar.

Nadi Pasha always regarded trade, especially trade with the Europeans, as essential to the prosperity of Harar. He encouraged Europeans to undertake the business of the city, though he insisted that the main wealth of the country was in agriculture.

Nadi Pasha allowed the Catholic Mission to freely practice her religion in Harar and even allowed the ringing of bells, displaying remarkable religious tolerance, considering the historical period.

## Later career

Nadi Pasha also played a major role in ending the slave trade in the Horn of Africa.

At the end of his career in 1897, Nadi Pasha was appointed Prince of Pilgrimage (Hajj).

1. History Files, "African Kingdoms - East Africa", retrieved March 5, 2012.