title: Minnesota State Highway 22

abstract: Minnesota State Highway 22 (MN 22) is a 166.325-mile-long (267.674 km) highway in south-central and central Minnesota, which runs from Winnebago County Road R50 at the Iowa state line near Kiester and continues north to its northern terminus at its intersection with State Highway 23 in Richmond, west of St. Cloud.

text:
# Minnesota State Highway 22

**Minnesota State Highway 22** (**MN 22**) is a 166.325-mile-long (267.674 km) highway in south-central and central Minnesota, which runs from Winnebago County Road R50 at the Iowa state line near Kiester and continues north to its northern terminus at its intersection with State Highway 23 in Richmond, west of St. Cloud.

## Route description

State Highway 22 serves as a northsouth route between Wells, Mankato, St. Peter, Gaylord, Glencoe, Hutchinson, Litchfield, and Richmond.

Highway 22 parallels State Highway 15 throughout its route. Highway 22 also intersects with Highway 15 at Hutchinson.

The route crosses the Minnesota River between St. Peter and Kasota.

Highway 22 is built as a four-lane divided highway on the east side of Mankato.

The southern terminus for Highway 22 is at the Iowa state line, near Kiester, where Highway 22 becomes Winnebago County Road R50 (140th Avenue) upon crossing the state line.

## History

State Highway 22 was authorized in 1920 from St. Peter to Paynesville. In 1934, it was extended south to the Iowa state line, and its northernmost section between Eden Valley and Paynesville became part of State Highway 55.

The section of Highway 22 between Mankato and St. Peter follows the original route of U.S. Highway 169. When the parallel route west of the Minnesota River was first completed in the late 1950s, it originally carried the *Highway 22* designation for a few years until it was redesignated U.S. 169 and Highway 22 reverted to its original alignment.

From 1934 to 1961, the northern terminus for Highway 22 was at its intersection with State Highway 55 in Eden Valley. The Highway 22 designation was extended north to Richmond in 1961. Highway 22 will be redone from Mapleton to CO RD 90 just south of Mankato starting March 27, 2017, with the project finalizing in 2019. It will be a 3 part project, with the first stage being Mapleton to Beauford in 2017. In 2018 from Beauford to CO RD 90. Finally in 2019 the Victory Drive Memorial will be finished.

Highway 22 was paved in its entirety by 1953.

The new alignment section of Highway 22 on the southeast side of Mankato to U.S. Highway 14 was constructed c.1990.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Faribault | Kiester Township | 0.000 | 0.000 | CR R50 | Continuation into Iowa |
| | Foster Township | 10.737 | 17.280 |
CSAH 16 east | Southern end of CSAH 16 overlap; formerly US 16 |
| | 11.801 | 18.992 |
CSAH 16 west / CR 118 | Northern end of CSAH 16 overlap; formerly US 16 |
| | 12.072–
12.183 | 19.428–
19.607 | I-90 Albert Lea, Blue Earth | I-90 Exit 138 |
| | Wells | 18.270 | 29.403 |
MN 109 west – Airport | Southern end of MN 109 overlap |
| | 18.444 | 29.683 |
MN 109 east / CSAH 29 Alden | Northern end of MN 109 overlap |
| Blue Earth | Mapleton Township | 32.475 | 52.263 |
MN 30 east / CSAH 29 New Richland | Southern end of MN 30 overlap |
| | Mapleton | 35.062 | 56.427 |
MN 30 west / CSAH 21 Amboy | Northern end of MN 30 overlap |
| | Mankato | 50.560 | 81.368 |
MN 83 east / CSAH 60 St. Clair |  |
| | 52.053 | 83.771 | CSAH 17 (Madison Avenue) | Formerly US 14 / MN 60 |
| | 52.563–
52.658 | 84.592–
84.745 | US 14 / MN 60 | Interchange |
| Le Sueur | Kasota | 62.622 | 100.780 | CSAH 21 / Minnesota River Valley Scenic Byway | Southern end of Minnesota River Valley Scenic Byway overlap |
| Nicollet | St. Peter | 64.074 | 103.117 |

US 169 south / MN 99 west | Southern end of US 169 / MN 99 overlap |
| | |  |  |
MN 99 east / Minnesota River Valley Scenic Byway Le Center | Northern end of MN 99 / Minnesota River Valley Scenic Byway overlap |
| | | 65.934 | 106.110 |
US 169 north | Northern end of US 169 overlap |
| | New Sweden Township | 79.597 | 128.099 | MN 111 / CR 60 Nicollet |  |
| Sibley | Gaylord | 89.846 | 144.593 |
MN 5 / MN 19 east | Eastern end of MN 5 / MN 19 overlap |
| | | 89.987 | 144.820 |

MN 19 west / MN 5 ends | Western end of MN 5 / MN 19 overlap |
| McLeod | Glencoe Township | 103.338 | 166.306 |
US 212 west Brownton | Western end of US 212 overlap |
| | Glencoe | 106.633 | 171.609 |
US 212 east Minneapolis | Eastern end of US 212 overlap |
| | Hutchinson | 121.192 | 195.040 |
MN 7 east Silver Lake | Eastern end of MN 7 overlap |
| | 122.120 | 196.533 | MN 15 Ridgewater College |  |
| | Acoma Township | 129.945 | 209.126 |
MN 7 west Cosmos, Montevideo | Western end of MN 7 overlap |
| Meeker | Litchfield | 143.080 | 230.265 |
US 12 east | Southern end of US 12 overlap |
| | |  |  | MN 24 Kimball |  |
| | Litchfield Township | 145.125 | 233.556 |
US 12 west Willmar | Northern end of US 12 overlap |
| | Eden Valley | 156.901 | 252.508 | MN 55 Kimball, Paynesville |  |
| Stearns | Richmond | 167.063 | 268.862 | MN 23 / CSAH 9 Cold Spring, Roscoe |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Minnesota State Highway 22KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Trunk Highway 22 | |
| --- | --- |
| MN 22 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MnDOT | |
| Length | 166.325 mi (267.674 km) |
| Existed | 1920–present |
| Tourist
routes | Minnesota River Valley Scenic Byway |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | CR R50 at the Minnesota  Iowa state line near Kiester |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | MN 23 at Richmond |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| Counties | Faribault, Blue Earth, Le Sueur, Nicollet, Sibley, McLeod, Meeker, Stearns |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Minnesota Trunk Highway System** | |
| MN 21   MN 23 | |


title: Riegel-Malterdingen station

abstract: Riegel-Malterdingen station is a station in Malterdingen on the municipal border with Riegel am Kaiserstuhl, which are both in the Emmendingen district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It was opened with the section of the Rhine Valley Railway from Offenburg to Freiburg on 1 August 1845. The Kaiserstuhl Railway (Kaiserstuhlbahn) of the South German Railway Company has run from a nearby terminus to Endingen since 1894. A line that branches off in Riegel Ort and runs on the eastern edge of the Kaiserstuhl to Gottenheim was opened at the same time. The line to Endingen was extended to run to the west of the mountain to Breisach in 1895.

text:
# Riegel-Malterdingen station

**Riegel-Malterdingen station** is a station in Malterdingen on the municipal border with Riegel am Kaiserstuhl, which are both in the Emmendingen district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It was opened with the section of the Rhine Valley Railway from Offenburg to Freiburg on 1 August 1845. The Kaiserstuhl Railway (*Kaiserstuhlbahn*) of the South German Railway Company (*Süddeutsche Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft*) has run from a nearby terminus to Endingen since 1894. A line that branches off in Riegel Ort and runs on the eastern edge of the Kaiserstuhl to Gottenheim was opened at the same time. The line to Endingen was extended to run to the west of the mountain to Breisach in 1895.

## Name

Colloquially, the Riegel-Malterdingen station is usually only called the *DB-Bahnhof* (DB station) locally. Until 2011 the station was officially called *Riegel*. The name was changed at the request of the municipality of Malterdingen.

## Location

Although the station building of Riegel-Malterdingen station is located to the west of the Rhine Valley Railway, it is still 2 km from the centre of Riegel. It is entirely in the municipality of Malterdingen, but on the border with Riegel.

The tracks of the Kaiserstuhl Railway are located west of the DB station on Riegel territory, but there is no direct connection with the DB station. In the northern part of the station there is a connecting track to the Rhine Valley Railway.

## History

With the construction of the state railway line of the Baden main line from Mannheim to Basel, the section from Offenburg to Freiburg was opened on 1 August 1845 and the municipality of Riegel was first connected to the rail network.

Since the station was located outside the town of Riegel, the Kaiserstuhl Railway was built in 1894 via Riegel am Kaiserstuhl Ort station to Endingen. A branch was opened from Riegel Ort to Gottenheim to connect with the Freiburg–Colmar railway. This was followed in 1895 by an extension of the line to Endingen to Breisach, where there was a connection to Colmar in France via the Breisach railway bridge over the Rhine until it was destroyed in 1945.

The Kaiserstuhl Railway was long owned by the South German Railway Company (*Süddeutsche Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft*) and is now operated by Südwestdeutsche Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft.

At the beginning of September 2014, a large commuter parking lot was built on the eastern side of the station (in the territory of Malterdingen) for €416,000, which supplemented the existing parking lot on the west side of the station (in the territory of Riegel). The municipality of Malterdingen bore the full costs.

## Layout

Riegel-Malterdingen has three platforms split between two different sections. Platforms No. 1 and 2 are side platforms located on the Mannheim–Karlsruhe–Basel railway of Deutsche Bahn. The third platform, No. 11, is located across a parking lot from the station building and serves the single track of the Südwestdeutsche Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft's Kaiserstuhl Railway.

## Rail services

Riegel-Malterdingen is located on the Rhine Valley Railway from Mannheim to Basel. A Regional-Express service and a Regionalbahn service both run hourly. Line S5 of the Breisgau S-Bahn also runs every hour.

Passenger services in the 2023 timetable
| Train type | Route | Frequency |
| --- | --- | --- |
| RE 2 | OffenburgRingsheim/Europa-Park**Riegel-Malterdingen**EmmendingenFreiburg (Breisgau) | One train Mo-Fr |
| RE 7 | OffenburgLahr (Schwarzw)**Riegel-Malterdingen**EmmendingenFreiburgMüllheim (Baden)Weil am RheinBasel Bad Bf (– Basel SBB) | Hourly |
| RB 26 | Offenburg – Lahr (Schwarzw) – **Riegel-Malterdingen** – Emmendingen – Freiburg (Breisgau) (– Schallstadt – Müllheim (Baden)) | Hourly |
| RB 27 | Offenburg – Lahr (Schwarzw) – **Riegel-Malterdingen**EmmendingenFreiburgMüllheim (Baden)Weil am RheinBasel Bad Bf (– Basel SBB) | Some trains |
| S5 | **Riegel-Malterdingen**Riegel OrtEndingenSasbachBreisach | Hourly |

## InfoBox

| Riegel-Malterdingen | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Bahnhofstr. 2a, Riegel, Baden-Württemberg<br>Germany |
| Coordinates | 48°09′08″N 7°46′10″E / 48.1523086°N 7.769405°E / 48.1523086; 7.769405 |
| Owned by | Deutsche Bahn |
| Operated by |  |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 3 side platforms |
| Tracks | * 2 (Mannheim–Karlsruhe–Basel railway) * 1 (Kaiserstuhl Railway) |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 5273 |
| DS100 code | REMM |
| IBNR | 8001771 |
| Category | 4 |
| Fare zone | RVF: C |
| Website | www.bahnhof.de |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 August 1845 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  DB Regio Baden-Württemberg Following station  Ringsheim/Europa-ParkOne-way operation  RE 2Limited service  Emmendingentowards Konstanz  Kenzingentowards Karlsruhe Hbf  RE 7  Emmendingentowards Basel Bad Bf  Kenzingentowards Offenburg  RB 26  Köndringentowards Freiburg Hbf  Kenzingentowards Emmendingen  RB 27Limited service  Köndringentowards Basel Bad Bf or Neuenburg (Baden)  Preceding station Breisgau S-Bahn Following station  Riegel am Kaiserstuhl Orttowards Breisach  S5  *Terminus* | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Riegel-MalterdingenLocation in Baden-WürttembergRiegel-MalterdingenLocation in GermanyRiegel-MalterdingenLocation in Europe | |


title: Patricia Rankin

abstract: Patricia Rankin is a British high energy physicist, equity researcher and Chair of the Department at the Arizona State University. Her research considers high energy particle physics and gender balance in scientific disciplines. She was previously responsible for the high energy physics section of the National Science Foundation.

text:
# Patricia Rankin

**Patricia Rankin** is a British high energy physicist, equity researcher and Chair of the Department at the Arizona State University. Her research considers high energy particle physics and gender balance in scientific disciplines. She was previously responsible for the high energy physics section of the National Science Foundation.

## Early life and education

Rankin is from the United Kingdom. For her high school studies Rankin attended The Queen's School, Chester. Rankin eventually went on to study physics at Imperial College London. In 1978 she was awarded the Governor's Prize for outstanding academic achievement. She remained at Imperial College London for her graduate studies, specialising in high energy particle physics. Her doctoral research considered high energy particle physics. She has said that her professors encouraged her to stay in physics and pursue a research career. After graduating, Rankin moved to the United States. Here she joined the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, where she worked as a research associate on SLAC's Mark II detector.

## Research and career

Rankin was appointed to the faculty at the University of Colorado Boulder in 1988, where she was eventually promoted to Professor in 2002. When she joined CU Boulder she was the only woman on the physics faculty. In her early career, Rankin spent two years at the National Science Foundation where she oversaw the high energy physics portfolio.

At the University of Colorado Boulder Rankin created the Leadership Education for Advancement and Promotion (LEAP) programme, which became and institutionalised initiative in 2008. The programme supports pre-tenure and tenured faculty, providing professional development courses in leadership and time management. In 2008 Rankin was awarded an NSF ADVANCE Institutional Transformation Award that looked to increase the representation of women on the physics faculty. Rankin focussed on evidence-based approaches to improve the recruitment and retention of women physicists. In a talk about her gender equality work at Stanford University Rank said,

> “The time has come for us to admit the failings of the classical system and start thinking like modern physicists. We need to acknowledge that multiple paths may be followed (some more probable than others) and take a quantum mechanical approach that allows people to tunnel into or back into physics careers through classically forbidden regions--like taking extended time off for parental leave,”.

She served as the Chair of the American Physical Society Committee on the Status of Women in Physics.

## Select publications

### Book

* Pain, H. John; Rankin, Patricia (2015). *Introduction to Vibrations and Waves*. John Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-44110-7.

### Articles

## InfoBox

| Patricia Rankin | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | Imperial College London |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Arizona State University
National Science Foundation
University of Colorado Boulder
The Queen's School, Chester |
|  | |


title: Johannes Wiese

abstract: Johannes Wiese was a German Luftwaffe pilot during World War II, a fighter ace credited with 133 enemy aircraft shot down in 480 combat missions. He claimed all of his victories over the Eastern Front, including over 50 Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik ground attack aircraft. Born in Breslau, Wiese volunteered for military service in the Reichswehr of Nazi Germany in 1934. Initially serving in the Heer (Army), he transferred to the Luftwaffe in 1936. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 52 in June 1941 just prior to Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. He claimed his first aerial victory on 23 September 1941. On 26 June 1942, Wiese was appointed Staffelkapitän of the 2. Staffel of JG 52 and received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 5 January 1943 following his 53rd aerial victory. On 11 May 1943, Wiese was tasked with the leadership of I. Gruppe of JG 52 and was officially appointed its Gruppenkommandeur on 13 November 1943. Following his 133rd aerial victory, he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 2 March 1944. In October 1944, Wiese was posted to the Geschwaderstab of Jagdgeschwader 77 in Defense of the Reich and on 7 November 1944, he was appointed its Geschwaderkommodore. After the war in 1956 he joined the Bundeswehr and worked for the Military History Research Office. He retired on 10 November 1970 holding the rank of Oberstleutnant. Wiese died on 16 August 1991 in Kirchzarten and was buried in Berlin-Nikolassee.

text:
# Johannes Wiese

**Johannes Wiese** (7 March 1915 – 16 August 1991) was a German Luftwaffe pilot during World War II, a fighter ace credited with 133 enemy aircraft shot down in 480 combat missions. He claimed all of his victories over the Eastern Front, including over 50 Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik ground attack aircraft.

Born in Breslau, Wiese volunteered for military service in the *Reichswehr* of Nazi Germany in 1934. Initially serving in the *Heer* (Army), he transferred to the Luftwaffe (Air Force) in 1936. Following flight training, he was posted to *Jagdgeschwader* 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) in June 1941 just prior to Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. He claimed his first aerial victory on 23 September 1941. On 26 June 1942, Wiese was appointed *Staffelkapitän* (squadron leader) of the 2. *Staffel* (2nd squadron) of JG 52 and received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 5 January 1943 following his 53rd aerial victory. On 11 May 1943, Wiese was tasked with the leadership of I. *Gruppe* (1st group) of JG 52 and was officially appointed its *Gruppenkommandeur* (group commander) on 13 November 1943. Following his 133rd aerial victory, he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 2 March 1944.

In October 1944, Wiese was posted to the *Geschwaderstab* (headquarters unit) of *Jagdgeschwader* 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) in Defense of the Reich and on 7 November 1944, he was appointed its *Geschwaderkommodore* (wing commander). After the war in 1956 he joined the *Bundeswehr* and worked for the Military History Research Office. He retired on 10 November 1970 holding the rank of *Oberstleutnant* (Lieutenant Colonel). Wiese died on 16 August 1991 in Kirchzarten and was buried in Berlin-Nikolassee.

## Early life and career

Wiese was born on 7 March 1915, in Breslau in the Kingdom of Prussia of the German Empire, present-day Wrocław in western Poland, the son of a minister. In 1934, Wiese volunteered for service in the *Heer* (German Army) and joined *Infanterie-Regiment* 6 (6th Infantry Regiment).

In 1936, Wiese transferred to the Luftwaffe as an *Oberfähnrich* (Officer candidate). There, he was trained as an aerial observer with the *Heeresaufklärer* (Army Reconnaissance). Wiese was promoted to *Leutnant* (second lieutenant) on 1 April 1937, and in September 1938 transferred to the *Fliegerersatzabteilung* 17 (17th Flier Replacement Unit) in Quedlinburg. He then volunteered for the *Jagdwaffe* (fighter force) and holding the rank of *Oberleutnant* (first lieutenant) he began fighter pilot training in October 1938.

## World War II

### Eastern Front

Wiese was posted to a front-line unit in June 1941, almost two years after the start of World War II. His unit was the *Geschwaderstab* (headquarters unit) of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) where he served as an adjutant. On 22 June, the *Geschwader* crossed into Soviet airspace in support of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, which opened the Eastern Front. He claimed his first aerial victory on 23 September 1941 and was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (*Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse*) on 27 September 1941 and the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Silver (*Frontflugspange in Silber*) on 11 October 1941.

Wiese received the Iron Cross 1st Class (*Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse*) on 1 May 1942. Following his 7th aerial victory he was appointed *Staffelkapitän* (squadron leader) of the 2. *Staffel* (2nd squadron) of JG 52 on 26 June 1942 and received the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold (*Frontflugspange in Gold*) on 13 July 1942. On 29 September 1942, Wiese he claimed his 25th aerial victory. On 25 October 1942, he became an "ace-in-a-day" for the first time, claiming victories 29 to 33. Wiese was awarded the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe (*Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe*) on 6 November 1942.

He became an "ace-in-a-day" again on 16 December 1942, which took his total to 43. On 25 December, Wiese claimed his 50th aerial victory. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes*) on 5 January 1943 following his 53rd aerial victory. The presentation was made by *General der Flieger* (General of the Flyers) Günther Korten in Rossosh on the Eastern Front. Sources contradict themselves on the exact date of the presentation of the German Cross in Gold (*Deutsches Kreuz in Gold*). According to Thomas, Patzwall and Scherzer, the presentation was made on 5 December 1942. According to Obermaier and Stockert, the presentation occurred on 8 February 1943.

Following a lengthy home leave, Wiese was tasked with the leadership of I. *Gruppe* (1st group) of JG 52 on 11 May 1943. The former commander, *Major* Helmut Bennemann had been severely injured by an incendiary bomb the day before. Initially, Wiese led both 2. *Staffel* and I. *Gruppe* in unison until on 1 July *Oberleutnant* Paul-Heinrich Dähne was given command of the *Staffel*. On 13 November 1943, he was officially appointed *Gruppenkommandeur* (group commander) of I. *Gruppe* and at the end of 1943, Wiese was promoted to *Major* (major). His most successful day was 5 July 1943, the first day of the Battle of Kursk, when he shot down twelve enemy aircraft in one mission, a double "ace-in-a-day" achievement. All 12 victories were over Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovikground attack aircraft and took his total to 95 victories. On 17 July 1943, Wiese was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 45th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. In end July, Wiese had fallen sick and had to go to a Bad Wiessee for treatment. During his absence, *Hauptmann* Gerhard Barkhorn, the commander of 4. *Staffel*, temporarily led I. *Gruppe* from 4 to 30 August.

Following his 133rd aerial victory and his last, Wiese was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub*) on 2 March 1944, the 418th officer or soldier of the Wehrmacht so honored. Wiese and fellow JG 52 pilots Erich Hartmann, Walter Krupinski, for the Oak Leaves presentation, and Gerhard Barkhorn, for the Swords to his Knight's Cross presentation, travelled on an overnight train from the Anhalter Bahnhof in Berlin to the *Führerhauptquartier* (Führer Headquarter) at the *Berghof* in Berchtesgaden for the award ceremony by Adolf Hitler on 4 April 1944. Also present at the award ceremony were Kurt Bühligen, Horst Ademeit, Reinhard Seiler, Hans-Joachim Jabs, Dr. Maximilian Otte, Bernhard Jope and Hansgeorg Bätcher from the bomber force, and the Flak officer Fritz Petersen, all destined to receive the Oak Leaves. On the train, all of them got drunk on cognac and champagne. Supporting each other and unable to stand, they arrived at Berchtesgaden. Major Nicolaus von Below, Hitler's Luftwaffe adjutant, was shocked. After some sobering up, they were still intoxicated. Hartmann took a German officer's hat from a stand and put it on, but it was too large. Von Below became upset, told Hartmann it was Hitler's and ordered him to put it back.

On 22 February 1944, Wiese was injured in combat when he was shot down by anti-aircraft artillery in his Bf 109 G-6. Command of I. *Gruppe* was temporarily assumed by *Oberleutnant* Paul-Heinrich Dähne before *Hauptmann* Adolf Borchers was given command on 11 June. Following his convalescence, he was posted to the *Verbandsführerschule* (Training School for Unit Leaders) of the *General der Jagdflieger* (General of Fighters) at Königsberg in der Neumark, present-day Chojna in western Poland, on 11 June 1944. This ended his service on the Eastern Front.

### Defense of the Reich and wing commander of JG 77

On 19 June 1944, Wiese participated in comparison test flights at the Luftwaffe's main testing ground for new aircraft designs at Rechlin. On that day, the Luftwaffe tested and compared the Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6, a Bf 109 G-6/AS, a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-8 against a P-47 Thunderbolt and a P-51 Mustang.

In October 1944, Wiese was posted to the *Geschwaderstab* of *Jagdgeschwader* 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) in Defense of the Reich on the Western Front. On 7 November 1944, he was appointed *Geschwaderkommodore* (wing commander) of JG 77, replacing *Oberstleutnant* (Lieutenant Colonel) Johannes Steinhoff, who was given command of *Jagdgeschwader* 7 "Nowotny" (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing), the first operational jet fighter wing in the world. Officially, command was handed over on 1 December 1944.

On 16 December 1944, the Wehrmacht launched its last major offensive campaign of the war. The operation codenamed *Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein*, or Battle of the Bulge (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945), which failed to achieve its objectives, intended to split the British and American Allied line in half, so the Germans could then proceed to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis Powers' favor.

Wiese led JG 77 in the opening phase of the offensive until 25 December 1944, when he was severely injured in a training exercise. Wiese and his wingman, *Feldwebel* (Sergeant) Hansch, took off at 11:20 a.m. on a training flight over German held territory. The plan was to meet up with I. *Gruppe* but the two failed to establish contact. Instead, flying at an altitude of 8,700 meters (28,500 feet), they encountered a flight of Supermarine Spitfires in the vicinity of Bottrop and Essen. In the resulting aerial combat, both Bf 109 G-14s were shot down, Hansch was killed in action while Wiese bailed out. He came down near Essen-Dellwig. His parachute only opened partially, resulting in a harsh landing, and loss of consciousness. Wiese was taken to a field hospital at Bottrop where he was diagnosed with a concussion and minor skull fracture. He spent the rest of the winter in hospital, and was replaced as commander by *Major* Siegfried Freytag. Their victors may have been Spitfires from the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) No. 401 Squadron which claimed two Bf 109s from the *Stab* of JG 77 shot down over Duisburg that day. One of these victories was credited to Flying Officer John MacKay.

Wiese surrendered to U.S. forces at the end of the war and was handed over by the Americans to the Soviet Red Army on 6 September 1945. Wiese spent over four years in Soviet prisoner of war camps and was released on 28 November 1949. He was officially credited with 133 victories claimed in 480 combat missions. Additionally, he had 25 more unconfirmed claims. Among his claims were over 50 Il-2 Sturomoviks. Soviet fighter pilots therefore greatly respected Wiese, and referred to him as the "Lion of Kuban", a name he earned during combat over the Kuban bridgehead.

## Later life

After the war in 1956, Wiese joined the *Bundeswehr*, the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany, and worked for the Military History Research Office. He retired on 10 November 1970 holding the rank of *Oberstleutnant*. Wiese died on 16 August 1991 in Kirchzarten and was buried in Berlin-Nikolassee.

## Summary of career

### Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Wiese was credited with 133 aerial victories. Mathews and Foreman, authors of *Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims*, researched the German Federal Archives and state that Wiese was credited with 118 aerial victories, plus 27 further unconfirmed claims. All of his victories were claimed on the Eastern Front.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = *Planquadrat*), for example "PQ 49423". The Luftwaffe grid map (*Jägermeldenetz*) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.

| Chronicle of aerial victories | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Wiese an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.    This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Wiese did not receive credit.   This and the ! (exclamation mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.   This and the # (hash mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Mathews and Foreman.   This and the ? (question mark) indicates an unnumbered claim listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock. | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Claim! | Claim# | Date | Time | Type | Location | Claim! | Claim# | Date | Time | Type | Location |
| *Stab* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | 1 | 23 September 1941 | 17:37 | DB-3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| *Stab* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — March – April 1942 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | 2 | 30 March 1942 | 11:45 | R-10 (Seversky) |  | 5 | 5 | 20 April 1942 | 14:55 | I-61 (MiG-3) |  |
| 3 | 3 | 19 April 1942 | 11:47 | I-153 |  | 6 | 6 | 21 April 1942 | 15:25 | I-301 (LaGG-3) |  |
| 4 | 4 | 19 April 1942 | 15:21 | I-61 (MiG-3) |  | 7 | 7 | 22 April 1942 | 06:55 | I-301 (LaGG-3) |  |
| *Stab* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — May 1942 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 8 | 8 | 2 June 1942 | 12:25 | I-16 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| – 2. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — July 1942 – 3 February 1943 | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  |  | 2 July 1942 |  | LaGG-3 |  | 30 | 30 | 25 October 1942 | 11:23 | Il-2 | PQ 49423
25 km (16 mi) east of Stalingrad |
| 9 | 9 | 5 July 1942 | 13:02 | Boston |  | 31 | 31 | 25 October 1942 | 14:07 | Il-2 | PQ 49361
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Stalingrad |
|  |  | 6 July 1942 |  | LaGG-3 |  | 32 | 32 | 25 October 1942 | 14:12 | Il-2 | PQ 49362
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Stalingrad |
|  |  | 6 July 1942 |  | Pe-2 |  | 33 | 33 | 25 October 1942 | 14:14 | Il-2 | PQ 49334
south of Stalingrad |
| 10 | 10 | 10 July 1942 | 13:55 | LaGG-3 |  | 34 | 34 | 27 October 1942 | 16:17 | La-5 | PQ 49273
15 km (9.3 mi) east of Stalingrad |
| 11 | 11 | 3 August 1942 | 17:00 | Pe-2 | PQ 76583
vicinity of Temryuk |  |  | 29 October 1942 |  | unknown |  |
| 12 | 12 | 4 August 1942 | 05:20 | LaGG-3 | PQ 66652
vicinity of Malikut |  |  | 29 October 1942 |  | unknown |  |
| 13 | 13 | 5 August 1942 | 04:45 | LaGG-3 | PQ 66661
Kerch Strait, west of Zaporozhskaya | 35 | 35 | 31 October 1942 | 06:05 | Yak-1 | PQ 49363
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Stalingrad |
| 14 | 14 | 11 August 1942 | 08:20 | LaGG-3 | PQ 75272
north of Krymsk | 36 | 36 | 31 October 1942 | 09:55 | LaGG-3 | PQ 49413
vicinity of Krasnaya Sloboda |
| 15 | 15 | 13 August 1942 | 12:50 | LaGG-3 | PQ 76422
northeast of Novorossiysk | 37 | 37 | 31 October 1942 | 14:00 | Yak-1 | PQ 49412
5 km (3.1 mi) east of Stalingrad |
| 16 | 16 | 18 August 1942 | 16:50 | I-180 (Yak-7) | PQ 54134
vicinity of Duminichi |  |  | 31 October 1942 |  | Yak-1 |  |
|  |  | 18 August 1942 |  | Yak-7 |  | 38 | 38 | 2 November 1942 | 09:05 | Yak-1 | PQ 49273
15 km (9.3 mi) east of Stalingrad |
| 17 | 17 | 21 August 1942 | 14:22 | Yak-1 | PQ 64173 | ? |  | 16 December 1942 |  | Il-2 |  |
| 18 | 18 | 23 August 1942 | 09:57 | Yak-1 | PQ 54263
vicinity of Uljanowo | ? |  | 16 December 1942 |  | Il-2 |  |
| 19 | 19 | 3 September 1942 | 14:54 | Il-2 | PQ 57712
Sea of Azov | ? |  | 16 December 1942 |  | Il-2 |  |
|  |  | 3 September 1942 |  | unknown |  | ? |  | 16 December 1942 |  | Il-2 |  |
|  |  | 3 September 1942 |  | unknown |  | ? |  | 16 December 1942 |  | Il-2 |  |
|  |  | 3 September 1942 |  | unknown |  | ? | 39 | 17 December 1942 | 13:32 | Il-2 | PQ 01342 |
| 20 | 20 | 5 September 1942 | 14:00 | Il-2 | PQ 46271 |  |  | 17 December 1942 |  | MiG-3 |  |
| 21 | 21 | 11 September 1942 | 11:10 | Yak-1 | PQ 47871 |  |  | 17 December 1942 |  | MiG-3 |  |
|  |  | 12 September 1942 |  | LaGG-3 |  | ? |  | 6 November – 31 December 1942 |  | unknown |  |
| 22 | 22 | 13 September 1942 | 16:14 | Il-2 | PQ 47592 | 47 | 40 | 21 December 1942 | 07:37 | MiG-3? | PQ 01564
south of Kamenka |
| 23 | 23 | 26 September 1942 | 05:55 | LaGG-3 | PQ 30142 | 48 | 41 | 21 December 1942 | 07:38 | MiG-3 | PQ 10742 |
| 24 | 24 | 28 September 1942 | 05:47 | Il-2 | PQ 49262
35–40 km (22–25 mi) east of Stalingrad | 49 | 42 | 25 December 1942 | 13:02 | Il-2 | PQ 01771 |
| 25 | 25 | 29 September 1942 | 15:47 | LaGG-3 | PQ 49292
40 km (25 mi) east of Stalingrad | 50 | 43 | 25 December 1942 | 13:05 | Il-2 | PQ 01775 |
| 26 | 26 | 2 October 1942 | 11:34 | Il-2 | PQ 49271
5 km (3.1 mi) east of Stalingrad | 51 | 44 | 25 December 1942 | 13:08 | Il-2 | PQ 01753 |
| 27 | 27 | 9 October 1942 | 15:00 | Yak-1 | PQ 49733
35–40 km (22–25 mi) north of Grebenka | 52 | 45 | 29 December 1942 | 12:20 | La-5 | PQ 01234 |
| 28 | 28 | 14 October 1942 | 07:30 | Yak-1 | PQ 40581
50 km (31 mi) north-northwest of Grebenka | 53 | 46 | 29 December 1942 | 12:45 | MiG-3 | PQ 00134 |
| 29 | 29 | 17 October 1942 | 07:27 | I-180 (Yak-7) | PQ 49272
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Stalingrad |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| – 2. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — 4 February – June 1943 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 54 | 47 | 7 May 1943 | 12:34 | Yak-1 | PQ 35 Ost 71742, 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Bely Kolodez | 66 | 59 | 30 May 1943 | 15:35 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 76893
south of Bakanskij |
| 55 | 48 | 7 May 1943 | 18:25 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 6130, 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Belgorod | 67 | 60 | 30 May 1943 | 15:38 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 75233
west of Krymsk |
| 56 | 49 | 9 May 1943 | 06:28 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 98853
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Rostov | 68 | 61 | 2 June 1943 | 13:30 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 75232
north of Krymsk |
| 57 | 50 | 9 May 1943 | 15:25 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 61455
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Belgorod | 69 | 62 | 2 June 1943 | 13:32 | La-5 | PQ 34 Ost 75262, west of Krymskaja
south of Krymsk |
| 58 | 51 | 26 May 1943 | 05:55 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 86777
vicinity of Bondarenka | 70 | 63 | 5 June 1943 | 18:15 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 75262, 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Moldawanskoje |
| 59 | 52 | 26 May 1943 | 08:32 | Pe-2 | PQ 34 Ost 85112
north of Mertschanskaja | 71 | 64 | 5 June 1943 | 18:18 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 75262, 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Krymskaja |
| 60 | 53 | 26 May 1943 | 08:40 | Spitfire | PQ 34 Ost 85152
east of Sorin | 72 | 65 | 5 June 1943 | 18:22 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 75262, 4 km (2.5 mi) west of Krymskaja |
| 61 | 54 | 26 May 1943 | 17:37 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 75222
vicinity of Gladkowskaja Krassnyj | 73 | 66 | 6 June 1943 | 17:38 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 76812 |
| 62 | 55 | 27 May 1943 | 18:28 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 75262
south of Krymsk | 74 | 67 | 6 June 1943 | 17:42 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 76683
vicinity of Sswistelijnikoff |
| 63 | 56 | 28 May 1943 | 18:05 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 75232
northwest of Krymsk | 75 | 68 | 7 June 1943 | 09:22 | La-5 | PQ 34 Ost 76823
vicinity of Kalabatka |
| 64 | 57 | 28 May 1943 | 18:08 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 75232
north of Krymsk | 76 | 69 | 21 June 1943 | 17:14 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 76851
northeast of Varenikovskaya |
| 65 | 58 | 28 May 1943 | 18:12 | La-5 | PQ 34 Ost 75234
vicinity of Krymsk |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| – I. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — July – 31 December 1943 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 77♠ | 70 | 5 July 1943 | 03:47 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 61891
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Bilyi Kolodiaz | 102 | 87 | 17 July 1943 | 05:45 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 62742, 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Oboyan |
| 78♠ | 71 | 5 July 1943 | 03:55 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 60123 | 103 | 88 | 17 July 1943 | 05:50 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 62753, 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Oboyan |
| 79♠ | 72 | 5 July 1943 | 04:03 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 60193 | 104 | 89 | 18 July 1943 | 17:52 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 88256, south of Marinovka
vicinity of Kalinovka |
| 80♠ | 73 | 5 July 1943 | 07:50 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 61321 | 105 | 90 | 18 July 1943 | 17:53 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 88256, south of Marinovka
vicinity of Kalinovka |
| 81♠ | 74 | 5 July 1943 | 08:12 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 61321 | 106 | 91 | 20 July 1943 | 07:25 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 88252, south of Marinovka
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Kuteinikowo |
| 82♠ | 75 | 5 July 1943 | 09:40 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 61352 | 107 | 92 | 22 July 1943 | 15:10 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 88259, southeast of Kalinovka |
| 83♠ | 76 | 5 July 1943 | 15:25 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 61812 | 108 | 93 | 23 July 1943 | 19:01 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 89889
20 km (12 mi) north of Jalisawehino |
| 84♠ | 77 | 5 July 1943 | 18:30 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 61622, 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Poljana | 109 | 94 | 27 July 1943 | 15:14 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 88258, 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Kalinovka |
| 85♠ | 78 | 5 July 1943 | 18:33 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 61622, 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Poljana | 110 | 95 | 27 July 1943 | 15:18 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 88294, 6 km (3.7 mi) south-southeast of Kalinovka |
| 86♠ | 79 | 5 July 1943 | 18:40 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 61624, 3 km (1.9 mi) northeast of Wolkowo | 111 | 96 | 13 October 1943 | 10:23 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 58182
5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Zaporizhia |
| 87♠ | 80 | 5 July 1943 | 18:45 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 61651, 3 km (1.9 mi) southwest of Wolkowo | 112 | 97 | 13 October 1943 | 10:26 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 58162
20 km (12 mi) east of Zaporizhia |
| 88♠ | 81 | 5 July 1943 | 18:50 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 61621, 2 km (1.2 mi) northeast of Toplinka | 113 | 98 | 14 October 1943 | 11:58 | Yak-1 | PQ 34 Ost 58154, south of Saporoshkaja
northeast of Zaporizhia |
|  |  | 5 July 1943 | 18:55 | Il-2 | vicinity of Toplinka | 114 | 99 | 19 October 1943 | 07:58 | Pe-2 | PQ 34 Ost 49312
vicinity of Borodajewka |
| 89 | 82 | 6 July 1943 | 18:15 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 61242, vicinity of Leski
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Prokhorovka | 115♠ | 100 | 20 October 1943 | 10:21 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 48283
25 km (16 mi) west of Zaporizhia |
| 90 |  | 6 July 1943 | 18:25 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 61243, south of Luchki | 116♠ | 101 | 20 October 1943 | 10:23 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 48281
25 km (16 mi) west of Zaporizhia |
| 91 |  | 7 July 1943 | 09:27 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 61253 | 117♠ | 102 | 20 October 1943 | 10:26 | Il-2 | PQ 34 Ost 48281
25 km (16 mi) west of Zaporizhia |
| 92 |  | 7 July 1943 |  | Il-2 |  | 118♠ | 103 | 20 October 1943 | 10:33 | Il-2 | PQ 34 Ost 48291
20 km (12 mi) west of Zaporizhia |
| 93 |  | 7 July 1943 |  | Il-2 |  | 119♠ | 104 | 20 October 1943 | 10:35 | Il-2 | PQ 34 Ost 48283
25 km (16 mi) west of Zaporizhia |
| 94 |  | 7 July 1943 |  | Il-2 |  | 120♠ | 105 | 20 October 1943 | 12:09 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 48294
20 km (12 mi) west of Zaporizhia |
| 95 |  | 7 July 1943 |  | Il-2 |  | 121♠ | 106 | 20 October 1943 | 12:10 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 58181
5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Zaporizhia |
| 96 |  | 7 July 1943 |  | Il-2 |  | 122 | 107 | 23 October 1943 | 15:23 | La-5 | PQ 34 Ost 49842
40 km (25 mi) south-southwest of Werchnedjeprowak |
| 97 |  | 7 July 1943 |  | Il-2 |  | 123 | 108 | 28 October 1943 | 10:13 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 47193
20 km (12 mi) northwest of Ivanovka |
| 98 | 83 | 16 July 1943 | 05:25 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 61212, 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Prokhorovka | 124 | 109 | 28 October 1943 | 10:15 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 47193
20 km (12 mi) northwest of Ivanovka |
| 99 | 84 | 16 July 1943 | 05:30 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 61212, 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Prokhorovka | 125 | 110 | 28 October 1943 | 10:18 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 47271
20 km (12 mi) north of Ivanovka |
| 100 | 85 | 17 July 1943 | 05:40 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 61121, 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Bogatoje | 126 | 111 | 28 October 1943 | 10:21 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 47242
20 km (12 mi) north of Ivanovka |
| 101 | 86 | 17 July 1943 | 05:41 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 62753, west of Alisowka
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Oboyan |  |  | 29 October 1943 |  | La-5 |  |
| – I. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — 1 January – February 1944 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 127 | 112 | 6 January 1944 | 14:27 | Il-2 m.H. | 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Losowatka | 131 | 116 | 26 January 1944 | 07:59 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 66564
vicinity of Kerch |
| 128 | 113 | 7 January 1944 | 11:35 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 29372, 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Gruskoje | 132 | 117 | 22 February 1944 | 08:05 | Yak-9 | PQ 34 Ost 38664
30 km (19 mi) southeast of Apostolove |
| 129 | 114 | 7 January 1944 | 11:38 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 29391, 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Kirovograd | 133 | 118 | 22 February 1944 | 08:10 | Yak-9 | PQ 34 Ost 48712
45 km (28 mi) south-southwest of Nikopol |
| 130 | 115 | 8 January 1944 | 13:03 | Yak-9 | PQ 34 Ost 29514
20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Bobrinez |  |  |  |  |  |  |

### Awards

### Citations

1. "Proklamation der Reichsregierung an das deutsche Volk bezüglich der Einführung der allgemeinen Wehrpflicht" \[Proclamation of the German Government to the German people regarding the introduction of compulsory military service\] (in German). Retrieved 19 April 2015.
2. Stockert 2007, p. 35.
3. Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
4. Stockert 2007, p. 36.
5. Thomas 1998, p. 443.
6. Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 512.
7. Obermaier 1989, p. 62.
8. Stockert 2007, p. 37.
9. Prien et al. 2012, pp. 278, 295.
10. Prien et al. 2012, pp. 278.
11. Weal 2004, p. 94.
12. Bergström 2007, p. 97.
13. Obermaier 1989, p. 244.
14. Prien et al. 2012, pp. 249, 278.
15. Braatz 2010, p. 119.
16. Prien et al. 2022, p. 82.
17. Prien et al. 2022, p. 67.
18. Creek & Petrick 2003, p. 109.
19. Stockert 2007, p. 38.
20. Prien 1995, p. 2191.
21. Prien 1995, p. 2370.
22. Prien 1995, pp. 2208–2209.
23. Prien 1995, pp. 2232–2233.
24. Thomas 2014, p. 66.
25. "Nr: 30, Die Ritterkreuzträger des Jagdgeschwaders 52, Wiese, Johannes". *Traditionsgemeinschaft Jagdgeschwader 52* (in German). Retrieved 19 August 2015.
26. Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
27. Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1417–1419.
28. *Planquadrat*.
29. Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1417.
30. Prien et al. 2003, p. 10.
31. Prien et al. 2005, p. 125.
32. Prien et al. 2006, p. 390.
33. Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1417–1418.
34. Prien et al. 2006, p. 437.
35. Prien et al. 2006, p. 431.
36. Prien et al. 2006, p. 433.
37. Prien et al. 2006, pp. 438–439.
38. Prien et al. 2006, p. 438.
39. Prien et al. 2006, p. 434.
40. Prien et al. 2006, p. 435.
41. Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1418.
42. Prien et al. 2006, p. 436.
43. Prien et al. 2006, p. 439.
44. Prien et al. 2012, p. 283.
45. Prien et al. 2012, p. 284.
46. Prien et al. 2012, p. 285.
47. Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1418–1419.
48. Prien et al. 2012, p. 287.
49. Prien et al. 2012, p. 286.
50. Prien et al. 2012, p. 291.
51. Prien et al. 2012, p. 292.
52. Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1419.
53. Prien et al. 2022, p. 71.
54. Prien et al. 2022, p. 72.
55. Patzwall 2008, p. 217.
56. Scherzer 2007, p. 785.
57. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 446.
58. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 79.

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* Bergström, Christer \[in Swedish\]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). *Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces*. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
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* Scherzer, Veit (2007). *Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives*\] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
* Stockert, Peter (2007). *Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 5* \[*The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 5*\] (in German). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. OCLC 76072662.
* Thomas, Franz (1998). *Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z* \[*The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z*\] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2300-9.
* Thomas, Andrew (2014). *Spitfire Aces of Northwest Europe 1944–45*. London, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-338-0.
* Weal, John (2004). *Jagdgeschwader 52: The Experten*. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 15. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-786-4.
* Zabecki, David T., ed. (2019). *The German War Machine in World War II*. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-44-086918-1.

## InfoBox

| Johannes Wiese | |
| --- | --- |
| Johannes Wiese | |
| Nickname(s) | "Lion of Kuban" |
| Born | (1915-03-07)7 March 1915
Breslau, Schlesien |
| Died | 16 August 1991(1991-08-16) (aged 76)
Kirchzarten |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany (to 1945)
West Germany |
| Service/branch | Army (1934–36)
Luftwaffe (1936–45)
German Air Force (1956–70) |
| Years of service | 1934–45, 1956–70 |
| Rank | *Major* (*Wehrmacht*)
*Oberstleutnant* (*Bundeswehr*) |
| Unit | JG 52, JG 77 |
| Commands | 2./JG 52, I./JG 52, JG 77 |
| Battles/wars | *See battles* World War II
 |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves |


title: Mariusz Wieczorek

abstract: Mariusz Krzysztof Wieczorek is a Polish slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 1992 to 2005. He won a gold medal in the C1 team event at the 1999 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in La Seu d'Urgell. He also won an individual gold and a team bronze at the 2002 European Championships in Bratislava. Wieczorek competed in two Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of 11th in the C1 event in Atlanta in 1996.

text:
# Mariusz Wieczorek

**Mariusz Krzysztof Wieczorek** (born 14 March 1976 in Opoczno) is a Polish slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 1992 to 2005.

He won a gold medal in the C1 team event at the 1999 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in La Seu d'Urgell. He also won an individual gold and a team bronze at the 2002 European Championships in Bratislava.

Wieczorek competed in two Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of 11th in the C1 event in Atlanta in 1996.

## World Cup individual podiums

| Season | Date | Venue | Position | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1999** | 24 Jun 1999 | Tacen | 2nd | C1 |
| **2001** | 27 May 2001 | Goumois | 2nd | C1 |
| | 5 Aug 2001 | Prague | 3rd | C1 |
| **2005** | 9 Jul 2005 | Athens | 1st | C1 |

## InfoBox

Mariusz Wieczorek
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's canoe slalom | | |
| Representing  Poland | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 1999 La Seu d'Urgell | C1 team |
| European Championships | | |
|  | 2002 Bratislava | C1 |
|  | 2002 Bratislava | C1 team |
| Junior World Championships | | |
|  | 1992 Sjoa | C1 team |
|  | 1994 Wausau | C1 |


abstract: The Mississippi Commission for Volunteer Service is the state agency in Mississippi that oversees national service programs and a growing network of Volunteer Centers. Its mission: to engage and support volunteers of all ages and backgrounds in service to their communities. Like its sister agencies in the other 49 states, the Mississippi Commission (MCVS) passes through federal funds from the Corporation for National and Community Service to Mississippi nonprofits to host AmeriCorps programs. MCVS is led by a board of 24 Governor-appointed Commissioners who guide the general direction of the agency and who have fiduciary and programmatic responsibility for the MCVS's portfolio. A staff of 17 work on AmeriCorps, disability inclusion, and the Volunteer Center network. Administrative, fiscal, and training staff support these programs.

text:
# Mississippi Commission for Volunteer Service

The **Mississippi Commission for Volunteer Service** is the state agency in Mississippi that oversees national service programs and a growing network of Volunteer Centers. Its mission: to engage and support volunteers of all ages and backgrounds in service to their communities. Like its sister agencies in the other 49 states, the Mississippi Commission (MCVS) passes through federal funds from the Corporation for National and Community Service to Mississippi nonprofits to host AmeriCorps programs.

MCVS is led by a board of 24 Governor-appointed Commissioners who guide the general direction of the agency and who have fiduciary and programmatic responsibility for the MCVS's portfolio. A staff of 17 work on AmeriCorps, disability inclusion, and the Volunteer Center network. Administrative, fiscal, and training staff support these programs.

## History

On September 1, 2005 – just two days after Hurricane Katrina touched down, devastating the Mississippi Gulf Coast – Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour tasked the Mississippi Commission for Volunteer Service to create and staff a call center to

Ten Volunteer Centers provide volunteers with access to information about local opportunities. Through a partnership with the Points of Light and Hands on Network, Mississippi supports Volunteer Mississippi, a clearinghouse of opportunities, most of which are related to Hurricane Katrina recovery.

## Partnerships with other agencies

The Mississippi Commission for Volunteer Service works in partnership with many other state agencies, nonprofits, and businesses, all with a goal to increase opportunities for citizens to volunteer. A few of these partners include the Mississippi Center for Nonprofits.


title: Winki Lai

abstract: Winki Lai is a Hong Kong actress and television host. She has been a TVB artiste since 2014.

text:
# Winki Lai

**Winki Lai** (Chinese: 賴慰玲; Jyutping: *Lai Wai-ling*; born 8 July 1986) is a Hong Kong actress and television host. She has been a TVB artiste since 2014.

## Early life

Winki Lai was born in Hong Kong. She studied at ELCHK Ma On Shan Lutheran Primary School and Chinese YMCA College. Lai joined the drama club in secondary school. Although she was admitted to the acting department of the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts in Form 5, she gave up the opportunity to advance to university. It was not until two years later that one of her A-level scores failed and she could not enter her desired degree, Lai officially enrolled in the Bachelor of Arts with Honours in the Performing Department of The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts. She won the Hong Kong Bank Foundation Hong Kong-Mainland Exchange Scholarship and the Lai Cho-tin Memorial Scholarship during her schooling.

## Career

After graduating in 2011, Lai became a stage actress and radio host. In 2013, she was recommended by her teacher Lo Koon-lan from The Academy of Performing Arts to participate in the audition for the TVB drama *Never Dance Alone* and set foot in the entertainment industry. During the audition, she played the seven characters alone and was finally selected for the role of the teen version of *Hui Chun Nei* in the drama. During the filming of the play, producer Eric Tsang asked her to help Rachel Lee, who had been unable to enter the play after she had quit the entertainment industry for many years, to analyze the script. After the drama was broadcast, her performance began to impress viewers.

In 2014, when Lai participated in the drama *Lord Of Shanghai*, well-known veteran actor Anthony Wong highly praised her, naming her *Little Ling (Little Carol Cheng)*. In 2016, she played the role of *Yau Ling-mui* in the drama *Blue Veins,* in which her performance was once again praised by netizens. In 2017, she starred in the drama *Destination Nowhere*, collaborating with Kevin Cheng for the second time.

On 27 July 2018, Lai switched from the TVB basic artiste contract to the manager contract.

In 2020, Lai was highly praised for her performance and couple collaboration with Owen Cheung, in the comedy drama *Al Cappuccino,* which earned her first nominations for both Best Supporting Actress and Most Popular Female Character at the TVB Anniversary Awards 2020. She eventually won the former award.

As a stage actress, Lai has performed in a number of troupe works and served as the master of ceremonies for the "23rd Hong Kong Drama Awards". In addition, she has hosted Taoist TV programs broadcast by Now TV, such as *Dao Tong Tian Di*, *Road Express*, *Life Sweet Silk* and *Healthy Cooking.*

## Personal life

Lai is good friends with Kandy Wong, Annice Ng, Cheronna Ng, Jeannie Chan, Anjaylia Chan and Venus Wong, whom of all had starred in the drama *Never Dance Alone*. In 2020, Lai, along with Sisley Choi, Jeannie Chan, Stephanie Ho, Anjaylia Chan and Cheronna Ng, formed the friendship group “SÏXTERS”.

In July 2017, Lai announced her pregnancy via Instagram. In August 2017, she married her stage actor boyfriend of 5 years, Benny Leung. On 3 December 2017, she gave birth to their son, Marat.

## Filmography

### TV Dramas (TVB)

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | *Never Dance Alone* | Young Hui Chun Nei
許珍妮（年輕版） | Younger version of Angie Cheong’s character |
| 2015 | *Lord Of Shanghai* | Kiu Siu Lei
喬小莉 | Supporting Role |
| 2016 | ***Blue Veins*** | **Yau Ling Mui
丘玲梅** | Major Supporting Role |
| | *Come Home Love: Dinner At 8* | Yiu Ka Moon
姚嘉滿 | Ep.16 |
| | *My Dangerous Mafia Retirement Plan* | Young So Yau Miu
蘇佑妙（年輕版） | Younger version of Kingdom Yuen’s character |
| | *Presumed Accidents* | Mok Hei Tung (Madam Mok)
莫曦彤（彤姐） | Supporting Role |
| 2017 | ***May Fortune Smile On You*** | **Ng Hiu Ting
吳曉婷** | Major Supporting Role |
| | ***Destination Nowhere*** | **Man Tsz Yu
萬子瑜** | Major Supporting Role |
| | ***Provocateur*** | **To Chi Yan
杜志仁（忍忍）** | Major Supporting Role |
| | *The Exorcist's Meter* | Young Leung Ching Ching
梁晶晶（年輕版） | Younger version of Susan Tse’s character |
| 2017-2018 | *My Ages Apart* | Audience | Ep. 50 |
| 2018 | ***Stealing Seconds*** | **"Yan" Yau Yan Yan
丘茵茵（阿Yan）** | Major Supporting Role |
| | *Deep in the Realm of Conscience* | Yiu Sze Yuen
姚思源 | Supporting Role |
| 2019 | *ICAC Investigators 2019* | Nancy Lam Sui Yi
林瑞兒 | Ep.4 |
| 2020 | *Airport Strikers* | Tsang Hiu Sun
曾曉晨 | Supporting Role |
| | *The Exorcist's 2nd Meter* | Young Leung Ching Ching
梁晶晶（年輕版） | Younger version of Susan Tse’s character |
| | *Death By Zero* | Leng Po
靚寶 | Supporting Role |
| | ***Al Cappuccino*** | **Carmen Chiang Chin Ha
蔣千霞** | Major Supporting Role
**TVB Anniversary Award for Best Supporting Actress** |
| 2021 | ***Shadow of Justice*** | **Kau Sing
裘勝（Win姐）** | Major Supporting Role |
| | ***The Ringmaster*** | **Hazel Man Sin Yin
文善言** | Major Supporting Role |
| 2022 | ***Stranger Anniversary*** | **Ha Chim Chim
夏纖纖** | Major Supporting Role |
| 2024 | ***Happy Ever After?*** | **Gina Lui Ching Lam
呂靜林** | **Main Role** |
| TBA | **非常檢控觀** | **Kung-suen Pak
公孫珀** | **Main Role** |

### TV Dramas (Shaw Brothers Pictures)

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | *Flying Tiger 3* | Lee Wai Lan
李惠蘭 | Supporting Role |

### TV shows

| Year | Title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *Super Trio Maximus* | Ep.26 guest |
| 2014 | *Never Dance - Alone Happy Together* | Guest |
| | *Community Chest Charity Show* | Performer |
| | *Easy Living* | Ep.16 guest |
| | *TVB Most Popular TV Commercial Awards* | Performer |
| | *Walk The Walk, Talk The Talk* | Ep.6 - 8 guest |
| | *Neighborhood Treasures（Sr. 6）* | Ep.16 guest |
| | *TVB Anniversary Gala Show 2014* | Performer |
| | *Tung Wah Charity Gala 2014* | Performer |
| | *TVB Awards Presentation 2014* | Guest |
| 2015 | *Own Sweet Home* | 18 / 1 guest |
| | *All Things Girl* | Series 5 Ep.75 guest |
| | *Sidewalk Scientist* | Series Ep.4 guest |
| 2016年 | *Buzz Stop* | Ep.29 guest（With *Blue Veins* cast） |
| | *The Green Room* | 25 / 4 guest（With Wong You Nam |
| | *EatLaMen* | Ep.9 guest（With *Blue Veins* cast） |
| | *Buzz Stop* | Ep.47 guest（With *Destination Nowhere* cast） |
| | *Midnight Munchies* | Series 3 Ep.30 guest |
| | *Big Boys Club* | Ep.1737, 1738 guest（With *Spring Fever Hotel* cast） |
| | *I Heart HK* | Ep.17 guest（With *Spring Fever Hotel* cast） |
| | *TVB Sales Presentation 2017* | Guest（With *Destination Nowhere* cast） |
| 2017 | *Scoop* | Performer（2 - 6 / 1 big big channel KOL recruitment & promotion, with Derek Wong |
| | *Po Leung Kuk CNY Special* | Performer（With *May Fortune Smile On You* cast） |
| | *Pleasure & Leisure* | 10 / 5 guest |
| 2018 | *The Fantastic Trio Is Back* | Guest |
| | *Do Did Eat* | Series 2 Ep.15 guest（With Kelly Cheung, Sisley Choi & Anjaylia Chan |
| | *big big channel Gaming: Mahjong* (big big channel) | Performer（3/ 5, With Arnold Kwok & Emily Wong |
| | *Once Upon A Time In Tiny Hong Kong* | Host（With Gilbert Lam, Agnes Lam & Anthony Chow |
| | *The Green Room* | 13 / 6 guest（With Gilbert Lam, Agnes Lam & Anthony Chow） |
| | *Cooking Beauties* | Contestant (Ep.8) |
| | *TVB Awards Presentation 2018* | Performer |
| 2020 | *Do Did Eat* | Series 4 Ep.22 guest（With Cheronna Ng, Snow Suen & Kelly Fu |
|

### Films

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | *（Chinese: 猜謎）* | Alice |
| | *Break Up 100* | Big eater
大胃女 |
| 2015 | *S for Sex, S for Secret* | May
美芬 |
| | *Wonder Mama* | Kei
 |
| | *The Crossing: Part 2* | Miss Kau
九姑娘 |
| 2016 | *29+1* | Tina |
| TBA | *Anti-fraud Hero* |  |
|

### Stage Plays

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | *（Chinese: 我們明白了）* | Hong Kong student
香港學生 |
| 2011 | *（Chinese: 在那遙遠的星球，一粒沙）* |  |
| | *The Bald Soprano* | Martin's wife
馬田太太 |
| | *The Notebook* | Twin（Younger）
細孖 |
| 2012 | *Se una notte d'inverno un viaggiatore* |  |
| | *Nitehawk* | Myra |
| | *Drama Gallery: The Legardary of Ji Gong* |  |
| 2013 | *Drama Gallery: The Legardary of Che Kung* |  |
| | *（Chinese: 一切原本井井有條）* | Sze
阿詩 |
| 2014 | *Drama Gallery: Drama Gallery: The Legardary of Lai Bu Yi* |  |
| | *Harold Pinter \- The Birthday Party* |  |
| 2016 | *Spring Fever Hotel* | Wai Chun
懷春 |
|

### Radio Programmes

| Year | Title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *New Cultural Campaign* | RTHK Radio 5, Ep.8 & 33 guest |
| | *Your 18 districts* | RTHK Radio 5, Host |
| | *Essence Of Plays* | RTHK Radio 5, Host（until 23 / 3 / 2015） |
|

### TVC

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 2014 | Watsons「M Club - 脂肪當錢駛」 |
| 2017 | Shiseido「White Lucent 櫻花美透白照相體驗」 |
| | Banila Co「Clean it Zero之特卸！」 |
| | Master Finance Company Ltd.「義氣姐」 |
| | Nestlé（Hong Kong）「NESTLÉ MOM 鎖養膠囊 - 鎖養故事：盡在掌握『營』」 |
| | Nestlé（Hong Kong）「NESTLÉ MOM 鎖養膠囊 - 想幫自己同 BB 做好鎖養準備？」 |
| 2018年 | Merz Pharma「Contractubex」 |
| | Jurlique「草本亮肌精華 - 做我最強後盾 保持肌膚嫩滑透亮」 |
|

## Songs

### TV Drama

* 2014：”Let's Dance” (*Never Dance Alone* Ending Theme, With Anjaylia Chan, Cheronna Ng, Kandy Wong, Venus Wong & Annice Ng)

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | The 6th Hong Kong Theatre Libre for Excellent Actresses - ie Studio《一切原本井井有條》」 | Nominated |
| 2018 | Hong Kong TV Award for Show Host Award | Nominated |
| 2020 | TVB Anniversary Award for Best Supporting Actress | Won |
| | TVB Anniversary Award for Most Popular Female Character | Top 5 |
| 2021 | TVB Anniversary Award for Best Supporting Actress | Top 10 |
| | TVB Anniversary Award for Most Popular Female Character | Nominated |
| | TVB Anniversary Award for Most Popular Onscreen Partnership (with Wayne Lai) | Nominated |
| | TVB Anniversary Award for Best Female Show Host | Nominated |
| 2022 | TVB Anniversary Award for Best Supporting Actress | Top 10 |
| | TVB Anniversary Award for Most Popular Female Character | Nominated |
| | TVB Anniversary Award for Best Female Show Host | Top 10 |

## InfoBox

| Winki Lai | |
| --- | --- |
| 賴慰玲 | |
| Lai in 2024 | |
| Born | (1986-07-08) 8 July 1986
British Hong Kong |
| Nationality | Hong Konger |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, Television host |
| Years active | 2013 – present |
| Agent | TVB（2014 – present） |
| Spouse | Benny Leung (m. 2017) |
| Children | Marat Leung (son)
b. 3 December 2017 |
| Relatives | 2 older brothers |
| Awards | TVB Anniversary Awards**Best Supporting Actress**
2020 *Al Cappuccino*

 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 賴慰玲 |
| Simplified Chinese | 赖慰玲 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Lài Wèi Líng  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping Lai4 Wei4 Ling2 | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Florida State Road 83

abstract: State Road 83 is the state designation for U.S. Route 331 between US 98(SR 30) in Santa Rosa Beach and US 90(SR 10) in DeFuniak Springs. It also includes an independent route from DeFuniak Springs to the Florida-Alabama State Line. The entire route is in Walton County.

text:
# Florida State Road 83

**State Road 83** (SR 83) is the state designation for U.S. Route 331 between US 98(SR 30) in Santa Rosa Beach and US 90(SR 10) in DeFuniak Springs. It also includes an independent route from DeFuniak Springs to the Florida-Alabama State Line. The entire route is in Walton County.

## Route description

State Road 83 begins at U.S. Route 98 in Santa Rosa Beach. From there it runs north towards a long concrete slab bridge over Choctawhatchee Bay. The bridge ends at Wheeler Point, and the road makes a sharp curve to the northeast where it encounters an intersection with County Road 3280, and then turns straight north again. Running along the eastern edge of Mallery Bayou, and LaGrange Bayou, the road makes a less drastic northeastern curve at the bridge over Ramsey Brook, and it eventually intersects State Road 20 on the eastern edge of Freeport. The road continues on this trajectory thanks to a 2007 FDOT construction project, but eventually straightens before approaching the northern terminus of State Road 883 (former US 331/SR 83) in Owl's Head. From that point it runs along the eastern edge of Eglin Air Force Base, which includes the Eglin Wildlife Management Area. This territory ends across the street from the intersection of Edgewood Circle. After the intersection with Indian Creek Ranch Road, US 331/SR 83 makes a slight northwest curve to meet the southern end of County Road 278 (Coy Burgess Loop). The road runs straight north from there and becomes a divided highway as it approaches the north end of CR 278 just south of Interstate 10 at Exit 85 in DeFuniak Springs. Within the city, US 331/SR 83 remains a divided highway running in the same trajectory, where the only intersection of any level of importance is CR 280(Bob Sikes Road). After the intersection with Myrtle Avenue, it takes another slight curve to the northeast. Two more local intersections will be encountered before the road runs beneath a bridge for the CSX P&A Subdivision, and a parallel bridge with Baldwin Avenue just before the intersection with U.S. Route 90, where both U.S. Route 331 and SR 83 split into two separate concurrencies; US 331 turns left while SR 83 turns right. US 90/SR 83 then intersects 12th Street where they enter the DeFuniak Springs Historic District until it heads north onto North Ninth Street. US 90 doesn't leave the historic district until the intersection of Second Street, but SR 83 leaves the district immediately.

With the exception of some random turn lanes, all of which are in DeFuniak Springs, independent State Road 83 is entirely two-lanes wide. Part of the road runs along the DeFuniak Springs city line between Burlich Avenue and Walton Road. North of there, it passes by the site of the Walton County Fair, and later a driveway shared by the Walton County Landfill, and Walton Corrections Institute. After intersecting roads of only local importance, SR 83 encounters the southern terminus of CR 1883, which is also shared with the intersection of Sunrise Drive. Shortly after this, it passes the 10 Lakes housing development and then an intersection with the eastern terminus of CR 192.

Entering Glendale, SR 83 encounters a blinker-light intersection with CR 185, which runs northeast toward Leonia in Holmes County, and then to Geneva, Alabama. After crossing a bridge over Gum Creek, it serves as the eastern terminus of CR 1084, which also shares an intersection with Bartlett Road. Other than a Presbyterian Church, and a local gas station, nearly every structure along Route 83 is residential. The last moderate intersection is with CR 183B(Main Street) which runs southeast to County Road 10A. North of Glendale, SR 83 becomes surrounded by an increase in forestland and a decrease in farmland, and later encounters its only other major intersection, specifically State Road 2, which has another blinker-light intersection. The road straightens out again, and encounters just two local intersections until it reaches Gaskin, where the last intersection of any importance is with CR 181. The last intersection in the state in general is with Phillips Drive, a dead end/dirt road off to the east side. The road ends at the Florida-Alabama State Line and becomes Alabama State Route 153.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Walton County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 98 (SR 30) Blue Mountain Beach, Santa Rosa Beach, Fort Walton Beach, Seaside, Grayton Beach, Seagrove Beach, Grayton Beach State Recreation Area, Eden State Gardens, Henderson Beach State Recreation Area, Topsail Hill State Preserve |  |
| see US 331 (mile 0.000-25.908) | | | | | | | |
| DeFuniak Springs | 25.908 | 41.695 |

US 90 west / US 331 north (SR 10 west) Crestview, Airport | north end of US 331 overlap; south end of US 90 / SR 10 overlap |
| | 26.211 | 42.183 |
US 90 east (Nelson Avenue / SR 10) Ponce de Leon | north end of US 90 / SR 10 overlap |
|  | 30.866 | 49.674 |
CR 1883 north Walton County Jail |  |
|  | 32.297 | 51.977 |
CR 192 west |  |
|  | 34.080 | 54.846 |
CR 185 north (Gum Creek Church Road) Leonia, Geneva |  |
|  | 34.842 | 56.073 |
CR 1084 west |  |
| Glendale | 36.131 | 58.147 |
CR 183B south |  |
|  | 39.407 | 63.419 | CR 2 Darlington |  |
| Gaskin | 43.780 | 70.457 | CR 181 Darlington |  |
|  | 45.327 | 72.947 |
SR 153 north Samson | Alabama state line |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

### County Road 83

| County Road 83 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Santa Rosa Beach |

West of the southern terminus of SR 83 is a de facto extension along Old Blue Mountain Road known as **County Road 83**. It begins in Blue Mountain Beach where it crosses CR 30A, and then heads north where it ends at US 98.

### County Road 83A

| County Road 83A | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Freeport |

**County Road 83A** is a suffixed alternate of SR 83 located in Freeport, however due to the realignment of US 331 and SR 83 between Freeport and Owl's Head, it no longer has contact with SR 83.

Template:Attached KML/Florida State Road 83KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Road 83 | |
| --- | --- |
| Florida State Road 83, signed (red) and unsigned (blue) | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by FDOT | |
| Length | 45.327 mi (72.947 km) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 98 near Santa Rosa Beach |
| Major intersections | US 90 / US 331 in DeFuniak Springs |
| North end | SR 153 towards Samson, AL |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| Counties | Walton |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 82   SR 84 | |


title: Mine closure planning

abstract:
Mine closure planning involves planning effectively for the after-mining landscape – all activities required before, during, and after the operating life of a mine that are needed to produce an acceptable landscape economically. Closure performance refers to the activities near and after mine closure and how well activities listed in the closure plan are carried out. A mine begins to close the day it opens. Decisions made during the mine planning and development phase – and even earlier, during the exploration phase – have profound effects on the ultimate closure plan, its cost, and the resulting landscape performance. These decisions need to be made within a framework of closure planning to realize successful land reclamation. Activities related to closure planning often include: preparation of detailed drawings of disturbed landscape, compilation of baseline information, discussions with regulators and stakeholders on end land use considerations, crafting of supporting research programs, and preparation of budgets and schedules. For a mine nearing closure, the closure plan takes the form of a decommissioning plan, and includes details and selection of mitigative technologies and other specific reclamation and closure activities. A critical element of successful reclamation and of good closure planning is stakeholder involvement. Generally, mines do a poor job of ongoing, meaningful stakeholder consultation, and many would benefit from professional assistance. A particularly useful consultation process involves forming a local committee to provide guidance to one or more mines in the region in their reclamation and closure activities with a focus on providing ongoing dialog with stakeholders and identifying the goals important to stakeholders. The most important benefit of closure planning is identification of critical activities to achieve successful reclamation. Closure planning usually identifies areas of needed research. It also identifies planning constraints especially identifying safe methods and locations for tailings storage. These plans provide some assurance that the mine is not “painting itself into a corner” and provide a starting basis to estimate financial assurance levels – important to both mines and regulators. It also forms a base case against which future planning changes can be compared. Much of this work falls under the concept of “design for closure” introduced 30 years ago. Typical closure plans are 100 to 200 page documents that require several months to prepare and cost approximately US$200,000. They are usually developed by the supervisor of the environmental department, or by a mining, environmental, or geotechnical consultant. They are submitted at the request of the regulatory authority and are used by the mine for life of mine costing. Most closure planning documents share the same format:
  - Introduction
  - Predevelopment conditions
  - Mine operations explained
  - Landscape performance goals
  - Reclamation technologies and methods
  - Reclamation plans, balances, waste isolation methods
  - Long term monitoring and maintenance plans
  - Landscape performance prediction
  - Comparison of the performance prediction relative to the goals
  - Schedules and costs
  - Financial assurance

text:
# Mine closure planning

**Mine closure planning** involves planning effectively for the after-mining landscape – all activities required before, during, and after the operating life of a mine that are needed to produce an acceptable landscape economically. Closure performance refers to the activities near and after mine closure and how well activities listed in the closure plan are carried out.

A mine begins to close the day it opens. Decisions made during the mine planning and development phase – and even earlier, during the exploration phase – have profound effects on the ultimate closure plan, its cost, and the resulting landscape performance. These decisions need to be made within a framework of closure planning to realize successful land reclamation.

Activities related to closure planning often include: preparation of detailed drawings of disturbed landscape, compilation of baseline information, discussions with regulators and stakeholders on end land use considerations, crafting of supporting research programs, and preparation of budgets and schedules. For a mine nearing closure, the closure plan takes the form of a decommissioning plan, and includes details and selection of mitigative technologies (especially for acid rock drainage) and other specific reclamation and closure activities.

A critical element of successful reclamation and of good closure planning is stakeholder involvement. Generally, mines do a poor job of ongoing, meaningful stakeholder consultation, and many would benefit from professional assistance. A particularly useful consultation process involves forming a local committee to provide guidance to one or more mines in the region in their reclamation and closure activities with a focus on providing ongoing dialog with stakeholders and identifying the goals important to stakeholders.

The most important benefit of closure planning is identification of critical activities to achieve successful reclamation. Closure planning usually identifies areas of needed research. It also identifies planning constraints (and sometimes opportunities) especially identifying safe methods and locations for tailings storage. These plans provide some assurance that the mine is not “painting itself into a corner” and provide a starting basis to estimate financial assurance levels – important to both mines and regulators. It also forms a base case against which future planning changes can be compared. Much of this work falls under the concept of “design for closure” introduced 30 years ago.

Typical closure plans are 100 to 200 page documents that require several months to prepare and cost approximately US$200,000. They are usually developed by the supervisor of the environmental department, or by a mining, environmental, or geotechnical consultant. They are submitted at the request of the regulatory authority and are used by the mine for life of mine costing.

Most closure planning documents share the same format:

1. Introduction
2. Predevelopment conditions
3. Mine operations explained
4. Landscape performance goals (and regulatory requirements)
5. Reclamation technologies and methods
6. Reclamation plans, balances, waste isolation methods
7. Long term monitoring and maintenance plans
8. Landscape performance prediction
9. Comparison of the performance prediction relative to the goals
10. Schedules and costs
11. Financial assurance

* McKenna, G.T., 2002. *Sustainable mine reclamation and landscape engineering.* PhD Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 661 pp.


title: Hananoko Tameike Dam

abstract: Hananoko Tameike Dam is an earthfill dam located in Gifu Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for irrigation. The catchment area of the dam is 3.3 km⁲. The dam impounds about 16 ha of land when full and can store 1025 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on and completed in 1959.

text:
# Hananoko Tameike Dam

**Hananoko Tameike Dam** is an earthfill dam located in Gifu Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for irrigation. The catchment area of the dam is 3.3 km2. The dam impounds about 16 ha of land when full and can store 1025 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on and completed in 1959.

## InfoBox

| Hananoko Tameike Dam | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Hananoko Tameike Dam in Japan | |
| Location | Gifu Prefecture, Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°35′15″N 137°29′43″E / 35.58750°N 137.49528°E / 35.58750; 137.49528 |
| Opening date | 1959 |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Height | 20.7m |
| Length | 293m |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 1025 thousand cubic meters |
| Catchment area | 3.3 sq. km |
| Surface area | 16 hectares |


title: Patrik Werner

abstract: Patrik Werner is a Swedish football manager and former player. He works at Degerfors IF as the director of football.

text:
# Patrik Werner

**Patrik Werner** (born 16 March 1976) is a Swedish football manager and former player. He works at Degerfors IF as the director of football.

## InfoBox

Patrik Werner
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Patrik Werner | | |
| Date of birth | (1976-03-16) 16 March 1976 | | |
| Place of birth | Sweden | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Degerfors IF (director of football) | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1981–1994 | Degerfors IF | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1995–1996 | Degerfors IF | 3 | (1) |
| 1996 | Husqvarna FF | 3 | (0) |
| 1997 | KB Karlskoga |  |  |
| 1998 | Karlslunds IF |  |  |
| 1999–2001 | KB Karlskoga |  |  |
| 2002 | Carlstad United |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2003–2008 | Degerfors IF (youth) | | |
| 2008– | Degerfors IF (director of football) | | |
| 2009–2016 | Degerfors IF | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Richard Geary

abstract: Richard Geary is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond and the West Coast Eagles in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Geary came from Mitcham and played Under-19s football with Fitzroy. He transferred to Richmond without playing a senior game and made his VFL debut with his new club in 1985. A wingman and half forward, Geary spent two seasons playing for Richmond. The West Coast Eagles later secured his services but he made just two appearances. He however performed well for WAFL club South Fremantle by topping their goal-kicking in the 1989 season, which ended in a Grand Final loss to Claremont.

text:
# Richard Geary

**Richard Geary** (born 24 September 1963) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond and the West Coast Eagles in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Geary came from Mitcham and played Under-19s football with Fitzroy. He transferred to Richmond without playing a senior game and made his VFL debut with his new club in 1985. A wingman and half forward, Geary spent two seasons playing for Richmond.

The West Coast Eagles later secured his services but he made just two appearances. He however performed well for WAFL club South Fremantle by topping their goal-kicking in the 1989 season, which ended in a Grand Final loss to Claremont.

## InfoBox

| Richard Geary | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Richard Geary | | |
| Date of birth | (1963-09-24) 24 September 1963 | | |
| Place of birth | Melbourne | | |
| Original team(s) | Mitcham | | |
| Draft | No. 52, 1989 pre-season draft | | |
| Height | 181 cm (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Weight | 100 kg (220 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1985–1986 | Richmond | 18 (10) |
| 1989 | West Coast Eagles | 02 0(0) |
| Total |  | **20 (10)** |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1989. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: John 20:8

abstract: John 20:8 is the eighth verse of the twentieth chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Peter and the Beloved Disciple are examining Jesus's empty tomb. Peter has been inside the tomb since John 20:6, while the Beloved Disciple had been examining it from outside. In this verse the Beloved Disciple enters the tomb.

text:
# John 20:8

**John 20:8** is the eighth verse of the twentieth chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Peter and the Beloved Disciple are examining Jesus's empty tomb. Peter has been inside the tomb since John 20:6, while the Beloved Disciple had been examining it from outside. In this verse the Beloved Disciple enters the tomb.

## Content

In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:

Then went in also that other disciple, which came first to the sepulchre, and he saw, and believed.

The English Standard Version translates the passage as:

Then the other disciple, who had reached the tomb first, also went in, and he saw and believed

For a collection of other versions see BibleHub John 20:8

## Analysis

The central debate over this verse is what exactly the Beloved Disciple believed. The earlier verses mention only Jesus' grave clothes as being in the tomb. The debate is whether the Beloved Disciple could have come to believe in the resurrection based on such minimal evidence. If he did suddenly understand what had happened, why did he not share this understanding with Peter, or with Mary Magdalene who is also believed to be present? Why, after this revelation, does the Beloved Disciple simply leave to go home in John 20:10? A long line of scholars including Saint Augustine have thus argued that the Beloved Disciple simply came to believe Mary Magdalene's story that the body was gone.

The majority of scholars believe that this passage indicates the Beloved Disciple became aware of the resurrection albeit with limited understanding. Calvin said, "it is a poor exposition which some people give of these words, that John believed what he heard Mary say namely, that Christ's body had been carried away; there is no passage in which the word 'believe' carries this meaning, especially when it is used simply and on its own". Leonard argues that the fact that the grave clothes were left carefully in place clearly indicated that the body had not been stolen, and instead showed that Jesus had been resurrected. Bultmann believes that Peter had already realized what had happened, and in this passage the Beloved Disciple merely joins Peter in this understanding. Bruce disagrees, arguing the scripture implies that Peter remained ignorant. Luke 24:12 has Peter leaving the scene "wondering what had happened". Most scholars who read the verse as indicating that the Beloved Disciple understood the resurrection believe that he was the first person to reach this understanding.

Schnackenberg takes a third approach. He argues that this passage does intend to report that Beloved Disciple understood the resurrection, but that the verse was a later addition to the text. This theory would explain why the verse does not mesh well with the rest of the narrative. The realization of the Beloved Disciple, despite its seeming importance, is not again mentioned in the narrative.

John 20:9 further complicates this debate by stating that *they* remained ignorant, without clearly explaining who *they* are.

It is also possible that the verse is an error. Brown reports that the Codex Bezae has the passage reading that "he saw and did not believe", which seems logically more in keeping with the rest of the chapter.

Another issue is what this passage reveals about the architecture of Jesus's tomb. It seems to show that two grown men could enter with ease (unless the first exited before the second entered). This is somewhat unusual as tombs in this period were generally quite small. Passages such as John 20:11 also seem to describe a smaller tomb.

| Preceded by
**John 20:7** | **Gospel of John
Chapter 20** | Succeeded by
**John 20:9** |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| John 20:8 | |
| --- | --- |
| 20:720:9 | |
| William Hole's 1908 image of the Beloved Disciple joining Peter in the tomb. | |
| Book | Gospel of John |
| Christian Bible part | New Testament |


title: National Public Health Emergency Team

abstract: A National Public Health Emergency Team (NPHET) is a group within Ireland's Department of Health. It is in the power of the Minister for Health to convene such a group when a public health emergency arises. Since the 2000s, multiple NPHETs have been established to deal with different emergencies.

text:
# National Public Health Emergency Team

A **National Public Health Emergency Team** (NPHET) is a group within Ireland's Department of Health.

It is in the power of the Minister for Health to convene such a group when a public health emergency arises. Since the 2000s, multiple NPHETs have been established to deal with different emergencies.

## History

### Influenza A

The first NPHET was convened in October 2006, to aid with planning for a possible future human influenza pandemic (prompted by increasing international concern at the time over Influenza A virus subtype H5N1). It initially met on a quarterly basis during this planning phase, and was chaired by the Department of Health's secretary general.

In 2009, the then-Minister for Health, Mary Harney, activated public health emergency structures in response to the 2009 swine flu pandemic of Influenza A virus subtype H1N1. Harney described the structure of this NPHET in a statement to Seanad Éireann on 6 May 2009. The team was chaired by the Secretary-General of the Department of Health, and was "fed into" by the Health Service Executive's crisis management team, the Department's own pandemic expert guidance group (chaired by Professor Bill Hall) and the EU co-ordination group. Its role was to manage the interface between the Department and the HSE, and to act as the main decision making forum for the health system response.

### CPE

A public health emergency was declared in Ireland on 25 October 2017 with respect to carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (CPE). The Minister for Health, Simon Harris, convened a NPHET for CPE to provide advice, support, guidance and direction on surveillance and containment of the outbreak. It held its first meeting on 2 November 2017. The government website contains minutes from NPHET meetings in 2019. By 2019, the CPE emergency was better controlled and plans were being made to bring the "NPHET process" to an end.

### COVID-19

A NPHET to deal with the emerging SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 was created on 27 January 2020. It was disbanded in February 2022 after the majority of COVID-19 restrictions were removed. A new advisory group was established on 8 April 2022.


# Mississippi College Collegians football, 1907–1909

The Mississippi College Collegians football program's first three seasons of competition were from 1907 to 1909, representing Mississippi College, located in Clinton, Mississippi, as an independent.

## 1907

The **1907 Mississippi College Collegians football team** represented Mississippi College as an independent during the 1907 college football season.

### Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| December 6 | Chamberlain-Hunt Academy | Clinton, MS | W 6–0 |  |

## 1908

| 1908 Mississippi College Collegians football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Independent |
| Record | 0–1 |
| Head coach | * None |
|

The **1908 Mississippi College Collegians football team** was an American football team that represented Mississippi College as an independent in the 1908 college football season. Playing without a head coach, the team compiled an overall record of 0–1.

### Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 29 | vs. Ole Miss |  | L 0–41 |  |

## 1909

| 1909 Mississippi College Collegians football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Independent |
| Record | 3–0 |
| Head coach | * Dr. Kern (1st season) |
| Captain | Clyde Blankinship |
|

The **1909 Mississippi College Collegians football team** was an American football team that represented Mississippi College as an independent in the 1909 college football season. Led by Dr. Kern is his first and only season as head coach, the team compiled an overall record of 3–0. Clyde Blankinship, who played at halfback, was the team's captain.

### Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 28 | French Camp Academy | Clinton, MS | W 29–0 |  |
| October 16 | Chamberlain-Hunt Academy | Clinton, MS | W 94–0 |  |
| October 23 | at University of Memphis |  | W 6–5 |  |

## InfoBox

| 1907 Mississippi College Collegians football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Independent |
| Record | 1–0 |
| Head coach | * None |
|


title: Mose Gingerich

abstract: Mose J. Gingerich is an Amish-born documentary-maker and the author of Amish fiction murder/mystery novels. Gingerich was born in an Old Order Amish community in Greenwood, Wisconsin.

text:
# Mose Gingerich

**Mose J. Gingerich** is an Amish-born documentary-maker and the author of Amish fiction murder/mystery novels. Gingerich was born in an Old Order Amish community in Greenwood, Wisconsin.

## Early years

Gingerich was born on July 27, 1979, and was the 9th of 13 children. He raised on a 255-acre farm and worked on the farm from a young age. He developed a love for reading as an escape from reality. Books such as *Tom Sawyer*, *Huckleberry Finn*, *Little Men*, *Little Women*, *Big Smoke Mountain*, and *Heidi* influenced his early childhood.

In his early teens, Gingerich lived in six different Amish communities in Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, and Kansas. At the age of 19 he became a schoolteacher, teaching grades 1-8 in a one-room schoolhouse for four years.

## Excommunication by the Amish

On July 3, 2002, after Gingerich finished his fourth year of teaching, he left the Amish community. He was banned from further contact with his family and community.

## Career

**Television career**

### *Amish in the City*

In 2004, just over a year after Gingerich left the Amish, he took an opportunity to be on the reality show *Amish in the City*, televised on UPN. The show featured six city kids and five ex-Amish kids trying to co-exist in a mansion in the middle of the Hollywood Hills. It was the first major television project to focus on Amish people and ran for 10 episodes. As part of this experience, he made appearances on several late-night shows to help promote *Amish in the City*, including *Jimmy Kimmel Live*, *Good Morning America* and *Live with Regis and Kelly*, as well as several radio shows.

### *Amish at the Altar* and *Amish Out of Order*

In 2009 and 2010, Gingerich shot and produced two documentaries with Stick Figure Productions. Both aired by the National Geographic Channel: *Amish at the Altar* and *Amish Out of the Order*. *Amish at the Altar* featured Eli and Mary Gingerich, a couple who had been married Amish but chose to leave, renewing their wedding vows in the outside world. *Amish: Out of the Order* featured Gingerich, a group of his close ex-Amish friends, and the life they are leading in Columbia, Missouri. The focus of the film was Gingerich’s place as a leader within the ex-Amish community, and his practical work helping others with housing, cars, driver's licenses and jobs.

**Construction and sales**

For the first eight years after leaving the community, he worked in construction, and for six of those years, owned his own construction company, often employing ex-Amish youth who were looking to acclimate into the outside world. He left construction in 2010 for health reasons. He then sold cars in Columbia, Missouri, for six years. When the dealership was sold in 2016, Gingerich started truck driving, delivering freight coast to coast.

**Writing career**

### *The Caroline Creek Series*

In 2021, Gingerich published Shadows We Remain, a fiction novel and the first in the Caroline Creek Series.

In 2022, Gingerich published Caroline Creek Chaos, the second Caroline Creek novel.

He also maintains a blog on his website.

## Personal life

Gingerich lives in mid-Missouri with his wife and three children.

The character of Mose Schrute from *The Office* was named for, and inspired by, Mose Gingerich.


title: Flo (Progressive Insurance)

abstract: Flo is a fictional saleswoman character appearing in more than 1,000 advertisements for Progressive Insurance since 2008. Portrayed by actress and comedian Stephanie Courtney, the character has developed a fan base on social networks and has become an iconic advertising mascot.

text:
# Flo (Progressive Insurance)

**Flo** is a fictional saleswoman character appearing in more than 1,000 advertisements for Progressive Insurance since 2008. Portrayed by actress and comedian Stephanie Courtney, the character has developed a fan base on social networks and has become an iconic advertising mascot.

## Broadcast history

The character debuted in 2008 through several television advertisements and has since appeared in radio, print, and web banners. The fictional upbeat store employee of Progressive Corporation was created by copywriter John Park and art director Steve Reepmeyer, at the Boston-based agency Arnold Worldwide. Flo has appeared in more than 1,000 advertisements.

In 2011, Progressive introduced Flo's Australian counterpart, Kitty, played by Holly Austin. In 2014, other recurring characters were added to the advertisements. Jim Cashman plays Jamie, Flo's sidekick. In 2020, another Progressive employee was added, Mara, portrayed by Natalie Palamides.

## Overview

Flo is a cashier and is recognizable by her extremely upbeat personality, brilliant white uniform, heavy makeup, and retro hairstyle. According to Courtney, it takes one hour to prepare Flo's hair and another to apply her make-up. Referring to her work in The Groundlings, she said, "Flo could be one of my improv characters, always on and sort of cracked in a weird way." She thinks that the GEICO gecko "puts out more sexual vibes than Flo does".

In November 2014, Progressive aired its 100th advertisement featuring Flo and introduced other members of her family including her mother, father, brother, sister, and grandfather. All of these characters were also played by Courtney, who was reported to have spent about 12 hours doing hair and makeup transitions for the recording.

## Reception

In October 2009, the *Boston Herald* referred to Flo as "the commercial break's new sweetheart" and said Courtney was "attaining TV ad icon status". The same article also reported that she was the subject of a popular Halloween costume. There are multiple websites and social media groups that are either dedicated to or talking about her. The volume of commercials and the type of humor is off-putting to others, described as "love her or hate her" or "badvertising".

*Advertising Age* described Flo as "a weirdly sincere, post-modern Josephine the Plumber who just really wants to help. She has; the brand is flourishing." This was later echoed in an article from Duane Dudek in the *Milwaukee Journal Sentinel* on May 20, 2014, who credits Flo for inspiring a new trend of female commercial pitch people and cementing her legacy alongside Josephine and Palmolive Dishwashing Detergent's Madge the Manicurist.

Flo was added as a downloadable character in the video game *ModNation Racers* in late 2010, complete with her own Progressive kart.

## InfoBox

| Flo | |
| --- | --- |
| Flo, as portrayed by actress Stephanie Courtney | |
| First appearance | 2008 |
| Created by | Arnold Worldwide |
| Portrayed by | Stephanie Courtney |
| Company | Progressive Corporation |
| In-universe information | |
| Alias | The Progressive Girl |
| Gender | Female |
| Occupation | Insurance salesperson |
| Nationality | American |