title: Oahu Cemetery

abstract: The Oʻahu Cemetery is the resting place of many notable early residents of the Honolulu area. They range from missionaries and politicians to sports pioneers and philosophers. Over time it was expanded to become an area known as the Nuʻuanu Cemetery.

text:
# Oahu Cemetery

The **Oʻahu Cemetery** is the resting place of many notable early residents of the Honolulu area. They range from missionaries and politicians to sports pioneers and philosophers. Over time it was expanded to become an area known as the **Nuʻuanu Cemetery**.

## History

It was the first public cemetery in Honolulu, founded in November 1844. Due to the growth in the whaling industry, discussion had started in 1836 on the need for a new burial ground that was not associated with a specific church. The 4.38 acres (1.77 ha) site was purchased for $300 and $350 granted for a house. The money was raised by selling subscriptions on 59 plots of $12 each. Later another 3 acres (12,000 m2) were purchased from Gerrit P. Judd to expand in 1860. Rev. Samuel C. Damon served on the cemetery association in the early days. The first recorded burial was American sailor H. Wolley, for $2.50.

In 1906, the first public crematory in the Hawaiian Islands, designed by architect Oliver G. Traphagen opened at the cemetery.

After the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, all paper currency on the islands was withdrawn and replaced with Hawaii overprint notes, in case the Japanese invaded. Faced with the task of quickly destroying $200 million of cash, the crematory at the cemetery was used to burn it, instead of risking transport to the mainland. However, progress was too slow, so the larger furnace at the Aiea sugar mill was also used.\[a\]

An area called the *Seamen's Lot* contains many unmarked graves for sailors, provided by the Honolulu Sailor's Home. Another plot is dedicated to firefighters, marked by a monument 15 feet (4.6 m) high. Two dozen were killed by strafing in the December 7, 1941 attack.

Oʻahu Cemetery is located at 2162 Nuʻuanu Avenue, at the base of the Nuʻuanu Valley at coordinates 21°19′27″N 157°51′1″W / 21.32417°N 157.85028°W / 21.32417; -157.85028. In 1863 King Kamehameha IV built the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii across the street for the Hawaiian royal family. In Punchbowl Crater (to the south) the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific was founded in 1948. Just north of the Royal Mausoleum, the "Nuʻuanu Memorial Park" was added in 1949, with its own funeral home. In 1958 a Japanese cemetery was added on adjacent land called "Honolulu Memorial Park". In 1964, two Columbaria (buildings to store cremated remains) called the Kyoto Gardens were constructed.

One of the buildings is a replica of a Buddhist temple. They are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Strictly speaking, the original 1844 cemetery is called "Oʻahu Cemetery", although the extended area is often called "Nuʻuanu Cemetery" after the area.

In 1989 a funeral for Ferdinand Marcos was planned at the mortuary, but instead the body was kept refrigerated at the Byodo-In Temple until it was flown back to the Philippines in 1993.

## Notable burials

* **a.** **^** Some sources do not use the word "Oʻahu" for the crematory, but use "Nuʻuanu", and this was the only crematory listed in telephone books at the time that was on Nuʻuanu Avenue.

## Further reading

* Purnell, Nanette Napoleon (1998). *Oʻahu Cemetery: Burial Ground & Historic Site*. Honolulu: Oʻahu Cemetery Association. ISBN 978-1892755001. OCLC 40579195.

## InfoBox

| Oʻahu Cemetery | |
| --- | --- |
| Oʻahu Cemetery & Chapel boundary wall at Nuʻuanu Ave. & Judd St. | |
|  | |
| Details | |
| Established | November 1844 (1844-11) |
| Location | 2162 Nuʻuanu Avenue |
| Country | United States |
| Size | 4.38 acres (1.77 ha) |


title: Gertrud Classen

abstract: Gertrud Classen was a German resistance activist during the Nazi years. Her training was as an artist, and after the war she was able to make a career as a sculptor in the German Democratic Republic, despite being frequently hospitalised during the later 1940s by the osseous tuberculosis from which she suffered.

text:
# Gertrud Classen

**Gertrud Classen** (3 July 1905 – 3 September 1974) was a German resistance activist during the Nazi years.

Her training was as an artist, and after the war she was able to make a career as a sculptor in the German Democratic Republic, despite being frequently hospitalised during the later 1940s by the osseous tuberculosis from which she suffered.

## Life

Gertrud "Tutta" Classen was born in Königsberg, the capital of East Prussia which at that time was part of Germany. Her father was a farm manager. She grew up in nearby Elbing, where she received her first painting and drawing lessons from Paul Emil Gabel. After a successful school career she entered the Königsberg Arts Academy. Classen had been politically engaged since her school years, and in 1930 she moved to Berlin, switching to the "Berlin Academy for Graphic Arts and Sculpture" (*"Berliner Akademie für Grafik und Steinbildhauerei"*).

In 1919, the year of her fourteenth birthday, she joined the Wandervogel girls' youth organisation, within which between 1924 and 1926 she was a group leader. In 1928 the Wandervogel merged with other hitherto independent youth associations to form the Deutsche Freischar. Classen quit the organisation and joined the more overtly political "Lenin Youth League" (*"Leninjugend"*) as well as the youth wing of the German Communist Party. 1929 was also the year in which she joined the Communist party itself, but she initially kept this membership secret or, according to the term used by one source, "unofficial".

During the 1930s she worked for the Communist Party News Agency (*"Nachrichtendienst"*) which was in reality an operation involved in intelligence on behalf of the Soviet Union. It was led by Hans Kippenberger. Kippenberger and Leo Roth, who is sometimes described as Kippenberger's "secretary", both acted as guarantors for her within the party. She was also working, at this time, for the Red Aid organisation, the Revolutionary Trades Unionist Opposition (*Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts Opposition* / RGO), and other left-wing groups such as the Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists (*"Bund Revolutionärer Bildender Künstler Deutschlands* / BRBKD). The political landscape changed dramatically in January 1933 when the Nazis took power and converted Germany into a one- party dictatorship. Gertrud Classen's political activities were now expressly illegal. The RGO was banned, went underground and was finally crushed in 1935.

It is known that after the Nazis came to power Classen was involved in illegal leaflet distribution. Sources are a little vague on her work for the Communist Party News Agency. In July 1934 she traveled to London and Paris with the left-wing landscape architect Walter Rossow, delivering secret information on behalf of the Agency. She may have made such journeys to England or France on more than one occasion. Even before the Nazis had taken power, in September 1932, Classen had been arrested and briefly detained in connection with communist activism during the chaotic run-up to that year's second General Election. Towards the end of 1934 she was again arrested and imprisoned by the authorities. However, she was released on account of her osseous tuberculosis, and went immediately to Switzerland, returning to Berlin only in the summer of 1939. By this time the Communist Party News Agency (*"Nachrichtendienst"*) had ceased to function, not because of anything done by the German government, but on account of Stalin's paranoia. The agency chief, Hans Kippenberger, was arrested in Moscow in November 1936, identified as a foreign agent, subjected to a secret trial and shot on 3 October 1937. His deputy, Leo Roth, met his end under similar circumstances just over a month later.

War returned in the late summer of 1939 and Classen was briefly arrested in 1940. This turned out to be the first of several periods of detention during the war years. After this she worked clandestinely with the Schulze-Boysen/Harnack resistance group. She also secretly housed the resistance fighter Ilse Stillmann and the deserter/resistance fighter (and talented document forger) Oskar Huth. After the failure of the plot of July 1944 to assassinate the nation's leader, Gertrud Classen was able to provide forged papers for Ludwig von Hammerstein (who had been involved in the plot) and to help him disappear, which he did successfully till after the war was over. In Autumn 1944 she was also involved in producing forged food stamps which meant that Ilse Stillmann was not merely kept hidden from the authorities, but fed.

War ended in May 1945, and a large region surrounding Berlin found itself administered as the Soviet occupation zone. Within the zone, partly in order to avoid a split on the political left opening a chasm through which right-wing extremists might again take power, and partly (as matters turned out) to prepare for a new one- party dictatorship after 1949, the principal left wing parties merged in April 1946. Gertrud Classen was one of thousands of Communist Party members who immediately signed their party membership across to the new Socialist Unity Party (*Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands* / SED). However, for Classen the next few years were dominated not by political engagement but by lengthy stays in hospital, caused by her tuberculosis.

Between 1950 and 1953, she attended the Arts Academy in Berlin as a "Meisterschülerin" (loosely: "Master student"). Through the 1950s, and on till 1965, she worked as a freelance sculptor in the German Democratic Republic.

Towards the end of her life she gathered material to write a history of women's youth movements because she saw the absence of such a history as a gaping hole in the historical record. The book never appeared. Gertrud Classen died in East Berlin on 3 September 1974.

## Awards and honours

## InfoBox

| Gertrud Classen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 3 July 1905
Königsberg, East Prussia, Germany |
| Died | 3 September 1974
Berlin, East Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Political activist
intelligence courier
sculptor |
| Political party | KPD
SED |


title: 4765 Wasserburg

abstract: 4765 Wasserburg is a bright Hungaria asteroid, suspected binary system and asteroid pair from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 May 1986, by American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory, and later named after geologist Gerald J. Wasserburg.

text:
# 4765 Wasserburg

**4765 Wasserburg** (*prov. designation*: 1986 JN1) is a bright Hungaria asteroid, suspected binary system and *asteroid pair* from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers (1.9 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 5 May 1986, by American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory, and later named after geologist Gerald J. Wasserburg.

## Orbit and classification

*Wasserburg* is a bright member of the Hungaria family, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.1 AU once every 2 years and 9 months (991 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 24 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1983 EA1 at Palomar in 1983, extending the body's observation arc by 3 years prior to its official discovery observation.

*Wasserburg* forms an asteroid pair with (350716) 2001 XO105, and was part of Petr Pravec's sample study *Formation of asteroid pairs by rotational fission*, published in the journal *Nature*.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after American Gerald J. Wasserburg (1927–2016), who was a professor of geology and geophysics at Caltech in California. He was a pioneer of radiometric dating methods used in isotope geochemistry and was prominent for his accurate age determination measurements of Moon rocks, which were instrumental for reconstructing the origin of the Moon and for the hypothesis of the Late Heavy Bombardment. Wasserburg also carried out isotopic analyses of meteorites, developed a time scale for the formation and evolution of the Solar System, and contributed to the theory of nucleosynthesis. The official naming citation was published on 27 June 1991 (M.P.C. 18464).

## Physical characteristics

### Diameter and albedo

According to preliminary results from the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, *Wasserburg* measures 1.777 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an outstandingly high albedo of 1.000, while the *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* assumes it to be an E-type asteroid, with albedo of 0.40 – derived from 434 Hungaria the family's namesake and most prominent member – and calculates a larger diameter of 3.82 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.7.

### Rotation period

Between 2006 and 2014, several rotational lightcurves of *Wasserburg* were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716), Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory, and Julian Oey at Blue Mountains Observatory (E19). Best rated lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period between 3.6231 and 3.6280 hours with a brightness variation between 0.07 and 0.60 magnitude (U=3/3/3/3-). Due to the changing amplitude, *Wasserburg* is likely one of the more elongatedly shaped primary asteroids of all known smaller binaries with an diameter of less than 10 kilometers.

## Satellite

After being already recognized as an *asteroid pair*, American astronomer Brian Warner observed faint mutual eclipsing and occultation events in April 2013. After repeated lightcurve subtraction, he was able to show that *Wasserburg* is likely a binary system with a minor-planet moon orbiting it every 15.97 hours. Assuming a depth of 0.03 magnitude, he estimated a secondary-to-primary mean-diameter ratio of 0.16±0.02. The Johnston's archive derives a diameter of 280±80 meters for the satellite, based on the primary diameter given by WISE. A semi-major axis of 2.9 kilometers is also estimated for the moons orbit. However, photometric observations taken in 2015, could not detect the presence of a satellite and *Wasserburg* remains only a suspected binary.

1. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 4765 Wasserburg (1986 JN1)" (2016-05-06 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
2. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(4765) Wasserburg". *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names*. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 410. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7\_4671. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
3. "4765 Wasserburg (1986 JN1)". *Minor Planet Center*. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
4. "LCDB Data for (4765) Wasserburg". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 18 April 2017.
5. Warner, Brian D.; Stephens, Robert D. (October 2013). "One New and One Suspected Hungaria Binary Asteroid" (PDF). *Minor Planet Bulletin*. **40** (4): 221–223. Bibcode:2013MPBu...40..221W. ISSN 1052-8091. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
6. Johnston, Robert (21 September 2014). "(4765) Wasserburg". johnstonsarchive.net. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
7. Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **741** (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90.
8. Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Dailey, J.; et al. (November 2011). "Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **741** (2): 20. arXiv:1109.4096. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...68M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
9. Warner, Brian D. (July 2010). "Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Palmer Divide Observatory: 2009 December - 2010 March" (PDF). *Minor Planet Bulletin*. **37** (3): 112–118. Bibcode:2010MPBu...37..112W. ISSN 1052-8091. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
10. Pravec, P.; Vokrouhlický, D.; Polishook, D.; Scheeres, D. J.; Harris, A. W.; Galád, A.; et al. (August 2010). "Formation of asteroid pairs by rotational fission". *Nature*. **466** (7310): 1085–1088. arXiv:1009.2770. Bibcode:2010Natur.466.1085P. doi:10.1038/nature09315. PMID 20740010.
11. Oey, Julian (January 2016). "Lightcurve Analysis of Asteroids from Blue Mountains Observatory in 2014" (PDF). *Minor Planet Bulletin*. **43** (1): 45–51. Bibcode:2016MPBu...43...45O. ISSN 1052-8091. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
12. Warner, Brian D. (April 2015). "Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at CS3-Palmer Divide Station: 2014 October-December" (PDF). *Minor Planet Bulletin*. **42** (2): 108–114. Bibcode:2015MPBu...42..108W. ISSN 1052-8091. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
13. Warner, Brian D. (September 2007). "Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Palmer Divide Observatory - December 2006 - March 2007" (PDF). *Minor Planet Bulletin*. **34** (3): 72–77. Bibcode:2007MPBu...34...72W. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
14. Ye, Q.-z. (February 2011). "BVRI Photometry of 53 Unusual Asteroids". *The Astronomical Journal*. **141** (2): 8. arXiv:1011.0133. Bibcode:2011AJ....141...32Y. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/2/32. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
15. "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". *Minor Planet Center*. Retrieved 18 April 2017.

## InfoBox

4765 Wasserburg
| Shape model of *Wasserburg* from its lightcurve | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by | C. Shoemaker |
| Discovery site | Palomar Obs. |
| Discovery date | 5 May 1986 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (4765) Wasserburg |
| Named after | Gerald J. Wasserburg
(American geologist) |
| Alternative designations | 1986 JN1 **·** 1983 EA1
1986 LF |
| Minor planet category | main-belt (inner) **·** Hungaria |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 33.15 yr (12,108 days) |
| Aphelion | 2.0621 AU |
| Perihelion | 1.8289 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 1.9455 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.0599 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 2.71 yr (991 days) |
| Mean anomaly | 237.52 |
| Mean motion | 0° 21m 47.52s / day |
| Inclination | 23.710° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 76.546° |
| Argument of perihelion | 108.33° |
| Known satellites | 1 (suspected) |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mean diameter | 1.777±0.485 km
3.82 km (calculated) |
| Synodic rotation period | 3.6231±0.0005
3.625±0.001 h
3.62532±0.00002 h
3.626±0.005 h
3.6260±0.0005 h
3.6280±0.0005 h
3.664±0.003 h
3.67±0.02 h (dated) |
| Geometric albedo | 0.4 (assumed)
1.000±0.087 |
| Spectral type |
B–V = 0.852±0.043
V–R = 0.456±0.023
V–I = 0.813±0.040 |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 13.7 **·** 14.1 |
|  | |


title: Wielki Bór, Greater Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Wielki Bór is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Jutrosin, within Rawicz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

text:
# Wielki Bór, Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Wielki Bór** (Polish pronunciation: \[ˈvjɛlkʲi ˈbur\]) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Jutrosin, within Rawicz County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Wielki Bór | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Wielki Bór | |
| Coordinates: 51°37′59″N 17°11′51″E / 51.63306°N 17.19750°E / 51.63306; 17.19750 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Rawicz |
| Gmina | Jutrosin |


title: Pyrianoreina hovorei

abstract: Pyrianoreina hovorei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2008.

text:
# Pyrianoreina hovorei

***Pyrianoreina hovorei*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2008.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrianoreina hovorei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Pyrianoreina*** |
| Species: | ***P. hovorei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrianoreina hovorei***<br>Martins & Galileo, 2008 | |
|


title: Pellouailles-les-Vignes

abstract: Pellouailles-les-Vignes is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Verrières-en-Anjou.

text:
# Pellouailles-les-Vignes

**Pellouailles-les-Vignes** (French pronunciation: \[pɛlwaj le viɲ\]) is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Verrières-en-Anjou.

## InfoBox

| Pellouailles-les-Vignes | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Verrières-en-Anjou | |
| Location of Pellouailles-les-Vignes | |
| Pellouailles-les-VignesPellouailles-les-Vignes | |
| Coordinates: 47°31′23″N 0°26′23″W / 47.5231°N 0.4397°W / 47.5231; -0.4397 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Maine-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Angers |
| Canton | Angers-6 |
| Commune | Verrières-en-Anjou |
| Area**1** | 3.57 km2 (1.38 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 2,565 |
| Density | 720/km2 (1,900/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Pellouaillais, Pellouaillaise |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 49112 |
| Elevation | 32–53 m (105–174 ft)
(avg. 37 m or 121 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Quanteisha

abstract: Quanteisha Benjamin, often referred to as Q-Benjamin, is a Canadian R&B singer.

text:
# Quanteisha

**Quanteisha Benjamin**, often referred to as Q-Benjamin, is a Canadian R&B singer.

## Early life

Quanteisha grew up in Edmonton, Alberta. In 2008 she entered the local singing competition Bounce Showdown, held by contemporary hit radio station 91.7 The Bounce (CHBN-FM), becoming the fourth winner.

## Singing career

After being signed with HipJoint Productions, out of Vancouver, Q recorded two songs in 2008, "Cover Girls" and "Get Loose". "Cover Girls" would get licensed for use on the sitcom *'da Kink in My Hair*, and a music video. In 2009 she released "Someday" and "D'n'G", and "Someday" was used in the sitcom *Gigantic*. Also in 2009, a "Get Loose" remix was featured in the *American Pie Presents: The Book of Love* comedy film. Her single, "Stars", has won a Juno Award for R&B/Soul Recording of the Year.

## Discography

Discography for Q-Benjamin FKA Quanteisha.

### Singles

| Song | Album | Release date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Get Loose" | *Quanteisha* | October 28, 2008 |
| "Cover Girls" | | |
| "Someday" | *Someday* | January 1, 2009 |
| "Someday \[Remix\]" | | |
| "Get Loose - the Remix" | *Get Loose the Remix* | March 30, 2009 |
| "D'n'G" | single | December 15, 2009 |
| "Stars" | single | 2010 |
| "Use Me" | single | February 20, 2020 |
| "Mic Drop" | single | March 27, 2020 |
| "Somebody Son | single | May 22, 2020 |
| "2020 Vision" | single | December 29, 2020 |
| "New Ting" | single | January 22, 2021 |

### Music videos

| Song |
| --- |
| "Cover Girls" |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | "D'n'G" | Canadian Radio Music Award for dance/urban/rhythmic song | Nominated |
| 2011 | "Stars" | Juno Award for R&B/soul recording of the year | Won |

Q-Benjamin leaves the temptation of Toronto for real love back home in Alberta Edmonton Journal. Canada.com. Feb. 10, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Q-Benjamin | |
| --- | --- |
| Quanteisha performing at the Edmonton Expo Centre. | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada |
| Genres | R&B |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, Songwriter, Rapper |
| Years active | 2008–present |
| Labels | Unsigned |


title: WFAT (disambiguation)

abstract:
WFAT may refer to:
  - WFAT (AM), a radio station licensed to serve Battle Creek, Michigan, United States
  - WQVD, a radio station licensed to serve Orange-Athol, Massachusetts, United States, which held the call sign WFAT from 2014 to 2019
  - WZOX, a radio station licensed to serve Portage, Michigan, United States, which held the call sign WFAT from 1992 to 2008
  - WPKD-TV, a television station licensed to serve Jeanette, Pennsylvania, United States, which held the call sign WFAT-TV from 1983 to 1988

text:
# WFAT (disambiguation)

**WFAT** may refer to:

* WFAT (AM), a radio station (930 AM) licensed to serve Battle Creek, Michigan, United States
* WQVD, a radio station (700 AM) licensed to serve Orange-Athol, Massachusetts, United States, which held the call sign WFAT from 2014 to 2019
* WZOX, a radio station (96.5 FM) licensed to serve Portage, Michigan, United States, which held the call sign WFAT from 1992 to 2008
* WPKD-TV, a television station (channel 11/PSIP 19) licensed to serve Jeanette, Pennsylvania, United States, which held the call sign WFAT-TV from 1983 to 1988


title: Net run rate

abstract: Net run rate (NRR) is a statistical method used in analysing teamwork and/or performance in cricket. It is the most commonly used method of ranking teams with equal points in limited overs league competitions, similar to goal difference in football. The NRR in a single game is the average runs per over that team scores, minus the average runs per over that is scored against them. The NRR in a tournament is the average runs per over that a team scores across the whole tournament, minus the average runs per over that is scored against them across the whole tournament. This is the same as the weighted average of the run rates scored in each match, minus the weighted average of the run rates conceded in each match. This is not usually the same as the total or average of the NRRs from the individual matches in the tournament. A positive NRR means a team is scoring faster than its opposition overall, while a negative NRR means a team is scoring slower than the teams it has come up against. It is therefore desirable for the NRR to be as high as possible. NRR has been criticised as hard to understand. Also, while it measures how quickly teams score and concede runs, this is not at all the same as how big the teams' margins of victory or defeat are, and so ranking sides by NRR does not rank them by size of victory. This means a team which progresses in a tournament at the expense of another team, due to a higher NRR, may not have truly performed better than their opponents. In the Cricket World Cup, the first use of NRR was in the 1992 tournament. Earlier tournaments used run rate instead as the tie-breaker.

text:
# Net run rate

**Net run rate** (**NRR**) is a statistical method used in analysing teamwork and/or performance in cricket. It is the most commonly used method of ranking teams with equal points in limited overs league competitions, similar to goal difference in football.

The NRR in a single game is the average runs per over that team scores, minus the average runs per over that is scored against them. The NRR in a tournament is the average runs per over that a team scores across the whole tournament, minus the average runs per over that is scored against them across the whole tournament. This is the same as the weighted average of the run rates scored in each match (weighted by the lengths of the innings batted compared to the other innings batted), minus the weighted average of the run rates conceded in each match (weighted by the lengths of the innings bowled compared to the other innings bowled). This is *not* usually the same as the total or average of the NRRs from the individual matches in the tournament.

A positive NRR means a team is scoring faster than its opposition overall, while a negative NRR means a team is scoring slower than the teams it has come up against. It is therefore desirable for the NRR to be as high as possible.

NRR has been criticised as hard to understand. Also, while it measures how quickly teams score and concede runs, this is not at all the same as how big the teams' margins of victory or defeat are (as it ignores wickets lost), and so ranking sides by NRR does not rank them by size of victory. This means a team which progresses in a tournament at the expense of another team, due to a higher NRR, may not have truly performed better than their opponents.

In the Cricket World Cup, the first use of NRR was in the 1992 tournament. Earlier tournaments used run rate instead as the tie-breaker.

## Step by step explanation

A team's run rate (RR), or runs per over (RPO), is the average number of runs scored per over by the whole team in the whole innings (or the whole innings so far), i.e. $\text{run rate }={\frac {\text{total runs scored}{\text{total overs faced}}}}$.

So if a team scores 481 runs off 50 overs then their RR is $\frac {481}{50}=9.62$. Note that as an over is made up of six balls, each ball is 1/6 of an over, despite being normally written in cricket's notation as .1 of an over. So if they got that same score off 48.1 overs, their RR would be $\frac {481}{48{\frac {1}{6}=9.986}}$.

The concept of net run rate involves subtracting the opponents' run rate from the team's run rate, i.e. $\text{match net run rate }={\frac {\text{total runs scored}{\text{total overs faced}-{\frac {\text{total runs conceded }{\text{total overs bowled}}}}}}}$.

For two teams which have just played, the winning side will have a positive Match NRR, and the losing side will have the negative of this (i.e. the Match NRRs will be additive inverses, summing to zero). A single match's NRR is used very rarely, perhaps only after a team has played one match in a tournament, so their tournament NRR is the same as the match NRR.

Usually, runs and overs are summed together throughout a season to compare teams in a league table. A team's overall NRR for a tournament is not defined as the sum or average of the NRR's from the individual matches, but as:

$\text{tournament net run rate }={\frac {\text{total runs scored in all matches}{\text{total overs faced in all matches}-{\frac {\text{total runs conceded in all matches}{\text{total overs bowled in all matches}}}}}}}$

The exceptions to this are:

* If a team is **bowled out**, the calculations don't use the number of overs actually bowled, but the full quota of overs to which the team was entitled (e.g. 50 overs for a One Day International, and 20 overs for a Twenty20 match).
* If a match is **interrupted**, Duckworth-Lewis revised targets are set, and a result is subsequently achieved, the revised targets and revised overs are used for Team 1's innings (i.e. 1 run less than the final Target Score for Team 2, off the total number of overs allocated to Team 2), and the actual runs scored and overs used by Team 2 are used for Team 2's innings (as normal).
* If a match is **abandoned as a No Result**, none of the runs scored or overs bowled count towards this calculation.
* If a match is **abandoned but a result decided** by retrospectively applying Duckworth-Lewis, the number of overs assigned to each team for this calculation is the number of overs actually faced by Team 2. Team 1 is credited with Team 2's Par Score (the number of runs they would need to have reached from this number of overs and wickets lost if they were going to match Team 1's score), and the actual runs scored are used by Team 2 for Team 2's innings.

## Permutations

All scenarios assume One Day International rules with 50 overs per side.

### 1. Side that bats first wins

* Team A bat first and score 287–6 off their full quota of 50 overs. Team A's Run Rate is $\frac {287}{50}=5.74$.
* Team B fail in their run chase, scoring 243–8 in their 50 overs. Team B's Run Rate is $\frac {243}{50}=4.86$.
* Team A's NRR for this game is 5.74 − 4.86 = 0.88. If this was the first game of the season, their NRR for the league table would be +0.88.
* Team B's NRR for this game is 4.86 − 5.74 = −0.88. If this was the first game of the season, their NRR for the league table would be −0.88.

### 2. Side that bats second wins

* Team A bat first and score 265–8 off their full quota of 50 overs. Team A's Run Rate is $\frac {265}{50}=5.30$.
* Team B successfully chase, getting their winning runs with a four with 2.4 of the 50 overs remaining, leaving them on 267–5. Team B faced 47.2 overs, so their Run Rate is $\frac {267}{47{\frac {2}{6}=5.64}}$.
* Assuming that Team A and Team B had previously played as in the game in scenario one, the new tournament NRR for Team A would be: $\frac {287+265}{50+50}-{\frac {243+267}{50+47{\frac {2}{6}={\frac {552}{100}-{\frac {510}{97{\frac {2}{6}=5.52-5.24=0.28}}}}}}}$.

### 3. Side that bats first is bowled out, side batting second wins

* Team A bat first and are bowled out for 108 off 19.2 overs. Despite their run rate for the balls they faced being 127 / 25.667 = 4.95, because they were bowled out the entire 20 overs are added to their total overs faced tally for the tournament, and Team B are credited with having bowled 20 overs.
* Team B reach the target off 14.1 overs, ending with 109–3. Team B actually scored at a slower pace (128/30.833 = 4.15), however they managed to protect their wickets and win. Thus, only the 30.833 overs are added to the seasonal tally.
* Team A's NRR for this game is $\frac {127}{50}-{\frac {128}{30{\frac {5}{6}=-1.61}}}$.
* Team B's NRR for this game is $\frac {128}{30{\frac {5}{6}-{\frac {127}{50}=+1.61}}}$.
* If 25.667 had been used for Team A's overs total rather than 50, Team A would have finished the match with a positive match NRR, and improved tournament NRR, despite losing. (Similarly Team B with a worsened NRR, despite winning.)

### 4. Side that bats second is bowled out, side batting first therefore wins

* Team A bat first and set a formidable 295–5 off their complement of 50 overs. Therefore, for the tournament NRR calculations, 295 runs and 50 overs are added to Team A's runs scored/overs faced tally and Team B's runs conceded/overs bowled tally.
* Team B never get close, being bowled out for 116 off 35.4 overs. Therefore, as they were bowled out, 116 runs and 50 overs are added to Team A's runs conceded/overs bowled tally and Team B's runs scored/overs faced tally.

### 5. Both sides are bowled out, side batting first therefore wins

* Team A bat first, and manage 108 off 19.2 overs on a difficult playing surface. Team B fall agonizingly short, reaching 105 off 14.1 overs.
* In this case, both teams get 50 overs both faced and bowled in the overs column for the season, just as in example 1.

### 6. The game ends in a tie

* Runs and overs are added as in the examples above, with teams bowled out being credited with their full quota of overs. Thus, the match NRR will always be zero for both teams.

### 7. Interrupted game with revised D/L target

* In matches where Duckworth-Lewis revised targets are set due to interruptions which reduce the number of overs bowled, those revised targets and revised overs are used to calculate the NRR for both teams.
* For example, Team A are dismissed for 165 in 33.5 overs. Team B progresses to 120–0, but play is halted after 18 overs due to rain.
* Six overs are lost, and the target is reset to 150 from 44 overs, which Team B reach comfortably after 26.2 overs.
* Because the target was revised to 150 runs from 44 overs, Team A's total is reset to 149 from 44 overs, thus their RR $={\frac {149}{44}\approx 3.39}$. Team B's RR, however, is computed as normal: $\frac {150}{26.33}\approx 5.70$.
* Computing the match NRR for Team A gives us 3.39 – 5.70 = –2.31. Team B's NRR is: 5.70 – 3.39 = +2.31.

### 8. Abandoned game recorded as No Result

* Abandoned games are not considered, whatever the stage of the game at stoppage may be, and the scores in such games are immaterial to NRR calculations.

### 9. Abandoned game with retrospective D/L result

* Team A score 254 runs from their 50 overs. Team B have scored 172–4 from 30 overs when the match is abandoned.
* According to Duckworth-Lewis, 6 wickets and 20 overs in hand equates to 44.6% of resources, so Team B has used 55.4% of its resources, so their Par Score is 254 x 55.4% = 140.716 runs. As they are ahead of this, they are declared the winner.
* Team A's RR $={\frac {\text{Par Score for Team B}{\text{Overs faced by Team B}={\frac {140}{30}\approx 4.67}}}}$.
* Team B's RR $={\frac {\text{Runs scored by Team B}{\text{Overs faced by Team B}={\frac {172}{30}\approx 5.73}}}}$.

## Net Run Rate within a tournament

### Basic example

Most of the time, in limited overs cricket tournaments, there are round-robin groups among several teams, where each team plays all of the others. Just as explained in the scenarios above, the NRR is not the average of the NRRs of all the matches played, it is calculated considering the overall rate at which runs are scored for and against, within the whole group.

Here is an example South Africa's net run rate in the 1999 World Cup.

**FOR**

South Africa scored:

* Against India, 254 runs (for 6 wkts) from 47.2 overs.
* Against Sri Lanka, 199 runs (for 9 wkts) from 50 overs.
* Against England, 225 runs (for 7 wkts) from 50 overs.
* Against Kenya, 153 runs (for 3 wkts) from 41 overs.
* Against Zimbabwe, 185 runs (all out) from 47.2 overs.

In the case of Zimbabwe, because South Africa were all out before their allotted 50 overs expired, the run rate is calculated as if they had scored their runs over the full 50 overs. Therefore, across the five games, South Africa scored 1016 runs in a total of 238 overs and 2 balls (i.e. 238.333 overs), an average run rate of 1016/238.333 = 4.263.

**AGAINST**

Teams opposing South Africa scored:

* India, 253 (for 5 wkts) from 50 overs.
* Sri Lanka, 110 (all out) from 35.2 overs.
* England, 103 (all out) from 41 overs.
* Kenya, 152 (all out) from 44.3 overs.
* Zimbabwe, 233 (for 6 wkts) from 50 overs.

Again, with Sri Lanka, England and Kenya counting as the full 50 overs as they were all out, the run rate scored against South Africa across the five games is calculated on the basis of 851 runs in a total of 250 overs, an average run rate of 851/250 = 3.404.

**NET RUN RATE**

South Africa's final tournament NRR is therefore 4.263 − 3.404 = +0.859.

### Change in NRR through a tournament

**After match one**

In the above example of South Africa at the 1999 World Cup, after their first match their tournament NRR was $\frac {\mbox{254}{\mbox{47.33}-{\frac {\mbox{253}{\mbox{50}.}}}}}$

As Run Rate = Runs scored/Overs faced, the runs scored by and against South Africa in each innings can be replaced in this formula by Run Rate x Overs faced. They scored 254 runs from 47.33 overs, a rate of 5.37 runs per over. Therefore, the total of 254 runs can be replaced by 5.37 runs per over x 47.33 overs. Similarly, the total of 253 runs conceded can be replaced by 5.06 runs per over x 50 overs:

$\left(5.37\times {\frac {\mbox{47.33}{\mbox{47.33}\right)-\left(5.06\times {\frac {\mbox{50}{\mbox{50}\right)=\left(5.37\times 100\\%\right)-\left(5.06\times 100\\%\right).}}}}}}$

**After match two**

After their second match, tournament NRR was $\frac {\mbox{254 + 199}{\mbox{47.33 + 50}-{\frac {\mbox{253 + 110}{\mbox{50 + 50},}}}}}$ which is the same as $\frac {\mbox{254}{\mbox{97.33}+{\frac {\mbox{199}{\mbox{97.33}-{\frac {\mbox{253}{\mbox{100}-{\frac {\mbox{110}{\mbox{100}.}}}}}}}}}}}$

Making the same replacements for 254 and 253 as before, and replacing 199 runs scored in match two with 3.98 runs per over x 50 overs, and 110 runs conceded in match two with 2.20 runs per over x 50 overs, this becomes:

$\left(5.37\times {\frac {\mbox{47.33}{\mbox{97.33}\right)+\left(3.98\times {\frac {\mbox{50}{\mbox{97.33}\right)-\left(5.06\times {\frac {\mbox{50}{\mbox{100}\right)-\left(2.20\times {\frac {\mbox{50}{\mbox{100}\right)}}}}}}}}}}}}$

$=\left(5.37\times 48.6\\%\right)+\left(3.98\times 51.4\\%\right)-\left(5.06\times 50\\%\right)-\left(2.20\times 50\\%\right).$

**After match three**

After their third match, tournament NRR was $\frac {\mbox{254 + 199 + 225}{\mbox{47.33 + 50 + 50}-{\frac {\mbox{253 + 110 + 103}{\mbox{50 + 50 + 50},}}}}}$ i.e. $\frac {\mbox{254}{\mbox{147.33}+{\frac {\mbox{199}{\mbox{147.33}+{\frac {\mbox{225}{\mbox{147.33}-{\frac {\mbox{253}{\mbox{150}-{\frac {\mbox{110}{\mbox{150}-{\frac {\mbox{103}{\mbox{150}.}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$

Making the same replacements for 254, 253, 199 and 110 as before, and replacing 225 runs scored in match three with 4.50 runs per over x 50 overs, and 103 runs conceded in match three with 2.06 runs per over x 50 overs, this becomes:

$\left(5.37\times {\frac {\mbox{47.33}{\mbox{147.33}\right)+\left(3.98\times {\frac {\mbox{50}{\mbox{147.33}\right)+\left(4.50\times {\frac {\mbox{50}{\mbox{147.33}\right)-\left(5.06\times {\frac {\mbox{50}{\mbox{150}\right)-\left(2.20\times {\frac {\mbox{50}{\mbox{150}\right)-\left(2.06\times {\frac {\mbox{50}{\mbox{150}\right)}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$

$=\left(5.37\times 32.1\\%\right)+\left(3.98\times 33.9\\%\right)+\left(4.50\times 33.9\\%\right)-\left(5.06\times 33.3\\%\right)-\left(2.20\times 33.3\\%\right)-\left(2.06\times 33.3\\%\right).$

**Tournament NRR as a weighted average**

Therefore, tournament NRR can alternatively be thought of as the weighted average of the run rates scored in each match (weighted by the lengths of the innings batted compared to the other innings batted), minus the weighted average of the run rates conceded in each match (weighted by the lengths of the innings bowled compared to the other innings bowled). Each time another match is played, the weights of the previous innings reduce, and so the contributions of the previous innings to overall NRR reduce.

For example, the 5.37 run rate achieved in match one had 100% weighting after match one, 48.6% weighting after match two, and 32.1% weighting after match three.

## Criticisms

### NRR does not accurately reflect margins of victory, as it takes no account of wickets lost

In the language of Duckworth-Lewis-Stern, teams have two resources with which to score runs − overs and wickets. However, NRR takes into account only one of these − overs faced; it takes no account of wickets lost. Therefore, a narrow victory can produce a higher NRR than a comfortable victory. For example, in the 2013 Champions Trophy Group A:

* New Zealand narrowly beat Sri Lanka by bowling them out for 138, then reaching 139–9 from 36.3 overs, giving them match NRR = (139/36.5) − (138/50) = **1.05**.
* Sri Lanka comfortably beat England by restricting them to 293–7 from 50 overs, then reaching 297–3 from 47.1 overs, giving them match NRR = (297/47.167) − (293/50) = **0.44**.

This fact can encourage a team to play in an overly aggressive manner, to maximise NRR by batting with next to no regard for preserving wickets, when the required run rate alone seems low, which can then put the team in danger of losing.

### NRR may be manipulated

A team may choose to artificially reduce their margin of victory, as measured by NRR, to gain an additional advantage by not disadvantaging their opponent too much. For example, in the final round of matches in the 1999 World Cup Group B, Australia needed to beat West Indies to progress to the Super Six stage, but wanted to carry West Indies through with them to the Super Six, rather than New Zealand. This is because Australia would then have the additional points in the Super Six stage from beating West Indies in the group stage, whereas they had lost to New Zealand in the group stage. It was therefore to Australia's advantage to reduce their scoring rate and reduce their margin of victory, as measured by NRR, to minimise the negative impact of the match on West Indies' NRR, and therefore maximise West Indies' chance of going through with them.

However, this is also likely to be a possibility with alternatives to NRR.

This is similar to the way a narrow victory for one side in a game of football may enable both sides to progress to the next stage, e.g. West Germany v Austria in the 1982 World Cup.

## Alternatives to NRR

A number of alternatives or modifications done to NRR is suggested below as following -

### Duckworth–Lewis–Stern

Duckworth Lewis Stern method in used Tournament NRR as present, but when a side batting second successfully completes the run chase, use the Duckworth-Lewis method to predict how many runs they would have scored with a full innings. This means the calculation would be done on the basis of all innings being complete, and so would remove the criticisms of NRR penalising teams which bat second, and NRR not taking into account wickets lost. However, this does nothing to alter the fact that when matches are rain-affected, different matches and even two complete innings in one match, can be different lengths long (in terms of overs), and so does nothing about some of the other criticisms above.

Therefore, alternatively, use Duckworth–Lewis–Stern to predict the 50-over total for *every* innings less than this, even, for example, if a match is reduced to 40 overs each, and a side completes their 40 overs. This would make every innings in the tournament the same length, so would remove all the criticisms above. However, a side will bat differently (less conservatively) in a 40-over innings compared to a 50-over innings, and so it is quite unfair to use their 40-over total to predict how many runs they could have scored in 50 overs.

### Average of the match NRRs

Calculate tournament NRR as the total or average of the individual match NRRs. This would mean all matches have equal weighting, no matter how long they were, (rather than all batted overs across the tournament having equal weighting, and all bowled overs across the tournament having equal weighting). This would remove the criticisms under the 'Tournament NRR calculation' subheading above. For example, the different teams' tournament NRRs would always sum to zero if the total of the individual match NRRs were used, or if the average of the individual match NRRs were used and all teams had played the same number of games.

An example of when using this would have made a difference was the 1999 Cricket World Cup Group B. New Zealand and West Indies finished level on points. Having scored a total of 723 runs from 201 overs, and conceded 746 runs from 240.4 overs, West Indies' tournament NRR was (723/201) − (746/240.6667) = **0.50**. However, New Zealand had scored 817 runs from 196.1 overs, and conceded 877 runs from 244.2 overs, so their tournament NRR was (817/196.167) − (877/244.333) = **0.58**. Therefore, New Zealand progressed to the Super Six stage and West Indies were eliminated. However, with individual match NRRs of −0.540, 0.295, 0.444, 5.525 and −0.530, the West Indies' average match NRR was **1.04**, and with individual match NRRs of 1.225, 0.461, −0.444, −1.240 and 4.477, New Zealand's average match NRR was **0.90**. Therefore, West Indies' average NRR was better than New Zealand's.

### Head-to-head record or stage a play-off match

Split teams level on points using the results from the matches between them. However, this unfairly increases the importance of that one match and reduces the importance of other matches in the league, when all matches in a league should be of equal value − the team with the better head-to-head record will have a worse record against other teams. Also, the head-to-head record will not decide it if the game between them was a No result, or if they played each other twice, and won one game each. An example of where a team progressed further because of a head-to-head result taken into account, was in the 1999 World Cup semi-finals when South Africa vs Australia played to a tie but Australia progressed due to them beating South Africa in the group stages, even though South Africa won more matches.

Alternatively, stage a play-off match between the teams level on points. However, organising this at very short notice may be difficult, or the teams may be in the middle of a league table with no promotion or relegation or progression at stake, so there may be no appetite for a play-off match.

These two methods both also run into difficulties when three or more teams are level on points.


title: Pyrausta grisealis

abstract: Pyrausta grisealis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Koen V. N. Maes in 2009. It is found in Namibia.

text:
# Pyrausta grisealis

***Pyrausta grisealis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Koen V. N. Maes in 2009. It is found in Namibia.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrausta grisealis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrausta* |
| Species: | ***P. grisealis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrausta grisealis***<br>Maes, 2009 | |
|


title: Oberkassel Nord station

abstract: Oberkassel Nord is a station served by line 66 of the Bonn Stadtbahn and line 62 of Bonn's tram system. This station consists of two tracks with two side platforms. The Bonn-Oberkassel station is about 450 meters away.

text:
# Oberkassel Nord station

**Oberkassel Nord** is a station served by line 66 of the Bonn Stadtbahn and line 62 of Bonn's tram system. This station consists of two tracks with two side platforms. The Bonn-Oberkassel station is about 450 meters away.

Media related to Stadtbahnhaltestelle Oberkassel Nord at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Oberkassel Nord | |
| --- | --- |
| Bonn Stadtbahn station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At grade |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | VRS: 2600 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Trams in Bonn Following station  Ramersdorftowards Dottendorf  Line 62  Oberkassel Mittetowards Oberkassel Süd/Römlinghoven  Preceding station Bonn Stadtbahn Following station  Ramersdorftowards Siegburg/Bonn  Line 66  Oberkassel Mittetowards Bad Honnef | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Prolley Moor

abstract: Prolley Moor is a small dispersed settlement in Shropshire, England, based around a cross roads. The settlement is located one mile from Asterton and half a mile from Wentnor. There are no services at Prolly Moor.

text:
# Prolley Moor

**Prolley Moor** (also known as **Prolly Moor**) is a small dispersed settlement in Shropshire, England, based around a cross roads. The settlement is located one mile from Asterton and half a mile from Wentnor. There are no services at Prolly Moor.

## InfoBox

| Prolley Moor | |
| --- | --- |
| Farmland at Prolley Moor | |
| Prolley MoorLocation within Shropshire | |
| Population | 50 |
| OS grid reference | SO392928 |
| Civil parish |  |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | BISHOPS CASTLE |
| Postcode district | SY9 |
| Dialling code | 01588 |
|  | |
| Police | West Mercia |
| Fire | Shropshire |
| Ambulance | West Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Ismael Gushein

abstract: El Hadj Ismael Mohamed Gassim Gushein is a Guinean politician. He is the Secretary-General of the Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally (PDG-RDA) and has led the party since it was re-established in 1992. Gushein was elected to the National Assembly in the 1995 legislative election and sat on the National Assembly's Foreign Affairs Commission during the 1995–2002 parliamentary term. In the 30 June 2002 legislative election, Gushein was re-elected to the National Assembly as a PDG-RDA candidate. The party won 3.4% of the popular vote and three out of 114 seats in that election.

text:
# Ismael Gushein

**El Hadj Ismael Mohamed Gassim Gushein** is a Guinean politician. He is the Secretary-General of the Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally (PDG-RDA) and has led the party since it was re-established in 1992.

Gushein was elected to the National Assembly in the 1995 legislative election and sat on the National Assembly's Foreign Affairs Commission during the 19952002 parliamentary term. In the 30 June 2002 legislative election, Gushein was re-elected to the National Assembly as a PDG-RDA candidate. The party won 3.4% of the popular vote and three out of 114 seats in that election.


title: Wielki Buczek, Złotów County

abstract: Wielki Buczek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lipka, within Złotów County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south of Lipka, 19 km (12 mi) north-east of Złotów, and 118 km (73 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań. It is situated in the ethnocultural region of Krajna in northern Greater Poland.

text:
# Wielki Buczek, Złotów County

**Wielki Buczek** (Polish pronunciation: \[ˈvjɛlkʲi ˈbutʂɛk\]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lipka, within Złotów County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south of Lipka, 19 km (12 mi) north-east of Złotów, and 118 km (73 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań. It is situated in the ethnocultural region of Krajna in northern Greater Poland.

## History

The territory became a part of the emerging Polish state under its first historic ruler Mieszko I in the 10th century. Wielki Buczek was a private village of Polish nobility, including the Wituliński, Potulicki, Raczyński, Grabowski families, administratively located in the Nakło County in the Kalisz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province. In 1730, Adam Stanisław Grabowski built the Holy Trinity church. It was annexed by Prussia in the First Partition of Poland in 1772, and from 1871 it was also part of Germany. In 1939, the Germans carried out arrests of prominent local Poles, including activists, a school teacher and the parish priest, who were then deported to the Sachsenhausen and Dachau concentration camps and killed there (see: *Nazi crimes against the Polish nation*). Following Germany's defeat in World War II, in 1945, the village was restored to Poland.

## InfoBox

| Wielki Buczek | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Holy Trinity church in Wielki Buczek | |
| Wielki Buczek | |
| Coordinates: 53°26′14″N 17°17′9″E / 53.43722°N 17.28583°E / 53.43722; 17.28583 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Złotów |
| Gmina | Lipka |
| Population | 290 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | PZL |


title: Pyrgus speyeri

abstract: Pyrgus speyeri is a small butterfly found in the East Palearctic that belongs to the skippers family.

text:
# Pyrgus speyeri

***Pyrgus speyeri***  is a small butterfly found in the East Palearctic (Sayan, Transbaikalia, Amur, Ussuri) that belongs to the skippers family.

## Description from Seitz

H. Speyeri Stgr. (85 g). On both sides darker than the preceding (H. carthami), the spots of the forewing above smaller; the first spot of the median band of the hindwing beneath, situated in interspace 6, is absent, being sometimes represented by an indistinct smear. Otherwise similar to *serrutulae*. Amurland, Ussuri, and Dauria. — In *seitzi* form nov. (85 g). of which 1 have a female from Sajan, the upperside of the wings is uniformly black, the forewing bearing an indistinct grey diffuse discocellular half-moon. Fringes white, interrupted by conspicuous black spots.. On the underside the apex of the wing is dark grey, the centre blackish; a spot in the cell, a discocellular arc, in interspace 10 a streak, further three small apical spots, and six dots forming an oblique curved row from interspace 6 to 2; these dots small, white, non-transparent. Hindwing olive-black, with three spots at the base, three larger ones close together, situated at the costa and vein 4, moreover a spot in interspace 1 b. Subterminal row of dots as in *speyeri*, but less prominent.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrgus speyeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pyrgus speyeri* in Seitz 85 g | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hesperiidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrgus* |
| Species: | ***P. speyeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrgus speyeri***<br>(Staudinger, 1887) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Scelothrix speyeri* Staudinger, 1887 | |


abstract: Qu'est-ce qu'on attend pour être heureux! is a 1982 French comedy film written and directed by Coline Serreau and starring Henri Garcin. The film was screened at the 39th edition of the Venice Film Festival.

text:
# Qu'est-ce qu'on attend pour être heureux!

***Qu'est-ce qu'on attend pour être heureux!*** (also known as *What Are We Waiting for to Be Happy!*) is a 1982 French comedy film written and directed by Coline Serreau and starring Henri Garcin.

The film was screened at the 39th edition of the Venice Film Festival.

## Plot

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Qu'est-ce qu'on attend pour être heureux! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Coline Serreau |
| Written by | Coline Serreau |
| Starring | Henri Garcin |
| Cinematography | Jean-Noël Ferragut |
| Edited by | Jacqueline Meppiel |
| Music by | Jeff Cohen |
| Release date | * 1982 (1982) |
| Language | French |


title: Pyrausta germanalis

abstract: Pyrausta germanalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Cuba.

text:
# Pyrausta germanalis

***Pyrausta germanalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Cuba.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrausta germanalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrausta* |
| Species: | ***P. germanalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrausta germanalis***<br>(Herrich-Schäffer, 1871) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Botys germanalis* Herrich-Schäffer, 1871 | |


title: Oenothera wolfii

abstract: Oenothera wolfii is a rare species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name Wolf's evening primrose. It is native to the coastline of southern Oregon and northern California, where it grows in coastal prairie, dunes, and coastal forest and woodland habitat. As of 1997 it was known from only about 16 occurrences. The biggest threat to the plant is its easy hybridization with its relative and probable descendant, Oenothera glazioviana. As this rare wild plant crosses with the introduced garden escapee, introgression occurs, causing what is known as genetic pollution; fewer pure individuals of O. wolfii will be seen as they are outnumbered by hybrids. Oenothera wolfii is a hairy biennial herb producing a dense rosette of leaves and an erect stem up to a meter tall. The wavy or toothed leaves are up to 18 centimeters long. In its second year the plant produces an inflorescence, a spike of showy yellow flowers with petals one or two centimeters long. The fruit is a capsule which may be almost 5 centimeters in length.

text:
# Oenothera wolfii

***Oenothera wolfii*** is a rare species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name **Wolf's evening primrose**. It is native to the coastline of southern Oregon and northern California, where it grows in coastal prairie, dunes, and coastal forest and woodland habitat. As of 1997 it was known from only about 16 occurrences. The biggest threat to the plant is its easy hybridization with its relative and probable descendant, *Oenothera glazioviana*. As this rare wild plant crosses with the introduced garden escapee, introgression occurs, causing what is known as genetic pollution; fewer pure individuals of *O. wolfii* will be seen as they are outnumbered by hybrids.

*Oenothera wolfii* is a hairy biennial herb producing a dense rosette of leaves and an erect stem up to a meter tall. The wavy or toothed leaves are up to 18 centimeters long. In its second year the plant produces an inflorescence, a spike of showy yellow flowers with petals one or two centimeters long. The fruit is a capsule which may be almost 5 centimeters in length.

## InfoBox

| *Oenothera wolfii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Imperiled  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Onagraceae |
| Genus: | *Oenothera* |
| Species: | ***O. wolfii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oenothera wolfii***
(Munz) P.H.Raven, W.Dietr. & Stubbe | |
|


title: Prosopocera schoutedeni

abstract: Prosopocera schoutedeni is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1936. It is known from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Cameroon.

text:
# Prosopocera schoutedeni

***Prosopocera schoutedeni*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1936. It is known from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Cameroon.

## InfoBox

| *Prosopocera schoutedeni* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Prosopocera* |
| Species: | ***P. schoutedeni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prosopocera schoutedeni***<br>Breuning, 1936 | |
|


title: Irish International

abstract: The Irish Future Series or Irish International is an international badminton tournament held in Ireland. This tournament has been a Future Series level, another tournament for higher tournament level is Irish Open.

text:
# Irish International

The **Irish Future Series** or *Irish International* is an international badminton tournament held in Ireland. This tournament has been a Future Series level, another tournament for higher tournament level is Irish Open.

## Previous winners

| Year | Men's singles | Women's singles | Men's doubles | Women's doubles | Mixed doubles |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Mattias Wigardt | Perrine Lebuhanic | Daniel Font
Oliver Gwilt | Sinead Chambers
Jennie King | Edward Cousins
Keelin Fox |
| 2013 | Kian Andersen | Delphine Lansac | Jonathan Dolan
Sam Magee | Louise Grimm Hansen
Louise Seiersen | Anton Kaisti
Jenny Nyström |
| 2014 | *no competition* | | | | |


title: Mobile stalls in Hong Kong

abstract: In Hong Kong, mobile stalls are used by the street hawkers to sell inexpensive goods and street food, like eggettes, fishballs and cart noodles since the 1950s. This style of selling is part of Hong Kong traditional culture. It reflects people’s ways of living and their spirits. In recent years, the operation of the mobile stalls faces challenges because of government policies and modernisation.

text:
# Mobile stalls in Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, **mobile stalls** (Chinese: 車仔檔) are used by the street hawkers to sell inexpensive goods and street food, like eggettes, fishballs and cart noodles since the 1950s. This style of selling is part of Hong Kong traditional culture. It reflects people’s ways of living and their spirits. In recent years, the operation of the mobile stalls faces challenges because of government policies and modernisation.

## History

Hong Kong experienced economic downturn in the 1950s, meanwhile, refugees from the Mainland fled to Hong Kong constantly after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, leading to an increase in population. People struggled to make a living, they started to operate mobile stalls using wooden carts with low production costs. With the portable carts, street vendors could get away in time from being arrested by the police. In the 1970s and 1980s, a wide variety of products were sold then. Besides food and snacks, household goods, clothing and kitchenware could be found in the mobile stalls. They are mostly located in Sham Shui Po and Mong Kok.

## Features

The mobile stalls sell mainly two kinds of products, street food and clothes. Some traditional street food such as eggettes, curry fish balls and fried chestnuts are favored by teenagers. These $10-odd snacks are cheap but delicious. They smell and taste good so people are willing to line up and wait for them. The mobile stalls owners make the snacks once they are ordered so as to keep them hot and fresh. Apart from the street snacks, the carful also sells clothes, sometimes handbags and other accessories. Women love buying free-sized leggings and socks. Though customers cannot try the products on, they are willing to buy them.

## Owners and locations

There are mainly two types of owners which are the unemployed middle-aged and the unlicensed hawkers. Both of them are the main support of their family while they cannot secure their jobs. As a result, they choose to run the mobile stalls so they can make a decent living and avoid paying high rents. The mobile stalls are operated by family units. Most of the mobile stalls can be found near the public housings, schools and MTR stations, because a steady stream of people in these places helps increase their business turnover.

## Relationship with Hong Kong

The mobile stalls reflect Hong Kong's traditional values of diligence and a fast-paced lifestyle. With a small amount of capital and time, owners can earn a huge profit from the day's sales by moving their carts around without paying high rents. This traditional hawking style is threatened by government policies and modernisation. Under the law, unlicensed hawking is prohibited and many mobile stalls have been demolished; the government nevertheless sets up markets in different districts like Tin Sau Hui (天秀墟) and Wan Chai Tai Yuen Street (太原街) where mobile stalls continue to gather. Some citizens support the government’s plan since they think it is more hygienic and peaceful without the mobile stalls on the streets, while others object to government policy.


title: Pythias (Roman)

abstract: Pythias was a 1st-century female Roman slave in the household of Octavia, the first wife of the Emperor Nero, who divorced Octavia in 62 AD to marry Poppaea Sabina. To fabricate evidence that could be used to justify murdering Octavia after the divorce, Poppaea and Tigellinus, the Prefect of the Praetorian Guard, attempted to compel Octavia's maids to make false claims of her adultery during her marriage to Nero. Pythias refused. She was tortured, but she famously proclaimed that Octavia's genitalia were cleaner than Tigellinus' mouth. The earliest surviving version of the story appears to be that told by the Roman historian Tacitus in his Annals, although he doesn't name the maid: Dominating Nero as his wife, as she had long dominated him as his mistress, Poppaea incited one of Octavia's household to accuse Octavia of adultery with a slave - an Alexandrian flute-player called Eucaerus was designated for the role. Octavia's maids were tortured, and though some were induced by the pain to make false confessions, the majority unflinchingly maintained her innocence. One retorted that the mouth of Tigellinus, who was bullying her, was less clean than any part of Octavia. Nevertheless, [Octavia] was put away. A later version of the story, which names Pythias as the maid, was told by the Roman historian Cassius Dio in his Roman History: It was to [Tigellinus] that the famous retort is said to have been made by Pythias. When all the other [female] attendants of Octavia, with the exception of Pythias, had taken sides with [Poppaea] Sabina in her attack upon the [former] empress... Pythias alone had refused, though cruelly tortured, to utter lies against her mistress, and finally, as Tigellinus continued to urge her, she spat in his face, saying: "My mistress' privy parts are cleaner, Tigellinus, than your mouth."

text:
# Pythias (Roman)

**Pythias** was a 1st-century female Roman slave (possibly of Greek origin) in the household of Octavia, the first wife of the Emperor Nero, who divorced Octavia in 62 AD to marry Poppaea Sabina. To fabricate evidence that could be used to justify murdering Octavia after the divorce, Poppaea and Tigellinus, the Prefect of the Praetorian Guard, attempted to compel Octavia's maids to make false claims of her adultery during her marriage to Nero. Pythias refused. She was tortured, but she famously proclaimed that Octavia's genitalia were cleaner than Tigellinus' mouth.

The earliest surviving version of the story appears to be that told by the Roman historian Tacitus (c56 - c120 AD) in his *Annals*, although he doesn't name the maid:

> Dominating Nero as his wife, as she had long dominated him as his mistress, Poppaea incited one of Octavia's household to accuse Octavia of adultery with a slave - an Alexandrian flute-player called Eucaerus was designated for the role. Octavia's maids were tortured, and though some were induced by the pain to make false confessions, the majority unflinchingly maintained her innocence. One retorted that the mouth of Tigellinus, who was bullying her, was less clean than any part of Octavia. Nevertheless, \[Octavia\] was put away.

A later version of the story, which names Pythias as the maid, was told by the Roman historian Cassius Dio (c155 - c235 AD) in his *Roman History*:

> It was to \[Tigellinus\] that the famous retort is said to have been made by Pythias. When all the other \[female\] attendants of Octavia, with the exception of Pythias, had taken sides with \[Poppaea\] Sabina in her attack upon the \[former\] empress ... Pythias alone had refused, though cruelly tortured, to utter lies against her mistress, and finally, as Tigellinus continued to urge her, she spat in his face, saying: "My mistress' privy parts are cleaner, Tigellinus, than your mouth."


title: Pytho niger

abstract: Pytho niger is a species of dead log beetle in the family Pythidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Pytho niger

***Pytho niger*** is a species of dead log beetle in the family Pythidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 5: Tenebrionoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26090-0.

## InfoBox

| *Pytho niger* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Pythidae |
| Genus: | *Pytho* |
| Species: | ***P. niger*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pytho niger***<br>Kirby, 1837 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pytho fallax*  Seidlitz, 1916 | |


title: Ōsasahara Shrine

abstract: Ōsasahara Shrine) is a Shinto shrine located in the city of Yasu, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. The kami worshipped at this shrine are Susanoo-no-Mikoto and Kushinadahime.

text:
# Ōsasahara Shrine

**Ōsasahara Shrine** (大笹原神社, *Ōsasahara Jinja*)) is a Shinto shrine located in the city of Yasu, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. The *kami* worshipped at this shrine are Susanoo-no-Mikoto and Kushinadahime.

## Outline

Ōsasahara Shrine was constructed in the year 986 by Echi Morozane, a local warlord. In 1414, the shrine's main hall (*honden*) was reconstructed by Mabuchi Sadanobu, the castellan of Iwakura Castle. Following the Meiji restoration and the establishment of the Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines under State Shinto, the shrine was officially designated a “county shrine”.

## Cultural properties

HondenReconstructed in 1414 during the middle Muromachi period, this building is a 3×3 *ken*, single-storied structure with an *irimoya-zukuri* style roof and a 1 *ken* step canopy covered by hinoki cypress bark shingles. It is particularly notable for the excellent construction technique of the transom and doors. The ornamental carvings are representative of Higashiyama culture. The building was designated as National Treasure in 1961.  Shinohara Shrine HondenLocated to the left of the main shrine is a subsidiary shrine dedicated to Ishikori-dome no Mikoto. Built in 1425, it was designated an Important Cultural Property in 1931.

### Notes

1. "*irimoya-zukuri*". JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
2. "大笹原神社" \[Ōsasahara Shrine\]. Yasu city. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
3. "大笹原神社本殿" \[Ōsasahara Shrine main hall\] (PDF). Shiga Prefecture. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
4. "大笹原神社本殿" \[Ōsasahara Shrine honden\] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
5. "大笹原神社境内社篠原神社本殿" \[Osasahara Shrine Precincts Shinohara Shrine Main Hall\] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved August 20, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Ōsasahara Shrine<br>大笹原神社 | |
| --- | --- |
| The Main Building of Ōsasahara Shrine, a National Treasure | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Shinto |
| Deity | Susanoo-no-Mikoto, Kushinadahime |
| Location | |
| Location | Ōsasahara, Yasu, Shiga, Japan |
| Ōsasahara JinjaŌsasahara Shrine (Japan) | |
| Geographic coordinates | 35°4′35.43″N 136°3′57.06″E / 35.0765083°N 136.0658500°E / 35.0765083; 136.0658500 |
| Architecture | |
| Date established | 986 AD |
| Glossary of ShintoNational Treasure Important Cultural Property | |


title: Obtusipalpis

abstract: Obtusipalpis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by George Hampson in 1896.

text:
# Obtusipalpis

***Obtusipalpis*** is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by George Hampson in 1896.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Obtusipalpis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Obtusipalpis pardalis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Tribe: | Margaroniini |
| Genus: | *Obtusipalpis*<br>Hampson, 1896 |
|


title: Prosopocera spinipennis

abstract: Prosopocera spinipennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1954.

text:
# Prosopocera spinipennis

***Prosopocera spinipennis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1954.

## InfoBox

| *Prosopocera spinipennis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Prosopocera* |
| Species: | ***P. spinipennis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prosopocera spinipennis***<br>Breuning, 1954 | |
|


title: 452 BC

abstract: Year 452 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lanatus and Vaticanus. The denomination 452 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

text:
# 452 BC

452 BC in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 452 BC
*CDLII BC* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 302 |
| Ancient Egypt era | XXVII dynasty, 74 |
| *\- Pharaoh* | Artaxerxes I of Persia, 14 |
| Ancient Greek era | 82nd Olympiad (victor |
| Assyrian calendar | 4299 |
| Balinese saka calendar | *N/A* |
| Bengali calendar | −1044 |
| Berber calendar | 499 |
| Buddhist calendar | 93 |
| Burmese calendar | −1089 |
| Byzantine calendar | 5057–5058 |
| Chinese calendar | 戊子年 (Earth Rat)
2246 or 2039
*to*
己丑年 (Earth Ox)
2247 or 2040 |
| Coptic calendar | −735 – −734 |
| Discordian calendar | 715 |
| Ethiopian calendar | −459 – −458 |
| Hebrew calendar | 3309–3310 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | −395 – −394 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | *N/A* |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 2649–2650 |
| Holocene calendar | 9549 |
| Iranian calendar | 1073 BP – 1072 BP |
| Islamic calendar | 1106 BH – 1105 BH |
| Javanese calendar | *N/A* |
| Julian calendar | *N/A* |
| Korean calendar | 1882 |
| Minguo calendar | 2363 before ROC
民前2363年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −1919 |
| Thai solar calendar | 91–92 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳土鼠年
(male Earth-Rat)
−325 or −706 or −1478
*to*
阴土牛年
(female Earth-Ox)
−324 or −705 or −1477 |

Year **452 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lanatus and Vaticanus** (or, less frequently, **year 302 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 452 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 1st millennium BC |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: Mobile speed camera

abstract: A mobile speed camera is speed limit enforcement device used in Australia, France, India, and the United Kingdom to refer to a road vehicle fitted with speed camera equipment which can park at the side of the road, or on overbridges to monitor the speed of passing traffic. Mobile speed cameras come in many shapes, sizes and colour schemes. Generally there are two types, a white van with the camera equipment poking out of the rear or out of the sliding side panel They are not required by law to carry a 'speed camera warning' logo, although by the time motorist has seen it, their speed has been recorded anyway. Introduced over the last year or so are mobile speed traps based on motorbikes to allow speed monitoring in areas where it is impossible to park a van.

text:
# Mobile speed camera

A **mobile speed camera** is speed limit enforcement device used in Australia, France, India, and the United Kingdom to refer to a road vehicle fitted with speed camera equipment which can park at the side of the road, or on overbridges to monitor the speed of passing traffic.

Mobile speed cameras come in many shapes, sizes and colour schemes. Generally there are two types, a white van with the camera equipment poking out of the rear (for layby based vans) or out of the sliding side panel (for overbridge based vans) They are not required by law to carry a 'speed camera warning' logo, (although government guidelines state they should) although by the time motorist has seen it, their speed has been recorded anyway.

Introduced over the last year or so are mobile speed traps based on motorbikes to allow speed monitoring in areas where it is impossible to park a van.

{


title: Peggy Does Her Darndest

abstract: Peggy Does Her Darndest is a lost 1919 silent film comedy directed by George D. Baker and starring May Allison. It was produced and distributed by Metro Pictures. Melodramatic comedy of an athletic girl Peggy Ensloe played by May Allison.

text:
# Peggy Does Her Darndest

***Peggy Does Her Darndest*** is a lost 1919 silent film comedy directed by George D. Baker and starring May Allison. It was produced and distributed by Metro Pictures.

Melodramatic comedy of an athletic girl Peggy Ensloe played by May Allison.

## Cast

## Plot

## InfoBox

| Peggy Does Her Darndest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | George D. Baker |
| Written by | George D. Baker |
| Based on | short story<br>by Royal Brown |
| Produced by | Maxwell Karger |
| Starring | May Allison |
| Cinematography | William Fildew |
| Distributed by | Metro Pictures |
| Release date | * February 24, 1919 (1919-02-24) |
| Running time | 5 reels |
| Country | USA |
| Language | Silent...English intertitles |


title: Quantice Never Crashed

abstract: Quantice Never Crashed was a screamo band from Staten Island, New York, that was most active in the mid-2000s. Founding members included Phil on bass, Vinny on guitar, Mikey on drums, Pat on guitar, and Philly on vocals. Phil DiMarco, the band's bassist, went on to play drums in emo band Common Sage.

text:
# Quantice Never Crashed

**Quantice Never Crashed** was a screamo band from Staten Island, New York, that was most active in the mid-2000s. Founding members included Phil on bass, Vinny on guitar, Mikey on drums, Pat on guitar, and Philly on vocals. (Members were only credited by their first names on albums and promotional materials.) Phil DiMarco, the band's bassist, went on to play drums in emo band Common Sage.

## History

The band was founded in 2002 under the name Howard Finster, after the late American folk artist. The group self-released their demo in 2004, prior to changing their name to Quantice Never Crashed.

Their self-titled album was released on independent label The Death Scene on October 19, 2004, and the band toured extensively in its support. The album was positively reviewed in Maximumrocknroll, where it was characterized as "\[m\]etallic hardcore with lots \[of\] jerky time changes and riffage galore. They play the mix of metal and screamo off each other very well." The review on metal website *Teeth of the Divine* noted that "for a debut album, this borders on genre defining brilliance with room yet to improve and (literally) grow." The album was also reviewed in Punk Planet. One song from the album, "Lighthouses," was included on AMP Sampler volume 11 in 2004.

A series of lineup changes followed, and in 2006, singer Philly left and the band dissolved. They reunited for a one-off fundraiser show in 2007. In the following years, the band reunited intermittently, playing the Punk Island festival in 2013, and performing with hardcore group Soul Glo in 2020.They will reunite for upcoming Flames Fest 2024 on June 8th at Mother Pugs Saloon on Staten Island.

1. "Quantice Never Crashed by Quantice Never Crashed". *Bandcamp*. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
2. "Common Sage biography". *Spotify*. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
3. "Quantice Never Crashed | Bio". *Quantice Never Crashed*. Archived from the original on April 9, 2005. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
4. Shultz, Brian (September 3, 2004). "Howard Finster - Demo". *www.punknews.org*. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
5. "sAMPler Volume 11". *AMP*. **11**: 228. October–November 2004  via Archive.org.
6. RC (January 2005). "QUANTICE NEVER CRASHED – "The Physical Setting of a Dream" \[sic\] CD". *Maximumrocknroll*. **260**: 128  via Archive.org.
7. T, Erik (April 3, 2004). "Reviews » Quantice Never Crashed". *Teeth of the Divine*. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
8. DA (March–April 2005). "Quantice Never Crashed – S/T, CD". *Punk Planet*. **66**: 136–137  via Archive.org.
9. Alcock, Melissa (August 9, 2007). "The reunion show". *Staten Island Advance*.
10. Bailey, Rob (June 21, 2013). "Make Music New York goes 'Punk' on Staten Island's waterfront from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. June 22". *Staten Island Advance*. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
11. "Punk Island 2013 happening in Staten Island (initial lineup)". *BrooklynVegan*. 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
12. Sacher, Andrew (January 3, 2020). "12 Great Screamo Releases from 2019". *BrooklynVegan*. Retrieved July 19, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Quantice Never Crashed | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Staten Island, N.Y., United States |
| Genres | Screamo |
| Years active | 20022006, 2007, 2013, 2019, 2020 |
| Labels | The Death Scene |
|  | |
| Website | Quantice Never Crashed |


title: WEAF (AM)

abstract: WEAF is an urban contemporary gospel formatted AM radio station in Camden, South Carolina, United States. The station is owned by Jeff Andrulonis. Programming is featured from the Worship & Word Network.

text:
# WEAF (AM)

**WEAF** (1130 kHz) is an urban contemporary gospel formatted AM radio station in Camden, South Carolina, United States. The station is owned by Jeff Andrulonis. Programming is featured from the Worship & Word Network.

## History

At one time, this station had the letters WAME and an adult standards format. Then-owners GHB Broadcasting switched the format to sports talk and changed the callsign to WQIS.

In 2006, Glory Communications Inc. purchased WEAF from Colonial Radio Group Inc., and the format was urban contemporary gospel.

On November 8, 2016, WEAF was granted a Federal Communications Commission construction permit to move to 1120 kHz from a new transmitter site, change the community of license to Saint Stephen, decrease day power to 390 watts and eliminate night operation.

From 1922 to 1946, WEAF was the callsign of the radio station that became WNBC and the flagship station of the NBC Red Network. This station is now known as WFAN in New York. In the mid-1970s, WEAF was the callsign of the current WPTI in Eden, North Carolina.

## Ownership

Colonial Radio Group acquired then-WQIS in 2003. In April 2006, Glory Communications Inc. (Alex Snipe, president) reached an agreement to purchase WEAF from Colonial Radio Group Inc. (Jeffrey Andrulonis, president) for a reported sale price of $222,500.

## InfoBox

WEAF
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 1130 kHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Urban contemporary gospel |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Glory Communications, Inc. |
| History | |
| First air date | 1971 |
| Former call signs | WPUB (1983–1987)
WVEF (1987–1995)
WAME (1995–1999)
WQIS (1999–2005) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 24146 |
| Class | D |
| Power | * 5,000 watts day * 7 watts night |
| Transmitter coordinates | 34°15′32″N 80°34′47″W / 34.25889°N 80.57972°W / 34.25889; -80.57972 |
| Translator(s) | 99.5 W258DL (Camden) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | worshipandwordnetwork.com |


title: Ōsakura Station

abstract: Ōsakura Station is a passenger railway station in the city of Sakura, Chiba Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Keisei Electric Railway.

text:
# Ōsakura Station

**Ōsakura Station** (大佐倉駅, *Ōsakura-eki*) is a passenger railway station in the city of Sakura, Chiba Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Keisei Electric Railway.

## Lines

Ōsakura Station is served by the Keisei Main Line, and lies 53.0 kilometers from the Tokyo terminus of the line at Keisei-Ueno Station.

## Station layout

The station consists of two opposed side platforms connected by a level crossing.

### Platforms

| **1** | KS Keisei Main Line | for Keisei Tsudanuma, Keisei Takasago, Nippori, and Keisei Ueno |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | KS Keisei Main Line | for Higashi-Narita, Keisei Narita, and Narita Airport (Terminal 2·3 and Terminal 1) |

## History

Ōsakura Station opened on 9 December 1926.

Station numbering was introduced to all Keisei Line stations on 17 July 2010. Ōsakura Station was assigned station number KS36.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 402 passengers daily.

## Surrounding area

* Sakura City Sakurahigashi Elementary School
* Shisui Municipal Shisui Elementary School

Media related to Ōsakura Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| KS36
Ōsakura Station
大佐倉駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Entrance to Ōsakura Station in July 2020 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 277 Matsuyama, Ōzakura, Sakura-shi, Chiba-ken
Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°43′47″N 140°15′04″E / 35.7297°N 140.2510°E / 35.7297; 140.2510 |
| Operated by | Keisei Electric Railway |
| Line(s) | KS Keisei Main Line |
| Distance | 53.0 km from Keisei-Ueno |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Other information | |
| Station code | KS36 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | December 9, 1926 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2019 | 402 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Keisei Following station  Keisei SakuraKS35towards Keisei Ueno  Main Line**Limited Express****Commuter Express****Rapid****Local**  Keisei ShisuiKS37towards Narita Airport Terminal 1 | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Ōsakura StationLocation within Chiba PrefectureŌsakura StationŌsakura Station (Japan) | |


title: Päka

abstract: Päka is a village in Võru Parish, Põlva County in southeastern Estonia. In 1992-2017 the village was located in Orava parish of Põlva county. The northern border of Paka village is marked by the Rebasmäe brook, next to which the Rebasmäe repository was formed. The village is crossed by the Niitsik-Võmmmorski road.

text:
# Päka

**Päka** is a village in Võru Parish, Põlva County in southeastern Estonia.

In 1992-2017 (before the administrative reform of Estonian local governments) the village was located in Orava parish of Põlva county.

The northern border of Paka village is marked by the Rebasmäe brook, next to which the Rebasmäe repository was formed.

The village is crossed by the Niitsik-Võmmmorski road.

57°57′N 27°29′E / 57.950°N 27.483°E / 57.950; 27.483

## InfoBox

| Päka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Võru County |
| Parish | Võru Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Ocinara albicollis

abstract: Ocinara albicollis is a moth in the family Bombycidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1862. It is found in Kenya, China, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka and on Sumatra, Java and Borneo. The habitat consists of lower and upper montane forests, but it has also been recorded in the lowlands.

text:
# Ocinara albicollis

***Ocinara albicollis*** is a moth in the family Bombycidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1862. It is found in Kenya, China, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka and on Sumatra, Java and Borneo. The habitat consists of lower and upper montane forests, but it has also been recorded in the lowlands.

## InfoBox

| *Ocinara albicollis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Ocinara albicollis - Langka, East Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh, India, 12 April 2012 | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Bombycidae |
| Genus: | *Ocinara* |
| Species: | ***O. albicollis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ocinara albicollis***<br>(Walker, 1862) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Naprepa albicollis* Walker, 1862 * *Trilocha albicollis* | |


abstract: The GiMA Best Engineer – Film Album is given by Global Indian Music Academy as a part of its annual Global Indian Music Academy Awards to recognise a music engineer who has delivered an outstanding performance in a film.

text:
# GiMA Award for Best Engineer – Film Album

The **GiMA Best Engineer – Film Album** is given by Global Indian Music Academy as a part of its annual Global Indian Music Academy Awards to recognise a music engineer who has delivered an outstanding performance in a film.

## Superlatives

| Superlative | Singer | Record |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Most awards | Eric Pillai | 4 |
| Most nominations | Eric Pillai | 14 |
| Most nominations without ever winning | Vijay Dayal | 3 |
| Most nominations in a single year | Eric Pillai (2011) | 4 |

## List of winners


title: 452

abstract: Year 452 (CDLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Herculanus and Sporacius. The denomination 452 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

text:
# 452

452 in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 452
*CDLII* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 1205 |
| Assyrian calendar | 5202 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 373–374 |
| Bengali calendar | −141 |
| Berber calendar | 1402 |
| Buddhist calendar | 996 |
| Burmese calendar | −186 |
| Byzantine calendar | 5960–5961 |
| Chinese calendar | 辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit)
3149 or 2942
*to*
壬辰年 (Water Dragon)
3150 or 2943 |
| Coptic calendar | 168–169 |
| Discordian calendar | 1618 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 444–445 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4212–4213 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | 508–509 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | 373–374 |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 3552–3553 |
| Holocene calendar | 10452 |
| Iranian calendar | 170 BP – 169 BP |
| Islamic calendar | 175 BH – 174 BH |
| Javanese calendar | 337–338 |
| Julian calendar | 452
*CDLII* |
| Korean calendar | 2785 |
| Minguo calendar | 1460 before ROC
民前1460年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −1016 |
| Seleucid era | 763/764 AG |
| Thai solar calendar | 994–995 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴金兔年
(female Iron-Rabbit)
578 or 197 or −575
*to*
阳水龙年
(male Water-Dragon)
579 or 198 or −574 |

Year **452** (**CDLII**) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Herculanus and Sporacius** (or, less frequently, **year 1205 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 452 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events

### By place

#### Europe

#### China

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 1st millennium |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: Wielącza-Kolonia

abstract: Wielącza-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szczebrzeszyn, within Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

text:
# Wielącza-Kolonia

**Wielącza-Kolonia** \[vjɛˈlɔnt͡ʂa kɔˈlɔɲa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szczebrzeszyn, within Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Wielącza-Kolonia | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Wielącza-Kolonia | |
| Coordinates: 50°44′20″N 23°04′20″E / 50.73889°N 23.07222°E / 50.73889; 23.07222 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Zamość |
| Gmina | Szczebrzeszyn |


title: Pelias (mythology)

abstract:
In Greek mythology, Pelias may refer to the following characters:
  - Pelias, king of Iolcus and uncle of Jason who sent him to fetch the Golden Fleece.
  - Pelias, a son of Aeginetes, descendant of King Amyclas of Laconia. Through his son Ampyx, Pelias was the ancestor of Patreus who founded Patras.
  - Pelias, father of Iphidamas and Eurydamas who were both counted among the Achaeans in the Trojan War.
  - Pelias, a Trojan warrior who participated in the siege of Troy. During the war, he was wounded by Odysseus.

text:
# Pelias (mythology)

In Greek mythology, **Pelias** (/ˈpliæs/; Ancient Greek: Πελίας) may refer to the following characters:

1. Apollodorus, 1.9.10
2. Pausanias, 7.18.5 (Achaica)
3. Tryphiodorus, 181
4. Virgil, *Aeneid* 2.436
* Apollodorus, *The Library* with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
* Pausanias, *Description of Greece* with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt. D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
* Pausanias, *Graeciae Descriptio.* *3 vols*. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Publius Vergilius Maro, *Aeneid.* Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Publius Vergilius Maro, *Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics*. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Tryphiodorus, *Capture of Troy* translated by Mair, A. W. Loeb Classical Library Volume 219. London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1928. Online version at theoi.com
* Tryphiodorus, *Capture of Troy* with an English Translation by A.W. Mair. London, William Heinemann, Ltd.; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1928. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.


title: Ōsato, Saitama

abstract: Ōsato was a town located in Ōsato District, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,325 and a density of 534.34 persons per km⁲. The total area was 15.58 km⁲. On October 1, 2005, Ōsato, along with the town of Menuma, was merged into the expanded city of Kumagaya and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

text:
# Ōsato, Saitama

**Ōsato** (大里町, *Ōsato-machi*) was a town located in Ōsato District, Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,325 and a density of 534.34 persons per km2. The total area was 15.58 km2.

On October 1, 2005, Ōsato, along with the town of Menuma (also from Ōsato District), was merged into the expanded city of Kumagaya and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

1. "総務省｜令和2年版 地方財政白書｜資料編 〔附属資料〕 昭和60年度以降の市町村合併の実績" \[Record of Municipal Mergers Since Showa 60\]. *総務省* (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-02-28.

36°06′N 139°25′E / 36.100°N 139.417°E / 36.100; 139.417


title: Oh Boy (The Paradise Motel album)

abstract: Oh Boy is an album released by the Australian band The Paradise Motel in September 2013. This was their first independently released album, and the first to predominantly feature songwriter Charles Bickford as vocalist. Many of the songs concern masculinity and Australian culture. The song 'The Spider' was released digitally as a single. Despite no touring and no promotion the album received positive reviews

text:
# Oh Boy (The Paradise Motel album)

***Oh Boy*** is an album released by the Australian band The Paradise Motel in September 2013. This was their first independently released album, and the first to predominantly feature songwriter Charles Bickford as vocalist. Many of the songs concern masculinity and Australian culture.

The song 'The Spider' was released digitally as a single. Despite no touring and no promotion the album received positive reviews

## Track listing

Oh Boy
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "City of Fortune" | 4:09 |
| 2. | "East of Early Losses" | 4:50 |
| 3. | "The Spider" | 7:08 |
| 4. | "Walk Don't Walk" | 3:45 |
| 5. | "Zane Grey" | 3:10 |
| 6. | "King of the Past" | 5:29 |
| 7. | "Rivers of Tinsel" | 4:45 |
| 8. | "The Swedish Prize" | 5:45 |
| 9. | "He Was Alive" | 6:04 |

## Personnel

* Merida Sussex – vocals
* Charles Bickford – vocals, guitar, keyboards
* Matt Aulich – guitars, arrangements
* Esme Macdonald – bass guitar
* Mark BJ Austin – keyboards, organ, pedal steel
* Andy Hazel – drums
* Campbell Shaw – violins

## InfoBox

| Oh Boy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Paradise Motel | |
| Released | 2 September 2013 |
| Recorded | Headgap Studios, Melbourne, Australia |
| Genre | Rock, acoustic, indie, noir |
| Length | 45:04 |
| Label | independent |
| Producer | Casey Rice, The Paradise Motel |
| The Paradise Motel chronology | |
| *I Still Hear Your Voice at Night*
(2011) ***Oh Boy***
(2013) | |