title: Preferential hyperacuity perimetry

abstract: Preferential hyperacuity perimetry (PHP) is a psychophysical test used to identify and quantify visual abnormalities such as metamorphopsia and scotoma. It is a type of perimetry.

text:
# Preferential hyperacuity perimetry

**Preferential hyperacuity perimetry** (**PHP**) is a psychophysical test used to identify and quantify visual abnormalities such as metamorphopsia and scotoma. It is a type of perimetry.

## Background

Vision abnormalities such as metamorphopsia (distortions) and scotoma are symptoms of retinal diseases such as macular degeneration. In advanced stages of the disease, photoreceptor cells may be irreversibly damaged. Hence, if not treated, macular degeneration may lead to blindness. Awareness to early changes in vision, especially in high risk patients, leads to early treatment (such as intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF factors, e.g. bevacizumab or ranibizumab) and prevents loss of vision. Because of complex brain mechanisms such as filling-in, patients with small and peripheral defects in their vision are often unaware of such changes until late stages in the disease. Another problem is that minute visual aberrations can be normal and therefore should be distinguished from genuine visual abnormalities. Preferential hyperacuity perimetry (PHP) is a technology that bypasses filling-in and quantifies the extent of visual abnormalities.

## Technology

PHP takes advantage of visual **hyperacuity**, also known as vernier acuity—the ability to identify the misalignment of visual objects. Visual hyperacuity is at least 10 times more sensitive than visual acuity, the ability to separate between distinct objects. Therefore, in retinal diseases such as macular degeneration responses to hyperacuity stimuli may be abnormal long before any changes in visual acuity are observed. Another key element in PHP technology relies on the competition principle. According to this principle, visual attention is *preferably* attracted to the larger object. When two stimuli, which are different in size, are simultaneously and briefly displayed, the observer is more likely to perceive the larger of the two, while missing the other.

## PHP test

In a PHP test, the macula (central area of the retina) is scanned with a succession of stimuli, each stimulus consisting of a series of dots arranged along a vertical or horizontal axis. In each stimulus, a small number of dots are misaligned, thereby creating an artificial distortion (bump or wave). The examinee's task is to perceive these artificial distortions and mark their locations on the visual field. When a stimulus is projected on a healthy portion of the retina, the examinee identifies the artificial distortion and is likely to mark a correct location. If the stimulus is projected on a damaged region of the retina, a pathological distortion may be perceived instead of the artificial distortion, especially if the pathological distortion is more prominent than the artificial distortion. The examinee may then mark a location that is distant from the artificial distortion, indicating that a pathological distortion may have been perceived. By manipulating the amplitude of artificial distortions, the amplitude of the pathology in the area of interest can be quantified. At the end of test, comparison of the set of erroneous responses against a normative data base is used to determine if test results are within normal limits.

## InfoBox

| Preferential hyperacuity perimetry | |
| --- | --- |
| Purpose | identify and quantify visual abnormalities |


title: Zerpenschleuse

abstract: Zerpenschleuse is a populated place in the municipality of Wandlitz, Barnim, Brandenburg, Germany.

text:
# Zerpenschleuse

**Zerpenschleuse** is a populated place in the municipality of Wandlitz, Barnim, Brandenburg, Germany.

## History

Until 2003, when it was merged into Wandlitz, Zerpenschleuse was its own municipality. From 1815 to 1945, Zerpenschleuse was part of the Prussian Province of Brandenburg, from 1945 to 1952 of the State of Brandenburg, from 1952 to 1990 of the East German Bezirk Frankfurt and since 1990 again of Brandenburg.

52°52′00″N 013°31′00″E / 52.86667°N 13.51667°E / 52.86667; 13.51667

## InfoBox

| Zerpenschleuse | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil, village, former municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Zerpenschleuse | |
| Coordinates: 52°51′08″N 13°31′40″E / 52.8522°N 13.5278°E / 52.8522; 13.5278 | |
| Country | Germany |
| Area | |
| Total | 17.41 km2 (6.72 sq mi) |
| Area code | 033395 |


title: Pappostipa

abstract: Pappostipa is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Poaceae. Its native range is Western and Southern Central USA to Northwestern Mexico, Peru to Southern South America. Species:

text:
# Pappostipa

***Pappostipa*** is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Poaceae.

Its native range is Western and Southern Central USA to Northwestern Mexico, Peru to Southern South America.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Pappostipa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *P. humilis* in Chubut, Argentina | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Supertribe: | Stipodae |
| Tribe: | Stipeae |
| Genus: | *Pappostipa*<br>(Speg.) Romasch., P.M.Peterson & Soreng |
|


title: Shannon Smith (lacrosse)

abstract: Shannon Elizabeth Smith is an American lacrosse coach and former player. Smith concluded her collegiate career at Northwestern University as their all-time leading goal scorer with 254, three-time IWLCA first-team All-American, three-time All-ALC first-team choice, and a two-time MVP of the NCAA Championship.

text:
# Shannon Smith (lacrosse)

**Shannon Elizabeth Smith**  is an American lacrosse coach and former player. Smith concluded her collegiate career at Northwestern University as their all-time leading goal scorer with 254, three-time IWLCA first-team All-American, three-time All-ALC first-team choice, and a two-time MVP of the NCAA Championship.

## Early life and education

Smith was born to parents Bill and Patty in West Babylon, New York, US. Growing up, she was a multi-sport athlete but only began playing lacrosse during middle school after a family friend needed an extra player for a game. In spite of this, she qualified for West Babylon High School's varsity lacrosse team as a seventh-grader. As a sophomore, Smith set a new state record with 129 goals and 67 assists during the 2006 season.

During her senior year, Smith recorded 13 goals in one game, ranking second behind Shari Maslin of Clarkstown North for the highest single-game total in state history. She finished her senior year with 93 goals and 23 assists, becoming the only player in state history to reach 500 goals. Throughout her school career, she was a six-time letter-winner and set New York state records for goals and points in lacrosse. Smith was also a member of the 2005 NYS National School Girls Team and United States' Under 19 team which competed at the 2007 World Championships.

## Career

### Collegiate

Upon graduating high school, Smith enrolled at Northwestern University and competed with the Northwestern Wildcats women's lacrosse team with a Division I scholarship. As a freshman, she started in all 23 games for the Wildcats and ranked fifth on the team with 33 goals. At the conclusion of the year, she was named to the Womenslacrosse.com All-Rookie Team and was invited to the United States Women's Lacrosse Developmental Team.

The following year, Smith recorded 69 goals and 102 points on the year, both of which were the seventh-highest single-season totals in program history. As a result, she earned a first-team IWLCA All-American selection and All-America selection by both WomensLax.com and WomensLacrosse.com. In her junior year, Smith scored 78 goals and 41 assists to lead Division I in total points, points per game and total goals. As a result, she became the third Northwestern player in the past six years to win the Tewaaraton Award as women's lacrosse National Player of the Year. At the time of winning the award, she led the nation in points and goals, setting a Northwestern single-season record for the latter.

In 2012, Smith helped the Wildcats win their seventh championship title in eight years by defeating Syracuse University 8–6. Following this, she became the school's all-time leading goal scorer and was named the NCAA championship MVP for the second straight season. Smith concluded her collegiate career at Northwestern as their all-time leading goal scorer with 254, three-time IWLCA first-team All-American, three-time All-ALC first-team choice, and a two-time MVP of the NCAA Championship.

### Coaching

Following Northwestern, Smith considered attending graduate school or pursuing a job on Wall Street but instead accepted the head coaching position with the Hofstra Pride's Women's Lacrosse team. During her first year with the team, Smith was named the head coach for the 2012 Under Armour All-America Lacrosse Classic. Within her first three years in this position, she led the Pride to 26 wins including appearances in the Colonial Athletic Association Championship tournament. In 2015, Smith lead the Pride to an 11-win season and a regular season Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) title.

As a result of her lacrosse play, Smith was inducted into the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame, West Babylon Hall of Fame, and Northwestern Hall of Fame.

## InfoBox

| Shannon Smith | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | West Babylon, New York, US |
| Education | BS, 2012, Northwestern University |
| Occupation | Head coach of Hofstra Pride's Women's Lacrosse team |


title: Potamotrygon magdalenae

abstract: Potamotrygon magdalenae, the Magdalena River stingray, is a species of freshwater fish in the family Potamotrygonidae. It is found only in the Magdalena and Atrato basins in Colombia, but it is locally abundant and among the predominant fish species in its range. It is a small species of stingray with a typical disc width of about 20 cm (8 in), although it can reach up to 35 cm (14 in).

text:
# Potamotrygon magdalenae

***Potamotrygon magdalenae***, the **Magdalena River stingray**, is a species of freshwater fish in the family Potamotrygonidae. It is found only in the Magdalena and Atrato basins in Colombia, but it is locally abundant and among the predominant fish species in its range. It is a small species of stingray with a typical disc width of about 20 cm (8 in), although it can reach up to 35 cm (14 in).

## InfoBox

| *Potamotrygon magdalenae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Superorder: | Batoidea |
| Order: | Myliobatiformes |
| Family: | Potamotrygonidae |
| Genus: | *Potamotrygon* |
| Species: | ***P. magdalenae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Potamotrygon magdalenae***
Duméril, 1865 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Taeniura magdalenae* Duméril 1865 | |


title: Milesiini

abstract: The Milesiini is a large and diverse tribe of hoverflies. They mimic wasps or hornets.

text:
# Milesiini

The **Milesiini** (or **Xylotini**) is a large and diverse tribe of hoverflies. They mimic wasps or hornets.

## List of genera

## InfoBox

| Milesiini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Milesia crabroniformis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Subfamily: | Eristalinae |
| Tribe: | Milesiini<br>Rondani, 1845 |
|
| Genera | |
| See text | |


title: Arthur St. Clair

abstract: Major-General Arthur St. Clair was a Scottish-born American military officer and politician. Born in Thurso, Caithness, he served in the British Army during the French and Indian War before settling in the Province of Pennsylvania. During the American Revolutionary War, he rose to the rank of major general in the Continental Army, but lost his command after a controversial retreat from Fort Ticonderoga. After the war, he served as President of the Continental Congress, which during his term passed the Northwest Ordinance. He was then made governor of the Northwest Territory in 1788, and then the portion that would become Ohio in 1800. In 1791, St. Clair commanded an American army in St. Clair's defeat, which was one of the worst defeats suffered by the United States military at the hands of Native Americans. Politically out-of-step with the Jefferson administration, he was replaced as governor in 1802.

text:
# Arthur St. Clair

Major-General **Arthur St. Clair** (March 23, 1737 \[O.S. 1736\] – August 31, 1818) was a Scottish-born American military officer and politician. Born in Thurso, Caithness, he served in the British Army during the French and Indian War before settling in the Province of Pennsylvania. During the American Revolutionary War, he rose to the rank of major general in the Continental Army, but lost his command after a controversial retreat from Fort Ticonderoga.

After the war, he served as President of the Continental Congress, which during his term passed the Northwest Ordinance. He was then made governor of the Northwest Territory in 1788, and then the portion that would become Ohio in 1800. In 1791, St. Clair commanded an American army in St. Clair's defeat, which was one of the worst defeats suffered by the United States military at the hands of Native Americans. Politically out-of-step with the Jefferson administration, he was replaced as governor in 1802.

## Early life and career

St. Clair was born in Thurso, Caithness. Little is known of his early life. Early biographers estimated his year of birth as 1734, but subsequent historians uncovered a birth date of March 23, 1736, which in the modern calendar system means that he was born in 1737. His parents, unknown to early biographers, were probably William Sinclair, a merchant, and Elizabeth Balfour. He reportedly attended the University of Edinburgh before being apprenticed to the renowned physician William Hunter.

In 1757, St. Clair purchased a commission in the British Army's Royal American Regiment, and came to America with Admiral Edward Boscawen's fleet for the French and Indian War. He served under General Jeffery Amherst at the capture of Louisburg, Nova Scotia, on July 26, 1758. On April 17, 1759, he received a lieutenant's commission and was assigned under the command of General James Wolfe, under whom he served at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham which resulted in the capture of Quebec City.

## Settler in America

On April 16, 1762, he resigned his commission, and, in 1764, he settled in Ligonier Valley, Pennsylvania, where he purchased land and erected mills. He was the largest landowner in Western Pennsylvania.

In 1770, St. Clair became a justice of the court, of quarter sessions and of common pleas, a member of the proprietary council, a justice, recorder, and clerk of the orphans' court, and prothonotary of Bedford and Westmoreland counties.

In 1774, during Lord Dunmore's War, the colony of Virginia took claim of the area around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and some residents of Western Pennsylvania took up arms to eject them. St. Clair issued an order for the arrest of the officer leading the Virginia troops. The boundary dispute between Virginia and Pennsylvania wasn't settled until 1780 when both sides agreed to extend the Mason-Dixon line westward from Maryland to 80° 31′ west, the current western border of Pennsylvania (see: District of West Augusta)

## Revolutionary War

By the mid-1770s, St. Clair considered himself more of an American than a British subject. In January 1776, he accepted a commission in the Continental Army as a colonel of the 3rd Pennsylvania Regiment. He first saw service in the later days of the Quebec invasion, where he saw action in the Battle of Trois-Rivières. He was appointed a brigadier general in August 1776, and was sent by Gen. George Washington to help organize the New Jersey militia. He took part in George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River on the night of December 25–26, 1776, before the Battle of Trenton on the morning of December 26. Many biographers credit St. Clair with the strategy that led to Washington's capture of Princeton, New Jersey, on January 3, 1777. St. Clair was promoted to major general in February 1777.

In April 1777, St. Clair was sent to defend Fort Ticonderoga. His outnumbered garrison could not resist British General John Burgoyne's larger force in the Saratoga campaign. St. Clair was forced to retreat at the Siege of Fort Ticonderoga on July 5, 1777. He withdrew his forces and played no further part in the campaign. In 1778 he was court-martialed for the loss of Ticonderoga. The court exonerated him and he returned to duty, although he was no longer given any battlefield commands. He still saw action, however, as an aide-de-camp to General Washington, who retained a high opinion of him. St. Clair was at Yorktown when Lord Cornwallis surrendered his army. During his military service, St. Clair was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1780.

## President of the United States in Congress Assembled

St. Clair was a member of the Pennsylvania Council of Censors in 1783 and was elected a delegate to the Confederation Congress, serving from November 2, 1785, until November 28, 1787. Chaos ruled the day in early 1787 with Shays's Rebellion in full force and the states refusing to settle land disputes or contribute to the now six-year-old federal government. On February 2, 1787, the delegates finally gathered into a quorum and elected St. Clair to a one-year term as President of the Continental Congress. Congress enacted its most important piece of legislation, the Northwest Ordinance, during St. Clair's tenure as president. Time was running out for the Confederation Congress, however; during St. Clair's presidency, the Philadelphia Convention was drafting a new United States Constitution, which would abolish the old Congress.

## Northwest Territory

Under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which created the Northwest Territory, General St. Clair was appointed governor of what is now Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota. He named Cincinnati, Ohio, after the Society of the Cincinnati, and it was there that he established his home.

As Governor, he formulated Maxwell's Code (named after its printer, William Maxwell), the first written laws of the territory. He also sought to end Native American claims to Ohio land and clear the way for white settlement. In 1789, he succeeded in getting certain Native Americans to sign the Treaty of Fort Harmar, but many native leaders had not been invited to participate in the negotiations, or had refused to do so. Rather than settling the Native Americans' claims, the treaty provoked them to further resistance in what is also sometimes known as the "Northwest Indian War" (or "Little Turtle's War"). Mutual hostilities led to a campaign by General Josiah Harmar, whose 1,500 militiamen were defeated by the Native Americans in October 1790.

### Army commander 1791

In March 1791, St. Clair succeeded Harmar as commander of the United States Army and was commissioned as a major general. He personally led a punitive expedition involving two Regular Army regiments and some militia. In October 1791 as an advance post for his campaign, Fort Jefferson (Ohio) was built under the direction of General Arthur St. Clair. Located in present-day Darke County in far western Ohio, the fort was built of wood and intended primarily as a supply depot; accordingly, it was originally named Fort Deposit.

### St. Clair's defeat

In November 1791, near modern-day Fort Recovery, his force advanced to the location of Native American settlements near the headwaters of the Wabash River. On November 4 they were routed in battle by a tribal confederation led by Miami Chief Little Turtle and Shawnee chief Blue Jacket. The tribes were aided by British agents Alexander McKee and Simon Girty. More than 600 American soldiers and scores of camp followers were killed in the battle, which has since borne the name "St. Clair's Defeat", also known as the "Battle of the Wabash", the "Columbia Massacre," or the "Battle of a Thousand Slain". It remains the greatest defeat of a U.S. army by Native Americans in history, with about 623 American soldiers killed in action and about 50 Native Americans killed. The wounded were many, including St. Clair and Capt. Robert Benham.

### Continued as Governor 1788-1802

Although an investigation exonerated him, St. Clair resigned his army commission in March 1792 at the request of President Washington. He continued to serve as Governor of the Northwest Territory.

A Federalist, St. Clair hoped to see two states made of the Ohio Territory in order to increase Federalist power in Congress. However, he was opposed by Ohio Democratic-Republicans for what were perceived as his partisanship, high-handedness, and arrogance in office. In 1802, St. Clair remarked the U.S. Congress had no power to interfere in the affairs of those in the Ohio Territory. He also stated the people of the territory "are no more bound by an act of Congress than we would be bound by an edict of the first consul of France." This led President Thomas Jefferson to remove him from office as territorial governor. He thus played no part in the organizing of the state of Ohio in 1803.

The first Ohio Constitution provided for a weak governor and a strong legislature, in part as a reaction to St. Clair's method of governance.

## Family life

St. Clair met Phoebe Bayard, a member of one of the most prominent families in Boston, and they were married in 1760. Miss Bayard's mother's maiden name was Bowdoin and she was the sister of James Bowdoin, colonial governor of Massachusetts. His eldest daughter was Louisa St. Clair Robb, a mounted messenger and scout, and known as a beautiful huntress.

Like many of his Revolutionary era peers, St. Clair suffered from gout as noted in correspondence with John Adams.

## Death

In retirement St. Clair lived with his daughter, Louisa St. Clair Robb, and her family on the ridge between Ligonier and Greensburg.

Arthur St. Clair died in poverty in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, on August 31, 1818, at the age of 81. His remains are buried under a Masonic monument in St. Clair Park in downtown Greensburg. St. Clair had been a petitioner for a Charter for Nova Caesarea Lodge #10 in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1791. This Lodge exists today, as Nova Caesarea Harmony #2. His wife Phoebe died shortly after and is buried beside him.

## Legacy

A portion of the Hermitage, St. Clair's home in Oak Grove, Pennsylvania (north of Ligonier), was later moved to Ligonier, Pennsylvania, where it is now preserved, along with St. Clair artifacts and memorabilia at the Fort Ligonier Museum.

An American Civil War steamer was named USS *St. Clair*.

Lydia Sigourney included a poem in his honor,  General St. Clair. in her first poetry collection of 1815.

The site of Clair's inauguration as Governor of the Northwest Territory is now occupied by the *National Start Westward Memorial of The United States*, commemorating the settlement of the territory.

Places named in honor of Arthur St. Clair include:

In Pennsylvania:

In Ohio:

Other States:

In Scotland:

* The three-star St Clair Hotel in Sinclair St, Thurso, Caithness, is named after him.

**Notes**

**Books**

## InfoBox

| Arthur St. Clair | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait by Charles Willson Peale, c. 1783 | |
|  | |
| 1st Governor of the Northwest Territory | |
| **In office**
July 15, 1788  November 22, 1802 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Charles Willing Byrd |
| 4th Senior Officer of the United States Army | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1791  March 5, 1792 | |
| President | George Washington |
| Preceded by | Josiah Harmar |
| Succeeded by | Anthony Wayne |
| 7th President of the Confederation Congress | |
| **In office**
February 2, 1787  November 4, 1787 | |
| Preceded by | Nathaniel Gorham |
| Succeeded by | Cyrus Griffin |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1737-03-23)March 23, 1737
Thurso, Caithness |
| Died | August 31, 1818(1818-08-31) (aged 81)
Greensburg, Pennsylvania |
| Resting place | St. Clair Park, Greensburg |
| Political party | Federalist |
| Alma mater | University of Edinburgh |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  |
| Branch/service |  |
| Rank |  |
| Battles/wars |  |
|  | |


title: Pretoria Capitals

abstract: Pretoria Capitals is a South African professional Twenty20 franchise cricket team that first competed in the inaugural season of SA20 tournament. The team is based in Pretoria, South Africa, and was formed in 2022. The team's home-ground is the Centurion Park Cricket ground. The team is coached by Graham Ford. The franchise is owned by JSW Group.

text:
# Pretoria Capitals

**Pretoria Capitals** is a South African professional Twenty20 franchise cricket team that first competed in the inaugural season of SA20 tournament. The team is based in Pretoria, South Africa, and was formed in 2022. The team's home-ground is the Centurion Park Cricket ground. The team is coached by Graham Ford.

The franchise is owned by JSW Group.

## History

In August 2022, the Cricket South Africa (CSA) announced the establishment of the SA20, a Twenty20 Cricket competition to be started in 2023.The teams for the competition, representing 6 different cities of South Africa, including Pretoria, were put up on auction in South Africa in September 2022. The Pretoria franchise was purchased was revealed that Delhi Capitals, led by JSW Group will be owning a team in the league.The team unveiled their logo and jersey in January 2023,through their social media handles.

### 2023 season

They were the Runner-up of the first season of the tournament after they lose Sunrisers Eastern Cape by 4 wickets in the final at the Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg. Runner up the inaugural Session under Wayne Parnell's captaincy.

## Current squad

The side's squad for the first season of the competition was:

* Players with international caps are listed in **bold**

| No. | Name | Nationality | Birth date | Batting style | Bowling style | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Captain | | | | | | |
| 7 | **Wayne Parnell** | South Africa | 30 July 1989 | Left-handed | Left-arm medium-fast | Captain |
| Batsmen | | | | | | |
|  | Steve Stolk | South Africa | 10 February 2006 | Right-handed |  |  |
| 9 | **Rilee Rossouw** | South Africa | 9 October 1989 | Left-handed | Right-arm off-break |  |
| 22 | **Will Jacks** | England | 21 November 1998 | Right-handed | Right-arm off-break | Overseas |
|  | Will Smeed | England | 26 October 2001 | Right-handed | Right-arm off-break | Overseas |
| All-rounders | | | | | | |
| 50 | **James Neesham** | New Zealand | 17 September 1990 | Left-handed | Right-arm medium-fast | Overseas |
| 67 | **Senuran Muthusamy** | South Africa | 22 February 1994 | Left-handed | Slow left-arm orthodox |  |
|  | Tiaan Van Vuuren | South Africa | 31 July 2001 | Right-handed | Left-arm medum-fast |  |
| Wicket-keepers | | | | | | |
| 97 | **Kyle Verreynne** | South Africa | 12 May 1997 | Right-handed | Right-arm off-break |  |
|  | **Rahmanullah Gurbaz** | Afghanistan | 28 November 2001 | Right-handed |  | Overseas |
| Spin bowlers | | | | | | |
| Fast bowlers | | | | | | |
| 02 | **Anrich Nortje** | South Africa | 16 November 1993 | Right-handed | Right-arm fast |  |
| 22 | **Daryn Dupavillon** | South Africa | 15 July 1994 | Right-handed | Right-arm fast |  |
| 14 | Eathan Bosch | South Africa | 27 April 1998 | Right-handed | Right-arm fast |  |
| 27 | Migael Pretorius | South Africa | 24 March 1995 | Right-handed | Right-arm fast-medium |  |
|

## Seasons

### Seasons

| Year | League standing | Final standing |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2022-23 | 1st out of 6 | Runners up |
| 2023-24 | 5th out of 6 | League Stage |
|

* **C**: champions
* RU: runner-up
* SF team qualified for the semi-final stage of the competition

### Season summary

| Year | Played | Wins | Losses | Tied/NR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022-23 | 12 | 9 | 3 | 0 |
| 2023-24 | 10 | 3 | 6 | 1 |
| Source: ESPNCricinfo | | | | |

**Note:**

* NR indicates No result.
* Abandoned matches are indicated as no result.

## Statistics

### Most runs

| Player | Runs | Batting average | High score | 100s | 50s |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Will Jacks | 270 | 38.57 | 92 | 0 | 3 |
| Phil Salt | 238 | 29.75 | 77 | 0 | 2 |
| Theunis de Bruyn | | 21.63 | 53 | 0 | 1 |
| Kusal Mendis | 223 | 31.85 | 80 | 0 | 1 |
| Rilee Rossouw | 202 | 18.36 | 56 | 0 | 1 |

### Most wickets

| Player | Wickets | Bowling average | Best bowling |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Anrich Nortje | 20 | 13.25 | 3/12 |
| Eathan Bosch | 15 | 21.40 | 3/12 |
| James Neesham | 14 | 17.92 | 3/7 |
| Adil Rashid | 14 | 19.64 | 2/15 |
| Wayne Parnell | 10 | 19.90 | 3/14 |

## Administration and support staff

| Position | Name |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Jonathan Trott |
| Assistant coach | Jacques Kallis |
| Assistant coach | Dale Benkenstein |

### Coaching History

## Kit manufacturers and sponsors

| Year | Kit manufacturer | Shirt sponsor (front) | Shirt sponsor (back) | Chest branding |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 |  |  |  |  |
| 2024 |  | Mega Casino World | | Renault |

## Year by year history

| Season | SA20 | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | P | W | L | NR | Position | Finals |
| 2023 | 12 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 1st | Runner up |
| 2024 | 10 |  |  |  | TBC |  |

## Captains

|  | Name | Period | Matches | Won | Lost | Tied\[\*\] | NR | %\[\**\] |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Wayne Parnell | 2023–Present | 10 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 80.00 |
| 2 | Theunis de Bruyn | (2023) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 |  |  |
| 3 | James Neesham | 2024 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 |

* **Last Updated on 21 January 2024**

## InfoBox

Pretoria Capitals
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| League | SA20 |
| Personnel | |
| Captain | Wayne Parnell |
| Coach | Jonathan Trott |
| Owner | JSW Sports |
| Team information | |
| City | Pretoria |
| Colors | Blue and Red
 |
| Founded | 2022 (2022) |
| Home ground | Centurion Park, Centurion |
| Capacity | 22,000 |
| History | |
| Twenty20 debut | v. Sunrisers Eastern Cape at St George's Park Cricket Ground, Gqeberha; 12 January 2023 |
| Official website | https://www.pretoria-capitals.com/ |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| *Current Session* | |


title: Naval Radio Section Aldergrove

abstract: Naval Radio Section Aldergrove, or NRS Aldergrove, is a Canadian Forces naval radio communications facility located in both Aldergrove and Matsqui, British Columbia. NRS Aldergrove is the Royal Canadian Navy's primary communications relay site for Maritime Forces Pacific. The Aldergrove receiving site is located 59 kilometres east of Vancouver, British Columbia in the community of Aldergrove whereas the Matsqui transmitter site is located 21 kilometres northeast of Aldergrove. The Aldergrove receiving site comprises 1,220 acres (4.9 km⁲) while Matsqui comprises 230 acres (0.93 km⁲). About 440 acres (1.8 km⁲) of the Aldergrove site are used for the antenna field, while the remainder is used as an electromagnetic interference (EMI) buffer zone from local development. Currently, Aldergrove and Matsqui are staffed with 1 operator and between 15 and 17 technicians. NRS Aldergrove held the traditional naval designation of HMCS Aldergrove from 1956 to 1967 and Canadian Forces Station Aldergrove from 1967 to 1996. Downsizing and automation in the mid-1990s led to the facility becoming a detachment of CFB Esquimalt, rather than an independent Canadian Forces station.

text:
# Naval Radio Section Aldergrove

**Naval Radio Section Aldergrove**, or **NRS Aldergrove**, is a Canadian Forces naval radio communications facility located in both Aldergrove and Matsqui, British Columbia.

NRS Aldergrove is the Royal Canadian Navy's primary communications relay site for Maritime Forces Pacific. The Aldergrove receiving site is located 59 kilometres east of Vancouver, British Columbia in the community of Aldergrove whereas the Matsqui transmitter site is located 21 kilometres northeast of Aldergrove.

The Aldergrove receiving site comprises 1,220 acres (4.9 km2) while Matsqui comprises 230 acres (0.93 km2). About 440 acres (1.8 km2) of the Aldergrove site are used for the antenna field, while the remainder is used as an electromagnetic interference (EMI) buffer zone from local development. Currently, Aldergrove and Matsqui are staffed with 1 operator and between 15 and 17 technicians.

NRS Aldergrove held the traditional naval designation of **HMCS *Aldergrove*** from 1956 to 1967 and **Canadian Forces Station Aldergrove** (or **CFS Aldergrove**) from 1967 to 1996. Downsizing and automation in the mid-1990s led to the facility becoming a detachment of CFB Esquimalt, rather than an independent Canadian Forces station.

## History

In December 1942, the Royal Canadian Navy established a wireless telegraph broadcast station in Matsqui, British Columbia. The following November, a wireless telegraph receiver station was established in Aldergrove, British Columbia. These stations served to meet the regional needs of the RCN during World War II. Staffing levels were reduced following the war.

In the 1950s, as the Korean War erupted in Asia, HMCS *Aldergrove* experienced growth common to many North American military bases during the early years of the Cold War. With the unification of the Canadian Forces in 1967, the station designation was changed to CFS Aldergrove. By now, the station was providing ship–shore and air–ground communications for Canadian and Allied military forces on the Pacific coast.

From 1975 to 1978, CFS Aldergrove once again underwent major building and upgrading programmes to meet the operational and support needs of the fleet. This included the addition of a microwave radio relay tower, providing over-the-horizon communications. The station was again upgraded in the mid 1990s replacing older, maintenance-intensive equipment with modern and more reliable electronics.

Extensive cutbacks to the defence budget during the post-Cold War era of the early 1990s resulted in CFS Aldergrove being placed under remote control and came under the command of CFB Esquimalt. The transmitter and receiver sites became operated by the Remote Control and Monitoring System (RCMS). This resulted in staff reductions from more than 130 personnel to about 20. Current staffing consists of a core of technicians who perform routine maintenance and repair equipment failures. For fault tolerance and backup, CFB Esquimalt can operate the receiver and transmitter sites at NRS Mill Cove and NRS Newport Corner (in Nova Scotia) respectively. CFB Halifax can also operate the receivers and transmitters at Aldergrove and Matsqui.

Between 1996 and 2006, several buildings on the station were dismantled, including the single quarters, the station's water tower, and the junior ranks mess. Since the downsizing, the site has been plagued by crime on its property, and has had several security breaches. This led to the demolition of the housing formerly located on 272 Street.

In August 2012 construction began on a new construction engineering facility (CEF) for the air force. Construction is expected to be completed in the fall of 2013. Once completed, the facility will be occupied by 192 CEF. The new building is located on 272 Street, south of the main gate.

In the summer of 2019 the Regional Cadet Support Unit (Pac) established a Forward Deployed Office at CFS Aldergrove to support the cadet program in the Fraser Valley and Surrey/Langley areas. Two RCSU(P) Zone Training Officers are based out of the NRS Aldergrove FDO.

## Primary reserve and cadets

NRS Aldergrove is home to several primary reserve and cadet units

## Commanding officers

* Lt Riddell, R.M.     1 December 1942 – 14 December 1945 Deceased
* Lt Blackmore, DSK     14 December 1945 – 2 March 1947 Deceased
* C.O. Hibbert, W     3 March 1947 – 1 January 1949 Deceased
* Lt Hall, J.S.     2 January 1949 – 22 February 1951 Deceased
* Lt Miskimmin RR, WH     23 February 1951 – 24 February 1952 Deceased
* Lt Cupples, A.M     25 February 1952 – 22 July 1952
* Lt Miskimmin, WH     23 July 1952 – 30 May 1955 Deceased
* LCdr Stewart, J.R.K.     31 May 1955 – 26 October 1958 Deceased
* LCdr Pearce, G.D.     27 October 1958 – 3 November 1960
* LCdr Machan, S.G     4 November 1960 – 28 May 1963
* Lt Siddons, J.N.     29 May 1963 – 25 July 1965
* LCdr Ellerton, J.H.     26 July 1965 – 11 November 1969 Deceased
* LCdr Henderson, W.D     12 July 1969 – 18 September 1972 Deceased
* LCdr Dykes, R.M.     19 September 1972 – 14 May 1974 Deceased
* LCdr Hall, W.H.     15 May 1974 – 9 September 1976
* LCdr Cameron, M.D.     10 September 1976 – 19 June 1979
* LCdr Johnston, P.L.     11 September 1979 – 26 July 1981
* LCdr Poole, W.J.     27 July 1981 – 11 July 1984 Deceased
* LCdr Stanley, M.E.     11 July 1984 – 22 July 1988 Deceased
* LCdr Van Ek, O.     22 July 1988 – 26 July 1991
* LCdr Wolfe, T     26 July 1991 – 22 July 1994
* Lt Munro, D.J.     22 July 1994 – 26 August 1994
* LCdr Darlington, C.A.H. *     27 August 1994 – 31 March 1996

Note: LCdr Darlington was the last C.O. of CFS Aldergrove before it was downgraded to a detachment of CFB Esquimalt. On 31 March 1996, Aldergrove was disbanded and ceased being a Canadian Forces Station, instead being referred to as Naval Radio Section Aldergrove.

## Detachment commanders

* LCdr Darlington, C.A.H.     31 March 1996 – July 1996
* Lt(N) Lafontaine, P.J.     July 1996 – July 1997
* Lt(N) Duke, Peter     July 1997 – July 2000
* Lt(N) Hansen, Garry     July 2000 – July 2002

## Badge

Blazon: Barry wavy of ten Argent and Azure, a Caduceus from the head of which issue three forks of lightning pointing to the dexter, centre and sinister chief respectively, Or, between two alder leaves conjoined on one stem Gules.

Significance: The Caduceus is the attribute of Hermes of Greek mythology, who was the messenger or herald of the gods. It is used here as a symbol of one who carries, sends or receives messages. The fact that these particular messages are transmitted by means of radio is indicated by the three flashes of lightning that shoot out from the head of the Caduceus.

The name Aldergrove is indicated by a sprig of two alder leaves; these are shown red because there is a subspecies of red alder common in the area where the base is located.

Ship's colours: white and red

Motto: Loud and Clear

49°05′00″N 122°29′00″W / 49.08333°N 122.48333°W / 49.08333; -122.48333


title: Matthew Appleyard (died 1670)

abstract: Sir Matthew Appleyard, also spelt Mathew, was an English military commander.

text:
# Matthew Appleyard (died 1670)

**Sir Matthew Appleyard** (*c.* 1607 – 20 February 1670), also spelt **Mathew**, was an English military commander.

## Biography

Appleyard was the son of Thomas Appleyard, the descendant of a family whose residence for several generations was Burstwick Hall Garth, in the East Riding of Yorkshire. His mother was his father's second wife, Elizabeth Turner, *née* Monkton. In the English Civil War, he took the side of the royalists, and was knighted on the field by Charles I. On the taking of Leicester, the king "presently made Sir Mathew Appleyard, a soldier of known courage and experience, his lieutenant governor." He married Frances, daughter of the third Sir William Pelham, of Brocklesby, Lincolnshire; sat in the House of Commons of England as member for the corporation of Hedon from 1661; was one of his majesty's customers for the port of Kingston-upon-Hull; was a firm supporter of Church and State, and died in 1669 in the 63rd year of his age.

His son Matthew (c. 1660–1700) was also an MP for Hedon.


title: Pribovce (Bujanovac)

abstract: Pribovce is a village in the municipality of Bujanovac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the town has a population of 348 people.

text:
# Pribovce (Bujanovac)

**Pribovce** (Serbian Cyrillic: Прибовце) is a village in the municipality of Bujanovac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the town has a population of 348 people.

## InfoBox

| Pribovce | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Pčinja District |
| Municipality | Bujanovac |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 348 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Nine till Six

abstract: Nine till Six is a 1932 British drama film directed by Basil Dean and starring Louise Hampton, Elizabeth Allan and Florence Desmond. Produced by Basil Dean's Associated Talking Pictures, it was the first film made at Ealing Studios after the facility had been converted to sound.

text:
# Nine till Six

***Nine till Six*** is a 1932 British drama film directed by Basil Dean and starring Louise Hampton, Elizabeth Allan and Florence Desmond. Produced by Basil Dean's Associated Talking Pictures, it was the first film made at Ealing Studios after the facility had been converted to sound.

## Plot

Two women of different social backgrounds work together in a dressmaker's.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Low, Rachael. *Filmmaking in 1930s Britain*. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
* Perry, George. *Forever Ealing*. Pavilion Books, 1994.

## InfoBox

| Nine till Six | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Basil Dean |
| Written by | Aimée Stuart (play)
Philip Stuart (play)
John Paddy Carstairs
Beverley Nichols
Alma Reville |
| Produced by | Basil Dean |
| Starring | Louise Hampton
Elizabeth Allan
Florence Desmond
Isla Bevan |
| Cinematography | Robert De Grasse
Robert Martin |
| Edited by | Otto Ludwig |
| Music by | Ernest Irving |
| Production
company | Associated Talking Pictures |
| Distributed by | RKO Pictures |
| Release date | * March 1932 (1932-03) |
| Running time | 75 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Paraclinus mexicanus

abstract: Paraclinus mexicanus, the Mexican blenny, is a species of labrisomid blenny native to reefs of the Pacific coast of the Americas from Baja California, Mexico to Ecuador. This species can reach a length of 4 centimetres (1.6 in) TL. It can also be found in the aquarium trade.

text:
# Paraclinus mexicanus

***Paraclinus mexicanus***, the **Mexican blenny**, is a species of labrisomid blenny native to reefs of the Pacific coast of the Americas from Baja California, Mexico to Ecuador. This species can reach a length of 4 centimetres (1.6 in) TL. It can also be found in the aquarium trade.

## Further references

Rosenblatt, Richard; Parr, Terence (6 March 1969). "The Pacific Species of the Clinid Fish Genus Paraclinus". *American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists*. **1969** (1): 1–20.

## InfoBox

| *Paraclinus mexicanus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Blenniiformes |
| Family: | Labrisomidae |
| Genus: | *Paraclinus* |
| Species: | ***P. mexicanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paraclinus mexicanus***
(C. H. Gilbert, 1904) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Auchenopterus mexicanus* C. H. Gilbert, 1904 | |


title: Ingersoll, Oklahoma

abstract: Ingersoll is a small unincorporated community in Alfalfa County, Oklahoma, United States.

text:
# Ingersoll, Oklahoma

**Ingersoll** is a small unincorporated community in Alfalfa County, Oklahoma, United States.

## History

Ingersoll was named for Philadelphia railroad owner, Charles E. Ingersoll.

A post office was established September 13, 1901. The Choctaw Northern Railroad (later owned by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific) became the county's first railway in 1901, when it connected Ingersoll to the other Alfalfa county towns of Aline, Augusta, Lambert, Driftwood, Amorita, and then continuing on into Kansas.

After its bid to become the county seat failed, Ingersoll's prospects declined considerably. The railroad line was abandoned in 1936. Its post office was closed December 31, 1942.

Ingersoll formally disincorporated in December 1968.

The Ingersoll Tile Elevator (ca. 1920) was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## Geography

Ingersoll is located on U.S. Highway 64, 14 miles (23 km) east of Alva.

## InfoBox

| Ingersoll, Oklahoma | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Ingersoll, OklahomaLocation within the state of OklahomaIngersoll, OklahomaIngersoll, Oklahoma (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 36°47′47″N 98°23′41″W / 36.79639°N 98.39472°W / 36.79639; -98.39472 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oklahoma |
| County | Alfalfa |
| Elevation | 1,204 ft (367 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |


title: Potamotrygon tigrina

abstract: Potamotrygon tigrina, also known as the tiger river stingray, is a species of freshwater ray in the family Potamotrygonidae. This endangered species is endemic to black- and whitewater rivers in the upper Amazon basin in northeastern Peru. It is sometimes kept in aquariums and has been bred in captivity, but it is generally a sensitive species. The tiger river stingray is closely related to P. schroederi of the Rio Negro–Orinoco. Prior to the scientific description of the tiger river stingray, some used the name P. menchacai, but this is incorrect. P. menchacai is a synonym for the largespot river stingray. The maximum size of the tiger river stingray is not known, but it reaches a disc width of at least 70 cm (28 in) and in captivity maturity is reached at a disc width of 48 cm (19 in).

text:
# Potamotrygon tigrina

***Potamotrygon tigrina***, also known as the **tiger river stingray**, is a species of freshwater ray in the family Potamotrygonidae. This endangered species is endemic to black- and whitewater rivers in the upper Amazon basin in northeastern Peru. It is sometimes kept in aquariums and has been bred in captivity, but it is generally a sensitive species.

The tiger river stingray is closely related to *P. schroederi* of the Rio NegroOrinoco. Prior to the scientific description of the tiger river stingray, some used the name *P. menchacai*, but this is incorrect. *P. menchacai* is a synonym for the largespot river stingray (*P. falkneri*).

The maximum size of the tiger river stingray is not known, but it reaches a disc width of at least 70 cm (28 in) and in captivity maturity is reached at a disc width of 48 cm (19 in).

## InfoBox

| Tiger river stingray | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Superorder: | Batoidea |
| Order: | Myliobatiformes |
| Family: | Potamotrygonidae |
| Genus: | *Potamotrygon* |
| Species: | ***P. tigrina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Potamotrygon tigrina***
M. R. de Carvalho, Sabaj Pérez & Lovejoy, 2011 | |
|


title: Weggental

abstract: Weggental is a Roman Catholic pilgrimage church, built in the Baroque period, close to Rottenburg am Neckar.

text:
# Weggental

**Weggental** (full name: **Wallfahrtskirche zur Schmerzhaften Mutter Gottes**) is a Roman Catholic pilgrimage church, built in the Baroque period, close to Rottenburg am Neckar.

## History

Weggental's historical origins date back to the 15th century when a wayside shrine at the location of today's church turned into a place of Marian devotion. Thanks to the pastoral care of the Jesuits, the pilgrimage to Weggental became more and more popular in the region over the late 17th and 18th century. Over the same period, the church, as it is today, was built. In 1919, Franciscan friars were asked by the Bishop of the Diocese Rottenburg-Stuttgart to establish a small community in a building next to the church. New buildings were added to the monastery in the 1960s. In 2016, the Franciscans closed their monastery and gave the church back to the Diocese Rottenburg-Stuttgart.

## Organ

Weggental's organ was replaced by a new instrument in 2014 that was built by organ maker Thomas Jann. The organ has 32 registers on three keyboards and pedals.

## See also

48°28′48″N 8°55′15″E / 48.4800°N 8.9208°E / 48.4800; 8.9208


title: Giant Forest

abstract: The Giant Forest, famed for its giant sequoia trees, is within the United States' Sequoia National Park. This montane forest, situated at over 6,000 ft (1,800 m) above mean sea level in the western Sierra Nevada of California, covers an area of 1,880 acres (7.6 km⁲). The Giant Forest is the most accessible of all giant sequoia groves, as it has over 40 mi (64 km) of hiking trails. Five of the ten most massive trees on Earth are located within the Giant Forest. The largest of these, named General Sherman, measures 36.5 ft (11.1 m) across the base. The giant sequoia is the world's most massive species of tree and is one of the six species documented to grow to 300 ft (91 m) in height; the others are coast redwood, yellow meranti, Eucalyptus regnans, Douglas fir, and Sitka spruce. It is also among the longest-lived of all trees in the world.

text:
# Giant Forest

The **Giant Forest**, famed for its giant sequoia trees, is within the United States' Sequoia National Park. This montane forest, situated at over 6,000 ft (1,800 m) above mean sea level in the western Sierra Nevada of California, covers an area of 1,880 acres (7.6 km2). The Giant Forest is the most accessible of all giant sequoia groves, as it has over 40 mi (64 km) of hiking trails.

Five of the ten most massive trees on Earth are located within the Giant Forest. The largest of these, named General Sherman, measures 36.5 ft (11.1 m) across the base. The giant sequoia is the world's most massive species of tree and is one of the six species documented to grow to 300 ft (91 m) in height; the others are coast redwood, yellow meranti, *Eucalyptus regnans*, Douglas fir, and Sitka spruce. It is also among the longest-lived of all trees in the world.

## The area

Giant Forest is close to Crystal Cave, Moro Rock and Crescent Meadow.

The western trailhead of the High Sierra Trail which crosses the Sierra Nevada to Mount Whitney is at the Crescent Meadow parking area.

Ponderosa, Jeffrey, Sugar, and Lodgepole pine trees are common here, as well as white and red fir. Visitors often see mule deer, Douglas squirrel, and American black bear. The National Park Service warns visitors not to leave any food in unattended vehicles because bears may break in to steal food.

Giant Forest is unique among sequoia groves in that it contains large water-storing fen meadows such as Round Meadow, Crescent Meadow and Circle Meadow.

## Giant Forest Village

The giant sequoia trees are first encountered on the approach from the south at Giant Forest Village—a small cluster of buildings that is dwarfed by the surrounding trees. Some of the sequoias have become unstable due to root damage caused by building development and hence visitor services in this area have been reduced, including transfer of lodging to Wuksachi Village, 7 miles (11 km) north. The sequoia forest extends mainly east of the village, and is accessed by a three-mile (4.8 km) side road plus many interconnecting foot trails. These range from one to five miles (1.6 to 8.0 km) in length, leading to various named individual trees and clusters of particular importance. The area is generally quite sheltered and receives high rainfall, which is one reason why the sequoia attain such size, but these conditions are also ideal for mosquitoes, which are abundant in the forests most of the year. These provide the only real hazard—the paths are generally quite level and well shaded from the sun.

## Climate

| Climate data for Giant Forest, California | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 68
(20) | 70
(21) | 76
(24) | 77
(25) | 84
(29) | 91
(33) | 94
(34) | 94
(34) | 91
(33) | 85
(29) | 86
(30) | 73
(23) | 94
(34) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 53
(12) | 57
(14) | 62
(17) | 68
(20) | 75
(24) | 83
(28) | 87
(31) | 86
(30) | 84
(29) | 76
(24) | 66
(19) | 55
(13) | 86.9
(30.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 41.2
(5.1) | 43.9
(6.6) | 47.6
(8.7) | 52.5
(11.4) | 59.2
(15.1) | 67.8
(19.9) | 76.1
(24.5) | 77.3
(25.2) | 72.4
(22.4) | 62.0
(16.7) | 50.9
(10.5) | 43.4
(6.3) | 57.9
(14.4) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 32.2
(0.1) | 33.9
(1.1) | 36.6
(2.6) | 41.7
(5.4) | 47.9
(8.8) | 55.8
(13.2) | 64.4
(18.0) | 63.2
(17.3) | 58.6
(14.8) | 49.9
(9.9) | 40.7
(4.8) | 34.6
(1.4) | 46.6
(8.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 23.2
(−4.9) | 24.1
(−4.4) | 25.7
(−3.5) | 31.1
(−0.5) | 37.2
(2.9) | 43.8
(6.6) | 51.4
(10.8) | 49.7
(9.8) | 44.8
(7.1) | 37.8
(3.2) | 30.5
(−0.8) | 26.0
(−3.3) | 35.4
(1.9) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 8.3
(−13.2) | 9.9
(−12.3) | 12.7
(−10.7) | 17.1
(−8.3) | 24.6
(−4.1) | 31.7
(−0.2) | 42.5
(5.8) | 40.4
(4.7) | 33.1
(0.6) | 25.4
(−3.7) | 17.3
(−8.2) | 11.2
(−11.6) | 4
(−16) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −7
(−22) | −3
(−19) | 1
(−17) | 3
(−16) | 13
(−11) | 22
(−6) | 34
(1) | 31
(−1) | 25
(−4) | 15
(−9) | 2
(−17) | 0
(−18) | −7
(−22) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 6.80
(173) | 7.64
(194) | 6.36
(162) | 4.98
(126) | 1.75
(44) | 0.48
(12) | 0.11
(2.8) | 0.15
(3.8) | 0.47
(12) | 1.60
(41) | 4.25
(108) | 7.24
(184) | 41.83
(1,062.6) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 38.7
(98) | 40.0
(102) | 42.2
(107) | 27.7
(70) | 5.2
(13) | 0.2
(0.51) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 3.0
(7.6) | 13.1
(33) | 32.3
(82) | 202.4
(513.11) |
| Source: WRCC | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## History

Once the home of nearly 300 buildings, the region now has four, with no commercial activity. It is a designated "day use" area. The Giant Forest Lodge Historic District was designated in 1978, encompassing the main area of development in the Giant Forest grove. The development was demolished between 1995 and 2000, with day use features moving to the nearby Giant Forest Village–Camp Kaweah Historic District, which was itself extensively altered, and overnight visitor services moving to Wuksachi Village. The area within the grove was restored to nearly natural conditions, allowing the use of fire for forest management and the germination of new sequoia seedlings.

## Access

The forest can be reached from Fresno by State Route 180 or from Visalia by State Route 198. The Generals' Highway connects Giant Forest to Kings Canyon National Park and the General Grant Grove, home to the General Grant tree among other giant sequoias.

## Noteworthy trees

Some of the trees found in the grove that are worthy of special note are:

* General Sherman: In 1931 this tree was established to be the largest living thing in the world and, therefore, also the largest tree in the world. It has a volume of 52,508 cubic feet (1,486.9 cubic meters). The top of the Sherman is a dead limb that at one time served as a leader branch. Its largest limb is around 7 feet (2.1 m) in diameter. The second-largest tree in the world, the General Grant, is located about 27 miles away in Kings Canyon National Park.
* President: Recent measurements by arborists who climbed up into the crown of the tree and rappelled down through the limbs have discovered that the President Tree is actually bigger than the General Grant tree and is even beginning to rival the General Sherman Tree as the world's largest.
* *Congress group*: a grove (36°34′22″N 118°44′59″W / 36.57281°N 118.74961°W / 36.57281; -118.74961), located between the General Sherman Tree and the Giant Forest Museum, and further divided into *The House* and *The Senate*. The Congress Grove is near the President Tree. It was in 1922, that Colonel John R. White, the superintendent of Sequoia National Park, named the Senate trees to honor the United States Senate. On the Congress Trail, an easy hike of 2 miles (3.2 km) stroll takes you to The Senate. A short additional distance will add other prominent sequoias.
* Chief Sequoyah: Just uphill from the President tree is the massive and very impressive Chief Sequoyah. This tree is one of the most strikingly rugged trees in the forest.
* Lincoln: This is the fourth-largest tree at 44,471 cubic feet (1,259.3 cubic meters).
* Franklin: Although it is the eighth-largest tree in the world, this tree has been largely ignored, perhaps because it is in such a massive grove with many other large specimens. This tree has a huge fire scar on one side and a very large diameter.
* Monroe: The tenth-largest tree in the world.
* General Pershing: The lower trunk is massive and the top is a tapering dead snag.
* Column Tree: About 100 yards (91 m) from the General Pershing is another large sequoia. Its lack of taper makes it the fourteenth-largest giant sequoia.
* Adams Tree: From about 90 feet (27 m) up, the trunk is very irregular with many limb buttresses and much foliage. The top is a maze of limbs.
* Cleveland Tree: One of the 40 largest giant sequoias.
* Hamilton: A large tree with a volume of 32,783 cubic feet (928.3 cubic meters).
* Near Ed by Ned: Another tree with an impressive lower trunk, it was measured in 1997 at a volume of 30,333 cubic feet (858.9 cubic meters). The tree is located 46 m (151 ft) north of Ed by Ned, hence the name.
* Ed by Ned: A pair of intertwined giant sequoia trees located at the southern end of Round Meadow; also known as the "Uncle Ned Tree".
* Hazelwood Tree: A large tree that, although reduced by half due to lightning damage sustained in 2002, is still alive.
* Washington tree: Once the second-largest tree in the world, a fire in 2003 and snowstorm in 2005 cost it most of its trunk and size, and it is no longer exceptional.
* Unnamed Tree: A nameless but unusually tall tree, measured from two different angles to be 303.4 feet (92.5 m) tall. With a diameter of 19.5 feet (5.9 m) at breast height and a volume probably around 30,000 cubic feet (850 cubic meters), it is the largest-known sequoia to exceed 300 feet (91 m).

## InfoBox

| Giant Forest | |
| --- | --- |
| Giant sequoia trees in the Giant Forest, March 2019 | |
| Map | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Sequoia National Park, California, United States |
| Coordinates | 36°33′45″N 118°45′05″W / 36.562445°N 118.751487°W / 36.562445; -118.751487 |
| Elevation | 6,990 feet (2,100 m) |
| Area | 1,880 acres (7.6 km2) |
| Ecology | |
| WWF Classification | Sierra Nevada forests |
| Dominant tree species | *Sequoiadendron giganteum* |


title: Pretoria Central Prison

abstract: Pretoria Central Prison, renamed Kgosi Mampuru II Management Area by former President Jacob Zuma on 13 April 2013 and sometimes referred to as Kgosi Mampuru II Correctional Services is a large prison in central Pretoria, within the City of Tshwane in South Africa. It is operated by the South African Department of Correctional Services. The complex comprises six correctional centres, including the notorious C Max, Pretoria Local Prison, and a women's prison. The new name is the same as the street name, with both now bearing the name of Kgosi Mampuru, a 19th-century local chief who resisted Boer rule and was subsequently hanged in 1883.

text:
# Pretoria Central Prison

**Pretoria Central Prison**, renamed **Kgosi Mampuru II Management Area** by former President Jacob Zuma on 13 April 2013 and sometimes referred to as **Kgosi Mampuru II Correctional Services** is a large prison in central Pretoria, within the City of Tshwane in South Africa. It is operated by the South African Department of Correctional Services.

The complex comprises six correctional centres, including the notorious C Max, **Pretoria Local Prison**, and a women's prison. The new name is the same as the street name (renamed in the previous year), with both now bearing the name of Kgosi Mampuru, a 19th-century local chief who resisted Boer rule and was subsequently hanged in 1883.

## History

### 1948-1994: Apartheid era

During the apartheid years, the huge complex was often known incorrectly as "Pretoria Central". In fact, there were three separate clusters of prisons: Pretoria Central Prison proper, Pretoria (Local) Prison and a third known only as "Maximum" or "Beverley Hills". The latter was the ultra-maximum-security section. There were also housing and recreational facilities for the prison wardens. divided into separate prisons for males and females of different racial classifications. It was on what was then Potgieter Street, later renamed Kgosi Mampuru Street.

Pretoria Central Prison was the official site of capital punishment in South Africa during the apartheid era. Condemned prisoners were held in a section of the prison called "The Pot". At one time, the prison gallows could hang up to seven people at a time.

Pretoria Central proper consisted of a number of separate prison buildings, each housing various divisions of prisoners based on racial classification and gender. This was a national prison and reception centre where many prisoners started and ended their sentences.

Pretoria Prison, or Pretoria Local, housed local prisoners (split by race) as well as having a maximum-security section for white political prisoners (black political prisoners being held in Robben Island), recidivists, habitual escapees, and the condemned. The section housing the white male political prisoners was an L-shaped three-storey building built in the late 1960s, consisting of 52 cells. As of 1978, the maximum number housed had been 22, with the average about 10; for this reason, the remaining cells were occupied by prisoners awaiting trial. The inmates included Denis Goldberg (who had been sentenced at the Rivonia Trial with Nelson Mandela and other ANC leaders), Raymond Suttner, and Jeremy Cronin.

The old Pretoria Local Prison building was demolished around 1978 after other buildings had been built adjacent to it.

#### 1979 escape

In 1979 white political prisoners Tim Jenkin, Alex Moumbaris and Stephen Lee escaped from "the Local". After this escape, the building in which they had been held was completely refurbished with increased security features.

### Post-apartheid

#### 2006: C Max escape

In November 2006 Annanias Mathe became the first prisoner to escape from the C Max part of the prison complex. He was recaptured two weeks after his escape.

### 2013: renaming

The complex was renamed Kgosi Mampuru II Management Area by President Jacob Zuma on 13 April 2013.

### 2017: riot

A prison warden and an inmate were injured during a prison riot in July 2017, after prisoners' concerns over delays in processing parole applications, poor food, overcrowding and violence by wardens were sent in a memorandum to the justice minister Michael Masutha, who had been Minister of Justice and Correctional Services since 2014.

## Composition

The complex comprises six correctional centres, and includes a women's prison and Pretoria Local Prison.

The remand centre is in the front of the facility. The supermax prison, now known as C Max and on the site of the former death row, is in the centre of the facility, on the lee of a hill.

### C Max

**C Max** is the maximum security division of the prison. It is run by the South African Department of Correctional Services. The division is specifically designed for violent and disruptive prisoners who have been classified as dangerous in terms of the South African Criminal Procedure Act. Prisoners are kept in solitary confinement for 23 hours of each day out and specialized equipment, such as electric shields, are used by the prison guards.

#### Prison escape

In November 2006, Annanias Mathe became the first person to escape from C Max. Mathe, who had extensive military training gained during the Mozambique civil war, is reported to have escaped by covering his body in Vaseline and squeezing through his tiny cell window 20 by 60 centimetres (8 by 24 in). Mathe had been detained on more than 50 charges, including murder, rape, armed robbery and hijacking. He was recaptured two weeks after his escape following a large manhunt.

## Notable inmates

### C Max inmates

25°45′40″S 28°10′54″E / 25.7612°S 28.1816°E / -25.7612; 28.1816

## InfoBox

C Max
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Pretoria, South Africa |
| Coordinates | 25°45′40″S 28°10′55″E / 25.761°S 28.182°E / -25.761; 28.182 (C Max) |
| Security class | Maximum |
| Population | 100 |
| Managed by | Department of Correctional Services (South Africa) |
| Warden | Zhile Mbiza |


title: Ziproxy

abstract:
Ziproxy is a forwarding, non-caching, compressing, HTTP proxy server targeted for traffic optimization.
The ziproxy software is regarded as lightweight in terms of memory and processing power consumption. This software works by recompressing pictures, gzipping text and HTML/JS/CSS data optimization. Additionally it offers latency reduction by preemptive name resolution. Further functionalities of compression are supplied by means of optimization of code, named HTMLopt, CSSopt and JSopt (HTML/CSS/JS) which are analogous with Minification (programming). Currently there are ports being maintained by third parties for Debian, Gentoo Linux, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD.

text:
# Ziproxy

**Ziproxy** is a forwarding, non-caching, compressing, HTTP proxy server targeted for traffic optimization. The ziproxy software is regarded as lightweight in terms of memory and processing power consumption.

This software works by recompressing pictures (such as JPEG, GIF, PNG, JPEG 2000), gzipping text and HTML/JS/CSS data optimization. Additionally it offers latency reduction by preemptive name resolution.

Further functionalities of compression are supplied by means of optimization of code, named *HTMLopt*, *CSSopt* and *JSopt* (HTML/CSS/JS) which are analogous with Minification (programming).

Currently there are ports being maintained by third parties for Debian, Gentoo Linux, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD.

## InfoBox

Ziproxy
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Stable release | 3.3.2 / March 19, 2021 (2021-03-19) |
|  | |
| Repository |  |
| Operating system | Unix-like |
| Type | Proxy server |
| License | GNU General Public License |
| Website | ziproxy.sourceforge.net |


title: Vizcachas Mountains

abstract: The Vizcachas Mountains is a mountain range northwest of Santiago, in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile. It is part of the Chilean Coast Ranges System.

text:
# Vizcachas Mountains

The **Vizcachas Mountains** is a mountain range northwest of Santiago, in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile. It is part of the Chilean Coast Ranges System.

## La Campana National Park

Part of the Vizcachas Range was incorporated into a protected area contiguous with La Campana National Park, under a recommendation made in 1993; this protection was applied to assist in maintaining biodiversity in a region which has had pressure to the ecosystem from an expanding human population.

In particular, the endangered and endemic Chilean Wine Palm (*Jubaea chilensis*) is native here. This species has experienced a shrinking range during historic times.

## Line notes


abstract: Princess Feodora Victoria Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg was the daughter of Ernst I, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Princess Feodora of Leiningen. She married Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, and was the Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen from his accession as Duke Georg II on 20 September 1866 until her death in 1872.

text:
# Princess Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

**Princess Feodora Victoria Adelheid of Hohenlohe-Langenburg** (7 July 1839  10 February 1872) was the daughter of Ernst I, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Princess Feodora of Leiningen. She married Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, and was the Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen from his accession as Duke Georg II on 20 September 1866 until her death in 1872.

## Family

Feodora was the youngest of six children. Her mother was the older half-sister to Queen Victoria, thus making the younger Feodora the niece of the Queen. Her siblings included Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Adelheid, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein.

## Duchess consort of Saxe-Meiningen

Feodora met her future husband (and second cousin) while he was on his way to Italy. He had been recently widowed, his first wife having been Charlotte Frederica of Prussia. Despite this recent loss, Georg went on a search to provide a mother for his two young children. Feodora and Georg became engaged almost at once. On 23 October 1858, they married at Langenburg. King William I of Württemberg and Queen Pauline Therese were present at their wedding. They had three sons.

Their marriage was unhappy, however, as Georg had never become reconciled to Charlotte's death and Feodora was not temperamentally suited for the life she was expected to lead. She had no intellectual or artistic attainments and no apparent interest in developing any. Despite this fact, Georg attempted to educate her. He was a great lover of the arts, especially theatre. Her mother approved, stating it was "very sensible of him indeed to arrange for his bride to be much occupied with lessons, to take drawing lessons, and to hear lectures on history". He soon realised however that she would never be as witty and clever as Charlotte. After the death of their third son, Feodora stayed away from Meiningen for as much time as decently possible. In 1866, he succeeded as **Duke of Saxe-Meiningen**, making her the first lady of the realm.

Feodora contracted scarlet fever in January 1872, and died the following month. Despite the many differences between them, Georg had remained fond of her; when she became sick, he was genuinely distraught and sent telegrams to her mother twice daily. In the following year, Georg remarried again, morganatically to Ellen Franz, a former actress.

## Children

* Prince Ernst Bernhard of Saxe-Meiningen (27 September 1859 – 29 December 1941) he married Katharina Jensen (created Baroness von Saalfeld) on 20 September 1892. They had six children.

* Prince Frederick Johann of Saxe-Meiningen (12 October 1861 – 23 August 1914) he married Countess Adelaide of Lippe-Biesterfeld on 24 April 1889. They had six children.

* Prince Viktor of Saxe-Meiningen (14 May 1865 – 17 May 1865) died three days old.

## Ancestry

Works cited

## InfoBox

| Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg | |
| --- | --- |
| *Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen* | |
| Portrait by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1855 | |
| Duchess consort of Saxe-Meiningen | |
| Tenure | 20 September 1866 – 30 March 1872 |
|  | |
| Born | Princess Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
(1839-07-07)7 July 1839
Stuttgart, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Confederation |
| Died | 10 February 1872(1872-02-10) (aged 32)
Meiningen, Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, German Empire |
| Spouse | Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen  (m. 1858) |
| Issue |  |
| Names  German: Feodora Viktoria Adelheid
English: Feodora Victoria Adelaide | |
| House | Hohenlohe-Langenburg |
| Father | Ernst I, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg |
| Mother | Princess Feodora of Leiningen |


title: Nipawin

abstract: Nipawin is a town in Saskatchewan, Canada, on the Saskatchewan River portion of Tobin Lake. The town lies between Codette Lake, created by the Francois-Finlay Dam and Tobin Lake, created by the E.B. Campbell Dam built in 1963, renamed from Squaw Rapids. The construction of Francois-Finlay Dam earned Nipawin the nickname the "Town of Two Lakes". Nipawin is bordered by the Rural Municipality of Nipawin No. 487 and the Rural Municipality of Torch River No. 488. Highway 35 and Highway 55 intersect in Nipawin. The Nipawin Airport and the Nipawin Water Aerodrome also serve the community. Nipawin is a Cree word meaning "a bed, or resting place" which referred to a low-lying area along the river now flooded by Codette Lake where First Nations women and children would camp and wait for the men to arrive.

text:
# Nipawin

**Nipawin** (/ˈnɪpəwɪn/) is a town in Saskatchewan, Canada, on the Saskatchewan River portion of Tobin Lake. The town lies between Codette Lake, created by the Francois-Finlay Dam (built in 1986) and Tobin Lake, created by the E.B. Campbell Dam built in 1963, renamed from Squaw Rapids. The construction of Francois-Finlay Dam earned Nipawin the nickname the "Town of Two Lakes".

Nipawin is bordered by the Rural Municipality of Nipawin No. 487 and the Rural Municipality of Torch River No. 488 (the latter across the Saskatchewan River).

Highway 35 and Highway 55 intersect in Nipawin. The Nipawin Airport and the Nipawin Water Aerodrome also serve the community.

Nipawin is a Cree word meaning "a bed, or resting place" which referred to a low-lying area along the river now flooded by Codette Lake where First Nations women and children would camp and wait for the men to arrive.

## History

The first permanent settlement of Nipawin occurred in 1910 with the establishment of a trading post. In 1924 the Canadian Pacific Railway passed nearby over the Crooked Bridge, and the settlement was moved, building by building, to its current location to be closer to the railway.

### Fur trade

There were a number of fur trading posts in the area, but they are poorly documented. In 1763 Joseph Smith reached the area from York Factory. In 1768 James Finlay from Montreal built a post. François le Blanc, apparently the man known as "Saswe", had a post by that year or the next. In 1790 William Thorburn built there then moved to Hungry Hall the following year. In 1795 there were two posts, one run by A. N McLeod for the North West Company and another run by James Porter working for David Grant.

### Recent history

On April 18, 2008, a downtown meat shop exploded, destroying three buildings as well as damaging several more. The explosion killed two and injured five. The explosion is suspected to have been caused by a backhoe that snagged and sheared a natural gas riser from the main line. The explosion prompted the implementation of a state of emergency by the mayor. The explosion received extensive national news coverage.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Nipawin had a population of 4,570 living in 1,921 of its 2,091 total private dwellings, a change of 3.8% from its 2016 population of 4,401. With a land area of 8.93 km2 (3.45 sq mi), it had a population density of 511.8/km2 (1,325.4/sq mi) in 2021.

Canada census – Nipawin community profile

|  | 2021 | 2016 | 2011 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 4,570 (+3.8% from 2016) | 4,401 (+3.2% from 2011) | 4,265 (+4.6% from 2006) |
| Land area | 8.93 km2 (3.45 sq mi) | 8.71 km2 (3.36 sq mi) | 8.71 km2 (3.36 sq mi) |
| Population density | 512/km2 (1,330/sq mi) | 505.0/km2 (1,308/sq mi) | 489.4/km2 (1,268/sq mi) |
| Median age | 41.2 (M: 39.2, F: 43.2) |  | 43.1 (M: 40.0, F: 45.5) |
| Private dwellings | 1,920 (total) | 2,042 (total) | 1,977 (total) |
| Median household income |  |  |  |

References: 2021 2016 2011 earlier

## Climate

Nipawin Experiences a Humid continental climate (Koppen: Dfb) bordering on a subarctic climate (Dfc), with long, extremely cold winters and short, warm summers. The highest temperature ever recorded in Nipawin was 42.2 °C (108 °F) on July 19, 1941. The coldest temperature ever recorded was −48.3 °C (−55 °F) on January 8, 1930.

| Climate data for Nipawin Airport, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1927–present | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 11.1
(52.0) | 11.1
(52.0) | 16.8
(62.2) | 31.1
(88.0) | 36.7
(98.1) | 38.2
(100.8) | 42.2
(108.0) | 37.2
(99.0) | 37.2
(99.0) | 31.1
(88.0) | 17.0
(62.6) | 8.0
(46.4) | 42.2
(108.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −13.3
(8.1) | −9.1
(15.6) | −2.2
(28.0) | 8.5
(47.3) | 17.2
(63.0) | 21.6
(70.9) | 23.9
(75.0) | 23.7
(74.7) | 17.0
(62.6) | 8.3
(46.9) | −3.3
(26.1) | −10.9
(12.4) | 6.8
(44.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −18.7
(−1.7) | −14.7
(5.5) | −7.9
(17.8) | 2.6
(36.7) | 10.1
(50.2) | 15.2
(59.4) | 17.6
(63.7) | 16.8
(62.2) | 10.6
(51.1) | 2.7
(36.9) | −7.8
(18.0) | −16
(3) | 0.9
(33.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −24.2
(−11.6) | −20.3
(−4.5) | −13.5
(7.7) | −3.4
(25.9) | 2.9
(37.2) | 8.7
(47.7) | 11.2
(52.2) | 9.7
(49.5) | 4.2
(39.6) | −2.9
(26.8) | −12.2
(10.0) | −21
(−6) | −5.1
(22.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −48.3
(−54.9) | −45
(−49) | −40.2
(−40.4) | −33.6
(−28.5) | −11.9
(10.6) | −7.8
(18.0) | −1.1
(30.0) | −1.7
(28.9) | −10
(14) | −24.4
(−11.9) | −37.4
(−35.3) | −47.2
(−53.0) | −48.3
(−54.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 15.2
(0.60) | 11.6
(0.46) | 14.8
(0.58) | 25.2
(0.99) | 43.3
(1.70) | 74.4
(2.93) | 82.7
(3.26) | 57.2
(2.25) | 40.8
(1.61) | 27.7
(1.09) | 16.1
(0.63) | 18.2
(0.72) | 427.3
(16.82) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.4
(0.02) | 0.6
(0.02) | 1.6
(0.06) | 12.7
(0.50) | 40.6
(1.60) | 74.3
(2.93) | 82.7
(3.26) | 57.2
(2.25) | 39.4
(1.55) | 14.8
(0.58) | 2.0
(0.08) | 0.5
(0.02) | 326.8
(12.87) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 22.3
(8.8) | 16.8
(6.6) | 17.1
(6.7) | 14.9
(5.9) | 2.9
(1.1) | 0.1
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 1.4
(0.6) | 14.9
(5.9) | 19.3
(7.6) | 24.7
(9.7) | 134.4
(52.9) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 101.1 | 128.8 | 177.8 | 233.4 | 267.2 | 282.2 | 311.8 | 281.3 | 178.0 | 136.5 | 88.3 | 80.0 | 2,266.3 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 40.1 | 46.5 | 48.5 | 55.7 | 54.4 | 55.7 | 61.2 | 61.4 | 46.6 | 41.5 | 33.9 | 33.9 | 48.3 |
| Source: Environment Canada | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Economy

Nipawin is near the Fort à la Corne Provincial Forest, location of the world's largest diamond bearing kimberlites and intensive diamond exploration activity. Other industries in the area include: agriculture, tourism, canola oil processing, honey production, forestry, and commercialization of second-generation biofuels.

## Attractions

This resort community has become a destination for fishing, camping, boating, golfing, hunting, and outdoor recreation.

* Nipawin hosts several annual fishing events, including, the Great Northern Pike Festival, a summer-long event offering prizes for catching tagged fish. Other annual fishing events are the Codette Walleye tournament, Ladies Fish for Freedom tournament, Premier's Walleye Cup tournament, and the Vanity Cup Walleye tournament running the last weekend in September and the first week in October.
* Nipawin and District Regional Park is about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) north of town.
* The 18-hole Evergreen Golf Course is north of town at the regional park. It has been rated as one of the top 100 public courses in Canada and one of the top five in Saskatchewan. Annual events held at the Evergreen Golf Club are Bob Dow Memorial Golf Tournament and the Evergreen Classic Golf Tournament along with many other tournaments throughout the golf season.
* Nipawin is along the Trans-Canada Snowmobile Trail. There are many other groomed trails that run around Nipawin along with snowmobile rallies.

## Sports

## Education

Nipawin has three public schools: Central Park Elementary School, Wagner Elementary School, and L.P. Miller Comprehensive School.

The town is home to the Nipawin Campus of Cumberland College with 360 students and Nipawin Bible College with 48 students.

## Notable residents

1. Climate data was recorded at Nipawin from April 1927 to March 1975 and at Nipawin Airport from August 1973 to present.

53°21′26″N 104°01′09″W / 53.35722°N 104.01917°W / 53.35722; -104.01917

## InfoBox

| Town of Nipawin | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| NASA satellite image of Tobin Lake | |
|  | |
| Town of NipawinLocation of NipawinTown of NipawinTown of Nipawin (Canada) | |
| Coordinates: 53°21′26″N 104°01′01″W / 53.35722°N 104.01694°W / 53.35722; -104.01694 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Saskatchewan |
| Census division | No. 14 |
| Rural Municipality | Nipawin |
| Settled | 1910 |
| Incorporated (town) | 1937 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Marlon Zacharias |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.71 km2 (3.36 sq mi) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 4,401 |
| Density | 505.0/km2 (1,308/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−06:00 (CST) |
| Postal code | S0E 1E0 |
| Area code | 306 |
| Waterways | Saskatchewan River |
| Website | www.nipawin.com |
|  | |


title: Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. McClendon

abstract: Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. McClendon, 498 U.S. 133 (1990), is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of labor rights in the United States.

text:
# Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. McClendon

***Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. McClendon***, 498 U.S. 133 (1990), is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of labor rights in the United States.

## Facts

Mr. McClendon claimed his job was terminated to prevent his pension benefits from "vesting" (full rights becoming irrevocable if the employment contract ended) under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. He argued this violated Texas state law public policy and sought damages for wrongful termination, mental anguish, including punitive damages. He sought to avoid a question of preemption of his claim by ERISA 1974 §514(a), by not claiming lost pension benefits, or referring to pension plan details, and instead basing a claim solely upon state law.

The Texas Courts held that he had a claim.

## Judgment

Justice O’Connor held that Mr McClendon’s claim was pre-empted. The Texas public policy ‘referred to’ a pension plan, to protect its integrity against employer misconduct. The state action would also be preempted by implication as it conflicted potentially by the anti-discrimination provisions of ERISA (29 USC §1140).

O'Connor J said the following, with which the whole court concurred.

> B
>
> Even if there were no express pre-emption in this case, the Texas cause of action would be pre-empted because it conflicts directly with an ERISA cause of action. McClendon's claim falls squarely within the ambit of ERISA § 510, which provides:
>
> "It shall be unlawful for any person to discharge, fine, suspend, expel, discipline, or discriminate against a participant or beneficiary for exercising any right to which he is entitled under the provisions of an employee benefit plan . . . or for the purpose of interfering with the attain- ment of any right to which such participant may become entitled under the plan. . . ." 29 U.S.C. § 1140 (emphasis added).
>
> By its terms § 510 protects plan participants from termination motivated by an employer's desire to prevent a pension from vesting. Congress viewed this section as a crucial part of ERISA because, without it, employers would be able to circumvent the provision of promised benefits. S.Rep. No. 93-127, pp. 35-36 (1973); H.R.Rep. No. 93-533, p. 17 (1973). We have no doubt that this claim is prototypical of the kind Congress intended to cover under § 510.

This meant, in the court's view, that a civil action under §502(a) - not including punitive damages, potentially available in state law - was the only available remedy.

In addition, Justice O'Connor offered an opinion that McClelland's claim was preempted in general. Justice Rehnquist, Justice White, Justice Scalia, Justice Kennedy, Justice Souter joined. Justice Marshall, Justice Blackmun and Justice Stevens offered no view.

> A
>
> \[...\]
>
> The key to § 514(a) is found in the words "relate to." Congress used those words in their broad sense, rejecting more limited pre-emption language that would have made the clause "applicable only to state laws relating to the specific subjects covered by ERISA." Shaw, supra, 463 U.S., at 98, 103 S.Ct., at 2900-01. Moreover, to underscore its intent that § 514(a) be expansively applied, Congress used equally broad language in defining the "State law" that would be pre-empted. Such laws include "all laws, decisions, rules, regulations, or other State action having the effect of law." § 514(c)(1), 29 U.S.C. § 1144(c)(1).
>
> "A law 'relates to' an employee benefit plan, in the normal sense of the phrase, if it has a connection with or reference to such a plan." Shaw, supra, at 96-97, 103 S.Ct., at 2900. Under this "broad common-sense meaning," a state law may "relate to" a benefit plan, and thereby be pre-empted, even if the law is not specifically designed to affect such plans, or the effect is only indirect. Pilot Life, supra, 481 U.S., at 47, 107 S.Ct., at 1552-53. See also *Alessi v. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc.*, supra, 451 U.S., at 525, 101 S.Ct., at 1907. Pre-emption is also not precluded simply because a state law is consistent with ERISA's substantive requirements. *Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Massachusetts*, \[1985\] USSC 140; 471 U.S. 724, 739\[1985\] USSC 140; 105 S.Ct. 2380, 2388-89\[1985\] USSC 140; 85 L.Ed.2d 728 (1985).
>
> Notwithstanding its breadth, we have recognized limits to ERISA's pre-emption clause. In *Mackey v. Lanier Collection Agency & Service, Inc.*, 486 U.S. 825, 108 S.Ct. 2182, 100 L.Ed.2d 836 (1988), the Court held that ERISA did not pre-empt a State's general garnishment statute, even though it was applied to collect judgments against plan participants. Id., at 841, 108 S.Ct., at 2191. The fact that collection might burden the administration of a plan did not, by itself, compel pre-emption. Moreover, under the plain language of § 514(a) the Court has held that only state laws that relate to benefit plans are pre-empted. *Fort Halifax Packing Co. v. Coyne*, 482 U.S. 1, 23\[1987\] USSC 99; 107 S.Ct. 2211, 2223-24\[1987\] USSC 99; 96 L.Ed.2d 1 (1987). Thus, even though a state law required payment of severance benefits, which would normally fall within the purview of ERISA, it was not pre-empted because the statute did not require the establishment or maintenance of an ongoing plan. Id., at 12, 107 S.Ct., at 2217-18.
>
> Neither of these limitations is applicable to this case. We are not dealing here with a generally applicable statute that makes no reference to, or indeed functions irrespective of, the existence of an ERISA plan. Nor is the cost of defending this lawsuit a mere administrative burden. Here, the existence of a pension plan is a critical factor in establishing liability under the State's wrongful discharge law. As a result, this cause of action relates not merely to pension benefits, but to the essence of the pension plan itself.
>
> We have no difficulty in concluding that the cause of action which the Texas Supreme Court recognized here—a claim that the employer wrongfully terminated plaintiff primarily because of the employer's desire to avoid contributing to, or paying benefits under, the employee's pension fund—"relate\[s\] to" an ERISA-covered plan within the meaning of § 514(a), and is therefore pre-empted.
>
> \[...\]
>
> McClendon argues that § 514(c)(2)'s limiting language causes § 514(a) to pre-empt only those state laws that affect plan terms, conditions, or administration. Since the cause of action recognized by the Texas court does not focus on those items but rather on the employer's termination decision, McClendon claims that there can be no pre-emption here.
>
> The flaw in this argument is that it misreads § 514(c)(2) and consequently misapprehends its purpose. The ERISA definition of "State" is found in § 3(10), which defines the term as "any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, Wake Island, and the Canal Zone." 29 U.S.C. § 1002(10). Section 514(c)(2) expands, rather than restricts, that definition for pre-emption purposes in order to "include " state agencies and instrumentalities whose actions might not otherwise be considered state law. Had Congress intended to restrict ERISA's pre-emptive effect to state laws purporting to regulate plan terms and conditions, it surely would not have done so by placing the restriction in an adjunct definition section while using the broad phrase "relate to" in the pre-emption section itself.
>
> \[...\]
>
> The conclusion that the cause of action in this case is pre-empted by § 514(a) is supported by our understanding of the purposes of that provision. Section 514(a) was intended to ensure that plans and plan sponsors would be subject to a uniform body of benefits law; the goal was to minimize the administrative and financial burden of complying with conflicting directives among States or between States and the Federal Government. Otherwise, the inefficiencies created could work to the detriment of plan beneficiaries.

## InfoBox

| Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. McClendon | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued October 9, 1990
Decided December 3, 1990 | |
| Full case name | *Ingersoll-Rand Company v. McClendon* |
| Citations | 498 U.S. 133 (*more*)111 S. Ct. 478; 112 L. Ed. 2d 474 |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice William Rehnquist  Associate Justices Byron White **·**  Thurgood Marshall
Harry Blackmun **·**  John P. Stevens
Sandra Day O'Connor **·**  Antonin Scalia
Anthony Kennedy **·**  David Souter | |
| Case opinion | |
| Majority | O'Connor, joined by *unanimous* (parts I and II-B); Rehnquist, White, Scalia, Kennedy, Souter (part II-A) |
| Laws applied | |
| Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. | |


title: Postinflammatory hypopigmentation

abstract: Postinflammatory hypopigmentation is a cutaneous condition characterized by decreased pigment in the skin following inflammation of the skin.

text:
# Postinflammatory hypopigmentation

**Postinflammatory hypopigmentation** is a cutaneous condition characterized by decreased pigment in the skin following inflammation of the skin.

## Signs and symptoms

Hypopigmented lesions can range in color from hypopigmentation to depigmentation, and their size, form, and primary inflammatory dermatosis frequently correspond with each other. Complete depigmentation is more noticeable in people with darker skin and is frequently observed in cases of discoid lupus erythematosus and severe atopic dermatitis. When pigmentary alterations occur with the initial inflammatory lesions, the diagnosis is often easy to make. Hypopigmentation, however, may be the only characteristic in certain situations, in which the inflammatory phase is not always evident. Little white macules that resemble the size and form of the laser spot are indicative of pigmentary changes brought on by pigment-specific lasers.

## Causes

Postinflammatory hypopigmentation is a common consequence of cutaneous inflammatory disorders. Certain conditions, like lichen striatus (LS) and pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC), typically cause postinflammatory hypopigmentation as opposed to hyperpigmentation. Postinflammatory hypopigmentation can also result after cutaneous injuries caused by burns, irritants, and dermatological operations (such as chemical peels, dermabrasion, cryotherapy, and laser therapy).

Atopic dermatitis (AD) patients may exhibit postinflammatory hypopigmentation. Strong topical corticosteroids cause more frequent and severe pigmentary alterations. Severe atopic dermatitis has been linked to depigmentation resembling vitiligo.

With a prevalence of up to 59%, lichen striatus is another frequent cause of postinflammatory hypopigmentation. Within two years, the dermatosis spontaneously heals, leaving temporary hypopigmentation, particularly in those with darker skin tones. Furthermore, the inflammatory phase can not be noticeable, leaving hypopigmentation as the only characteristic.

Pityriasis lichenoides chronica frequently manifests as diffuse hypopigmentation with a small number of scaly papular lesions in patients with dark skin.

Changes in pigmentation frequently occur following thermal burns and freezing. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation is prevalent in minor burns, but postinflammatory hypopigmentation can occur in severe burns.

In addition, postinflammatory hypopigmentation is another potential side effect of chemical peels. In the past, porcelain-white (alabaster) skin was thought to benefit from the use of Baker phenol peel.

Hypopigmentation following laser resurfacing is frequently observed, and it may result in permanent changes that are proportional to the depth of resurfacing. It normally happens three to ten months following the surgery.

## Diagnosis

Examining a lesion under a wood lamp highlights it and makes it easier to distinguish between lesions that are hypopigmented and those that are depigmented. It could also be beneficial to rule out certain conditions. Different hypomelanotic conditions can be distinguished using confocal laser scanning microscopy based on patterns of distribution and melanin content. Melanophages are not seen in vitiligo or naevus depigmentosus, but they have been detected in postinflammatory hypopigmentation. However, the degree of inflammation affects both the melanin and dermal papillary ring contents.

The histopathology of postinflammatory hypopigmentation reveals generic features such as the presence of melanophages in the upper dermis, varying degrees of superficial lymphohistiocytic infiltration, and decreased epidermal melanin.

## Treatment

The identification of the problem is the most crucial step in management. Usually, if the underlying reason is successfully addressed, the hypopigmentation gradually becomes better. Cosmetic and dermatological operations should be properly executed to prevent iatrogenic hypopigmentation, particularly in high-risk patients.

Postinflammatory hypopigmentation has been treated by twice-daily administration of a medium-potency topical steroid combined with a tar-based preparation, albeit the mechanisms underlying this are still poorly understood.

An open-label pilot study found that topical pimecrolimus cream helped dark-skinned patients with postinflammatory hypopigmentation related to seborrheic dermatitis.

When functional melanocytes are present in the damaged area, sun or ultraviolet (UV) exposure may aid in repigmentation; however, excessive exposure may intensify the color contrast by tanning the surrounding skin. The restoration of pigment may be aided by topical application of 0.1% 8-methoxypsoralen, 0.5–1% coal tar, or anthralin, followed by sun exposure. With good outcomes, different topical photochemotherapy regimens (topical psoralen UVA; PUVA) have been utilized to treat postinflammatory hypopigmentation brought on by a variety of illnesses.

With nine biweekly treatments, the 308-nm excimer laser showed a response rate of 60–70% for pigmentation stimulation in hypopigmented scars. To preserve the effects, though, a follow-up treatment is required every 1-4 months.

Melanocyte or epidermal grafting may be considered in cases of depigmented lesions exhibiting complete loss of melanocytes.

## Outlook

While mild hypopigmentation normally goes away in a few weeks, severe hypopigmentation and depigmentation brought on by scleroderma, burns, or lupus erythematosus can take years to repigment and may even be permanent.

## Epidemiology

Postinflammatory hypopigmentation is a highly prevalent pigmentary disease. It can happen to any type of skin. Nonetheless, individuals with darker skin seem to have it more frequently and visibly, perhaps due to the color contrast with their natural skin. The incidence of postinflammatory hypopigmentation is the same for both sexes.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Postinflammatory hypopigmentation | |
| --- | --- |
| Specialty | Dermatology |


title: Weggis landing stage

abstract: Weggis landing stage is a ferry port in the municipality of Weggis, in the Swiss canton of Lucerne. It is located on a projection of the Rigi mountain that protrudes into the northern part of Lake Lucerne. It is served by the Lake Lucerne Navigation Company.

text:
# Weggis landing stage

**Weggis landing stage** is a ferry port in the municipality of Weggis, in the Swiss canton of Lucerne. It is located on a projection of the Rigi mountain that protrudes into the northern part of Lake Lucerne. It is served by the Lake Lucerne Navigation Company.

## Services

As of the December 2020 timetable change, the following services stop at Weggis:

## InfoBox

| Weggis | |
| --- | --- |
| The terminal in 2017 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Weggis, Lucerne<br>Switzerland |
| Coordinates | 47°1′53.0″N 8°25′59.5″E / 47.031389°N 8.433194°E / 47.031389; 8.433194 |
| Elevation | 435 m (1,427 ft) |
| Owned by | Lake Lucerne Navigation Company |
| Platforms | 1 pier |
| Connections | Auto AG Schwyz bus lines |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone |  |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Lake Lucerne Navigation Company Following station  Hertensteintowards Luzern Bahnhofquai  Lucerne–Flüelen  Vitznautowards Flüelen  Kehrsiten-Bürgenstocktowards Luzern Bahnhofquai | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |