title: Selectivity (radio)

abstract:
Selectivity is a measure of the performance of a radio receiver to respond only to the radio signal it is tuned to and reject other signals nearby in frequency, such as another broadcast on an adjacent channel. Selectivity is usually measured as a ratio in decibels (dB), comparing the signal strength received against that of a similar signal on another frequency. If the signal is at the adjacent channel of the selected signal, this measurement is also known as adjacent-channel rejection ratio (ACRR). Selectivity also provides some immunity to blanketing interference. LC circuits are often used as filters; the Q determines the bandwidth of each LC tuned circuit in the radio. The L/C ratio, in turn, determines their Q and so their selectivity, because the rest of the circuit - the aerial or amplifier feeding the tuned circuit for example - will contain present resistance. For a series resonant circuit, the higher the inductance and the lower the capacitance, the narrower the filter bandwidth. For a parallel resonant circuit the opposite applies; small inductances reduce the damping of external circuitry. There are practical limits to the increase in selectivity with changing L/C ratio:
  - tuning capacitors of large values can be difficult to construct
  - stray capacitance, and capacitance within the transistors or valves of associated circuitry, may become significant
  - the series resistance internal to the wire in the coil, may be significant
  - large inductances imply physically large and/or thinner wire. Therefore other methods may be used to increase selectivity, such as Q multiplier circuits and regenerative receivers. Superheterodyne receivers allow use one or more fixed intermediate frequency tuned circuits for selectivity. Fixed tuning eliminates the requirement that multiple tuning stages accurately match while being adjusted.

text:
# Selectivity (radio)

**Selectivity** is a measure of the performance of a radio receiver to respond only to the radio signal it is tuned to (such as a radio station) and reject other signals nearby in frequency, such as another broadcast on an adjacent channel.

Selectivity is usually measured as a ratio in decibels (dB), comparing the signal strength received against that of a similar signal on another frequency. If the signal is at the adjacent channel of the selected signal, this measurement is also known as **adjacent-channel rejection ratio** (**ACRR**).

Selectivity also provides some immunity to blanketing interference.

LC circuits are often used as filters; the  ("Quality" factor) determines the bandwidth of each LC tuned circuit in the radio. The L/C ratio, in turn, determines their Q and so their selectivity, because the rest of the circuit - the aerial or amplifier feeding the tuned circuit for example - will contain present resistance. For a series resonant circuit, the higher the inductance and the lower the capacitance, the narrower the filter bandwidth (meaning the reactance of the inductance, L, and the capacitance, C, at resonant frequency will be relatively high compared with the series source/load resistances). For a parallel resonant circuit the opposite applies; small inductances reduce the damping of external circuitry (see electronic oscillator).

There are practical limits to the increase in selectivity with changing L/C ratio:

* tuning capacitors of large values can be difficult to construct
* stray capacitance, and capacitance within the transistors or valves of associated circuitry, may become significant (and vary with time)
* the series resistance internal to the wire in the coil, may be significant (for parallel tuned circuits especially)
* large inductances imply physically large (and expensive coils) and/or thinner wire (hence worse internal resistance).

Therefore other methods may be used to increase selectivity, such as Q multiplier circuits and regenerative receivers. Superheterodyne receivers allow use one or more fixed intermediate frequency tuned circuits for selectivity. Fixed tuning eliminates the requirement that multiple tuning stages accurately match while being adjusted.

* "Practical RF circuit design for modern wireless systems", volume I, by Les Besser and Rowan Gilmore; chapter 3.2.6, "Receiver selectivity" (p. 113), ISBN 1-58053-521-6.


title: Gavriil Callimachi

abstract: Gavriil Callimachi was a monk at Putna Monastery who rose eventually to the position of Metropolitan of Moldavia. He was born Gheorghe Călmaşul, son of the Câmpulung headman, Teodor Călmaşul, and younger brother of Ioan Teodor Callimachi, Prince of Moldavia from 1758 to 1761. Gheorghe Callimachi took monks' orders at the Putna Monastery, receiving the name of Gavriil. With the aid of his brother, he is appointed archdeacon of the Ecumenical Patriarchy of Constantinople, then Metropolitan of Salonica, finally reaching the position of Metropolitan of Moldavia, position to which he is appointed by his brother upon the latter's rise to the position of ruler. Gavriil founded the Sf. George Cathedral in Iaşi, where he was later buried, on February 20, 1786.

text:
# Gavriil Callimachi

**Gavriil Callimachi** (Romanian pronunciation: \[ɡaˈvriːl kaliˈmaci\]; 1689–1786) was a monk at Putna Monastery who rose eventually to the position of Metropolitan of Moldavia. He was born Gheorghe Călmaşul, son of the Câmpulung headman, Teodor Călmaşul, and younger brother of Ioan Teodor Callimachi, Prince of Moldavia from 1758 to 1761.

Gheorghe Callimachi took monks' orders at the Putna Monastery, receiving the name of Gavriil. With the aid of his brother, he is appointed archdeacon of the Ecumenical Patriarchy of Constantinople, then Metropolitan of Salonica, finally reaching the position of Metropolitan of Moldavia, position to which he is appointed by his brother upon the latter's rise to the position of ruler.

Gavriil founded the Sf. George Cathedral in Iaşi, where he was later buried, on February 20, 1786.

## Sources

* Nita Dan Danielescu. "Gavriil Callimachi, ctitorul Catedralei mitropolitane Sf. Gheorghe din Iasi" *Ziarul Lumina,* 2006-02-20
* Ghyka family website, genealogical tree


title: Mepixanox

abstract: Mepixanox (Pimexone) is a respiratory stimulant.

text:
# Mepixanox

**Mepixanox** (**Pimexone**) is a respiratory stimulant.

## InfoBox

Mepixanox
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| ATC code |  |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 3-Methoxy-4-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)-9*H*-xanthen-9-one | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.037.994 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C20H21NO3 |
| Molar mass | 323.392 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * COC1=C(C2=C(C=C1)C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3O2)CN4CCCCC4 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C20H21NO3/c1-23-17-10-9-15-19(22)14-7-3-4-8-18(14)24-20(15)16(17)13-21-11-5-2-6-12-21/h3-4,7-10H,2,5-6,11-13H2,1H3 N * Key:PYSOHOOUXFWCFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N N | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: Pistyll Rhaeadr

abstract: Pistyll Rhaeadr is a waterfall 4 miles from the village of Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant in Powys, Wales, and 16 miles west of Oswestry.

text:
# Pistyll Rhaeadr

**Pistyll Rhaeadr** (Welsh pronunciation: \[pɪstɨ̞ɬ r̥eɨ̯adr\], meaning "waterfall (of) Rhaeadr") is a waterfall 4 miles (6 kilometres) from the village of Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant in Powys, Wales, and 16 miles (26 kilometres) west of Oswestry.

## Description

Pistyll Rhaeadr is formed by the Afon Disgynfa (*disgynfa* also means "waterfall") falling, in three stages, over a 240-foot (73 m) Silurian cliff-face, below which the river is known as the Afon Rhaeadr. The tallest stage is estimated at 40 metres (130 ft). It is counted as one of the Seven Wonders of Wales and is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The 19th-century author George Borrow, in his book *Wild Wales*, remarked of the waterfall: "What shall I liken it to? I scarcely know, unless it is to an immense skein of silk agitated and disturbed by tempestuous blasts, or to the long tail of a grey courser at furious speed. I never saw water falling so gracefully, so much like thin, beautiful threads as here."

There is car-parking space near the foot of the waterfall for people who want to explore the waterfall, with a café and a B&B alongside.

The waterfall is often referred to by the media, government sources, and other sources as the tallest in Wales or the tallest single drop in the United Kingdom. However, it is not a single drop, and both its single drop height and its total height are surpassed by both the Devil's Appendix and Pistyll y Llyn, as well as several other waterfalls.

1. "Kerry Ridgeway" (PDF). *Walking in Mid-Wales and the Brecon Beacons*. Powys County Council Tourism Services Unit. p. 27. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
2. "Wales 2008". Retrieved 9 September 2009.
3. "Waterfall 1000th on protected list". *BBC News*. 22 May 2000. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
4. "Times Walks: Pistyll Rhaeadr, Wales". *Times Online*. London. 25 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
5. "Kerry Ridgeway" (PDF). *Walking in Mid-Wales and the Brecon Beacons*. Powys County Council Tourism Services Unit. p. 27. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
6. "Pistyll Rhaeadr". Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
7. "Pistyll Rhaeadr". Retrieved 9 September 2009.
8. Des Marshall (2009). *Walking to Mid Wales' Waterfalls*. Machynlleth, Wales: Kittiwake. pp. 1, 2. ISBN 978-1-902302-69-0.
9. "The tallest waterfalls in Wales". Retrieved 4 February 2010.

## InfoBox

| Pistyll Rhaeadr (Llanrhader waterfall) | |
| --- | --- |
| Pistyll Rhaeadr. Note the natural arch in the middle. | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant, Powys, Wales |
| OS grid | SJ 0726 2951 |
| Coordinates | 52°51′17.97″N 3°22′42.74″W / 52.8549917°N 3.3785389°W / 52.8549917; -3.3785389 |
| Type | Plunge |
| Total height | 240 ft (73 m) |


title: Geometric stable distribution

abstract: A geometric stable distribution or geo-stable distribution is a type of leptokurtic probability distribution. Geometric stable distributions were introduced in Klebanov, L. B., Maniya, G. M., and Melamed, I. A. (1985). A problem of Zolotarev and analogs of infinitely divisible and stable distributions in a scheme for summing a random number of random variables. These distributions are analogues for stable distributions for the case when the number of summands is random, independent of the distribution of summand, and having geometric distribution. The geometric stable distribution may be symmetric or asymmetric. A symmetric geometric stable distribution is also referred to as a Linnik distribution. The Laplace distribution and asymmetric Laplace distribution are special cases of the geometric stable distribution. The Mittag-Leffler distribution is also a special case of a geometric stable distribution. The geometric stable distribution has applications in finance theory.

text:
# Geometric stable distribution

A **geometric stable distribution** or **geo-stable distribution** is a type of leptokurtic probability distribution. Geometric stable distributions were introduced in Klebanov, L. B., Maniya, G. M., and Melamed, I. A. (1985). A problem of Zolotarev and analogs of infinitely divisible and stable distributions in a scheme for summing a random number of random variables. These distributions are analogues for stable distributions for the case when the number of summands is random, independent of the distribution of summand, and having geometric distribution. The geometric stable distribution may be symmetric or asymmetric. A symmetric geometric stable distribution is also referred to as a **Linnik distribution**. The Laplace distribution and asymmetric Laplace distribution are special cases of the geometric stable distribution. The Mittag-Leffler distribution is also a special case of a geometric stable distribution.

The geometric stable distribution has applications in finance theory.

## Characteristics

For most geometric stable distributions, the probability density function and cumulative distribution function have no closed form. However, a geometric stable distribution can be defined by its characteristic function, which has the form:

$$\varphi (t;\alpha ,\beta ,\lambda ,\mu )=\[1+\lambda ^{\alpha }|t|^{\alpha }\omega -i\mu t\]^{-1}$$

where $\omega ={\begin{cases}1-i\beta \tan \left({\tfrac {\pi \alpha }{2}\right)\\,\operatorname {sign} (t)&{\text{if }\alpha \neq 1\\1+i{\tfrac {2}{\pi }\beta \log |t|\operatorname {sign} (t)&{\text{if }\alpha =1\end{cases}}}}}}$.

The parameter $\alpha $, which must be greater than 0 and less than or equal to 2, is the shape parameter or index of stability, which determines how heavy the tails are. Lower $\alpha $ corresponds to heavier tails.

The parameter $\beta $, which must be greater than or equal to −1 and less than or equal to 1, is the skewness parameter. When $\beta $ is negative the distribution is skewed to the left and when $\beta $ is positive the distribution is skewed to the right. When $\beta $ is zero the distribution is symmetric, and the characteristic function reduces to:

$\varphi (t;\alpha ,0,\lambda ,\mu )=\[1+\lambda ^{\alpha }|t|^{\alpha }-i\mu t\]^{-1}$.

The symmetric geometric stable distribution with $\mu =0$ is also referred to as a Linnik distribution. A completely skewed geometric stable distribution, that is, with $\beta =1$, $\alpha \<1$, with $0\<\mu \<1$ is also referred to as a Mittag-Leffler distribution. Although $\beta $ determines the skewness of the distribution, it should not be confused with the typical skewness coefficient or 3rd standardized moment, which in most circumstances is undefined for a geometric stable distribution.

The parameter $\lambda \>0$ is referred to as the scale parameter, and $\mu $ is the location parameter.

When $\alpha $ = 2, $\beta $ = 0 and $\mu $ = 0 (i.e., a symmetric geometric stable distribution or Linnik distribution with $\alpha $=2), the distribution becomes the symmetric Laplace distribution with mean of 0, which has a probability density function of:

$f(x\mid 0,\lambda )={\frac {1}{2\lambda }\exp \left(-{\frac {|x|}{\lambda }\right)\\,}}$.

The Laplace distribution has a variance equal to $2\lambda ^{2}$. However, for $\alpha \<2$ the variance of the geometric stable distribution is infinite.

## Relationship to stable distributions

A stable distribution has the property that if $X\_{1},X\_{2},\dots ,X\_{n}$ are independent, identically distributed random variables taken from such a distribution, the sum $Y=a\_{n}(X\_{1}+X\_{2}+\cdots +X\_{n})+b\_{n}$ has the same distribution as the $X\_{i}$'s for some $a\_{n}$ and $b\_{n}$.

Geometric stable distributions have a similar property, but where the number of elements in the sum is a geometrically distributed random variable. If $X\_{1},X\_{2},\dots $ are independent and identically distributed random variables taken from a geometric stable distribution, the limit of the sum $Y=a\_{p}(X\_{1}+X\_{2}+\cdots +X\_{p})+b\_{p}$ approaches the distribution of the $X\_{i}$'s for some coefficients $a\_{p}$ and $b\_{p}$ as p approaches 0, where $N\_{p}$ is a random variable independent of the $X\_{i}$'s taken from a geometric distribution with parameter p. In other words:

$$\Pr(N\_{p}=n)=(1-p)^{n-1}\\,p\\,.$$

The distribution is strictly geometric stable only if the sum $Y=a(X\_{1}+X\_{2}+\cdots +X\_{p})$ equals the distribution of the $X\_{i}$'s for some *a*.

There is also a relationship between the stable distribution characteristic function and the geometric stable distribution characteristic function. The stable distribution has a characteristic function of the form:

$$\Phi (t;\alpha ,\beta ,\lambda ,\mu )=\exp \left\[~it\mu -|\lambda t|^{\alpha }\\,(1-i\beta \operatorname {sign} (t)\Omega )~\right\],$$

where

$$\Omega ={\begin{cases}\tan {\tfrac {\pi \alpha }{2}&{\text{if }\alpha \neq 1,\\\-{\tfrac {2}{\pi }\log |t|&{\text{if }\alpha =1.\end{cases}}}}}}$$

The geometric stable characteristic function can be expressed in terms of a stable characteristic function as:

$$\varphi (t;\alpha ,\beta ,\lambda ,\mu )=\[1-\log(\Phi (t;\alpha ,\beta ,\lambda ,\mu ))\]^{-1}.$$

## InfoBox

Geometric stable
| Parameters | $\alpha \in (0,2\]$ — stability parameter
$\beta \in \[-1,1\]$ — skewness parameter (note that skewness is undefined)
$\lambda \in (0,\infty )$ — scale parameter

$\mu \in (-\infty ,\infty )$ — location parameter | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Support | $x\in \mathbb {R} $, or $x\in \[\mu ,\infty )$ if $\alpha \<1$ and $\beta =1$, or $x\in (-\infty ,\mu \]$ if $\alpha \<1$ and $\beta =-1$ | | |
| PDF | not analytically expressible, except for some parameter values | | |
| CDF | not analytically expressible, except for certain parameter values | | |
| Median | $\mu $ when $\beta =0$ | | |
| Mode | $\mu $ when $\beta =0$ | | |
| Variance | $2\lambda ^{2}$ when $\alpha =2$, otherwise infinite | | |
| Skewness | $0$ when $\alpha =2$, otherwise undefined | | |
| Excess kurtosis | $3$ when $\alpha =2$, otherwise undefined | | |
| MGF | undefined | | |
| CF | $\ \left\[1+\lambda ^{\alpha }\vert t\vert ^{\alpha }\omega -i\mu t\right\]^{-1}$,

where $\omega ={\begin{cases}1-i\beta \tan {\tfrac {\pi \alpha }{2}\\,{\textrm {sign}(t)&{\text{if }\alpha \neq 1\\1+i{\tfrac {2}{\pi }\beta \log \vert t\vert \\,{\textrm {sign}(t)&{\text{if }\alpha =1\end{cases}}}}}}}}$ | | |


title: Vattakudi Ukkadai

abstract: Vattakudi Ukkadai, also known as Vattakudi South is a village in Tamil Nadu, India. It is located in the Madukur block of Thanjavur district.

text:
# Vattakudi Ukkadai

**Vattakudi Ukkadai**, also known as **Vattakudi South** is a village in Tamil Nadu, India. It is located in the Madukur block of Thanjavur district.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, the Vattakudi South village has a population of 1353. This includes 680 males and 673 females. The effective (6 years and above) literacy rate of village is 75.63%.

## Geography

Vattakudi South is 12 km from the city of Pattukkottai. The coast of the Bay of Bengal is just 12km away, with Manora fort 15km away from this village. Due to its geographical position, Vattakudi South experiences hot and humid climate and there is no extreme variation in seasonal temperature. As it is nearer to the equator, the summer season starts from April and extends till early June. This period observes the hottest part of the year, locally known as "Agni Nakshatram" or "Khatri".

Nearby villages include Vattakudi North, Kasankadu, Athivetti, and Pichinikkadu.

## Economy

Most of the residents are involved in agriculture and dependent activities. The agriculture in the village relies on water from the Kaveri River for irrigation. Paddy and coconut are the major crops in the village.

## Administration

The village is administered by a gram panchayat. It comes under the Pattukkottai assembly constituency and the Thanjavur parliamentary constituency. The current MLA is N. R. Rengarajan of TMC (M), and the current MP is K. Parasuraman of AIADMK. The current panchayat President is K. Amarajothi Kanadasamy.

## Culture

The temples in the village include Sri Magha Muthumariamman temple, Shri Minnadiyar temple, Shri Vinayagar temple, and Shri Ayyanar temple. Sri Balathandayudhabani temple is located near Vattakudi South.

The famous festivals are:

* Pongal festival (4 days) celebrated in January
    + The fourth day of the Pongal festival Sports events for Adults & children in Vattakudi South organized by village adults.
* Tamil Varuda Pirapu celebrated in April
* Sri Magha Muthumariamman temple Thiruvizha (8 days) celebrated in June (Vaikasi Visakam)
    + The 7th day of Thiruvizha (Visagam) event is Kavadi
    + The 8th day of the festival event is Swami Therottam.
* Vinayagar Chathurthi celebrated in September
* Ayutha Poojai celebrated in October
* Deepavali & Thiru Karthigai celebrated in November

## InfoBox

| Vattakudi South Vattakudi Ukkadai | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Paddy fields of Vattakudi Ukkadai | |
| Vattakudi SouthVattakudi South | |
| Coordinates: 10°26′20″N 79°24′22″E / 10.439°N 79.406°E / 10.439; 79.406 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Thanjavur |
| Block | Madukur |
| Government | |
| MP | K. Parasuraman (AIADMK) |
| MLA | N. R. Rengarajan |
| Elevation | 13 m (43 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,353 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Postal Index Number | 614613 |


title: Ophonus sciakyi

abstract: Ophonus sciakyi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, genus Ophonus, and subgenus Ophonus (Metophonus).

text:
# Ophonus sciakyi

***Ophonus sciakyi*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, genus Ophonus, and subgenus Ophonus (Metophonus).

## InfoBox

| *Ophonus sciakyi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Harpalinae |
| Tribe: | Harpalini |
| Genus: | *Ophonus* |
| Species: | ***O. sciakyi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ophonus sciakyi***<br>Wrase, 1990 | |
|


abstract: The National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS) is a policy formation center for bureaucrats, private sector leaders, military officers, and medium- and senior-ranking civil servants. NIPSS was established in 1979. Its first Director General was Major General Ogundeko. The current Director General is Professor Ayo Omotayo. Notable graduates of the NIPSS are General Ibrahim Babangida the former Nigerian Head of State, and Nuhu Ribadu, famed former anti-corruption czar who is also the current National Security Adviser to President Tinubu, and former head of the SSS, Ita Ekpeyong.

text:
# National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies

The **National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies** (NIPSS) is a policy formation center for bureaucrats, private sector leaders, military officers, and medium- and senior-ranking civil servants. NIPSS was established in 1979. Its first Director General was Major General Ogundeko. The current Director General is Professor Ayo Omotayo. Notable graduates of the NIPSS are General Ibrahim Babangida the former Nigerian Head of State, and Nuhu Ribadu, famed former anti-corruption czar who is also the current National Security Adviser to President Tinubu, and former head of the SSS, Ita Ekpeyong.

**Director General the National Institute**
| S/N | Name | **Beginning of term** | **End of term** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Major. General T.B Ogundeko | September 1979 | March 1981 |
| 2 | Professor Justice Tseayo | April 1981 | November 1984 |
| 3 | Major General Charles Ndiomu, mni | December 1984 | January 1990 |
| 4 | Major General Paul Ufuoma Omu, mni CFR RCDS | January 1990 | December 1992 |
| 5 | Prof. Nura Alkali, AHSN | December 1992 | October 1999 |
| 6 | Major General Joseph Nanven Garba, CFR | October 1999 | June 2002 |
| 7 | Major General Martin Chukwudi Osahor, CON | June 2002 | April 2004 |
| 8 | Professor Ugo Alubo | April 2004 | May 2005 (Acted) |
| 9 | Venerable Prof. Akin Akindoyeni, OFR, mni | May 2005 | July 2008 |
| 10 | Dr. Yakubu Sankey | July 2008 | January 2009 (Acted) |
| 11 | Mr. JK Opadiran | January 2009 | March 2009 (Acted) |
| 12 | Professor Shuaibu Ahmed Danfulani, DSC | March 2009 | May 2010 |
| 13 | Prof. Tijjani Mohammed Bande, OFR | May 2010 | February 2016 |
| 14 | Mr. Jonathan Juma Mela, mni | February 2016 | August 2019 (Acted) |
| 15 | Prof. Habu S. Galadima | August 2019 | December 2020 |
| 16 | Brig. Gen. CFJ Udaya (rtd) plsc+, mni | December 2020 | March 2022 (Acted) |
| 17 | Prof. Ayo Omotayo | March 2022 | Till Date |

## Alumni

Notable alumni include:

Notes


title: Selective vehicle detection

abstract: Selective vehicle detection was the name of a bus priority system used by London Buses to allow traffic signals to selectively favour buses' movement through intersection by changing traffic light sequences and timings as buses approach. Following a successful large-scale trial in 1987, London Transport began introducing selective vehicle detection to shorten red lights or extend green lights in the 1990s. This delivered journey time savings, as well as increased service reliability and reduced costs, as a smaller number of vehicles were required to deliver the same frequency. For example, it was estimated that route 15 could have a journey time 4 minutes shorter, due to the number of selective vehicle detection points passed. The system worked using 'bus detectors' either mounted on lampposts by the side of the road or ground loops, which detect transmission made by transmitters aboard buses. Selective vehicle detection was replaced by the iBus system in the late 2000s which tracks all London's buses, allowing passengers to be provided with audio-visual announcements and improved information on bus arrivals, as well as triggering bus priority at traffic lights. iBus uses the Global Positioning System instead of physical roadside equipment. All buses in London were fitted with the iBus system by 2009.

text:
# Selective vehicle detection

**Selective vehicle detection** was the name of a bus priority system used by London Buses to allow traffic signals to selectively favour buses' movement through intersection by changing traffic light sequences and timings as buses approach.

Following a successful large-scale trial in 1987, London Transport began introducing selective vehicle detection to shorten red lights or extend green lights in the 1990s. This delivered journey time savings, as well as increased service reliability and reduced costs, as a smaller number of vehicles were required to deliver the same frequency. For example, it was estimated that route 15 could have a journey time 4 minutes shorter, due to the number of selective vehicle detection points passed. The system worked using 'bus detectors' either mounted on lampposts by the side of the road or ground loops, which detect transmission made by transmitters aboard buses.

Selective vehicle detection was replaced by the iBus system in the late 2000s which tracks all London's buses, allowing passengers to be provided with audio-visual announcements and improved information on bus arrivals, as well as triggering bus priority at traffic lights. iBus uses the Global Positioning System instead of physical roadside equipment. All buses in London were fitted with the iBus system by 2009.


title: Police Association of Victoria

abstract: The Police Association Victoria (TPAV) is the union organisation representing about 18,000 members of the Victoria Police. The alliance is affiliated with the Police Federation of Australia, representing over 60,000 Australian Police Officers.

text:
# Police Association of Victoria

**The Police Association Victoria** (**TPAV**) is the union organisation representing about 18,000 members of the Victoria Police. The alliance is affiliated with the Police Federation of Australia, representing over 60,000 Australian Police Officers.

## History

The (former) Police Association was formed in 1917 arising from low wages and poor working conditions being endured by Victorian police officers at the time. Police had a long-standing grievance regarding their pension scheme abandoned by the Victorian Government in 1902.

After the 1923 Victorian Police strike, which the organisation never sanctioned, the *Police Pensions Act 1923* recognized the organisation as the one employee body with which the State Government would deal on police welfare and efficiency matters. A substantial pay rise and improved working conditions resulted from the Act, however it also made it illegal for members of the force to join a 'political or industrial organisation', and it threatened a twelve-month prison sentence for any member who withheld his services or caused disaffection.

The secretary of the association between 2014 and 2016 was Ron Iddles.

## Enterprise Bargaining Agreement

On 15 February 2016, Victoria Police members voted for the 2016 – 2019 Enterprise Bargain Agreement. On 4 March 2016, the outcome of the vote was announced but the new EB took effect starting on 1 December 2015. Under the new EB, Victoria Police officers will receive increased penalty rates for weekend work, added unsociable and intrusive to weekend work, increased pay for prosecutors and a number of other benefits and entitlements. The new EB did not include the ranks of Commanders and above.

On 2016 – 2019 EB, Victoria Police officers were offered 2.5% increase per year for 4 years starting on 1 December 2015. At first, the new proposed agreement was strongly opposed by The Police Association as, in reality, represented only 0.3% increase after inflation. However, in December 2015, The Police Association changed their position and supported the new EB.

Victoria Police salaries
| Rank | Increment | 1 July 2019 | 1 Jan 2020 | 1 July 2020 | 1 July 2021 | 1 July 2022 | 1 July 2023 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Commander | 1 - 4 |  | $194,573 - $206,753 | $197,492 - $209,855 | $200,454 - $213,003 | $204,464 - $217,263 | $207,530 - $220,522 |
| Superintendent | 1–8 | $160,203 – $191,698 | $162,606 - $190,758 | $165,045 - $193,619 | $167,521 - $196,524 | $170,871 - $200,454 | $173,434 - $203,461 |
| Inspector | 1–6 | $141,769 – $157,413 | $143,896 - $159,774 | $146,054 - $162,171 | $148,245 - $164,603 | $151,210 - $167,895 | $153,478 - $170,414 |
| Senior sergeant | 1–6 | $119,730 – $127,466 | $121,526 - $129,378 | $128,349 - $136,319 | $130,274 - $138,363 | $137,880 - $146,131 | $139,948 - 148,323 |
| Sergeant | 1–6 | $106,859 – $116,452 | $108,462 - $118,199 | $114,089 - $123,972 | $115,800 - $125,831 | $122,116 - $132,348 | $123,948 - $134,333 |
| Leading senior constable | 13–16 | $99,807 – $104,685 | $101,304 - $106,255 | $102,824 - $107,849 | $104,366 - $109,467 | $106,453 - $111,656 | $108,050 - $113,331 |
| Senior Constable | 5–12 | $85,279 – $98,818 | $86,558 - 100,300 | $87,857 - $101,805 | $89,174 - $103,332 | $90,958 - $105,398 | $92,322 - $106,979 |
| Constable | 1–4 | $69,836 – $77,735 | $70,884 - $78,901 | $71,947 - $80,085 | $73,026 - $81,286 | $74,487 - $82,912 | $75,604 - $84,155 |
| Recruit | 1 | $50,834 | $51,597 | $52,370 | $53,156 | $54,219 | $55,032 |
| Reservist | 1 | $71,604 | $72,678 | $73,768 | $74,875 | $76,372 | $77,518 |

Protective Service Officer (PSO) salaries
| Rank | Increment | 1 July 2019 | 1 Jan 2020 | 1 July 2020 | 1 July 2021 | 1 July 2022 | 1 July 2023 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| PSO Senior Sergeant | 1–6 | $94,889 – $95,902 | $96,312 - $101,741 | $97,757 - $103,267 | $99,223 - $104,816 | $101,208 - $106,912 | $102,726 - $108,516 |
| PSO Sergeant | 1–6 | $87,706 – $90,909 | $89,022 - $94,473 | $90,357 - $95,890 | $91,712 - $97,328 | $93,547 - $99,275 | $94,950 - $100,764 |
| PSO Senior | 1–10 | $73,881 – $78,954 | $70,580 - $80,138 | $71,639 - $81,340 | $72,713 - $82,560 | $74,168 - $84,212 | $75,280 - $85,475 |
| PSO 1st Class | 3–4 | $69,537 – $71,512 | $68,423 - $69,794 | $69,450 - $70,841 | $70,491 - $71,904 | $71,901 - $73,342 | $72,980 - $74,442 |
| PSO | 1–2 | $64,393 – $68,763 | $65,359 - $67,083 | $66,339 -$68,090 | $67,334 - $69,111 | $68,681 - $70,493 | $69,711 - $71,551 |

Commuted overtime allowance (COT 2)
| Rank | 1 Jan 2020 - 1 July 2023 |
| --- | --- |
| Sergeant & senior sergeant | $14,662 - $16,790 |
| Constable & senior constable | $11,596 - $12,369 |

One Person Station Allowance
| Rank | 1 Jan 2020 - 1 July 2023 |
| --- | --- |
| Constable & senior constable | $11,596 - $12,369 |

Shift and weekend penalties
| Type | Hours | 1 July 2017 | 1 Jan 2020 - 1 July 2023 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Unsociable | 6PM – 1 AM | $5.61 | 18,5% of ordinary rate |
| Intrusive | 1AM – 7AM | $7.16 | 23,5% of ordinary rate |
| Weekend | 7AM – 6PM | 39.36% of ordinary rate | |
| Unsociable weekend | 6PM – 1AM | 45.22% of ordinary rate | |
| Intrusive weekend | 1AM – 7AM | 57.76% of ordinary rate | |

## InfoBox

The Police Association Victoria
| The Police Association Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1917 |
| Headquarters | Melbourne, Victoria |
| Location |  |
| Members | 18,000 |
| Key people | Wayne Gatt, secretary |
| Affiliations | Police Federation of Australia |
| Website | www.tpav.org.au |


title: Mepirapim

abstract: MEPIRAPIM is an indole-based cannabinoid which differs from JWH-018 by having a 4-methylpiperazine group in place of the naphthyl group and has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products. It was first identified in Japan in 2013, alongside FUBIMINA. MEPIRAPIM acts as a T-type calcium channel inhibitor and is only minimally active at the central CB1 receptor.

text:
# Mepirapim

**MEPIRAPIM** is an indole-based cannabinoid which differs from JWH-018 by having a 4-methylpiperazine group in place of the naphthyl group and has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products. It was first identified in Japan in 2013, alongside FUBIMINA. MEPIRAPIM acts as a T-type calcium channel inhibitor and is only minimally active at the central CB1 receptor.

## Legality

Sweden's public health agency suggested to classify MEPIRAPIM as hazardous substance on November 10, 2014.

## InfoBox

Mepirapim
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C19H27N3O |
| Molar mass | 313.445 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * CCCCCN1C=C(C2=CC=CC=C21)C(=O)N3CCN(CC3)C | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C19H27N3O/c1-3-4-7-10-22-15-17(16-8-5-6-9-18(16)22)19(23)21-13-11-20(2)12-14-21/h5-6,8-9,15H,3-4,7,10-14H2,1-2H3 * Key:IUEFFEOHJKCBPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |


title: Piotr Kochanowski

abstract: Piotr Kochanowski (1566–1620) was a Polish nobleman, poet and translator. He belonged to a family of writers. He was a son of Mikołaj Kochanowski and a nephew of Jan Kochanowski. He was born in 1566 in Sycyna. He is famous for his translations from Italian. He translated into Polish what were generally esteemed to be the two greatest modern epic poems: Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando furioso and Torquato Tasso's Gerusalemme liberata. His version of Tasso's poem served as the Polish national epic. Piotr Kochanowski was the second poet in Poland to use ottava rima, which became very popular in Baroque Polish poetry. He died on 2 August 1620 and was buried at the Franciscan church in Kraków. He is commonly regarded as one of the most important Polish writers of the Renaissance.

text:
# Piotr Kochanowski

**Piotr Kochanowski** (1566–1620) was a Polish nobleman, poet and translator. He belonged to a family of writers. He was a son of Mikołaj Kochanowski and a nephew of Jan Kochanowski. He was born in 1566 in Sycyna. He is famous for his translations from Italian. He translated into Polish what were generally esteemed to be the two greatest modern epic poems: Ludovico Ariosto's *Orlando furioso* (*Roland Enraged*) and Torquato Tasso's *Gerusalemme liberata* (*Jerusalem Delivered*). His version of Tasso's poem served as the Polish national epic. Piotr Kochanowski was the second poet in Poland (after Sebastian Grabowiecki) to use ottava rima, which became very popular in Baroque Polish poetry. He died on 2 August 1620 and was buried at the Franciscan church in Kraków. He is commonly regarded as one of the most important Polish writers of the Renaissance.

## InfoBox

| Piotr Kochanowski | |
| --- | --- |
| Piotr Kochanowski | |
| Born | 1566 |
| Died | 1620 |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Occupation(s) | nobleman, poet and translator |


title: Port Lincoln Airport

abstract: Port Lincoln Airport is an airport serving Port Lincoln, a city in the Australian state of South Australia. It is located 7 nautical miles north of Port Lincoln, at North Shields. The airport is owned and operated by the District Council of Lower Eyre Peninsula. It was the second busiest airport in South Australia during 2009/10, with 168,147 passengers served.

text:
# Port Lincoln Airport

**Port Lincoln Airport** (IATA: **PLO**, ICAO: **YPLC**) is an airport serving Port Lincoln, a city in the Australian state of South Australia. It is located 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) north of Port Lincoln, at North Shields. The airport is owned and operated by the District Council of Lower Eyre Peninsula. It was the second busiest airport in South Australia during 2009/10, with 168,147 passengers served.

## Facilities

The airport is at an elevation of 36 ft (11 m) above sea level. It has one asphalt paved runway designated 01/19 which measures 1,499 m × 30 m (4,918 ft × 98 ft) and two additional runways with gravel surfaces: 05/23 measuring 1,275 m × 30 m (4,183 ft × 98 ft) and 15/33 measuring 1,450 m × 30 m (4,757 ft × 98 ft). On 6 August 2013 a brand new airport terminal was officially opened, it cost $13.2 million.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| QantasLink | Adelaide |
| Rex Airlines | Adelaide |

## Statistics

Port Lincoln Airport was ranked 37th in Australia for the number of revenue passengers served in financial year 2016–2017.

Annual passenger and aircraft statistics for Port Lincoln
| Year | Revenue passengers | Aircraft movements |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2001-02 | 88,293(10.9%) | 5,952(1.7) |
| 2002-03 | 93,894(6.3%) | 5,943(0.2%) |
| 2003-04 | 110,649(17.8%) | 6,664(12.1%) |
| 2004-05 | 130,429(17.9%) | 6,669(0.1%) |
| 2005-06 | 138,547(6.2%) | 6,175(7.4%) |
| 2006-07 | 138,844(0.2%) | 5,220(15.5%) |
| 2007-08 | 149,544(7.7%) | 5,815(11.4%) |
| 2008-09 | 148,435(0.7%) | 5,999(3.2%) |
| 2009-10 | 168,147(13.3%) | 6,803(13.4%) |
| 2010-11 | 199,546(18.7%) | 7,316(7.5%) |
| 2011-12 | 193,535(3.0%) | 7,133(2.5%) |
| 2012-13 | 195,919(1.2%) | 6,974(2.2%) |
| 2013-14 | 187,702(4.2%) | 7,032(0.8%) |
| 2014-15 | 190,853(1.6%) | 7,166(1.9%) |
| 2015-16 | 182,331(4.5%) | 7,491(4.5%) |
| 2016-17 | 175,162(4.1%) | 7,415(1.0%) |

## InfoBox

| Port Lincoln Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner/Operator | District Council of Lower Eyre Peninsula |
| Serves | Port Lincoln, South Australia |
| Location | North Shields |
| Elevation AMSL | 36 ft / 11 m |
| Coordinates | 34°36′19″S 135°52′49″E / 34.60528°S 135.88028°E / -34.60528; 135.88028 |
| Map | |
| YPLCLocation in South Australia | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  01/19 1,499 4,918 Asphalt  05/23 1,275 4,183 Gravel  15/33 1,450 4,757 Gravel | |
| Statistics (2010/11) | |
| Revenue passengers 199,546  Aircraft Movements 7,316 | |
| Sources: Australian AIP and aerodrome chart. Passenger and aircraft movements from the BITRE | |


title: Pipe plug

abstract: A pipe plug is a tool or material for the temporary sealing of pipelines in sewerage and other liquid and gas transportation systems; typically for maintenance or non-pressurized line testing. A pipe plug is also known as an inflatable plug, mechanical pipe plug, pipe test plug, pipeline isolation plug, expandable plug, pipe bung, pipe stopper, pipe packer, pneumatic pipe plug or pipe balloon depending on the region where it is used.

text:
# Pipe plug

A **pipe plug** is a tool or material for the temporary sealing of pipelines in sewerage and other liquid and gas transportation systems; typically for maintenance or non-pressurized line testing. A pipe plug is also known as an inflatable plug, mechanical pipe plug, pipe test plug, pipeline isolation plug, expandable plug, pipe bung, pipe stopper, pipe packer, pneumatic pipe plug or pipe balloon depending on the region where it is used.

## History

The origin is debated, but the earliest patents related with plugging the pipes date back to the 1890s. The first patent for a pipe plug as we know today is by Oscar F. Anderson, published in 1952., and the first patent for inflatable plugs was published in 1965

## Usage

Pipe plugs are often confused with relatively smaller plumbing accessories. However, as an industrial tool, pipe plugs are used in larger infrastructure pipelines. Pipe plugs provide a trench-less method for the maintenance of drains and sewers, and construction and testing of non-pressurized gravity pipelines.

There are three main purposes of pipe plugs. These are temporary sealing or stopping the fluid flow in a pipeline, leak testing and by-passing the flow. They are also used for blocking the ends of pipes to prevent the entry of dirt and other contaminants during construction, maintenance or repair of pipelines.

The leak tests of gravity pipelines using the pipe plug are performed with respecting the requirements of the European Standard EN1610 for both water and air tests.

The inflatable pipe plugs have a wide variety of types each for different purpose:

* Pipe plug
* Pipe test plug
* Conical plug
* Pipe packer
* High pressure pipe plug
* Oil and gas pipe plug
* Steam process plug
* Pipe joint tester

## Back pressure

Back pressure is a major issue for the users of pipe plugs on site. It refers to the force that a pipe plug holds during the process. Pipe plugs are usually subject to huge amount of back pressure that occurs in the pipeline, so the back pressure must be calculated accurately in order to prevent the pipe plug to slip inside the pipe. Slipping of the pipe plug may cause in hazardous results. Though Mechanical and Inflatable Pipe Plugs can rely upon the seals for restraint, typically, secondary mechanical restraint is required to prevent slippage – in the form of friction screw dogs that engage to the pipe, by utilizing strong back supports, anchors, or other user added blocking methods.

### Formula of back pressure calculation

*Fback = Surface x back pressure*

$F\_{b}=\pi .r^{2}.P\_{b}$

$F\_{f}=(\mu .P\_{i}.2\pi .r.L\_{c})+(\mu .W\_{w})$

$F\_{b}=F\_{f}$

$P\_{b}={\frac {\mu .P\_{i}.L\_{c}{r}+{\frac {W\_{w}.\mu }{2\pi .r^{2}}}}}$

$F\_{b}$: Back pressure force

Surface: $\pi .r^{2}$

$r$: Radius of the pipe

$\mu $: Friction coefficient

$F\_{f}$: Friction force

$P\_{b}$: Back pressure

$P\_{i}$: Inflation pressure

$L\_{c}$: Contact length

$W\_{w}$: Weight of the plug

## Accessories

Pipe plugs are used with supplementary accessories such as air and water hoses, air and pressure control devices, gauges, adapters and chains depending on the type of the pipe plug and the process.

Auxiliary equipment like compressors for inflating the pipe plugs, water tanks for filling the pipeline and pumps for some cases must be used.

## Maintenance

For a longer life cycle, pipe plugs should be cleaned with soap and water before and after each use. Chemical solvents, hydrocarbons, petroleum fluids or other aggressive substances shouldn't be used while cleaning, since they may damage or destroy the rubber of the pipe plug. After cleaning, pipe plugs should be flushed with clean water and left to dry at room temperature before using in the pipelines.

Storing conditions are determined by the ISO 2230 standard. Pipe plugs are to be stored in a dry space at 15-25 °C away from direct sun light and circulating air. Long term contact with liquids, metals and other rubber materials should be avoided.


title: Vattan Sandhu

abstract: Vattan Sandhu is a Punjabi singer and actor. He is known for his Punjabi songs. He was born in Sarwali Village, Gurdaspur. He rose to fame from his single "Lecture" which broke many records in Punjab. Dad vs. Son was his most successful track reaching over 2 million views as of September 2015.

text:
# Vattan Sandhu

**Vattan Sandhu** is a Punjabi singer and actor. He is known for his Punjabi songs. He was born in Sarwali Village, Gurdaspur. He rose to fame from his single "Lecture" which broke many records in Punjab. Dad vs. Son was his most successful track reaching over 2 million views as of September 2015.

## Music career

Sandhu made his debut with the song *Lecture* which went on to become an instant success and brought him into the limelight in the Punjabi music industry. He saw further success with songs like "Dad vs. Son," and "Valentine Day". In 2015 his new single "Begani" was also setting a new stage for the Punjabi music industry.

## Personal life

Vattan Sandhu is 24, started singing when he was 10 years old. His father Tejwinder Singh Sandhu is in the Punjab police. He has one younger brother who is a professional photographer. He moved to London when he was 18; there he was selected for the British Army (soldier), but he decided to return to India to pursue singing.

## Discography

| Year released | Song | Music | Record label | Lyricist |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *Lecture* | Son- E- Singh | Speed Records | Vattan Sandhu |
| 2014 | *Dad Vs Son* | Xtatic | Speed Records | Kanwar Waraich |
| 2015 | *Valentine Day* | Xtatic | T-Series | Nav Sandhu |
| 2015 | *Begani* | Xtatic | T-Series | Onkar Singh |
|
| 2015 | *BDS Kardi* | Xtatic | T-Series | Jashan |
|
| 2016 | *Deed* | Pav Dharia | T-Series | Kanwar Waraich |
|

1. "Valentine Day Song's success". DesiGallan.com.
2. "Beagni Song". NewsXack.com.
3. "Vattan's Personal Life". TribuneIndia.com.

## InfoBox

| Vattan SandhuVattan Sandhu ਵਤਨ ਸੰਧੂ | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Vattan Preet Singh Sandhu |
| Born | (1992-09-01) 1 September 1992<br>Sarwali(Village), Gurdaspur, Punjab, India |
| Origin | Amritsar |
| Genres | Pop, Punjabi, bhangra |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Years active | 2013– present |
| Labels | T-Series, Speed Records |
|  | |
| Website | vattansandhu.com |
| **Manager**              Kamaljot Singh | |


abstract: The Military Order of Merit of the Companions of Artigas, was a military decoration of Uruguay.

text:
# Order of Military Merit of the Companions of Artigas

The **Military Order of Merit of the Companions of Artigas** (Spanish: *El Orden Militar al Mérito Tenientes de Artigas*), was a military decoration of Uruguay.

## History

The Military Order of Merit of the Companions of Artigas was established by Law N° 14.955 on 13 November 1979. It was created by the ruling civilian-military administration, which governed Uruguay between 1973 and 1985. The name "tenientes de Artigas" or "Companions of Artigas" honours the 19th-century freedom-fighter José Gervasio Artigas. The statutes governing the order were further modified in 1980, and ultimately repealed on 6 March 1985.

In 1991, the government of Uruguay established the Medal of Military Merit as the highest military decoration of the Army of Uruguay. It uses the same ribbon as the Military Order of Merit of the Companions of Artigas.

## Classes

The order was awarded in five different classes:

## InfoBox

| Military Order of Merit of the Companions of Artigas<br>*Orden Militar al Mérito Tenientes de Artigas* | |
| --- | --- |
| Insignia of a Grand Officer | |
| Type | Five-class military decoration awarded with and without swords |
| Country | Uruguay |
| Status | Discontinued 1985 |
| Established | 1979 |
|  | |
| Ribbon of the order | |
|  | |
| Related | Medal of Military Merit |


title: NHLH1

abstract: Helix-loop-helix protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NHLH1 gene. The helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins are a family of putative transcription factors, some of which have been shown to play an important role in growth and development of a wide variety of tissues and species. Four members of this family have been clearly implicated in tumorigenesis via their involvement in chromosomal translocations in lymphoid tumors: MYC, LYL1, E2A, and SCL.[supplied by OMIM]

text:
# NHLH1

**Helix-loop-helix protein 1** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *NHLH1* gene.

The helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins are a family of putative transcription factors, some of which have been shown to play an important role in growth and development of a wide variety of tissues and species. Four members of this family have been clearly implicated in tumorigenesis via their involvement in chromosomal translocations in lymphoid tumors: MYC (MIM 190080), LYL1 (MIM 151440), E2A (MIM 147141), and SCL (MIM 187040).\[supplied by OMIM\]

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| NHLH1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | NHLH1, HEN1, NSCL, NSCL1, bHLHa35, nescient helix-loop-helix 1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 162360; MGI: 98481; HomoloGene: 4089; GeneCards: NHLH1; OMA:NHLH1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_005598   NM\_010916   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_005589<br>NP\_005589.1   NP\_035046   Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 160.37 – 160.37 Mb Chr 1: 171.88 – 171.89 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Memory of a Night of Love

abstract: Memory of a Night of Love is a 1973 film starring Salah Zulfikar, Nelly and Nabila Ebeid. It is written and directed by Seif El-Dine Chawkat.

text:
# Memory of a Night of Love

**Memory of a Night of Love** (Arabic: *ذكري ليلة حب*, French: *Souvenir d'une Nuit d'Amour*, translit: *Thikra Laylat Houbb* or *Zekra Lailat Hubb*) is a 1973 film starring Salah Zulfikar, Nelly and Nabila Ebeid. It is written and directed by Seif El-Dine Chawkat.

## Plot

On the outskirts of Beirut, Anwar lives happily with his heart-sick wife, Laila, and one day meets his ex-girlfriend Camelia, who works as a dancer. About Anwar and others, the wife is shocked, and Anwar is arrested. Will his friend the police officer find the real killer?

## Crew

* Writer: Seif El-Dine Chawkat
* Director: Seif El-Dine Chawkat
* Produced by: Al Furat for Cinema
* Distribution: Lebanese Andalusian Films (Abbas Nasser - Sobhi Al-Nouri)
* Soundtrack: Suhail Arafa
* Cinematographer: Ahmed Abu Saeda
* Editor: Saheb Haddad

## Cast

### Primary cast

### Supporting cast

* Nadia Arslan
* Maha Al-Saleh
* Anwar Al-Baba
* Ahmed Addas
* Youssef Choueiri
* Sabah Obaid
* Shakir Barikhan
* Mohammed Al-Shamat
* Ahmed Rafee
* Hisham Al-Masry
* Adeeb Shehadeh
* Adnan Ajlouni
* Mohamed Tariqi
* Ziad Al-Qirbi
* Khaled Abu Saada

## InfoBox

| Memory of a Night of Love | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
|  | |
| Arabic | *ذكري ليلة حب* |
|  | |
| Directed by | Seif El-Dine Chawkat |
| Written by | Seif El-Dine Chawkat |
| Produced by | Khaled El-Gozzi |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Ahmed Abu Saeda |
| Edited by | Saheb Haddad |
| Music by | Suhail Arafa |
| Production<br>company | Al-Furat for Cinema |
| Distributed by | Lebanese Andalusian Films (Abbas Nasser - Sobhi Al-Nouri) |
| Release dates | * 3 January 1973 (1973-01-03) (Beirut, Lebanon) |
| Running time | 115 minutes |
| Countries |  |
| Language | Arabic |


title: Geophilus dentatus

abstract:
Geophilus dentatus is a species of soil centipede in the family Geophilidae
found in Hokkaido. It's yellow in color, 25 millimeters in length, with 41-47 leg pairs and two clearly visible terminal pores. It's very similar to G. truncorum, but differs in the number of outer palpi on the 1st maxillae, the presence of denticles in the midpiece of the labrum, and the number of terminal pores.

text:
# Geophilus dentatus

***Geophilus dentatus*** is a species of soil centipede in the family Geophilidae found in Hokkaido. It's yellow in color, 25 millimeters in length, with 41-47 leg pairs and two clearly visible terminal pores (pores at the base of the final leg pair). It's very similar to *G. truncorum*, but differs in the number of outer palpi on the 1st maxillae, the presence of denticles in the midpiece of the labrum, and the number of terminal pores.

## InfoBox

| *Geophilus dentatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Chilopoda |
| Order: | Geophilomorpha |
| Family: | Geophilidae |
| Genus: | *Geophilus* |
| Species: | ***G. dentatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Geophilus dentatus***<br>Takakuwa, 1936 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Placosoma cipoense

abstract: Placosoma cipoense, Cunha's Brazilian lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Gymnophthalmidae. It is endemic to Brazil.

text:
# Placosoma cipoense

***Placosoma cipoense***, **Cunha's Brazilian lizard** , is a species of lizard in the family Gymnophthalmidae. It is endemic to Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Placosoma cipoense* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Gymnophthalmidae |
| Genus: | *Placosoma* |
| Species: | ***P. cipoense*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Placosoma cipoense***<br>Cunha, 1966 | |
|


title: MaryJane Mwangi

abstract: MaryJane Mwangi, also Mary Jane Mwangi, is a corporate executive in Kenya, who served as the managing director and chief executive officer of the National Oil Corporation of Kenya, from August 2017 to October 2019.

text:
# MaryJane Mwangi

**MaryJane Mwangi**, also **Mary Jane Mwangi**, is a corporate executive in Kenya, who served as the managing director and chief executive officer of the National Oil Corporation of Kenya, from August 2017 to October 2019.

## Background and education

She graduated from the University of Nairobi with a Master of Business Administration degree in 2006. She also holds a Higher Diploma in Human Resource Management, awarded in 2013, by the Institute of Human Resource Management (IHRM), based in Nairobi, Kenya's capital and largest city.

## Career

She started her long career in the consumer oil sector in 1993, working as an Export Manager for Agip Kenya Limited (AGKL), responsible for downstream distribution of fuels and oils from the depot in Mombasa to five countries in the African Great Lakes area, serving in that capacity until 1998. For one year, from 1998 until 1999, she served as the Customer Service Manager at AGKL. The next year, from 1999 until 2000, she served as the LPG Supervisor at AGKL.

In 2000, she switched companies and moved over to Shell/BP, as the LPG Manager, based in the coastal city of Malindi, serving in that capacity until 2001. In 2001 she moved again, relocating to Chevron/Caltex Kenya Limited, as a Sales Business Consultant, serving in that capacity for seven years.

In 2008, Ms Mwangi was appointed the Head of Sales & Marketing division at the National Oil Corporation of Kenya (NOCK), serving in that capacity for the next five years. In July 2013, she was promoted to the position of General Manager, Downstream Operations at NOCK, serving in that capacity until July 2016, when she was appointed Acting Managing Director and Acting CEO.

After performing in an active capacity for one year, Mwangi was confirmed by the board of NOCK, as the substantive CEO and managing director, for a three-year term effective 1 August 2017, replacing Sumayya Hassan-Athmani, who had resigned in July 2016.

## Other considerations

In July 2016, in her capacity as Acting CEO, she joined the board of directors of NOCK, and had been a member until her departure in October 2019.

## Family

Mangi is married to Martin Mbogo, the manager of Tullow Oil Kenya.

## InfoBox

| MaryJane Mwangi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Kenya |
| Alma mater | University of Nairobi<br>Institute of Human Resource Management |
| Occupation | Corporate Executive |
| Years active | 1990 — present |
| Title | Chief Executive Officer of the National Oil Corporation of Kenya |
| Spouse | Martin Mbogo |


title: Oreamuno (canton)

abstract: Oreamuno is a canton in the Cartago province of Costa Rica. The head city is in San Rafael district.

text:
# Oreamuno (canton)

**Oreamuno** is a canton in the Cartago province of Costa Rica. The head city is in San Rafael district.

## History

Oreamuno was created on 17 August 1914 by decree 68.

## Geography

Oreamuno has an area of 202.31 km² and a mean elevation of 1,861 metres.

The canton extends from its suburban head city of San Rafael northward into the Cordillera Central (Central Mountain Range). Irazú Volcano looms large in the northern reaches of the canton.

## Districts

The canton of Oreamuno is subdivided into the following districts:

1. San Rafael
2. Cot
3. Potrero Cerrado
4. Cipreses
5. Santa Rosa

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1927 | 5,143 |  |
| 1950 | 7,568 | +1.69% |
| 1963 | 12,035 | +3.63% |
| 1973 | 17,517 | +3.82% |
| 1984 | 24,145 | +2.96% |
| 2000 | 39,032 | +3.05% |
| 2011 | 45,473 | +1.40% |
| 2022 | 48,911 | +0.66% |
| Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos
Centro Centroamericano de Población | | |

For the 2011 census, Oreamuno had a population of 45,473 inhabitants.

## Transportation

### Road transportation

The canton is covered by the following road routes:

### Rail transportation

The Interurbano Line operated by Incofer goes through this canton.

## InfoBox

| Oreamuno | |
| --- | --- |
| Canton | |
| Cot town, in Oreamuno canton. | |
|  | |
| Oreamuno canton | |
| OreamunoOreamuno canton location in Costa Rica | |
| Coordinates: 9°59′50″N 83°52′37″W / 9.9972861°N 83.8769838°W / 9.9972861; -83.8769838 | |
| Country | Costa Rica |
| Province | Cartago |
| Creation | 17 August 1914 |
| Head city | San Rafael |
| Districts | Districts |
| Government | |
| Type | Municipality |
| Body | *Municipalidad de Oreamuno* |
| Area | |
| Total | 202.31 km2 (78.11 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,861 m (6,106 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 45,473 |
| Density | 220/km2 (580/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−06:00 |
| Canton code | 307 |
| Website | www.oreamuno.go.cr |


title: Yuki Nakashima (actress)

abstract: Yuki Nakashima Yuki Nakashima is a Japanese actress, voice actress, model and singer from Wakayama Prefecture who is affiliated with Beffect. She began her career as a child model and actress, appearing in magazines and commercials, before passing a voice acting audition and becoming a member of the idol group Earth Star Dream. In 2018, she was cast as the character Lisa Imai in the multimedia franchise BanG Dream!; as part of her responsibilities, she plays the bass for the band Roselia.

text:
# Yuki Nakashima (actress)

**Yuki Nakashima** (中島 由貴, *Nakashima Yuki*, born September 12, 1997) is a Japanese actress, voice actress, model and singer from Wakayama Prefecture who is affiliated with Beffect. She began her career as a child model and actress, appearing in magazines and commercials, before passing a voice acting audition and becoming a member of the idol group Earth Star Dream. In 2018, she was cast as the character Lisa Imai in the multimedia franchise *BanG Dream!*; as part of her responsibilities, she plays the bass for the band Roselia.

## Biography

Nakashima was born in Wakayama Prefecture on September 12, 1997. She had been interested in entertainment from an early age, and she wanted to do something involving singing, acting, or dancing. While in junior high school, she joined a jazz music club where she learned how to play the bass guitar. She then became interested in voice acting after watching the anime series *Gin Tama*, an interest that would later grow after becoming familiar with the anime series *Teekyu*.

Nakashima began her career as a child model, appearing in the magazine *JS Girl.* She also appeared in a number of television commercials and dramas while affiliated with the talent agency Amuse. In 2014, at the urging of her mother, she participated in a voice acting audition held by the publishing company Earth Star Entertainment. She and Kanon Takao won the competition, beating 3,000 other contestants. Following the competition, she, Takao, and some of other the participants became part of the idol group Earth Star Dream. The following year, she made her voice acting debut in *Teekyu*.

In 2017, Nakashima was cast as Yūki Otokura in *The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls*. Later that year, she announced that she would leave Earth Star Dream and begin solo activities. Although she initially announced that she would remain with Earth Star Entertainment, she left the company in April 2018 after they announced that they would cease artist management activities. She then joined the talent agency Beffect. In May 2018, it was announced that she would be replacing Yurika Endō, who had announced her retirement from the entertainment industry, as the voice actor of the character Lisa Imai in the multimedia franchise *BanG Dream!*. As part of her new role, she joined the band Roselia as its bassist.

On December 23, 2020, Nakashima made her solo artist debut under NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan with the release of her first album, *Chapter I*.

## Personal life

Nakashima's interests include listening to music and playing the bass guitar. She had been interested in promoting Wakayama Prefecture, and in 2018 she became an ambassador for a campaign to promote the prefecture's orange industry. In 2019, she was appointed as a public relations officer by the prefectural government to further promote the area.

Since 2019 she maintains a gaming channel with her Roselia bandmate Megu Sakuragawa.

## Filmography

### Anime

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2024 2025

### Games

2015 2017 2018 2020 2022 2024

## Discography

### Albums

| # | Release date | Title | Package number | | Peak
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Regular edition | Limited edition | |
| 1 | December 23, 2020 | *Chapter I* | GNCA-1597 | GNCA-1596 | 24 |
| 2 | March 1, 2023 | *Sapphire* | GNCA-1936 | GNCA-1935 | 10 |

### Singles

| # | Release date | Title | Package number | | Peak
 | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Regular edition | Limited edition | | |
| 1 | February 16, 2022 | "Day of Bright Sunshine" | GNCA-0658 | GNCA-0659 | 11 | *Sapphire* |
| 2 | May 25, 2022 | "Route Blue" | GNCA-0671 | GNCA-0669 | | 15 |

## InfoBox

| Yuki Nakashima | |
| --- | --- |
| 中島 由貴 | |
| Nakashima in 2024 | |
| Born | (1997-09-12) September 12, 1997
Wakayama Prefecture, Japan |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 2006–present |
| Agents |  |
| Height | 160.5 cm (5 ft 3 in) |
| **Musical career** | |
| Genres |  |
| Instruments | * Vocals * guitar * bass guitar |
| Years active | 2020–present |
| Labels | NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan |
|  | |
| Website | nakashimayuki.com |


title: National Theatre Ballet (Prague)

abstract: The National Theatre Ballet in Prague, Czech Republic was founded in 1883. It is based in Prague's National Theatre, which is also home to a drama company and an opera company. The company has a long history of performing Czech works in addition to international classics. In recent decades, more Western works have also been added to the repertoire.

text:
# National Theatre Ballet (Prague)

The **National Theatre Ballet in Prague**, Czech Republic was founded in 1883. It is based in Prague's National Theatre, which is also home to a drama company and an opera company. The company has a long history of performing Czech works in addition to international classics. In recent decades, more Western works have also been added to the repertoire.

## History

The National Theatre's first ballet master was Václav Reisinger. He worked with a group of more than 20 dancers, and staged a new ballet production in 1884, *Hashish*. Reisinger was succeeded by Augustin Berger, who held the post twice, from 1884 to 1900, and 1912 to 1923. Berger's contribution was to expand the company, adding a chorus of figurants (auxiliary dancers) and giving the company a more professional standard. The ballet company was successful in staging popular classics of the era, such as *Swan Lake* (Act II), *Giselle*, *Coppélia* and *Excelsior*. The National Theatre Ballet was the first company to stage *Swan Lake* outside of Russia, and Tchaikovsky himself was at the premiere of the Prague production.

During its first decades, the company was also a significant performer of local creations, such as Štědrovečerní sen (*A Christmas Eve Dream*, 1886), Kovařovic’s *Pohádka o nalezeném štěstí* (A Fairy Tale About Happiness Found) (1889), Janáček's *Rákos Rákoczy* (1891), *Bajaja* (1897), *Jindřich Kàan z Albestů)*, and many works of children's entertainment.

Achille Viscusi was ballet master from 1902 to 1912, bringing an Italian influence to the company's training and performance style. Polish dancer and choreographer Remislav Remislavsky became ballet master in 1922, introducing a Russian influence, which became dominant for the company throughout the 20th century. Czech works staged in this period include *Istar* (1924), *Doctor Faust* (1926) and *Who Is the Most Powerful in the World?* (1927). Avant garde influences, even American Jazz music, added to the creative mixture at the National Theatre Ballet during this period. Bohuslav Martinů wrote a jazz score for *Checkmating the King* (1930), and Jaroslav Ježek added jazz influences to the score for *Nerves* (1928).

During the post-World War II era, the company grew in technical achievement. Saša Machov (1946–1951) and Jiří Němeček (1952–1969) were the artistic directors of this period. A new departure for the repertoire began in the 1960s, with the addition of modern, shorter pieces. Emerich Gabzdyl and Miroslav Kůra were artistic directors during the 1970s. Kůra's choreography for *Romeo and Juliet* proved to be immensely popular, and the ballet was filmed for cinema release.

Vlastimil Harapes became artistic director in 1990, and since that time, the company has expanded its repertoire to include "a modern type of full-length epic ballet", for example, *Little Mr. Friedeman and Psycho* (1993, 2000), *Tchaikovsky* (1994), *Coppélia* (1995), *Isadora Duncan* (1998), *Some Like It…* (1994, 2001) and *Mowgli for Children* (1996). The company's choreographer, Vladimir Lípor, has been key to these new productions.

During the early 20th century, the company has staged works choreographed by Jiří Kylián, John Cranko and Glen Tetley.

## National Theatre Ballet Preparatory School

Formal ballet education for children in Prague began in 1835, when a school was established at the Estates Theatre. A school was established at the National Theatre in 1883, and existed sporadically until the 1950s. The school was re-established in 1953, with a curriculum developed by Olga Ilyina Alexandrovna, which is still in use. Many professional dancers have trained at the school. Pupils often progress to the Prague Dance Conservatory.

## InfoBox

| National Theatre Ballet (Prague) | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Name | National Theatre Ballet (Prague) |
| Year founded | 1883 |
| Principal venue | National Theatre (Prague) |
| Website | Official Website |
| Senior staff | |
| Chief Executive | Martin Rypan |
| Artistic staff | |
| Artistic Director | Filip Barankiewicz |
| Other | |
| Orchestra | Prague National Theatre Orchestra |
| Official school | National Theatre Ballet Preparatory School |
| Formation | Principal
Soloist
Corps de Ballet |


title: Meramec Conservation Area

abstract: Meramec Conservation Area consists of 3,938 acres (15.94 km⁲) in southern Franklin County, Missouri. It is located southeast of the town of Sullivan and bordered to the south by Missouri Route 185 and to the west by the Meramec River and Meramec State Park. It is part of the Meramec Greenway, which is over 28,000 acres (110 km⁲) of public land along the Meramec River. Most of the land that comprises the Meramec Conservation Area was acquired by the state between 1925 and 1930. A donation of 166 acres (0.67 km⁲) was made in 1980 by Dorothy Hill in memory of Arthur Heyne. Historic sites in the area include the first state nursery, a Civilian Conservation Corps camp, Lone Hill fire lookout tower, as well as old mines. The area is hills that are mostly forested as well as a great blue heron rookery. The Woodland Trail is a 1.3 miles (2.1 km) disabled-accessible trail along the river bottom that passes by Lone Hill Onyx Cave, one of six caves in the conservation area. There is also a 0.1 miles (0.16 km) CCC trail, 5.5 miles (8.9 km) Reedville Loop hiking trail, and 10.5 miles (16.9 km) multi-use trail open to hiking, biking, and horseback riding. Hunting, trapping, and fishing are permitted with permits and in season in most of the conservation area except for the wildlife refuge. As of December 31, 2012 all caves on public lands in Missouri, including those in Meramec Conservation Area, are closed to the general public due to white nose syndrome.

text:
# Meramec Conservation Area

**Meramec Conservation Area** consists of 3,938 acres (15.94 km2) in southern Franklin County, Missouri. It is located southeast of the town of Sullivan and bordered to the south by Missouri Route 185 and to the west by the Meramec River and Meramec State Park. It is part of the Meramec Greenway, which is over 28,000 acres (110 km2) of public land along the Meramec River.

Most of the land that comprises the Meramec Conservation Area was acquired by the state between 1925 and 1930. A donation of 166 acres (0.67 km2) was made in 1980 by Dorothy Hill in memory of Arthur Heyne. Historic sites in the area include the first state nursery, a Civilian Conservation Corps camp, Lone Hill fire lookout tower, as well as old mines. The area is hills that are mostly forested as well as a great blue heron rookery.

The Woodland Trail is a 1.3 miles (2.1 km) disabled-accessible trail along the river bottom that passes by Lone Hill Onyx Cave, one of six caves in the conservation area. There is also a 0.1 miles (0.16 km) CCC trail, 5.5 miles (8.9 km) Reedville Loop hiking trail, and 10.5 miles (16.9 km) multi-use trail open to hiking, biking, and horseback riding. Hunting, trapping, and fishing are permitted with permits and in season in most of the conservation area except for the wildlife refuge. As of December 31, 2012 all caves on public lands in Missouri, including those in Meramec Conservation Area, are closed to the general public due to white nose syndrome.

## InfoBox

| Meramec Conservation Area | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
| Lone Hill Onyx Cave in Meramec Conservation Area | |
|  | |
| Location | Franklin County, Missouri, United States |
| Nearest city | Sullivan, MO |
| Coordinates | 38°13′50″N 91°04′15″W / 38.230692°N 91.070967°W / 38.230692; -91.070967 |
| Area | 3,938 acres (15.9 km2) |
| Governing body | Missouri Department of Conservation |
| Official website | |


title: Pingguoyuan Subdistrict, Beijing

abstract: Pingguoyuan Subdistrict is a subdistrict on the center of Shijingshan District, Beijing, China. It borders Sijiqing Township in its northeast, Bajiao and Gucheng Subdistricts in its south, as well as Jindingjie and Wulituo Subdistricts in its west. It is home to 97,543 residents as of 2020. The subdistrict was named Pingguoyuan for an orchard that used to exist in the area in Ming Dynasty.

text:
# Pingguoyuan Subdistrict, Beijing

**Pingguoyuan Subdistrict** (Chinese: 苹果园街道; pinyin: *Píngguǒyuán Jiēdào*) is a subdistrict on the center of Shijingshan District, Beijing, China. It borders Sijiqing Township in its northeast, Bajiao and Gucheng Subdistricts in its south, as well as Jindingjie and Wulituo Subdistricts in its west. It is home to 97,543 residents as of 2020.

The subdistrict was named Pingguoyuan (Chinese: 苹果园; lit. 'Apple Orchard') for an orchard that used to exist in the area in Ming Dynasty.

## History

Pingguoyuan Subdistrict was first organized in 1954. In 1958 it was changed to a production team, and changed back to a subdistrict in 1963.

## Administrative Divisions

In the year 2021, Pingguoyuan Subdistrict oversaw the following 15 communities:

| Administrative Division Code | Subdisvision Names | Name Transliteration |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 110107005003 | 西黄村 | Xihuangcun |
| 110107005007 | 下庄 | Xiazhuang |
| 110107005009 | 八大处 | Badachu |
| 110107005013 | 西井 | Xijing |
| 110107005015 | 海特花园第三 | Haite Huayuan Disan |
| 110107005019 | 苹一 | Pingyi |
| 110107005021 | 边府 | Bianfu |
| 110107005022 | 琅山村 | Langshancun |
| 110107005025 | 苹三 | Pingsan |
| 110107005028 | 苹二 | Ping'er |
| 110107005029 | 苹四 | Pingsi |
| 110107005031 | 军区装备部大院 | Junqu Zhuangbeibu Dayuan |
| 110107005032 | 海特花园第一 | Haite Huayuan Diyi |
| 110107005033 | 海特花园第二 | Haite Huayuan Di'er |
| 110107005034 | 西黄新村 | Xihuang Xincun |
| 110107005035 | 西山枫林第一 | Xishan Fenglin Diyi |
| 110107005036 | 军区大院第一 | Junqu Dayuan Diyi |
| 110107005038 | 西山枫林第二 | Xishan Fenglin Di'er |
| 110107005039 | 西黄新村东里 | Xihuang Xincun Dongli |
| 110107005040 | 西黄新村西里 | Xihuang Xincun Xili |
| 110107005041 | 东下庄 | Dongxiacun |

## InfoBox

| Pingguoyuan Subdistrict 苹果园街道 | |
| --- | --- |
| Subdistrict | |
| Apple Garden No. Six over Yangzhuang station in the subdistrict, 2021 | |
| Pingguoyuan SubdistrictPingguoyuan Subdistrict | |
| Coordinates: 39°55′39″N 116°10′46″E / 39.92750°N 116.17944°E / 39.92750; 116.17944 | |
| Country | China |
| Municipality | Beijing |
| District | Shijingshan |
| Village-level Divisions | 21 communities |
| Area | |
| Total | 13.8 km2 (5.3 sq mi) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 97,543 |
| Density | 7,100/km2 (18,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 100043 |
| Area code | 010 |


title: Pongola Airport

abstract: Pongola Airport is an airport serving Pongola, a town in the KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

text:
# Pongola Airport

**Pongola Airport** (ICAO: **FAPL**) is an airport serving Pongola, a town in the KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

## Facilities

The airport resides at an elevation of 942 feet (287 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 16/34 with an asphalt surface measuring 698 by 18 metres (2,290 ft × 59 ft). It only services light local traffic.

1. information for FAPL
2. Airport information for FAPL at Great Circle Mapper.

## InfoBox

| Pongola Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Serves | Pongola, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |
| Elevation AMSL | 942 ft / 287 m |
| Coordinates | 27°21′42″S 31°36′20″E / 27.36167°S 31.60556°E / -27.36167; 31.60556 |
| Map | |
| FAPLLocation in KwaZulu-Natal | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  16/34 698 2,290 Asphalt | |
| Source: | |


title: Plague pit

abstract: A plague pit is the informal term used to refer to mass graves in which victims of the Black Death were buried. The term is most often used to describe pits located in Great Britain, but can be applied to any place where bubonic plague victims were buried.

text:
# Plague pit

A **plague pit** is the informal term used to refer to mass graves in which victims of the Black Death were buried. The term is most often used to describe pits located in Great Britain, but can be applied to any place where bubonic plague victims were buried.

## Origin

The plague which swept across China, Middle East, and Europe in the 14th century is estimated to have killed between one-third and two-thirds of Europe's population. Disposal of the bodies of those who died presented huge problems for the authorities, and eventually the normal patterns of burial and funerary observance broke down.

## Major plague outbreaks

Plague pits were used especially often during major plague outbreaks, such as the London epidemic of 1665. Graveyards rapidly filled and parishes became strained; for example the number of deaths in the parish of St Bride's Church, Fleet Street, in 1665 was almost six times normal.


title: Vedran Celjak

abstract: Vedran Celjak is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Italian Serie C Group A club Lecco.

text:
# Vedran Celjak

**Vedran Celjak** (born 13 August 1991) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Italian Serie C Group A club Lecco.

## Club career

On 20 November 2018, Celjak signed with Sambenedettese.

On 12 August 2019, he moved to Avellino.

On 24 August 2020 he joined Lecco.

## InfoBox

Vedran Celjak
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1991-08-13) 13 August 1991 | | |
| Place of birth | Zabok, Croatia | | |
| Height | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Right-back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Lecco | | |
| Number | 2 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2008–2011 | NK Zagreb | 42 | (0) |
| 2011–2015 | Sampdoria | 0 | (0) |
| 2011–2012 | Pergocrema (loan) | 24 | (1) |
| 2012–2013 | Grosseto (loan) | 3 | (0) |
| 2013–2014 | Padova (loan) | 5 | (0) |
| 2014–2015 | Benevento (loan) | 39 | (0) |
| 2015–2018 | Alessandria | 99 | (2) |
| 2019 | Sambenedettese | 26 | (0) |
| 2019–2020 | Avellino | 27 | (0) |
| 2020– | Lecco | 125 | (5) |
| International career | | | |
| 2008–2009 | Croatia U19 | 10 | (0) |
| 2010 | Croatia U20 | 1 | (0) |
| 2010–2011 | Croatia U21 | 5 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 10 June 2024<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 12 June 2012 | | | |


title: Youthful Stakes

abstract: The Youthful Stakes was an American Thoroughbred horse race for two-year-old horses run between 1903 and 1982. It was raced on dirt at three different tracks in the New York City area beginning with the Jamaica and Aqueduct Racetracks, then in 1972 to Belmont Park where it remained until being canceled after the 1982 running. The inaugural edition in 1903 was won by Hazelwood with the race suspended until 1913. The Youthful Stakes was established in an era when North American races like the Belmont Futurity Stakes, Tremont Stakes, Remsen Stakes, Arlington-Washington Futurity Stakes, Laurel Futurity Stakes, and Coronation Futurity Stakes for two-year-old horses were often the richest and most prestigious of the year. Among its most notable winners were U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductees Man O' War, Native Dancer, and Affirmed. In 1950, the Youthful Stakes was run in two divisions.

text:
# Youthful Stakes

The **Youthful Stakes** was an American Thoroughbred horse race for two-year-old horses run between 1903 and 1982. It was raced on dirt at three different tracks in the New York City area beginning with the Jamaica and Aqueduct Racetracks, then in 1972 to Belmont Park where it remained until being canceled after the 1982 running. The inaugural edition in 1903 was won by Hazelwood with the race suspended until 1913.

The Youthful Stakes was established in an era when North American races like the Belmont Futurity Stakes, Tremont Stakes, Remsen Stakes, Arlington-Washington Futurity Stakes, Laurel Futurity Stakes, and Coronation Futurity Stakes for two-year-old horses were often the richest and most prestigious of the year. Among its most notable winners were U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductees Man O' War, Native Dancer, and Affirmed.

In 1950, the Youthful Stakes was run in two divisions.

## Records

**Speed record:**

* 5 furlongs at Aqueduct Racetrack : 0:57.60, Golden Joey (1964)
* 5 ½ furlongs at Belmont Park: 1:03.00, Raise A Cup (1973)

**Most wins by a jockey:**

**Most wins by a trainer:**

**Most wins by an owner:**

## Winners

| Year
 | Winner
 | Jockey
 | Trainer
 | Owner
 | Dist.
(Miles) | Time
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1982 | Flying Pocket | David Clark | Tony Mattine | Three Of Us Stable | 5.5 F | 1:04.40 |
| 1981 | Deputy Minister | Lloyd Duffy | Bill Marko | Morton Levy | 5.5 F | 1:04.80 |
| 1980 | Proud Appeal | Jeffrey Fell | Stanley M. Hough | Malcolm H. Winfield et al. | 5.5 F | 1:05.00 |
| 1979 | Blues Alley | Craig Perret | Douglas Dodson | V. N. Green | 5.5 F | 1:05.20 |
| 1978 | Coup de Kas | Steve Cauthen | Del W. Carroll | William S. Farish III | 5.5 F | 1:03.60 |
| 1977 | Affirmed | Steve Cauthen | Laz Barrera | Harbor View Farm | 5.5 F | 1:05.00 |
| 1976 | Medieval Man | Ángel Cordero Jr. | Thomas J. Kelly | Live Oak Plantation | 5.5 F | 1:04.00 |
| 1975 | Turn To Turia | Eddie Maple | Reggie Cornell | Calumet Farm | 5.5 F | 1:04.40 |
| 1974 | High Steel | Chuck Baltazar | LeRoy Jolley | William P. Minnotte | 5.5 F | 1:03.20 |
| 1973 | Raise A Cup | Chuck Baltazar | Reggie Cornell | Calumet Farm | 5.5 F | 1:03.00 |
| 1972 | Linda's Chief | Braulio Baeza | Alfred Scotti | Neil Hellman | 5.5 F | 1:05.20 |
| 1971 | Rest Your Case | Chuck Baltazar | MacKenzie Miller | Cragwood Stables | 5 F | 0:59.20 |
| 1970 | Cool Moon | Jorge Velásquez | Casey Hayes | Buckland Farm | 5 F | 0:58.80 |
| 1969 | Insubordination | Mike Miceli | William J. Resseguet Jr. | Gerald Robins | 5 F | 0:58.20 |
| 1968 | Night Invader | Eddie Belmonte | Joseph H. Pierce Jr. | Sheila Pierce | 5 F | 0:59.40 |
| 1967 | Kaskaskia | Braulio Baeza | Del W. Carroll | William S. Farish III | 5 F | 0:58.60 |
| 1966 | Tumiga | Ben Feliciano | Lucien Laurin | Frank Holbrook | 5 F | 0:59.00 |
| 1965 | Timely Move | Braulio Baeza | Eugene Jacobs | Herbert A. Allen Sr. | 5 F | 0:59.20 |
| 1964 | Golden Joey | Robert Ussery | Buddy Jacobson | Marion R. Frankel | 5 F | 0:57.60 |
| 1963 | Dark King | Larry Adams | Harris B. Brown | Mrs. Harris B. Massey | 5 F | 0:58.00 |
| 1962 | Be Somebody | John L. Rotz | Thomas J. Kelly | David P. Reynolds | 5 F | 0:59.40 |
| 1961 | Su Ka Wa | John L. Rotz | Morris Lacy | Walnut Hill Farms | 5 F | 0:58.40 |
| 1960 | Hail To Reason | Robert Ussery | Hirsch Jacobs | Patrice Jacobs | 5 F | 0:58.60 |
| 1959 | *Race not held* | | | | | | |
| 1958 | Royal Anthem | Eric Guerin | Lucien Laurin | Reginald N. Webster | 5 F | 0:59.60 |
| 1957 | Bolero U | John Choquette | William R. Mitchell | John L. McKnight | 5 F | 1:00.20 |
| 1956 | Bold Ruler | Ted Atkinson | James E. Fitzsimmons | Wheatley Stable | 5 F | 0:59.80 |
| 1955 | Smooth Stride | Douglas Dodson | Merritt A. Buxton | Trio Stables | 5 F | 1:00.20 |
| 1954 | Summer Tan | Eric Guerin | Sherril W. Ward | Dorothy Firestone Galbreath | 5 F | 0:59.40 |
| 1953 | Revolt | Ben Green | Frank Barnett | Hal Price Headley | 5 F | 0:59.80 |
| 1952 | Native Dancer | Eric Guerin | William C. Winfrey | Alfred G. Vanderbilt II | 5 F | 0:59.40 |
| 1951 | Primate | Eddie Arcaro | James R. Hastie | Starmount Stable | 5 F | 0:59.00 |
| 1950-1 | Iswas * | John Gilbert | D. W. Kerns | Brookfield Farms | 5 F | 1:00.80 |
| 1950-2 | Battlefield | Eddie Arcaro | Winbert F. Mulholland | George D. Widener Jr. | 5 F | 0:59.80 |
| 1949 | Ferd | Basil James | Andy Schuttinger | Mrs. Andy Schuttinger | 5 F | 0:57.80 |
| 1948 | Eternal World | Ted Atkinson | Frank Catrone | Allen T. Simmons | 5 F | 1:00.40 |
| 1947 | Nearway | Eric Guerin | Tommy Heard | Claude C. Tanner | 5 F | 0:59.80 |
| 1946 | Eternal War | Basil James | Frank Catrone | Allen T. Simmons | 5 F | 0:59.60 |
| 1945 | Twenty-Six | Ted Atkinson | James W. Healy | Vera S. Bragg | 5 F | 1:00.60 |
| 1944 | Jeep | Ted Atkinson | Andy Schuttinger | C. V. Whitney | 5 F | 0:59.80 |
| 1943 | Lucky Draw | Walter Mann | Winbert F. Mulholland | George D. Widener Jr. | 5 F | 1:00.60 |
| 1942 | Red Sonnet | Jack Breen | Winbert F. Mulholland | George D. Widener Jr. | 5 F | 0:59.40 |
| 1941 | Requested | Alfred Robertson | J. H. "Blackie" McCoole | Ben F. Whitaker | 5 F | 0:59.80 |
| 1940 | Zacharias | Basil James | Patrick F. Dwyer | Millsdale Stable | 5 F | 0:59.20 |
| 1939 | Gannet | Ronnie Nash | Jack Howard | Ben F. Whitaker | 5 F | 0:59.40 |
| 1938 | El Chico | Nick Wall | Matthew P. Brady | William Ziegler Jr. | 5 F | 1:00.00 |
| 1937 | Inhale | John Gilbert | James W. Healy | John Hay Whitney | 5 F | 0:59.00 |
| 1936 | Court Scandal | John Gilbert | James W. Healy | John Hay Whitney | 5 F | 1:01.60 |
| 1935 | White Cockade | George Ellis | James E. Fitzsimmons | Ogden Phipps | 5 F | 0:59.40 |
| 1934 | Angelic | Anthony Tipton | Hirsch Jacobs | Mrs. Damon Runyon | 5 F | 0:59.40 |
| 1933 | Billy M | Laverne Fator | Ernest Sietas | Samuel R. Rosoff | 5 F | 0:59.60 |
| 1932 | Disdainful | Alfred Robertson | Fred Hopkins | C. V. Whitney | 5 F | 1:00.00 |
| 1931 | Universe | Willie Kelsay | Joseph Bauer | Thomas M. Cassidy | 5 F | 0:59.60 |
| 1930 | Vander Pool | Willie Kelsay | D. R. "Puddin" McDaniel | Mrs. Agnes Allen | 5 F | 1:01.80 |
| 1929 | Sarazen | Willie Garner | Max Hirsch | Virginia Fair Vanderbilt | 5 F | 0:59.60 |
| 1928 | Kopeck | Frank Moon | A. Jack Joyner | George D. Widener Jr. | 5 F | 1:01.00 |
| 1927 | Ariel | Laverne Fator | Sam Hildreth | Rancocas Stable | 5 F | 0:59.00 |
| 1926 | Thrace | George Ellis | Clyde Phillips | Greentree Stable | 5 F | 1:00.40 |
| 1925 | Chance Play | Clarence Kummer | Louis Feustel | Log Cabin Stable | 5.5 F | 1:05.20 |
| 1924 | Elf | James H. Burke | James G. Rowe Sr. | Harry Payne Whitney | 5.5 F | 1:05.60 |
| 1923 | Tester | Mark Fator | Sam Hildreth | Rancocas Stable | 5.5 F | 1:06.00 |
| 1922 | Bud Lerner | Earl Sande | Frank M. Taylor | John E. Madden | 5.5 F | 1:06.20 |
| 1921 | Lord Baltimore | Ted Rice | William M. Garth | Joshua S. Cosden | 5.5 F | 1:07.20 |
| 1920 | Tryster | Eddie Ambrose | James G. Rowe Sr. | Harry Payne Whitney | 5.5 F | 1:07.20 |
| 1919 | Man O' War | Johnny Loftus | Louis Feustel | Glen Riddle Farm | 5.5 F | 1:06.60 |
| 1918 | Lord Brighton | Lawrence Lyke | George M. Odom | Brighton Stable | 5.5 F | 1:06.20 |
| 1917 | Lucullite | James Butwell | Sam Hildreth | August Belmont Jr. | 5.5 F | 1:06.80 |
| 1916 | Tumbler | Thomas McTaggart | James G. Rowe Sr. | Harry Payne Whitney | 5.5 F | 1:07.60 |
| 1915 | Paddy Whack | George Byrne | Richard C. Benson | James Butler | 5.5 F | 1:07.00 |
| 1914 | *Race not held* | | | | | | |
| 1913 | Gainer | John Wilson | H. I. Marshall | James L. Holland | 6 F | 1:13.60 |
| 1904 | – 1912 | *Race not held* | | | | | | |
| 1903 | Hazelwood | John Bullman | William L. Oliver | William L. Oliver | 6 F | 1:14.00 |
|

* 1930 - Equipose won by was disqualified for twice impeding runner-up Vander Pool.
* 1950 - 1st division - Bank Account finished first but was disqualified to last.

## InfoBox

Youthful Stakes
| Discontinued stakes race | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Belmont Park
Elmont, New York, USA |
| Inaugurated | 1903–1982 |
| Race type | ThoroughbredFlat racing |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 1⅛ miles (9 furlongs) |
| Track | Dirt, left-handed |
| Qualification | Two-year-olds |


title: Nebula (band)

abstract: Nebula is an American stoner rock band formed by guitarist Eddie Glass and drummer Ruben Romano upon departing Fu Manchu in 1997. Mark Abshire soon joined as the band's original bassist and remained with the band until the recording of Atomic Ritual, notably produced by Chris Goss. Dennis Wilson and Simon Moon stepped in as bassists until a more permanent replacement was found in Tom Davies. Rob Oswald replaced founding member Ruben Romano on drums in 2007. In August 2009, Adam Kriney, formerly of La Otracina, was recruited to replace departing drummer Oswald, though he too announced his departure in January 2010 and was replaced by Jimmy Sweet. In early 2010, Nebula announced that it was going on an indefinite hiatus. Glass later explained that "things started getting a bit rough with the touring and I got sick of it", though Nebula were merely "taking a break for a while" and not breaking up. Nebula reunited in 2017 and now features drummer Michael Amster of Blaak Heat and Mondo Generator. The band released their sixth studio album, Holy Shit, on June 7, 2019, on the Heavy Psych Sounds Records label. Their seventh studio album, Transmission from Mothership Earth, was released on July 22, 2022. Longtime bassist Tom Davies died from leukemia on September 5, 2023, at the age of 48. Touring bassist Ranch Sironi died in Rome on the morning of June 5, 2024, while the band was touring in Italy.

text:
# Nebula (band)

**Nebula** is an American stoner rock band formed by guitarist Eddie Glass and drummer Ruben Romano upon departing Fu Manchu in 1997.

Mark Abshire soon joined as the band's original bassist and remained with the band until the recording of *Atomic Ritual*, notably produced by Chris Goss. Dennis Wilson and Simon Moon (Eddie Glass) stepped in as bassists until a more permanent replacement was found in Tom Davies. Rob Oswald replaced founding member Ruben Romano on drums in 2007.

In August 2009, Adam Kriney, formerly of La Otracina, was recruited to replace departing drummer Oswald, though he too announced his departure in January 2010 and was replaced by Jimmy Sweet. In early 2010, Nebula announced that it was going on an indefinite hiatus. Glass later explained that "things started getting a bit rough with the touring and I got sick of it", though Nebula were merely "taking a break for a while" and not breaking up.

Nebula reunited in 2017 and now features drummer Michael Amster of Blaak Heat and Mondo Generator. The band released their sixth studio album, *Holy Shit*, on June 7, 2019, on the Heavy Psych Sounds Records label. Their seventh studio album, *Transmission from Mothership Earth*, was released on July 22, 2022.

Longtime bassist Tom Davies died from leukemia on September 5, 2023, at the age of 48. Touring bassist Ranch Sironi died in Rome on the morning of June 5, 2024, while the band was touring in Italy.

## Band members

**Current members**

* Eddie Glass – guitar, vocals (1997–present)
* Michael Amster – drums (2017–present)

**Former members**

* Ruben Romano – drums (1997–2007)
* Mark Abshire – bass (1997–2003)
* Isaiah Mitchell – bass  (2003)
* Dennis Wilson – bass (2003)
* Rob Oswald – drums (2007–2009)
* Adam Kriney – drums (2009–2010)
* Jimmy Sweet – drums (2010)
* Tom Davies – bass (2003–2023; his death)
* Ranch Sironi – bass (2019, 2023–2024; his death)

## Discography

**Studio albums**

**Split albums and EPs**

* *Nebula / That's All Folks! – Vulcan Bomber / Aquasphere* – 1997 – Last Scream Records (Split 7")
* *Let It Burn* – 1998 – Tee Pee
* *Sun Creature* – 1999 – Man's Ruin (EP)
* *Nebula/Lowrider* – 1999 – MeteorCity (Split EP)
* *Nebula* – 2003 – Liquor and Poker
* *Nebula / Winnebago Deal – Strange Human / Taking Care of Business* – 2003 – Sweet Nothing (Split 7")
* *Nebula / Quest for Fire – The Perfect Rapture / In the Place of a Storm* – 2010 – Tee Pee (Split 7")
* *Nebula / Black Rainbows – In Search of the Cosmic Tale ⁞ Crossing the Galactic Portal* – 2024 – Heavy Psych Sounds

### Live albums

* *Peel Sessions* – 2008 – Sweet Nothing
* *Live in the Mojave Desert: Volume 2* – 2021 – Giant Rock, Heavy Psych Sounds
* *Livewired in Europe* – 2023 – Heavy Psych Sounds

### Compilation albums

* *In the Groove* ("Full Throttle") – 1999 – The Music Cartel
* *"High Times" High Volume: The Stoner Rock Collection* ("The Void") – 2004 – High Times Records

## InfoBox

| Nebula | |
| --- | --- |
| Nebula performing live in 2008. From left to right: Eddie Glass, Rob Oswald and Tom Davies | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1997–2010
2017–present |
| Labels |  |
| Spinoff of |  |
|  | |
| Members | Eddie Glass
Michael Amster |
|  | |
| Past members | Ruben Romano
Mark Abshire
Tom Davies ✟
Rob Oswald
Dennis Wilson
Adam Kriney
Isaiah Mitchell
Jimmy Sweet
Ranch Sironi ✟ |
|  | |
| Website | atomicritual.com |


title: Semur-en-Vallon

abstract: Semur-en-Vallon is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France.

text:
# Semur-en-Vallon

**Semur-en-Vallon** is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France.

## InfoBox

| Semur-en-Vallon | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The school of Semur-en-Vallon | |
| Location of Semur-en-Vallon | |
| Semur-en-VallonSemur-en-Vallon | |
| Coordinates: 48°01′26″N 0°39′16″E / 48.0239°N 0.6544°E / 48.0239; 0.6544 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Sarthe |
| Arrondissement | Mamers |
| Canton | Saint-Calais |
| Intercommunality | Vallées de la Braye et de l'Anille |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Yvan Bosnyak |
| Area**1** | 15.13 km2 (5.84 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 433 |
| Density | 29/km2 (74/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Semurois, Semuroise |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 72333 /72390 |
| Elevation | 104–184 m (341–604 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: PoliWood

abstract: PoliWood is a 2009 American documentary film directed by Barry Levinson and produced by Tim Daly, Robin Bronk and Robert E. Baruc.

text:
# PoliWood

***PoliWood*** is a 2009 American documentary film directed by Barry Levinson and produced by Tim Daly, Robin Bronk and Robert E. Baruc.

## Synopsis

The Democratic and Republican National Conventions held in 2008 during the United States presidential election that year are examined in depth in *PoliWood*, which features interviews with well-known Hollywood celebrities like Susan Sarandon and Anne Hathaway.

## Interviewees

## Debuts and receptions

*PoliWood* had its premiere at Tribeca Film y 1, 2009 and continued screening through various film festivals including the 2009 Maryland film festival, Austin Film Festival, Denver Starz Film Festival and the 2010 Sedona Film Festival and Artivist Film Festival. It also got a special screening at Paley Center for Media in New York on October 29, 2009. The event was attended by Poliwood director and producers. It had its TV premiere November 2, 2009 on Showtime.

## InfoBox

| PoliWood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Barry Levinson |
| Produced by | Tim Daly
Robin Bronk
Robert E. Baruc
Jason Sosonoff |
| Cinematography | Aengus James
Adam Jandrup |
| Edited by | Aaron Yanes |
| Distributed by | Screen Media Films |
| Release date | * May 1, 2009 (2009-05-01) (Tribeca Film Festival) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Wanda Jablonski

abstract: Wanda Jablonski was an American journalist who covered the global petroleum industry. She was called "the most influential oil journalist of her time" in Daniel Yergin's The Prize.

text:
# Wanda Jablonski

**Wanda Jablonski** (23 August 1920, in Czechoslovakia – 28 January 1992, in New York City) was an American journalist who covered the global petroleum industry. She was called "the most influential oil journalist of her time" in Daniel Yergin's *The Prize*.

## Early life and education

Jablonski was the daughter of Polish petroleum geologist Eugene Jablonski, and was immersed in the oil industry throughout her childhood. She studied at St George's School, Harpenden in England until July 1937, where she gained her school certificate and got the form prize in July 1938 before leaving to study in America.

She and her parents traveled widely, and although she became an American citizen, she developed great sympathy for other cultures – an attribute which as an adult enabled her to make deep contacts across the world oil industry, from the multinational oil companies to the leaders of oil-producing countries.

Jablonski earned a B.A. from Cornell University in 1942 and an M.A. from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism the following year.

## Career

Jablonski began as the oil editor at the *Journal of Commerce*, where she made her mark with a 1948 interview in Caracas with Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso, then the Venezuelan oil minister, which cleverly synthesized the developing nations' viewpoint, in those days rarely heard in the Western hemisphere. She moved to *Petroleum Week* journal in 1954 and cemented her reputation, speaking on equal terms with oil ministers and company chairmen. A rare woman in a man's world, she was known throughout the oil industry simply as "Wanda".

She is credited with arranging the 1959 Cairo meeting where Abdullah Tariki, Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso, and other oil ministers of Middle East signed the "Gentleman's Agreement," or Mehdi Pact (Maadi Pact - after the yacht club in Maadi) a precursor of Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the international organization whose mission is to coordinate the policies of the oil-producing countries. In 1960, Jablonski reported to oil company executives that there was a marked hostility toward the West and a growing outcry against "absentee landlordism" in the Middle East. "From offices in London, New York, and Pittsburgh, top executives of oil companies were controlling destinies of Middle East oil-producing states." Ignoring her warning, in August 1960, the major oil companies unilaterally reduced the prices that were used to calculate how much revenue the producing countries received. As a direct result, in September 1960, representatives from oil-producing countries met and formed OPEC.

She then founded *Petroleum Intelligence Weekly* in 1961, the journal which came to be known as "the bible of the oil industry", and ran it until 1988.

Jablonski died in 1992 of heart failure at the age of 71.

## Further reading

* Rubino, Anna (2009). *Queen of the Oil Club: The Intrepid Wanda Jablonski and the Power of Information*. Boston: Beacon Press.


title: Pongola Commando

abstract: Pongola Commando was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army and was based in the town of Pongola. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve.

text:
# Pongola Commando

**Pongola Commando** was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army and was based in the town of Pongola. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve.

## History

### Origin

This unit was created by merging the Pongola Company of the Piet Retief Commando with the North Coast Commando on 17 October 1970.

### Operations

#### With the SADF

Under the SADF, the unit was mainly engaged in area force protection, search and cordones as well as stock theft control assistance to the rural police.

During severe Tropical Storm Domoina in 1984, the unit provided civil protection support through establishing a communication network, by distributing much needed food and emergency supplies, and a range of other civil defence measures.

#### With the SANDF

##### Disbandment

This unit, along with all other Commando units, was disbanded after a decision by South African President Thabo Mbeki. A variety of reasons were given for the Commando system to be phased out between 2003 and 2008. This included "the role it played in the apartheid era", according to the Minister of Safety and Security Charles Nqakula.

## Unit Insignia

## Leadership

Leadership
| **From** | **Honorary Colonels** | **To** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **From** | **Commanding Officers** | **To** |
| 1970 | Comdt N.J. Robertse | 1978 |
| 1978 | Comdt J. Bezuidenhout | 1980 |
| August 1980 | Comdt L.J.S. Changuion SM DTM | March 1985 |
| 1985 | Comdt C. Rudolph | 1989 |
| 1989 | Comdt D. Barnard | ? |
| **From** | **Regimental Sergeants Major** | **To** |

The unit's commanding officers listed above generally held the rank of commandant.

## InfoBox

| Pongola Commando | |
| --- | --- |
| Pongola Commando emblem | |
| Disbanded | February 14, 2003 (2003-02-14) |
| Country | South Africa |
| Allegiance |  |
| Branch |  |
| Type | Infantry |
| Role | Light Infantry |
| Size | One Battalion |
| Part of | South African Infantry Corps<br>Army Territorial Reserve |
| Garrison/HQ | Pongola |