title: McNett Township, Pennsylvania

abstract: McNett Township is a township in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 145 at the 2020 census, down from 174 in 2010. It is part of the Williamsport Metropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# McNett Township, Pennsylvania

**McNett Township** is a township in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 145 at the 2020 census, down from 174 in 2010. It is part of the Williamsport Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

McNett Township, in the northeastern corner of Lycoming County, was formed by the county Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace on February 10, 1878, from McIntyre Township. The formation was a result of a successful petition and election by the citizens of the northeastern corner of Lycoming County who were under the leadership of H. I. McNett, for whom the township was named.

McNett Township has always been a remote portion of Pennsylvania. Farming and industry is at a minimum. Most of the land is mountainous and is covered with a thriving second growth forest. The population which was 619 persons in the 1890 census had fallen to just 174 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

McNett Township occupies the northeastern corner of Lycoming County. It is bordered by Tioga County to the northwest, Bradford County to the northeast, and Sullivan County to the east. Within Lycoming County, Plunketts Creek township is to the southeast, Cascade Township is to the south, and McIntyre Township is to the southwest. The township's northwestern boundary, with Tioga County, follows Lycoming Creek, a southwestward-flowing tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River. No state highways pass through the township, although Pennsylvania Route 14 runs up the Lycoming Creek valley on the Tioga County side of the stream. Williamsport, the Lycoming county seat, is 33 miles (53 km) to the southwest via PA-14 and U.S. Route 15.

According to the United States Census Bureau, McNett Township has a total area of 33.9 square miles (87.8 km2), of which 33.6 square miles (86.9 km2) are land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), or 1.09%, are water. While most of the township is part of the Lycoming Creek watershed, the far southeastern corner of the township drains to Loyalsock Creek, a tributary of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, while the northeastern corner drains to Towanda Creek, a tributary of the main stem of the Susquehanna.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 174 |  |  |
| 2020 | 145 |  | −16.7% |
| 2021 (est.) | 144 |  | −0.7% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 211 people, 81 households, and 57 families residing in the township. The population density was 6.2 people per square mile (2.4/km2). There were 191 housing units at an average density of 5.7/sq mi (2.2/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 94.31% White, 3.79% African American, 0.95% Native American, and 0.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.47% of the population.

There were 81 households, out of which 21.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.1% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.6% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.75.

In the township the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 22.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 106.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.8 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $22,917, and the median income for a family was $23,068. Males had a median income of $24,750 versus $13,750 for females. The per capita income for the township was $10,556. About 24.5% of families and 29.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 17.0% of those sixty five or over.

## InfoBox

| McNett Township,
Lycoming County,
Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| The Old Loggers Path | |
| Map of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania highlighting McNett Township | |
| Map of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania | |
| Coordinates: 41°32′22″N 76°49′46″W / 41.53944°N 76.82944°W / 41.53944; -76.82944 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Lycoming |
| Settled | 1805 |
| Incorporated | 1878 |
| Area | |
| Total | 33.92 sq mi (87.84 km2) |
| Land | 33.54 sq mi (86.88 km2) |
| Water | 0.37 sq mi (0.97 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,798 ft (548 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 145 |
| Estimate (2021) | 144 |
| Density | 5.01/sq mi (1.93/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 42-081-46352 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1216759 |


title: Reggane Airport

abstract: Reggane Airport is a public use airport located 7 nm east of Reggane, Adrar, Algeria.

text:
# Reggane Airport

**Reggane Airport** (ICAO: **DAAN**) is a public use airport located 7 nm east of Reggane, Adrar, Algeria.

1. "DAAN @ aerobaticsweb.org". Landings.com.
2. Google Maps - Reggane

## InfoBox

| Reggane Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Serves | Reggane |
| Location | Algeria |
| Elevation AMSL | 955 ft / 291 m |
| Coordinates | 26°42′36″N 0°17′08″E / 26.71000°N 0.28556°E / 26.71000; 0.28556 (Reggane Airport (Reggane)) |
| Map | |
| DAANLocation of Reggane Airport in Algeria | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  07/25 2,484 8,150 Concrete/Asphalt | |
| Source: Landings.com | |


title: Media Diversified

abstract: Media Diversified was a UK-based nonprofit media and advocacy organisation for writers and journalists of colour, founded by filmmaker Samantha Asumadu in 2013. It published nonfiction articles by a variety of writers at its website, which was updated several times a week. Although much of Media Diversified's staff were UK-based, its pool of writers and its readership were international. All staff members and writers were people of colour. Major topics covered by the site include discrimination against Black, Asian, and minority ethnic people, politics, immigration, Islamophobia, intersectionality, history, popular culture, and global conflict.

text:
# Media Diversified

**Media Diversified** was a UK-based nonprofit media and advocacy organisation for writers and journalists of colour, founded by filmmaker Samantha Asumadu in 2013. It published nonfiction articles by a variety of writers at its website, which was updated several times a week. Although much of Media Diversified's staff were UK-based, its pool of writers and its readership were international. All staff members and writers were people of colour.

Major topics covered by the site include discrimination against Black, Asian, and minority ethnic people, politics, immigration, Islamophobia, intersectionality, history, popular culture, and global conflict.

## History

Journalist Samantha Asumadu, whose work focuses on stereotype-challenging individuals and organizations, such as female rally drivers in Uganda, started the #AllWhiteFrontPages campaign in 2013 to critique the predominance of white people in mainstream newspaper photography. Media Diversified was created that same year to advance the profiles of journalists and writers of colour.

Two years later, Media Diversified launched the Experts Directory, a database of experts of colour aimed at media organisations. To date, the Experts Directory is the only such database in the UK.

In the same year, the organisation debuted The Trashies, "\[the\] equivalent of Hollywood's Razzies" for journalism, to critique racist, Islamophobic and xenophobic coverage in mainstream media. The "winner", chosen by popular vote, was Grace Dent for her 23 February 2015 article in *The Independent* on the British teenagers who left the country to join ISIS.

In February 2016, Media Diversified presented Bare Lit, the first literary festival in the UK for authors of colour. The festival took place over 26–28 February at the Free Word Centre and the Betsey Trotwood public house in Clerkenwell, London.

The closure of Media Diversified was announced in May 2019, when founder Asumadu said: "The plan is to keep our archives up in perpetuity. We’ll also keep our ebook store going in order to fund the domain and any other charges that are incurred during our winding down period....I think the biggest gift we could ever give is our promise to keep the site up for as long as it is possible. It’s an invaluable archive. Go browse."

## In other media

The work of Media Diversified writers has led to increased coverage of under-recognized issues in the mainstream media, such as *The Guardian'*s 2015 article on black people in the UK dying in police custody and the child sexual abuse perpetrated by UN peacekeeping troops.

Owen Jones, writing in *The Guardian* on anti-EU migrant bigotry in the wake of Brexit, cited a Media Diversified open letter about the BBC giving platforms to racists and fascists.

## Accolades

In 2015, Samantha Asumadu was named as one of the Libertine 100, a list of 100 influential female thinkers in the UK, for her filmmaking and her work with Media Diversified. The following year, she was chosen to be a judge at the 2016 Comment Awards for journalism.


title: Minor capsid proteins VP2 and VP3

abstract: Minor capsid protein VP2 and minor capsid protein VP3 are viral proteins that are components of the polyomavirus capsid. Polyomavirus capsids are composed of three proteins; the major component is major capsid protein VP1, which self-assembles into pentamers that in turn self-assemble into enclosed icosahedral structures. The minor components are VP2 and VP3, which bind in the interior of the capsid.

text:
# Minor capsid proteins VP2 and VP3

**Minor capsid protein VP2** and **minor capsid protein VP3** are viral proteins that are components of the polyomavirus capsid. Polyomavirus capsids are composed of three proteins; the major component is major capsid protein VP1, which self-assembles into pentamers that in turn self-assemble into enclosed icosahedral structures. The minor components are VP2 and VP3, which bind in the interior of the capsid.

## Gene expression

All three capsid proteins are expressed from alternative start sites on a single transcript of the "late region" of the circular viral chromosome (so named because it is transcribed late in the process of viral infection). The VP3 start site is in frame downstream from that of VP2; in consequence VP3's sequence is identical to the C-terminal portion of VP2, which has an additional N-terminal extension. In at least some polyomaviruses, the VP2 N-terminus is myristoylated. Some members of the polyomavirus family, such as Merkel cell polyomavirus, do not appear to encode or express VP3, though VP2 is present.

## Structure and interactions

Both VP2 and VP3 are primarily intrinsically unstructured proteins; they have DNA-binding domains and a nuclear localization signal at their C-terminal ends. Both VP2 and VP3 bind to the interior of VP1 pentamers in the assembled capsid. It is generally believed that the stoichiometry of this interaction is one molecule of VP2 or VP3 to each VP1 pentamer, though higher ratios have sometimes been reported, possibly indicating that pentamers can accommodate associations with two minor proteins.

## Function

VP2 and VP3 are thought to be involved in facilitating viral entry into the host cell, either by mediating associations with and exit from the endoplasmic reticulum or by facilitating the entry of the viral genome into the cell nucleus. However, the precise mechanism of their involvement is unclear, and may vary among polyomaviruses. In most studies, viral propagation is either reduced or abrogated in the absence of one or both proteins, but the apparent mechanisms vary; for example, in JC virus both VP2 and VP3 seem to be essential for packaging the viral chromosome into the capsid, while absence of these proteins in SV40 prevents successful entry into new host cells, with variable effects on packaging reported. In Merkel cell polyomavirus, the effect of VP2 appears to vary depending on the cell type of the infected cell. In murine polyomavirus the minor proteins have been reported to induce apoptosis in the infected cell, and in SV40 they have been identified as viroporins.

## InfoBox

| Minor capsid protein VP2 | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | VP2 |
| Pfam | PF00761 |
| InterPro | IPR001070 |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |


title: Operation Enterprise (Vietnam)

abstract: Operation Enterprise was a U.S. Army pacification and security operation that took place in Long An Province, lasting from 13 February 1967 to 11 March 1968.

text:
# Operation Enterprise (Vietnam)

**Operation Enterprise** was a U.S. Army pacification and security operation that took place in Long An Province, lasting from 13 February 1967 to 11 March 1968.

## Background

The 3rd Brigade, 9th Infantry Division was responsible for the security of Long An Province, southwest of Saigon. Long An Province was the gateway to the Mekong Delta the "rice-basket" of South Vietnam, in addition to producing over 280,000 tons of rice per year itself. The province contained vital transport links namely Route 4 which connected Saigon to An Xuyên Province and the Vàm Cỏ Đông and Vàm Cỏ Tay rivers which flowed southeast from the Parrot's Beak, Cambodia to the Saigon River.

The Vàm Cỏ Đông and Vàm Cỏ Tay rivers also served as vital supply lines for the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and Viet Cong (VC) linking their sanctuaries in Cambodia with their operational areas around Saigon and in the Mekong Delta. Long An Province was believed to shelter the 267th, 269th, and 6th *Bình Tân* Battalions in the west and the 506th, 508th, 5th *Nhà Bè* and *Phu Loi II* Battalions in the east. The VC had successfully established control over most of the province with the result that South Vietnamese Government control was limited to the major towns and outposts along Route 4. At the commencement of the operation in February 1967 the South Vietnamese Government controlled less than a quarter of the population and only 4 percent of the province was considered physically secure.

The ambitious objectives of Operation Enterprise were "to achieve military pacification by destroying the enemy; eliminating his infrastructure; denying him use of lines of communications; and extending government of Vietnam control through the support of Revolutionary Development.”

## Operation

The 3rd Brigade kept its headquarters at Tân An the provincial capital, 47 km southwest of Saigon on Route 4 and the Vàm Cỏ Tay river. The 2nd Battalion, 60th Infantry Regiment operated from Tân Trụ, 7 km east of Tân An and was responsible for patrolling the Vàm Cỏ Đông river using Boston Whaler boats. The 3rd Battalion, 39th Infantry Regiment, was based at Rach Kien with one company in the town of Cần Giuộc and another company 15 km southeast of Rach Kien, where the Vàm Cỏ Đông merged with the Saigon River. Highway 5A passed through Cần Giuộc District, connecting Saigon with Gò Công Province. The 5th Battalion, 60th Infantry Regiment (Mechanized), was based in Bình Phước 10 km southeast of Tan An and was responsible for patrolling Highway 4 between Saigon and Đồng Tâm Base Camp and protecting the daily supply convoys between Long Binh Post and Tân An.

The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) 25th Division kept 2 regiments in Long An Province: the 46th Regiment was based in Cần Giuộc and the 50th Regiment was based in Bến Lức, 12 km northeast of Tân An. In addition the ARVN maintained various Regional and Popular Forces throughout the province.

In order to maximize coverage of the province, the 3rd Brigade used “jitterbug” missions, landing several companies from the 3/39th Infantry and 2/60th Infantry by helicopter for short searches of tree lines or canals and then redeploying to another location if no PAVN/VC were located. Night ambushes were also regularly placed along likely infiltration routes and staging areas. More than 30 percent of all operations were combined operations with ARVN forces. By September 1967 the 3rd Brigade's tactics had forced the PAVN/VC to operate in smaller units along the eastern and western borders of the province.

In October 1967 Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support embarked on a new pacification programme to secure Route 4 while at the same time Central Office for South Vietnam ordered a renewed effort to close Route 4. Between 24 and 27 October, PAVN/VC forces used explosives and shovels to crater Route 4 in almost fifty places between Mỹ Tho and Saigon, however this only succeeded in closing the road for a few hours. In late October 5/60th Infantry (Mechanized) patrols succeeded in killing several PAVN/VC mine-laying teams and by early November interdiction of the road had dropped back to normal levels. Meanwhile, the South Vietnamese government had established a Revolutionary Development zone along the northeastern edge of Long An linking the government-controlled hamlets that lined Highways 4 and 5A creating a security barrier on the southern approach to Gia Định Province and Saigon.

On the night of 10 December, the VC 508th Battalion and elements of the 5th *Nhà Bè* Battalion attacked a Company A, 2/60th Infantry position at An Nhut Tan, on the Vàm Cỏ Đông River. The VC overran three perimeter bunkers as well as the mortar pit. The attack was eventually repulsed for the loss of 7 U.S. killed and 35 VC killed. A subsequent investigation found that the perimeter defenses were inadequate with the Concertina wire too loose and rusty and many of the trip flares and claymore mines deteriorated and inoperative and that several of the sentries had been asleep. Other than this attack, most of the action in the province during November and December was limited to small skirmishes and attacks by fire.

In addition to offensive operations the 3rd Brigade also conducted training and numerous civic actions to support pacification. Between 1 November 1967 and 30 January 1968, brigade medics treated 44,394 civilians and taught first aid to Vietnamese assigned to village dispensaries. A 7-man team taught a six-week refresher course to an ARVN battalion, while three Mobile Advisory Teams trained Regional and Popular Forces and several Improvement Action Teams made weekly visits to Regional and Popular Force outposts.

## Aftermath

Between 1 November 1967 and 30 January 1968, the 3rd Brigade killed 241 PAVN/VC, captured 21 PAVN/VC and received 80 defectors and captured 14 crew-served weapons and 65 rifles for the loss of 31 U.S. dead. During the same period, provincial officials reported killing 43 PAVN/VC, capturing 37 and receiving 35 defectors.

On 10 March 1968 II Field Force, Vietnam commander LG Frederick C. Weyand ordered an end to Operation Enterprise to free up forces to participate in Operation Quyet Thang.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.

## InfoBox

| Operation Enterprise | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Vietnam War | |
| Date 13 February 1967 – 11 March 1968  Location Long An Province, South Vietnam  Result  U.S. operational success | |
| Belligerents | |
| United States
South Vietnam | North Vietnam
Viet Cong |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Col. George W. Everett |
 |
| Units involved | |
| 3rd Brigade, 9th Infantry Division
Regional Forces and Popular Forces |
 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 31 killed | US body count: 284 killed
58 captured
115 defected
65 individual and 14 crew-served weapons recovered |


title: Jaysinhji Chauhan

abstract: Jaysinhji Mansinhji Chauhan was an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.

text:
# Jaysinhji Chauhan

**Jaysinhji Mansinhji Chauhan** was an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.

## InfoBox

| Jaysinhji Chauhan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**<br>1996-1999 | |
| Preceded by | Gabhaji Mangaji Thakor |
| Succeeded by | Shankersinh Vaghela |
| Constituency | Kapadvanj, Gujarat |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1952-11-27) 27 November 1952 |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Spouse | Kantaben Jaysinhji |
| Source: | |


title: Xtrac Limited

abstract: Xtrac Limited, also known as Xtrac Transmission Technology, is a British engineering company founded in 1984 by the former Hewland engineer Mike Endean to make 4WD systems and gearboxes for rallycross and later rally and racing cars. Endean, together with Chris Goddard, who had been working on the electronic components essential to the system, in 1983 developed the first Xtrac 4WD system, for Norwegian rallycross star Martin Schanche. Schanche had thought up the idea of a changeable hydraulic 4WD system and financed its development. This 560bhp so-called Xtrac No. 1 was bought by Endean, in the mid-1990s, who raced it himself for many a year in carsprints and hillclimbs. "Xtrac started making gearboxes in the mid to late 1980s for the then-new Group A rally cars from their original premises in Wokingham and then continued to do so after moving in 1986 to a new 20,000 sq ft factory in Finchampstead." In 2000, Xtrac built a bespoke 8,200 m⁲ (88,000 sq ft) high tech factory in Thatcham, Berkshire, England, and is currently supplying many top level sectors of motor sport, including F1, prototype and GT sportscars, IndyCar, Grand-AM, rally cars and touring cars. In 2010 the company supplied its complete 1044 gearbox, designed and developed in only six months to three F1 teams: Lotus, Virgin and HRT. This is mated to the Cosworth CA2010 engine. In addition to supplying many high-profile motorsport customers, Xtrac has expanded in other areas such as automotive, marine and aerospace. The Pagani Huayra was a vehicle which used the Xtrac 1007 AMT transmission. In 2019 it was announced that Xtrac would be the sole supplier of gearboxes for the US based NASCAR Championship, this was due to start in 2021 but with Covid-19 restrictions being in place this was delayed until 2022 In 2020 it was announce that Xtrac would supply gearboxes as part of the hybrid power unit for the Le Mans Daytona h endurance hybrid sport car with Bosch supplying the motor generator unit and Williams Advanced Engineering supplying the batteries.

text:
# Xtrac Limited

**Xtrac Limited**, also known as **Xtrac Transmission Technology**, is a British engineering company founded in 1984 by the former Hewland engineer Mike Endean to make 4WD systems and gearboxes for rallycross and later rally and racing cars. Endean, together with Chris Goddard, who had been working on the electronic components essential to the system, in 1983 developed the first Xtrac 4WD system, for Norwegian rallycross star Martin Schanche. Schanche had thought up the idea of a changeable hydraulic 4WD system (his 1984 ERC winning Ford Escort Mk3 Xtrac-Zakspeed had a stepless FWD:RWD ratio of 28:72 to 50:50) and financed its development. This 560bhp so-called *Xtrac No. 1* was bought by Endean, in the mid-1990s, who raced it himself for many a year in carsprints and hillclimbs.

"Xtrac started making gearboxes in the mid to late 1980s for the then-new Group A rally cars from their original premises in Wokingham and then continued to do so after moving in 1986 to a new 20,000 sq ft factory in Finchampstead."

In 2000, Xtrac built a bespoke 8,200 m2 (88,000 sq ft) high tech factory in Thatcham, Berkshire, England, and is currently supplying many top level sectors of motor sport, including F1, prototype and GT sportscars, IndyCar, Grand-AM, rally cars and touring cars. In 2010 the company supplied its complete 1044 gearbox, designed and developed in only six months to three F1 teams: Lotus, Virgin and HRT. This is mated to the Cosworth CA2010 engine.

In addition to supplying many high-profile motorsport customers, Xtrac has expanded in other areas such as automotive, marine and aerospace. The Pagani Huayra was a vehicle which used the Xtrac 1007 AMT transmission.

In 2019 it was announced that Xtrac would be the sole supplier of gearboxes for the US based NASCAR Championship, this was due to start in 2021 but with Covid-19 restrictions being in place this was delayed until 2022

In 2020 it was announce that Xtrac would supply gearboxes as part of the hybrid power unit for the Le Mans Daytona h endurance hybrid sport car with Bosch supplying the motor generator unit and Williams Advanced Engineering supplying the batteries.

## Footnotes


title: Pu Xuefeng

abstract: Pu Xuefeng, also known as Dison Hsueh-Feng Poe, was a Chinese political scientist and administrator. Born in 1900 in Changshu, Suzhou, China, he was educated at Tsinghua University in Beijing and Hamline University in Saint Paul, Minnesota, where he received a BA in 1923. He went on to graduate with a master's degree in political science from Harvard University. Subsequently, he taught at Tsinghua and other universities and entered government service with the Republic of China in 1938. During World War II, he served in the Supreme National Defence Council. He attended the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco in 1945 as a technical counselor for the Republic of China. He retired to California and died in San Gabriel, California, in 1997.

text:
# Pu Xuefeng

**Pu Xuefeng** (Chinese: 浦薛鳳; 1900–1997), also known as **Dison Hsueh-Feng Poe**, was a Chinese political scientist and administrator. Born in 1900 in Changshu, Suzhou, China, he was educated at Tsinghua University in Beijing and Hamline University in Saint Paul, Minnesota, where he received a BA in 1923. He went on to graduate with a master's degree in political science from Harvard University. Subsequently, he taught at Tsinghua and other universities and entered government service with the Republic of China in 1938. During World War II, he served in the Supreme National Defence Council. He attended the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco in 1945 as a technical counselor for the Republic of China. He retired to California and died in San Gabriel, California, in 1997.

## InfoBox

| Pu Xue-feng | |
| --- | --- |
| 浦薛鳳 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1900
Changshu, Jiangsu, China |
| Died | (1997-01-07)January 7, 1997
San Gabriel, California |
| Occupation | Politician, educator |
|  | |


title: Guðrún

abstract: Guðrún is one of the most frequently given female names in Iceland. In 2004, it was ranked first before Anna and Sigríður. According to Icelandic custom, people are generally referred to by first and middle names and patronyms are used if disambiguation is required. The name is earliest attested in a runestone as kuþrun. In Old Norse, Goðrún was an alternative version. The Faroese equivalent is Guðrun and the mainland Scandinavian version is Gudrun. The Old Norse name is composed of the elements guð or goð, meaning "god"; and rūn, meaning "rune", "secret lore". The Scandinavian Gudrun was revived in the last half of the 19th century.

text:
# Guðrún

**Guðrún** is one of the most frequently given female names in Iceland. In 2004, it was ranked first before Anna and Sigríður.

According to Icelandic custom, people are generally referred to by first and middle names and patronyms are used if disambiguation is required.

The name is earliest attested in a runestone as **kuþrun**. In Old Norse, **Goðrún** was an alternative version. The Faroese equivalent is **Guðrun** and the mainland Scandinavian version is **Gudrun**. The Old Norse name is composed of the elements *guð* or *goð*, meaning "god"; and *rūn*, meaning "rune", "secret lore". The Scandinavian Gudrun was revived in the last half of the 19th century.

## Notable people called *Guðrún*

### Gudrun

* Gudrun, major figure in early Germanic literature

## InfoBox

Guðrún, Gudrun
| Gender | Female |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | |
| Meaning | god + secret lore |
| Region of origin | Scandinavia |


title: Meanstreak (character)

abstract: Meanstreak is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character appeared in the futuristic comic book line Marvel 2099 in X-Men 2099. His creators were John Francis Moore and Ron Lim.

text:
# Meanstreak (character)

**Meanstreak** (**Henri Huang**) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character appeared in the futuristic comic book line Marvel 2099 in *X-Men 2099*. His creators were John Francis Moore and Ron Lim.

## Fictional character biography

Little is known about Meanstreak's backstory. He was a scientist at Alchemax who worked alongside Jordan Boone. After Jordan helped Henri break the "Unbreakable" Alchemax contract, Henri left New York, where he eventually encountered Krystalin in Berkeley and was recruited into Xi'an's X-Men and was given the codename Meanstreak. Joining the X-Men out of gratitude, he remained for the thrill the work gave him and for Krystallin, with whom he had fallen in love.

Henri acted as team tactician and point man, leading the group through the Synge Casino, searching for evidence to clear suspicion that Xi'an assassinated casino head Noah Synge. After clearing Xi'an's name, Meanstreak leaves the team briefly to search for Jordan Boone, who had gone missing. As they make their way to New York, aided by Skullfire, Bloodhawk and Krystalin, they are captured by the Theatre of Pain. They manage to escape and arrive in New York to find that Boone had been genetically altered into the 2099 version of the trickster god Loki. Along with Doom, Ravage, Punisher and Spider-Man, they manage to defeat the Alchemax created Aesir and then return to Nevada.

Henri plays a mostly background role in the following missions, which include located Mama Hurricane, a member of the mutant underground railroad during the Great Purge and facing off against Master Zhao, the leader of the last generation of X-Men, driven insane by years of psionic drugs.

After Xi'an's defection to the Theatre of Pain, as well as the return of La Lunatica, Henri is approached by Halloween Jack, the latest persona of Jordan Boone. Together they travel to Las Vegas to enact revenge on the new heads of the Synge casino and children of Noah Synge, Desdemona and Lytton. They easily break in and take over the casino, gaining access to not only the bank accounts of the Synges, but also the rest of the Greater Nevada Syndicate. Henri helps Jack build a Virtual Unreality projector which, when activated, begins warping Nevada and fusing it with alternate dimensional energies. Doom arrives, having recently installed himself as President of the US. He quarantines Las Vegas, leaving Jack to lord over the twisted city. After deciding to leave, Henri encounters an alternate dimensional creature (later identified as "Zoomers") at high speed, though it disappears when he slows down, noticing that Krys had arrived. She tells him of Xi'an's treachery, and they depart together to help the other X-Men raid the Theatre of Pain's Floodgate facility.

After taking down Floodgate, Henri and the other X-Men are installed as the protectorate of Halo City, a new mutant city-state created by Doom. Meanstreak once again maintains his background role, helping patrol the streets and keep the peace. Later, Meanstreak encounters the Zoomers again, outside of the Las Vegas Anomalous Zone. They surround him, drawing him into their dimension, where he collides with the ground and is left unconscious. Due to the series' sudden cancellation, Henri's fate is unknown, though he does make a brief cameo appearance in the imprint ending paperback *2099: Manifest Destiny*.

## Powers and abilities

Henri Huang possesses enhanced speed, stamina, reflexes, and thought process. Meanstreak is capable of breaking the sound barrier, if he pushes himself though only for small periods of time or cover vast distances. His body heals and metabolizes at the same incredible rate, but oddly, he does not seem to need more than average sustenance.

He is a technological genius, able to manipulate most computer systems with ease.

## Reception

* In 2022, *CBR.com* ranked Meanstreak 13th in their "Marvel: The 20 Fastest Speedsters" list.

## Other versions

### *Timestorm 2009–2099*

Meanstreak appears as an X-Man in the Timestorm 2009-2099 miniseries. This iteration retains the same powers, however is portrayed as a young girl.

## InfoBox

| Meanstreak | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover to *X-Men 2099* #16 featuring Meanstreak and Halloween Jack
Art by Ron Lim | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Marvel Comics |
| First appearance | *X-Men 2099* #1 |
| Created by | John Francis Moore
Ron Lim |
| In-story information | |
| Alter ego | Henri Huang |
| Species | Human Mutant |
| Place of origin | Marvel 2099 (Earth-928) |
| Team affiliations | X-Men 2099 |
| Abilities | * Superhuman speed, stamina, and reflexes * Accelerated metabolism and thought process * Regeneration |


title: Miss Helyett (opera)

abstract: Miss Helyett is an opérette in three acts with music by Edmond Audran and words by Maxime Boucheron. It depicts the complications ensuing when the excessively puritanical heroine believes herself duty-bound to marry an unknown man who, in rescuing her from a serious fall in the Pyrenees, has been unable to avoid seeing the exposed lower half of her body. The piece was first performed at the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens on 12 November 1890. Productions followed in continental Europe, Britain, the US and Australia. The most recent revival in Paris was in 1921, and the piece remained popular in the French provinces during the next two decades, but fell out of the repertoire after that.

text:
# Miss Helyett (opera)

***Miss Helyett*** is an opérette in three acts with music by Edmond Audran and words by Maxime Boucheron. It depicts the complications ensuing when the excessively puritanical heroine believes herself duty-bound to marry an unknown man who, in rescuing her from a serious fall in the Pyrenees, has been unable to avoid seeing the exposed lower half of her body.

The piece was first performed at the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens on 12 November 1890. Productions followed in continental Europe, Britain, the US and Australia. The most recent revival in Paris was in 1921, and the piece remained popular in the French provinces during the next two decades, but fell out of the repertoire after that.

## Background and first production

By 1890 Audran was a well-established composer of opérette and opéra comique, with 18 full-length pieces to his credit, including the very popular *La mascotte* (1880). Boucheron was also experienced, having written librettos for Paul Burani, Georges Grisier, André Martinet and others. This was the first of the three operas on which the two men collaborated. The premiere was marred by the illness of the leading lady, Biana Duhamel, whose performance was hampered by a cold, but the work was nevertheless a success, and played for 166 performances in its first run.

## Original cast

* Smithson – M. Montrouge
* Paul – M. Piccaluga
* Puycardas – M. Tauffenberger
* James – M. Jannin
* Bacarel – M. Désiré
* Gandol – M. Wolff
* Miss Helyett – Mdlle. Biana Duhamel
* La Senora – Madame Macé-Montrouge
* Manuela – Mdlle. Saint-Laurent
* Norette – Mdlle. Mary Stelly
* Ida – Mdlle. Meryem
* Eva – Mdlle. Suzanne-Nery
* Marguerite – Mdlle. Cora-Bertte
* Rosa – Mdlle. Derieu

Source: Vocal score.

## Synopsis

### Act I

The Ballroom of the Casino-Hotel Val-Montois, Bagnères (Pyrenees)

Miss Helyett Smithson is a beautiful but excessively prudish 16+12-year-old American. She is the eleventh, youngest, and only unmarried daughter of a nonconformist pastor, Smithson, with whom she is revisiting Bagnères after a two-year interval. She dresses in a costume similar to that of the Salvation Army, and remarks adversely on the revealing dresses of the other young women in the ballroom. Other guests at the hotel include Paul, an artist; unlike most of the guests he is not there for pleasure but to paint. He concentrates on landscapes, although what he longs for and cannot find is his ideal woman to paint. Helyett and he have met during her previous visit, but he pays little attention to her, still thinking of her as the fourteen-year-old child he met previously.

Also at the hotel are Puycardas, a Gascon bullfighter, and his Spanish girlfriend Manuela, closely supervised by her mother, Senora Fernandez, who is not keen on the prospect of having Puycardas, a pusillanimous Frenchman, as her son-in-law. Smithson's party includes also James Richter, a young Chicago merchant, who is a possible husband for Helyett. She is not greatly taken with him, but has said that she will marry him if she finds no-one better in the next three months.

Helyett goes off every day for a walk in the mountains. Today she returns shaken and distressed. She lost her footing and fell down a precipice; her fall was broken by a shrub as her skirt was caught on a branch. A passer-by rescued her, but, mortified by being seen with her lower half exposed, she covered her face with her cloak, and so could not see him before he left after extricating her. She tells her father that it is her duty to marry this man, whoever he is, because he has seen what only a husband should see.

### Act II

The gardens of the hotel

Helyett and Smithson draw a blank in their search for her rescuer. Smithson, anxious to get his last daughter married, suggests to James that he pose as her deliverer. He does so and she accordingly accepts his proposal of marriage. He hurries off to bring the news to Smithson. Helyett finds Paul's sketch book and starts to flick through it, before the artist unceremoniously reclaims it. Among the drawings she does not see is one of her exposed legs: Paul, her real rescuer, is too much of a gentleman to have removed her cloak to see her face, but too much of an artist not to want to draw her exquisite legs. Their spirited exchange when he snatches his sketch-book away from her makes him realise that Helyett is no longer a girl but a young woman, and makes her more aware of his attractiveness. James returns and admits that he lied about being Helyett's rescuer. She then overhears a row between Puycardas and Senora Fernandez, during which the former tries to impress the latter by claiming to have rescued a young woman in the mountains. Helyett publicly announces that she will marry him.

### Act III

The ballroom

Paul has come to realise that he is in love with Helyett; he laments her plans to marry the bullfighter. Puycardas loves Manuela, but cowed by Smithson's revolver he agrees to marry Helyett. Manuela, outraged, transfers her attentions to James. Paul and Helyett admit their mutual love, but she still feels obliged to marry the man who rescued her. She sees his sketch of her and realises that it was he who found her. She accepts his proposal of marriage.

Source: Gänzl and Lamb; *The Era*; and Académie Nationale de l’Opérette.

## Numbers

* Act I
    + Introduction
    + Valse et quadrille du Casino
    + Cantique – Helyett, James, Smithson: "Le Maître qui d'en haut" (The master who from above)
    + Air – Paul, les coryphées: "Pour peindre une beauté complète" (To paint a complete beauty)
    + Duetto espagnol – Manuela, Puycardas: "Je vous vis, vous me subjugâtes!" (I saw you, you subjugated me!)
    + Couplets – Helyett: "Déjà, dans ma plus tendre enfance" (Already, in my early childhood)
    + Terzetto – Helyett, James, Smithson: "Certes, j'aimerais mieux connaître" (Certainly, I would like to know better)
    + Triolets – Paul: "Que ne puis-je la rencontrer" (What can I not meet?)
    + Gavotte et reprise du cantique – Helyett, Smithson: . "Le Maître qui d'en haut" (The master who from above)
* Act II
    + Entr'acte
    + Chanson des petits guides – "Pour grimper aux Pyrénées" (To climb the Pyrenees)
    + Duettino de l'album – Paul, Bacarel: "Ah! le superbe point de vue" (Ah! the superb viewpoint)
    + Couplets – Helyett: "Avez-vous vu ramper une lionne" (Have you seen a lioness creeping)
    + Duetto de l'homme de la montagne – James, Helyett: "Oui, je suis, par ma foi" (Yes, I am, by my faith)
    + Couplets – Paul, Helyett: "Ce qui donne à toute femme" (What is given to every woman)
    + Terzetto bouffe – La Senora, Puycardas, Manuela: "Reconnaissez en moi la mère" (Recognise in me a mother)
    + Final II "Ami que l'on me félicite" (Friend whom we welcome)
* Act III
    + Entr'acte
    + Ensemble – "Avez-vous vu ce scandale?" (Have you heard this scandal?)
    + Terzetto – Manuela, Helyett, Puycardas: "Ne suis-je pas celle qui t'aime" (Am I not the one who loves you?)
    + Duetto – Puycardas, La Senora: "C'en est fait, il faut nous quitter" (It's done, we must leave)
    + Duo du portrait – Paul, Helyett: "Pour que votre image adorée" (For your adored image)
    + Couplet final – Paul, Bacarel: "Ah! quel public admirable!" (Ah! what an admirable audience!)

Source: Vocal score.

## Revivals and adaptations

The work was revived at the Bouffes-Parisiens in 1893, 1895, 1896 and 1901. Other Parisian productions were given at the Théâtre des Menus-Plaisirs in 1893, starring Mariette Sully, 1900 at the Théâtre de la Renaissance with Duhamel, Piccaluga and Simon-Max, and the Théâtre des Variétés in 1904 with Ève Lavallière. The last revival in Paris was in 1921 at the Trianon-Lyrique. The Académie Nationale de l’Opérette notes that there were frequent revivals in the French provinces in the mid-20th century, but that the work has since disappeared from the repertoire.

For the first London production, *Miss Helyett* was retitled *Miss Decima*. The book was adapted by F. C. Burnand and the lyrics by Percy Reeve. It was produced at the Criterion Theatre on 23 July 1891, starring Juliette Nesville as Decima Jackson and David James as the Rev Jeremie Jackson. The main characters were renamed, and the locale moved from the Pyrenees to the Alps, but the plot was largely unchanged, except for Helyett's reason for insisting on marrying her rescuer: for the benefit of Victorian British audiences, Paul's sight of the heroine's lower half is omitted and his mere physical contact, hauling her from the ravine, is taken as sufficient reason for her to consider herself compromised.

The work was given, in English but under its original title, at the Star Theatre, New York on 3 November 1891, starring Mrs. Leslie Carter. Productions followed in Austria (Vienna, 1891 and 1893), Germany (Berlin, 1891), and Australia (in Burnand's "Miss Decima" version, Sydney, 1896).

The opérette was adapted for the cinema in 1927, with Marie Glory in the title role. A second film based on the work was made in 1933 starring Josette Day as Miss Helyett, Jim Gérald as her father (a professor rather than a clergyman in this adaptation) and Roger Bourdin as Paul.

## Critical reception

Reviewing the Paris production *The Era* found the music "light and pretty, though not as lively as might be desired", and thought the plot flimsy but told in humorous style. *The Monthly Musical Record* reported that the piece "flows smoothly and simply but without any great originality". Reviewing the English version, *The Standard* commented that the original French piece was "one of the most gratuitously coarse and offensive plays ever presented" and that Burnand's bowdlerisation of the crux of the plot had produced a piece "equally inoffensive and meaningless"; there was praise for the score: "some extremely bright and pretty music".

## Sources

* Audran, Edmond; Maxime Boucheron (1900). *Miss Helyett,* vocal score. Paris: Choudens. OCLC 844146438.
* Gänzl, Kurt; Andrew Lamb (1988). *Gänzl's Book of the Musical Theatre*. London: The Bodley Head. OCLC 966051934.
* Goble, Alan (1999). *The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film*. London: Bowker-Saur. ISBN 978-1-85739-229-6.
* Noël, Edouard; Edmond Stoullig (1891). *Les annales du théâtre et de la musique: 1890* (in French). Paris: G. Charpentier. OCLC 469004564.


title: Operation Antyk

abstract: Operation Antyk, also known as Department R, was a complex of counter-propaganda activities of Polish resistance movement organisation Home Army, directed against pro-Soviet and pro-communist circles in Polish society, mostly members of the Polish Workers' Party. The operation was initiated by Office Antyk of the Home Army’s Bureau of Information and Propaganda. Begun in November 1943, it was directed by Tadeusz Żenczykowski. Operation Antyk was a twin to the Home Army’s earlier and more famous counter-propaganda activity, Operation N.

text:
# Operation Antyk

**Operation Antyk** (*Antyk* being an acronym for the Polish phrase ***Akcja Antykomunistyczna***, "Anti-Communist Operation"), also known as **Department R**, was a complex of counter-propaganda activities of Polish resistance movement organisation Home Army, directed against pro-Soviet and pro-communist circles in Polish society, mostly members of the Polish Workers' Party. The operation was initiated by *Office Antyk* of the Home Army’s Bureau of Information and Propaganda. Begun in November 1943, it was directed by Tadeusz Żenczykowski.

Operation Antyk was a twin to the Home Army’s earlier and more famous counter-propaganda activity, Operation N.

## Beginnings

After creation of the pro-Soviet Polish Workers Party (January 5, 1942), communist activists began propaganda attacks aimed at the agency of the Government in Exile, the Government Delegation for Poland, and its armed wing, the Home Army. Headquarters of the Home Army, together with the Delegation, decided to found special departments called “K”, whose tasks was to collect counter-propaganda materials, influence the propaganda in underground press, also inspire activities of anticommunist political parties. However, these were not enough, and on October 26, 1943, the Home Political Representation created Social Anticommunist Committee (SKA), which was supposed to neutralize activities of the Polish Workers Party.

## Objectives

The Social Anticommunist Committee was directly linked with Office Antyk of the Home Army’s Bureau of Information and Propaganda, created in November 1943. Also, some propaganda activities were carried out by the Department I of the Government Delegation, as well as the underground press. In late 1943 and early 1944, several Local Social Anticommunist Committees were created. The main task of the Operation Antyk was to show the nation lies of the Communist propaganda, and to raise awareness of the real purpose of the Soviets, which was to deprive Poland of its independence. Therefore, in underground papers, brochures, and leaflets, plans of the Soviet Union were frequently described.

## Activities

Operation Antyk brought out, among others, a weekly called *Glos Ludu* (*People's Voice*), which was targeted at the inhabitants of the countryside. The magazine's publisher, the Bureau of Information and Propaganda, was not mentioned in the headline, because the operation was top secret, even in the structures of the Home Army.

People's Voice was a radical anticommunist magazine, with such articles, as:

* *Soviet Fifth Column*,
* *Brown Hitlerism-Red Stalinism*,
* *PPR - Soviet Agenture*,
* *Russia - Always the Same*,
* *PPR is creating the Soviets in Poland*,
* *Bataliony Chlopskie condemn the PPR*.

Also, Soviet Union was attacked by using the analogies to the Nazi Germany, with such expressions, as *NKVD \- Gestapo*, or *Hitlerism - Bolshevism*. At the same time, some of the Communist proposals for postwar Poland, such as land reform, were left untouched, as these were also supported by the publishers of the magazine.

Another publication was a biweekly *Wolnosc Robotnicza* (*Laborer's Freedom*), published since November 1943, with circulation of some 7 000. It contained articles similar to those published in the People's Voice, but also current information from the frontlines, as well as anti-Nazi propaganda.

Also, several brochures and leaflets were printed, in which history of Polish - Soviet relations was summarized. One of these brochures was titled *Polish - Soviet Conflict in documents and official utterances. February 1943 - February 1944*, another one was titled *Red Targowica*. Leaflets, with titles such as *We will not end up in a kolkhoz*, presented totalitarian face of the Soviet regime. In February 1944, after creation of the parliament-like, Communist political body State National Council, a leaflet was published, signed by 23 parties and political organizations. It was entitled *A response to the KRN's manifesto*. Also, on the walls of several buildings in occupied Poland, slogans were painted, such as: *PPR - traitors*, *PPR - the enemy*, *PPR - paid servants of Russia*.

Antyk should not be confused with the Social Anti-Communist Committee (*Społeczny Komitet Antykomunistyczny, SKA*), an organization set up by the Home Political Representation on 26 October 1943, headed by Franciszek Białas. Social Anti-Communist Committee coordinated anti-communist propaganda activity among the main political groups and organizations of the Polish Underground State; it also cooperated closely with AK's Operation Antyk.

### Anti-Semitic propaganda

Antyk was led by operatives who held strong anti-communist and anti-Jewish views, including the zydokomuna stereotype. The perceived association between Jews and communists was actively reinforced by its publications, including its initial reports that "tended to conflate communists with Jews, dangerously disseminating the notion that Jewish loyalties were to Soviet Russia and communism rather than to Poland," and which repeated the notion that anti-Semitism was a "useful tool in the struggle against Soviet Russia."

## Results

The results of Operation Antyk were negligible, since most propaganda efforts of the Home Army's Bureau of Information and Propaganda were concentrated on anti-Nazi activities. Among around 150 workers of the Bureau, only some 20 were involved in Antyk, and the expenses were around 4% of total budget of the Bureau. Operation Antyk was terminated in the end of July 1944, just after nine months of existence.

## Further reading

* Grzegorz Mazur, *Biuro Informacji i Propagandy SZP-ZWZ-AK 1939-1945*, Warsaw, Instytut Wydawniczy PAX, 1987, ISBN 83-211-0892-X.
* Marek Ney-Krwawicz, *Armia Krajowa. Szkic Historyczny*, Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Ars Print Production, 1999, ISBN 83-87224-17-0.


title: Pan-European Corridor II

abstract: The Corridor II is one of the Pan-European corridors. It runs between Berlin in Germany, and Nizhny Novgorod in Russia, passing through Poland and Belarus. The corridor follows the route: Berlin - Poznań - Warsaw - Brest - Minsk - Smolensk - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod. It is partly paralleled by E30. Due to the Schengen Agreement, the border between Germany and Poland can be crossed easily without any passport or immigrations checks. There is border control when crossing the border from the European Union (Poland) into Belarus near Brest, and citizens of most countries need a visa to enter one country or the other, or both. On the Belarus–Russia border, however, there are no immigration checks, because Russia and Belarus are part of the same Union State. Rail traffic along this route is hindered by a break of gauge at the border between Poland and Belarus. Poland uses standard-gauge, while Belarus, Russia, and the former Soviet Union use Russian gauge.

text:
# Pan-European Corridor II

The **Corridor II** is one of the Pan-European corridors. It runs between Berlin in Germany, and Nizhny Novgorod in Russia, passing through Poland and Belarus. The corridor follows the route: Berlin \- Poznań \- Warsaw \- Brest \- Minsk \- Smolensk \- Moscow \- Nizhny Novgorod. It is partly paralleled by  E30.

Due to the Schengen Agreement, the border between Germany and Poland can be crossed easily without any passport or immigrations checks. There is border control when crossing the border from the European Union (Poland) into Belarus near Brest, and citizens of most countries need a visa to enter one country or the other, or both. On the Belarus–Russia border, however, there are no immigration checks, because Russia and Belarus are part of the same Union State.

Rail traffic along this route is hindered by a break of gauge at the border between Poland and Belarus. Poland (along with the rest of Western and Central Europe) uses standard-gauge, while Belarus, Russia, and the former Soviet Union use Russian gauge.

## InfoBox

| Pan-European Corridor II | |
| --- | --- |
| Pan-European Corridor II highlighted in red | |
| Major junctions | |
| Start end | Berlin (Germany) |
| End end | Nizhny Novgorod (Russia) |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Countries | Germany, Poland, Belarus and Russia |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: Grinderswitch

abstract: Grinderswitch was a southern rock band formed near Macon, Georgia in 1973. Formed from a collaboration of musicians through word of mouth and connections to already established bands and musicians, Grinderswitch became a known act during the peak of the southern rock era. They recorded two albums for Capricorn Records in the mid-1970s, but never achieved the widespread recognition enjoyed by some of the label's other artists, such as The Allman Brothers Band and Marshall Tucker Band. In the UK, they are perhaps best known for their recording "Pickin' the Blues", which was used for many years by the disc jockey John Peel as the theme tune for his BBC radio shows.

text:
# Grinderswitch

**Grinderswitch** was a southern rock band formed near Macon, Georgia in 1973. Formed from a collaboration of musicians through word of mouth and connections to already established bands and musicians, Grinderswitch became a known act during the peak of the southern rock era. They recorded two albums for Capricorn Records in the mid-1970s, but never achieved the widespread recognition enjoyed by some of the label's other artists, such as The Allman Brothers Band and Marshall Tucker Band. In the UK, they are perhaps best known for their recording "Pickin' the Blues", which was used for many years by the disc jockey John Peel as the theme tune for his BBC radio shows.

## History

Grinderswitch’s earliest incarnation began in 1972 when Allman Brothers roadie and guitar tech Joe Dan Petty was looking to put a band together. During this time, Dickey Betts was also attempting to form a band due to the uncertain fate of the Allman Brothers Band after the death of Duane Allman. Les Dudek, a guitar player who got word that Dickey Betts was starting a side band from the Allmans, travelled to Macon, Georgia to audition. Dickey’s band was put on hold due to the possibility of a new Allman Brothers album. Dudek was asked by Petty to join his new band but Dudek declined on hopes of being a part the new Allman Brothers album. Dudek suggested past "Blue Truth" bandmates Larry Howard and Rick Burnett to Petty. Les Dudek would go on to contribute to *Brothers and Sisters*. During this time Dru Lombar had also caught wind of Joe Dan Petty forming a band and travelled to Macon to complete the formation of Grinderswitch. The newly formed band went to stay at a farm near Warner Robins, Georgia to rehearse and eventually gain the interest of Paul Hornsby and Phil Walden of Capricorn Records.

Grinderswitch would go on to tour with The Allman Brothers Band, The Marshall Tucker Band, The Charlie Daniels Band, Wet Willie, Bonnie Bramlett, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and The Raspberries (1974) as well as involve many guest musicians on some albums. Grinderswitch was also a participant in the Volunteer Jam. They recorded three albums for Capricorn Records before signing to Rabbitt Records to release what many call their biggest album, *Redwing*.

## Discography

**Studio albums**

* *Honest to Goodness* (1974)
* *Macon Tracks* (1975)
* *Pullin' Together* (1976)
* *Redwing* (1977) US 144
* *Right On Time* (1980)
* *Have Band Will Travel* (1981)
* *Unfinished Business* (1982)
* *Ghost Train From Georgia* (2004)

**Live albums**

* *Live Tracks* (1994)
* *Live At My Father's Place* (2002)

## InfoBox

| Grinderswitch | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Macon, Georgia, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1973–1982, 2004–2005 |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Past members | Dru Lombar
Joe Dan Petty
Larry Howard
Rick Burnett
Stephen Miller
Austin Petit
Chris Anderson
Eddie Stone
Jack Corcaran
Steve Miller
Wally Condon |
|  | |
| Website | grinderswitch.com |


title: Jean-Maurice de Montremy

abstract: Jean-Maurice Montremy is a French journalist, writer and literary critic. He was born in Moyeuvre-Grande in the Moselle region. He is the author of several works, including Rancé, le soleil noir on the life of Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé, the founder of the Trappist Cistercians. This work won the Prix Combourg de l'Académie Chateaubriand in 2007. Montremy has also published novels, including Bilkis (2005) and Miroir et songes (2007). These are part of a cycle of seven novels called Les Îles étrangères of which four have appeared so far. He is a literary critic for the newspapers La Croix and Livre Hebdo.

text:
# Jean-Maurice de Montremy

**Jean-Maurice Montremy** (born 26 July 1952) is a French journalist, writer and literary critic. He was born in Moyeuvre-Grande in the Moselle region. He is the author of several works, including *Rancé, le soleil noir* on the life of Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé, the founder of the Trappist Cistercians. This work won the Prix Combourg de l'Académie Chateaubriand in 2007.

Montremy has also published novels, including *Bilkis* (2005) and *Miroir et songes* (2007). These are part of a cycle of seven novels called *Les Îles étrangères* of which four have appeared so far. He is a literary critic for the newspapers *La Croix* and *Livre Hebdo*.


title: Xtra Ottawa

abstract: Xtra Ottawa was a lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community newspaper published in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It was launched in 1993. Unlike its biweekly sister publications Xtra in Toronto and Xtra Vancouver in Vancouver, Xtra Ottawa started as a monthly, and was later published 17 times a year, with a publication schedule of every three weeks. The Ottawa edition had a circulation of 20,000 copies which reached 36,000 readers. Printed on newsprint in tabloid format from its establishment in 1993, Pink Triangle Press announced on January 14, 2015, that the paper edition would be discontinued and the publication would continue in an exclusively digital media format. Xtra Ottawa also published a gay tourism map, Out in Ottawa, every spring; the Ultimate Pride Guide in mid-July; and the Index gay business directory in December.

text:
# Xtra Ottawa

***Xtra Ottawa*** (formerly *Capital Xtra*) was a lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community newspaper published in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It was launched in 1993. Unlike its biweekly sister publications *Xtra* in Toronto and *Xtra Vancouver* in Vancouver, *Xtra Ottawa* started as a monthly, and was later published 17 times a year, with a publication schedule of every three weeks. The Ottawa edition had a circulation of 20,000 copies which reached 36,000 readers.

Printed on newsprint in tabloid format from its establishment in 1993, Pink Triangle Press announced on January 14, 2015, that the paper edition would be discontinued and the publication would continue in an exclusively digital media format.

*Xtra Ottawa* also published a gay tourism map, *Out in Ottawa*, every spring; the *Ultimate Pride Guide* in mid-July; and the *Index* gay business directory in December.

## History

*Xtra Ottawa* was launched by Pink Triangle Press as *Capital Xtra* in 1993, shortly after the organization learned that Ottawa's existing LGBT publication, *GO Info*, had largely collapsed and was publishing irregularly with only a skeleton staff. Brandon Matheson, then a freelance journalist working in the Parliament Hill Press Gallery, was chosen to launch the project in conjunction with George Hartsgrove, then an administrator at the University of Ottawa. *GO Info* briefly tried to beef up its content in the face of its new competition, but folded in early 1994.

In 2007, Ottawa City Council attempted to pass restrictions on the paper's distribution in public facilities after a complaint was filed by Greg Evans.

In March 2010, *Capital Xtra* was renamed *Xtra Ottawa* with the launch of a redesign of the Xtra papers in the Toronto, Ottawa and Vancouver markets.

The paper's final print edition was published on February 12, 2015.

## Contributors

Early contributors to the magazine included Irshad Manji, Alex Munter, David Pepper, Andrew Griffin and Don McLean. Other contributors have included Glenn Crawford, Suki Lee, Blaine Marchand, Ariel Troster and Bradley Turcotte. Photographic contributors have included Pat Croteau, Eric Faure, Phillip Hannan, Shawn Scallen and Ben Welland.

## Community involvement

*Xtra Ottawa* put on a series of events every year for the Ottawa queer community: the LGX business & consumer expo each spring, the Transgress Festival as part of the Ottawa International Writer's Festival each October, and the *Capital Xtra!* Community Achievement Awards ceremony to acknowledge local volunteers and activists.

## InfoBox

Xtra Ottawa
| Format | Tabloid |
| --- | --- |
| Owner(s) | Pink Triangle Press |
| Publisher | Brandon Matheson |
| Editor | Matthew DiMera |
| Founded | September 1993 |
| Language | English |
| Ceased publication | February 12, 2015 (print) |
| ISSN | 1195-6127 |
| OCLC number | 259372779 |
| Website | Xtra Ottawa |


title: Pseudugia

abstract: Pseudugia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Pseudugia bistriata, is found in Guinea. Both the genus and species were first described by David Stephen Fletcher and Pierre Viette in 1955.

text:
# Pseudugia

***Pseudugia*** is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, ***Pseudugia bistriata***, is found in Guinea. Both the genus and species were first described by David Stephen Fletcher and Pierre Viette in 1955.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudugia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Calpinae |
| Genus: | ***Pseudugia***
D. S. Fletcher & Viette, 1955 |
| Species: | ***P. bistriata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudugia bistriata***
D. S. Fletcher & Viette, 1955 | |
|


title: Mayazomus

abstract: Mayazomus is a genus of hubbardiid short-tailed whipscorpions, first described by Reddell & Cokendolpher in 1995.

text:
# Mayazomus

***Mayazomus*** is a genus of hubbardiid short-tailed whipscorpions, first described by Reddell & Cokendolpher in 1995.

## Species

As of June 2022, the World Schizomida Catalog accepts the following seven species:

## InfoBox

| *Mayazomus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Schizomida |
| Family: | Hubbardiidae |
| Genus: | *Mayazomus*
Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Mayazomus infernalis*
(Rowland, 1975) | |
| Species | |
| 7, see text | |


title: Md. Ziaul Haque

abstract: Ziaul Haque is a Bangladeshi social worker. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2024 by the government of Bangladesh for his contribution to social service.

text:
# Md. Ziaul Haque

**Ziaul Haque** (born 6 June 1934) is a Bangladeshi social worker. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2024 by the government of Bangladesh for his contribution to social service.

## Early life

Ziaul Haque was born on 6 June 1934 to Taiyab Ali Mollah, a local dairyman and Sharikun Nessa. Haque married his cousin, Saraban Tohura, in 1958. Together they had two daughters. After the death of Tohura, he married Farida Haque in 2004. He had another son, Mohabbat Haque, with her. Haque lives in Mushribhuja village in Bholahat Upazila, Chapai Nawabganj District.

Haque found a library in his home, "Ziaul Haque General Library", with 14,000 books.

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Md. Ziaul Haque | |
| --- | --- |
| জিয়াউল হক | |
| Born | (1934-06-06) 6 June 1934<br>Chapai Nawabganj, Bengal Presidency, British India |
| Nationality | Bangladeshi |


title: Miss Helyett (1928 film)

abstract: Miss Helyett is a 1928 French silent comedy film directed by Maurice Kéroul and Georges Monca and starring Marie Glory, Fernand Fabre and Pierre Hot. It is based on the operetta of the same name by Maxime Boucheron and Edmond Audran. The film's sets were designed by the art director Robert Dumesnil.

text:
# Miss Helyett (1928 film)

***Miss Helyett*** is a 1928 French silent comedy film directed by Maurice Kéroul and Georges Monca and starring Marie Glory, Fernand Fabre and Pierre Hot. It is based on the operetta of the same name by Maxime Boucheron and Edmond Audran. The film's sets were designed by the art director Robert Dumesnil.

## Cast

1. Rège p.298
2. Goble p.49

## Bibliography

* Goble, Alan. *The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film*. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.
* Rège, Philippe. *Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1*. Scarecrow Press, 2009.

## InfoBox

| Miss Helyett | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Maurice Kéroul
Georges Monca |
| Based on | *Miss Helyett* by Maxime Boucheron |
| Starring | Marie Glory
Fernand Fabre
Pierre Hot |
| Cinematography | Enzo Riccioni |
| Production
companies | Grandes Productions Cinématographiques
Phocea Film |
| Distributed by | Inter-Films |
| Release date | * 11 May 1928 (1928-05-11) |
| Country | France |
| Languages | Silent
French intertitles |


title: Onslow Gilmore House

abstract: The Onslow Gilmore House is a historic house at 477 Main Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Built about 1875, it is one of the few surviving Italianate houses of many that once lined Main Street south of Central Square. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It now houses professional offices.

text:
# Onslow Gilmore House

The **Onslow Gilmore House** is a historic house at 477 Main Street in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Built about 1875, it is one of the few surviving Italianate houses of many that once lined Main Street south of Central Square. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It now houses professional offices.

## Description and history

The Onslow Gilmore House stands on the west side of Main Street (Massachusetts Route 28), between Linden and Gerry Street. Just to its south stands the nearly identical Clara Buswell House. It is a 2+12-story wood-frame structure, with an L-shaped floorplan that includes a porch in the crook of the L. Although the house has been resided, it has retained some of its Italianate detailing on the porch and front bay window. The porch is supported by bracket square posts, with valance-like woodwork between them, and the front-facing polygonal bay window has a cornice decorated with paired brackets. Narrow round-arch windows, also a typical Italianate feature, are found in the gables, and the building retains its slate roof. The house lot also retains original stone curbing and posts at the sidewalk edges on both Main and Linden Streets.

The house was built by Onslow Gilmore, a local businessman involved in real estate, insurance, and banking. Houses similar to these were built in large numbers on Main Street after the American Civil War; this house and the Buswell House two are among the few that survive.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Onslow Gilmore House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 477 Main St., Stoneham, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°28′32″N 71°6′8″W / 42.47556°N 71.10222°W / 42.47556; -71.10222 |
| Built | 1875 (1875) |
| Architectural style | Italianate, High Victorian Italianate |
| MPS | Stoneham MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 84002625 |
| Added to NRHP | April 13, 1984 |


title: Farmleigh

abstract: Farmleigh is the official Irish state guest house. It was formerly one of the Dublin residences of the Guinness family. It is situated on an elevated position above the River Liffey to the northwest of the Phoenix Park, in Castleknock. The estate of 78 acres (32 ha) consists of extensive private gardens with stands of mature cypress, pine and oak trees, a boating pond, walled garden, sunken garden, out offices and a herd of rare native Kerry cattle. It was purchased by the Government of Ireland from Edward Guinness, 4th Earl of Iveagh in 1999 for €29.2 million. A state body—the Office of Public Works (OPW)—spent in the region of €23 million restoring the house, gardens and curvilinear glasshouses, bringing the total cost to the state to €52.2 million. Farmleigh was opened to the public in July 2001.

text:
# Farmleigh

**Farmleigh** is the official Irish state guest house. It was formerly one of the Dublin residences of the Guinness family. It is situated on an elevated position above the River Liffey to the northwest of the Phoenix Park, in Castleknock. The estate of 78 acres (32 ha) consists of extensive private gardens with stands of mature cypress, pine and oak trees, a boating pond, walled garden, sunken garden, out offices and a herd of rare native Kerry cattle. It was purchased by the Government of Ireland from Edward Guinness, 4th Earl of Iveagh in 1999 for €29.2 million. A state body—the Office of Public Works (OPW)—spent in the region of €23 million restoring the house, gardens and curvilinear glasshouses, bringing the total cost to the state to €52.2 million. Farmleigh was opened to the public in July 2001.

## History

Farmleigh was once a small (two-storey) Georgian house built in the mid-18th century. It originally belonged to the Coote and then Trench families. Farmleigh Bridge was added to the estate in the 1870s to carry electricity lines from the mill race turbine on the Strawberry Beds to the house.

In 1873, the house and estate were purchased by Edward Guinness (1847–1927) when he married his cousin Adelaide Guinness. He was a great-grandson of Arthur Guinness and was created Baron Iveagh in 1891, Viscount Iveagh in 1905 and Earl of Iveagh in 1919.

Guinness commissioned a major renovation and extension programme to extend the house to the west and add a third floor. These works took place between 1881 and 1884 and were completed to designs by Irish architect James Franklin Fuller. A ballroom was added in 1896, designed by the Scottish architect William Young. The conservatory was added in 1901.

As many of the house's features were commissioned by Lord Iveagh, visitors gain some insight into his character from the landscaped gardens, classical architecture, and sober symmetrical layout. There are also tapestries on display, which the 1st Earl collected while travelling through Europe as a young man. The Earl's library, on loan to the state, contains some of the earliest books printed in Ireland. Farmleigh eventually passed to Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh, and remained in the ownership of the Guinness family throughout the rest of the 20th century.

## Current use

The estate was purchased from the 4th Earl of Iveagh by the State in 1999. The official purpose for the €29.2 million purchase, and subsequent expenditure of €23 million in refurbishment, was that it would be used for state purposes. Specifically, it is designated as "*an official State guest house for visiting heads of State and dignitaries.* Some notable visitors have been hosted at Farmleigh including the Premier of China, the Prime Minister of Ethiopia, the King of Malaysia, British Prime Minister Tony Blair, the Governor-General of New Zealand, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, and U.S. President Joe Biden. However, the estate only hosted seven visiting dignitaries in 2006 (the most in one year), six in 2008, and only two the following year. Also in 2009, 246,000 members of the public visited the estate.

In 2006 it was announced by the Office of Public Works (OPW) that the Steward's Lodge which is located in the grounds of Farmleigh had been renovated. It was speculated at the time that the lodge was to become an official residence of the Taoiseach. Former Taoiseach Brian Cowen used the lodge for this purpose on occasion, staying at the lodge while in Dublin. His successor, Enda Kenny, has also stayed on occasion at the Steward's Lodge.

Today Farmleigh is operated by the OPW and the estate and gardens are largely open to the public, with the house closed except for organised tours. Seasonal events, such as craft and food markets, are held on the grounds. The estate has also been used as the venue for the RTÉ proms, a public concert series that took place each summer in a large marquee erected on the grounds.

## InfoBox

| Farmleigh | |
| --- | --- |
| Façade | |
| Location within Dublin | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Edwardian |
| Location | Castleknock, Dublin, Ireland |
| Coordinates | 53°21′54″N 6°21′36″W / 53.365°N 6.36°W / 53.365; -6.36 |
| Current tenants | Used when Heads of Government and Heads of State visit Ireland. |
| Construction started | 18th century (with significant reconstruction from 1881) |
| Renovated | 18811884, 1896, 1901, 19992001 |
| Renovation cost | €23 million (for 1999 works) |
| Owner | Government of Ireland |
| Website | |
| www.farmleigh.ie | |


title: Griogair Labhruidh

abstract: Griogair Labhruidh is a Scottish Gaelic singer/songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and recording artist from Gartocharn with strong roots in the Gaelic tradition of Ballachulish in the Scottish Highlands. After many years recording the Gaelic traditions of his local area, Gaelic became his dominant language and he is one of the few musicians who can speak and perform in a mainland Gaelic dialect, rather than the standard Hebridean Gaelic. Well-versed in the ceòl mòr piping tradition of his native district, Labhruidh is a member of the Afro-Celt Sound System and has also produced Gaelic music in non-traditional genres, such as hip-hop. In 2014, Labhruidh, who sings in a sean-nós style, became the main vocalist for the Gaelic supergroup Dàimh. He was Gaelic Singer of the Year at the MG Alba Trad Music Awards of 2015. He contributed a chapter to the book Dhá Leagan Déag: Léargais Nua ar an Sean-Nós. Labhruidh was a Ph.D. candidate at the National University of Ireland; his dissertation "challenges the influences of cultural colonisation upon the Gaelic singing tradition of Scotland". In addition, he runs a croft in the Ballachulish area of the Scottish Highlands.

text:
# Griogair Labhruidh

**Griogair Labhruidh** (born 24 October 1982) is a Scottish Gaelic singer/songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and recording artist from Gartocharn with strong roots in the Gaelic tradition of Ballachulish in the Scottish Highlands. After many years recording the Gaelic traditions of his local area, Gaelic became his dominant language and he is one of the few musicians who can speak and perform in a mainland Gaelic dialect, rather than the standard Hebridean Gaelic. Well-versed in the ceòl mòr piping tradition of his native district, Labhruidh is a member of the Afro-Celt Sound System and has also produced Gaelic music in non-traditional genres, such as hip-hop. In 2014, Labhruidh, who sings in a sean-nós style, became the main vocalist for the Gaelic supergroup Dàimh. He was Gaelic Singer of the Year at the MG Alba Trad Music Awards of 2015. He contributed a chapter to the book *Dhá Leagan Déag: Léargais Nua ar an Sean-Nós*.

Labhruidh was a Ph.D. candidate at the National University of Ireland; his dissertation "challenges the influences of cultural colonisation upon the Gaelic singing tradition of Scotland". In addition, he runs a croft in the Ballachulish area of the Scottish Highlands.


title: Jean-Loup Longnon

abstract: Jean-Loup Longnon is a French jazz trumpeter, composer, and arranger. He is the nephew of Guy Longnon. Longnon comes from a family of writers and musicians and first studied piano and cello, but at the age of 15 he turned to jazz, where he learned to play by listening to recordings of musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie. Early in his career he played with groups such as the Jazzerinos and the Dixie Cats, and soon after with Milt Buckner, Chris Woods, Rhoda Scott, and Jef Gilson. He led a big band and played for years with his own small groups, and has worked with Roger Guerin, Eric Le Lann, Michel Legrand, Daniel Huck, Kenny Clarke, Martial Solal, Stéphane Grappelli, Michel Petrucciani, Eddy Louiss, Dizzy Gillespie, Wynton Marsalis, Randy Brecker, Clark Terry, and Stan Getz. In 1999 he released the live recording Bop Dreamer, recorded at the jazz festival in Marciac. Cyclades was inspired by the Greek islands and involved more than 90 musicians. With the pianist Louis Mazetier, he recorded the album Just Friends, which explored bebop and stride piano. As a composer, he is influenced by classical composers such as Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, Henri Dutilleux, Igor Stravinsky, Francis Poulenc, and Darius Milhaud, as well as Brazilian music. Longnon won the Prix Django Reinhardt of the French Académie du Jazz in 1991 and in 1995 the Django d'Or as the best French jazz musician.

text:
# Jean-Loup Longnon

**Jean-Loup Longnon** (born February 2, 1953, Paris) is a French jazz trumpeter, composer, and arranger. He is the nephew of Guy Longnon.

Longnon comes from a family of writers and musicians and first studied piano and cello, but at the age of 15 he turned to jazz, where he learned to play by listening to recordings of musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie. Early in his career he played with groups such as the Jazzerinos and the Dixie Cats, and soon after with Milt Buckner, Chris Woods, Rhoda Scott, and Jef Gilson. He led a big band and played for years with his own small groups, and has worked with Roger Guerin, Eric Le Lann, Michel Legrand, Daniel Huck, Kenny Clarke, Martial Solal, Stéphane Grappelli, Michel Petrucciani, Eddy Louiss, Dizzy Gillespie, Wynton Marsalis, Randy Brecker, Clark Terry, and Stan Getz. In 1999 he released the live recording *Bop Dreamer*, recorded at the jazz festival in Marciac (Pygmalion Records, with his septet, with two trumpets and two tenor saxophones). *Cyclades* (JMS / Sony, 1992) was inspired by the Greek islands and involved more than 90 musicians. With the pianist Louis Mazetier, he recorded the album *Just Friends*, which explored bebop and stride piano.

As a composer, he is influenced by classical composers such as Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, Henri Dutilleux, Igor Stravinsky, Francis Poulenc, and Darius Milhaud, as well as Brazilian music.

Longnon won the Prix Django Reinhardt of the French Académie du Jazz (as well as their Boris Vian Prize) in 1991 and in 1995 the Django d'Or as the best French jazz musician.

## Discography

**With Benny Golson**


title: Xylocopa bombylans

abstract: Xylocopa bombylans, the peacock carpenter bee, is a species of carpenter bee found in Australia. It gets its common name by its habit of burrowing into wood. It was originally described by Danish naturalist Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. Its specific epithet is the Latin bombylans "like a bumblebee". The name is derived from the Ancient Greek "wood-cutter". As its name implies, the peacock carpenter bee is a metallic blue-green or green in colour, although it may even appear purplish from some angles. A large stocky bee, it is often heard by its loud low-pitched buzzing while flying between flowers. The male has white face markings. The bee does have a sting which is potentially painful, although no stings have been recorded. The natural distribution is from the Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland south along the eastern seaboard to the Sydney region. They can be seen from spring to autumn, commonly feeding at pea flowers of the family Fabaceae, such as Gompholobium species, including Gompholobium latifolium in spring, and Pultenaea elliptica in autumn. It is a pollinator of Melastoma affine. Other flowers visited include those of Banksia, Xanthorrhoea, Hardenbergia violacea, Tristania, Leptospermum, Aotus, Cassia and Leucopogon. The Peacock carpenter bee nests by hollowing out stalks of grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea), or soft wood such as Banksia, Casuarina, Melaleuca and Leptospermum. The female excavates a tunnel with her jaws and picks up and dumps the wood shavings outside. The hollow can reach 30 centimetres (12 in) long by 11–14 millimetres (0.43–0.55 in) in diameter. Larger pieces of wood may allow for multiple tunnels. Several female bees may use a nest, one breeding and the others guarding. A bee defends the 7–10-millimetre (0.3–0.4 in) wide entrance by blocking it with its abdomen. Both male and female bees may overwinter within the tunnels. The tunnels are partitioned into several cells, where the mother bee lays an egg in each accompanied by provisions of nectar and pollen.

text:
# Xylocopa bombylans

***Xylocopa bombylans***, the **peacock carpenter bee**, is a species of carpenter bee found in Australia. It gets its common name by its habit of burrowing into wood.

It was originally described by Danish naturalist Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. Its specific epithet is the Latin **bombylans** "like a bumblebee". The name is derived from the Ancient Greek (*ξυλοκὀπος* / *ksu-lo-KO-pos*) "wood-cutter".

As its name implies, the peacock carpenter bee is a metallic blue-green or green in colour, although it may even appear purplish from some angles. A large stocky bee, it is often heard by its loud low-pitched buzzing while flying between flowers. The male has white face markings. The bee does have a sting which is potentially painful, although no stings have been recorded.

The natural distribution is from the Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland south along the eastern seaboard to the Sydney region (where it overlaps with *X. aerata*). They can be seen from spring to autumn, commonly feeding at pea flowers of the family Fabaceae, such as *Gompholobium* species, including *Gompholobium latifolium* in spring, and *Pultenaea elliptica* in autumn. It is a pollinator of *Melastoma affine*. Other flowers visited include those of *Banksia*, *Xanthorrhoea*, *Hardenbergia violacea*, *Tristania*, *Leptospermum*, *Aotus*, *Cassia* and *Leucopogon*.

The Peacock carpenter bee nests by hollowing out stalks of grasstrees (*Xanthorrhoea*), or soft wood such as *Banksia*, *Casuarina*, *Melaleuca* and *Leptospermum*. The female excavates a tunnel with her jaws and picks up and dumps the wood shavings outside. The hollow can reach 30 centimetres (12 in) long by 11–14 millimetres (0.43–0.55 in) in diameter. Larger pieces of wood may allow for multiple tunnels. Several female bees may use a nest, one breeding and the others guarding. A bee defends the 7–10-millimetre (0.3–0.4 in) wide entrance by blocking it with its abdomen (compare *Allodapula*). Both male and female bees may overwinter within the tunnels. The tunnels are partitioned into several cells, where the mother bee lays an egg in each accompanied by provisions of nectar and pollen.

## InfoBox

| Peacock carpenter bee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Apidae |
| Genus: | *Xylocopa* |
| Species: | ***X. bombylans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylocopa bombylans***<br>(Fabricius, 1775) | |
|


title: Pterelaus (son of Lelex)

abstract: In Greek mythology, Pterelaus was the son of Lelex, the pre-Hellenic king of Megara whose descendants spread across Greece and beyond. Thus, he was the possible brother of Bias and Cleson.

text:
# Pterelaus (son of Lelex)

In Greek mythology, **Pterelaus** (/ˌtɛrəˈləs/; Ancient Greek: Πτερέλαος) was the son of Lelex, the pre-Hellenic king of Megara whose descendants (the Leleges) spread across Greece and beyond. Thus, he was the possible brother of Bias and Cleson.

## Mythology

Pterelaus ruled the land by the River Achelous, in the region later called Acarnania. Pterelaus had numerous sons who settled the territory in the vicinity of the Achelous, including the nearby islands of the Ionian Sea. His sons Ithacus, Neritus, and Polyctor colonized the island of Ithaca (which took the name of one of his sons) and, in addition to Ithaca itself, founded the places on Ithaca named Neritum and Polyctorium. Taphius and Teleboas were also numbered among Pterelaus's sons, and founded the Taphian and Teleboan tribes.

1. Eustathius on Homer, p. 1473; Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, *Argonautica* 1.747
2. Apollodorus, 3.15.5
3. Pausanias, *Graeciae Descriptio* 1.39.6
4. Strabo, *Geographica* 7. p. 322 & 10. p. 459.
* Apollodorus, *The Library* with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
* Pausanias, *Description of Greece* with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
* Pausanias, *Graeciae Descriptio.* *3 vols*. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Strabo, *The Geography of Strabo.* Edition by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Strabo, *Geographica* edited by A. Meineke. Leipzig: Teubner. 1877. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.


title: Maybe He'll Know

abstract: "Maybe He'll Know" is a song by American singer Cyndi Lauper from her 1986 album, True Colors. It served as the fifth and final single of the album, released only in Europe in 1987. It is a remake of a song that Lauper recorded with her former band, Blue Angel. The two versions are slightly different lyrically in a few lines. Billy Joel joins Lauper in 'doo wop' style back-up vocal duties. The Blue Angel version of the song appears in the 1999 film 200 Cigarettes after a quarter when Kate Hudson's character is in the restaurant's restroom composing herself. A remix of "Maybe He'll Know"—presumably created with the intention of single release in the U.S.—surfaced as the B-side to Lauper's "I Drove All Night".

text:
# Maybe He'll Know

"**Maybe He'll Know**" is a song by American singer Cyndi Lauper from her 1986 album, *True Colors*. It served as the fifth and final single of the album, released only in Europe in 1987. It is a remake of a song that Lauper recorded with her former band, Blue Angel. The two versions are slightly different lyrically in a few lines. Billy Joel joins Lauper in 'doo wop' style back-up vocal duties.

The Blue Angel version of the song appears in the 1999 film *200 Cigarettes* after a quarter when Kate Hudson's character is in the restaurant's restroom composing herself. A remix of "Maybe He'll Know"presumably created with the intention of single release in the U.S.surfaced as the B-side to Lauper's "I Drove All Night".

## Track listing

**7"**

* A. "Maybe He'll Know" (Remix) – 3:44
* B. "Time After Time" – 3:59

**12"**

* A. "Maybe He'll Know" (Album Version) - 4:24
* B1. "One Track Mind" - 3:39
* B2. "Calm Inside The Storm" - 3:54

## InfoBox

| "Maybe He'll Know" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Cyndi Lauper | |
| from the album  *True Colors* | |
| B-side | "Time After Time" |
| Released | May 12, 1987 |
| Recorded | 1986 |
| Genre | Doo-wop |
| Length | 4:25 |
| Label | Epic |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Cyndi Lauper * Lennie Petze |
| Cyndi Lauper singles chronology | |
| "Boy Blue"
(1987) "**Maybe He'll Know**"
(1987) "Hole in My Heart (All the Way to China)"
(1988) | |


title: Reece, Kansas

abstract: Reece is an unincorporated community in Greenwood County, Kansas, United States. It is located approximately 7.5 miles west of the city of Eureka.

text:
# Reece, Kansas

**Reece** is an unincorporated community in Greenwood County, Kansas, United States. It is located approximately 7.5 miles west of the city of Eureka.

## History

A post office was opened in Reece in 1870, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1975. The post office in town was called Collins until 1883.

## Education

The community is served by Eureka USD 389 public school district.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Reece, Kansas | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| KDOT map of Greenwood County (legend) | |
| ReeceReece | |
| Coordinates: 37°47′56″N 96°26′47″W / 37.79889°N 96.44639°W / 37.79889; -96.44639 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kansas |
| County | Greenwood |
| Elevation | 1,227 ft (374 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 620 |
| FIPS code | 20-58800 |
| GNIS ID | 474630 |


title: Md5sum

abstract: md5sum is a computer program that calculates and verifies 128-bit MD5 hashes, as described in RFC 1321. The MD5 hash functions as a compact digital fingerprint of a file. As with all such hashing algorithms, there is theoretically an unlimited number of files that will have any given MD5 hash. However, it is very unlikely that any two non-identical files in the real world will have the same MD5 hash, unless they have been specifically created to have the same hash. The underlying MD5 algorithm is no longer deemed secure. Thus, while md5sum is well-suited for identifying known files in situations that are not security related, it should not be relied on if there is a chance that files have been purposefully and maliciously tampered. In the latter case, the use of a newer hashing tool such as sha256sum is recommended. md5sum is used to verify the integrity of files, as virtually any change to a file will cause its MD5 hash to change. Most commonly, md5sum is used to verify that a file has not changed as a result of a faulty file transfer, a disk error or non-malicious meddling. The md5sum program is included in most Unix-like operating systems or compatibility layers such as Cygwin. The original C code was written by Ulrich Drepper and extracted from a 2001 release of glibc.

text:
# Md5sum

**md5sum** is a computer program that calculates and verifies 128-bit MD5 hashes, as described in RFC 1321. The MD5 hash functions as a compact digital fingerprint of a file. As with all such hashing algorithms, there is theoretically an unlimited number of files that will have any given MD5 hash. However, it is very unlikely that any two non-identical files in the real world will have the same MD5 hash, unless they have been specifically created to have the same hash.

The underlying MD5 algorithm is no longer deemed secure. Thus, while md5sum is well-suited for identifying known files in situations that are not security related, it should not be relied on if there is a chance that files have been purposefully and maliciously tampered. In the latter case, the use of a newer hashing tool such as sha256sum is recommended.

md5sum is used to verify the integrity of files, as virtually any change to a file will cause its MD5 hash to change. Most commonly, md5sum is used to verify that a file has not changed as a result of a faulty file transfer, a disk error or non-malicious meddling. The md5sum program is included in most Unix-like operating systems or compatibility layers such as Cygwin.

The original C code was written by Ulrich Drepper and extracted from a 2001 release of glibc.

## Examples

All of the following files are assumed to be in the current directory.

### Create MD5 hash file hash.md5

```
$ md5sum filetohashA.txt filetohashB.txt filetohashC.txt > hash.md5

```

#### File produced

File contains hash and filename pairs:

```
$ cat hash.md5
595f44fec1e92a71d3e9e77456ba80d1  filetohashA.txt
71f920fa275127a7b60fa4d4d41432a3  filetohashB.txt
43c191bf6d6c3f263a8cd0efd4a058ab  filetohashC.txt

```

Please note:

* There must be two spaces or a space and an asterisk between each md5sum value and filename to be compared (the second space indicates text mode, the asterisk binary mode). Otherwise, the following error will result: `no properly formatted MD5 checksum lines found`. Many programs don't distinguish between the two modes, but some utils do.
* The file must be also be UNIX line ending formatted, otherwise this will be seen: `md5sum: WARNING: x listed files could not be read`. dos2unix will convert it quickly if it is DOS/Windows formatted.

### Check MD5

```
$ md5sum -c hash.md5
filetohashA.txt: OK
filetohashB.txt: OK
filetohashC.txt: OK

```

### Check single MD5

```
$ echo 'D43F2404CA13E22594E5C8B04D3BBB81  filetohashA.txt' | md5sum -c
filetohashA.txt: OK

```

## On non-GNU systems

`md5sum` is specific to systems that use GNU coreutils or a clone such as BusyBox. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD the utilities are called md5, sha1, sha256, and sha512. These versions offer slightly different options and features. Additionally, FreeBSD offers the "SKEIN" family of message digests.

## InfoBox

md5sum
| Original author(s) | Ulrich Drepper, Scott Miller, David Madore |
| --- | --- |
| Operating system | Unix and Unix-like |
| Platform | Cross-platform |
| Type | Command |
| License | coreutils: GNU GPL v3 |


title: Misraħ Għar il-Kbir

abstract: Misrah Ghar il-Kbir is a prehistoric site in Siġġiewi, in the south of the Island of Malta, near the Dingli Cliffs. It is best known for its "cart ruts", a complex network of tracks carved in the rock. The age and purpose of the tracks is uncertain with estimates of their origins ranging from the Neolithic to Medieval times and all points in-between. Several researchers have suggested they may have been used in different periods perhaps even for different activities. It appears the ruts could only have been made no later than c.700BC with several examples pointing to a Temple Period date c. 3800-2500BC. It is reported that the "Clapham Junction" nickname was given by archaeologist David H. Trump, who reported that it reminded him of the busy railway station Clapham Junction in London.

text:
# Misraħ Għar il-Kbir

**Misrah Ghar il-Kbir** (informally known as **Clapham Junction**) is a prehistoric site in Siġġiewi, in the south of the Island of Malta, near the Dingli Cliffs. It is best known for its "**cart ruts**", a complex network of tracks carved in the rock. The age and purpose of the tracks is uncertain with estimates of their origins ranging from the Neolithic to Medieval times and all points in-between. Several researchers have suggested they may have been used in different periods perhaps even for different activities. It appears the ruts could only have been made no later than c.700BC with several examples pointing to a Temple Period date c. 3800-2500BC.

It is reported that the "Clapham Junction" nickname was given by archaeologist David H. Trump, who reported that it reminded him of the busy railway station Clapham Junction in London.

## Origin of the tracks

Similar tracks (known and signposted in Malta as 'Cart Ruts') can be found in a number of sites on both the major islands. Busewdien in St Paul's Bay, Naxxar, San Ġwann and Bidnija are good examples on the main Island. Gozo's best are on the Ta’ Ċenċ plateau, Sannat.

Those at Misraћ Gћar il-Kbir are up to 60 centimetres (24 in) deep and have an average distance between them of 110 to 140 cm (43 to 55 in). Some cross while others form junctions, creating the illusion of a great rail yard.

In some places in Malta, such as at St. George's Bay on Birżebbuġa, the tracks run into the sea and continue underwater, leading to some media speculation by pseudo-scientists that they were made during the last Ice Age, when the sea level was lower. (The earliest other evidence known of human habitation on Malta is from about 5900 BC).

Research published in 2008 describes them as caused by wooden-wheeled carts eroding soft limestone. An analysis was made of the stresses that would have been caused by a cart which would fit the ruts. Professor Mottershead of Portsmouth University said "The underlying rock in Malta is weak and when it’s wet it loses about 80 percent of its strength. The carts would have first made tracks in the soil but when that eroded, the cartwheels ran directly on the bedrock, making it easier for other carts to follow the same tracks."

1. Groucutt, Huw S. (2022). "The morphological variability of Maltese 'cart ruts' and its implications". *Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports*. **41**: 103287. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103287.
2. um.edu.mt
3. "700 years added to Malta's history". *Times of Malta*. 16 March 2018. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018.
4. "Ancient mystery solved by geographers". University of Portsmouth. 20 Apr 2009. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
5. Mottershead, Derek; Alastair Pearson & Martin Schaefer "The cart ruts of Malta: an applied geomorphology approach" (Abstract + References) *Antiquity* Vol 82:318, 2008 pp 1065-1079

35°51′07″N 14°23′48″E / 35.8519°N 14.3967°E / 35.8519; 14.3967