title: Origins: The Journey of Humankind

abstract: Origins: The Journey of Humankind is an American documentary television series that premiered on the National Geographic channel on March 6, 2017. Hosted by Jason Silva, with narration from Mark Monroe, the series uses re-enactments to showcase major inventions and events in the history of human evolution that have been responsible for our modernization. In the eight-part series, each episode is themed on one aspect of human civilization: fire, medicine, money, communication, war, shelter, exploration, and transportation. Jason Silva has mentioned the works of Marshall McLuhan to be instrumental in conceptualizing the show. Andrew Byrd, an academic expert in linguistics, assisted with the ancient languages spoken during the dramatization.

text:
# Origins: The Journey of Humankind

***Origins: The Journey of Humankind*** is an American documentary television series that premiered on the National Geographic channel on March 6, 2017. Hosted by Jason Silva, with narration from Mark Monroe, the series uses re-enactments to showcase major inventions and events in the history of human evolution that have been responsible for our modernization. In the eight-part series, each episode is themed on one aspect of human civilization: fire, medicine, money, communication, war, shelter, exploration, and transportation. Jason Silva has mentioned the works of Marshall McLuhan to be instrumental in conceptualizing the show. Andrew Byrd, an academic expert in linguistics, assisted with the ancient languages spoken during the dramatization.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Original air date | U.S. viewers
(in millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Spark of Civilization" | March 6, 2017 (2017-03-06) | N/A |
| The ability to harness fire and control it gave humans the power to create, transform, and destroy. Firepower has converted us from living as early nomadic tribes to a species with the ability to undertake space voyages. | | | | |
| 2 | "Cheating Death" | March 13, 2017 (2017-03-13) | N/A |
| Throughout evolution, the human species has been battling diseases. Causes were initially unknown, but in the process of finding cures, we discovered microscopic biological organisms that acted as causal agents. Medical science has helped humans make huge progress in fighting modern-day plagues. | | | | |
| 3 | "Power of Money" | March 20, 2017 (2017-03-20) | N/A |
| Expansion of societies led to the proliferation of trade routes. As commerce flourished, the barter system prevalent in inter-societal trades gave way to the currency system, which in turn led to the modern-day global economy. | | | | |
| 4 | "The Writing on the Wall" | March 27, 2017 (2017-03-27) | N/A |
| Interaction within a species is indispensable to their survival. Communication between humans began with sign languages, cave paintings, and hieroglyphs. With time, this led to the development of complex languages with expressive forms that connected people to civilizations from other parts of the globe. | | | | |
| 5 | "Progress of War" | April 10, 2017 (2017-04-10) | N/A |
| The human species has developed in many ways and warfare is no exception. From the need of early humans to protect themselves from hostile conditions in the wilderness, to battles fought between humans themselves, war has been a catalyst for many inventions. | | | | |
| 6 | "Building the Future" | April 17, 2017 (2017-04-17) | N/A |
| The journey from being nomadic hunter-gatherers to building modern-day skyscrapers has been a great human achievement. Our homes are not just a dwelling place; they represent our perpetual desire for a more complex world. | | | | |
| 7 | "Into the Unknown" | April 24, 2017 (2017-04-24) | N/A |
| The human desire for exploration has led us to the depths of the sea and all the way to the moon. Our curiosity of the unknown has been the driving force behind new inventions. | | | | |
| 8 | "The Road Ahead" | May 1, 2017 (2017-05-01) | N/A |
| Human travel led to the exchange of ideas, which in turn resulted in innovations, facilitating new modes of transport. Animals used in early civilizations have been replaced by engines and vehicles that transport us over great distances within short periods of time. | | | | |

## InfoBox

| *Origins: The Journey of Humankind* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Historical nonfiction |
| Created by | John D. Boswell |
| Presented by | Jason Silva |
| Narrated by | Mark Monroe |
| Theme music composer | John Boswell |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of episodes | 8 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Production company | Asylum Entertainment |
| Original release | |
| Network | National Geographic |
| Release | March 6 (2017-03-06)
May 1, 2017 (2017-05-01) |


title: Working directory

abstract: In computing, the working directory of a process is a directory of a hierarchical file system, if any, dynamically associated with the process. It is sometimes called the current working directory (CWD), e.g. the BSD getcwd function, or just current directory. When a process refers to a file using a simple file name or relative path, the reference is interpreted relative to the working directory of the process. So for example a process with working directory /rabbit-shoes that asks to create the file foo.txt will end up creating the file /rabbit-shoes/foo.txt.

text:
# Working directory

In computing, the **working directory** of a process is a directory of a hierarchical file system, if any, dynamically associated with the process. It is sometimes called the **current working directory (CWD)**, e.g. the BSD `getcwd` function, or just **current directory**. When a process refers to a file using a simple file name or relative path (as opposed to a file designated by a full path from a root directory), the reference is interpreted relative to the working directory of the process. So for example a process with working directory `/rabbit-shoes` that asks to create the file `foo.txt` will end up creating the file `/rabbit-shoes/foo.txt`.

## In operating systems

In most computer file systems, every directory has an entry (usually named "`.`") which points to the directory itself.

In most DOS and UNIX command shells, as well as in the Microsoft Windows command line interpreters cmd.exe and Windows PowerShell, the working directory can be changed by using the `CD` or `CHDIR` commands. In Unix shells, the `pwd` command outputs a full pathname of the working directory; the equivalent command in DOS and Windows is `CD` or `CHDIR` without arguments (whereas in Unix, `cd` used without arguments takes the user back to their home directory).

The environment variable `PWD` (in Unix/Linux shells), or the pseudo-environment variables `CD` (in Windows COMMAND.COM and cmd.exe, but not in OS/2 and DOS), or `_CWD`, `_CWDS`, `_CWP` and `_CWPS` (under 4DOS, 4OS2, 4NT etc.) can be used in scripts, so that one need not start an external program. Microsoft Windows file shortcuts have the ability to store the working directory.

COMMAND.COM in DR-DOS 7.02 and higher provides `ECHOS`, a variant of the `ECHO` command omitting the terminating linefeed. This can be used to create a temporary batchjob storing the working directory in an environment variable like `CD` for later use, for example:

```
ECHOS SET CD=> SETCD.BAT
CHDIR >> SETCD.BAT
CALL SETCD.BAT
DEL SETCD.BAT
```

Alternatively, under Multiuser DOS and DR-DOS 7.02 and higher, various internal and external commands support a parameter `/B` (for "Batch"). This modifies the output of commands to become suitable for direct command line input (when redirecting it into a batch file) or usage as a parameter for other commands (using it as input for another command). Where `CHDIR` would issue a directory path like `C:\DOS`, a command like `CHDIR /B` would issue `CHDIR C:\DOS` instead, so that `CHDIR /B > RETDIR.BAT` would create a temporary batchjob allowing to return to this directory later on.

The working directory is also displayed by the `$P` token of the `PROMPT` command To keep the prompt short even inside of deep subdirectory structures, the DR-DOS 7.07 COMMAND.COM supports a `$W` token to display only the deepest subdirectory level. So, where a default `PROMPT $P$G` would result f.e. in `C:\DOS>` or `C:\DOS\DRDOS>`, a `PROMPT $N:$W$G` would instead yield `C:DOS>` and `C:DRDOS>`, respectively. A similar facility (using `$W` and `$w`) was added to 4DOS as well.

Under DOS, the absolute paths of the working directories of all logical volumes are internally stored in an array-like data structure called the Current Directory Structure (CDS), which gets dynamically allocated at boot time to hold the necessary number of slots for all logical drives (or as defined by LASTDRIVE). This structure imposes a length-limit of 66 characters on the full path of each working directory, and thus implicitly also limits the maximum possible depth of subdirectories. DOS Plus and older issues of DR DOS (up to DR DOS 6.0, with BDOS 6.7 in 1991) had no such limitation due to their implementation using a DOS emulation on top of a Concurrent DOS\- (and thus CP/M-86-)derived kernel, which internally organized subdirectories as *relative* links to parent directories instead of as *absolute* paths. Since PalmDOS (with BDOS 7.0) and DR DOS 6.0 (1992 update with BDOS 7.1) and higher switched to use a CDS for maximum compatibility with DOS programs as well, they faced the same limitations as present in other DOSes.

## In programming languages

Most programming languages provide an interface to the file system functions of the operating system, including the ability to set (change) the working directory of the program.

In the C language, the POSIX function **`chdir()`** effects the system call which changes the working directory. Its argument is a text string with a path to the new directory, either absolute or relative to the old one. Where available, it can be called by a process to set its working directory.

There are similar functions in other languages. For example, in Visual Basic it is usually spelled `CHDIR()`.

In Java, the working directory can be obtained through the `java.nio.file.Path` interface, or through the `java.io.File` class. The working directory cannot be changed.

1. `getcwd(3)`
2. "Microsoft Windows – SetCurrentDirectory function". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2017-05-27.
3. Brothers, Hardin; Rawson, Tom; Conn, Rex C.; Paul, Matthias R.; Dye, Charles E.; Georgiev, Luchezar I. (2002-02-27). *4DOS 8.00 online help*.
4. *DR-DOS 7.03 WHATSNEW.TXT — Changes from DR-DOS 7.02 to DR-DOS 7.03*. Caldera, Inc. 1998-12-24. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
5. *CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22 GOLD Online Documentation*. Concurrent Controls, Inc. (CCI). 1997-02-10. HELP.HLP.
6. *Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 User Guide*. Caldera, Inc. 1998 \[1993, 1997\]. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
7. Schulman, Andrew; Brown, Ralf D.; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) \[November 1993\]. *Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1* (2 ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-201-63287-X. ISBN 978-0-201-63287-3. (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5-inch floppy) Errata:
8. Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) \[1994-05-01\]. *NWDOS-TIPs  Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds*. MPDOSTIP (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2014-08-06. (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger `MPDOSTIP.ZIP` collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the `NWDOSTIP.TXT` file.)
9. Brown, Ralf D.; et al., eds. (2000-07-16). "Ralf Brown's Interrupt List" (61 ed.). INTER61.
10. Paul, Matthias R. (1997-06-07) \[April 1994\]. "Chapter 1.3.xi: Überlange Pfade". *NWDOS7UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von Novell DOS 7*. MPDOSTIP (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
11. "The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6 and IEEE Std 1003.1" (Issue 6, 2004 ed.). The IEEE and The Open Group. 2004 \[2001\]. Archived from the original on 2018-02-09. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
12. "JDK-4045688: Add chdir or equivalent notion of changing working directory". *Bug Database*. Oracle (Sun Microsystems). 2008-08-18 \[1997-04-17\]. Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2011-02-20.

## Further reading


title: Rogelio Rueda Sánchez

abstract: Rogelio Rueda Sánchez is a Mexican politician and lawyer affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). In 2006–2012 he served as a senator during the 60th and 61st sessions of Congress, representing Colima. He was also elected to the Chamber of Deputies in the 2003 election, where he represented Colima's second district during the 59th Congress. He also served as the municipal president of Manzanillo, Colima, from 2000 to 2003.

text:
# Rogelio Rueda Sánchez

**Rogelio Rueda Sánchez** (born 17 December 1964) is a Mexican politician and lawyer affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). In 2006–2012 he served as a senator during the 60th and 61st sessions of Congress, representing Colima. He was also elected to the Chamber of Deputies in the 2003 election, where he represented Colima's second district during the 59th Congress. He also served as the municipal president of Manzanillo, Colima, from 2000 to 2003.

## InfoBox

| Rogelio Rueda Sánchez | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1964-12-17) 17 December 1964<br>Colima, Mexico |
| Alma mater | UNAM |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Political party | PRI |


title: Neena Mittal

abstract: Neena Mittal is an Indian politician. She was elected to the Rajpura Assembly constituency, Punjab in the 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election as a member of the Aam Aadmi Party.

text:
# Neena Mittal

**Neena Mittal** is an Indian politician. She was elected to the Rajpura Assembly constituency, Punjab in the 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election as a member of the Aam Aadmi Party.

## Member of Legislative Assembly

She represents the Rajpura Assembly constituency as MLA in the Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly by winning 92 out of 117 seats in the 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election. MP Bhagwant Mann was sworn in as Chief Minister on 16 March 2022.

Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly

## Electoral performance

Punjab Assembly election, 2022: Rajpura
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | AAP | Neena Mittal | 54,834 | 40.1 |  |
|  | INC | Hardial Singh Kamboj | 28589 | 20.9 |  |
|  | SAD | Charanjit Singh Brar | 15006 | 10.97 |  |
|  | BJP | Jagdish Kumar Jagga | 32341 | 23.65 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the above |  |  |  |
| Majority | | | 22493 | 16.45 |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
| Registered electors | | |  |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Neena Mittal | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Member of Punjab Legislative Assembly** | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>2022 | |
| Preceded by | Hardial Singh Kamboj |
| Constituency | Rajpura |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Aam Aadmi Party |
|  | |


title: Lemebel

abstract: Lemebel is a Chilean documentary film, directed by Joanna Reposi Garibaldi and released in 2019. The film is a portrait of Pedro Lemebel, an influential Chilean poet. It focuses on his artistic activity that started during the military dictatorship, his memories of his mother, and his battle against cancer, which ultimately led to his death in 2015. The film had its theatrical premiere in February 2019 at the 69th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Teddy Award for best LGBTQ-related documentary film.

text:
# Lemebel

***Lemebel*** is a Chilean documentary film, directed by Joanna Reposi Garibaldi and released in 2019. The film is a portrait of Pedro Lemebel, an influential Chilean poet. It focuses on his artistic activity that started during the military dictatorship, his memories of his mother, and his battle against cancer, which ultimately led to his death in 2015.

The film had its theatrical premiere in February 2019 at the 69th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Teddy Award for best LGBTQ-related documentary film.

## InfoBox

| Lemebel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Joanna Reposi Garibaldi |
| Written by | Joanna Reposi Garibaldi
Manuel Maira |
| Produced by | Paula Sáenz-Laguna |
| Starring | Pedro Lemebel |
| Cinematography | Niles Atallah |
| Edited by | Titi Viera-Gallo Chadwick |
| Music by | Camilo Salinas |
| Production
company | Solita Producciones |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 96 minutes |
| Country | Chile |
| Language | Spanish |


title: Lemei Rock

abstract: Lemei Rock is a shield volcano, and part of the Indian Heaven polygenetic volcanic field in Washington, United States. It is located midway between Mount St. Helens and Mount Adams, and dates from the Pleistocene and Holocene. Lemei Rock is the highest point at 5,925 feet (1,806 m).

text:
# Lemei Rock

**Lemei Rock** is a shield volcano, and part of the Indian Heaven polygenetic volcanic field in Washington, United States. It is located midway between Mount St. Helens and Mount Adams, and dates from the Pleistocene and Holocene. Lemei Rock is the highest point at 5,925 feet (1,806 m).

## Geographical setting

Lemei Rock is the highest peak within the Indian Heaven Wilderness in Washington. Lemei Rock has a topographic prominence of 2,405 feet (733 m). On clear days hikers can see views of four nearby volcanoes: Mount Adams, Mount Hood, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Rainier. The shield volcano is topped by a volcanic crater. While the crater rim is free of snow and ice, snow tends to linger on the summit well into July. A small crater lake by the name of Lake Wapiki, occupies the crater below the Lemei Rock high point. The Lost and Dry Creeks flow off of the southeast side of Lemei Rock and join the White Salmon River, while the Smokey, Little Goose, and Cultus flow from the east and northeast side, and joins Trout Lake Creek, which then discharges into the White Salmon River at Trout Lake. The Rush Creek flows from the west side of Lemei Rock and joins the Lewis River between the Lower Lewis River Falls Recreation Area and the Swift Reservoir.

## Geology

Lemei Rock is one of the many shield volcanoes topped by cinder cones and spatter cones that make up the Indian Heaven Volcanic Field. About 60 eruptive centers lie on the 19-mile (30 km) long, N10°E-trending, Indian Heaven fissure zone. The 230 square miles (600 km2) field has a volume of about 20 cubic miles (100 km3) and forms the western part of a 770-square-mile (2,000 km2) Quaternary basalt field in the southern Washington Cascades, including the King Mountain fissure zone along which Mount Adams was built.

| Name | Elevation | | Location | Last eruption |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | meters | feet | Coordinates | |
| Big Lava Bed | 1,278.6 | 4,195 | 45°54′N 121°45′W / 45.9°N 121.75°W / 45.9; -121.75 | ~8150 years ago |
| Bird Mountain | 5,706 | 1,739 | 46°02′21″N 121°46′52″W / 46.0392°N 121.78106°W / 46.0392; -121.78106 |  |
| Crazy Hills |  |  |  |  |
| East Crater | 1,614 | 5,295 | 46°00′N 121°47′W / 46°N 121.78°W / 46; -121.78 |  |
| Gifford Peak | 1,614 | 5,295 |  |  |
| Lemei Rock | 1,806 | 5,925 | 46°1′6″N 121°45′36″W / 46.01833°N 121.76000°W / 46.01833; -121.76000 |  |
| Lone Butte | 1,457 | 4,780 | 46°03′N 121°52′W / 46.05°N 121.87°W / 46.05; -121.87 |  |
| Red Mountain | 1,513 | 4,964 | 45°56′N 121°49′W / 45.93°N 121.82°W / 45.93; -121.82 |  |
| Sawtooth Mountain | 1,632 | 5,354 | 46°04′N 121°47′W / 46.07°N 121.78°W / 46.07; -121.78 |  |

## Climbing and recreation

Fishing and hiking destinations in the volcanic field around Lemei Rock include the Indian Heaven Wilderness, which is known for the high mountain meadows among its scattered volcanic peaks. The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail passes north/south through the volcanic field and the Indian Heaven Wilderness, which is known for its lakes and views of four nearby volcanoes: Mount Adams, Mount Hood, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Rainier. Major trails at Lemei Rock are the Lemei Trail, which climbs up the east side of Lemei Rock; and Wapiki Trail, which descends from the Lemei Trail to the deep blue Wapiki Lake, the "crater lake" of Lemei Rock. The Filloon Trail departs from the rustic Little Goose Campground and meets up with Lemei Trail before Lake Comcomly.

The fifty-site Cultus Creek Campground, a destination for berry pickers, is located right at the edge of the Indian Heaven Wilderness. Cultus Creek Campground offers visitors two major trail heads (Indian Heaven Trail #33 and Cultus Creek Trail #108) and huckleberry picking access to the Indian Heaven Wilderness, known for its huckleberries, and the volcanic field in which it resides.

## InfoBox

| Lemei Rock | |
| --- | --- |
| Lemei Rock in the Indian Heaven volcanic field | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 5,925 ft (1,806 m) |
| Prominence | 2405 ft (733 m) |
| Coordinates | 46°1′N 121°46′W / 46.017°N 121.767°W / 46.017; -121.767 |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Skamania County, Washington, U.S. |
| Parent range | Cascade Range |
| Topo map | Lone Butte O46121a7 1:24,000 |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | Pleistocene and Holocene |
| Mountain type | shield volcano |
| Volcanic arc | Cascade Volcanic Arc |
| Last eruption | 8,200 years ago |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Lemei Trail, Indian Heaven Trail, with rock scrambling |


title: Len Schulte

abstract: Leonard Bernard Schulte, born Schultehenrich, was an American professional baseball player. An infielder, his playing career lasted for 13 seasons (1937–1949), including 124 games over all or parts of three seasons (1944–1946) in the Major Leagues for the St. Louis Browns. The native of St. Charles, Missouri, attended the University of Iowa. He threw and batted right-handed, stood 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) tall and weighed 160 pounds (73 kg). All but five games in Schulte's Major League career occurred during the 1945 season. Spending the entire season on the St. Louis roster, he appeared in 119 games, 71 as a third baseman, and he batted.247 in 430 at bats. Altogether, he collected 108 hits with the Browns, including 16 doubles and one triple. He was a manager in minor league baseball in 1941, before his MLB career began, and then from 1950 to 1952 in the Browns' and Cincinnati Reds' organizations. An older brother, Ham, also an infielder, played one season in the majors with the 1940 Philadelphia Phillies.

text:
# Len Schulte

**Leonard Bernard Schulte**, born ***Schultehenrich*** (December 5, 1916 – May 6, 1986), was an American professional baseball player. An infielder, his playing career lasted for 13 seasons (1937–1949), including 124 games over all or parts of three seasons (1944–1946) in the Major Leagues for the St. Louis Browns. The native of St. Charles, Missouri, attended the University of Iowa. He threw and batted right-handed, stood 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) tall and weighed 160 pounds (73 kg).

All but five games in Schulte's Major League career occurred during the 1945 season. Spending the entire season on the St. Louis roster, he appeared in 119 games, 71 as a third baseman, and he batted .247 in 430 at bats. Altogether, he collected 108 hits with the Browns, including 16 doubles and one triple.

He was a manager in minor league baseball in 1941, before his MLB career began, and then from 1950 to 1952 in the Browns' and Cincinnati Reds' organizations. An older brother, Ham, also an infielder, played one season in the majors with the 1940 Philadelphia Phillies.

## InfoBox

| Len Schulte | |
| --- | --- |
| **Infielder** | |
| **Born:** (1916-12-05)December 5, 1916
St. Charles, Missouri | |
| **Died:** May 6, 1986(1986-05-06) (aged 69)
Orlando, Florida | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 27, 1944, for the St. Louis Browns | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| June 16, 1946, for the St. Louis Browns | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .248 |
| Home runs | 0 |
| Runs batted in | 38 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Leo Nowak (bishop)

abstract: Leo Nowak is a German Roman Catholic prelate who was the first bishop of the newly re-erected Roman Catholic Diocese of Magdeburg, Germany, from 1994 until 2001. He was born in Magdeburg.

text:
# Leo Nowak (bishop)

**Leo Nowak** (born 17 March 1929) is a German Roman Catholic prelate who was the first bishop of the newly re-erected Roman Catholic Diocese of Magdeburg, Germany, from 1994 until 2001. He was born in Magdeburg.

## Career

Nowak was ordained a priest on 10 May 1956 for the Diocese Paderborn. On 12 February 1990 he was appointed Apostolic Administrator of Magdeburg and the Titular Bishop of Cissa. He was created bishop on 24 March 1990. The main consecrator was Johannes Braun, his predecessor as Apostolic Administrator of Magdeburg, and co-consecrators were Johannes Joachim Degenhardt and Theodor Hubrich. On 27 June 1994 he was appointed bishop of Magdeburg and installed on 9 October 1994. Following canon law, Nowak offered his resignation to the pope in 2004, upon reaching the age of 75. He retired as bishop of Magdeburg on 17 March 2004. He was succeeded by Gerhard Feige.

## Awards


title: Leon Herbert

abstract: Leon Herbert is a British actor. Herbert is known for appearances in films including Salome's Last Dance (1988), Scandal (1989), Batman (1989), Alien 3 (1992), Double X: The Name of the Game (1992), Point of No Return (1993), The Girl with the Hungry Eyes (1995), Fierce Creatures (1997), Lucinda's Spell (1998), South West 9 (2001), 9 Dead Gay Guys (2002) and Dark Floors (2008). Herbert made his directorial debut with the 2003 film Emotional Backgammon. He also appeared on the television series Come Dine with Me, as well as an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors as Lenny Rutter. He also played Errol Cooper in Ghosts, the father of Mike Cooper in the 2020 Christmas special, who constantly wants to help his son.

text:
# Leon Herbert

**Leon Herbert** is a British actor. Herbert is known for appearances in films including *Salome's Last Dance* (1988), *Scandal* (1989), *Batman* (1989), *Alien 3* (1992), *Double X: The Name of the Game* (1992), *Point of No Return* (1993), *The Girl with the Hungry Eyes* (1995), *Fierce Creatures* (1997), *Lucinda's Spell* (1998), *South West 9* (2001), *9 Dead Gay Guys* (2002) and *Dark Floors* (2008).

Herbert made his directorial debut with the 2003 film *Emotional Backgammon*. He also appeared on the television series *Come Dine with Me*, as well as an episode of the BBC soap opera *Doctors* as Lenny Rutter. He also played Errol Cooper in *Ghosts*, the father of Mike Cooper in the 2020 Christmas special, who constantly wants to help his son.

## InfoBox

| Leon Herbert | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1955-06-18) June 18, 1955<br>Georgetown, Guyana |
| Occupation | Actor |


title: Leon High School

abstract: Leon High School is a public high school in Tallahassee, Florida, United States. It is the oldest public high school in the state, and is a part of the Leon County Schools System.

text:
# Leon High School

**Leon High School** is a public high school in Tallahassee, Florida, United States. It is the oldest public high school in the state, and is a part of the Leon County Schools System.

## History

Leon High School is one of the oldest high schools in the country. It was founded 14 years before Florida became a state. It was founded as Leon Academies in 1831 in Tallahassee, Leon County, and helped shape education in the capital city. In 1903 it became the Leon County Graded and High School, which was originally set as the first public high school in Florida, on the corner of Duval, Tennessee and Bronough Streets.

In 1911, a need for more room for the growing student population led to the construction of a second Leon High School where the LeRoy Collins Public Library now stands.

The current building at 550 East Tennessee Street was built in controversy. Built by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) for $500,000, citizens thought the school was too expensive, too far out of town and much too big with its three stories.

The architect was M. Leo Elliott, designer of many public buildings of merit, including the Old Jail on East Gaines Street in Tallahassee. The builder was Thomas Monk, who built dozens of high schools and commercial buildings around Florida, including the Monk Building in downtown Bradenton, renovated in 2000. In Tallahassee, Monk also built the Mayo Building in the Capital area, and a house in Los Robles for his daughter and son-in-law.

Until school integration and the closure of Leon County's black high school, Old Lincoln High School, in 1967, Leon High School was for whites only. The Florida Constitution of 1885 mandated school segregation. In 1954, the United States Supreme Court decided the case of Brown v. Board of Education, which was not implemented in Leon County, Florida, until 1969. Effective January 7, 1969, the Florida Constitution of 1885 was superseded by a new Florida Constitution, which does not contain any requirement for racial segregation. In 2019 the enrollment at Leon High was 33% black.

## Athletics

Leon High School's mascot is the Lion, and their colors are red and white. They were one of the 29 original member schools of the FHSAA. They have been a member of the Association since it formed in 1920. Leon has teams in the following FHSAA sports:

* Basketball (boys and girls)
* Baseball (boys)
    + State champions - 1940, 1944, 1951, 1998
* Competitive cheer (girls) - 2016 2A State Runner-up; 2017 Regional Champion, 2017 Nationals- 7th place
* Cross Country (boys and girls)
    + Boys state champions - 1969, 2007, 2008, 2009
    + Girls state champions - 1977, 1978, 1986, 1987, 1988
* Flag football (girls)
* Football (boys)
    + State champions - 1969, 1974
* Golf (boys and girls)
* Lacrosse (boys)
* Soccer (boys and girls)
    + Boys state champions - 1988
* Softball (girls)
* Swimming and diving (boys and girls)
* Track and field (boys and girls)
* Tennis (boys and girls)
* Volleyball (girls)
    + State champions - 2011
    + State champions - 2019
* Weightlifting (boys and girls)

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Leon High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 550 East Tennessee Street
Tallahassee, Florida 32308
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public coeducational secondary |
| Established | 1831 (1831) |
| School district | Leon County Schools |
| Principal | Michael Bryan |
| Staff | 83.74 (FTE) |
| Grades | 9–12 |
| Enrollment | 1,935 (2022-23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 23.11 |
| Color(s) | Red and White
 |
| Mascot | Leo the Lion |
| Newspaper | *The Leon High Life* |
| Yearbook | *The Lion's Tale* |
| Website | School website |
|
Leon High School in 2008 | |
|  | |
| Leon High School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 30°26′43″N 84°16′32″W / 30.44528°N 84.27556°W / 30.44528; -84.27556 |
| Architect | T.A. Monk, M. Leo Elliot |
| Architectural style | Mission/Spanish Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 93000982 |
| Added to NRHP | September 21, 1993 |
|  | |


title: Lenny LeBlanc

abstract: Lenny LeBlanc is an American musician and songwriter. He started his career with Pete Carr in 1975 and later separated ways when both had different plans for their profession. A resident of Alabama, he is known for the song "Falling" and has sung with many artists. Since 1987, LeBlanc works at his own studio in Muscle Shoals, Alabama.

text:
# Lenny LeBlanc

**Lenny LeBlanc** (born June 17, 1951) is an American musician and songwriter. He started his career with Pete Carr in 1975 and later separated ways when both had different plans for their profession. A resident of Alabama, he is known for the song "Falling" and has sung with many artists. Since 1987, LeBlanc works at his own studio in Muscle Shoals, Alabama.

## Early life

He was born in Leominster, Massachusetts, United States. In 1955, his family moved south to Daytona Beach, Florida. LeBlanc spent his summers on the beach surfing until he met some teens who played guitars. He later landed a job washing dishes to pay for his first bass guitar. During the next three years of school, LeBlanc played at dances and local clubs around Daytona, developing his vocal talents as well. He graduated from high school in 1969 and moved to Cincinnati, Ohio in 1970. He has resided in Florence, Alabama since 1973.

## Musical career

Former band member and good friend Pete Carr had become a successful producer and studio guitarist in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. He encouraged LeBlanc to join him there. After a few months LeBlanc began playing bass as well as singing background vocals with artists such as Hank Williams Jr., Crystal Gayle, Etta James, Shenandoah, Ricky Skaggs, Sawyer Brown, The Supremes, Joan Baez, Amy Grant and Roy Orbison.

With much success as a background musician and singer, LeBlanc embarked on a solo career. In 1975, he recorded a demo and producer Carr sent a copy to Jerry Wexler at Atlantic Records. A few months later LeBlanc's first solo LP was released. Atlantic saw great potential in LeBlanc and teamed him with Carr, with the two of them recording a subsequent album credited to **LeBlanc and Carr**. The result was three chart singles, including the top 40 hit "Falling". LeBlanc and Carr began touring with major acts. After a while, Carr decided he enjoyed making the records more than promoting them, so before they could record a follow-up album, the duo went their separate ways. LeBlanc continued writing songs and pursuing a solo effort, this time with Capitol Records.

On the *American Top 40* show of February 25, 1978, Casey Kasem reported that LeBlanc and Carr had been bumped from the ill-fated flight which killed some of the members of rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. The acts were touring together, and last-minute travel plan changes prevented the duo from boarding the plane after they had initially been offered seats.

In 1980, LeBlanc became a born-again Christian and began recording Christian-themed music. In 1983, Heartland Records released *Say a Prayer* followed by *Person to Person* in 1984. In 1987, LeBlanc opened his own recording studio in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, where he does his own productions as well as others.

## Awards

* "Falling" - Named BMI Millionaire song (one million or more radio plays)
* "Falling" - Named one of Billboard's all-time favorite Top 40 Hits
* Dove Award\- Inspirational Recorded Song of the Year -"Above All" - Worship album Michael W. Smith, Lenny LeBlanc, Paul Baloche (2003)
* In 2010 LeBlanc worked with Asian artists Brian Joo, Van Ness Wu, Choi Siwon, and John Lee on the 3RD Wave Music project.

## Discography

* 1976  *Hound Dog Man*  Big Tree
* 1977  *Lenny LeBlanc*  Atlantic/Big Tree
* 1978  *Midnight Light* (as LeBlanc & Carr)  Atlantic/Big Tree
* 1980  *Breakthrough*  Heartland/Capitol
* 1983  *Say a Prayer*  Heartland/CBS-Priority
* 1984  *Person to Person*  Heartland/Benson
* 1990  *Faithful Heart*  Maranatha!/Benson
* 1991  *Prisoner of Love*  Maranatha!/Benson
* 1991  *Pure Heart*  Hosanna! Music/Integrity
* 1994  *All My Dreams*  Integrity Music
* 1996  *The Bridge*  Integrity Music
* 1999  *Above All*  Integrity Music
* 2002  *One Desire*  Integrity Music
* 2006  *Arise: A Celebration of Worship*  Integrity Music
* 2007  *All For Love*  Integrity Music
* 2007  *Songs From My Living Room* (DVD)  LenSongs Pictures
* 2008  *Christmas Night*  Indelible Creative Group
* 2010  *Love Like No Other*  In:ciite
* 2012  *Anthology — The Best of Lenny LeBlanc*  In:ciite

## InfoBox

| Lenny LeBlanc | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1951-06-17) June 17, 1951 |
| Origin | Leominster, Massachusetts, United States |
| Genres | Soft rock, contemporary Christian music, contemporary worship music |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter |
| Years active | 1975–present |
| Labels | Big Tree, Heartland, Integrity! |
|  | |
| Website | www.lennyleblanc.com |


title: Naval Air Station Meridian

abstract: Naval Air Station Meridian or NAS Meridian is a military airport located 11 miles northeast of Meridian, Mississippi in Lauderdale County and Kemper County, and is one of the Navy's two jet strike pilot training facilities.

text:
# Naval Air Station Meridian

**Naval Air Station Meridian** or **NAS Meridian** (ICAO: **KNMM**, FAA LID: **NMM**) is a military airport located 11 miles northeast of Meridian, Mississippi in Lauderdale County and Kemper County, and is one of the Navy's two jet strike pilot training facilities.

## History

On July 16, 1957, the first shovel of earth was thrown, marking the beginning of the Naval Auxiliary Air Station (NAAS), which was commissioned July 19, 1961. Captain W.F. Krantz, USN received the golden key to the air station, and senior Mississippi U.S. Senator John C. Stennis was the guest speaker for the ceremony that opened the $60 million base. At that time, the operations area was named McCain Field in honor of the late Admiral John S. McCain, Sr. of Teoc, Mississippi.

Training Squadron SEVEN (VT-7) arrived at NAAS Meridian July 12, 1961, then split to form its sister squadron, Training Squadron NINE (VT-9) on December 15. In September 1965, hundreds of planes from Florida bases arrived to escape the wrath of Hurricane Betsy. The Naval Auxiliary Air Station continued to grow, and by July 1968, the station became a full Naval Air Station. The years brought an increase in building development and family housing units. In 1968, and again in 1969, 300 aircraft from Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida arrived to escape the fury and destruction of Hurricane Gladys and Hurricane Camille, respectively.

In August 1971, Training Air Wing ONE (TRAWING ONE) was commissioned and Training Squadron NINETEEN (VT-19) was also established. The Wing motto became "Readiness for Victory at Sea through Training." That October saw the arrival of the TA-4J, the new advanced jet trainer based on the A-4 "Skyhawk." In April 1973, President Richard M. Nixon, accompanied by Senator John C. Stennis and many other high-ranking military and civilian officials, attended the dedication of the new Naval Technical Training Center (NTTC). Known locally as the Stennis Center, it was officially commissioned April 17, 1974.

NAS Meridian was selected and upgraded to a Major Shore Command on October 1, 1982. In March 1984, NAS Meridian was one of 15 installations chosen for the Department of Defense Model Installation Program. In September 1985, the enlisted galley was dedicated to the memory of Marine Lance Corporal Roy M. Wheat, a Mississippi native and Medal of Honor recipient who was killed in Vietnam.

## Current operations

NAS Meridian supports aviation and technical training, and other tenant activities. Departments working under the NAS Commanding Officer form the backbone for the entire installation's functioning. The Administrative Services Department provides general administrative services for the command. Responsibilities include: processing military personnel matters with the Personnel Support Activity Detachment, Meridian; processing special requests, leave and TAD orders, evaluations and command correspondence; maintaining command directives and correspondence files; providing duplicating services and messenger systems; and coordinating administrative systems and services throughout the command.

The Air Operations Department employs 230 military and civilian personnel to operate NAS Meridian/McCain Field and Naval Outlying Landing Field (NOLF) Joe Williams. Their primary mission is to support Commander, Training Air Wing ONE, the wing's subordinate training squadrons and its associated T-45 Goshawk aircraft in the conduct of undergraduate strike pilot training. Additional services are furnished to support operations for NAS and transient military aircrews. Air Traffic Control Division operates the control tower and radar final control systems. They provide flight planning services and issue clearances and instructions to pilots for all phases of military flight operations within the vicinity of the airport. Ground Electronics Maintenance Division (GEMD) ensures all assigned UHF, VHF and FM radio communications, air navigation aids, weather monitoring/reporting equipment and precision approach radars required to conduct safe and effective flight operations around NAS Meridian and its outlying field operate at or above designated performance standards. GEMD also provides sound support services and functions as point of contact for matters related to 3M, frequency management, equipment configuration and computer repair/assistance.

NAS Meridian maintains a separate runway, Joe Williams Outlying Landing Field (OLF), approximately 25 miles northwest of the main air station. Joe Williams OLF is an 8,000 foot long runway located in a rural area between the communities of Bogue Chitto and De Kalb. The field is used to reduced traffic congestion at the main air station, primarily when students are conducting Field Carrier Landing Practice in preparation for initial aircraft carrier qualification.

HH-1N Huey helicopters were formerly used by the station's Search and Rescue personnel to provide 24-hour rescue coverage of the Eastern Mississippi/Western Alabama area. The 25-member SAR team consisted of pilots, aircrewmen and hospital corpsmen who were trained in first aid, helicopter rappelling and tree extraction. The team also assisted in a wide variety of civilian emergencies, such as searching for missing persons, assisting with aircraft and boating mishaps and occasional MEDEVAC missions.

## Tenant units

## InfoBox

| Naval Air Station Meridian | |
| --- | --- |
| *McCain Field* | |
| Near Meridian, Mississippi in the United States | |
| Personnel standing in formation for a television broadcast at NAS Meridian | |
|  | |
| NAS MeridianLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates | 32°33′07″N 88°33′20″W / 32.55194°N 88.55556°W / 32.55194; -88.55556 |
| Type | Naval Air Station |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Department of Defense |
| Operator | US Navy |
| Controlled by | Navy Region Southeast |
| Condition | Operational |
| Website | Official website |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1957 (1957)– 1961 (as Naval Auxiliary Air Station) |
| In use | 1961 – present |
| Garrison information | |
| Current<br>commander | Captain Timothy B. Moore |
| Garrison | Training Air Wing One |
| Airfield information | |
| Identifiers | ICAO: KNMM, FAA LID: NMM, WMO: 722345 |
| Elevation | 96.3 metres (316 ft) AMSL |
| Runways  Direction Length and surface  1L/19R 2,439.3 metres (8,003 ft) Concrete  1R/19L 2,438.7 metres (8,001 ft) Concrete  10/28 1,951.3 metres (6,402 ft) Concrete | |
| **Source:** Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: USS Guyandot

abstract: USS Guyandot (AOG-16) was a gasoline tanker acquired by the U.S. Navy as Veedol No. 2 from Tidewater Oil to serve as a gasoline tanker. The tanker served in Mediterranean operations often under air attack. After postwar decommissioning January 1945 in Algeria and service with the French under lend-lease the tanker was purchased in March 1949 by France serving under the name Lac Noir.

text:
# USS Guyandot

**USS *Guyandot* (AOG-16)** was a gasoline tanker acquired by the U.S. Navy as ***Veedol No. 2*** from Tidewater Oil to serve as a gasoline tanker. The tanker served in Mediterranean operations often under air attack. After postwar decommissioning January 1945 in Algeria and service with the French under lend-lease the tanker was purchased in March 1949 by France serving under the name ***Lac Noir***.

## Construction

*Veedol No. 2* was built by Pusey and Jones Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware as hull 409, contract 1044, with keel laid 19 October 1929, launch on 4 March 1930 and delivery to Tidewater Oil on 15 May 1930. Registered dimensions were 252.1 ft (76.8 m) length between perpendiculars (registry length), 44.2 ft (13.5 m) beam with depth of 18.5 ft (5.6 m). Registry crew was eighteen.

The propulsion system consisted of two De la Vergne six cylinder diesel engines each developing 625 b.h.p. at 225 r.p.m. and driving a 410 kilowatt General Electric generator connected in series with a 1,000 horsepower electric motor driving a single propeller at up to 130 r.p.m.

The 1,818 GRT tanker was registered with U.S. Official Number 229673 and signal MHTF with home port of Wilmington, Delaware. The registered owner was Tide Water Associated Transport Corporation (Del.).

## World War II service

The Navy identified a need for shallow draft tankers to support operations in shallow Mediterranean ports to support the advances in that area. *Veedol No. 2* was one of three tankers specifically identified for purchase and limited conversion to arm the ships and provide crew quarters the Navy crews. On 22 March 1943 *Veedol No. 2* was requisitioned by the War Shipping Administration (WSA) for wartime service at Bayonne, New Jersey and simultaneously delivered to the Navy as purchaser of the vessel. The tanker was converted at Brewers Drydock, Staten Island and commissioned as *Guyandot* 17 April 1943.

Taking on a full load of fuel oil, she sailed for Bermuda on 1 May as part of Convoy UGL.4; from there she was taken in tow to Oran, where she arrived 26 May. From Oran she sailed to Bizerte, Tunisia, arriving there 8 June; although under frequent air attack *Guyandot* worked unceasingly shuttling oil through the wreck-laden channel. Sailing to Tunis on 27 June, *Guyandot* began fueling ships for the Sicilian invasion and, after the assault in late July, carried high octane fuel to the newly taken port of Palermo, again under heavy air attack.

### Supporting invasion of Italy operations

Returning to Tunis 30 August, she began shuttling oil between that port and Bizerte and continued this duty until the Italian invasion was well under way. Arriving in Taranto, Italy, on 8 November, she performed yeoman work in carrying high octane aviation fuel from tankers to the shore. After a month in Palermo for drydock and overhaul, *Guyandot* returned to Taranto to take on gasoline and then sailed into the Adriatic for the port of Bari, arriving 8 February 1944. From Bari she shuttled oil north to Manfredonia to supply the 15th Air Force at Foggia; this work continued until late March, when she struck an underwater obstacle in Bari and, after two trips with a wooden patch, had to put in for more lasting repairs at Bizerte.

### The first American ship to dock at Piraeus

Emerging from drydock 11 May, *Guyandot* spent a month carrying oil from Bizerte to Italy and then sailed again to Bari, arriving there 15 June 1944. From Bari she took high octane fuel to Manfredonia and Monopoli, carrying approximately 40 million gallons of gasoline for the forces moving up the Italian peninsula. An important break in her shuttle runs came from 2 November to 14 November, when she carried a load of high octane to Piraeus (Port of Athens), Greece; the British had landed in Greece only in late October and *Guyandot* was the first American ship to dock in Piraeus since before the outbreak of war.

### Final operations

Back on the Bari-Manfredonia-Monopoli run, *Guyandot* continued shuttling oil until 9 December, when she sailed to Palermo for repairs and drydocking; on 7 January 1945, she crossed the Mediterranean to Bizerte.

## Decommissioning

*Guyandot* was decommissioned at Bizerte on 12 January and transferred to the French Navy as part of lend-lease. France returned the ship to the Navy on 21 March 1949 and formally purchased *Guyandot* renaming the ship *Lac Noir*. Her name was struck from the Navy List 28 April 1949.

## Military awards and honors

*Guyandot*'s crew was eligible for the following medals:

## Footnotes

1. Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (July 1930). "The Pusey & Jones Corp". *Pacific Marine Review*. San Francisco: J.S. Hines. Retrieved 20 October 2020.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
2. *Merchant Vessels of the United States, 1931*. Washington, D.C.: Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Navigation. 1931. pp. 538–539. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
3. Naval History And Heritage Command. "Guyandot". *Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. Naval History And Heritage Command. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
4. Colton, Tim (September 12, 2014). "Pusey & Jones, Wilmington DE". ShipbuildingHistory. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
5. Pusey & Jones Corp. (4 March 1930). "Oil tanker, *Veedol No. 2* hull #409, in water after launching". Hagley Museum & Library. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
6. Stevenson, R. M. (1932). "American Built Diesel Engines". *The Log*. Vol. 19, no. 4. San Francisco, California: American Society of Marine Engineers. pp. 15–17. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
7. Roberts, Stephen S. (14 Aug 2010). "Class: GUYANDOT (AOG-16)". Shipscribe. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
8. Maritime Administration. "VEEDOL NO. 2". *Ship History Database Vessel Status Card*. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
9. Priolo, Gary P. (10 May 2019). "USS Guyandot (AOG-16)". NavSource Online. Retrieved 20 October 2020.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*.*

## InfoBox

| MS *Veedol No. 2*, 12 October 1942 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | * *Veedol No. 2* (1930-1943) * *Guyandot* (1943-1949) * *Lac Noir* (1949-1952) |
| Namesake |  |
| Owner | * Tide Water Associated Transport Corporation (Del.) (1930-1943) * U.S. Navy (1943-1949) * French Navy (1949-1952) |
| Builder | Pusey and Jones Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware |
| Yard number | 409 |
| Laid down | 19 October 1929 |
| Launched | 4 March 1930 |
| Completed | Delivered: 15 May 1930 |
| Acquired | by Navy: March 1943 |
| Commissioned | 17 April 1943 |
| Decommissioned | 12 January 1945 |
| Stricken | 28 April 1949 |
| Homeport | Wilmington, Delaware |
| Identification | * U.S. Official Number:229673 * Signal: MHTF |
| Fate | Sold outright to France, 21 March 1949. |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 1,818 GRT, 1,055 Net |
| Length | * 255 ft (78 m) LBP * 252.1 ft (76.8 m) (registry) |
| Beam | 44.2 ft (13.5 m) |
| Draft | * 15 ft 6 in (4.72 m) commercial, loaded * 16 ft 8 in (5.08 m) Navy |
| Depth | 18.5 ft (5.6 m) |
| Propulsion | diesel-electric, 2 X diesel generator sets, single electric motor and propeller |
| Speed | 8 knots (15 km/h) |
| Crew | 18 (commercial, registry) |
| Armament | one single 3 in (76 mm) dual purpose gun mount; two 20 mm guns AA gun mounts |


title: Polish Aviation Group

abstract: Polish Aviation Group is Poland's largest aviation company. It was founded in 2018 with an aim to merge Polish companies including LOT Polish Airlines, LOT Aircraft Maintenance Services, LS Airport Services and LS Technics. The group's headquarters are in Warsaw.

text:
# Polish Aviation Group

**Polish Aviation Group** is Poland's largest aviation company. It was founded in 2018 with an aim to merge Polish companies including LOT Polish Airlines, LOT Aircraft Maintenance Services, LS Airport Services and LS Technics. The group's headquarters are in Warsaw.

## History

PGL (Polska Grupa Lotnicza) was formed in January 2018 and consists of LOT Polish Airlines, LOT Aircraft Maintenance Services and LS Airport Services and LS Technics which were merged into the group in early October 2018. Its CEO is Rafał Milczarski. It was started with a capital of PLN 1.2 billion (EUR 290 million) as a joint stock company in January 2018. The new state-owned Polish Aviation Group (PGL), endowed with capital of PLN 2.5 billion, brings together the country’s largest aviation service providers.

On 24 January 2020 PGL announced that it would acquire Condor Flugdienst, and that the transaction was expected to be completed in April 2020 after consideration from anti-trust regulators. On 2 April 2020 it was announced that the sale had fallen through.

On 29 May 2020 Lot Polish Airlines S.A. was established, with PGL owning 100% of the shares. The reasons behind forming a company with a similar name remain unknown, with only speculations suggesting it might have been created to announce the controlled bankruptcy of PLL LOT, which faces financial challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In January 2022, the company rebranded as LOTAIR SA, and on March 16, 2023, it suspended operations for a period of 24 months.

## Corporate Affairs

### Divisions and Subsidiaries

Their main subsidiaries are:

* LOT Polish Airlines
*
* LOT Aircraft Maintenance Services
*
* LS Airport Services
*
* LS Technics
*
* PGL Leasing
*

### Financial Results

| Year Ended | Passengers Flown | Profit/Loss |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 31 December 2018 | 9,000,000 | est. at €47,000,000 |
| 31 December 2019 | 10,000,000 | unknown |

## Operations

In 2019, LOT Polish Airlines served 10 million passengers which was their highest amount yet.

## InfoBox

Polish Aviation Group (PGL)
|
|  |
| Trade name | Polska Grupa Lotnicza |
| Company type | State-owned |
| Industry | Aviation |
| Founded | January 1, 2018 (2018-01-01) in Warsaw, Poland |
| Headquarters | Warsaw, Poland |
| Area served | Europe, North America, Asia |
| Key people | Rafal Milczarski (CEO) Bartosz Piechota (Vice-President) |
| Services | * Airline Services * Passenger Air Transportation Services |
| Operating income | * est. at €47,000,000 (2018) |
| Number of employees | * 11-50 (2019) |
| Subsidiaries | LOT Polish Airlines
LOT Aircraft Maintenance Services
LS Airport Services

LS Technics |
| Website | http://pgl.pl/ |


title: Mauser Model 1903

abstract: The Mauser Model 1903 was a Gewehr 98-pattern bolt-action rifle designed for the Ottoman Army. They were produced by Mauser in Germany.

text:
# Mauser Model 1903

The **Mauser Model 1903** (also known as the Ottoman Mauser) was a Gewehr 98-pattern bolt-action rifle designed for the Ottoman Army. They were produced by Mauser in Germany.

## Design

The Mauser 1903 was a modified version Gewehr 98 The *Lange Visier* sight was replaced by a tangent leaf sight, the nose cap was simplified, the rifle could be fitted with older Ottoman M1890 bayonets. The weapon had curved arm on its bolt stop to block the cartridge clip when the cartridges are stripped into the magazine. It also had a larger receiver and a longer cocking cam and firing pin than the German variant.

### Model 1905 carbine

The **Model 1905** carbine was a shortened version of the Model 1903, designed for cavalry and artillery units.

## Service

After the adoption of the long rifle, 200,000 were received before 1905. 406 *Marine-gewehre* were delivered to the Ottoman Navy in 1904, 7,617 to the Gendarmerie in Ottoman Macedonia. 1,100 more, modified to fire spitzer bullets and sometimes known as *M1910*, were ordered in 1910. The Ottoman customs also received some. The Model 1905 carbine was produced between 1903 and 1906. 30,000 *M1908* carbines were delivered in 1908 and 1909.

The Model 1903 saw combat during the Italo-Turkish War, the Balkan Wars, World War I and the Turkish War of Independence. After World War I, most of these weapons were modified to fire the 7.92×57mm Mauser round. Many of the long rifles were refurbished as Mauser Model 1938 short rifles. Models 1903 and 1905 were still in service in the 1960s.

## Users

### Former users

* Ball, Robert W. D. (2011). *Mauser Military Rifles of the World*. Iola: Gun Digest Books. ISBN 9781440228926.

## InfoBox

| Ottoman Model 1903 rifle | |
| --- | --- |
| Mauser Model 1903 rifle in a museum. | |
| Type | Bolt-action rifle |
| Place of origin | German Empire |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1903–1960s |
| Used by | Ottoman Empire
Republic of Turkey |
| Wars |  |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1903 |
| Manufacturer | Mauser |
| Produced | 1903–1910 |
| Variants | Model 1905 carbine |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | Model 1903: 4.17 kg (9.2 lb)
Model 1905 carbine: 3.6 kg (7.9 lb) |
| Length | Model 1903: 124 cm (49 in)
Model 1905 carbine: 105.6 cm (41.6 in) |
| Barrel length | Model 1903: 74 cm (29 in)
Model 1905 carbine: 55.6 cm (21.9 in) |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | 7.65×53mm Mauser
 |
| Action | Bolt-action |
| Muzzle velocity | 650 metres per second (2,100 ft/s) |
| Feed system | 5-round stripper clip, internal magazine |
| Sights | Iron sights adjustable to 2,000 metres (2,200 yd) |


title: Osiek, Jarocin County

abstract: Osiek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jarocin, within Jarocin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-west of Jarocin and 56 km (35 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Osiek, Jarocin County

**Osiek** \[ˈɔɕɛk\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jarocin, within Jarocin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-west of Jarocin and 56 km (35 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Osiek | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Osiek | |
| Coordinates: 52°1′N 17°26′E / 52.017°N 17.433°E / 52.017; 17.433 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Jarocin |
| Gmina | Jarocin |


title: Orlando Christian Prep

abstract: Orlando Christian Prep was founded in 1960, and is currently a ministry of Orlando Baptist Church. The school is separated into four academic divisions including Pre-K (K2-K4), Elementary (K5-5th), Middle School (6th-8th), and High School (9th-12th).

text:
# Orlando Christian Prep

**Orlando Christian Prep** was founded in 1960, and is currently a ministry of Orlando Baptist Church. The school is separated into four academic divisions including Pre-K (K2-K4), Elementary (K5-5th), Middle School (6th-8th), and High School (9th-12th).

## History

Orlando Christian Prep was founded in 1960 as Orange Christian School a ministry of Temple Baptist Church

## Notable alumni

28°32′13″N 81°18′39″W / 28.536935°N 81.31076°W / 28.536935; -81.31076

## InfoBox

| Orlando Christian Prep | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Orlando, Florida
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Private Christian |
| Motto | For this reason also, since the day we heard this, we haven’t stopped praying for you. We are asking that you may be filled with the knowledge of his will in all wisdom and spiritual understanding, so that you may walk worthy of the Lord, fully pleasing to him: bearing fruit in every good work and growing in the knowledge of God |
| Established | 1960 (1960) |
| Principal | Jennie Jacobson |
| Faculty | 56 |
| Number of students | 600 (PK-12) |
| Campus | Urban, 10 acres (40,000 m2) |
| Color(s) | Royal blue, white, yellow |
| Mascot | Warriors |
| Website | orlandochristianprep.org |


title: École hôtelière de Lausanne

abstract: EHL Hospitality Business School, formerly known as École hôtelière de Lausanne, is a hospitality management school in Switzerland. The school is often seen as one of the best of its kind in the world, training its students to obtain managerial careers in the hotel and hospitality industries. Its campus is located in Le Chalet-à-Gobet, near the city center of Lausanne. The school currently teaches more than 3,300 students from 123 different countries.

text:
# École hôtelière de Lausanne

**EHL Hospitality Business School**, formerly known as **École hôtelière de Lausanne**, is a hospitality management school in Switzerland. The school is often seen as one of the best of its kind in the world, training its students to obtain managerial careers in the hotel and hospitality industries.

Its campus is located in Le Chalet-à-Gobet, near the city center of Lausanne. The school currently teaches more than 3,300 students from 123 different countries.

## History

Founded in 1893 by Jacques Tschumi, École hôtelière de Lausanne is the oldest hotel school in the world. It opened during the tourism boom in Switzerland in the late 19th century in response to high demand for skilled and qualified personnel.

In 1994, EHL launched its new Bachelor of Science in International Hospitality Management.

In 2001, EHL launched an EMBA (Executive Master in Hospitality Administration) program, a graduate degree in hospitality management from the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland (HES-SO).

## Education

It prepares students for senior international positions in the field through five programs:

* The Bachelor of Science in International Hospitality Management (taught in English or French), which includes a preparatory year of immersion into the hospitality industry, three years of coursework studying business management topics, two six-month internships (often taken abroad), and a 10-week consulting mandate
* The Master of Science in Global Hospitality Business, a three-semester program in partnership with the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the University of Houston, with courses taught in Lausanne (Switzerland), Hong Kong (China) and Houston (United States)
* The MBA in Hospitality, delivered 80% online starting September 2017
* The Executive MBA in Hospitality Administration, a 12-month post-graduate program in hotel and hospitality management
* The Master Class in Culinary Arts, a six-month certificate focused on the advanced aspects of culinary arts such as international cuisine, gastronomy and baking

EHL offers financial support to talented students who are unable to enroll due to financial hardship.

## Campus

The EHL campus contains several training restaurants for students in the preparatory year, including the Berceau des Sens, a gourmet restaurant that is open to the public and recognized by the Gault Millau guide. In 2019, the restaurant was awarded One Michelin Star. It also has several bars, 48 classrooms, auditoriums, a library, study rooms, a wine tasting room, a cafeteria, a boutique, a historic building, sports areas, and dorms.

EHL has adopted several sustainability initiatives, including a waste management system, vegetable garden, heat recovery system for cold storage, solar panels, and two electric cars on campus.

In 2013, EHL launched a project to further develop its campus through a collaborative exchange of ideas involving 385 architecture and landscape design students from around the world. Preparatory work should start in the fall of 2016, and should end within four years. The cost of the project is estimated at 226 million Swiss francs.

## Accreditations

Ecole hôtelière de Lausanne is accredited as an Institution of Higher Education, issued by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC, USA). This accreditation ensures that the institution meets the international standards of higher education, and facilitates credit transfers and degree recognition from American institutions.

Within Switzerland, it is the only hospitality school offering training affiliated with the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland (HES-SO), attesting to the high teaching quality and allowing the issued qualifications to be protected by Swiss law.

The Executive MBA in Hospitality Administration program was recognized by the Swiss Center of Accreditation and Quality Assurance in Higher Education (AAQ) as meeting their quality standards.

## Rankings

Based on a study done by TNS Sofres in 2007, 2010 and 2013 with managers and recruiters from the hospitality world, EHL is considered to be the best in the world with regard to graduate job placement in international hospitality careers.

In 2013 and 2014, EHL was named the Best Hospitality Management School in the international competition of the Worldwide Hospitality Awards.

In 2019 EHL was ranked No.1 Worldwide by QS World University Rankings (Hospitality and Leisure Management category.

EHL also ranked No.1 on the list of the best hospitality and hotel management schools in the world (CEO World Magazine, 2019)

## Faculty and research

Since 2014, the EHL research center, in partnership with STR, aims to become a premier source of research in the field of international hospitality. The EHL Food & Beverage Chair, supported by the food production and marketing group Saviva, has studied the changes and challenges of the restaurant industry market since 2010. The METRO Innovation Chair is dedicated to research and innovation in the hospitality and restaurant field.

Many gastronomy experts are part of the school's faculty, including several Meilleurs Ouvriers de France (MOF).

## Collaboration with industry

A Business Incubator was established in 2012 to support start-ups who want to start in the hospitality sector.

EHL has established an International Advisory Board composed of international leaders in the hospitality and education sector, which provides the school with an opportunity to benefit from direct feedback and experiences from the industry. In November 2013, EHL acquired the Swiss School of Tourism and Hospitality (SSTH) at Passugg, Switzerland, which teaches tourism, gastronomy and hospitality.

## InfoBox

EHL Hospitality Business School
| EHL Hospitality Business School (École hôtelière de Lausanne)
(lit. Hotel School of Lausanne) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Other name | EHL |
| Accreditation | NECHE
AACSB member
EFMD |
| President | Markus Venzin |
| Dean | Achim Schmitt |
| Students | 3318 |
| Location | Lausanne, Switzerland
46°33′38″N 6°40′57″E / 46.56056°N 6.68250°E / 46.56056; 6.68250 |
| Colours | Blue, white, & gold |
| Website | ehl.edu |


title: Lenny Lipton

abstract: Leonard Lipton was an American author, filmmaker, lyricist and inventor. At age 19, Lipton wrote the poem that became the basis for the lyrics to the song "Puff, the Magic Dragon". He wrote books on independent filmmaking and become a pioneer in the field of projected three-dimensional imagery. Leonard Lipton developed 3D cinema technology that is used in RealD 3D cinemas. His technology is used to show 3D films on more than 30,000 theater screens worldwide. In 2021, he published The Cinema in Flux, an 800-page illustrated book on the history of cinema technology.

text:
# Lenny Lipton

**Leonard Lipton** (May 18, 1940 – October 5, 2022) was an American author, filmmaker, lyricist and inventor. At age 19, Lipton wrote the poem that became the basis for the lyrics to the song "Puff, the Magic Dragon". He wrote books on independent filmmaking and become a pioneer in the field of projected three-dimensional imagery. Leonard Lipton developed 3D cinema technology that is used in RealD 3D cinemas. His technology is used to show 3D films on more than 30,000 theater screens worldwide.

In 2021, he published *The Cinema in Flux*, an 800-page illustrated book on the history of cinema technology.

## Early life

Lipton was born in Brooklyn, New York. He majored in physics at Cornell University after starting out in electrical engineering. A self-described "mediocre student", he only excelled once he found a field he loved. Lipton urged schools to be more "accepting of eccentric people with a different point of view because we are the people who make the difference."

## Career

### Puff, the Magic Dragon

Lipton was 19 when he wrote the poem that was adapted into the lyrics for the 1963 song "Puff, the Magic Dragon", performed by Peter, Paul and Mary. His inspiration was a 1936 Ogden Nash poem, "The Tale of Custard the Dragon". "Pirates and dragons, back then, were common interests in stories for boys", Lipton said. "The Puff story is really just a lot like Peter Pan." Lipton spent decades denying that the song was about marijuana and believed that the myth was created by New York columnist Dorothy Kilgallen.

### Independent films

In the 1960s, Lipton shot several experimental films on 16 mm stock, most with running times of less than 10 minutes. The best known, *Let a Thousand Parks Bloom*, a 27-minute film about Berkeley's People's Park, played at the Tate Liverpool Museum and the Whitney Museum of American Art. The following decade, he wrote two books on technologies and methods for independent filmmakers: *Independent Film Making* (1972) and *The Super 8 Book* (1975). *Lipton on Filmmaking, a* compendium of his magazine writings, was published in 1979.

### Stereography

Lipton was a pioneer in the field of projected three-dimensional imagery and was one of the creators of the electronic stereoscopic display industry. His interest dated back to his childhood in New York where he attended movie palaces, with some films shown in 3D. He drew his own 3D comics using red and green crayons on tracing paper, which were viewed using primitive glasses constructed of cardboard tubes and magnifying lenses.

Royalties from "Puff the Magic Dragon" and *Independent Filmmaking*, which remained in print for 20 years, gave Lipton an independent income that allowed him to follow his interests. His career in stereoscopic display began to gel around 1972. In one early stint, he served as the "convergence setter" for the 1983 3D film *Rottweiler: Dogs from Hell*, determining for each shot the optimal position at which to cross the dual lens axes. Previewing a scene from the film, technical staff from Universal were impressed by the stereoscopic imagery.

He built a prototype of a flicker-free, field-sequential 3D display system and founded StereoGraphics Corporation in 1980 to fund development. The system worked by doubling the display rate of images, thereby overcoming a problem inherent in 3D motion picture projection, where each eye views only half the available images. In 1989, he patented the active ZScreen polarization filter that uses a circularly polarized liquid crystal filter placed in front of a projector, which can then display both the left and right halves of a stereo pair. After Real D Cinema acquired StereoGraphics in 2005, the technology became the basis for the RealD cinema system. The system is in use in more than 30,000 screens worldwide. Lipton was the chief technology officer at RealD until 2009, when he left to do independent consulting.

Lipton published his definitive treatment of the subject, *Foundations of the Stereoscopic Cinema: A Study in Depth*, in 1982. In 2011, the International 3D Society gave him its Century Award for Lifetime Achievement. As of 2015, he held 68 stereography-related patents.

### History of motion picture technology

In 2021, Lipton published *The Cinema in Flux: The Evolution of Motion Picture Technology from the Magic Lantern to the Digital Era.* In the 800-page illustrated book, Lipton argues that film scholars mistakenly consider inventions that preceded the 19th century motion picture cameras from Thomas Edison and the Lumières brothers as prehistory. Lipton sets the genesis of the medium to 1659 and Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens' invention of the magic lantern, marking the first time moving images were projected on a screen. The book divides the history into three eras: glass, celluloid, and digital. *Flux*'s origins date back to 2009, when Lipton was speaking at the Cinémathèque Française, whose museum happened to be exhibiting a history of magic lantern technology. His subsequent research led him to the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences' Margaret Herrick Library, the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers digital library, The Library of Congress's collection of motion picture periodicals, and some 400 books.

Film historian Laurent Mannoni, the curator of collections at the Cinémathèque Française, wrote that the book represents "the first time that this vast technical and aesthetic history has been told by an inventor-technician-physicist-industrialist, who has himself filed patents for cinematographic inventions, run a company and made films. His point of view is both authoritative and fascinating since, until now, no conventional historian has had such varied credentials...."

In his foreword, Douglas Trumbull wrote that Lipton "is on the trail of a vitally important nexus between the illusion of motion and the story contained within that illusion." Each new innovation raises the question of whether cinema will become "an even more high-powered juggernaut of immersive and experiential technical perfection"—a theme park ride with no heart—or remain an emotional experience relying on the traditional talents of screenwriters, directors, and actors. "Lenny Lipton delivers the background we need to help make sure that our beloved art form does not go off the rails."

## Personal life and death

Lipton was married to Julie and had four children. He died from brain cancer in Los Angeles, on October 5, 2022, at age 82.

## Books

* *Independent Filmmaking* (1972)
* *The Super 8 Book* (1975)
* *Lipton on Filmmaking* (1979)
* *Foundations of the Stereoscopic Cinema: A Study in Depth* (1982)
* *The CrystalEyes Handbook (1991)*
* *Puff, the Magic Dragon: Peter Yarrow, Lenny Lipton, Eric Puybaret* (2007)
* *The Cinema in Flux: The Evolution of Motion Picture Technology from the Magic Lantern to the Digital Era* (2021)

## InfoBox

| Lenny Lipton | |
| --- | --- |
| Lipton in 2021 | |
| Born | Leonard Lipton
(1940-05-18)May 18, 1940
Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Died | October 5, 2022(2022-10-05) (aged 82)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Occupations | * Inventor * author * experimental filmmaker * lyricist |
| Years active | 1959–2022 |
| Known for | "Puff, the Magic Dragon", 3D display technology, history of motion picture technology |


title: Lepidochrysops jamesi

abstract: Lepidochrysops jamesi, the James's blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in South Africa. The wingspan is 30–36 mm. Adults are on wing from September to early November. There is one generation per year.

text:
# Lepidochrysops jamesi

***Lepidochrysops jamesi***, the **James's blue**, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in South Africa.

The wingspan is 30–36 mm. Adults are on wing from September to early November. There is one generation per year.

## Subspecies

* *Lepidochrysops jamesi jamesi* (Koedoesberg and Swaarweerberg in North Cape)
* *Lepidochrysops jamesi claassensi* Dickson, 1982 (Hantamsberg in North Cape)

## InfoBox

| *Lepidochrysops jamesi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Lepidochrysops* |
| Species: | ***L. jamesi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lepidochrysops jamesi***<br>Swanepoel, 1971 | |
|


title: Lepidochrysops kitale

abstract: Lepidochrysops kitale, the Kitale giant Cupid, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in north-western Kenya. The habitat consists of savanna.

text:
# Lepidochrysops kitale

***Lepidochrysops kitale***, the **Kitale giant Cupid**, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in north-western Kenya. The habitat consists of savanna.

## InfoBox

| *Lepidochrysops kitale* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Lepidochrysops* |
| Species: | ***L. kitale*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lepidochrysops kitale***
(Stempffer, 1936) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Neochrysops cinerea kitale* Stempffer, 1936 * *Cupido cinerea* f. *imperialis* Stoneham, 1938 * *Cupido cinerea* f. *princeps* Stoneham, 1938 | |


title: Lepidochrysops jefferyi

abstract: Lepidochrysops jefferyi, the Jeffery's blue, is a species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is endemic to South Africa, where it known from grassland on the hills above Ulundi, Fairview and the Sheba Mines in Mpumalanga. The wingspan is 38–44 mm for males and 42–46 mm for females. Adults are on wing from October to November. There is one generation per year. The larvae feed on Becium grandiflorum.

text:
# Lepidochrysops jefferyi

***Lepidochrysops jefferyi***, the **Jeffery's blue**, is a species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is endemic to South Africa, where it known from grassland on the hills above Ulundi, Fairview and the Sheba Mines in Mpumalanga.

The wingspan is 38–44 mm for males and 42–46 mm for females. Adults are on wing from October to November. There is one generation per year.

The larvae feed on *Becium grandiflorum*.

## InfoBox

| *Lepidochrysops jefferyi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Lepidochrysops* |
| Species: | ***L. jefferyi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lepidochrysops jefferyi***
(Swierstra, 1909) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lycaena jefferyi* Swierstra, 1909 * *Neochrysops jefferyi* | |


title: Lepidochrysops jacksoni

abstract: Lepidochrysops jacksoni is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Uganda, from the south-western part of the country to Tororo and to the north and West Madi. The habitat consists of areas with short grass and flowers of the family Lamiaceae on the rocky slopes of hills and ridges.

text:
# Lepidochrysops jacksoni

***Lepidochrysops jacksoni*** is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Uganda, from the south-western part of the country to Tororo and to the north and West Madi. The habitat consists of areas with short grass and flowers of the family Lamiaceae on the rocky slopes of hills and ridges.

## InfoBox

| *Lepidochrysops jacksoni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Lepidochrysops* |
| Species: | ***L. jacksoni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lepidochrysops jacksoni***<br>van Someren, 1957 | |
|


title: Leon Lichtenstein

abstract: Leon Lichtenstein was a Polish-German mathematician, who made contributions to the areas of differential equations, conformal mapping, and potential theory. He was also interested in theoretical physics, publishing research in hydrodynamics and astronomy.

text:
# Leon Lichtenstein

**Leon Lichtenstein** (16 May 1878 – 21 August 1933) was a Polish-German mathematician, who made contributions to the areas of differential equations, conformal mapping, and potential theory. He was also interested in theoretical physics, publishing research in hydrodynamics and astronomy.

## Life and work

Leon Lichtenstein was born on 16 May 1878 to an Ashkenazi Jewish family in Warsaw, then part of the Russian Empire. His cousin, Leo Wiener, was the father of MIT mathematician Norbert Wiener. He studied in Berlin, earning both a doctorate in mechanical and electrical engineering at the Technische Hochschule Berlin and a doctorate in mathematics at the Friedrich Wilhelm University with a thesis on differential equations written under the supervision of Hermann Schwarz and Friedrich Schottky. From 1902 he worked as an electrical engineer for Siemens & Halske; then, from 1910, he turned to the academic world by becoming privatdozent at the Berlin Technische Hochschule. Lichtenstein was one of the founders, in 1918, and the first editor of the journal *Mathematische Zeitschrift*. In 1920 he moved to a mathematics chair at the University of Münster and in 1922 he joined the University of Leipzig where he would spend the rest of his career. At the University of Leipzig, he founded a mathematical school and his students, including Ernst Hölder, Erich Kähler, Aurel Wintner, Hermann Boerner and Karl Maruhn, continuing his research in mathematics and theoretical physics.

In 1933, as the Nazi party came to power in Germany, Lichtenstein abandoned his position at the university and left to Poland, as he would have been dismissed anyway for being Jewish. Shortly after, on 21 August 1933, he died of heart and kidney problems in Zakopane, in Poland.

## Bibliography

* *Beiträge zur Theorie der Kabel- Untersuchungen zu den Kapazitätsverhältnissen von verseilten und konzentrischen Mehrfachkabeln.* Oldenbourg, München 1908.
* *Grundlagen der Hydromechanik.* Springer, Berlin 1929. Reprint 1968.
* *Gleichgewichtsfiguren rotierender Flüssigkeiten.* Springer, Berlin 1933.
* *Vorlesungen über einige Klassen nichtlinearer Integralgleichungen und Integro-Differentialgleichungen nebst Anwendungen.* Springer, Berlin 1931.
* *Astronomie und Mathematik in ihrer Wechselwirkung. Mathematische Probleme in der Theorie der Figur der Himmelskörper.* 1922, Reprint: VDM, Saarbrücken 2007.

## Sources

* Jagdish Mehra, Helmut Rechenberg, *The historical development of quantum theory*, Springer, 2000, p. 418
* Sanford L. Segal, *Mathematicians under the Nazis*, Princeton University Press, 2003, p. 44

## InfoBox

| Leon Lichtenstein | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1878-05-16)16 May 1878
Warsaw, Russian Empire |
| Died | 21 August 1933(1933-08-21) (aged 55)
Zakopane, Poland |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Alma mater | University of Berlin |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | University of Leipzig |
| Doctoral advisor | Hermann Schwarz
Friedrich Schottky |
| Doctoral students | Hermann Boerner
Ernst Hölder
Erich Kähler
Aurel Wintner |
|  | |


title: Leona Maricle

abstract: Leona Maricle was an American stage and film actress known for "distinctive characterizations of colorful ladies." Maricle's parents were Mr. and Mrs. Peter Maricle. She was a graduate of the College of Industrial Arts. Her Broadway debut came in The Trial of Mary Dugan (1927). Her final appearance on Broadway was in Never Too Late (1962). In the mid-1930s, she and her husband were active in summer stock theatre in Skowhegan, Maine. Maricle married actor Louis Jean Heydt in New York City in 1928. They divorced in either 1947 or 1948. She did not remarry. On March 25, 1988, Maricle died of an apparent heart attack in her apartment in Manhattan. Her obituary in The New York Times gave her age as 81.

text:
# Leona Maricle

**Leona Maricle** (December 23, 1905 – March 25, 1988) was an American stage and film actress known for "distinctive characterizations of colorful ladies."

Maricle's parents were Mr. and Mrs. Peter Maricle. She was a graduate of the College of Industrial Arts. Her Broadway debut came in *The Trial of Mary Dugan* (1927). Her final appearance on Broadway was in *Never Too Late* (1962).

In the mid-1930s, she and her husband were active in summer stock theatre in Skowhegan, Maine.

Maricle married actor Louis Jean Heydt in New York City in 1928. They divorced in either 1947 or 1948. She did not remarry.

On March 25, 1988, Maricle died of an apparent heart attack in her apartment in Manhattan. Her obituary in *The New York Times* gave her age as 81.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Blottner, Gene. *Columbia Noir: A Complete Filmography, 1940-1962*. McFarland, 2015.

## InfoBox

| Leona Maricle | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | December 23, 1905
Wichita Falls, Texas, U.S. |
| Died | March 25, 1988 (aged 82)
New York City, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1933–1946 (film) |
| Spouse(s) | Louis Jean Heydt
(m. 1928; div. 1947 or 1948) |


title: Leona Marlin-Romeo

abstract: Leona M. Romeo is a Sint Maarten politician who served as Prime Minister of Sint Maarten from 2018 to 2019. She previously served as a member of Parliament from 2014 to 2016.

text:
# Leona Marlin-Romeo

**Leona M. Romeo** (born 3 July 1973) is a Sint Maarten politician who served as Prime Minister of Sint Maarten from 2018 to 2019. She previously served as a member of Parliament from 2014 to 2016.

## Early life

Leona Marlin-Romeo was born on 3 July 1973 on Sint Maarten to Marius Romeo and Marilyn Thomas. As a child, Marlin-Romeo attended the Methodist Agogic Center (MAC) in Sint Maarten. She briefly attended St. Maarten Academy before transferring to Oak Hill Academy in Virginia. She graduated from Adelphi University in 1995 with a bachelor's degree in political science and a minor in French. She continued her education at the University of Amsterdam where she graduated with a master's degree in International Relations. In 2005, Marlin-Romeo returned to Sint Maarten, and began working as the Head of the Civil Registry Department.

## InfoBox

| Leona M. Romeo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 5th Prime Minister of Sint Maarten | |
| **In office**
15 January 2018  10 October 2019 | |
| Monarch | Willem-Alexander |
| Governor | Eugene Holiday |
| Preceded by | Rafael Boasman |
| Succeeded by | Wycliffe Smith |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1973-07-03) 3 July 1973
Sint Maarten |
| Political party | United Democrats (2018–present) |
| Other political
affiliations |  |
| Spouse | Richard Marlin |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | University of Amsterdam
Adelphi University |
|  | |


title: Zmelkoow

abstract: Zmelkoow is a Slovenian comedy rock band, founded in Koper in 1992. The band's members include Gorazd "Goga" Sedmak, Žare Pavletič, Aleš Koščak (drummer), and Anuša Podgornik. It is known for a distinctive humor in most of their songs' lyrics, spanning from philosophical to ironic. One of their less known CDs contains songs remade in medieval fashion.

text:
# Zmelkoow

**Zmelkoow** is a Slovenian comedy rock band, founded in Koper in 1992. The band's members include Gorazd "Goga" Sedmak (singer and guitarist), Žare Pavletič (bass guitarist), Aleš Koščak (drummer), and Anuša Podgornik (keyboards, flute, vocals). It is known for a distinctive humor in most of their songs' lyrics, spanning from philosophical (song titled "Bit") to ironic. One of their less known CDs contains songs remade in medieval fashion.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Pionirji Divergentnega Marketinga* CD (2016)
* *Čista jajca?* CD (2009)
* *Kolekcija Jesen 93 - Poletje 07* 2x CD (2007)
* *Zmelkoow plošča* CD (2004)
* *Superheroji v akciji* CD MC (2001)
* *Izštekani pri Juretu Longyki* CD MC (2000)
* *Dej, nosorog, pazi kam stopaš!* CD MC (1999)
* *Srebrna* CD MC (1997)
* *Čiko Pajo in Pako* CD MC (1996)
* *Kdo se je zbral?* CD MC (1994)

### Singles, EP's

* *Malo Dnarja, Malo Muzike* 5 x files EP (2015)
* *Kino Šiška EP* CD (2011)
* *Zdej en dan v srednjem veku* CDr (2007)
* *Kishta (Moj računalnik je neumna kišta!!)*10" EP (1998)
* *Klub ljudi z resnimi težavami* CD Shape (1997)
* *Napačen planet* CD3" (1996)
* *Yo!* 7" (1994)
* *Streloowod + Brrr... + Čau sonček* 7" (1993)

## InfoBox

| Zmelkoow | |
| --- | --- |
| Zmelkoow in 2008 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Koper, Slovenia |
| Genres | rock, pop, Comedy rock |
| Years active | 1992  present |
|  | |
| Members | Goga Sedmak (vocals, guitar)
Žare Pavletič (bass guitar)
Aleš Koščak (drums)
Anuša Podgornik (keyboards, flute, vocals)
Eva Brajkovič (vocals) |
|  | |
| Website | zmelkoow.net |


title: École française de Lausanne-Valmont

abstract: École française de Lausanne-Valmont is a Catholic French international school in Lausanne, Switzerland. It serves levels maternelle (preschool) through terminale, the final year of lycée. The Marcelline Sisters of Milan established the school in 1963. As of 2016 it has over 400 students.

text:
# École française de Lausanne-Valmont

46°32′07″N 6°39′20″E / 46.5352427°N 6.6554754°E / 46.5352427; 6.6554754**École française de Lausanne-Valmont** is a Catholic French international school in Lausanne, Switzerland. It serves levels *maternelle* (preschool) through *terminale*, the final year of *lycée* (sixth form college/senior high school). The Marcelline Sisters of Milan established the school in 1963. As of 2016 it has over 400 students.

## Accreditation

École française VL's (upper) secondary education (*Middle and High School*) is not accredited as a Mittelschule/Collège/Liceo by the Swiss Federal State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI).


title: McCarthy's Single Malt

abstract: McCarthy's Oregon Single Malt Whiskey is an American single malt whiskey produced by the Clear Creek Distillery.

text:
# McCarthy's Single Malt

**McCarthy's Oregon Single Malt Whiskey** is an American single malt whiskey produced by the Clear Creek Distillery.

## Production

Noted for being one of the first American single malts introduced after Prohibition and aged for three years in the foothills of Mount Hood, Oregon, McCarthy's is made from 100% malted barley imported from Scotland. It is heavily peated, in the Islay tradition of single malt scotch, and draws comparisons to prominent whiskies such as Lagavulin. McCarthy's was a pioneer of the single malt American whisky revival in the early 1990s and has received equal praise and attention in the years following. The 2008 release received a 96 rating (out of 100) in *Jim Murray's Whisky Bible*.

Current production is headed by veteran American craft distillers Joseph O'Sullivan and Caitlin Bartlemay.

"The First American Single Malt Whiskey? (Episode 705: June 10, 2018) | WhiskyCast".


title: Orthophytum rubrum

abstract: Orthophytum rubrum is a plant species in the genus Orthophytum. The bromeliad is endemic to the Atlantic Forest biome in Bahia state, located in southeastern Brazil.

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# Orthophytum rubrum

***Orthophytum rubrum*** is a plant species in the genus *Orthophytum*.

The bromeliad is endemic to the Atlantic Forest biome (*Mata Atlantica Brasileira*) in Bahia state, located in southeastern Brazil.

## Cultivars

* Martinelli, Gustavo; Vieira, Cláudia Magalhães; Gonzalez, Marcos; Leitman, Paula; Piratininga, Andréa; Costa, Andrea Ferreira da; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (January 2008). "Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica Brasileira: lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação" \[Bromeliaceae of the brazilian Atlantic Forest: checklist, distribution and conservation\]. *Rodriguésia* (in Brazilian Portuguese). **59** (1): 209–258. doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859114. JSTOR 23499386.
* BSI Cultivar Registry Retrieved 11 October 2009

## InfoBox

| *Orthophytum rubrum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Orthophytum* |
| Species: | ***O. rubrum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthophytum rubrum***<br>L.B.Sm. | |
|


abstract: Estonia competed at the 2018 European Athletics Championships in Berlin, Germany, from 6–12 August 2018. A delegation of 22 athletes were sent to represent the country.

text:
# Estonia at the 2018 European Athletics Championships

**Estonia** competed at the 2018 European Athletics Championships in Berlin, Germany, from 6–12 August 2018. A delegation of 22 athletes were sent to represent the country.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bronze | Magnus Kirt | Men's javelin throw | 9 August |

## Results

Men Track and road

| Athletes | Event | Heats | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Tony Nõu | 400 metres | 47.19 | 26 | Did not advance | | | |
| Tiidrek Nurme | Marathon |  | | | | 2:15:16 **PB** | 9 |
| Roman Fosti | | | 2:17:57 **SB** | 17 |
| Rasmus Mägi | 400 metres hurdles | Bye | | 48.80 **SB** | 3 **Q** | 48.75 **SB** | 6 |
| Jaak-Heinrich Jagor | | 50.47 | 7 **Q** | 50.41 | 21 | Did not advance | |
| Kaur Kivistik | 3000 metres steeplechase | 8:28.84 **NR** | 6 **Q** |  | | 8:40.32 | 9 |

Field events

| Athletes | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Gerd Kanter | Discus throw | 64.18 | 5 **Q** | 64.34 | 5 |
| Martin Kupper | | 62.13 | 13 | Did not advance | |
| **Magnus Kirt** | Javelin throw | 83.15 | 5 **Q** | 85.96 |  |
| Tanel Laanmäe | | 77.21 | 15 | Did not advance | |

Combined events – Decathlon

| Athlete | Event | 100 m | LJ | SP | HJ | 400 m | 110H | DT | PV | JT | 1500 m | Final | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Maicel Uibo | Result | 11.31 | 7.27 | 14.61 | 2.02 | 50.18 **PB** | 14.57 | 45.33 | 5.10 | **DNS** | - | **DNF** | - |
| | Points | 793 | 878 | 766 | 822 | 806 | 902 | 774 | 941 | 0 | | | - |
| Karl Robert Saluri | Result | 10.68 | 7.50 | 14.54 **PB** | 1.87 | 48.26 | 15.20 | **NM** | **DNS** | - | - | **DNF** | - |
| | Points | 933 | 935 | 761 | 687 | 897 | 825 | 0 | 0 | - | | | - |
| Karel Tilga | Result | 11.26 | 7.25 | 14.20 | 2.02 | 50.12 | 15.27 | 43.42 | **DNS** | - | - | **DNF** | - |
| | Points | 804 | 874 | 741 | 822 | 809 | 817 | 734 | 0 | - | | | - |

Women Field events

| Athletes | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Eleriin Haas | High jump | 1.76 | 25 | Did not advance | |
| Ksenija Balta | Long jump | 6.63 =**SB** | 10 **q** | 6.49 | 6 |
| Tähti Alver | Triple jump | 13.76 | 22 | Did not advance | |
| Merilyn Uudmäe | | 13.74 | 24 | Did not advance | |
| Kätlin Tõllasson | Discus throw | 48.58 | 29 | Did not advance | |
| Liina Laasma | Javelin throw | **NM** | - | Did not advance | |
| Anna Maria Orel | Hammer throw | 67.22 | 16 | Did not advance | |

Combined events – Heptathlon

| Athlete | Event | 100H | HJ | SP | 200 m | LJ | JT | 800 m | Final | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mari Klaup | Result | 14.00 | 1.73 | 11.49 | 26.43 | **NM** | 42.96 | **DNS** | **DNF** | - |
| | Points | 978 | 891 | 627 | 760 | 0 | 724 | | | 0 |
| Grit Šadeiko | Result | 13.37 **SB** | 1.73 | 12.50 | 24.61 | 5.90 | 48.11 **SB** | 2:18.78 | 6060 | 12 |
| | Points | 1069 | 891 | 694 | 923 | 819 | 824 | | | 840 |

## InfoBox

| Estonia at the
2018 European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| WA code | EST |
| National federation | Estonian Athletic Association |
| Website | ekjl.ee |
| in Berlin | |
| Competitors | 22 (13 men and 9 women) in 14 events |
| Medals
Ranked 25th | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 1 Total 1 |
| European Athletics Championships appearances (overview) | |
|  | |
| Other related appearances | |
| Soviet Union (1946–1990) | |


title: Worringer Bruch

abstract: The Worringer Bruch is a section of 164 hectares swampy lowlands in the far north of Cologne, Germany. It is approximately 8,000 years old, and is now almost a completely dried up meander part of the Rhine. It was named after an adjacent district of Cologne, Worringen, which once was an independent city, which has a thousand years of history. The Worringer Bruch is geographically 37.5 m above sea level, and is the lowest point of Cologne. The water level is closely related to the water level of the river Rhine. Today, Worringer Bruch offers shelter for different types of forest and cultural landscapes such as pastures and orchards, the most important being the floodplain landscape. In addition, Worringer Bruch serves as a valuable regional habitat for several endangered plants and animal species. Playing an essential role in the conservation and protection of nature, rare animals and plant species, it also serves as the "green lungs" of Cologne. It is also a notable area for recreation and nature experience such as hiking, and flora and fauna exploration. In 1991, the Worringer Bruch was designated as a nature reserve.

text:
# Worringer Bruch

The **Worringer Bruch** is a section of 164 hectares (410 acres) swampy lowlands in the far north of Cologne, Germany. It is approximately 8,000 years old, and is now almost a completely dried up meander part of the Rhine. It was named after an adjacent district of Cologne, Worringen, which once was an independent city, which has a thousand years of history (first mentioned in 922).

The Worringer Bruch is geographically 37.5 m above sea level, and is the lowest point of Cologne (the highest is 118.3 m – Monte Troodelöh in Königsforst). The water level is closely related to the water level of the river Rhine. Today, Worringer Bruch offers shelter for different types of forest and cultural landscapes such as pastures and orchards, the most important being the floodplain landscape. In addition, Worringer Bruch serves as a valuable regional habitat for several endangered plants and animal species.

Playing an essential role in the conservation and protection of nature, rare animals and plant species, it also serves as the "green lungs" of Cologne. It is also a notable area for recreation and nature experience such as hiking, and flora and fauna exploration. In 1991, the Worringer Bruch was designated as a nature reserve.

## Fauna

As large parts of Worringer Bruch are difficult for people to access, it is an ideal habitat for many animal and bird species, including:

51°2′49.2″N 6°51′31.8″E / 51.047000°N 6.858833°E / 51.047000; 6.858833


title: Hartmanice (České Budějovice District)

abstract: Hartmanice is a municipality and village in České Budějovice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. Hartmanice lies approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) north of České Budějovice and 99 km (62 mi) south of Prague.

text:
# Hartmanice (České Budějovice District)

**Hartmanice** is a municipality and village in České Budějovice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

Hartmanice lies approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) north of České Budějovice and 99 km (62 mi) south of Prague.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 298 |  |
| 1880 | 326 | +9.4% |
| 1890 | 281 | −13.8% |
| 1900 | 264 | −6.0% |
| 1910 | 284 | +7.6% |
| 1921 | 289 | +1.8% |
| 1930 | 277 | −4.2% |
| 1950 | 202 | −27.1% |
| 1961 | 217 | +7.4% |
| 1970 | 184 | −15.2% |
| 1980 | 186 | +1.1% |
| 1991 | 167 | −10.2% |
| 2001 | 185 | +10.8% |
| 2011 | 173 | −6.5% |
| 2021 | 178 | +2.9% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Hartmanice | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Chapel | |
|  | |
| HartmaniceLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°12′29″N 14°33′54″E / 49.20806°N 14.56500°E / 49.20806; 14.56500 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | South Bohemian |
| District | České Budějovice |
| First mentioned | 1219 |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.98 km2 (3.47 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 474 m (1,555 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 196 |
| Density | 22/km2 (57/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 373 65 |
| Website | www.obechartmanice.cz |