title: Adolf Bestelmeyer

abstract: Adolf Bestelmeyer was a German experimental physicist.

text:
# Adolf Bestelmeyer

**Adolf (Christoph Wilhelm) Bestelmeyer** (21 December 1875 – 21 November 1957) was a German experimental physicist.

## Life and work

Bestelmeyer studied mathematics and physics at the Technische Hochschulen in Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin) and in Munich (now Technical University of Munich) and the University of Munich. After his promotion, he worked in 1904 as an assistant at the University of Göttingen. In World War I he was active in torpedo research, and afterwards he was professor of physics at the University of Greifswald from 1917 to 1921. He then served until the end of World War II as a laboratory manager in various companies (like Askania), especially in the area of torpedo construction.

In 1907, Bestelmeyer questioned the accuracy of the measurements by Walter Kaufmann regarding the speed dependence of the electromagnetic mass. Bestelmeyer used a velocity filter for his own experiments on cathode rays, and this method was later also used by Alfred Bucherer. While Bucherer saw the results of his experiments as a confirmation of special relativity, his methods were criticized by Bestelmeyer, thus a polemical dispute between these two researchers arose. It took years until those problems could be resolved, and the results of further experiments confirmed the predictions of special relativity. Which are now again under suspicion.

Bestelmeyer is also known for developing a magnetic detonator for torpedoes in 1917, for which he was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (although there was no time for testing this device in World War I anymore).


title: Xenosome

abstract: A xenosome is a bacterium that lives in the body of some marine protozoans. It primarily refers to bacterial invaders of the cytoplasm of a single genus of marine scuticociliates. They are found in ciliates, sometimes with a methanogenic role inside anaerobic ciliates. In 1985, researcher John Corliss proposed to expand the definition of the term to include all DNA-containing, membrane-bounded bodies or organelles—prokaryotic or eukaryotic in original nature—found within the cytoplasm or nucleus of eukaryotic cells of any or all kinds, regardless of whether the occupation was temporary or permanent.

text:
# Xenosome

A **xenosome** is a bacterium that lives in the body of some marine protozoans. It primarily refers to bacterial invaders of the cytoplasm of a single genus of marine scuticociliates. They are found in ciliates, sometimes with a methanogenic role inside anaerobic ciliates.

In 1985, researcher John Corliss proposed to expand the definition of the term to include all DNA-containing, membrane-bounded bodies or organellesprokaryotic or eukaryotic in original nature—found within the cytoplasm or nucleus of eukaryotic cells of any or all kinds, regardless of whether the occupation was temporary or permanent.


title: Pulse (Front 242 album)

abstract: Pulse is the eighth studio album by Front 242, released on May 6, 2003 through Metropolis Records. It was the group's first full-length studio release in ten years since 1993's 05:22:09:12 Off, marking their largest gap between albums. In 2016, a restructured version of Pulse was released under the title (Filtered) Pulse.

text:
# Pulse (Front 242 album)

***Pulse*** is the eighth studio album by Front 242, released on May 6, 2003 through Metropolis Records. It was the group's first full-length studio release in ten years since 1993's *05:22:09:12 Off*, marking their largest gap between albums. In 2016, a restructured version of *Pulse* was released under the title *(Filtered) Pulse*.

## Content

*Pulse* is a blend of electronic body music and industrial music. Unusually for Front 242, the album predominantly comprises a set of suites divided into sub-tracks.

### *(Filtered) Pulse* reissue

On June 24, 2016, a restructured, heavily shortened, and remastered version of *Pulse* was released under the title *(Filtered) Pulse*. It was released through Alfa Matrix as part of Front 242's thirty-fifth anniversary series of reissues. This release was organized by Front 242's own Daniel Bressanutti.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Exclaim!* | Unfavorable |
| *Release Magazine* |  |
| *Uncut* | 1/5 |

*Pulse* received mostly mixed reviews. John Bush of AllMusic appreciated the album, writing, "*Pulse* sounds like the record Front 242 wanted to make, the type they could make only once the pressure was off." *Release Magazine's* John Carlsson was more lukewarm, praising its technical construction but deeming it samey and unchallenging. Writing for *Exclaim!*, Coreen Wolanski lamented how Front 242 had fallen from being the indisputable pioneers of electronic body music to being so repetitive. *Uncut* magazine provided the most scathing review, writing, "Had this record been released in 1988, it would have been hailed a masterpiece. But memories of the glory days of “Headhunter” have receded, and the rest of the world has long since caught up with and overtaken Front 242."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "SEQ666" (P) | 4:02 |
| 2. | "SEQ666" (U) | 1:13 |
| 3. | "SEQ666" (L) | 1:20 |
| 4. | "SEQ666" (S) | 0:50 |
| 5. | "SEQ666" (E) | 5:09 |
| 6. | "Together" | 5:27 |
| 7. | "Triple X Girlfriend" | 3:45 |
| 8. | "No More No More" | 7:23 |
| 9. | "Beyond the Scale of Comprehension" | 7:22 |
| 10. | "Song" (Untitled) | 3:58 |
| 11. | "Song" (StarCandy) | 2:40 |
| 12. | "One" (With the Fire) | 3:26 |
| 13. | "One" (Reverse) | 2:23 |
| 14. | "Matrix" (OpenStatic) | 2:24 |
| 15. | "Matrix" (MegaHertz) | 3:50 |
| 16. | "Never Lost" (Faust) | 3:41 |
| 17. | "Never Lost" (Riley) | 7:01 |
| 18. | "7Rain" (Filter) | 4:10 |
| 19. | "Pan" (Dhe) | 1:56 |
| 20. | "Pan" (Mihk) | 3:07 |
| Total length: | | 74:07 |

*(Filtered) Pulse* reissue
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "7Rain" | 3:47 |
| 2. | "Together" | 5:22 |
| 3. | "Loud" | 3:54 |
| 4. | "Strobe" | 3:24 |
| 5. | "One" | 3:25 |
| 6. | "Matrix" | 6:12 |
| 7. | "TripleXXXgirlfriend" | 3:42 |
| 8. | "Collision" | 5:10 |
| 9. | "Strobe (Fragments)" | 4:13 |
| Total length: | | 39:09 |

## Personnel

All credits adapted from *Pulse* liner notes.

* Jean-Luc De Meyer – lead vocals
* Richard Jonckheere – percussion, backing vocals
* Daniel Bressanutti – graphic design, mixing, producing, publishing
* Patrick Codenys – mixing, producing, publishing

## Chart positions

| Chart (2003) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (*Billboard*) | 20 |
|

## "Pulse" single

| "Pulse" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Front 242 | |
| from the album  *Pulse* | |
| Released | 2003 |
| Length | 28:54 |
| Label | XIII BIS Records |
| Producer(s) | Daniel Bressanutti |

In advance of both *Still & Raw* and *Pulse*, the single "Pulse" was released through the French label XIII BIS Records.

### Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Seq666 - PULSE * "1. Seq666 - P" * "2. Seq666 - U" * "3. Seq666 - L" * "4. Seq666 - S" * "5. Seq666 - E" | 12:33 |
| 2. | "Triple X Girlfriend" | 3:42 |
| 3. | "One * "1. With the Fire" * "2.    Reverse" | 5:49 |
| 4. | "Song * "1. StarCandy" * "2.    Untitled" | 6:50 |
| Total length: | | 28:54 |

### Personnel

All credits adapted from "Pulse" liner notes.

* Jean-Luc De Meyer – lead vocals
* Richard Jonckheere – percussion, backing vocals
* Daniel Bressanutti – graphic design, mixing, producing, publishing
* Patrick Codenys – mixing, producing, publishing

## *Still & Raw* EP

| Still & Raw | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Front 242 | |
| Released | April 8, 2003 |
| Length | 27:56 |
| Label | Metropolis Records |

*Still & Raw* is an EP by Front 242 released on April 8, 2003 through Metropolis Records. It was intended to be a preview of *Pulse*. Like the music on that succeeding album, *Still & Raw'*s sound is calm and slow. In 2016, a compilation combining *Pulse* and *Still & Raw* was released. Matthew Jeanes of Brainwashed wrote about the EP, "*Still & Raw* isn't liable to turn the heads of those firmly glued to Mille Plateaux and Rephlex platters, but It's a worthwhile effort from an old standby that warrants a listen if you were a fan and at least a glimpse if you weren't."

### Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "7Rain" | 3:52 |
| 2. | "Loud" | 3:58 |
| 3. | "Strobe" | 3:27 |
| 4. | "Collision" | 5:13 |
| 5. | "7Rain (GHost)" | 4:05 |
| 6. | "Strobe (Fragments)" | 7:21 |
| Total length: | | 27:56 |

### Personnel

All credits adapted from *Still & Raw* liner notes.

* Jean-Luc De Meyer – lead vocals
* Richard Jonckheere – percussion, backing vocals
* Daniel Bressanutti – graphic design, mixing, producing, publishing
* Patrick Codenys – mixing, producing, publishing

## InfoBox

| Pulse | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Front 242 | |
| Released | May 6, 2003 |
| Studio | Art & Strategy |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 74:07 |
| Label | Metropolis Records |
| Producer | Daniel Bressanutti |
| Front 242 chronology | |
| *Still & Raw*
(2003) ***Pulse***
(2003) | |
|  | |
| *(Filtered) Pulse* cover | |
|  | |
| Released in 2016 | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: MdCN

abstract: The Missile de Croisière Naval (MdCN), meaning Naval Cruise Missile, is a French turbojet-powered subsonic cruise missile intended for ship and submarine-based land-attack operations. Originally dubbed SCALP Naval, the program arose out of a requirement issued by the French Ministry of Defence for a more potent cruise missile capable of striking strategic and military targets from extended stand-off ranges in order to complement the air-launched SCALP-EG. The MdCN entered operational service with the French Navy in 2017.

text:
# MdCN

The **Missile de Croisière Naval** (**MdCN**), meaning **Naval Cruise Missile**, is a French turbojet-powered subsonic cruise missile intended for ship and submarine-based land-attack operations. Originally dubbed *SCALP Naval*, the program arose out of a requirement issued by the French Ministry of Defence for a more potent cruise missile capable of striking strategic and military targets from extended stand-off ranges in order to complement the air-launched SCALP-EG.

The MdCN entered operational service with the French Navy in 2017.

## Development

In 2006, MBDA's French division began the development of a longer range naval vertical-launched cruise missile to be deployed on a new series of French warships in the 2010s. It became operational on the anti-submarine/land-attack ships of the French *Aquitaine*-class (the French variant of the FREMM multipurpose frigate) from 2017 onwards and on FS Suffren (the first of the Barracuda-class submarines) in June 2022, using the A70 version of the Sylver launcher on the former and the 533 mm torpedo tubes on the latter. As it is not launched from a plane like the SCALP, the MdCN uses a booster during its launch phase to break out of the ship and gain some initial velocity.

The submarine version is encapsulated in a hydrodynamic hard container which is ejected when the missile reaches the surface. Expected to fulfill a similar role as the American-developed BGM-109 Tomahawk, the range of the MdCN (well over 1000 km) is double that of the SCALP. The smaller Scorpène-class submarines can also carry the MdCN missile. In addition to its longer range, the MdCN also distinguishes itself by its autonomous navigation performance and terminal guidance by infrared recognition.

France originally ordered 50 MdCN for its frigates in 2006 and delivery was expected in 2012. A further 100 surface-launched missiles were ordered in 2009, along with 50 for the planned Barracuda-class submarines. The €1.2bn (FY2011) project was to deliver 200 missiles at a unit cost of €2.48m, or €6m including development costs.

The MdCN's first complete qualification firing took place in July 2013, at the Biscarosse test range. During its third development firing, the MdCN perfectly met all its test requirements, including the validation of its autonomous navigation performance and terminal guidance by infrared recognition, which provide the weapon with its exceptionally high precision.

## Operational history

The MdCN was used in its first operational strike during the April 2018 missile strikes against Syria against the Syrian chemical weapons production site, in coordination with the United States and the United Kingdom, but without approval from the UN. In addition to ten SCALP cruise missiles fired from five Dassault Rafale aircraft (along with others from RAF Tornados), the FREMM frigates *Aquitaine*, *Provence*, and *Languedoc* launched three MdCN missiles.

Although all the designated targets were reached during the mission, some missiles suffered considerable technical difficulties. In the navy's report, it was stated that nine SCALP missiles were successfully fired, but the last one failed an internal self-check and refused to take off from the rail, and was therefore abandoned at sea. Meanwhile, two frigates suffered from computer issues and were unable to launch their MdCNs; only the third frigate was able to do so.

The problems encountered with the frigates suggest that the MdCN had issues integrating with the warships, most likely due to the new nature of the FREMMs, rather than with the missile itself. Some FREMMs deployed during the operation were not fully operationally ready, having been withdrawn from exercises only a few days prior. In the same report, it was also stated that the issues with the MdCN and the warships have already been fixed.

On 20 October 2020, it was reported that the first of the new Barracuda-class submarines to be commissioned, *Suffren*, had performed its first firing of the MdCN. The firing from the new submarine was highly awaited because of the technical issues encountered during the missile's first operational use in 2018, which had led to deeper scrutiny. The test was successful. *Suffren* entered operational service on 3 June 2022.

On 18 April 2024, FREMM frigate *Aquitaine* and a *Suffren*-class submarine launched a simultaneous training firing of MdcN and two missiles reached the target in synchronization.

On 19 September 2024, during the event of launching ceremony for the frigate *Kimon*-class frigate *Nearchos*, the Greek Defense Minister announced that Greece is starting procedures to acquire a fourth frigate of the same type. He also revealed that Greece will proceed with the order of strategic MdCN missiles installed on the new ships.

## InfoBox

| Missile de Croisière Naval
(Naval Cruise Missile) | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Cruise missile
Land-attack missile
Submarine-launched cruise missile |
| Place of origin | France |
| Service history | |
| In service | From 2017 (frigates)
From 2022 (submarines) |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | MBDA France |
| Unit cost | 2.48m (US$3.19 million) (FY2012) |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 1,400 kg (3,086 lb) |
| Length | 6.5 m (21 ft 4 in) |
| Diameter | 500 mm (20 in) |
| Wingspan | 2.85 m (9 ft 4 in) |
| --- | |
| Effective firing range | Ship-launched: 1,400 km (870 mi; 760 nmi)
Submarine-launched: 1,000 km (620 mi; 540 nmi) |
| Warhead | 300 kg (660 lb) HE multipurpose |
| --- | |
| Engine | TR50 microturbo turbojet engine |
| Maximum speed | 800 km/h (500 mph; 430 kn; Mach 0.65) |
| Guidance
system | inertial guidance, topographic (TERCOM/TERPROM), active radar homing and infrared guidance, GPS |
| Launch
platform | FREMM multipurpose frigate
Barracuda-class submarine
Scorpène-class submarine
Kimon class frigate |


abstract: The Regional African Satellite Communication Organization (RASCOM) will provide telecommunication services, direct TV broadcast services and Internet access in rural areas of Africa. Under an agreement with RASCOM, RascomStar-QAF will implement RASCOM's first 14 communications satellite project. This joint African project is expected to lower the continent's dependency on international satellite networks such as Intelsat.

text:
# Regional African Satellite Communication Organization

The **Regional African Satellite Communication Organization** (RASCOM) will provide telecommunication services, direct TV broadcast services and Internet access in rural areas of Africa. Under an agreement with RASCOM, **RascomStar-QAF** (a private company registered in Mauritius) will implement RASCOM's first 14 communications satellite project. This joint African project is expected to lower the continent's dependency on international satellite networks such as Intelsat.

## RASCOM-QAF1

RASCOM-QAF1 is the first satellite entirely dedicated to the African continent. Thales Alenia Space built the satellite in the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center, France. The company has delivered the satellite in-orbit, and will supply the ground infrastructure needed to operate it. The spacecraft is based on the Spacebus 4000B3 platform, with a payload of twelve Ku-band transponders and eight C-band transponders. It weighed about 3,200 kilograms (7,100 lb) at launch.

Launch aboard an Ariane 5GS rocket took place on 2007-12-21. On 2007-12-29 Thales Alenia Space announced that a helium leak aboard the spacecraft would delay its activation. On 2008-01-08 the company announced the perigee of the satellite's orbit would be raised, and also acknowledged that if the satellite eventually reached geostationary orbit its useful lifetime would be significantly reduced. On 2008-02-04 Thales Alenia Space announced the satellite had reached its intended geostationary orbit at 2.85° East. They expect its lifetime to be slightly over 2 years.

## RASCOM-QAF1R

On 2008-09-09 Thales Alenia Space announced it would supply RASCOMSTAR-QAF with a new satellite which will provide continuity of service for RASCOMSTAR-QAF customers. Like RASCOM-QAF1, RASCOM-QAF1R will be based on the Spacebus 4000 B3 platform and will be fitted with twelve Ku-band and eight C-band transponders. Launch aboard an Ariane 5 ECA occurred on August 4, 2010.

* "Arianespace to launch pan-African satellite Rascom 1". Satellite Today. 27 October 2008.
* "Transfer of the pan African satellite Rascom-QAF1 to its launch site in French Guiana". Space Fellowship. 5 November 2007.
* "Newly-launched satellite beset by major problem". SPACEFLIGHT NOW - 6 February 2008.

## InfoBox

Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
| Abbreviation | RASCOM |
| --- | --- |
| Purpose | To provide telecommunication services, direct TV broadcast services and Internet access in rural areas of Africa |


title: Medicine Magazine

abstract: Medicine Magazine was a UK consumer magazine focused on health and medical issues. It had a more serious medical and scientific editorial than women's magazines. The magazine was the first consumer magazine in the UK to cover in detail and compare prescription medications and surgical treatments. It also published some articles and news on its website. It ended publication on 19 June 2012.

text:
# Medicine Magazine

***Medicine Magazine*** was a UK consumer magazine focused on health and medical issues. It had a more serious medical and scientific editorial than women's magazines.

The magazine was the first consumer magazine in the UK to cover in detail and compare prescription medications and surgical treatments. It also published some articles and news on its website. It ended publication on 19 June 2012.

## InfoBox

*Medicine Magazine*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | Chris Bartlett |
| Categories | Medicine |
| Frequency | Bi-monthly |
| Founder | Donna Desporte & Chris Bartlett |
| Founded | 2007 |
| Final issue | 19 June 2012 |
| Company | Evoloji Ltd |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |
| Website | http://www.medicinemagazine.info/consumer |


title: When a Girl's Beautiful

abstract: When a Girl's Beautiful is a 1947 American musical comedy film directed by Frank McDonald from a script by Brenda Weisberg. Actress Joi Lansing made her film debut on this film.

text:
# When a Girl's Beautiful

***When a Girl's Beautiful*** is a 1947 American musical comedy film directed by Frank McDonald from a script by Brenda Weisberg. Actress Joi Lansing made her film debut on this film.

## Plot

An advertising man begins a search for the "perfect woman" for a new perfume campaign. After he makes a composite (nicknamed "Miss Temptation") based on several models, his boss believes the woman is real and requests for the man to go and find her. The girl he finds doesn't want to be a model at all, and further complications ensue.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| When a Girl's Beautiful | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Frank McDonald |
| Screenplay by | Brenda Weisberg |
| Story by | Henry K. Moritz |
| Produced by | Wallace McDonald |
| Starring | Adele Jergens
Marc Platt
Patricia Berry |
| Cinematography | Henry Freulich |
| Edited by | Jerome Thoms |
| Distributed by | Columbia |
| Release dates | * July 13, 1947 (1947-07-13) (New York City) * September 25, 1947 (1947-09-25) (United States) |
| Running time | 68 minutes |


title: Panair

abstract: Panair was an air taxi operator based in Palermo, Italy, founded in 1979 until 2003 operating with a Cessna Citation II, a Boeing 737-300 and a Boeing 737-400 which entered in service in 2001. In March 2003, both were withdrawn from use marking the end of Panair's flight operations.

text:
# Panair

**Panair** was an air taxi operator based in Palermo, Italy, founded in 1979 until 2003 operating with a Cessna Citation II, a Boeing 737-300 and a Boeing 737-400 which entered in service in 2001. In March 2003, both were withdrawn from use marking the end of Panair's flight operations.

## Fleet

Panair Historical Fleet
| Aircraft | Total | Introduced | Retired | Remark |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Boeing 737-300 | 1 | 2001 | 2003 | EI-PAR |
| Boeing 737-400 | 1 | 2001 | 2004 | EI-PAM |
| Cessna Citation II | 1 | 1985 | 2009 | I-FLYD |

## InfoBox

Panair - Compagnia Aerea Mediterranea
| IATA ICAO Call sign  P2 PIT Panairfly | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1979 |
| Ceased operations | 2003 |
| Fleet size | 3 |


title: Orlando Dugi

abstract: Orlando Dugi is a Diné (Navajo) fashion designer. He is a member of the Navajo Nation, and currently lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

text:
# Orlando Dugi

**Orlando Dugi** is a Diné (Navajo) fashion designer. He is a member of the Navajo Nation, and currently lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

## Early life

Dugi was raised on his family's sheep ranch on Grey Mountain the Navajo Nation in North-Central Arizona. He learned hand-sewing from his grandmothers at an early age. Later in the 7th grade, he took a home economics class where he learned how to use a sewing machine.

## Work

Dugi's work is influenced by both his Diné heritage as well as modernism. His work has been described as expressing "poetic interpretations of cultural teachings and songs without literally encroaching upon them. His fashion designs are often hand-stitched and hand-beaded, embroidered and embellished with feathers, and often incoporate elements of his silversmithing work.

In 2018, Dugi presented his work at Style Fashion Week in New York City, where he "wowed the crowd" with his hand-beaded designs that have been described as "ethereal".

Dugi has exhibited his work at the Autry Museum of the American West in Los Angeles, the Denver Art Museum, the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture, the Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian, the Avenir Museum of Design and Merchandising, among other venues. His work was included in the traveling exhibition, *Native Fashion Now*, organized by the Peabody Essex Museum.

The Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian published a catalog in conjunction with his exhibition of the same title, *It's in the Details: Kenneth Williams and Orlando Dugi.*

A documentary film titled, *Becoming:Orlando Dugi*, was directed by Kaela Waldstein. It has been presented in several film festivals, including the Human Rights Film Festival.

## Awards and honors

Dugi has been recognized for his work with awards from the Heard Museum Guild Art Show, the Cherokee Art Show, and the Southwestern Association for Indian Arts, among other honors.

In 2018, Dugi was awarded a two-month long residency at the Museum of the Institute of American Indian Art in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

In 2022, Dugi was named the Rollin and Mary Ella King Fellow, received a Native American Artist Fellowship from the School for Advanced Research. The fellowship supported his research into historic textile techniques and materials. During his time at SAR, he completed a garment inspired by this research as well as research into the Diné and pre-historic Southwestern peoples.

## Further reading

* Manuela, Maria and Dugi, Orlando, *Three Questions with Designer Orlando Dugi*, New Mexico Magazine, August 2020.
* Scott, Chadd, *Orlando Dugi: Diné Fashion Designer and Beadwork Artist*, First American Art Magazine, No. 38, Spring 2023.
* Greeves, Teri, *Orlando Dugi: Diné Beadwork Artist and Fashion Designer*, No. 0, Spring 2013.


title: Adolf Birch-Hirschfeld

abstract: Adolf Birch-Hirschfeld was a German medievalist and Romance scholar. He was a brother of pathologist Felix Victor Birch-Hirschfeld. He studied philology at the University of Leipzig as a pupil of Adolf Ebert and Friedrich Karl Theodor Zarncke. He received his habilitation in 1878, and for several years conducted research in Paris. In 1884 he became a professor of modern languages at the University of Giessen, and in 1891 returned to Leipzig as a professor of Romance philology.

text:
# Adolf Birch-Hirschfeld

**Adolf Birch-Hirschfeld** (1 October 1849, in Kiel  11 January 1917, in Gautzsch) was a German medievalist and Romance scholar. He was a brother of pathologist Felix Victor Birch-Hirschfeld.

He studied philology at the University of Leipzig as a pupil of Adolf Ebert and Friedrich Karl Theodor Zarncke. He received his habilitation in 1878, and for several years conducted research in Paris. In 1884 he became a professor of modern languages at the University of Giessen, and in 1891 returned to Leipzig as a professor of Romance philology.

## Selected works

* *Die Sage vom Gral; ihre Entwicklung und dichterische Ausbildung in Frankreich und Deutschland im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert*, 1877  The story of the Grail; its development and poetic formation in France and Germany in the 12th and 13th centuries.
* *Über die den provenzalischen Troubadours des zwölften und dreizehnten Jahrhunderts bekannten epischen Stoffe*, 1878  On the Provençal troubadours of the 12th and 13th centuries.
* *Geschichte der französischen Litteratur seit Anfang des XVI. Jahrhunderts*, 1889  History of French literature since the beginning of the 16th century.
* *Geschichte der französischen litteratur von den ältesten zeiten bis zur gegenwart* (with Hermann Suchier, 1900)  History of French literature from the earliest times to the present.
* *Das fünfte Buch des Pantagruel und sein Verhältnis zu den authentischen Büchern des Romans*, 1901  The fifth book of Pantagruel and its relationship to the authentic books of the novel.
* *Zum Gedächtnis an Richard Wülker*, 1910  In memory of Richard Paul Wülker.


title: Yale French Studies

abstract: Yale French Studies is an academic journal published biannually by Yale University Press and connected with the French department at Yale University. It was established in 1948 by editor Robert Greer Cohn, and is currently edited by Alyson Waters. The premier issue was devoted entirely to existentialism. It featured scenes from the play Les mains sales by Jean Paul Sartre and essays by renowned literary scholars.

text:
# Yale French Studies

***Yale French Studies*** is an academic journal published biannually by Yale University Press and connected with the French department at Yale University. It was established in 1948 by editor Robert Greer Cohn, and is currently edited by Alyson Waters. The premier issue was devoted entirely to existentialism. It featured scenes from the play *Les mains sales* by Jean Paul Sartre and essays by renowned literary scholars.

## InfoBox

*Yale French Studies*
| Discipline | French studies |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Alyson Waters |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1948-present |
| Publisher | Yale University Press (United States) |
| Frequency | Biannually |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Yale Fr. Stud.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0044-0078
 |
| JSTOR | 00440078 |
| OCLC no. | 315867176 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Pulse (1995 film)

abstract: Pulse is a concert video by Pink Floyd of their 20 October 1994 concert at Earls Court, London during The Division Bell Tour. It was originally released on VHS and Laserdisc in June 1995, with a DVD release coming in July 2006, with the latter release containing numerous bonus features. In 2019, a newly restored and re-edited version was released on Blu-ray and DVD as part of The Later Years box-set; this version was given a standalone release on 18 February 2022. The Blu-ray version is the first release of Pulse in HD, although it is upconverted from the original SD video recording and remains in its 4:3 aspect ratio. A separate 90-minute edit of the film, intended for TV and streaming, was also released in 2019.

text:
# Pulse (1995 film)

***Pulse*** (stylised as **P•U•L•S•E**) is a concert video by Pink Floyd of their 20 October 1994 concert at Earls Court, London during *The Division Bell Tour*. It was originally released on VHS and Laserdisc in June 1995, with a DVD release coming in July 2006, with the latter release containing numerous bonus features.

In 2019, a newly restored and re-edited version was released on Blu-ray and DVD as part of *The Later Years* box-set; this version was given a standalone release on 18 February 2022. The Blu-ray version is the first release of *Pulse* in HD, although it is upconverted from the original SD video recording and remains in its 4:3 aspect ratio. A separate 90-minute edit of the film, intended for TV and streaming, was also released in 2019.

## Track listing

### VHS, DVD and Blu-Ray

The VHS and 2019 Blu-Ray release contains the same track listing as the 2006 DVD release, but spread across just one disc/tape. Each version contains slightly different edits of the film but all are displayed in its original 4:3 aspect ratio.

***Disc One***

1. "Shine On You Crazy Diamond" (Parts I-V, VII)
2. "Learning to Fly"
3. "High Hopes"
4. "Take It Back"
5. "Coming Back to Life"
6. "Sorrow"
7. "Keep Talking"
8. "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)"
9. "One of These Days"

***Disc Two: The Dark Side of the Moon and Encores***

1.
2. "Speak to Me"
3. "Breathe"
4. "On the Run"
5. "Time"
6. "The Great Gig in the Sky"
7. "Money"
8. "Us and Them"
9. "Any Colour You Like"
10. "Brain Damage"
11. "Eclipse"
12. "Wish You Were Here"
13. "Comfortably Numb"
14. "Run Like Hell"

#### 2006 DVD Special features

**Bootlegging the Bootleggers:**

1. "What Do You Want from Me"
2. "On the Turning Away"
3. "Poles Apart"
4. "Marooned"

**Screen films:**

1. "Shine On You Crazy Diamond"
2. "Learning to Fly"
3. "High Hopes"
4. "Speak to Me" (graphic)
5. "On the Run"
6. "Time" (1994)
7. "The Great Gig in the Sky" (wave)
8. "Money" (1987)
9. "Us and Them" (1987)
10. "Brain Damage"
11. "Eclipse"
12. Alternate versions:
    1. "Speak to Me" (1987)
    2. "Time" (Ian Eames)
    3. "Money" (Alien)
    4. "The Great Gig in the Sky" (animation)
    5. "Us and Them" (1994)

**Music videos:**

* "Learning to Fly"
* "Take It Back"

**Behind the Scenes Footage:**

* "Say Goodbye to Life as We Know It"

**Other:**

* Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony, including "Wish You Were Here" with Billy Corgan
* Photo gallery
* Cover art
* *Pulse* TV advertisement (1995)
* Tour maps
* Itinerary
* Stage plans

### Laserdisc

The 1995 Sony Laserdisc release featured the concert spread out over three sides of a two-disc set.

Due to space limitations, continuity, and to retain the complete performance of *The Dark Side of the Moon* without interruption, "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" and "One of These Days" were moved to the beginning of side three.

***Side One***

1. "Shine On You Crazy Diamond"
2. "Learning to Fly"
3. "High Hopes"
4. "Take It Back"
5. "Coming Back to Life"
6. "Sorrow"
7. "Keep Talking"

***Side Two***

1.
2. "Speak to Me"
3. "Breathe"
4. "On the Run"
5. "Time"
6. "The Great Gig in the Sky"
7. "Money"
8. "Us and Them"
9. "Any Colour You Like"
10. "Brain Damage"
11. "Eclipse"

***Side Three***

1.
2. "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)"
3. "One of These Days"
4. "Wish You Were Here"
5. "Comfortably Numb"
6. "Run Like Hell"

### 2019 90-minute version

Coinciding with the 2019 remaster, a new shorter version of the concert for streaming and broadcasting was made, based on the 2019 Blu-ray/DVD version. The release omitted and reordered many songs compared to previous releases, but still contained the full performance of *The Dark Side of the Moon*.

1. "Speak to Me"
2. "Breathe"
3. "On the Run"
4. "Time"
5. "The Great Gig in the Sky"
6. "Money"
7. "Us and Them"
8. "Any Colour You Like"
9. "Brain Damage"
10. "Eclipse"
11. "Sorrow"
12. "Keep Talking"
13. "High Hopes"
14. "Wish You Were Here"
15. "Comfortably Numb"

## Personnel

Pink Floyd Additional personnel

## Editing out the Publius Enigma

The 2006 DVD release saw some re-edited footage of the original 1995 release. During *The Division Bell Tour* the word(s) "Enigma" or "Publius Enigma" would be visible on part of the stage (sometimes it would be written in lights, or on the back screen). These were connected to the Enigma competition surrounding the album and tour. On 20 October 1994, during "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" the screen displayed the word "Enigma" instead of "E=MC2" which is what was shown at all other shows, as seen on the original 1995 release. The DVD, however, has an altered back-drop displaying "E=MC2", although if the DVD is paused at the correct moment the word "Enigma" is still visible. This portion has been replaced with band members shots on the 2019 Blu-ray version.

## Charts and certifications

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Pulse | |
| --- | --- |
| 2006 DVD cover | |
| Directed by | David Mallet |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring | Pink Floyd |
| Cinematography | David Mallet |
| Edited by | Dave Gardener |
| Music by | Pink Floyd |
| Distributed by |  |
| Release date | * 6 June 1995 (1995-06-06) (Home video) |
| Running time | 145 minutes |
| Language | English |


title: Medical director

abstract: A medical director is a physician who provides guidance and leadership on the use of medicine in a healthcare organization. These include the emergency medical services, hospital departments, blood banks, clinical teaching services, and others. A medical director devises the protocols and guidelines for the clinical staff and evaluates them while they are in use.

text:
# Medical director

A **medical director** is a physician who provides guidance and leadership on the use of medicine in a healthcare organization. These include the emergency medical services, hospital departments, blood banks, clinical teaching services, and others. A medical director devises the protocols and guidelines for the clinical staff and evaluates them while they are in use.

## Emergency medical services

The role of a medical director in the emergency medical services (EMS) varies by which type of system is in use.

### Franco-German model

The first model, arguably the oldest, is generally described as the Franco-German model. This model is physician-led, and those personnel who serve emergencies from ambulances are often place in minor, supporting roles. There is ample evidence indicating that at the turn of the 20th century, many North American hospital-based ambulances in larger centres were staffed by **ambulance surgeons**; physicians who responded in the ambulance and provided care in a manner which very much resembles the current Franco-German model. In the French version of the model, only physicians and nurses perform advanced care, and ambulance drivers have only minimal medical training.

In the German version of the model, there are paramedics (called *Rettungsassistenten*). Medical control is on-line, immediate, and direct. The training of the Rettungsassistent is comparable to that of many North American paramedics, but they may be limited in their scope of practice. Paramedics may practice advanced life support skills at all times when the physician with whom they work is physically present. In some cases they are restricted in action if there is no physician present, a legal position mostly claimed by the physicians' lobby. Under German law, unless an immediately life-threatening or potentially debilitating emergency is present, such individuals may be limited to basic life support skills only, or to restricted ALS skills, which are defined in the "standing orders" of the medical director of each respective county. In 2003, there was a reform movement to expand the "standing competency", especially in the realm of pain treatment, by offering additional training to the level of "Notfallsanitaeter".

This model is intended to bring physician-centred definitive care to the patient, rather than bringing the patient to the care. As a result, in addition to conventional ambulances, most communities have physicians (called *Notarzt*) who respond directly to every life-threatening call to provide care. This system does not recognize emergency medicine as a medical specialty in the sense that North Americans understand it. In these cases, the "emergency physician" is most commonly an anesthetist, or sometimes an internist or a surgeon. In most areas of Europe, there appears to be little interest in developing emergency medicine as a specialty, although recent developments in Italy suggest that this attitude may be changing. In this model, long "at scene" times are common. The physician attempts to provide some or all of the intervention that is necessary in place, with transportation to hospital occurring only for those with a legitimate need of a hospital bed, and urgent transportation to hospital being extremely rare. Many patients will never be transported to hospital. In the French version of this model, even the triage of incoming requests for service is physician-led, with a physician, assisted by others, interviewing the caller and determining what type of response resource, if any, will be sent. The German version of this model uses "conventional" dispatch processes, with the physician being sent to calls as requested by the EMS dispatcher.

The Franco-German model operates in most places in Europe and Russia, but not in the United Kingdom. In this model, the medical director is typically more of a leader of physicians, and an advisor on the training of, and quality control for, subordinate staff. In Germany, the term *Ärztlicher Leiter Rettungsdienst* is used. This physician's role is to oversee EMS personnel in a defined area, typically a bigger city or county, and it corresponds to the position of medical director in North America.

In Sweden, the position of medical director at hospitals and clinics is referred to as *Huvudläkaren*, literally "the head physician".

### Anglo-American

The Anglo-American model of care is largely led by the medical director. This model has evolved significantly since its origins in the late 1960s. The development of this role, the professionalization of emergency medical services, the profession of paramedic, and the medical specialty of emergency medicine, have all developed in a symbiotic relationship since the early years. Prior to 1979, there was no formal specialty training certification for emergency medicine. Prior to 1970, there was no concerted effort to formally train physicians in its practice in the U.S. In the U.K., formal consultancies in Emergency Medicine had existed for at least two decades before that time.

In the Anglo-American model of care, the physician remains the leader of the care team, but paramedics function much more independently than in the Franco-German model. This has not always been the case. In the earliest days of paramedicine, paramedics were required to contact a physician for formal orders for each intervention that they performed. Some specialists believed this was the only safe approach to providing care in this fashion. In some early cases, "paramedics" operated blindly, providing medications from numbered or colour-coded syringes as they were directed by the physician, with no real understanding of the actions they were performing. Control was absolute and immediate; there were examples of paramedics being trained, but not legally permitted to perform their skills, or in other cases, they could take action only with a physician or nurse present, much like the existing Franco-German model. In the earliest stages of paramedicine, the paramedics were not yet formally licensed and often served as an extension of the physician's medical license. The Canadian province of Ontario continues to have such a system, as of 2008. As the training, knowledge and skill level of paramedics increased, licensing, and certification were formalized, and physicians became more comfortable in working with this new profession; then paramedics were permitted greater degrees of independent practice. In the 21st century, most paramedics function based on complex written protocols or standing orders committed to memory, often numerous pages in length, and contact a physician only when standing orders have been exhausted.

In such systems, the medical director's role takes on several aspects. To begin with, the medical director is much more a leader of paramedics than of other physicians. They generally perform a leadership role among the small group of physicians tasked with providing delegation to paramedics in the field.

The medical director plays a key role in the professional development of paramedics as well. In almost all cases, the medical director will have, at a minimum, input into the curriculum of paramedic training at a local level. In a great many cases, they will also teach some portions of the program, supervise clinical rotations of paramedics, and in some cases, precept their initial field practice prior to formal certification or licensing. In almost all cases, the medical director will be charged with the creation of all protocols and standing orders, and with any research that goes into their creation. The medical director will also, assisted by others, be responsible for the creation and development of the Standards of Practice for their EMS system. Throughout the paramedic's career, the medical director will provide the mechanism for medical quality control, conducting chart audits and reviewing medically related service complaints, and may often have the ability to de-certify individual paramedics for cause. Medical directors will also act as advocates for their paramedics, advising elected officials and building support within the medical community for expanded scopes of practice when appropriate. Finally, medical directors will act as expert advisors to those in the EMS system administration and government administration, with respect to policies and legislation required by the EMS system, and in guiding its future direction. In this model, the paramedic is very much seen as an "extender" of the emergency physician's reach. It is rare to see physicians in the field, unless they are precepting new paramedics or performing quality assurance activities, or are residents in emergency medicine training programs, gaining required field experience or conducting research. Medical directors and ED physicians will occasionally go into the field for large incidents, such as multi victim accidents and disasters to assume on site medical command.

### Autonomous practice

In some parts of the world, most notably the U.K., Australia and South Africa some paramedics have evolved into a role of autonomous practitioners in their own right. In such cases, individual paramedics may function in much the same manner as Physician assistants or Nurse Practitioners, assessing patients and making their own diagnoses, clinical judgments, and treatment decisions. In all such cases, a scope of practice is predetermined for the role, and within that scope of practice all treatment decisions are made and care rendered at the discretion of the individual paramedic. In many cases, the scope of practice will focus more heavily on primary care, although providing a more comprehensive level of care, such as suturing, or the management of long-term conditions, such as diabetes or hypertension, than is normally permitted to the paramedic. In some jurisdictions, such practitioners even have the authority to both prescribe and dispense a limited and defined set of medications.

In such circumstances, these **Paramedic Practitioners** or **Emergency Care Practitioners** are almost always very senior and experienced ALS providers, and retain their ability to practice these skills. In many cases, the practice of these individuals has gone well beyond what we normally consider to be the role of traditional EMS. There are locations in which these practitioners are providing ER leadership after hours in small, rural hospitals (Australia and the U.K.), while in other locations these practitioners are actually taking night calls for group medical practices (U.K.). In some cases, the practitioner retains the ability to summon a physician to the patient when the limits of the scope of practice are reached (U.K.) while in others, the finite limits of treatment are those within that scope of practice, and no physician "back-up" is normally provided (South Africa).

In this type of model, the role of the medical director includes the teaching of the practitioners, in both the classroom and the clinical setting. Most such training programs tend to feature very large components of hands-on clinical experience, generally conducted in the emergency room or similar environment, and usually in a one-to-one ratio with the physician. The medical director will be responsible for examination of the candidate and certification of their ability to practice safely. The medical director will have a major role in determining the permitted scope of practice, and will investigate practice-related complaints. In some jurisdictions, the medical director will be responsible for medical quality assurance, although there are some where this function is performed by the practitioners themselves. Finally, the medical director (or other emergency physicians) may be responsible for providing the required medical "back up" when the practitioner reaches the limit of their scope of practice.

### Crossover models

There are some models, most notably the Netherlands, which use a blend of a number of these models, including the Franco-German, Anglo-American, and Autonomous Practice models. In the Netherlands, for example, all paramedics are in fact registered nurses with one year of additional training, usually in anesthesia but other critical care training is also acceptable, who then complete an additional year of training in ambulance care. All such individuals are licensed by the **Dutch Ambulance Institute** (DIA), and are employed by one of approximately 45 private companies providing emergency ambulance service under government contract.

The model looks very much Anglo-American on its surface; however, in most cases Dutch paramedics are for all practical purposes autonomous practitioners. The scope of practice and permissible procedures are determined at a national level by the Dutch Ambulance Institute, and all paramedics must function within this guidance. Within the scope of practice, however, all judgment and treatment decisions fall to the paramedic, as in the Autonomous Practitioner model. Each ambulance service is required to employ a **medical manager** whose role is oversight and quality assurance, and who may be contacted for directions by any paramedic who has reached the limits of their scope of practice, just as in the Anglo-American model. When necessary, however, the paramedic may request a rapid response by a physician, usually by either vehicle or helicopter. In these cases, a great deal of emergency intervention will occur on the scene, with the patient transported ultimately by land ambulance, as in the Franco-German model.

In this model, which is unique, the role of the medical director is substantially different. Scope of practice and all treatment protocols are developed by the Dutch Ambulance Institute on a national basis, and cannot be unilaterally changed at the local level by individual physicians. Scope and protocols are reviewed, revised, and announced every four years, and any physician who wishes a change to those protocols must provide sound reasons and present a successful argument before a committee of the DIA. The medical managers for each private carrier operate in a role approximating that of medical director, but only for that one company; their authority does not extend to other companies operating in the same community. These individuals do perform quality service functions such as chart audits and complaint investigation, but they cannot unilaterally change treatment protocols. They may provide guidance, advice, and direction to paramedics by telephone or radio, or they may attend the scene in person to provide care. The Dutch system also operates a network of four helicopters staffed by physicians for rapid response to support paramedics in the field. While many of the individuals working in the Dutch system may be occasionally described as "emergency physicians", the majority, as in the Franco-German model, are actually anesthetists.

## Other healthcare organizations

## Notable medical directors


title: Registry.Africa

abstract: Registry Africa was created in 2017 to manage the.africa top-level domain.

text:
# Registry.Africa

**Registry Africa** was created in 2017 to manage the .africa top-level domain.

## History

.africa was launched at the African Union Commission in 2017. In 2012 the application process for a new top level domain was launched by ICANN. The Registry Agreement was signed on 26 March 2014 in Singapore.

The application for .africa was endorsed and supported by the African Union and the official launch took place at the Africa Union Commission Headquarters on 3 July 2017 during the 29th African Union (AU) Summit.

## African Regional Support

.africa's Africa Regional Support includes African Union Commission (AUC), AfriNIC, AfTLD, ITU, UNECA and Nepad.

## InfoBox

Registry Africa
| Company type | Non-profit |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Domain registry |
| Founded | 2017 |
| Website | registry.africa |


title: Medicine Mounds

abstract: The Medicine Mounds are a group of four hills, located in Hardeman County, Texas, United States. The four hills are Big Mound, Cedar Mound, Third Mound and Little Mound. The Comanche believed spirits lived on the peaks, and placed medicinal plants at the peaks as offerings. The Medicine Mounds are the namesake for Medicine Mound, Texas.

text:
# Medicine Mounds

The **Medicine Mounds** are a group of four hills, located in Hardeman County, Texas, United States. The four hills are **Big Mound** (1,713 feet (522 m)), **Cedar Mound** (1,650 feet (500 m)), **Third Mound** (1,610 feet (490 m)) and **Little Mound** (1,580 feet (480 m)). The Comanche believed spirits lived on the peaks, and placed medicinal plants at the peaks as offerings.

The Medicine Mounds are the namesake for Medicine Mound, Texas.

## InfoBox

| Medicine Mounds | |
| --- | --- |
| Medicine Mounds | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 522 m (1,713 ft) |
| Coordinates | 34°11′15″N 99°37′25″W / 34.1875817°N 99.6237023°W / 34.1875817; -99.6237023 |
| Naming | |
| Etymology | The Comanche placed medicinal plants at the peaks as offerings to spirits living at the peaks. |
| Geography | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| County | Hardeman |


abstract: Mithun Chakraborty: The Dada of Bollywood is a biographical book about Bollywood actor Mithun Chakraborty, written by filmmaker Ram Kamal Mukherjee. The book was released by Rupa Publisher in August 2021.

text:
# Mithun Chakraborty: The Dada of Bollywood

***Mithun Chakraborty: The Dada of Bollywood*** is a biographical book about Bollywood actor Mithun Chakraborty, written by filmmaker Ram Kamal Mukherjee. The book was released by Rupa Publisher in August 2021.

## InfoBox

Mithun Chakraborty:
The Dada of Bollywood
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ram Kamal Mukherjee |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Biography |
| Publisher | Rupa Publication |
| Publication date | August 2021 |
| Publication place | India |


title: Fatma Moussa

abstract: Fatma Moussa Mahmoud, was an Egyptian academic, translator, and literary critic.

text:
# Fatma Moussa

**Fatma Moussa Mahmoud** (Arabic: فاطمة موسى محمود) (April 25, 1927 – Cairo, October 13, 2007), was an Egyptian academic, translator, and literary critic.

## Life

Fatma Moussa got her degree in English Language and Literature, first-class honours, from Fouad I university (now Cairo university) in Cairo in 1948. She obtained her master’s degree in English language and literature from the same university in 1954. Then, she got her PhD in Philosophy of English Language and Literature from Westfield College, University of London, in 1957.

She started her academic career with the impact of ‘Eastern novel’ on European literature in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. She frequently quoted from One Thousand and One Nights (Arabic: ألف ليلة وليلة), showing its influence on Western literature. Afterwards, she moved to another academic field, which is the impact of the European novel on the renaissance of the Egyptian novel.

Fatma continued to bridge between the Eastern and Western literature. She wrote studies on the inclusion of one literature in the other side. Moreover, she taught generations of Arab academics to write in this field.

Fatma remained active until her last days. She continued to teach classes for graduate students in Cairo university, supervise doctoral theses, and manage the translation committee of the Supreme Council of Culture.

## Writing and literary criticism

As an Arab literary critic, Fatma wrote excessively on both Arabic and European literature. Naguib Mahfouz once said that she is the best critic of his works. One of her most prominent books is The Theatre Dictionary (Qamoos Al-Masrah).

## Translator

Fatma translated several plays of Shakespeare such as King Lear, which was performed by the Egyptian National Theatre in 2002. Moreover, she was one of the first to translate Naguib Mahfouz works to English years before he won the Nobel prize. Some consider her translation of Miramar to be the best English translation of Naguib Mahfouz’s novels. Furthermore, she translated some works by her novelist daughter Ahdaf Soueif who writes in English.

## Career

Fatma worked as head of the English Department at Cairo University. She also worked as Rapporteur of the Translation Committee of the Supreme Council of Culture, and Chief Executive of the Egyptian Pen Association.

Associations:

* International English Language Teachers in Universities association.
* International Comparative Literature Association.
* The International Shakespeare Association.
* The Modern Language Association.
* The British Society for Middle Eastern Studies.
* The Egyptian Society of Comparative Literature.
* PEN International (the Egyptian branch).
* Supreme Council of Culture.

## Awards

* The State Appreciation Award in Literature in 1997.
* Arabic Translators International award in 2007.

## Family

Fatma’s husband was Mustafa Soueif, founder of the Department of Psychology at Cairo University. Their eldest daughter Ahdaf is a writer who writes in English. Their middle daughter Laila is a professor of mathematics at Cairo University and a well-known left-wing human rights activist. Their youngest is Ala who is an engineer.

## Death

Fatma Moussa died on October 13, 2007.

## InfoBox

| Fatma Moussa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | April 25, 1927 |
| Died | October 13, 2007 |
| Nationality | Egyptian |
| Occupation(s) | writer, academic, and translator |
| Spouse | Mustafa Soueif |


title: Opisthopatus swatii

abstract: Opisthopatus swatii is a species of velvet worm in the family Peripatidae. This species is a clade in the O. cinctipes species complex. This species has 16 pairs of legs, and the color of the dorsal surface ranges from blue to slate black, while the ventral surface ranges from light brown to creamy white. The original description of this species is based on male holotypes ranging from 13 mm to 20 mm in length. Also known as the Swati velvet worm, this species is found in indigenous forest patches along the Highveld in Mpumalanga province in South Africa.

text:
# Opisthopatus swatii

***Opisthopatus swatii*** is a species of velvet worm in the family Peripatidae. This species is a clade in the *O. cinctipes* species complex. This species has 16 pairs of legs, and the color of the dorsal surface ranges from blue to slate black, while the ventral surface ranges from light brown to creamy white. The original description of this species is based on male holotypes ranging from 13 mm to 20 mm in length. Also known as the Swati velvet worm, this species is found in indigenous forest patches along the Highveld in Mpumalanga province in South Africa.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Opisthopatus swatii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Onychophora |
| Family: | Peripatopsidae |
| Genus: | *Opisthopatus* |
| Species: | ***O. swatii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Opisthopatus swatii***<br>Daniels et al., 2016 | |
|


title: Rawthorpe

abstract: Rawthorpe is a district of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England. It is situated at the top of Kilner Bank. A hill just to the east of Huddersfield town centre and close to the John Smith's Stadium. Its neighbouring area in the town is Dalton Rawthorpe is mainly made up of a large council estate. The area also contains several notable buildings, including Nether Hall Netherhall Learning Campus is situated on Nether Hall Avenue, as is the Creative and Media Studio School. Rawthorpe Hall, a Grade II listed building, now converted into dwellings gives its apparent Norse place name to the vicinity. Historically, Rawthorpe lies in the ancient civil parish of Kirkheaton and the township of Dalton.

text:
# Rawthorpe

**Rawthorpe** is a district of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England.

It is situated at the top of Kilner Bank. A hill just to the east of Huddersfield town centre and close to the John Smith's Stadium. Its neighbouring area in the town is Dalton

Rawthorpe is mainly made up of a large council estate. The area also contains several notable buildings, including Nether Hall (now a riding school.) Netherhall Learning Campus (formerly Rawthorpe High School) is situated on Nether Hall Avenue, as is the Creative and Media Studio School.

Rawthorpe Hall, a Grade II listed building, now converted into dwellings gives its apparent Norse place name to the vicinity. Historically, Rawthorpe lies in the ancient civil parish of Kirkheaton and the township of Dalton.

## Transport

Bradley Mills Road in Rawthorpe has been the long time terminus of the First 370 bus route from Huddersfield Town Centre.

53°39′25″N 1°45′25″W / 53.657°N 1.757°W / 53.657; -1.757


title: Jeannie Mah

abstract: Jeannie Mah is a Canadian ceramic artist who is known for creating ceramic vessels that function as thought-provoking sculptures.

text:
# Jeannie Mah

**Jeannie Mah** (born 1952) is a Canadian ceramic artist who is known for creating ceramic vessels that function as thought-provoking sculptures.

## Education

Mah was born in Regina, Saskatchewan, and attended the University of Regina where she received a Bachelor of Education (1976). In 1979 she received an Advanced Diploma in Ceramics from Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design. In 1988, Mah completed a Certificat Practique de Langue Françaises at the Université de Perpignan, in Perpignan, France. In 1989, she received a Diplôme Semestriel de Langue et Civilisation Françaises from the Université de la Sorbonne, in Paris, France. She returned to the University of Regina in 1993 to complete a Bachelor of Arts degree.

## Publications

Mah was a co-editor along with Lorne Beug and Anne Campbell of a book on the cultural geography of Regina, titled: *Regina's Secret Spaces: Love and Lore of Local Geography* (published in 2006).

## Art

Mah's work is made by hand, and some include various reflections upon historical events. Much of her work is focused on crafting vessels. Her art has been influenced by the shape and decoration of both the Kamares ware cups from Crete and the Sèvres ware teacups from France. Her works are often designed more for decoration than for practical use. They are often decorated with images such as historical images, landscapes and self-portraits. Mah's work as an ardent cineaste, francophile, and video artist also have an obvious influence on her ceramic sculptures. She credits Regina artist Jack Sures with inspiring her practice.

Curator Helen Marzolf described Mah's ceramic works as "ethereal ... \[the\] cups, vases and pitchers are paper-thin, translucent and weightless. More than objects of technical virtuosity, these works hyperbolize the fragility of fine ceramics and the elasticity of porcelain."

Her work has been shown in various exhibitions in Canada and internationally.

### Canada

### International

* Municipalité de Nyon (Switzerland)

1. ArtSask. "ArtSask". *www.artsask.ca*. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
2. Marzolf, Helen. "Jeannie Mah". *Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan*. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
3. Squareflo.com. "Saskatchewan NAC Artists | Jeannie Mah". *www.sknac.ca*. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
4. "Regina's Secret Spaces: Love and Lore of Local Geography - Publications Centre". *www.publications.gov.sk.ca*. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
5. "Dunlop Art Gallery Publications :: Chiaroscuro, Jeannie Mah". *www.dunlopartgallery.org*. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
6. "2012 Exhibitions The Godfrey Dean Art Gallery". *deangallery.ca*. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
7. "YORKTON: Treasures from the Vault - Works in the Saskatchewan Arts Board Permanent Collection - Saskatchewan Arts Board". *artsboard.sk.ca*. Archived from the original on 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
8. "Nouveau Gallery". *www.nouveaugallery.com*. Retrieved 2016-03-14.

## Further reading

Chambers, Ruth. "Ceramic Installation-Towards a Self-definition." *Ceramics Art and Perception* 65 (2006): 81.

Gogarty, Amy. "Jeannie Mah: 2 or 3 Things I know About Her." *Regina: Dunlop Art Gallery* (1998).

Laviolette, M.-B. 2001. *Cineramics*. Calgary: The Art Gallery of Calgary.

## InfoBox

| Jeannie Mah | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1952<br>Regina, Saskatchewan |
| Education | University of Regina, Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design |
| Known for | ceramic artist |


title: My New Partner

abstract: My New Partner, also called Le Cop, is a 1984 French comedy film directed by Claude Zidi that stars Philippe Noiret and Thierry Lhermitte. Noiret plays a streetwise Paris policeman who takes kickbacks from the minor criminals on his beat to allow them to continue but is assigned an idealistic new partner fresh from training. His efforts to enmesh his colleague in the prevailing corruption succeed spectacularly. The original French title is Les Ripoux, backslang for les pourris meaning the rotten ones. It won the César Award for Best Film in 1985 and was followed by two sequels: Ripoux contre Ripoux (1990) and Ripoux 3 (2003).

text:
# My New Partner

***My New Partner***, also called ***Le Cop***, is a 1984 French comedy film directed by Claude Zidi that stars Philippe Noiret and Thierry Lhermitte. Noiret plays a streetwise Paris policeman who takes kickbacks from the minor criminals on his beat to allow them to continue but is assigned an idealistic new partner fresh from training. His efforts to enmesh his colleague in the prevailing corruption succeed spectacularly.

The original French title is ***Les Ripoux***, backslang for *les pourris* meaning *the rotten ones*. It won the César Award for Best Film in 1985 and was followed by two sequels: *Ripoux contre Ripoux* (1990) and *Ripoux 3* (2003).

## Plot

René has spent 20 years policing a tough quarter of Paris. Passionate about betting on horses, his dream being to become an owner, he lives with Simone, a retired prostitute. He knows all the petty crooks on his patch and lets them earn a living in exchange for favours and information. When François, an idealistic young cop from the provinces, is assigned to work alongside him, he tries to teach the new man the facts of big city life. He also fixes him up with an expensive young prostitute, Natacha.

Slowly, François' irritating high-mindedness is worn down, especially after he is beaten up by Natacha's pimp. When the pair learn that a huge consignment of heroin is to be exchanged for cash, they decide to lift the money. The crooks give chase and François succeeds in getting away with the loot but René is caught by the pursuing police. Because his official record is glowing, he only gets two years in jail. Simone and Natacha greet him on release, and out of the morning mist François arrives with the racehorse he has bought for Réné.

## Cast

## Accolades

* César Awards (France)
    + Won: Best Director (Claude Zidi)
    + Won: Best Editing (Nicole Saunier)
    + Won: Best Film
    + Nominated: Best Actor  Leading Role (Philippe Noiret)
    + Nominated: Best Writing  Original (Claude Zidi)

## InfoBox

| My New Partner | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Claude Zidi |
| Written by | Claude Zidi
Didier Kaminka |
| Produced by | Claude Zidi |
| Starring | Philippe Noiret
Thierry Lhermitte |
| Cinematography | Jean-Jacques Tarbes |
| Edited by | Nicole Saulnier |
| Music by | Francis Lai |
| Release date | * 1984 (1984) |
| Running time | 107 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: Pulse (Astrid Williamson album)

abstract: Pulse is the fifth album from the Shetland-born singer-songwriter and musician Astrid Williamson. The album was produced by Leo Abrahams.

text:
# Pulse (Astrid Williamson album)

***Pulse*** is the fifth album from the Shetland-born singer-songwriter and musician Astrid Williamson. The album was produced by Leo Abrahams (a guitarist famed for his work with Brian Eno).

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Scotsman On Sunday* |  |
| MusicOMH |  |
| Popmatters |  |

*Pulse* was judged by *MusicOMH* to be a "bold change in direction....pulled off extremely competently". *The Scotsman* newspaper suggested the "lilting conversational beauty of \[the track\] "Paperbacks" - up there with Joni Mitchell's best moments". *Popmatters* viewed it as "less a game-changer than a paradigm shift", while *UNCUT* magazine concluded it is "as beautiful as it is unsettling".

## Track listing

1. Dance
2. Pour
3. Underwater
4. Cherry
5. Miracle
6. Connected
7. Pulse
8. Husk
9. Reservation
10. Paperbacks

## Personnel and recording details

## InfoBox

| Pulse | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Astrid Williamson | |
| Released | 30 August 2011 |
| Label | One Little Indian |
| Producer | Leo Abrahams |
| Astrid Williamson chronology | |
| *Here Come The Vikings*
(2009) ***Pulse***
(2011) *We Go to Dream*
(2015) | |


title: Medal of Freedom (1945)

abstract: The Medal of Freedom was a decoration established by President Harry S. Truman to honor civilians whose actions aided in the war efforts of the United States and its allies during and beyond World War II. It was intended to be awarded by the secretary of state, the secretary of war, or the secretary of the navy, but presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy also authorized awards. The first woman and American citizen to receive it was Anna M. Rosenberg by Robert P. Patterson on the recommendation of Eisenhower.

text:
# Medal of Freedom (1945)

The **Medal of Freedom** was a decoration established by President Harry S. Truman to honor civilians whose actions aided in the war efforts of the United States and its allies during and beyond World War II. It was intended to be awarded by the secretary of state, the secretary of war, or the secretary of the navy, but presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy also authorized awards. The first woman and American citizen to receive it was Anna M. Rosenberg by Robert P. Patterson on the recommendation of Eisenhower.

## Description

The medal is a bronze disc whose obverse features the profile of the Statue of Freedom of the US Capitol Building, with the word "FREEDOM" in capital letters in an arc at the bottom of the disc. The reverse features the Liberty Bell surrounded by the words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" in capital letters. The medal is suspended on a red ribbon with four thin white stripes. The original Executive Order 9586 establishing the medal specified "No more than one Medal of Freedom shall be awarded to any one person, but for a subsequent act or service justifying such an award a suitable device may be awarded to be worn with the medal" and bronze, silver, and gold palm devices were produced and awarded. There is no evidence of U.S. citizens having received these palm devices, whereas some non-U.S. citizens did receive them (e.g. Micheline "Michou" Dumon, Nancy Wake and Andrée de Jongh), and the devices have been interpreted as signifying degrees of the award.

## Ribbons

Without palm

With bronze palm

With silver palm

With gold palm

## InfoBox

| Medal of Freedom | |
| --- | --- |
| Obverse and reverse of medal with palm device | |
| Type | Medal |
| Awarded for | "A meritorious act or service which has aided the United States in the prosecution of a war against an enemy or enemies and for which an award of another United States medal or decoration is considered inappropriate" |
| Country | United States |
| Presented by | the Secretary of State, Secretary of War or Secretary of the Navy |
| Eligibility | Any person not a member of the armed forces of the United States |
| Status | Replaced 22 February 1963 by Presidential Medal of Freedom |
| Established | 1945 |
| First awarded | 1945 |
| Last awarded | 1962 |
| Total | Over 20,000 |
|  | |
| Ribbon bar of the medal | |
|  | |
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | Medal for Merit |
| Next (lower) | unspecified |


title: Meganomiinae

abstract: Meganomiinae is a subfamily of melittid bees, with 10 species in four genera, found only in Africa, primarily in xeric habitats, with the distributional limits in Yemen and Madagascar. They are rather different in appearance from the other groups of past/present melittids, being large bees (10–22 mm), mostly black with strong yellow markings, resembling anthidiine megachilids. Males of this subfamily are known to have hidden sterna.

text:
# Meganomiinae

**Meganomiinae** is a subfamily of melittid bees, with 10 species in four genera, found only in Africa, primarily in xeric habitats, with the distributional limits in Yemen and Madagascar. They are rather different in appearance from the other groups of past/present melittids, being large bees (10–22 mm), mostly black with strong yellow markings, resembling anthidiine megachilids. Males of this subfamily are known to have hidden sterna.

## Taxonomy

Initial molecular work suggested that the family Melittidae was paraphyletic, and that its subfamilies (including Meganomiinae) should therefore be elevated to family status. However, these studies included very few melittids, due to their rarity. A 2013 investigation included a greater number of melittid bees and concluded that the family was probably monophyletic, thus supporting Meganomiinae as a subfamily of Melittidae.

## InfoBox

| Meganomiinae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Meganomia gigas* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| *Clade*: | Anthophila |
| Family: | Melittidae |
| Subfamily: | Meganomiinae |
|
| Genera | |
| *Ceratomonia*
*Meganomia*
*Pseudophilanthus*
*Uromonia* | |


title: Mithukaram

abstract: Mithukaram is a village development committee in Nawalparasi District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 2240 people living in 392 individual households.

text:
# Mithukaram

**Mithukaram**  is a village development committee in Nawalparasi District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 2240 people living in 392 individual households.

1. "Nepal Census 2001". *Nepal's Village Development Committees*. Digital Himalaya. Retrieved 18 December 2008.

## InfoBox

| Mithukaram मिठुकराम | |
| --- | --- |
| Village development committee | |
| MithukaramLocation in NepalMithukaramMithukaram (Nepal) | |
| Coordinates: 27°50′N 84°06′E / 27.84°N 84.10°E / 27.84; 84.10 | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Zone | Lumbini Zone |
| District | Nawalparasi District |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 2,240 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Paleśnica

abstract: Paleśnica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakliczyn, within Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Zakliczyn, 30 km (19 mi) south-west of Tarnów, and 69 km (43 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków. The land around Paleśnica is mountainous in the southwest and flat in the southeast. The highest point in the area is 502 meters above sea level, and is located 1.6 km to the southeast of Paleśnica.

text:
# Paleśnica

**Paleśnica** \[palɛɕˈnit͡sa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zakliczyn, within Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Zakliczyn, 30 km (19 mi) south-west of Tarnów, and 69 km (43 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

The land around Paleśnica is mountainous in the southwest and flat in the southeast. The highest point in the area is 502 meters above sea level, and is located 1.6 km to the southeast of Paleśnica.

## InfoBox

| Paleśnica | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Church of Saint Justina | |
| Paleśnica | |
| Coordinates: 49°48′N 20°48′E / 49.800°N 20.800°E / 49.800; 20.800 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Tarnów |
| Gmina | Zakliczyn |
| Elevation | 260 m (850 ft) |
| Population | |
| Total | 500 |
| Website | http://www.zakliczyn.com/wioski/palesnica.php |


title: Oresharski Government

abstract: The Oresharski Government was the ninety-second cabinet of Bulgaria which took office on 29 May 2013. The government, led by Prime Minister Plamen Oresharski, is one of technocrats created following the 2013 election. The cabinet was dissolved on 6 August 2014 to make way for a caretaker government that would lead Bulgaria through early elections in October of the same year.

text:
# Oresharski Government

The **Oresharski Government** was the ninety-second cabinet of Bulgaria which took office on 29 May 2013. The government, led by Prime Minister Plamen Oresharski, is one of technocrats created following the 2013 election. The cabinet was dissolved on 6 August 2014 to make way for a caretaker government that would lead Bulgaria through early elections in October of the same year.

## Formation

After President Rosen Plevneliev invited the Bulgarian Socialist Party to form a government, the BSP nominated Plamen Oresharski to head the government and was joined by the Movement for Rights and Freedoms. The Council of Ministers was approved by the 120 members of the BSP and the Movement for Rights and Freedoms, while GERB's 97 MPs voted against the government and Ataka's 23 MPs were absent from the session. Outside support to the Oresharski government is also given by nationalist party Ataka.

Only two weeks after its initial formation the government came under criticism and had to deal with country-wide protests by the citizens, with those in Sofia reaching up to 11 000 participants. The reasons for these protests were largely the controversial appointment of media mogul Delyan Peevski as a chief of the National Security State Agency. The protests have ended with the government's resignation.

## Cabinet

### Original Composition

| Ministry | Minister | Party |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Prime Minister | Plamen Oresharski | Independent |
| Deputy Prime Minister – Minister of Justice
(also in charge of EU funds absorption) | Zinaida Zlatanova | Independent |
| Deputy Prime Minister – Minister of Economy | Daniela Bobeva | Independent |
| Deputy Prime Minister – Minister of Interior | Tsvetlin Yovchev | Independent |
| Minister of Finance | Petar Chobanov | Independent |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Kristian Vigenin | BSP |
| Ministry of Transport, Information Technology and Communications | Danail Papazov | Independent |
| Ministry of Education, Youth and Science | Aneliya Klisarova | BSP |
| Minister of Health | Tanya Andreeva | Independent |
| Minister of Youth and Sports | Mariana Georgieva | DPS |
| Minister of Defence | Angel Naydenov | BSP |
| Minister of Culture | Petar Stoyanovich | Independent |
| Minister of Environment | Iskra Mihaylova | DPS |
| Minister of Economy, Energy and Tourism | Dragomir Stoynev | BSP |
| Minister of Labor and Social Policy | Hassan Ademov | DPS |
| Minister of Regional Development | Desislava Terzieva | Independent |
| Minister of Agriculture and Food | Dimitar Grekov | Independent |
| Minister of Investment Projects | Ivan Danov | Independent |

### Changes in June 2013

On 27 June, Tsvetlin Yovchev (BSP) is appointed as deputy Prime Minister, and Daniela Bobeva (BSP) is appointed deputy Prime Minister and minister of economic development.

### Changes in June 2014

Following her recent election to the European Parliament, Iskra Mihaylova steps down as minister of the environment and is succeeded by Stanislav Anastasov (DPS).

## Votes of no-confidence

The government survived three vote of no-confidences as of early 2014. The third vote was tabled by the opposition due to alleged mismanaging of refugees from the Syrian civil war and a failure to curb crime. Out of 217 voting MPs, the governing coalition voted to support the administration with 116 votes.

In all, the government survived 5 votes of no-confidence before voluntarily resigning.

## Resignation

Following an agreement from the three largest parties (GERB, BSP and DPS) to hold early parliamentary elections for 5 October 2014, the cabinet was to resign by the end of July.

On Wednesday 23 July, Oresharski's government submitted its resignation. The next day parliament voted 180–8 (8 abstained and 44 were absent) to accept the government's resignation. Following the vote, President Plevneliev offered the mandate to GERB to try and form government, but it was refused. The next day the BSP returned the mandate as well. On 30 July, the DPS refused the mandate as well. Finally, on 6 August, a caretaker government led by Georgi Bliznashki was sworn into office and the Oresharski government was officially dissolved.

1. "2nd LD Writethru: Bulgarian parliament elects new government". *China Daily*. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
2. "Mass rallies grip Bulgarian politics". *Aljazeera*. 16 November 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
3. Seiler Bistra; Emiliyan Lilov (26 June 2013). "Bulgarians protest government of 'oligarchs'". *Deutsche Welle*. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
4. "Birth of a civil society". *The Economist*. 21 September 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
5. "Bulgaria's Cabinet Unveiled: Full List". *Novinite.com*. Sofia News Agency. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
6. "Republic of Bulgaria Council of Ministers". *Government.bg*. Government Information Service. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
7. "Bulgaria's candidate third deputy prime minister named". *The Sofia Globe*. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
8. "Bulgaria PM survives third no-confidence vote". *Aljazeera*. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
9. "Timeline of Oresharski's Cabinet: A Government in Constant Jeopardy". *Novinite.com*. Sofia News Agency. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
10. "President Plevneliev Urges Outgoing Parliament to Review Budget". *Novinite.com*. Sofia News Agency. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
11. "Bulgarian Gov't to Resign between July 23, 25 - PM Oresharski". *Novinite.com*. Sofia News Agency. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
12. "Bulgaria's PM Plamen Oresharski Resigns". *Novinite.com*. Sofia News Agency. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
13. "Bulgarian Parliament Approves Government Resignation". *Novinite.com*. Sofia News Agency. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
14. "GERB Leader Boiko Borisov Returns Mandate". *Novinite.com*. Sofia News Agency. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
15. "Bulgarian Socialist Party Returns Mandate". *Novinite.com*. Sofia News Agency. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
16. "Bulgaria's 3rd Biggest Party, DPS, Rejects Mandate to Form Govt". *Novinite.com*. Sofia News Agency. Retrieved 30 July 2014.

## InfoBox

| Oresharski Government | |
| --- | --- |
|
92nd Cabinet of Bulgaria | |
| Date formed | 29 May 2013 |
| Date dissolved | 6 August 2014 |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | Rosen Plevneliev |
| Head of government | Plamen Oresharski |
| Deputy head of government | *See list* |
| Member parties | Bulgarian Socialist Party
Movement for Rights and Freedoms |
| Status in legislature | Coalition |
| History | |
| Election | 2013 |
| Legislature term | 42nd National Assembly |
| Incoming formation | Government formation |
| Outgoing formation | Resignation |
| Predecessor | *Raykov Government* (Provisional) |
| Successor | *Bliznashki Government* (Provisional) |


title: Gresley baronets

abstract: The Baronetcy of Gresley of Drakelow was created in the Baronetage of England on 29 June 1611 for George Gresley of Drakelow Hall, Derbyshire who was later High Sheriff of Derbyshire and Member of Parliament for Newcastle-under-Lyme. The Gresley Baronetcy was the sixth oldest baronetcy in Britain until it became extinct on the death of the 13th and last Baronet in 1976.

text:
# Gresley baronets

The Baronetcy of **Gresley of Drakelow** was created in the Baronetage of England on 29 June 1611 for George Gresley of Drakelow Hall, Derbyshire who was later High Sheriff of Derbyshire and Member of Parliament for Newcastle-under-Lyme.

The Gresley Baronetcy was the sixth oldest baronetcy in Britain until it became extinct on the death of the 13th and last Baronet in 1976.

## Background

The Gresleys were an ancient Norman family, descended from Nigel de Stafford, the son of Robert de Stafford, scion of one of the most powerful families in England. Nigel's son, also named Nigel, took the name Gresley after he acquired Castle Gresley in Derbyshire. The Domesday Book recorded Nigel de Stafford holding the Manor of Drakelowe near the conclusion of the 11th century, and his descendants, the Gresleys, continued to hold it for nine hundred years – as long as any family in England is said to have owned the same manor. The family established the Priory of Gresley near their castle in Gresley before the year 1200. Drakelowe Hall, latterly the family seat, was a large Elizabethan mansion. A subsidiary branch of the family had a seat at Netherseal Hall, Netherseal.

The two branches of the family were reunited by the marriage of the sister of the 8th Baronet to Rev. William Gresley, Rector of Netherseal, and the succession of their son William Nigel Gresley as 9th Baronet.

The last of the Gresley family vacated Drakelowe Hall in 1931 after 28 generations had lived there. The Hall was demolished three years later, in 1934, when the site was redeveloped as Drakelow Power Station, which itself was later demolished. Netherseal Hall was demolished in 1933.

## Gresley of Drakelow (1611)

## Extended family

*The Gresleys of Drakelowe* (1899) by Falconer Madan is the accepted history of the family. It mentions Charles Francis Gresley who married Clara Phillips, and states that the couple had no issue. Richard Boultbee queried that, stating that they had three boys, the eldest of whom has living male Gresley descendants.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Gresley baronets | |
| --- | --- |
| Escutcheon of the Gresley baronets of Nether Seale | |
| Creation date | 1611 |
| Status | extinct |
| Extinction date | 1976 |
| Seat(s) | Drakelow Hall |
| Motto | *Meliore fide quam fortuna*, With better fidelity than fortune |


title: Jean Feraca

abstract: Jean Feraca is an American poet, journalist, and radio host.

text:
# Jean Feraca

**Jean Feraca** is an American poet, journalist, and radio host.

## Biography

She was born in New York state, majored in English at Manhattanville College, and received an M.S. degree from the University of Michigan. After college she lived in Rome and spent time traveling in Italy before moving to Madison, Wisconsin.

She is mother to New York City-based experimental musician Dominick Fernow, also known as Prurient.

## Career

Feraca worked in public radio for 27 years. She started her career with National Public Radio affiliate WGUC-FM, then worked as a freelance reporter for NPR's *Morning Edition* and *All Things Considered*. In 1983 she went to work for Wisconsin Public Radio (WPR) as humanities producer. She became WPR's Distinguished Senior Broadcaster and hosted "Conversations with Jean Feraca" from 1990 to 2003; the show received the Distinguished Media Award from the National Telemedia Council in 1996. Starting in 2003 she hosted *Here on Earth: Radio Without Borders*, a daily program. She retired from radio in 2012.

Feraca's first book of poems, *South from Rome: Il Mezzogiorno* (1976), won the Discovery Award from *The Nation*; it was assisted by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. She received a grant from the Wisconsin Arts Board for her second book, *Crossing the Great Divide* (1992). Her 2007 memoir, *I Hear Voices: A Memoir of Love, Death, and the Radio*, was named an "Outstanding Book" by the American Association of School Librarians and one of the year's "Best Books for General Audiences" by the Public Library Association. She was inducted into the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences Arts & Letters in 2012.

Her poetry and articles have appeared in journals such as *Poetry*, the *American Poetry Review*, the *Iowa Review*, the *North American Review*, *Italian Americana*, and other journals; and in anthologies such as Helen Barolini's *The Dream Book: An Anthology of Writings by Italian American Women* (1985).

## InfoBox

| Jean Feraca | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | New York state |
| Occupation | Poet, journalist, and radio host |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Manhattanville College <br>University of Michigan |


title: Xu Shaoshi

abstract: Xu Shaoshi is a Chinese politician, and former chairman of the National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China.

text:
# Xu Shaoshi

**Xu Shaoshi** (Chinese: 徐绍史; born October 1951) is a Chinese politician, and former chairman of the National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China.

## Early life

Xu was born in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in December 1974.

## Political career

From April 2007 to March 2013, he was Minister of Land and Resources and the party chief of the Ministry. He is also the general supervisor of national land.

According to *The Age* in January 2010 Xu Shaoshi lead a high-level delegation to the Antarctic, aboard China's icebreaking research vessel, *Xue Long*. Xu toured Australia's Casey Station before proceeding to China's Antarctic Zhongshan Station. Among the officials who accompanied him was Qu Tanzhou, the director of the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration. Jo Chandler, writing in *The Age*, reported that Xu declined to be interviewed and the presence of his delegation was not covered in the Chinese Press. Chandler reported that the purpose of the tour was to familiarize Xu and his colleagues with China's research efforts in the Antarctic, and the potential mineral resources that could be exploited there. She noted that China, like all other parties to the International treaties to the Antarctic, was barred from resource exploitation until 2048.

He was a member of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and later became a member of the 18th Central Committee.

At the first plenary session of the 12th National People's Congress in March 2013, Xu Shaoshi was elected as Chairman of the National Development and Reform Commission, succeeding Zhang Ping.

## InfoBox

| Xu Shaoshi | |
| --- | --- |
| 徐绍史 | |
| Xu in 2013 | |
|  | |
| 12th Chairman of the National Development and Reform Commission | |
| **In office**
16 March 2013  24 February 2017 | |
| Premier | Li Keqiang |
| Preceded by | Zhang Ping |
| Succeeded by | He Lifeng |
| Minister of Land and Resources | |
| **In office**
27 April 2007  16 March 2013 | |
| Premier | Wen Jiabao |
| Preceded by | Sun Wensheng |
| Succeeded by | Jiang Daming |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | October 1951 (age 7273)
Ningbo, Zhejiang, China |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Puerto Castilla Airport

abstract: Puerto Castilla Airport was an airport formerly serving Puerto Castilla, a municipality in Colón Department, Honduras. Aerial imaging shows the western end of the paved runway built over by buildings and storage from the Puerto Castilla container port, leaving only 200 metres (660 ft) of runway plus the aircraft turnaround on the eastern end.

text:
# Puerto Castilla Airport

**Puerto Castilla Airport** (ICAO: **MHCT**) was an airport formerly serving Puerto Castilla, a municipality in Colón Department, Honduras.

Aerial imaging shows the western end of the paved runway built over by buildings and storage from the Puerto Castilla container port, leaving only 200 metres (660 ft) of runway plus the aircraft turnaround on the eastern end.

## InfoBox

| Puerto Castilla Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Closed |
| Location | Puerto Castilla, Honduras |
| Coordinates | 16°00′30″N 85°58′05″W / 16.00833°N 85.96806°W / 16.00833; -85.96806 |
| Map | |
| **MHCT**Location in Honduras | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  Closed | |
| Sources: Google Maps HERE Maps GCM | |


abstract: The Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen (RDOS) is in southern British Columbia, adjacent to the U.S. state of Washington. It is bounded by Fraser Valley Regional District to the west, Thompson-Nicola Regional District and Regional District of Central Okanagan to the north, Regional District of Kootenay Boundary to the east, and by Okanogan County, Washington to the south. At the 2011 census the population was 80,742. The district covers a land area of 10,413.44 square kilometres (4,020.65 sq mi). The administrative offices are in the City of Penticton.

text:
# Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen

The **Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen** (**RDOS**) is in southern British Columbia, adjacent to the U.S. state of Washington. It is bounded by Fraser Valley Regional District to the west, Thompson-Nicola Regional District and Regional District of Central Okanagan to the north, Regional District of Kootenay Boundary to the east, and by Okanogan County, Washington to the south. At the 2011 census the population was 80,742. The district covers a land area of 10,413.44 square kilometres (4,020.65 sq mi). The administrative offices are in the City of Penticton.

## Population history

* 2021: 90,178 (+8.6%)
* 2016: 83,022 (+2.8%)
* 2011: 80,742 (+1.6%)
* 2006: 79,475 (+3.7%)
* 2001: 76,635 (+0.9%)
* 1996: 75,933

## Municipalities

RDOS comprises six municipalities and nine rural electoral areas designated Electoral areas A - I. The municipalities of RDOS are Penticton, Summerland, Osoyoos, Oliver, Princeton, and Keremeos.

| Municipality | Type | Population | Growth 2016-2021 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Penticton | City | 36,885 | 9.3% |
| Summerland | District municipality | 12,042 | 3.7% |
| Osoyoos | Town | 5,556 | 10.0% |
| Oliver | Town | 5,094 | 3.4% |
| Princeton | Town | 2,826 | 3.0% |
| Keremeos | Village | 1,608 | 7.1% |
|

## Demographics

As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen had a population of 90,178 living in 40,981 of its 46,436 total private dwellings, a change of 8.6% from its 2016 population of 83,022. With a land area of 10,406.64 km2 (4,018.03 sq mi), it had a population density of 8.7/km2 (22.4/sq mi) in 2021.

### Ethnicity

Panethnic groups in the Okanagan–Similkameen Regional District (2001−2021)
| Panethnic
group | 2021 | | 2016 | | 2011 | | 2006 | | 2001 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % |
| European | 73,430 | 83.76% | 68,860 | 85.6% | 69,095 | 88.14% | 70,640 | 90.02% | 69,205 | 91.08% |
| Indigenous | 6,640 | 7.57% | 6,145 | 7.64% | 4,910 | 6.26% | 3,380 | 4.31% | 2,865 | 3.77% |
| South Asian | 3,445 | 3.93% | 2,950 | 3.67% | 2,630 | 3.35% | 2,805 | 3.57% | 2,030 | 2.67% |
| East Asian | 1,315 | 1.5% | 940 | 1.17% | 655 | 0.84% | 780 | 0.99% | 940 | 1.24% |
| Southeast Asian | 1,205 | 1.37% | 735 | 0.91% | 510 | 0.65% | 415 | 0.53% | 380 | 0.5% |
| Latin American | 590 | 0.67% | 270 | 0.34% | 160 | 0.2% | 130 | 0.17% | 365 | 0.48% |
| African | 555 | 0.63% | 240 | 0.3% | 230 | 0.29% | 125 | 0.16% | 165 | 0.22% |
| Middle Eastern | 185 | 0.21% | 115 | 0.14% | 75 | 0.1% | 30 | 0.04% | 30 | 0.04% |
| Other | 305 | 0.35% | 195 | 0.24% | 125 | 0.16% | 160 | 0.2% | 10 | 0.01% |
| Total responses | 87,665 | 97.21% | 80,445 | 96.9% | 78,395 | 97.09% | 78,475 | 98.74% | 75,985 | 99.15% |
| Total population | 90,178 | 100% | 83,022 | 100% | 80,742 | 100% | 79,475 | 100% | 76,635 | 100% |

* Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.

### Language

According to the 2011 Census, 84.43% of Okanagan-Similkameen's population have English as mother tongue; German is the mother tongue of 2.99% of the population, followed by Punjabi (2.86%), French (1.90%), Portuguese (1.06%), Dutch (0.80%), Ukrainian (0.42%), Hungarian (0.41%), Spanish (0.41%), and Italian (0.39%).

| *Mother tongue* | *Population* | *Percentage* |
| --- | --- | --- |
| English | 67,360 | 84.43% |
|
| German | 2,385 | 2.99% |
| Punjabi | 2,280 | 2.86% |
| French | 1,515 | 1.90% |
| Portuguese | 845 | 1.06% |
| Dutch | 640 | 0.80% |
| Ukrainian | 335 | 0.42% |
| Hungarian | 330 | 0.41% |
| Spanish | 330 | 0.41% |
| Italian | 310 | 0.39% |

## Electoral areas

Okanagan-Similkameen A Rural areas surrounding Osoyoos, including Anarchist Mountain to the east between Rock Creek and Osoyoos. Population: 2,139 Okanagan-Similkameen B The valley of the Similkameen River from Cawston downstream to Chopaka, at the US border. Population: 1,151 Okanagan-Similkameen C Rural areas surrounding Oliver. Population: 3,986 Okanagan-Similkameen D Rural areas and unincorporated communities southeast of Penticton, including Okanagan Falls. Population: 4,016 Okanagan-Similkameen E Rural areas and unincorporated settlements to the northeast of Penticton including Naramata. Population: 2,015 Okanagan-Similkameen F Rural areas west of Summerland and northwest of Penticton. Population: 2,092 Okanagan-Similkameen G Rural areas of the middle Similkameen Valley surrounding Keremeos, including Hedley. Population: 2,298 Okanagan-Similkameen H Rural areas and unincorporated communities in the upper Similkameen Valley, including Tulameen and Coalmont. Population: 2,232 Okanagan-Similkameen I Rural areas southwest of Penticton, including Kaleden and Apex. Population: 2,207    1. "Board Members". Retrieved July 9, 2019.
2.
3. "Census profile: Okanagan-Similkameen". *2011 Census*. Statistics Canada. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
4. "Select from a list of geographies - British Columbia". February 9, 2022.
5. "Population and dwelling counts: Canada and census divisions". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
6. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
7. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
8. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015). "NHS Profile". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
9. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 20, 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
10. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (July 2, 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
11. Census Profile Okanagan-Similkameen, RD British Columbia http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5907&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Okanagan-Similkameen&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1

49°25′00″N 120°00′00″W / 49.41667°N 120.00000°W / 49.41667; -120.00000

## InfoBox

| Okanagan-Similkameen | |
| --- | --- |
| Regional district | |
| Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen | |
| Okanagan Lake from Naramata | |
|  | |
| Location in British Columbia | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | British Columbia |
| Administrative office location | Penticton |
| Government | |
| Type | Regional district |
| Body | Board of Directors |
| Chair | Mark Pendergraft (A) |
| Vice Chair | Spencer Coyne (Town of Princeton) |
| Electoral Areas | * A - Osoyoos Rural * B - Cawston * C - Oliver Rural * D - Skaha East & Okanagan Falls * E - Naramata * F - Okanagan Lake West/West Bench * G - Keremeos Rural/Hedley * H - Princeton Rural * I - Skaha West, Kaleden and Apex |
| Area | |
| Land | 10,411.68 km2 (4,019.97 sq mi) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 83,022 |
| Density | 7.97/km2 (20.6/sq mi) |
| Website | www.rdos.bc.ca |


title: Megaceratoneura

abstract: Megaceratoneura is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

text:
# Megaceratoneura

***Megaceratoneura*** is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

## InfoBox

| *Megaceratoneura* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Eulophidae |
| Subfamily: | Tetrastichinae |
| Genus: | *Megaceratoneura*<br>Girault, 1917 |
|
| Species | |
|  | |