title: Well counter

abstract: A well counter is a device used for measuring radioactivity in small samples. It usually employs a sodium iodide crystal detector. It was invented in 1951 by Hal Anger, who is also well known for inventing the scintillation camera. Anger filed U.S. patent #2,779,876 on March 3, 1953 for his "Radio-Activity Distribution Detector"; the patent was issued on January 29, 1957.

text:
# Well counter

A **well counter** is a device used for measuring radioactivity in small samples. It usually employs a sodium iodide crystal detector. It was invented in 1951 by Hal Anger, who is also well known for inventing the scintillation camera. Anger filed U.S. patent #2,779,876 on March 3, 1953 for his "Radio-Activity Distribution Detector"; the patent was issued on January 29, 1957.

## Construction and functioning

The well counter is so called because the samples are inserted into a well within the crystal in order to maximize sensitivity by collecting as many of the emitted gamma rays as possible.

Modern well counters can automatically record activity in different samples sequentially. Samples in test tubes are inserted into the well, one sample at a time, and counted for a predetermined time. Results are presented as a graphic, and corrected for the decay of the sample.


title: Wenceslao Trinidad

abstract: Wenceslao "Peewee" Bayona Trinidad was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the mayor of Pasay City from 2000 to 2010. He previously served as the city's vice mayor from 1980 to 1986 and from 1992 to 1998 and as second district councilor from 1963 to 1967.

text:
# Wenceslao Trinidad

**Wenceslao "Peewee" Bayona Trinidad** (August 18, 1933 – March 4, 2016) was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the mayor of Pasay City from 2000 to 2010. He previously served as the city's vice mayor from 1980 to 1986 and from 1992 to 1998 and as second district councilor from 1963 to 1967.

## Background

Wenceslao "Peewee" B. Trinidad was born on August 18, 1933 in Pasay.

## Political career

Trinidad started his political career when he was elected as councilor in 1964. He was elected three times for the same post.

He was elected as a Vice Mayor from 1980 to 1986 and from 1992 to 1997.

In 1997, he took over the reins of government from an ailing Mayor Pablo Cuneta.

In 2000, due to the failing health of then-Mayor Jovito Claudio, a recall election was commenced, and he won.

Trinidad served for four terms, from 2000 to 2001 (through the recall election), 2001–2004, 2004–2007, and 2007–2010. From September 2006 to May 2007, he was suspended alongside 11 other Pasay city officials over the alleged irregularities in garbage collection and disposal contracts in 2004 and 2005 amounting to 464.6 million.

He ran for another term in 2010, but lost to Vice Mayor Antonino Calixto. He ran again in 2013 but lost to Calixto once again.

## Controversy

In 2015, Trinidad and former representative Jose Antonio Roxas were sentenced to at most 10-year imprisonment and fined 200 each by the Sandiganbayan for their involvement in a graft case related to the construction of the Pasay City Mall and Public Market along Arnaiz Avenue in 2004.

## Death

Trinidad died on March 4, 2016, at the age of 82, due to pneumonia. A funeral for him was held at his residence along Park Avenue from March 4 to 6 and at the Cuneta Astrodome on March 6. He was laid to rest at Loyola Memorial Park in Parañaque on March 8.

## Personal life

Trinidad is the father of 2019 mayoral candidate Atty. Jon Wilfred "JT" Trinidad and 2019 and 2022 councilor candidate Bonifacio "Miki" Trinidad. He is also the cousin of former Councilor Noel "Onie" Bayona, who also ran for Vice Mayor in 2010.

## InfoBox

| The HonorableWenceslao B. Trinidad | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 12th Mayor of Pasay | |
| **In office**
February 1, 2007  June 30, 2010 | |
| Vice Mayor | Antonino Calixto |
| Preceded by | Allan Panaligan *(Acting)* |
| Succeeded by | Antonino Calixto |
| **In office**
April 17, 2000  September 1, 2006 | |
| Vice Mayor | Antonino Calixto |
| Preceded by | Jovito Claudio |
| Succeeded by | Allan Panaligan *(Acting)* |
| Vice Mayor of Pasay | |
| **In office**
June 30, 1992  June 30, 1998 | |
| Mayor | Pablo Cuneta |
| Preceded by | Ibarra Cruz |
| Succeeded by | Gregorio Alcera |
| **In office**
December 30, 1980  February 27, 1986 | |
| Mayor | Pablo Cuneta |
| Preceded by | Eduardo Calixto |
| Succeeded by | *Vacant* |
| Member of the Pasay City Council from the 2nd district | |
| **In office**
December 30, 1963  December 30, 1967 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Wenceslao Bayona Trinidad
(1933-08-18)August 18, 1933
Pasay, Rizal, Philippine Islands, U.S. |
| Died | March 4, 2016(2016-03-04) (aged 82)
Muntinlupa, Philippines |
| Political party | Nacionalista (until 1998; 2010–2016)
LAMMP (1998)
LDP (2001)
KNP (2004)
PMP (2007) |
|  | |


title: Wenceslao Salgado

abstract: Wenceslao Salgado was a Peruvian sports shooter. He competed in the 50 m pistol event at the 1948 Summer Olympics. Salgado won a bronze medal in the 1951 Pan American Games 50 metres pistol team competition.

text:
# Wenceslao Salgado

**Wenceslao Salgado** (28 April 1900  29 July 1980) was a Peruvian sports shooter. He competed in the 50 m pistol event at the 1948 Summer Olympics. Salgado won a bronze medal in the 1951 Pan American Games 50 metres pistol team competition.

## InfoBox

Wenceslao Salgado
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1900-04-28)28 April 1900<br>Lima, Peru |
| Died | 29 July 1980(1980-07-29) (aged 80) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sports shooting |


title: Wendorf

abstract: Wendorf may refer to:

text:
# Wendorf

**Wendorf** may refer to:

## People

* Fred Wendorf (1924–2015), Henderson-Morrison Professor emeritus of Anthropology at Southern Methodist University
* James H. Wendorf, executive director of the National Center for Learning Disabilities (NCLD)
* Keith Wendorf (born 1949), Canadian-born former German curler and curling coach.
* Richard Wendorf (died 1996), murder victim of Rod Ferrell
* Richard Wendorf (born 1948), Art historian and Librarian

## Places

## Other

* *The Wendorf Collection*, a collection of artifacts donated to the British Museum by Fred Wendorf

* Wiendorf, municipality in Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern


title: Wendy Wild

abstract: Wendy Wild was an American singer, musician, and artist who in the 1980s was a well-known presence in New York's downtown music and performance scenes.

text:
# Wendy Wild

**Wendy Wild** (born **Wendy Andreiev**, August 31, 1956 – October 26, 1996) was an American singer, musician, and artist who in the 1980s was a well-known presence in New York's downtown music and performance scenes.

## Career

Growing up in Northport, New York, Wild moved to Manhattan in the late 1970s, accompanied by John McLoughlin, who would later become known as the performer John Sex. Throughout the 1980s she performed regularly in Lower Manhattan night clubs and art spaces, including the Lucky Strike, Privates, and Club 57. She would become a fixture at the Pyramid Club, where she could often be seen go-go dancing on the bar.

Along with her work as a nightclub performer, Wild performed in several New York-based bands, including the Roll-Ons, Pulsallama, the Problem Drinkers, the Wild Hyaenas (with then-boyfriend Keith Streng of The Fleshtones), polka-rockers Das Furlines, and most famously the neo-psychedelic Mad Violets. In addition to playing locally in many of Manhattan's rock venues (The Dive, Irving Plaza, CBGB, Danceteria, Andy Warhol's Underground, and others), she and her bands toured extensively, including US performance dates at Boston's The Rat, Miami's Club Nu, and the 9:30 Club in Washington, D.C. Overseas appearances included London (The Venue), Leeds and Manchester (The Haçienda), England with Pulsallama in 1982, and Tokyo in 1988 with John Sex.

During her career, Wild appeared on several recordings. Along with releases for Mad Violets (*World of LSD...* and the posthumously released *Season of the Mad Violets*), she sang on records for Bronski Beat, The Fleshtones, Peter Zaremba's Love Delegation, Hoodoo Gurus, and John Sex. She also appeared in two music videos with Mr. Sex, "Hustle with My Muscle" and "Rock Your Body", as well as the 1988 documentary *Mondo New York*.

Wild performed in the stage musicals *The Sound of Muzak* at Club 57 in 1981 (revived at NYC's Limelight in 1986), and *Peter Pan* at Danceteria in 1983. She also staged one-woman shows for her booze-addled sex-kitten character Joey Heatherock and was one of the group of East Village performers who created the first annual Wigstock festival. She performed at Wigstock many times and appeared in *Wigstock, The Movie*, released in 1994.

Many of Wild's performances at the Pyramid and other New York City venues have been recorded by the late video artist Nelson Sullivan and have been included in exhibitions of his work.

Wild died on October 26, 1996, from breast cancer.

## Selected recordings

* Pulsallama*Ungawa Part II/The Devil Lives in My Husband's Body* (1981)
* Pulsallama – *Oui Oui (A Canadian in Paris)* (1983)
* Various Artists – *Train To Disaster* (1983)
* Richard Mazda*Hands of Fate* (1983)
* Bronski Beat*Hundred And Thousands* (1985)
* Mad Violets*World Of ...* (1986)
* Peter Zaremba's Love Delegation*Spread The Word* (1986)
* The Fleshtones*Fleshtones Vs. Reality* (1987)
* Frieda – *Disco Lover / Plastic Rap* (1987)
* Various Artists – *Time Bomb: Fleshtones Present The Big Bang Theory* (1988)
* John Sex*Rock Your Body* (1988)
* Peter Zaremba's Love Delegation – *Delegation Time* (1989)
* Various Artists – *Polka Comes to Your Haus!* (1990)
* Various Artists – *Battle of the Garages, Vol. 1* (1994)
* Hoodoo Gurus*The Mountain* (1994)
* Mad Violets – *Season of the Mad Violets* (2004)

(Wild also sang the title theme to the 1989 film *No Such Thing as Gravity*)

## InfoBox

| Wendy Wild | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Wendy Andreiv<br>August 31, 1956 |
| Died | October 26, 1996(1996-10-26) (aged 40) |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, musician, artist |


title: Welcome to Love

abstract: Welcome to Love is an album led by saxophonist Pharoah Sanders recorded in 1990 and first released on the Dutch Timeless label. The album features jazz standards, many of which were also recorded by John Coltrane.

text:
# Welcome to Love

***Welcome to Love*** (subtitled ***Pharoah Sanders Plays Beautiful Ballads***) is an album led by saxophonist Pharoah Sanders recorded in 1990 and first released on the Dutch Timeless label. The album features jazz standards, many of which were also recorded by John Coltrane.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz & Blues Album Guide* |  |
| *The Virgin Encyclopedia of Jazz* |  |

In his review for AllMusic, Steve Loewy commented: "This performance has held up well through the years, and while the thin, reserved approach is reminiscent of Coltrane, it is still marked with Pharoah's print".

The authors of *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* called the album "elaborate," and stated that "much of the credit has to go to... Wainwright, who... certainly can't be short of work playing as he does."

Marc Myers of *All About Jazz* described the recording as "one of Sanders' finest albums from his re-thinking period," and wrote that it is "an ideal introduction to Sanders and a stepping-stone to the saxophonist's more inventive, spiritual pieces."

Jazz Fuel's Matt Fripp included the album in his selection of "Ten Iconic Pharoah Sanders Albums," and commented: "The playing is supremely mature and shows a deep understanding and appreciation of the material. On the surface and in comparison to his earlier releases, Sanders might, on casual glance, appear to have become entrenched in a kind of conservative, nostalgic reverie to a by-gone age, but deeper listening reveals beautiful, melodic music making by all involved here."

## Track listing

1. "You Don't Know What Love Is" (Gene DePaul, Don Raye) - 4:55
2. "The Nearness of You" (Hoagy Carmichael, Ned Washington) - 5:18
3. "My One and Only Love" (Robert Mellin, Guy Wood) - 8:06
4. "I Want to Talk About You" (Billy Eckstine) - 8:14
5. "Soul Eyes" (Mal Waldron) - 9:22
6. "Nancy (With the Laughing Face)" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Phil Silvers) - 6:54
7. "Polka Dots and Moonbeams" (Johnny Burke, Van Heusen) - 7:21
8. "Say It (Over and Over Again)" (Frank Loesser, Jimmy McHugh) - 6:57
9. "Lament" (J. J. Johnson) - 6:13
10. "The Bird Song" (Pharoah Sanders) - 6:50
11. "Moonlight in Vermont" (John Blackburn, Karl Suessdorf) - 6:14 Bonus track on Japanese CD

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Welcome to Love | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Pharoah Sanders | |
| Released | 1991 |
| Recorded | July 17, 18 & 19, 1990 |
| Studio | Studio Gimmick, Yerres, France |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 70:04 |
| Label | Timeless CDSJP 358 |
| Producer | Russ Musto and Tetsuo Hara |
| Pharoah Sanders chronology | |
| *Moon Child*
(1990) ***Welcome to Love***
(1991) *Crescent with Love*
(1993) | |


title: Wenfeng, Anyang

abstract: Wenfeng District is a district in Anyang, Henan province, China.

text:
# Wenfeng, Anyang

**Wenfeng District** (Chinese: 文峰区; pinyin: *Wénfēng Qū*) is a district in Anyang, Henan province, China.

## Administrative divisions

As of 2021, this district is divided to 12 subdistricts, 1 town and 1 township.

Subdistricts

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

Towns Townships

## Notable events

2022 Anyang factory fire (in Baoliansi Town, Wenfeng District, Anyang).

36°04′40″N 114°22′00″E / 36.07778°N 114.36667°E / 36.07778; 114.36667

## InfoBox

| Wenfeng 文峰区 | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Henan |
| Prefecture-level city | Anyang |
| Area | |
| Total | 179 km2 (69 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | |
| Total | 445,700 |
| Density | 2,500/km2 (6,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 455000 |


title: Weng (surname)

abstract: Weng is a Chinese surname. It is also spelled Yung based on its Cantonese pronunciation, Eng based on its Teochew pronunciation, or Ong based on its Hokkien pronunciation. Weng is also a surname coming from place names in Germany and Austria

text:
# Weng (surname)

**Weng** (Chinese: ; pinyin: *Wēng*) is a Chinese surname. It is also spelled Yung based on its Cantonese pronunciation, Eng based on its Teochew pronunciation, or Ong based on its Hokkien pronunciation.

Weng is also a surname coming from place names in Germany and Austria

## Notable people

**Weng** * Weng Chang-liang (born 1965), retired Taiwanese politician
* Weng Fanggang (1733–1818), Chinese calligrapher, literary critic, philosopher, and poet
* Weng Hongyang (born 1999), Chinese male badminton player
* Weng Tonghe (1830–1904), Chinese Confucian scholar
* Weng Weng (1957–1992), Filipino actor and martial artist
* William Weng (1907–1993), American journalist and crossword puzzle constructor
* Weng Zuliang (born 1963), Chinese politician

**Ong** * Ong Huay Dee (翁伙俤 Wēng Huŏdì), Singaporean taxi driver and murder victim

## InfoBox

Weng
| Weng surname in regular script | |
| --- | --- |
| Pronunciation | Wēng (Pinyin)<br>Ang (Pe̍h-ōe-jī) |
| Language(s) | Chinese |
| Origin | |
| Language(s) | Chinese |
| Meaning | individual word can have many meanings, often used in phrase '老翁' meaning 'old man' |
| Other names | |
| Variant form(s) | Weng |


title: Wenfeng Ge

abstract: Wenfeng Ge is a Chinese professional boxer. He held the WBO Oriental Flyweight title after defeating former World Champion Amnat Ruenroeng of Thailand on November 21, 2017, and the WBO International Flyweight Title after defeating Filipino Ivan Soriano last August 24, 2018. Ge challenge Giemel Magramo of the Philippines for the unification of the WBO International and Oriental Flyweight Titles, but failed in a 10th round RTD loss.

text:
# Wenfeng Ge

**Wenfeng Ge** (Chinese: 葛文峰; pinyin: *Wenfeng Ge*; born 22 April 1987) is a Chinese professional boxer. He held the WBO Oriental Flyweight title after defeating former World Champion Amnat Ruenroeng of Thailand on November 21, 2017, and the WBO International Flyweight Title after defeating Filipino Ivan Soriano last August 24, 2018. Ge challenge Giemel Magramo of the Philippines for the unification of the WBO International and Oriental Flyweight Titles, but failed in a 10th round RTD loss.

## Professional boxing record

| 12 fights | 11 wins | 1 loss |
| --- | --- | --- |
| By knockout | 6 | 1 |
| By decision | 5 | 0 |
| Draws | 0 | |

| No. | Result | Record | Opponent | Type | Round, time | Date | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13 | Win | 12-1 | Kompayak Porpramook | UD | 12 | 2019-10-26 | Yubei Stadium, Chongqing |  |
| 12 | Loss | 11-1 | Giemel Magramo | RTD | 10(12) | 2019-01-05 | Suzhou Olympic sport center, Suzhou | Defending WBO International and for the WBO Oriental Title (Unification) |
| 11 | Win | 11-0 | Ivan Soriano | UD | 12 | 2018-08-24 | ShenZhen Bao'an District Sports Center, Shenzhen | Won vacant WBO International Flyweight Title |
| 10 | Win | 10-0 | Amnat Ruenroeng | UD | 12 | 2017-11-21 | Suzhou Sports Center, Suzhou | Won vacant WBO Oriental Super Flyweight Title |
| 9 | Win | 9–0 | Yutthichai Wannawong | TKO | 5(8) | 2017-10-10 | Ram 100 Thai Boxing Stadium, Ramkamhaeng, Bangkok | Won vacant Thai Super Flyweight Title |
| 8 | Win | 8–0 | Net Kosa | KO | 2(6) | 2017-09-29 | Singmanassak Muaythai School, Pathum Thani |  |
| 7 | Win | 7–0 | Kittisak Khunmi | KO | 2(6) | 2017-09-04 | Ram 100 Thai Boxing Stadium, Ramkamhaeng, Bangkok |  |
| 6 | Win | 6–0 | Thapakorn Tagimnok | KO | 1(6) | 2017-09-02 | Ram 100 Thai Boxing Stadium, Ramkamhaeng, Bangkok |  |
| 5 | Win | 5–0 | Melmark Dignos | UD | 10 | 2017-01-30 | Cotai Arena, Venetian Resort, Macao | Won vacant IBF Asia Bantamweight Title |
| 4 | Win | 4–0 | Sorawit Bamrungrai | TKO | 2 (10) | 2016-12-23 | Suzhou Sports Center, Suzhou | Defended WBO China National Bantamweight Title |
| 3 | Win | 3–0 | Namchok Nakathon | TKO | 4(10) | 2016-12-03 | ShenZhen Bao'an District Sports Center, Shenzhen | Won vacant WBO China National Bantamweight Title |
| 2 | Win | 2–0 | Joseph Omana | UD | 8 | 2015-11-28 | Suzhou Sports Center, Suzhou |  |
| 1 | Win | 1–0 | Xu Gao Yan | UD | 6 | 2015-10-17 | Dushu Lake Gym, Suzhou |  |
|

## Titles in boxing

*Regional Titles:*

* WBO International Flyweight Title *(112 lbs)*
* WBO Oriental Super Flyweight Title *(115 lbs)*
* IBF Asia Bantamweight Title *(118 lbs)*
* Thai Super Flyweight Title *(115 lbs)*
* WBO China National Bantamweight Title *(118 lbs)*

## InfoBox

| Wenfeng Ge | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Wenfeng Ge
(1987-04-22) 22 April 1987
Shijiazhuang, China |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| **Statistics** | |
| Weight(s) | Flyweight |
| Height | 5 ft 6.5 in (1.69 m) |
| Stance | Orthodox |
|  | |
| **Boxing record** | |
| Total fights | 13 |
| Wins | 12 |
| Wins by KO | 6 |
| Losses | 1 |
|  | |


title: West Elsdon, Chicago

abstract: West Elsdon, one of the 77 official community areas, is located on the southwest side of the City of Chicago, Illinois. It is noted as a twin neighborhood of West Lawn. It has a population which includes a mix of dwindling Polish-American residents and increasing Mexican-American residents who currently constitute a clear majority. It has its own association, "West Elsdon Civic Association," which privately organizes the neighborhood. St. Turibius grade school, a Roman Catholic elementary school, located at 57th and Karlov, closed in 2013 and is currently inactive though the building remains and is adjacent to St. Turibius Roman Catholic church. The former Lourdes Roman Catholic girls' high school located from 55th to 56th street from Komensky to Karlov Avenue is now a Chicago Public Schools magnet high school, John Hancock High School.

text:
# West Elsdon, Chicago

**West Elsdon**, one of the 77 official community areas, is located on the southwest side of the City of Chicago, Illinois. It is noted as a twin neighborhood of West Lawn. It has a population which includes a mix of dwindling Polish-American residents and increasing Mexican-American residents who currently constitute a clear majority. It has its own association, "West Elsdon Civic Association," which privately organizes the neighborhood. St. Turibius grade school, a Roman Catholic elementary school, located at 57th and Karlov, closed in 2013 and is currently inactive though the building remains and is adjacent to St. Turibius Roman Catholic church. The former Lourdes Roman Catholic girls' high school located from 55th to 56th street from Komensky to Karlov Avenue is now a Chicago Public Schools magnet high school, John Hancock High School.

## History

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 2,861 |  |  |
| 1940 | 3,255 |  | 13.8% |
| 1950 | 7,728 |  | 137.4% |
| 1960 | 14,215 |  | 83.9% |
| 1970 | 14,059 |  | −1.1% |
| 1980 | 12,797 |  | −9.0% |
| 1990 | 12,266 |  | −4.1% |
| 2000 | 15,921 |  | 29.8% |
| 2010 | 18,109 |  | 13.7% |
| 2020 | 18,394 |  | 1.6% |
|  | | | |

Before the early 20th century, the area now designated West Elsdon was a marshy remnant of an ancient lake. The early settlers were German-Americans and Irish-Americans. During the 1930s, housing was built and Polish-Americans and other Central Europeans settled the area. The land remained rural until World War II, when growth resumed and brick houses were built. After World War II, West Elsdon was the site of the Airport Homes race riots, the worst episode of racial inspired violence that the city faced in some thirty years. The West Elsdon Civic Association became one of the first vocal political enemies of the CHA and its first executive secretary, Elizabeth Wood. Opposition to public housing remained strong in the area. In the early 1970s the West Elsdon Civic Association was an active participant in the "No-CHA" citywide coalition opposing scattered-site public housing in predominantly middle-class white neighborhoods.

Later, Mexican-Americans settled in the eastern part of the community. Soon public schools were registering more Hispanic-Americans, and the CTA Orange Line was built to connect Midway Airport to Downtown.

## Politics

The West Elsdon community has supported the Democratic Party in the past two presidential elections by large margins. In the 2016 presidential election, West Elsdon cast 3,910 votes for Hillary Clinton and cast 685 votes for Donald Trump (82.18% to 14.40%). In the 2012 presidential election, West Elsdon cast 3,015 votes for Barack Obama and cast 736 votes for Mitt Romney (79.45% to 19.39%).

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| West Elsdon | |
| --- | --- |
| Community area | |
| Community Area 62 - West Elsdon | |
| Location within the city of Chicago | |
| Coordinates: 41°47.4′N 87°43.2′W / 41.7900°N 87.7200°W / 41.7900; -87.7200 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Cook |
| City | Chicago |
| Neighborhoods | list * West Elsdon |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.18 sq mi (3.06 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 18,394 |
| Density | 16,000/sq mi (6,000/km2) |
| Demographics 2018 | |
| White | 14.79% |
| Black | 1.50% |
| Hispanic | 81.45% |
| Asian | 2.14% |
| Other | 0.11% |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Codes | parts of 60629 and 60632 |
| Median income | $55,380 |
| Source: U.S. Census, Record Information Services | |


title: Wesleyan University (disambiguation)

abstract: Wesleyan University and Wesleyan College are the names of educational institutions derived from the adjective Wesleyan. Colleges and universities named Wesleyan include: Colleges and universities with Wesleyan in their name include: Learned societies with Wesleyan in their name include: Other colleges and universities with a Wesleyan affiliation include:

text:
# Wesleyan University (disambiguation)

**Wesleyan University** and **Wesleyan College** are the names of educational institutions derived from the adjective Wesleyan.

Colleges and universities named **Wesleyan** include:

| Institution | Founded | Location | Affiliation & notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wesleyan University | 1831 | Middletown, Connecticut | Independent. Liberal arts college. |
| Wesleyan College | 1836 | Macon, Georgia | Independent. Women's liberal arts college. |
| Wesleyan University Philippines | 1946 | Cabanatuan, Philippines | United Methodist Church / from primary, secondary to university |

Colleges and universities with **Wesleyan** in their name include:

| Institution | Founded | Location | Affiliation & notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Allegheny Wesleyan College | 1957 | Salem, Ohio | Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection |
| Central Wesleyan College | 1864 | Warrenton, Missouri | Methodist Church. Defunct. |
| Dakota Wesleyan University | 1885 | Mitchell, South Dakota | United Methodist Church |
| Evangelical Wesleyan Bible Institute | 1963 | Cooperstown, Pennsylvania | Evangelical Wesleyan Church |
| Genesee Wesleyan Seminary | 1831–1942 | Lima, New York | Not strictly college level |
| Illinois Wesleyan University | 1850 | Bloomington, Illinois | Independent. Liberal arts college. |
| Indiana Wesleyan University | 1920 | Marion, Indiana | Wesleyan Church |
| Iowa Wesleyan University | 1843 | Mt. Pleasant, Iowa | United Methodist Church |
| Kansas Wesleyan University | 1886 | Salina, Kansas | United Methodist Church |
| Kentucky Wesleyan College | 1850 | Owensboro, Kentucky | United Methodist Church |
| Miltonvale Wesleyan College | 1909 | Miltonvale, Kansas | Wesleyan Church |
| Montana Wesleyan University | 1890 | Helena, Montana | Methodist Episcopal Church |
| Nagasaki Wesleyan University | 1881 | Isahaya, Nagasaki, Japan | unknown |
| Nebraska Wesleyan University | 1887 | Lincoln, Nebraska | United Methodist Church |
| North Carolina Wesleyan University | 1956 | Rocky Mount, North Carolina | United Methodist Church |
| Ohio Wesleyan University | 1842 | Delaware, Ohio | United Methodist Church |
| Oklahoma Wesleyan University | 1909 | Bartlesville, Oklahoma | Wesleyan Church |
| Roberts Wesleyan University | 1945 | North Chili, New York | Free Methodist Church |
| Southern Wesleyan University | 1906 | Central, South Carolina | Wesleyan Church |
| Tennessee Wesleyan University | 1857 | Athens, Tennessee | United Methodist Church |
| Texas Wesleyan University | 1890 | Fort Worth, Texas | United Methodist Church |
| Virginia Wesleyan University | 1961 | Virginia Beach, Virginia | United Methodist Church |
| West Virginia Wesleyan College | 1890 | Buckhannon, West Virginia | United Methodist Church |

Learned societies with **Wesleyan** in their name include:

| Society | Founded | Journal | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Wesleyan Theological Society | 1966 | *Wesleyan Theological Journal* |  |
| Wesleyan Philosophical Society | 2001 | *Wesleyan Philosophical Online Journal* | Wesleyan Philosophical Society |

Other colleges and universities with a **Wesleyan** affiliation include:

| Institution | Founded | Location | Affiliation & notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Asbury University | 1890 | Wilmore, Kentucky | Wesleyan-Holiness Tradition |
| Kingswood University | 1945 | Sussex, New Brunswick | The Wesleyan Church |
| Houghton College | 1883 | Houghton New York | The Wesleyan Church |
| Kentucky Mountain Bible College | 1931 | Vancleve, Kentucky | Wesleyan Arminian & Theology |
| Wesley Biblical Seminary | 1974 | Jackson, Mississippi | Theological Education |
| Wesley Seminary | 2009 | Marion, Indiana | The Wesleyan Church<br>Indiana Wesleyan University |


title: NGC 4072

abstract: NGC 4072 is a lenticular galaxy located 300 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer Ralph Copeland on April 3, 1872 and is a member of the NGC 4065 Group. NGC 4072 is classified as a LINER galaxy.

text:
# NGC 4072

**NGC 4072** is a lenticular galaxy located 300 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer Ralph Copeland on April 3, 1872 and is a member of the NGC 4065 Group.

NGC 4072 is classified as a LINER galaxy.

## InfoBox

| NGC 4072 | |
| --- | --- |
| SDSS image of NGC 4072 | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Coma Berenices |
| Right ascension | 12h 04m 13.8s |
| Declination | 20° 12 35 |
| Redshift | 0.021752 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 6521 km/s |
| Distance | 304 Mly (93.3 Mpc) |
| Group or cluster | NGC 4065 Group |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 15.6 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | S0 |
| Size | ~59,000 ly (18 kpc) (estimated) |
| Apparent size (V) | 0.5 x 0.2 |
| Other designations | |
| PGC 038176 | |


title: Pongola, KwaZulu-Natal

abstract: Pongola is a town on the north bank of the uPhongolo River, in a fertile valley on the N2, near the Lubombo Mountains, in the valleys of Zululand, easily accessible to the Swaziland border posts. It was part of the Transvaal panhandle between the Phongolo (Natal) and Swaziland until 1994, when it was transferred to KwaZulu-Natal. It is a unique and tranquil subtropical environment. It has more than 50 km⁲ of sugarcane and subtropical fruit plantations surrounding it. During the Depression years of the 1930s, drastic irrigation systems were started in Pongola for sugar cane farms. The town thrived as a result of the canal system and a sugar mill that was built. Today it is part of the uPhongolo Local Municipality. Pongolapoort Dam and Pongola Game Reserve is to the east. It is the only dam in South Africa where African tigerfish can be caught.

text:
# Pongola, KwaZulu-Natal

**Pongola** (also known in Zulu as **oPhongolo**) is a town on the north bank of the uPhongolo River, in a fertile valley on the N2, near the Lubombo Mountains, in the valleys of Zululand, easily accessible to the Swaziland border posts. It was part of the Transvaal panhandle between the Phongolo (Natal) and Swaziland (now Eswatini) until 1994, when it was transferred to KwaZulu-Natal.

It is a unique and tranquil subtropical environment. It has more than 50 km2 of sugarcane and subtropical fruit plantations surrounding it. During the Depression years of the 1930s, drastic irrigation systems were started in Pongola for sugar cane farms. The town thrived as a result of the canal system and a sugar mill that was built. Today it is part of the uPhongolo Local Municipality.

Pongolapoort Dam and Pongola Game Reserve is to the east. It is the only dam in South Africa where African tigerfish (family Alestidæ) can be caught.

## Government

The uPhongolo Local Municipality is one of five local municipalities located within the area of the Zululand District Municipality. The municipality is governed by the ANC Council consisting of 22 Councillors and an executive committee and Hon. Cllr Winile Nhlabathi is the Mayor. The administrative functions are performed by the Municipal Manager and a team of managers. Among other schools, there are Pongola Akademie, Dingukwazi Senior Secondary School and Langa High School.

## Economy

Pongola is surrounded by hunting lodges and several have even the Big Five. Some farms specialise in biltong hunting and others concentrate on trophy hunting.

Richard Antoine Rouillard, born in the Phoenix district of Mauritius in 1873, was the driving force behind the agricultural and economic prosperity of the Louwsburg and Magut districts. The pioneering spirit which opened up the interior of South Africa came in a variety of guises.

Pongola is home to Tugam Game Farm, uPhongolo's oldest game reserve.

## InfoBox

| Pongola oPhongolo | |
| --- | --- |
| PongolaPongola | |
| Coordinates: 27°23′0″S 31°37′0″E / 27.38333°S 31.61667°E / -27.38333; 31.61667 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | KwaZulu-Natal |
| District | Zululand |
| Municipality | uPhongolo |
| Government | |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.60 km2 (1.39 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,403 |
| Density | 390/km2 (1,000/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 37.9% |
| Coloured | 0.6% |
| Indian/Asian | 3.4% |
| White | 57.3% |
| Other | 0.6% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| Afrikaans | 55.6% |
| Zulu | 30.5% |
| English | 8.6% |
| Swazi | 1.4% |
| Other | 3.9% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| Postal code (street) | 3170 |
| PO box | 3170 |
| Area code | 034 |


title: 195 Medium Regiment (India)

abstract: 195 Medium Regiment (Banwat) is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.

text:
# 195 Medium Regiment (India)

**195 Medium Regiment (Banwat)** is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.

## Formation

The regiment was raised on 15 February 1965 at Bangalore as **195 Mountain Regiment**. The regiment was subsequently converted to a field regiment and is presently a medium regiment.

## Class composition

The regiment was raised as a pure South Indian Class regiment.

## Operations

The regiment has taken part in the following operations

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

The regiment commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Satjit Singh, was part of the 25 Artillery Brigade and was equipped with 75/24 Pack Howitzers. It was deployed in the Poonch Sector in Jammu and Kashmir, primarily in support of 93 Infantry Brigade. The regiment fired around 12,500 rounds in the defensive battle of Poonch between 3 and 7 December, thus fizzling the Pakistani 12 Infantry Division offensive. The regiment played an important part in the capture of Nangi Tekri on 11 December 1971. Captain D Tyagi, the OP officer from the Regiment was part of the daring attack of the gun position at Mandhol by 9 Para (SF) on 13 December.

The regiment earned the ‘honour title’ *Banwat* and the sobriquet *Defenders of Poonch* for its gallant actions on 3 and 4 December in the defence of Banwat, which is located north east of Poonch. It won the following gallantry awards –

Operation Meghdoot Operation Parakram

The regiment took active part in the operation and its guns saw action against the Pakistani army.

Operation Rakshak

The regiment has taken part in counter insurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir and has completed four tenures in the state.

## Honours and achievements

* Seven of the commanding officers of the regiment have become general officers. They include
    + Lieutenant General AS Parmar PVSM, who was the Commandant, School of Artillery
    + Lieutenant General MPS Bhandari PVSM, AVSM, ADC, who was also the Director General Artillery
    + Lieutenant General A Natarajan PVSM, AVSM, VSM, who was the Adjutant-General of the Indian Army
    + Major General DS Chimni
    + Major General Kuldip Chandra Vig AVSM, VSM
    + Major General MN Kashid VSM
    + Major General Mohabat Singh
    + Brigadier Satjit Singh VSM
    + Brigadier AJS Behl
    + Brigadier Balwinder Singh
    + Brigadier SN Bhaduri
* The Regiment has the distinction of having five Brigadiers currently serving in the Indian Army.
* Chinna Raju Srither of the regiment is a national level archer and has won numerous medals as part of the men's compound team, including a silver at the 2010 Commonwealth Games, a silver at the Archery World Cup in 2011 and a gold at the Archery World Cup in 2017.
* Havildar Latheesh VS is a national level rower.

## InfoBox

| 195 Medium Regiment | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1965 – present |
| Country | India |
| Allegiance | India |
| Branch | Indian Army |
| Type | Artillery |
| Size | Regiment |
| Motto(s) | Sarvatra, Izzat-O-Iqbal<br>(Everywhere with Honour and Glory). |
| Colors | Red & Navy Blue |
| Anniversaries | 15 February – Raising Day |
| Battle honours | Banwat |
| Insignia | |
| Abbreviation | 195 Med Regt |


title: Modruš

abstract: Modruš is a village, former episcopal see, and current Latin Church Catholic titular see in the mountainous part of Croatia, located south of its municipality's seat Josipdol, on the easternmost slopes of Velika Kapela mountain, in northern Lika. The population was 169 in the census of 2011.

text:
# Modruš

**Modruš** is a village, former episcopal see, and current Latin Church Catholic titular see in the mountainous part of Croatia, located south of its municipality's seat Josipdol (Karlovac County), on the easternmost slopes of Velika Kapela mountain, in northern Lika.

The population was 169 in the census of 2011.

## History

One of the counties in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (an autonomous kingdom within the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary) was named Modruš-Rijeka County partially after the town.

From 1193 until 1553 Modruš and the large surrounding estate was owned by members of the Frankopan noble family, who were living in the Tržan castle above the medieval settlement.

## Ecclesiastical history

### Residential Bishops of Modruš

*Suffragan Bishops of Modruš* * Niccolò di Cattaro (October 1461 – ?)
* Cristoforo da Ragusa (1480.05.29 – death 1498?99)
* Giacomo Dragazio (12 April 1499 – death 1499.09.07)
* Simone de Begno (1509.11.07 – death 1536.03)
* Pierpaolo Vergerio (1536.05.05 – 1536.09.06), previously Apostolic Nuncio (papal ambassador) to Austria-Hungary (1533 – 1535); later Bishop of Koper (Capodistria, Slovenia) (1536.09.06 – retired 1549.07.03), died 1565
* Ermolao Ermolai, Observant Franciscans (O.F.M. Obs.) (1536.11.06 – death 1537)
* Giovanni Evangelista Brachi, Benedictine Order (O.S.B.) (1537.08.17 – death 1537?38)
* Diego de Loaysa, Recollect Augustinians (O.A.R.) (1538.03.11 – resigned 1549)
* Alberto Divini = Gliričić,, Dominican Order (O.P.) (1549.07.26 – 1550.03.19), next Bishop of Krk (Veglia, Croatia) (1550.03.19 – 1564) and Apostolic Administrator of Diocese of Skradin (1550.03.19 – death 1564)
* Lorenzo Gherardi, O.P. (1550.06.20 – ?)
* *See administered by Diocese of Veglia (Krk) (?-1560)*
* Dionigi Pieppi, O.P. (1560.07.17 – 156?)
* Jovan Kosisić (mentioned in 1564)
* *See administered by Diocese of Segna (Senj)*

*From 1630, due to the sees' personal union, see Diocese of Senj (Segna).*

### Titular see

The diocese was nominally restored in 2000 as Latin Titular bishopric of Modruš (Croatian = Curiate Italian) / **Modrussa** / Modrussen(sis) (Latin).

It has had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank :

## Notable locals

Bibliography - ecclesiastical history * Pius Bonifacius Gams, *Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae*, Leipzig 1931, pp. 388–389, 399
* *Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques*, vol. XIII, 1956, coll. 805-806
* K. Draganovic, *Croazia sacra*, Rome 1943, pp. 197–198
* 'Stato della diocesi a fine Ottocento' in *Acta Sanctae Sedis*, 9 (1876), pp. 292–293
* Bulla 'Apostolici nostri', in *Iuris pontificii de propaganda fide*, vol. V, pp. 62–64
* Bulla *Coetu instante*, on vatican.va.
* Konrad Eubel, *Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi*, vol. 1, p. 208; vol. 2, p. 136; vol. 3, p. 247; vol. 4, p. 309

## InfoBox

| Modruš | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 45°07′N 15°14′E / 45.117°N 15.233°E / 45.117; 15.233 | |
| Area | |
| Total | 43.9 km2 (16.9 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 125 |
| Density | 2.8/km2 (7.4/sq mi) |


title: Modern Art Oxford

abstract: Modern Art Oxford is an art gallery established in 1965 in Oxford, England. From 1965 to 2002, it was called The Museum of Modern Art, Oxford. The gallery presents exhibitions of modern and contemporary art. It has a national and international reputation for quality of exhibitions, projects and commissions, which are supported by a learning and engagement programme with audiences in excess of 100,000 each year. Funded primarily by Arts Council England, many exhibitions, events, activities and workshops are free for visitors.

text:
# Modern Art Oxford

**Modern Art Oxford** is an art gallery established in 1965 in Oxford, England. From 1965 to 2002, it was called **The Museum of Modern Art, Oxford**.

The gallery presents exhibitions of modern and contemporary art. It has a national and international reputation for quality of exhibitions, projects and commissions, which are supported by a learning and engagement programme with audiences in excess of 100,000 each year. Funded primarily by Arts Council England, many exhibitions, events, activities and workshops are free for visitors.

## History

Modern Art Oxford's premises at 30 Pembroke Street, Oxford were designed by the architect Harry Drinkwater and built in 1892 as a square room and stores for Hanley's City Brewery.

The gallery was founded by architect Trevor Green in 1965. With funding from the Arts Council of Great Britain, the gallery survived as a venue for temporary exhibitions. It was widely known as MoMA Oxford, similar to other international modern art spaces such as MoMA in New York.

It was renamed "Modern Art Oxford" in 2002. Adrian Searle of *The Guardian* commented, "Perhaps the museum bit was only ever there to confuse tourists and convince gowny academic Oxford that modern art was worth taking seriously."

## Directorship

Several transitory directors oversaw the gallery until Nicholas Serota became director in 1973, with Sandy Nairne as assistant director. David Elliott replaced Serota in 1976.

Elliott's programme focused on media that were often ignored by bigger public galleries at the time, such as photography, architecture and graphic design. Under Elliott's directorship, MoMA held photography exhibitions such as the Robert Doisneau Retrospective in 1992. Elliott introduced up-and-coming artists from Africa, Asia and the Soviet Union, and at various times also held major video art exhibitions. His contributions also included multiple gallery renovations. He resigned his position in 1996 to become the director of the Moderna Museet in Stockholm, having served the longest term of any director in the history of the gallery.

Elliott's replacement, an American from Los Angeles, Kerry Brougher, preferred larger shows of American and European art, and, like Elliott, exhibitions focusing on film and media. In 2000, Brougher left to join the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C.

Brougher was replaced by Andrew Nairne, who renamed the gallery, coordinated additional enhancements to the building, and donated the gallery's substantial library of art books and catalogues to Oxford Brookes University. He shifted the focus to exhibitions of contemporary artists, who have included Cecily Brown, Jake and Dinos Chapman, Tracey Emin, Gary Hume, Daniel Buren, Stella Vine, Sol LeWitt and Kerry James Marshall. Nairne left the gallery in 2008 to take up a senior managerial position at the Arts Council.

Michael Stanley assumed the directorship in January 2009.

David Thorp assumed interim directorship in October 2012 following the death of Michael Stanley.

Paul Hobson was appointed Director in April 2013 and took up the post that September.

## Notable exhibitions and shows

Artists' exhibitions have included Richard Long (1971); Sol Le Witt (1973) Joseph Beuys (1974); Donald Judd (1995); Marina Abramovic (1995, 2022-23); Carl Andre (1997), Lubaina Himid (2017), Ruth Asawa (2022), and Yoko Ono (1997). Since the renaming of the gallery, notable exhibitions have included:

* Tracey Emin *This Is Another Place* (November 2002 – January 2003) - marked the reopening of Modern Art Oxford by and was her first British solo exhibition since 1997. The exhibition contained drawings, etchings, film, neon works such as *Fuck off and die, you slag* and sculptures including a large scale wooden pier, called *Knowing My Enemy*.
* Jake and Dinos Chapman *The Rape of Creativity* (April – June 2003) - the artists bought a mint collection of 80 Goya prints and systematically defaced them. The BBC and *The Daily Telegraph* reviewed the show.
* Stella Vine (July - September 2007) - a solo show of by the Britart painter including more than 100 paintings and a catalogue essay by Germaine Greer.

Other artists featured include Ed Ruscha (2001), Jim Lambie (2003), Mike Nelson (2004), Jannis Kounellis (2004), Daniel Buren (2006), Gary Hume (2008), Howard Hodgkin (2010), Thomas Houseago (2010), Graham Sutherland (2011), Jenny Saville (2012), Lubaina Himid (2017), Anish Kapoor (2021), Ruth Asawa (2022) and Carey Young (2023).

## Notes and references

51°45′03″N 1°15′33″W / 51.7507°N 1.2591°W / 51.7507; -1.2591

## InfoBox

Modern Art Oxford
| The gallery entrance on Pembroke Street, Oxford | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1965 |
| Location | 30 Pembroke Street, Oxford, England |
| Type | Contemporary art gallery |
| Director | Paul Hobson |
| Website | modernartoxford.org.uk |


abstract:
The Max Planck Institute for Human Development is a social science research organization. Located in Berlin, it was initiated in 1961 and officially began operations in 1963 under the name Institute for Educational Research in the Max Planck Society, before receiving its current name in 1971. Its co-founder and first director was Hellmut Becker. The institute is part of the Human Sciences Section of the Max Planck Society. Research activities focus on the development and education of humans, with an emphasis on basic research. The concept of education is defined broadly, embracing both formal educational processes as well as developmental processes from childhood to old age. Currently, around 350 employees contribute to interdisciplinary research in four research centers, a Lise Meitner Group and three research groups. Research Centers
  - Center for Adaptive Rationality
  - Center for Lifespan Psychology
  - Research Center History of Emotions
  - Center for Humans and Machines Lise Meitner Group
  - Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience Research Groups
  - Max Planck Research Group iSearch | Information Search, Ecological and Active Learning Research with Children
  - Max Planck Research Group Neural and Computational Basis of Learning, Memory and Decision Making
  - Max Planck Research Group Naturalistic Social Cognition In addition, there are two more research centers:
  - The Harding Center for Risk Literacy was opened in April 2009. Motivating its research is the vision of enlightened individuals who are equipped to deal with risks in the modern technological world in an informed way. The director of the Harding Center is Gerd Gigerenzer.
  - The Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research took up its work in April 2014. It is the result of the existing collaboration between the Max Planck Society and University College London that began in 2011. The Centre is dedicated to studying the causes of psychiatric disorders as well as the causes of individual differences in cognitive development, with an emphasis on adulthood and old age. The Research Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition ended its activities in 2017. The Research Center of Educational Research ended its activities in 2010. Its best-known projects were the TIMS study (TIMSS) and the PISA study, whose results received wide attention by both the mass media and politicians. The institute is located in Wilmersdorf, a neighbourhood in the southwest of Berlin, immediately bordering on the neighborhood of Dahlem, and is therefore considered part of Dahlem's traditional science district. This is home to a number of scientific organizations such as the Free University Berlin, which works together with the institute. The founding director of the Max Planck Institute for Human Development was Hellmut Becker, subsequently joined by Dietrich Goldschmidt (1963) and Saul B. Robinsohn (1964) as the first generation of directors. They were followed by directors Wolfgang Edelstein (1973), Peter M. Roeder (1973) and Friedrich Edding, Paul B. Baltes (1980), Karl Ulrich Mayer (1983), Jürgen Baumert (1996), Gerd Gigerenzer (1997), Ulman Lindenberger (2003), Ute Frevert (2008), Ralph Hertwig (2012) and Iyad Rahwan (2019).

text:
# Max Planck Institute for Human Development

The **Max Planck Institute for Human Development** (Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung) is a social science research organization. Located in Berlin, it was initiated in 1961 and officially began operations in 1963 under the name Institute for Educational Research in the Max Planck Society, before receiving its current name in 1971. Its co-founder and first director was Hellmut Becker. The institute is part of the Human Sciences Section of the Max Planck Society.

Research activities focus on the development and education of humans, with an emphasis on basic research. The concept of education is defined broadly, embracing both formal educational processes as well as developmental processes from childhood to old age. Currently, around 350 employees contribute to interdisciplinary research in four research centers, a Lise Meitner Group and three research groups.

Research Centers

* Center for Adaptive Rationality
* Center for Lifespan Psychology
* Research Center History of Emotions
* Center for Humans and Machines

Lise Meitner Group

* Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience

Research Groups

* Max Planck Research Group iSearch | Information Search, Ecological and Active Learning Research with Children
* Max Planck Research Group Neural and Computational Basis of Learning, Memory and Decision Making
* Max Planck Research Group Naturalistic Social Cognition

In addition, there are two more research centers:

* The Harding Center for Risk Literacy was opened in April 2009. Motivating its research is the vision of enlightened individuals who are equipped to deal with risks in the modern technological world in an informed way. The director of the Harding Center is Gerd Gigerenzer.
* The Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research took up its work in April 2014. It is the result of the existing collaboration between the Max Planck Society and University College London that began in 2011. The Centre is dedicated to studying the causes of psychiatric disorders as well as the causes of individual differences in cognitive development, with an emphasis on adulthood and old age.

The Research Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition (Director: Gerd Gigerenzer) ended its activities in 2017.

The Research Center of Educational Research (Director: Jürgen Baumert) ended its activities in 2010. Its best-known projects were the TIMS study (TIMSS) and the PISA study, whose results received wide attention by both the mass media and politicians.

The institute is located in Wilmersdorf, a neighbourhood in the southwest of Berlin, immediately bordering on the neighborhood of Dahlem, and is therefore considered part of Dahlem's traditional science district. This is home to a number of scientific organizations such as the Free University Berlin, which works together with the institute.

The founding director of the Max Planck Institute for Human Development was Hellmut Becker, subsequently joined by Dietrich Goldschmidt (1963) and Saul B. Robinsohn (1964) as the first generation of directors. They were followed by directors Wolfgang Edelstein (1973), Peter M. Roeder (1973) and Friedrich Edding (director from 1973), Paul B. Baltes (1980), Karl Ulrich Mayer (1983), Jürgen Baumert (1996), Gerd Gigerenzer (1997), Ulman Lindenberger (2003), Ute Frevert (2008), Ralph Hertwig (2012) and Iyad Rahwan (2019).

52°28′7″N 13°18′12″E / 52.46861°N 13.30333°E / 52.46861; 13.30333

## InfoBox

Max Planck Institute for Human Development
|
|  |
| Type | Research institute |
| Location |  |
| Directors | Ute Frevert, Ralph Hertwig, Ulman Lindenberger, Iyad Rahwan |
| Parent organization | Max Planck Society |
| Website | www.mpib-berlin.mpg.de |


title: Lunar Saros 142

abstract: Saros cycle series 142 for lunar eclipses occurs at the moon's ascending node, 18 years 11 and 1/3 days. It contains 73 events.

text:
# Lunar Saros 142

**Saros cycle series 142 for lunar eclipses** occurs at the moon's ascending node, 18 years 11 and 1/3 days. It contains 73 events (72 before 3000).

| Cat. | Saros | Mem | Date | Time UT
(hr:mn) | Type | Gamma | Magnitude | Duration
(min) | | | Contacts UT
(hr:mn) | | | | | | Chart |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Greatest | | | | Pen. | Par. | Tot. | P1 | P4 | U1 | U2 | U3 | U4 | |
| 08940 | 142 | 1 | 1709 Sep 19 | 0:30:48 | Penumbral | 1.5439 | -1.0136 | 78.2 |  |  | 23:51:42 | 1:09:54 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 08987 | 142 | 2 | 1727 Sep 30 | 7:40:13 | Penumbral | 1.4949 | -0.9259 | 121.5 |  |  | 6:39:28 | 8:40:58 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09033 | 142 | 3 | 1745 Oct 10 | 14:56:57 | Penumbral | 1.4515 | -0.8485 | 149.2 |  |  | 13:42:21 | 16:11:33 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09080 | 142 | 4 | 1763 Oct 21 | 22:22:45 | Penumbral | 1.4153 | -0.7842 | 168.6 |  |  | 20:58:27 | 23:47:03 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09125 | 142 | 5 | 1781 Nov 01 | 5:56:11 | Penumbral | 1.3850 | -0.7308 | 183.0 |  |  | 4:24:41 | 7:27:41 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09170 | 142 | 6 | 1799 Nov 12 | 13:38:20 | Penumbral | 1.3618 | -0.6897 | 193.4 |  |  | 12:01:38 | 15:15:02 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09215 | 142 | 7 | 1817 Nov 23 | 21:26:57 | Penumbral | 1.3435 | -0.6577 | 201.1 |  |  | 19:46:24 | 23:07:30 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09261 | 142 | 8 | 1835 Dec 05 | 5:20:19 | Penumbral | 1.3290 | -0.6322 | 206.9 |  |  | 3:36:52 | 7:03:46 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09307 | 142 | 9 | 1853 Dec 15 | 13:18:43 | Penumbral | 1.3186 | -0.6138 | 211.0 |  |  | 11:33:13 | 15:04:13 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09351 | 142 | 10 | 1871 Dec 26 | 21:19:33 | Penumbral | 1.3105 | -0.5995 | 213.9 |  |  | 19:32:36 | 23:06:30 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09394 | 142 | 11 | 1890 Jan 06 | 5:21:26 | Penumbral | 1.3029 | -0.5854 | 216.6 |  |  | 3:33:08 | 7:09:44 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09437 | 142 | 12 | 1908 Jan 18 | 13:21:36 | Penumbral | 1.2939 | -0.5685 | 219.5 |  |  | 11:31:51 | 15:11:21 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09479 | 142 | 13 | 1926 Jan 28 | 21:20:24 | Penumbral | 1.2836 | -0.5488 | 222.6 |  |  | 19:29:06 | 23:11:42 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09521 | 142 | 14 | 1944 Feb 09 | 5:14:57 | Penumbral | 1.2698 | -0.5223 | 226.7 |  |  | 3:21:36 | 7:08:18 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09562 | 142 | 15 | 1962 Feb 19 | 13:03:42 | Penumbral | 1.2511 | -0.4865 | 231.9 |  |  | 11:07:45 | 14:59:39 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09603 | 142 | 16 | 1980 Mar 01 | 20:46:03 | Penumbral | 1.2269 | -0.4405 | 238.5 |  |  | 18:46:48 | 22:45:18 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09644 | 142 | 17 | 1998 Mar 13 | 4:21:08 | Penumbral | 1.1964 | -0.3824 | 246.4 |  |  | 2:17:56 | 6:24:20 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09686 | 142 | 18 | 2016 Mar 23 | 11:48:21 | Penumbral | 1.1591 | -0.3118 | 255.4 |  |  | 9:40:39 | 13:56:03 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09727 | 142 | 19 | 2034 Apr 03 | 19:06:59 | Penumbral | 1.1144 | -0.2274 | 265.4 |  |  | 16:54:17 | 21:19:41 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09767 | 142 | 20 | 2052 Apr 14 | 2:18:06 | Penumbral | 1.0628 | -0.1305 | 276.0 |  |  | 0:00:06 | 4:36:06 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09808 | 142 | 21 | 2070 Apr 25 | 9:21:24 | Penumbral | 1.0044 | -0.0209 | 286.9 |  |  | 6:57:57 | 11:44:51 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 09849 | 142 | 22 | 2088 May 05 | 16:16:50 | Partial | 0.9387 | 0.1019 | 297.9 | 77.1 |  | 13:47:53 | 18:45:47 | 15:38:17 |  |  | 16:55:23 |  |
| 09891 | 142 | 23 | 2106 May 17 | 23:06:43 | Partial | 0.8677 | 0.2345 | 308.4 | 114.5 |  | 20:32:31 | 1:40:55 | 22:09:28 |  |  | 0:03:58 |  |
| 09933 | 142 | 24 | 2124 May 28 | 5:50:59 | Partial | 0.7913 | 0.3770 | 318.4 | 141.9 |  | 3:11:47 | 8:30:11 | 4:40:02 |  |  | 7:01:56 |  |
| 09976 | 142 | 25 | 2142 Jun 08 | 12:32:42 | Partial | 0.7118 | 0.5247 | 327.2 | 163.2 |  | 9:49:06 | 15:16:18 | 11:11:06 |  |  | 13:54:18 |  |
| 10020 | 142 | 26 | 2160 Jun 18 | 19:10:10 | Partial | 0.6280 | 0.6804 | 335.2 | 180.8 |  | 16:22:34 | 21:57:46 | 17:39:46 |  |  | 20:40:34 |  |
| 10063 | 142 | 27 | 2178 Jun 30 | 1:48:39 | Partial | 0.5438 | 0.8364 | 341.8 | 194.6 |  | 22:57:45 | 4:39:33 | 0:11:21 |  |  | 3:25:57 |  |
| 10106 | 142 | 28 | 2196 Jul 10 | 8:26:05 | Partial | 0.4577 | 0.9960 | 347.3 | 205.8 |  | 5:32:26 | 11:19:44 | 6:43:11 |  |  | 10:08:59 |  |
| 10150 | 142 | 29 | 2214 Jul 22 | 15:06:54 | Total | 0.3734 | 1.1518 | 351.4 | 214.2 | 60.4 | 12:11:12 | 18:02:36 | 13:19:48 | 14:36:42 | 15:37:06 | 16:54:00 |  |
| 10194 | 142 | 30 | 2232 Aug 01 | 21:49:49 | Total | 0.2898 | 1.3061 | 354.3 | 220.4 | 81.1 | 18:52:40 | 0:46:58 | 19:59:37 | 21:09:16 | 22:30:22 | 23:40:01 |  |
| 10240 | 142 | 31 | 2250 Aug 13 | 4:39:38 | Total | 0.2108 | 1.4520 | 356.0 | 224.5 | 92.9 | 1:41:38 | 7:37:38 | 2:47:23 | 3:53:11 | 5:26:05 | 6:31:53 |  |
| 10286 | 142 | 32 | 2268 Aug 23 | 11:34:51 | Total | 0.1351 | 1.5915 | 356.7 | 226.9 | 99.8 | 8:36:30 | 14:33:12 | 9:41:24 | 10:44:57 | 12:24:45 | 13:28:18 |  |
| 10332 | 142 | 33 | 2286 Sep 03 | 18:37:54 | Total | 0.0648 | 1.7209 | 356.6 | 227.8 | 103.2 | 15:39:36 | 21:36:12 | 16:44:00 | 17:46:18 | 19:29:30 | 20:31:48 |  |
| 10378 | 142 | 34 | 2304 Sep 15 | 1:48:59 | Total | 0.0003 | 1.8394 | 355.7 | 227.6 | 103.9 | 22:51:08 | 4:46:50 | 23:55:11 | 0:57:02 | 2:40:56 | 3:42:47 |  |
| 10424 | 142 | 35 | 2322 Sep 26 | 9:09:54 | Total | -0.0568 | 1.7360 | 354.3 | 226.5 | 102.8 | 6:12:45 | 12:07:03 | 7:16:39 | 8:18:30 | 10:01:18 | 11:03:09 |  |
| 10470 | 142 | 36 | 2340 Oct 06 | 16:39:55 | Total | -0.1074 | 1.6431 | 352.6 | 224.9 | 100.4 | 13:43:37 | 19:36:13 | 14:47:28 | 15:49:43 | 17:30:07 | 18:32:22 |  |
| 10515 | 142 | 37 | 2358 Oct 18 | 0:19:34 | Total | -0.1509 | 1.5634 | 350.7 | 222.9 | 97.2 | 21:24:13 | 3:14:55 | 22:28:07 | 23:30:58 | 1:08:10 | 2:11:01 |  |
| 10560 | 142 | 38 | 2376 Oct 28 | 8:09:00 | Total | -0.1871 | 1.4971 | 348.7 | 220.9 | 93.7 | 5:14:39 | 11:03:21 | 6:18:33 | 7:22:09 | 8:55:51 | 9:59:27 |  |
| 10604 | 142 | 39 | 2394 Nov 08 | 16:08:09 | Total | -0.2159 | 1.4443 | 346.8 | 218.9 | 90.3 | 13:14:45 | 19:01:33 | 14:18:42 | 15:23:00 | 16:53:18 | 17:57:36 |  |
| 10650 | 142 | 40 | 2412 Nov 19 | 0:15:25 | Total | -0.2386 | 1.4030 | 345.0 | 217.1 | 87.1 | 21:22:55 | 3:07:55 | 22:26:52 | 23:31:52 | 0:58:58 | 2:03:58 |  |
| 10694 | 142 | 41 | 2430 Nov 30 | 8:31:15 | Total | -0.2548 | 1.3735 | 343.3 | 215.5 | 84.6 | 5:39:36 | 11:22:54 | 6:43:30 | 7:48:57 | 9:13:33 | 10:19:00 |  |
| 10738 | 142 | 42 | 2448 Dec 10 | 16:53:19 | Total | -0.2667 | 1.3524 | 341.7 | 214.2 | 82.6 | 14:02:28 | 19:44:10 | 15:06:13 | 16:12:01 | 17:34:37 | 18:40:25 |  |
| 10781 | 142 | 43 | 2466 Dec 22 | 1:21:41 | Total | -0.2740 | 1.3398 | 340.3 | 213.2 | 81.3 | 22:31:32 | 4:11:50 | 23:35:05 | 0:41:02 | 2:02:20 | 3:08:17 |  |
| 10823 | 142 | 44 | 2485 Jan 01 | 9:52:20 | Total | -0.2800 | 1.3298 | 338.8 | 212.3 | 80.2 | 7:02:56 | 12:41:44 | 8:06:11 | 9:12:14 | 10:32:26 | 11:38:29 |  |
| 10864 | 142 | 45 | 2503 Jan 13 | 18:27:08 | Total | -0.2833 | 1.3250 | 337.4 | 211.6 | 79.6 | 15:38:26 | 21:15:50 | 16:41:20 | 17:47:20 | 19:06:56 | 20:12:56 |  |
| 10905 | 142 | 46 | 2521 Jan 24 | 3:01:30 | Total | -0.2872 | 1.3195 | 336.0 | 210.8 | 78.9 | 0:13:30 | 5:49:30 | 1:16:06 | 2:22:03 | 3:40:57 | 4:46:54 |  |
| 10945 | 142 | 47 | 2539 Feb 04 | 11:35:58 | Total | -0.2921 | 1.3124 | 334.5 | 210.1 | 78.1 | 8:48:43 | 14:23:13 | 9:50:55 | 10:56:55 | 12:15:01 | 13:21:01 |  |
| 10987 | 142 | 48 | 2557 Feb 14 | 20:06:30 | Total | -0.3008 | 1.2986 | 332.7 | 209.0 | 76.6 | 17:20:09 | 22:52:51 | 18:22:00 | 19:28:12 | 20:44:48 | 21:51:00 |  |
| 11028 | 142 | 49 | 2575 Feb 26 | 4:34:54 | Total | -0.3120 | 1.2805 | 330.8 | 207.9 | 74.6 | 1:49:30 | 7:20:18 | 2:50:57 | 3:57:36 | 5:12:12 | 6:18:51 |  |
| 11068 | 142 | 50 | 2593 Mar 08 | 12:57:32 | Total | -0.3284 | 1.2528 | 328.7 | 206.3 | 71.4 | 10:13:11 | 15:41:53 | 11:14:23 | 12:21:50 | 13:33:14 | 14:40:41 |  |
| 11108 | 142 | 51 | 2611 Mar 20 | 21:14:33 | Total | -0.3502 | 1.2156 | 326.2 | 204.3 | 66.6 | 18:31:27 | 23:57:39 | 19:32:24 | 20:41:15 | 21:47:51 | 22:56:42 |  |
| 11148 | 142 | 52 | 2629 Mar 31 | 5:24:37 | Total | -0.3783 | 1.1668 | 323.3 | 201.6 | 59.5 | 2:42:58 | 8:06:16 | 3:43:49 | 4:54:52 | 5:54:22 | 7:05:25 |  |
| 11189 | 142 | 53 | 2647 Apr 11 | 13:28:29 | Total | -0.4123 | 1.1071 | 320.0 | 198.2 | 48.5 | 10:48:29 | 16:08:29 | 11:49:23 | 13:04:14 | 13:52:44 | 15:07:35 |  |
| 11231 | 142 | 54 | 2665 Apr 21 | 21:25:02 | Total | -0.4528 | 1.0355 | 316.1 | 193.8 | 28.5 | 18:46:59 | 0:03:05 | 19:48:08 | 21:10:47 | 21:39:17 | 23:01:56 |  |
| 11274 | 142 | 55 | 2683 May 3 | 5:14:46 | Partial | -0.4996 | 0.9523 | 311.5 | 188.3 |  | 2:39:01 | 7:50:31 | 3:40:37 |  |  | 6:48:55 |  |
| 11316 | 142 | 56 | 2701 May 14 | 12:58:21 | Partial | -0.5522 | 0.8584 | 306.2 | 181.4 |  | 10:25:15 | 15:31:27 | 11:27:39 |  |  | 14:29:03 |  |
| 11359 | 142 | 57 | 2719 May 25 | 20:36:44 | Partial | -0.6097 | 0.7552 | 300.1 | 172.7 |  | 18:06:41 | 23:06:47 | 19:10:23 |  |  | 22:03:05 |  |
| 11401 | 142 | 58 | 2737 Jun 05 | 4:09:30 | Partial | -0.6726 | 0.6421 | 292.9 | 161.9 |  | 1:43:03 | 6:35:57 | 2:48:33 |  |  | 5:30:27 |  |
| 11444 | 142 | 59 | 2755 Jun 16 | 11:39:21 | Partial | -0.7384 | 0.5233 | 284.8 | 148.6 |  | 9:16:57 | 14:01:45 | 10:25:03 |  |  | 12:53:39 |  |
| 11488 | 142 | 60 | 2773 Jun 26 | 19:05:54 | Partial | -0.8076 | 0.3979 | 275.5 | 131.8 |  | 16:48:09 | 21:23:39 | 18:00:00 |  |  | 20:11:48 |  |
| 11534 | 142 | 61 | 2791 Jul 08 | 2:32:22 | Partial | -0.8773 | 0.2713 | 265.2 | 110.6 |  | 0:19:46 | 4:44:58 | 1:37:04 |  |  | 3:27:40 |  |
| 11580 | 142 | 62 | 2809 Jul 18 | 9:56:45 | Partial | -0.9494 | 0.1402 | 253.5 | 80.9 |  | 7:50:00 | 12:03:30 | 9:16:18 |  |  | 10:37:12 |  |
| 11627 | 142 | 63 | 2827 Jul 29 | 17:23:45 | Partial | -1.0197 | 0.0119 | 240.7 | 23.9 |  | 15:23:24 | 19:24:06 | 17:11:48 |  |  | 17:35:42 |  |
| 11674 | 142 | 64 | 2845 Aug 09 | 0:51:23 | Penumbral | -1.0901 | -0.1169 | 226.6 |  |  | 22:58:05 | 2:44:41 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11720 | 142 | 65 | 2863 Aug 20 | 8:23:18 | Penumbral | -1.1571 | -0.2396 | 211.5 |  |  | 6:37:33 | 10:09:03 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11766 | 142 | 66 | 2881 Aug 30 | 15:58:08 | Penumbral | -1.2220 | -0.3589 | 194.9 |  |  | 14:20:41 | 17:35:35 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11812 | 142 | 67 | 2899 Sep 10 | 23:39:29 | Penumbral | -1.2819 | -0.4692 | 177.6 |  |  | 22:10:41 | 1:08:17 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11857 | 142 | 68 | 2917 Sep 22 | 7:26:14 | Penumbral | -1.3377 | -0.5721 | 159.1 |  |  | 6:06:41 | 8:45:47 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11902 | 142 | 69 | 2935 Oct 03 | 15:19:37 | Penumbral | -1.3883 | -0.6658 | 139.6 |  |  | 14:09:49 | 16:29:25 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11947 | 142 | 70 | 2953 Oct 13 | 23:20:11 | Penumbral | -1.4331 | -0.7492 | 119.0 |  |  | 22:20:41 | 0:19:41 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 11993 | 142 | 71 | 2971 Oct 25 | 7:28:21 | Penumbral | -1.4719 | -0.8214 | 97.2 |  |  | 6:39:45 | 8:16:57 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12037 | 142 | 72 | 2989 Nov 04 | 15:44:27 | Penumbral | -1.5048 | -0.8830 | 73.3 |  |  | 15:07:48 | 16:21:06 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 142 | 73 | 3007 Nov 17 | 00:06:57 | Penumbral | -1.5328 | -0.9354 | 43.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |


title: Michael Kaye

abstract: Michael Arthur Chadwick Porter Kaye was an English first-class cricketer and British Army officer. Kaye played first-class cricket predominantly for Cambridge University and the Free Foresters between 1937 and 1949. He also served in the British Army with the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, seeing action in the Second World War. He later served as a deputy lieutenant for the West Riding of Yorkshire.

text:
# Michael Kaye

**Michael Arthur Chadwick Porter Kaye** TD DL (11 January 1916 – 22 September 1988) was an English first-class cricketer and British Army officer. Kaye played first-class cricket predominantly for Cambridge University and the Free Foresters between 1937 and 1949. He also served in the British Army with the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, seeing action in the Second World War. He later served as a deputy lieutenant for the West Riding of Yorkshire.

## Early life and university cricket

Kaye was born at Kensington in January 1916 and was educated at Harrow School, where he was a part of the Harrow School contingent of the Officers' Training Corps. After leaving Harrow he enlisted in the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry as a second lieutenant in July 1935, before going up to Pembroke College, Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge he made his debut in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against the touring New Zealanders at Fenner's in 1937. His only other first-class appearance in 1937 came for the Free Foresters *against* Cambridge University. He appeared in eight first-class matches for the university in 1938, before touring Jamaica with a combined Oxford and Cambridge Universities team in August 1938, playing two first-class matches against Jamaica at Kingston. In nine first-class matches for Cambridge, he scored 244 runs with a high score of 78, while with his right-arm medium-fast bowling he took 26 wickets at an average of 34.50, with best figures of 5 for 89 against the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1938, which saw him dismissed Denis Compton for a duck. He gained a blue in 1938, and after graduating from Pembroke in the same year, he made a further first-class appearance for the Free Foresters against Cambridge University in 1939. He was also promoted to the rank of lieutenant in July 1938.

## Later military career and life

Kaye served with the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry during the Second World War, holding the war substantive rank of captain by its conclusion. He resumed playing first-class cricket for the Free Foresters after the war, making four further appearances against Cambridge University between 1946 and 1949. In six matches for the Free Foresters, he scored 127 runs and took 4 wickets. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in May 1947. He was awarded the Territorial Decoration in February 1949, while in March 1955 he was appointed as an honorary colonel of a Territorial Army unit. Kaye resigned his commission in April 1959. He was appointed as a deputy lieutenant for the West Riding of Yorkshire in June 1960. He died at Charing Cross in September 1998.

## InfoBox

Michael Kaye
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Michael Arthur Chadwick Porter Kaye |
| Born | 11 January 1916
Kensington, London, England |
| Died | 22 September 1998(1998-09-22) (aged 82)
Charing Cross, London, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium-fast |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1937–1938 | Cambridge University |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 17  Runs scored 395  Batting average 17.95  100s/50s –/2  Top score 78  Balls bowled 2,175  Wickets 31  Bowling average 40.12  5 wickets in innings 1  10 wickets in match   Best bowling 5/89  Catches/stumpings 11/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 3 June 2019 | |


title: Michael Keane (economist)

abstract: Michael Patrick Keane is an American-born economist; he is the Wm. Polk Carey Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University. Keane was previously a professor at the University of New South Wales and the Nuffield Professor of Economics at the University of Oxford. He is considered one of the world's leading experts in the fields of Choice Modelling, structural modelling, simulation estimation, and panel data econometrics. He is also one of the world's leading economists by many measures of research productivity. Keane works in numerous areas including labor economics, econometrics, consumer demand models, marketing, industrial organization, health economics, and trade. He is currently a chief investigator of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research (Cepar). From 2006–10 he was Co-Director of the Centre for the Study of Choice (CenSoC) at UTS. Keane became a dual citizen of Australia in 2010.

text:
# Michael Keane (economist)

**Michael Patrick Keane** (born 1961) is an American-born economist; he is the Wm. Polk Carey Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University. Keane was previously a professor at the University of New South Wales and the Nuffield Professor of Economics at the University of Oxford. He is considered one of the world's leading experts in the fields of Choice Modelling, structural modelling, simulation estimation, and panel data econometrics.

He is also one of the world's leading economists by many measures of research productivity. Keane works in numerous areas including labor economics, econometrics, consumer demand models, marketing, industrial organization, health economics, and trade.

He is currently a chief investigator of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research (Cepar). From 2006–10 he was Co-Director of the Centre for the Study of Choice (CenSoC) at UTS. Keane became a dual citizen of Australia in 2010.

## Education and career

Keane was born in Suffern, New York, United States in 1961. He and graduated from Xavier High School in Manhattan in 1979. Keane received a B.S. degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1983, where he was known as "Peachy" and played the bass guitar. He received a Ph.D. from Brown University in 1990.

In 1993, he became a tenured associate professor at the University of Minnesota, and was promoted to full professor in 1996. He subsequently held full professor positions at New York University (1998–2001) and Yale University (2000-2006).

In 2006, he moved to Australia to take up an Australian Federation Fellowship at the University of Technology Sydney. In 2011, he became an Australian Laureate Fellow at the University of New South Wales.

Keane was elected a Fellow of the Econometric Society (2005), to the Council of the Econometric Society (2009), and a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia (2012). He was the recipient of the John D.C. Little award for the Best Paper in Marketing (1996) and the Kenneth J. Arrow Award for Best Paper in Health Economics (2008). In 2004–05, Keane was the Goldwater Chair of American Institutions at Arizona State University and, subsequently, has been a regular visiting professor there.

## Contributions

Keane's work is notable for the fact that it spans a very wide range of substantive and methodological areas. He is best known for work on the following topics:

### Discrete choice models

Keane's work on recursive importance sampling (the "GHK" algorithm), contained in his thesis (1990) and published in 1993–1994, made it feasible to estimate a much larger class of discrete choice models than was previously possible. In particular, his thesis developed a fast algorithm for the highly accurate calculation of areas of polyhedrons in very-high-dimensional spaces. While primarily a result in applied mathematics, this result is very useful in economics (and other social sciences) because the choice probabilities in discrete choice models generally have this form. The GHK algorithm is now included in many popular econometrics software packages, including SAS, Stata, GAUSSX, Matlab and R-Cran-Bayesm, and is a standard topic in graduate econometrics texts.

### Consumer demand and marketing

A 1996 paper with Tulin Erdem in *Marketing Science* presented what is now the main *economic* model of advertising and consumer learning. This paper received the John D.C. Little Award for the Best Paper in Marketing in 1996, and it has had a major impact on the fields of marketing and industrial organization. There is now a large literature on consumer learning based on the Erdem-Keane framework. Erdem and Keane (among others) have argued that their framework can provide an *economic* explanation for the phenomenon known as brand equity, based on incomplete information and risk aversion. The November 2013 issue of *Marketing Science* contains an extensive review of the large literature based on the Erdem-Keane framework.

### Dynamic life-cycle models

In a series of joint papers with Kenneth Wolpin, published between 1994 and 2010, Keane developed a major line of research on dynamic life-cycle models of career (i.e., school and work) choices. This line of research is notable both for the methodological contributions on how to estimate these types of models, and for its substantive economic contributions. Methodologically, their method of approximating the solution to computationally intensive dynamic programming problems led to a great expansion in the class of such models that are feasible to implement empirically (i.e., their method made it possible to estimate models with many more choices and state variables than was possible previously). Substantively, their seminal 1997 paper on "The Career Decisions on Young Men" presented the so-called "90 percent result"—i.e., that most of what matters for lifetime earnings has already happened by age 16. This result helped to shift the focus of the human capital literature away from college education and towards early childhood education. This is now a very active area of research in economics, which has been pursued by both Keane and Wolpin and, quite notably, by the Nobel Prize–winning economist James Heckman, among others.

### Welfare and transfer programs

His 1998 paper with Robert Moffitt, entitled "Multiple welfare program participation and labor supply," has had great influence on subsequent models of transfer/welfare programs. This was the first paper to account for the very complex budget constraints created when people may participate in several government welfare programs simultaneously. The model predicted that welfare caseloads would drop substantially in response to earnings subsidies (like the Earned Income Tax Credit).

### Human capital and labor supply

In recent years, Keane has argued persuasively that, due to human capital effects, labor supply elasticities are much larger than the previous consensus of the economics profession would suggest. These views are presented in Imai and Keane (2004), Keane (2010) and Keane and Rogerson (2012). If correct, his views imply that welfare losses from income taxation are much higher than was previously thought. Recently, Keane gave a keynote lecture summarizing this work at the 2015 annual meeting of the Royal Economic Society. His Cowles lecture at the 2011 summer meeting of the Econometric Society also dealt with this topic.

### Modelling expectations

Keane's papers with David Runkle (1990, 1998) are considered fundamental contributions in the literature on how people form expectations. These papers showed that the widespread empirical failure of "rational expectations" was in fact due to a set of econometric and data problems (such as the failure to account for aggregate economic shocks and the effects of data revisions).

### Panel data econometrics

The recursive importance sampling algorithm developed in Keane's 1994 *Econometrica* paper made it possible to estimate panel data discrete choice models with complex serial correlation patterns. This approach is now widely used to model discrete dynamic processes in marketing and labor economics. Keane's 1992 *Journal of Business and Economic Statistics* paper with David Runkle developed a new approach for estimating linear panel data models in cases where the available instruments are predetermined but not strictly exogenous. This is a very common case that includes all dynamic panel data models as a leading example. Chamberlain (1982) noted that the Keane-Runkle approach was not fully efficient because it fails to use all available instruments. Keane and Runkle (1992) responded that the use of additional instruments would be unwise as it would generate bias due to the "many instrument problem." Nevertheless, the development of more efficient panel data estimators based on more instruments became a major research program in the 90s. Examples of this line of research are well-known papers by Arellano-Bond (1991), Ahn-Schmidt (1995), Arellano-Bover (1995) and Blundell-Bond (1998). For a review of the literature see Baltagi (2005) chapter 8. More recent work, such as Ziliak (1997), supports Keane and Runkle (1992)'s original argument that use of additional instruments may cause severe bias.

### Econometric methodology

Keane is well known as a champion of the "structural econometrics" school, which emphasizes the important role of economic theory in empirical work. This contrasts with the "experimental school" which has become very popular in the last 20 years. The latter seeks to use "natural experiments" to substitute for economic theory. He has written a number of articles on the importance of theory and the limitations of experiments (see Keane 2010a, 2010b).

### Other areas

In addition, Keane has done significant work in many other areas, such as health economics, child development, international trade, political economy, experimental economics, and development economics.

## Selected papers

* *Testing the rationality of price forecasts: New evidence from panel data*, (with David Runkle), American Economic Review, 80:4, (1990), 714–35.
* *On the Estimation of Panel Data Models with Serial Correlation when Instruments are Predetermined but not Strictly Exogenous,* (with David Runkle), Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10:1, (1992), 1–9.
* *Simulation Estimation for Panel Data Models with Limited Dependent Variables*, in The Handbook of Statistics, G.S. Maddala, C. R. Rao and H.D. Vinod editors, North Holland publisher (1993).
* *A Computationally Practical Simulation Estimator for Panel Data*, Econometrica, 62:1, (1994), 95–116.
* *The Solution and Estimation of Discrete Choice Dynamic Programming Models by Simulation: Monte Carlo Evidence*, (with Kenneth Wolpin), Review of Economics and Statistics, 76:4, (1994), 648–72.
* *Decision Making under Uncertainty: Capturing Dynamic Brand Choice Processes in Turbulent Consumer Goods Markets* (with Tulin Erdem), Marketing Science, 15:1, (1996), 1–20.
* *The Career Decisions of Young Men*, (with Kenneth Wolpin), Journal of Political Economy, 105:3, (1997), 473–522.
* *A Structural Model of Multiple Welfare Program Participation and Labor Supply,* (with Robert A. Moffitt), International Economic Review, 39:3, (1998), 553–89.
* *Are Financial Analysts' Forecasts of Corporate Profits Rational?* (with David Runkle), Journal of Political Economy, 106:4, (1998), 768–805.
* *A Model of Health Plan Choice: Inferring Preferences and Perceptions from a Combination of Revealed Preference and Attitudinal Data*, (with Katherine Harris), Journal of Econometrics, 89, (1999), 131–57.
* *Mixture of Normals Probit Models*, (with John Geweke), in Analysis of Panels and Limited Dependent Variable Models, Hsiao, Lahiri, Lee and Pesaran editors, Cambridge University Press, (1999), 49–78.
* *Bayesian Inference for Dynamic Discrete Choice Models without the Need for Dynamic Programming*, (with John Geweke), in Simulation Based Inference and Econometrics, Mariano, Schuermann and Weeks editors, Cambridge University Press, (1999), 100–31.
* *The Effect of Parental Transfers and Borrowing Constraints on Educational Attainment*, (with Kenneth Wolpin), International Economic Review, 42:4, (2001), 1051–103.
* *Intertemporal Labor Supply and Human Capital Accumulation*, (with Susumu Imai), International Economic Review, 45:2, (2004), 601–42.
* *Behavior in a Dynamic Decision Problem: An Analysis of Experimental Evidence Using a Bayesian Type Classification Algorithm*, (with Daniel Houser and Kevin McCabe), Econometrica, 72:3, (2004), 781–822.
* *Accounting for the Growth of MNC-Based Trade using a Structural Model of US MNCs*, (with Susan Feinberg), American Economic Review, 96:5, (2006), 1515–58.
* *Sources of Advantageous Selection: Evidence from the Medigap Insurance Market,* (with Hanming Fang and Dan Silverman), Journal of Political Economy, 116:2 (2008), 303–50.
* *Structural vs. Atheoretic Approaches to Econometrics*, Journal of Econometrics, 156:1, (2010a), 3–20.
* *A Structural Perspective on the Experimentalist School,* Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24:2 (2010b), 47–58.
* *The Role of Labor and Marriage Markets, Preference Heterogeneity and the Welfare System in the Life-Cycle Decisions of Black, Hispanic and White Women*, (with Kenneth Wolpin), International Economic Review, 51:3, (2010), 851–92.
* *Child Care Choices and Children’s Cognitive Achievement: The Case of Single Mothers,* (with Raquel Bernal), Journal of Labor Economics, 29:3, (2011), 459–512.
* *Labor Supply and Taxes: A Survey*, Journal of Economic Literature, 49:4, (2011), 961–1075.
* *Micro and Macro Labor Supply Elasticities: A Reassessment of the Conventional Wisdom* (with Richard Rogerson), Journal of Economic Literature, 50:2, (2012), 464–76.

## InfoBox

| Michael Keane | |
| --- | --- |
| Michael Keane at UTS in 2008 | |
| Born | (1961-01-12) January 12, 1961
Suffern, New York |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Field | Econometrics |
| Institution | Johns Hopkins University |
| Alma mater |  |
| Doctoral
advisor | Robert A. Moffitt |
| Influences | Kenneth Wolpin
John Geweke
James Heckman |
| Contributions | Choice Modelling, Structural Modelling, Simulation Methods, Panel Data Econometrics |
| Awards |  |
| Information at IDEAS / RePEc | |
|  | |


title: Michael Ophovius

abstract: Michael Ophovius or Van Ophovens (1570–1637) was the sixth bishop of 's-Hertogenbosch in the Low Countries.

text:
# Michael Ophovius

**Michael Ophovius** or **Van Ophovens** (1570–1637) was the sixth bishop of 's-Hertogenbosch in the Low Countries.

## Life

Ophovius was born in 's-Hertogenbosch, one of the four chief cities of the Duchy of Brabant in the Habsburg Netherlands. At the age of 15 he joined the Dominican Order in Antwerp. He taught eloquence at the order's house of studies in Leuven and later became a professor of theology at the University of Bologna. He returned to Leuven in 1601, and served as prior there, and then four terms as prior in Antwerp. From 1611 to 1615 he was provincial of Brabant, in that capacity taking part in the general chapter held in Paris in 1611. In 1623, while travelling in the Dutch Republic on family business, he transmitted a confidential message from the Brussels government to the Governor of Heusden, who had him arrested. He spent almost two years as a prisoner in The Hague.

In 1625 Ophovius was nominated bishop of 's-Hertogenbosch. He received episcopal consecration in Antwerp Cathedral on 17 September 1626, the principal consecrator being Jacobus Boonen, assisted by Johannes Malderus, bishop of Antwerp, and Antoon Triest, bishop of Ghent. Ophovius made his solemn entry into his see on 30 October. He not only governed his own diocese but was also involved in promoting the Holland Mission and Dominican missions to Denmark and Norway. On 18 April 1629 he met with the papal nuncio in Brussels to discuss developing missionary activity in Northern Europe, but in the same year, 's-Hertogenbosch was besieged and conquered by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, and on 12 November 1629 Ophovius became an exile from his native city and episcopal see. He was initially given refuge in Nieuw-Herlaer Castle, and on 23 March 1630 moved to Geldrop Castle, where he resided until 1635 as the guest of Amandus II van Horne. In August 1630 and 1631 he took part in meetings of bishops from the Low Countries in Brussels.

Early in 1635, Ophovius moved his base to Postel Abbey, and late in 1636 he finally settled at the Dominican house in Lier, where he died on 4 November 1637. At the time of his death he was nearly destitute, not leaving enough money to pay his own funeral expenses. He was buried in the Dominican church in Antwerp, to the left of the high altar, and a magnificent tomb was erected, designed by Rubens, a close personal friend who had painted several portraits of him. His funeral sermon was preached by Hyacinthus Choquet

## Publications

* *D. Catharinae Senensis vita ac miracula selectoria formis aeneis expressa* (Antwerp, 1603)
* *Regulae confraternitatis nominù Jesu* (Antwerp, 1608)
* A. Frenken, ed., "Het Dagboek van Michaël Ophovius, 4 augustus 1629 - einde 1631", *Bossche Bijdragen*, 15/1-3 (1938), pp. 1–340.


title: Michael Opitz

abstract: Michael Opitz is a retired German footballer who played as a defensive midfielder for Schalke 04. He completed 158 matches in the Bundesliga and made 66 appearances in the 2. Bundesliga for the club.

text:
# Michael Opitz

**Michael Opitz** (born 16 July 1962) is a retired German footballer who played as a defensive midfielder for Schalke 04. He completed 158 matches in the Bundesliga and made 66 appearances in the 2. Bundesliga for the club.

## InfoBox

Michael Opitz
| Opitz in 1987 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1962-07-16) 16 July 1962 | | |
| Place of birth | Finnentrop, West Germany | | |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defensive midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1976–1979 | Schalke 04 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1979–1988 | Schalke 04 | 224 | (12) |
| 1988–1990 | Sportfreunde Siegen |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1982 | West Germany U-21 | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Michael Purugganan

abstract: Michael D. Purugganan is a Filipino-American biologist and former journalist. He is the Silver Professor of Biology and the former Dean of Science of New York University (NYU). Purugganan is also an affiliated faculty member of NYU Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) and the NYU Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW), and since 2022, has been the director of 19 Washington Square North, the academic space of NYUAD in New York City. He was the former director of the NYU Center for Genomics and Systems Biology in New York (2010-2012) and Abu Dhabi (2012-2017). Purugganan is a leading authority on plant molecular evolution and genomics. His major work has focused on the study of domestication and evolution of crop species. In June 2013, he was elected to the board of trustees of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and served as the US representative to the Council of Scientists of the Human Frontier Science Program (2013-2017) and the Biological Sciences Advisory Committee for the US National Science Foundation (2014-2017). In 2018, he was appointed as co-chair of the Carnegie-Mellon University Presidential Advisory Board on Science, and in 2021 became the first Scientist-In-Residence at the Asian Institute of Management.

text:
# Michael Purugganan

**Michael D. Purugganan** (born Manila, Philippines in 1963) is a Filipino-American biologist and former journalist. He is the Silver Professor of Biology and the former Dean of Science of New York University (NYU). Purugganan is also an affiliated faculty member of NYU Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) and the NYU Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW), and since 2022, has been the director of 19 Washington Square North, the academic space of NYUAD in New York City. He was the former director of the NYU Center for Genomics and Systems Biology in New York (2010-2012) and Abu Dhabi (2012-2017).

Purugganan is a leading authority on plant molecular evolution and genomics. His major work has focused on the study of domestication and evolution of crop species (including Asian and African rice, date palms, barley, Brassica oleracea and maize).

In June 2013, he was elected to the board of trustees of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and served as the US representative to the Council of Scientists of the Human Frontier Science Program (2013-2017) and the Biological Sciences Advisory Committee for the US National Science Foundation (2014-2017). In 2018, he was appointed as co-chair of the Carnegie-Mellon University Presidential Advisory Board on Science, and in 2021 became the first Scientist-In-Residence at the Asian Institute of Management.

## Scientific career

Purugganan obtained his undergraduate degree in chemistry in 1985 from the University of the Philippines. After finishing his undergraduate work he moved to New York City and studied at Columbia University, where he obtained an MA in Chemistry (1986) in the laboratory of Jacqueline Barton. In 1993 he graduated with a Ph.D. in Botany (minor in Global Policy) from the University of Georgia, where he studied at the laboratory of Susan R. Wessler. During his Ph.D. he studied the effects of transposable element "jumping genes" on the evolution of gene structures and showed that regulatory genes evolve quite rapidly at the molecular level.

Upon completion of his Ph.D. he was awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation molecular evolution fellowship at the University of California, San Diego from 1993 to 1995. In 1995, he joined the faculty of North Carolina State University, where in 2005 he was named the William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor. He was instrumental in promoting the use of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to study evolution, quantitative genetics and ecology, publishing some of the first studies of DNA sequence diversity and the genomic mapping of natural phenotype variation in this species.

In 2006, he joined the faculty of New York University, where he was initially appointed as the Dorothy Schiff Professor of Genomics (2006 - 2017) and in 2016 was named a Julius Silver, Roslyn S. Silver, and Enid Silver Winslow Professor (also known as Silver Professor). His work since joining the NYU faculty has focused on the study of the evolution of domesticated species, particularly rice and date palms, as well as the evolutionary genomics and systems biology of plant environmental adaptation.

As the New York University Dean of Science (2012-2019), Purugganan oversaw an increase in the NYU science faculty by 20%, and the establishment of several new programs, including the Center for Quantum Phenomena, the Laboratory of Molecular Nanoscience, the joint NYU-Max Planck Center for Language, Music and Emotion, and the NYU Chemical Biology Initiative. He also completed the renovation of ~160,000 square feet of research space for science in the NYU downtown Manhattan campus, including the new facilities for the entire Department of Physics, the extensive renovation of neural science and psychology space (including the Center for Brain Imaging, a new computational neuroscience suite, and new space for Social Psychology), and new computational chemistry and nanoscience facilities in the Department of Chemistry. This period also led to close collaborative ties and joint faculty hires between NYU and the New York Genome Center and the Simons Foundation Flatiron Institute. With the establishment of NYU Abu Dhabi and NYU Shanghai, Purugganan helped in faculty hiring, and the planning and development of joint Ph.D. programs and research centers between NYU global campuses.

His tenure as NYU Dean of Science saw a steady increase in the Times Higher Education rankings of NYU in the physical sciences (from 72nd place in 2014 to 41st in 2019) and life sciences (from 54th place in 2015 to 28th place in 2019).

Purugganan has been on the editorial boards of several journals, including Molecular Biology and Evolution, Trends in Plant Science, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Molecular Ecology, and Genome Biology and Evolution. Purugganan also serves on the international scientific advisory boards of the Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics in Barcelona, the Philippine Genome Center, the US Compositae Genome Project, the Norwegian Aqua Genome Project, and the Genome Canada Sunflower Project.

He is listed in the miscellaneous crew credits of the award-winning 2008 feature-length film Sita Sings the Blues as a genetic engineer, and served on the Board of Directors of Imagine Science Films. The film Son of Monarchs was partly filmed in his laboratory, and he served as science adviser for the film The Trees. Purugganan has contributed to the book *Evolution: The Extended Synthesis* (Edited by Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd B. Müller, 2010).

Purugganan led the scientific team that did genetic research on Judean date palms germinated from seeds which were about 2,000 years old.

## Journalism

As an undergraduate at the University of the Philippines in the early 1980s, Purugganan was the features editor for the student newspaper The Philippine Collegian. In the wake of the assassination of Philippine opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983, he helped lead the initial news coverage in the Philippine Collegian documenting the events that eventually led to the downfall of the Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship. After leaving the Collegian, he continued to be active in journalism, working as a news stringer for Time, Newsweek and the Associated Press. Purugganan in 1984 was offered a position as a foreign correspondent for the Associated Press Manila Bureau, but had to decline as he still had to complete his university studies.

He also wrote on politics and economics for various Philippine newsmagazines. In 1984 he was threatened with a libel suit by then Philippine Prime Minister Cesar Virata, a Marcos ally, for publishing a widely circulated interview in the politically influential Mr & Ms Special Edition in which Virata was quoted as saying "Filipinos never had it so good." Said in the middle of a severe economic crisis and widening poverty, Virata and his quote were harshly criticized by numerous opinion makers as an example of the disconnect between the Marcos government and ordinary Filipinos.

Since 2011, he has written occasional essays for The Huffington Post, and The Philippine Star, GMA News Online, and Rappler in the Philippines.

## Honors and awards

## Personal life

Purugganan is married to Alessandra Pena, a New Yorker with Spanish and Dominican roots who works as a consultant to UN organizations, international NGOs and foundations. They live in Greenwich Village in Manhattan.


title: Michael Puntervold

abstract: Michael Puntervold was a Norwegian lawyer and politician for the Labour and Social Democratic Labour parties.

text:
# Michael Puntervold

**Michael Puntervold** (4 September 1879 – 4 August 1937) was a Norwegian lawyer and politician for the Labour and Social Democratic Labour parties.

## Personal life

He was born in Grimstad as a son of Karl Gustav Puntervold (1828–1920) and Francisca Maria Falch, née Landmark (1845–). His father was a seamen's school manager in Grimstad until 1885, when he was appointed as head quartermaster officer of the Royal Norwegian Navy in Horten. His father's lineage hailed from Eigersund Municipality and his mother was from Jølster Municipality where her father served as bailiff. On his mother's side he was a first cousin of Ole and Hjørdis Landmark.

In September 1908 in Kristiania he married merchant's daughter Anna Pedersen Øyjord from Øyjord. The couple had three daughters, born between 1909 and 1916.

## Career

Puntervold finished middle school in Horten i 1895, and finished his secondary education at Kristiania Cathedral School in 1898. After doing military service, he returned to Horten where he taught at the middle school from 1899 to 1901. After spending the year 1902 in Alta, he moved to Narvik in 1903. He was the manager of the middle school here, co-founded and chaired the local chapter of the Labour Party and edited the party newspaper *Fremover* for a short time. From 1904 to 1910 he was a journalist in the Kristiania newspaper *Social-Demokraten*. Alongside his journalism he studied law at the Royal Frederick University. He was active in the Norwegian Students' Society and the Norwegian Student Choral Society, among others on three concert tours.

After graduating with a cand.jur. degree in 1906 he worked as an attorney in Kristiania. He was a part-time law partner of Carl Bonnevie from 1907 to 1909, then independently from 1910 and in partnership with Brynjulf Wangen from 1912. From 1914 he was a barrister with access to working with Supreme Court cases.

He became an important person in the labour movement in 1904 when publishing the pamphlet *Antimilitarismen* via Norges Socialdemokratiske Ungdomsforbund. It was the first "comprehensive theoretical reasoning" behind the Labour Party's military policy at the time: skepticism to the current military while wanting the working people to take up arms. In the early 1900s he published agitative pamphlets named *Militarismen* ("The Militarism") and *Klassekampen* ("The Class Struggle"). He also agitated for a Norwegian republic; in 1905 he issued a draft for a new, republican Constitution of Norway together with Nikolaus Gjelsvik, Johan Scharffenberg and Solnørdal. In 1919 Puntervold published *I Lenins land* ("In Lenin's Country"), a travel account from the newly established Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. He travelled together with Emil Stang, Jr. as a representative of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions.

Puntervold resided in Kristiania until 1906, when he moved to Bækkelaget in Aker Municipality. He was elected to the municipal council of Aker Municipality from 1911 to 1916 and the school board from 1915 to 1919. He was fielded as Labour's candidate in the constituency Aker in the 1909 Norwegian parliamentary election. He lost clearly to Conservative Edvard Hagerup Bull with 2,589 against 3,607 votes. In 1918 the party tried to field him as the candidate in neighboring constituency *Bærum og Follo*, but he lost clearly to Christian Fredrik Michelet with 3,823 against 5,880 votes. He did carry a majority in two sub-constituencies, Oppegaard and Son.

Puntervold placed himself on the right wing of the party, which held control of the party by and large until 1918. In 1920 he was more or less denounced by Edvard Bull, Sr. who wrote in *Det 20de Aarhundre* of "right-wing socialism and puntervoldery". When the Labour Party split in 1921, Puntervold joined the more right-wing Social Democratic Labour Party, and became a leading figure in this party. Writing in *Arbeider-Politikken*, he was a part of the early supporters of such a new party. He was also chairman of *Arbeider-Politikken*, which became the official party newspaper, from 1920 to 1927. He took part at the founding congress of the Labour and Socialist International in 1923; the other Norwegian delegates were Magnus Nilssen, Arne Magnussen and Olav Kringen.

He belonged to the Labour Party again from 1927, but gradually backed out of active politics. He is known for having a personal relation with Lenin and later served as a lawyer for Leon Trotsky during his exile in Norway. Several letters between Leon Trotsky and Michael Puntervold are stored in the Harvard Library.