title: Usage-based models of language

abstract: The usage-based linguistics is a linguistics approach within a broader functional/cognitive framework, that emerged since the late 1980s, and that assumes a profound relation between linguistic structure and usage. It challenges the dominant focus, in 20th century linguistics, on considering language as an isolated system removed from its use in human interaction and human cognition. Rather, usage-based models posit that linguistic information is expressed via context-sensitive mental processing and mental representations, which have the cognitive ability to succinctly account for the complexity of actual language use at all levels. Broadly speaking, a usage-based model of language accounts for language acquisition and processing, synchronic and diachronic patterns, and both low-level and high-level structure in language, by looking at actual language use. The term usage-based was coined by Ronald Langacker in 1987. Usage-based models of language have become a significant new trend in linguistics since the early 2000s. Influential proponents of usage-based linguistics include Michael Tomasello, Joan Bybee and Morten Christiansen. Together with related approaches, such as construction grammar, emergent grammar, and language as a complex adaptive system, usage-based linguistics belongs to the wider framework of evolutionary linguistics. It studies the lifespan of linguistic units, arguing that they can survive language change through frequent usage or by participating in usage-based generalizations if their syntactic, semantic or pragmatic features overlap with other similar constructions. There is disagreement as to whether the approach is different from memetics or essentially the same.

text:
# Usage-based models of language

The **usage-based linguistics** is a linguistics approach within a broader functional/cognitive framework, that emerged since the late 1980s, and that assumes a profound relation between linguistic structure and usage. It challenges the dominant focus, in 20th century linguistics (and in particular in formalism-generativism), on considering language as an isolated system removed from its use in human interaction and human cognition. Rather, usage-based models posit that linguistic information is expressed via context-sensitive mental processing and mental representations, which have the cognitive ability to succinctly account for the complexity of actual language use at all levels (phonetics and phonology, morphology and syntax, pragmatics and semantics). Broadly speaking, a usage-based model of language accounts for language acquisition and processing, synchronic and diachronic patterns, and both low-level and high-level structure in language, by looking at actual language use.

The term *usage-based* was coined by Ronald Langacker in 1987. Usage-based models of language have become a significant new trend in linguistics since the early 2000s. Influential proponents of usage-based linguistics include Michael Tomasello, Joan Bybee and Morten Christiansen.

Together with related approaches, such as construction grammar, emergent grammar, and language as a complex adaptive system, usage-based linguistics belongs to the wider framework of evolutionary linguistics. It studies the lifespan of linguistic units (e.g. words, suffixes), arguing that they can survive language change through frequent usage or by participating in usage-based generalizations if their syntactic, semantic or pragmatic features overlap with other similar constructions. There is disagreement as to whether the approach is different from memetics or essentially the same.

## Disciplinary roots

**West coast cognitive functionalism**

West Coast cognitive functionalism (WCCF) played a major role in the creation of the usage-based enterprise. Firstly, a crucial point in WCCF was Eleanor Rosch’s paper on semantic categories in human cognition, which studied fuzzy semantic categories with central and peripheral concepts. Subsequently, Robin Lakoff (1987) applied these concepts to linguistic studies. For usage-based models of language, these discoveries legitimized interest in the peripheral phenomena and inspired the examination of the ontological status of the rules themselves. Secondly, WCCF focuses on the effects of social/ textual context and cognitive processes on human thought, instead of established systems and representations, which motivated the study of external sources in usage-based language research. For example, in analyzing the differences between the grammatical notions of subject vs. topic, Li and Thompson (1976), found that the repetition of certain topics by a speech community resulted in the surfacing and crystallization of formal properties into syntactic entities, namely the subject. This notion of syntax and morphology being an outcome of pragmatic and cognitive factors was influential in the development of usage-based models. Thirdly, the WCCF methodology of linguistic typology is similarly practised in usage-based models, in collecting data from real communicative contexts and analyzing them for typological regularities. This highlights an important aspect of usage-based research, the study of methods for the integration of synchrony and diachrony.

**Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar**

The term ‘usage-based’ was coined by Ronald Langacker in 1987, while doing research on Cognitive Grammar. Langacker identified commonly recurring linguistic patterns (patterns such as those associated with Wh- fronting, subject-verb agreement, the use of present participles, etc.) and represented these supposed rule-governed behaviours on a hierarchical structure. The Cognitive Grammar model represented grammar, semantics and lexicon as associated processes that were laid on a continuum, which provided a theoretical framework that was significant in studying the usage-based conception of language. Consequently, a usage-based model accounts for these rule-governed language behaviours by providing a representational scheme that is entirely instance-based, and able to recognize and uniquely represent each familiar pattern, which occurs with varying strengths at different instances. His usage-based model draws on the cognitive psychology of schemata, which are flexible hierarchical structures that are able to accommodate the complexity of mental stimuli. Similarly, as humans perceive linguistic abstractions as multilayered, ranging from patterns that occur across whole utterances to those that occur in phonetic material, the usage-based model acknowledges the differing levels of granularity in speakers’ knowledge of their language. Langacker's work emphasizes that both abstract structure and instance-based detail are contained in language, differing in granularity but not in basic principles.

**Bybee's Dynamic Usage-based framework**

Bybee’s work greatly inspired the creation of usage-based models of language. Bybee’s model makes predictions about and explains synchronic, diachronic and typological patterns within languages, such as which variants will occur in which contexts, what forms they will take, and about their diachronic consequences. Using the linguistic phenomenon of splits (when a word starts to show subtle polysemy, and morphological possibilities for the originally single form ensue), Bybee proves that even irreducibly irregular word-forms are seen to be non-arbitrary when the context it occurs in is taken into consideration in the very representation of morphology. Simultaneously, she shows that even seemingly regular allomorphy is context-sensitive. Splits also aligns with the idea that linguistic forms cannot be studied as isolated entities, but rather in relation to the strength of their attachment to other entities.

### Schmid's Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization model

Hans-Jörg Schmid’s "Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization" Model offers a comprehensive recent summary approach to usage-based thinking. In great detail and with reference to many sub-disciplines and concepts in linguistics he shows how usage mediates between entrenchment, the establishment of linguistic habits in individuals via repetition and associations, and conventionalization, a continuous feedback cycle which builds shared collective linguistic knowledge. All three components connect linguistic utterance types with their respective situative settings and extralinguistic associations.

## Frequency explanation

Advocates of usage-based linguistics including Joan Bybee and Martin Haspelmath argue that statistics of language usage depend on frequency. For instance, it is argued that the English verb *tell* always has two arguments ('tell something to someone') unlike the verb *sell,* which more frequently only has a direct object in actual language usage ('sell something'). It is hypothesized that such differences in the recurrence of the indirect object depend on statistical learning based on the language usage encountered by the individual. Jae Jung Song argues that the frequency explanation is circular—certain patterns are often used by people because they are frequent—and that the explanation of frequency issues must be found outside themselves.

## Constructions: Form-meaning pairings

Constructions have direct pairing of form to meaning without intermediate structures, making them appropriate for usage-based models. The usage-based model adopts constructions as the basic unit of form-meaning correspondence. A construction is commonly regarded to be a conventionalized string of words. A key feature of a grammar based on constructions is that it can reflect the deeply intertwined lexical items and grammar structure.

From a grammarian perspective, constructions are groupings of words with idiosyncratic behaviour to a certain extent. They mostly take on an unpredictable meaning or pragmatic effect, or are formally special. From a broader perspective, construction can also be seen as processing units or chunks, such as sequences of words (or morphemes) which have been used often enough to be accessed together. This implicates that common words sequences are sometimes constructions even if they do not have idiosyncrasies or form. Additionally, chunks or conventionalized sequences can tend to develop special pragmatic implications that can lead to special meaning over time. They can also develop idiosyncrasies of form in a variety of ways.

* It drives me crazy.
* The death of his wife the following year drove him mad.
* This room drives me up the wall.

Adjectives shown here include crazy, mad, and up the wall, which are semantically related to the word drive. In exemplar models, the idea that memory for linguistic experience is similar to memory for other types of memories is proposed. Every token of linguistic experience impacts cognitive representation. And when stored representations are accessed, the representations change. Additionally, memory storage can store detailed information about processed tokens during linguistic experience, including form and context that these tokens were used. In this model, general categories and grammar units can emerge from linguistic experiences stored in memories, as exemplars are categorized by similarity to each other. Contiguous experiences such as meaning and acoustic shape are also recorded to be linked to each other.

**Constructions as chunks**

By these means repeated sequences become more fluent. Within a chunk, sequential links are graded in strength based on the frequency of the chunk or perhaps the transitions between the elements of a chunk. A construction is a chunk even though it may contain schematic slots, that is, the elements of a chunk can be interrupted.

Memory storage requires links to connect idiomatic phrases together. In chunking, repeated sequences are represented together as units which can be accessed directly. Through this, repeated sequences are more frequent. Sequential links are assessed in strength based on the frequency of the chunk or transitions between elements within a chunk. Additionally, the individual elements of a chunk can link to elements in other contexts. The example of ‘drive someone crazy’ forms a chunk, however items that compose it are not analyzable individually as words that occur elsewhere in cognitive representation. As chunks are used more frequently, words can lose their associations with exemplars of the same word. This is known as de-categorialization.

1. von Mengden, Ferdinand; Coussé, Evie (2014). "Introduction. The role of change in usage-based conceptions of language". *Usage-Based Approaches to Language Change*. Studies in Functional and Structural Linguistics. Vol. 69. pp. 1–20. doi:10.1075/sfsl.69.01men. ISBN 978-90-272-1579-6.
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title: Xeon D

abstract: The Xeon D is a brand of x86 system on a chip designed, manufactured, and marketed by Intel, targeted at the microserver market. It was announced in 2014, with the first products released in 2015. Related to the Xeon brand of workstation and server processors are based on the same architecture as server-grade CPUs, with support for ECC memory, higher core counts, support for larger amounts of RAM, and a larger cache. Unique to the Xeon D line, emphasis was also made on low power consumption, and integrated hardware blocks such as a network interface controllers, a PCIe root complex, and USB and SATA controllers.

text:
# Xeon D

The **Xeon D** is a brand of x86 system on a chip designed, manufactured, and marketed by Intel, targeted at the microserver market. It was announced in 2014, with the first products released in 2015. Related to the Xeon brand of workstation and server processors are based on the same architecture as server-grade CPUs, with support for ECC memory, higher core counts, support for larger amounts of RAM, and a larger cache. Unique to the Xeon D line, emphasis was also made on low power consumption, and integrated hardware blocks such as a network interface controllers, a PCIe root complex, and USB and SATA controllers.

## Design goals

The Xeon D was designed to offer better performance per watt compared to the Xeon E3 and better absolute performance compared to the Atom processors, while operating at lower power and higher densities than Xeon E5 processors. Particularly, the Xeon D was designed to compete with emerging ARM microarchitecture–based server solutions, by offering superior single core performance.

## Generations

### Broadwell

All Xeon D Broadwell models were designed for the SoC Server market segment, with the FCBGA1667 interface. They are equipped with dual-channel DDR4, up to 128GB with ECC support.

| Cores
(threads) | Processor branding
and model | | Base
frequency | Turbo
frequency | | TDP | L3
cache | Release date | Price
(USD) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Single core | | All cores || | | |
| 16 (32) | Xeon D | **D-1587** | 1.7 GHz |  | 2.3 GHz | 65 W | 24 MB | Q1 2016 | $1754 |
| | | **D-1581** | 1.8 GHz | | 2.4 GHz | | | Q1 2016 |  |
| | | **D-1577** | 1.3 GHz | | 2.1 GHz | 45 W | | Q1 2016 | $1477 |
| | | **D-1571** | | | 1.3 GHz | 2.1 GHz | | Q1 2016 | $1222 |
| 12 (24) | | **D-1567** | 2.1 GHz | | 2.7 GHz | 65 W | 18 MB | Q1 2016 | $1299 |
| | | **D-1559** | 1.5 GHz | | | 2.1 GHz | 45 W | Q2 2016 | $883 |
| | | **D-1557** | | | | 1.5 GHz | 2.1 GHz | Q1 2016 | $844 |
| 8 (16) | | **D-1553N** | 2.3 GHz | | 2.7 GHz | 65 W | 12 MB | Q3 2017 | $855 |
| | | **D-1548** | 2.0 GHz | | | 2.6 GHz | 45 W | Q4 2015 | $675 |
| | | **D-1543N** | | | | 1.9 GHz | 2.4 GHz | Q3 2017 | $652 |
| | | **D-1541** | | | | 2.1 GHz | 2.7 GHz | Q4 2015 | $581 |
| | | **D-1540** | | | | 2.0 GHz | 2.6 GHz | Q1 2015 | $581 |
| | | **D-1539** | 1.6 GHz | | | 2.2 GHz | 35 W | Q2 2016 | $590 |
| | | **D-1537** | | | | 1.7 GHz | 2.3 GHz | Q4 2015 | $571 |
| 6 (12) | | **D-1533N** | 2.1 GHz | | 2.7 GHz | 45 W | 9 MB | Q3 2017 | $470 |
| | | **D-1531** | 2.2 GHz | | | 2.7 GHz | Q4 2015 | $348 |
| 4 (8) | | **D-1529** | 1.3 GHz | | 1.3 GHz | 20 W | 6 MB | Q2 2016 | $324 |
| 6 (12) | | **D-1528** | 1.9 GHz | | 2.5 GHz | 35 W | 9 MB | Q4 2015 | $389 |
| 4 (8) | | **D-1527** | 2.2 GHz | | 2.7 GHz | 6 MB | Q4 2015 | $259 |
| | | **D-1523N** | 2.0 GHz | | 2.6 GHz | 45 W | Q3 2017 | $256 |
| | | **D-1521** | | | 2.4 GHz | 2.7 GHz | Q4 2015 | $199 |
| | | **D-1520** | | | 2.2 GHz | 2.6 GHz | Q1 2015 | $199 |
| | | **D-1518** | 2.2 GHz | | 2.2 GHz | 35 W | Q4 2015 | $234 |
| | | **D-1513N** | | | 1.6 GHz | 2.2 GHz | Q3 2017 | $192 |

### Skylake

The Skylake (D-2100) Xeon D products were released in February 2018. Updates included an increased maximum number of cores, the Skylake microarchitecture, AVX-512 acceleration, and cryptographic acceleration. The second generation also offered increased clock speeds, resulting in greater performance, though the maximum thermal design power also increased. However, the level of AVX-512 support is unclear by product, with higher end products having greater performance than the listed specifications.

| Target
segment | Cores
(threads) | Processor branding
and model | | Base
frequency | Turbo
frequency | TDP | Socket | Memory | | | L3
cache | Release date | Price
(USD) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Type | | | | | Frequency | Channel || | |
| SoC server | 18 (36) | Xeon D | **D-2191** | 1.6 GHz | 3.0 GHz | 86 W | FCBGA 2518 | DDR4
up to
512 GB
w/ ECC
support | 2400 MHz | Quad | 24.75 MB | Q1 2018 | $2407 |
| | 16 (32) | | **D-2187NT** | 2.0 GHz | | 110 W | | | 2667 MHz | | 22 MB | | $1989 |
| | **D-2183IT** | | 2.2 GHz | 100 W | | 2400 MHz | | | $1764 | ||
| | 14 (28) | | **D-2177NT** | 1.9 GHz | | 105 W | | | 2667 MHz | | 19 MB | | $1443 |
| | **D-2173IT** | | 1.7 GHz | 70 W | | 2133 MHz | | | $1229 | ||
| | 12 (24) | | | **D-2166NT** | | 2.0 GHz | | | 85 W | | 17 MB | | $1005 |
| | **D-2163IT** | | | | | 2.1 GHz | | | 75 W | | $930 | |
| | **D-2161I** | | | 2.2 GHz | | 90 W | | | 16.5 MB | | $962 | |
| | 8 (16) | | | **D-2146NT** | | 2.3 GHz | | | 80 W | | 11 MB | | $641 |
| | **D-2145NT** | | | | | 1.9 GHz | | | 65 W | | $502 | |
| | **D-2143IT** | | | | | 2.2 GHz | | | $566 | ||
| | **D-2142IT** | | | | | 1.9 GHz | | | $438 | ||
| | **D-2141I** | | | | | 2.2 GHz | | | $555 | ||
| | 4 (8) | | **D-2123IT** | 2.2 GHz | | 60 W | | | 2400 MHz | | 8 MB | | $213 |

### Hewitt Lake based

Intel announced a second generation of Xeon D products to succeed the Broadwell (D-1500) series, Codenamed Hewitt Lake in February 2019.

| Target
segment | Cores
(threads) | Processor branding
and model | | Base
frequency | Turbo
frequency | TDP | Socket | Memory | | | L3
cache | Release date | Price
(USD) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Type | | | | | Frequency | Channel || | |
| SoC server | 8 (16) | Xeon D | **D-1653N** | 2.8 GHz | 3.2 GHz | 65 W | FCBGA 1667 | DDR3/DDR4
up to
128 GB
w/ ECC
support | 2400 MHz | Dual | 12 MB | Q2 2019 |  |
| | | | **D-1649N** | 2.3 GHz | 3.0 GHz | 45 W | | | 2133 MHz | | | |  |
| | 6 (12) | | **D-1637** | 2.9 GHz | 3.2 GHz | 55 W | | | 2400 MHz | | 9 MB | |  |
| | **D-1633N** | | | 2.5 GHz | 45 W | | | | 2133 MHz | |  | |
| | 8 (16) | | | **D-1632** | 1.5 GHz | 2.5 GHz | | | 30 W | | 12 MB | | $401 |
| | 4 (8) | | | **D-1627** | 2.9 GHz | 3.2 GHz | | | 45 W | | 6 MB | |  |
| | **D-1623N** | | | 2.4 GHz | | 35 W | | | 1866 MHz | |  | |
| | **D-1622** | | | 2.6 GHz | | 40 W | | | 2133 MHz | |  | |
| | **D-1612** | | | 1.5 GHz | | 2.5 GHz | | | 22 W | | $138 | |
| | 2 (4) | | | **D-1602** | 2.5 GHz | 3.2 GHz | | | 27 W | | 3 MB | |  |

### Ice Lake-D

Intel announced the next generation of Xeon D, codenamed Ice Lake-D in April 2021. Intel official launched the Xeon D D-2700 series and D-1700 series CPUs at MWC 2022. Xeon D D-2800 series and D-1800 series were announced on Dec 14, 2023.

| Target
segment | Cores
(threads)
 | Processor
branding
and model | | Base
frequency | Turbo
frequency | TDP | Socket | Memory | | | | L3
cache | Release date | Price
(USD) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Type | | | | | Max capacity | Frequency | Channels || | |
| Server | 2 (4) | Xeon D | D-1702 | 1.60 GHz | 1.70 GHz | 25 W | FCBGA2227 | DDR4 w/ECC | 256 GB | 2400 MHz |  | 5 MB | Q1 2022 | $113 |
| | 4 (8) | | D-1712TR | 2.00 GHz | 3.10 GHz | 40 W | | | 384 GB | |  | 10 MB | | $240 |
| | D-1713NT | | 2.20 GHz | 3.50 GHz | 45 W | 256 GB | | | 2 | | $285 ||
| | | | D-1713NTE | | | 3.30 GHz | | | 45 W | | $296 ||
| | D-1714 | | 2.30 GHz | | 3.40 GHz | 38 W | | | 2667 MHz |  | $216 ||
| | D-1715TER | | 2.40 GHz | | 3.50 GHz | 50 W | | | 384 GB |  | $285 ||
| | D-1718T | | 2.60 GHz | 46 W | 256 GB | 2933 MHz | | |  | $274 ||
| | 6 (12) | | | D-1722NE | 1.70 GHz | 2.70 GHz | | | 36 W | 2400 MHz | 2 | $365 | |
| | D-1726 | | 2.90 GHz | 3.50 GHz | 70 W | 384 GB | | | 2933 MHz | 3 | $445 ||
| | 8 (16) | | D-1732TE | | 1.90 GHz | 3.00 GHz | | | 52 W | 2667 MHz |  | 15 MB | | $663 |
| | D-1733NT | | 2.00 GHz | 3.10 GHz | 53 W | 256 GB | | | 2400 MHz | 2 | $720 ||
| | | | D-1734NT | | 50 W | | | | 2667 MHz | $686 ||
| | D-1735TR | | 2.20 GHz | 3.40 GHz | 59 W | 384 GB | | | 2933 MHz |  |  ||
| | D-1736 | | 2.30 GHz | 55 W | 256 GB | 2933 MHz | | |  | $606 ||
| | D-1736NT | | | 2.70 GHz | 3.50 GHz | 67 W | | | 2667 MHz | 2 | $915 ||
| | D-1739 | | 3.00 GHz | 83 W | 384 GB | 2933 MHz | | |  | $743 ||
| | 10 (20) | | | D-1746TER | 2.00 GHz | 3.10 GHz | | | 67 W | 2667 MHz |  | $972 | |
| | D-1747NTE | | | 2.50 GHz | 3.50 GHz | 80 W | | | 2933 MHz | 3 | $1201 ||
| | D-1748TE | | 2.30 GHz | 3.40 GHz | 65 W | 256 GB | | | 2400 MHz | 2 | $972 ||
| | D-1749NT | | 3.00 GHz | | 3.50 GHz | | | | 90 W | 2667 MHz | $1144 ||
| | 4 (8) | | D-2712T | 1.90 GHz | 3.00 GHz | 65 W | | | FCBGA2579 | 1 TB | 2667 MHz | 4 | | $342 |
| | 8 (16) | | D-2733NT | 2.10 GHz | | | | | 3.20 GHz | 80 W | $800 ||
| | D-2738 | | 2.50 GHz | 3.50 GHz | | | | | 88 W | 2933 MHz | $686 ||
| | 12 (24) | | D-2752NTE | 1.90 GHz | | | 3.00 GHz | | 84 W | 2667 MHz | 20 MB | $1144 | |
| | D-2752TER | | 1.80 GHz | 2.80 GHz | | | 77 W | | $1041 ||
| | D-2753NT | | 2.00 GHz | 3.10 GHz | | | 87 W | | 1075 ||
| | | | 14 (28) | D-2766NT | | | 97 W | | $1201 ||
| | | | 16 (32) | D-2775TE | | | 100 W | | 2933 MHz | 25 MB | $1716 ||
| | D-2776NT | | | 2.10 GHz | | | 3.20 GHz | | 117 W | 25 MB | $1716 ||
| | D-2779 | | 2.50 GHz | 3.40 GHz | | | 126 W | | 3200 MHz | 25 MB | $1499 ||
| | 18 (36) | | D-2786NTE | 2.10 GHz | | | 3.10 GHz | | 118 W | 2933 MHz | 27.5 MB | $2060 | |
| | 20 (40) | | | D-2795NT | | | 2.00 GHz | | 110 W | 30 MB | $2082 ||
| | D-2796NT | | | | | | 120 W | | $2082 ||
| | D-2796TE | | | | | | 118 W | | $2060 ||
| | D-2798NT | | | | | | 2.10 GHz | | 125 W | 3200 MHz | $2116 ||
| | D-2799 | | | | | | 2.40 GHz | | 3.40 GHz | 129 W | $1933 ||

**^a**  Max capacity dependent on memory type

## InfoBox

Xeon D
| Logo since 2020 | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Launched | March 9, 2015 (2015-03-09) |
| Designed by | Intel |
| Common manufacturer |  |
| Performance | |
| Max. CPU clock rate | 1.30 GHz to 3.00 GHz |
| Architecture and classification | |
| Technology node | 14 nm to 10 nm |
| Microarchitecture | Broadwell
Skylake
Ice Lake |
| Instruction set | x86-16, IA-32, x86-64 |


abstract: The Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development (DWD) is an agency of the Wisconsin state government responsible for providing services to Wisconsin workers, employers, and job-seekers to meet Wisconsin's workforce needs. To effect its mission, the Department administers unemployment benefits and workers' compensation programs for the state of Wisconsin; ensures compliance with state laws on wages and discrimination; provides job resources, training, and employment assistance for job-seekers; and engages with employers to help them find and maintain adequate staffing for their businesses. The Department is headquartered in the State Labor Building, or GEF-1, in downtown Madison, Wisconsin.

text:
# Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development

The **Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development** (**DWD**) is an agency of the Wisconsin state government responsible for providing services to Wisconsin workers, employers, and job-seekers to meet Wisconsin's workforce needs. To effect its mission, the Department administers unemployment benefits and workers' compensation programs for the state of Wisconsin; ensures compliance with state laws on wages and discrimination; provides job resources, training, and employment assistance for job-seekers; and engages with employers to help them find and maintain adequate staffing for their businesses.

The Department is headquartered in the State Labor Building, or GEF-1, in downtown Madison, Wisconsin.

## History

In 1873, the Socialists of Milwaukee demanded that Wisconsin implement a new bureau to track industrial and labor statistics within the state. They pushed for this to be adopted into the platform of the Democratic Party of Wisconsin that year, but were not successful.

The idea re-emerged in 1881 and 1882, when attempts were made in the Wisconsin Legislature to pass legislation which would create such an agency. Finally, in 1883, Governor Jeremiah McLain Rusk, in his second annual message to the Legislature, endorsed the idea of a new state bureau to track industrial, agricultural, and labor statistics, saying, "The time has arrived when means should be provided for gathering accurate monthly crop and livestock reports during the growing season, and complete labor statistics, and their prompt circulation among the people. For this purpose I would recommend that you provide for a state bureau of agricultural and labor statistics." The idea was popular with farmers as well as industrial workers, and was enacted in part during that session with the passage of 1883 Wisconsin Act 319, an Act to Create a Bureau of Labor Statistics. Later that year, Rusk appointed Wisconsin's first Labor Commissioner, Frank A. Flower.

In 1884, the Bureau published its first report, with the results of safety-related questions such as: "What height are your buildings; are they wood, brick or stone? Have you fire escapes? What kind? Have you apparatus for extinguishing fires?" This was followed, in 1887, with Wisconsin's first industrial safety law, which required fences or guards around gears, shafts, bull-wheels, and pulleys, (1887 Wisc. Act 46) and, in 1889, legislation raised the minimum age of employment from 12 to 13 (1889 Wisc. Act 519).

In 1909, led by state senator Theodore W. Brazeau, the first attempt was made in the Legislature to pass workers' compensation. The legislation did not pass in this session, but a joint legislative committee was established to study the problem.

In 1911, the Wisconsin Bureau of Labor Statistics was replaced by the Wisconsin Industrial Commission. Governor Francis E. McGovern appointed Joseph D. Beck as the first head of the commission, with commissioners John R. Commons and Charles H. Crownhart. The new commissioners were instrumental in a series of new legislation regulating hours, wages, and employment conditions. They established free employment services in Milwaukee, Superior, La Crosse, and Oshkosh. They passed the nation's first modern apprenticeship law, incorporating area vocational schools, training 625 apprentices in the first year. One of the capstone achievements of this first Industrial Commission was the nation's first Workmen's Compensation Act in the state constitution, which guaranteed injury compensation as a legal right (1911 Wisc. Act 50). The constitutionality of the act was later upheld by the Wisconsin Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of the United States.

In 1913, Wisconsin passed one of the first minimum wage laws in the United States, requiring that a "living wage" must be paid to any employed woman or minor. A similar law in Oregon was challenged in the Supreme Court, but after it was allowed to go into effect, the Wisconsin Industrial Commission moved ahead with enforcing its living wage statute in 1919 with an initial living wage set at 22 cents.

In 1920, the commission hired Arthur J. Altmeyer as its chief statistician. In 1922, under Governor John J. Blaine, Altmeyer became the Secretary of the Industrial Commission; he would serve under the next four governors. Altmeyer, working with Governor Philip La Follette, achieved passage of the nation's first unemployment compensation law. In 1933, Altmeyer was enlisted by new U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt to work on the President's Committee on Economic Security, where he would eventually become the first Commissioner of the Social Security Administration. President Roosevelt would later refer to Altmeyer as the "Father" of Social Security.

Wisconsin issued its first unemployment compensation insurance August 17, 1936, to Neils N. Ruud for $15. Ruud sold the check to Paul Raushenush for $25 for its historical value. The check is now held by the Wisconsin Historical Society.

In 1937, Wisconsin created the Wisconsin Labor Relations Board, the predecessor to the current Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission.

In 1945, Wisconsin passed the Wisconsin Fair Employment Act (WFEA) (1945 Wisc. Act 490) and became one of the first three states to prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of race, religion, color, national origin, or ancestry. Additional protections were added to the statute over time:

* in 1959, protections were added for workers over age 40
* in 1961, for discrimination based on gender
* in 1965, Wisconsin was the first state to outlaw employment discrimination on the basis of handicap or disability
* in 1977, protections were added against discrimination absed on criminal record
* 1982 saw a prohibition on discrimination on the basis marital status, and saw Wisconsin become the first state to ban employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation
* and in 1987, protections were added for members of the armed forces

In 1945, the Apprenticeship Division of the Industrial Commission also became the state approval agency for veterans enrolling in training under the G.I. Bill.

In 1967, a state commission under William R. Kellett, which had been appointed by Governor Warren P. Knowles, recommended the consolidation of labor-related state government functions under a new agency known as the Department of Industry, Labor & Human Relations (DILHR).

Following the passage of Social Security amendments in 1967, Wisconsin became the first state in the country to establish Work Incentive (WIN) programs in every county. The Work Incentive program in Wisconsin was an important predecessor to the Wisconsin Works program of the 1990s, which became a model for other welfare-to-work programs in the U.S. and elsewhere.

The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), passed in 1970, allowed the DILHR to conclude their own job safety inspections for private industries. However the Department would continue to enforce occupational safety and health codes for public employees until 1982, as these jobs were not yet covered under OSHA.

In 1988, the Legislature enacted the Wisconsin Family and Medical Leave Act, five years before the federal version passed. That same year, the Wisconsin Job Service launched the Job Service Resume System, becoming the first state to link multiple states in a resume service. Additional states were eventually added to the program, and, eventually, it was adopted by the United States Department of Labor as America's Job Bank.

In 1994, Governor Tommy Thompson's Work First initiative attempts to divert more applicants from Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) to employment opportunities. AFDC was officially ended in Wisconsin in 1998 with the transition to Wisconsin Works (W-2). The Wisconsin Works program received an Innovations In American Government Award from the Ford Foundation in 1999.

Also in 1994, DILHR became one of the first state agencies to establish a presence on the internet, seeing it as a new avenue to provide job services, information, and assistance to the public. This was followed, in 1997, by the Business Resource Network, a website to help Wisconsin businesses find useful information. JobNet, a web-based system for matching applicants to employment opportunities began operation in 1996. Between 1995 and 1996, Wisconsin closed nearly all of its local unemployment offices and became the first state in the nation to implement a telephone-based claims system.

In 1996, the Department of Workforce Development replaced DILHR.

2015 saw the introduction of the new Job Center of Wisconsin (JCW) website and the online Re-employment Services portal, for unemployment insurance claims management.

## Organization

### Leadership

The senior leadership of the Department consists of the Secretary, Deputy Secretary, and Assistant Deputy Secretary, along with the administrators heading up the divisions of the Department.

* Secretary: Amy Pechacek
* Deputy Secretary: Pamela McGillivray
* Assistant Deputy Secretary: Jennifer Sereno
* Employment and Training: Michele Carter
* Equal Rights: Ramona Natera
* Operations: Lynda Jarstad
* Unemployment Insurance: Jim Chiolino
* Vocational Rehabilitation: Meredith Dressel
* Worker's Compensation: John Dipko
* Chairman, Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission: James J. Daley

### Divisions

#### Office of the Secretary

Subdivisions include:

* Office of Communications
* Office of Legal Counsel
* Legislative Liaison
* Office of Integrity & Accountability

#### Employment and Training

The Employment and Training Division works to produce and administer programs to help Wisconsin's workforce learn and train for jobs in demand, and help employers find and maintain the workforce they need. Services are provided through the Wisconsin Job Center website and a network of public-private partnerships and job centers.

Subdivisions include:

* Bureau of Workforce Information & Technical Support
* Bureau of Apprenticeship Standards
* Bureau of Workforce Training
* Bureau of Job Service
* Office of Veteran Employment Services
* Office of Skills Development
* Office of IT Coordination
* Office of Special Initiatives

#### Equal Rights

The Equal Rights Division administers the state's laws prohibiting discrimination in employment, housing, and public accommodations, manages the state's family and medical leave law, and enforces laws on minimum wages, overtime pay, timely payment of wages, employment of minors, and notifications of business closings or mass layoffs. This division also sets the state's prevailing wage, which must be paid for all state or municipal construction projects.

Subdivisions include:

* Office of Support Services
* IS Comprehensive Services
* Bureau of Hearings & Mediation
* Budget and Policy
* Bureau of Investigations

#### Operations

The Operations Division provides administrative support for the program divisions.

Subdivisions include:

* Bureau of Enterprise Solutions
* Bureau of Finance
* Bureau of General Services
* Office of Policy and Budget
* Bureau of Procurement & Information Management
* Chief Information Officer & Bureau of Information Technology Services

#### Unemployment Insurance

The Unemployment Insurance Division collects payroll taxes from employers and facilitates proper distribution of benefits to unemployment claimants. This includes adjudicating disputes, detecting fraud, collecting benefit overpayments, and administering the state's New Hire Reporting program.

Subdivisions include:

* Quality Control
* Bureau of Tax & Accounting
* Bureau of Legal Affairs
* Benefit Operations Bureau
* Bureau of Management & Information Services

#### Vocational Rehabilitation

The Vocational Rehabilitation Division works with employees, employers, and program partners to facilitate employment for people with disabilities as part of a federally funded program.

Subdivisions include:

* Bureau of Consumer Services
* Bureau of Management Services

#### Worker's Compensation

The Worker's Compensation Division ensures that private insurers and self-insured employers properly compensate workers with work-related injuries or illnesses, and adjudicates appeals arising from those claims.

Subdivisions include:

* Administrative Services Section
* Bureau of Claims Management
* Bureau of Insurance Programs
* Bureau of Legal Services

#### Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission

The Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission is a separate state commission administratively attached to the Department of Workforce Development. It is tasked with administering labor-employer relations in order to avoid strikes, lockouts, or other interruptions to commerce. They conduct labor elections, mediate collective bargaining disputes, and provide arbitration when grievances arise. The commission also provides training to facilitate the parties working together to achieve their common goals.

### Statutory Commissions

Separate from the ordinary organizational structure of the Department, there are a number of specific commissions created by acts of the Wisconsin Legislature to oversee, advise, or administer certain functions.

* Wisconsin Apprenticeship Advisory Council
* Council on Migrant Labor
* Self-insurers Council
* Unemployment Insurance Advisory Council
* Worker's Compensation Advisory Council
* Health Care Provider Advisory Committee

### Special Committees

By executive order, the governor of Wisconsin will from time-to-time appoint special committees to study a particular issue and advise the state. There are a number of such committees currently working under the umbrella of the Department of Workforce Development:

## Secretaries and Commissioners

### Commissioners (Bureau)

| Order | Commissioner | Took office | Left office | Governor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Frank A. Flower | 1883 | 1889 | Jeremiah M. Rusk |
| 2 | Henry M. Stark | 1889 | 1891 | William D. Hoard |
| 3 | Jeremiah Dobbs | 1891 | 1895 | George Wilbur Peck |
| 4 | Halford Erickson | 1895 | 1905 | William H. Upham |
| 5 | Joseph D. Beck | 1905 | 1911 | Robert M. La Follette |

### Commissioners (Industrial Commission)

| Commissioner | Took office | Left office | Governor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Joseph D. Beck | 1911 | 1917 | Francis E. McGovern |
| Charles H. Crownhart | 1911 | 1915 | |
| John R. Commons | 1911 | 1913 | |
| Fred M. Wilcox | 1913 | 1933 | |
| George Hambrecht | 1915 | 1921 | Emanuel L. Philipp |
| Thomas F. Konop | 1917 | 1921 | |
| Arthur J. Altmeyer | 1922 | 1933 | John J. Blaine |
| R. G. Knutson | 1921 | 1933 | |
| L. A. Tarrell | 1921 | 1927 | |
| Voyta Wrabetz | 1927 | 1955 | |
| Mable Griswold | 1938 | 1939 | Philip La Follette |
| Harry J. Burczyk | 1939 | 1953 | Julius P. Heil |
| C. L. Miller | 1939 | 1952 | |
| Arthur Enright | 1953 | 1959 | Walter J. Kohler Jr. |
| John H. Rouse | 1955 | 1961 | |
| Mathlas F. Schlmenz | 1959 | 1965 | Gaylord Nelson |
| Gene A. Rowland | 1965 | 1967 | Warren P. Knowles |
| Joseph C. Fagen | 1965 | 1970 | |
| Edward E. Estkowski | 1966 | 1971 | |
| Charles B. Arnold | 1968 | 1969 | |
| Joseph R. Kautzer | 1969 | 1972 | |
| Phillip W. Lerman | 1971 | 1975 | Patrick Lucey |
| John C. Zinos | 1971 | 1977 | |
| Virginia Hart | 1975 | 1977 | |

### Secretaries (Industry, Labor & Human Relations)

| Order | Secretary | Took office | Left office | Governor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Zell S. Rice | 1977 | 1979 | Martin J. Schreiber |
| 2 | Joseph N. Noll | 1979 | 1981 | Lee S. Dreyfus |
| 3 | Lowell B. Jackson | 1981 | 1982 | |
| 4 | James J. Gosling | 1982 | 1983 | |
| 5 | Howard Bellman | 1983 | 1987 | Tony Earl |
| 6 | John T. Coughlin | 1987 | 1989 | Tommy Thompson |
| 7 | Gerald Whitburn | 1989 | 1991 | |
| 8 | Carol Skornicka | 1991 | 1996 | |

### Secretaries (Workforce Development)

| Order | Secretary | Took office | Left office | Governor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Linda Stewart | 1997 | 2000 | Tommy Thompson |
| 2 | Jennifer Reinert | 2000 | 2003 | |
| | | | | Scott McCallum |
| 3 | Roberta Gassman | 2003 | 2011 | Jim Doyle |
| 4 | Reggie Newson | 2011 | 2016 | Scott Walker |
| 5 | Ray Allen | 2016 | 2019 | |
| 6 | Caleb Frostman | 2019 | 2020 | Tony Evers |
| 7 | Amy Pechacek | 2020 | *Current* | |

## InfoBox

Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|
State Labor Building | |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | July 1, 1996 (1996-07-01) |
| Preceding agencies | * Wisconsin Bureau of Labor Statistics (18831911) * Wisconsin Industrial Commission (19111967) * Wisconsin Department of Industry, Labor & Human Relations (19671996) |
| Headquarters | State Labor Building (GEF 1)
201 E. Washington Ave.
Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.
43°4′33.6″N 89°22′51.852″W / 43.076000°N 89.38107000°W / 43.076000; -89.38107000 |
| Employees | 1,606.05 (2021) |
| Annual budget | 716,385,300 (2021) |
| Agency executives | * Amy Pechacek, Secretary * Pamela McGillivray, Deputy Secretary * Jennifer Sereno, Assistant Deputy Secretary |
| Website | Agency website |


title: NGC 255

abstract: NGC 255 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on November 27, 1785, by Frederick William Herschel.

text:
# NGC 255

**NGC 255** is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered on November 27, 1785, by Frederick William Herschel.

1. Skrutskie, Michael F.; Cutri, Roc M.; Stiening, Rae; Weinberg, Martin D.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Carpenter, John M.; Beichman, Charles A.; Capps, Richard W.; Chester, Thomas; Elias, Jonathan H.; Huchra, John P.; Liebert, James W.; Lonsdale, Carol J.; Monet, David G.; Price, Stephan; Seitzer, Patrick; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gizis, John E.; Howard, Elizabeth V.; Evans, Tracey E.; Fowler, John W.; Fullmer, Linda; Hurt, Robert L.; Light, Robert M.; Kopan, Eugene L.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; McCallon, Howard L.; Tam, Robert; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Wheelock, Sherry L. (1 February 2006). "The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)". *The Astronomical Journal*. **131** (2): 1163–1183. Bibcode:2006AJ....131.1163S. doi:10.1086/498708. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 18913331.
2. "NED results for object NGC 0255". National Aeronautics and Space Administration / Infrared Processing and Analysis Center. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
3. "NGC 255". *SIMBAD*. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
4. Seligman, Courtney. "New General Catalogue objects: NGC 250 - 299". *cseligman.com*. Retrieved 25 June 2017.

## InfoBox

| NGC 255 | |
| --- | --- |
| NGC 255 with DECam | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Cetus |
| Right ascension | 00h 47m 47.309s |
| Declination | −11° 28 07.31 |
| Redshift | 0.005287 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 1585 km/s |
| Distance | 59.16 ± 4.75 Mly (18.140 ± 1.457 Mpc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 11.70 |
| Apparent magnitude (B) | 12.5 |
| Absolute magnitude (V) | 19.59 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | SAB(rs)bc |
| Size | 53,200 ly (16,310 pc) |
| Apparent size (V) | 3.0 × 2.5 |
| Other designations | |
| MGC -02-03-017, PGC 2802 | |


title: Gilbert G. Groud

abstract: Gilbert G. Groud is a painter, illustrator and author from Toulépleu, Côte d'Ivoire.

text:
# Gilbert G. Groud

**Gilbert G. Groud** (born 1956) is a painter, illustrator and author from Toulépleu, Côte d'Ivoire.

## Biography

He was born around 1956 in a little village close to Toulépleu in Côte d'Ivoire. He had 23 siblings, not all of whom were born to the same mother since his father was polygamous. 7 siblings were of the same mother.

He attended primary school in his home village. His high school was in the city.

1979 he began his studies of art at the *Institut Nationale des Arts* in Abidjan. He specialised on communication. His Master's thesis was on the topic of "magie noire" (black magic).

Due to this paper he created the trilogy "Magie Noire", of which the first book was published in 2003 and the second in 2008. The comic book speaks about black magic and marabouts in West-Africa. Because of this and other comic books, the other books were published in small quantities in the Ivory Coast, the Ivorian Ministry of Culture also accepts Groud as an important artist of the 21st century.

Since 2006 Groud has lived as a refugee in Switzerland.

## Civil involvement

In his book "Magie Noire" Groud speaks openly against the practise of black magic in Africa. He believes that black magic and other traditions were used to stabilize the current social system. In the modern Africa clinging to the old traditions would have an ill effect on the modern society leading to poverty and wars.

Groud is active against the military use of children in his homeland Ivory Coast and the world in general. He is working on the preparation of several exhibitions and writes a comic book about the topic to increase awareness on the topic. One of the pictures of the exhibition he has released on creative commons license in the hope, it will be also used in fighting the use of children in the war.

The artist rejects the tradition of female genital mutilation, that was and in parts is widely practised among his people, as being harmful and against the human rights. In December 2006 the artist hosted an exhibition and party to raise funds for projects against this tradition, chief among which was an illustrated book aimed at the parents, explaining why this tradition is harmful.

## Bibliography

* Groud, Gilbert G. *Magie Noire*. Albin Michel, 2003 (ISBN 2-226-13642-8)

## Sources

Media related to Gilbert G. Groud at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Gilbert G. Groud | |
| --- | --- |
| *Gilbert G. Groud* October 2006 in Switzerland | |
| Born | 1956<br>Toulépleu, Côte d'Ivoire |
| Occupation(s) | Painter, illustrator, author |


title: Wernshausen

abstract: Wernshausen is a part of Schmalkalden in the district Schmalkalden-Meiningen, in Thuringia, Germany. Until December 2008, when it was merged into Schmalkalden, it was an independent municipality.

text:
# Wernshausen

**Wernshausen** is a part of Schmalkalden in the district Schmalkalden-Meiningen, in Thuringia, Germany. Until December 2008, when it was merged into Schmalkalden, it was an independent municipality.

## InfoBox

| Wernshausen | |
| --- | --- |
| Village of Schmalkalden | |
| Wernshausen | |
|  | |
| Location of Wernshausen | |
| Wernshausen Wernshausen | |
| Coordinates: 50°43′N 10°21′E / 50.717°N 10.350°E / 50.717; 10.350 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Thuringia |
| District | Schmalkalden-Meiningen |
| Town | Schmalkalden |
| Area | |
| Total | 26.29 km2 (10.15 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 257 m (843 ft) |
| Population (2006-12-31) | |
| Total | 3,073 |
| Density | 120/km2 (300/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 98590 |
| Dialling codes | 036848 |
| Website | wernshausen.de |


title: Urban Ecosystems

abstract: Urban Ecosystems is an peer-reviewed bimonthly transformative international scientific journal published by Springer. The journal is interdisciplinary, with its articles covering relationships "between socioeconomic and ecological structures and processes in urban environments." Associated with the Society for Urban Ecology, the journal was established in 1997. Additionally, the journal undergoes a hybrid publishing method.

text:
# Urban Ecosystems

***Urban Ecosystems*** is an peer-reviewed bimonthly transformative international scientific journal published by Springer.

The journal is interdisciplinary, with its articles covering relationships "between socioeconomic and ecological structures and processes in urban environments." Associated with the Society for Urban Ecology, the journal was established in 1997. Additionally, the journal undergoes a hybrid publishing method.

## InfoBox

*Urban Ecosystems*
| Discipline | Multidisciplinary
Ecology
Urban studies |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Michael McKinney
Chi Yung Jim |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1997–present |
| Publisher | Springer (International) |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Open access | Hybrid |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Urban Ecosyst.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1083-8155 (print)
1573-1642 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 97643340 |
| OCLC no. | 32891255 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Marge Carey

abstract: Margery Carey, MBE was a British trade unionist and served as President of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW) from 1997 to 2006.

text:
# Marge Carey

**Margery Carey**, MBE (14 October 1938 – 23 January 2012) was a British trade unionist and served as President of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (USDAW) from 1997 to 2006.

## Early life

Carey was born in Middlesbrough, although her family soon moved to Liverpool.

Carey joined the USDAW in 1972, whilst working at Vernons Pools, and was appointed as an area organiser in 1978. She was promoted to Divisional Officer for the union's North West region in February 1990 and continued in that position until she retired in 2001. She was elected President of the USDAW from 1997 until 2006.

She also served as a member of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress from 1998 until 2006 and was awarded an MBE in 1998 "for services to industrial relations".

After retiring, Carey was diagnosed with motor neurone disease and became active in the Merseyside branch of the Motor Neurone Disease Association, serving as a branch committee member. She died of motor neurone disease on 23 January 2012, aged 73.

1. *England and Wales, Death Index, 2007-2015*
2. Hannett, J. 'Marge Carey MBE', *Network* March/April 2012 pg.8
3. "Union mourns the loss of former Usdaw President Marge Carey MBE"; retrieved 8 February 2012
4. "In ToUCh: Issue 5 2011/12" Archived 2012-02-11 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved 8 February 2012
5. Tribute to Marge Carey, 8 February 2012


title: Marguerite Stocker

abstract: Marguerite Ellen-Gaudin Stocker MBE was governor of HM Prison Askham Grange in Yorkshire from 1959 until her retirement in 1967.

text:
# Marguerite Stocker

**Marguerite Ellen-Gaudin Stocker** MBE (2 March 1901 – July 1992) was governor of HM Prison Askham Grange in Yorkshire from 1959 until her retirement in 1967.

## Early life

Marguerite Stocker was born in Jersey to Walter Arthur and Louisa Jane Stocker (née Gaudin) on 2 March 1901.

She attended Jersey Ladies' College, now Jersey College for Girls. She left school in the summer of 1918.

Marguerite's sister was Chief Commander Kathleen Gaudin Stocker in the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) and was recognised for her service by the award of Military Division of the Order of the British Empire, 1945.

## Career

In September 1918 Stocker became an apprentice engineer at Galloway Engineering Co. in Tongland near Kirkcudbright, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. The Tongland factory was set up by Thomas Pullinger for manufacture of aero engines during World War One. The factory advertised professional training for female engineers, beyond usual war work, and was described as "a fine university for women engineers".

Stocker wrote about her experiences at Galloway Engineering Co in the Tongland factory's works magazine *The Limit*, under the name "M.E.G.S.", including "New Girl's Impression" in March 1919, "Monday-itis" in September 1919, and "A Lament" in February 1920. In 1922, having left Tongland, Stocker described her "two and a half years' course of engineering" in the Jersey Ladies' College "Past and Present Review".

During World War Two, Stocker served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) at the rank of 2nd Subaltern.

In 1957 Stocker was appointed as governor of Hill Hall women's prison in Essex, on the death of the previous governor, Joan Wilson, formerly of the Women's Prison Manchester. In 1959 Stocker became governor of Askham Grange women's prison in Yorkshire, which operated on open prison conditions. She succeeded Joanna Kelley, who left to become governor of HM Prison Holloway.

Stocker contributed her expertise as a prison governor to an article on "Correctional Systems and National Values" in 1960.

She was a guest at the 6th Annual Women of the Year lunch at the Savoy Hotel in London in October 1960, alongside Margaret Thatcher

Stocker was awarded the honour of Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours of June 1965.

In October 1976 Stocker was interviewed by Caroline Parsons on *BBC Woman's Hour* about her days as a prison governor.

1. "Ancestry". *www.ancestry.co.uk*. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
2. "JCG Alumnae". *Dropbox*. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
3. Metcalfe, Nick (2017). "HONOURS AND AWARDS TO THE AUXILIARY TRANSPORT SERVICE" (PDF).
4. "SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 19 APRIL, 1945" (PDF). 1945.
5. Hume, John R. (1979). *Beardmore : the history of a Scottish industrial giant*. Moss, Michael S. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0435325892. OCLC 5800794.
6. Clarsen, Georgine (2003-09-01). "'a fine university for women engineers': a Scottish munitions factory in world war I". *Women's History Review*. **12** (3): 333–356. doi:10.1080/09612020300200363. ISSN 0961-2025. S2CID 144837053.
7. Archives of *The Limit* (subtitled "A record of our unlimited talent") are held by the National Trust for Scotland at Broughton House in Kirkcudbright
8. "Supplement to the London Gazette" (PDF). *The London Gazette*. 12 August 1941. p. 4659. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
9. Kamm, Josephine (2013-10-16). *Indicative Past: A Hundred Years of the Girls' Public Day School Trust*. Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 9781134531677.
10. Smith, Ann D (1962). *Women In Prison, A Study in Penal Methods*. London: Stevens and Sons. pp. 179.
11. "Coventry Evening Telegraph". 13 October 1959.
12. Hayner, Norman S. (1962). "Correctional Systems and National Values". *The British Journal of Criminology*. **3** (2): 163–170. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048589. ISSN 0007-0955. JSTOR 23634848.
13. "Who else would you be? Women of the Year name their choice". *Yorkshire Post*. 7 October 1960. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
14. "Supplement to the London Gazette" (PDF). 12 June 1965. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
15. "BBC Radio 4 FM – 1 October 1976 – Woman's Hour". *The Radio Times* (2759): 65. 1976-09-23. Retrieved 2019-06-09.

## InfoBox

| Marguerite Stocker | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1901-03-02)2 March 1901<br>Jersey |
| Died | July 1992(1992-07-00) (aged 91) |
| Known for | governor of HM Prison Askham Grange |


title: Utricularia spinomarginata

abstract: Utricularia spinomarginata is a terrestrial lithophytic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. It is endemic to the northern Thailand province of Phitsanulok on Phu Soi Dao, where it is only known from the type locality. It grows on wet cliffs at altitudes around 2,000 m (6,562 ft). Utricularia spinomarginata is easily distinguished from other members of section Phyllaria by its deeply dissected yellow-white to pink-white 5-lobed corollas and the marginal spine-like hairs on the obovoid seeds. It has been found growing in the presence of U. phusoidaoensis. It was first formally described by Piyakaset Suksathan and John Adrian Naicker Parnell in 2010 from collections made by Suksathan in 2007.

text:
# Utricularia spinomarginata

***Utricularia spinomarginata*** is a terrestrial lithophytic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus *Utricularia*. It is endemic to the northern Thailand province of Phitsanulok on Phu Soi Dao, where it is only known from the type locality. It grows on wet cliffs at altitudes around 2,000 m (6,562 ft). *Utricularia spinomarginata* is easily distinguished from other members of section *Phyllaria* by its deeply dissected yellow-white to pink-white 5-lobed corollas and the marginal spine-like hairs on the obovoid seeds. It has been found growing in the presence of *U. phusoidaoensis*. It was first formally described by Piyakaset Suksathan (of the Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden) and John Adrian Naicker Parnell (of Trinity College, Dublin) in 2010 from collections made by Suksathan in 2007.

* Mara Guerini (June 2011). "2010: new species of Carnivorous Plants" (PDF). *AIPC Magazine*. **2** (22). Italian Carnivorous Plants Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2012.

## InfoBox

| *Utricularia spinomarginata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lentibulariaceae |
| Genus: | *Utricularia* |
| Subgenus: | *Utricularia* subg. *Bivalvaria* |
| Section: | *Utricularia sect. Phyllaria* |
| Species: | ***U. spinomarginata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utricularia spinomarginata***<br>Suksathan & J.Parn. | |
|


title: Utricularia stellaris

abstract: Utricularia stellaris is a medium to large sized suspended aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. stellaris is native to Africa, tropical Asia, and northern Australia.

text:
# Utricularia stellaris

***Utricularia stellaris*** is a medium to large sized suspended aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus *Utricularia*. *U. stellaris* is native to Africa, tropical Asia, and northern Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Utricularia stellaris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lentibulariaceae |
| Genus: | *Utricularia* |
| Subgenus: | *Utricularia* subg. *Utricularia* |
| Section: | *Utricularia sect. Utricularia* |
| Species: | ***U. stellaris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utricularia stellaris***<br>L.f. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hamulia flava* Raf. * *Lepiactis stellaris* (L.f.) Raf. * *U. flexuosa* var. *parviflora* Kamiénski * \[*U. foliosa* Kamiénski\] * *U. inflexa* var. *stellaris* (L.f.) P.Taylor * *U. macrocarpa* Wall. * \[*U. muelleri* Kamiénski 1902\] * *U. stellaris* var. *breviscapa* Kamiénski * *U. stellaris* var. *coromandeliana* A.DC. * *U. stellaris* var. *dilatata* Kamiénski * *U. stellaris* var. *filiformis* Kamiénski * *U. trichoschiza* Stapf | |


title: Utricularia spruceana

abstract: Utricularia spruceana is a small, affixed subaquatic or terrestrial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. It is native to South America with distributions in Brazil and Venezuela. Peter Taylor had reduced this species to a synonym under U. resupinata in 1967 because the only difference between the specimens he examined at the time was the smaller size of U. spruceana. Other collections were made of both species after that publication and Taylor reestablished U. spruceana based on these collections that displayed distinct differences between the species.

text:
# Utricularia spruceana

***Utricularia spruceana*** is a small, affixed subaquatic or terrestrial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus *Utricularia* (family Lentibulariaceae). It is native to South America with distributions in Brazil and Venezuela. Peter Taylor had reduced this species to a synonym under *U. resupinata* in 1967 because the only difference between the specimens he examined at the time was the smaller size of *U. spruceana*. Other collections were made of both species after that publication and Taylor reestablished *U. spruceana* based on these collections that displayed distinct differences between the species.

## InfoBox

| *Utricularia spruceana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lentibulariaceae |
| Genus: | *Utricularia* |
| Subgenus: | *Utricularia* subg. *Utricularia* |
| Section: | *Utricularia sect. Lecticula* |
| Species: | ***U. spruceana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utricularia spruceana***<br>Benth. ex Oliv. 1860 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Lecticula spruceana* (Benth. ex Oliver) Barnhart 1916 | |


title: Wisconsin Library Association

abstract: The Wisconsin Library Association (WLA), is a Wisconsin, United States non-profit, professional membership organization which has existed since 1891. WLA represents nearly 2000 members statewide --- primarily librarians and library staff from school, public, academic, and special libraries, in addition to students, trustees and library Friends. Because of its broad membership base, WLA is concerned with the needs of all types of libraries in the state. Based in Madison, Wisconsin, WLA is a chapter of the American Library Association.

text:
# Wisconsin Library Association

The **Wisconsin Library Association** (WLA), is a Wisconsin, United States non-profit, professional membership organization which has existed since 1891. WLA represents nearly 2000 members statewide --- primarily librarians and library staff from school, public, academic, and special libraries, in addition to students, trustees and library Friends. Because of its broad membership base, WLA is concerned with the needs of all types of libraries in the state. Based in Madison, Wisconsin, WLA is a chapter of the American Library Association.

## Programs and services

* Conferences and workshops on a wide range of library issues
* Networking and leadership opportunities available within more than 20 special interest units, including the Wisconsin Library Trustee & Friends; Association of Wisconsin Special Librarians; Wisconsin Association of Public Libraries; and the Wisconsin Association of Academic Librarians
* Awards and scholarship programs
* Online Membership Directory, listing approximately 2,000 members, plus other library community contacts

## History

In 1882, Theresa West Elmendorf, Deputy Librarian of the Milwaukee Public Library, became the first member of the American Library Association from Wisconsin. After attending the 1890 American Library Association conference and learning of the creation of state library associations in some Eastern states, she returned to Wisconsin and began promoting a Wisconsin state library association. This idea came to fruition on February 11, 1891, when she, along with Reuben Gold Thwaites, Edward Asahel Birge (Madison Public Library Board member), and Frank Avery Hutchins, gathered in the office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction to organize the Wisconsin Library Association.

The WLA and its successor, the Wisconsin Free Library Commission (WLFC) established in 1895, were the main bodies promoting the establishment and improvement of public libraries in Wisconsin, seeing libraries as essential to the intellectual and moral development of children and young adults.

Today's Wisconsin Library Association consists of over 2000 members who represent many kinds of libraries and library staff, including public, academic, school, and special libraries, as well as friends of the library, trustees, and other community members and corporate library supporters.

## Publications

The WLA publishes a quarterly newsletter (January, April, July, and October) that reflects the purposes and responsibilities of the association and reports the activities and developments of the library profession in addition to keeping members informed about the organization’s current activities and initiatives. Other WLA communications include e-news reports, blog postings, Twitter updates, and online bulletin boards.

1. Library Legislative Day. Retrieved July 18, 2009
2. Wisconsin Educational Media & Technology Association. Retrieved July 18, 2009
3. Wisconsin Library Heritage Center Hall of Fame Inductees. Retrieved July 5, 2009
4. Wisconsin Library Heritage Center Hall of Fame Inductees. Retrieved July 5, 2009
5. Wisconsin Library Heritage Center Hall of Fame Inductees. Retrieved July 5, 2009


title: Wernstein am Inn

abstract: Wernstein am Inn is a municipality in the district of Schärding in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

text:
# Wernstein am Inn

**Wernstein am Inn** (Central Bavarian: *Weanstoa*) is a municipality in the district of Schärding in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

## Geography

Wernstein lies in the Innviertel. About 21 percent of the municipality is forest, and 67 percent is farmland.

## InfoBox

| Wernstein am Inn *Weanstoa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Wernstein am InnLocation within Austria | |
| Coordinates: 48°30′31″N 13°27′37″E / 48.50861°N 13.46028°E / 48.50861; 13.46028 | |
| Country | Austria |
| State | Upper Austria |
| District | Schärding |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Johann Mayr (ÖVP) |
| Area | |
| Total | 16.52 km2 (6.38 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 319 m (1,047 ft) |
| Population (2018-01-01) | |
| Total | 1,566 |
| Density | 95/km2 (250/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 4783 |
| Area code | 07713 |
| Vehicle registration | SD |
| Website | www.wernstein.at |


title: Giulio Chiarugi

abstract: Giulio Chiarugi was an Italian anatomist and embryologist. He was one of the founders of experimental embryology in Italy and wrote a landmark treatise on embryology, Trattato di embriologia (1944). He also founded the zoological journal Monitore Zoológico Italiano in 1890.

text:
# Giulio Chiarugi

**Giulio Chiarugi** (28 January 1859 – 17 March 1944) was an Italian anatomist and embryologist. He was one of the founders of experimental embryology in Italy and wrote a landmark treatise on embryology, *Trattato di embriologia* (1944). He also founded the zoological journal *Monitore Zoológico Italiano* in 1890.

## Life and work

Chiarugi was born in Castelletto di Chiusdino, Siena to craftsman Pietro and Elisa from Puglia. Educated at Siena, he studied medicine briefly there before moving to Turin to graduate in 1882. He took an interest anatomical research at the anatomical institute under Guglielmo Romiti. He succeeded Romiti in 1886 and in 1888 became a professor of anatomy at the University of Siena. In 1890 he moved to the University of Florence to succeed Alessandro Tafani. Chiarugi worked at the intersection of zoology, embryology, and anatomy. He founded the interdisciplinary journal *Monitore Zoológico Italiano* in 1890 along with Eugenio Ficalbi*,* and in 1910 it became the journal of the Unione Zoológica Italiana and in 1929 of the Società Italiana di Anatomí. It is now known by the title *Ethology Ecology & Evolution*. He was Dean of medicine from 1891-92 until 1923-24 when he became rector. He resigned in 1924. One of his major findings was that the embryological development of the heart, noting that pulsations began very early in embryonic development. Another study was on the size of brains of Italians. Chiarugi influenced several Italian anatomists including Lorenzo Bianchi, Luigi Castaldi, Ciardi-Dupré, Livini, and Rutilio Staderini.

In June 1900 he was elected to the Parliament in Siena as a member of the Radical Party and one of his actions was to reduce the work hours of hospital nurses. He was a councilor for the city of Florence in 1909 and became a mayor of the city for 1909–1910. His son Alberto Chiarugi (1901-1960) became a noted botanist.


title: Uromastyx dispar flavifasciata

abstract: Uromastyx dispar flavifasciata is a subspecies of spiny-tailed lizard belonging to the family Agamidae. It is found in rocky, arid and desert habitats in North Africa, its range including parts of Algeria, Mali and Niger. While sometimes considered a separate species, other treat it as a subspecies of Uromastyx dispar. This is a medium, desert-adapted species for the genus, with an average length of around 50 cm. This lizard is usually beige or green-brown with patterns on their backs and a characteristic tail. They nurture morning dew or the moisture from their burrows, and they can survive severe drought periods.

text:
# Uromastyx dispar flavifasciata

***Uromastyx dispar flavifasciata*** is a subspecies of spiny-tailed lizard belonging to the family Agamidae. It is found in rocky, arid and desert habitats in North Africa, its range including parts of Algeria, Mali and Niger. While sometimes considered a separate species, other treat it as a subspecies of *Uromastyx dispar*.

This is a medium, desert-adapted species for the genus, with an average length of around 50 cm. This lizard is usually beige or green-brown with patterns on their backs and a characteristic tail. They nurture morning dew or the moisture from their burrows, and they can survive severe drought periods.

## InfoBox

| *Uromastyx dispar flavifasciata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Iguania |
| Family: | Agamidae |
| Genus: | *Uromastyx* |
| Species: | *U. dispar* |
| Subspecies: | ***U. d. flavifasciata*** |
| Trinomial name | |
| ***Uromastyx dispar flavifasciata***<br>Mertens, 1962 | |


title: Mr. Lu Xun

abstract: Mr. Lu Xun by Zhang Dinghuang was the first comprehensive critique of Lu Xun's writings, published in Contemporary Review. Zhang (1895–1986) was an influential writer, translator and reviewer in the vernacular Chinese literature movement of the 1920s and 1930s.

text:
# Mr. Lu Xun

**Mr. Lu Xun** (Chinese: 鲁迅先生) by Zhang Dinghuang was the first comprehensive critique of Lu Xun's writings, published in *Contemporary Review*. Zhang (1895–1986) was an influential writer, translator and reviewer in the vernacular Chinese literature movement of the 1920s and 1930s.

## Brief Summary

"Mr. Lu Xun" is a two part review of all Lu's writings. It was published in two parts in the journal "Contemporary Review (现代评论)", 1925 January 24 and 31 issues. Zhang used a wealth of material to create images of Lu Xun's works. He compared and contrasted those with late Qing dynasty traditional wenyan classical writings. With this analysis and comparison, he concluded there are "two different languages, two kinds of feelings, and two different worlds". This became a defining image of Lu Xun's works. Zhang Dinghuang also appreciated Lu's "calm" 冷静. He said of Lu Xun's writing: "First, it is calm; second, it is calm; and third, it is calm." This came to be known as the "3 calms" 三个冷静 of Lu Xun. Zhang's writing of this review was both beautiful and lively, a rarity for critical reviews. He attached great importance to objectivity while writing reviews. At the end of the review, he related a story from Anatole France to remind the reader that a review critiques the writing objectively and not the writer personally.

Zhang Mengyang 张梦阳 of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences published an essay "A Century of the Study of Lu Xun" 2012-11-21 in which he says about "Mr. Lu Xun", "This review is without doubt the first substantial essay about Lu Xun. It shaped the initial impression of his writings. The most important and the deepest contribution is the accurate description of the general spiritual and cultural transition represented by Lu Xun. For example upon reading 'A Madman's Diary' 狂人日记 we move from the shadows of candlelight into the bright summer sun. We go from the middle ages to today's world. Zhang Dinghuang accurately sensed Lu Xun's implicit meaning and vividly, accurately conveys it. Zhang thus established a historic place for Lu Xun's anthology 'Scream' 呐喊. Zhang was the first to recognize Lu Xun writings as the literary instruments of change from a medieval world to a contemporary one. He was a pioneering critic to establish the significance of this epochal transition. "

"Contemporary review" (Chinese magazine), 1925 January 24 and 31 issues.

* Spence, Jonathan D. *The Search for Modern China*, W.W. Norton and Company. (1999). ISBN 0-393-97351-4. Good general background about the literary scene during the Early Republic of China period.
* Feng, Liping (April 1996). "Democracy and Elitism: The May Fourth Ideal of Literature". Modern China (Sage Publications, Inc.) 22 (2): 170–196. ISSN 0097-7004. JSTOR 189342.


title: Melt (manufacturing)

abstract: Melt is the working material in the steelmaking process, in making glass, and when forming thermoplastics. In thermoplastics, melt is the plastic in its forming temperature, which can vary depending on how it is being used. For steelmaking, it refers to steel in liquid form.

text:
# Melt (manufacturing)

**Melt** is the working material in the steelmaking process, in making glass, and when forming thermoplastics. In thermoplastics, melt is the plastic in its forming temperature, which can vary depending on how it is being used. For steelmaking, it refers to steel in liquid form.

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Whelan, Tony (1994), *Polymer Technology Dictionary*, Springer, ISBN 0-412-58180-9.
* Davis, Joseph R. (1992), *ASM Materials Engineering Dictionary*, ASM International, ISBN 0-87170-447-1.


title: West Texas High School

abstract: West Texas High School is a public high school in Stinnett, Texas (USA). In 1987 three great schools and communities, Plemons, Stinnett and Phillips joined forces to create the Plemons-Stinnett-Phillips Consolidated Independent School District. Three mascots, the Plemons Indians, Stinnett Rattlers and the Phillips Blackhawks were blended together to create the Comanches. The campuses of the district, West Texas Elementary School, West Texas Middle School and West Texas High School are all united as Comanches. The school is classified as a 2A school by the UIL. In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

text:
# West Texas High School

**West Texas High School** is a public high school in Stinnett, Texas (USA). In 1987 three great schools and communities, Plemons, Stinnett and Phillips joined forces to create the Plemons-Stinnett-Phillips Consolidated Independent School District. Three mascots, the Plemons Indians, Stinnett Rattlers and the Phillips Blackhawks were blended together to create the Comanches. The campuses of the district, West Texas Elementary School, West Texas Middle School and West Texas High School are all united as Comanches. The school is classified as a 2A school by the UIL. In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

## Athletics

The West Texas Comanches compete in these sports

### State Titles

* One Act Play -
    + 1994(2A), 1997(2A), 1998(2A)

2A Boys Basketball State Championship \**2018

## InfoBox

| West Texas High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 600 South Stewart Street
Stinnett, Texas 79083-3440
United States | |
| Coordinates | 35°49′35″N 101°26′57″W / 35.826290°N 101.449076°W / 35.826290; -101.449076 |
| Information | |
| School type | Public high school |
| Motto | Tu'Wee |
| Established | 1987 |
| School district | Plemons-Stinnett-Phillips Consolidated Independent School District |
| Principal | Shawn Jones |
| Teaching staff | 28.56 (FTE) |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Enrollment | 206 (2018–19) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 7.21 |
| Color(s) |
Scarlet, Tan & Gold |
| Athletics conference | UIL Class AA |
| Mascot | Comanche |
| Website | West Texas High School website |


title: Nasalapur

abstract: Nasalapur is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Raybag taluk of Belgaum district in Karnataka.

text:
# Nasalapur

**Nasalapur**  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Raybag taluk of Belgaum district in Karnataka.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Nasalapur had a population of 5524 with 2845 males and 2679 females.

## InfoBox

| Nasalapur | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| NasalapurLocation in Karnataka, IndiaNasalapurNasalapur (India) | |
| Coordinates: 16°29′N 74°47′E / 16.48°N 74.78°E / 16.48; 74.78 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Belgaum |
| Talukas | Raybag |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 5,524 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Nabbingo

abstract: Nabbingo is a hill in Wakiso District in the Buganda Region of Uganda. The hill rises 1,178 metres (3,865 ft) above sea level. The name "Nabbingo", also applies to the village that occupies the hill and the schools and churches that are located there.

text:
# Nabbingo

**Nabbingo** is a hill in Wakiso District in the Buganda Region of Uganda. The hill rises 1,178 metres (3,865 ft) above sea level. The name "Nabbingo", also applies to the village that occupies the hill and the schools and churches that are located there.

## Location

Nabbingo is one of the villages in Nabbingo Parish, Nsangi sub-county, in Busiro County, in Wakiso District. Nabbingo is located along the Kampala–Masaka Road, approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi), south-west of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The geographical coordinates of Nabbingo are: 0°17'24.0"N, 32°28'41.0"E (Latitude:0.290000; Longitude:32.478056).

## Points of interest

The most prominent points of interest in Nabbingo are the Roman Catholic Church at the Top of the hill and Trinity College Nabbingo, established by the White Fathers in 1942. The Nabbingo Catholic Parish Church is administered under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala.

Closer to the Masaka Highway, there are a couple of Pentecostal churches, an internet cafe, a hardware store and a couple of motels.

00°17′24″N 32°28′41″E / 0.29000°N 32.47806°E / 0.29000; 32.47806

## InfoBox

| Nabbingo | |
| --- | --- |
| . Nabbingo is found after Kyengera after Kampala City before Nsangi. | |
| NabbingoLocation in Uganda | |
| Coordinates: 00°17′24″N 32°28′41″E / 0.29000°N 32.47806°E / 0.29000; 32.47806 | |
| Country | Uganda |
| Region | Central Region |
| District | Wakiso District |
| Elevation | 3,865 ft (1,178 m) |


title: Nephi Anderson

abstract: Christian Nephi Anderson was a prominent Utah novelist and member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. A prolific writer of the "Home Literature" period of LDS fiction, Anderson published ten novels including the bestselling Added Upon (1898), as well as short stories, poetry, essays, and a history of the Church for young people.

text:
# Nephi Anderson

**Christian Nephi Anderson** (January 22, 1865 – January 6, 1923) was a prominent Utah novelist and member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). A prolific writer of the "Home Literature" period of LDS fiction, Anderson published ten novels including the bestselling *Added Upon* (1898), as well as short stories, poetry, essays, and a history of the Church for young people.

## Family and church life

Anderson was born in Christiania (modern Oslo), Norway on 22 January 1865. His parents, Christian and Petronella Nielson, had joined the LDS Church only a few years before his birth and in 1871 they emigrated to Utah Territory, United States. They settled first in Coalsville and later in Ogden.

In 1886, Anderson married Asenath Tillotson and began a teaching career in Ogden and Brigham City. From 1891 to 1893, he served a mission for the LDS Church in his birth country of Norway and resumed teaching upon returning. He served as Superintendent of Schools in Box Elder County, Utah, from 1900 to 1903. Asenath died in January 1904, having borne six children with Nephi (three of which survived to adulthood).

Just two months after his wife's death, Anderson left on his second mission for the church, this time to Great Britain, where under the direction of Heber J. Grant he became assistant editor of the LDS periodical *Millennial Star*. Returning to Utah in 1906, Anderson moved his family to Salt Lake City and secured a position as instructor of English and Missionary Studies at Latter-day Saints High School. In 1908, he married Maud Rebecca Symons, with whom he would have six more children.

After a short mission which involved his whole family moving to Independence, Missouri, and an assignment there as editor of another LDS periodical, *The Liahona*, Anderson was asked to come back to Utah and begin working as an editor and librarian with the Genealogical Society of Utah, replacing Joseph Fielding Smith, who had been called to the church's general leadership. In January, 1923, Anderson developed appendicitis and died on January 6 after an operation for the malady when he developed peritonitis. Speakers at his funeral included Heber J. Grant (LDS Church president, with whom Anderson had always remained close), George Albert Smith, Joseph Fielding Smith, John A. Widtsoe, Anthony W. Ivins, Rodger Clawson, and several other prominent LDS leaders of the period.

## Literary career

In a piece in *The Improvement Era* entitled "A Plea for Fiction" (1898), Anderson wrote of the Mormon experience—"What a field is here for the pen of the novelist." Although he is well known for his particular style of early LDS fiction, his first published book was the non-fiction title, *A Young Folks' History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints* (1889). In the early 1890s, Anderson began submitting short works to *The Contributor*.

He published his most recognized work, the novel *Added Upon*, in 1898, to wide acclaim and popularity. At his death, a local newspaper exclaimed that *Added Upon* had "been read by almost every person in \[Utah\]." During the last three decades of his life, Anderson would write ten novels and numerous short stories, all involving LDS characters and storyline.

### Publications

#### Novels

* *Added Upon* (1898)
    + The first and most popular novel written by Anderson. Originally published in 1898 by Deseret News Publishing Company and significantly enlarged and expanded in its fifth edition (1912), the book has never been out of print (its copyright expired in 2005, at which time it began to be re-printed by numerous online publishers). The story concerns several spirit children of God who move from the pre-existence, to mortal life, to their eternal reward, interacting with each other at each step. The novel influenced many subsequent Mormon works of literature, notably *Saturday's Warrior*.
* *Marcus King, Mormon* (1900)
* *The Castle Builder* \- serialized in the *Improvement Era* 1901-1902 and published as a novel in 1909.
* *Piney Ridge Cottage* (1912)
* *Story of Chester Lawrence* (1913)
* *A Daughter of the North* (1915)
* *John St. John* (1917)
* *Romance of a Missionary* serialized in the *Improvement Era* 1907-1908 published as a novel in 1919
* *The Boys of Springtown* (1920)
* *Dorian* (1921)
    + A critical edition with scholarly notes, commentary, and analysis edited by Eric W. Jepson was published by Peculiar Pages in 2015 (ISBN 9780991189229). It received the Special Award for Scholarly Publishing and was a finalist for the Criticism Award at the 2016 Association for Mormon Letters conference.

#### Novellas

* *Almina* published serially in *The Contributor* from November 1891 through May 1892
* *Beyond Arsareth* published serially in *Relief Society Magazine*" from October 1919 through July 1920

#### Non-fiction

#### Short stories

#### Poetry

1. Hales, Scott (5 September 2012). "President Heber J. Grant: Nephi Anderson's #1 Fan". *low-techworld.org*. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
2. "Nephi Anderson". *The Improvement Era*. **26** (4). Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: 373–375. February 1923. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
3. "Nephi Anderson Called by Death". *Box Elder News Journal*. Brigham City, Utah. 9 January 1923. p. 1.
4. "Nephi Anderson". *mappingliteraryutah.org*. Mapping Literary Utah. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
5. "2015 AML Award Winners". *Dawning of a Brighter Day*. 5 March 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2021.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nephi Anderson in 1902 | |
| Born | (1865-01-22)January 22, 1865
Christiania, Norway |
| Died | January 6, 1923(1923-01-06) (aged 57)
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States |
| Occupation |  |
| Nationality | Norwegian American |
| Period | 1889–1923 |
| Literary movement | LDS fiction, Home Literature |
| Notable works | *Added Upon*, *Dorian* |


title: Pyongyang Information Center

abstract: The Pyongyang Information Center (Korean: 평양정보센터) is a high-rise office skyscraper in Pyongyang, North Korea. Built in 1986, the tower stands at 139.9 meters tall and is divided into 42 floors. It is situated in the proximity of the Pothong River and the Ryugyong Hotel. The building represented the headquarters of the Pyongyang Information Center (PIC), a vital computer-based management center in North Korea and the home to software development center for Korea Computer Center (KCC). The tower resembles the 1970s and 1980s totalitarian architecture style very widespread and common in North Korea.

text:
# Pyongyang Information Center

The **Pyongyang Information Center** (Korean: 평양정보센터) is a high-rise office skyscraper in Pyongyang, North Korea. Built in 1986, the tower stands at 139.9 meters (459 ft) tall and is divided into 42 floors. It is situated in the proximity of the Pothong River and the Ryugyong Hotel. The building represented the headquarters of the Pyongyang Information Center (PIC), a vital computer-based management center in North Korea and the home to software development center for Korea Computer Center (KCC).

The tower resembles the 1970s and 1980s totalitarian architecture style very widespread and common in North Korea.

## InfoBox

| Pyongyang Information Center | |
| --- | --- |
| 평양정보센터 (Korean) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Type | Office |
| Location | Potonggang-guyok, Pyongyang |
| Town or city | Pyongyang |
| Country | North Korea |
| Coordinates | 39°02′09″N 125°43′39″E / 39.0357°N 125.7276°E / 39.0357; 125.7276 |
| Completed | 1986 |
| Height | 139.9 metres (459 ft) |
| Technical details | |
| Structural system | Concrete |
| Floor count | 42 |


title: Uromastyx geyri

abstract: Uromastyx geyri is a species of lizard belonging to the family Agamidae. The species is native to North Africa.

text:
# Uromastyx geyri

***Uromastyx geyri*** is a species of lizard belonging to the family Agamidae. The species is native to North Africa.

## Common names

Common names for *U. geyri* include **Geyr's dabb lizard**, **Geyr's spiny-tailed lizard**, the **Sahara mastigure**, the **Saharan spiny-tailed lizard**, the **Saharan yellow uromastyx**, and the **yellow Niger uromastyx**.

## Geographic range

*U. geyri* is found in parts of Algeria, Mali, and Niger.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of *U. geyri* is rocky desert, at altitudes of 500–2,000 m (1,600–6,600 ft).

## Etymology

The generic name, *Uromastyx*, is derived from the Ancient Greek words *ourá* (οὐρά) meaning "tail" and *mastiga* (μαστίγα) meaning "whip" or "scourge", after the thick-spiked tail characteristic of all *Uromastyx* species.

The specific name, *geyri*, is in honor of German zoologist Hans Geyr von Schweppenburg.

## Description

*U. geyri* is a relatively small, slender species for the genus, with an average total length (including tail) of around 34 cm (13 in). This lizard is usually beige or orange with lighter spots. It is one of the brightest-colored species of the genus *Uromastyx*. There are two phases of *U. geyri*, the "red" geyri and "yellow" geyri, color being their only difference. The red phase is often nearly solid reddish to neon pumpkin orange, and the yellow phase is in or near a neon-range. Females are a more pale color than the males, showing more tan variations of the coloring and much less belly coloring as well as less vivid patterns, most females having a simple "freckling" on the back. "Saharans" are medium-sized lizards, many averaging 11–14 in (28–36 cm) in total length, and weighing 250 grams (8.8 oz) or more as adults.

## Behavior

*U. geyri* is terrestrial and diurnal.

## Diet

*U. geyri* is predominately herbivorous.

## Reproduction

*U. geyri* is oviparous. An adult female may lay a clutch of as many as 20 eggs.

## Further reading

* Mertens R (1962). "*Bemerkungen über* Uromastyx acanthinurus *als Rassenkreis* ". *Senckenbergiana Biologica* **43**: 425–432. (*Uromastyx acanthinurus geyri*, new combination and new taxonomic status). (in German).
* Müller L (1922). "*Über eine neue Uromastix-Art aus der Zentral-Sahara* \[= About a new Uromastix species from the Central Sahara\]". *Naturwissenschaftlicher Beobachter, Frankfurt* **63**: 193-201. ("*Uromastix* \[sic\] *geyri* ", new species). (in German).
* Wilms T, Böhme W (2001). "*Revision der* Uromastyx acanthinura *– Artengruppe, mit Beschreibung einer nueuen Art aus der Zentralsahara (Reptilia: Sauria: Agamidae)*". *Zoologische Abhandlungen aus dem Staatlichen Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden* **51** (8): 73–104. (in German).

## InfoBox

| *Uromastyx geyri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Uromastyx geyri*, Saharan Uromastyx | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| CITES Appendix II (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Iguania |
| Family: | Agamidae |
| Genus: | *Uromastyx* |
| Species: | ***U. geyri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uromastyx geyri***
(L. Müller, 1922) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Uromastix geyri*
L. Müller, 1922 * *Uromastyx acanthinurus geyri*
Mertens, 1962 * *Uromastyx geyri*
Wilms & Böhme, 2001 | |


title: Mountain cacique

abstract:
The mountain cacique is a species of bird in the family Icteridae. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is sometimes split as:
  - Southern mountain cacique
  - Northern mountain cacique

text:
# Mountain cacique

The **mountain cacique** (***Cacicus chrysonotus***) is a species of bird in the family Icteridae. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

It is sometimes split as:

* **Southern mountain cacique** (*Cacicus (chrysonotus) chrysonotus*)
* **Northern mountain cacique** (*Cacicus (chrysonotus) leucoramphus*)

## InfoBox

| Mountain cacique | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Northern mountain cacique in Papallacta, Ecuador | |
|  | |
| Cacicus leucoramphus - Northern Mountain Cacique | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Icteridae |
| Genus: | *Cacicus* |
| Species: | ***C. chrysonotus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cacicus chrysonotus***
d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838 | |
|
|  | |
| Distribution map of Mountain Cacique. Green: *C. c. leucoramphus* and *C. c. peruvianus*; red: *C. c. chrysonotus.* | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Cacicus leucoramphus* (Bonaparte, 1844) | |