title: PTI foreign funding case

abstract: The PTI foreign funding case is a case against the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf where it obtained funds from Sheikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan, overseas Pakistanis and their companies. One of those overseas Pakistanis being the well known Pakistani Businessman Arif Naqvi who according to the Wall Street Journal had also provided funds to Nawaz Sharif and his colleagues. Islamabad High Court in its detailed judgement on 5 April 2023 pronounced not enough documentary evidence existed to implicate Imran Khan in the case.

text:
# PTI foreign funding case

**The PTI foreign funding case** is a case against the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf where it obtained funds from Sheikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan, overseas Pakistanis and their companies. One of those overseas Pakistanis being the well known Pakistani Businessman Arif Naqvi who according to the Wall Street Journal had also provided funds to Nawaz Sharif and his colleagues. Islamabad High Court in its detailed judgement on 5 April 2023 pronounced not enough documentary evidence existed to implicate Imran Khan in the case.

## Background

Akbar S. Babar, a former member of PTI had filed a petition in the Election Commission in 2014 against irregularities in party funds, on which the ECP's scrutiny committee held 96 hearings in the court. Babar had alleged that millions of dollars had been transferred to PTI bank accounts through two offshore companies and that the PTI had kept these bank accounts secret from the Election Commission.

## Election Commission Scrutiny Committee report

According to the 225-page report of the scrutiny committee set up by the Election Commission of Pakistan, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) disclosed 12 bank accounts in the Election Commission while keeping 53 accounts hidden. Besides, donations of more than Rs 31 crore have not been disclosed to the Election Commission. The PTI has shown only 12 bank accounts out of 77, while New Zealand and Canada accounts have not been accessed.

The report states that in 2008 and 2009, 2012 and 2013, the PTI made donations of Rs 1.33 billion to the Election Commission of Pakistan. The ECP was allegedly given incorrect information regarding the donations as the State Bank of Pakistan statement showed that PTI received donations of Rs 1.64 billion out of which Rs 31 crore were concealed.

### Verdict

On 2 August, 2022, the Election Commission of Pakistan said in its decision that the allegations of taking prohibited funds from overseas Pakistanis against the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf party of former Prime Minister Imran Khan have been proved. The Election Commission has issued a show-cause notice to PTI as to why these funds should not be confiscated and at the same time has announced to send the matter to the federal government. Tehreek-e-Insaf has announced to challenge this decision in court.

## Criticism

Imran Khan reacted to the judgement by saying that the funds were collected in 2012 by overseas Pakistanis and said that the law which prohibits funding was made in 2017 and that there is no law which bans funding from overseas Pakistanis.

Following the judgement, an overseas Pakistani Beenish Faridi who donated to the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, took the Election Commission of Pakistan to court for declaring her a non-Pakistani and her funding as foreign.

## InfoBox

| PTI foreign funding case | |
| --- | --- |
| Court | Election Commission of Pakistan |
| Decided | August 2, 2022 |
| Verdict | Proven |
| Defendant | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf |
| Plaintiff | Akbar S. Babar |


title: Ozarba acclivis

abstract: Ozarba acclivis is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Rudolf Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer in 1874. It is found Namibia and South Africa.

text:
# Ozarba acclivis

***Ozarba acclivis*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Rudolf Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer in 1874. It is found Namibia and South Africa.

* Felder, C.; Felder, R. & Rogenhofer, A. F. (1864–1875). *Reise der österreichischen Fregatte* Novara *um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair*. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Abtheilung 2, Heft 4, Lepidoptera. Atlas der Heterocera. 2:1–20, pls. 1–140.

## InfoBox

| *Ozarba acclivis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Ozarba* |
| Species: | ***O. acclivis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ozarba acclivis***<br>(R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Acontia acclivis* Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874 * *Microphysa perssoni* Wallengren, 1875 * *Acontiola acclivis* (R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) | |


title: Oxygen equivalent

abstract: Oxygen equivalent compares the relative amount of oxygen available for respiration at a variable pressure to that available at SATP. As external respiration depends on the exchange of gases due to partial pressures across a semipermeable membrane and normally occurs at SATP, an oxygen equivalent may aid in recognizing and managing variable oxygen availability during procedures such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy or medical air transport. It does so by expressing oxygen concentration as a ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen at a given altitude or pressure to Standard Atmospheric Pressure; rather than as a ratio of the PO2 at a given pressure to the total pressure of the gas mixture. The latter would generally be 0.2095, the atmospheric concentration by volume of O2, although FO2 and Patm vary for extraterrestrials. Calculations occur as follows: Let O2E be oxygen equivalent, FO2 be the fractional concentration of oxygen, Patm (generally 760 mmHg, barring intergalactic travel), Pb be the barometric pressure, and dP be the change in pressure at a given altitude. Then, O2E = FO2(Pb + dP)/ Patm It is worthwhile to note that pressures may often be expressed in units of distance such as feet when diving. For this, note that descending 33 ft in salt water or 33.9 ft in fresh water results in a change of 1 atm, so distance and pressure are used interchangeably in this context.

text:
# Oxygen equivalent

**Oxygen equivalent** compares the relative amount of oxygen available for respiration at a variable pressure to that available at SATP. As external respiration depends on the exchange of gases due to partial pressures across a semipermeable membrane and normally occurs at SATP, an oxygen equivalent may aid in recognizing and managing variable oxygen availability during procedures such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy or medical air transport.

It does so by expressing oxygen concentration as a ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen at a given altitude or pressure to Standard Atmospheric Pressure; rather than as a ratio of the PO2 at a given pressure to the total pressure of the gas mixture. The latter would generally be 0.2095, the atmospheric concentration by volume of O2, although FO2 and Patm vary for extraterrestrials. Calculations occur as follows:

Let O2E be oxygen equivalent, FO2 be the fractional concentration of oxygen, Patm (generally 760 mmHg, barring intergalactic travel), Pb be the barometric pressure, and dP be the change in pressure at a given altitude. Then,

O2E = FO2(Pb \+ dP)/ Patm

It is worthwhile to note that pressures may often be expressed in units of distance such as feet when diving. For this, note that descending 33 ft in salt water or 33.9 ft in fresh water results in a change of 1 atm, so distance and pressure are used interchangeably in this context.

* Williams, Paul. 'Lectures on Respiratory Physics'. Ed. J. Brown et al. (London, ON: FC, 2011).


title: PWS-26

abstract: The PWS-26 was a Polish advanced training aircraft, used from 1937 to 1939 by the Polish Air Force, constructed in the PWS. It was the second most numerous Polish pre-war aircraft, after the RWD-8.

text:
# PWS-26

The **PWS-26** was a Polish advanced training aircraft, used from 1937 to 1939 by the Polish Air Force, constructed in the PWS (*Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów* \- Podlasie Aircraft Factory). It was the second most numerous Polish pre-war aircraft, after the RWD-8.

## Design and development

The aircraft was a final development of a series: PWS-12, PWS-14 and PWS-16, designed in response to a Polish Air Force requirement for an advanced trainer. The chief designer was Augustyn Zdaniewski. The PWS-26 was a direct development of the PWS-16bis, sharing the same silhouette, being a more militarized variant - with strengthened construction, which allowed dive-bomber training. Contrary to its predecessors, the PWS-26 could be armed with a forward-shooting machine gun and practice bombs. It also had other improvements and was capable of aerobatics. A visual difference from the PWS-16bis were the canvas-covered struts of the landing gear.

The prototype was flown in 1935. After trials, its production started in 1936. By the outbreak of World War II in 1939, 310 had been built.

The PWS-26 was used in Polish military aviation from early 1937, becoming a standard type of advanced trainer for fighter pilots. It replaced most of the older PWS-14s, PWS-16s, PWS-18s (a licence-built Avro Tutor) and Bartel BM-5d's. They carried numbers starting with "81-". The PWS-26 was regarded as a successful aircraft, with good flight characteristics. During its Polish service, there were 10 fatal crashes, which was not a high number.

## Operational history

After the German invasion of Poland, some PWS-26s were used in liaison flights, three aircraft in each, assigned to Armies (basic equipment of liaison flights was the RWD-8). They were also used in improvised liaison units. At least 45 were used in combat units during the campaign in total. The PWS-26 was mostly used as a replacement aircraft.

According to a report by Jan Falkowski, on September 3, 1939, while flying a PWS-26, he made a chasing Bf 109 crash near Lublin, by performing low-level manoeuvres, but there was no confirmation from the Germans. A single PWS-26 and two RWD-8s of the Independent Operational Group Polesie, were the last Polish aircraft in the sky during the campaign. They were grounded by General Franciszek Kleeberg on October 2, 1939. Some Czech pilots flew these aircraft during the campaign on the Polish side. Account of Jan Falkowski of the above kill. "I was only 200 feet from the ground when I tried a trick. I put my plane into a dive, all the time watching one of the Germans who was trying to get on my tail. I did little twists and turns, not allowing the enemy to get me squarely in his sights. All the time we were getting closer and closer to the ground. I brought him to about 50 feet off the ground and in the last second, dived again, then immediately pulled into a left turn. I missed the ground by a scat 10 feet, I figured. The German wasn't so lucky." (account of Jan Falkowski causing the Bf 109 to crash, taken from his auto biography "With The Wind In My Face"). According however to Marius Emmerling, this victory can not be attributed to particular German losses.

Some PWS-26s were shot down by the Germans, at least one was shot down by the Soviets on September 19. A large number of PWS-26s were destroyed on the ground by the Germans or burned by the withdrawing Poles. At least two were evacuated to Romania and 20 or so Latvia. This latter group were captured by the Germans - in 1941. After repairing, 50 or so were sold to Romania, and in 1943 Romanian Air Force had 56 of them. In 1944 some of them, fitted with bomblets, were used for night attacks. Some were used in civilian aviation, and were used in Romania until the 1950s. Two were tested in Germany. A dozen or so were captured by the Soviets in Poland and also used by them for testing.

## Operators

Bulgaria  Germany  Poland  Romania  Soviet Union

## Surviving aircraft

Only one PWS-26 (Nr. 81-123) has survived. Captured by the Germans in September 1939, it was part of the German aviation museum, displayed with the Luftwaffe markings VG+AS. The aircraft was found in Poland after the war and used until 1953 by civilian operators with the markings SP-AJB. It is currently preserved in the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków.

## Specifications(PWS-26)

*Data from*

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 2
* **Length:** 7.03 m (23 ft 1 in)
* **Wingspan:** 9 m (29 ft 6 in)
* **Height:** 2.87 m (9 ft 5 in)
* **Wing area:** 25 m2 (270 sq ft)
* **Airfoil:** IAW-109 (PWS-B6, Goettingen 655) (14.2%)
* **Empty weight:** 885 kg (1,951 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 1,170 kg (2,579 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Avia-Wright J-5B Whirlwind 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 180 kW (240 hp)
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 201 km/h (125 mph, 109 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 172 km/h (107 mph, 93 kn)
* **Stall speed:** 78 km/h (48 mph, 42 kn) ~
* **Range:** 460 km (290 mi, 250 nmi)
* **Service ceiling:** 4,200 m (13,800 ft)
* **Rate of climb:** 4.1 m/s (810 ft/min)
* **Wing loading:** 48.4 kg/m2 (9.9 lb/sq ft)

**Armament**
1 x 7.92 mm machinegun, 2 x 12 kg bombs (optional)

**Related development**

### Notes

* Andrzej Glass: "Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze 1893-1939" (*Polish aviation construction 1893-1939*), WKiŁ, Warsaw 1977 (Polish language, no ISBN)
* Morgała, Andrzej (2003). *Samoloty wojskowe w Polsce 1924–1939* \[*Military aircraft in Poland 1924–1939*\] (in Polish). Warsaw: Bellona. ISBN 83-11-09319-9.

## InfoBox

| PWS-26 | |
| --- | --- |
| PWS-26 in the Polish Aviation Museum | |
| General information | |
| Type | Trainer aircraft |
| Manufacturer | PWS |
| Primary users | Polish Air Force Romanian Air Force |
| Number built | 310 |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1936-1939 |
| Introduction date | 1937 |
| First flight | 1935 |
| Retired | 1953 |
| Developed from | PWS-16 |


title: PWS-18

abstract: The PWS-18 was a Polish trainer aircraft, used from 1937 to 1939 by the Polish Air Force, a modified licence variant of the British Avro Tutor.

text:
# PWS-18

The **PWS-18** was a Polish trainer aircraft, used from 1937 to 1939 by the Polish Air Force, a modified licence variant of the British Avro Tutor.

## Development

In 1934, the Polish government, looking for an intermediate military trainer, bought two Avro Tutor trainer aircraft together with a licence to produce the aircraft. Production was ordered in the PWS (*Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów* \- Podlasie Aircraft Factory). In 1935, Antoni Uszacki of the PWS modified the design, fitting it with a Wright Whirlwind engine, produced under licence in Poland. The new engine cowling was much longer than the previous Townend ring type, with a carburetor air intake below it. The wing construction was changed from metal to wooden, better fitted to PWS capabilities, and the rectangular wing tips were rounded. Also some other details were changed, such as a tailskid instead of a tailwheel.

A series of 40 aircraft was built in 1935-1936 (1936-1937 according to some references). They were assigned military numbers 80-1 to 80-40. They were not produced in larger numbers because a successful indigenous Polish advanced trainer, the PWS-26, using the same engine, was designed and entered production.

## Operational history

PWS-18s were used in the Polish military aviation, among others in Airforce Training Center in Dęblin, an NCO school for minors in Bydgoszcz and in training escadres of air regiments. None survived World War II.

## Operators

Poland

## Specifications

*Data from* Poser - PWS - Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów  : PWS-50, Polish Aircraft 1893–1939

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 2
* **Length:** 8.02 m (26 ft 4 in)
* **Wingspan:** 10.97 m (36 ft 0 in)
* **Height:** 2.92 m (9 ft 7 in)
* **Wing area:** 29.2 m2 (314 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 900 kg (1,984 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 1,250 kg (2,756 lb)
* **Fuel capacity:** 150 L (40 US gal; 33 imp gal)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × PZL-Wright J-5B Whirlwind 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 160 kW (220 hp)
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed Szomański fixed-pitch propeller

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 200 km/h (120 mph, 110 kn) at sea level
* **Cruise speed:** 170 km/h (110 mph, 92 kn)
* **Stall speed:** 70 km/h (43 mph, 38 kn)
* **Range:** 465 km (289 mi, 251 nmi)
* **Service ceiling:** 4,950 m (16,240 ft)
* **Rate of climb:** 5 m/s (980 ft/min)
* **Time to altitude:** 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in 16 minutes 10 seconds
* **Wing loading:** 42.8 kg/m2 (8.8 lb/sq ft)
* **Power/mass:** 0.130 kW/kg (0.079 hp/lb)

**Armament**

* **Guns:** 1 x 7.92 mm (0.312 in) machinegun, pilot's or observer's (optional),
* **Bombs:** 2 x 12 kg (26 lb) bombs (optional)

**Related development**

**Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era**

## Further reading

* Domański, Jerzy (1991). "Samolot szkolno-treningowy PWS-18". *Żołnierz Polski* (in Polish). **1991** (5).
* Glass, Andrzej; Cieślak, Krzysztof (1985). *Samoloty i szybowce do 1939 roku* (Wyd. 1-e ed.). Warszawa, Poland: Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności. ISBN 83-206-0456-7.

## InfoBox

| PWS-18 | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Type | Trainer aircraft |
| Manufacturer | PWS |
| Primary user | Polish military aviation |
| Number built | 40 |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1935-1936 |
| Retired | 1939 |
| Developed from | Avro Tutor |


title: P-Rock

abstract: P-Rock TV was a UK-based music channel which played mostly music videos in the Punk and Ska genres. It also featured underground rap and hardcore artists. It was first set up in November 2002 by two South London-based businessmen on a marketing budget of £2,500, with no previous TV experience. The channel continued into 2003 when it was cancelled.

text:
# P-Rock

**P-Rock** TV was a UK-based music channel which played mostly music videos in the Punk and Ska genres. It also featured underground rap and hardcore artists. It was first set up in November 2002 by two South London-based businessmen on a marketing budget of £2,500, with no previous TV experience. The channel continued into 2003 when it was cancelled.

## Audience

The channel provided an alternative to the other rock-orientated music video channels around at the time. P-Rock played videos almost constantly, in contrast to channels such as MTV2 which often features interview segments in the form of talk shows and other such programming. Also, P-Rock provided an alternative to the other channels of similar nature, in the manner of the type of music that was played. The channel played lesser-known underground bands, as well as more popular acts. Also, there was much more focus on contemporary and classic punk rock than the metal and rock that Kerrang! featured heavily in its programming.

### Playlist

The channel's popularity relied partially upon the inclusion of popular artists among its track list. However, the playlist also featured a number of bands that rarely, if ever, had any time devoted to them on other channels, such as Farse. It mainly played US bands, but also included some UK bands, particularly more underground acts. Over the Christmas 2002 period, the channel notably played videos by Rancid, Lars Frederiksen and the Bastards, The Distillers, The Vandals, The Offspring, Tsunami Bomb, Jimmy Eat World and Reel Big Fish, as well as a number of artists on Drive Thru Records such as Allister and Homegrown. They later extended to underground rap-rock bands such as Cypress Hill and N.E.R.D. The channel also branched out and introduced less well known bands such as Good Riddance, Bouncing Souls, No Use for a Name and King Prawn.

### Programming

The channel managed a near non-stop stream of viewer-selected videos filled on the schedule, while there were features such as the Top 10 at weekends, or late at night. The channel also allowed itself to show some of the less savoury music videos at night that were banned from daytime showing, such as the gory video to the Misfits song "Scream".

### Complaints

Technical problems were rife during the channel's run, some of which being satellite failure and glitches in the videos.

### Cancellation

P-Rock's co-founder and financial backer Mark Shipman, has stated that lack of commitment by advertisers led to the decision to close the channel down, when in fact the channel was cartelled by both Viacom and E-map who, at the time, were the owners of all the other music channels on the Sky platform. Although it was receiving over 600,000 viewers a week around the time of closure, the reluctance of advertisers to risk losing spots on the other music channels meant p-rock.tv without adverts was no longer financially secure.

After its original cancellation, the channel resumed playing in May 2003 for a brief while but was later cancelled a second time. Before its final cancellation, the channel was put on a permanent technical failure notice, before being closed down for the final time.

## InfoBox

P-Rock
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Moon Ska Europe and Epitaph Europe (November 2002 to May 2003)<br>Video Interactive Television (June 2003) |
| History | |
| Launched | 2002–2003 |


title: Pabna Stadium

abstract: Pabna Stadium is located by the Circuit House, Pabna, Bangladesh.

text:
# Pabna Stadium

**Pabna Stadium**  is located by the *Circuit House*, Pabna, Bangladesh.

24°00′20.71″N 89°13′40.49″E / 24.0057528°N 89.2279139°E / 24.0057528; 89.2279139

## InfoBox

Pabna Stadium
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Pabna, Bangladesh |
| Owner | National Sports Council |
| Operator | National Sports Council |
| Surface | Grass |
| Tenants | |
| Pabna Cricket Team <br>Pabna Football Team | |


title: Pachybrachis brevicollis

abstract: Pachybrachis brevicollis is a species in the subfamily Cryptocephalinae, in the suborder Polyphaga. It is found in North America.

text:
# Pachybrachis brevicollis

***Pachybrachis brevicollis*** is a species in the subfamily Cryptocephalinae ("case-bearing leaf beetles"), in the suborder Polyphaga ("water, rove, scarab, long-horned, leaf and snout beetles"). It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Arnett, R. H. Jr., M. C. Thomas, P. E. Skelley and J. H. Frank. (eds.). (21 June 2002). *American Beetles, Volume II: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea*. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida ISBN 978-0-8493-0954-0.
* Arnett, Ross H. (2000). *American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico*. CRC Press.
* Richard E. White. (1983). *Peterson Field Guides: Beetles*. Houghton Mifflin Company.
* Riley, Edward G., Shawn M. Clark, and Terry N. Seeno (2003). "Catalog of the leaf beetles of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae and Chrysomelidae, excluding Bruchinae)". *Coleopterists Society Special Publication no. 1*, 290.

## InfoBox

| *Pachybrachis brevicollis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | *Pachybrachis* |
| Species: | ***P. brevicollis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pachybrachis brevicollis***<br>J. L. LeConte, 1880 | |
|


title: Pachybrachis brunneus

abstract: Pachybrachis brunneus is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Pachybrachis brunneus

***Pachybrachis brunneus*** is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 6: Chrysomeloidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26091-7.

## InfoBox

| *Pachybrachis brunneus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | *Pachybrachis* |
| Species: | ***P. brunneus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pachybrachis brunneus***<br>(Günther, 1870) | |
|


title: Paddy Ryan (hurler)

abstract: Paddy "Sweeper" Ryan was an Irish hurler who played as a left corner-forward for the Tipperary senior team. Ryan made his first appearance for the team during the 1934 championship and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement after the 1945 championship. During that time he won two All-Ireland medals and one Munster medal. At club level Hayes was a five-time county championship medalist with Moycarkey–Borris.

text:
# Paddy Ryan (hurler)

**Paddy "Sweeper" Ryan** (1 April 1912 – 31 December 1991) was an Irish hurler who played as a left corner-forward for the Tipperary senior team.

Ryan made his first appearance for the team during the 1934 championship and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement after the 1945 championship. During that time he won two All-Ireland medals and one Munster medal.

At club level Hayes was a five-time county championship medalist with Moycarkey–Borris.

## InfoBox

Paddy "Sweeper" Ryan
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Pádraig Ó Riain* | | |
| Sport | Hurling | | |
| Position | Left corner-forward | | |
| Born | 1 April 1912
Two-Mile-Borris, County Tipperary | | |
| Died | 31 December 1991 (aged 79)
Littleton, County Tipperary | | |
| Nickname | Sweeper | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
|  | Moycarkey–Borris | | |
| Club titles | | | |
| Tipperary titles | 5 | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | | |
| 1934-1945 | Tipperary | | |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Munster titles | 2 | | |
| All-Irelands | 1 | | |
| NHL | 0 | | |


title: Pachyascus

abstract: Pachyascus is the sole genus in the family Pachyascaceae. It contains a single species, the lichen Pachyascus lapponicus. Both the genus and species were described as new to science in 1968 by lichenologists Josef Poelt and Hannes Hertel. P. lapponicus was originally collected from Lapland, a province in northern Sweden. The lichen has several unusual characteristics: it grows exclusively along with the rock moss Andreaea, it bears goniocyst-like parts and produces tiny apothecia that stand in the leaf axils of the moss, and it has thick asci. Poelt and Hertel thought the species occupied a basal position in the order Lecanorales, and Poelt tentatively placed it in its own family, Pachyascaceae in a 1974 publication. This family was formally published in 2001. In 2020, it was classed within the Lecanoromycetidae but within uncertain order placement. Another lichen, which bears a superficial resemblance in the ascomata, was once placed in Pachyascus as P. byssaceus (Vězda) Vězda (1970); it is now known as Vezdaea aestivalis.

text:
# Pachyascus

***Pachyascus*** is the sole genus in the family **Pachyascaceae**. It contains a single species, the lichen ***Pachyascus lapponicus***. Both the genus and species were described as new to science in 1968 by lichenologists Josef Poelt and Hannes Hertel. *P. lapponicus* was originally collected from Lapland, a province in northern Sweden. The lichen has several unusual characteristics: it grows exclusively along with the rock moss *Andreaea*, it bears goniocyst-like parts (goniocysts are small aggregations of photobiont cells surrounded by fungal hyphae) and produces tiny apothecia that stand in the leaf axils of the moss, and it has thick asci.

Poelt and Hertel thought the species occupied a basal position in the order Lecanorales, and Poelt tentatively placed it in its own family, Pachyascaceae in a 1974 publication. This family was formally published in 2001. In 2020, it was classed within the Lecanoromycetidae but within uncertain order placement.

Another lichen, which bears a superficial resemblance in the ascomata, was once placed in *Pachyascus* as *P. byssaceus* (Vězda) Vězda (1970); it is now known as *Vezdaea aestivalis*.

## InfoBox

| *Pachyascus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Pachyascaceae
Poelt ex P.M.Kirk, P.F.Cannon & J.C.David (2001) |
| Genus: | *Pachyascus*
Poelt & Hertel (1968) |
| Species: | ***P. lapponicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pachyascus lapponicus***
Poelt & Hertel (1968) | |
|