abstract: This is a list of members of the Australian Senate from 1971 to 1974. Half of its members were elected at the 25 November 1967 half Senate election and had terms due to finish on 30 June 1974; the other half were elected at the 21 November 1970 half Senate election and had terms due to finish on 30 June 1977. In fact, the term for all of them was terminated by the double dissolution for the 18 May 1974 election. The government changed during the Senate term as the election cycles of the Senate and the House of Representatives had been out of synchronisation since 1963 and the Coalition government, led by Prime Minister William McMahon, was defeated by the Labor Party, led by Gough Whitlam, at the December 1972 House of Representatives election.

text:
# Members of the Australian Senate, 1971–1974

> **Senate composition at 1 July 1971**
> **Coalition (26)** \- (5 seat minority)
> Liberal (22)
> Country Party (4)
> Labor (26) - (5 seat minority)
> **Crossbench (8)**
> Democratic Labour (5)
> Independents (3)
> Notes

This is a list of **members of the Australian Senate** from 1971 to 1974. Half of its members were elected at the 25 November 1967 half Senate election and had terms due to finish on 30 June 1974; the other half were elected at the 21 November 1970 half Senate election and had terms due to finish on 30 June 1977. In fact, the term for all of them was terminated by the double dissolution for the 18 May 1974 election.

The government changed during the Senate term as the election cycles of the Senate and the House of Representatives had been out of synchronisation since 1963 and the Coalition government, led by Prime Minister William McMahon, was defeated by the Labor Party, led by Gough Whitlam, at the December 1972 House of Representatives election.

## Members

| Senator | Party | | State | Term ending | Years in office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ken Anderson |  | Liberal | New South Wales | 1977 | 1953–1975 |
| Reg Bishop |  | Labor | South Australia | 1974 | 1961–1981 |
| Neville Bonner |  | Liberal | Queensland | 1972, 1974 | 1971–1983 |
| Bill Brown |  | Labor | Victoria | 1977 | 1969–1970, 1971–1978 |
| Nancy Buttfield |  | Liberal | South Australia | 1974 | 1955–1965, 1968–1974 |
| Condon Byrne |  | Democratic Labour | Queensland | 1974 | 1951–1959, 1968–1974 |
| Don Cameron |  | Labor | South Australia | 1977 | 1969–1978 |
| Harry Cant |  | Labor | Western Australia | 1977 | 1959–1974 |
| John Carrick |  | Liberal | New South Wales | 1977 | 1971–1987 |
| Jim Cavanagh |  | Labor | South Australia | 1974 | 1961–1981 |
| Sir Magnus Cormack |  | Liberal | Victoria | 1974 | 1951–1953, 1962–1978 |
| Bob Cotton |  | Liberal | New South Wales | 1974 | 1965–1978 |
| Gordon Davidson |  | Liberal | South Australia | 1977 | 1961, 1962, 1965–1981 |
| Don Devitt |  | Labor | Tasmania | 1977 | 1965–1978 |
| Tom Drake-Brockman |  | Country | Western Australia | 1977 | 1958, 1959–1978 |
| Arnold Drury |  | Labor | South Australia | 1977 | 1959–1975 |
| Peter Durack |  | Liberal | Western Australia | 1977 | 1971–1993 |
| Joe Fitzgerald |  | Labor | New South Wales | 1974 | 1962–1974 |
| Vince Gair |  | Democratic Labour | Queensland | 1977 | 1965–1974 |
| George Georges |  | Labor | Queensland | 1974 | 1967–1987 |
| Arthur Gietzelt |  | Labor | New South Wales | 1977 | 1971–1989 |
| Ivor Greenwood |  | Liberal | Victoria | 1977 | 1968–1976 |
| Margaret Guilfoyle |  | Liberal | Victoria | 1977 | 1971–1987 |
| George Hannan |  | Liberal/National Liberal | Victoria | 1974 | 1956–1965, 1970–1974 |
| Don Jessop |  | Liberal | South Australia | 1977 | 1971–1991 |
| Jack Kane |  | Democratic Labour | New South Wales | 1974 | 1970–1974 |
| Jim Keeffe |  | Labor | Queensland | 1977 | 1964–1983 |
| Sir Condor Laucke |  | Liberal | South Australia | 1974 | 1967–1981 |
| Ellis Lawrie |  | Liberal | Queensland | 1977 | 1965–1975 |
| Elliot Lillico |  | Liberal | Tasmania | 1977 | 1959–1974 |
| Jack Little |  | Democratic Labour | Victoria | 1974 | 1968–1974 |
| John Marriott |  | Liberal | Tasmania | 1977 | 1953–1975 |
| Ron Maunsell |  | Country | Queensland | 1974 | 1967–1981 |
| Ron McAuliffe |  | Labor | Queensland | 1977 | 1971–1981 |
| Doug McClelland |  | Labor | New South Wales | 1974 | 1961–1987 |
| Jim McClelland |  | Labor | New South Wales | 1977 | 1971–1978 |
| Geoff McLaren |  | Labor | South Australia | 1977 | 1971–1983 |
| Frank McManus |  | Democratic Labour | Victoria | 1977 | 1956–1962, 1965–1974 |
| Bertie Milliner |  | Labor | Queensland | 1974 | 1968–1975 |
| Tony Mulvihill |  | Labor | New South Wales | 1977 | 1964–1983 |
| Lionel Murphy |  | Labor | New South Wales | 1974 | 1962–1975 |
| Syd Negus |  | Independent | Western Australia | 1977 | 1971–1974 |
| Justin O'Byrne |  | Labor | Tasmania | 1977 | 1947–1981 |
| Bob Poke |  | Labor | Tasmania | 1974 | 1956–1974 |
| George Poyser |  | Labor | Victoria | 1974 | 1966–1975 |
| Cyril Primmer |  | Labor | Victoria | 1977 | 1971–1985 |
| Edgar Prowse |  | Country | Western Australia | 1974 | 1962–1973 |
| Peter Rae |  | Liberal | Tasmania | 1974 | 1967–1986 |
| David Reid |  | Country | Western Australia | 1974 | 1974 |
| Peter Sim |  | Liberal | Western Australia | 1974 | 1964–1981 |
| Michael Townley |  | Independent | Tasmania | 1977 | 1971–1987 |
| Reg Turnbull |  | Independent | Tasmania | 1974 | 1962–1974 |
| James Webster |  | Country | Victoria | 1974 | 1964–1981 |
| John Wheeldon |  | Labor | Western Australia | 1977 | 1964–1981 |
| Laurie Wilkinson |  | Labor | Western Australia | 1974 | 1966–1974 |
| Don Willesee |  | Labor | Western Australia | 1974 | 1950–1975 |
| Reg Withers |  | Liberal | Western Australia | 1974 | 1966, 1967–1987 |
| Ian Wood |  | Liberal | Queensland | 1977 | 1950–1978 |
| Ken Wriedt |  | Labor | Tasmania | 1974 | 1964–1980 |
| Reg Wright |  | Liberal | Tasmania | 1974 | 1950–1978 |
| Harold Young |  | Liberal | South Australia | 1974 | 1968–1981 |
|

1. First Indigenous Australian to be a member of the Parliament of Australia
2. Liberal Party Senator Dame Annabelle Rankin resigned on 24 May 1971; Liberal Party Neville Bonner was appointed to fill the ensuing vacancy on 11 June 1971 until a special election at the December 1972 House of Representatives election, when he was elected to complete the term until 30 June 1974.
3. Appointed to a casual vacancy and only held office until the earlier of the next election for the House of Representatives or the Senate.
4. Hannan resigned from the Liberal Party on 20 March 1974 to form the National Liberal Party in protest at the Liberals' perceived social liberalism.
5. Father of the Senate
6. Country Party Senator Edgar Prowse resigned on 31 December 1973; Country Party member David Reid was appointed to fill the ensuing vacancy on 16 January 1974 to complete the term until 30 June 1974.
1. "The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate 1971". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
2. "Liberal quits to lead new party". *The Canberra Times*. 21 March 1974.
3. Evans, H. "Filling Casual Vacancies before 1977" (PDF). *The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate, Volume 3*. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 24 February 2017.

## Bibliography


title: Nicolae Dandiș

abstract: Nicolae Dandiș is a Moldovan lecturer at Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu State University and social activist. Since July 2015 Mayor of Cahul, running as an independent candidate. He is considered a pro-European, centre-right politician. Bachelor of Administrative Science, Bachelor of Science in History, Master of Management and Public Policy, Political Science PhD.

text:
# Nicolae Dandiș

**Nicolae Dandiș** (born June 6, 1981) is a Moldovan lecturer at Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu State University and social activist. Since July 2015 Mayor of Cahul, running as an independent candidate. He is considered a pro-European, centre-right politician. Bachelor of Administrative Science, Bachelor of Science in History, Master of Management and Public Policy, Political Science PhD.

## InfoBox

| Nicolae Dandiș | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mayor of Cahul | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
3 July 2015 | |
| Preceded by | Petru Burlacu |
| Member of Cahul City Council | |
| **In office**
2007–2011 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1981-06-06) 6 June 1981 |
| Political party | Independent |
| Alma mater | State University of Moldova |
|  | |


title: R.B. Umali

abstract: R.B. Umali is an American filmmaker, skate videographer, and photographer based out of New York City.

text:
# R.B. Umali

**R.B. Umali** is an American filmmaker, skate videographer, and photographer based out of New York City.

## Filmmaking

From the mid 1990s to the mid 2000s, Umali documented some of the finest New York City skateboarding while working for Zoo York, filming skaters such as Harold Hunter, Zered Bassett, and others. Umali filmed NYC skateboarding during and after attending film school at NYU.

In 2003, Umali premiered a documentary video *R.B.'s Eastern Journey* at the 2003 New York Underground Film Festival. In 2004, Umali released *Vicious Cycle.* In 2005, Umali released *NY Revisited Vol 1 (96–97).*

## InfoBox

| R.B. Umali | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | New York University |
| Occupations |  |


title: Ontario Federation of Agriculture

abstract: The Ontario Federation of Agriculture (OFA) is one of three general farm organizations in the province of Ontario that represent the agricultural sector to government, stakeholders and the public. OFA is headquartered in Guelph, Ontario. Governance OFA is governed by a Board of Directors of 18. There are 51 county and regional federations of agriculture, providing local representation across Ontario. Board of Directors OFA is governed by an 18-member elected Board of Directors consisting of Ontario farmers from across the province. Directors represent 15 geographical zones with three holding at-large positions. Directors are elected for a three-year term. The President, two Vice President positions and the Executive Member are elected annually by the Board on a one-year term. All Executive positions are elected by the Board immediately following the Annual General Meeting. Drew Spoelstra was elected as the new OFA President at the 2023 Annual General Meeting, held in Toronto, Ontario. Spoelstra assumes the presidency from outgoing OFA president Peggy Brekveld who held the position for three years. Joining Spoelstra on the OFA Executive Committee are Vice Presidents Sara Wood and Paul Vickers, and Executive Member Ethan Wallace. Policy Advisory Council OFA's Policy Advisory Council (PAC) is an elected body of members that meet approximately four times per year. The PAC consists of 90 members providing grassroots input on issues and policy direction, including representation from each county and commodity organizations. Staff OFA staff and Member Service Representatives (MSR) are located in the head office in Guelph, Ontario and across the province. History Established in 1936, the Ontario Federation of Agriculture (OFA) was founded by the United Farmers of Ontario, the United Farmers’ Co-operative Company Ltd., and various growers and other agricultural organizations as a non-partisan lobbying and marketing organization for farmers. In January 27, 1936, representatives of Ontario’s farm groups held a meeting at the Royal York Hotel in Toronto in response to the creation of the Canadian Chamber of Agriculture in 1935, later renamed the Canadian Federation of Agriculture. The new organization was created to establish a provincial brand, named the Ontario Agricultural Conference. The first chairman was Herbert H. Hannam. In 1940, it changed its name to the Ontario Federation of Agriculture. In 1943, the United Farmers of Ontario dissolved and its remnants were absorbed by the OFA.

text:
# Ontario Federation of Agriculture

The **Ontario Federation of Agriculture (OFA)** is one of three general farm organizations in the province of Ontario that represent the agricultural sector to government, stakeholders and the public. OFA is headquartered in Guelph, Ontario.

**Governance**

OFA is governed by a Board of Directors of 18. There are 51 county and regional federations of agriculture, providing local representation across Ontario.

**Board of Directors**

OFA is governed by an 18-member elected Board of Directors consisting of Ontario farmers from across the province. Directors represent 15 geographical zones with three holding at-large positions. Directors are elected for a three-year term. The President, two Vice President positions and the Executive Member are elected annually by the Board on a one-year term. All Executive positions are elected by the Board immediately following the Annual General Meeting. Drew Spoelstra was elected as the new OFA President at the 2023 Annual General Meeting, held in Toronto, Ontario. Spoelstra assumes the presidency from outgoing OFA president Peggy Brekveld who held the position for three years. Joining Spoelstra on the OFA Executive Committee are Vice Presidents Sara Wood and Paul Vickers, and Executive Member Ethan Wallace.

**Policy Advisory Council**

OFA's Policy Advisory Council (PAC) is an elected body of members that meet approximately four times per year. The PAC consists of 90 members providing grassroots input on issues and policy direction, including representation from each county and commodity organizations.

**Staff**

OFA staff and Member Service Representatives (MSR) are located in the head office in Guelph, Ontario and across the province.

**History**

Established in 1936, the Ontario Federation of Agriculture (OFA) was founded by the United Farmers of Ontario, the United Farmers’ Co-operative Company Ltd., and various growers and other agricultural organizations as a non-partisan lobbying and marketing organization for farmers. In January 27, 1936, representatives of Ontario’s farm groups held a meeting at the Royal York Hotel in Toronto in response to the creation of the Canadian Chamber of Agriculture in 1935, later renamed the Canadian Federation of Agriculture. The new organization was created to establish a provincial brand, named the Ontario Agricultural Conference. The first chairman was Herbert H. Hannam.

In 1940, it changed its name to the Ontario Federation of Agriculture. In 1943, the United Farmers of Ontario dissolved and its remnants were absorbed by the OFA.

## InfoBox

Ontario Federation of Agriculture
|
|  |
| Type | Agricultural organization |
| Focus | Agriculture |
| Location |  |
| Area served | Ontario |
| Method | Lobbying |
| Key people | Drew Spoelstra, President |
| Website | www.ofa.on.ca |
| Formerly called | Ontario Chamber of Agriculture |


title: Gill Tract

abstract: The Gill Tract is 104 acres of land in Berkeley and Albany, California that the regents of the University of California purchased from the family of the late Edward Gill in 1928. As of 2021, the land is used for UC Berkeley housing, an elementary school, public fields, a community garden, and agricultural research plots.

text:
# Gill Tract

The **Gill Tract** is 104 acres of land in Berkeley and Albany, California that the regents of the University of California purchased from the family of the late Edward Gill in 1928. As of 2021, the land is used for UC Berkeley housing, an elementary school, public fields, a community garden, and agricultural research plots.

## Historical Overview

In 1939 about 16 acres of the tract was granted to the federal government for a United States Department of Agriculture research campus, and in 1945 another 36 acres were conveyed as an agricultural experiment field station.

During World War II the federal government requisitioned most of the Gill Tract, along with a larger amount of land in the City of Berkeley, for construction of housing for families of civilian defense industry workers and of U.S. Navy personnel. Following World War II this project, known as Codornices Village, was converted to housing for families of U.C. Berkeley students, many of whom were war veterans.

University Village, a housing community for UC Berkeley students who are married or have dependents, occupies 52.5 of the original 104 acres. A nine-acre portion is the current site of Ocean View Elementary School and public baseball fields.

Urban gardening plots are available to University Village residents on 6.6 acres at the western edge of the Gill Tract. Ten acres of arable, undeveloped land are used for urban agriculture and agricultural experimentation and research; bound by Buchanan St. to the north, Village Creek to the south, Jackson St. to the west, and San Pablo Ave. to the east.

Four acres of trees and grasses known as Albany Meadows, formerly University Village residential buildings, serve as part of a wildlife corridor in the East Bay. The remaining six acres held facilities for agricultural experimentation and student residential buildings until their demolition in 2007. These two areas; bound by Village creek to the north, Codornices creek to the south, San Pablo Avenue to the east, and Jackson Street to the west, are included in a plan for commercial development by the University of California, Berkeley.

The history of the development of the Gill Tract has been described extensively in *A Selective History of the Codornices-University Village, the City of Albany and Environs* by Warren F. Lee and Catherine T. Lee, published in 2000 by the Belvidere Delaware Railroad Co. Enterprises, Ltd.

### Pre-Colonial

The land now known as the Gill Tract lays within the territory of native Ohlone people.

### Spanish Colonial

On August 3, 1820 Luis María Peralta received a Spanish land grant that included the acreage at Gill Tract.

### Post–Mexican-American War

Sometime after the 1848 Mexican–American War, a person by the name of Captain B.D. Boswell assumed ownership of land that includes today's Gill Tract. This Captain Boswell then sold the piece of land to its namesake, Edward Gill, around 1890. Edward Gill, a horticulturalist, built a home on the land and established a large nursery, which he operated until his death in 1909. Gill's son continued to operate the nursery until he sold his father's land to the University.

### Sale to University of California

On February 14, 1928, the regents of the University of California purchased the 104 acre Gill Tract for $450,000.

### World War II – Federal government development of public housing (Codornices Village)

Source:

In 1943 the federal government announced to local officials its plan to requisition a portion of the Gill Tract to construct wartime housing. The announcement of this plan was opposed by political and business leaders in Berkeley and Albany, as well as some regents of the University of California. City officials opposed the potential loss of tax-revenue to public housing; the university regents opposed the loss of a portion of the Gill Tract from their control.

John Blanford, administrator of the National Public Housing Authority, pushed through the plan (War Housing Project No. CAL 4479) with the assurance that, under the Lanham Act, within two years after the end of the war emergency the land would be returned to the university in the same condition that it was received.

Construction by the Federal Housing Authority of Codornices Village began by October 1943. John Melville, the first on-site manager of Codornices Village, stressed that no racial restrictions would apply to applicants for housing. Beginning in May 1944 housing in Codornices Village was made available to families of civilian workers in wartime industries, including Black migratory workers from the South as well as caucasian workers. In July housing was opened to families of U.S. Navy personnel. All of the social services in the village were racially integrated from the onset, two decades before the civil rights movement. These services included child-care centers, an elementary school (Codornices School), and a church. Codornices School, part of the Albany School District, served both Albany and Berkeley residents.

By August 1944 Codornices Village comprised 1,896 residential units; 1,056 units were located on 75 acres of the Gill Tract (15 city blocks) within the City of Berkeley, while the remainder were located on 42 acres of the tract within the City of Albany. The initial unit rental charges, including all furnishings and utilities, were $31.50 per month for a studio, $36 a month for a one bedroom, $42.50 a month for a two bedroom, and $47 for three bedrooms.

Throughout World War II the majority of civilian war workers in Codornices Village worked as shipbuilders at Mare Island, while another large portion of residents were Navy personnel who worked at the nearby Naval Landing Force Equipment Depot adjacent to the Albany Bulb.

### Post World War II

In the Spring of 1946 the Federal Housing Authority disassembled nine two-story fourteen-unit apartment buildings in Oregon and reassembled them in Albany on the Gill Tract near the intersections of Jackson and Buchanan Streets. The project was known as Albany Veterans Village at Gill Court, and became the home to veterans and their families from its opening on November 15, 1946 until June 1959, when it was demolished due to health and maintenance concerns.

Additionally, the US Navy constructed a complex of fourteen apartment-buildings on the Gill Tract by March 1945. This one-hundred-unit development, known as the Kula Gulf Navy housing project, was home to Navy Veterans and combat personnel and their families.

On June 28, 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed the McGregor Act, which allowed the Federal Housing Authority to relinquish its portion of Gill Tract to the University of California. On October 31, 1948, the Albany City Council transferred ownership of the nine buildings and furnishings that comprised the Albany Veterans Village back to the University of California.

### University Village

Source:

On April 15, 1956, the UC Regents purchased 40 buildings of the portion of the Codornices Village located on Gill Tract and 14 buildings that comprised the Kula Gulf Veterans Housing from the Federal Housing Authority for $44,000. One week after this purchase the business manager for UC Berkeley, William W. Monham, recommended that the entirety of the married-student housing project be known as University Village. On April 30, 1956 the name change was approved by President Robert Sproul.

In September, 1963, the UC Regents sold 2.7 acres of the Gill Tract near Buchanan and San Pablo to Albany for the connection of Marin Avenue to Buchanan and for the police station, fire department and city hall buildings.

In 1973, the UC Regents sold 5.1 acres of the Gill Tract to the Albany school district for the construction of Albany Middle School near the current site of Oceanview school.

University Village continues today as a housing community for UC Berkeley students who are married or have dependents.

A study on the Village Residents Association found that 46% of residents utilize food assistance programs. This is one of the reasons students and others hope to maintain this space as farm land.

### 2010s Development

In 2017, a development including a Sprouts grocery store and a retirement home was completed.

## Urban agriculture

Beginning in 1969, plots for urban agriculture were available to residents of the University Village. Until 1975 the University would provide irrigation and an annual till free of charge. In 1979, a 12 x 20 foot plot cost $1 per year. By 1984 a plot cost $5 tilled, and $2 without a till. By 1990 and thereafter, the charge for a plot was $10 for the first one and $5 for each additional one. Hoses and water were always provided free of charge and a till cost $8 per plot.

Today, small plots for urban agriculture are available exclusively to University Village residents on 6.6 acres at the western edge of the Gill Tract.

The Gill Tract has a focus on agroecological principles, agroecosystem research, food justice, political education, and other farm management activities. The Gill Tract utilizes democratic and collaborative decision making, utilizing participatory consensus, a Stewardship Council, specialized working groups, consultation with local indigenous-led groups, and other collaborative processes to facilitate community participation.

The farm hosts a sliding-scale farmstand and has partnerships with other organizations in the East Bay. In 2018, the Gill Tract began collaborating with the Sogorea Te' Land Trust in order to address land-use and rematriation (see: repatriation) processes.

### Agricultural research

Since 1944, 36 acres of the Gill Tract were used as an experiment station for Biological Pest Management; known as the Experiment Station for the Center for Biological Control in the College of Natural Resources. In 1998, experimental land for the Center for Biological Control was drastically limited in order to accommodate epigenetic *research* of non-GMO corn to patent genes for the genetic modification of organisms.

August 10, 2013 marked the beginning of a participatory research project between UC professor Miguel Altieri and forty participants from surrounding neighborhoods. The participants split into ten groups of four and each managed a small plot of land as part of a competition to see which group could grow the most pounds of food per square foot.

Currently, a community farm on the Northwest corner of the Gill Tract is open to the public to participate in agroecological urban farming research.

### Occupy the Farm

Occupy the Farm, also called "take back the tract", has been a social movement that started with the 2012 occupation of the Gill Tract in Albany, California, in protest of planned commercial development of public land and in support of preserving the land for the creation of an open center for urban agroecology and food sovereignty.


title: 6-4-4-6

abstract:
A 6-4-4-6 steam locomotive, in the Whyte notation for describing locomotive wheel arrangements, is one with six leading wheels, two sets of four driving wheels, and six trailing wheels. Other equivalent classifications are:
  - UIC classification: 3BB3
  - French classification: 3223
  - Turkish classification: 2525
  - Swiss classification: 2/5+2/5 up to the early 1920s, later 4/10 Only one was produced, the Pennsylvania Railroad's sole class S1 of 1939. It was a duplex locomotive, the longest and heaviest rigid frame reciprocating steam locomotive ever built and is referred to as the Pennsylvania Type. This experimental locomotive was exhibited at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and was afterward placed in limited service between Chicago, Illinois, and Crestline, Ohio. The locomotive was too large to work elsewhere in the system. Pennsylvania Railroad executive hoped that the locomotive could haul 1,000 tons at 100 miles per hour, which were exceeded in a December 1940 test run which reached 101 mph with 1,350 tons being pulled. While it was capable of very high speeds, no firm documentary evidence has so far surfaced to confirm the record 133 mph run cited in the December 1941 issue of Popular Mechanics magazine which, if true, would make this locomotive the fastest steam locomotive ever built.

text:
# 6-4-4-6

A **6-4-4-6** steam locomotive, in the Whyte notation for describing locomotive wheel arrangements, is one with six leading wheels, two sets of four driving wheels, and six trailing wheels.

Other equivalent classifications are:

Only one was produced, the Pennsylvania Railroad's sole class S1 of 1939. It was a duplex locomotive, the longest and heaviest rigid frame reciprocating steam locomotive ever built and is referred to as the *Pennsylvania Type*. This experimental locomotive was exhibited at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and was afterward placed in limited service between Chicago, Illinois, and Crestline, Ohio. The locomotive was too large to work elsewhere in the system. Pennsylvania Railroad executive hoped that the locomotive could haul 1,000 tons at 100 miles per hour, which were exceeded in a December 1940 test run which reached 101 mph with 1,350 tons being pulled. While it was capable of very high speeds, no firm documentary evidence has so far surfaced to confirm the record 133 mph run cited in the December 1941 issue of Popular Mechanics magazine which, if true, would make this locomotive the fastest steam locomotive ever built.


title: Pheme

abstract: In Greek mythology, Pheme, also known as Ossa in Homeric sources, was the personification of fame and renown, her favour being notability, her wrath being scandalous rumours. She was a daughter either of Gaia or of Elpis (Hope), was described as "she who initiates and furthers communication" and had an altar at Athens. A tremendous gossip, Pheme was said to have pried into the affairs of mortals and gods, then repeated what she learned, starting off at first with just a dull whisper, but repeating it louder each time, until everyone knew. In art, she was usually depicted with wings and a trumpet. In Roman mythology, Fama ("rumor") was described as having multiple tongues, eyes, ears, and feathers by Virgil and other authors. Virgil wrote that she "had her feet on the ground, and her head in the clouds, making the small seem great and the great seem greater". In Homer Pheme is called the Rumour goddess or the messenger of Zeus. In Book One of the Odyssey, the purpose of Telemachus' journey to Pylos is so that he might gain "pheme" among the world. In English Renaissance theatre, Rumour was a stock personification, best known from William Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 2 in the quote "Open your ears; for which of you will stop The vent of hearing, when loud Rumour speaks?". James C. Bulman's Arden Shakespeare edition notes numerous lesser known theatrical examples.

text:
# Pheme

In Greek mythology, **Pheme** (/ˈfm/ *FEE-mee*; Greek: Φήμη, *Phēmē*; Roman equivalent: **Fama**), also known as **Ossa** in Homeric sources, was the personification of fame and renown, her favour being notability, her wrath being scandalous rumours. She was a daughter either of Gaia or of Elpis (Hope), was described as "she who initiates and furthers communication" and had an altar at Athens. A tremendous gossip, Pheme was said to have pried into the affairs of mortals and gods, then repeated what she learned, starting off at first with just a dull whisper, but repeating it louder each time, until everyone knew. In art, she was usually depicted with wings and a trumpet.

In Roman mythology, Fama ("rumor") was described as having multiple tongues, eyes, ears, and feathers by Virgil (in *Aeneid* IV line 180 and following) and other authors. Virgil wrote that she "had her feet on the ground, and her head in the clouds, making the small seem great and the great seem greater". In Homer Pheme is called the Rumour goddess or the messenger of Zeus. In Book One of the Odyssey, the purpose of Telemachus' journey to Pylos is so that he might gain "pheme" among the world.

In English Renaissance theatre, Rumour was a stock personification, best known from William Shakespeare's *Henry IV, Part 2* in the quote "Open your ears; for which of you will stop The vent of hearing, when loud Rumour speaks?". James C. Bulman's Arden Shakespeare edition notes numerous lesser known theatrical examples.

## Linguistic associations

The Greek word *pheme* is related to ϕάναι "to speak" and can mean "fame", "report", or "rumor". The Latin word *fama*, with the same range of meanings, is related to the Latin *fari* ("to speak"), and is, through French, the etymon of the English "fame".

* Smith, William; *Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology*, London (1873). "Ossa"
* Gianni Guastella, "La Fama degli antichi e le sue trasformazioni tra Medioevo e Rinascimento(The fame of the antiquity and its transformations between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance)," in Sergio Audano, Giovanni Cipriani (ed.), *Aspetti della Fortuna dell'Antico nella Cultura Europea: atti della settima giornata di studi(Aspects of Ancient Fortune in European Culture: Proceedings of the Seventh Study Day), Sestri Levante, 19 Marzo 2010* (Foggia: Edizioni il Castello, 2011) (Echo, 1), 35–74.


title: Rafael Palmero Ramos

abstract: Rafael Palmero Ramos was a Spanish Roman Catholic prelate.

text:
# Rafael Palmero Ramos

**Rafael Palmero Ramos** (27 July 1936 – 8 March 2021) was a Spanish Roman Catholic prelate.

## Biography

He was auxiliary bishop of Toledo between 1987 and 1996, bishop of Palencia between 1996 and 2006 and of Orihuela-Alicante between 2006 and 2012.

He was infected with COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain in January 2021 after an outbreak at the priests' residence in Alicante, from which he recovered, but it aggravated his cancer and he died on 8 March 2021.


abstract:
This is a list of members of the Victorian Legislative Council from the elections of 11 September 1902 to the elections of 1 June 1904. From 1889 there were fourteen Provinces and a total of 48 members.
  - Note the "Term in Office" refers to that members term(s) in the Council, not necessarily for that Province. Henry Wrixon was President of the Council; Frederick Brown was Chairman of Committees.
  - [a] Brown died 9 July 1903; replaced by Willis Little in August 1903.
  - [b] McCulloch resigned November 1903; replaced by Samuel Wesley Vary in December 1903.
  - [c] Reid resigned February 1903; replaced by William Cain in February 1903.
  - [d] Smith resigned November 1903; replaced by Thomas Luxton in December 1903.
  - [e] Thornley died 1 March 1903; replaced by Robert Blackwood Ritchie in April 1903.
  - [f] Williams resigned November 1903; replaced by Richard Rees in December 1903.
  - [g] Wynne resigned November 1903; replaced by Alexander Magnus MacLeod in December 1903.

text:
# Members of the Victorian Legislative Council, 1902–1904

This is a list of **members of the Victorian Legislative Council** from the elections of 11 September 1902 to the elections of 1 June 1904.

From 1889 there were fourteen Provinces and a total of 48 members.

Note the "Term in Office" refers to that members term(s) in the Council, not necessarily for that Province.

| Name | Province | Term in Office |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Joseph Henry Abbott | Northern | 1889–1904 |
| Sidney Austin | South-Western | 1888–1904 |
| William Baillieu | Northern | 1901–1922 |
| James Balfour | South-Eastern | 1874–1913 |
| James Bell | North-Western | 1882–1904 |
| Steuart Gladstone Black | Nelson | 1901–1904 |
| Frederick Brown \[a\] | North-Eastern | 1884–1903 |
| Thomas Brunton | South | 1890–1904 |
| James C. Campbell | South-Eastern | 1895–1910 |
| Rupert Clarke | South | 1897–1904 |
| Thomas Comrie | North-Western | 1897–1904 |
| Edward Crooke | Gippsland | 1893–1922 |
| Henry Cuthbert | Wellington | 1874–1907 |
| John Mark Davies | Melbourne | 1889–1895; 1899–1919 |
| Thomas Dowling | Nelson | 1886–1904 |
| William Embling | North-Central | 1892–1912 |
| Nicholas Fitzgerald | North-Central | 1864–1908 |
| George Godfrey | South Yarra | 1895–1904 |
| William Gray | North-Central | 1901–1904 |
| Frederick Grimwade | North Yarra | 1891–1904 |
| Cornelius Ham | Melbourne | 1882–1904 |
| David Ham | Wellington | 1886–1904 |
| Thomas Harwood | South-Western | 1899–1912 |
| Joseph Hoddinott | Gippsland | 1898–1904 |
| Hans Irvine | Nelson | 1901–1906 |
| Nathaniel Levi | North Yarra | 1892–1904 |
| Duncan McBryde | South-Eastern | 1891–1896; 1901–1919 |
| William McCulloch \[b\] | Gippsland | 1880–1903 |
| John Y. McDonald | Wellington | 1898–1917 |
| Walter Manifold | Western | 1901–1924 |
| Donald Melville | South | 1882–1919 |
| Edward Miller | South Yarra | 1893–1913 |
| Edward Morey | Wellington | 1889–1904 |
| William Orr | North-Eastern | 1901–1904 |
| Thomas Henry Payne | South Yarra | 1901–1928 |
| William Pearson (junior) | Gippsland | 1896–1916 |
| William Pitt | North Yarra | 1891–1910 |
| Joseph Pratt | North-Western | 1889–1907 |
| Robert Reid \[c\] | Melbourne | 1892–1903 |
| Arthur Sachse | North-Eastern | 1892–1920 |
| George Simmie | Northern | 1889–1904 |
| Edmund Smith \[d\] | South Yarra | 1901–1903 |
| Arthur Snowden | Melbourne | 1895–1904 |
| Joseph Sternberg | Northern | 1891–1928 |
| Nathan Thornley \[e\] | Western | 1882–1903 |
| Henry Williams \[f\] | North-Western | 1901–1903 |
| Henry Wrixon | South-Western | 1896–1910 |
| Agar Wynne \[g\] | Western | 1888–1903 |
|

Henry Wrixon was President of the Council; Frederick Brown was Chairman of Committees.

\[a\] Brown died 9 July 1903; replaced by Willis Little in August 1903. \[b\] McCulloch resigned November 1903; replaced by Samuel Wesley Vary in December 1903. \[c\] Reid resigned February 1903; replaced by William Cain in February 1903. \[d\] Smith resigned November 1903; replaced by Thomas Luxton in December 1903. \[e\] Thornley died 1 March 1903; replaced by Robert Blackwood Ritchie in April 1903. \[f\] Williams resigned November 1903; replaced by Richard Rees in December 1903. \[g\] Wynne resigned November 1903; replaced by Alexander Magnus MacLeod in December 1903.


title: Nikolaus Knüpfer

abstract: Nikolaus Knüpfer was a Dutch Golden Age painter.

text:
# Nikolaus Knüpfer

**Nikolaus Knüpfer** (1609  15 October 1655) was a Dutch Golden Age painter.

## Biography

Knüpfer was trained in Leipzig, where according to Houbraken he was apprenticed to Emanuel Nysen. He then moved to Magdeburg where he found work making brushes for artists. He stayed there until 1630, and then moved to Utrecht to work with Abraham Bloemaert. He lived with him for two years and then established his own studio in Utrecht, where in 1637 he became a *visiting member* of the Guild of St. Luke. He worked on the decorations of the castle Kronborg in Denmark, and painted figures in the landscapes of Jan Both and Jan Baptist Weenix. Knüpfer was a successful teacher, whose students were great painters after him, such as Jan Steen, Gabriel Metsu, Ary de Vois, and Pieter Crijnse Volmarijn.

## Work

Knüpfer painted small scale paintings with biblical, literary, and mythological themes, in addition to the popular genre works of his day. His figures are often in unusual poses, and painted with flowing lines with white accents.

## Master-pupil interpretations of the Book of Tobit

1. Otto Benesch (1979). *From an Art Historian's Workshop*. Gilhofer & Ranschburg. p. 3.
2. (in Dutch) Nicolaes Knufter biography in *De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen* (1718) by Arnold Houbraken, courtesy of the Digital library for Dutch literature
3. Nicolaes Knüpfer in the RKD

## InfoBox

| Nikolaus Knüpfer | |
| --- | --- |
| Nicolaes Knupfer's self-portrait, engraved by Pieter de Jode II for Het Gulden Cabinet p 115 | |
| Born | Nicolaes
1609
Leipzig |
| Died | 1655 (aged 4546)
Utrecht |
| Known for | Painting |
| Movement | Baroque |


title: R.C.S. La Forestoise

abstract: Royal Cercle Sportif La Forestoise was a Belgian football club from the municipality of Forest, Brussels. It was founded in 1909 and received the matricule n°51 following its registration to the FA in 1911. The club first reached the first division in 1926 but it was yet too weak to survive at that level and was back in the second division for the next season. The best years of the club were the 1940s since it played 4 seasons at the top level. The Green and White achieved their best ranking in 1944 with a 10th position. In 1996 it merged with Royal Uccle Léopold F.C. to become Royal Léopold Uccle Forestoise and the matricule n°51 was consequently erased.

text:
# R.C.S. La Forestoise

**Royal Cercle Sportif La Forestoise** was a Belgian football club from the municipality of Forest, Brussels. It was founded in 1909 and received the matricule n°51 following its registration to the FA in 1911. The club first reached the first division in 1926 but it was yet too weak to survive at that level and was back in the second division for the next season.

The best years of the club were the 1940s since it played 4 seasons at the top level (1942 to 1947, missing the 1944–45 season due to World War II). The Green and White achieved their best ranking in 1944 with a 10th position.

In 1996 it merged with Royal Uccle Léopold F.C. to become Royal Léopold Uccle Forestoise and the matricule n°51 was consequently erased.

## Honours

## Notable players

* Raymond Braine, Belgian international, won several championships in Belgium and Czechoslovakia
* Florent Lambrechts, Belgian champion in 1929 and 1931, top scorer of the Belgian championship in 1936 with 36 goals


title: Ontario Drama Festival

abstract: The Ontario Drama Festival widely known as the Sears Drama Festival, founded in 1946 by Ken Watts, is a drama festival in which thousands of high school students compete. Winners of the competition are awarded scholarships to theatre arts schools in Canada. Keanu Reeves, Rachel McAdams, Margot Kidder, Kelly Hope Taylor, R.H. Thomson, Judith Thompson and David Cronenberg are among the festival's alumni. The festival, and its sister festivals in British Columbia and Atlantic Canada, involve 400 high schools and 15,000 students each year in drama competitions. Funded for most of its existence by Sears Canada, a partnership was arranged in 2017 with the National Theatre School and IATSE after Sears Canada withdrew its funding of $200,000 annually, due to the retailer's financial problems.

text:
# Ontario Drama Festival

The **Ontario Drama Festival** widely known as the **Sears Drama Festival**, founded in 1946 by Ken Watts, is a drama festival in which thousands of high school students compete. Winners of the competition are awarded scholarships to theatre arts schools in Canada. Keanu Reeves, Rachel McAdams, Margot Kidder, Kelly Hope Taylor, R.H. Thomson, Judith Thompson and David Cronenberg are among the festival's alumni.

The festival, and its sister festivals in British Columbia (founded in 2005) and Atlantic Canada (founded on 2011), involve 400 high schools and 15,000 students each year in drama competitions.

Funded for most of its existence by Sears Canada (and previously, by retailer Simpsons), a partnership was arranged in 2017 with the National Theatre School and IATSE after Sears Canada withdrew its funding of $200,000 annually, due to the retailer's financial problems.


title: Gill Wala

abstract: Gil Wala, also spelled as Gill Wala, is a small village located east of Kale Wala and east of Banka Cheema, Wazirabad Tehsil, Gujranwala District, Punjab, Pakistan. Government Elementary School Gill Wlala and Government Girls Elementary School Gill Wala operate under Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Gujranwala.

text:
# Gill Wala

**Gil Wala**, also spelled as **Gill Wala**, is a small village located east of Kale Wala and east of Banka Cheema, Wazirabad Tehsil, Gujranwala District, Punjab, Pakistan. Government Elementary School Gill Wlala and Government Girls Elementary School Gill Wala operate under Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Gujranwala.

1. "GUJRANWALA BLOCKWISE" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
2. (Pakistan), Punjab (2005). *Annual Development Programme*.
3. "Government Elementary School (GES), Gill Wlala - School Census". *schoolportal.punjab.gov.pk*. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
4. "Government Girls Elementary School (GGES), Gill Wala - School Census". *schoolportal.punjab.gov.pk*. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
5. *Census of Primary Schools of the Punjab Province, 1975-76*. Punjab Textbook Board. 1977.
6. *1981 District Census Report of Gujranwala*. Population Census Organisation, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan. 1984.

## InfoBox

| Gill Wala | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Gill Wala | |
| Coordinates: 32°17′33″N 74°03′02″E / 32.29250°N 74.05056°E / 32.29250; 74.05056 | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Province | Punjab |
| District | Gujranwala |
| Government | |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.68 km2 (1.03 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| Estimate (2017) | 5,968 |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |
| Calling code | 055 |


title: 6-8-6

abstract:
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, 6-8-6 represents the arrangement of six unpowered leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels, and six unpowered trailing wheels. Other equivalent classifications are:
  - UIC classification: 3D3
  - French classification: 343
  - Turkish classification: 410
  - Swiss classification: 4/10. The only known example of the 6-8-6 wheel arrangement is the experimental Pennsylvania Railroad S2 steam turbine locomotive.

text:
# 6-8-6

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, **6-8-6** represents the arrangement of six unpowered leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels, and six unpowered trailing wheels.

Other equivalent classifications are:

The only known example of the 6-8-6 wheel arrangement is the experimental Pennsylvania Railroad S2 steam turbine locomotive.

* Staufer, Alvin F.; Pennypacker, Bert (1962). *Pennsy Power: Steam and Electric Locomotives of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1900-1957*. Research by Martin Flattley. Carollton, Ohio: Alvin F. Staufer. ISBN 978-0-9445-1304-0.


title: Phineas Baxandall

abstract: Phineas Baxandall is a Senior Analyst at the Massachusetts Budget and Policy Center where he focuses on transportation and tax policy in Massachusetts state and local government.

text:
# Phineas Baxandall

**Phineas Baxandall** is a Senior Analyst at the Massachusetts Budget and Policy Center where he focuses on transportation and tax policy in Massachusetts state and local government.

## Early life

Phineas Baxandall was born in New York City. He grew up in New York City, where he attended the Bronx High School of Science and co-captained the school's region-leading ultimate frisbee team.

Baxandall received his B.A. in Economics and the College of Social Studies at Wesleyan University in 1989. He received his Ph.D. in Political Science at MIT in 2000. After receiving his doctorate at MIT, he published his dissertation research as a book titled, *Constructing Unemployment: The Politics of Joblessness in East and West*. The research develops a theory of how unemployment has been defined differently at different times according to the interests of the state and the prevailing norms of employment. The theory is tested through comparative European polling data on unemployment and a comparative history of changing conceptions of unemployment at several historical junctures, including in communist and post-communist Hungary. Baxandall also published several academic articles and book chapters in various issues in political economy.

## Career

He taught economics at the University of Economics at the University of Budapest from 1990 to 1991. For the next decade in Boston, he also served as a central member of the editorial collective that managed and provided content for the magazine Dollars & Sense.

Between 2006 and 2015, he directed the Tax & Budget program and the Transportation programs for the United States Public Interest Research Group (U.S. PIRG) and its thirty state affiliates. Earlier, at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, Baxandall helped direct the Taubman Center for State and Local Government and the Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston, where he conducted research on state aid to localities, the effects of introducing legalized gambling, performance metrics for local government and other topics. He taught for eight years at Harvard's undergraduate honors program, the Committee for Degrees in Social Studies, where he won several teaching awards.

At U.S. PIRG, he led research and provided strategic direction to state and federal advocacy in four principal areas. First, in authoring a series of reports on transportation trends, as well as related studies on transportation finance and the benefits of expanding public transportation and intercity rail. Second, an examination of the problems associated with corporations and individuals using offshore tax havens and exploiting other tax loopholes, as well as state and federal efforts to fix these problems. Third, work to improve transparency of government spending at the state and city level, including contracting, subsidies, and quasi-public agencies. Fourth, examination of the privatization of infrastructure and public-private partnerships, especially in transportation.

## Personal life

Baxandall currently lives outside of Boston.

## Publications

* *Constructing Unemployment: The Politics of American Joblessness in the East and West* (Ashgate Press, 2004). Review articles about the book include: Rudra Sil and Peter J. Katzenstein, “Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics: Reconfiguring Problems and Mechanisms across Research Traditions,” *Perspectives on Politics* (June 2010); Pieter Vanhuysse, “Kneeling at the Altar of (Il)-Liberalism: The Politics of Ideas, Job Loss, and Union Weakness in East Central Europe,” *International Labor and Working-Class History* (Spring 2008); Guglielmo Meardi, “Book Reviews,” *Industrial Relations Journal* (2007); Nathalia Rogers, Book Review: Constructing Unemployment,” *International Sociology* (Nov. 2006); and Jack Reardon, "Defining unemployment..." *Monthly Labor Studies*, U.S. Bureau of Labor Studies (Nov. 2011).

## Other publications

* *Picking Up the Tab 2014: Average Citizens and Small Businesses Pay the Price for Offshore Tax Shelters* with Benjamin Davis, Dan Smith and Tom Van Heeke (U.S. PIRG, April 2014).
* *Following the Money 2014: How the 50 States Rate in Providing Online Access to Government Spending Data* with Benjamin Davis (U.S. PIRG Education Fund, April 2014), 57pp.
* *A New Course: How Innovative University Programs Are Reducing Driving on Campus on Creating New Models of Transportation Policy* with Tom Van Heeke and Elise Sullivan (U.S. PIRG Education Fund, February 2014).
* *Closing the Billion Dollar Loophole: How States are Reclaiming Revenue Lost to Offshore Tax Havens*, with Benjamin Davis, Dan Smith and Tom Van Heeke (U.S. PIRG, January 2014), 29pp.
* *Transportation in Transition: Look at Changing Travel Patterns in America’s Biggest Cities* with Benjamin Davis (U.S. PIRG Education Fund, December 2013), 62pp.
* *A New Way to Go: The Transportation Apps and Vehicle-Sharing Tools that are Giving More Americans the Freedom to Drive Less* with Tony Dutzik and Travis Madsen (U.S. PIRG Education Fund, October 2013).
* *Moving Off the Road: A State-by-State Analysis of the National Decline in Driving* (U.S. PIRG Education Fund, August. 2013).
* *A New Direction: Our Changing Relationship with Driving and the Implications for America’s Future*, with Tony Dutzik (U.S. PIRG Education Fund, May 2013).
* Picking Up the Tab 2013: Average Citizens and Small Businesses Pay the Price for Offshore Tax Shelters with Dan Smith (U.S. PIRG, April 2013).
* Following the Money 2013: How the 50 States Rate in Providing Online Access to Government Spending Data with Benjamin Davis and Ryan Pierannunzi (U.S. PIRG Education Fund, March 2013), 80pp.
* *Getting our Money’s Worth? Promoting Transparency and Accountability for Corporate Tax Subsidies in Massachusetts*, with Deidre Cummings and Tom Van Heeke (MASSPIRG Education Fund, February 2013).
* Subsidizing Bad Behavior: How Corporate Legal Settlements for Harming the Public Become Lucrative Tax Write Off, with Recommendations for Reform, with Ryan Pierannunzi (U.S. PIRG Education Fund, January 2013).
* Transparency in City Spending: Rating the Availability of Online Government Data in America's Largest Cities, with Benjamin Davis and Ryan Pierannunzi (U.S. PIRG Education Fund, January 2013).
* *Eight Questions About the Future of the Ohio Turnpike: What the Public Should Know*, with Tabitha Woodruff (Ohio PIRG Education Fund, Nov. 2012).
* *Shining a Light on the Arizona Commerce Authority: The Need for Stronger Transparency and Accountability Standards at the State’s Economic Development Corporation*, with Benjamin Davis and Serena Unrein (Arizona PIRG Education Fund, May 2012).
* *Picking Up the Tab: Average Americans and Small Business Pay the Price for Offshore Tax Havens* with Abigail Caplovitz Field and Dan Smith (U.S. PIRG: April 2012).
* *Transportation and the New Generation: Why Young People Are Driving Less and What it Means for Transportation Policy*, with Ben Davis and Tony Dutzik (Frontier Group and U.S. PIRG: April 2012), 36 pp.
* *Following the Money 2012: How the 50 States Rate in Providing Online Access to Government Spending Data*, with Ben Davis and Ryan Pierannunzi (U.S. PIRG: March 2012) 73pp.
* Tax-Increment Financing: The Need for Transparency and Accountability in Economic Development Subsidies, with Rob Kerth (U.S. PIRG: October 2011) 44 pp., reprinted in State Tax Notes, Nov. 2011.
* *Caution: Red Light Cameras Ahead: The Risks of Privatizing Traffic Law Enforcement and How to Protect the Public*, with Benjamin Davis (U.S. PIRG Education Fund: October 2011), 52 pp.
* *High-Speed Rail: Public, Private or Both? Assessing the Prospects, Promise and Pitfalls of Public-Private Partnerships*, with Tony Dutzik (U.S.PIRG: July 2011), 40 pp.
* *Following the Money 2011: How the 50 States Rate in Providing Online Access to Government Spending Data*, with Benjamin Davis and Jeff Musto (U.S.PIRG Education Fund, March 2011), 60 pp.
* *Do Roads Pay for Themselves? Setting the Record Straight on Transportation Funding*, with Tony Dutzik and Benjamin Davis (U.S.PIRG: January 2011), 40 pp.
* *A Track Record of Success: High-Speed Rail Around the World and Its Promise for America*, with Tony Dutzik, Jordan Schneider and Erin Steva, (U.S PIRG: October 2010), 48 pp.
* *Out of the Shadows: Massachusetts Quasi-Public Agencies and the Need for Budget Transparency* with Deidre Cummings and Kari Wohlschlegel (MASSPIRG: Spring 2010), 36 pp.
* *Road Work Ahead: Holding America Accountable for Fixing America’s Crumbling Roads and Bridges* with Travis Madsen and Benjamin Davis (U.S.PIRG: April 2010) 52 pp.
* *Following the Money: How the 50 States Rate in Providing Online Access to Government Spending Data*, with Benjamin Davis and Kari Wohlschlegel (U.S.PIRG: April 2010), 44 pp.
* *What We Learned from the Stimulus*, with Scott Bernstein and William Schroeer (Center for Neighborhood Technology, Smart Growth America, and U.S. PIRG: January 2010), 11 pp.
* *The Right Track: Building a 21st Century High-Speed Rail System for America*, with Tony Dutzik and Sienna Kaplan (U.S. PIRG: January 2010) 71 pp.
* *Privatization and the Public Interest: The Need for Transparency and Accountability in Chicago’s Public Asset Lease Deals*, with Tony Dutzik and Brian Imus (Illinois PIRG: Fall 2009), 44 pp.
* *Private Roads, Public Costs: The Facts About Toll Road Privatization and How to Protect the Public*, with Kari Wohlschlegel and Tony Dutzik (U.S. PIRG: March 2009), pp. 46, with a separate case example booklet, pp. 36.
* *California Budget Transparency 2.0: Online Tools for Better Government*, with Pedro Morillas, Emily Rusch and Sienna Kaplan (CALPIRG: 2009), 30 pp.
* *Economic Stimulus or Simply More Misguided Spending: How Outdated Transportation Wish Lists Sent by States to Congress Ignore Current Trends and Neglect National Priorities* (U.S. PIRG: December 2008), 9 pp.
* *Squandering the Stimulus: An Analysis of Household Gas Spending, Economic Stimulus Checks, and the Need for Better Transportation Options*, with M. Michael Farhoodi (U.S. PIRG: June 2008), 9 pp.
* *A Better Way to Go: Meeting America’s 21st Century Transportation with Modern Public Transit*, with Tony Dutzik (U.S. PIRG: June 2008), 76 pp.
* *Road Privatization: Explaining the Trend, Assessing the Facts and Protecting the Public*, (U.S. PIRG: September 2007), 23 pp.
* *Finding Solutions to Fund Transit: Combining Accountability and New Resources for World-Class Public Transportation*, (U.S.PIRG: August 2007), 19 pp.
* *Sunshine for California: Shining Light on Corporate Tax Secrecy for Healthier State Budgets, Investments and Markets*, with Emily Rusch (CALPIRG: August 2006), 19 pp.
* *Caution on New Jersey Turnpike and Parkway Deal: Six Public-Interest Principles for Considering Toll Road Monetization*, with Abigail Caplowitz (New Jersey PIRG: 2006), 6 pp.
* “Local Services, Local Aid, and Common Challenges,” Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston Policy Brief (PB-2005-7), John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (November 2005).
* Technical advisor for *Local Communities at Risk: Revisiting the Fiscal Partnership Between the Commonwealth Cities and Towns*, Metropolitan Mayors Coalition, Municipal Finance Task Force (September 2005).
* “The Casino Gamble in Massachusetts,” with Bruce Sacerdote, Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, research report with related Policy Brief (PB-2005-1), “Betting on the Future: The Economic Impact of Legalized Gambling” (January 2005).
* “Three Worlds of Working Time: The Partisan and Welfare Politics of Work-Hours in OECD Countries” co-authored with Brian Burgoon (*Politics & Societies*, Dec. 2004).
* “Taxing Habits” (Cover article on alcohol and cigarette taxation) *Regional Review*, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Research Department, Q1 (2003): 19–26.
* “Can CitiStat Work in Greater Boston?” *Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston Working Paper*, no. 7, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (October 2003).
* “Post-Communist Unemployment Politics: Historical Legacies and the Curious Acceptance of Job Loss” in Capitalism and Democracy in Eastern and Central Europe: Assessing the Legacy of Communist Rule, Grzegorz Ekiert and Stephen Hanson, eds. (Cambridge University Press, 2003).
* “Hungary: Retrenchment amid Radical Restructuring,” in Diminishing Welfare: A Cross-National Study of Social Provision, Gertrude Schaffner Goldberg and Marguerite G. Rosenthal eds. (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002): 271–294.
* “Explaining Differences in the Political Meaning of Unemployment,” *Journal of Socio-Economics*, 31,4 (2002): 469–502.
* “Good Capital, Bad Capital: Dangers and Development in Digital Diasporas,” Virtual Diasporas and Global Problem Solving Project, Nautilus Institute, San Francisco, CA, 2002
* “The New Economy Track Record” Dollars & Sense, 241 (May 2002).
* “Three Worlds of Working Time: Policy and Politics in the Work Time of Industrialized Countries” *Program on Central and Eastern Europe Working Paper Series*, No. 89A, Harvard University Minda De Gunzburg Center for European Studies, 2002.
* “Does the New Economy Tilt to the Right?” *Dollars & Sense*, 240 (March 2002). Translated into Hungarian as “Jobbra tart-e az Új Gazdaság,” appearing in the journal *Esmélet* (2002).
* “Spending #1, Performance #37: How the U.S. Ranks Internationally Using World Health Organization Data” *Dollars & Sense*, 235 (May/June 2001).
* “The European Union,” *Dollars & Sense*, 233 (Jan/Feb. 2001). Reprinted in Real World Globalization (Dollars & Sense, Somerville, MA: 2001).
* “Jobs versus Wages: How Strong a Trade-Off?” *Dollars & Sense*, 206 (Jul.-Aug. 1996). Reprinted in Real World Macro (Dollars & Sense, Somerville, MA: 2000) 12th edition. Also reprinted in *Solutions to Social Problems: Lessons from Other Societies*, Stanley D. Eitzen and Craig S. Leedham, eds. (Allyn & Bacon, 2001) 2nd edition.
* “When is Unemployment Politically Important Explaining Differences in Political Salience across European Countries,” *West European Politics*, 24, 1 (January, 2001): 75–98.
* “The Communist Taboo Against Unemployment: Ideology, Soft-Budget Constraints, or The Politics of De-Stalinization?” *East European Politics and Societies*, 14, 3 (Fall 2000): 597–635.
* “World Bank Chief Economist Blames Economics for Bad Advice” with Abby Scher. *Dollars & Sense,* 224 (July/Aug 1999): 8–9.
* “National Inequality and Hours at Work: Recent Research on a Possible Connection” *Dollars & Sense* (January, 1999).
* “The Communist Taboo against Unemployment: Ideology, Soft-Budget Constraints, or the Politics of De-Stalinization?” *Program on Central and Eastern Europe Working Paper Series*, No. 48, Harvard University Minda De Gunzburg Center for European Studies, 1999.
* “Pensions and Housing in Hungarian Welfare State Development”, *Program on Central and Eastern Europe Working Paper Series*, No. 34, Minda De Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University, 1994.

## InfoBox

| Phineas Baxandall | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater |  |
| Parents |  |


title: William Eassie

abstract: William Eassie (1805-1861) was a Scottish businessman of the mid 19th century, working as a railway contractor and then as a Gloucester-based supplier of prefabricated wooden buildings.

text:
# William Eassie

**William Eassie** (1805-1861) was a Scottish businessman of the mid 19th century, working as a railway contractor and then as a Gloucester-based supplier of prefabricated wooden buildings.

## Career

Eassie was born at Lochee near Dundee in 1805. Little is known of his early life, but he was involved in construction of the East Lancashire Railway in 1840.

In 1849 he moved to Gloucestershire and worked on the Gloucester and Dean Forest Railway, securing a contract to supply and install wooden sleepers and to lay iron rails. He subsequently worked on the docks branch of this railway on the west side of the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal, and on the Vale of Neath Railway in south Wales.

Eassie established a factory in Gloucester in 1849, and became one of the city's major employers, employing over 1,000 men, working in shifts.

In delivering contracts, Eassie worked often with Richard Potter of Price & Co, a Gloucester-based timber importer, and in 1851 he set up a steam-powered saw mill on land beside the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal that Price & Co leased from Gloucester Corporation. From this mill, Eassie also supplied other contractors, including those working on rail projects for Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

Eassie's work diversified from rail projects into supply of wood for buildings, including greenhouses for a Royal Agricultural Society show in Gloucester in July 1853, and doors, windows and complete buildings for export to Australia to house gold prospectors. This experience in prefabricated buildings led to an 1854 commission to supply huts to house British troops engaged in the Crimean War, followed by a similar order from the French government. Shortly after completion of these orders in early 1855, Eassie was approached by Brunel to work on designs for prefabricated buildings to form the Renkioi military hospital near the Dardanelles. The hospital was designed as 16 buildings, each holding 50 patients in two wards, and were shipped direct from Gloucester Docks to Balaklava.

After the Crimean War, Eassie's business expanded its engineering capabilities, forging scrap iron to manufacture ship anchors and other components, and developing a piling machine to work at the Millwall Iron Works in London where Brunel's *SS Great Eastern* was being built.

However, Eassie's business got into financial difficulties, and he was forced to restructure the business, giving his sons (William and Peter Boyd Eassie) formal roles in William Eassie & Sons. The company continued to make wooden buildings for UK and overseas customers, later expanding into the supply of wood for the manufacture of railway wagons in an adjacent works in Gloucester.

## Legacy

Eassie died in May 1861, but the company was continued by his sons, becoming a limited company in 1868. In 1875, Eassie & Co was acquired by its neighbour, the Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company, and in 1900 became the Gloucester Joinery Co. Ltd, making shop fronts, shop fittings, staircases, greenhouses and church and school furniture until the mid 1940s.

William Eassie Jr became a prominent civil engineer engaged on public health projects, and an advocate of cremation, writing a book *Cremation: Its History and Bearings upon Public Health* (published in 1875) and serving as honorary secretary of the Cremation Society.


title: Radio Free Albemuth (album)

abstract: Radio Free Albemuth is the debut solo album by bassist Stuart Hamm, released in 1988 on Relativity Records. Hamm is backed up by guitarists Allan Holdsworth and Joe Satriani. The title of the album and many of the songs were inspired by the novels of Philip K. Dick.

text:
# Radio Free Albemuth (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Radio Free Albemuth*** is the debut solo album by bassist Stuart Hamm, released in 1988 on Relativity Records. Hamm is backed up by guitarists Allan Holdsworth and Joe Satriani. The title of the album and many of the songs were inspired by the novels of Philip K. Dick.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Stuart Hamm, except where noted

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Radio Free Albemuth" |  | 5:10 |
| 2. | "Flow My Tears" |  | 8:23 |
| 3. | "Dr. Gradus Ad Parnasum" | Claude Debussy | 3:05 |
| 4. | "Sexually Active" |  | 7:51 |
| 5. | "Simple Dreams" |  | 4:05 |
| 6. | "Country Music (A Night in Hell)" |  | 3:45 |
| 7. | "Moonlight Sonata" | Beethoven | 4:54 |
| Total length: | | | 37:16 |

## Personnel

* Stuart Hamm – bass guitar, production
* Allan HoldsworthSynthAxe on "Radio Free Albemuth"
* Joe Satriani – electric guitar on "Radio Free Albemuth", "Flow My Tears" and "Sexually Active"
* Mike Barsimanto – drums
* Amy Knoles – percussion on "Radio Free Albemuth"
* Scott Collard – keyboards
* Glen Freundl – keyboards on "Radio Free Albemuth", "Sexually Active" and "Country Music"
* Tommy Mars – keyboards on "Radio Free Albemuth"
* Charles Hamm – front cover photo
* Mark Effords – back cover photo
* David Bett – design

## InfoBox

| Radio Free Albemuth | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Stuart Hamm | |
| Released | 1988 |
| Recorded | 1988 |
| Genre | Progressive rock, instrumental rock, jazz fusion |
| Length | 37:16 |
| Label | Relativity |
| Producer | Stuart Hamm |
| Stuart Hamm chronology | |
| ***Radio Free Albemuth***
(1988) *Kings of Sleep*
(1989) | |


abstract:
This is a list of members of the Victorian Legislative Council from the elections of 10 September 1896 to the elections of 8 September 1898. From 1889 there were fourteen Provinces and a total of 48 members.
  - Note the "Term in Office" refers to that members term(s) in the Council, not necessarily for that Province. William Zeal was President of the Council, Frederick Brown was Chairman of Committees.
  - [a] Clarke died 15 May 1897; replaced by Rupert Clarke, sworn-in June 1897.
  - [b] Coutts died 3 May 1897; replaced by Thomas Comrie sworn-in June 1897.

text:
# Members of the Victorian Legislative Council, 1896–1898

This is a list of **members of the Victorian Legislative Council** from the elections of 10 September 1896 to the elections of 8 September 1898.

From 1889 there were fourteen Provinces and a total of 48 members.

Note the "Term in Office" refers to that members term(s) in the Council, not necessarily for that Province.

| Name | Province | Term in Office |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Joseph Henry Abbott | Northern | 1889–1904 |
| Sidney Austin | South-Western | 1888–1904 |
| James Balfour | South-Eastern | 1874–1913 |
| James Bell | North-Western | 1882–1904 |
| Frederick Brown | North-Eastern | 1884–1903 |
| Thomas Brunton | South | 1890–1904 |
| James Buchanan | South-Eastern | 1876–1898 |
| James C. Campbell | South-Eastern | 1895–1910 |
| William John Clarke \[a\] | South | 1878–1897 |
| Joseph Connor | South-Western | 1886–1899 |
| Samuel Cooke | Western | 1888–1901 |
| David Coutts \[b\] | North-Western | 1882–1897 |
| Edward Crooke | Gippsland | 1893–1922 |
| Henry Cuthbert | Wellington | 1874–1907 |
| Thomas Dowling | Nelson | 1886–1904 |
| William Embling | North-Central | 1892–1912 |
| Nicholas Fitzgerald | North-Central | 1864–1908 |
| Simon Fraser | South Yarra | 1886–1901 |
| George Godfrey | South Yarra | 1895–1904 |
| Frederick Grimwade | North Yarra | 1891–1904 |
| Cornelius Ham | Melbourne | 1882–1904 |
| David Ham | Wellington | 1886–1904 |
| Nathaniel Levi | North Yarra | 1892–1904 |
| William McCulloch | Gippsland | 1880–1903 |
| Donald Melville | South | 1882–1919 |
| Edward Miller | South Yarra | 1893–1913 |
| Edward Morey | Wellington | 1889–1904 |
| William Osmand | Nelson | 1888–1901 |
| William Pearson (junior) | Gippsland | 1896–1916 |
| Pharez Phillips | North-Western | 1896–1901 |
| William Pitt | North Yarra | 1891–1910 |
| Joseph Pratt | North-Western | 1889–1907 |
| Robert Reid | Melbourne | 1892–1903 |
| Arthur Sachse | North-Eastern | 1892–1920 |
| Charles Sargeant | Gippsland | 1889–1898 |
| Frederick T. Sargood | South Yarra | 1874–1880; 1882–1901 |
| James Service | Melbourne | 1888–1899 |
| George Simmie | Northern | 1889–1904 |
| Arthur Snowden | Melbourne | 1895–1904 |
| Joseph Sternberg | Northern | 1891–1928 |
| Nathan Thornley | Western | 1882–1903 |
| John Wallace | North-Eastern | 1873–1901 |
| Thomas Wanliss | Wellington | 1893–1898 |
| Samuel Williamson | Nelson | 1891–1901 |
| William Irving Winter | Northern | 1884–1901 |
| Henry Wrixon | South-Western | 1896–1910 |
| Agar Wynne | Western | 1888–1903 |
| William Zeal | North-Central | 1882–1901 |
|

William Zeal was President of the Council, Frederick Brown was Chairman of Committees.

\[a\] Clarke died 15 May 1897; replaced by Rupert Clarke, sworn-in June 1897. \[b\] Coutts died 3 May 1897; replaced by Thomas Comrie sworn-in June 1897.


title: Nikolaus Lehnhoff

abstract: Nikolaus Lehnhoff was a German opera director.

text:
# Nikolaus Lehnhoff

**Nikolaus Lehnhoff** (20 May 1939 in Hanover – 29 August 2015 in Berlin) was a German opera director.

## Life and career

Born in Hanover to Erika (née Fiediger) and Friedrich Lehnhoff, Lehnhoff studied at the University of Munich and the University of Vienna. Lehnhoff began his career working as a stage director at the Deutsche Oper Berlin and as an assistant to Wieland Wagner at the Bayreuth Festival in the 1960s. He then became a stage director for the Metropolitan Opera, beginning with the 1967 revival of Mozart's *The Marriage of Figaro*. He served as stage director for several more Met productions through 1970, including *Ariadne auf Naxos*, *La bohème*, *The Flying Dutchman*, and *Simon Boccanegra*.

In 1972 Lehnhoff directed his first opera; a production of Strauss' *Die Frau ohne Schatten* at the Paris Opera with Christa Ludwig and Walter Berry. He directed that same work for his directorial debut at the San Francisco Opera (SFO) with Leonie Rysanek as the Empress in 1976. He returned many times to direct for the SFO over the next three decades, including *Salome* (1982 & 1987), *The Ring Cycle* (1983-1985, 1990, & 1999), *Die Walküre* (1995), *Parsifal* (1999-2000), and *The Flying Dutchman* (2004-2005). His production of *The Ring Cycle* for the SFO was adopted by the National Theatre Munich in 1987.

Lehnhoff directed several works for the Glyndebourne Festival Opera, including *Tristan und Isolde* (2003); the company's first staging of an opera by Richard Wagner. Other operas he directed for Glyndebourne included *Káťa Kabanová* (1988), *Jenůfa* (1989), and *The Makropulos Affair* (1995).

In 1988 Lehnhoff directed Berlioz's *La damnation de Faust* at the Hamburg State Opera in a production that utilized pop video art by Suzan Pitt. In 1989 he made his debut at the Santa Fe Opera directing *The Flying Dutchman* with James Morris in the title role. That same year he made his directorial debut at the Metropolitan Opera with Eva Marton as his Salome. He directed that same work three more times at the Met; in 1990, 1996, and 2004. In 2000-2001 he directed *Parsifal* and *The Flying Dutchman* at the Lyric Opera of Chicago. In 2006 he directed the European debut of Jake Heggie's *Dead Man Walking* at the Semperoper in Dresden. In 2013 he directed *The Flying Dutchman* at the Los Angeles Opera. The last production he directed was Puccini's *Turandot* at La Scala in May 2015.


title: Open wagon

abstract: An open wagon forms a large group of railway goods wagons designed primarily for the transportation of bulk goods that are not moisture-retentive and can usually be tipped, dumped or shovelled. The International Union of Railways (UIC) distinguishes between ordinary wagons and special wagons (F/6). Open wagons often form a significant part of a railway company's goods wagon fleet; for example, forming just under 40% of the Deutsche Bahn's total goods wagon stock in Germany.

text:
# Open wagon

An **open wagon** (or **truck** in the UK) forms a large group of railway goods wagons designed primarily for the transportation of bulk goods that are not moisture-retentive and can usually be tipped, dumped or shovelled. The International Union of Railways (UIC) distinguishes between ordinary wagons (Class **E**/UIC-type **5**) and special wagons (**F**/**6**). Open wagons often form a significant part of a railway company's goods wagon fleet; for example, forming just under 40% of the Deutsche Bahn's total goods wagon stock in Germany.

## UIC standard goods wagons

Since the 1960s, the majority of goods wagons procured by European railway administrations have been built to standards laid down by, or based on, those established by the UIC. In addition to open wagons the table also shows wagons with opening roofs (Class T), whose design is based on open wagons.

| Norm | UIC 571-1:
Ordinary class
two axles | | UIC 571-2:
Ordinary class
four axles | UIC 571-3:
Special class | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Class | Type 1
"French" | Type 2
"German" |  | Wagon with sliding roof
four axles | Hopper wagon
two axles | | Saddle-bottomed wagon
four axles | |
| | | | | | without roof | with roof | without roof | with roof |
| Class | Es | | Ea(o)s | Taems
to 1979: Taes | Fcs | Tds | Fals | Tals |
| Axle base | 4.85 m
(15 ft 11 in) | 5.40 m
(17 ft 8+58 in) |  | | 6.00 m
(19 ft 8+14 in) | |  | |
| Bogie pivot pitch |  | | 9.00 m
(29 ft 6+38 in) | |  | | 7.50 m
(24 ft 7+14 in) | |
| Length over buffers | 9.04 m
(29 ft 7+78 in) | 10.00 m
(32 ft 9+34 in) | 14.04 m
(46 ft 34 in) | | 9.64 m
(31 ft 7+12 in) | | 12.54 m
(41 ft 1+34 in) | |
| Loading length, min. | 7.79 m
(25 ft 6+34 in) | 8.76 m
(28 ft 8+78 in) | 12.71 m
(41 ft 8+38 in) | 12.40 m
(40 ft 8+14 in) |  | |  | |
| Loading area, ca. | 22 m2
(240 sq ft) | 24 m2
(260 sq ft) | 35 m2
(380 sq ft) | 33 m2
(360 sq ft) |  | |  | |
| Loading volume, ca. | 36 m3
(1,300 cu ft) | 36 m3
(1,300 cu ft) | 71 m3
(2,500 cu ft) | 74 m3
(2,600 cu ft) | 40 m3
(1,400 cu ft) | 38 m3
(1,300 cu ft) | 75 m3
(2,600 cu ft) | 72 m3
(2,500 cu ft) |
| Unladen weight, max. | ... | 12.5 t
(12.3 long tons; 13.8 short tons) | 22.0 t
(21.7 long tons; 24.3 short tons) | 24.0 t
(23.6 long tons; 26.5 short tons) | 13.0 t
(12.8 long tons; 14.3 short tons) | 13.5 t
(13.3 long tons; 14.9 short tons) | 15.0 t
(14.8 long tons; 16.5 short tons) | 15.5 t
(15.3 long tons; 17.1 short tons) |
| Doors per side | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |  | |  | |
| Door width | ... | 1.80 m
(5 ft 10+78 in) | 1.80 m
(5 ft 10+78 in) | 4.00 m
(13 ft 1+12 in) |  | |  | |

## Class E – Ordinary open high-sided wagons

These wagons have a level floor and solid sides with at least one door on each side. They are mainly used for transporting bulk goods, coal, scrap, steel, wood and paper. The majority of wagons have folding sides and end walls, otherwise they are given the letters *l* (fixed sides) or *o* (fixed end walls). Wagons may have one or two folding end walls. Steel rings enable ropes, nets or covers to be attached to secure the load.

Some of these wagons can also be completely tipped over, in other words, at certain places they can be lifted up and emptied by being turned about their longitudinal axis. This requires a very robust underframe. Sometimes the wagons are fitted with rotatable couplings so that they do not have to be individually uncoupled.

In 1998, the Deutsche Bahn (DB) had about 16,000 four-axle Class E wagons. They have increasingly retired their twin-axled E wagons since the 1990s and they are now rarely seen.

## Class F – Special open high-sided wagons

The majority of these are **self-discharging wagons** which use gravity-unloading (hopper cars and saddle-bottomed wagons), but in addition there are also:

* Side-tipping wagons (box tip, trough-tip or side-tip wagon),
* Bucket wagon, other open wagons without side doors

In addition to hopper and saddle-bottomed wagons there were also wagons with opening roofs.

Typical loads for these wagons are all sorts of bulk goods, like coal, coke, ore, sand or gravel. Because bulk goods are often moved in large quantities, these wagons are frequently used in so-called unit or block trains that only comprise one type of wagon and only shift one type of product from the dispatcher to the recipient.

### Hopper wagons

Hopper wagons can only be unloaded by gravity with no external assistance and are therefore also classed as self-discharging wagons. The majority may be filled, when at rail or road level, by high-level discharge chutes (whose ends are more than 70 cm above the top of the rails) or conveyor belts. Because a controlled amount of the load can be discharged at any place the wagons may be sent anywhere and are even used individually. Railway companies also use hoppers as departmental wagons in maintenance of way trains for ballasting the track.

Since the 1990s there has been a trend for new hopper wagons to be built as bogie wagons which have not yet been standardized by the UIC.

### Saddle-bottomed wagons

Saddle-bottomed wagons are large-volume hoppers are exclusively unloaded by gravity and are therefore classed as self-discharging hoppers. Unlike normal hopper wagons, however, their discharge cannot be controlled and the entire load must be dropped. To unload the flaps on the side swing out allowing the load to empty. This is aided by the floor which slopes downwards on both sides like a gable roof. The discharging chutes on either side are relatively high up. These wagons are frequently seen in unit trains for transporting bulk goods such as coal or mineral ore from mines or ports to steelworks or power stations.

The most modern type of four axle saddle-bottomed wagon in the DB is the four axle Falns 121 with a loading volume of 90 m3 (120 cu yd). It was built from 1992 in several batches. By February 2008 another 100 of these wagons were to have been delivered to the DB and another 300 by 2010. These latest wagons will have an axle load of 23.5 t (23.1 long tons; 25.9 short tons) and an unladen weight of no more than 24.5 t (24.1 long tons; 27.0 short tons), resulting in a load limit of 69.5 t (68.4 long tons; 76.6 short tons).

### Side-tipping wagons

Side-tipping wagons have hydraulic, pneumatic or electric tipping equipment, that enables the wagon body to be lifted on one side. Depending on the design, they may be tipped to both sides or just one side only. In order to prevent wagons from falling over during the tipping operation, some are equipped with track pinch bars with which they can be securely anchored to the trackbed. These wagons are often seen in unit trains being used to remove excavated material from major construction sites.

## Specialized wagons

### Lorry or mine car

A *lorry* or *mine car* is an open railroad car (gondola) with a tipping trough, used in mining. It is known in the UK as a *tippler* or *chaldron wagon*, and in the US as a *mine car*.

#### Chaldrons

The first railway bulk-cargo gondolas, the first freight wagons, were the chaldron cars of the early coal-carrying plateways. These were relatively short in length and tall in proportion, with a tapered body that widened upwards, above the wheels. Once locomotive haulage began, the unstable and top-heavy nature of this design became a problem with increasing speeds and later wagons became lower and longer. The chaldron shape survived in a few cases, such as low-speed working around a large factory sites including steelworks.

### Modalohr road trailer carriers

Modalohrs are specialized wagons for carrying road trailers and road tractors on the AFF route from France to Italy and Luxembourg to Spain and vice versa; there are plans to expand this service. A deck between the bogies (trucks) pivots (swings) 30°, allowing the trailers to be loaded from the sides. The cars are built by Lohr Industrie.

### Intermodal open wagons


title: Puyoô station

abstract: Puyoô is a railway station in Puyoô, Pyrénées-Atlantiques département of France. The station, opened in 1862, is located on the Toulouse - Bayonne and Puyoô - Dax railway lines. Puyoô was also formerly served by the Puyoô to Mauléon railway line, which closed to passengers in 1968 and to freight in 1989, before being completely abandoned in 1991. This railway line also had a branch to Saint-Palais, which is also now closed. Today, the station is served by Intercités and TER (local) services operated by the SNCF.

text:
# Puyoô station

**Puyoô** is a railway station in Puyoô, Pyrénées-Atlantiques *département* of France. The station, opened in 1862, is located on the Toulouse - Bayonne and Puyoô - Dax railway lines. Puyoô was also formerly served by the Puyoô to Mauléon railway line, which closed to passengers in 1968 and to freight in 1989, before being completely abandoned in 1991. This railway line also had a branch to Saint-Palais, which is also now closed.

Today, the station is served by *Intercités* (long distance) and TER (local) services operated by the SNCF.

## Train services

The following services currently call at Puyoô:

* local service (TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine) Bordeaux - Dax - Pau - Tarbes
* local service (TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine) Bayonne - Pau - Tarbes

| Preceding station | TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Daxtowards Bordeaux |  | 52 |  | Ortheztowards Tarbes |
| Peyrehoradetowards Bayonne |  | 53 |  | |

43°31′28″N 0°54′36″W / 43.52444°N 0.91000°W / 43.52444; -0.91000


title: 81st Battalion, CEF

abstract: The 81st Battalion, CEF was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War. The 81st Battalion was authorized on 10 July 1915 and embarked for Britain on 28 April 1916. The battalion provided reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field until 6 July 1916, when its personnel were absorbed by the 35th Reserve Battalion, CEF. The battalion was subsequently disbanded on 27 July 1917. The 81st Battalion recruited in and was mobilized at Toronto, Ontario. The 81st Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. B. H. Belson from 1 May 1916 to 5 July 1916. The 81st Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916. The 81st Battalion, CEF is perpetuated by The Lincoln and Welland Regiment. Photographs of thirty-one of the officers of the 81st Battalion were printed in the Toronto Star on 22 January 1916. Of those officers, a number were to die during the first World War. Their stories and photograph collections can be found on the Canadian Virtual War Memorial. Lieut. Harry Valmond Walker, who later served with the 58th Battalion, died 8 October 1916. His friend, Lt. Gordon King MacKendrick, also formerly an 81st officer, died with the 58th Battalion on the same day as Lt. Harry Valmond Walker. Lt. Arthur Beamer McCormick, Military Cross, 3rd Battalion, died 10 April 1917. Lt. Herbert Edward Moore, 4th C.M.R., died 2 October 1916. Lt. Frederick Gustavus Stupart, 75th Battalion, died 22 October 1916. Lt Archibald Franklin McKinlay. Volunteered with 81st, Killed in Action August 8, 1918 with the 2nd Bn, Somme, France. Archibald Franklin McKinlay Memorial.

text:
# 81st Battalion, CEF

The **81st Battalion, CEF** was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War. The 81st Battalion was authorized on 10 July 1915 and embarked for Britain on 28 April 1916. The battalion provided reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field until 6 July 1916, when its personnel were absorbed by the 35th Reserve Battalion, CEF. The battalion was subsequently disbanded on 27 July 1917.

The 81st Battalion recruited in and was mobilized at Toronto, Ontario.

The 81st Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. B. H. Belson from 1 May 1916 to 5 July 1916.

The 81st Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916.

The 81st Battalion, CEF is perpetuated by **The Lincoln and Welland Regiment**.

Photographs of thirty-one of the officers of the 81st Battalion were printed in the Toronto Star on 22 January 1916. Of those officers, a number were to die during the first World War. Their stories and photograph collections can be found on the Canadian Virtual War Memorial (Veterans Affairs Canada, Canada Remembers).

Lieut. Harry Valmond Walker, who later served with the 58th Battalion, died 8 October 1916.  His friend, Lt. Gordon King MacKendrick, also formerly an 81st officer, died with the 58th Battalion on the same day as Lt. Harry Valmond Walker.

Lt. Arthur Beamer McCormick, Military Cross, 3rd Battalion, died 10 April 1917.

Lt. Herbert Edward Moore, 4th C.M.R., died 2 October 1916.

Lt. Frederick Gustavus Stupart, 75th Battalion, died 22 October 1916.

Lt Archibald Franklin McKinlay. Volunteered with 81st, Killed in Action August 8, 1918 with the 2nd Bn, Somme, France. Archibald Franklin McKinlay Memorial.

### Sources

* Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914-1919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962


title: Phineas' Rainbow

abstract: Phineas' Rainbow is the second album by American jazz pianist Phineas Newborn Jr. recorded in 1956 and released on the RCA Victor label in February 1957.

text:
# Phineas' Rainbow

***Phineas' Rainbow*** is the second album by American jazz pianist Phineas Newborn Jr. recorded in 1956 and released on the RCA Victor label in February 1957.

## Reception

The Allmusic review awarded the album 4 stars.

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |

## Track listing

*All compositions by Phineas Newborn Jr. except as indicated*

1. "Overtime" – 3:45
2. "Angel Eyes" (Earl Brent, Matt Dennis) – 4:19
3. "Come to Baby, Do!" (Inez James, Sidney Miller) – 4:09
4. "Stairway to the Stars" (Matty Malneck, Mitchell Parish, Frank Signorelli) – 5:22
5. "Land's End" (Harold Land) – 5:21
6. "Clarisse" – 4:37
7. "She (She Means Everything to Me)" (George Shearing) – 4:22
8. "Tin Tin Deo" (Gil Fuller, Dizzy Gillespie, Chano Pozo) – 4:20
9. "Autumn in New York" (Vernon Duke) – 4:02
10. "What Is This Thing Called Love?" (Cole Porter) – 6:09

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Phineas' Rainbow | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Phineas Newborn Jr. | |
| Released | February 1957 (1957-02) |
| Recorded | October 16, 19 & 22, 1956
New York City |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 46:26 |
| Label | RCA Victor LPM 1421 |
| Phineas Newborn Jr. chronology | |
| *Here Is Phineas*
(1956) ***Phineas' Rainbow***
(1957) *While My Lady Sleeps*
(1957) | |


title: Monika Ciecierska

abstract: Monika Ciecierska is a former Polish female professional basketball player.

text:
# Monika Ciecierska

**Monika Ciecierska** (born 23 October 1973) is a former Polish female professional basketball player.

## InfoBox

Monika Ciecierska
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1973-10-23) 23 October 1973<br>Szprotawa, Poland |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Listed height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| Position | Small forward / power forward |
| Career history | |
| 1990-1990 | AZS Zielona Góra |
| 1992-1998 | Stilon Gorzów Wielkopolski |
| 1998-1999 | Lotos Gdynia |
| 1999-2001 | Start Gdańsk |
| 2001-2003 | CCC Polkowice |
| 2003-2007 | AZS Poznań |
|  | |


title: Rajavommangi

abstract: Rajavommangi is a village and a Rajavommangi Mandal in Alluri Sitharama Raju district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

text:
# Rajavommangi

**Rajavommangi** is a village and a Rajavommangi Mandal in Alluri Sitharama Raju district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

17°33′N 82°14′E / 17.550°N 82.233°E / 17.550; 82.233

## InfoBox

| Rajavommangi | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Alluri Sitharama Raju |
| Talukas | Rajavommangi |
| Area(Mandal) | |
| Total | 465.41 km2 (179.70 sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle Registration | AP05 (Former)
AP39 (from 30 January 2019) |


title: Ralph Cowan (footballer)

abstract: Ralph Cowan was a Scottish professional football full back who made one appearance in the Scottish League for Rangers.

text:
# Ralph Cowan (footballer)

**Ralph Cowan** was a Scottish professional football full back who made one appearance in the Scottish League for Rangers.

## InfoBox

Ralph Cowan
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Scotland | | |
| Position(s) | Full back | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1938–1945 | Rangers | 1 | (0) |
| 1946 | Dumbarton |  |  |
| 1946 | Stirling Albion |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Waqar Ahmed Seth

abstract: Waqar Ahmed Seth was a Pakistani jurist who was the Chief Justice of Peshawar High Court between June 2018 and November 2020. He presided over the special court which heard the high treason case against Pervez Musharraf and one of the two judges on a three-judge panel who convicted Musharraf of this crime and sentenced him to death in a controversial decision. That was the first time in Pakistan's history that a military dictator was convicted of high treason.

text:
# Waqar Ahmed Seth

**Waqar Ahmed Seth** (16 March 1961  12 November 2020) was a Pakistani jurist who was the Chief Justice of Peshawar High Court between June 2018 and November 2020. He presided over the special court which heard the high treason case against Pervez Musharraf and one of the two judges on a three-judge panel who convicted Musharraf of this crime and sentenced him to death in a controversial decision. That was the first time in Pakistan's history that a military dictator was convicted of high treason.

## Early life and education

Born in Dera Ismail Khan on 16 March 1961, he received his early education from Cantonment Public School, Peshawar. He was awarded a Higher Secondary School Certificate from the FG Inter College for Boys in 1977 and a Bachelor of Science degree from Islamia College, Peshawar in 1981. Seth was awarded an LLB from Khyber Law College, Peshawar in 1985 and an MA in political science from the University of Peshawar in 1986.

## Judicial career

Seth started his professional career in December 1985 when he was enrolled as an advocate in the lower courts. On 24 May 2008, he was enrolled as an advocate of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. His judicial career started on 2 August 2011, when he was elevated to the Peshawar High Court as an additional judge. In June 2018, he was appointed Chief Justice of Peshawar High Court.

Seth was inducted into the special court hearing high treason case against Pervez Musharraf in October 2019 as the president of the court. On 17 December 2019, the three-member bench of this special court awarded death sentence to Musharraf in a short order. This short order was criticized by Director General of Inter-Services Public Relations of Pakistan military, General Asif Ghafoor. Ghafoor said in his statement that "there was pain and anguish among the rank and file of military" due to this punishment and that Musharraf cannot be a traitor since he served his country for 40 years and fought wars for its defense. Later, the short order was criticized by government ministers associated with Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, most prominently by Firdous Ashiq Awan and attorney general Anwar Mansoor Khan.

The special court issued a 169-page long detailed order on 19 December 2019. He was widely criticized by government ministers and legislators associated with Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf for his opinionated note about giving an exemplary punishment to Musharraf. Seth wrote in paragraph 66 of the judgement that law enforcement agencies of Pakistan should arrest and hang Musharraf till death and if somehow he is able to evade this punishment and dies before the punishment then his body should be dragged and hanged for three days in D-Chowk of Islamabad in front of the Parliament building. The reasons he gave for this posthumous punishment were Musharraf's persistent and stubborn delaying tactics to avoid facing the court and ultimately the punishment. The judge also directed to bring all those to justice who were responsible to help Musharraf flee from the country.

After the judgement, the Director General of Inter-Services Public Relations, General Asif Ghafoor issued veiled threats aimed at the judges who decided to punish Musharraf suggesting that they are enemy of the country and Pakistan Military knows how to defend its honour and dignity. Taking the cue from the General, three ministers belonging to Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf Government appeared in a press conference and announced that government have decided to file a reference against Seth in Supreme Judicial Council for his removal from judiciary. During the conference, Firdous Ashiq Awan, Farogh Naseem, and Shehzad Akbar hurled insults at the judge. Awan described him as working for the enemy, called his verdict as a plot against armed forces and the country, Naseem said that the judge is mentally unfit and lacks mental capacity, and Akbar said that "whosoever wrote the Para 66 cannot be friend of the nation".

In November 2018, Seth as part of two member bench of Peshawar High Court reversed sentences of military courts against 74 convicts, 50 of which were death sentences. That decision by Seth was used by this same government as an example in International Court of Justice (ICJ) to stress that courts in Pakistan are independent to operate without any influence from government or military. This helped Pakistan's case against Indian spy Kalbhushan Yadav as ICJ noted the verdict by Seth as the reason for their verdict to not reverse Yadav's death sentence as Seth's verdict established that decisions by military courts can be reviewed in Pakistan's superior judiciary thus Yadav is also free to file a review petition.

## Death

Seth tested positive for coronavirus on 22 October 2020, and was admitted to a local hospital of Peshawar. He died of coronavirus infection on 12 November 2020.

## InfoBox

| Waqar Ahmed Seth | |
| --- | --- |
| وقار احمد سیٹھ | |
|  | |
| Chief Justice of Peshawar High Court | |
| **In office**
28 June 2018  12 November 2020 | |
| Succeeded by | Qaiser Rashid Khan |
| Justice of Peshawar High Court | |
| **In office**
2 August 2011  12 November 2020 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | predecessor
(1961-03-16)16 March 1961
Dera Ismail Khan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |
| Died | 12 November 2020(2020-11-12) (aged 59)
Islamabad, Pakistan |
| Resting place | predecessor |
| Parent | * predecessor |
|  | |