title: Pikeview, Colorado

abstract: Pikeview is a neighborhood of Colorado Springs, annexed to the city as the "Pike View Addition" on August 1, 1962. In 1896 there was a Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad station in Pikeview, and miners had begun digging a shaft for the Pikeview Coal Mine. Pikeview also had a quarry beginning 1905 for the mining of limestone for concrete. Coal mining ended in 1957, but the Pikeview Quarry continues to operate. Quarry operations, though, have created a gash or scar in the landscape and efforts have been made since the late 1980s to reclaim the hillside landscape. The Greg Francis Bighorn Sheep Habitat in what had been Queens Canyon Quarry was founded in 2003 in recognition of the individuals and organizations that have worked to create a nature hillside habitat.

text:
# Pikeview, Colorado

**Pikeview** (**Pike View**, **Pike's View**) is a neighborhood of Colorado Springs, annexed to the city as the "Pike View Addition" on August 1, 1962. In 1896 there was a Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad station in Pikeview, and miners had begun digging a shaft for the Pikeview Coal Mine. Pikeview also had a quarry beginning 1905 for the mining of limestone for concrete. Coal mining ended in 1957, but the Pikeview Quarry continues to operate. Quarry operations, though, have created a gash or scar in the landscape and efforts have been made since the late 1980s to reclaim the hillside landscape. The Greg Francis Bighorn Sheep Habitat in what had been Queens Canyon Quarry was founded in 2003 in recognition of the individuals and organizations that have worked to create a nature hillside habitat.

## Railroad station

The town of Pikeview, which began as a Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad station by 1896. It was named for the scenic view of Pikes Peak 10 miles (16 km) away. The Denver and Rio Grande Railroad station was situated at a confluence on Monument Creek, north of the Roswell junction and south from the 1875 Husted station.

## Colorado Springs water system

Two Pike View Reservoirs, which were part of the extension of Colorado Springs Irrigation System to Monument Creek, were constructed in 1894.

## Town

A school house was built in Pikeview 1 mi (1.6 km) north of the station by 1903. The Pikes View Coal Mine was the same distance from the station. The post office was 4 mi (6.4 km) south of the station. By 1906, the station included a depot, a pond, and a road intersection of the north-south Monument Valley Highway (now Interstate 25) with a road west to Rampart Range.

## Pikeview Coal Mine

A shaft was sunk in late 1896 and the main coal was discovered at what would be the Pikeview Mine, also called the Carlton Mine, on January 1, 1897. The Pikeview Mine is a slope mine, which uses the room-and-pillar method to extract coal.

In the early 1900s, there was a mass exodus of people from Southern Europe. Many immigrants to the United States headed for the mining towns of Colorado—like Pikeview, Papeton, and Franceville—directly after having entered the country. Many of the mine workers were Greek, and when the men went on strike in 1913 a man named Louis Tikas who worked for the United Mine Workers went to the mine to work undercover and take affidavits of workers regarding working conditions. The workers may have been prompted to return to work and await a coordinated union walkout because most of the Pikeview miners returned to work after a few days at the same pay rate.

In a letter dated August 28, 1913, Tikas summarized that there were 350 Greek men working in the Southern Fields, which included Pikeview, Las Animas County and Huerfano County mines. There had been 13 men killed on the job and many more that had been injured since January 1, 1913. Affidavits taken by a Greek-speaking individual was important, otherwise information about the immigrants was often overlooked by government and company reports. They also paid very high prices for goods from the company stores, had seen the scales that weighed coal significantly under-report the mined coal per coal car, did not receive good medical treatment, and were dissuaded from seeing attorneys while in the hospital.

Tikas reported of the Greek mine workers of Southern Colorado,

> They are ready at any time unless conditions improve to engage in an industrial war and to fight, just as their fathers and brothers in the fatherland had fought the Turks until their freedom had been obtained, so these men are ready even at the sacrifice of their lives to fight until their industrial freedom had been obtained.
>
> Louis Tikas, United Mine Workers

Labor conflicts like this immediately precipitated the Colorado Coalfield War, a strike that began in September 1913 and ran for more than year, with a significant escalation of violence in late April 1914 following the Ludlow Massacre, during which Tikas and other Greek strikers were killed by Colorado National Guardsmen and local militia.

The Pikes Peak Consolidated Fuel Company, a subsidiary of Golden Cycle Mining and Reduction Company, was located in Pikeview in 1920. Harvey McGarry of Colorado Springs was the president and Robert O'Neil of Pikeview was the superintendent. In 1922, Pikeview's economy was nearly entirely based upon mining.

The mine was owned by Golden Cycle Mining when it closed operations July 1, 1957. At that time, there were 30 miners who lived in company housing on the site who were affected. Management personnel were transferred to other Golden Cycle operations.

## Pikeview Quarry

### Quarry scar

Pikeview Quarry has operated since 1905 and Queens Canyon Quarry has been mined for limestone since 1958. The extraction of the stone by Castle Concrete created a noticeable gash or scar in the Queens Canyon Quarry, north of Garden of the Gods, which closed in 1990.

### Reclamation

There is some mining that occurs at Pikeview Quarry, but that effort is being moved to another side of the hill. As the shift occurs, the terrain will cut back the quarry into the mountain, a plan devised by Greg Francis who worked for Castle Concrete for 30 years and spent 15 of those years working on reclamation of the quarried landscape. He started with Pikeview Quarry, about one mile north of Queen's Quarry. After failed reclamation attempts, he devised the plan to cut back the hill so that it can be "resculpted" into a terrain that will better support planted trees and landscaping. "Time and moisture will blend the quarry into the surrounding hillsides," states Colorado Mountain Reclamation Foundation (formed 1992) project manager, Wanda Reaves. By fall of 2003, 2,000 trees had been planted. An additional 800 trees were to be planted on the Pikeview Quarry in 2004. Castle Concrete intended to mine Pikeview Quarry until 2013, so the reclamation efforts were intended to continue throughout that timeframe.

### Greg Francis Bighorn Sheep Habitat

On August 1, 2003, the hillside was renamed Greg Francis Bighorn Sheep Habitat in honor of Francis, who died October 2002. A statue of a bighorn sheep stands on Greg Francis Bighorn Sheep Habitat in recognition of the herd of 65 bighorns (in 2003) and Greg Francis, hundreds of volunteers, and efforts by Castle Concrete to reintroduce Rocky Mountain juniper trees, native grasses, and small piñon to the hills.

| Preceding station | Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Roswelltoward Ogden |  | Royal Gorge Route |  | Palmer Laketoward Denver |

1. "Pikeview (193347)". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2013-10-27. "38.9152705 -104.8221988"
2. *annexdata.xls* (spreadsheet), SpringsGov.com, archived from the original on 2013-11-12, retrieved 2013-10-27, Pike View Addition 84.19 6319 19620801
3. "Denver to Southern California". *Goodrich Route Book*. B. F. Goodrich Company. 1915. p. 307. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
4. *Edmond C. (Cornelius) van Diest Papers, Ms0233* (abstracts), Colorado College Tutt Library, archived from the original on January 11, 2012, retrieved January 26, 2015 (lists numerous maps with Colorado Springs annexations/additions)
5. Angela Thaden Hahn (2014). *Security-Widefield*. Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4671-3092-9.
6. Marius Robinson Campbell (1922). "The Denver & Rio Grande Western Route: Pikeview". *Guidebook of the Western United States: Part E. The Denver & Rio Grande Western Route*. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 33–34.
7. *Town incorporation, city organization and reorganization*. City Council. 1902. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
8. *The Giles City Directory of Colorado Springs and Manitou* (PDF) (almanac), The Giles Directory Company, May 1903, pp. 33, 353, archived from the original (PDF) on November 12, 2013, retrieved January 26, 2015
9. *Tourists guide to Colorado Springs, Manitou, Colorado City and the Pike's Peak Region* (Map). "Geo. S. Clason, Denver, Colo.". 1906. Archived from the original on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
10. Marius Robinson Campbell (1910). "Colorado Springs Coal Field, Colorado: Development and Markets". *Contributions to Economic Geology, 1908: Mineral fuels*. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 340.
11. "Analysis of Coal and Car Samples Collected in the Fiscal Years 1911 to 1913". Washington, D.C.: US Department of the Interior,printed by the Government Printing Office. 1914. p. 166. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
12. "Pikeview Coal Mine Will Cease Operations July 1" (PDF). *The Gazette*. June 4, 1957. p. 1:6. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
13. Zeese Papanikolas (1991). "Organizing the Southern Field". *Buried Unsung: Louis Tikas and the Ludlow Massacre*. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8727-5.
14. "Colorado". *American Mining & Metallurgical Manual*. Chicago: The Mining Manual Company. 1920. pp. 170–.
15. Bill McKeown (August 2, 2003). "Scar start to heal: Damaged mountainside is well on its way to recovery thanks to hard work of dedicated leader, volunteers". *The Gazette*. Colorado Springs, Colorado. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
16. "Cragmor Sanatorium (193349)". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2013-10-27.

## Further reading

* R.A. Philips; D.V. Holmquist (1986), "Backfilling of the Pikeview Mine Manway", in J.L. Hynes (ed.), *Proceedings of the 1985 Conference on Coal Mine Subsidence in the Rocky Mountain Region: Colorado Geological Survey Special Publication 31*, pp. 39–80
* J.P. Thorson; C.J. Carroll & M.L. Morgan (2001), "Geologic map of the Pikeview quadrangle", *Open-File Report 01-03, scale 1:24,000*, El Paso County, Colorado: Colorado Geological Survey

| External images | |
| --- | --- |
| Pikeview, including mine buildings, Pike's Peak in the background, 1938, Pikes Peak Library District | |
| Pike View Coal Mine, 1934, Pikes Peak Library District | |
| Pikeview Quarry scar | |

38°54′55″N 104°49′20″W / 38.9153°N 104.8222°W / 38.9153; -104.8222

## InfoBox

| External images | |
| --- | --- |
| Inactive Coal Mine Data and Subsidence Information for El Paso County (map) | |
| Rockrimmon / Pikeview (map) | |
| Pikeview Coal Mine | |
| Pikeview Mine buildings | |


title: National Herb Centre

abstract: The National Herb Centre is a herbarium and garden centre located in Warmington, Warwickshire, England. The centre was opened in 1997 by Peter Turner, former chairman of the British Herb Trade Association. As well as being a place of research and learning there is a cafe, bistro, shops and a nature trail. Guided tours are available in the summer and there is no charge to visit the centre.

text:
# National Herb Centre

The **National Herb Centre** is a herbarium and garden centre located in Warmington, Warwickshire, England. The centre was opened in 1997 by Peter Turner, former chairman of the British Herb Trade Association. As well as being a place of research and learning there is a cafe, bistro, shops and a nature trail. Guided tours are available in the summer and there is no charge to visit the centre.

52°07′16″N 1°23′54″W / 52.1210°N 1.3984°W / 52.1210; -1.3984


title: Ghost Son

abstract: Ghost Son is a 2007 Italian horror-thriller film, written and directed by Lamberto Bava and produced by Pino Gargiulo.

text:
# Ghost Son

***Ghost Son*** is a 2007 Italian horror-thriller film, written and directed by Lamberto Bava and produced by Pino Gargiulo.

## Plot

Stacey and Mark have recently married and are deeply in love with each other. They live on Mark's farm in South Africa. When Mark dies in a car accident, the widow Stacey misses him and decides to stay with their orphan teenage maid, Thandi, on the farm. Later, her friend and doctor Doc finds that Stacey is pregnant. After a complicated delivery, Stacey notes that her baby in some moments seems to be possessed by the spirit of Mark, trying to kill her to bring her to spend eternity with him.

## Cast

* Laura Harring as Stacey
* John Hannah as Mark
* Pete Postlethwaite as Doc
* Coralina Cataldi-Tassoni as Beth
* Mosa Kaiser as Thandi
* Susanna Laura Ruedenberg as pediatrician
* Jake David Matthewson as Martin
* Mary Twala as Leleti
* Vanessa Cooke as gynecologist
* Jeremiah Ndlovu as Bongani

## Reception

The film received poor response in Italy, with negative reviews in the *Corriere della Sera* and *Il Messaggero*.

## InfoBox

| Ghost Son | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Lamberto Bava |
| Written by | Lamberto Bava |
| Produced by | Pino Gargiulo, Enzo Giulioli, Marco Guidone, Terence S. Potter, Jacqueline Quella, Gianni Ricci, Paul Raleigh, Liza Essers, Enrico Coletti, Richard Green |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Davide Bassan |
| Music by | Simon Boswell |
| Distributed by | Moviemax |
| Release date | * 2007 (2007) |
| Running time | 96 minutes |
| Countries | Italy
Spain
United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Plumb Brook

abstract: The Plumb Brook flows into the Grass River in Russell, New York.

text:
# Plumb Brook

The **Plumb Brook** flows into the Grass River in Russell, New York.

## InfoBox

| Plumb Brook | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Grass River |
| location | Russell, New York |
| coordinates | 44°25′30″N 75°08′02″W / 44.42500°N 75.13389°W / 44.42500; -75.13389 |
| elevation | 571 ft (174 m) |
| Basin size | 35.3 sq mi (91 km2) |


title: Melvin Cohn

abstract: Melvin Cohn was an American immunologist who co-founded the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. He demonstrated that immunoglobulins and white blood cells interact directly with pathogens to protect the body from infection, and is considered a pioneer in the research of gene regulation.

text:
# Melvin Cohn

**Melvin Cohn** (1922 – October 23, 2018) was an American immunologist who co-founded the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. He demonstrated that immunoglobulins and white blood cells interact directly with pathogens to protect the body from infection, and is considered a pioneer in the research of gene regulation.

## Early life

Cohn was born in New York City in 1922. Although both of his parents worked in law, he chose to study physics at the City College of New York. After graduating in 1940, he entered the graduate school of Columbia University and earned his master's degree in chemistry.

During World War II, Cohn was drafted into the United States Army and served in a medical research unit in the Pacific Theater. After the end of the war, he was sent to Hiroshima, Japan in 1945 to study the after-effects of the atomic bombing of the city. He also diagnosed patients affected by a major diphtheria epidemic in the country.

After being discharged from the army in 1946, he attended New York University and earned his Ph.D. in biochemistry in 1949, with a specialization in immunoglobulins.

## Career

From 1949 Cohn worked in Paris, France at the Pasteur Institute, conducting research on genes and cells with the French scientist Jacques Monod, who later won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

From 1955 to 1958, Cohn served as professor of microbiology at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1959, he moved to Stanford University School of Medicine in Palo Alto, California, where he was professor of biochemistry. Cohn's reputation as a leading researcher in molecular biology attracted the attention of Jonas Salk, who was planning to build the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. They struck a friendship as Cohn drove Salk around the San Francisco Bay Area looking at potential sites.

In 1961, when Salk decided to build his institute in La Jolla in Southern California, he invited Cohn and Renato Dulbecco to serve as co-founders, which they both accepted despite the risks involved in joining a new venture which was still short of money. Cohn's wife, biologist Suzanne Bourgeois, also joined them.

Cohn studied the immune system at the Salk Institute for the next 57 years. He demonstrated that immunoglobulins and white blood cells react directly to pathogens to protect the body from infection, and developed computer models to predict the immune system's response to infections.

## Personal life

Cohn married Ruby Burman, a theater scholar and authority on Samuel Beckett, in 1946. They divorced in 1961. He later married again, to biologist Suzanne Bourgeois.

Cohn died in San Diego, California on October 23, 2018, at the age of 96.

## Honors and recognition

Some of the honors and awards Cohn had received:

## InfoBox

| Melvin Cohn | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1922
New York City, New York, US |
| Died | (aged 96)
San Diego, California, US |
| Citizenship | United States |
| Education | New York University (PhD, 1949) |
| Spouses | *   Ruby Cohn  (m. 1946; div. 1961) * Suzanne Bourgeois |
| Awards | Elanco Research Award (1956)
Sandoz Prize (1995) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Immunology |
| Institutions | Pasteur Institute
Washington University in St. Louis
Stanford University
Salk Institute |
|  | |


title: Pietro Vesconte

abstract: Pietro Vesconte was a Genoese cartographer and geographer. A pioneer of the field of the portolan chart, he influenced Italian and Catalan mapmaking throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. He appears to have been the first professional mapmaker to sign and date his works regularly. Although Vesconte was born in Genoa, he produced much of his work in Venice. He was active between 1310 and 1330, producing numerous maps. His nautical charts are among the earliest to map the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions accurately. He also produced progressively more accurate depictions of the coastlines of northern Europe, in particular that of Britain and, to a lesser extent, Ireland. Pietro Vesconte's 1311 portolan chart of the east Mediterranean is the oldest signed and dated nautical chart that survives from the medieval period. He is also the author of at least four signed multi-sheet atlases, where the various sheets can be combined into a single nautical chart. There is also an atlas (1321) and a solitary portolan chart (1327) signed by "Perrino Vesconte", assumed to be either Pietro himself or possibly a younger relative member of his family using a diminutive form of 'Pietro'. The image of a mapmaker at work, which appears in a Vesconte atlas of 1318, may depict the chartmaker himself. Pietro Vesconte brought his experience as a maker of portolans to bear on the mappa mundi he produced, which introduced a previously unheard of accuracy to the genre. He provided a world map, nautical atlas, a map of the Holy Land and plan of Acre and Jerusalem for inclusion in Marino Sanuto's Liber secretorum fidelium crucis, a work which aimed to encourage a new crusade. There are three known copies of Sanuto's Liber that include Vesconte's maps, only the first of which is signed; the latter two are confidently assumed to have been done by him, or at least under his direction.

text:
# Pietro Vesconte

**Pietro Vesconte** (fl. 1310–1330) was a Genoese cartographer and geographer. A pioneer of the field of the portolan chart, he influenced Italian and Catalan mapmaking throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. He appears to have been the first professional mapmaker to sign and date his works regularly.

Although Vesconte was born in Genoa, he produced much of his work in Venice. He was active between 1310 and 1330, producing numerous maps. His nautical charts are among the earliest to map the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions accurately. He also produced progressively more accurate depictions of the coastlines of northern Europe, in particular that of Britain and, to a lesser extent, Ireland.

Pietro Vesconte's 1311 portolan chart of the east Mediterranean is the oldest signed and dated nautical chart that survives from the medieval period. He is also the author of at least four signed multi-sheet atlases (1313, 1318a, 1318b, c. 1321), where the various sheets can be combined into a single nautical chart. There is also an atlas (1321) and a solitary portolan chart (1327) signed by "Perrino Vesconte", assumed to be either Pietro himself or possibly a younger relative member of his family using a diminutive form of 'Pietro'. The image of a mapmaker at work, which appears in a Vesconte atlas of 1318, may depict the chartmaker himself.

Pietro Vesconte brought his experience as a maker of portolans to bear on the mappa mundi (circular world map) he produced, which introduced a previously unheard of accuracy to the genre. He provided a world map, nautical atlas, a map of the Holy Land and plan of Acre and Jerusalem for inclusion in Marino Sanuto's *Liber secretorum fidelium crucis*, a work which aimed to encourage a new crusade. There are three known copies of Sanuto's *Liber* (c. 1320–21, c. 1321, c. 1325) that include Vesconte's maps, only the first of which is signed; the latter two are confidently assumed to have been done by him, or at least under his direction.

## Works by or attributed to Vesconte

The following works have been signed or attributed to Pietro Vesconte.

* 1311 dated & signed portolan chart of the east Mediterranean, held (C.N.1) by the Archivio di Stato in Florence, Italy.
* 1313 dated & signed atlas of six sheets held (DD 687) by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France in Paris, France. (1. calendar, 2. Black Sea, 3. Aegean Sea, 4. east Mediterranean, 5. central Mediterranean, 6. west Mediterranean and British Isles)
* 1318 dated & signed atlas of seven sheets held (Port. 28) by Museo Correr in Venice, Italy. (1 calendar, 2. Black Sea, 3. east Medit., 4. central Med., 5. west Med, 6. Spain and north Africa, 7. north Atlantic)
* 1318 dated & signed atlas of ten sheets held (MS 594) by Österreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna, Austria. (1.calendar, 2. Black Sea, 3. east Medit., 4. central Medit. (south), 6. central Medit. (north) 7. west Medit., 8. Spain and French Atlantic coast, 9. British Isles, 10. Adriatic Sea)
* c.1320-21 undated but signed by Vesconte, for Marino Sanudo's *Liber secretorum*, mappa mundi plus atlas of five sheets (partially missing), held (Pal. Lat.1362A) by the Bibliotheca Apostolica in Vatican City (2. Black sea, 3. Aegean, 4. Palestine & east Medit. 5. Adriatic and North Africa, 6. west Medit and north Atlantic)
* 1321 dated and signed **Perrino Vesconte**, atlas of five sheets held (R.P.4) by the Zentralbibliothek in Zurich, Switzerland. (1 calendar, 2. Spain and north Atlantic, 3. central Medit., 4. east Medit. 5. Black Sea)

* c.1321 undated atlas of nine sheets held (MS 175) by the Bibliothèque municipale in Lyons, France. (1. calendar, 2. rhumb network, 3. Black Sea, 4. east Medit., 5. central Medit (north), 6. central Medit (north) 7. west Medit. 8. British Isles & France, 9. Adriatic Sea)
* c.1321 undated and unsigned, confidently attributed to Vesconte, for Marino Sanudo's *Liber secretorum*, mappa mundi and atlas of five sheets held (Vat. Lat. 2972) by the Bibliotheca Apostolica in Vatican City (1. Black Sea, 2. Aegean and north Africa, 3. Palestine & east Medit. 4. central medit,5. west Medit and north Atlantic)
* c.1325 undated and unsigned, confidently attributed to Vesconte, for Marino Sanudo's *Liber secretorum*, mappa mundi and atlas of five sheets, held (Add MS 27376) by the British Library, in London, UK. (1. Spain and north Atlantic, 2. central Medit., 3. Palestine & east Medit., 4. Aegean & north Africa, 5. Black Sea)
* 1327 dated and signed **Perrino Vesconte**, portolan chart, held (Med Palat.248) by the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence, Italy.

* Cortesão, Armando (1969) *History of Portuguese Cartography*, Lisbon: Ultramar.

## InfoBox

| Pietro Vesconte | |
| --- | --- |
| Image of a cartographer, assumed to be Pietro Vesconte himself, from the 1318 Vesconte atlas (Museo Correr, Venice) | |
| Born | Genoa, Republic of Genoa |
| Occupation | Italian cartographer |


title: Pollicipes elegans

abstract: Pollicipes elegans, the Pacific goose barnacle, is a species of gooseneck barnacle inhabiting the tropical coastline of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Its habitat borders a close relative, Pollicipes polymerus, a gooseneck barnacle covering the coastline of the Pacific Northwest. Other species belonging to the genus Pollicipes are found along the eastern coastlines of the Atlantic Ocean.

text:
# Pollicipes elegans

***Pollicipes elegans***, the **Pacific goose barnacle**, is a species of gooseneck barnacle inhabiting the tropical coastline of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Its habitat borders a close relative, *Pollicipes polymerus*, a gooseneck barnacle covering the coastline of the Pacific Northwest. Other species belonging to the genus *Pollicipes* are found along the eastern coastlines of the Atlantic Ocean.

## Description

*Pollicipes elegans* is a stalked marine organism characterized by having a plated capitulum shaped similar to a goose head. The capitulum consists of two hinged shells which will open for feeding and are held up by a scaled peduncle attached to substrate. Both the capitulum and stalk are red-orange. This coloring is shared with *P. polymerus* but in contrast to the eastern Atlantic species, *Pollicipes pollicipes*, which is consistent with gray and white based coloring. The scales of *P. elegans* are also long and narrow.

## Habitat and distribution

Covering the eastern tropical zone of the Pacific Ocean, *Pollicipes elegans* is found scattered across rocky intertidal zones. Habitats across the genus *Pollicipes* are generally similar, with clustered mounds of goose barnacles poking out from different substrates. These clusters are often attached to inverted rocks hanging above a tidal pool. The inversion allows the shell opening to protrude the water's surface below.

The species can be found along the Pacific coastlines of northern Mexico all the way down to the northern tip of Chile. However, there are stretches of coastline along Central America where increased atmosphere and water temperatures have prevented dispersal of *P. elegans* populations. Historical limitations similar to this, such as extreme cold or extreme hot climates, are what separated the original tropical population. Despite high temperatures, there are still strong populations in Costa Rica and El Salvador. The species is also known for overlapping habitats of *P. polymerus* throughout southern regions of California.

Though barnacle-type organisms are typically found on the hulls of ships or floating decks, *P. elegans* does not commonly exhibit this behavior.

## Life history

There are four total species in the genus *Pollicipes* spread about the eastern coastlines of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The closest extinct relative, *Pollicipes aboriginalis*, resided in western regions of Australia, inhabiting an eastern coastline of the Indian Ocean. Beyond that is a Tethyan relict whose distribution bordered the current genus's fossil records. The current population of goose barnacles was once a much larger and sound population of sea fauna from the Tethys Ocean, with *Pollicipes polymerus* branching off from the population before new species emerged. *P. elegans*, *P. pollicipes*, and *P. caboverdensis* are more closely related to one another than they are to *P. polymerus.*

## Reproduction

Similar to its relatives, *P. elegans* is a hermaphroditic organism. In spite of this and because of the colonies' high density, the species also experiences high polyandry with some spawn groups having up to five participating males. The purpose is to either make up for a smaller population or to ensure the fertilization of future offspring.

## Spanish delicacy

Historically, California's indigenous people were known to cook and consume the peduncle of *Mitella polymerus*, which is now known as *Pollicipes polymerus*. Though the Pacific goose barnacle itself is known for being edible, it is not commonly served today in North, Central, or South America. The entire organism cannot be consumed whole because of the hard shell of the capitulum and the leathery skin of the stalk, both must be removed completely for consumption. In Galicia, *P. pollicipes* is known as percebes, a delicacy boiled and served whole on a dish.

## InfoBox

| *Pollicipes elegans* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Original drawing of *Pollicipes elegans* illustrated by René Lesson in 1831 | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Thecostraca |
| Subclass: | Cirripedia |
| Order: | Pollicipedomorpha |
| Family: | Pollicipedidae |
| Genus: | *Pollicipes* |
| Species: | ***P. elegans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pollicipes elegans***
(Rene Lesson, 1831) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Pollicipes rigidus* Sowerby, 1839
*Pollicipes ruber* Sowerby, 1833 | |


title: Marsteller, Pennsylvania

abstract: Marsteller is an unincorporated community in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Northern Cambria. Marsteller had its own post office until April 23, 2005; it still has its own ZIP code, 15760.

text:
# Marsteller, Pennsylvania

**Marsteller** is an unincorporated community in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Northern Cambria. Marsteller had its own post office until April 23, 2005; it still has its own ZIP code, 15760.

## InfoBox

| Marsteller, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Nickname: Moss Creek | |
| Marsteller | |
| Coordinates: 40°39′02″N 78°48′29″W / 40.65056°N 78.80806°W / 40.65056; -78.80806 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Cambria |
| Township | Barr |
| Elevation | 1,549 ft (472 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 15760 |
| Area code | 814 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1180484 |


title: Onna no Koyomi

abstract: Onna no Koyomi Onna no Koyomi (女の暦) is a 1954 Japanese film directed by Seiji Hisamatsu based on the short story collection A Calendar by the Japanese woman writer Sakae Tsuboi. It was entered into the 1955 Cannes Film Festival.

text:
# Onna no Koyomi

***Onna no Koyomi*** (女の暦) is a 1954 Japanese film directed by Seiji Hisamatsu based on the short story collection *A Calendar* (, *Koyomi*) by the Japanese woman writer Sakae Tsuboi. It was entered into the 1955 Cannes Film Festival.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Onna no Koyomi | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Seiji Hisamatsu |
| Written by | Toshirō Ide |
| Starring | Kinuyo Tanaka |
| Cinematography | Hiroshi Suzuki |
| Music by | Ichirō Saitō |
| Production<br>company | Shintōhō |
| Release date | * 8 June 1954 (1954-06-08) |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: Pirituba (CPTM)

abstract: Pirituba is a train station on CPTM Line 7-Ruby, located in the district of Pirituba in São Paulo.

text:
# Pirituba (CPTM)

**Pirituba** is a train station on CPTM Line 7-Ruby, located in the district of Pirituba in São Paulo.

## History

The station was opened by São Paulo Railway (SPR) on 1 February 1885. After the federal government absorbed the SPR lines, a new station was built and opened in 1964.

After being operated by many federal companies (EFSJ, RFFSA, EBTU and CBTU), the station was transferred to the São Paulo State Government in 1994, through the mixed economy society CPTM.

## InfoBox

| Pirituba | |
| --- | --- |
| Composition G732 in Pirituba Station | |
| General information | |
| Location | R. Camarões, s/n
Pirituba
Brazil |
| Coordinates | 23°29′19″S 46°43′34″W / 23.4885°S 46.726007°W / -23.4885; -46.726007 |
| Owned by | Government of the State of São Paulo |
| Operated by | CPTM |
| Platforms | Side platforms |
| Connections | Pirituba Bus Terminal
Pirituba–Lapa–Centro Bus Corridor |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At-grade |
| Other information | |
| Station code | PRT |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 February 1885 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station São Paulo Metropolitan Trains Following station  Vila Claricetowards Jundiaí  Line 7  Piqueritowards Luz  Service 710  Piqueritowards Rio Grande da Serra | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Track layout | |


abstract: The NCAA Division III women's lacrosse tournament is a yearly single-elimination tournament hosted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the national champion women's collegiate lacrosse team among its Division III members in the United States, held annually since 1985. The Middlebury Panthers are the current champions. The College of New Jersey, previously known as Trenton State, is the most successful program with twelve total titles.

text:
# NCAA Division III women's lacrosse tournament

The **NCAA Division III women's lacrosse tournament** is a yearly single-elimination tournament hosted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the national champion women's collegiate lacrosse team among its Division III members in the United States, held annually since 1985.

The Middlebury Panthers are the current champions. The College of New Jersey, previously known as Trenton State, is the most successful program with twelve total titles.

## Results

*See Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women Champions for the 1981 and 1982 Division III women's lacrosse champions.*

| NCAA Division III women's lacrosse tournament | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Site
(Host Team) |  | Championship Results | | |  | Semifinalists |
| | | | Champion | Score | Runner-Up | | |
| 1985
*Details* | Philadelphia, PA
(Penn) | | **Trenton State** | 7–4 | Ursinus | | Drew and Lynchburg |
| 1986
*Details* | College Park, MD
(Maryland) | | **Ursinus** | 12–10 | Trenton State | | Lynchburg and Wheaton (IL) |
| 1987
*Details* | | | **Trenton State** (2) | 8–7
(OT) | Ursinus | | Western Maryland and William Smith |
| 1988
*Details* | Haverford, PA
(Haverford) | | **Trenton State** (3) | 14–11 | William Smith | | Johns Hopkins and Ursinus |
| 1989
*Details* | West Chester, PA
(West Chester) | | **Ursinus** (2) | 8–6 | Trenton State | | St. Lawrence and William Smith |
| 1990
*Details* | Princeton, NJ
(Princeton) | | **Ursinus** (3) | 7–6 | St. Lawrence | | Roanoke and Trenton State |
| 1991
*Details* | Ewing Township, NJ
(Trenton State) | | **Trenton State** (4) | 7–6 | Ursinus | | Franklin & Marshall and William Smith |
| 1992
*Details* | Bethlehem, PA
(Lehigh) | | *Trenton State* | 5-3 | William Smith | | Roanoke and Ursinus |
| 1993
*Details* | College Park, MD
(Maryland) | | **Trenton State** (5) | 10–9 | William Smith | | Franklin & Marshall and Johns Hopkins |
| 1994
*Details* | | | **Trenton State** (6) | 29–11 | William Smith | | Johns Hopkins and Middlebury |
| 1995
*Details* | Ewing Township, NJ
(Trenton State) | | **Trenton State** (7) | 15–14 | William Smith | | Johns Hopkins and Middlebury |
| 1996
*Details* | Bethlehem, PA
(Lehigh) | | **TCNJ** (8) | 15–8 | Middlebury | | Goucher and Ursinus |
| 1997
*Details* | | | **Middlebury** | 14–9 | TCNJ | | Johns Hopkins and William Smith |
| 1998
*Details* | Baltimore, MD
(UMBC) | | **TCNJ** (9) | 12–11
(OT) | Williams | | Hartwick and Middlebury |
| 1999
*Details* | Baltimore, MD
(Johns Hopkins) | | **Middlebury** (2) | 10–9 | Amherst | | TCNJ and William Smith |
| 2000
*Details* | Ewing Township, NJ
(TCNJ) | | **TCNJ** (10) | 14–8 | Williams | | Middlebury and Salisbury State |
| 2001
*Details* | Baltimore, MD
(Johns Hopkins) | | **Middlebury** (3) | 11–10
(2OT) | Amherst | | Mary Washington and TCNJ |
| 2002
*Details* | Glassboro, NJ
(Rowan) | | **Middlebury** (4) | 12–6 | TCNJ | | Amherst and Mary Washington |
| 2003
*Details* | Rochester, NY
(St. John Fisher) | | **Amherst** | 11–9 | Middlebury | | TCNJ and William Smith |
| 2004
*Details* | | | **Middlebury** (5) | 13–11
(OT) | TCNJ | | Amherst and Salisbury |
| 2005
*Details* | Ewing Township, NJ
(TCNJ) | | **TCNJ** (11) | 9–7 | Salisbury | | Colorado College and Middlebury |
| 2006
*Details* | Hoboken, NJ
(Stevens) | | **TCNJ** (12) | 10–4 | Gettysburg | | SUNY Cortland and Middlebury |
| 2007
*Details* | Geneva, NY
(William Smith) | | **Franklin & Marshall** | 11–8 | Salisbury | | Gettysburg and Middlebury |
| 2008
*Details* | Salem, VA
(Roanoke) | | **Hamilton** | 13–6 | Franklin & Marshall | | TCNJ and Salisbury |
| 2009
*Details* | | | **Franklin & Marshall** (2) | 11–10
(OT) | Salisbury | | Gettysburg and Hamilton |
| 2010
*Details* | Gettysburg, PA
(Gettysburg) | | **Salisbury** | 7–6 | Hamilton | | Franklin & Marshall and Gettysburg |
| 2011
*Details* | Garden City, NY
(Adelphi) | | **Gettysburg** | 16–5 | Bowdoin | | SUNY Cortland and TCNJ |
| 2012
*Details* | Montclair, NJ
(Montclair State) | | **Trinity (CT)** | 8–7 | Salisbury | | SUNY Cortland and Middlebury |
| 2013
*Details* | Stevenson, MD
(Stevenson) | | **Salisbury** (2) | 12–5 | Trinity (CT) | | SUNY Cortland and Middlebury |
| 2014
*Details* | Gettysburg, PA
(Gettysburg) | | **Salisbury** (3) | 9–6 | Trinity (CT) | | Amherst and SUNY Cortland |
| 2015
*Details* | Philadelphia, PA | | **Cortland** | 17-6 | Trinity (CT) | | Middlebury and Franklin & Marshall |
| 2016
*Details* | | | **Middlebury** (6) | 9-5 | Trinity (CT) | | SUNY Cortland and Franklin & Marshall |
| 2017
*Details* | Salem, VA
(Roanoke) | | **Gettysburg** (2) | 6-5 | TCNJ | | Trinity (CT) and Washington & Lee |
| 2018
*Details* | | | **Gettysburg** (3) | 11-9 | Middlebury | | Salisbury and TCNJ |
| 2019
*Details* | Ashland, VA
(Randolph–Macon) | | **Middlebury** (7) | 14–9 | Salisbury | | Tufts and Wesleyan |
| 2020
 | *Canceled due to COVID-19 pandemic* | | | | | | |
| 2021
*Details* | Salem, VA
(Roanoke) |  | **Salisbury** (4) | 14-13 | Tufts |  | Denison and St. John Fisher |
| | | 2022
*Details* | **Middlebury** (8) | 13–5 | Tufts | Gettysburg and TCNJ |
| | | 2023
*Details* | **Middlebury** (9) | 17–9 | Gettysburg | Franklin & Marshall and William Smith |
| | | 2024
*Details* | **Middlebury** (10) | 16-5 | Salisbury | Franklin & Marshall and William Smith |
| | | 2025
*Details* | Babson Park, MA
(Babson) |  |  |  |  |
| | | 2026
*Details* |  |  |  |  |

*NCAA vacated the 1992 Trenton State title due to use of an ineligible player during the tournament*

## Champions

### Active programs

| Team | Titles | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TCNJ | 12 | 1985, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2005, 2006 |
| Middlebury | 10 | 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2016, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2024 |
| Salisbury | 4 | 2010, 2013, 2014, 2021 |
| Gettysburg | 3 | 2011, 2017, 2018 |
| Ursinus | 3 | 1986, 1989, 1990 |
| Franklin & Marshall | 2 | 2007, 2009 |
| Cortland | 1 | 2015 |
| Trinity (CT) | 1 | 2012 |
| Hamilton | 1 | 2008 |
| Amherst | 1 | 2003 |
|

1. "Division III Women's Lacrosse Championship Results" (PDF). *NCAA*. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
2. "DIII Women's College Lacrosse - History". *NCAA*.

## InfoBox

NCAA Division III women's lacrosse tournament
| Sport | Women's college lacrosse |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1985 |
| No. of teams | 46 |
| Country | United States |
| Most recent
champion(s) | Middlebury (10th Title) |
| Most titles | TCNJ (12 Titles) |
| TV partner(s) | ESPNU |
| Official website | www.ncaa.com/sports/lacrosse-women/d3 |


abstract: National Association of Street Vendors of India (NASVI) is a national federation of Street Vendor's associations across in India. The federation pushed to bring a national policy for Street Vendors and played a significant role to pass the law, Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending act.

text:
# National Association of Street Vendors of India

**National Association of Street Vendors of India (NASVI)** is a national federation of Street Vendor's associations across in India. The federation pushed to bring a national policy for Street Vendors and played a significant role to pass the law, ***Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending act***.

## Aim

NASVI works for the protection of livelihood rights of street vendors in India.

## History

The federation was organized in 1998 based at Patna and registered in 2003 under Societies Registration Act, 1860.


title: Segenting

abstract: Segenting is a small town in Minyak Beku, Batu Pahat District, Johor, Malaysia. It is about 8 km away from Bandar Penggaram, Batu Pahat, capital of Batu Pahat district. This town is a favourite place for people who want a respite from their daily hustle and bustle. It is a romantic place as one can watch the sun set at the famous Lover Bridge, which is a jetty. Chong Long Gong Temple was founded in 1864, is also one of the popular tourist spot for devotees from other states of Malaysia and Singapore. This town is under the jurisdiction of Majlis Perbandaran Batu Pahat (MPBP).

text:
# Segenting

**Segenting** (Jawi: سڬنتيڠ; Chinese: 石文丁) is a small town in Minyak Beku, Batu Pahat District, Johor, Malaysia. It is about 8 km away from Bandar Penggaram, Batu Pahat, capital of Batu Pahat district.

This town is a favourite place for people who want a respite from their daily hustle and bustle. It is a romantic place as one can watch the sun set at the famous Lover Bridge (Jambatan Cinta), which is a jetty. Chong Long Gong Temple (Kuil Chong Long Gong) was founded in 1864, is also one of the popular tourist spot for devotees from other states of Malaysia and Singapore.

This town is under the jurisdiction of Majlis Perbandaran Batu Pahat (MPBP).

## Neighbouring towns

1°47′10″N 102°53′35″E / 1.78611°N 102.89306°E / 1.78611; 102.89306


title: Garth Bond

abstract: Jack Garth Parker Bond was a New Zealand rugby union international. Born in Carterton, Bond was a great nephew of the McKenzie brothers, who included All Black William "Mac" McKenzie and rugby administrator Norm McKenzie. He attended Hornby High School while growing up in Canterbury. During the war, Bond saw active service in Italy, then took part in the 1945–46 Victory Internationals with the "Kiwis", touring Britain, France and Germany. The team was made up of 2nd NZEF soldiers. Bond, an Albion and Canterbury prop, was capped for the All Blacks in the 2nd Test against the Wallabies at Eden Park in 1949, as part of a team handicapped by a concurrent tour taking place in South Africa.

text:
# Garth Bond

**Jack Garth Parker Bond** (24 May 1919 — 29 July 1999) was a New Zealand rugby union international.

Born in Carterton, Bond was a great nephew of the McKenzie brothers, who included All Black William "Mac" McKenzie and rugby administrator Norm McKenzie. He attended Hornby High School while growing up in Canterbury.

During the war, Bond saw active service in Italy, then took part in the 1945–46 Victory Internationals with the "Kiwis", touring Britain, France and Germany. The team was made up of 2nd NZEF soldiers.

Bond, an Albion and Canterbury prop, was capped for the All Blacks in the 2nd Test against the Wallabies at Eden Park in 1949, as part of a team handicapped by a concurrent tour taking place in South Africa.

## InfoBox

Garth Bond
| Full name | Jack Garth Parker Bond |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1919-05-24)24 May 1919 |
| Place of birth | Carterton, New Zealand |
| Date of death | 29 July 1999(1999-07-29) (aged 80) |
| Place of death | Christchurch, New Zealand |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| Weight | 90 kg (198 lb) |
| School | Hornby High School |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Prop  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1949 New Zealand  1  (0) | |


title: Walter Aston, 9th Lord Aston of Forfar

abstract: Walter Aston, 9th Lord Aston of Forfar was a son of Walter Aston, 8th Lord Aston of Forfar, and Anne Hutchinson. He was an ordained clergyman of the Church of England, and became the Vicar of Tardebigge, Worcestershire and Tamworth, Warwickshire. He married on 15 June 1802, Elizabeth Haines, daughter of Rev. Nathan Haines. In 1805, he succeeded his father as Lord Aston of Forfar in the peerage of Scotland. While he assumed and bore the title of Lord Aston of Forfar, and it was recorded by the County of Worcester, he presented a petition in 1819 to be officially declared Baron Aston of Forfar, for which no decision was made. He and his wife had no children. She died in 1833, and he died on 21 January 1845, when his title fell into abeyance and became extinct.

text:
# Walter Aston, 9th Lord Aston of Forfar

**Walter Aston, 9th Lord Aston of Forfar** (15 September 1769 – 21 January 1845) was a son of Walter Aston, 8th Lord Aston of Forfar, and Anne Hutchinson. He was an ordained clergyman of the Church of England, and became the Vicar of Tardebigge, Worcestershire and Tamworth, Warwickshire.

He married on 15 June 1802, Elizabeth Haines, daughter of Rev. Nathan Haines.

In 1805, he succeeded his father as Lord Aston of Forfar in the peerage of Scotland. While he assumed and bore the title of Lord Aston of Forfar, and it was recorded by the County of Worcester, he presented a petition in 1819 to be officially declared Baron Aston of Forfar, for which no decision was made.

He and his wife had no children. She died in 1833, and he died on 21 January 1845, when his title fell into abeyance and became extinct.


title: Pietro Maffi

abstract: Pietro Maffi was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Pisa from 1903 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1907. He was also a scientist and astronomer.

text:
# Pietro Maffi

| Styles of
**Pietro Maffi** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | His Eminence |
| Spoken style | Your Eminence |
| Informal style | Cardinal |
| See | Pisa |

**Pietro Maffi** (12 October 1858  17 March 1931) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Pisa from 1903 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1907.

He was also a scientist and astronomer.

## Biography

Born in Corteolona, Pietro Maffi studied at the seminary in Pavia (from where he obtained his doctorate in theology) before being ordained to the priesthood in 1881. He was raised to the rank of Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness that same year, and taught philosophy and sciences at the Pavia seminary, of which he was also rector. Maffi founded the meteorological observatory and the Museum of Natural History of Pavia, as well as serving as editor and director of *Rivista di scienze fisiche e matematiche*. Maffi was later named Pro-Vicar General of Pavia and pro-synodal examiner, doctor *honoris causa* of theological college of Parma, and a supernumerary member of its scientific academy. In 1901, Maffi was made Vicar General of Ravenna and the prefect of its seminary's studies, becoming Apostolic Administrator of the archdiocese on 26 April 1902.

On 9 June 1902 Maffi was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Ravenna and Titular Bishop of *Caesarea in Mauretania* by Pope Leo XIII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 11 June from Cardinal Lucido Parocchi, with Archbishops Felix-Marie de Neckere and Diomede Panici serving as co-consecrators, at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome. Maffi was later advanced to Archbishop of Pisa on 22 June 1903.

In addition to his pastoral duties, he was named director and administrator of the Vatican Observatory on 30 November 1904.

Pope Pius X created him Cardinal Priest of *San Crisogono* in the consistory of 15 April 1907. Maffi participated in and was a chief candidate in the 1914 papal conclave, which selected Pope Benedict XV.

During World War I, Maffi was known as the "War Cardinal" for his support of a fight-to-the-finish policy.

He also participated in the 1922 conclave, which selected Pope Pius XI. In a 1925 pastoral letter, the Archbishop issued a scathing attack on the Fascist government, which subsequently halted the letter's publication.

A close friend of the Royal Family, in 1930, he presided at the marriage of Crown Prince Umberto of Italy and Princess Marie-José of Belgium.

The Cardinal continued to write numerous scientific and astronomical works, the best known of which is *Nei cieli*. His love for science once provoked Pisa's outrage, when Maffi proposed to erect a statue of Galileo Galilei, the scientist condemned by the Inquisition as a heretic. Maffi had authenicated a document as the work of Galileo, but this was later found to be incorrect.

Maffi died in Pisa, at age 72. He is buried at the Cathedral of Pisa.

## Publications

* Primo saggio di discorsi sacri: (postumo) (1918)
* Ai Fedeli per Gli Infedeli (1921)
* Lettere Pastorali Omelie e Discorsi: Volumes I-II (1921)
* Conferenze geronimiane: Roma - Dicembre (1921)
* Il Credo di Dante nella Divina Commedia: Pastorale per la ... (1922)
* Nei cieli: pagine di astronomia popolare (1923)
* Conversazioni manzoniane col mio clero: gennaio-giugno (1923)
* Conversazioni manzoniane col mio clero (1923)
* Nell'inaugurazione del Tempio Voltiano donato alla sua Como (1928)

1. Florida International University, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church website, *Biographical Dictionary; Pope Pius X (1903-1914) Consistory of April 15, 1907 (III)*
2. Thinking Faith website, *The Universe, Without and Within*, article by Guy Consolmagno SJ dated 21 March 2012
3. European Journal of Science and Theology website, *A Mediterranean meeting for the dialogue*, article by Professor Ludovico Galleni published in the EJST Vol.4, No.4, 1-4 in December 2008
4. TIME Magazine. Enemy of Fascism March 23, 1925
5. \[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1354571X.2014.871126 Taylor And Francis website, *‘Reckless youth’ Cardinal Maffi and Fascism (1919–31)*, article by M. Giovanni Cavagnini, published in the Journal of Modern Italian Studies Volume 19, 2014, Issue 2, pages 99-118, 05 Feb 2014\]
6. ResearchGate website, *The Quintessential Italian Bishop Cardinal Maffi and World War I*, article dated April 2013
7. University of Michigan website, Library section, *Lessons from Galileo*, article by Alan Piñon and Lynne Raughley dated October 20, 2022
8. Live Science website, *Document Supposedly Written by Galileo is a Fake*, article by Stephanie Pappas dated August 22, 2022
9. Google Books website, *Pietro Maffi*
10. ABE Books website, *Cardinal Pietro Maffi*
11. Google Books website, *Nei cieli*

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Pietro Maffi | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Pisa | |
|  | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Archdiocese | Pisa |
| See | Pisa |
| Appointed | 22 June 1903 |
| Installed | 10 January 1904 |
| Term ended | 17 March 1931 |
| Predecessor | Ferdinando Capponi |
| Successor | Gabriele Vettori |
| Other post(s) | Cardinal-Priest of San Crisogono (1907-31) |
| Previous post(s) |  |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 16 April 1881 |
| Consecration | 11 June 1902
by Lucido Maria Parocchi |
| Created cardinal | 15 April 1907
by Pope Pius X |
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Pietro Maffi
12 October 1858
Corteolona, Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia |
| Died | 17 March 1931(1931-03-17) (aged 72)
Pisa, Kingdom of Italy |
| Motto | *In fide et lenitate* |


title: George E. Van Hagen House

abstract: The George E. Van Hagen House is a historic house at 12 W. County Line Road in Barrington Hills, Illinois. The house was built circa 1912 for George Ely Van Hagen, the president of the Standard Forgings Company, and his wife Mary Wakefield Lewis Van Hagen, the granddaughter of President William Henry Harrison. Large country estates in rural suburbs such as Barrington Hills were popular with the wealthy in the early twentieth century; Van Hagen used his house's grounds for a gentleman's farm and fox hunting, typical pastimes of estate owners. Architect John Nyden gave the house an Arts and Crafts style design with Federal Revival elements. The house's design uses the simple geometric forms typical of Arts and Crafts designs throughout, with plain cylindrical columns, diamond and rectangular patterned panels, and semicircular arches atop the entrance and several windows. The Federal Revival elements are largely confined to the interior and include a plasterwork dining room ceiling, a mosaic fireplace surround, and cabinets inspired by Palladian windows. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 12, 2016.

text:
# George E. Van Hagen House

The **George E. Van Hagen House** is a historic house at 12 W. County Line Road in Barrington Hills, Illinois. The house was built circa 1912 for George Ely Van Hagen, the president of the Standard Forgings Company, and his wife Mary Wakefield Lewis Van Hagen, the granddaughter of President William Henry Harrison. Large country estates in rural suburbs such as Barrington Hills were popular with the wealthy in the early twentieth century; Van Hagen used his house's grounds for a gentleman's farm and fox hunting, typical pastimes of estate owners. Architect John Nyden gave the house an Arts and Crafts style design with Federal Revival elements. The house's design uses the simple geometric forms typical of Arts and Crafts designs throughout, with plain cylindrical columns, diamond and rectangular patterned panels, and semicircular arches atop the entrance and several windows. The Federal Revival elements are largely confined to the interior and include a plasterwork dining room ceiling, a mosaic fireplace surround, and cabinets inspired by Palladian windows.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 12, 2016.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| George E. Van Hagen House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 12 W. County Line Rd., Barrington Hills, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 42°09′15″N 88°10′50″W / 42.15417°N 88.18056°W / 42.15417; -88.18056 |
| Built | c. 1912 |
| Architect | John Nyden |
| Architectural style | Arts and Crafts, Federal Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 15000966 |
| Added to NRHP | January 12, 2016 |


title: Operation Shujaa

abstract: Operation Shujaa is an ongoing military offensive conducted by the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda against insurgent forces in Kivu and Ituri, mainly Islamic State (IS) affiliates and the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF). Launched in November 2021, it has resulted in significant losses for the targeted rebel forces and substantially reduced their activity. At times, the government forces engaged in Operation Shujaa have also fought non-ADF/IS rebel groups.

text:
# Operation Shujaa

**Operation Shujaa** (loosely translated "operation of the brave") is an ongoing military offensive conducted by the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda against insurgent forces in Kivu and Ituri, mainly Islamic State (IS) affiliates and the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF). Launched in November 2021, it has resulted in significant losses for the targeted rebel forces and substantially reduced their activity. At times, the government forces engaged in Operation Shujaa have also fought non-ADF/IS rebel groups.

## Background

The Allied Democratic Forces were founded in 1996 as a unification of various Ugandan rebel groups. From this point onwards, the ADF waged an insurgency against the Ugandan government mainly from bases in the eastern Congo whose governments provided it with support during the 1990s. Even after the Congolese leadership terminated its support for the ADF, the latter maintained a large presence in the eastern Congo which was repeatedly ravaged by wars as well as rebellions, becoming a haven for many different insurgent groups.

Over time, the ADF became aligned with a radical Islamism. The group also became more extreme in its methods, and increasingly targeted civilians. As a result of this ideological development, the ADF began to forge connections to international Jihadism; this trend culminated in 2019, when most of the ADF under Musa Baluku pledged loyalty to the Islamic State (IS). After violent disagreements and purges in response to this move, a small faction of the ADF broke off under an individual called "Muzaaya", declaring its continued loyalty to former commander Jamil Mukulu. This splinter subsequently adopted the name "Pan-Ugandan Liberation Initiative" (PULI).

Baluku's ADF faction subsequently became the core of the Islamic State's Central Africa Province (IS-CAP). Profiting from aid by IS-Central, IS-CAP quickly grew in prominence and expanded its activities, launching several high-profile attacks in the DR Congo and Uganda. IS-CAP thus rose to "poster child for the Islamic State's efforts to maintain a constant and lingering threat across the globe". The growth of IS-CAP eventually made the group a "top counter-terrorism priority" for regional states. In late 2021, the ADF/IS-CAP carried out a series of bombing attacks across Uganda, whereupon Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni declared that the responsible militants would be hunted down. Museveni subsequently met with President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Félix Tshisekedi, and the two agreed to organize a joint operation against ADF/IS-CAP.

## Opposing forces

### Government forces

Operation Shujaa is carried out by the joint forces of Uganda's national military, the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF), and the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC). The Ugandan forces involved in the offensive number "hundreds" or between 2,000 and 4,000 soldiers, mainly belonging to the UPDF Mountain Division. Smaller involved units include the French-trained Mountain Brigade, the 3rd Mountain Battalion, and the 83rd Battalion. The Ugandan forces are under the chief command of Muhoozi Kainerugaba. Under him, Kayanja Muhanga was the first Ugandan frontline commander for the operation, followed by Dick Olum in October 2022, and Richard Otto in May 2024.

FARDC Maj.-Gen. Bombele Lohola Camille acts as the Coordinator of the joint FARDC-UPDF military operations with Maj.-Gen. Kayanja Muhanga as his assistant. The DR Congo committed at least one French-trained battalion to the operation. Though Congolese officials praised the cooperation between FARDC and UPDF during the offensive, several FARDC officers were reportedly "uncomfortable" over the presence of Ugandan soldiers in their country due to previous conflicts between the two states. In addition, the government forces are backed by some Mai-Mai militias. The United Nations peacekeeping force in the DR Congo, MONUSCO, reportedly aided the operation as well.

### Rebels

The ADF, and by extension IS-CAP, is traditionally centered in North Kivu and Ituri. Uganda has alleged that ADF/IS-CAP has thousands of members. IS-CAP's most important commander is Musa Baluku, though Bongela Chuma has also been identified as "alleged" leader of the IS branch. Below these chief commanders served a number of important IS-CAP officers during the offensive: These included Meddie Nkalubo, reportedly second-in-command, and Elias Segujja (alias Mulalo" / "Fezza"), head of the group's "political wing" and the "Southern Sector/Rwenzori-Mwalika". IS-Central has supported IS-CAP with money and other aid.

Compared to IS-CAP, the ADF-Mukulu faction or "PULI" was rather small; at its peak, it numbered 150-200 members. However, it attracted some prominent ADF members besides "Muzaaya", including Benjamin Kisokeranio and one of Mukulu's sons, Hassan Nyanzi. The three together commanded the splinter faction. PULI saw little combat, and spent much of its time hiding from IS-CAP and the UPDF. At times, Operation Shujaa has also targeted rebel groups unrelated to IS and ADF, such as the Force Patriotique et Intégrationniste du Congo (FPIC) and CODECO.

## Operation

Operation Shujaa was launched on 30 November 2021 by the UPDF. At first, the Ugandan Air Force bombed known ADF/IS-CAP camps, followed by Ugandan ground troops crossing the border and attacking rebel forces inside the DR Congo. From the start, the operation was supported by the FARDC. Fighting was reported around Beni and in the Virunga National Park. According to researcher Jacob Zenn, it was the "most coordinated effort to target ISCAP cells in the DRC to date". The initial aim of the operation was the destruction of the ADF/IS-CAP center at Kambi ya Yua in northern Beni.

In January 2022, leading IS-CAP member Salim Mohammed and PULI commander Benjamin Kisokeranio were captured by security forces in the eastern DR Congo. In the next month, the joint government forces started the operation's second phase by trying to clear and land route from Burasi to Boga. This was supposed to create an interconnected corridor covering Mbau, Ouicha, Eringeti, Kainama, Tchabi, Olamoyo, the Semuliki Bridge, and Mukakati. In this way, substantial rebel forces would be encircled in the zone dubbed "triangle of death" by the Congolese. During the following month, government forces involved in Operation Shujaa clashed with the FPIC rebel group due to attempts by the latter to steal cattle from local civilians. In March, the UPDF and FARDC reportedly killed ADF/IS-CAP commander Abu Aden (a Somali) during a battle at Malulu, north-west of Boga. In contrast to the government's claims by good advances and heavy enemy losses, the Ebuteli Institute and Center on International Cooperation's Congo Research Group cautioned that the UPDF and FARDC claims were not substantiated by third parties, with ADF/IS-CAP seemingly succeeding in retreating in good order toward the Mambasa Territory.

By April, the joint government forces were clearing the Beni-Kasindi road and attacking the insurgent strongholds in the Mwalika valley. By May, UPDF and FARDC had concluded the operation's second phase, securing the Beni-Kamango highway and clearing the so-called "Death Triangle" of ADF/IS-CAP contingents. The rebels were reportedly retreating across the Ituri River into the Irumu Territory, and still had a significant presence in the Mwalika valley and the Rwenzori Mountains. UPDF head Kainerugaba also claimed that the rebel presence at Semuliki Bridge, Kambi ya Yua, Belu I, II et III, Tondoli, Kainama, and Boga et Tshabi had been eliminated. In June, Operation Shujaa was renewed for another year. By fall, Operation Shujaa's scope was expanded, with three UPDF battalions deployed west of the Semliki River. In November, Uganda announced that it would send an additional 1,000 troops into eastern Congo to help counter another rebel group, the March 23 Movement, and also bombed a major IS-CAP camp under Segujja. The latter attack forced the rebels to relocate their camp southwards. In December 2022, ADF rebels reportedly tried to infiltrate Uganda in Ntoroko District, but were repelled by the UPDF.

By 2023, Operation Shujaa was already described as a success by Uganda and the DR Congo, though IS-CAP continued to operate and launch attacks. According to the United Nations, the group even sought to expand its activities in the region. In January 2023, the UPDF attacked the PULI main camp near Lake Edward; the group survived, but was weakened and relocated its camp. However, this situation was exploited by a large IS-CAP contingent under Segujja which tracked the relocated PULI base and destroyed it. Aside of a few PULI members who fled and surrendered to government forces, the splinter group was eliminated by Segujja's raid; the survivors (including Nyanzi) yielded and joined IS-CAP. In the next month, government aircraft reportedly bombed IS-CAP targets and killed Segujja during clashes in the Mwalika valley, though his death could not be confirmed.

In June 2023, rebels carried out the Mpondwe school massacre in western Uganda. The attack was attributed to ADF militants linked to IS-CAP. On 10 August, an IS-CAP party of 80 militants launched a raid from their bases in Mwalika valley, crossing the Bashu Chiefdom and raiding the city of Butembo. There, the insurgents freed 800 inmates from the Kakwangura prison, although 250 prisoners were reportedly recaptured soon after, including a prominent IS member known as "Kizito". The raiders subsequently retreated back through the Bashu Chiefdom in largely good order, while losing a few fighters to clashes with the FARDC, police, and village militias. In August, the UPDF claimed that it had killed a mid-level ADF/IS-CAP officer named "Fazul" at Alungupa in North Kivu. By September, President Museveni claimed that 560 ADF/IS-CAP members had been killed so far during Operation Shujaa, and urged the DR Congo to mobilize local militias to prevent the rebels from reentering secured areas. At this point, most ADF/IS-CAP insurgents had allegedly fallen back to the Mambasa Territory in Ituri. In the same month, ADF/IS-CAP second-in-command Meddie Nkalubo was allegedly killed by an UPDF airstrike. By the end of the year, the rebels had reportedly been dislodged from the Mwalika valley.

By early 2024, the joint UPDF-FARDC forces had expelled IS-CAP from most of its strongholds. In April 2024, the UPDF declared that its troops and FARDC soldiers had killed two ranking ADF/IS-CAP members: One, known as "Baghdad", was a commander and had been ambushed in Ambusire area, northwest of Tingwe in Ituri; the other, "Dr. Musa", had managed medical logistics and been killed at Mugulumugulu near Tokomeka.

## Reactions

> No to arsonists/firefighters, the same errors will produce the same tragic effects. Stand up Congolese, Nation in danger!

Tweet by Denis Mukwege

In the DR Congo, reactions to the start of Operation Shujaa were negative or mixed. Many Congolese expressed opposition to the foreign intervention due to Uganda's destructive role in the Second Congo War, with Nobel Peace Prize winner Denis Mukwege and activist group *Lutte pour le changement* expressing criticism. In contrast, MONUSCO welcomed Operation Shujaa. By June 2022, the local reception to the operation had grown more positive, with one civil society group, *Mamove*, expressing the view that the FARDC and UPDF should further expand their operations against ADF/IS-CAP.

## Analysis and impact

In 2022, the Ebuteli Institute and Center on International Cooperation's Congo Research Group reported that outside observers were critical of Operation Shujaa, with one diplomat likening it to "trying to kill a mosquito with a hammer" and an analyst describing it as merely "a lot of dust and noise". At this point, no substantial impact of the offensive on rebel strength could be identified. Furthermore, the Ebuteli Institute and Congo Research Group argued that the location and scope of the operation possibly hinted at ulterior Ugandan motives connected to economic interests in the wider area. By 2024, however, Operation Shujaa had a major impact on IS-CAP's propaganda output. For instance, the branch released 280 photos and four videos in 2021, but only 92 photos in 2023. Researchers Caleb Weiss and Ryan O'Farrell stated that IS-CAP's media had been reduced to a "shadow of its former self".

### Works cited

## InfoBox

| Operation Shujaa | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Allied Democratic Forces insurgency and war against the Islamic State | |
| Date 30 November 2021–*present*  Location Eastern Congo (mainly Kivu and Ituri) | |
| Belligerents | |
| Uganda
DR Congo
MONUSCO | Islamic State
Allied Democratic Forces (partially aligned with IS)
---  FPIC
CODECO |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Muhoozi Kainerugaba
Kayanja Muhanga
Dick Olum
Richard Otto
Bombele Lohola Camille
Kayanja Muhanga | Musa Baluku
Bongela Chuma
Meddie Nkalubo (allegedly killed)
Elias Segujja (allegedly killed)
Hassan Nyanzi
"Muzaaya"
Benjamin Kisokeranio (POW) |
| Units involved | |
| Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF)
* Mountain Division  Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC)
Some Mai-Mai militias | Islamic State's Central Africa Province
* ADF-Baluku  ---  ADF-Mukulu / PULI (until Jan. 2023) |
| Strength | |
| Thousands | Thousands (Ugandan claim) |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | Heavy |


title: Pink Elephant Magic

abstract: Pink Elephant Magic is an album by American pianist Joanne Brackeen recorded in 1998 and released on the Arkadia Jazz label.

text:
# Pink Elephant Magic

***Pink Elephant Magic*** is an album by American pianist Joanne Brackeen recorded in 1998 and released on the Arkadia Jazz label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| All About Jazz |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

AllMusic reviewer Scott Yanow stated "Joanne Brackeen's 22nd recording as a leader, this CD is one of her best overall recordings due to the high-quality material, the unpredictable arrangements, the variety, and the exciting and inventive solos by the pianist and her sidemen ... The music is quite unpredictable but joyful and ultimately logical. Highly recommended". On All About Jazz, Glenn Astarita noted "*Pink Elephant Magic* is the complete package as Joanne Brackeen proves beyond a doubt her significant value to the jazz community while some of jazz’ top performers assist in carving out an album that is positively, "magical"".

## Track listing

All compositions by Joanne Brackeen except where noted.

1. "Pink Elephant Magic" – 6:40
2. "Ghost Butter" – 5:28
3. "Wave" (Antônio Carlos Jobim) – 5:27
4. "What's Your Choice, Rolls Royce?" – 5:46
5. "Beethoven Meets the Millennium in Spain" – 8:10
6. "Strange Meadowlark" (Dave Brubeck) – 6:46
7. "Tico-Tico" (Zequinha de Abreu) – 5:15
8. "In Vogue" – 8:22
9. "Cram 'n Exam" – 6:21
10. "Filene's" – 7:15

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Pink Elephant Magic | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Joanne Brackeen | |
| Released | March 16, 1999 |
| Recorded | June 2–3 and August 5 & 25, 1998 |
| Studio | 39th Street Music, NYC |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 65:30 |
| Label | Arkadia Jazz
70371 |
| Producer | Bob Karcy |
| Joanne Brackeen chronology | |
| *Power Talk*
(1995) ***Pink Elephant Magic***
(1999) *Popsicle Illusion*
(2000) | |


title: NGC 4074

abstract: NGC 4074 is a peculiar lenticular galaxy located 310 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 27, 1785 and is a member of the NGC 4065 Group. NGC 4074 is classified as a type 2 Seyfert galaxy. It was first identified as a Seyfert in 1978.

text:
# NGC 4074

**NGC 4074** is a peculiar lenticular galaxy located 310 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 27, 1785 and is a member of the NGC 4065 Group.

NGC 4074 is classified as a type 2 Seyfert galaxy. It was first identified as a Seyfert in 1978.

## Supermassive black hole

NGC 4074 has a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of (10×108 M☉).

## InfoBox

| NGC 4074 | |
| --- | --- |
| SDSS image of NGC 4074. | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Coma Berenices |
| Right ascension | 12h 04m 29.7s |
| Declination | 20° 18 58 |
| Redshift | 0.022445 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 6729 km/s |
| Distance | 310 Mly (96 Mpc) |
| Group or cluster | NGC 4065 Group |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 14.5 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | S0 pec |
| Size | ~100,000 ly (32 kpc) (estimated) |
| Apparent size (V) | 0.35 x 0.2 |
| Other designations | |
| ARK 347, MCG +04-29-011, PGC 038207 | |


title: National Premier Leagues Victoria Women

abstract: The National Premier Leagues Victoria Women, known commonly as the NPL Victoria Women's or NPLV Women's, is a professional women's association football league in Victoria, Australia. It is the highest league for women in Victoria, and has been a part of the National Premier Leagues Women’s structure, and which is administered by Football Victoria. Prior to the introduction of the NPL in Victoria in 2016, the league was known as the Women's Victorian Premier League. The league is contested by eleven clubs, playing a 22 round season, with the regular season running from February to September. The finals series is contested between the top four clubs, with the top two playing against third and fourth in a semi-final and the winners contesting the grand final.

text:
# National Premier Leagues Victoria Women

The **National Premier Leagues Victoria Women**, known commonly as the **NPL Victoria Women's** or **NPLV Women's**, is a professional women's association football league in Victoria, Australia. It is the highest league for women in Victoria, and has been a part of the National Premier Leagues Women’s structure, and which is administered by Football Victoria. Prior to the introduction of the NPL in Victoria in 2016, the league was known as the Women's Victorian Premier League.

The league is contested by eleven clubs, playing a 22 round season, with the regular season running from February to September. The finals series is contested between the top four clubs, with the top two playing against third and fourth in a semi-final and the winners contesting the grand final.

## WNPL Years (2016–present)

The initial members of the WNPL were Alamein, Bayside United, Bulleen Lions, Box Hill United, Calder United, Heidelberg United, Geelong Galaxy United, Senior NTC and Southern United. In the following season, South Melbourne was admitted to the league who went on to win the inaugural Finals Series, 5–4 on penalties against Geelong Galaxy United. South Melbourne again made the Grand Final the following season losing 3–1 to Bulleen Lions. Despite not being crowned Champions, South Melbourne were successful in the regular season who were crowned Premiers of the 2018 season. This was a feat achieved by the club as well in their initial season in the renewed league. Calder United were crowned Grand Final Champions for the second time defeating Bulleen Lions 1–0. This was after Calder were crowned league champions prior to the finals series.

On the 27th of October 2021, Football Victoria officially announced the league would be professionalised, scrapping the amateur nature of the league.

After the cancellation of both the 2020 season and the 2021 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was decided that no promotion/relegation would apply for the following season.

The 2023 season was the first time teams could be promoted since the restructuring of the women's divisions for the 2020 season. Preston Lions FC, Boroondara-Carey Eagles, and Southern United were the teams promoted from the VPL Women's after they finished in the top three positions during the 2022 season.

## Current clubs (2024)

Brunswick Juventus and Essendon Royals were promoted from the Victorian Premier League Womens for the 2024 season bringing the number of teams in the competition to 12. The following clubs will take part in the 2024 NPL Victoria Women's season:

AlameinBayside UnitedBoroondara EaglesBox Hill UnitedBrunswick JuventusBulleen LionsCalder UnitedEssendonPreston LionsHeidelberg UnitedSouth MelbourneFV Emergingclass=notpageimage|Locations of 2023 NPL VIC Women clubs within metropolitan Melbourne.

| Team | Location | Stadium |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Alamein | Glen Iris | Dorothy Laver West Reserve |
| Bayside United | Cheltenham | Kingston Heath Soccer Complex |
| Boroondara-Carey Eagles | Bulleen | David Barro Stadium |
| Box Hill United | Box Hill | Wembley Park |
| Brunswick Juventus | Fawkner | CB Smith Reserve |
| Bulleen Lions | Bulleen | David Barro Stadium |
| Calder United | Keilor Park | Keilor Park Recreation Reserve |
| Essendon Royals | Essendon | Cross Keys Reserve |
| FV Emerging | Wantirna South | Knox Regional Football Centre |
| Heidelberg United | Heidelberg West | Olympic Park |
| Preston Lions FC | Reservoir | B.T. Connor Reserve |
| South Melbourne | Albert Park | Lakeside Stadium |

## Honours

| Season | League | Grand Final Champions | League Premiers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | VPL |  | Cranbourne Comets |
| 2000 | |  | Ringwood City |
| 2001 | |  | Box Hill Inter |
| 2002 | |  | Cranbourne Comets |
| 2003 | |  | Box Hill Inter |
| 2004 | | Box Hill Inter | Cranbourne Comets |
| 2005 | | Box Hill Inter | Cranbourne Comets |
| 2006 | | Box Hill Inter | Box Hill Inter |
| 2007 | | Heidelberg United | Heidelberg United |
| 2008 | | Box Hill Inter | Box Hill Inter |
| 2009 | | Box Hill Inter | Box Hill Inter |
| 2010 | | Box Hill Inter | Box Hill Inter |
| 2011 | | South Melbourne | Sandringham |
| 2012 | | Box Hill United | Box Hill United |
| 2013 | | Sandringham | South Melbourne |
| 2014 | | South Melbourne | South Melbourne |
| 2015 | | South Melbourne | Boroondara Eagles |
| 2016 | NPL | Calder United | Calder United |
| 2017 | | South Melbourne | South Melbourne |
| 2018 | | Bulleen Lions | South Melbourne |
| 2019 | | Calder United | Calder United |
| 2020 | | **Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia**. | | | |
| 2021 | | **Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia**. | | | |
| 2022 | | Calder United | Calder United |
| 2023 | | South Melbourne | Bulleen Lions |

## Player records

*As of 1 January 2023 (prior to commencement of 2023 NPLVW season).* Players listed in bold are still actively playing in the NPLVW.

| Rank | Player | Appearances |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Natasha Dakic** | 140 |
| 2 | **Kirstie Shearing** | 135 |
| 3 | Tessa Sernio | 131 |
| 4 | Emma Robers | 130 |
| 5 | **Elly Torre** | 127 |
| 6 | Emily Dolzan | 126 |
| | **Emily Shields** | |
| 8 | **Stephanie Galea** | 124 |
| 9 | **Sienna Fogarty** | 121 |
| 10 | **Erin Hudson** | 120 |
|

### Top scorers

*As of 1 January 2023 (prior to commencement of 2023 NPLVW season).*

| Rank | Seasons | Name | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 20182021 | Catherine Zimmerman | 81 |
| 2 | 20162021 | Melina Ayres | 78 |
| 3 | 20162019 | Rachel Alonso | 60 |
| 4 | 20172022 | Aleksandra Sinclair | 57 |
| | 20162019 | Melanie Camilleri | |
| 6 | 20162019 | Caitlin Friend | 48 |
| 7 | 20172019 | Angela Beard | 47 |
| 8 | 20162022 | Lia Privitelli | 46 |
| 9 | 20172019 | Kelsey Minton | 41 |
| 10 | 20162019 | Cindy Lay | 35 |
|

## InfoBox

National Premier Leagues Victoria Women
| Organising body | Football Victoria |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2016 |
| Country | Australia |
| State | Victoria |
| Number of teams | 12 |
| Level on pyramid |  |
| Relegation to | VPL Women's |
| League cup(s) | Nike F.C. Cup |
| Current champions | South Melbourne (2023) |
| Current premiers | Bulleen Lions (2023) |
| Most championships | Box Hill United (7 titles) |
| Most premierships | Box Hill United (7 titles) |
| TV partners | NPL.TV |
| Website | www.footballvictoria.com.au |
| *Current: 2023 NPL Victoria Women's* | |


title: Seger, Pennsylvania

abstract: Seger is an unincorporated community and coal town in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States.

text:
# Seger, Pennsylvania

**Seger** is an unincorporated community and coal town in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States.

## InfoBox

| Seger | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| SegerLocation within the state of PennsylvaniaSegerSeger (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 40°21′54″N 79°17′7″W / 40.36500°N 79.28528°W / 40.36500; -79.28528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Westmoreland |
| Elevation | 1,122 ft (342 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 1187225 |


title: Po Jatamah

abstract: Po Jatamah was a King of the Panduranga Kingdom of Champa who ruled from 1657 to 1659. His exact origins are not known, but he was able to gain the throne after the short-lived Po Saktiraydapaghoh since he was married to his daughter. This occurred although the deceased king had at least two sons, who later became kings. The succession indicates the strength of the matrilinear system of the Chams. The new king was ordained by the Nguyễn lord of Annam and received the governing title Ndo Naok Ndai Tang Kuan. Champa had lost the northern region, from Cù Mông to Kauthara, to the Nguyễn lord in 1653, and the Cham rulers henceforth had to pay tribute. However, they were still autonomous. During Po Jatamah's brief reign, important events happened in the immediate surroundings of Champa. The Cambodian ruler Ramathipadi I was a Muslim and kept his position with the help of Cham and Malay soldiers. In 1658 he was, however, defeated and captured through a Vietnamese invasion. He died in Champa in the next year as he was about to return to Cambodia. The Nguyễn regime now established its authority in the easternmost territory of Cambodia, later known as Biên Hòa. This became a severe challenge for the Cham rump kingdom in Panduranga, since it now had the Vietnamese both to the north and the south. Po Jatamah passed away shortly after these events, in 1659. He was succeeded by his brother-in-law Po Saut.

text:
# Po Jatamah

**Po Jatamah** (died 1659) was a King of the Panduranga Kingdom of Champa who ruled from 1657 to 1659. His exact origins are not known, but he was able to gain the throne after the short-lived Po Saktiraydapaghoh since he was married to his daughter. This occurred although the deceased king had at least two sons, who later became kings. The succession indicates the strength of the matrilinear system of the Chams. The new king was ordained by the Nguyễn lord of Annam and received the governing title Ndo Naok Ndai Tang Kuan.

Champa had lost the northern region, from Cù Mông to Kauthara (Khánh Hòa), to the Nguyễn lord in 1653, and the Cham rulers henceforth had to pay tribute. However, they were still autonomous. During Po Jatamah's brief reign, important events happened in the immediate surroundings of Champa. The Cambodian ruler Ramathipadi I was a Muslim and kept his position with the help of Cham and Malay soldiers. In 1658 he was, however, defeated and captured through a Vietnamese invasion. He died in Champa in the next year as he was about to return to Cambodia. The Nguyễn regime now established its authority in the easternmost territory of Cambodia, later known as Biên Hòa. This became a severe challenge for the Cham rump kingdom in Panduranga, since it now had the Vietnamese both to the north and the south. Po Jatamah passed away shortly after these events, in 1659. He was succeeded by his brother-in-law Po Saut.

## InfoBox

| Po Jatamah | |
| --- | --- |
| *King of Champa
King of Panduranga* | |
| King of Champa | |
| Reign | 1657–1659 |
| Predecessor | Po Saktiraydapaghoh |
| Successor | Po Saut |
|  | |
| Born | ?
Champa |
| Died | 1659
Bal Pangdurang (Phan Rí) |
| Spouse | daughter of Po Saktiraydapaghoh |


title: WWBA

abstract: WWBA is a commercial AM radio station that airs a hot talk and sports radio format. Licensed to Largo, Florida, it serves the Tampa Bay area. The station is currently owned by Genesis Communications of Tampa Bay, LLC, and is operated by NIA Broadcasting under a local marketing agreement (LMA). Middays, nights and weekends, the station carries the Infinity Sports Network. Weekday mornings and for an hour in the afternoon, it runs the syndicated and Florida-based "Bubba The Love Sponge Show." WWBA is one of two 50,000-watt stations in the Tampa Bay area, along with WJBR. By day, WWBA is powered at 50,000 watts, the maximum for commercial AM stations. As AM 820 is a clear channel frequency reserved for WBAP in Fort Worth, Texas, WWBA reduces power to 1,000 watts at night to avoid interference and uses a directional antenna at all times. WWBA's transmitter is on 8th Avenue SE in Largo. WWBA is also heard on two FM translator stations: 96.7 W244EG in Tampa and 98.3 W252DF in Largo.

text:
# WWBA

**WWBA** (820 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station that airs a hot talk and sports radio format. Licensed to Largo, Florida, it serves the Tampa Bay area. The station is currently owned by Genesis Communications of Tampa Bay, LLC, and is operated by NIA Broadcasting under a local marketing agreement (LMA). Middays, nights and weekends, the station carries the Infinity Sports Network. Weekday mornings and for an hour in the afternoon, it runs the syndicated and Florida-based "Bubba The Love Sponge Show."

WWBA is one of two 50,000-watt stations in the Tampa Bay area, along with WJBR (1010 AM). By day, WWBA is powered at 50,000 watts, the maximum for commercial AM stations. As AM 820 is a clear channel frequency reserved for WBAP in Fort Worth, Texas, WWBA reduces power to 1,000 watts at night to avoid interference and uses a directional antenna at all times. WWBA's transmitter is on 8th Avenue SE in Largo.

WWBA is also heard on two FM translator stations: 96.7 **W244EG** in Tampa and 98.3 **W252DF** in Largo.

## History

The station went on the air as WSST on May 29, 1972, broadcasting on 800 kHz. It was a daytimer with 250 watts and required to be off the air at night, to protect clear-channel stations CKLW in Windsor, Ontario, Canada and XEROK-AM in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. Its first format was Southern Gospel music. It later moved to AM 820, as it sought upgrading its daytime signal while providing local nighttime service.

Over the years, it has carried Christian radio, country music, talk radio, and sports radio, as well as a Spanish-language Contemporary Hits format, as "La Preciosa 820".

As a talk station, WWBA once aired more locally-produced programming, but later switched to syndicated conservative talk shows. It was formerly known as "News Talk 820 WWBA". It had been affiliated with ABC News Radio. WWBA also aired a local midday show by Dan Maduri and had local sports hosts filling the morning hours. The station was also home to *The Morning Magazine* with Mark Larsen, which ended in December 2009. Another local talk show, Dan York's "The Tampa Bay Experience", was canceled in July 2009. In May 2019, afternoon host Chris Ingram was let go. The following month, the rest of the station's on-air announcers were terminated.

On September 29, 2008, WWBA moved its talk programming from 1040 AM to 820 AM, after it was announced that the station's owners, Genesis Communications, would be purchasing 820 AM from Mega Communications. The owners transferred the WWBA call sign to 820 when the sale closed.

On February 13, 2017, WWBA became the new flagship station of the Bubba the Love Sponge Show after WBRN-FM dropped the show the previous month due to a format change. In February 2019, the show left WWBA and moved to 1040 WHBO. Also in February 2019, owner Genesis Communications turned over management of the station to NIA Broadcasting via an LMA.

In June 2019, 820 WWBA changed to automated 1970s-1990s classic country music. The station discontinued local programming. On October 8, 2019, 820 WWBA switched back to a news/talk format. On May 26, 2020, WWBA changed its format from news/talk to hot talk and sports, branded as "The Big 8". The sports programming comes from CBS Sports Radio, and the hot talk is once again from Bubba The Love Sponge.

## InfoBox

WWBA
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Tampa Bay Area |
| Frequency | 820 kHz |
| Branding | *The Big 8* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Hot Talk and Sports |
| Affiliations | Infinity Sports Network |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Genesis Communications * (Genesis Communications of Tampa Bay, LLC) |
| Sister stations | WHBO, WMGG |
| History | |
| First air date | May 29, 1972 (1972-05-29) (as WSST) |
| Former call signs | WSST (1972–1985)
WRFA (1985–1994)
WYTA (4/94-10/94)
WNZE (1994–1996)
WZTM (1996–2000)
WMGG (2000–2009) |
| Call sign meaning | Tampa *BA*y |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 51971 |
| Class | B |
| Power | 50,000 watts day
1,000 watts night |
| Transmitter coordinates | 27°54′30.00″N 82°46′51.00″W / 27.9083333°N 82.7808333°W / 27.9083333; -82.7808333 |
| Translator(s) | 96.7 W244EG (Tampa)
98.3 W252DF (Largo) |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | newstalkflorida.com |


title: Poodle skirt

abstract: A poodle skirt is a wide swing felt skirt of a solid color displaying a design appliquéd or transferred to the fabric. The design was often a coiffed poodle. Later substitutes for the poodle patch included flamingoes, flowers, and hot rod cars. Hemlines were to the knee or just below it. It quickly became very popular with teenage girls, who wore them at school dances, and as everyday wear.

text:
# Poodle skirt

A **poodle skirt** is a wide swing felt skirt of a solid color displaying a design appliquéd or transferred to the fabric. The design was often a coiffed poodle. Later substitutes for the poodle patch included flamingoes, flowers, and hot rod cars. Hemlines were to the knee or just below it. It quickly became very popular with teenage girls, who wore them at school dances, and as everyday wear.

## Creation

The skirt originated in 1947 in the United States, designed by Juli Lynne Charlot. The idea for the skirt began as Charlot needed a last-minute Christmas skirt. With little money and little ability to sew, she made the seamless skirt herself out of felt. As Charlot's design for a skirt caught on, she was asked to make a dog-themed skirt, as dogs were popular. She initially designed the skirt with three dachshunds, which would all have three personalities. The first dog would be a flirty girl, the second dog would be a snobby girl, and the third dog would be a male attracted to the flirty girl dog. However, due to the leashes being tangled, the male dog would be stuck next to the snobby girl dog. Charlot wanted her designs to tell a story and be "conversation starters", so much that she made sure clothing store salespeople knew the stories printed on the skirt, just in case a customer would ask.

## Manufacturing

The skirt was easy for people to make at home, since the design was simple and the materials easily available. The original homemade skirt could be made by cutting a circle out of felt for the waist. Then, appliqués could be added on to reflect the person's interests and hobbies.

In just a week after the debut of the poodle skirt, Charlot was able to sell the design. As the popularity of her skirt began to grow, she eventually opened her own factory.

## Popularity

Movie stars commonly wore this type of skirt, and it featured widely in magazines and advertising. Many consumers were eager to keep up with Hollywood's fashions, adding to the skirt's popularity.

The skirt proved most popular with teenage girls, and in 1952 mail-order catalogs dedicated to poodle skirts were made. Known as the "first teenage fashion trend", these skirts were perfect for dancing. It could also be said that the skirt's ability to be customized led to its success with teenagers, as it reflected individual personalities.

## Modern poodle skirts

The poodle skirt remains one of the most memorable symbols of the 1950s in the United States and is frequently worn as a novelty retro item, part of a nostalgic outfit. A similar design of these skirts became popular in the years 2009–2010. The skirts had been shortened but the newer designs retained the original waistband. Today, poodle skirts are made out of modern felt and are simply reproductions of the originals.


title: Vasco de la Zarza

abstract: Vasco de la Zarza was a Spanish Renaissance sculptor. He flourished between 1499 and 1524, and worked mainly for the Cathedral of Avila and convents of the same city, but also performed works in Ampudia, Cuéllar, Olmedo and Toledo.

text:
# Vasco de la Zarza

**Vasco de la Zarza** (died 1524) was a Spanish Renaissance sculptor. He flourished between 1499 and 1524, and worked mainly for the Cathedral of Avila and convents of the same city, but also performed works in Ampudia, Cuéllar, Olmedo and Toledo.

## Early career

Vasco de la Zarza may have been born in Toledo, although others have considered him of Portuguese origin. He is first mentioned in 1499, when he was charged with the size of the tabernacle altar of the Ávila Cathedral, which he completed in 1508. His work shows influences of Domenico Fancelli. He is believed to have taken a trip to Italy in his youth, which would have enabled contact with Italian Renaissance art, which is seen as an influence in his style.

## Works

His most important work is the tomb with Alonso Fernandez de Madrigal (1518) made of alabaster. Alonso de Madrigal, a leading humanist, is represented in the act of writing on a lectern. At the base of the sculpture are represented virtues and over, on a large circular relief, the Adoration of the Magi. Above, on the frieze shows the cavalcade of the Magi and, topping the composition, the Nativity. In the four side panels, framed by richly ornate and simple cover, the four evangelists in the act of writing, there are over roundels with representations of saints and, above them, several scenes from the life of Christ. His latest work documented in Ávila in 1522, is the tabernacle of the main altar, carved in alabaster, with scenes of the Passion. He also attributed the tomb of Hernán Núñez de Arnalte, treasurer of the Catholic Monarchs, Santo Tomas de Avila and many other works in Ávila and other nearby locations.

In the province of Segovia he completed tombs for Beltrán de la Cueva, 1st Duke of Alburquerque, his three wives and his brother, in the church of the monastery of San Francisco de Cuéllar. In the Toledo Cathedral in 1515 he carved the tombs of Alonso Carrillo de Albornoz and Inigo Lopez Carrillo de Mendoza, in the chapel of San Ildefonso. In the province of Valladolid with Alonso Berruguete he conducted in 1523 the altarpiece of the chapel of the monastery at Olmedo, Valladolid.

* Jose Camon Aznar. Sculpture and sixteenth-century Spanish ironwork. Summa Artis. General history of art. Vol XVIII. Espasa Calpe, Madrid 1961.
* Azcarate, José María de. History of Art in storyboards. Editorial E.P.E.S.A. ISBN 84-7067-099-9