title: Jean Marc Belkadi

abstract: Jean Marc Belkadi is a French-born, American jazz fusion guitarist known for his improvisational soloing technique.

text:
# Jean Marc Belkadi

**Jean Marc Belkadi** is a French-born, American jazz fusion guitarist known for his improvisational soloing technique.

## Career

Belkadi studied with Frank Gambale, Scott Henderson, Joe Pass, Joe Diorio, Tal Farlow, and Robben Ford at the Musicians Institute in 1985. The Guitar Institute of Technology class of 1985 had notable alumni such as Jeff Buckley and Paul Gilbert. He taught at the school (GIT) from 1998 to 2007 and at the Los Angeles Music Academy College of Music from 1996 to 2000.

In 2017 Belkadi co-wrote (music) "White Linen" (featuring Cyhi The Prynce) with singer-songwriter Mike Posner, Mat Musto (aka Blackbear), Cydel Young and Peter Hortaridis. This song was produced by American hip-hop duo Mike Posner and blackbear is from their studio album *Mansionz* (2017). He plays electric guitar on "Nobody Knows" (Mansionz) composed by Mike Posner, Musto and Soren Bryce. A year later, Belkadi co-wrote (music) "Wide Open" with Mike Posner, Adam Friedman, James Bowen released January 18, 2019. "Wide Open" is track #2 of Mike Posner's third studio album, *A Real Good Kid*.

Belkadi has recorded the albums *Stopover* and *Toulouse / Los Angeles* and written 11 instructional book/CD sets published by Hal Leonard Corporation / Musicians Institute Press. In 2011, he released his first digital E-book with 60 MP3 audio tracks: *The Composite Blues Scale for Electric Guitar*.

## Personal life

Belkadi is married to graphic designer and painter Marie Christine Belkadi. She edited and designed Belkadi's instructional books and CDs.

## Discography

* 1998: *Stopover - Album*
* 1992: *The Last Horizon*
* 1993: *Mr King*
* 1997: *Stopover*
* 1997: *Time's Up*
* 1997: *The Twelve*
* 1997: *For Some Friends*
* 1997: *Street Licks*
* 2017: *Toulouse / Los Angeles - Album*
* 2010: *Just for the Fun*
* 2012: *Check Point*
* 2012: *The Sniper*
* 2013: *It's Not Difficult*
* 2015: *Mission Possible*
* 2017: *Toulouse Groove*
* 2017: *Party Time*

## Instructional book/CD sets

* 1997: *A Modern Approach to Jazz, Rock & Fusion* (Hal Leonard Corporation/Musicians Institute Press)
* 1997: *The Diminished Scale for Guitar* (Hal Leonard/Musicians Institute)
* 1999: *Advanced Scale Concepts & Licks for Guitar* (Hal Leonard/Musicians Institute)
* 2000: *Jazz–Rock Triad Improvising for Guitar* (Hal Leonard/Musicians Institute)
* 2001: *Slap & Pop Technique for Guitar* (Hal Leonard/Musicians Institute)
* 2002: *Outside Guitar Licks* (Hal Leonard/Musicians Institute)
* 2003: *Progressive Tapping Licks* (Hal Leonard/Musicians Institute)
* 2004: *Classical Themes for Electric Guitar* (Hal Leonard/Musicians Institute)
* 2005: *Ethnic Rhythms for Electric Guitar* (Hal Leonard/Musicians Institute)
* 2005: *Exotic Scales & Licks for Electric Guitar* (Hal Leonard/Musicians Institute)
* 2006: *Technique Exercises for Guitar* (Hal Leonard/Musicians Institute)
* 2011: *The Composite Blues Scale for Electric Guitar* (Belkadi Publications)

## InfoBox

| Jean Marc Belkadi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | Toulouse, France |
| Genres | Jazz, jazz fusion, instrumental rock |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, composer, author |
| Instrument | Guitar |
| Years active | 1984–present |
|  | |
| Website | www.jmbelkadi.com |


title: Xylariopsis esakii

abstract: Xylariopsis esakii is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Mitono in 1943. It is known from Taiwan.

text:
# Xylariopsis esakii

***Xylariopsis esakii*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Mitono in 1943. It is known from Taiwan.

## InfoBox

| *Xylariopsis esakii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Xylariopsis* |
| Species: | ***X. esakii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylariopsis esakii***<br>Mitono, 1943 | |
|


title: Pshav-Khevsureti National Park

abstract: Pshav-Khevsureti National Park is in Dusheti Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti region of Georgia. Park has been established by direct involvement of World Wide Fund for Nature.

text:
# Pshav-Khevsureti National Park

**Pshav-Khevsureti National Park** (Georgian: ფშავ-ხევსურეთის ეროვნული პარკი) is in Dusheti Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti region of Georgia. Park has been established by direct involvement of World Wide Fund for Nature.

## Fauna

Pshav-Khevsureti National Park will help conservation of the leopard (*Panthera pardus*) in the Caucasus, as well as the Bezoar goat (Capra aegagrus aegagrus), endemic East Caucasian tur (Capra caucasica cylindricornis), brown bear, European lynx, Caucasian red deer, chamois.

## Tourist infrastructure

Pshav-Khevsureti National Park can be reached using Tbilisi-Zhinvali-Barisakho-Shatili route.

## InfoBox

| Pshav-Khevsureti National Park | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category II (national park) | |
| Khevsureti, village Shatili | |
|  | |
| Location | Georgia |
| Coordinates | 42°40′N 45°10′E / 42.66°N 45.16°E / 42.66; 45.16 |
| Area | 1,400.44 km2 (540.71 sq mi) |
| Established | 2014 |
| Governing body | Agency of Protected Areas |
| Website | National Park Info |


title: Mchikichini

abstract: Mchikichini is an administrative ward of the Ilala Municipical Council of the Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania. Upanga West forms the ward's northern boundary. Its eastern border is formed by Jangwani and Kariakoo. The ward is bordered to the south by the Gerezani and Ilala wards. The Kinondoni District wards of Kigogo, Magomeni, and Mzimuni border it on the west. The ward is home to the Karume Market, one of the largest markest in the city. According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 25,510.

text:
# Mchikichini

**Mchikichini** (*Kata ya Mchikichini*, in Swahili) is an administrative ward of the Ilala Municipical Council of the Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania. Upanga West forms the ward's northern boundary. Its eastern border is formed by Jangwani and Kariakoo. The ward is bordered to the south by the Gerezani and Ilala wards. The Kinondoni District wards of Kigogo, Magomeni, and Mzimuni border it on the west. The ward is home to the Karume Market, one of the largest markest in the city. According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 25,510.

## Administration

The postal code for the **Mchikichini** ward is *11109*. The ward is divided into the following neighborhoods (*Mitaa*):

### Government

The ward, like every other ward in the country, has local government offices based on the population served.***The Mchikichini Ward*** administration building houses a court as per the Ward Tribunal Act of 1988, including other vital departments for the administration the ward. The ward has the following administration offices:

* Mchikichini Police Station
* Mchikichini Government Office (*Afisa Mtendaji*)
* Mchikichini Ward Tribunal (*Baraza La Kata*) is a Department inside Ward Government Office

In the local government system of Tanzania, the ward is the smallest democratic unit. Each ward is composed of a committee of eight elected council members which include a chairperson, one salaried officer (with no voting rights), and an executive officer. One-third of seats are reserved for women councillors.

## Demographics

The ward serves as the Zaramo people's ancestral home, along with much of the district. As the city developed throughout time, the ward became into a cosmopolitan ward. In total, 25,510 people called the ward home in 2012.

## Education and health

### Education

The ward is home to these educational institutions

* Shaaban Robert Secondary School

### Healthcare

The ward is home to the following health institutions:

* Mchikichini Health Center

## InfoBox

| Mchikichini *Kata ya Mchikichini* (Swahili) | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward of Ilala District | |
| **From top to bottom:**
Building in Mchikichini ward, Ilala MC & BRT Jangwani in Mchikichini | |
| Coordinates: 6°49′14.88″S 39°15′47.88″E / 6.8208000°S 39.2633000°E / -6.8208000; 39.2633000 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Dar es Salaam Region |
| District | Ilala District |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.6 km2 (0.6 sq mi) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 25,510 |
| Ethnic groups | |
| Settler | Swahili |
| Ancestral | Zaramo |
| Tanzanian Postal Code | 11109 |


abstract: Guru Harkrishan Public School, Nanak Piao, India, was established in April 1982 by the Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee (DSGMC) with the aim of providing a public school education. The school is recognized by the Directorate of Education, Delhi and affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education for the AISSCE pattern examination.

text:
# Guru Harkrishan Public School, Nanak Piao

**Guru Harkrishan Public School, Nanak Piao**, India, was established in April 1982 by the Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee (DSGMC) with the aim of providing a public school education. The school is recognized by the Directorate of Education, Delhi and affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education for the AISSCE pattern examination.

## Staff

* Chairman: Mr. Davinder Singh Kawatra
* Principal: Mrs.Amarjeet Kaur
* Vice Principal: Mrs. Harpreet Kaur

## Buildings

The school is housed in a building with open space for playgrounds in a green plot. It has two main buildings comprising a Primary school and a Middle and Higher school. There is also a Gurudwara.

## System of education

The School provides educational instruction to prepare students for all three streams at the Senior Secondary level viz Humanities, Commerce and Science.

1. Central Board of Secondary Education
2. Govt. of NCT of Delhi

## InfoBox

| Guru Harkrishan Public School, Nanak Piao | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Nanak Piao, Rana Pratap Bagh,
Delhi, 110033
India | |
| Coordinates | 28°41′34″N 77°11′33″E / 28.6928999°N 77.1924778°E / 28.6928999; 77.1924778 |
| Information | |
| School type | Private |
| Motto | Vidya Vichari Tan: Parupkari |
| Founded | 1982 |
| Founder | Delhi Sikh Gurudwara Management Committee (DSGMC) |
| President | S. Paramjit Singh Sarna |
| Chair | S. Davinder Singh Kawatra |
| Principal | Mr. J.S. Ghuman |
| Campus | urban |
| Affiliation | Central Board of Secondary Education |
| Website | Guru Harkrishan Public School |


title: Mecodema parataiko

abstract: Mecodema parataiko is a species of beetle, the most widespread of the Northland species, being found in forests from Whangārei north to Herekino.

text:
# Mecodema parataiko

***Mecodema parataiko*** is a species of beetle, the most widespread of the Northland species, being found in forests from Whangārei north to Herekino.

## InfoBox

| *Mecodema parataiko* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Mecodema* |
| Species: | ***M. parataiko*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecodema parataiko***<br>Seldon & Leschen, 2011 | |
|


title: Mitesh Rameshbhai Patel

abstract: Mitesh Rameshbhai Patel is an Indian politician and Chairperson and Managing Director of Laxmi Protein Products Pvt Ltd located in Vasad, Gujarat. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from Anand, Gujarat in the 2019 Indian general election as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He recorded a victory by 197,718 votes. He defeated Bharatsinh Madhavsinh Solanki of Indian National Congress, who served as Minister of State under UPAII.

text:
# Mitesh Rameshbhai Patel

**Mitesh Rameshbhai Patel (known as Bakabhai)** is an Indian politician and Chairperson and Managing Director of Laxmi Protein Products Pvt Ltd located in Vasad, Gujarat. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from Anand, Gujarat in the 2019 Indian general election as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He recorded a victory by 197,718 votes. He defeated Bharatsinh Madhavsinh Solanki of Indian National Congress, who served as Minister of State under UPAII.

## Career

He has been associated with the BJP since his young days. He has been the Treasurer of Anand, BJP for several years where he worked intensely at the ground level to strengthen the party. He worked very closely with the Co-operative societies of Anand. He has always worked for the betterment of society. BJP's top leadership considered him for the seat after seeing his dedication and commitment level.

## Parliamentary Committees

1. Member, Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution.

2. Member, Standing Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas.

3. Member, Consultative Committee on Coal and Mines.

## InfoBox

| Mitesh Rameshbhai Patel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>23 May 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Dilip Patel |
| Constituency | Anand, Gujarat |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Sarsa,Anand, Gujarat, India |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Spouse | Smt. Dipaliben Mitesh Patel |
| Parent |  |
| Source: | |


title: Farmer's Union Building

abstract: The Farmer's Union Building in Layton, Utah, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It was designed by local architect William Allen. It is a two-story roughly square building now, built in three sections. The building was deemed significant for NRHP listing for it having housed the Farmer's Union Mercantile Institution, which was the first commercial enterprise in Layton. The building served as Layton's "primary meeting hall, social center, and recreational facility." The building replaced the original Kaysville Farmers Union, General Mercantile Store, located at 12 South Main Street. The original building being a small frame store building that was originally built in Kaysville then later moved. The Farmers Union was incorporated in 1909, E.P. Ellison as manager. The Farmers Union served as a bank and post office during the early days of Layton City, but was deemed unsafe after the murder of Mr. Sandall, the night watchman, on March 24, 1898. The Farmers Union closed in 1957. Cannery Sales and Grocery leased the building and later Family Furniture used the space. Note the 'Colored TV Sale' poster in the 1978 photo.

text:
# Farmer's Union Building

The **Farmer's Union Building** in Layton, Utah, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

It was designed by local architect William Allen. It is a two-story roughly square building now, built in three sections (in 1890, in a year soon after that, and in 1930).

The building was deemed significant for NRHP listing for it having housed the Farmer's Union Mercantile Institution, which was the first commercial enterprise in Layton. The building served as Layton's "primary meeting hall, social center, and recreational facility."

The building replaced the original Kaysville Farmers Union, General Mercantile Store, located at 12 South Main Street. The original building being a small frame store building that was originally built in Kaysville then later moved. The Farmers Union was incorporated in 1909, E.P. Ellison as manager. The Farmers Union served as a bank and post office during the early days of Layton City, but was deemed unsafe after the murder of Mr. Sandall, the night watchman, on March 24, 1898. The Farmers Union closed in 1957. Cannery Sales and Grocery leased the building and later Family Furniture used the space. Note the 'Colored TV Sale' poster in the 1978 photo.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Farmer's Union Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | State and W. Gentile Sts., Layton, Utah |
| Coordinates | 41°3′38″N 111°57′54″W / 41.06056°N 111.96500°W / 41.06056; -111.96500 |
| Area | 1.3 acres (0.53 ha) |
| Built | 1890 |
| Architect | William Allen |
| Architectural style | Late Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 78002656 |
| Added to NRHP | November 30, 1978 |


abstract: The Operating Passenger Railroad Stations Thematic Resource is a list of 53 New Jersey Transit stations in New Jersey entered into the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and National Register of Historic Places in 1984 for their architectural, historical, and cultural merit.

text:
# Operating Passenger Railroad Stations Thematic Resource (New Jersey)

The **Operating Passenger Railroad Stations Thematic Resource** is a list of 53 New Jersey Transit stations in New Jersey entered into the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and National Register of Historic Places in 1984 for their architectural, historical, and cultural merit.

## History

### 19th century

Rail service began in New Jersey in 1834. Over the course of the next century, an expansive system operated by competing private companies crisscrossed the state, providing freight, long-distance and commuter passenger service.

### 20th century

By the mid 1970s most were financially troubled. Amtrak began operations on May 1, 1971 after having taken over long-distance passenger service considered to be in the nation's best interest, including the Northeast Corridor in New Jersey. Statewide commuter services came under the auspices of the New Jersey Department of Transportation and were operated under contract by Conrail, which had been established in 1976.

New Jersey Transit Rail Operations (NJTRO) was established by 1983 when New Jersey Transit (NJT) took over operations.

New Jersey Transit, in conjunction with State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), commissioned a field study concluded in 1981 of 112 train station buildings, or head houses, under its jurisdiction that had been built before World War II and were still in operation, which culminated in a report *The Operating Railroad Stations of New Jersey: A Historical Survey*. After a process of elimination over the next years the SHPO recommended that 53 stations be included in a multiple property submission (MPS) thematic nomination (TN); several had been previously designated, some as contributing properties to historic districts.

The NJRHP designation took place on March 17, 1984 (#5080). The MPS submission was made on May 8, 1984. Forty of the stations were entered into the NRHP on June 22, 1984 and the remainder were entered as part of the completed TN on September 29, 1984 (#64000496). Many stations were along former lines that had become part of NJTRO, one of which is used by SEPTA.

The oldest station building, the Long-a-Coming Depot, built in 1856, and the oldest active station building, Ramsey-Main Street Station, built in 1868, were not listed. Also not included in the TN were two significant individually-listed historic operating stations, Newark Pennsylvania Station and Hoboken Terminal, both of which are major rail hubs that also serve as terminals for light rail, PATH subway trains, and in the case of Hoboken, ferries across the Hudson River.

Another former intermodal station, the inactive Communipaw Terminal on the Upper New York Bay, had also been previously listed. There are other stations which have also been listed on the state and federal register, such as Mountain Lakes and Demarest which were not part of the TN since they were inactive at the time, were not considered sufficiently significant, or were not part of the NJT system.

## List

|  | Station | Service | Locale
Municipality
County | Former railroad service | Construction date of station house | Designation | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ampere |  | East Orange
Essex | Lackawanna
Montclair Branch | 1908 | NJRHP#1073 March 1984
NRHP#84002628
June 22, 1984 (TR)
delisted October 30, 1990 | Inactive. Service discontinued April 7, 1991
Station building demolished 1991 |
| 2 | Anderson Street | Pascack Valley Line | Hackensack
Bergen | Erie | 1869 | NJRHP#519 March 17, 1984
delisted March 30, 2011
NRHP #84002520 June 22, 1984 (TR)
delisted May 2011 | Active
Listed station building destroyed by fire 2009 and replaced |
| 3 | Bernardsville | Gladstone Branch | Bernardsville
Somerset | Lackawanna | 1901 | NJRHP#247 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002786 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 4 | Bloomfield | Montclair-Boonton Line | Bloomfield
Essex | Lackawanna | 1912 | NJRHP#1065 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002631 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active
Listed building privately owned |
| 5 | Boonton | Montclair-Boonton Line | Boonton
Morris | Lackawanna | 1905 | NJRHP#2089 October 19, 1976 NRHP#77000889 July 13, 1977
September 29, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 6 | Bound Brook | Raritan Valley Line | Bound Brook
Somerset | Jersey Central | 1913
replaced 1847 Elizabethtown & Somerville Railroad Depot | NJRHP#2481 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002787 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active station. Station house (1913) converted to restaurant |
| 7 | Bradley Beach | North Jersey Coast Line | Bradley Beach
Monmouth | Jersey Central | 1912 | NJRHP#1963 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002749 (TR) | Active |
| 8 | Brick Church | Morristown Line
Gladstone Branch | East Orange
Essex | Lackawanna | 1923
replaced former 1878 Depot | NJRHP#1074 March 17, 194
NRHP#840032 636 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 9 | Dover | Morristown Line
Montclair-Boonton Line | Dover
Morris | Lackawanna | 1902
replaced 1848 M&E station | NJRHP#2109 February 1, 1980
NRHP:80002511 May 23, 1980
September 29, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 10 | East Orange | Morristown Line
Gladstone Branch | East Orange
Essex | Lackawanna | 1923
replaced original 1836 depot | NJRHP: #
NRHP:84002638 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 11 | Elberon | North Jersey Coast Line | Elberon
Long Branch
Monmouth | Jersey Central | 1899 | NJRHP#2007 December 19, 1977
NRHP#78001777 June 9, 1978
September 29, 1984 (TR)
delisted October 17 & October 30, 1990 | Active
Listed station building lost to fire and replaced |
| 12 | Elizabeth Station |  | Elizabeth
Union | Jersey Central
Mainline | 1863 | NJRHP#2661 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002825 September 29, 1984 (TR) | Inactive, 1976 but included in nomination
Adjacent to former PRR station Elizabeth (NJT station) (NEC)
Proposed incorporation into Elizabeth Midtown Station |
| 13 | Fanwood | Raritan Valley Line | Fanwood
Union | Jersey Central | 1874 | NJRHP#2680# November 7, 1979
NRHP#80002521 July 17, 1980
September 29, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 14 | Far Hills | Gladstone Branch | Far Hills
Somerset | Lackawanna | 1914 | NJRHP#2489 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002789 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 15 | Gladstone | Gladstone Branch | Gladstone
Somerset | Lackawanna | 1891 | NJRHP#2577 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002792 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 16 | Glen Ridge (Montclair Branch) | Montclair-Boonton Line | Glen Ridge
Essex | Lackawanna | 1912 | Glen Ridge Historic District (CP)
NJRHP #1087 October 3, 1980
NRHP #82004784 August 9, 1982
NJRH: #3712 March 17, 1984
NRHP: June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 17 | Glen Ridge (Boontoon Line) |  | Glen Ridge
Essex | Erie
NYGL
Boonton Line NJT | 1883

 | Glen Ridge Historic District (CP)
NJRHP #1087 October 3, 1980
NRHP #82004784 August 9, 1982
NJRHP: #4075 March 17, 1984
NRHP: September 29, 1984 (TR) | Renamed Benson Street by NJT
Inactive since 2002
Listed station building sold by NJT and converted to private home |
| 18 | Hillsdale | Pascack Valley Line | Hillsdale
Bergen | Erie | 1869 | NJRHP#537 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002566 June 22, 9184 (TR) | Active |
| 19 | Hopewell |  | Hopewell
Mercer | Reading | 1876 former D&BB station closed in 1982 | NJRHP: #1673 March 17, 1984
NRHP: #84002728 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Inactive
Proposed station on West Trenton Line (NJ Transit) |
| 20 | Little Silver | North Jersey Coast Line | Little Silver
Monmouth | Jersey Central | 1890 | NJRHP#1999 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002754 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 21 | Lyons | Gladstone Branch | Liberty Corner
Somerset | Lackawanna | 1931 | NJRHP#2477 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002805 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 22 | Madison | Morristown Line | Madison
Morris | Lackawanna | 1916 | NJRHP#2141 March 17, 1984
NRHP 84002764 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 23 | Matawan | North Jersey Coast Line | Matawan | Monmouth | Jersey Central | NJRHP#2017 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002756 June 22, 1987 (TR) | Active
Renamed Aberdeen-Matawan by NJT
Listed building not in use since 1982 |
| 24 | Millington | Gladstone Branch | Millington
Long Hill Township
Morris | Lackawanna | 1901
replaced early-1870s-built M&E Depot | NJRHP#2138 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002767 June 22, 1984 | Active |
| 25 | Montclair Lackawanna Terminal |  | Montclair
Essex | Lackawanna
Montclair Branch | 1913 | NJRHP#1155 August 7, 1972
NRHP#73001092 January 8, 1973
September 29, 1984 (TR) | Inactive since 1981; converted to shopping center |
| 26 | Morris Plains | Morristown Line | Morris Plains
Morris | Lackawanna | 1915 | NJRHP#2170 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002780 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 27 | Morristown | Morristown Line
Morristown | Morris | Lackawanna | 1913 | NJRHP#2186 October 16, 1979
NRHP#84003514 March 11, 1908
September 29, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 28 | Mountain Avenue | Montclair-Boonton Line | Montclair
Essex | Erie | 1893
replaced former 1873-built Montclair Railway Depot | NJRHP#1160 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002654 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 29 | Mountain Station | Morristown Line
Gladstone Branch | South Orange
Essex | Lackawanna | 1914 | NJRHP#1361 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002656 September 29, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 30 | Murray Hill | Gladstone Branch | Murray Hill
New Providence
Union | Lackawanna | 1891 | NJRH#2692 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002826 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 31 | Netherwood | Raritan Valley Line | Plainfield
Union | Jersey Central | 1894 | NJRHP#2700 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002830 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 32 | New Brunswick | Northeast Corridor Line | New Brunswick
Middlesex | Pennsylvania | 1903 | NJRH#1875 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002732 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active; serves NJT and Amtrak |
| 33 | Newark Broad Street Station | Montclair-Boonton Line
Morristown Line
Gladstone Branch | Newark
Essex | Lackawanna | 1903
replaced 1836-built M&E Depot | NJRHP#1217 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002662 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active
Terminus Newark Light Rail branch since 2006 |
| 34 | Ocean City Tenth Street Station | Ocean City Transportation Center | Ocean City
Cape May | Atlantic City Railroad
Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines | 1898 | NJRHP#1010 March 17, 1984
NRHP84002611 June 22, 1984 | Service discontinued 1981
Active as bus terminal |
| 35 | Ocean City 34th Street Station |  | Ocean City
Cape May | Atlantic City Railroad
Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines | circa 1885 | NJRHP#1011 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002613 June 22, 1984 | Service discontinued 1981
Listed station building struck by truck and later demolished |
| 36 | Oradell | Pascack Valley Line | Oradell
Bergen | Erie | 1891 | NJRHP#612 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002575 June 22, 1984 | Active |
| 37 | Orange | Morristown Line
Gladstone Branch | Orange
Essex | Lackawanna | 1918 | NJRHP#1335 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002665 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 38 | Park Ridge | Pascack Valley Line | Park Ridge
Bergen | Erie | 1872 | NJRHP#627 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002577 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 39 | Perth Amboy | North Jersey Coast Line | Perth Amboy
Middlesex | Jersey Central | 1923 | NJRHP#1899 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002735 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 40 | Plainfield | Raritan Valley Line | Plainfield
Union | Jersey Central | 1902 | NJRHP#2791 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002837 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 41 | Princeton |  | Princeton
Mercer | Pennsylvania | 1918
replaced 1865-built UNJ&C Depot
 | NJRHP#1742 March 17, 1984
NRHP September 29, 1984 (TR) | Inactive
New station house opened 2014 on shortened Princeton Branch |
| 42 | Radburn | Bergen County Line | Radburn
Fairlawn
Bergen | Erie | 1930 | NJRHP#483 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002580 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 43 | Raritan | Raritan Valley Line | Raritan
Somerset | Jersey Central | 1890 | NJRHP#2579 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002824 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 44 | Red Bank | North Jersey Coast Line | Red Bank
Monmouth | Jersey Central | 1876 | NJRNP#2048 January 7, 1976
NRHP#76001172 May 28, 1976
September 29, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 45 | Ridgewood | Main Line
Bergen County Line | Ridgewood
Bergen | Erie | 1916 | NJRHP#647 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002582 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 46 | Rutherford | Bergen County Line | Rutherford
Bergen | Erie | 1898
replaced an 1862-built NY&E Depot | NJRHP#667 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002584 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 47 | South Orange | Morristown Line
Gladstone Branch | South Orange
Essex | Lackawanna | 1915 | NJRHP#1362 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002669 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 48 | Tuckahoe |  | Upper Township
Cape May | Atlantic City Railroad
Philadelphia and Reading Railway
Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines | 1894–95
1906 | NJRHP#1016 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002626 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Inactive
Cape May Seashore Lines
Seasonal excursion train suspended 2012 |
| 49 | Upper Montclair | Montclair-Boonton Line | Upper Montclair
Montclair
Essex | Erie | 1892
replaced 1873-built Montclair Railway station | NJRHP#1191 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002673 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 50 | Waldwick | Main Line
Bergen County Line | Waldwick
Bergen | Erie | 1886 | NJRHP#716 August 27, 1977
NRHP#78001742 August 27, 1977
September 29, 1984 (TR) | Active
Listed station building not in use by NJT leased to historical society since 2009 |
| 51 | Watchung Avenue | Montclair-Boonton Line | Montclair
Essex | Erie | 1904
replaced 1873-built Montclair Railway station | NJRHP#1198 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002674 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
| 52 | West Trenton | West Trenton Line (SEPTA) | West Trenton
Ewing
Mercer | Reading | 1929 | NJRHP#1650 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84004031 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active
Proposed station on West Trenton Line (NJ Transit) |
| 53 | White House | Raritan Valley Line | Whitehouse Station
Readington Township
Hunterdon | Jersey Central
Rockaway Valley Railroad | 1892 | NJRHP#1628 March 17, 1984
NRHP#84002726 June 22, 1984 (TR) | Active |
|

## Other historic designations

Among the others stations in the state, most of which of are inactive, listed in the state and federal registers are Allenhurst (NJT) (station building demolished), Butler (NYSW), Cary (CNJ), Demarest (Erie Northern Branch), Great Meadows (L&HR), Long-a-Coming Depot, Maywood (NYSW), Mountain Lakes, North Pemberton (C&A), Pennington (Reading), Pompton Plains (Erie), Rio Grande (WJ), Tenafly (Erie Northern Branch), and Washington (DL&W) (demolished).

## Abbreviations

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Operating Passenger Railroad Stations | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| New Jersey Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Location | New Jersey, U.S. |
| Architectural style | various |
| NRHP reference No. | 64000496 |
| NJRHP No. | 5080 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | June 22, 1984 & September 29, 1984 |
| Designated NJRHP | March 17, 1984 |


title: Rasam (TV series)

abstract: Rasam is a 2014 Pakistani social drama serial directed by Asim Ali. It was premiered on 1 May 2017. The serial is written by Samina Aijaz and produced by Gold Bridge Media in collaboration with Habib Jaan. The serial features Sumbul Iqbal, Junaid Khan, Hassan Niazi and Javaid Sheikh in lead roles. The serial is based on how a mistake during performing traditions, changes the lives of Ali and Amber.

text:
# Rasam (TV series)

***Rasam*** (English: *Custom*) is a 2014 Pakistani social drama serial directed by *Asim Ali*. It was premiered on 1 May 2017. The serial is written by *Samina Aijaz* and produced by *Gold Bridge Media* in collaboration with *Habib Jaan*. The serial features Sumbul Iqbal, Junaid Khan, Hassan Niazi and Javaid Sheikh in lead roles. The serial is based on how a mistake during performing traditions, changes the lives of Ali and Amber.

## Plot

Everything is going well until all is lost, not just for Ali (Junaid Khan) but for Amber (Sumbul Iqbal) as well and only for a stupid mistake committed in a mehndi ceremony by a family member which leaves everyone in shock. They say these Rasam's are the flavors of our wedding ceremonies but not for Amber. What is it that the future holds for girls like Amber, isn't she a victim of these Rasam's

## Cast

* Sumbul Iqbal as Amber
* Junaid Khan as Ali
* Hassan Niazi as Shehzad
* Javed Sheikh as Sattar, Father of Amber
* Ghazala Kaifee as Asma, Mother of Amber
* Rija Ali as Tajwar, Sister of Ali
* Amir Qureshi as Asad, Husband of Tajwar
* Kaif Ghaznavi as Noreen, Second wife of Ali
* Humaira Ali as Yasmeen, Mother of Ali
* Ali Anwar as Ahmed, Brother of Amber
* Beena Chaudhary as Zahida, Phuppo of Ali
* Birjees Farooqi, Mother of Shehzad
* Sonia Rao as Shela, Friend and colleague of Amber
* Mahrukh Rizvi as Reena, Love interest of Asad

## Interruption

In May 2014, Geo TV was banned by PEMRA for airing blasphemous content on Geo Entertainment in its morning show Utho Jago Pakistan. Therefore, the serial was on hiatus along with other serials of the channel for few months.

## Reception

The serial could not do better on the ratings charts due to the unavailability of the channel in some parts of the country. It was also criticized by the viewers for its weak story line and flaws in direction.

## InfoBox

| *Rasam* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Social Drama
Family Drama |
| Developed by | S.Mukhtar Ahmed |
| Written by | Samina Aijaz |
| Directed by | Asim Ali |
| Starring | Sumbul Iqbal
Junaid Khan
Hassan Niazi
Javaid Sheikh
Rija Ali |
| Country of origin | Pakistan |
| Original language | Urdu |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 17 |
| Production | |
| Producers | Gold Bridge Media and Habib Jaan |
| Production location | Karachi |
| Editor | H.A Khan |
| Original release | |
| Network | Geo TV |
| Release | 1 May (2014-05-01)
11 December 2014 (2014-12-11) |


title: Adams Street Historic District

abstract: The Adams Street Historic District in Franklin, Tennessee consists of properties at 1112-1400 Adams, 1251-1327 Adams St., and 304-308 Stewart St. It is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 and is one of seven local historic districts in the city of Franklin. The historic district is a residential neighborhood where most of the homes were built between the 1890s and 1930s. The neighborhood was built on farmland outside of the original borders of the town of Franklin. The earlier buildings in the district are mostly single-story frame construction in the Folk Victorian style, including some Queen Anne and Italianate details. Some homes from the 1920s and 1930s are built in the bungalow style. The 14-acre (5.7 ha) district listed on the National Register includes 37 contributing buildings and 16 non-contributing buildings. The majority of homes built on Adams Street in the era were one-story Folk Victorian frame houses with Queen Anne and Italianate details. Among these, many are of the "gabled ell" form, which has a projecting gable bay on the front facade and a decorative porch. Examples include 1891-built 1303 Adams Street and the houses at 306 and 308 Stewart Street built c.1910. The district includes Bungalow/Craftsman architecture, including a one-and-a-half-story gable-front home at 1246 Adams Street built c.1930, and also houses at 1238 and 1242 Adams Street. The Adams Street historic district is one of five National Register historic districts in the city of Franklin. Four of these, including Adams Street, are also designated as local historic districts by city ordinance, making them subject to design review. Franklin has seven local historic districts.

text:
# Adams Street Historic District

The **Adams Street Historic District** in Franklin, Tennessee consists of properties at 1112-1400 Adams, 1251-1327 Adams St., and 304-308 Stewart St. It is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 and is one of seven local historic districts in the city of Franklin.

The historic district is a residential neighborhood where most of the homes were built between the 1890s and 1930s. The neighborhood was built on farmland outside of the original borders of the town of Franklin. The earlier buildings in the district are mostly single-story frame construction in the Folk Victorian style, including some Queen Anne and Italianate details. Some homes from the 1920s and 1930s are built in the bungalow style. The 14-acre (5.7 ha) district listed on the National Register includes 37 contributing buildings and 16 non-contributing buildings.

The majority of homes built on Adams Street in the era were one-story Folk Victorian frame houses with Queen Anne and Italianate details. Among these, many are of the "gabled ell" form, which has a projecting gable bay on the front facade and a decorative porch. Examples include 1891-built 1303 Adams Street and the houses at 306 and 308 Stewart Street built c.1910.

The district includes Bungalow/Craftsman architecture, including a one-and-a-half-story gable-front home at 1246 Adams Street built c.1930, and also houses at 1238 and 1242 Adams Street.

The Adams Street historic district is one of five National Register historic districts in the city of Franklin. Four of these, including Adams Street, are also designated as local historic districts by city ordinance, making them subject to design review. Franklin has seven local historic districts.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Adams Street Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 1112-1400 Adams, 1251-1327 Adams St., and 304-308 Stewart St., Franklin, Tennessee |
| Area | 14 acres (5.7 ha) |
| Architectural style | Bungalow/Craftsman, Folk Victorian |
| MPS | Williamson County MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 00000233 |
| Added to NRHP | March 15, 2000 |


title: Musikkens Hus

abstract: Musikkens Hus is a venue in Aalborg, Denmark. It is located at Musikkens Plads by the Limfjord in the new cultural center area of the city. Opened in March 2014, the building contains a concert hall and practice rooms for the Aalborg Symphony Orchestra and The Royal Academy of Music. Additional tenants include Orchestra Norden, as well as two of Aalborg University's fine arts divisions, Institute of Music and Danish JazzCenter. The building features a solar-passive design and faces the riverfront. The educational rooms are constructed in a U shape around the central concert hall.

text:
# Musikkens Hus

**Musikkens Hus** (**House of Music**) is a venue in Aalborg, Denmark. It is located at Musikkens Plads (Music Square) by the Limfjord in the new cultural center area of the city. Opened in March 2014, the building contains a concert hall and practice rooms for the Aalborg Symphony Orchestra and The Royal Academy of Music. Additional tenants include Orchestra Norden, as well as two of Aalborg University's fine arts divisions, Institute of Music and Danish JazzCenter.

The building features a solar-passive design and faces the riverfront. The educational rooms are constructed in a U shape around the central concert hall.

## History

After an international architecture competition, Coop Himmelb(l)au was selected to design the structure. Construction began in July 2010. The administrative offices moved into the building in July 2013. A new-Nordic restaurant called Musikkens Spisehus (the Music's Eating House) also opened in 2013 in a section of the building with a view to Limfjord. Theatre and acoustics consulting was provided initially by Artec Consultants and later Arup.

The official opening of the concert hall took place March 29, 2014, and was attended by Queen Margrethe II of Denmark. On 27 September 2014, Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary of Denmark presented the Crown Prince Couple's Awards in the hall.

## Tenants

The foundation is today the owner of Musikkens Hus and is therefore renting the facilities out to these:

* Aalborg Symphony Orchestra has its administration, practice rooms, and concerts in the halls.
* Aalborg University has its music education and research, and their department Danish JazzCenter is also located, in Musikkens Hus.
* Orkester Norden has its administration, practice rooms, and concerts in the halls.
* Royal Academy of Music has its education department and concert facilities in the building.

## Facilities

Musikkens Hus contains four halls and a number of practice rooms etc.:

* The Concert Hall (or the Main Hall) seats 1,298 people
* The Minor Hall seats 300 people
* The Rhythmic Hall seats 200 people
* The Classical Hall seats 200 people
* The Foyer handles 2,150 people for receptions etc.
* Musikkens Spisehus is the restaurant of Musikkens Hus and is located out to the Limfjord in two floors

## InfoBox

| Musikkens Hus | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Type | Concert hall |
| Architectural style | Deconstructivism |
| Location | Musikkens Plads, Aalborg |
| Country | Denmark |
| Coordinates | 57°2′52″N 9°55′59″E / 57.04778°N 9.93306°E / 57.04778; 9.93306 |
| Current tenants |  |
| Construction started | 31 May 2010 |
| Completed | Education: 2013; Concerts: 2014 |
| Opened | 28 March 2014 (28 March 2014) |
| Cost | 704 million DKK |
| Client | Foundation for Musikkens Hus in Northern Jutland |
| Owner | Foundation for House of Music in Northern Jutland |
| Height | 30 metres (98 ft) |
| Technical details | |
| Structural system | Concrete frame |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Coop Himmelb(l)au |
| Other information | |
| Seating capacity | * Foyer 2,150 * Concert Hall 1,293 * Intime Hall 300 * Classic Hall 200 * Rhythmic Hall 200 * **Total 4,143** |
| Website | |
| www.musikkenshus.dk | |


title: Pshaveli

abstract: Pshaveli is a village in the Telavi district of Georgia.

text:
# Pshaveli

**Pshaveli** (Georgian: ფშაველი) is a village in the Telavi district of Georgia.

## Demography

| Census Year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 2002 | 1926 |
| 2014 | 1624 |

## InfoBox

| Pshaveli ფშაველი | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| View of Pshaveli from the Church of Tskarostavi | |
| Pshaveli | |
| Coordinates: 42°05′32.3″N 45°26′27.8″E / 42.092306°N 45.441056°E / 42.092306; 45.441056 | |
| Country | Georgia |
| Region | Kakheti |
| District | Telavi |
| Elevation | 460 m (1,510 ft) |
| Population (2014) | |
| Total | 1,624 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (GET) |
| Area code | +995 |


title: Mayones Guitars & Basses

abstract: Mayones Guitars & Basses, established in 1982, is a manufacturer of electric guitars and bass guitars, located in Gdańsk, Poland. They specialize in building handcrafted and custom instruments.

text:
# Mayones Guitars & Basses

**Mayones Guitars & Basses**, established in 1982, is a manufacturer of electric guitars and bass guitars, located in Gdańsk, Poland. They specialize in building handcrafted and custom instruments.

## Basic Models

### Guitars

\- Aquila

\- Regius

\- Duvell

\- Legend

\- Hydra

#### Discontinued

* Vidius
* Maestro
* Virtuoso
* Setius

### Bass guitars

\- Jabba

\- Caledonius

\- Comodus

\- Patriot

\- Cali

#### Discontinued

* BE
* Elegance
* Prestige
* Slogan
* Victorious
* Viking

## Mayones Artists

Some notable artists that use/have used Mayone instruments now and in the past:

## InfoBox

Mayones Guitars & Basses
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Musical instruments |
| Founded | 1982 (1982) |
| Headquarters | Gdańsk, Poland |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Products | Electric guitars, basses |
| Website | mayones.com |


title: Guru Kashi College

abstract: Guru Kashi College is a constituent college of the Punjabi University in Talwandi Sabo, India. Established in 1964, it is one of the oldest college for arts and sciences in Malwa area of Punjab. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in sciences, humanities, social sciences, computer science and commerce.

text:
# Guru Kashi College

**Guru Kashi College** is a constituent college of the Punjabi University in Talwandi Sabo, India. Established in 1964, it is one of the oldest college for arts and sciences in Malwa area of Punjab. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in sciences, humanities, social sciences, computer science and commerce.

## History

The college was founded by Sant Fateh Singh in year 1964 and has been named as *Guru Kashi*, as this land was blessed by 10th Sikh Guru Guru Gobind Singh as *Hamari Kanshi*, a centre of higher learning in those times.

Punjabi University has taken over management control of this college on 20 December 1995 and later it was declared as a constituent college of university in 2001. A new teaching block has been constructed by Bathinda Development Authority and handed over to college in November 2016.

1. "ucdamdama.punjabiuniversity.ac.in". *ucdamdama.punjabiuniversity.ac.in*.
2. "Admissions" (PDF). handbook.pupadmissions.ac.in. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
3. Narayanan, Renuka (30 May 2015). "Kashi: In step with history". *The Hindu*  via www.thehindu.com.
4. "Tribuneindia... Punjab".
5. "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab".
6. "EDUCATION AND CULTURE" (PDF). supp\_bathinda. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
7. "Puta elections today; HC withholds results". 13 September 2012.
8. "BDA assigned task of renovating Punjabi University Campus". *The Tribune*. 3 October 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2020.

## InfoBox

Guru Kashi College
| **ਗੁਰੂ ਕਾਸ਼ੀ ਕਾਲਜ** | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1964 (1964) |
| Principal | Dr.Anand Bansal |
| Academic staff | 17 |
| Students | 1500 |
| Location | Talwandi Sabo, Punjab, India |
| Campus | rural |
| Affiliations | Punjabi University |
| Website | ucdamdama.punjabiuniversity.ac.in |


title: Western Springs (Auckland suburb)

abstract: Western Springs is a residential suburb in the city of Auckland in the north of New Zealand. It is located four kilometres to the west of the city centre, Auckland CBD. The park is situated to the north of State Highway 16 and the residential suburb is located southeast of the park on the opposite side of State Highway 16. The suburb is dominated by Western Springs Reserve, also known as Western Springs Lakeside Te Wai Ōrea, which features a lake with a variety of birdlife. Auckland Zoo, Western Springs Stadium and M.O.T.A.T. are situated around the park. The park is the location of the annual Pasifika Festival, one of Auckland's most popular public events. Across the road from the zoo is the school of Western Springs College, with a student population of around 1848.

text:
# Western Springs (Auckland suburb)

**Western Springs** is a residential suburb in the city of Auckland in the north of New Zealand. It is located four kilometres to the west of the city centre, Auckland CBD. The park is situated to the north of State Highway 16 and the residential suburb is located southeast of the park on the opposite side of State Highway 16.

The suburb is dominated by Western Springs Reserve, also known as Western Springs Lakeside Te Wai Ōrea, which features a lake with a variety of birdlife. Auckland Zoo, Western Springs Stadium and M.O.T.A.T. (the Museum of Transport and Technology) are situated around the park. The park is the location of the annual Pasifika Festival, one of Auckland's most popular public events. Across the road from the zoo is the school of Western Springs College, with a student population of around 1848.

## History

### Māori history

Historically, Māori valued the wetlands they named *Te Wai Ōrea,* meaning 'the waters of eels', for the clean, clear spring water and *ōrea* or New Zealand long fin eels that lived in the stream. A traditional Māori story involves Ruarangi, a chief of the supernatural Patupaiarehe people, escaping a siege on Owairaka / Mount Albert through lava tunnels and emerging at Te Wai Ōrea.

During a battle fought in the area, Kawharu, a Manukau Māori warrior chief, fought local *iwi* at a ridge site overlooking Te Wai Ōrea named *Te Raeokawharu* (Kawharu’s brow), where Surrey Crescent is situated today.

### Post-European arrival

In 1830-40, during the Māori musket wars, Ngati Tahinga, Waiohua and Te Taou lived in the wider area, which was named *Te Rehu*.

After European colonisation, the area became part of a block of land farmed by William Motion, a Scottish settler. Colonists named the area Western Springs to differentiate it from the springs in Pukekawa / Auckland Domain to the east of the town.

#### Water spring use

The main source of the water that feeds the lake at Western Springs is rain falling on the slopes of the volcanoes Te Tātua a Riukiuta, Ōwairaka / Mount Albert and Maungawhau / Mount Eden. The water runs underground for several miles through the lava flows, and emerges from the ground at a constant rate that is well filtered by the miles of scoria rocks.

As Auckland grew over the mid-1800s, city officials found that well water was no longer sufficient at supplying the burgeoning population. In the 1860s, a pipe from the Auckland Domain Springs was constructed, but a more permanent solution was required to service the growing demand. In 1874, the council tasked Australian civil engineer Edward Orpen Moriarty with the task of supplying Auckland with water from Western Springs. The city bought William Motion's mill and 120 acres (486,000 m2) of land, including the spring. In 1875, the swampy ground was made into a 15-acre (6ha) artificial lake 6 feet in depth and capable of holding 22 million gallons of water. Over the course of its construction, workers removed 20,000 cartloads of spoil from the site, and used 7,850 cubic yards of earth to construct the embankment which was 40 feet (12 m) wide at the base and 9 feet (2.7 m) wide at the crest. They also excavated the 25 feet (7.6 m) deep Engine Pond and dug a 60 feet (18 m) long tunnel between the lake and the Engine House.

A pumphouse, which opened in 1877, was designed by City Engineer William Errington and built of brick. It was fitted with a steam engine, known as a beam engine, which is still in working order having been restored. The engine pumped water up to the two new reservoirs; one on the corner of Ponsonby Road and Karangahape Road, and the other in the block bordered by Khyber Pass Road, Symonds Street, Mount Eden Road, and Burleigh Street from where the water was gravity fed down to the city.

The cost of running and maintaining the pump was high however, and by the end of the 19th century Auckland's size required a much greater and more reliable source of freshwater, coinciding with public pressure to safeguard the remaining native forests of the Waitākere Ranges west of the city. Auckland City purchased land and built large reservoirs in this secluded area, thus safeguarding both the water quality and the flora & fauna of the area. The height of the reservoirs above sea level meant pumping was kept to a minimum as the water could be gravity fed downwards to the city. Use of the pumphouse ceased in 1936 after the Waitākere Ranges dams were completed.

### Later development

From the early 1920s onwards various developments around Western Springs took place; The Auckland City Council Zoological Gardens were established to the north of the lake. To the west, around the corner of Motions Road and Great North Road, a camping ground was set up which was later converted into a transit camp for American servicemen during World War II. To the south of the lake, the Chamberlain Park Golf Club was established, and to the west, land was set aside for primary, intermediate and secondary schools to service the growing suburbs of Westmere and Point Chevalier.

The closure of the pumphouse left the inner Western Springs area with no specific use. Its often rough and uneven land was unsuitable for housing, as apart from the lake it contained large stretches of boggy ground. Unable to divest itself of the land, the Auckland City Council was at a loss what to do with it. Some light industry and market gardens were developed along Great North Road and Chinaman's Hill, named due to the pre-dominantly Chinese market gardeners, and an attempt was made to convert the boggy land around the lake into a park. However, over the next three decades much of the land deteriorated as it became overgrown and used for illegal rubbish dumping.

The council used some of the more usable land to construct council housing in the 1920s, and in the 1930s sold much of the land previously used for market gardens to the government for state housing. To the north of the zoo was an area of mangrove swamp where the Western Springs creek reached the sea near the Meola Reef lava outcrop. This was utilised as a landfill dump and hence reclaimed during the 1950s and 1960s. The reclaimed land was developed as playing fields and an additional area for the MOTAT Sir Keith Park Memorial Airfield, and serves as the site of the Westpoint Performing Arts Center. In the 2000s the landfill was found to be emitting methane gas and was subsequently capped with clay.

After the war, the population of the surrounding suburbs grew markedly and it became obvious that the untidy state of Western Springs was an embarrassment. As a wilderness of bogs full of rubbish, rats and mosquitoes, it was unattractive and a potential health hazard. In 1961 the Auckland City Council embarked on developing the park in earnest. The lake, which had become completely choked by introduced waterweed was reclaimed, and the overgrown landscape was carefully cleared of weeds and rubbish.

In 1953 a plan was put forward to use the area around the lake as an amusement park with a scenic railway, fairground and rollercoasters, but this was soon discovered to be beyond the financial capabilities of Auckland City Council. In 1964 the Museum of Transport and Technology (MOTAT) was established to the south-east of the lake, the old pumphouse forming its centrepiece.

By the 1980s major landscaping work had transformed the area from a former dumpsite into one of Auckland's most attractive parks. New plantings were introduced to complement the mature trees from the 19th century, and careful planting of the islands in the lake and its surrounding wetlands have made it a successful breeding ground for a large variety of native and exotic waterfowl. Artworks by several New Zealand sculptors were installed in the park during the 1980s and 1990s.

## Demographics

The statistical area of Westmere South-Western Springs, which includes part of Westmere, covers 2.02 km2 (0.78 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 2,880 as of June 2023, with a population density of 1,426 people per km2.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | 2,784 |  |
| 2013 | 3,039 | +1.26% |
| 2018 | 3,099 | +0.39% |
| Source: | | |

Westmere South-Western Springs had a population of 3,099 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 60 people (2.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 315 people (11.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,074 households, comprising 1,473 males and 1,629 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.9 males per female. The median age was 37.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 663 people (21.4%) aged under 15 years, 582 (18.8%) aged 15 to 29, 1,632 (52.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 225 (7.3%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 84.1% European/Pākehā, 11.6% Māori, 9.4% Pacific peoples, 6.4% Asian, and 3.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 23.3, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 62.7% had no religion, 27.5% were Christian, 0.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.9% were Hindu, 1.5% were Muslim, 0.7% were Buddhist and 2.0% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,221 (50.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 159 (6.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $54,100, compared with $31,800 nationally. 966 people (39.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,461 (60.0%) people were employed full-time, 408 (16.7%) were part-time, and 66 (2.7%) were unemployed.

## Education

Western Springs College is a coeducational high school (years 9–13) with a roll of 1848 as of August 2024.

Notes Bibliography * *Decently And In Order, The Centennial History Of The Auckland City Council*. G.W.A.Bush. Collins 1971
* *The Beam Engine & Western Springs Pumping Station* published by MOTAT 2008

## InfoBox

| Western Springs | |
| --- | --- |
| Suburb | |
| Willows and the artificial lake in Western Springs Lakeside Te Wai Ōrea, looking east. | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 36°52′01″S 174°43′23″E / 36.867°S 174.723°E / -36.867; 174.723 | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| City | Auckland |
| Local authority | Auckland Council |
| Electoral ward | Waitematā and Gulf ward |
| Local board | Waitematā Local Board |
| Area | |
| Land | 202 ha (499 acres) |
| Population (June 2023) | |
| Total | 2,880 |
| Postcode(s) | 1022 |


title: Operate

abstract: "Operate" is a song written and recorded by Peaches and Sticky Henderson. The song was released as a double limited vinyl A-side with "Shake Yer Dix" to promote the release of her second studio album Fatherfucker.

text:
# Operate

"**Operate**" is a song written and recorded by Peaches and Sticky Henderson. The song was released as a double limited vinyl A-side with "Shake Yer Dix" to promote the release of her second studio album *Fatherfucker*.

## Track listing

* **UK CD single**

1. "Operate" – 3:28
2. "Shake Yer Dix" – 3:32

## Song usage

"Operate" has been used in movies *Mean Girls* and *Waiting...*. The song was also used in the American television series *Las Vegas* (episode title: New Orleans).

In 2017, following the release of Taylor Swift's "Look What You Made Me Do", some commentators suggested that the song sampled "Operate". Some speculated that the alleged sample was a reference to a Katy Perry tweet warning people to "watch out for the Regina George in sheep's clothing"; George appeared in the *Mean Girls* scene which featured the Peaches song. For a time, music annotation website Genius listed "Operate" as being sampled in the Swift single.

Writing for the *Alternative Press*, Maggie Dickman argued that Swift's song "*clearly* sounds like" the Peaches song, and also remarked that Swift's music video was similar to Peaches'. In an article for , Kyle Munzenrieder argued that the beat in Swift's song sounded similar but not the same, since it was "cleaner and more toned down". In her liner notes, Swift credited a sample of the Right Said Fred song "I'm Too Sexy", but did not list the Peaches song as a sample.

## Charts

| Chart (2003) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles Chart | 112 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Operate" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Peaches | |
| from the album  *Fatherfucker* | |
| Released | September 8, 2003 |
| Genre | Electroclash, dance-punk |
| Label | XL Recordings |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Peaches |
| Peaches singles chronology | |
| "Grab My Shaft"
(2003) "**Operate**"
(2003) "We Don't Play Guitars"
(2003) | |


title: Rashad Smith (footballer)

abstract: Rashad Smith, is a Bajan professional footballer who plays for the Barbados national football team.

text:
# Rashad Smith (footballer)

**Rashad Smith** (born 31 July 1996), is a Bajan professional footballer who plays for the Barbados national football team.

## Career statistics

### International

*As of matches played 1 December 2019.*

| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Barbados | 2017 | 1 | 0 |
| | 2018 | 2 | 0 |
| | 2019 | 5 | 0 |
| Total | | 8 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Rashad Smith
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1996-07-31) 31 July 1996 | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2013–2015 | Haynesville United |  |  |
| 2016– | Barbados Defence Force |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2017– | Barbados | 8 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 11:57, 1 December 2019 (UTC)<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 11:57, 1 December 2019 (UTC) | | | |


title: Adams Street Double House

abstract: The Adams Street Double House is a historic double house located at 106-108 East Adams Street in Sandusky, Ohio.

text:
# Adams Street Double House

The **Adams Street Double House** is a historic double house located at 106-108 East Adams Street in Sandusky, Ohio.

## Description and history

The 3+12-story, masonry and stone structure was built in about 1845 in the Exotic Revival and Federal styles of architecture. Historically, it has been used as two respective houses, with each house functioning as a single family dwelling.

It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on October 10, 1975.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Adams Street Double House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 106-108 E. Adams Street,<br>Sandusky, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 41°27′13″N 82°42′35″W / 41.45361°N 82.70972°W / 41.45361; -82.70972 |
| Area | Less than 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | c. 1845 |
| Architectural style | Federal and Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 75001384 |
| Added to NRHP | October 10, 1975 |


title: Mayor of Multan

abstract: Nazim-e-Multan is the mayor who heads the Municipal Corporation Multan (MCM) which controls the Local Government system of Multan, Pakistan.

text:
# Mayor of Multan

**Nazim-e-Multan** (Urdu: ناظم ملتان) is the mayor who heads the Municipal Corporation Multan (MCM) which controls the Local Government system of Multan, Pakistan.

## Multan local government system

There are 68 Union Councils in Municipal Corporation Multan (MCM), the body which controls local government of Multan.The Union Councils elect their Chairmen and Vice Chairmen who then elect their Mayor and Deputy Mayor respectively.

## List of mayors

Following is the list of mayors of Multan in recent time

| # | Mayor | Starting term | Ending term | Deputy Mayor | Affiliation | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Yousuf Raza Gilani | 1983 | 1985 |  | Independent |  |
| 2 | Salahuddin Dogar | 1987 | 1991 |  | PPP |  |
| 3 | Sheikh Tariq Rashid | 1998 | 2001 |  | PMLN |  |
| 4 | Shah Mahmood Qureshi | 2001 | 2002 |  | PPP |  |
| 5 | Malik Aamir Dogar | 2002 | 2005 |  | PPP | City District Government Multan |
| 6 | Mian Faisal Mukhtiar | 2005 | 2010 |  | PMLQ |  |
| **Commissioner System was implemented during 2010 - 2016** | | | | | | |
| 7 | Chaudhry Naveed ul Haq Arain | 2016 | 2021 | (1) Munawar Ehsan Qureshi (2)Saeed Ansari | PMLN | Punjab Local Govt Act 2013 (PLGA) |
| **Administrator System implemented from January 2022 - present** | | | | | | |

## Local government elections 2015

PMLN (55.9%)  IND (22%)  PTI (20.6%)  PPP (1.5%)

Local government election held in Multan on December 5, 2015

| Party | UC |
| --- | --- |
| Pakistan Muslim League (N) | 78 |
| INDEPENDENTS | 60 |
| Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf | 30 |
| Pakistan Peoples Party | 12 |
| Total | 185 |

The mayor and deputy mayors of Multan have been delayed.

1. "Multan Local Body Election Results 2015". 2015-12-05. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
2. Iqbal, Abdullah (2002-09-21). "Suspension of Multan mayors stirs controversy". Retrieved 2016-09-10.
3. "Administrators' appointments planned as Punjab LG system dissolves today". *The Nation (newspaper)*. 31 December 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
4. "PML-N leading in Punjab local bodies elections: unofficial results - Pakistan - Dunya News". *dunyanews.tv*. Retrieved 2016-12-23.
5. "Administrators appointed: Dissolution of local govts notified". *Dawn (newspaper)*. 1 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
6. "Manoeuvres galore in PML-N for top Multan slots". Retrieved 2016-09-10.
7. "PML-N sure to win top Multan LB offices". Retrieved 2016-09-10.
8. "MULTAN City News". *www.thenews.com.pk*. Retrieved 2016-09-10.

## InfoBox

| Mayor of Multan | |
| --- | --- |
| ناظم ملتان | |
| Municipal Corporation Multan | |
| Incumbent
Sheikh Abdul Wahab
since 26 March 2024 | |
| Residence | Multan |
| Term length | Four years |
| Deputy | Sheikh Umer Wahab |
| Website | Official website |


title: Guru Kashi University

abstract:
Guru Kashi University (GKU) has been established by the Act of the Legislature of the state of Punjab, under the "Guru Kashi University Act 2011", to provide education at all levels in all disciplines of higher education
GKU is a residential university with separate hostels for boys and girls housing more than 7000 students. The University provides education through variety of disciplines at all levels of education -doctorate, post graduate, graduate and diploma programmes.

text:
# Guru Kashi University

**Guru Kashi University (GKU)** has been established by the Act of the Legislature of the state of Punjab, under the "Guru Kashi University Act 2011" (Punjab Act No 37 of 2011), to provide education at all levels in all disciplines of higher education GKU is a residential university with separate hostels for boys and girls housing more than 7000 students. The University provides education through variety of disciplines at all levels of education -doctorate, post graduate, graduate and diploma programmes.

## History

The Guru Kashi University is in Punjab, India. It was founded by the Balaji Education Trust Talwandi Sabo which was established in 1997 that and became the foundation stone for education in this region. The school came into existence in 1998 as GGS Polytechnic College, graduate and post graduate courses were added, and in 2001 GGS College of Engineering & Technology was established, followed in 2005 by GGS College of Education, in 2006 by GGS Institute of IT and Research, in 2009 the GGS College of Nursing & GGS Collegiate Public School were established. Finally the university was established in 2011 Guru Kashi University was established by Punjab Act No. 37 of 2011.

The LOGO of the University manifests the mission of spreading the knowledge and empowering the youth like the rays of sun illuminate the earth and energize the world. It manifests the resolve for maintaining clean, green and sustainable environment.

## Administration

The Board Of Governors and the Academic Council are the authorities of the University.

The Academic Council is the highest academic body of the University and is responsible for the maintenance of standards of instruction, education and examination within the University.

## InfoBox

Guru Kashi University
| Type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2011 |
| Chancellor | S.Gurlabh Singh |
| Vice-Chancellor | S. K Bawa |
| Location | Talwandi Sabo, Punjab, India<br>29°57′38″N 75°07′29″E / 29.9606297°N 75.1248143°E / 29.9606297; 75.1248143 |
| Campus | 75 acres |
| Affiliations | UGC |
| Website | gurukashiuniversity.in |


title: Medical education in France

abstract: Medical education in France is administered by departments within universities called Unités de formation et de recherche de médecine (UFR). The training takes a minimum of ten years after the baccalauréat and concludes with the defence of a clinical thesis. Upon the successful presentation of their thesis, the medical student is awarded a diplôme d'études spécialisées (DES), based on their specialty. Certain high-achievers are awarded a diplôme d'études spécialisées complémentaire (DESC). French medical training is one of the longest schooling paths in French higher education. It consists of both theoretical and practical training, with a gradual shift from theory at the beginning, to more practical aspects as training progresses. Medical students in France are traditionally known as carabin (riflemen) because the uniforms of military medical students resemble those of Italian riflemen.

text:
# Medical education in France

**Medical education in France** is administered by departments within universities called Unités de formation et de recherche de médecine (UFR) (Medical Training and Research Units). The training takes a minimum of ten years after the baccalauréat and concludes with the defence of a clinical thesis. Upon the successful presentation of their thesis, the medical student is awarded a diplôme d'études spécialisées (DES), based on their specialty. Certain high-achievers are awarded a diplôme d'études spécialisées complémentaire (DESC).

French medical training is one of the longest schooling paths in French higher education. It consists of both theoretical and practical training, with a gradual shift from theory at the beginning, to more practical aspects as training progresses.

Medical students in France are traditionally known as *carabin* (riflemen) because the uniforms of military medical students resemble those of Italian riflemen.

## History

### Rennaissance

Medical instruction in France initially developed outside of any institutional framework, but in the 13th century universities in Paris, Toulouse and Montpellier began a form of institutional training in medicine. Montpellier's is the oldest continually-running medical university in the world.

### 18th century

Under the Ancien Régime, medicine was one of four faculties and generally only accessible through the Faculté des Arts de Paris. Teaching was mostly theoretical and involved lectures and readings from authorities. Until the French Revolution in 1789, doctors and surgeons were considered to be separate professions. Doctors' experience was more abstract, learned from lectures and books, and was based on the theories of Galen. Surgeons' experience was practical and they were known as barber surgeons.

The university system was abolished in 1793 and replaced the following year by four medical schools in Paris, Montpellier, Bordeaux and Strasbourg.

### 19th century

In 1802 established a scholarship system for students from any part of France who qualified through a competitive exam. These students had begun their studies in the universities, but now would live at and serve internships in hospitals and go on to make up the medical elite. Students began neglecting the university exams to devote themselves to preparation for the internship exams because this was the only clinical experience they could get. During this time, hospitals became more prestigious than medical schools.

The law of 19 Ventôse année XI (March 10, 1803) reorganized the profession and stipulated that "no one can henceforth practice medicine or surgery without having been a doctor*"* except for *officiers de santé* (health officers) in rural, medically underserved areas. Officiers de santé were like physician assistants and qualified through either 6 years apprenticeship with a doctor, 5 years apprenticeship in a hospital or 3 years at a medical school. They were licensed to practice by juries of medical doctors in their area. They were limited to basic and mid-level procedures, barred by law from practicing advanced medicine. With the creation of the University of France in 1808, medical schools reopened their faculties and expanded across France. At this time, the hospital became more prestigious than the medical school. Doctors, working part-time as volunteers, had great autonomy and used the work to build up their private practices. Gradually, a hierarchy evolved with prestigious doctors directing important services at the apex above specialists in private practice, with the general practitioners at the base.

### 20th century

Hospital reforms in 1958 merged the teaching functions of hospitals and universities, creating the position of University Professor and Hospital Practitioner (Professeur des universités – Praticien hospitalier, PUPH), a full-time hospital/university teacher, as well as teaching hospitals. One goal of the reforms was to reduce the number of elite graduates moving to private practice.

Following the events of the May 1968 protests in France, practical training entrance restrictions were removed: all medical students received practical training. Practical and theoretical training were finally combined into a single course, based on the 1958 ideal of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire. Following the Faure reform, medical colleges were integrated into universities as UER (from 1984, research and teaching centres "UFR").

This reform, along with the general population increase, led to a large surge in student numbers. In 1971 this resulted in a fixed number of training places in exams at the end of the first year of medical studies.

Until the 1990s, any doctor could become a specialist, either by taking the selective hospital residential pathway, or by taking the open access university pathway resulting in a lower-status certificate of specialized studies (THESE). The result was a two-speed medical system, divided between THESE graduates and “former interns” and “former senior hospital registrars”. A reform dropped the THESE medical certificates, returning to obligatory internships for the “ordinal qualification” specialists, through diplomas of specialized studies (OF) to supplement the diploma of Doctor of Medicine. Interns were required to spend part of their training in a non-academic “peripheral hospital” belonging to a regional hospital centre (CHR).

### Recent changes

Until 2004, future general practitioners did not take entrance exams for internships. Their second cycle was followed by a two and a half year “résidanat” (three years for residents starting in or after 2001). In 2004, a new reform was applied, stating that all medical students must pass the national classifying examination. The résidanat was replaced with an internship in general medicine, helping to raise the status of general practice as a profession.

Since the 2010 academic year, the medical first year course was organized as common first year of healthcare studies with pharmacy, dentistry and midwifery. This year was commonly viewed as "very difficult".

This system changed in 2019 via a major reform into a hybrid model. On the one hand, students can still access a second year in healthcare studies via a modified version of the traditional first year model (*parcours accès santé* \- PASS). In doing so, they have to choose a minor in another subject in which they can continue, should they fail the selection process into the second year. On the other hand, universities now offer undergraduate degrees (*licence accès santé* \- LAS) in many subjects that include a minor in healthcare, allowing them to take the selective exams that grant access to the second year of healthcare studies.

## Organization

Medical studies proceed in three cycles within a university having a unit of medical research and training (sometimes a combination of medicine and pharmacology), associated with one of the 29 university hospitals. Their total duration varies from nine years (general medicine) to eleven years (another speciality plus a sub-speciality).

### First cycle of medical studies

The first cycle of medical studies (also known as the PCEM) takes two years, with a "concours" (competitive final exam) at the end of the first year selecting students admitted to continue medical or dental studies.

National law specifies that the instruction of the first cycle and the first year of the second cycle must include the following disciplines or disciplinary units:

Teaching must also include foreign languages, epistemology, psychology, medical ethics and deontology.

#### First year (until 2009)

The first year academic cycle for medical students is common with dentistry and midwifery.

Requirements during the first year include: physics, biophysics, chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology, cellular biology, physiology, anatomy, histology, and embryology.

#### First year (since 2010)

The first year of the studies of health (ex-PACES, currently called PASS) is common to the medical studies, dental, pharmaceutical and midwife (sometimes also kinesitherapy). It is divided into two six-month periods.

To be allowed to be registered in first year of the studies of health, the candidates must have one of the following qualifications:

* a baccalauréat degree;
* a diploma of "access to academic works";
* a French diploma or foreign diploma that can be considered equivalent to the baccalauréat pursuant to the national regulation;
* a qualification or an achievement considered to be sufficient.

As for any formation of system LMD, the year is divided in two six-month periods and “units of teaching” (EU) which are seen allotting a certain number of appropriations ECTS.

In first half of the year, the lesson is common to all the fields. Tests are organized at the end of this one; the badly classified students can be reorientated in other university fields.

With the second half-year, the students choose one or of the EU specific (S) to a field, in addition to the common formation. The students pass a competition at the end of the year leading to four classifications.

The first year may only be repeated once. The grade is final if the student fails to pass twice.

#### Second year

The second year (in summary PCEM 2 or P2) begins with four weeks of obligatory and non-remunerated nurse placement. It takes place during the holidays preceding the re-entry by the students admitted in second year of medicine or odontology.

Lastly, a more medical matter, the semiotics, traditionally taught in third year, is at the present time transferred in second year in most universities, in order to improve the range of the clinical training courses of second and third years (usually called “training courses of checklist” or “training course of semiotics”).

The first cycle of the medical studies follows a national plan, but the organization between the two years varies between the universities. In the same way, there exist three types of teaching:

* linear teaching: each matter is taught separately (anatomy, histology, biophysics, etc.). This type of teaching does not require great coordination between the professors, but it can lead to great redundancies, even with contradictions.
* integrated teaching: the students have modules gathering of the lesson of various disciplines around the same apparatus. For example, a module of neurosciences includes/understands the anatomy and the histology of the nervous system, sensory biophysics and the neurobiochimy. The student follows then a cardiopulmonary module, a digestive module, etc.
* coeducation: certain aspects are presented in integrated teaching, others in linear teaching.

### Second cycle of medical studies

In four years, the student receives a formal and practical training on the various pathologies segmented in modules: transverse modules (more or less interdisciplinary) or modules of body. These modules are the classifying official program of the national examination (see low), and include a numbered list of items which correspond either to pathologies, or with clinical or therapeutic situations.

#### Third year of medicine

The third year of medicine (in summary DCEM 1 or D1) is a year of transition where the student learns bioclinical sciences (pharmacology, bacteriology, virology, parasitology, etc.) which make the interface between fundamental sciences of the first cycle and lesson of pathology. They also learn how to carry out the anamnèse (medical history) and the clinical examination of a patient at the time of their clinical training courses (called “training courses of checklists”, because the clinical examination linear and is structured, with boxes which one notches) associated with teaching with semiology. They start with the first modules.

Certain universities start the hospital training courses in third year, the clinical training course of second year is then developed further.

This year is particularly compatible with Erasmus exchanges.

#### Externship

The three following years constitute the “externat”. This term of everyday usage (which is a survival of the old contest of the externat removed following the demonstrations of 1968) does not officially exist. The official texts and the internal texts of the CHU and the universities speak about “hospital students”, because the students are remunerated by the hospital complex to which the university is attached. They are paid under limited time contract, attached to a social security office.

The student, under the responsibility for an intern (nonofficial) or of a senior (senior registrar or hospital practitioner), learn how to recognize the various signs of a disease. The student at this stage does not have therapeutic responsibility, nor the right to prescribe. The student is however responsible for their acts (civil responsibility, which requires the subscription of a suitable insurance).

The externat generally consists of four training courses per year, three months in each specialty service, chosen by grids at the beginning of each year or quarter, either by classification with the merit, or by alphabetical classification. The training courses consist of five mornings per week in the services. Certain training courses are obligatory from the statutory texts (pediatrics, obstetric gynaecology surgery, internal medicine and emergency medicine.), and can then integrate theoretical teaching (the student is present at the hospital all the day). Conversely, certain services do not have the external ones, that depends on the agreements made with the university.

Certain universities replaced the half-time (mornings) permanent by one full-time by alternation: the external ones are then present all the day but only 6 weeks over 3 months, the 6 remaining weeks being devoted to the lesson, the examinations, the preparation of the ECN…

During the externat, lecturing, is replaced more and more by directed work; the lectures are held in alternation with hospital training courses: this teaching is that of a true trade-guild, where the external one approaches by “clinical cases” of true situations lived in the services.

The external one must, during its three years of externat, to carry out 36 sessions of 12, 18, or 24 hours (according to the service and the day of the week), that is to say approximately a session per month, remunerated 26 euros rough.

The remuneration of the training courses is as for it “symbolic system” (approximate remuneration: 122 euros per month in fourth year, 237 euros in fifth year, 265 euros in sixth year), but the external student has the statute of a paid worker and contributes to the paid mode of social security, and the pension fund. The pension fund complementary to external is the IRCANTEC, as it is the case for the interns and the hospital practitioners. The external ones, like any employee, have five weeks of paid vacations.

Since 2004, the second cycle of the medical studies is sanctioned by a diploma (recognized in the European Union). Module 11 of the second cycle is the old certificate of clinical and therapeutic, essential synthesis to replace a general doctor.

### Third cycle of the medical studies

Students able to reach the third cycle of medical studies (TCEM):

#### National ranking tests

Tests are organized for the candidates quoted above.

According to its classification, the student chooses their university hospital (and thus the city) of assignment. This choice is carried out initially by Internet (phase of pre-choice and simulations), the final choice taking place during a “amphitheatre of garrison” which brings together all the students by sections of classification. This procedure makes it possible the student to choose their station by being informed fully of the places available.

The 11 existing fields in 2008 are, with the number of places available, or 5704 places on the whole:

In 2005, a thousand places were not filled, certain students preferring to retry rather than to choose a speciality by default.

#### Hospital training

Although they have the statute of student and a supervision, an intern is an autonomous professional, since they can prescribe and carry out replacements in liberal cabinets (provided they have on validated a certain number of six-month periods, and obtained a “licence of replacement” from the departmental council of doctors). They act more than one initial track records that real studies (more especially as France is one of the rare countries to regard the interns as students). They are paid employees.

Training in general medicine lasts three years, and is validated when all the six month training courses necessary have been carried out (diploma of specialized studies of general medicine) and it is followed by submitting a medical thesis. It consists of six month training courses during which time they are remunerated, associated with a hospital, but also associated with a general doctor, or of an extra-hospital structure of care. The student takes complete charge of their patients, but still under the responsibility of a “senior” (see supra): this includes clinical examination, regulation of complementary examinations and treatment. Teaching is primarily practical at this stage.

Speciality training lasts four years or more. Depending on the speciality chosen, the student must take a minimum number of training courses in hospital services where their role is similar to the paid trainees in general medicine described above. The training is complete when the candidate has done each of the mandatory six month training courses. It also requires a medical thesis generally relating to a topic of the chosen speciality, generally in the last year of training . The speciality is sanctioned by the diploma of specialized studies, after defence of a report, which is sometimes confused with the thesis (thesis-report, when this one is constant in the last year of training and relates to a subject of the speciality).

The diploma of State of doctor of medicine is conferred after defence successfully thesis of exercise.

## Registrarship and assistantship

For certain specialities, in particular surgery, additional training is required: either at a university clinic for two to four years, or a specialty assistantship for at least one year. The total training for these specialities therefore ranges from 12 to 16 years.

## Bibliography

* Mattei, Jean-François; Étienne, Jean-Claude; Chabot, Jean-Michel (1997). *De la médecine à la santé : Pour une réforme des études médicales et la création d'universités de la santé* \[*From medicine to health: A reform of medical studies and the creation of universities of health*\] (in French). Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 2-08-201634-X.


title: Mitchell Depot Historical Museum

abstract: Mitchell Depot Historical Museum is located in Mitchell, Georgia, Glascock County, Georgia in the United States. The former railroad depot is now a museum located along Georgia Highway 102 in downtown Mitchell. It was a station on the Augusta Southern Railroad.

text:
# Mitchell Depot Historical Museum

**Mitchell Depot Historical Museum** is located in Mitchell, Georgia, Glascock County, Georgia in the United States. The former railroad depot is now a museum located along Georgia Highway 102 in downtown Mitchell. It was a station on the Augusta Southern Railroad.

| Preceding station | Southern Railway | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Agricolatoward Tennille |  | Augusta Southern Railroad |  | Belle Springstoward Augusta |

33°13′08″N 82°42′13″W / 33.2188°N 82.70371°W / 33.2188; -82.70371


title: FSO Syrena

abstract: The Syrena was a Polish automobile model first exhibited at the Poznań Trade Fair in 1955 and manufactured from 1957 to 1972 by the Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych (FSO) in Warsaw and from 1972 until 1983 by Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych (FSM) in Bielsko-Biała. 177,234 were manufactured by FSO and 344,077 by FSM, a total of 521,311. During its remarkably long production run it underwent only minor modifications. The Syrena was produced in various models: 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, while the most popular model was the 105. All were two-door sedans with two-stroke engines, initially of two cylinders. In 1965 the Syrena received a larger three-cylinder engine. From 1968 a prototype model named laminat was produced. A van called Syrena Bosto and a pick-up called the R20 were also produced. A coupé Syrena Sport and a hatchback Syrena 110 remained prototypes only. A Siren is a mermaid who, according to the legend, protects the river Vistula and the Polish capital city, Warsaw. She is featured on the city's coat of arms. Also a diminutive name Syrenka is commonly used for the car in Poland.

text:
# FSO Syrena

The **Syrena** was a Polish automobile model first exhibited at the Poznań Trade Fair in 1955 and manufactured from 1957 to 1972 by the *Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych* (FSO) in Warsaw and from 1972 until 1983 by *Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych* (FSM) in Bielsko-Biała. 177,234 were manufactured by FSO and 344,077 by FSM, a total of 521,311. During its remarkably long production run it underwent only minor modifications.

The Syrena was produced in various models: **100, 101, 102, 103, 104**, while the most popular model was the **105**. All were two-door sedans with two-stroke engines, initially of two cylinders. In 1965 the Syrena received a larger three-cylinder engine.

From 1968 a prototype model named *laminat* was produced. A van called Syrena Bosto and a pick-up called the R20 were also produced. A coupé Syrena Sport and a hatchback Syrena 110 (in 1966) remained prototypes only.

A *Siren* is a mermaid who, according to the legend, protects the river Vistula and the Polish capital city, Warsaw. She is featured on the city's coat of arms. Also a diminutive name *Syrenka* (little siren) is commonly used for the car in Poland.

## History

At first, Polish engineers wanted Syrena to have a four-stroke air-cooled engine and a self-supporting chassis. But due to a lack of deep-drawn metal parts and cost reductions, the first Syrena 100 cars were supposed to have a wooden bodywork covered with leather-like material. The cars were powered by 2-stroke engines designed by engineer Fryderyk Bluemke. The first two prototypes of Syrena were made in December 1953. One – with a wooden framework, was constructed by Stanisław Panczakiewicz, while the second, steel-bodied car was made by Stanisław Łukaszewicz. They met halfway by combining the first car's design with the steel bodywork of the second one (with one exception – the roof remained wooden). By March 1955 FSO had built 5 prototypes of Syrena 100.

In September all of the prototypes took part in an experimental rally covering a distance of 5600 km. One of the cars, driven by Karol Pionnier, crashed, revealing the weak structure of the roof. As a result, the engineers decided to use steel instead of wood for this part of the car. One of the prototypes was exhibited at the Poznań Trade Fair in autumn 1955. On 20 March 1957 the mass production of Syrena 100 started.

### Syrena 100

Syrena 100 was designed by engineers Stanislaw Lukasiewicz, Stanisław Panczakiewicz and Fryderyk Bluemke. The chassis and running gear was copied from the DKW. It was introduced to the public in June 1955 at the 24th Poznań Trade Fair. The car aroused much interest, which prompted the government to put it into production. At first, the production rate was to be 10,000 cars a year. Because of financial reasons, Syrena 100 and the much larger Warszawa automobile shared many parts. As a result, the Syrena was much heavier than intended (950 kg).

### Syrena 101

In 1960 Syrena underwent a first, minor modernisation. The improved car had a pneumatic fuel pump and a different type of carburetor. It also received new twin windscreen wipers and a better suspension.

### Syrena 102

The Syrena 102, produced in 1962 and 1963, had slightly different body details. The "S" version of this model shared an engine with Wartburg 312. Around 150 examples of Syrena 102S were produced.

### Syrena 103

Syrena 103 (1963–66) had a restyled front and a different engine.

### Syrena 104

The next model lasted from 1966 to 1972. It had a new, three-cylinder engine, a synchronized gearbox and restyled tail lights.

### Syrena 105

The 105 was the last Syrena design. It was produced from 1972 to 1983 by the FSM factory and was badged accordingly. Unlike its predecessors it had regular front doors instead of "suicide" ones. The "Lux" version, produced from 1974, had the gear lever and handbrake between the front seats. The 105 served as a basis for two other models – Syrena R-20, which was a pick-up and a van – Bosto.

A 1983 FSM Syrena 105L finished in yellow was featured in series 10 episode 10 of the British television program *Wheeler Dealers*. Presenter Mike Brewer purchased the car in Poland for 7,000 (the equivalent of 1,400) and drove it back to the show's UK-based workshop where it underwent repairs and upgrades by mechanic Edd China. The colour was changed to red and white in homage to the Polish flag. Other work included upgrades to the steering box, refurbishing the drum brakes, replacing the dynamo with an alternator and replacing the radio. The total cost of procuring and upgrading the car reached £5454. The completed car was driven to the Polish embassy where ambassador Witold Sobków took a ride with them. The car was later sold for £8,000 to the bubble car museum in Lincolnshire.

## Syrena Bosto

The Syrena Bosto panel van and its pickup truck sister, the Syrena R-20, were first introduced to the 104 models of the Syrena. The name is an acronym of *Bielski Osobowo-Towarowy*, or "Passenger-Cargo \[car\] of Bielsko." The first model of the Bosto was revealed in December 1971, at the newly constructed FSM factory in Bielsko-Biala in southern Poland. The final model finished production 30 April 1983. Overall, approximately 135,000 Bostos were built.

The Bosto 104B started official production in 1972, and was available as a four-seater van, capable of carrying 200 kg of freight, or as a two-seater cab with a 350 kg load rating. The second edition, Syrena Bosto 105B, replaced the 104 in 1976. Essentially the same vehicle stylistically, the differences were in construction. Uprated semi-elliptical springs from the FSO Warszawa, an increased fuel tank borrowed from the FSO 125p, and the handbrake moved to the "standard" position between the front seats were the main modifications. As with the Syrena saloon the 3-cylinder, 2-stroke engine was mounted longitudinally in front of the front axle and powered the front wheels through a gearbox with driveshafts coming sideways out of it.

The driver's compartment was separated from the rear load space by a single sheet bulkhead, and additional roof-fixed netting. Because the Bosto was designed for heavy loads, as opposed to the sedan version of the Syrena, the suspension underneath was modified. An extended chassis held a rear trailing axle on leaf suspension, each with a hydraulic suspension damper. This allowed a lower floor level, and in turn allowed FSM to borrow directly parts from the Zuk A05/A06.

### Dimensions

Weight: 950 kg Wheelbase: 2300mm Length: 39650mm Rear Compartment: H-1600 mm x W-1470 mm

## Syrena Sport

In 1960 a prototype Syrena Sport was produced with a fibreglass body and a four-stroke two-cylinder engine. However, this model was not put into production.

## InfoBox

| Syrena | |
| --- | --- |
| Syrena 105 | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | * FSO (19521972) * FSM (19721983) |
| Production | 1957–1983
521,311 produced |
| Body and chassis | |
| Body style |  |
| Layout | FF layout |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine |  |
| Transmission | 4-speed manual |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,300 mm (91 in) |
| Length | 4,030 mm (159 in)
– 4,080 mm (161 in) |
| Width | 1,530 mm (60 in) |
| Height | 1,520 mm (60 in) |
| Curb weight | 950 kg (2,090 lb) |


title: Orahovica (Srebrenica)

abstract: Orahovica is a village in the municipality of Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Orahovica (Srebrenica)

**Orahovica** (Cyrillic: Ораховица) is a village in the municipality of Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

44°04′47″N 19°17′03″E / 44.07972°N 19.28417°E / 44.07972; 19.28417

## InfoBox

| Orahovica | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Orahovica | |
| Coordinates: 44°04′47″N 19°17′03″E / 44.07972°N 19.28417°E / 44.07972; 19.28417 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Municipality | Srebrenica |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Rashad Wright

abstract: Rashad Wright is an American former professional basketball player. He graduated from the University of Georgia and was selected by the Indiana Pacers with the final pick of the 2004 NBA draft. He played his whole professional career in Europe. He is currently an assistant coach/ head JV coach at the 5a private school Holland Hall.

text:
# Rashad Wright

**Rashad Wright** (born March 17, 1982) is an American former professional basketball player. He graduated from the University of Georgia and was selected by the Indiana Pacers with the final pick of the 2004 NBA draft. He played his whole professional career in Europe. He is currently an assistant coach/ head JV coach at the 5a private school Holland Hall.

## InfoBox

Rashad Wright
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1982-03-17) March 17, 1982<br>Statesboro, Georgia |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Listed weight | 190 lb (86 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Statesboro (Statesboro, Georgia) |
| College | Georgia (2000–2004) |
| NBA draft | 2004: 2nd round, 59th overall pick |
| Selected by the Indiana Pacers | |
| Playing career | 2004–2014 |
| Position | Point guard |
| Career history | |
| 2004–2005 | Panionios |
| 2005–2006 | Hemofarm |
| 2006–2007 | Oostende |
| 2007–2008 | Efes Pilsen |
| 2008–2010 | Alba Berlin |
| 2011 | PAOK |
| 2012 | Chorale Roanne |
| 2013–2014 | Keravnos |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Stats  at Basketball-Reference.com | |