title: Watkins Abbitt

abstract: Watkins "Wat" Moorman Abbitt was an American politician and lawyer. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia from February 17, 1948 to January 3, 1973. He was a top lieutenant within the Byrd Organization, the political machine named for its leader, U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd.

text:
# Watkins Abbitt

**Watkins "Wat" Moorman Abbitt** (May 21, 1908 – July 13, 1998) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia from February 17, 1948 to January 3, 1973. He was a top lieutenant within the Byrd Organization, the political machine named for its leader, U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd.

## Early and family life

Abbitt was born in Lynchburg, Virginia to George Francis Abbitt and Otway C. Moorman Abbitt. He graduated from Appomattox Agricultural High School in Appomattox, Virginia in 1925. He earned an LL.B. from the University of Richmond in 1931 and began the practice of law in Appomattox. He married Corinne Hancock on March 20, 1937, and they had a son and two daughters who survived infancy.

## Career

Upon admission to the Virginia bar, Abbitt had a private legal practice, and was also a bank executive. In 1931 he was elected Commonwealth's attorney for Appomattox County and served from 1932 to 1948. He also was elected member of the Virginia Constitutional Convention in 1945.

### Congress

When U.S. Representative Patrick H. Drewry died in office, Abbit won the special election to fill the vacancy. A Democrat, Abbitt won a full term later that year and 11 more times after that (February 17, 1948  January 3, 1973). He was a member of the agriculture committee, and supported farm subsidies as well as fiscal conservatism and opposed increased federal intervention in state affairs. Abbitt became known for his opposition to school desegregation in the 1950s, supporting Massive Resistance alongside other Byrd Democrats. For instance, he denounced *Brown v. Board of Education* as "the naked and arrogant declaration of nine men." Abbitt signed the Southern Manifesto in 1956. Abbitt voted against the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968 as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He was a delegate to the 1964 Democratic National Convention, and chairman of the state Democratic party from 1964-1970.

Abbitt announced his retirement after being redistricted into the same congressional district as fellow Democrat Dan Daniel, and Republican Robert Daniel won the seat in a 5-candidate general election field, becoming the first Republican to represent Southside Virginia in the century.

### Endorsement of Douglas Wilder

Having long since recanted his segregationist views, Abbitt endorsed L. Douglas Wilder, who became Virginia's first black governor in 1989. According to his son, state delegate Watkins Abbitt Jr., he and his sisters played a role in his father's change of heart. Watkins Jr. noted that in his later years, his father always worked for free for any black church that needed legal services, and a black minister spoke at the funeral.

## Death and legacy

Abbitt was married twice. His first wife of 52 years, Corinne, died in 1989 and Abbitt later married Mary Ann Schmidt who survived him when he died from leukemia in Lynchburg, Virginia on July 13, 1998. He maintained an active law practice as late as a week before his death. A park in Appomattox, Virginia is named for him.

His son, Watkins Abbitt Jr., served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1986 to 2012.

## Elections

* **1948**; Abbitt was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in a special election unopposed and was re-elected in the general election unopposed.
* **1950**; Abbitt was re-elected unopposed.
* **1952**; Abbitt was re-elected unopposed.
* **1954**; Abbitt was re-elected unopposed.
* **1956**; Abbitt was re-elected unopposed.
* **1958**; Abbitt was re-elected with 87.15% of the vote, defeating Independent Frank M. McCann.
* **1960**; Abbitt was re-elected unopposed.
* **1962**; Abbitt was re-elected unopposed.
* **1964**; Abbitt was re-elected after tying Independent Samuel W. Tucker in the general election.
* **1966**; Abbitt was re-elected with 75.3% of the vote, defeating Independent Edward J. Silverman.
* **1968**; Abbitt was re-elected with 71.52% of the vote, defeating now-Republican Samuel W. Tucker.
* **1970**; Abbitt was re-elected with 61.02% of the vote, defeating Independent Ben Ragsdale and Republican James M. Helms.

## InfoBox

| Watkins M. Abbitt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Virginia's 4th district | |
| **In office**
February 17, 1948  January 3, 1973 | |
| Preceded by | Patrick H. Drewry |
| Succeeded by | Robert Daniel |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Watkins Moorman Abbitt
(1908-05-21)May 21, 1908
Lynchburg, Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | July 13, 1998(1998-07-13) (aged 90)
Lynchburg, Virginia, U.S. |
| Resting place | Appomattox, Virginia, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Corinne Hancock (d. 1989)
Mary Ann Schmidt |
| Children | Watkins Abbitt Jr., Anne Abbitt Kerr, Corinne Abbitt Hynes |
| Alma mater | University of Richmond (LLB) |
| Profession | Lawyer, Banker, Politician |
|  | |


title: Noel Michele Holbrook

abstract: Noel Michele Holbrook is the Charles Bullard Professor of Forestry in the department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. Her work primarily focuses on the study of the physiology of vascular transport in plants, with the intent of understanding the impact of the movement of water and solutes on the ecological and evolutionary processes.

text:
# Noel Michele Holbrook

**Noel Michele Holbrook** is the Charles Bullard Professor of Forestry in the department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. Her work primarily focuses on the study of the physiology of vascular transport in plants, with the intent of understanding the impact of the movement of water and solutes on the ecological and evolutionary processes.

## Education

Holbrook received her A.B in Biology from Harvard University in 1983. In 1989, she received her Masters of Science in botany from the University of Florida and she received her Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Stanford University in 1995.

## Relevant collaborations

Noel Michele Holbrook became a Charles Bullard Professor of Forestry for the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University in 2006. The Charles Bullard Fellowship in Forest Research was designed to support the advanced research by scholars or administrators who show promise in making important contributions to the field of forestry or forestry-related subjects, which include biology.

Since July 2020, she has been Interim Director of Harvard Forest. She is also an instructor for the Harvard Life Science Outreach Program, which works to train teachers and hands-on laboratories to provide experiences for students in New England, and she has been a contributing author to several Biology and Environmental Science textbooks.

## Research accomplishments

Holbrook has received the Starr-Friedman Challenge Grant or Scientific Research from Harvard University, was given to her for her studies of the impact that CO2 has on bees and pollination. She also received a U.S. AFOSR grant for her work relating to the study of thermal management in plants.

## Contributions to the field

Holbrook has been a member of the executive committee of the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. She has also been on the editorial board of *Plant Physiology*, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for DISTAP (Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology). Among her publications is Maintenance of Carbohydrate Transport in Tall Trees (2017), and Combined Influence of Soil Moisture and Atmospheric Evaporative Demand is Important for Accurately Predicting US Maize Yields (2020).


title: Oscoda, Michigan

abstract: Oscoda is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The CDP had a population of 916 at the 2020 census. The community is located within Au Sable Township and Oscoda Township at the mouth of the Au Sable River along Lake Huron.

text:
# Oscoda, Michigan

**Oscoda** (/ɒˈskdə/ *ah-SKOH-də*) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The CDP had a population of 916 at the 2020 census. The community is located within Au Sable Township and Oscoda Township at the mouth of the Au Sable River along Lake Huron.

## History

The area was first settled as early as 1867 when the firm of Smith, Kelley, & Dwight purchased land here and platted the community. A post office under the name Au Sable served the area until the Oscoda post office was established on July 1, 1875. The name Oscoda is believed to come from Henry Schoolcraft, who used a shortened form of ossin and muscoda, which means a pebbly prairie.

The Lumberman's Monument is located nearby and was dedicated in 1932 in honor of the early lumberjacks that first populated the area. The state of Michigan designated Oscoda as the official home of Paul Bunyan due to early documented publications in the *Oscoda Press* on August 10, 1906, by James MacGillivray. The article was later revised and published in *The Detroit News* in 1910.

Wurtsmith Air Force Base was a United States Air Force commissioned in 1923 in Oscoda. During the Cold War, it was one of the state's three Strategic Air Command bases that housed Boeing B-52 Stratofortress jets. The air base was decommissioned in 1993. The area is now an ongoing Superfund site due to extensive groundwater contamination. Parts of the defunct air base now serve as the Oscoda–Wurtsmith Airport with no future plans for the rest of the facility.

Oscoda was featured in the 2002 documentary film *Bowling for Columbine*, in which director Michael Moore interviewed two young residents. Eric Harris, one of the perpetrators of the Columbine High School massacre, spent some of his early years in Oscoda while his father served in the U.S. Air Force.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.95 square miles (2.46 km2), of which 0.87 square miles (2.25 km2) is land and 0.08 square miles (0.21 km2) (8.42%) is water.

The community is located on the northside of the Au Sable River at its river mouth at Lake Huron. The community of Au Sable is on the southside of the river, and the surrounding areas are part of the Huron National Forest. Au Sable is served by Oscoda Area Schools.

The Shore to Shore Riding & Hiking Trail, which is a 220-mile-long (350 km) network of trails, has its eastern terminus in Oscoda.

### Climate

This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Oscoda has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

## Transportation

### Airport

### Bus

### Major highways

* US 23 runs south–north along the eastern edge of the community near Lake Huron.
* F-41 has its southern terminus at US 23 in Oscoda.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1890 | 3,593 |  |  |
| 1900 | 1,109 |  | −69.1% |
| 1910 | 864 |  | −22.1% |
| 1990 | 1,061 |  |  |
| 2000 | 992 |  | −6.5% |
| 2010 | 903 |  | −9.0% |
| 2020 | 916 |  | 1.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 992 people, 460 households, and 260 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,135.7 inhabitants per square mile (438.5/km2). There were 599 housing units at an average density of 685.8 per square mile (264.8/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.15% White, 0.40% Black or African American, 1.21% Native American, 1.71% Asian, 0.71% from other races, and 1.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.71% of the population.

There were 460 households, out of which 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.9% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.3% were non-families. 38.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.80.

In the CDP, 22.4% of the population was under the age of 18, 4.8% was from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 21.9% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 86.4 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $42,250. Males had a median income of $24,667 versus $22,772 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,191. About 4.4% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

## Media

### Newspapers

### Radio

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Oscoda, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place (CDP) & unincorporated community | |
| Looking north along U.S. Highway 23 | |
| Location within Iosco County | |
| OscodaLocation within the state of MichiganOscodaLocation within the United States | |
| Coordinates: 44°25′13″N 83°19′51″W / 44.42028°N 83.33083°W / 44.42028; -83.33083 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Iosco |
| Townships | Au Sable and Oscoda |
| Settled | 1867 |
| Incorporated | 1885 |
| Disincorporated | 1919 |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.95 sq mi (2.46 km2) |
| Land | 0.87 sq mi (2.25 km2) |
| Water | 0.08 sq mi (0.21 km2) |
| Elevation | 590 ft (180 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 916 |
| Density | 1,052.87/sq mi (406.30/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 48750 |
| Area code | 989 |
| FIPS code | 26-61320 |
| GNIS feature ID | 634132 |


title: Glenvil Township, Clay County, Nebraska

abstract: Glenvil Township is one of sixteen townships in Clay County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 391 at the 2020 census. A 2021 estimate placed the township's population at 389.

text:
# Glenvil Township, Clay County, Nebraska

**Glenvil Township** is one of sixteen townships in Clay County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 391 at the 2020 census. A 2021 estimate placed the township's population at 389.

## InfoBox

| Glenvil Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Location in Clay County | |
| Coordinates: 40°29′07″N 098°13′54″W / 40.48528°N 98.23167°W / 40.48528; -98.23167 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nebraska |
| County | Clay |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.7 sq mi (92.45 km2) |
| Land | 35.7 sq mi (92.45 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2)  0% |
| Elevation | 1,831 ft (558 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 391 |
| Density | 12.8/sq mi (5/km2) |
| GNIS feature ID | 0838027 |


title: Jacob Hoke

abstract: Jacob Hoke was a nineteenth-century American merchant and businessman in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. His personal observations and diary entries formed the basis for one of the earliest classic accounts of the Gettysburg Campaign during the American Civil War. He was also a prolific writer of widely circulated religious materials for the United Brethren Church.

text:
# Jacob Hoke

**Jacob Hoke** (March 17, 1825  December 26, 1893) was a nineteenth-century American merchant and businessman in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. His personal observations and diary entries formed the basis for one of the earliest classic accounts of the Gettysburg Campaign during the American Civil War.

He was also a prolific writer of widely circulated religious materials for the United Brethren Church.

## Formative years

Hoke was born in McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania on March 17, 1825 to Henry and Sarah (Eyster) Hoke. He was educated in the local schools and, from the age of twelve until May 1841, clerked in a country store.

## Career

Hoke relocated to Chambersburg, where he engaged in a series of business ventures that generated enough capital to enable him to open his own dry goods store on Chambersburg's town square. During the early part of the American Civil War, he assisted in caring for the wounded from the Battle of Antietam in the autumn of 1862.

Hoke lived on the second floor above his shop. As the Confederate Army began invading the town in late June 1863, he had an excellent vantage point from which he could observe and watch the movements of the Southern soldiers. For the next two weeks, Confederates occupied the town, and much of the Army of Northern Virginia passed within view of Hoke. During the summer of 1864, he again was in a position to witness the Civil War in his hometown when much of Chambersburg was burned by Confederate cavalrymen commanded by John McCausland, who operated under the orders of Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early.

In 1884, Hoke integrated his memories, notes, observations, and outside sources into a pamphlet he entitled "Reminiscences of the War." Three years later, he produced a larger, more detailed work, *The Great Invasion of 1863, or, General Lee in Pennsylvania*. Published in Dayton, Ohio, the book has become a standard reference work for a first-hand account of the two Confederate incursions into south-central Pennsylvania.

For many years, Hoke was president of the Franklin County Bible Society, and served on several church-related boards and committees, including chairing the Board of Missions for the national United Brethren Church. He married twice, but had no children.

## InfoBox

| Jacob Hoke | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1825-03-17)March 17, 1825<br>McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | December 26, 1893(1893-12-26) (aged 68) |
| Occupations | * Merchant * businessman |


title: Rawka (river)

abstract: The Rawka River is a river in central Poland, a right tributary of the Bzura river, with a length of 97 kilometres and the basin area of 1,192 km⁲.

text:
# Rawka (river)

The **Rawka River** is a river in central Poland, a right tributary of the Bzura river (which it meets between Łowicz and Sochaczew), with a length of 97 kilometres and the basin area of 1,192 km2.

## InfoBox

| Rawka | |
| --- | --- |
| Rawka river in Dolecko | |
| Location | |
| Country | Poland |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Bzura |
| coordinates | 52°08′32″N 20°06′45″E / 52.142089°N 20.112397°E / 52.142089; 20.112397 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | BzuraVistulaBaltic Sea |


title: William Quick (water polo)

abstract: William Quick was a British water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

text:
# William Quick (water polo)

**William Quick** (19 April 1902  July 1994) was a British water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

William Quick
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | British |
| Born | (1902-04-19)19 April 1902
Cardiff, Wales |
| Died | July 1994
Swansea, Wales |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Water polo |


title: Rawhide Creek

abstract: Rawhide Creek is a stream in Douglas, Washington, Dodge, and Colfax counties, Nebraska, in the United States. According to legend, Rawhide Creek was named in about 1849 on account of a man who was skinned to death there by Indians, his hide was left as a warning to other settlers. The “Legend” Rawhide is from Niobrara County Wyoming. Rawhide Creek's headwaters are located on Denny Ranch, Southwest of Lusk, Wyoming. The Legend of the Rawhide is re-enacted every July in Lusk.

text:
# Rawhide Creek

**Rawhide Creek** is a stream in Douglas, Washington, Dodge, and Colfax counties, Nebraska, in the United States.

According to legend, Rawhide Creek was named in about 1849 on account of a man who was skinned to death there by Indians, his hide was left as a warning to other settlers.

The “Legend” Rawhide is from Niobrara County Wyoming. Rawhide Creek's headwaters are located on Denny Ranch, Southwest of Lusk, Wyoming. The Legend of the Rawhide is re-enacted every July in Lusk.

41°20′33″N 96°17′58″W / 41.3424984°N 96.2994675°W / 41.3424984; -96.2994675


title: Wattstown Barrows

abstract: Wattstown Barrows are two tumuli (barrows) which form a National Monument in County Westmeath, Ireland.

text:
# Wattstown Barrows

**Wattstown Barrows** are two tumuli (barrows) which form a National Monument in County Westmeath, Ireland.

## Location

Wattstown Barrows are located near the summit of Frewin Hill (173 m / 568 ft high), overlooking Lough Owel to the east.

## Description

Wattstown Barrows are a ring barrow and bowl barrow, burial sites of the Bronze Age, joined together by extending a bank and ditch from the ring barrow in an arc around the bowl barrow. There is also another bowl barrow and a tumulus or cairn.

According to legend, Frewin Hill was the site of the Battle of Frémainn in AD 507, where Failge Berraide defeated Fiachu mac Néill.

## InfoBox

Wattstown Barrows
| Dumhaí Bhaile Bhatt | |
| --- | --- |
| Shown within Ireland | |
| Location | Wattstown, Portloman,<br>County Westmeath, Ireland |
| Coordinates | 53°34′32″N 7°26′08″W / 53.575590°N 7.435572°W / 53.575590; -7.435572 |
| Type | tumuli |
| History | |
| Material | earth |
| Founded | c. 3000–2000 BC |
| Site notes | |
| Ownership | State |
|  | |
| National monument of Ireland | |
| Official name | Wattstown |
| Reference no. | 606 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Nomarussia Bonase

abstract: Nomarussia Bonase is a South African human rights activist.

text:
# Nomarussia Bonase

**Nomarussia Bonase** (born 1966) is a South African human rights activist.

## Biography

Nomarussia Bonase was born in 1966 in Baragwanath Hospital, South Africa. Bonase was a politically active schoolgirl but had no opportunity to go to university so she got a job working in a transport company in Johannesburg. There she organised the workers into a union, becoming their first shop steward. Bonase became concerned about the Truth and Reconciliation Commission when it did not deal with sexual violence. She joined the Khulumani Support Group and has become the National Coordinator. The group works to gain recognition and recompense for the victims and survivors of the apartheid regime in South Africa. Bonase has organised against racism on many fronts from the Marikana massacre to the lack of toilets available in a town. In 2017, she won the Anne Klein Women's prize.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Nomarussia Bonase | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1966<br>South Africa |
| Nationality | South African |


title: Gornja Gradina

abstract: Gornja Gradina is a village in the municipality of Kozarska Dubica, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Gornja Gradina

**Gornja Gradina**  (Serbian Cyrillic: Горња Градина) is a village in the municipality of Kozarska Dubica, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

45°05′57″N 16°38′54″E / 45.09917°N 16.64833°E / 45.09917; 16.64833

## InfoBox

| Gornja Gradina | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Gornja Gradina | |
| Coordinates: 45°05′57″N 16°38′54″E / 45.09917°N 16.64833°E / 45.09917; 16.64833 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Republika Srpska |
| Municipality | Kozarska Dubica |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Quail Motorcycle Gathering

abstract: The Quail Motorcycle Gathering is a motorcycle rally and Concours d'Elegance held annually since 2009 at Carmel, California. Quail participants show bikes, and 100 of them ride the California Highway Patrol motor unit escorted 112 mile Quail Ride around Carmel Valley, which includes three fast laps on the track at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca. This event evolved from "Legends of the Motorcycle" which had been held at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Half Moon Bay, CA for a run of three previous years (2006-2008). The location was changed by organizer Gordon McCall to the Quail Lodge and Golf Club, and is run by Peninsula Events. The Quail Ride is held the Friday before the Saturday show date in May, and there is also another ride on show morning called the Cycle World Tour, a fifty-mile organized but unescorted ride that includes a buffet breakfast along the ocean waterfront in Pacific Grove, CA. The 2011 3rd Annual event, attended by 1500, showed over 250 classic motorcycles. The 8th Annual event on May 14, 2016, the show featured paid admissions of 2700 and over 400 displayed motorcycles, with 237 being judged. In 2017, the event expanded to a three-day affair, and the organizers announced they planned to extend it to a week. The May 3, 2019 event had its first discussion panel on women in motorcycling. This gathering has been on hiatus since 2020 caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

text:
# Quail Motorcycle Gathering

The **Quail Motorcycle Gathering** is a motorcycle rally and Concours d'Elegance held annually since 2009 at Carmel, California. Quail participants show bikes, and 100 of them ride the California Highway Patrol motor unit escorted 112 mile Quail Ride around Carmel Valley, which includes three fast laps on the track at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca. This event evolved from "Legends of the Motorcycle" which had been held at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Half Moon Bay, CA for a run of three previous years (2006-2008). The location was changed by organizer Gordon McCall to the Quail Lodge and Golf Club, and is run by Peninsula Events. The Quail Ride is held the Friday before the Saturday show date in May, and there is also another ride on show morning called the Cycle World Tour, a fifty-mile organized but unescorted ride that includes a buffet breakfast along the ocean waterfront in Pacific Grove, CA.

The 2011 3rd Annual event, attended by 1500, showed over 250 classic motorcycles (150 being judged). The 8th Annual event on May 14, 2016, the show featured paid admissions of 2700 and over 400 displayed motorcycles, with 237 being judged. In 2017, the event expanded to a three-day affair, and the organizers announced they planned to extend it to a week. The May 3, 2019 event had its first discussion panel on women in motorcycling.

This gathering has been on hiatus since 2020 caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

## InfoBox

| Quail Motorcycle Gathering | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Motorcycle rally and Concours d'Elegance |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Location(s) | Quail Lodge, Carmel, California, USA |
| Years active | 2009–2019, 2022– |
| Previous event | 3 May 2019 |
| Next event | 13 May 2022 |
| Participants | c. 400 motorcycles displayed |
| Attendance | c. 2,700 |
| Organized by | Gordon McCall |


title: Jacob Holdt

abstract: Jacob Holdt is a Danish photographer, writer and lecturer. His mammoth work, American Pictures, gained international fame in 1977 for its effective photographic revelations about the hardships of America's lower classes. Holdt was shortlisted for the Deutsche Börse Photography Prize 2008 and received the Fogtdal Photographers Award in 2009.

text:
# Jacob Holdt

**Jacob Holdt** (born 29 April 1947) is a Danish photographer, writer and lecturer. His mammoth work, *American Pictures*, gained international fame in 1977 for its effective photographic revelations about the hardships of America's lower classes.

Holdt was shortlisted for the Deutsche Börse Photography Prize 2008 and received the Fogtdal Photographers Award in 2009.

## Early life

Born in 1947 in Copenhagen, Holdt was the son of the pastor at Grundtvig's Church in Copenhagen. In 1950, the family moved to Fåborg, a village where he spent most of his childhood. After being thrown out of high school in 1965, Holdt attended Krogerup Folk High School, north of Copenhagen. Expelled from the Royal Palace Guard after eight months, Holdt spent several years protesting the Vietnam War and conditions in the Third World.

## Life as a photographer

In the spring of 1970, Holdt traveled to Canada to work on a farm. He planned to travel to South America to support the government of Salvador Allende after Allende was elected president of Chile in September 1970. Holdt never made it. In the United States, he was robbed. He stayed in the United States and spent four years working in civil rights issues

Arriving with only $40, Holdt was shocked and fascinated by the social differences he encountered. He ended up staying in the USA more than five years, criss-crossing the country by hitchhiking more than 100,000 miles and taking thousands of photographs.

Holdt sometimes sold blood plasma twice a week to buy film. He stayed in more than 400 homes including those of poor migrant workers and America's wealthiest families, including the Rockefellers. He stayed with people who were often so poor they ate cat food and dirt and who lived in rat-infested shacks. Along the way, Holdt took more than 15,000 photographs with a cheap pocket camera.

His work captured the daily struggle of the American underclass and contrasts it with images of the life of America's elite. Upon returning to Denmark in 1976, Holdt began lecturing on social differences in the United States and published a book: *American Pictures.* He later presented his slideshow at over 300 college campuses across the United States and Canada.

*American Pictures* had a profound impact on the youth in Scandinavia and Germany, and the Communist bloc saw a chance to use his work against President Carter's human rights campaign. Holdt was approached by the KGB a few months after his slideshow became a success and he saw a chance with the help of the Soviet Union to penetrate the Marxist bureaucracy in Angola. Here it was his intention to spend the money earned from *American Pictures* in building a hospital in support of the anti-apartheid struggle.

However, when his book was published in 1977 the KGB revealed to him that it was their intention to use it in an all-out campaign against Carter to try to demonstrate that human rights were violated just as egregiously in America as in Russia. Only a month after its publication, Holdt therefore hired his lawyer, Søren B. Henriksen, to stop his own book all over the world. Except for Germany, Holland and Scandinavia, where they already had contracts with his Danish publisher, he managed to stop it, and did not release it again until the end of the Soviet Union.

As a result of losing most of his expected income from the book, Holdt could not finance a hospital, but only a nursing school built for the Namibian resistance group SWAPO in Kwanzu Zul in Angola with matching funds from the European Union. After the liberation of Zimbabwe in 1982 he also supported projects there. At the end of the cold war he was briefly accused of having been a KGB-agent, but it was easy for his publisher, Dagbladet Information, to show that he had actually worked for the other side and had even flown President Carter’s human rights envoy over to approve his film manuscript intended for the American market.

Along with his continuing lectures Holdt has since 1991 worked as a volunteer for CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere) in several third world countries. He has continued to document the lives of those in poverty while working for CARE.

His most recent projects have also focused on white supremacist hate groups. Holdt spent time living with leaders of the Ku Klux Klan and photographing their daily lives. Holdt is sympathetic with the people (but not the political views) he encountered in these groups, pointing out that most grew up under marginal circumstances and often were victims of child abuse. Holdt emphasizes the similarities in background between white supremacists and poor minorities.

At the Deutsche Börse Photography Prize exhibition at The Photographers' Gallery in London, Holdt presented his photographs of the "filthy rich" and poverty in America in a slideshow—each image projected onto a plain white wall in a darkened room, immersing the audience in the dark and dreary world of poverty and maximizing its impact. In 2009/10 his pictures were exhibited in the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art.

The film *Precious (2009)* premiered in Denmark in February 2010. Holdt was invited to introduce the event. In an interview reported in the Danish newspaper *Politiken,* he spoke of the time he spent with Sapphire in the 1980s in Harlem. They inspired each other and shared an interest in issues of oppression having both explored it from street level.

## Publications

* *American Pictures.* 1977. ISBN 87-981702-0-1.
* *Indians and Campesinos in Bolivia.* 1991.
* *Nepals Jord.* 1996.
* *Tro, håb og kærlighed – Jacob Holdts Amerika.* København: Gyldendal, 2010. ISBN 9788700797345. Exhibition catalogue.

## Awards


title: Piketon Mounds

abstract: The Piketon Mounds are a group of earthworks located in Piketon, Ohio in the United States. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The specific age of the site is unknown. Some mounds were created by the Adena culture, while other mounds were built by the Hopewell culture.

text:
# Piketon Mounds

The **Piketon Mounds** (also called **Graded Way**) are a group of earthworks located in Piketon, Ohio in the United States. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The specific age of the site is unknown. Some mounds were created by the Adena culture, while other mounds were built by the Hopewell culture.

## Location

The site is located in Piketon, Ohio. As of 1848, the Chillicothe Turnpike traveled through the site and a cemetery was built upon the remains of a collection of mounds. The cemetery, named Mound Cemetery, as pictured to the right, remains in place today.

## Survey history

### Squier and Davis: 1840s

The site was featured in the 1848 publication, *Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley* by Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis. The two men visited the site. They call the side the Graded Way. They describe the graded way as being a type of earthwork seen "at various points at the West," including at earthworks in Richmond Dale, Ohio and an additional site in Piketon. They also suggest that they are similar to earthworks found in Mexico. They state that grading ways are often seen "ascending sometimes from one terrace to another, and occasionally descending towards the banks of rivers or water-courses."

The graded way is noted as being 1,080 feet long, 215 feet wide in one section and 203 feet wide in another. They describe the site as having a graded ascent from a second terrace to a third terrace. The third terrace is 17 feet above the second. Various embankments were seen throughout the earthwork, ranging from 5 to eleven feet in height. At the 203 foot wide section of the grade, "the walls upon the interior sides measure no less than *twenty-two* feet in perpendicular height." As of 1848, trees and bushes were covering the works, and Squier and Davis suggest that passerby would most likely see the site as just hills, not a man-made installation.

A small embankment extended off of the right side of the graded way totaling 2,580 feet long. As of 1848, much of it was destroyed by the Chillicothe Turnpike. A wall was built, 1500 feet from the grade. It was built at a right angle and travel 212 feet. At that point, the line followed parallel to the main grade for 420 feet. It then curved in towards the grade and ended at a site of four mounds - three small and one large. Squier and Davis note that the small mounds were a cemetery at their time of visitation, a cemetery which remains there today. The large mound totaled 30 feet high. There were other small mounds and no more major mounds in the vicinity. On the left side of the graded way leads to the second terrace, which ends to a low area in the ground which is often filled with water. Squier and Davis cite that in the past it is believed that the Scioto River had passed through the area near the terrace.

Based on their observations, Squier and Davis theorize about the use of the site as possibly a way to get from one terrace to the next. However, the embankments caused them to question that theory. In their report, they do not provide a set theory on what the site was used for.

### Today

The site features four mounds which are located in a cemetery. Three of the mounds rise in size from two feet high to five feet high. The largest mound is 75 feet in diameter and 25 feet high. On previous excavations, one of the mounds was reported of housing a human skeleton of a girl wrapped in bark. The graded way remains, creating what the Ohio Historical Society describes as "a natural drainage channel,". The mounds are classic of Adena culture and the graded way is more known as being created by the Hopewell culture. This makes it hard to calculate a set date for the works.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Piketon Mounds | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Overview from southwest | |
|  | |
| Location | Mound Cemetery, south of Piketon |
| Nearest city | Piketon, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 39°3′4″N 83°1′10″W / 39.05111°N 83.01944°W / 39.05111; -83.01944 |
| Area | 3 acres (1.2 ha) |
| NRHP reference No. | 74001599 |
| Added to NRHP | May 2, 1974 |


title: Ratnaja

abstract: Ratnaja is a Kannada movie writer and director. He debuted his career as a director with the 2005 hit movie Nenapirali which won four awards at the 2005-06 Karnataka State Film Awards, including the Best Director award.

text:
# Ratnaja

**Ratnaja** is a Kannada movie writer and director. He debuted his career as a director with the 2005 hit movie *Nenapirali* which won four awards at the 2005-06 Karnataka State Film Awards, including the Best Director award.

## Early life and background

Ratnaja was a Mechanical Engineering student at the National College of Engineering, Mysuru. Ratnaja then trained under many acclaimed directors like Dinesh Baboo and SV Rajendra Singh Baboo for five years as assistant.

## Career

Ratnaja began his direction career with the film *Nenapirali*. The film starred four relatively fresh faces - Prem Kumar who received a new lease of life with this movie, Naveen Krishna, Vidya Venkatesh and Varsha. Nenapirali focused on the youth and their confusion about love, and was critically and commercially a success. The film won awards at the Filmfare Awards that year (2005–06), and also picked up a couple of State Awards. Ratnaja was called, by certain quarters, as Kannada's *Mani Ratnam*. His next film was called *Honganasu*. He repeated the same leads - Prem and Naveen Krishna. The film also had music by the maestro Hamsalekha. The film released in early 2008 amidst much fanfare, but it failed to live up to expectations of both critics and audience. The criticism leveled against Ratnaja was weak narration, and the audience refused to humour the film. Ratnaja later made a film titled *Premism* which again was not very well received by the audience. His next film is titled *Preethiyalli Sahaja* and was released in 2016.

## Filmography

| Year | Film Title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | *Nenapirali* | Won - Filmfare Award for Best Director |
| 2008 | *Honganasu* |  |
| 2010 | *Premism* |  |
| 2016 | *Preethiyalli Sahaja* |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Ratnaja | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Prakash, Rathnaja Prakash |
| Known for | Kannada Movies |
| Awards | Best Director 2005-06 Karnataka State Film Awards |


title: William Quest

abstract: William J. Quest was a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He was first elected on June 5, 1978.

text:
# William Quest

**William J. Quest** (July 20, 1926 – February 23, 1991) was a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He was first elected on June 5, 1978.

## InfoBox

| William J. Quest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
from the 20th district | |
| **In office**
June 5, 1978  November 30, 1978 | |
| Preceded by | Michael Mullen |
| Succeeded by | Stephen Grabowski |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1926-07-20)July 20, 1926 |
| Died | February 23, 1991(1991-02-23) (aged 64) |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: Rawhide Hills

abstract: The Rawhide Hills are a mountain range in Mineral County, Nevada.

text:
# Rawhide Hills

The **Rawhide Hills** are a mountain range in Mineral County, Nevada.

## InfoBox

| Rawhide Hills | |
| --- | --- |
| Rawhide Hillslocation of Rawhide Hills in Nevada | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,672 m (5,486 ft) |
| Geography | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nevada |
| District | Mineral County |
| Range coordinates | 38°58′39.721″N 118°26′8.472″W / 38.97770028°N 118.43568667°W / 38.97770028; -118.43568667 |
| Topo map | USGS Pilot Cone |


title: NolaPro

abstract: NolaPro is a cloud/web-based ERP application running under a proprietary commercial license. It was first released in 2003 as a freeware accounting alternative to SAP ERP and QuickBooks because of its ability to scale in these markets.

text:
# NolaPro

**NolaPro** is a cloud/web-based ERP application running under a proprietary commercial license. It was first released in 2003 as a freeware accounting alternative to SAP ERP and QuickBooks because of its ability to scale in these markets.

## Functionality

NolaPro allows custom functionality changes upon request. It permits unrestricted integration with 3rd party applications and offers source code procurement for companies to develop their own ERP systems.

This application can be installed via desktop download, or cloud-hosted by the author or installed locally on Microsoft Windows or Linux, accessed via common web browsers, and utilizes MySQL and PHP.

The software includes the following modules:

* Accounts Payable
* Accounts Receivable
* Administrative Tools
* Automatic Bank Integration (via Plaid)
* Business-to-Business (B2B) Web Portal
* Customer Database
* General Ledger
* Inventory Management
* Order Tracking (Fulfillment & Service)
* Payroll & Employee Timeclock
* Point-of-Sale (PoS)
* Shopping Cart (modified OSCommerce) for e-commerce transactions.
* Vendor Database

Multi-currency is available for NolaPro, making it one of the few small applications which supports monetary exchange rates. It has been translated into 30+ languages via contributions from the NolaPro community. An API is also available for developers who wish to integrate NolaPro with their in-house or 3rd party applications. From 2013 to 2016, NolaPro was featured on all Lenovo devices under the Windows 8 store platform.

## Reviews

CNet editors awarded NolaPro 4.5 out of 5 stars.

In May 2005, NolaPro was recognized by Entrepreneur Magazine by its inclusion in Entrepreneur's 2005 Complete Guide to Software.

TechRepublic blog writer Jack Wallen positively reviewed NolaPro 4 in January 2008 providing a comprehensive user-walkthrough and installation overview.

NolaPro was featured on the cover of the Linux Journal in November 2008.

CBS News Moneywatch featured NolaPro in January 2009.

NolaPro was reviewed by Personal Financial Advices in June 2019, providing an accurate overview of the software's functionality and services.

In November 2019, The Balance (formerly About.com) ranked NolaPro as the #1 option for Small Business Accounting software.

## InfoBox

NolaPro
|
|  |
|
| Developer(s) | Noguska Inc |
|  | |
| Stable release | 5.0.23923 / August 1, 2024 (2024-08-01) |
|  | |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Type | Accounting |
| License | Freeware |
| Website | www.nolapro.com |


title: Oréos 4X

abstract: The Oréos 4X is a 49-places electric midibus of the Gepebus' line of products, from Power Vehicle Innovation. Made for the operating of some urban regular lines, or also a private usage, the Oreos 4X is among the first entirely electric autobuses produced in France. This clean vehicle belongs to a new generation, more efficient for the power than the older models, and therefore helps to reduce the environmental impact of the transport in the cities.

text:
# Oréos 4X

The **Oréos 4X** is a 49-places electric midibus of the Gepebus' line of products, from Power Vehicle Innovation. Made for the operating of some urban regular lines, or also a private usage (for example airport shuttles), the Oreos 4X is among the first entirely electric autobuses produced in France. This clean vehicle belongs to a new generation, more efficient for the power than the older models, and therefore helps to reduce the environmental impact of the transport in the cities.

## Technical characteristics

* Maximal speed : more than 70 km/h (43 mph)
* Range : 120 km (75 mi)
* Energy recovery rate (during brake or deceleration phases) : around 20%

The Oreos 4X uses lithium-ion batteries which can be recharged without the use of a separate battery charger, as a charger is included in the bus.

## Equipment

The Oreos 4X has been designed for the transportation of a maximum number of 49 people, including 25 seated places. The bus can also be equipped with a disabled people access system.

## Operation

The city of Coulommiers (Seine-et-Marne) through Transdev currently operates some Oreos 4X.

## InfoBox

| Oréos 4X | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Power Vehicle Innovation |
| Body and chassis | |
| Doors | 2 |
| Floor type | Low floor |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | Induction motor |
| Capacity | 49 persons (including 25 seats) |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 9,312 mm (30 ft 6+58 in) |
| Width | 2,350 mm (7 ft 8+12 in) |
| Height | 3,336 mm (10 ft 11+38 in) |
| Curb weight | 9,100 kg (20,100 lb) (empty)<br>13,500 kg (29,800 lb) (GVWR) |


title: Gornja Gračanica

abstract: Gornja Gračanica is a village in the City of Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Gornja Gračanica

**Gornja Gračanica** (Cyrillic: Горња Грачаница) is a village in the City of Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 847.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bosniaks | 825 | 97.4% |
| other/undeclared | 22 | 2.6% |
| **Total** | **847** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Gornja Gračanica Горња Грачаница | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Gornja Gračanica | |
| Coordinates: 44°15′39″N 17°56′32″E / 44.26083°N 17.94222°E / 44.26083; 17.94222 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Zenica-Doboj |
| Municipality | Zenica |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.67 sq mi (19.86 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 847 |
| Density | 110/sq mi (43/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Quail Hollow State Park

abstract: Quail Hollow Park is a 703-acre (284 ha) county park in Stark County, Ohio, in the United States. The park was opened to the public in 1975. It was previously a privately owned family farm and later a hunting camp. Quail Hollow Park is open for year-round recreation and features trail that are open to hiking, mountain biking and cross-country skiing, a small pond for fishing and ice skating as well as group camping and picnic facilities.

text:
# Quail Hollow State Park

**Quail Hollow Park** is a 703-acre (284 ha) county park in Stark County, Ohio, in the United States. The park was opened to the public in 1975. It was previously a privately owned family farm and later a hunting camp. Quail Hollow Park is open for year-round recreation and features trail that are open to hiking, mountain biking and cross-country skiing, a small pond for fishing and ice skating as well as group camping (advance reservation only) and picnic facilities.

## History

The land in and around Quail Hollow Park was inhabited by various Native American tribes. The last tribe to call the area home before being forced out by the encroachment of Anglo-American settlers in the Ohio Country were the Lenape, also known as the Delaware.

The first permanent settler in the area was Conrad Brumbaugh. He cleared some land and began farming in the area in 1820. The homestead remained in the Brumbaugh family until 1914, when it was purchased by Harry Bartlett Stewart. Stewart was the chairman of the board of the Akron, Canton and Youngstown Railroad. Initially the Stewarts used homestead for a hunting camp before eventually expanding the home and making their permanent residence on what they called the Minnie Taylor Farm, named for Mr. Stewart's wife, Minnie.

Harry Stewart passed the land onto his son, Harry Bartlett Stewart, Jr. The Stewarts continued to improve the buildings on the Minnie Taylor farm. The original house was expanded into what they called a manor with Greek Revival and Federal architecture influences.

The Stewarts remained at Minnie Taylor farm until 1975 when the sold it to the state of Ohio for half the appraised value. The land was purchased from the Stewarts with financial help from the United States Department of the Interior. Quail Hollow State Park was established on May 15, 1975. It became Quail Hollow Park in 2016, when the State of Ohio and the Stark County Park District made an agreement for Stark Parks to manage the park as part of the county park district.

## Ecology

Quail Hollow Park is in a rich agricultural area. Northeast Ohio is part of the Interior Plains region of North America. The land is largely flat with a few hills that are a remnant of the last ice age. Small glacial lakes, known as kettle lakes are spread throughout the region. These lakes formed when the glaciers gouged out a depression in the land and large clumps of ice broke off the receding glaciers filling the holes and creating lakes.

One of these kettle lakes has shrunk into what is best classified as a bog at Quail Hollow Park. This bog provides a habitat for and abundance of plants and wildlife. Poison sumac grows in the sphagnum bog. There is a remnant tall grass prairie in the park that supports sneezeweed, blazing star and various other prairie plants. The mixed tree forests of the park provide habitat for white-tailed deer, spring peepers, wild turkey, chorus and green frogs, raccoons, garter snakes, blue gill and red foxes.

## Recreation

Quail Hollow Park is open for year-round recreation. There is a primitive campground that is open to large groups such as the Scouts and church youth groups. The campground is remote and is without running water or trash facilities. All water and trash must be carried in and out. The park has 19 miles of trails open to hiking, mountain biking and cross-country skiing. Careful observers will see some wildlife along the trail along with a variety of plant species. There are eight nature trails in the park. Quail Hollow Park has a five mile horse trail. Shady Lane Pond is open to fishing with a valid Ohio fishing license. The picnic area and playground are near Shady Lane Pond.

## InfoBox

| Quail Hollow State Park | |
| --- | --- |
| The Stewart house and associated buildings | |
| Quail Hollow State ParkLocation in OhioQuail Hollow State ParkQuail Hollow State Park (the United States) | |
| Location | Stark County, Ohio, United States |
| Coordinates | 40°58′43″N 81°18′44″W / 40.97861°N 81.31222°W / 40.97861; -81.31222 |
| Area | 703 acres (284 ha) |
| Elevation | 1,158 ft (353 m) |
| Established | 1975 |
| Administered by | Stark Parks |
| Designation | Ohio state park |
| Website | Quail Hollow State Park |


title: Jacqueline Kermina

abstract: Jacqueline Jeanne Victorine Kermina was a French tennis player and coach. Born in Paris, Kermina was active as a player in the 1950s and 1960s. She reached the singles third round of the French Championships twice and was a mixed doubles semi-finalist in 1954, with Mervyn Rose. Kermina had a long association with the France Federation Cup team as a coach, serving three stints as captain. She first led the side in 1969 and 1970, then from 1973 to 1975, before returning for one final campaign in 1977.

text:
# Jacqueline Kermina

**Jacqueline Jeanne Victorine Kermina** (30 June 1927 – 21 August 1995) was a French tennis player and coach.

Born in Paris, Kermina was active as a player in the 1950s and 1960s. She reached the singles third round of the French Championships twice and was a mixed doubles semi-finalist in 1954, with Mervyn Rose.

Kermina had a long association with the France Federation Cup team as a coach, serving three stints as captain. She first led the side in 1969 and 1970, then from 1973 to 1975, before returning for one final campaign in 1977.

## InfoBox

Jacqueline Kermina
| Country (sports) | France |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1927-06-30)30 June 1927
Paris, France |
| Died | 21 August 1995(1995-08-21) (aged 68)
Paris, France |
| Singles | |
| Grand Slam singles results | |
| French Open | 3R (1954, 1966) |
| Wimbledon | 2R (1952, 1954) |
| Doubles | |
| Grand Slam doubles results | |
| French Open | QF (1953, 1954) |
| Wimbledon | 3R (1954) |
| Grand Slam mixed doubles results | |
| French Open | SF (1954) |
| Wimbledon | 1R (1954) |


title: Reactive user interface

abstract:
A human-to-computer user interface is said to be "reactive" if it has the following characteristics:
  - The user is immediately aware of the effect of each "gesture". Gestures can be keystrokes, mouse clicks, menu selections, or more esoteric inputs.
  - The user is always aware of the state of their data. Did I just save those changes? Did I just overwrite my backup by mistake? No data is hidden. In a figure-drawing program, the user can tell whether a line segment is composed of smaller segments.
  - The user always knows how to get help. Help may be context-sensitive or modal, but it is substantial. A program with a built-in help browser is not reactive if its content is just a collection of screen shots or menu item labels with no real explanation of what they do. Reactivity was a major goal in the early user interface research at MIT and Xerox PARC.
A computer program which was not reactive would not be considered user friendly no matter how elaborate its presentation. Early word-processing programs whose on-screen representations look nothing like their printer output could be reactive. The common example was WordStar on CP/M. On-screen, it looked like a markup language in a character cell display, but it had deep built-in help which was always available from an on-screen menu bar, and the effect of each keystroke was obvious.

text:
# Reactive user interface

A human-to-computer user interface is said to be **"reactive"** if it has the following characteristics:

1. The user is immediately aware of the effect of each "gesture". Gestures can be keystrokes, mouse clicks, menu selections, or more esoteric inputs.
2. The user is always aware of the state of their data. Did I just save those changes? Did I just overwrite my backup by mistake? No data is hidden. In a figure-drawing program, the user can tell whether a line segment is composed of smaller segments.
3. The user always knows how to get help. Help may be context-sensitive or modal, but it is substantial. A program with a built-in *help browser* is not reactive if its content is just a collection of screen shots or menu item labels with no real explanation of what they do.

Reactivity was a major goal in the early user interface research at MIT and Xerox PARC. A computer program which was not reactive would not be considered *user friendly* no matter how elaborate its presentation.

Early word-processing programs whose on-screen representations look nothing like their printer output could be reactive. The common example was WordStar on CP/M. On-screen, it looked like a markup language in a character cell display, but it had deep built-in help which was always available from an on-screen menu bar, and the effect of each keystroke was obvious.


title: Mordellistena variegata

abstract: Mordellistena variegata, the tumbling flower beetle, is a species of beetle in the genus Mordellistena in the family Mordellidae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1798.

text:
# Mordellistena variegata

***Mordellistena variegata***, the **tumbling flower beetle**, is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordellistena* in the family Mordellidae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1798.

## Distribution

The species can be found in the following European territories: Austria, Great Britain including the Isle of Man, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Ukraine, and southern part of Russia.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellistena variegata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellistena* |
| Species: | ***M. variegata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistena variegata***<br>(Fabricius, 1798) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mordellistena lateralis* (Olivier, 1795) | |


title: Rawhide Mountains

abstract: The Rawhide Mountains are a mountain range of western Arizona, in the southwest of Mohave County. It is part of a block of mountain ranges on the north of an insular region called the Maria fold and thrust belt, containing mountain ranges, valleys, and plains. The Rawhide Mountains border the much smaller Artillery Mountains southeast, bordering on Alamo Lake State Park and the south-flowing Big Sandy River. The border to the southwest are the Bill Williams Mountains, and the Poachie Range with the large Arrastra Mountain Wilderness is northeast and east. The high point of the range is Aubrey Peak at 2,953 feet (900 m). Two other peaks lie at the southeast, Miller Peak at 2,793 feet (851 m) and Fools Peak at 2,939 feet (896 m). The southern perimeter of the Rawhide Mountains is the west-flowing Bill Williams River. The river is part of the northern border of the Maria fold and thrust belt with the block of mountains north forming the border, and is also part of the southeast Mojave Desert, another de facto border. South of the river is the northwestern Sonoran Desert. The major mountain block at the intersection of this region west in California is the Whipple Mountains of southeast California, in the northeast Colorado Desert. The Whipple Mountains cause the south-flowing Colorado River to traverse southeast, then back southwest around the Whipple Mountains massif. The Colorado then turns back to the south.

text:
# Rawhide Mountains

The **Rawhide Mountains** are a mountain range of western Arizona, in the southwest of Mohave County. It is part of a block of mountain ranges on the north of an insular region called the Maria fold and thrust belt, containing mountain ranges, valleys, and plains. The Rawhide Mountains border the much smaller Artillery Mountains southeast, bordering on Alamo Lake State Park and the south-flowing Big Sandy River.

The border to the southwest are the Bill Williams Mountains, and the Poachie Range with the large Arrastra Mountain Wilderness is northeast and east.

The high point of the range is Aubrey Peak at 2,953 feet (900 m). Two other peaks lie at the southeast, Miller Peak at 2,793 feet (851 m) and Fools Peak at 2,939 feet (896 m).

The southern perimeter of the Rawhide Mountains is the west-flowing Bill Williams River. The river is part of the northern border of the Maria fold and thrust belt with the block of mountains north forming the border, and is also part of the southeast Mojave Desert, another de facto border.

South of the river is the northwestern Sonoran Desert. The major mountain block at the intersection of this region west in California is the Whipple Mountains of southeast California, in the northeast Colorado Desert (the northwestern Sonoran Desert). The Whipple Mountains cause the south-flowing Colorado River to traverse southeast, then back southwest around the Whipple Mountains massif. The Colorado then turns back to the south. (It makes another excursion south of the Trigo Mountains massif.)

## Rawhide Mountains and Aubrey Peak Wildernesses

Approximately half of the Rawhide Mountains contain wilderness areas.

### Aubrey Peak Wilderness

The northwest of the range consists of the Aubrey Peak Wilderness, of 15,400-acre (6,232 ha). It is accessed by unimproved dirt roads, which are on the southwest and southeast perimeter. Two geologic hikes are profiled in the region. The route starts at Wikieup and Hike 29 is in the southern Hualapai Mountains at a mountain saddle. The route is the access to Centennial Wash, Hike 30, where the wash is part of the southeast border of the Aubrey Peak Wilderness.

### Rawhide Mountains Wilderness

The Rawhide Mountains Wilderness is a large wilderness that is on both banks of the Bill Williams River, and the confluence of the Big Sandy River. It is in the northeast of the Buckskin Mountains, the southeast of the Rawhide's and forms the western border of Alamo Lake, at Alamo Lake State Park.

* Lucchitta, 2001. *Hiking Arizona's Geology,* Ivo Lucchitta, c 2001, Mountaineers's Books. (softcover, ISBN 0-89886-730-4)

Aubrey Peak

## InfoBox

| Rawhide Mountains | |
| --- | --- |
| Rawhide MountainsRawhide Mountains in Arizona | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Aubrey Peak (Rawhide Mountains) |
| Elevation | 2,953 ft (900 m) |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 15 mi (24 km) NW-SE |
| Width | 9 mi (14 km) |
| Geography | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Arizona |
| Region | **Maria fold and thrust belt**
((southeast)-Mojave Desert)
((northwest)-Sonoran Desert) |
| County | Mohave County, Arizona |
| Settlement | Swansea, AZ-(ghost town) &
Parker Dam, California |
| Range coordinates | 34°18′09″N 113°42′04″W / 34.3025°N 113.7010°W / 34.3025; -113.7010 |
| Borders on | Bill Williams River |


title: Metsaääre, Kehtna Parish

abstract: Metsaääre is a village in Kehtna Parish, Rapla County in northern-central Estonia.

text:
# Metsaääre, Kehtna Parish

**Metsaääre** is a village in Kehtna Parish, Rapla County in northern-central Estonia.

58°56′08″N 24°51′23″E / 58.93556°N 24.85639°E / 58.93556; 24.85639

## InfoBox

| Metsaääre | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Rapla County |
| Parish | Kehtna Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Nola

abstract: Nola is a town and a municipality in the Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, southern Italy. It lies on the plain between Mount Vesuvius and the Apennines. It is traditionally credited as the diocese that introduced bells to Christian worship.

text:
# Nola

**Nola** is a town and a municipality in the Metropolitan City of Naples, Campania, southern Italy. It lies on the plain between Mount Vesuvius and the Apennines. It is traditionally credited as the diocese that introduced bells to Christian worship.

## History

### Prehistory

Excavations at Nola-Croce del Papa have uncovered extensive evidence of a small village quickly abandoned at the time of the Avellino Eruption in the 17th century BC. This powerful eruption from Mount Vesuvius caused the inhabitants to leave behind a wide range of pottery and other artefacts. The foundations of their buildings are also preserved in imprints among the mud left by the eruption.

### Antiquity

Nola was one of the oldest cities of Campania, with its most ancient coins bearing the name **Nuvlana**. It was later said to have been founded by the Ausones, who were certainly occupying the city by c.560 BC. It once vied in luxury with Capua.

During the Roman invasion of Campania in the Samnite War in 328 BC, Nola was probably occupied by the Oscans in alliance with the Samnites. Nola sent 2000 troops to defend Naples against the Romans (Paleopolis/Neapolis) in 327 BC. The Romans took Nola in 313 BC after setting fire to buildings near the city walls.

Under Roman rule during Hannibal's invasion of Italy amid the Second Punic War, the city was the site of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battles of Nola. On two occasions (215 and 214 BC), it was defended by Marcellus.

In 90 BC it fell by treason to the Samnites during the Social War. In 89 BC, Sulla routed the rebel army near Pompeii, chased them to Nola and there massacred 20,000 rebels at the Battle of Nola in front of the walls.

It was stormed in 73-72 BC by Spartacus during his failed slave revolt.

The 1st c. BC saw a number of public buildings constructed including the amphitheatre. The emperor Augustus died nearby at his sumptuous villa at Somma Vesuviana on 19 August AD 14, in allegedly the same room his father died in 72 years earlier.

Augustus and Vespasian settled colonies in the area. In the Roman road network, Nola lay between Capua and Lower Nocera on the Via Popilia. A branch road ran from it to Abella and Avellino. Nola was connected to the plentiful water supply of the Serino aqueduct after 20 BC.

Though a relative backwater, Nola retained its status as a **municipium**, its own institutions, and the use of the Oscan language. It was divided into **pagi**, the names of some of which are preserved: **Pagus Agrifanus**, **Capriculanus**, **Lanitanus**. The discoveries of the pavement of the ancient city have not been noted with sufficient care to recover most of the plan, but a large number of Grecian vases were made at Nola, using its fine yellow clay and a shining black glaze. They are decorated with red figures.

Following the rise of Christianity, it became a bishopric. One bishop, the Christian senator Paulinus, is traditionally credited with the introduction of the use of bells to Christian worship. His small handbells were subsequently known as **nola*s* for his seat and the larger tower bells as **campana*s* from the surrounding area. Revered as a saint, Paulinus's relics turned the town into a site of Christian pilgrimage.

### Middle Ages

Nola was sacked by Alaric in 410 and by the Vandals under Gaiseric in 453. It was sacked by Muslims in 806 and 904 and captured by Manfred of Sicily in the 13th century. Under Charles of Anjou, it was held by Guy de Montfort as the **County of Nola**. It was inherited by his eldest daughter's Orsini husband and then held by members of their family.

### Modern age

The 1460 Battle of Nola is noteworthy for the clever stratagem by which John, duke of Calabria, defeated Ferdinand, king of Naples, who fled the field with only 20 followers. Ferdinand, however, was supported by Pope Pius II, the duke of Milan, and the Albanian lord Skanderbeg. With his wife Isabella successfully wooing John's major supporters away, the king recovered his domain over the next decade. Nola itself subsequently lost its importance after its repeated destruction by earthquakes in the 15th and 16th centuries. The nearby Cicala Castle was the birthplace of Giordano Bruno (b. 1548).

In 1820, General Pepe's revolution began in Nola. The sculptor Giovanni Merliano was a native of the city; and some of his works are preserved in the cathedral.

Nola is a suburb of Naples. It is connected to the central city by a suburban railway, the Circumvesuviana. Passengers can ride direct to Napoli Porta Nolana railway station near the Porta Nolana, Napoli Centrale railway station, and stations at Pomigliano d’Arco and Baiano. Connecting trains in that system go to the tourist attractions of Pompeii and Herculaneum.

In the 1990s to the 2000s, a waste management crisis broke out in the city as a result of illegal dumping by the Camorra. Most of the waste was dumped between Nola, Acerra, and Marigliano, referred to as the "Triangle of Death". A 2004 study by Alfredo Mazza published in *The Lancet Oncology* revealed that deaths by cancer in the area are much higher than the European average.

## Sights

* St Thomas's (**Basilica di San Tommaso**; built in the 3rd century, decorated with frescoes 9–11th century, later renovated)

Other Roman ruins, including a temple to Augustus, survived as long as the 16th century, they were then plundered for building material and few signs remain. A few tombs are preserved, and results from excavations are displayed at the Archaeological Museum. Other sites include:

* Nola Cathedral: a Gothic church (rebuilt in 1593, and again starting 1866)
* Old Cathedral (**Basilica of SS Apostoli**; according to tradition, first built AD 95, rebuilt 1190, reduced 1593, renovated in the Baroque style 1740s)
* Orsini Palace (**Palazzo Orsini**; first built in 1470, later modified and renovated)
* San Biago's, a late-Renaissance church decorated with polychrome marble and 17th-century Neapolitan paintings
* Seminario Vescovile Nola, the local seminary, which preserves the *Cippus Abellanus* Oscan inscriptions
* Cicala Castle
* Giordano Bruno monument
* History and Archaeology Museum of Nola

### Roman amphitheatre

The passion for gladiatorial combat was at its strongest in Campania among the locals and also the army veterans. So a permanent building for these was erected, as elsewhere, in the 1st c. BC, holding 20,000 spectators. The site was just inside the northern walls where existing buildings were demolished and one side of the arena took advantage of the wall embankment. The podium was faced with sheets of white marble elaborately carved with scenes and finished at the top with a balustrade with the same stone.

It was partially rebuilt and renovated over the centuries, maybe after earthquakes. By the end of the 5th century it was abandoned and used as a quarry. The eruption of Vesuvius in the early 6th century and the subsequent flood partially buried the building and saved some of it for posterity, including marble in the process of being carried away.

## Notable people

## Culture

Two fairs are held in Nola: one on 14 June and another on 12 November. The Festival of the Lilies (**Festa dei Gigli**) is held on 22 June or the Sunday beforehand, honouring St Paulinus. It lasts seven days, until the next Sunday. Eight lilies and a boat are made of wood and covered with papier-mache from the city's art shops. On the last day of the festival, the huge lilies are carried through the town on residents' shoulders along a route that has been followed for more than a thousand years. Each represents one of the local guilds or corporations, coming in the following order:

* Greengrocers (**Ortolano**)
* Butchers of pigs (**Salumiere**)
* Innkeepers (**Bettoliere**)
* Bakers (**Panettiere**)
* Boatmakers (**Barca**)
* Butchers of other meats (**Beccaio**)
* Shoemakers (**Calzolaio**)
* Smiths (**Fabbro**)
* Dressmakers (**Sarto**)

Each of the organizations is responsible for one day of the festivities. The 2010 festival—along with its fellows—was nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is possible that the design of the gigli may have influenced the design of the Watts Towers.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Nola is twinned with:

### Citations

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Nola | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
|  | |
| Location of Nola | |
| NolaLocation of Nola in ItalyNolaNola (Campania) | |
| Coordinates: 40°55′34″N 14°31′39″E / 40.92611°N 14.52750°E / 40.92611; 14.52750 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Campania |
| Metropolitan city | Naples (NA) |
| Area | |
| Total | 39.19 km2 (15.13 sq mi) |
| Population (2018-01-01) | |
| Total | 34,467 |
| Density | 880/km2 (2,300/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Patron saint | St. Felix Martyr |
| Saint day | November 15 |
| Website | comune.nola.na.it |


title: Orphnabaccha

abstract: Orphnabaccha is a genus of hoverflies in the Neotropical region, formerly included in the genus Ocyptamus, which was split after researchers determined it was not monophyletic.

text:
# Orphnabaccha

***Orphnabaccha*** is a genus of hoverflies in the Neotropical region, formerly included in the genus *Ocyptamus*, which was split after researchers determined it was not monophyletic.

## Species

THe following species are recognised in the genus *Orphnabaccha*:

## InfoBox

| *Orphnabaccha* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Tribe: | Syrphini |
| Genus: | *Orphnabaccha*<br>Vockeroth, 1969 |
|


title: Raf (singer)

abstract: Raffaele Riefoli is an Italian singer-songwriter who is better known as simply Raf.

text:
# Raf (singer)

**Raffaele Riefoli** (born 29 September 1959) is an Italian singer-songwriter who is better known as simply **Raf**.

## Biography

Riefoli lived the few first years of the 1980s in London, before starting out his musical career in 1984, landing mostly in the new wave scene with his English language debut album, *Raf*. His first single, "Self Control", which he co-wrote with Giancarlo Bigazzi and Steve Piccolo, was a huge hit not only in his native Italy but also in Austria (No. 7), Switzerland (No. 1) and Germany, where the single climbed as high as No. 2 in the Media Control single chart and spent a total of seven weeks within the Top 10. Raf's version of the song also managed to enter the Top-40 in France.

"Self Control" was recorded and released contemporaneously by American pop star Laura Branigan, previously best known for the hit singles "Gloria" (another cover version originally released by Italian singer Umberto Tozzi) and "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You". Branigan's version was released as the first single off her 1984 album, also titled *Self Control*, and became a worldwide dance and pop success, hitting No. 4 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 in the U.S. Branigan's version hit the No. 1 spot in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, South Africa and Canada, and was a major hit in Ireland, Australia, France, the Netherlands and the UK. Raf's version, which was charting high in numerous markets in 1984/85, was highly expected to become the most popular song in the history of the Italian music industry.

Other English-language singles from Raf, "Change Your Mind", "London Town" and "Hard", were not as successful, and after an unsuccessful 1987 re-release of his first album with two of these songs as bonus tracks, Riefoli began to transition from the new wave/dance-pop genre into a softer pop style featuring vocals in his native language. Raf has released 11 studio albums throughout the years, including the 1993 *Cannibali*, which has been certified six times platinum in Italy. That album contains many successful tracks including "Il battito animale", "Due" and "Stai con me".

Riefoli has also written songs for other Italian artists; the track "Si può dare di più", written for the trio Morandi-Ruggeri-Tozzi, won the first prize at the Sanremo Music Festival. Riefoli co-wrote the song "Gente di mare" with Umberto Tozzi and Giancarlo Bigazzi, and his duet with Tozzi became Italy's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1987, placing third. The recording was a top ten hit in Switzerland, Austria and Sweden.

In the German-speaking territories, where the German Red Army Faction, a terrorist cell, was popularly known by the acronym RAF, Riefoli was marketed as **Raff**, with a second "f". In the intervening years, a number of other artists including German and Italian artists unaffiliated with Riefoli have made recordings under the names Raf, RAF or R.A.F.

Raf continues to have a successful recording career in Italy with his latest studio albums, *Metamorfosi* (2008), *Numeri* (2011) and *Le ragioni del cuore* (2012), reaching No. 4, No. 6 and No. 13 respectively in the Italian album charts.

## Discography

### Studio albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | ITA
 | SUI
 |
| *Raf* | * Released: 1984 * Label: Carrere * Formats: Cassette, CD, LP |  |  |
| *Self Control* | * Released: 1987 * Label: Carrere * Formats: Cassette, CD, LP |  |  |
| *Svegliarsi un anno fa* | * Released: 16 May 1988 * Label: Warner * Formats: Cassette, CD, LP |  |  |
| *Cosa resterà...* | * Released: 7 February 1989 * Label: Warner * Formats: Cassette, CD, LP | 7 |  |
| *Sogni ...è tutto quello che c'è* | * Released: 1 March 1991 * Label: Warner * Formats: Cassette, CD, LP | 6 |  |
| *Cannibali* | * Released: May 1993 * Label: East West (Warner) * Formats: Cassette, CD, LP | 5 |  |
| *Manifesto* | * Released: 8 June 1995 * Label: East West (Warner) * Formats: Cassette, CD, LP | 5 |  |
| *La prova* | * Released: 19 November 1998 * Label: East West (Warner) * Formats: Cassette, CD, LP | 17 |  |
| *Iperbole* | * Released: 1 June 2001 * Label: East West (Warner) * Formats: Cassette, CD | 3 | 75 |
| *Ouch* |  | 7 | 90 |
| *Passeggeri distratti* | * Released: 26 May 2006 * Label: Columbia (Sony BMG) * Formats: CD, digital download | 3 |  |
| *Metamorfosi* | * Released: 20 September 2008 * Label: Columbia (Sony BMG) * Formats: CD, digital download | 4 |  |
| *Numeri* | * Released: 10 May 2011 * Label: Columbia (Sony Music) * Formats: CD, LP, digital download | 6 |  |
| *Sono io* |  | 7 |  |
| "—" denotes items that did not chart or were not released. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Compilation albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | ITA
 | |
| *Collezione temporanea* | * Released: 3 October 1996 * Label: Warner * Formats: Cassette, CD, LP | 5 |  |
| *Le ragioni del cuore* | * Released: 9 October 2012 * Label: Columbia (Sony Music) * Formats: CD, Digital download | 7 |
|
| *Raf Tozzi* | * Released: 30 November 2018 * Label: Sugar * Formats: CD, Digital download | 24 |
|

### Live albums

| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | ITA
 |
| *Soundview* | * Released: 30 October 2009 * Label: Colombia (Sony BMG) * Formats: CD, Digital Download | 29 |
|
| *Due, la nostra storia* | * Released: 29 November 2019 * Label: Friends & Partners * Formats: CD, Digital Download | 47 |
|

## Singles

### As lead artist

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | ITA
 | AUT
 | FRA
 | GER
 | SUI
 | |
| "Self Control" | 1984 | 1 | 7 | 40 | 2 | 1 | *Raf* |
| "I Don't Want to Lose You" | 1985 | 36 |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Change Your Mind" | 18 |  |  | 19 | |  |
| | "Hard" |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "London Town" | 1987 | 32 |  |  |  | |  |
| "Inevitabile follia" | 1988 | 10 |  |  |  |  | *Svegliarsi un anno fa* |
| | "Svegliarsi un anno fa" | 39 |  |  |  | |  |
| "La Battaglia del sesso" | 1989 |  |  |  |  |  | *Cosa resterà...* |
| | "Cosa resterà degli anni '80" | 6 |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Ti pretendo" | 2 |  |  |  | |  |
| "E' meglio così " | 1991 |  |  |  |  |  | *Sogni ...è tutto quello che c'è* |
| | "Interminatamente" | 3 |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Oggi un dio non-ho" | 3 |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Senza respiro" | 22 |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Siamo soli nell'immenso vuoto che c'è" | 3 |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Anche tu"(Raf featuring Eros Ramazzotti) |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "Il Battito animale" | 1993 | 4 |  |  |  |  | *Cannibali* |
| | "Cannibali" |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Il Canto" |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Due" | 5 |  |  |  | |  |
| "Stai con me" | 1994 | 20 |  |  |  | |  |
| "Dentro ai tuoi occhi" | 1995 |  |  |  |  |  | *Manifesto* |
| | "Il Suono c'è" |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "Un Grande salto" | 1996 |  |  |  |  |  | *Collezione temporanea* |
| "Lava" | 1998 |  |  |  |  |  | *La prova* |
| "La Danza della pioggia" | 1999 |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "Infinito" | 2001 | 1 |  |  |  | 89 | *Iperbole* |
| | "Via" | 19 |  |  |  | |  |
| "In tutti i miei giorni" | 2004 | 7 |  |  |  |  | *Ouch* |
| | "Superstiti" |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "Dimentica" | 2006 | 4 |  |  |  |  | *Passeggeri distratti* |
| | "Passeggeri distratti" | 23 |  |  |  | |  |
| "Ossigeno" | 2008 | 12 |  |  |  |  | *Metamorfosi* |
| | "Non è mai un errore" | 12 |  |  |  | |  |
| "Ballo" | 2009 |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Per tutto il tempo" | 47 |  |  |  |  | *Soundview* |
| "Un'emozione inaspettata" | 2011 | 28 |  |  |  |  | *Numeri* |
| "Le ragioni del cuore" | 2012 | 49 |  |  |  |  | *Le ragioni del cuore* |
| "Show Me the Way to Heaven"
(Raf vs. F-Clef) | 2014 | 35 |  |  |  |  | *Non-album single* |
| "Come una favola" | 2015 | 42 |  |  |  |  | *Sono io* |
| | "Rimani tu" |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Eclissi totale" |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Arcobaleni" |  |  |  |  | |  |
| "Come una danza" feat Umberto Tozzi | 2018 | - |  |  |  |  | *-* |
| "Samurai" con D'art | 2019 | - |  |  |  |  | *-* |
|
| "Liberi" con Danti e Fabio Rovazzi | 2020 | - |  |  |  |  | *-* |
|
| "Cherie" | 2022 | - |  |  |  |  | *-* |
|
| "80 voglia di te" | 2023 | - |  |  |  |  | *-* |
|

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | ITA
 | GER
 | SUI
 | |
| "Gente di mare"
(Umberto Tozzi e Raf) | 1987 |  |  |  | *Non-album track* |
| "Tu vivrai"
(Pooh, Eros Ramazzotti, Enrico Ruggeri, Raf, Umberto Tozzi) | 1990 |  |  |  | *Non-album track* |
| "Per la gloria"
(Mario Lavezzi, Gianni Bella, Riccardo Cocciante, G. Combo, Mango, Raf) | 1991 |  |  |  | *Non-album track* |
| "Mi rubi l'anima"
(Laura Pausini featuring Raf) | 1993 |  |  |  | *Laura Pausini* |
|
| "Come una danza"
(Raf featuring Umberto Tozzi) | 2018 |  |  |  |  |
|

Media related to Raf (Italian singer) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Raf | |
| --- | --- |
| Raf in concert in 2006 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Raffaele Riefoli |
| Also known as | Raf
Raff |
| Born | (1959-09-29) 29 September 1959 |
| Origin | Margherita di Savoia, Italy |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | Singer-songwriter |
| Instruments | * Vocals * guitar |
| Years active | 1983–present |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Website | www.raf.it |


title: Quail Ridge, Florida

abstract: Quail Ridge is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Pasco County, Florida, United States. Its population was 1,040 as of the 2010 census.

text:
# Quail Ridge, Florida

**Quail Ridge** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Pasco County, Florida, United States. Its population was 1,040 as of the 2010 census.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the community has an area of 4.639 square miles (12.01 km2); 4.156 square miles (10.76 km2) of its area is land, and 0.483 square miles (1.25 km2) is water.

## InfoBox

| Quail Ridge, Florida | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Quail Ridge, FloridaQuail Ridge, Florida | |
| Coordinates: 28°20′43″N 82°33′11″W / 28.34528°N 82.55306°W / 28.34528; -82.55306 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| County | Pasco |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.639 sq mi (12.01 km2) |
| Land | 4.156 sq mi (10.76 km2) |
| Water | 0.483 sq mi (1.25 km2) |
| Elevation | 56 ft (17 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 1,040 |
| Density | 220/sq mi (87/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 352 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2583377 |


title: Jacqueline Ki-Zerbo

abstract: Jacqueline Ki-Zerbo née Coulibaly was a Malian women's rights activist, pro-democracy activist and activist in the endogenous development of Africa. She was involved in the popular uprising of January 3, 1966 in which she led a group of women and young girls who marched on the presidency with inscription such as “water, bread and democracy for the people." She was awarded the Paul G. Hoffmann Award for outstanding work in national and international development in 1984.

text:
# Jacqueline Ki-Zerbo

**Jacqueline Ki-Zerbo** née Coulibaly (23 September 1933 – 15 December 2015) was a Malian women's rights activist, pro-democracy activist and activist in the endogenous development of Africa. She was involved in the popular uprising of January 3, 1966 in which she led a group of women and young girls who marched on the presidency with inscription such as “water, bread and democracy for the people." She was awarded the Paul G. Hoffmann Award for outstanding work in national and international development in 1984.

## Background

Ki-Zerbo was born in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso to Lazarre Coulibaly and Gertrude Traore. Ki-Zerbo began her post-secondary studies at Collége des Jeunes Filles in Bamako and completed her baccalaureate at École Normale de Rifisque in Dakar, Senegal. Ki-Zerbo received her license in English at the Sorbonne in Paris in 1956. She married Joseph Ki-Zerbo in 1956. They had three sons and two daughters together.

Ki-Zerbo was employed as an English teacher at the Lycée Philippe Zinda Kaboré in Ouagadougou in 1961 and became the director of the Normal Course for Young Girls (since renamed Nelson Mandela High School) in Ouagadougou, until 1974, when she served the trade union press Voices of the Teachers. In the 1960s, she joined Guinea to support Ahmed Sékou Touré. Ki-Zerbo joined the Teacher's Training School for Girls in Burkina Faso as the first female African Director. While there, she pushed for legislation that would allow pregnant girls to continue their studies at school.

Ki-Zerbo was active in the international community. She was the co-ordinator of the Permanent Interstate Committee for drought control in the Sahel's Sahel Improved Housing Programme from 1981 to 1983, during which time she was instrumental in spreading knowledge about fuel-saving cookstoves. Ki-Zerbo was the first Director of UNIFEM in West and Central Africa, and represented West and Central Africa in the UNIFEM Development Fund for Women in 1987. She helped lead the first effort to mainstream gender in development at the Chad UNDP Round table. Recognizing that women headed 80% of the Sahel's agricultural workforce, she encouraged national governments and international donors to provide women in the Sahel region with the tools to enter and succeed in business and serve as liaisons between communities and policy-makers.

Ki-Zerbo died on December 15, 2015, in Ouagadougou. She was buried in Toma in the province of Nayala.

## Honours

* 1984: Paul G. Hoffmann Prize for outstanding work in national and international development
* 1994: Nominated as one of The American Biographical Institute's Most Admired Men and Women.
* 2008: Decorated as a knight of the National Order of Merit in Arts, Letters and Communication with the “oral and written literature” staple as part of the Ouagadougou International Book Fair (FILO)

## InfoBox

| Jacqueline Ki-Zerbo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Jacqueline Coulibaly
(1933-09-23)September 23, 1933
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso |
| Died | December 15, 2015(2015-12-15) (aged 82)
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso |
| Resting place | Toma, Burkina Faso, Nayala Province |
| Alma mater | Sorbonne
École Normale de Rifisque |
| Organization | UNIFEM |
| Spouse | Joseph Ki-Zerbo |
| Children | three sons, two daughters |
| Parents | * Lazarre Coulibaly (father) * Gertrude Traore (mother) |


title: Pirituba

abstract: Pirituba is a district in the subprefecture of Pirituba-Jaraguá in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. It is located in the northwestern side of the city. A person who lives in Pirituba is often called "piritubano". It is located near roads such as Marginal Tietê, Rodovia dos Bandeirantes and Rodovia Anhanguera. It borders the districts of Lapa, São Domingos, Freguesia do Ó, Brasilândia and Jaraguá. Pirituba's name origin is the juxtaposition of the Tupi language words piri and tuba ("many").

text:
# Pirituba

**Pirituba** is a district in the subprefecture of Pirituba-Jaraguá in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. It is located in the northwestern side of the city. A person who lives in Pirituba is often called *"piritubano"*.

It is located near roads such as Marginal Tietê, Rodovia dos Bandeirantes and Rodovia Anhanguera. It borders the districts of Lapa, São Domingos, Freguesia do Ó, Brasilândia and Jaraguá.

Pirituba's name origin is the juxtaposition of the Tupi language words *piri* (Southern cattail, a marshland plant of the Typha genus) and *tuba* ("many").

## History

In the 19th century, the lands where Pirituba now lies were occupied by coffee farms (Portuguese: *fazenda*), such as Fazenda Barreto (owned by Luiz Pereira Barreto), Fazenda Anastacio (owned by Anastacio de Freitas Trancoso and later by Rafael Tobias de Aguiar), and Fazenda Jaraguá.

In 1885, the São Paulo Railway opened a train station in Pirituba as part of the Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí line.

When the owner of the Fazenda Barreto died in 1922, the land was split between his heirs. In the same year the farm's first share was settled, and in 1926 the second share was settled. Those two settlements, together with the initial nucleus established by the train station, become the district's core for development.

## Sports

Pirituba has a strong tradition in sports. One of the first rugby teams of Brazil is from Pirituba, and it has one of the biggest baseball fields in the country. There is a strong pedigree of football players and the sport is very popular in the area. Famous Arsenal footballer, Gabriel Magalhães grew up in the area.

## Attractions in Pirituba

* Casa de Nassau - Dutch immigrants' club
* Casarão do Anastácio - Fazenda Anastácio's farmhouse
* Parque Cidade de Toronto (Toronto City Park) - opened on July 1, 1992, in a partnership with the Canadian city
* Pico do Jaraguá

## InfoBox

| Pirituba | |
| --- | --- |
| Location in the city of São Paulo | |
| Country | Brazil |
| State | São Paulo |
| City | São Paulo |
| Government | |
| Type | Subprefecture |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 161.796 |
| **HDI** | 0.841 –high |
| Website | Subprefecture of Pirituba |
| Demonym: Piritubano | |


title: Raymond Cattell bibliography

abstract: This is a bibliography of books by psychologist Raymond Cattell.

text:
# Raymond Cattell bibliography

This is a bibliography of books by psychologist **Raymond Cattell**.

## 1930s

* Cattell, Raymond B. (1930). *Cattell group intelligence scale*. London: Harrap.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1930). *The subjective character of cognition. British Journal of Psychology Series, No. 5*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Cattell, Raymond B. Translation of E. Kretschmer (1931). *The psychology of men of genius*. London: Kegan Paul.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1933). "The mind of primitive man (review)". *Psychology and social progress: Mankind and destiny from the standpoint of a scientist*. New York, NY: C.W. Daniel. ASIN B000878ET4.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1934). *Your mind and mine: An account of psychology for the inquiring layman and the prospective student*. New York, NY: G.G. Harrap & co. ltd. ASIN B00086ZA4W.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1936). *A guide to mental testing for psychological clinics, schools, and industrial psychologists*. New York, NY: University of London Press. ASIN B00085OKQ2.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1937). *Under sail through red Devon: Being the log of the voyage of 'Sandpiper.'*. London: Alexander Maclehose. ASIN B00088U8VK.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1937). *The fight for our national intelligence*. London: P.S. King & Son. ASIN B000859Y5E.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1938). *Crooked Personalities in Childhood and After: An Introduction to psychotherapy*. London: Century.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1938). *Psychology and the religious quest: An account of the psychology of religion and a defence of individualism*. London: T. Nelson. ASIN B00086CP0Y.

## 1940s

* Cattell, Raymond B. (1941). *General psychology*. New York, NY: Sci-art publishers. ASIN B0007DXYRQ.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1949). *Test of "g": Culture fair*. Savoy, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. ASIN B0007GWGM2.

## 1950s

* Cattell, Raymond B. (1950). *Personality: A systematic theoretical and factual study (McGraw-Hill publications in psychology)*. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ASIN B0006D6N7A.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1950). *Culture Fair Intelligence Test: A measure of "g"*. Savoy, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. ASIN B0007HC45U.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1951). *Distribution of psychosis, neurosis and neurotic conditions produced by war*. New York, NY: Dept. of Defense, Research and Development Board. ASIN B0007HKFT2.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1951). *The distribution of national resources of intelligence and special aptitudes*. New York, NY: Dept. of Defense, Research and Development Board. ASIN B0007HKFTC.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1951). *The distribution of civilian occupations and their relation to mobilization*. New York, NY: Dept. of Defense, Research and Development Board. ASIN B0007HKFSS.
* Cattell, Raymond B. *Research on the psychodynamics of groups under control condition: Principally directed to discover objectively measurable independent dimensions of group morale and performance*. ASIN B0007JHGI8.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1952). *Cattell group and individual intelligence tests: With an introductory note*. G.G. Harrap. ASIN B0007K1F7A.
* Cattell, Raymond B. *A universal index for psychological factors (Illinois. University. Laboratory of Personality Assessment and Group Behavior. Advance publication)*. ASIN B0007HC2VQ.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1953). *Handbook for the junior personality quiz: "the J.P.Q.": a questionnaire measuring 12 personality factors in 10-16 year old children*. ASIN B0007GTSJ6.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1954). *C.P.F. \[contact personality factor test\]*. Savoy, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. ASIN B0007FNJ8S.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1955). *Handbook for the Objective-Analytic Personality Test batteries: (including Adult and Child O-A Batteries)*. Savoy, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. ASIN B0007GR7PS.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1957). *Personality and motivation structure and measurement*. World Book Co. ASIN B0007DER4U.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1957). *Handbook for the IPAT anxiety scale questionnaire (self analysis form): Brief, verbal questionnaire, Q-form, as distinct from objective T-battery*. Savoy, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. ASIN B0007GTSW8.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1957). *Culture fair intelligence test, a measure of "g": Scale 3, forms A and B (high school pupils and adults of superior intelligence)*. Savoy, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. ASIN B0007FNIY8.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1958). *The nature of anxiety: a review of thirteen multivariate analyses comprising 814 variables (Psychological Reports)*. ASIN B0007GWFRS.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1958). *High school personality questionnaire: The HSPQ test*. Savoy, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. ASIN B0007GTSLY.

## 1960s

* Cattell, Raymond B. (1960). *Objective-analytic (O-A) anxiety battery*. Savoy, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. ASIN B0007FEWZ2.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1960). *Measuring intelligence with the Culture Fair Tests*. Savoy, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. ASIN B00072C26G.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1960). *The dimensions of groups and their relations to the behavior of members: A large-scale experimental study and a theoretical model*. Savoy, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. ASIN B0007F0KYO.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1962). *Recent advances in the measurement of anxiety, neuroticism, and the psychotic syndromes (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences)*. New York: The Academy. ASIN B0007GX8QK.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1962). *Handbook for the sixteen personality factor questionnaire, "The 16 P.F. Test" forms A, B, and C*. Savoy, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. ASIN B0007FLPUC.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1962). *Handbook for the Jr.-Sr. high school personality questionnaire: "the HSPQ"*. Savoy, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. ASIN B0007GTSL4.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1963). *The nature and measurement of anxiety*. New York: W.H. Freeman. ASIN B0007G1MZO.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1963). *Handbook for the IPAT Anxiety Scale questionnaire (self analysis form): A brief, valid, and non-stressful questionnaire scale, measuring anxiety level ... young adults down to 14 or 15 years of age*. Savoy, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing. ASIN B0007EFWNO.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1965). *The general relations of changes in personality and interest to changes in school performance*. Champaign, IL: Laboratory of Personality Assessment and Group Behavior; Dept. of Psychology, University of Illinois. ASIN B0007FE2T8.
* Cattell, Raymond B. (1965). *The Scientific Analysis of Personality*. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. ASIN B0007FE2T8.
* Cattell, R. B., & Butcher, H. J. (1968). The prediction of achievement and creativity. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

## 1970s

* Cattell, R. B. (1973). Personality and mood by questionnaire. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
* Cattell, R. B., & Child, D. (1975). Motivation and dynamic structure. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
* Cattell, R. B., & Kline, P. (1977). The scientific analysis of personality and motivation. New York: Academic Press.
* Cattell, R. B. (1978). The scientific use of factor analysis in behavioral and life sciences. New York: Plenum.
* Cattell, R. B., & Dreger, R. M. (Eds.). (1978). Handbook of modern personality theory. New York: Wiley.
* Cattell, R. B. (1979). Personality and Learning Theory: Volume 1, The Structure of Personality in Its Environment. New York: Springer.

## 1980s

* Cattell, R. B. (1980). Personality and Learning Theory: Volume 2, A Systems Theory of Maturation and Structured Learning. New York: Springer.
* Cattell, R. B. (1983). Structured personality-learning theory: a wholistic multivariate research approach. New York: Praeger.
* Cattell, R. B., & Johnson, R. C. (Eds.). (1986). Functional psychological testing: Principles and instruments. New York: Brunner-Mazel.
* Cattell, R. B. (1987). Psychotherapy by structured learning theory. New York: Springer.
* Cattell, R. B. (1987). *Intelligence: Its Structure, Growth and Action.* New York: North-Holland.
* Cattell, R. B. (1987). Beyondism: Religion from Science. New York: Praeger.
* Cattell, R. B., & Nesselroade, J. R. (Eds.) (1988). Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology (2nd rev. ed.). New York: Plenum

For a book and article bibliography, see this page.


title: Mordellistena varians

abstract: Mordellistena vapida is a species of beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1862.

text:
# Mordellistena varians

***Mordellistena vapida*** is a species of beetle in the genus *Mordellistena* of the family Mordellidae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1862.

## InfoBox

| *Mordellistena varians* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Mordellidae |
| Genus: | *Mordellistena* |
| Species: | ***M. varians*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mordellistena varians***<br>LeConte, 1862 | |
|