title: Medicare dual eligible

abstract: Dual-eligible beneficiaries refers to those qualifying for both Medicare and Medicaid benefits. In the United States, approximately 9.2 million people are eligible for "dual" status. Dual-eligibles make up 14% of Medicaid enrollment, yet they are responsible for approximately 36% of Medicaid expenditures. Similarly, duals total 20% of Medicare enrollment, and spend 31% of Medicare dollars. Dual-eligibles are often in poorer health and require more care compared with other Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries.

text:
# Medicare dual eligible

Dual-eligible beneficiaries (**Medicare dual eligibles or "duals"**) refers to those qualifying for both Medicare and Medicaid benefits. In the United States, approximately 9.2 million people are eligible for "dual" status. Dual-eligibles make up 14% of Medicaid enrollment, yet they are responsible for approximately 36% of Medicaid expenditures. Similarly, duals total 20% of Medicare enrollment, and spend 31% of Medicare dollars. Dual-eligibles are often in poorer health and require more care compared with other Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries.

## Medicare and Medicaid coverage for dual-eligibles

Medicare is the primary payer for most services, but Medicaid covers benefits not offered by Medicare. Medicare coverage for dual-eligibles includes hospitalizations, physician services, prescription drugs, skilled nursing facility care, home health visits, and hospice care. Under Medicaid, states are required to cover certain items and services for dual-eligibles, including long-term nursing facility services and home health services. Although states are required to cover certain populations and services, they have the option to expand coverage beyond these mandatory levels (i.e., offer home and community-based services), and accordingly state Medicaid programs vary in scope. Dual-eligibles may be categorized as full-benefit or partial-benefit. Those with full benefits may receive the entire range of Medicaid benefits; those with partial-benefits do not receive Medicaid-covered services, but Medicaid covers their Medicare premiums or cost-sharing, or both. Partial benefit dual-eligible beneficiaries have limited income and assets, but their income and assets are not low enough to qualify them for full Medicaid benefits in their state.

## Change in prescription drug coverage for dual-eligibles

With the advent of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, these dual eligibles have automatically been enrolled to a random Medicare Part D plan, effective January 1 of 2006. As a result of this auto assignment, participants who were already enrolled in a Medicare Advantage HMO, may have been automatically disenrolled from their medical plan to allow for part D enrollment. Medicaid will still cover drugs for dual-eligible patients that are not covered by Medicare Part D, including certain controlled substances.

## Efforts to integrate Medicare and Medicaid benefits

Dual-eligibles typically receive their Medicare and Medicaid benefits through each program separately. For Medicare benefits, beneficiaries may opt to enroll in Medicare's traditional fee-for-service (FFS) program or in a private Medicare Advantage (MA) plan (Medicare Part C), which is administered by a Managed Care Organization (MCO), under contract with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), the agency in the Department of Health and Human Services that administers the Medicare program and oversees state Medicaid programs. In addition, dual-eligibles may choose a type of MA plan called a dual-eligible special needs plan (D-SNP), which is designed to target the needs of this population. For Medicaid benefits, beneficiaries generally enroll in their state's Medicaid FFS program or a Medicaid managed care plan administered by an MCO under contract with the state.

Recently, Congress and CMS have placed greater emphasis on the coordination and integration of Medicare and Medicaid benefits for dual-eligible beneficiaries. For example, the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 required D-SNPs to contract with state Medicaid agencies to provide Medicaid benefits. More recently, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) established a type of D-SNP, referred to as a Fully Integrated Dual Eligible (FIDE) SNP, which—unlike other D-SNPs—is designed to integrate program benefits for dual-eligible beneficiaries through a single managed care organization, although payment is generally provided separately by each program. In 2011, CMS announced a financial alignment demonstration that is intended to further integrate the programs' services. CMS expects that the demonstration will decrease incentives for cost shifting and increase care coordination, resulting in improved care for beneficiaries and savings to Medicare and Medicaid. CMS projects that approximately 61 to 75 percent of savings will come from reductions in costly Medicare-covered services.

## Historical challenges with the dually-eligible

Historically, one of the major challenges for the dually-eligible has been care coordination between Medicare and Medicaid. These two systems of care do not "talk to each other" systematically, so one physician that bills primarily through Medicare may not be familiar with benefits that are available through Medicaid. Additionally, since Medicaid benefits vary by state, it is difficult for care providers and consumers to understand the complexity that is inherent within the Medicaid system.

Because duals tend to be the most vulnerable, and often sickest, adults, their care has historically been expensive, totaling $319.5 billion in 2011. One proposed reason for this significant cost would be that many Medicaid programs, prior to the 2010 passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) used a fee-for-service model. Fee-for-service models are typically more costly because they allow providers to charge for the quantity of care they provide, rather than the quality.

In order to resolve these pain points, the ACA includes provisions that specifically address the coverage and care of duals. On a federal level, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has established two new offices: The Federal Coordinated Health Care Office (FCHCO aka the "duals office") as well as the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI) in order to both strategize and monitor the type and quality of care afforded to duals. These offices focus on both monetary expenses as well as care innovation and quality for dual eligible beneficiaries.

## Research

A study by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that the integration of Medicare and Medicaid benefits generally improves the care provided to dual-eligibles but does not lead to Medicare savings or a reduction in costly Medicare services (i.e., emergency room visits, hospital admissions, and 30-day risk-adjusted all-cause readmissions). Medicare Advantage health plans that fully integrated Medicare and Medicaid benefits for dual-eligibles (i.e., FIDE-SNPs) generally had better quality of care scores (particularly for intermediate outcome measures) relative to plans with less integration of benefits. However, only FIDE-SNPs that operated in states with long-standing integration programs performed well on quality of care scores. While the care provided generally improved for dual-eligibles enrolled in FIDE-SNPs, very few of these plans reported lower estimated Medicare costs relative to what Medicare's fee-for-service program would have spent for beneficiaries with the same demographic and health characteristics. Furthermore, the FIDE-SNPs that reported potential Medicare savings generally did not demonstrate lower costs than other D-SNPs in the same geographic areas. These results were consistent for dual-eligibles both under the age of 65 and those age 65 and over. While operating specialized plans and integrating benefits could lead to improved care, GAO's results suggest that these conditions have not demonstrated a reduction in dual-eligible beneficiaries' Medicare spending compared with Medicare spending in settings without integrated benefits. Because the GAO study also found that the average number of costly Medicare services increases as the number of chronic and mental health conditions increase, it is possible that savings were not demonstrated because the population being served by FIDE-SNPs is too large to be cost-effective and major complications were averted for relatively few beneficiaries.

A study looking at physician's views of Medicare Part D, and in particular how it pertains to dual-eligibles, found that many physicians expressed concern regarding access to prescription drugs, especially for dual-eligibles. Almost half of physicians responded that the access to prescription drugs for dual-eligibles was worse under Part D than relative to the previous Medicaid, and more than half (63%) reported higher administration burden. Many physicians stated that dual-eligibles had less access under Part D than in three Medicaid restrictive states. This suggests that the transparency of Part D formulary coverage needs to be improved to improve access to these resources for physicians.

A further study by the same group of researchers found that despite the above physicians' views on access to healthcare among dual-eligibles, there were no statistically significant changes in pharmaceutical utilization or out-of-pocket expenditures in the 18 months after Medicare Part D implementation. When comparing a group of dual-eligibles (the experimental group) with a control group of near-elderly Medicaid-covered patients, both groups showed a decline in costs rights after the implementation of Part D, which then leveled off. The expenditures for both groups tracked each other.


title: Lojze Krakar

abstract: Lojze Krakar was a Slovene poet, translator, editor, literary historian, and essayist. He also wrote poetry for children. Krakar was born in Semič in White Carniola in 1926. He studied Slavic languages and literature at the University of Ljubljana and graduated in 1954 and obtained a doctorate from the Frankfurt Goethe University in 1970. He worked as a lecturer, editor, and translator. In 1963 he won the Prešeren Foundation Award for his poetry collection Cvet pelina. In 1977 he was awarded the Grand Prešeren Award for his poetry collection Nekje tam čisto na robu He won the Levstik Award twice, in 1962 for his book of poetry for children Sonce v knjigi, and in 1991 for his story in verse Prišel je lev.

text:
# Lojze Krakar

**Lojze Krakar** (21 February 1926 – 24 December 1995) was a Slovene poet, translator, editor, literary historian, and essayist. He also wrote poetry for children.

Krakar was born in Semič in White Carniola in 1926. He studied Slavic languages and literature at the University of Ljubljana and graduated in 1954 and obtained a doctorate from the Frankfurt Goethe University in 1970. He worked as a lecturer, editor, and translator.

In 1963 he won the Prešeren Foundation Award for his poetry collection *Cvet pelina* (The Flower of the Woodworm). In 1977 he was awarded the Grand Prešeren Award for his poetry collection *Nekje tam čisto na robu* (Somewhere There Right on the Edge) He won the Levstik Award twice, in 1962 for his book of poetry for children *Sonce v knjigi* (The Sun in a Book), and in 1991 for his story in verse *Prišel je lev* (The Lion Arrived).

## Published works

### Poetry collections

## InfoBox

| Lojze Krakar | |
| --- | --- |
| Lojze Krakar | |
| Born | (1926-02-21)21 February 1926
Semič, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (now in Slovenia) |
| Died | 24 December 1995(1995-12-24) (aged 69)
Ljubljana, Slovenia |
| Occupation | * Poet * translator * editor * literary historian * essayist |
| Literary movement | Intimism |
| Notable works | *Goethe pri Slovencih*, *Cvet pelina*, *Nekje tam čisto na robu*, *Sonce v knjigi*, *Prišel je lev* |
| Notable awards | Levstik Award
1962 *Sonce v knjigi*
Prešeren Foundation Award
1963 *Cvet pelina*
Prešeren Award
1977 *Nekje tam čisto na robu*
Levstik Award
1991 *Prišel je lev*
 |


title: Gallinara

abstract: Gallinara Island is a small, isolated private island that lies in the Ligurian Sea off the coast of Albenga in the Province of Savona, Liguria, northern Italy. It is known for its unique humped shape, resembling a turtle and its large population of Herring Gulls.

text:
# Gallinara

**Gallinara Island** (known as *Isola Gallinara* in italian, anciently *Isola d'Albenga*, *Ìsua Gainâa* in ligurian) is a small, isolated private island that lies in the Ligurian Sea off the coast of Albenga in the Province of Savona, Liguria, northern Italy. It is known for its unique humped shape, resembling a turtle and its large population of Herring Gulls.

## Etymology

The name comes from “gallina” (Italian for hens) as a population of moorhens used to populate the island.

## Geography

The island is 11 hectare and its highest point is at 87 meters. The island is equidistant between Marina di Alassio and the coastal city of Albenga, both located on the mainland just a few kilometres from the island.

## History

On the island, then called Gallinara, Martin, destined to become Saint Martin of Tours, decided in his youth to seek shelter and live the solitary life of a hermit, before he joined Hilary of Poitiers in Gaul. The wreck of a Roman ship has been found in the waters of its coast. It was owned by the church until 1842. During World War II the island was occupied by German soldiers. In late 2020, the island was reported to be sold to Ukrainian aerospace tycoon Oleksander Boguslayev for 25 million euros, with criticism by politicians and locals, as the island is considered a heritage site by many. However, the island was not sold and reverted to being public when it was acquired by MiBACT, the Italian Ministry of Culture.

## Nature conservation

The island is protected as the **Riserva Naturale Regionale dell'Isola Gallinara**, established in 1989. It's a shelter for the herring gull, with one of the largest colonies of this bird in the Mediterranean, and for rare plant species and stretches of intact shallow sea floor. It is also included in a SIC *(Site of Community Importance)* called *Isola Gallinara* (code IT1324908 ).

## InfoBox

Isola Gallinara
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Isola Gallinara | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Ligurian Sea |
| Coordinates | 44°01′32″N 8°13′34″E / 44.025528°N 8.226222°E / 44.025528; 8.226222 |
| Area | .11 km2 (0.042 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 87 m (285 ft) |
| Administration | |
| **Italy** | |
| Region | Liguria |
| Province | Savona |
| Communes | Albenga |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 0 |


abstract: Marks Creek Township is one of twenty townships within Wake County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, Marks Creek Township had a population of 21,932, a 34.7% increase over 2000. Marks Creek Township, occupying 53.1 square miles (137.4 km⁲) in eastern Wake County, includes the entire town of Wendell.

text:
# Marks Creek Township, Wake County, North Carolina

**Marks Creek Township** (also designated **Township 10**) is one of twenty townships within Wake County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, Marks Creek Township had a population of 21,932, a 34.7% increase over 2000.

Marks Creek Township, occupying 53.1 square miles (137.4 km2) in eastern Wake County, includes the entire town of Wendell.

35°48′34″N 78°24′25″W / 35.8093444°N 78.4069732°W / 35.8093444; -78.4069732


title: Łączyn

abstract: Łączyn is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jędrzejów, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Jędrzejów and 38 km (24 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Łączyn

**Łączyn** \[ˈwɔnt͡ʂɨn\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jędrzejów, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Jędrzejów and 38 km (24 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Łączyn | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Łączyn | |
| Coordinates: 50°36′52″N 20°17′31″E / 50.61444°N 20.29194°E / 50.61444; 20.29194 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Jędrzejów |
| Gmina | Jędrzejów |
| Population | 440 |


title: Worrall Covered Bridge

abstract: The Worrall Covered Bridge, also known as the Woralls Bridge or Worral Bridge is a wooden covered bridge carrying Williams Road across the Williams River in Rockingham, Vermont, United States. Built about 1870, it is the only surviving 19th-century covered bridge in the town, after the Hall Covered Bridge collapsed in 1980 and was replaced in 1982, and the Bartonsville Covered Bridge was washed away by Hurricane Irene in 2011 and replaced in 2012-2013. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The bridge was damaged by the flooding on July 10, 2023, and its fate has not yet been decided.

text:
# Worrall Covered Bridge

The **Worrall Covered Bridge**, also known as the **Woralls Bridge** or **Worral Bridge** is a wooden covered bridge carrying Williams Road across the Williams River in Rockingham, Vermont, United States. Built about 1870, it is the only surviving 19th-century covered bridge in the town, after the Hall Covered Bridge collapsed in 1980 and was replaced in 1982, and the Bartonsville Covered Bridge was washed away by Hurricane Irene in 2011 and replaced in 2012-2013. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The bridge was damaged by the flooding on July 10, 2023, and its fate has not yet been decided.

## Description and history

The Worrall Covered Bridge is located on Williams Road, a dirt road a short distance north of Vermont Route 103, that generally parallels the Williams River on its north side, while VT 103 follows the river on the south side. The bridge is a Town lattice truss structure, with a total span of 82 feet (25 m) and a total structure length of 87 feet (27 m). The trusses rest on stone abutments that have been reinforced with concrete, and the road bed (14 feet (4.3 m) wide, or one lane) has been reinforced with laminated beams. It is topped by a gabled metal roof, and is sheathed in vertical board siding, with openings on its south side to improve traffic visibility. The bridge includes one rare feature — a wooden ramp leading up to the northwest entrance.

The bridge was built in 1870 by Sanford Granger, a local master builder. Of seventeen 19th-century bridges once located in the town, it is the only one that remains. At the time of its National Register listing in 1973, there were three such bridges in Rockingham, but the other two have since been destroyed and replaced with new covered bridges (see above).

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Worrall Covered Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The southeast approach to the Worrall bridge. Note the rare wooden ramp on the opposite end. | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Rockingham, Vermont |
| Coordinates | 43°12′41.77″N 72°32′8.74″W / 43.2116028°N 72.5357611°W / 43.2116028; -72.5357611 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1870 (1870) |
| Architect | Granger, Sanford |
| Architectural style | Town lattice truss |
| NRHP reference No. | 73000209 |
| Added to NRHP | July 16, 1973 |


title: Villa Puccini

abstract: Villa Puccini is a cultural site in Torre del Lago, near Viareggio in Tuscany, Italy. It is a museum dedicated to the composer Giacomo Puccini, who lived here from 1900 to 1921.

text:
# Villa Puccini

**Villa Puccini** is a cultural site in Torre del Lago, near Viareggio in Tuscany, Italy. It is a museum dedicated to the composer Giacomo Puccini, who lived here from 1900 to 1921.

## History and description

From 1891, the composer and his family spent summers at Torre del Lago. Puccini bought a property in 1899 on the shore of Lake Massaciuccoli, and it was renovated, becoming his permanent residence. He worked here on many of his operas, from *Manon Lescaut* (first performed in 1893) to *Il trittico* (1918).

He moved to Viareggio in 1921, where he began his last opera *Turandot*. He died in 1924 in Brussels, after a throat operation.

Giacomo Puccini's son Antonio turned the building into a museum in 1925. The composer was buried in 1926 in a chapel created by Antonio in the villa.

The composer's granddaughter Simonetta Puccini became the owner of the villa in 1996. The Simonetta Puccini Foundation was established in 2005; an objective was to restore the villa to its appearance when inhabited. The composer's two pianos in the villa, by Förster and Steinway & Sons, were renovated in 2010. There was restoration in 2012 of the roof and of the façade, which regained its original colour of about 1900. In 2015 the bedroom of Giacomo and his wife Elvira was restored to its appearance in 1905, when the composer renovated the furnishings in shades of green; other room on the upper floor were also restored. In 2017 the parquet floor of the dining room was restored.

### Auditorium and Archive

The Simonetti Puccini Auditorium, inaugurated in August 2021, is in a building next to the villa. It seats 99; concerts, conferences and other events may be held.

The building also houses the offices of the Foundation, and the Puccini Archive. There are about 28,500 documents in the archive, including about 10,500 letters and 1,500 musical manuscripts, and some 2,100 photographs. There is also the family musical library, that came to Giacomo Puccini from his musician ancestors. Documents may be available to scholars on request.

## InfoBox

| Villa Puccini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Torre del Lago |
| Address | Viale Puccini 266 |
| Town or city | Viareggio, Tuscany |
| Country | Italy |
| Coordinates | 43°49′57.03″N 10°18′21.78″E / 43.8325083°N 10.3060500°E / 43.8325083; 10.3060500 |
| Website | |
| www.giacomopuccini.it/en/villa-puccini | |


title: Lombard syllogae

abstract: Many travellers in Lombard Italy during the sixth through eighth centuries wrote down inscriptions in syllogae, providing an important record of what was left of ancient Rome during the Lombard period. Generally written by Anglo-Saxons, the syllogae demonstrate that inscriptions were plentiful along the via Flaminia and in the city of Rome. The reasons for recording inscriptions varied. Some are interested solely in inscriptions on churches and Christian monuments. These, like Sylloge einsiedlensis from the time of Charlemagne and Pope Hadrian I, often include itineraries of "the places of the saints", for the benefit of fellow pilgrims, and reports of the liturgical practices of the Patria sancti Petri. Others, like the Sylloge laureshamensis, contain classical and pagan inscriptions with references to emperors, important personages, titles and offices. The author of the Laureshamensis traversed the peninsula between Rome and Ivrea, passing through Milan, Pavia, Piacenza, Ravenna, Spoleto and Vercelli. He had a special interest in metrical inscriptions and his Piacentine collection he divided under the headings RITHM and METR, indicating rhythmic and hexametric metre, respectively. The Sylloge centulensis, from an eighth- or ninth-century manuscript of the monastery of Corvey, compiled on a trip from Rome to Spoleto to Ravenna, records "what we might term Petrean poetry", a style lying between classical and medieval forms. The seventh-century Sylloge turonensis concentrates on the monuments of Rome. Later examples include the Sylloge parisina, the Sylloge virdunensis and the Sylloge wirceburgensis. The surviving syllogae were first edited and studied by the archaeologist Giovanni Battista de Rossi, who published them in the first part of the second volume of his monumental Inscriptiones christianae urbis Romae septimo saeculo antiquiores.

text:
# Lombard syllogae

Many travellers in Lombard Italy during the sixth through eighth centuries wrote down inscriptions in ***syllogae*** (singular ***sylloge***), providing an important record of what was left of ancient Rome during the Lombard period. Generally written by Anglo-Saxons, the *syllogae* demonstrate that inscriptions were plentiful along the *via Flaminia* and in the city of Rome.

The reasons for recording inscriptions varied. Some are interested solely in inscriptions on churches and Christian monuments. These, like *Sylloge einsiedlensis* from the time of Charlemagne and Pope Hadrian I, often include itineraries of "the places of the saints" (*loca sanctorum*), for the benefit of fellow pilgrims, and reports of the liturgical practices of the *Patria sancti Petri*. Others, like the *Sylloge laureshamensis*, contain classical and pagan inscriptions with references to emperors, important personages, titles and offices. The author of the *Laureshamensis* traversed the peninsula between Rome and Ivrea, passing through Milan, Pavia, Piacenza, Ravenna, Spoleto and Vercelli. He had a special interest in metrical inscriptions and his Piacentine collection he divided under the headings RITHM and METR, indicating rhythmic and hexametric metre, respectively.

The *Sylloge centulensis*, from an eighth- or ninth-century manuscript of the monastery of Corvey, compiled on a trip from Rome to Spoleto to Ravenna, records "what we might term Petrean poetry", a style lying between classical and medieval forms. The seventh-century *Sylloge turonensis* concentrates on the monuments of Rome. Later examples include the *Sylloge parisina*, the *Sylloge virdunensis* and the *Sylloge wirceburgensis*.

The surviving *syllogae* were first edited and studied by the archaeologist Giovanni Battista de Rossi, who published them in the first part of the second volume of his monumental *Inscriptiones christianae urbis Romae septimo saeculo antiquiores* (Rome: 1857, 1861–88).

## Sources

* Everett, Nicholas. *Literacy in Lombard Italy, c. 568–774*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

## Further reading

* Silvagni, A. "The *Sylloge* of Cambridge", *Rivista di Archeologia Cristiana* **20** (1943): 74–95.


title: Gallinago

abstract: Gallinago is a genus of birds in the wader family Scolopacidae, containing 18 species.

text:
# Gallinago

***Gallinago*** is a genus of birds in the wader family Scolopacidae, containing 18 species.

## Taxonomy

The name *Gallinago* was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 as a subdivision of the genus *Scolopax*. Brisson did not use Carl Linnaeus's binomial system of nomenclature and although many of Brisson's genera had been adopted by ornithologists, his subdivision of genera were generally ignored. Instead, the erection of the genus *Gallinago* for the snipes was credited to the German zoologist Carl Ludwig Koch in a book published in 1816. But in 1920 it was discovered that the German naturalist Johann Samuel Traugott Frenzel had erected the genus *Capella* for the snipes in 1801. As his publication predated Koch's use of *Gallinago* it took precedence. The American Ornithologists' Union switched to *Capella* in 1921 and in 1934 the American ornithologist James L. Peters used *Capella* for the woodcocks in his influential *Check-list of Birds of the World*. This all changed in 1956 when the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled that *Gallinago* Brisson 1760 should have priority for the genus with the common snipe as the type species. The scientific name *gallinago* is Neo-Latin for a woodcock or snipe from Latin *gallina*, "hen" and the suffix *-ago*, "resembling".

The genus contains 18 species:

This genus contains the majority of the world's snipe species, the other two extant genera being *Coenocorypha*, with three species, and *Lymnocryptes*, the jack snipe. Morphologically, they are all similar, with a very long slender bill and cryptic plumage. Most have distinctive displays, usually given at dawn or dusk. They search for invertebrates in the mud with a "sewing-machine" action of their long bills.

Fossil bones of some undescribed *Gallinago* species most similar to the great snipe have been recovered in Late Miocene or Early Pliocene deposits (c. 5 mya) of Lee Creek Mine, USA. The large West Indian species *Gallinago kakuki* went extinct during the late Quaternary period, and despite its distribution may actually be more closely related to Old World snipe species than New World ones.

## InfoBox

| *Gallinago* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Common snipe | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Charadriiformes |
| Family: | Scolopacidae |
| Genus: | *Gallinago*
Brisson, 1760 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Scolopax gallinago*
Linnaeus, 1758 | |
| Species | |
| See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Capella* | |


title: Veckorevyn

abstract: VeckoRevyn is a Swedish lifestyle and women's magazine published in Stockholm, Sweden. It was published in print copies between 1935 and December 2018. Since 2019, it is only digitally available.

text:
# Veckorevyn

***VeckoRevyn*** (Swedish: *Weekly Review*) is a Swedish lifestyle and women's magazine published in Stockholm, Sweden. It was published in print copies between 1935 and December 2018. Since 2019, it is only digitally available.

## History and profile

*VeckoRevyn* was created in 1935 by Albert Bonnier, released by Bonnier Media Group. The publisher of the magazine was Bonnier Tidskrifter AB, and its headquarters is in Stockholm.

Ebba von Sydow edited the magazine. Bertil Torekull was one of the editors-in-chief of the magazine, who was also the editor-in-chief of another magazine *Bildjournalen*.

It was Bonnier's then development manager Gunny Widell who refocused the magazine, which gave her the Grand Journalist Award in 1981. Veckorevyn.com started in 2001 and is today one of Sweden's largest magazine sites. Every week, *Veckorevyn* arranges the blog event Blog Awards and runs the campaign Size Hero - for healthier ideals in the fashion industry.

It was launched as a weekly magazine. In later years, it has reduced the frequency of publishing, in line with declining circulation and investments on the Internet. It was published weekly between 1935 and 1999, while until 2011 it was published fortnightly. Starting with the October 2011 issue, it was published monthly, with the aim of producing a magazine with fuller editorial material. By 2016, it became a bimonthly. At the same time, a large part of its young readers considered having abandoned it. However, no name change was relevant, as the publisher considered "Veckorevyn" to be a strong brand.

*VeckoRevyn* sold 67,000 copies in 1999. In 2014 the circulation of the magazine was 40,600 copies. The magazine was the owner of Miss Sweden beauty pageant.

## InfoBox

*VeckoRevyn*
| Inga Tidblad on the cover of *Veckorevyn* | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | Irena Pozar |
| Categories | * Women's magazine * Lifestyle magazine |
| Frequency | Weekly (1935–1999)
Fortnightly (1999–2011)
Monthly (2011–2016)
Bimonthly (2016–2018) |
| Circulation | 40,600 (2014) |
| Publisher | PYT Media AB |
| Founder | Albert Bonnier |
| Founded | 1935 |
| Company | PYT Media AB |
| Country | Sweden |
| Based in | Stockholm |
| Language | Swedish |
| Website | *VeckoRevyn* |


title: Łączyno

abstract: Łączyno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stężyca, within Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-east of Stężyca, 15 km (9 mi) south-west of Kartuzy, and 43 km (27 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Łączyno

**Łączyno** \[wɔnˈt͡ʂɨnɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stężyca, within Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-east of Stężyca, 15 km (9 mi) south-west of Kartuzy, and 43 km (27 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Łączyno | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Łączyno | |
| Coordinates: 54°15′54″N 18°0′20″E / 54.26500°N 18.00556°E / 54.26500; 18.00556 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Kartuzy |
| Gmina | Stężyca |
| Population | 280 |


title: Worrall Frederick Mountain

abstract: Worrall Frederick Mountain was a justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1971 to 1979.

text:
# Worrall Frederick Mountain

**Worrall Frederick Mountain** (June 28, 1909 – August 24, 1992) was a justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1971 to 1979.

## Background

Mountain was born in East Orange, the son of Worrall Frederick Mountain, who had once served as the city's mayor. He graduated from Princeton University in 1931 and Harvard Law School in 1934. He was an associate with the Newark firm of Pitney, Hardin & Skinner and in 1940, he left to form the law firm of Mills, Jeffers & Mountain in Morristown. He served in the U.S. Navy during World War II.

## New Jersey courts

Mountain was elevated to the bench in 1966 and served in the New Jersey Superior Court and sat in the Appellate Division from 1970 to 1971. He was appointed to the Supreme Court by Governor of New Jersey William T. Cahill. He participated in such landmark cases as the discriminatory zoning matter of *Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Mount Laurel* in 1975, and the 1976 right-to-die decision regarding *In re Quinlan*.

## Later life, death, and legacy

Mountain retired from the bench in 1979, after which he returned to private practice. He resided in Hightstown. He died on August 24, 1992. An American Inns of Court bears his name.


title: WCAL

abstract: WCAL is a student-run college radio station serving PennWest California and the surrounding area, including Washington, Fayette, Westmoreland, Greene, and Allegheny counties.It also streams online. Broadcasting at 3.3 kilowatts, the station can be heard in a 30-40 mile radius of California, Pennsylvania. WCAL is FCC licensed to, and owned by, The Student Association, Inc., and broadcasts 24 hours per day from the 1st floor Media Suite in the Natali Student Center on the PennWest California campus. The station operates a freeform format, and airs a variety of student and staff programming each week. The station also broadcasts Vulcans football and men's and women's basketball games. WCAL is open to all students, regardless of major. PennWest California faculty and staff are also offered opportunities to air original programming.

text:
# WCAL

**WCAL** (91.9 FM) is a student-run college radio station serving PennWest California (formerly known as California University of Pennsylvania) and the surrounding area, including Washington, Fayette, Westmoreland, Greene, and Allegheny counties.It also streams online.

Broadcasting at 3.3 kilowatts, the station can be heard in a 30-40 mile radius of California, Pennsylvania.

WCAL is FCC licensed to, and owned by, The Student Association, Inc., and broadcasts 24 hours per day from the 1st floor Media Suite in the Natali Student Center on the PennWest California campus.

The station operates a freeform format, and airs a variety of student and staff programming each week. The station also broadcasts Vulcans football and men's and women's basketball games.

WCAL is open to all students, regardless of major. PennWest California faculty and staff are also offered opportunities to air original programming.

## History

The Vulcan Radio Club was formed in the mid-1960s, but it split within a couple of years between those interested in AM/FM broadcasting and amateur, or “ham,” radio operators.

In spring 1969, students attempted to set up an unlicensed station in Vulcan Lounge, according to the *Cal Times.*

The station – now called WMCL – moved first to McCloskey Hall, then to a student's basement, then to a house on Beazel Street where train whistles interrupted the programs.

Finally, in fall 1971, the radio station moved to the basement of the student center, and the Student Activities Association requested a 10-watt FM license from the Federal Communications Commission.

Permission was granted in 1972. An official station – the 10-watt WVCS (Voice of Cal State) – was finally on the air, operated by the Student Broadcast Club.

In 1992, the student center was expanded to twice its size and named for respected administrator Elmo Natali. The campus radio station, TV station and student newspaper moved to a new media center there.

In March 2005, WCAL management negotiated a deal with Minnesota Public Radio to acquire the WCAL call letters.

40°02′56″N 79°54′00″W / 40.049°N 79.900°W / 40.049; -79.900

## InfoBox

WCAL
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Frequency | 91.9 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Freeform |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Student Association, Inc. |
| History | |
| Former call signs | WVCS |
| Call sign meaning | For California University of Pennsylvania, former name of PennWest California |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 63559 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 3.3 kilowatts |
| HAAT | 49 meters |
| Transmitter coordinates | 40°2′58″N 79°54′11.7″W / 40.04944°N 79.903250°W / 40.04944; -79.903250 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | wcal.calu.edu |


title: Metropolitan Business Academy

abstract: Metropolitan Business Academy is an interdistrict magnet high school located on 115 Water Street in New Haven, New Haven County, in Connecticut, United States. It is part of the New Haven Public School District. It enrolls approximately 450 students. It is located near New Haven's Route 1 Highway and Long Island Sound. The school operates with three trimesters, and an alternating block schedule. Metropolitan offers students four academic paths of study - Allied Health and Science, Digital Arts and Technology, Law and Political Science, and Finance.

text:
# Metropolitan Business Academy

**Metropolitan Business Academy** is an interdistrict magnet high school located on 115 Water Street in New Haven, New Haven County, in Connecticut, United States. It is part of the New Haven Public School District. It enrolls approximately 450 students. It is located near New Haven's Route 1 Highway and Long Island Sound. The school operates with three trimesters, and an alternating block schedule (A day, B day).

Metropolitan offers students four academic paths of study - Allied Health and Science, Digital Arts and Technology, Law and Political Science, and Finance.

41°18′04″N 72°55′08″W / 41.3012°N 72.9188°W / 41.3012; -72.9188


title: Marne, Michigan

abstract: Marne is an unincorporated community in Wright Township of Ottawa County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

text:
# Marne, Michigan

**Marne** (/mɑːrn/) is an unincorporated community in Wright Township of Ottawa County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

## Geography

Marne is 2.19 sq mi (5.7 km2) large and it is 12 mi (19 km) northwest of downtown Grand Rapids.

The Marne ZIP code 49435 serves areas in southern and eastern Wright Township, as well as areas of central Tallmadge Township to the south and small areas of Alpine Township to the east in Kent County.

Marne is located at 43°02′10″N 85°49′40″W / 43.03611°N 85.82778°W / 43.03611; -85.82778 off exit 23 on Interstate 96, 12 miles northwest of Grand Rapids.

Township offices are located in the community.

## History

Marne was originally called **Berlin** due to the many German settlers in the area. It received a post office in 1852 and was platted in 1857. Due to anti-German sentiments during World War I, the name was changed in 1919 to Marne, to honor those soldiers who fought in the Second Battle of the Marne. However, the name Berlin continues to manifest in many ways, including Berlin Baptist Church, the Berlin Fairgrounds, Berlin Fair Drive and the Berlin Raceway, where Johnny Benson Jr. raced.

Marne (at the time Berlin) also served as a stop on the historic Grand Rapids, Grand Haven & Muskegon interurban railroad. The depot still remains to this day, although it serves as a restaurant now.

Ed Cole, an automotive executive for General Motors, was born in Marne, where his father was a dairy farmer.

Marne serves as a trailhead for the Musketawa Trail.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 US Census Bureau, the total population was 3,177. The median age was 42.8 and the percentage of high school graduates and higher was 91%. The median house value in 2011 was $177,300 while the median household income was $64,245. 6.8% of the population was below the poverty line in 2011.

## Education

The Kenowa Hills Public Schools serves Marne. Marne Elementary School was formerly located in Marne.

## InfoBox

| Marne, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
|  | |
| MarneLocation within the state of Michigan | |
| Coordinates: 43°02′10″N 85°49′40″W / 43.03611°N 85.82778°W / 43.03611; -85.82778 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Ottawa |
| Township | Wright |
| Elevation | 673 ft (205 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 616 |
| GNIS feature ID | 631597 |


title: Meet the Austins

abstract: Meet the Austins is the title of a 1960 novel by Madeleine L'Engle, the first of her books about the Austin family. It introduces the characters Vicky Austin and her three siblings, and Maggy Hamilton, an orphan.

text:
# Meet the Austins

***Meet the Austins*** is the title of a 1960 novel by Madeleine L'Engle, the first of her books about the Austin family. It introduces the characters Vicky Austin and her three siblings, and Maggy Hamilton, an orphan.

## Plot

Vicky Austin's noisy, loving, mostly-happy family is disrupted when the family's honorary uncle dies in a plane crash. His co-pilot was also killed, leaving behind a ten-year-old daughter, Maggy, who has no one to care for her. The Austins take Maggy in, and she proves to be a spoiled, troubled only child who had very little family life. Maggy encourages Vicky's sister Suzy to misbehave, which makes everyone's life more difficult. *Meet the Austins* is largely episodic; each chapter covers a specific incident such as Vicky's bicycle accident or a family vacation. Throughout the book, Vicky comments on the changes her family experiences during this time, and the reader sees her growing self-awareness. Although Vicky will later appear in three novels that have fantasy and/or science fiction themes, there are no such elements in *Meet the Austins*.

## Characters

* **Victoria "Vicky" Austin** is the protagonist and first-person narrator, as she is in most but not all of the Austin family novels. Born in New York City, she lives with her family in rural Thornhill, somewhere in New England. She is twelve years old at the beginning of the novel. Her uncle Douglas describes Vicky as having an artistic temperament, but Vicky claims not to have a talent for anything.
* **John Austin**, Vicky's elder brother, is a budding scientist whose homemade space suit won a prize in a statewide Science fair. John (like Vicky) was born in New York City when his father was 24 years old. John is fifteen years old as of chapter one of the novel. Vicky describes him as being "the nicest one of us all."
* **Suzanne "Suzy" Austin**, Vicky's sister, is just nine years old as the novel opens, but already knows that she wants to be a doctor. All of her games are oriented on her playing the doctor, including many mock operations on broken dolls. A year younger than Maggy, she is Maggy's chief friend and playmate. Suzy is blonde and considered the beauty of the family. Suzy's refusal to eat pork after reading *Charlotte's Web* is based on an actual incident with L'Engle's elder daughter.
* **Robert "Rob" Austin** is Vicky's wise, loving baby brother, age four (almost five) as the story opens. The family enjoys his creative "God bless" litanies and other surprising things he says. His favorite toy is a plush elephant, named Elephant's Child after one of the *Just-So Stories* by Rudyard Kipling. The toy has a working music box, until Maggy breaks it. L'Engle acknowledged in her book *A Circle of Quiet* that the character is based on her son, Bion Franklin.
* **Margaret "Maggy" Hamilton** is the orphaned daughter of a jet-setting mother and a test pilot father. She is ten years old, loud and attention-seeking. She spends most of her time with Suzy, and the two often are punished for their mischievous ways. The character's background is one of privilege and neglect. Maggy has many toys but minimal discipline, and little contact with her parents. After Maggy's mother died of pneumonia during a trip to Spain, Maggy went to live with her father, Dick Hamilton, who died a month later.

Rounding out the family are Vicky's father, **Dr. Wallace "Wally" Austin**, a doctor in general practice; her mother **Victoria Eaton Austin**, a retired singer; an uncle, **Douglas Austin**, a painter who occasionally visits; **Aunt Elena**, actually a close family friend who is the Austins' connection with the orphaned Maggy; and **Grandfather Eaton**, a retired minister who lives in a converted stable on fictional Seven Bay Island.

## Series notes

Although *Meet the Austins*, as the name implies, is the family's first appearance in terms of the publication date, a short, later book, *The Twenty-Four Days Before Christmas* (1964), takes place five years earlier. Another short Christmas story about the Austins, *A Full House: An Austin Family Christmas*, takes place about a year before *Meet the Austins*. *A Full House* was first published as a short story in two of L'Engle's collections, and then issued as a picture book in 1999. *Meet the Austins* is followed, in terms of internal chronology as well as publication date, by the full-length novels *The Moon by Night* (1963), *The Young Unicorns* (1968), *A Ring of Endless Light* (1980) and *Troubling a Star* (1994). Suzy Austin appears as a married adult in *A Severed Wasp* (1982).

## Publication details

The 1960 first edition of *Meet the Austins* was published only after many rejections, reportedly because it begins with a death. The original publication left out a chapter about the children's "Anti-Muffin" club, which advocated diversity and portrayed the Austin children as having a close friend who was poor and Hispanic. ("Muffins" are a metaphor for conformity and snobbery.) This missing chapter was published separately in 1980 as *The Anti-Muffins*. In 1997, the hardcover publisher of L'Engle's novels from 1962 on, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, issued a new edition of *Meet the Austins* that for the first time incorporated the chapter. Paperback editions prior to 1997 did not include this additional material. However, the next book in the series, *The Moon by Night*, includes a scene in which Vicky tells Zachary Gray about the Anti-Muffin club, in very nearly the same text that introduces it in the originally-omitted chapter. The 1997 Square Fish paperback edition includes "The Anti-Muffins" as Chapter Five of the book.

1. L'Engle, Madeleine (1972). *A Circle of Quiet*. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. pp. 93, 153. ISBN 0-374-12374-8.
2. L'Engle, Madeleine (1997). *Meet the Austins*. New York: Square Fish. ISBN 978-0-312-37931-5.

## InfoBox

Meet the Austins
| dust jacket to the 1960 edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Madeleine L'Engle |
| Cover artist | unknown (1960 edition) |
| Language | English |
| Series | Austin family |
| Genre | Young Adult |
| Publisher | Vanguard Press,<br>Farrar, Straus & Giroux |
| Publication date | 1960, revised 1997 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardback) |
| Pages | 191 pp (first ed.), 216 (1997 ed.) |
| ISBN | 0-374-34929-0 (1997 ed.) |
| OCLC | 35235132 |
| LC Class | PZ7.L5385 Me 1997 |
| Preceded by | *A Full House: An Austin Family Christmas* |
| Followed by | *The Moon by Night* |


title: Lochnagar mine

abstract: The Lochnagar mine south of the village of La Boisselle in the Somme département was an underground explosive charge, secretly planted by the British during the First World War, to be ready for 1 July 1916, the first day on the Somme. The mine was dug by the Tunnelling Companies of the Royal Engineers under a German field fortification known as Schwabenhöhe. A large crater survived the war known as the Lochnagar crater or the Trou de mine de La Boisselle. The British named the mine after Lochnagar Street, the trench from which the gallery was driven. The charge at Lochnagar was one of 19 mines that were dug under the German lines on the British section of the Somme front, to assist the infantry advance at the start of the battle. The mine was sprung at 7:28 a.m. on 1 July 1916 and left a crater 69 ft (21 m) deep and 330 ft (100 m) wide, which was captured and held by British troops. The attack on either flank was defeated by German small arms and artillery fire, except on the extreme right flank and just south of La Boisselle, north of the Lochnagar Crater. The crater has been preserved as a memorial and a religious service is held each 1 July.

text:
# Lochnagar mine

The **Lochnagar mine** south of the village of La Boisselle in the Somme *département* was an underground explosive charge, secretly planted by the British during the First World War, to be ready for 1 July 1916, the first day on the Somme. The mine was dug by the Tunnelling Companies of the Royal Engineers under a German field fortification known as *Schwabenhöhe* (Swabian Height). A large crater survived the war known as the Lochnagar crater or the *Trou de mine de La Boisselle*.

The British named the mine after Lochnagar Street, the trench from which the gallery was driven. The charge at Lochnagar was one of 19 mines that were dug under the German lines on the British section of the Somme front, to assist the infantry advance at the start of the battle.

The mine was sprung at 7:28 a.m. on 1 July 1916 and left a crater 69 ft (21 m) deep and 330 ft (100 m) wide, which was captured and held by British troops. The attack on either flank was defeated by German small arms and artillery fire, except on the extreme right flank and just south of La Boisselle, north of the Lochnagar Crater. The crater has been preserved as a memorial and a religious service is held each 1 July.

## Background

### 1914

French and German military operations began on the Somme in September 1914. A German advance westwards towards Albert was stopped by the French at La Boisselle and attempts to resume offensive warfare in October failed. Both sides reduced their attacks to local operations or raids and began to fortify their remaining positions with underground works. On 18 December, the French captured the La Boisselle village cemetery at the west end of a German salient and established an advanced post only 9.8 ft (3 m) from the German front line. By 24 December, the French had forced the Germans back from the cemetery and the western area of La Boisselle but their advance was stopped a short distance forward at *L'îlot de La Boisselle*, in front of German trenches protected by barbed wire. Once the location of a farm and a small number of buildings, *L'îlot* became known as *Granathof* (German, shell farm) to the Germans and later as the Glory Hole to the British. On Christmas Day 1914, French engineers sank the first mine shaft at La Boisselle.

### 1915

Fighting continued in no man's land at the west end of La Boisselle, where the opposing lines were 200 yd (180 m) apart, even during lulls along the rest of the Somme front. On the night of 8/9 March, a German sapper inadvertently broke into a French mine gallery, which he found to have been charged with explosives; a group of volunteers took 45 nerve-racking minutes to dismantle the charge and cut the firing cables. The French mine workings were taken over when the British moved into the Somme front. George Fowke moved the 174th and 183rd Tunnelling Companies into the area; at first the British did not have enough miners to take over the many French shafts; the problem was temporarily solved when the French agreed to leave their engineers at work for several weeks.

On 24 July, 174th Tunnelling Company established headquarters at Bray, taking over some 66 shafts at Carnoy, Fricourt, Maricourt and La Boisselle. No man's land just south-west of La Boisselle was very narrow, at one point about 50 yd (46 m) wide, and had become pockmarked by many chalk craters. The British formed the 178th and 179th Tunnelling Companies in August, followed by the 185th and 252nd Tunnelling Companies in October. The 181st Tunnelling Company was also present on the Somme. Elaborate precautions were taken to preserve secrecy, since no continuous front line trench ran through the area opposite the west end of La Boisselle and the British front line. The *L'îlot* site was defended by posts near the mine shafts.

The underground war continued with offensive mining to destroy opposing strong points and defensive mining to destroy tunnels, which were 30–120 ft (9.1–36.6 m) long. Around La Boisselle, the Germans dug defensive transverse tunnels about 80 ft (24 m) long, parallel to the front line. On 19 November, the 179th Tunnelling Company commander, Captain Henry Hance, estimated that the Germans were 15 yd (14 m) away and ordered the mine chamber to be loaded with 6,000 lb (2.7 long tons; 2.7 t) of explosives, which was completed by midnight on 20/21 November. At 1:30 a.m. the Germans blew the charge, filling the remaining British tunnels with carbon monoxide. The right and left tunnels collapsed and it was later found that the German explosion had detonated the British charge. From April 1915 to January 1916, 61 mines were sprung around *L'îlot*, some loaded with 44,000–55,000 lb (20,000–25,000 kg) of explosives.

## Prelude

### 1916

At the start of the Battle of Albert (1–13 July), the name given by the British to the first two weeks of the Battle of the Somme, La Boisselle stood on the main axis of British attack. Royal Engineer tunnelling companies were to make two contributions to the Allied preparations for the battle, by placing 19 mines of varying sizes beneath the German positions along the front line and by preparing a series of shallow Russian saps from the British front line into no man's land. The saps would be opened at Zero Hour and allow the infantry to attack the German positions from a comparatively short distance. At La Boisselle, four mines were prepared by the Royal Engineers, charges No 2 straight and No 5 right were planted at *L'îlot* at the end of galleries dug from Inch Street Trench by the 179th Tunnelling Company, intended to wreck German tunnels and create crater lips to block enfilade fire along no man's land.

The Germans in La Boisselle had fortified the cellars of the ruined houses and cratered ground in the vicinity make a direct infantry assault on the village impossible. Y Sap and Lochnagar mines, named after the trenches from which they were dug, were excavated on the north-east and the south-east of La Boisselle, to assist the attack on either side of the German salient in the village. The 185th Tunnelling Company started work on Lochnagar on 11 November 1915. Two officers and sixteen sappers were killed on 4 February, when the Germans detonated a camouflet near the British three-level mine system, starting from Inch Street, La Boisselle, the deepest level being just above the water table at around 100 ft (30 m). The diggings were handed over to 179th Tunnelling Company in March 1916.

The Lochnagar mine consisted of two chambers with a shared access tunnel. The shaft was sunk in the communication trench called Lochnagar Street. After the Black Watch had arrived at La Boisselle at the end of July 1915, many fortifications, originally dug by the French, had been given Scottish names. The Lochnagar mine probably had the first deep incline shaft, which sloped from 1:2 to 1:3 to a depth of about 95 ft (29 m) see map. The tunnel was begun 300 ft (91 m) behind the British front line and 900 ft (270 m) away from the German front line. Starting from the inclined shaft, about 50 ft (15 m) below ground, a gallery was driven towards the German lines. For silence, the tunnellers used bayonets with spliced handles and worked barefoot on a floor covered with sandbags. Flints were carefully prised out of the chalk and laid on the floor; if the bayonet was manipulated two-handed, an assistant caught the dislodged material. Spoil was placed in sandbags and passed hand-by-hand along a row of miners sitting on the floor and stored along the side of the tunnel, later to be used to tamp the charge.

When about 135 ft (41 m) from the *Schwabenhöhe*, the tunnel was branched and the end of each branch was enlarged to form a chamber for the explosives, the chambers being about 60 ft (18 m) apart and 52 ft (16 m) deep. When finished, the access tunnel for the Lochnagar mine was 4.5 by 2.5 ft (1.37 by 0.76 m) and had been excavated at a rate of about 18 in (460 mm) per day, until about 1,030 ft (310 m) long, with the galleries ending beneath the *Schwabenhöhe*. The mine was loaded with 60,000 lb (27 long tons; 27 t) of ammonal in two charges of 36,000 lb (16 long tons; 16 t) and 24,000 lb (11 long tons; 11 t). As the chambers were not big enough to hold all the explosive, the tunnels that branched to form the 'Y' were also filled with ammonal. One branch was 60 ft (18 m) long and the other 40 ft (12 m) long. The tunnels did not quite reach the German front line but the blast would dislodge enough material to form a 15 ft (4.6 m) high rim and bury nearby trenches. The Lochnagar and the Y Sap mines were "overcharged" to ensure that large rims were formed from the disturbed ground. Communication tunnels were also dug for use immediately after the first attack, including a tunnel across no man's land to a point close to the Lochnagar mine, ready to extend to the crater after the detonation as a covered route. The mines were laid without interference by German miners but as the explosives were placed, German miners could be heard below Lochnagar and above the Y Sap mine.

An officer wrote

> At one place in particular our men swore they thought he *\[the German enemy\]* was coming through, so we stopped driving forward and commenced to chamber in double shifts. We did not expect to complete it before he blew, but we did. A chamber 12 ft × 6 ft × 6 ft (3.7 m × 1.8 m × 1.8 m) was excavated in 24 hours. The Germans worked for a shift more than we did and then stopped. They knew we had chambered and were afraid we should blow and no more work was done there. I used to hate going to listen in that chamber more than any other place in the mine. Half an hour, sometimes once sometimes three times a day, in deadly silence with the geophone to your ears, wondering whether the sound you heard was the Boche working silently or your own heart beating. God knows how we kept our nerves and judgement. After the Somme attack when we surveyed the German mines and connected up to our own system, with the theodolite we found that we were five feet apart, and that he had only started his chamber and then stopped.
>
> Captain Stanley Bullock, 179th Tunnelling Company

## Battle

### 1 July

The four mines at La Boisselle were detonated at 7:28 a.m. on 1 July 1916, the first day on the Somme. The explosion of the Lochnagar mine was initiated by Captain James Young of the 179th Tunnelling Company, who pressed the switches and observed that the firing had been successful. The two charges of the Lochnagar mine created a smooth-sided, flat-bottomed crater 220 ft (67 m) in diameter excluding the lip and 450 ft (140 m) across the full extent of the lip. It had obliterated between 300 and 400 ft (91 and 122 m) of the German dug-outs, all said to have been full of German troops. The Lochnagar mine, along with Y Sap mine, was the largest mine ever detonated. The sound of the blast was considered the loudest man-made noise in history up to that point, with reports suggesting it was heard in London. They would be surpassed a year later by the mines in the Battle of Messines. The Lochnagar mine lay on the sector assaulted by the Grimsby Chums, a Pals battalion (10th Battalion, The Lincolnshire Regiment). The infantry of the 34th Division, which was composed of Pals battalions from the English provinces, attacked the positions on either side of La Boisselle, of Reserve Infantry Regiment 110 (RIR 110) of the 28th Reserve Division, mainly recruited from Baden.

When the main attack began at 7:30 a.m., the Grimsby Chums occupied the crater and began to fortify the eastern lip, which dominated the vicinity; the advance continued to the *Grüne Stellung* (Green \[second\] position), where it was stopped by the 4th Company, RIR 110, which then counter-attacked and forced the British back to the crater. During the day, German artillery fired into Sausage Valley and in the afternoon began systematically to shell areas and then fire bursts of machine-gun fire to catch anyone who moved. German artillery also began to bombard the crater, where wounded and stragglers sought shelter, particularly those from Sausage Valley to the south of the village. British artillery began to fire on the crater, which led to shell bursts on both slopes, leaving the men inside with nowhere to hide. A British aircraft flew low overhead and a soldier waved a dead man's shirt, at which the aeroplane flew away and the British shelling stopped.

#### Aerial observation

The blowing of the Y Sap and Lochnagar mines was witnessed by pilots who were flying over the battlefield to report back on British troop movements. It had been arranged that continuous overlapping patrols would fly throughout the day. 2nd Lieutenant Cecil Lewis (3 Squadron) was warned against flying too close to La Boisselle during his patrol, where two mines were due to go up but watched from a safe distance. Flying up and down the line in a Morane Parasol, he watched from above Thiepval, almost two miles from La Boisselle and later described the early morning scene in his book *Sagittarius Rising* (1977),

> We were over Thiepval and turned south to watch the mines. As we sailed down above all, came the final moment. Zero! At Boisselle the earth heaved and flashed, a tremendous and magnificent column rose up into the sky. There was an ear-splitting roar, drowning all the guns, flinging the machine sideways in the repercussing air. The earthly column rose, higher and higher to almost four thousand feet. There it hung, or seemed to hang, for a moment in the air, like a silhouette of some great cypress tree, then fell away in a widening cone of dust and debris. A moment later came the second mine. Again the roar, the upflung machine, the strange gaunt silhouette invading the sky. Then the dust cleared and we saw the two white eyes of the craters. The barrage had lifted to the second-line trenches, the infantry were over the top, the attack had begun.
>
> Cecil Lewis, whose aircraft was hit by lumps of mud thrown up by the explosion.

As aircraft from 3 Squadron flew over the III Corps area, observers reported that the 34th Division had reached Peake Wood on the right flank, increasing the size of the salient which had been driven into the German lines north of Fricourt but that the villages of La Boisselle and Ovillers had not fallen. On 3 July, air observers noted flares lit in the village during the evening, which were used to plot the positions reached by British infantry.

A communication tunnel was used to contact troops near the new crater and during the afternoon, troops from the 9th Cheshires of the 19th (Western) Division began to move forward and a doctor was sent from the Field Ambulance during the night. By 2:50 a.m. on 2 July, most of the 9th Cheshires had reached the crater and the German trenches adjacent, from which they repulsed several German counter-attacks during the night and the morning. On the evening of 2 July, the evacuation of wounded began and on 3 July, troops from the crater and the vicinity pushed forward to the south-east, occupying a small area against slight opposition.

## Analysis

Despite their colossal size, the Lochnagar and Y Sap mines failed sufficiently to neutralise the German defences in La Boisselle. The ruined village was meant to be captured in 20 minutes but by the end of the first day on the Somme, the III Corps divisions had suffered more than 11,000 casualties for no result. At Mash Valley, the attackers lost 5,100 men before noon and at Sausage Valley near the crater of the Lochnagar mine, there were over 6,000 casualties, the highest concentration on the battlefield. The 34th Division in III Corps had suffered the greatest number of casualties of the British divisions engaged on 1 July.

## Commemoration

William Orpen, an official war artist, saw the mine crater in 1916 while touring the Somme battlefield, collecting subjects for paintings and described a wilderness of chalk dotted with shrapnel. John Masefield also visited the Somme, while preparing *The Old Front Line* (1917), in which he also described the area around the crater as dazzlingly white and painful to look at. After the war the *Café de la Grande Mine* was built nearby; after the Second World War, many of the smaller craters were filled but the Lochnagar mine crater remained. Attempts to fill it in were resisted and the land was eventually purchased by an Englishman, Richard Dunning to ensure its preservation, after he read *The Old Front Line* and was inspired to buy a section of the former front line.

Dunning made more than 200 enquiries about land sales in the 1970s and was sold the crater. The site had been used by cross-country motorbikes and for fly tipping but Dunning erected a memorial cross on the rim of the crater in 1986, using reclaimed timber from a Gateshead church; the cross was struck by lightning shortly after its installation and was repaired with metal banding. The site attracts about 200,000 visitors a year and there is an annual memorial service on 1 July, to commemorate the detonation of the mine and the British, French and German war dead, when poppy petals are scattered into the crater. Richard Dunning, the owner of the crater, was awarded an MBE in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to First World War remembrance.

## Footnotes

1. Whitehead 2013, pp. 159–174.
2. Dunning 2015.
3. Edmonds 1993, pp. 38, 371.
4. Jones 2010, p. 114.
5. Fenwick 2008.
6. Banning 2011.
7. Sheldon 2006, pp. 62–65.
8. Jones 2010, p. 115.
9. Shakespear 2001, p. 37.
10. Edmonds 1993, p. 375.
11. Shakespear 2001, pp. 37, 41.
12. Legg 2013.
13. Waugh 2014.
14. Whitehead 2013a, p. 297.
15. Middlebrook 1971, pp. 135, 218.
16. Lewis 1977, p. 90.
17. Gilbert 2007, p. 54.
18. Jones 2002, p. 212.
19. Shakespear 2001, pp. 41, 45.
20. Wyrall 2009, p. 41.
21. Shakespear 2001, p. 48.
22. Masefield 1917, pp. 70–73.
23. Gliddon 1987, pp. 255–256.
24. Skinner 2012, p. 192.
25. Jim Winters - The Somme Archived 26 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine 1st Volunteer Artillery (Tynemouth) Association
26. Skinner 2012, p. 195.
27. "No. 61803". *The London Gazette* (Supplement). 31 December 2016. p. N17.

## Bibliography

**Books**

**Websites**

## InfoBox

| Lochnagar mine | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Battle of the Somme, First World War | |
| <br>Battle of the Somme 1 July – 18 November 1916 | |
| Date 1 July 1916  Location Picardy, France50°00′56″N 2°41′50″E / 50.01556°N 2.69722°E / 50.01556; 2.69722  Result  British victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Britain | Germany |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Douglas Haig | Erich von Falkenhayn |
| Lochnagar mineclass=notpageimage|Site of the Lochnagar mine, near La Boisselle | |


title: Galewice

abstract: Galewice is a village in central Poland in Wieruszów County, Łódź Voivodeship, established in the 15th century. It was first mentioned in 1458 in Judicial Chronicles. The origin of the name Galewice is ambiguous. It either comes from a word Gal, which means 'to serve' or it belonged to the first owners of the village, an aristocratic family of Galewski. It is the seat of the administrative district of Gmina Galewice. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Wieruszów and 97 km (60 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Galewice

**Galewice** \[ɡalɛˈvit͡sɛ\] is a village in central Poland in Wieruszów County, Łódź Voivodeship, established in the 15th century. It was first mentioned in 1458 in Judicial Chronicles. The origin of the name Galewice is ambiguous. It either comes from a word *Gal*, which means 'to serve' or it belonged to the first owners of the village, an aristocratic family of Galewski (coat of arms Wierusz). It is the seat of the administrative district of Gmina Galewice. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Wieruszów and 97 km (60 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

## History and government

Galewice was first mentioned in 1458 in Judicial Chronicles and was owned by an aristocratic family of Galewski (coat of arms Wierusz). According to the statistics for the years 1633-1635 Galewice was the second most important settlement on the ancient route between Ostrzeszów and Wieruszów. When Poland was partitioned in 1795 Galewice fell under the Russian occupation. In 1815 it became part of the Congress Poland. Until 1885 the village was owned by the Myszkowski family, when it was bought by Kazimierz Czapski. The Czapski family held the court in Galewice and owned most of the village until the World War II in 1939.

After 1918, when Poland gained independence, Galewice became the host of Gmina Galewice and in 1933 Roman Catholic Church parish (Parafia p.w. Najswietszego Serca Pana Jezusa / the Holiest Heart of Lord Jesus Parish) was established. During World War II it was the place of a labour camp for Jews from Wieruszów County.

Since the Second World War Galewice has remained the seat of Gmina Galewice, firstly in the Łódź Voivodeship, and between 1975 and 1998 as part of the Kalisz Voivodeship. After the reforms of the units of administrative division and local government in 1998, Galewice has returned to the Łódź Voivodeship.

## Culture and sport

In the mid-nineteenth century Antoni Myszkowski built on a hill a neo-classicist court and established a Court Park with trees, such as Robinia pseudoacacia, Douglas fir, Carpinus betulus, Populus alba, and Blue spruce. The court after the Second World War became the host to the primary school and most recently to the nursery. In 2012 a major restoration of the court park was carried out, with new pathways laid out and street lightning fitted in.

The most popular sporting activity in Galewice is football. There are two football clubs:

Cultural life of Galewice revolves around and is mostly organized by the Cultural Centre (Gminny Ośrodek Kultury), the Volunteer Fire Department (Ochotnicza Straż Pożarna), the parish and local schools.

## InfoBox

| Galewice | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Galewice | |
| Coordinates: 51°20′42″N 18°15′29″E / 51.34500°N 18.25806°E / 51.34500; 18.25806 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lodzkie |
| County | Wieruszów |
| Gmina | Galewice |
| Established | 15th century |
| Population (2011) | 1,443 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 98-405 |
| Area code | +48 62 |
| Car plates | EWE |
| Climate | Cfb |
| Website | http://www.galewice.pl |


title: Vehicle registration plates of Lorestan

text:
# Vehicle registration plates of Lorestan

Lorestan's codes are 31 and 41. In public cars, taxis and governmental cars the letter is always the same. But in ordinary cars the letter (ب) depends on the city.

## 31

**51** is Khorramabad county and Doureh County's code and all of the letters are for Khorramabad.

| ۱۲  ۳۴۵ |
**۳۱** |
| --- | --- |
|

## 41

| ۱۲  ۳۴۵ |
**۴۱** |
| --- | --- |
|

| City | Letter |
| --- | --- |
| Borujerd | ب |
| Aligudarz | ج |
| Dorood | د |
| Kuhdasht | س |
| Delfan | ص |
| Azna | ط |
| Pol-e-Dokhtar | ق |
| Selseleh | ل |
|


title: Şehrazat (film)

abstract: Şehrazat is a 1964 Turkish crime thriller film, directed by Halit Refiğ and starring Orhan Günsiray, Leyla Sayar, and Nilüfer Aydan.

text:
# Şehrazat (film)

***Şehrazat***  is a 1964 Turkish crime thriller film, directed by Halit Refiğ and starring Orhan Günsiray, Leyla Sayar, and Nilüfer Aydan.

## InfoBox

| Şehrazat | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Halit Refiğ |
| Starring | Orhan Günsiray, Leyla Sayar, and Nilüfer Aydan |
| Release date | * 1964 (1964) |
| Country | Turkey |
| Language | Turkish |


title: World Port Days

abstract: The World Port Days, also known as the World Harbour Days, is a large, festive maritime event held annually in Rotterdam. It is one of the most highly attended events in the Netherlands.

text:
# World Port Days

The **World Port Days**, also known as the **World Harbour Days**, (Dutch: *Wereldhavendagen*) is a large, festive maritime event held annually in Rotterdam. It is one of the most highly attended events in the Netherlands.

## Highlights

World Port Days is a large annual multi-day event in the first weekend of September in the port of Rotterdam. The aim is to introduce the public to and give a glimpse behind the scenes of the port of Rotterdam, for example through ship visits, demonstrations on the water and presentations by port companies. The event attracts many visitors every year. Nowadays an important attraction is also the musical show and the fireworks on Saturday evening on the Nieuwe Maas, near the Erasmus Bridge. The locations are: the Nieuwe Maas as a demonstration area, Katendrecht, Wilhelminapier, Wilhelminaplein, Willemsplein, Willemskade, Veerkade at the Veerhaven, Westerkade and Parkkade. The International Shantyfestival Rotterdam will also take place during the event. Many shanty choirs from all over the world will perform at various locations in the Oude Haven and Leuvehaven. Regular participants are the providers of port services, such as tugs, pilots, rowers, water ships, and so on. The Port Authority, the Sea Police, Customs and the Royal Navy are also always present. The number of visitors runs into the hundreds of thousands, but also depends on the weather conditions. For example, there were 450,000 in 2014, but due to bad weather 'only' 320,000 the following year in 2015.

## History

Even before World War II, Harbor Days were organized to advertise the Port of Rotterdam. At the time, these were one-day events organized by the Rotterdam department of the Dutch company for industry and trade and the board of the Havenbelangen Foundation. The target group was not the general public, but a collection of prominent domestic and foreign business relations. The first Port Day was held on September 12, 1935 as part of the 'VVV week'. The program included a boat trip through the ports, a lunch in the former officers' society in Het Park and a tea in the Boyman Museum. During the third Harbor Day in 1937, the 375 guests were offered lunch in the civic hall of the town hall, after which they took a cruise on the Nieuwe Waterweg. After the Second World War, it took until September 1978 when the organization of Rotterdam Maritime 78 brought the Harbor Days to their current public-oriented character. It was a major event with a fleet show on the Nieuwe Maas with 180 ships, including the popular Charlotte Rhodes from the series The Onedin Line. The Royal House was also present with Queen Juliana, Prince Bernhard, Princess Beatrix, Prince Claus and the princes aboard the Piet Hein and the Groene Draeck. In 1979, the Open Port Day was held under the motto 'Hallo Haven', whereby the public was given access to normally closed industrial areas in the port, such as refineries and container terminals. In 1980 the decision was made to make Port Day an annual event. Eventually it also became the multi-day Harbor Days, which now take three days during the first weekend of September. The Port Days were held for the 30th time on 7, 8 and 9 September 2007, with the theme Working on World Class. There was also Admiral De Ruyter Homeport Race. In connection with the 30th anniversary, there was an opening port song by Gerard Cox and an evening program on September 8 with Gloria Estefan, among others. The Port of Rotterdam Authority also celebrated its 75th anniversary. There were various demonstrations including the Royal Navy, a Maas race, the Cat Logic sailing race, a Motorsloepenparade and the World Port Parade. In the Maritime Hotel / Zeemanshuis Rotterdam there were performances by various Shanty choirs. In the years that followed, the themes Green Light for the Port followed during the Rotterdam Green Year 2008; Rotterdam harbour; New energy aimed at new energy sources and at young people in the context of Rotterdam Youth Capital of Europe 2009. At the Wilhelminapier the Grand Princess, one of the largest cruise ships, came to Rotterdam center. The theme of the 40th edition of the World Port Days in 2017 was Rotterdam World! and attracted 430,000 visitors


title: WCAL (Minnesota)

abstract: WCAL was a non-commercial AM radio station licensed to Northfield, Minnesota, that was operated from its establishment in 1922 until its deletion in 1991 by St. Olaf College.

text:
# WCAL (Minnesota)

**WCAL**  was a non-commercial AM radio station licensed to Northfield, Minnesota, that was operated from its establishment in 1922 until its deletion in 1991 by St. Olaf College.

## History

Following World War I, radio experimentation at St. Olaf began with physics experiments in 1918, when five students and a professor built a small transmitter, using a wire antenna strung between the campus chapel and the college's "Old Main" (the tallest nearby building). In 1921, the college was issued a "Technical and Training School" license with the call sign 9YAJ for the experimental operations, which began to include audio broadcasts in addition to the original Morse code transmissions.

Initially there were no specific standards in the United States for radio stations making transmissions intended for the general public, and numerous stations under various classifications made entertainment broadcasts. However, effective December 1, 1921, the Department of Commerce, the regulators of radio at this time, adopted a regulation that formally created a broadcasting station category, and stations were now required to hold a Limited Commercial license authorizing operation on wavelengths of 360 meters (833 kHz) for "entertainment" broadcasts or 485 meters (619 kHz) for "market and weather reports". On May 6, 1922, the college was granted a broadcasting station license with the call sign WCAL, for operation on the 360 meter "entertainment" wavelength. This call sign was randomly assigned from a sequential roster of available call letters. (Initially call letters beginning with "W" were generally assigned to stations east of an irregular line formed by the western state borders from North Dakota south to Texas, with calls beginning with "K" going only to stations in states west of that line. In January 1923, the Mississippi River was established as the new boundary, thus after this date Minnesota stations west of the river generally received call letters starting with "K" instead of "W".)

On November 11, 1928, a major reassignment of station transmitting frequencies took place, under the provisions of the Federal Radio Commission's General Order 40. WCAL was assigned to 1250 kHz, and a shortage of available assignments meant it had to share this frequency with three other stations: University of Minnesota's WLB, Carleton College's KFMX, and the Rosedale Hospital's WRHM, which in 1934 changed its call sign to WTCN (now WWTC). WCAL, WLB, and KFMX were operated by educational institutions, while WTCN was a commercial station which aggressively sought to expand its operating hours at the expense of the other three stations. KFMX surrendered its license in 1933, and in 1938 WLB and WCAL made peace with WTCN by agreeing to move to 760 kHz, where the stations were restricted to daytime-only transmissions, with WCAL to receive 13rd of the available hours.

In March 1941, stations on 760 kHz, including WCAL and WLB, moved to 770 kHz, with the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement. In 1968, St. Olaf College began broadcasting on the FM band as WCAL-FM 89.3.

In 1945, WLB changed its call sign to KUOM. St. Olaf eventually made an agreement with the University of Minnesota in which WCAL was provided land for an improved FM tower near Rosemount, Minnesota, in exchange for KUOM's exclusive use of the AM frequency. Therefore, WCAL was deleted on December 16, 1991. The move to the Rosemount tower gave WCAL-FM full coverage of the Twin Cities for the first time ever. The college continued to operate WCAL-FM 89.3 until selling it to Minnesota Public Radio in 2004, resulting in changing the call letters to KCMP.


title: Married Life (2007 film)

abstract: Married Life is a 2007 American period drama film directed by Ira Sachs. The screenplay by Sachs and Oren Moverman is based on the 1953 novel Five Roundabouts to Heaven by John Bingham. Cast members include Patricia Clarkson, Chris Cooper, Rachel McAdams and Pierce Brosnan. The novel was also the basis for the December 20, 1962 episode of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour entitled "The Tender Poisoner".

text:
# Married Life (2007 film)

***Married Life*** is a 2007 American period drama film directed by Ira Sachs. The screenplay by Sachs and Oren Moverman is based on the 1953 novel *Five Roundabouts to Heaven* by John Bingham. Cast members include Patricia Clarkson, Chris Cooper, Rachel McAdams and Pierce Brosnan. The novel was also the basis for the December 20, 1962 episode of *The Alfred Hitchcock Hour* entitled "The Tender Poisoner".

## Plot

In 1949, successful middle-aged businessman Harry Allen (Chris Cooper) is having an affair with considerably younger war widow Kay Nesbitt (Rachel McAdams). Feeling rejuvenated by his emotional reawakening, he confides in his best friend Richard Langley (Pierce Brosnan) and encourages him to visit his mistress to alleviate her loneliness. Richard complies and immediately finds himself attracted to the young woman.

Richard discovers Harry's wife Pat (Patricia Clarkson), oblivious to her husband's ongoing tryst, is engaged in an affair of her own with John O'Brien (David Wenham). Anxious to cement his blossoming relationship with Kay, Richard separately urges Harry and Pat to remain with each other.

Harry, however, is determined to marry Kay. Certain divorce would hurt and humiliate Pat too much, Harry decides to kill her by lacing her daily digestive aid with poison. He visits Kay, who unexpectedly ends their relationship. Harry departs, then returns to ask for all the correspondence he has sent her, only to discover Kay in the arms of Richard, who had secreted himself upstairs. Realization sets in, and Harry races home to stop his wife from taking her nightly dose of medication. When Harry returns home he finds his wife sleeping, thinking she consumed the poison Harry walks towards the bedroom window and opens it. He is startled by Pat waking up and saying, "You're home early, is everything all right honey." Harry looks out the window in his backyard and sees John O'Brien running away from the house while getting dressed, implying that at this moment Harry realizes Pat's infidelity. Harry never confronts her, maybe consumed by his own guilt.

Richard and Kay eventually wed and become part of the Allens’ social circle, which includes John O'Brien and his wife. Harry and Pat continue to be on the periphery of their healing marriage.

## Cast

## Production

Exterior scenes were shot in and around Vancouver, British Columbia. Interiors were filmed at the First Avenue Studio in Burnaby.

The film premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival. That same year it was shown at the Festival do Rio in Brazil, the New York Film Festival, the Woodstock Film Festival, the American Film Market, and the Dubai International Film Festival, and it was shown at the 2008 Miami International Film Festival before finally going into limited release in the US on March 7, 2008. The film opened on nine screens and grossed $55,851 on its opening weekend. It eventually earned $1,507,990 in the US and $1,336,007 in foreign markets for a worldwide box office total of $2,843,997.

## Critical reception

The film received mixed to positive reviews. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 54% based on 118 reviews, and an average rating of 5.88/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "*Married Life* has excellent performances and flashes of dark wit, but it suffers from tonal shifts and uneven pacing." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally positive reviews".

Stephen Holden of *The New York Times* called the film "a period comedy of manners merged with a suspenseful psychological thriller \[that\] aspires to be a hybrid of the sort that Alfred Hitchcock polished to perfection in the age of sexual subtext and subterfuge" but added it "does not provide the shivery security of being manipulated by Hitchcock, a master trickster who calculated his every move. The sense of being guided through a story by a sure-handed Hollywood magician toward a delightful trick ending is missing."

Roger Ebert of the *Chicago Sun-Times* rated it three out of four stars and said it "crosses film noir with the look and feel of a Douglas Sirk film."

Mick LaSalle of the *San Francisco Chronicle* observed the film "has the virtues of suspense, good performances and well-written scenes that are given time to breathe. That's what's entertaining about it. What's most interesting about it - its overall feeling - is harder to describe. Partly as a result of the period setting but mainly because of the movie's entire atmosphere... there's a quality of distance to the picture, as though we're seeing a case study. Or watching ourselves watch the movie. It's strange. It's different. It's arresting, and it's definitely intentional. Ira Sachs knew what he wanted to do, and he's a talent worth watching."

Todd McCarthy of *Variety* commented, "The tone, casting, and material form a less-than-perfect match in *Married Life*, a period domestic drama that never quite decides if it wants to be a credible marital study, a noirish meller or a sly comedy. The talented quartet of lead players feels oddly paired in this curious tale of jealousy, betrayal, and murderous intent. Helmer Ira Sachs... appears to be working a bit out of his zone here... \[The film\] is dramatic but lacks a dynamic; one can sense the director's intent and affection for the form, but also see that working in this stylized vein does not necessarily come easily for a filmmaker of his hitherto more naturalistic tendencies."

## DVD release

The DVD release of the film includes three alternative endings, all of which advance the action to late 1966. Harry and Pat are returning home from their grandson's wedding when he is distracted by a billboard advertising the digestive aid he had laced with poison to murder his wife. In the first and longest of the three, he crashes the car and Pat is killed. Richard visits Harry in the hospital, and Harry asks him to bring him the same poison so he can kill himself. Richard complies, then is arrested and tried for Harry's murder. The audience is left not knowing the outcome. The second alternate ending matches the first up to the point of Harry consuming the poison, then fades to black. In the third, Harry pointedly sees the billboard, smiles wryly, and continues without crashing.

## InfoBox

| Married Life | |
| --- | --- |
| Original theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | Ira Sachs |
| Written by | Ira Sachs
Oren Moverman |
| Based on | *Five Roundabouts to Heaven*
by John Bingham |
| Produced by | Ira Sachs
Steve Golin
Sidney Kimmel
Jawal Nga |
| Starring | Chris Cooper
Patricia Clarkson
Pierce Brosnan
Rachel McAdams |
| Cinematography | Peter Deming |
| Edited by | Affonso Gonçalves |
| Music by | Dickon Hinchliffe |
| Distributed by | Sony Pictures Classics |
| Release date | * September 12, 2007 (2007-09-12) (Toronto International Film Festival) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $12 million |
| Box office | $2,843,997 |


title: Megaceron australe

abstract: Megaceron australe is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1960.

text:
# Megaceron australe

***Megaceron australe*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1960.

*Megaceron antennicrassum*

## InfoBox

| *Megaceron australe* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Megaceron*** |
| Species: | ***M. australe*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Megaceron australe***<br>(Martins, 1960) | |
|


title: Lodge Wood and Sandford Mill

abstract: Lodge Wood and Sandford Mill is a 2.3-hectare (5.7-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Woodley in Berkshire. This site consists of two small wet woodlands bordering the River Loddon.

text:
# Lodge Wood and Sandford Mill

**Lodge Wood and Sandford Mill** is a 2.3-hectare (5.7-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Woodley in Berkshire.

This site consists of two small wet woodlands bordering the River Loddon.

## History

Lodge Wood is first shown on John Rocque's map of Berkshire in 1761. In 1953 part of the site was included in the Loddon Valley SSSI.

## Flora

The site has the following Flora:

### Trees

### Plants

## InfoBox

Lodge Wood and Sandford Mill
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
| Sandford Mill Wood flooded | |
| Location within Berkshire | |
| Location | Berkshire |
| Grid reference | SU 782 733 |
| Coordinates | 51°27′11″N 0°52′34″W / 51.453°N 0.876°W / 51.453; -0.876 |
| Interest | Biological |
| Area | 2.3 hectares (5.7 acres) |
| Notification | 1985 |
| Location map | *Magic Map* |


title: Pilot Point, Alaska

abstract: Pilot Point is a city in Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska, United States, on the Alaska Peninsula. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 70, up from 68 in 2010.

text:
# Pilot Point, Alaska

**Pilot Point** (Alutiiq: *Agisaq*) is a city in Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska, United States, on the Alaska Peninsula. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 70, up from 68 in 2010.

## Geography

Pilot Point is located at 57°33′37″N 157°34′56″W / 57.56028°N 157.58222°W / 57.56028; -157.58222 (57.560226, -157.582267). Most of the community (village) is located on a high, ancient glacial moraine which abuts the eastern shore of Ugashik Bay six nautical miles upstream from Smoky Point and eighteen nautical miles (33 km) downstream from the village of Ugashik.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 140.5 square miles (364 km2), of which, 25.4 square miles (66 km2) of it is land and 115.1 square miles (298 km2) of it (81.93%) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1940 | 114 |  |  |
| 1950 | 67 |  | −41.2% |
| 1960 | 61 |  | −9.0% |
| 1970 | 68 |  | 11.5% |
| 1980 | 66 |  | −2.9% |
| 1990 | 53 |  | −19.7% |
| 2000 | 100 |  | 88.7% |
| 2010 | 68 |  | −32.0% |
| 2020 | 70 |  | 2.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

Pilot Point first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. In 1980, it was made a census-designated place (CDP). In 1992, it formally incorporated.

As of the census of 2000, there were 100 people, 29 households, and 22 families residing in the city. The population density was 3.9 inhabitants per square mile (1.5/km2). There were 69 housing units at an average density of 2.7 units per square mile (1.0 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 14.00% White and 86.00% Native American.

There were 29 households, out of which 58.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 3.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 17.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 0.0% consisted of a sole occupant 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.45 and the average family size was 3.91.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 43.0% under the age of 18, 2.0% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 4.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 78.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 128.0 males.

## Economics

Both in historic and economic terms, Pilot Point has depended for its existence on the substantial seasonal returns of anadromous Pacific salmon, especially sockeye (*Oncorhynchus nerka*) which is the mainstay economic force of the entire region. Over half of the residents depend directly on the salmon fishery for their livelihood, with a small remainder depending on tourism, sports fishing and hunting, and a few government jobs.

The median income for a household in the city was $41,250, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $43,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,627. There were 18.2% of families and 20.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including 18.9% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

## InfoBox

| Pilot Point, Alaska Agisaq | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Pilot Point Airport | |
| Pilot PointLocation in Alaska | |
| Coordinates: 57°33′37″N 157°34′56″W / 57.56028°N 157.58222°W / 57.56028; -157.58222 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Borough | Lake and Peninsula |
| Incorporated | 1992 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Steven Kramer |
| State senator | Lyman Hoffman () |
| State rep. | Bryce Edgmon () |
| Area | |
| Total | 154.80 sq mi (400.92 km2) |
| Land | 24.55 sq mi (63.58 km2) |
| Water | 130.25 sq mi (337.34 km2) |
| Elevation | 82 ft (25 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 70 |
| Density | 2.85/sq mi (1.10/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-9 (Alaska (AKST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-8 (AKDT) |
| ZIP code | 99649 |
| Area code | 907 |
| FIPS code | 02-60640 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1407992 |


title: Vehicle registration plates of Liberia

abstract: Liberia requires its residents to register their motor vehicles and display vehicle registration plates. Nigeria, Liberia, Somalia are the only three African countries that use the North American standard 6 × 12 inches. Private vehicles are prefixed "A" (personal), "B", and "C", probably for cargo.

text:
# Vehicle registration plates of Liberia

Liberia requires its residents to register their motor vehicles and display **vehicle registration plates**. Nigeria, Liberia, Somalia are the only three African countries that use the North American standard 6 × 12 inches (152 × 300 mm).

Private vehicles are prefixed "A" (personal), "B", and "C", probably for cargo.

## Diplomatic Corps

The diplomatic fleet is identified by a code consisting of up to three numbers, followed by CD or CMD and another number.

| Code | Country or Organization |
| --- | --- |
| 01 | United States |
| 02 | Nigeria |
| 03 | Egypt |
| 04 | Guinea |
| 06 | Germany |
| 10 | Belgium (10CD1 Brussels Airlines) |
| 12 | Cote d'Ivoire or Ireland |
| 15 | African Union |
| 16 | European Union |
| 18 | Brazil |
| 20 | United Kingdom |
| 24 | ECOWAS |
| 25 | Sweden |
| 26 | ECOWAS |
| 29 | Switzerland |
| 41 | UNICEF |
| 46 | UN Women |
| 49 | Food and Agriculture Organization |


title: Świt Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki

abstract: Świt Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki is a Polish football club based in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, Masovian Voivodeship, currently competing in group I of the III liga, the fourth tier of Polish football.

text:
# Świt Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki

**Świt Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki** (Polish pronunciation: \[ˈɕfit ˈnɔvɨ ˈdvur mazɔˈvjɛt͡skʲi\]) is a Polish football club based in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, Masovian Voivodeship, currently competing in group I of the III liga, the fourth tier of Polish football.

## History

This team competed in Ekstraklasa in the 2003–04 season under the name "Lukullus Świt Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki" \[luˈkullus\] for first time, but it was relegated after one season as 13th team with 22 points, preceded by 14th Widzew Łódź and succeeded by 12th Górnik Polkowice, which was also relegated with one point more after only season in Ekstraklasa.

## Stadium

Świt plays their home matches at the Municipal Stadium, at the 66 Sportowa Street in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki. The city is the owner of the stadium and it is managed by the local Sports and Recreation Center. At the turn of 2008 and 2009, an illuminated, full-size training field with artificial turf was put into use.

## Current squad

*As of 14 March 2023*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  10 MF  UKR Yaroslav Yampol | No. Pos. Nation Player  FW  UKR Yevhen Radionov |
| --- | --- |

### Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player |
| --- |

## InfoBox

MKS Świt Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Miejski Klub Sportowy<br>Świt Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki |
| Founded | 1935 (1935) |
| Ground | Municipal Stadium |
| Capacity | 3,200 |
| Chairman | Katarzyna Sazonowicz |
| Manager | Patryk Drewnowski |
| League | III liga, group I |
| 2023–24 | III liga, group I, 5th of 18 |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |