title: Psilolechia lucida

abstract: Psilolechia lucida is a species of saxicolous lichen in the family Psilolechiaceae. It is widely distributed through the world, where it grows on natural and artificial rocky substrates in the shade, often in sheltered underhangs. It forms a greenish crust on the surface of its substrate.

text:
# Psilolechia lucida

***Psilolechia lucida*** is a species of saxicolous lichen in the family Psilolechiaceae. It is widely distributed through the world, where it grows on natural and artificial rocky substrates in the shade, often in sheltered underhangs. It forms a greenish crust on the surface of its substrate.

## Taxonomy

It was originally described by lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1799. Maurice Choisy placed it in the genus *Psilolechia* in 1949. There are known to be two chemical races of *P. lucida*. The first, which is known all over the world, contains rhizocarpic acid as a major secondary substance as well as some unknown substances. The second, reported only from Australia and New Zealand, has both rhizocarpic acid and zeorin.

## Description

*Psilolechia lucida* forms a sulphur-yellow to yellowish green crust, although the colour is greener when the surface is wet. The crust comprises powdery soredia that can be thin or thick, and sometimes divided into irregular areoles. The apothecia (typically less than 0.3 mm in diameter) are yellow, ranging in shape from hemispherical to irregular and lumpy, and lack margins. The ascospores, which number eight per ascus, measure 4–7 by 1–2.5 μm.

## Habitat and distribution

This is a widespread species that is found throughout the world. It is common and widely distributed in Europe. In Asia, *Psilolechia lucida* has been reported from Japan; from the Middle East is found in Turkey; from Africa, it is known from the Canary Islands, and Madeira. In South America, it has only been reported from Bolivia and Chile. It has also been found in Oceania, Central America, and the Antarctic Peninsula.

It grows on rocks, both calcareous and siliceous, as well as artificial rocky substrates such as bricks and concrete. The lichen grows in the shade, and is often found growing in sheltered underhangs. Rarely, it is found growing on hardwood tree bark, at the base of the tree or on the roots above ground.

## Similar species

*Chrysothrix flavovirens*, the yellow pine dust lichen, is similar in morphology and could be confused with *Psilolechia lucida*. They differ in their ecology, however: *C. flavovirens* grows on tree bark, whereas *P. lucida* is mostly grows on rocks and only sporadically is found as a facultative epiphyte.

## InfoBox

| *Psilolechia lucida* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Psilolechiaceae |
| Genus: | *Psilolechia* |
| Species: | ***P. lucida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psilolechia lucida***<br>(Ach.) M.Choisy (1949) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lichen lucidus* Ach. (1799) * *Lichen peltatus * lucida* (Ach.) Lam. (1813) * *Lecidea lucida* (Ach.) Ach. (1803) * *Patellaria lucida* (Ach.) Spreng. (1827) * *Biatora lucida* (Ach.) Fr. (1831) * *Patellaria theiotea* (Ach.) Wallr. (1831) | |


title: Psiloibidion leucogramma

abstract: Psiloibidion leucogramma is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1968.

text:
# Psiloibidion leucogramma

***Psiloibidion leucogramma*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1968.

## InfoBox

| *Psiloibidion leucogramma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Psiloibidion*** |
| Species: | ***P. leucogramma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psiloibidion leucogramma***<br>Martins, 1968 | |
|


title: Ghoomketu

abstract: Ghoomketu is a 2020 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film written and directed by Pushpendra Nath Misra. The film stars Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Ragini Khanna, Anurag Kashyap, Ila Arun, Raghuvir Yadav and Brijendra Kala in the main lead roles while also featuring Amitabh Bachchan, Ranveer Singh, Sonakshi Sinha and Chitrangada Singh in cameo appearances. The film was produced under two production banners Phantom Films and Sony Pictures Networks Productions, acquired by ZEE5. The plot based on an aspiring novice writer from a small town who runs away to Mumbai to achieve his dreams. The film was streamed via ZEE5 platform on 22 May 2020 instead of theatrical release due to COVID-19 pandemic in India.

text:
# Ghoomketu

***Ghoomketu*** is a 2020 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film written and directed by Pushpendra Nath Misra. The film stars Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Ragini Khanna, Anurag Kashyap, Ila Arun, Raghuvir Yadav and Brijendra Kala in the main lead roles while also featuring Amitabh Bachchan, Ranveer Singh, Sonakshi Sinha and Chitrangada Singh in cameo appearances. The film was produced under two production banners Phantom Films and Sony Pictures Networks Productions, acquired by ZEE5. The plot based on an aspiring novice writer from a small town who runs away to Mumbai to achieve his dreams. The film was streamed via ZEE5 platform on 22 May 2020 instead of theatrical release due to COVID-19 pandemic in India.

## Synopsis

Ghoomketu is the story of an aspiring writer from a UP village called Mahona. His father referred by everyone as 'Dadda' (elder brother) has a very high temper and married for the second time after death of his first wife, whereas his younger brother a local muscle-man remains unmarried after father of his lover refuses to marry his daughter with him. Over a period of time he becomes a strong politician of the region but is never out of word of Dadda. He is recently married to a girl in a group marriage ceremony, charitable function which was organized by his uncle. As fate would have it, his to be bride gets exchanged in the confusion of the group marriage and he ends up with a fat lady Janaki Devi and out of disappointment he doesn't even see her face even after 10 days marriage.

Dadda is deeply disappointed by antics of his Ghoomketu and never supports his dream of becoming a writer, however his aunt gives supports him wholeheartedly and gives him money and supplies enough to last 1 month in Mumbai so that he can fulfill his dream. After his disappearance his family launches a complaint in police and his uncle pressurizes police to find him within a month.

Here in Mumbai Badlani, a lazy corrupt officer is assigned the case to find him in 30 days or be sent on a punishment posting. As fate would have it Ghoomketu finds nighttime accommodation in Badlani's Tailoring shop, however since there is no photo of Ghoomketu he is not able to identify him. Ghoomketu is of simple and jovial nature and befriends everyone around him including son and wife of Badlani.

Ghoomketu faces rejection everywhere, disheartened he decides to return. On his way home after visiting Shahrukh Khan's office his file of scripts is stolen. He goes to the police station where Badlani is working and as he is giving out his details Badlani realizes he is the person he is looking for. As he goes to verify his details Ghoomketu leaves for home. After a close chase he finally sees Ghoomketu's train departing and his final hope of retaining his post.

When he reaches home, he whole heartedly apologizes to his wife and after some convincing she accepts his apology. Later his father comes terms with his son's aspirations and they have an emotional reunion. He is however pleasantly surprised to find Janaki has lost weight (because of depression) and when she reveals her face for the first time, he realizes how beautiful she is. His scripts are sold by a thief to a scrap dealer, which is bought by Bhelpuri vendor and reaches Amitabh Bachhan whilst he got Bhelpuri wrapped in Ghoomketu's script. He uses these lines in the climax of his film, which Ghoomketu watches at a local theater with his wife.

## Cast

## Production

Nawazuddin signed in this project to play the titular role of *Ghoomketu* in the lead role and it was the first time he signed to play a comic role in his film acting career. The film marks maiden collaboration for Anurag Kashyap and Nawazuddin Siddiqui as Anurag was roped in to play the small role as a police cop. Lyricist Swanand Kirkire was roped into play the role of chacha to Nawazuddin.

The shooting of the film was completed in 2014 and due to financial troubles as well as inability to find ideal distributors for film release, the film release was delayed for years. The film was initially speculated to have its theatrical release on 16 November 2018 but was postponed.

## Soundtrack

| Ghoomketu | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Sneha Khanwalkar Jasleen Royal | |
| Released | 20 May 2020 (2020-05-20) (Film) |
| Recorded | 2020 |
| Genre | Feature Film soundtrack |
| Language | Hindi |
| Label | Sangeet Music |
| Producer | Sneha Khanwalkar |

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Truck Song" | Pushpendra Nath Misra | Sneha Khanwalkar | Bappi Lahiri |  |
| 2. | "Inspector Badlani Song" | Pushpendra Nath Misra | Sneha Khanwalkar | * Ramon * Varsha Singh Dhanoa |  |
| 3. | "Bird Song" | Pushpendra Nath Misra | Jasleen Royal | Jasleen Royal |  |

## InfoBox

| Ghoomketu | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster | |
| Directed by | Pushpendra Nath Mishra |
| Written by | Pushpendra Nath Misra |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Satya Rai Nagpaul |
| Edited by | Pushpendra Nath Misra, Kratika Adhikari |
| Music by |  |
| Production
companies | Phantom Films
Sony Pictures Networks Productions |
| Distributed by | ZEE5 |
| Release date | * 22 May 2020 (2020-05-22) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |


title: Gila Group

abstract: The Gila Group is a group of geologic formations found along the upper tributaries of the Gila River in Arizona and New Mexico. Radiometric dating of lava flows within the group yields an age of Miocene to Quaternary.

text:
# Gila Group

The **Gila Group** is a group of geologic formations found along the upper tributaries of the Gila River in Arizona and New Mexico. Radiometric dating of lava flows within the group yields an age of Miocene to Quaternary.

## Description

The group is primarily conglomerate composed of clasts (rock fragments) weathered from nearby outcrops. There are also occasional thin sandstone and tuff beds and basalt flows. Total thickness is 1,000–1,500 feet (300–460 m). Radiometric ages of basalt flows within the group range from 12.1 million years (Ma) to 1 Ma.

The group is similar in age and character to the Santa Fe Group. Both are sedimentary fill of extensional basins. The two groups are separated by the Continental Divide, and the Gila Group is separated from formations of similar age to the north by the Rim Divide, which separates the San Francisco and Salt River drainage basins to the south from the Little Colorado River drainage basin to the north.

## Fossils

The Gila Group has yielded a diversity of fossils at Pearson Mesa (32°38′35″N 108°58′05″W / 32.643°N 108.968°W / 32.643; -108.968). These include four species of turtle, a heron, and fifteen mammal species. The latter includes the armadillo-like *Glyptotherium arizonae*, which is found in the southwestern United States only in beds of early Irvingtonian age.

## History of investigation

The unit was first named as the Gila Conglomerate by G.K. Gilbert in 1875 from his participation in the Wheeler Survey. Only a type area was defined. By 1903 F.L. Ransome had mapped the unit into the Globe area. P.A. Wood divided the unit into the Bonita beds, Solomonsville beds, and Frye Mesa beds in 1960. In 1963, L.A. Heindl raised the unit to group rank and divided it into the San Manuel, Quiburis, and Sacaton Formations, but M.H. Krieger and coinvestigators removed the San Manuel and Quiburis Formations from the Gila and abandoned the Sacaton Formation, restoring the Gila to formation rank. J.C. Ratte and coinvestigators redesignated the unit as the Gila Formation based on its diverse lithology.

Cather and his coinvestigators redefined the extent of the Gila Group in 1994 as part of a sweeping revision of stratigraphy in western New Mexico and eastern Arizona. They retain it at group rank.

## Footnotes

* Cather, Steven M.; Chamberlin, R.M.; Ratte, J.C. (1994). "Tertiary stratigraphy and nomenclature for western New Mexico and eastern Arizona" (PDF). *New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series*. **45**: 259–266. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
* Gilbert, G.K. (1875). "Report upon the geology of portions of Nevada, Utah, California, and Arizona, examined in the years 1871 and 1872". *Publication of the Wheeler Survey*. **3** (1): 17–187.
* Heindl, L.A. (1963). "Cenozoic geology in the Mammoth area, Pinal County, Arizona". *U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin*. 1141-E: E1–E41. doi:10.3133/b1141E.
* Krieger, M.H.; Cornwall, H.R.; Banks, N.G. (1974). "Big Dome Formation and revised Tertiary stratigraphy in the Ray-San Manuel area, Arizona". *U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin*. 1394-A: A54–A62. doi:10.3133/b1394A.
* Morgan, Gary S.; Lucas, Spencer G. (2000). "Biostratigraphic significance of late Neogene vertebrate fossils from the Gila Group, Pearson Mesa, southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona" (PDF). *New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series*. **51**: 211–200. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
* Ransome, F.L. (1903). "Geology of the Globe copper district, Arizona". *U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper*. Professional Paper. **12**. doi:10.3133/pp12. hdl:2346/61710. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
* Ratte, J.C. (1989). "Geologic map of the Bull Basin quadrangle, Catron County, New Mexico". *U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map*. GQ-1651. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
* Ratte, J.C.; Bove, D.J.; McIntosh, W.C. (1994). "Geologic map of the Milligan Mountain quadrangle, Catron County, New Mexico". *U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map*. GQ-1736. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
* Wood, P.A. (1960). "\[unknown title\]". *Arizona Geological Society Guidebook* (2).

## InfoBox

| Gila Group | |
| --- | --- |
| Stratigraphic range: Neogene<br> | |
| Gila conglomerate (left) faulted against Tertiary lavas at Silver Peak, New Mexico, USA | |
| Type | Group |
| Thickness | 1,000–1,500 ft (300–460 m) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Conglomerate |
| Other | Sandstone, siltstone, basalt, dacite |
| Location | |
| Region | Arizona, New Mexico |
| Country | United States |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Gila River |
| Named by | G.K. Gilbert |
| Year defined | 1875 |
| Gila Group (the United States)Gila Group (Arizona) | |


title: Providence Hospital (Washington, D.C.)

abstract: Providence Hospital was a 408-bed hospital located in the District of Columbia, United States. Founded in 1861 on Capitol Hill by the Roman Catholic Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, it was the longest continuously operating hospital and the last public hospital in the District. It moved to Brookland in 1956. Providence Hospital was a member of Ascension Health, the largest non-profit health care organization in the United States.

text:
# Providence Hospital (Washington, D.C.)

**Providence Hospital** was a 408-bed hospital located in the District of Columbia, United States. Founded in 1861 on Capitol Hill by the Roman Catholic Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, it was the longest continuously operating hospital and the last public hospital in the District. It moved to Brookland in 1956. Providence Hospital was a member of Ascension Health, the largest non-profit health care organization in the United States.

## Description

Providence Health System consisted of Providence Hospital (the main hospital), as well as several offsite clinics and healthcare facilities: Carroll Manor, Seton House, Perry Family Health Center, and Fort Lincoln Family Medicine Center.

Providence maintained full accreditation by The Joint Commission and was also licensed by the District of Columbia Department of Health.

On October 16, 2017, the obstetrics unit was closed as part of a cost-savings measure. Patients received notice less than two months before the unit closed. Previously, Providence delivered between 1,500 and 2,000 babies a year.

In September 2018, Ascension announced that it would close the main hospital by the end of the year but continue operating its medical office buildings and Carroll Manor. The closing plan became a source of controversy for Ascension Health. The hospital served some of the most disadvantaged residents of the district. In December most of the hospitals services ended but under pressure and a lawsuit from the city government, the Emergency Department and ten inpatient beds remained open until April 30, 2019, at which point all remaining services were closed after 158 years of continuous service.

In July 2019, Ascension Health began operating Providence Urgent Care Center at the site of the old Providence Hospital. The center provides care for the treatment for a wide range of common, non-emergency illnesses.

38°56′38″N 76°59′28″W / 38.944°N 76.991°W / 38.944; -76.991

## InfoBox

| Providence Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
| Ascension Health | |
| Photo ca 1910-1926 | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | 1150 Varnum Street, NE, Washington, D.C., United States |
| Organization | |
| Care system | Private not-for-profit |
| Type | Teaching |
| Services | |
| Beds | 408 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1861 (1861) |
| Links | |
| Website | "Providence Health System". Archived from the original on 12 Nov 2019. |
| Lists | Hospitals in Washington, D.C. |


abstract: Providence High School in Burbank, California, is a co-ed, independent, Catholic, college preparatory high school, founded by the Sisters of Providence in 1955. Located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles.

text:
# Providence High School (Burbank, California)

**Providence High School** in Burbank, California, is a co-ed, independent, Catholic, college preparatory high school, founded by the Sisters of Providence in 1955. Located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles.

## History

On 19 September 1955, the school was founded by the Sisters of Providence, who already had a presence in the San Fernando Valley and ran a hospital. It admitted 81 girls to its new educational facility. Due to construction delays, the building was not finished upon their arrival, and they start instruction in circus tents in the school parking lot. By November 1955, the school's building completed construction. In 1959, 68 students would attend its first commencement ceremony.

In 1960, the school was accredited by the Board of Admissions and Relations of the University of California. During the 1970's, enrollment dipped dangerously low, as was the trend throughout the Archdiocese of Los Angeles at that time due to the aging population of the San Fernando Valley and stiff competition from other private schools. According to the *Burbank Leader*, in 1974 the school opened its enrollment to boys and became co-educational institution. The order considered closing the school by the mid-1980s due to financial issues but newly-appointed principal Sister Lucille Dean, with the support of staff and parents, reiterated her commitment to keep the school open. Under her leadership, the school campus underwent a renovation program and the curriculum was expanded. Special programs focused on healthcare and media communications were added to the school curriculum, leveraging on the order's affiliation with the nearby Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center and the school's location in a major hub for the entertainment industry. In 1998, the school was recognized as a Blue Ribbon School.

Providence High School transitioned to an independent school organizational model in 2011 and no longer directly run by the Sisters of Providence. The school continues to maintain an affiliation with Providence Health System, the organization which runs Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center, and has sisters serving in its Board of Regents. Under the new model, Joe Sciuto served as the school's first Head of School from 2011 to 2019. Scott McLarty was selected to become Providence High School's second Head of School in 2019

## Signature Programs

### Cinema Arts Program

The Cinema Arts Program intends to help students explore media through an in-depth hands-on curriculum. The program conducts various activities through the Cinema Arts Center, an art studio accessible to students. Cinema Arts students are given the opportunity to compete in various film competitions and to hear from guest speakers currently working in the industry.

### Medical Program

The four-year program covers topics from health, medicine, and biotechnology to health care within political, social, economic, religious and ethical frameworks.

The program is the result of a partnership between Providence High School and Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center. Expansion of the program now includes participation and support of the following organizations/institutions: Providence Holy Cross Medical Center, Shriner's Hospital, University of Southern California University Hospital, LAC+USC Medical Center, Glendale Memorial Hospital, Kaiser Permanente, Midway Medical Center, Huntington Memorial Hospital, and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.

### Technology Program

The Technology Program is designed as a broad-based introduction to various kinds of technology, providing a launching pad for further college study and industry application.

In 2018, the Technology Program Center held its ribbon-cutting ceremony, unveiling a 32-station computer lab, four 3-D printers, a CNC machine, a mill machine, and a laser cutter. This facility is open for Technology Focus Program students enrolled in the four-year program.

## Notable Alumni

## InfoBox

| Providence High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 511 South Buena Vista Street
Burbank, (Los Angeles County), California 91505
United States | |
| Coordinates | 34°9′16″N 118°19′37″W / 34.15444°N 118.32694°W / 34.15444; -118.32694 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private, Coeducational, College Prep |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Roman Catholic;
Sisters of Providence (Montreal, Quebec) |
| Established | 1955 |
| Founder | Sister Mary Gleason, SP |
| Oversight | Providence Health System |
| CEEB code | 050402 |
| Head of school | Scott McLarty |
| Staff | 20 |
| Faculty | 60 |
| Grades | -12 |
| Enrollment | 508 (2022-2023) |
| Average class size | 19 |
| Color(s) | Forest Green and Teal |
| Athletics conference | CIF Southern Section
Prep League |
| Mascot | Pioneers |
| Accreditation | Western Association of Schools and Colleges Western Catholic Educational Association, California Association of Independent Schools, National Association of Independent Schools |
| Yearbook | *Esprit* |
| Affiliation | Providence Health System, Sisters of Providence |
| Website | www.providencehigh.org |


abstract:
The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) is a global policy framework to foster the sound management of chemicals. The SAICM Secretariat is hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme. "The sound management of chemicals is essential if we are to achieve sustainable development, including the eradication of poverty and disease, the improvement of human health and the environment and the elevation and maintenance of the standard of living in countries at all levels of development." - Dubai, 2006 It was adopted by the International Conference on Chemicals Management in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, on 6 February 2006. The first session of the Conference and the process to develop the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management were co-convened by the
United Nations Environment Programme, the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) and the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS). The Strategic Approach supports the achievement of the goal agreed at the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development of ensuring that, by the year 2020, chemicals will be produced and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on the environment and human health. It acknowledges the essential contributions of chemicals in the current societies and economies, while recognizing the potential threat to sustainable development if chemicals are not managed soundly. (As of 12 June 2015) The Strategic Approach focal points include 175 Governments, 85 NGOs, including a broad range of representatives from industry and civil society.

text:
# Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management

The **Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management** (SAICM) is a global policy framework to foster the sound management of chemicals. The SAICM Secretariat is hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme.

*"The sound management of chemicals is essential if we are to achieve sustainable development, including the eradication of poverty and disease, the improvement of human health and the environment and the elevation and maintenance of the standard of living in countries at all levels of development."* \- Dubai, 2006

It was adopted by the International Conference on Chemicals Management in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, on 6 February 2006. The first session of the Conference and the process to develop the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management were co-convened by the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment), the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) and the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS).

The Strategic Approach supports the achievement of the goal agreed at the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development of ensuring that, by the year 2020, chemicals will be produced and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on the environment and human health. It acknowledges the essential contributions of chemicals in the current societies and economies, while recognizing the potential threat to sustainable development if chemicals are not managed soundly.

(As of 12 June 2015) The Strategic Approach focal points include 175 Governments, 85 NGOs, including a broad range of representatives from industry and civil society.

## Overarching Policy Strategy

SAICM commitments are expressed through the Dubai Declaration, Overarching Policy Strategy and the Global Plan of Action.

### Scope

The Strategic Approach has a scope that includes:

a. Environmental, economic, social, health and labour aspects of chemical safety,

b. Agricultural and industrial chemicals, with a view to promoting sustainable development and covering chemicals at all stages of their life-cycle, including in products.

### Objectives

The main objectives of the Strategic Approach are:

A. Risk reduction

B. Knowledge and information

C. Governance

D. Capacity-building and technical cooperation

E. Illegal international traffic

## Quick Start Programme

The Quick Start Programme (QSP) is a programme under SAICM to support initial enabling capacity building and implementation activities in developing countries, least developed countries, small island developing States and countries with economies in transition. The QSP includes a voluntary, time-limited trust fund, administered by the United Nations Environment Programme, and multilateral, bilateral and other forms of cooperation. The QSP Trust Fund portfolio includes 184 approved projects in 108 countries, of which 54 are Least Developed Countries or Small Island Developing States, for an approximate funding $37 million.

## International Conference on Chemicals Management

The International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM) undertakes periodic reviews of SAICM. The first session (ICCM 1) was held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, from 4–6 February 2006, finalized and adopted SAICM.

The second session (ICCM 2) was held in Geneva, Switzerland, on 11–15 May 2009 and undertook the first periodic review of SAICM's implementation.

The third session (ICCM 3) was held in Nairobi, Kenya, 17–21 September 2012 and reviewed progress in the implementation of SAICM with tangible data on 20 indicators of progress adopted at ICCM2, addressed emerging policy issues and adopted the Health Sector Strategy.

The fourth session (ICCM 4) was held in Geneva, Switzerland, from 28 September to 2 October 2015. The overall orientation and guidance towards the achievement of the 2020 goal is the strategic policy outcome of ICCM4, setting the stage for action in 2020. ICCM4 also reviewed implementation aspects of emerging policy issues and other issues of concern, considered the Sustainable Development Goals, discussed sound management of chemicals and waste beyond 2020, and reviewed the proposed activities.

ICCM4, through resolution IV/4, initiated an inter-sessional process to prepare recommendations regarding the Strategic Approach and the sound management of chemicals and waste beyond 2020. The First meeting of the intersessional process considering the Strategic Approach and the sound management of chemicals and waste beyond 2020 was held in Brasilia, Brazil, from 7 to 9 February 2017.

The fifth session of the International Conference on Chemicals Management is scheduled to be held in Bonn, Germany, on 25 - 29 September 2023.

## Emerging Policy Issues and Other Issues of Concern

The ICCM provides a platform to call for appropriate action on emerging policy issues (EPI) as they arise and to forge consensus on priorities for cooperative action. So far, resolutions have been adopted on the following issues:

A. Lead in paint

B. Chemicals in products

C. Hazardous substance within the life cycle of electrical and electronic products

D. Nanotechnology and manufactured nanomaterials

E. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals

F. Environmentally Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutants

Other issues of concern have been acknowledged:

G. Perfluorinated chemicals

H. Highly Hazardous Pesticides

## InfoBox

SAICM
| Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Abbreviation | SAICM |
| Formation | 6 February 2006 |
| Type | Policy Framework |
| Official language | **English**, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, Spanish |
| Website | www.saicm.org |


title: Gia (song)

abstract: "Gia" is a song recorded by Greek singer Despina Vandi. It was originally released as the lead single off her 2001 multi-platinum Greek album also of the same name. Vandi signed with Ultra Records for the international release of the track, and in 2003 a CD single was made available in many markets, following by a 2004 US re-issued which included a new English-language version. "Gia" is best known for its blending of Arabic drums, modern laïka, Eurodance-influenced beats and bilingual lyrics. It is also the first foreign-language Dance recording to top the Billboard Hot Dance Airplay chart, where it peaked at number one in 2004. "Gia" stayed on the Billboard charts for 12 weeks and made Vandi one of six artists that stayed the most weeks on the charts in 2004. The track has also been mashed-up with another Vandi single, "Come Along Now", which was released in 2004 as "Come Along Now Vs. Gia". It is featured on the Ministry of Sound's The Annual 2005. According to the Greek "Chart Show" and IFPI, the song is in the third position in the Top 30 with the best songs of the most successful Greek artists during 2000–2009.

text:
# Gia (song)

"**Gia**" is a song recorded by Greek singer Despina Vandi. It was originally released as the lead single off her 2001 multi-platinum Greek album also of the same name. Vandi signed with Ultra Records for the international release of the track, and in 2003 a CD single was made available in many markets, following by a 2004 US re-issued which included a new English-language version.

"Gia" (the Greek word for "Hi") is best known for its blending of Arabic drums, modern laïka, Eurodance-influenced beats and bilingual lyrics. It is also the first foreign-language Dance recording to top the *Billboard* Hot Dance Airplay chart, where it peaked at number one in 2004.

"Gia" stayed on the *Billboard* charts for 12 weeks and made Vandi one of six artists that stayed the most weeks on the charts in 2004.

The track has also been mashed-up with another Vandi single, "Come Along Now", which was released in 2004 as "Come Along Now Vs. Gia". It is featured on the Ministry of Sound's *The Annual 2005*.

According to the Greek "Chart Show" and IFPI, the song is in the third position in the Top 30 with the best songs of the most successful Greek artists during 2000–2009.

## Music video

The original music video of the song was directed by Kostas Kapetanidis and was set in a temple with Vandi and four male dancers and featured a young child. In 2003, a new video was made for the Greek-English release of the song, which was also directed by Kapetanidis and was shot in Morocco.

## Track listing

* **US 12" vinyl**

1. "Gia" (DJ Gregory Remix)
2. "Gia" (Milk & Sugar Remix)
3. "Gia" (Bass Bumpers Extended Remix)
4. "Gia" (Level K Remix)

* **Greece and US CD single**

1. "Gia" (Bass Bumpers Radio Edit) – 3:00
2. "Gia" (Original) – 4:09
3. "Gia" (Milk & Sugar Radio Edit) – 3:19
4. "Gia" (DJ Gregory Remix) – 7:59
5. "Everything I Dreamed" – 3:18
6. "Gia" (Video)

* **US EP**

1. "Gia" (Radio Edit)
2. "Gia" (Milk & Sugar Radio Edit)
3. "Gia" (Original Mix)
4. "Gia" (Extended Mix)
5. "Gia" (Milk & Sugar Remix)
6. "Gia" (DJ Gregory Remix)
7. "Gia" (Level K Remix)

## Charts

| Chart (2001–2004) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 35 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 42 |
| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) | 56 |
| Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) | 20 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 36 |
| Greece (IFPI) | 1 |
| Hungary (Dance Top 40) | 22 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 55 |
| Romania (Romanian Top 100) | 8 |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | 19 |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 25 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 73 |
| US Dance Club Songs (*Billboard*) | 39 |

## Release history

| Country | Release date | Format |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Greece | December 19, 2001 |  |
| Various | September 22, 2003 |  |
| United States | August 27, 2004 | EP |
| | November 21, 2004 | CD single |

## InfoBox

| "Gia" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Despina Vandi | |
| from the album  *Gia* | |
| Released | December 19, 2001 (2001-12-19) |
| Length | 4:09 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | Phoebus |
| Producer(s) | Phoebus (with co-production by Bass Bumpers) |
| Despina Vandi singles chronology | |
| "Ande Gia"
(2002) "**Gia**"
(2001) "Come Along Now"
(2004) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| Australian two-track edition cover | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Gia 'Sena Ton Agnosto

abstract: Gia 'sena ton agnosto is the name of a studio album by popular Greek singer Marinella. It was released on September 27, 1983, by PolyGram Records in Greece and it went gold selling over 50,000 units. The album is entirely composed by Giorgos Hatzinasios, with lyrics by Michalis Bourboulis. The original release was in stereo on vinyl and cassette, under the label of Philips Records. In 1996, the album was released on CD by PolyGram, under the label of Mercury Records.

text:
# Gia 'Sena Ton Agnosto

***Gia 'sena ton agnosto*** (Greek: *Για 'σένα τον άγνωστο*; *For you, the unknown*) is the name of a studio album by popular Greek singer Marinella. It was released on September 27, 1983, by PolyGram Records in Greece and it went gold selling over 50,000 units. The album is entirely composed by Giorgos Hatzinasios, with lyrics by Michalis Bourboulis. The original release was in stereo on vinyl and cassette, under the label of Philips Records. In 1996, the album was released on CD by PolyGram, under the label of Mercury Records.

## Track listing

Side One. 1. "Eise potami" (Είσαι ποτάμι; You are a river) – 3:34
2. "Mi me rotas" (Μη με ρωτάς; Don't ask me) – 3:20
3. "Echo psychi" (Έχω ψυχή; I have a soul) – 2:32
4. "Kamia fora" (Καμιά φορά; Sometimes) – 3:16
5. "Mesimeraki" (Μεσημεράκι; Little noon) – 2:36
6. "Ta simata" (Τα σήματα; The signals) – 1:51

Side Two. 1. "O agnostos (Gia 'sena ton agnosto)" (Ο άγνωστος; The unknown) – 2:44
2. "Erotas anatolitis" (Έρωτας ανατολίτης; Love oriental) – 3:32
3. "Stin odo Kallidromiou" (Στην οδό Καλλιδρομίου; At Kallidromiou street) – 2:46
4. "Enas anthropos zestos" (Ένας άνθρωπος ζεστός; A warm man) – 3:08
5. "Forages ton ilio" (Φόραγες τον ήλιο; You wore the sunshine) – 2:47
6. "Ta simata (Instrumental)" (Τα σήματα; The signals) – 1:51

## Personnel

1. Liner notes, Marinella – *Gia Sena Ton Agnosto*, PolyGram Greece – Philips: 814654, 1983
2. Dragoumanos, Petros (2009). Elliniki Diskografia 1950–2009 (Greek Discography 1950 – 2009)
3. Marinella – Gia Sena Ton Agnosto (LP) 1983 at *Discogs.com*
4. Compilation album *I Foni Ke O Mythos – 30 Chronia Tragoudi* (Booklet), Marinella, PolyGram Greece – Mercury Records: 534828, 1997
5. Compilation album *Ta Logia Ine Peritta – 50 Chronia Tragoudi* (Booklet), Marinella, Universal – PolyGram Greece: 1715636, 2006
6. Compilation album *Ta Logia Ine Peritta – 50 Chronia Tragoudi (Words are pointless – 50 Years of song)*, Marinella, Universal – PolyGram Greece: 1733687, 2007
7. GIA SENA TON AGNOSTO (PHILIPS 814654) 1983 at *Musiccorner.gr* (in greek)
8. Marinella – Gia Sena Ton Agnosto (Cassette) 1983 at *Discogs.com*
9. Liner notes, *Gia Sena Ton Agnosto* (CD release), Marinella, PolyGram Greece – Mercury Records: 0422 8146 5420, 1996
10. Marinella – Gia Sena Ton Agnosto (CD) 1996 at *Discogs.com*
11. "iTunes Music – Marinella: Gia Sena Ton Agnosto 1983". Itunes.apple.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
12. Marinella – Gia Sena Ton Agnosto 1983 at *Music-bazaar.com*

## InfoBox

| Gia 'Sena Ton Agnosto | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Marinella | |
| Released | September 27, 1983 (Greece) |
| Recorded | Athens, studio Polysound, 1983 |
| Genre | World music, folk, modern Laika |
| Length | 31:17 |
| Language | Greek |
| Label | PolyGram Greece, Philips |
| Producer | Philippos Papatheodorou |
| Marinella chronology | |
| *15 Chronia Marinella*
(1982) ***Gia 'Sena Ton Agnosto***
(1983) *Megales Stigmes*
(1984) | |
|  | |
| Marinella studio album chronology | |
| *Marinella – Gia 'Senane Mporo*
(1981) '***Gia 'Sena Ton Agnosto***
(1983) *Megales Stigmes*
(1984) | |
|  | |


title: Pseudonebularia perdulca

abstract: Pseudonebularia perdulca is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

text:
# Pseudonebularia perdulca

***Pseudonebularia perdulca*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

## Description

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudonebularia perdulca* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Mitridae |
| Genus: | *Pseudonebularia* |
| Species: | ***P. perdulca*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudonebularia perdulca***<br>(Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mitra perdulca* Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009 | |


title: William Millington

abstract: William Henry Millington was an Australian fighter pilot and flying ace who flew in the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War. He was credited with at least nine aerial victories. Born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne in England, Millington was raised in Australia. He joined the RAF in 1939 and the following year was posted to No. 79 Squadron. Flying a Hawker Hurricane fighter, he flew extensively during the Battle of Britain, scoring a number of aerial victories. He was also shot down on one occasion, steering his burning Hurricane away from a populated area before crash landing the aircraft. Later posted to No. 249 Squadron, he was presumed to have been killed in a dogfight over the English Channel just before the end of the Battle of Britain.

text:
# William Millington

**William Henry Millington** (7 January 1918 – 30 October 1940) was an Australian fighter pilot and flying ace who flew in the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War. He was credited with at least nine aerial victories.

Born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne in England, Millington was raised in Australia. He joined the RAF in 1939 and the following year was posted to No. 79 Squadron. Flying a Hawker Hurricane fighter, he flew extensively during the Battle of Britain, scoring a number of aerial victories. He was also shot down on one occasion, steering his burning Hurricane away from a populated area before crash landing the aircraft. Later posted to No. 249 Squadron, he was presumed to have been killed in a dogfight over the English Channel just before the end of the Battle of Britain.

## Early life

William Henry Millington was born on 11 August 1917 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne in England to William Henry and Elizabeth Hay Millington. His family emigrated to Australia while Millington was a child and settled in Edwardstown in the state of South Australia. In June 1939, he returned to England to take up a short-service commission in the Royal Air Force (RAF). This was granted on 18 September 1939, Millington becoming an acting pilot officer on probation.

## Second World War

Millington proceeded to No. 6 Operational Training Unit at Sutton Bridge for familiarisation on the Hawker Hurricane fighter in early June 1940, once his flight training had been completed. By this time, he had been confirmed in his rank of pilot officer. Later in the month he was posted to No. 79 Squadron.

### Battle of Britain

At the time Millington joined No. 79 Squadron, which operated Hurricanes, it was based at Biggin Hill as part of No. 11 Group, having been heavily engaged in operations in France. It helped provide aerial protection for convoys making their way along the southern coastline of England, and on 9 July, Millington shot down a Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter to the east of Dover. Later in the month his probationary period ended as he was confirmed in his pilot officer rank. By this stage of the battle, No. 79 Squadron had shifted north to Acklington, as part of No. 13 Group.

On 15 August, the Luftwaffe mounted a bomber attack on the northern part of England, the area defended by No. 13 Group. No. 79 Squadron was scrambled to deal with the incoming bombers and Millington engaged and destroyed three Heinkel He 111 medium bombers off Middlesbrough. He shot down a He 111 on 30 August and was also credited with a second He 111 as probably destroyed. He also damaged a Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter. The following day he destroyed a Dornier Do 17 bomber and also shot down two Bf 109s and damaged a third. However, he was wounded and his Hurricane was set afire by cannon fire from a Bf 109. Rather than bale out, he stayed with the aircraft and crash-landed near Hawkhurst to ensure that it did not crash on a populated area. He was badly burned and hospitalised.

Millington was posted to No. 249 Squadron on 19 September once he recovered from his wounds and injuries. Based at North Weald and operating Hurricanes, his new unit was heavily engaged in the aerial fighting over London as the Luftwaffe intensified its operations against the city. On 27 September he shot down a Junkers Ju 88 medium bomber near Guildford and shared in the destruction of another in the same area. A few days later, and in recognition of his exploits with No. 79 Squadron, Millington was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC). The citation, published in *The London Gazette*, for the DFC read:

> In August, 1940, this officer was flying as a member of a section engaged on aerodrome guard patrol. Fifteen Dorniers escorted by a large number of Messerschmitts were sighted and an attack was ordered. Pilot Officer Millington succeeded in damaging a Dormer, but was in turn engaged by three Messerschmitts. He damaged one, shook off the other two and, single-handed, again engaged the bombers. During a further attack by two of the enemy fighters, he shot down one but a cannon shell burst in the engine of his aircraft causing it to burn. Pilot Officer Millington, although suffering from a wound, chose to make a crash landing rather than abandon his aircraft and so endanger a village in front of him. He succeeded in getting clear just before the petrol tanks exploded. A few days previously, he attacked a formation of about sixty Heinkels, two of which he destroyed. He has displayed great courage in attacking superior numbers of enemy aircraft.
>
> *London Gazette*, No. 34958, 1 October 1940

While flying north of Ashford on 7 October, Millington shot down a Bf 109; this was claimed as probably destroyed as was another a Bf 109 he engaged on 25 October near Hastings. Three days later he damaged a Do 17 near the RAF's base at Hawkinge and on a subsequent sortie the same day shared in the destruction a Ju 88 southeast of Dungeness. On 30 October, the penultimate day of the Battle of Britain, an incoming raid of about 100 aircraft was detected and No. 249 Squadron was scrambled to deal with it. Millington became engaged in a series of dogfights over the English Channel and was last seen in pursuit of a Bf 109 and never returned to base. He was presumed to have been killed, the last Australian fatality of the Battle of Britain. With no known grave, Millington is commemorated on the Runneymeade Memorial at Englefield Green.As an Australian who died while serving in the armed forces of the United Kingdom, his name is recorded in the Commemorative Roll at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.

Millington is credited with the destruction of nine German aircraft, with a share in two others shot down. He also probably destroyed another four aircraft and damaged three.

* Claasen, Adam (2012). *Dogfight: The Battle of Britain*. Anzac Battle Series. Auckland: Exisle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-921497-28-5.
* Newton, Dennis (1996). *Australian Air Aces*. Fyshwick: Aerospace Publications. ISBN 1-875671-25-0.
* Rawlings, John (1976). *Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and Their Aircraft*. London: MacDonald & James. ISBN 0-354-01028-X.
* Shores, Christopher; Williams, Clive (1994). *Aces High: A Tribute to the Most Notable Fighter Pilots of the British and Commonwealth Forces in WWII*. London: Grub Street. ISBN 1-898697-00-0.

## InfoBox

| William Henry Millington | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1917-08-11)11 August 1917
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England |
| Died | 30 October 1940(1940-10-30) (aged 23)
over the English Channel |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Service/branch | Royal Air Force |
| Years of service | 1939–1940 |
| Rank | Pilot officer |
| Unit | No. 79 Squadron
No. 249 Squadron |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Distinguished Flying Cross |


title: Weather records in Windsor, Ontario

abstract: Extreme weather has been known to hit Windsor, Ontario, and the city is home to several local, national, and international weather records. They are shown below, organized chronologically:

text:
# Weather records in Windsor, Ontario

Extreme weather has been known to hit Windsor, Ontario, and the city is home to several local, national, and international weather records. They are shown below, organized chronologically (by date):

## 1913

* March 21: The area between Windsor and Cobalt in Ontario was affected by winds gusting up to 150 km/h. 7 people were killed during the storm which also damaged buildings and uprooted trees.

## 1922

* March 30: 30–40 mm freezing rain affected south Ontario from the Windsor area to an area just north of Toronto.

## 1943

* March 8: Temperatures in Windsor, ON drop to −19.4 °C (−3 °F), the coldest March night on record here.

## 1946

## 1953

* June 20: The highest humidex reading ever recorded in Windsor (and in Canada until it was surpassed by Carman, Manitoba in 2007) occurred, hitting 52.1. The temperature was 37 °C (99 °F).

## 1966

* May 10: Lows drop to −2.8 °C (27 °F) in Windsor, ON, the coldest May night on record here.

## 1967

* October 4: Temperatures reach 28.9 °C (84 °F) in Windsor, Ontario, the highest temperature recorded across Canada in October 1967.

## 1973

* January 29: Windsor Coldest temperature recorded on record (−32.8 °C or −27 °F)

## 1974

* April 3: Windsor's costliest disaster, an F3 tornado, hits, as a part of the 1974 Super Outbreak.

## 1984

* September 2: 8 tornadoes touch down between Windsor and London, Ontario.

## 1985

* April 7: Southern Ontario was affected by winds gusting up to 110 km/h. Among the consequences were Power failures from Windsor to Belleville, 7 people being stranded in a lift at the Skylon Tower at the Niagara Falls when the lift cables were twisted in the wind and the wind combined with pack ice on the Welland Canal to block the canal stopping shipping traffic.
* May 30: Golf ball size hail in the Windsor and Leamington areas of Ontario causing $30–40 million damage.

## 1988

* June 25: The temperature hit 40.2 °C. At 38.2 °C it was also the hottest day on record in London, Ontario, as well.

## 1990

* November 1: Record breaking temperatures spreads much into Southern Ontario bringing the temperature up to 21 °C.

## 1991

## 1995

* July 14: Extreme hot temperatures shattered into much of Southern Ontario and the Great Lakes which saw the mercury in Windsor rise to 38 °C. This was all part of the 1995 Chicago heat wave which saw temperature in Chicago rise to 41 °C.

## 1997

## 1998

* March 22: A spell of snow over Southern Ontario from Windsor to the Ottawa Valley that began on the evening of the 20th came to an end. Generally 15–25 cm snow fell and in the Niagara Peninsula more than 35 cm snow fell. 19
* March 30: Very unusually warm weather spreads into southern Ontario bringing the temperature in Windsor up to 25 °C.
* December 6: Temperature soars up to 19 °C making it one of the warmest Decembers in Southern Ontario on record.

## 1999

* September 3: One of Canada's worst road disasters occurred in dense early morning fog which suddenly sprung up near Windsor, Ontario on Highway 401 just east of Exit 21, reducing visibility to less than 1 metre. Out of 87 automobiles and trucks involved, 82 vehicles were destroyed, 8 people were killed and 33 others were injured.
* November 9: Very unusually warm late summer, mid-September like mild temperatures broke records across most of Ontario. Temperatures that day in Windsor soars up to 23 °C.

## 2000

* February 26: saw temperatures in London, ON reach 17.8 °C whilst in Windsor temperatures topped 20 °C for the first time on record in February.
* March 7: Temperatures exceeded 25 °C in Windsor, Sarnia, Petrolia and Strathroy (all in Ontario). Records show that this is the earliest temperatures over 25 °C have been reached here, beating the old record by more than 3 weeks.
* April 20: 94.6 mm rain fell in Windsor, Ontario, well above the total average precipitation for the whole month of April (74.9 mm). London and Sarnia were also really wet, recording 66.4 mm and 51.2 mm rain respectively.

## 2001

* August 8: A heat wave invades much of Southern Ontario and northeastern US. Temperature in Windsor rose up to 37 °C.
* December 5: Windsor and much of Southern Ontario saw an unusually mild late September temperatures with the mercury soaring up to 18 °C. This was very well known to be one of the warmest Decembers ever recorded in Southern Ontario.

## 2002

* February 25: The temperature peaked at 15.1 °C in Windsor, Ontario, the highest temperature recorded in the whole of Canada in the whole of February 2002.
* March 26: An early Spring storm brought snow to much of southern Ontario, and some freezing rain to the St. Catharines/Hamilton area. Among the storm snowfall totals was 24.5 cm in Cornwall, 15 cm in Kitchener, 13 cm in Peterborough, 12 cm in Barrie, 11 cm in Windsor, between 7 and 12 cm snow fell in Toronto and 8 cm in Hamilton.
* April 8 – April 9: Heavy rain on the 8th and 9th (mainly on the 8th) over parts of Ontario knocks out power to 4,000 customers in Muskoka. Among the wettest places were Windsor with 31 mm and Hamilton with 22 mm rain; here it was the wettest weather since January 31. Meanwhile, in Wiarton, conditions were much wetter and 41 mm rain fell.
* April 11: Temperatures peak at 20.5C in London and 20.7C in Windsor, the warmest weather here since October 25, 2001 when temperatures topped 20 °C for the last time. Meanwhile, Medicine Hat reached 17.5 °C, the warmest weather here since the first half of November 2001 whilst 17.9 °C in Saskatoon was their warmest weather since early October 2001.
* April 16: Temperatures in an area extending from Windsor and London northeastwards across the Barrie, Hamilton and Greater Toronto Area areas to Ottawa reached 28–30 °C, the hottest weather in this area since September 9, 2001.

## 2003

* February 23: A major winter storm affected southern and eastern Ontario on the February 22 and 23. 15 to 30 cm snow fell across many parts of regions extending from Windsor across Barrie-Huronia and Ski country into the National Capital Region/Ottawa area. Locally as much as 30 to 40 cm snow fell and drifts up to 60 cm deep were reported. On the morning of the 23rd snow depths included 20 cm in Windsor, 17 cm in Hamilton, 10–15 cm in Kitchener, 26 cm in Grand Valley, 28 cm in Vaughan, 20–30 cm in Maple, Northern Toronto, 20 to 25 cm in Barrie, 34 cm in Orillia, 25 cm in Brampton, 27 cm in Minden and 20–37 cm in the Ottawa area. The greatest snow depth was 37 cm recorded in Franktown, southwest Ottawa. Freezing rain and ice pellets also affected the Niagara region and the north shore of Lake Ontario. Ice accretions as high as 2–4 cm were reported in Prince Edward County
* March 3: A cold start across Ontario. Overnight lows fell to −24.7C at Pearson Airport, Toronto, −30.5 in Wiarton, −29.4C in Kitchener, −24.6 °C in Hamilton, −34.7 °C in Sudbury, −32.3 °C in Gore Bay, −31.0 °C in Petawawa, −19.7 °C in Windsor, −29.2 °C in Peterborough and −22.3 °C in Sarnia.
* April 28: Summery over southern Ontario and Quebec with temperatures up to 26.4 °C in Toronto, 26.1 °C in Windsor, 25.1 °C in Ottawa, 25.5 °C in Sarnia and 24.3C in London. Montreal reached 23.7 °C, Sherbrooke reached 24.3 °C and Maniwaki reached 25.1 °C.

## 2006

* October 12: Somewhat unusually cool air allows 0.51 cm of snow to fall, just enough to break the old record of the earliest snowfall of the season. The previous record was October 13. The requirements for measurement is 0.25 cm or higher. Below that, it would have been measured as a "trace" amount of snow, and would not have been a record.

## 2007

## 2008

* January 7: Unusually warm winter weather peaks at 13 °C, breaking the previous local record of 12.8 °C set in 1989.

## 2009

* April 24: Windsor and Southern Ontario experience a small heat wave, with temperatures in Windsor reaching 30.7 °C.

## 2011

* April 11: Summer-like conditions in Windsor brought temperatures up to 26 °C with a humidex of 32 °C while temperatures in the rest of Southern Ontario (excluding Southwestern Ontario) only remained in the single digits. Nearby Detroit, Michigan reached 27 °C with a humidex of 33 °C at one point during the day.
* July 21: One of the worst heat waves recorded in North America's history was reported in much of the Midwest and Eastern US and much of Southern Ontario with temperatures in Windsor rising up to 37 °C.

## 2012

* July 4 and 17: Very hot temperatures shattered into much of Southern Ontario and eastern US with Windsor temperatures on both of these days climbs up to 38 °C.

## 2014

* January 7: Extreme cold temperatures invades much of Southern Canada and Midwest and Northeastern US with windchill temperatures in Windsor plunging down to −39 C, close to all-time low of −42 C.

## 2015

* November 4: Windsor saw a daily record 23.9 °C (75.0 °F). An unseasonably late summer, mid-September like mild temperatures broke records across most of Ontario between November 3 and 5, 2015. More mild record breaking temperatures were reported a month later around Christmas Day, which most of Ontario saw a "Green Christmas".

## 2016

* May 15: A rare mid-May snow fell in Windsor along with the rest of Southern Ontario and the Great Lakes region. In that overnight, temperature plunges down to the record low of 0 °C (32 °F).


title: Wolbach, Nebraska

abstract: Wolbach is a village in Greeley county, Nebraska, United States. The population was 283 at the time of the 2010 census.

text:
# Wolbach, Nebraska

**Wolbach** is a village in Greeley county, Nebraska, United States. (While the community of Wolbach extends south into Howard County, the village limits do not.) The population was 283 at the time of the 2010 census.

## History

Wolbach was established as a town in 1887 when the railroad was extended to that point. It was named for S. N. Wolbach, one of the original owners of the town site.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.70 square miles (1.81 km2), of which 0.69 square miles (1.79 km2) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km2) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 563 |  |  |
| 1920 | 589 |  | 4.6% |
| 1930 | 501 |  | −14.9% |
| 1940 | 523 |  | 4.4% |
| 1950 | 442 |  | −15.5% |
| 1960 | 382 |  | −13.6% |
| 1970 | 366 |  | −4.2% |
| 1980 | 301 |  | −17.8% |
| 1990 | 280 |  | −7.0% |
| 2000 | 287 |  | 2.5% |
| 2010 | 283 |  | −1.4% |
| 2020 | 224 |  | −20.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

At the 2010 census there were 283 people, 128 households, and 76 families in the village. The population density was 410.1 inhabitants per square mile (158.3/km2). There were 159 housing units at an average density of 230.4 per square mile (89.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.2% White, 1.1% African American, 0.4% Asian, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1%.

Of the 128 households 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.6% were married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.6% were non-families. 37.5% of households were one person and 20.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.93.

The median age in the village was 45.5 years. 24.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.4% were from 25 to 44; 29.3% were from 45 to 64; and 21.2% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

### 2000 census

At the 2000 census there were 287 people, 128 households, and 77 families in the village. The population density was 421.4 inhabitants per square mile (162.7/km2). There were 140 housing units at an average density of 205.5 per square mile (79.3/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.86% White, 2.09% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.09%.

Of the 128 households 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.2% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1% were non-families. 37.5% of households were one person and 21.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 3.00.

The age distribution was 25.4% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 22.6% 65 or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.9 males.

The median household income was $25,536, and the median family income was $37,750. Males had a median income of $26,667 versus $16,875 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,472. About 10.1% of families and 14.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.2% of those under the age of eighteen and 15.6% of those sixty five or over.

Media related to Wolbach, Nebraska at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Wolbach, Nebraska | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Downtown Wolbach: Center Street | |
| Location of Wolbach, Nebraska | |
| Coordinates: 41°24′05″N 98°23′39″W / 41.40139°N 98.39417°W / 41.40139; -98.39417 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nebraska |
| County | Greeley |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.70 sq mi (1.81 km2) |
| Land | 0.69 sq mi (1.78 km2) |
| Water | 0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,854 ft (565 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 224 |
| Density | 326.53/sq mi (126.07/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 68882 |
| Area code | 308 |
| FIPS code | 31-53520 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2399726 |


title: My First Kiss (film)

abstract: My First Kiss is a 2008 drama film, written and directed by David Wexler. The short was an Official Selection of the Big Apple Film Festival, Silver Lei winner of the Honolulu International Film Festival, and nominated for Best Narrative Film at the Miami Short Film Festival.

text:
# My First Kiss (film)

***My First Kiss*** is a 2008 drama film, written and directed by David Wexler.

The short was an Official Selection of the Big Apple Film Festival, Silver Lei winner of the Honolulu International Film Festival, and nominated for Best Narrative Film at the Miami Short Film Festival.

## Plot

Michelle films her boyfriend and asks questions about the first day they met. The narrative flashes back and forth from this present-day video log to the nervous and semi-awkward goings-on of the protagonist (Joey) getting ready for girls to come over to his house. Uncomfortable moments, embarrassing camp stories, and confrontations between drifting friends ensue. It feels like that first break back home from college.

## InfoBox

| My First Kiss | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | David Wexler |
| Written by | David Wexler |
| Produced by | David Wexler |
| Release date | * 2008 (2008) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


abstract: As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names. Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's Minor Planet Circulars for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (DMP) and regularly updated the collection. Based on Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be added to this list below after official publication as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

text:
# Meanings of minor planet names: 544001–545000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names.

Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's *Minor Planet Circulars* for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names* (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.

Based on Paul Herget's *The Names of the Minor Planets*, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be *added to this list below after official publication* as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

## 544001–544100

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 544033 Lihsing | 2014 RR27 | Li Hsing (1930–2021) was a Taiwanese film director. | IAU **·** 544033 |

## 544101–544200

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 544201–544300

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 544301–544400

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 544309 Reuss | 2014 UM62 | Gustáv Reuss (1818–1861), a well-known Slovak physician, writer and polymath. | IAU **·** 544309 |
| 544325 Péczbéla | 2014 UR94 | Béla Pécz (born 1961), a Hungarian physicist and material scientist, who introduced aberration-corrected electron microscopy in Hungary and contributed to the development of devices based on gallium nitride and thin films using indium nitride. | IAU **·** 544325 |

## 544401–544500

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 544501–544600

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 544541 Srholec | 2014 WP73 | Anton Srholec (1929–2016) was a Slovak Roman Catholic priest and Salesian. | IAU **·** 544541 |

## 544601–544700

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 544618 Bugátpál | 2014 WP193 | Pál Bugát (1793–1865) was a Hungargian physician, university professor, and a language reformer. | IAU **·** 544618 |

## 544701–544800

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 544801–544900

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 544901–545000

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

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title: Ägelsee

abstract: Ägelsee is a small lake in the municipality of Zeiningen, Canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The 7500 m⁲ nature preserve is an amphibian spawning area of national importance.

text:
# Ägelsee

**Ägelsee** (or **Egelsee**) is a small lake in the municipality of Zeiningen, Canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The 7500 m2 nature preserve is an amphibian spawning area of national importance.

## InfoBox

| Ägelsee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ÄgelseeÄgelseeÄgelsee | |
| Location | Zeiningen, Aargau |
| Coordinates | 47°33′58″N 7°52′45″E / 47.566111°N 7.879167°E / 47.566111; 7.879167 |
| Basin countries | Switzerland |
|  | |
| Surface elevation | 339 m (1,112 ft) |
|  | |


title: 1977 Walker Cup

abstract: The 1977 Walker Cup, the 26th Walker Cup Match, was played on August 26 and 27, 1977, at Shinnecock Hills Golf Club, Southampton, New York. The event was won by the United States 16 to 8. The United States led 9–3 after the first day and 11–5 after the second-day foursomes. Needing just a point to retain the trophy, the United States won 5 of the 8 singles matches for a convincing victory. There were no halved matches, although 8 matches went to the last hole.

text:
# 1977 Walker Cup

The **1977 Walker Cup**, the 26th Walker Cup Match, was played on August 26 and 27, 1977, at Shinnecock Hills Golf Club, Southampton, New York. The event was won by the United States 16 to 8.

The United States led 9–3 after the first day and 11–5 after the second-day foursomes. Needing just a point to retain the trophy, the United States won 5 of the 8 singles matches for a convincing victory. There were no halved matches, although 8 matches went to the last hole.

## Format

The format for play on Friday and Saturday was the same. There were four matches of foursomes in the morning and eight singles matches in the afternoon. In all, 24 matches were played.

Each of the 24 matches was worth one point in the larger team competition. If a match was all square after the 18th hole extra holes were not played. Rather, each side earned ½ a point toward their team total. The team that accumulated at least 12½ points won the competition. If the two teams were tied, the previous winner would retain the trophy.

## Teams

Ten players for the United States and Great Britain & Ireland participated in the event plus one non-playing captain for each team.

### United States

**Captain:** Lewis Oehmig

### Great Britain & Ireland

&
**Captain:**  Sandy Saddler

## Friday's matches

### Morning foursomes

| & | Results |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lyle/McEvoy | 4 & 3 | **Fought/Heafner** |
| Davies/Kelley | 5 & 4 | **Simpson/Miller** |
| **Hutcheon/Deeble** | 1 up | Siderowf/Hallberg |
| Brodie/Martin | 1 up | **Sigel/Brannan** |
| 1 | Foursomes | 3 |
| 1 | Overall | 3 |

### Afternoon singles

| & | Results |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Peter McEvoy | 2 up | **Lindy Miller** |
| Ian Hutcheon | 4 & 3 | **John Fought** |
| Gordon Murray | 7 & 6 | **Scott Simpson** |
| John Davies | 4 & 3 | **Vance Heafner** |
| **Allan Brodie** | 4 & 3 | Bill Sander |
| **Steve Martin** | 3 & 2 | Gary Hallberg |
| Sandy Lyle | 2 up | **Fred Ridley** |
| Paul McKellar | 5 & 4 | **Jay Sigel** |
| 2 | Singles | 6 |
| 3 | Overall | 9 |

## Saturday's matches

### Morning foursomes

| & | Results |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hutcheon/Deeble | 4 & 3 | **Fought/Heafner** |
| McEvoy/Davies | 2 up | **Miller/Simpson** |
| **Brodie/Martin** | 6 & 4 | Siderowf/Sander |
| **Murray/Kelley** | 4 & 3 | Ridley/Brannan |
| 2 | Foursomes | 2 |
| 5 | Overall | 11 |

### Afternoon singles

| & | Results |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Steve Martin | 1 up | **Lindy Miller** |
| John Davies | 2 & 1 | **John Fought** |
| **Allan Brodie** | 2 & 1 | Bill Sander |
| Peter McEvoy | 4 & 3 | **Gary Hallberg** |
| **Michael Kelley** | 2 & 1 | Dick Siderowf |
| **Ian Hutcheon** | 2 up | Mike Brannan |
| Sandy Lyle | 5 & 3 | **Fred Ridley** |
| Peter Deeble | 1 up | **Jay Sigel** |
|
| 3 | Singles | 5 |
| 8 | Overall | 16 |

## InfoBox

26th Walker Cup Match
| Dates | August 26–27, 1977 |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Shinnecock Hills Golf Club |
| Location | Southampton, New York |
| Captains |  |
| 16 8 <br> | |
| United States wins the Walker Cup | |
|


title: Mulvane USD 263

abstract: Mulvane USD 263 is a public unified school district headquartered in Mulvane, Kansas, United States. The district includes the communities of Mulvane, Peck, and nearby rural areas.

text:
# Mulvane USD 263

**Mulvane USD 263** is a public unified school district headquartered in Mulvane, Kansas, United States. The district includes the communities of Mulvane, Peck, and nearby rural areas.

## Schools

The school district operates the following schools:

* Mulvane High School
* Mulvane Middle School
* Mulvane Grade School
* Munson Primary School

## InfoBox

| Mulvane USD 263 | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 628 E. Mulvane St. Mulvane, Kansas, 67110<br>United States | |
| Coordinates | 37°28′35″N 97°14′6″W / 37.47639°N 97.23500°W / 37.47639; -97.23500 |
| District information | |
| Type | Public |
| Grades | Pre-K to 12 |
| Schools | 4 |
| NCES District ID | 2009840 |
| Students and staff | |
| Students | 1,807 (2020–21) |
| Teachers | 153.3 (FTE) |
| Student–teacher ratio | 11.79 |
| Other information | |
| Website | usd263.com |


title: United States Commission of Fine Arts

abstract: The U.S. Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) is an independent agency of the federal government of the United States, and was established in 1910. The CFA has review authority over the "design and aesthetics" of all construction within Washington, D.C. In accordance with the Old Georgetown Act, the CFA appoints the Old Georgetown Board. The Old Georgetown Board has design review authority over all semipublic and private structures within the boundaries of the Georgetown Historic District. The CFA was granted approval authority by the Shipstead-Luce Act over the design and height of public and private buildings which front or abut the grounds of the United States Capitol, the grounds of the White House, Pennsylvania Avenue NW extending from the Capitol to the White House, Lafayette Square, Rock Creek Park, the National Zoological Park, the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, Potomac Park, and the National Mall and its constituent parks. The CFA mandate does not apply to the United States Capitol, the Library of Congress, or the other properties and locations overseen by the Architect of the Capitol.

text:
# United States Commission of Fine Arts

The **U.S. Commission of Fine Arts** (**CFA**) is an independent agency of the federal government of the United States, and was established in 1910. The CFA has review (but not approval) authority over the "design and aesthetics" of all construction within Washington, D.C. In accordance with the Old Georgetown Act, the CFA appoints the Old Georgetown Board. The Old Georgetown Board has design review authority over all semipublic and private structures within the boundaries of the Georgetown Historic District. The CFA was granted approval (not just review) authority by the Shipstead-Luce Act over the design and height of public and private buildings which front or abut the grounds of the United States Capitol, the grounds of the White House, Pennsylvania Avenue NW extending from the Capitol to the White House, Lafayette Square, Rock Creek Park, the National Zoological Park, the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, Potomac Park, and the National Mall and its constituent parks.

The CFA mandate does not apply to the United States Capitol, the Library of Congress, or the other properties and locations overseen by the Architect of the Capitol.

## Formation of the CFA

President George Washington granted the government of the District of Columbia the power to regulate architectural design and urban planning. These powers were suspended by President James Monroe in 1822. In the wake of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, the Cosmos Club and American Institute of Architects formed the Public Art League, a new organization whose purpose was to lobby for a new agency of the federal government to approve the design or purchase of art and architecture by the federal government. Legislation was proposed in Congress in 1897, but failed to pass because members of Congress wanted an advisory board rather than one which could deny Congress the ability to award commissions as part of the spoils system.

In 1900, the United States Congress created the Senate Park Commission (also known as the "McMillan Commission" for its chairman, Senator James McMillan (-MI)) to reconcile competing visions for the development of Washington, D.C., and especially the National Mall and nearby areas. The commission's plan for development of the city, popularly known as the McMillan Plan, proposed the razing of all residences and other buildings on Lafayette Square and building tall, Neoclassical government office buildings with facades of white marble around the square to house executive branch offices. It also proposed clearing large spaces north and south of the National Mall, realigning some streets, and constructing major new museums and public buildings along the Mall's length. The commission also proposed significant expansion of the district's park system, the creation of a system of parkways, and extensive renovation and beautification of existing parks. Over the next few years, the President and Congress established several new agencies to supervise the approval, design, and construction of new buildings in the District of Columbia to carry out the McMillan Plan: The Commission of Fine Arts in 1910 to review and advise on the design of new structures, the Public Buildings Commission in 1916 to make recommendations regarding the construction of buildings to house federal agencies and offices, and the National Capital Parks and Planning Commission in 1924 to oversee planning for the District.

On January 11, 1909, a committee of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) asked President Theodore Roosevelt to establish an independent federal agency to advise the government on architecture, bridges, painting, parks, sculpture, and other artistic works requiring design. Roosevelt wrote back the same day, agreeing to the proposal. On January 19, 1909, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 1010, establishing a Council of Fine Arts. He requested that the AIA name 30 individuals to the council, and he instructed the Cabinet to seek the council's advice in matters of architecture, building site selection, landscaping, painting, and sculpture. The Council met only once, on February 9, 1909, during which it approved the site (suggested by the McMillan Commission) for the Lincoln Memorial.

William Howard Taft was inaugurated as president in March 1909. Taft revoked Executive Order 1010 on May 21, 1909. There are differing explanations for Taft's actions. Historians Sue Kohler and Christopher Thomas state that Taft supported the idea of a fine arts commission, but wanted it to have a basis in legislation. But a contemporary report in the *Washington Post* noted that the council was highly controversial, and Congress had passed legislation prohibiting the expenditure of funds for any federal body not established by law. The newspaper said the legislation was intended to defund the Council of Fine Arts.

Later in 1909, Senator Elihu Root (-NY) drafted legislation establishing an advisory commission of fine arts. Representative Samuel W. McCall (R-MA) introduced the bill, H.R. 19962, into the United States House of Representatives. The House passed the legislation on February 9, 1910. The House bill made the members of the commission subject to approval by the Senate, gave their term of office as four years, and their qualifications as artists "of repute". In addition to having an advisory capacity on all questions of art and design, the commission was given final say on the selection of sites for monuments and statues. Root managed the House bill through the Senate. Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon opposed the bill, and it was bottled up the Committee on the Library. But in mid-March, a group of renegade Republicans joined forces with Democrats to strip Speaker Cannon of much of his power. The fine arts commission bill quickly passed through the committee and was brought up for a vote on the Senate floor.

The Senate amended the bill, and passed it on May 3, 1910. One amendment, to bar statues of any person not dead 50 years, was turned down. The Senate changed the qualifications of the commissioners to seven "well qualified judges of the fine arts". It struck the commission's authority to site monuments and statues, making the authority advisory only. It also added fountains to the type of items covered by the act. In a conference committee on May 9, the House conferees agreed to the Senate amendments. They also won approval of the Senate conferees to remove the requirement that the commission members be approved by the Senate. Clarifying language was also added to the bill, permitting the commission to advise (upon request) on the U.S. Capitol and Library of Congress buildings. H.R. 19962, as amended, was passed by the House on May 12, and the Senate on May 17. Taft signed the legislation Public Law 61-181 (40 U.S.C. 104, 36 Stat. 371), shortly thereafter.

President Taft named the seven members of the commission on June 13, 1910. Taft appointed architect Daniel Burnham to be the chairman.

The 1910 legislation establishing the CFA gave the commission the power to only provide advice on the siting of monuments and memorials. In October 1910, President William Howard Taft issued Executive Order 1259 (October 25, 1910), which required that all new public buildings erected in the District of Columbia be reviewed by the CFA as well. On November 28, 1913, President Woodrow Wilson issued Executive Order 1862, which expanded the CFA's advisory authority to cover any "new structures...which affect in any important way the appearance of the City, or whenever questions involving matters of art and with which the federal government is concerned..." Executive Order 3524, issued by President Warren G. Harding on July 28, 1921, further expanded the CFA's review to the design of coins, fountains, insignia, medals, monuments, parks, and statues, whether constructed or issued by the federal government or the government of the District of Columbia.

## Commission members

In May 2021, US president Joe Biden removed four white male members, one of them the Jewish chairman Justin Shubow, appointed to four-year terms by Donald Trump, following a complaint by Washington, D.C.'s Deputy Mayor that the committee members must "embrace our diversity and advance equity as a remedy to the legacy of discrimination that shapes our surroundings to this day". Shubow, who was appointed in October 2018, said "In the Commission's 110-year history, no commissioner has ever been removed by a President".

The Commission of Fine Arts is composed of seven members, who are appointed by the President. The appointments do not require Senate approval. Commission members serve four-year terms, and are not term-limited. The members of the commission as of June 2024 are:

### Chairs of the CFA

The commissioners elect one of their members to be chair, and another to be vice-chair. Twelve individuals have chaired the Commission on Fine Arts as of May 2022. These people, and the dates of their service as chair (which may differ from their years of service on the commission):

1. Daniel H. Burnham, 1910–1912
2. Daniel Chester French, 1912–1915
3. Charles Moore, 1915–1937
4. Gilmore David Clarke, 1937–1950
5. David E. Finley, Jr., 1950–1963
6. William Walton, 1963–1971
7. J. Carter Brown, 1971–2002
8. Harry G. Robinson III, 2002–2003
9. David Childs, 2003–2005
10. Earl A. Powell III, 2005–2021
11. Justin Shubow, January–May 2021
12. Billie Tsien, June 2021–present

## Exhibitions

In May 2010, the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C., opened an exhibition devoted solely to this agency. The exhibition, *A Century of Design: The U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 1910–2010*, was on view from May to July 2010.

## Sources

* American Federation of Arts. *American Art Annual.* New York: MacMillan Co., 1911.
* Bednar, Michael J. *L'Enfant's Legacy: Public Open Spaces in Washington.* Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
* Cannadine, David. *Mellon: An American Life.* Reprint ed. New York: Random House, Inc., 2008.
* "Commission of Fine Arts." Report No. 1292. *United States Congressional Serial Set.* Vol 3. 61st Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1910.
* Davis, Timothy. "Beyond the Mall: The Senate Park Commission's Plans for Washington's Park System." In Sue A. Kohler and Pamela Scott, eds. *Designing the Nation's Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C.* Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2006.
* Gutheim, Frederick Albert and Lee, Antoinette Josephine. Worthy of the Nation: Washington, DC, From L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Commission. 2d ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
* Joint Committee on the Library. *Establishment of a National Botanical Garden: Hearing Before a Joint Committee on the Library.* Part 1. 66th Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1920.
* Kohler, Sue A. *The Commission of Fine Arts: A Brief History, 1910–1995.* Washington, D.C.: United States Commission of Fine Arts, 1996.
* Kohler, Sue A. "The Commission of Fine Arts: Implementing the Senate Park Commission's Vision." In Sue A. Kohler and Pamela Scott, eds. *Designing the Nation's Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C.* Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2006.
* Luebke, Thomas E., ed. *Civic Art: A Centennial History of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts.* Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2013.
* Moore, Charles. *Daniel H. Burnham, Architect, Planner of Cities.* Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921.
* Partridge, William T. and Helrich, Kurt G.F. "'Beloved Ancien': William T. Partridge's Recollections of the Senate Park Commission and the Subsequent Mall Development." In Sue A. Kohler and Pamela Scott, eds. *Designing the Nation's Capital: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C.* Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2006.
* Peterson, Jon A. *The Birth of City Planning in the United States, 1840–1917.* Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
* Resnik, Judith and Curtis, Dennis E. *Representing Justice: Invention, Controversy, and Rights in City-States and Democratic Courtrooms.* New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.
* Thomas, Christopher A. *The Lincoln Memorial and American Life.* Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002.

## InfoBox

U.S. Commission of Fine Arts
| CFA | |
| --- | --- |
| Commission of Fine Arts logo | |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | May 17, 1910 |
| Employees | 10 |
| Annual budget | $2.175 million |
| Agency executives |  |
| Website | www.cfa.gov |


title: Mutsu Munemitsu

abstract: Mutsu Munemitsu Count Mutsu Munemitsu was a Japanese diplomat and politician. He became Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1890 and worked to revise unequal treaties. He served as plenipotentiary at the peace conference in Shimonoseki after the First Sino-Japanese War.

text:
# Mutsu Munemitsu

Count **Mutsu Munemitsu** (陸奥 宗光, August 20, 1844  August 24, 1897) was a Japanese diplomat and politician. He became Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1890 and worked to revise unequal treaties. He served as plenipotentiary at the peace conference in Shimonoseki after the First Sino-Japanese War.

## Early life

Mutsu Munemitsu was born in Wakayama domain, Kii Province as the sixth son of Date Munehiro, a *samurai* retainer of the Kii Tokugawa Clan. His father was active in the *Sonnō jōi* movement, and Mutsu Munemitsu joined forces with Sakamoto Ryōma and Itō Hirobumi in the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate.

## Meiji bureaucrat

After the Meiji Restoration, Mutsu held a number of posts in the new Meiji government, including that of governor of Hyōgo Prefecture and later governor of Kanagawa Prefecture, both of which were host to foreign settlements. He was head of the Land Tax Reform of 1873–1881, and served on the *Genrōin*. He conspired to assist Saigō Takamori in the Satsuma Rebellion and was imprisoned from 1878 until 1883. While in prison he translated Jeremy Bentham's *Utilitarianism* into Japanese.

After he left prison, he rejoined the government as an official of the Foreign Ministry, and in 1884 was sent to Europe for studies. Later he became Japanese Minister to Washington D.C. (1888–1890), during which time he established formal diplomatic relations between Japan and Mexico, and partially revised the unequal treaties between Japan and the United States.

On his return to Japan in 1890, he became Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. He was also elected to the House of Representatives of Japan from the 1st Wakayama District for a single term in the 1890 General Election. In 1892, he became Foreign Minister in the Itō Hirobumi cabinet. In 1894, he concluded the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of 1894, which finally ended the unequal treaty status between Japan and Great Britain.

Mutsu was the lead Japanese negotiator in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which ended the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895). In the wake of an attempt on the life of the Chinese leading negotiator Li Hongzhang by a Japanese fanatic, the Japanese government voluntarily reduced the size of the indemnity it planned to claim from China, and Mutsu famously remarked, 'Li's misfortune is the good fortune of the Great Ch'ing Empire'. The Triple Intervention by France, Germany and Russia reversed the gains that Mutsu had negotiated from China in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, and the Japanese public blamed Mutsu for the national humiliation. He resigned all government posts in May 1896 and moved to Ōiso, Kanagawa, where he wrote his personal diplomatic memoirs *Kenkenroku* (蹇々録) after the treaty was signed to explain his views and actions. However, his memoirs could not be published until 1923 due to the diplomatic secrets they contained.

Mutsu lived in what is now Kyu-Furukawa Gardens. Mutsu died of tuberculosis in Takinogawa, Tokyo Prefecture in 1897.

Mutsu was ennobled with the title of *hakushaku* (count) under the *kazoku* peerage system at the end of the Sino-Japanese War.

## Honors

## Family tree

|  | |  | |  | | Count Mutsu Munemitsu | | | | | |  | |  | |  | | Countess Mutsu Ryōko | | | | | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  | | | |  | |  |  | || |
|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| || | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | | Countess Iso Mutsu | | | | | |  | | Count Mutsu Hirokichi | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| |  | |  | || | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  |  |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| || | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | |  | |  | |  | | Ian Mutsu | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| || | | | | | | | | |

* Cortazzi, Hugh. *Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits, Volume V*. Global Oriental (2004) ISBN 1-901903-48-6
* Mutsu, Munemitsu. (1982). *Kenkenroku* (trans. Gordon Mark Berger). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. ISBN 9780860083061; OCLC 252084846
* Perez, Louis. *Japan Comes of Age: Mutsu Munemitsu and the Revision of the Unequal Treaties*. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press (1999). ISBN 0-8386-3804-X
* Perez, Louis. *Mutsu Munemitsu and Identity Formation of the Individual and the State in Modern Japan*. Edwin Mellen Press (2001). ISBN 0-7734-7366-1

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| **Count**Mutsu Munemitsu
陸奥 宗光 | |
| --- | --- |
| Count Mutsu Munemitsu | |
| Born | (1844-08-20)August 20, 1844
Kii Province, Japan |
| Died | August 24, 1897(1897-08-24) (aged 53)
Takinogawa, Japan |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Other names | Mutsu Yonosuke |
| Occupation(s) | Diplomat, Cabinet Minister |
| Spouse | Mutsu Ryōko |


title: My Man Benny, My Man Phil

abstract: My Man Benny, My Man Phil is an album by saxophonist/composers Benny Carter and Phil Woods recorded in 1989 and released by the MusicMasters label.

text:
# My Man Benny, My Man Phil

***My Man Benny, My Man Phil*** is an album by saxophonist/composers Benny Carter and Phil Woods recorded in 1989 and released by the MusicMasters label.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

AllMusic reviewer Scott Yanow stated "It is extremely difficult to believe that Benny Carter was 82 years old at the time of this recording, for his strong sound (nothing feeble about his playing) and fertile ideas on alto make him sound as if he were a contemporary of Phil Woods, who was born 24 years later. Together Carter and Woods form a mutual-admiration society ... A special and relaxed but occasionally hard-swinging date, this Music Masters CD is quite enjoyable".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Benny Carter except where noted

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Reet's Neet" | Phil Woods | 6:21 |
| 2. | "Just A Mood (II)" |  | 6:37 |
| 3. | "Sultry Serenade" | Tyree Glenn | 6:20 |
| 4. | "We Were in Love" |  | 4:54 |
| 5. | "My Man Benny" (Woods)" |  | 6:46 |
| 6. | "My Man Phil" |  | 4:34 |
| 7. | "Just A Mood (I)" |  | 6:47 |
| 8. | "M.A. Blues" |  | 7:52 |
| 9. | "People Time" |  | 4:22 |
| 10. | "I'm Just Wild About Harry" | Eubie Blake, Noble Sissle | 5:39 |
| Total length: | | | 1:00:39 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| My Man Benny, My Man Phil | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Benny Carter and Phil Woods | |
| Released | 1989 |
| Recorded | October 18–19, 1988 |
| Studio | RCA Recording Studio, New York City, NY |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 62:12 |
| Label | MusicMasters
CIJD 60196Y |
| Producer | Ed Berger |
| Benny Carter chronology | |
| *Cookin' at Carlos I*
(1990) ***My Man Benny, My Man Phil***
(1989) *All That Jazz: Live at Princeton*
(1990) | |
|  | |
| Phil Woods chronology | |
| *Embraceble You*
(1988) ***My Man Benny, My Man Phil***
(1989) *Phil's Mood*
(1990) | |
|  | |


title: My Three Suns

abstract: "My Three Suns" is the seventh episode in the first season of the American animated television series Futurama. The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 4, 1999. The plot focuses on Fry as he becomes emperor of an alien world, only to find himself in need of rescue when the previous emperor is discovered to be not really dead. This episode features the first appearance of TV chef Elzar, and a cold opening in which Bender goes through an automatic "Bot Wash" facility, to the tune of Rose Royce's song "Car Wash", only to get rained on after exiting. This episode was written by J. Stewart Burns and directed by Jeffrey Lynch and Kevin O'Brien.

text:
# My Three Suns

"**My Three Suns**" is the seventh episode in the first season of the American animated television series *Futurama*. The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 4, 1999. The plot focuses on Fry as he becomes emperor of an alien world, only to find himself in need of rescue when the previous emperor is discovered to be not really dead.

This episode features the first appearance of TV chef Elzar, and a cold opening in which Bender goes through an automatic "Bot Wash" facility, to the tune of Rose Royce's song "Car Wash", only to get rained on after exiting.

This episode was written by J. Stewart Burns and directed by Jeffrey Lynch and Kevin O'Brien.

## Plot

Hermes threatens to cut Bender's salary since Bender has no official duties at Planet Express. Inspired by the Neptunian TV chef Elzar, Bender decides to become the ship's cook. Professor Farnsworth then sends the crew, accompanied by Amy and Dr. Zoidberg, on a delivery to the planet Trisol. On the trip, Bender provides a meal of salted slug and salt water. After the ship lands, Fry is assigned the task of making the delivery across the desert under the heat of the planet's three suns. When he arrives at the Trisolian palace, he finds it empty. Thirsty from the salty meal and hot walk to the palace, Fry drinks from a bottle containing a clear liquid that is sitting on the throne. Armed Trisolians, who are revealed to be liquid-based organisms, storm the throne room, revealing that the bottle Fry drank actually contained their emperor.

Rather than being punished, Fry is declared the new emperor. The high priest informs Fry that as part of the coronation, Fry will have to recite the royal oath. The oath must be recited from memory, with the threat of death if a mistake is made. During the precoronation party, Leela informs Fry that all previous emperors were assassinated by their successors, and the average reign of a Trisolian emperor is only one week. When Fry takes no notice of her warning, Leela returns to the ship vowing she will no longer help Fry. A Trisolian then attempts to "drink" Fry, but is unsuccessful, as Fry is solid. At the coronation, Fry recites the oath properly, due to having written it on his arm, and is sworn in as Fry the Solid. As the suns set, the Trisolians begin to glow—including the previous emperor, who is still alive inside Fry's stomach. He demands that Fry be cut open and drained. Fry, Bender, Amy, and Dr. Zoidberg take refuge from the Trisolians in the throne room while they try to find a way to extract the emperor without killing Fry.

They decide that crying is the preferable method, but soon realize that Fry is too "macho" to cry properly. Needing help, Bender calls Leela on Fry's behalf, but gets an inconclusive response. Leela ultimately decides to help Fry in spite of her vow, and fights her way past Trisolian forces to reach the palace. Bender notices what is happening and lies to Fry by telling him that Leela is dead. This saddens Fry, and he begins crying. When Leela arrives, Fry tells Leela that he does need her help, and she begins beating Fry, causing him to weep in pain, crying out the emperor. Fry takes this as a sign that Leela still cares for him, and thanks her. The crew members take turns beating Fry until the emperor is out, who beats Fry, as well, while thanking him. With the emperor safely outside Fry's body, the crew is allowed to leave, while the emperor beats Fry with a chair.

## Broadcast and reception

In its initial airing, the episode received a Nielsen rating of 5.8/10, placing it 72nd among primetime shows for the week of May 3–9, 1999.

*The A.V. Club* gave the episode a B+, calling it "a fun episode that shows Fry at his best and worst."

## InfoBox

| "**My Three Suns**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Futurama* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 1
Episode 7 |
| Directed by | Jeffrey Lynch
Kevin O'Brien |
| Written by | J. Stewart Burns |
| Production code | 1ACV07 |
| Original air date | May 4, 1999 (1999-05-04) |
|  | |
| Episode features | |
| Opening caption | Presented In Double Vision (*Where Drunk*) |
| Opening cartoon | Grampy in "The Impractical Joker" by Fleischer Studios (1937) |
|  | |
|
|