title: Proacrias

abstract: Proacrias is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

text:
# Proacrias

***Proacrias*** is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

## InfoBox

| *Proacrias* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Eulophidae |
| Subfamily: | Entedoninae |
| Genus: | *Proacrias*
R. von Ihering, 1914 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Proacrias coffeae*
Ihering, 1914 | |
| Species | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Didymotropis* De Santis, 1964 * *Eupleurotropis* Girault, 1917 | |


title: Irles

abstract: Irles is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

text:
# Irles

**Irles** (French pronunciation: \[iʁl\]) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

Irles is situated on the D163 road, some 10 miles (16 km) south of Arras, near the border with the département of the Pas-de-Calais.

## History

Irles was the site of an action by the 1st Royal West Kent Regiment and the 12th Gloucestershire Regiment on 23 August 1918 during the Second Battle of Bapaume.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 135 |  |
| 1975 | 129 | −0.65% |
| 1982 | 120 | −1.03% |
| 1990 | 113 | −0.75% |
| 1999 | 104 | −0.92% |
| 2007 | 115 | +1.26% |
| 2012 | 108 | −1.25% |
| 2017 | 113 | +0.91% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

* Major CV Maloney, '"Invicta": with the 1st Battalion the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment in the Great War', London: Nisbet & Co, 1923. ISBN 978-1-84342-541-0

## InfoBox

| Irles | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Irles | |
| Location of Irles | |
| IrlesIrles | |
| Coordinates: 50°06′01″N 2°45′16″E / 50.1003°N 2.7544°E / 50.1003; 2.7544 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Somme |
| Arrondissement | Péronne |
| Canton | Albert |
| Intercommunality | Pays du Coquelicot |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Régis Philippe |
| Area**1** | 5.38 km2 (2.08 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 130 |
| Density | 24/km2 (63/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 80451 /80300 |
| Elevation | 82–132 m (269–433 ft)
(avg. 101 m or 331 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Pěstírna

abstract: Pěstírna is a Czech web series that premiered in 2017 on internet television Stream.cz and was directed by Andy Fehu. It is a thriller about an illegal marijuana grow plant located in a small space underground. Five workers are locked up there for three months. It was inspired by a real case solved by the Czech police.

text:
# Pěstírna

**Pěstírna** is a Czech web series that premiered in 2017 on internet television Stream.cz and was directed by Andy Fehu. It is a thriller about an illegal marijuana grow plant located in a small space underground. Five workers are locked up there for three months. It was inspired by a real case solved by the Czech police.

## Cast

* Jiří Panzner as Svoboda
* Martin Hub as Šembera
* Karel Hung as Tuan
* Hany-Huong Thanh Duong as Viki
* Martin Bao as Duong
* Leoš Noha as Pitter
* Michal Isteník as Dušan
* Vojtěch Johaník as Ondřej
* Václav Vokál as Gorila

## List of episodes

1. Zahradník
2. Služební cesta
3. Seznamovací kurz
4. Tour the light
5. Chlapská záležitost
6. Panna a netvor
7. Dokonalé alibi
8. Než si pro nás přijdou
9. Naděje umírá poslední
10. Atrapa

## Production

In order to maintain authenticity, the series was filmed in a cannabis farm. Technical cannabis was used for the filming as it grows quickly. As a result, it was not possible to reshoot footage even just a few days old.

## InfoBox

| *Pěstírna* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Thriller |
| Directed by | Andy Fehu |
| Starring | Vojtěch Johaník
Martin Hub
Karel Hung
Hany-Huong Thanh Duong
Martin Bao
Leoš Noha |
| Country of origin | Czech Republic |
| Original language | Czech |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 10 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 12 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | Stream.cz |
| Release | 13 April (13 April 2017)
3 July 2017 (3 July 2017) |


title: Västergötland Runic Inscription 73

abstract: Västergötland Runic Inscription 73 or Vg 73 is the Rundata catalog number for a Viking Age memorial runestone that is located near the Synnerby church, which is about nine kilometers west of Skara. The stone was raised in memory of a man who was a thegn.

text:
# Västergötland Runic Inscription 73

**Västergötland Runic Inscription 73** or **Vg 73** is the Rundata catalog number for a Viking Age memorial runestone that is located near the Synnerby church, which is about nine kilometers west of Skara. The stone was raised in memory of a man who was a thegn.

## Description

The inscription on Vg 73 consists of runes carved in the younger futhark in a text band that runs along the edge of a tall, narrow stone that is 2.55 meters in height and then curves into the center. A cross is at the top of the inscription. The stone is classified as being carved in runestone style RAK, which is considered to be the oldest style. This is the classification where the ends of the text bands are straight and do not have any attached serpent or beast heads. The stone was noted in a wall of the church in 1936, and was removed and raised in its present location in the churchyard. Before the historic significance of runestones was recognized, they were often re-used as materials in the construction of churches, walls, and bridges.

The runic text states that the stone was raised by two brothers named Kárr and Kali or Kalli in memory of their father Véurðr. The runic inscription states in Old Norse that the father was *miok goðan þegn* or "a very good thegn." The exact role of thegns in southern Sweden is a matter of debate, but the most common view is that these persons constituted a Nordic elite somehow connected to Danish royal power. About fifty other runestones refer to the deceased being a thegn. Of these, four other runestones use exactly the same phrase, *miok goðan þegn*, Vg 108 in Tängs gamla, Vg 137 Sörby, Vg 150 in Velanda, and DR 99 in Bjerregrav. The name of the father combines the Old Norse words  and *urðr* for a name that means "guardian of the holy place or sanctuary." While this may have been a family name inherited from a goði, which is an Old Norse term for a priest or chieftain, that the father was also a thegn suggests that he was a local chieftain with responsibilities for caring for and arranging feasts at a religious sanctuary. Although the sons were Christian as indicated by their use of a cross in the inscription, one has the name Kárr which is Old Norse for "lock of hair" or "curly hair." It has been suggested that this was a name associated with cultic initiates who grew long hair, and supports an identification of the figure on the inscription as being that of the father in ritual attire. The name Kárr was often combined with that of Odin in Óðinkárr, and appears in a possible cultic initiate reference in the names on inscriptions on DR 4 in Hedeby, DR 81 in Skjern, DR 133 in Skivum, and DR 239 in Gørlev. The name Kárr is used on Vg 56 in Källby, which depicts a figure possibly in cultic attire. Kárr is also used without necessarily any cultic reference in inscriptions Sm 90 in Torshag, Sö 128 in Lids, U 643 and U 644 in Ekilla bro, U 654 in Varpsund, and U 792 in Ulunda, with U 644 and U 654 referring to the same person.

The anonymous runemaster used a punctuation mark to divide each word in the runic text. Most words were divided with an **×**, but the phrase "his father" is separated from the first part of the sentence by two dots, and the three Norse words in the phrase meaning "a very good thegn" were each separated with a single dot.

The runestone is known locally as *Veurðs sten* or "Veurð's stone."

## Inscription

### Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters

**× karʀ × auk × kali × reistu × stin × þensi × eftiʀ × ueurþ : faþur × sin * muk * kuþan * þekn ***

### Transcription into Old Norse

*Karr ok Kali/Kalli ræistu stæin þannsi æftiʀ Veurð, faður sinn, miok goðan þegn.*

### Translation in English

Kárr and Kali/Kalli raised this stone in memory of Véurðr, their father, a very good thegn.

## References and notes


abstract: Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC3A1 gene. Mutations in the SLC3A1 gene are associated with cystinuria.

text:
# Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT

**Neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *SLC3A1* gene.

Mutations in the SLC3A1 gene are associated with cystinuria.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| SLC3A1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | SLC3A1, ATR1, CSNU1, D2H, NBAT, RBAT, solute carrier family 3 member 1 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 104614; MGI: 1195264; HomoloGene: 37289; GeneCards: SLC3A1; OMA:SLC3A1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_000341   NM\_009205   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_000332   NP\_033231   Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 44.28 – 44.32 Mb Chr 17: 85.34 – 85.37 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Pusula radians

abstract: Pusula radians, the "radiant button shell"or "radiating trivia", is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Triviidae, the false cowries or trivias.

text:
# Pusula radians

***Pusula radians***, the "radiant button shell"or "radiating trivia", is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Triviidae, the false cowries or trivias.

## Description

The shell of an adult *Pusula radians* can be as long as 21 millimetres (0.83 in), with a diameter of about 15 millimetres (0.59 in). The shell is ovate and pinkish. It has small pale brown spots and wart-like tubercles on the dorsum, and strong transverse ribs on the base. As is the case is all the members of this family, the aperture runs the length of the shell and has teeth along the margins.

## Distribution

This species is widespread along the coast of Mexico including the Baja California peninsula, Ecuador, Nicaragua and Peru. It lives under rocks below the intertidal zone in coastal waters.

* Biolib
* "*Pusula radians*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
* WoRMS
* Discover Life
* Angeline Myra Keen Sea Shells of Tropical West America: Marine Mollusks

## InfoBox

| *Pusula radians* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A shell of *Pusula radians* from Nicaragua on display at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Caenogastropoda
clade Hypsogastropoda
clade Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Velutinoidea |
| Family: | Triviidae |
| Subfamily: | Triviinae |
| Genus: | *Pusula* |
| Species: | ***P. radians*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pusula radians***
Lamarck, 1810 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Trivia radians* Lamarck, 1810 * *Cypraea rota* Weinkauff 1881 * *Trivia sanguinea circumdata* Schlinder 1881 | |


title: Prometeo (magazine)

abstract: Prometeo was a monthly avant-garde magazine which existed between 1908 and 1912 in Madrid, Spain. The magazine was established by the avant-garde writer Javier Gómez de la Serna. Its subtitle was revista social y literaria.

text:
# Prometeo (magazine)

***Prometeo*** (Spanish: *Prometheus*) was a monthly avant-garde magazine which existed between 1908 and 1912 in Madrid, Spain. The magazine was established by the avant-garde writer Javier Gómez de la Serna. Its subtitle was *revista social y literaria* (Spanish: *Social and literary magazine*).

## History and profile

*Prometeo* was launched by Javier Gómez de la Serna in Madrid on 1 November 1908. It came out monthly. Javier Gómez edited the political section of the magazine until issue 11 dated September 1909 when he was appointed general director registries and notaries. Then his son Ramón Gómez de la Serna took charge of the magazine. He also published articles in the magazine. Its major contributors were as follows: Rafael Cansinos-Asséns, Enrique Díez Canedo, Carlos Fernández Shaw, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Gabriel Miró, Cipriano Rivas Cherif, Emilio Carrere and Francisco Villaespesa. The writings of the Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti were also featured in the magazine.

In April 1909 *Prometeo* published the Spanish translation of the manifesto of futurism written by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. The text was translated into Spanish by Ramón Gómez. Therefore, it endorsed this new approach which laid the basis of the avant-garde movement. It was the first Spanish periodical which published Spanish translations of the poems by Walt Whitman. The magazine also featured translations of the work by Oscar Wilde, Thomas De Quincey, Anatole France, Maxim Gorky and George Bernard Shaw. The final issue of *Prometeo* appeared on 1 March 1912.

## InfoBox

*Prometeo*
| Categories | Literary magazine |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Founder | Javier Gómez de la Serna |
| Founded | 1908 |
| First issue | 1 November 1908 |
| Final issue | 1 March 1912 |
| Country | Spain |
| Based in | Madrid |
| Language | Spanish |
| ISSN | 1576-1363 |
| OCLC | 733274174 |


title: 32532 Thereus

abstract: 32532 Thereus is a centaur from the outer Solar System, approximately 80 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 August 2001, by astronomers of the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking program at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. This minor planet was named for the phrase thēreios bia 'beastly strength', used to describe centaurs in Greek mythology.

text:
# 32532 Thereus

**32532 Thereus** (/θɪˈrəs/; provisional designation **2001 PT13**) is a centaur from the outer Solar System, approximately 80 kilometers (50 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 9 August 2001, by astronomers of the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking program at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. This minor planet was named for the phrase *thēreios bia* 'beastly strength', used to describe centaurs in Greek mythology.

## Orbit and classification

Thereus orbits the Sun at a distance of 8.5–12.7 AU once every 34 years and 8 months (12,676 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 20 with respect to the ecliptic.

The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak Observatory in June 1995, more than 6 years prior to its official discovery observation by NEAT at Palomar.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after Thereus, a centaur from Greek mythology. He is described as a hunter who captured bears and carried them home, alive and struggling. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2003 (M.P.C. 49102).

## Physical characteristics

### Rotation period

Since the early 2000s, several rotational lightcurves of Thereus were obtained from photometric observations with a period between 8.30 and 8.3386 hours. Analysis of the consolidated, best-rated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 8.335 hours and a brightness amplitude of 0.38 magnitude (U=3).

### Diameter and albedo

According to observations made by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, ESA's Herschel Space Observatory with its PACS instrument, and the Spitzer Space Telescope, Thereus measures between 62 and 86.5 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.059 and 0.0975.

The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous minor planets of 0.057 and derives a diameter of 77.19 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.29.

## InfoBox

32532 Thereus
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by | NEAT |
| Discovery site | Palomar Obs. |
| Discovery date | 9 August 2001 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (32532) Thereus |
| Pronunciation | /θɪˈrəs/ |
| Named after | θήρειος βία *thēreios bia* |
| Alternative designations | 2001 PT13 **·** 1995 MM6
1999 NE2 |
| Minor planet category | centaur **·** distant |
| Symbol | (astrological) |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 1 | |
| Observation arc | 21.57 yr (7,879 days) |
| Aphelion | 12.745 AU |
| Perihelion | 8.5345 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 10.640 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.1979 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 34.70 yr (12,676 days) |
| Mean anomaly | 192.91 |
| Mean motion | 0° 1m 42.24s / day |
| Inclination | 20.353° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 205.33° |
| Argument of perihelion | 86.322° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mean diameter | 62±3 km
77.19 km (derived)
80±5 km
86.500±1.900 km |
| Synodic rotation period | 8.30
8.3091 h
8.335 h
8.338±0.002 h
8.3386±0.0006 h |
| Geometric albedo | 0.057 (assumed)
0.059±0.013
0.083±0.016
0.0975±0.0125 |
| Spectral type | BR
B–V = 0.770±0.020
B–V = 0.810±0.050
B–V = 0.763±0.072
V–R = 0.490±0.010
V–R = 0.501±0.016
V–I = 0.940±0.010
V–I = 0.900±0.130
V–I = 0.917±0.035 |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 9.1 **·** 9.29 **·** 9.32 **·** 9.36 **·** 9.365±0.038 (R) **·** 9.40±0.16 **·** 9.42±0.01 |
|  | |


abstract: In biblical studies, the term wife–sister narratives in Genesis refers to three strikingly similar stories in chapters 12, 20, and 26 of the Book of Genesis. At the core of each is the story of a biblical patriarch who has come to be in the land of a powerful foreign overlord who misidentifies the Patriarch's wife as the Patriarch's sister, and consequently attempts to wed her himself. The overlord later finds out his error. Two of the three stories are similar in many other details, including the ruler's name, Abimelech.

text:
# Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis

In biblical studies, the term **wife–sister narratives in Genesis** refers to three strikingly similar stories in chapters 12, 20, and 26 of the Book of Genesis (part of the Torah and Old Testament). At the core of each is the story of a biblical patriarch who has come to be in the land of a powerful foreign overlord who misidentifies the Patriarch's wife as the Patriarch's sister, and consequently attempts to wed her himself. The overlord later finds out his error. Two of the three stories are similar in many other details, including the ruler's name, Abimelech.

## Synopsis of the three narratives

### Abram and Pharaoh

The first episode appears in Genesis 12:10–20. Abram (later called Abraham) moves to ancient Egypt in order to evade a famine. Because his wife, Sarai (later called Sarah), is very beautiful, Abram asks her to say that she is only his sister lest the Egyptians kill him so that they can take her. On arriving before the Pharaoh, the Egyptians recognise Sarai's beauty, and the Egyptian princes shower Abram with gifts of livestock and servants to gain her hand in marriage. Sarai thus becomes part of "Pharaoh's house", but God sends a plague. Pharaoh restores Sarai to Abram and orders them to leave Egypt with all the possessions Abram had acquired in Egypt.

### Abraham and Abimelech

Genesis 20:1–16 narrates the story of Abraham emigrating to the southern region of Gerar, whose king is named Abimelech. Abraham states that Sarah, his wife, is really his sister, leading Abimelech to try to take Sarah as a wife; however, God intervened before Abimelech touched Sarah. Abimelech complains to Abraham, who states that Sarah is his half-sister.

Abimelech then restores Sarah to Abraham, and gives him gifts of livestock and servants by way of apology, and also allows Abraham to reside anywhere in Gerar. Abimelech also gives 1000 pieces of silver to Abraham to reprove Sarah by a "covering of the eyes". Abraham then prays for Abimelech and the king and his wife and concubines are able to conceive children; they previously could not.

### Isaac and Abimelech

The third episode appears in Genesis 26:1–33. Here it is Isaac who, in order to avoid a famine, emigrates to the southern region of Gerar, whose king is named Abimelech. Isaac has been told to do so by God, who also orders him to avoid Egypt, and promises to him the fulfillment of the oath made with Abraham. Isaac states that Rebekah, his wife, is really his sister, as he is worried that the Philistines will otherwise kill him in order to marry Rebekah. After a while, Abimelech sees Isaac *sporting* (Hebrew *mitsahek*) with Rebekah and states that she must be Isaac's wife rather than his sister.

Abimelech then orders that Rebekah be left alone by the denizens of Gerar, on pain of death. Isaac goes on to spend a year in the area, and becomes wealthy, leading the Philistines in Gerar to envy him, so Abimelech sends Isaac away.

## Historical-critical analysis of the narratives

The *Jewish Encyclopedia's* article "Sarah" notes that

> the story of Sarah's life, brief and incomplete as it is, presents nevertheless curious repetitions, e.g., the incident with Pharaoh and a similar incident with Abimelech (Genesis 12:10 and Genesis 20:1).

According to the *Jewish Encyclopedia*, the recurring story has a unified purpose:

> From the point of view of the history of culture these episodes are very instructive. But it is not very probable that Abraham would have run the risk twice. Moreover, a similar incident is reported in regard to Isaac and Rebecca (Genesis 26:7–11). This recurrence indicates that none of the accounts is to be accepted as historical; all three are variations of a theme common to the popular oral histories of the Patriarchs. That women were married in the way here supposed is not to be doubted. The purpose of the story is to extol the heroines as most beautiful and show that the Patriarchs were under the special protection of the Deity.

### Comparison to other cultures

Political marriages were common occurrences in the Ancient Near East, which typically meant that a resident alien would offer one of his daughters to the monarch as a diplomatic action and to protect himself and his family. James Hoffmeier interprets the wife-sister narratives found in the Book of Genesis as reflecting that practice; in his view Abraham and Isaac were traveling in foreign territory without any daughters to offer the local ruler and attempted to create similar diplomatic relationships by presenting their wives as potential gifts.

### Source criticism

From the perspective of source criticism, these three accounts would appear to be variations on the same theme, with the oldest explication being that in Gen. 12. In the past, the first and third accounts have been attributed to the Yahwist source (or J source), and the second account has been attributed to the Elohist source (or the E source) via source criticism. However, it has also been proposed that similarities between these narratives is because they are oral variations of one original story. Recently, it has been thought that the second and third accounts were based on and had knowledge of the first account. According to critics, such as T.D. Alexander, there are different theories about the sources but none can be proven to be flawless.

### Literary analysis

Scholars have also argued that the three tales are not true historic occurrences, rather purposeful tales. According to Susan Niditch, there is one wife-sister story that has many different versions, but there are inconsistencies and they all refer back to the same story. Niditch associates the wife-sister entries as potential folklore written to target a particular audience and in hopes of conveying a message regarding the sinful nature of deception and adultery.

The three wife-sister narratives are all related to each other in some way, according to George Coats, sharing common content, structure and genre for communicating the content. In all three stories a promise for progeny is not a factor in the content and the structure rather the narratives have a focus on blessing.

### The wife and sister relationships

Gershon Hepner concludes, through biblical exegesis and semantics, that it is plausible that the union of Abraham and Sarah was actually incestuous with Sarah being Abraham's half-sister. For example, in Genesis 20:13, Abraham, talking to Abimelech, alludes to Leviticus laws or the Holiness code, by using the phrase "loving kindness". The same word is found referring to the sin of incestuous relationships and can also take the alternative meaning of "disgrace". Abraham, in his discourse with Abimelech, could be openly confessing his "disgraceful" relations with his wife/sister Sarah but whichever translation of the word is taken, it shows Abraham's knowledge of the holiness code and specifically its prohibitions on incest, as later recorded in Leviticus.

## Jewish and Christian interpretations

An explanation presented in classical times, and suggested by Rashi, argued that when a stranger comes to town, the proper thing to do would be to inquire if he needs food and drink, not whether his female companion is a married woman, and hence as Abimelech did the latter, it tipped off Abraham to the fact that there is no fear of God in this place, and so he lied about his relationship with Sarah in order to avoid being killed. Consequently, it could be argued that the parallel behaviour results from this lack of fear of God by the antagonists in the other two similar situations.

## Later influence

The film *Days of Heaven*, written and directed by Terrence Malick, is centered around a wife–sister narrative similar to those of the Old Testament. In 1916, after an incident in Chicago, a man, Bill, flees to the Texas Panhandle with his girlfriend, Abby, and his young sister, where they find work on a large farm. He and his girlfriend pretend to be siblings to avoid gossip, and the farm's wealthy but sickly owner falls in love with Abby, eventually asking her to marry him. Bill encourages the union, hoping that Abby will inherit the owner's money after his imminent death. As the owner begins to suspect the truth, the farm is plagued by a swarm of locusts and then destroyed by a fire.

## Sources


title: Giuseppe Doria Pamphili

abstract: Giuseppe Maria Doria Pamphili was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Cardinal Secretary of State.

text:
# Giuseppe Doria Pamphili

**Giuseppe Maria Doria Pamphili** (born 11 November 1751 in Genoa, the capital of the Republic of Genoa – died on 8 February 1816 in Rome) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Cardinal Secretary of State.

## Biography

Giuseppe Maria Doria Pamphili is part of the illustrious family of the Counts of Melfi and the Doria-Pamphilj family, which includes many cardinals. Giuseppe Pamphili was the brother of Cardinal Antonio Maria Doria Pamphili and the uncle of Cardinal Giorgio Doria Pamphili. He was appointed the titualar archbishop of Seleucia in February 1773 at the age of 21, while not yet a priest. He was ordained bishop in July and August. In September, he was appointed apostolic nuncio in France, a position he held until 1785.

He had an epistular exchange with Benjamin Franklin. In some of those letters, Franklin declared his availability to accept a French priest, chosen by the Papacy, to be sent in America in order to manage all the spiritual affairs pertaining the Roman Catholics who wish to establish themselves within the United States. The French priest had the faculty to appoint a suffragan American as his collaborator.

Pope Pius VI created him cardinal during the Papal Consistory of 14 February 1785. He served as Cardinal Secretary of State of the Holy See from 1797 to 1799.

In 1799 he was arrested by the French and deported to Genoa. Cardinal Doria Pamphili was then appointed by Napoleon in 1813 as an intermediary to negotiate the Concordat of Fontainebleau.

Giuseppe Doria Pamphili participated in the conclave of 1799–1800 during which Pius VII was elected pope.

## Episcopal lineage

Doria Pamphili's episcopal lineage or apostolic succession was:

## Citations

## Sources


title: Proszówki

abstract: Proszówki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bochnia, within Bochnia County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

text:
# Proszówki

**Proszówki** is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bochnia, within Bochnia County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Proszówki | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Proszówki | |
| Coordinates: 49°59′52″N 20°26′0″E / 49.99778°N 20.43333°E / 49.99778; 20.43333 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Bochnia |
| Gmina | Bochnia |


title: Wife to James Whelan

abstract: Wife to James Whelan: A Play in Three Acts, is a play written in 1937 by Irish playwright Teresa Deevy. This was Deevy's first work to be rejected after having six consecutive plays produced and performed at the Abbey Theatre. The play follows protagonist James Whelan through his journey to success, while dealing with his complicated relationship with his childhood sweetheart, Nan. The play focuses on the conflict between ambition and contentment—a sensitive topic in the new Ireland.

text:
# Wife to James Whelan

***Wife to James Whelan: A Play in Three Acts***, is a play written in 1937 by Irish playwright Teresa Deevy. This was Deevy's first work to be rejected after having six consecutive plays produced and performed at the Abbey Theatre. The play follows protagonist James Whelan through his journey to success, while dealing with his complicated relationship with his childhood sweetheart, Nan. The play focuses on the conflict between ambition and contentment—a sensitive topic in the new Ireland.

## Synopsis

### Act I

*A sunny sheltered spot on the outskirts of an Irish town—Killbeggan, Early summer*

Act I begins with Nan, Kate, Bill, and Tom chattering about the job prospect in Dublin, and whether or not James got it. Bill flirts with Nan despite her lack of interest, and they gossip, saying that once Whelan leaves Nan will find herself in the arms of another. Jack rides over on his bike, and Nan is visibly softer and sweeter with him. He is from the town over but is starting a new job at Tobin's, a position previously held by James. It is evident that a relationship is likely to develop between Jack and Nan. James enters, declaring that he has been offered the job and that he is leaving for Dublin tonight. He and Nan bicker about him leaving, as he wants her to wait for him while she wants him to stay. Jack returns and there is tension between the two men. As people leave, Kate advises James that if he wants Nan, he must secure her before he leaves. The scene ends with James planning a big goodbye, asking Kate to bring everyone to the train before he leaves.

### Act II

*The office of the silver wings motor service, early summer. Seven years later*

Act II takes place seven years after Act I. James has returned to Kilbeggan and now owns Silver Wings Motor Service. Apollo Moran works as a bookkeeper for James. Nan enters the shop to ask James for work. She and Jack were married for two years before he died, and now she must provide for their child alone. She is distant and detached from James while he seems hopeful that they may rekindle their relationship. As they are speaking, Nora enters looking for James. Apollo has her wait until James and Nan are finished speaking, and James is appalled with that decision and has Nan wait outside while he meets with the Nora. While James and Nora are flirtatious with one another, James appears to be uncomfortable with some of Nora's behavior. Meanwhile, there is a talk between Tom and Apollo about James' need to choose a wife, discussing both Kate and Nora. Kate arrives at Silver Wings, and she tells James she would like to see him married. They reminisce and she says if things were different they could be married, but she ultimately advises him to propose to Nora. James and Nan return to his office where James offers Nan a job taking over Apollo's post as a bookkeeper, to allow Apollo to drive buses with Tom. He tells her he will give her one pound straight away so she can buy new clothes for work. However, when Nan believes herself to be alone, she takes some money off of James' desk. James sees this and confronts Nan, and the scene ends with him calling the police to arrest Nan.

### Act III

*Same as act II, six months later*

The scene opens with James, Tom, and Apollo talking about business. Nan enters to speak to James. She has just been released from jail, where James ensured she would get the toughest sentence possible. She is again asking for work, saying she will do anything. James offers her a demeaning and laborious job, scrubbing and tending to the fire, yet he condemns her for having no dignity in accepting this type of work. He mentions that she will need to come in early to tend the fire if Bill comes, as James is considering a business partnership between their two businesses. Nan becomes visibly anxious at the mention of Bill, and she quickly shifts subjects leading to an argument. She insists that while she stole from James, his actions in the aftermath were far worse. Mid-argument, Kate arrives at the shop and interrupts the two to speak with James. She tries to convince him to give Nan better work, urging him to forgive her since she is in a difficult situation. She leaves, and Tom and Nan talk about the incident from Act II. He says James only reacted so harshly because he still loves Nan, and mentions that James is still in search of a wife. Nora enters to speak with James, and he flirts openly with her in front of Nan. Nora notices that James still harbors feelings for Nan and confronts him about their relationship. Incited by jealousy, she taunts James before inviting him to a party later that evening at her house. Next Bill arrives to discuss the offer of employment James has made him, with the intention to negotiate the terms of the offer. Mid-conversation, Bill reveals that he and Nan were going to get married, but that she retracted her acceptance, refusing him. Upon learning this, James retracts the offer. He subsequently speaks with Nan, who reveals that after Jack died, Bill was very persistent with her for her hand in marriage. While she originally agreed thinking it would be best for her child, she could not go through with it. After she rejected Bill, he accused her of stealing money from him. She explains to James that that is why she tried to steal his money because she was in debt to Bill and she saw how easy it could be. James takes pity on Nan and offers her the position as bookkeeper again, before swiftly exiting and punching Bill in the street. He returns to find Nora and implies that there will be some sort of legal action taken against him. He says that despite the trouble he is in, if she will still have him, he will attend her party and ask her father for her hand in marriage.

## Characters

* *James Whelan*: James is a young man living in small-town Ireland in Act I, with dreams of success. James is ambitious and hardworking, yet proud and stubborn. He is in his mid-twenties in Act I and described as strong and handsome.
* *Nan Bowers*: Nan is James' love interest. She has a relationship with James, Jack, and Bill, and has a child with Jack. She is practical and realistic, but equally proud and stubborn as James.
* *Kate Moran*: A woman in her mid-twenties in Act I, she and Whelan have a complicated relationship. She lives with her mother and younger siblings and is the older sister to Apollo Moran.
* *Jack McClinsey*: A young, unassuming and delicate man in his mid-twenties in Act I, who moves to Killbeggan for work. He and Nan marry and have a child together.
* *Bill McGafferty*: A townsperson from Kilbeggan, about twenty-seven years old in Act I. Bill is the assumed rival of James, both in career and in social life.
* *Apollo Moran:* Kate's younger brother, introduced in Act II, who works for James at Silver Wings Motor Service. He is very loyal to James and hopes that he will marry.
* *Nora Keane*: A young woman vying for James Whelan in the beginning of Act II. She is quite beautiful and comes from a well-off family.
* *Tom Carey*: One of the men in Kilbeggan, about 32 years old in Act I. He drives buses for Whelan at Silver Wings Motor Service. Despite his employment by James Whelan, he harbors some resentment towards him.

## Rejection from the Abbey

In 1942, Deevy submitted *Wife to James Whelan* to the Abbey Theatre, where six of her previous works had been well-received. *The Wild Goose*, her sixth play, had been performed in 1935 when the Abbey became the first subsidized theatre in the English speaking world. The Minister of Finance, Ernest Blythe, granted the Abbey an annual subsidy, and from 1941-1961 Blythe was the managing director for the theatre. He read *Wife to James Whelan* and immediately rejected it. He wrote to Deevy explaining that its characters closely resembled those in another one of her plays, *Katie Roche,* and therefore it would not be a financial possibility. Deevy wrote to a friend saying, "Blythe's letter when returning it showed clearly that he had no use for my work— never asked to see any more. Said the characters were too like Katie Roche. No one else could see this resemblance... The subject matter is quite different. I suppose any play by an author has a certain resemblance—the author's viewpoint, but that is all." Blythe's rejection of the play is argued to have been due to his conservative values. The Republic of Ireland was established in 1937, and the rise of a conservative Fianna Fáil party led to increased censorship — the Abbey was subsidized and therefore needed to be in accordance with the government. Many consider the political undertones in *Wife to James Whelan* and Ireland's new barring of women in the workforce outlined in the 1937 Constitution as the reason for Blythe's rejection. Deevy then sent the play to the Players theatre, which could not produce the show due to a lack of cast. The rejection of *Wife to James Whelan* marked the end of Deevy's relationship with the Abbey and the beginning of a shift to conservative ideologies by the theatre.

## Production

*Wife to James Whelan* was performed on BBC radio in 1944. The Mint Theater Company in New York City first performed the play in 2010, after Deevy's nephew discovered the script in the 1990s. The show ran from July 29 to October 3, 2010. The production process included a fully staged production, directed by Jonathan Bank, with well-researched program notes, post-performance discussions, audio and video recordings, a publication of Deevy's collected works, and an academic conference with Trinity College Dublin. It received some strong reviews in the press, including praise from *The New York Times*. Others critiqued the production, with *Variety* calling the play a "pedestrian piece of writing." The piece received its British premiere at the New Diorama Theatre in London in 2011 directed by Gavin McAlinden and was Critics' Choice in The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph and The Independent on Sunday.

## InfoBox

| Wife to James Whelan: A Play in Three Acts | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Teresa Deevy |
| Characters | James Whelan
Nan Bowers
Kate Moran
Jack McClinsey
Bill McGafferty
Apollo Moran
Nora Keane
Tom Carey |
| Date premiered | 1944 (radio)
2010 (stage production) |
| Place premiered | BBC Radio (radio)
Mint Theater, NYC (stage production) |
| Original language | English |


title: Pět smyslů člověka

abstract: Pět smyslů člověka is a 1913 Austro-Hungarian comedy film. It was filmed in Prague and is one of the few Czech films of its era to have survived.

text:
# Pět smyslů člověka

***Pět smyslů člověka*** is a 1913 Austro-Hungarian comedy film. It was filmed in Prague and is one of the few Czech films of its era to have survived.

## InfoBox

| Pět smyslů člověka (The five human senses, or Prefantýn and his love) | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Josef Svab-Lesser |
| Starring | Josef Svab-Lesser (Prefatýn), Katy Kaclová - Vališová (the cook), Mary Klimešová (love) |
| Cinematography | Antonin Pech |
| Production<br>company | Kinofa |
| Release date | * 1913 (1913) |
| Country | Austria-Hungary |


title: Peel Slowly and See

abstract: Peel Slowly and See is a five-disc box set of material by the Velvet Underground. It was released in September 1995 by Polydor.

text:
# Peel Slowly and See

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |

***Peel Slowly and See*** is a five-disc box set of material by the Velvet Underground. It was released in September 1995 by Polydor.

## Compilation

The name of this box set comes from the instruction presented on vinyl copies of the band's debut album to peel back the banana sticker featured on the cover. The set includes all four studio albums by the Lou Reed-era line-ups of the Velvet Underground, alongside demo recordings and live performances, some of which had been previously bootlegged, and some of which had never before been released. *Squeeze*, recorded after Reed's departure from the band, is not included. *The Velvet Underground*, the band's self-titled third album, uses the "closet mix", Lou Reed's mix of the album that gives more emphasis to the vocals, and was the mix used on the original release. The band's fourth album, *Loaded*, is presented with "full-length versions" of three of its tracks, "Sweet Jane", "Rock & Roll" and "New Age".

*Rolling Stone* journalist David Fricke wrote extensive liner notes in an accompanying booklet, which also pictured many items of Velvet Underground memorabilia from the collection of guitarist Sterling Morrison.

## Track listing

All tracks written by Lou Reed except as noted.

All tracks performed by the Velvet Underground except † by the Velvet Underground & Nico; and ‡ by Nico.

With the exception of "Prominent Men", the tracks on Disc One feature multiple takes of each song.

Disc one (All tracks previously unreleased)
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Venus in Furs" (demo) |  | 15:33 |
| 2. | "Prominent Men" (demo) | Reed, Cale | 4:53 |
| 3. | "Heroin" (demo) |  | 13:34 |
| 4. | "I'm Waiting for the Man" (demo) |  | 9:50 |
| 5. | "Wrap Your Troubles in Dreams" (demo) |  | 15:50 |
| 6. | "All Tomorrow's Parties" (demo) |  | 18:26 |

Disc two
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Original release | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "All Tomorrow's Parties" (single version†) |  | Single A-side | 2:49 |
| 2. | "Sunday Morning†" | Reed, Cale | *The Velvet Underground & Nico* | 2:54 |
| 3. | "I'm Waiting for the Man" |  | *The Velvet Underground & Nico* | 4:38 |
| 4. | "Femme Fatale†" |  | *The Velvet Underground & Nico* | 2:37 |
| 5. | "Venus in Furs" |  | *The Velvet Underground & Nico* | 5:10 |
| 6. | "Run Run Run" |  | *The Velvet Underground & Nico* | 4:19 |
| 7. | "All Tomorrow's Parties†" |  | *The Velvet Underground & Nico* | 5:58 |
| 8. | "Heroin" |  | *The Velvet Underground & Nico* | 7:10 |
| 9. | "There She Goes Again" |  | *The Velvet Underground & Nico* | 2:39 |
| 10. | "I'll Be Your Mirror†" |  | *The Velvet Underground & Nico* | 2:12 |
| 11. | "The Black Angel's Death Song" | Reed, Cale | *The Velvet Underground & Nico* | 3:12 |
| 12. | "European Son" | Reed, Cale, Morrison, Tucker | *The Velvet Underground & Nico* | 7:47 |
| 13. | "Melody Laughter" (live edit†) | Reed, Cale, Morrison, Tucker, Päffgen | Previously unreleased | 10:43 |
| 14. | "It Was a Pleasure Then‡" | Reed, Cale, Päffgen | *Chelsea Girl* | 8:02 |
| 15. | "Chelsea Girls‡" | Reed, Morrison | *Chelsea Girl* | 7:24 |

Disc three
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Original release | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "There is No Reason" (demo) | Reed, Cale | Previously unreleased | 2:12 |
| 2. | "Sheltered Life" (demo) |  | Previously unreleased | 2:52 |
| 3. | "It's All Right (The Way That You Live)" (demo) | Reed, Cale | Previously unreleased | 2:48 |
| 4. | "I'm Not Too Sorry (Now That You're Gone)" (demo) | Reed, Cale | Previously unreleased | 2:17 |
| 5. | "Here She Comes Now" (demo) | Reed, Cale, Morrison | Previously unreleased | 2:46 |
| 6. | "Guess I'm Falling in Love" (live) | Reed, Cale, Morrison, Tucker | Previously unreleased | 4:10 |
| 7. | "Booker T." (live) | Reed, Cale, Morrison, Tucker | Previously unreleased | 6:30 |
| 8. | "White Light/White Heat" |  | *White Light/White Heat* | 2:45 |
| 9. | "The Gift" | Reed, Morrison, Cale, Tucker | *White Light/White Heat* | 8:17 |
| 10. | "Lady Godiva's Operation" |  | *White Light/White Heat* | 4:54 |
| 11. | "Here She Comes Now" | Reed, Cale, Morrison | *White Light/White Heat* | 2:02 |
| 12. | "I Heard Her Call My Name" |  | *White Light/White Heat* | 4:46 |
| 13. | "Sister Ray" | Reed, Cale, Morrison, Tucker | *White Light/White Heat* | 17:27 |
| 14. | "Stephanie Says" |  | *VU* | 2:49 |
| 15. | "Temptation Inside Your Heart" |  | *VU* | 2:30 |
| 16. | "Hey Mr. Rain" (version one) | Reed, Cale, Morrison, Tucker | *Another View* | 4:40 |

Disc four
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Original release | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "What Goes On" (live) |  | Previously unreleased | 5:34 |
| 2. | "Candy Says" |  | *The Velvet Underground* "Closet Mix" | 4:04 |
| 3. | "What Goes On" |  | *The Velvet Underground* "Closet Mix" | 4:35 |
| 4. | "Some Kinda Love" |  | *The Velvet Underground* "Closet Mix" | 3:39 |
| 5. | "Pale Blue Eyes" |  | *The Velvet Underground* "Closet Mix" | 5:42 |
| 6. | "Jesus" |  | *The Velvet Underground* "Closet Mix" | 3:24 |
| 7. | "Beginning to See the Light" |  | *The Velvet Underground* "Closet Mix" | 4:47 |
| 8. | "I'm Set Free" |  | *The Velvet Underground* "Closet Mix" | 4:04 |
| 9. | "That's the Story of My Life" |  | *The Velvet Underground* "Closet Mix" | 2:02 |
| 10. | "The Murder Mystery" |  | *The Velvet Underground* "Closet Mix" | 8:55 |
| 11. | "After Hours" |  | *The Velvet Underground* "Closet Mix" | 2:09 |
| 12. | "Foggy Notion" | Reed, Morrison, Yule, Tucker, Weiss | *VU* | 6:47 |
| 13. | "I Can't Stand It" |  | *VU* | 3:22 |
| 14. | "I'm Sticking with You" |  | *VU* | 2:28 |
| 15. | "One of These Days" |  | *VU* | 4:00 |
| 16. | "Lisa Says" |  | *VU* | 2:57 |
| 17. | "It's Just Too Much" (live) |  | Previously unreleased | 2:59 |
| 18. | "Countess from Hong Kong" (demo) | Reed, Cale | Previously unreleased | 3:17 |

Disc five
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Original release | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Who Loves the Sun" |  | *Loaded* | 2:45 |
| 2. | "Sweet Jane" (full-length version) |  | *Loaded* | 4:06 |
| 3. | "Rock & Roll (full-length version)" |  | *Loaded* | 4:43 |
| 4. | "Cool It Down" |  | *Loaded* | 3:04 |
| 5. | "New Age" (long version) |  | *Loaded* | 5:07 |
| 6. | "Head Held High" |  | *Loaded* | 2:56 |
| 7. | "Lonesome Cowboy Bill" |  | *Loaded* | 2:43 |
| 8. | "I Found a Reason" |  | *Loaded* | 4:15 |
| 9. | "Train Round the Bend" |  | *Loaded* | 3:21 |
| 10. | "Oh! Sweet Nuthin'" |  | *Loaded* | 7:25 |
| 11. | "Satellite of Love" |  | Previously unreleased | 2:58 |
| 12. | "Walk and Talk" |  | Previously unreleased | 2:23 |
| 13. | "Oh Gin" |  | Previously unreleased | 2:44 |
| 14. | "Sad Song" |  | Previously unreleased | 3:30 |
| 15. | "Ocean" |  | Previously unreleased | 5:43 |
| 16. | "Ride into the Sun" | Reed, Cale, Morrison, Tucker | Previously unreleased | 3:20 |
| 17. | "Some Kinda Love" (live) |  | Previously unreleased | 10:22 |
| 18. | "I'll Be Your Mirror" (live) |  | *Live at Max's Kansas City* | 2:06 |
| 19. | "I Love You" |  | Previously unreleased | 2:03 |

## Personnel

The Velvet Underground Additional musicians * Nico – lead vocal on "All Tomorrow's Parties" (both single and LP versions), "Femme Fatale", "I'll Be Your Mirror", "Melody Laughter", "It Was a Pleasure Then" and "Chelsea Girls"; backing vocals on "Sunday Morning"
* Adrian Barber – drums on "Who Loves the Sun" and "I Found a Reason"
* Tommy Castanaro – drums on "Cool It Down" and "Head Held High"
* Billy Yule – drums on "Lonesome Cowboy Bill", "Oh! Sweet Nuthin'", "Ocean", "Some Kinda Love" (live) and "I'll Be Your Mirror" (live).

Boxset Design-Spencer Drate, Judith Salavetz, Sylvia Reed, Smayvision

Technical staff * The Velvet Underground – producers (disc 1; disc 3: 1–7, 14–16, disc 4, disc 5: 17–18)
* Andy Warhol producer (disc 2: 1–12)
* The Velvet Underground & Nico – producers (disc 2: 13)
* Tom Wilson – producer (disc 2: 14–15, disc 3: 8–13)
* Geoff Haslam, Shel Kagan and The Velvet Underground – producers (disc 5: 1–10, 15–16)
* Adrian Barber – producer (disc 5: 11–14, 19)
* Brigid Polk engineer (disc 5: 17–18)

## InfoBox

| Peel Slowly and See | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Box set by the Velvet Underground | |
| Released | September 26, 1995 (1995-09-26) |
| Recorded | July 1965 – August 23, 1970 |
| Genre | Rock, proto-punk |
| Length | 379:34 |
| Language | English |
| Label | Polydor |
| Producer | Geoff Haslam, Shel Kagan, The Velvet Underground, Andy Warhol, Tom Wilson |
| The Velvet Underground chronology | |
| *Live MCMXCIII*
(1993) ***Peel Slowly and See***
(1995) *Final V.U. 1971-1973*
(2001) | |


title: Pyrenula

abstract: Pyrenula is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in tropical regions, and contains about 200 species.

text:
# Pyrenula

***Pyrenula*** is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in tropical regions, and contains about 200 species.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrenula* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pyrenula pseudobufonia* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Eurotiomycetes |
| Order: | Pyrenulales |
| Family: | Pyrenulaceae |
| Genus: | *Pyrenula*
Ach. (1814) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pyrenula nitida*
(Weigel) Ach. (1814) | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Melanella cunaeformis

abstract: Melanella cunaeformis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eulimidae.

text:
# Melanella cunaeformis

***Melanella cunaeformis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eulimidae.

## Distribution

This marine species is endemic to Australia and occurs off South Australia and Tasmania

* May, W. L. (1915 \[1916\]). *Additions to the Tasmanian marine Mollusca, with descriptions of new species*. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. (1915): 75-99
* Cotton, B.C. 1959. *South Australian Mollusca. Archaeogastropoda*. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia. Adelaide : South Australian Government Printer 449 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Melanellacunaeformis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Eulimidae |
| Genus: | *Melanella* |
| Species: | ***M. cunaeformis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melanella cunaeformis***<br>(May, 1915) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Eulima cunaeformis* May, 1915 (original combination) | |


title: Giuseppe Donatiello

abstract: Giuseppe Donatiello is an Italian amateur astronomer. He is primarily known as the discoverer of eleven nearby dwarf galaxies in the Local Volume.

text:
# Giuseppe Donatiello

**Giuseppe Donatiello** (born 14 December 1967) is an Italian amateur astronomer. He is primarily known as the discoverer of eleven nearby dwarf galaxies in the Local Volume.

## Contributions

To these discoveries must be added some candidate planetary nebulae and the participation in the discovery and analysis of several dozen stellar streams

He is the principal investigator and coordinator of the National Deep Sky Research Section of the Italian Amateur Astronomers Union

## InfoBox

| Giuseppe Donatiello | |
| --- | --- |
| Giuseppe Donatiello (2017) | |
| Born | (1967-12-14)December 14, 1967<br>Italy |
| Occupation | Amateur astronomer |
| Notes | |
| Discoverer of eleven nearby dwarf galaxies in the Local Volume | |


title: OBC (secret society)

abstract: OBC is the oldest known collegiate secret society operating at the University of North Carolina at Asheville. Its existence has been documented as early as May 1938.

text:
# OBC (secret society)

**OBC** is the oldest known collegiate secret society operating at the University of North Carolina at Asheville. Its existence has been documented as early as May 1938.

## History

In 1948, Asheville-Biltmore College (now the University of North Carolina at Asheville) moved to Seely Castle on Sunset Mountain. It was during the period of the college's residence at Seely Castle that rumors of a secret society arose. A small group of students whose possessions included artifacts from the American Civil War, referring to themselves as simply OBC, was alleged to use the lowest rooms of the castle to hold secret meetings, beginning a tradition of underground meeting places that is rumored to hold true to today.

The original purpose of the group was believed to have been the creation of a public liberal arts college, as the society has been long associated with projects aimed at the improvement of what has now become the university.

## Symbols

The name OBC stands for the Latin *Ordo Bos Canis* or Order of the Bull Dog. The mascot for the university is the bulldog. The symbol believed to be linked to the society, a large letter B surrounded by a circle with two hash marks at 45 and 135 degrees, appears on buildings and sidewalks in out-of-the-way locations on campus approximately once every semester.

## Activities

The purpose of OBC is "to create, promote, enhance and advance school spirit and university traditions." As of 2013, the group is funded annually with $2,000 from the UNC Asheville Foundation.

Historically, the group is suggested to have been responsible for keeping the college afloat during the long years of economic instability following the Depression, and for the construction of bomb shelters beneath many of the academic buildings during the Cold War. They are held to have begun the traditional autumnal ceremony of the Turning of the Maples, now hosted by the Alumni Office.

The society is accredited with a wide range of activities, from major financial donations to minor humorous pranks. The completed construction of the newest building on the University of North Carolina at Asheville campus, Zeis Hall, is reportedly possible only thanks to the donation of a large sum of money from the society.

## Membership

Membership in the society has never been revealed and its initiates take a pledge to maintain secrecy. It has been written that members are students "deeply involved in student organizations and other prominent leadership positions in the University, a tactic which is suggested to ease the ability of the society to wield its influence within the University's community."

It has been suggested that the society is in communication with the administration and Board of Trustees of the University of North Carolina at Asheville, as well as the present-day owners of Seely Castle. The society is also alleged to have associations with the North Carolina State government through Representative Taylor, beginning in 1948.

1. Sherk, A. V. (October 2, 2013). "Years of university secrets unveiled". *The Blue Banner*. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
2. Lindell, D. P. Quirks and Oddities: A History of Asheville's Mysteries. Asheville, NC: ABR Publishing House, 1956.
3. Plemmons, William Howard. The City of Asheville : Historical and Institutional. Durham, NC: Duke University, 1935.
4. Highsmith, W. E. The University Of North Carolina At Asheville: The First Sixty Years. Asheville, NC: The University of North Carolina at Asheville, 1991.
5. Brown, Callie O'Neil. "Crop Circles on Campus?" The Blue Banner. Apr 2001.
6. Proceedings from the First Undergraduate Research Conference, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC: Western Carolina University, 1991.
7. Johnson, Owen. "Whispers From The Past." *The Blue Banner*. September 2007.
8. Montes, L. M. "Underground Connections and Student Unease." The Blue Banner. Jan 1994.
9. Nine, T.W. "Notes on the Chancellor's Office." The Blue Banner. Apr 2003.
10. Ball, Ewart M. Seely's Castle, D.H. Ramsey Library Special Collection, Asheville, NC: The University of North Carolina at Asheville, 2006.
11. Roy Arthur Taylor Collection, D.H. Ramsey Library Special Collection, Asheville, NC: The University of North Carolina at Asheville, 1977.

## InfoBox

| OBC | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | May 1938 (May 1938)
University of North Carolina at Asheville |
| Type | Secret society |
| Affiliation | Independent |
| Status | Active |
| Scope | Local |
| Chapters | 1 |
| Headquarters | Asheville, North Carolina
United States |


title: Protacanthamoeba bohemica

abstract: Protacanthamoeba bohemica is a species of Acanthamoebidae.

text:
# Protacanthamoeba bohemica

***Protacanthamoeba bohemica*** is a species of Acanthamoebidae.

## InfoBox

| Protacanthamoeba bohemica | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Phylum: | Amoebozoa |
| Class: | Discosea |
| Order: | Centramoebida |
| Family: | Acanthamoebidae |
| Genus: | *Protoacanthamoeba*
Page 1981 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Protoacanthamoeba caledonica*
Page 1981 | |
| Species | |
| * *P. bohemica* Dyková et al. 2005 * *P. caledonica* Page 1981 * *P. invadens* (Singh & Hanumaiah 1979) Page 1981 | |


title: 325 BC

abstract: Year 325 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Camillus and Scaeva. The denomination 325 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

text:
# 325 BC

325 BC in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 325 BC
*CCCXXV BC* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 429 |
| Ancient Egypt era | XXXII dynasty, 8 |
| *\- Pharaoh* | Alexander the Great, 8 |
| Ancient Greek era | 113th Olympiad, year 4 |
| Assyrian calendar | 4426 |
| Balinese saka calendar | *N/A* |
| Bengali calendar | −917 |
| Berber calendar | 626 |
| Buddhist calendar | 220 |
| Burmese calendar | −962 |
| Byzantine calendar | 5184–5185 |
| Chinese calendar | 乙未年 (Wood Goat)
2373 or 2166
*to*
丙申年 (Fire Monkey)
2374 or 2167 |
| Coptic calendar | −608 – −607 |
| Discordian calendar | 842 |
| Ethiopian calendar | −332 – −331 |
| Hebrew calendar | 3436–3437 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | −268 – −267 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | *N/A* |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 2776–2777 |
| Holocene calendar | 9676 |
| Iranian calendar | 946 BP – 945 BP |
| Islamic calendar | 975 BH – 974 BH |
| Javanese calendar | *N/A* |
| Julian calendar | *N/A* |
| Korean calendar | 2009 |
| Minguo calendar | 2236 before ROC
民前2236年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −1792 |
| Thai solar calendar | 218–219 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴木羊年
(female Wood-Goat)
−198 or −579 or −1351
*to*
阳火猴年
(male Fire-Monkey)
−197 or −578 or −1350 |

Year **325 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Camillus and Scaeva** (or, less frequently, **year 429 *Ab urbe condita***). The denomination 325 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events

### By place

#### Europe

* *(around this year)* \- Pytheas made a voyage of naval exploration to northwestern Europe, reaching Britain and the Baltic Sea, and mentioning Thule as the farthest island to the north in the Atlantic.

#### Macedonian Empire

* Alexander the Great leaves India and nominates his officer Peithon, son of Agenor, as the satrap of the region around the Indus.
* Alexander the Great orders his admiral, Nearchus, to sail from the Hydaspes River in western India to the Persian Gulf and up the Euphrates River to Babylon while Alexander's army starts marching through Gedrosia (Baluchistan).
* While returning to Persia, Alexander's army runs into the Malli clans (in modern day Multan). The ensuing battle severely weakens his army. Alexander sends much of his remaining army to Carmania (modern southern Iran) with his general Craterus, while he leads the rest of his forces back to Persia by the southern route through the Gedrosian Desert (now part of southern Iran and Makran in southern Pakistan).
* By the end of the year, Alexander's army reaches Persepolis, while his navy, under Nearchus, reaches Susa at around the same time.
* The first known reference to sugar cane appears in writings by Alexander the Great's admiral Nearchus, who writes of Indian reeds "that produce honey, although there are no bees".

#### Sicily

#### China

#### Americas

* La Venta, an Olmec island city, is believed to be completely abandoned by this time.

### By topic

#### Art

#### Philosophy

## Births

## Deaths

*

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 1st millennium BC |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: Wichmann (crater)

abstract: Wichmann is a bowl-shaped lunar impact crater. It was named after German astronomer Moritz L. G. Wichmann. It is located in the southern half of Oceanus Procellarum on a low plateau formed from a wrinkle ridge, Dorsa Ewing. There is a small mountain chain to the north that curves away to the west that is designated Wichmann R; this is most likely the rim of a worn crater that was buried by the lava flow forming the mare. Additional low mountains lie to the south of the plateau on which Wichmann is situated.

text:
# Wichmann (crater)

**Wichmann** is a bowl-shaped lunar impact crater. It was named after German astronomer Moritz L. G. Wichmann. It is located in the southern half of Oceanus Procellarum on a low plateau formed from a wrinkle ridge, Dorsa Ewing.

There is a small mountain chain to the north that curves away to the west that is designated Wichmann R; this is most likely the rim of a worn crater that was buried by the lava flow forming the mare. Additional low mountains lie to the south of the plateau on which Wichmann is situated.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Wichmann.

| Wichmann | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | 7.4° S | 36.9° W | 4 km |
| B | 7.1° S | 39.1° W | 4 km |
| C | 4.7° S | 37.4° W | 3 km |
| D | 5.4° S | 36.0° W | 3 km |
| R | 6.6° S | 39.0° W | 62 km |

## InfoBox

Wichmann
| Lunar Orbiter 4 image | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 7°30′S 38°06′W / 7.5°S 38.1°W / -7.5; -38.1 |
| Diameter | 10 km |
| Colongitude | 38° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Moritz L. G. Wichmann |


title: Pyrgus sibirica

abstract: Pyrgus sibirica is a diurnal species of Lepidoptera found in tundra environments. It was first described by naturalist Jaques-Louis Reverdin in 1911.

text:
# Pyrgus sibirica

***Pyrgus sibirica*** is a diurnal species of Lepidoptera found in tundra environments. It was first described by naturalist Jaques-Louis Reverdin in 1911.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrgus sibirica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hesperiidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrgus* |
| Species: | ***P. sibirica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrgus sibirica***<br>Reverdin, 1911 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Hesperia chapmani* Warren, 1926 | |


title: Pehnaei Ghayen F.C.

abstract: Pehnaei Ghayen Football Club is an Iranian football club based in Ghayen, Iran.

text:
# Pehnaei Ghayen F.C.

**Pehnaei Ghayen Football Club** is an Iranian football club based in Ghayen, Iran.

## Season-by-Season

The table below shows the achievements of the club in various competitions.

| Season | League | Position | Hazfi Cup | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009–10 | Khorasan Jonoobi Provincial League | **1st** |  |  |
| 2010–11 | Khorasan Jonoobi Provincial League |  | 3rd Round |  |


title: Qingyuan, Changsha

abstract: Qingyuan Subdistrict is an urban subdistrict and the seat of Tianxin District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China. The subdistrict is located in the east central part of the district, it is bordered to the north by Wenyuan Subdistrict, to the northwest by Xinkaipu Subdistrict, to the west and the southwest by Heishipu Subdistrict, to the south by Guihuaping Subdistrict, to the southeast and the east by Dongjing and Jingwanzi Subdistricts of Yuhua District. Qingyuan covers 3.6 km⁲ (1.4 sq mi) with a population of about 59,000, it is divided into four communities under its jurisdiction.

text:
# Qingyuan, Changsha

**Qingyuan Subdistrict** (simplified Chinese: 青园街道; traditional Chinese: 青園街道; pinyin: *Qīngyuán Jiēdào*) is an urban subdistrict and the seat of Tianxin District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China. The subdistrict is located in the east central part of the district, it is bordered to the north by Wenyuan Subdistrict, to the northwest by Xinkaipu Subdistrict, to the west and the southwest by Heishipu Subdistrict, to the south by Guihuaping Subdistrict, to the southeast and the east by Dongjing and Jingwanzi Subdistricts of Yuhua District. Qingyuan covers 3.6 km2 (1.4 sq mi) with a population of about 59,000, it is divided into four communities under its jurisdiction.

## InfoBox

| Qingyuan Subdistrict 青园街道 | |
| --- | --- |
| Subdistrict | |
| QingyuanLocation in Hunan | |
| Coordinates: 28°07′20″N 113°00′02″E / 28.12234686520389°N 113.00042575855252°E / 28.12234686520389; 113.00042575855252 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hunan |
| Prefecture-level city | Changsha |
| District | Tianxin |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.6 km2 (1.4 sq mi) |
| Population (2015) | |
| Total | 59,000 |
| Density | 16,000/km2 (42,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


title: Mediterranean Marine Science

abstract:
Mediterranean Marine Science is a peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal publishing original research in the fields of Oceanography, Marine Biology, Fisheries, Marine Conservation, and Aquaculture in the Mediterranean and adjacent areas. It is published by the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research with technical help from EKT ePublishing. The current editor-in-chief is Stelios Somarakis.
First published from 1979 under the name 'Thalassographica' it continued under the name 'Mediterranean Marine Science' in 2000 and restarted volume numbering too.

text:
# Mediterranean Marine Science

***Mediterranean Marine Science*** is a peer-reviewed open access scholarly journal publishing original research in the fields of Oceanography, Marine Biology, Fisheries, Marine Conservation, and Aquaculture in the Mediterranean and adjacent areas. It is published by the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research with technical help from EKT ePublishing. The current editor-in-chief is Stelios Somarakis. First published from 1979 under the name 'Thalassographica' it continued under the name 'Mediterranean Marine Science' in 2000 and restarted volume numbering too.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

## InfoBox

*Mediterranean Marine Science*
| Discipline | Ecology |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Stelios Somarakis |
| Publication details | |
| Former name(s) | Thalassographica |
| History | 1979–present |
| Publisher | EKT ePublishing (Greece) |
| Frequency | Tri-annual |
| Open access | Yes |
| License | Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 |
| Impact factor | 2.071 (2018) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Mediterr. Mar. Sci.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1108-393X (print)
1791-6763 (web)
 |
| OCLC no. | 299988909 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Ōmura Line

abstract: Ōmura Line is a railway line in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, operated by the Kyushu Railway Company. It connects Haiki Station in Sasebo to Isahaya Station in Isahaya. From 1898 the line was part of the Nagasaki Main Line until the Hizen Yamaguchi - Isahaya line opened in 1934.

text:
# Ōmura Line

**Ōmura Line** (大村線, *Ōmura-sen*) is a railway line in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, operated by the Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu). It connects Haiki Station in Sasebo to Isahaya Station in Isahaya. From 1898 the line was part of the Nagasaki Main Line until the Hizen Yamaguchi - Isahaya line opened in 1934.

## History

The Kyushu Railway Co. opened the entire line in 1898 as part of the original Nagasaki Main Line. The company was nationalised in 1907.

With the opening of the Hizen Yamaguchi - Isahaya section of the Nagasaki Main Line in 1934, the line was renamed the Omura Line.

In 1992 the Haiki - Huis Ten Bosch section was electrified at 20 kV AC.

## Stations

* S: Trains stop
* |: Non-stop

| Name | | Distance (km) | Rapid
*Seaside Liner* | Transfers | Location | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Direct connection to Sasebo Line | | | | | |
| Haiki | 早岐 | 0.0 | S | Sasebo Line | Sasebo | Nagasaki Prefecture |
| Huis Ten Bosch | ハウステンボス | 4.7 | S |  | | |
| Haenosaki | 南風崎 | 5.6 | | | | |  |
| Ogushigō | 小串郷 | 9.6 | | |  | | Kawatana,
Higashisonogi District |
| Kawatana | 川棚 | 13.6 | S |  | | |
| Sonogi | 彼杵 | 19.6 | S |  | Higashisonogi,
Higashisonogi District | |
| Chiwata | 千綿 | 24.0 | | | | |  |
| Matsubara | 松原 | 28.5 | | |  | | Ōmura |
| Ōmura Rail Yard | 大村車両基地 | 31.1 | | | | |  |
| Takematsu | 竹松 | 32.8 | S |  | | |
| Shin-Ōmura | 新大村 | 33.7 | S | Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen | | |
| Suwa | 諏訪 | 34.8 | | | | |  |
| Ōmura | 大村 | 36.2 | S |  | | |
| Iwamatsu | 岩松 | 40.0 | | | | |  |
| Isahaya | 諫早 | 47.6 | S | Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen
Nagasaki Main Line
Shimabara Railway Line | Isahaya | |
| Direct connection to Nagasaki Main Line | | | | | |

This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia

## InfoBox

| Ōmura Line | |
| --- | --- |
| Diesel train on the Ōmura Line | |
| Overview | |
| Owner | JR Kyushu |
| Locale | Kyushu |
| Termini |  |
| Stations | 15 |
| Service | |
| Type | Heavy rail |
| Operator(s) | JR Kyushu |
| History | |
| Opened | 20 January 1898 (20 January 1898) |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 47.6 km (29.6 mi) |
| Number of tracks | 1 |
| Track gauge | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) |
| Electrification | 20 kV AC (60 Hz) (Haiki - Huis Ten Bosch) |
| Operating speed | 95 km/h (59 mph) |
| Signalling | Automatic block signaling |
| Route map | |


title: Qa (cuneiform)

abstract: The cuneiform sign qa, is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and other cuneiform texts. It has a secondary sub-use in the Amarna letters for ka4. Linguistically, it has the alphabetical usage in texts for q, a, or qa, and also a replacement for "q", by k, or g.

text:
# Qa (cuneiform)

The cuneiform sign **qa**, is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the *Epic of Gilgamesh,* and other cuneiform texts (for example Hittite texts). It has a secondary sub-use in the Amarna letters for **ka4**.

Linguistically, it has the alphabetical usage in texts for *q*, *a*, or *qa*, and also a replacement for *"q"*, by *k*, or *g*.

## *Epic of Gilgamesh* usage

The *qa* sign usage in the *Epic of Gilgamesh* is as follows: *qa*-(109 times).

* Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. *The Amarna Letters.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ISBN 0-8018-6715-0)
* Parpola, 1971. *The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh*, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages.

---


title: Oahu Music Company

abstract: The Oahu Music Company was a music education program in the United States during the 1930s and 1940s to teach students to play the Hawaiian Guitar. Popular culture in America became fascinated with Hawaiian music during the first half of the twentieth century and in 1916, recordings of indigenous Hawaiian instruments outsold every other genre of music in the U.S. By 1920, sales of Hawaiian guitars and instruction had become well established and Oahu Music Company was the leading purveyor of these programs. The organization canvassed nearly every city in the United States, often door-to-door, selling both their Oahu-brand instruments and lessons for young people to join their weekly classes. Oahu Music was founded in Flint, Michigan in 1926 by Harry G. Stanley and his half-brother George Bronson. The two men later parted ways and Stanley became sole owner. In the Great Depression of the 1930s, many Americans had little money to spend on extra items such as musical instruments, but acoustic steel guitars were available for the relatively low price of seven dollars, including case, bar, picks, nut adapter, and lessons. The company thrived even through the worst of the depression.

text:
# Oahu Music Company

The **Oahu Music Company** was a music education program in the United States during the 1930s and 1940s to teach students to play the Hawaiian Guitar. Popular culture in America became fascinated with Hawaiian music during the first half of the twentieth century and in 1916, recordings of indigenous Hawaiian instruments outsold every other genre of music in the U.S. By 1920, sales of Hawaiian guitars and instruction had become well established and Oahu Music Company was the leading purveyor of these programs. The organization canvassed nearly every city in the United States, often door-to-door, selling both their Oahu-brand instruments and lessons for young people to join their weekly classes.

Oahu Music was founded in Flint, Michigan in 1926 by Harry G. Stanley and his half-brother George Bronson. The two men later parted ways and Stanley became sole owner. In the Great Depression of the 1930s, many Americans had little money to spend on extra items such as musical instruments, but acoustic steel guitars were available for the relatively low price of seven dollars, including case, bar, picks, nut adapter, and lessons. The company thrived even through the worst of the depression.

## Harry G. Stanley

Oahu's founder, Harry Stanley had a flair for showmanship. In 1930, he rented space in a nice area of Cleveland and announced the opening of the Oahu school with heavy advertising promotion. "People lined up for blocks to sign up for his programs", said music historian Lorene Ruymar. He soon branched out into publishing as well as manufacturing his own brand of instruments. He chose to use the name *Oahu Publishing Company* on his musical instruments. He encouraged his brightest students to purchase franchises for Oahu-owned studios under the name of "Honolulu Conservatory of Music", eventually supplying 1200 teaching studios in the U.S. and Canada. Stanley sold his dealers nearly everything for the studios, including instruments, cases, music, strings, picks, bars, amplifiers and even folding chairs. The company remained profitable even in hard economic times.

Eddie Alkire was a well-known guitarist who taught for the Oahu Music Company in 1929. Born in West Virginia, Alkire himself had learned to play steel guitar from a correspondence course. By 1930 he was persuaded to move to Cleveland, hired by the Oahu Company as a teacher and composer. Alkire performed a nationwide NBC and CBS show of Hawaiian music with the *Oahu Serenaders* broadcast from Cleveland.

The company published a magazine called "*The Guitarist* " in the late 1930s which was sent to their mail order students worldwide. The name was later changed to "*Music Magazine* ". It was largely a promotional tool to keep students interested, but also an advertising means for Oahu products. The company sold guitars, amplifiers, sheet music, and accessories Their acoustic Oahu-brand instruments were made for them by several manufacturers including Kay (Harmony, Valco) and Rickenbacker. However, the company's electric lap steel models (with amplifiers) were made in-house by Oahu technicians. In 1950, accordion teaching programs were added to the company's offerings, along with Oahu's own brand of accordions imported from Italy. Harry Stanley died of a heart attack in 1970. His wife managed the company until it closed in 1985.

## Notable former students

One of Oahu's young pupils in the 1930s was Herb Remington, who became a noted steel guitarist for Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys. Remington took lessons from the company as a child in South Bend, Indiana. He took sixty lessons from Oahu and was taught using a number system. Remington said, "You don't learn notes, but if you have an ear, you can take off from there." He recalled a 1941 music festival that included 1500 children in Oahu's program from a three or four state area to play a steel guitar recital including "Stars and Stripes Forever" at Chicago's Soldier Field. Remington was one of Western swing's most popular steel guitarists and was inducted into the Steel Guitar Hall of Fame.

Bud Isaacs was another hall of fame (1994) steel guitarist who took Oahu courses as a youth. Isaacs' mother enrolled him in Oahu's school located above the local confectionary in Bedford, Indiana about 1938. Isaacs did not care for the Hawaiian music he was being taught, preferring the jazzier Western swing music (and tunings) of Noel Boggs. Nevertheless, Isaacs persisted in his studies. He went on to perform professionally with country artists including Red Foley, Little Jimmy Dickens, and Chet Atkins on the road and in recording sessions. Isaacs made country music history in 1954 as the first person to play pedal steel guitar on a hit record.

Doug Jernigan a steel guitarist born in Pensacola, Florida, took lessons from Oahu as a youth in the late 1950s. He played country music on a lap steel, then went to pedal steel. He became a successful session musician in Nashville and branched out into jazz, making nine instrumental albums in both jazz and country genres. He is a frequent performer on the Grand Ole Opry and was inducted into the Steel Guitar Hall of Fame in 1994.

Lloyd Green is another Hall of Fame steel player who began with Oahu. In 1944 at age seven Green's family was told he was too young for Oahu lessons, the minimum age being fourteen. After a "test lesson" showed his aptitude, the rule was waived. Green played on thousands of country music recordings over a quarter-century beginning in the mid-1960s.

## InfoBox

Oahu Music Company (Oahu Publishing Company)
|
|  |
| Industry | Musical instruments, instruction and publishing |
| Founded | 1926 in Flint, Michigan |
| Founders | Harry G. Stanley and George Bronson |
| Defunct | 1985 |
| Headquarters | Cleveland, Ohio, United States |
| Area served | International |
| Products | Steel guitars, Spanish guitars, accordions, amplifiers, music, music instruction, music publications, music accessories |


title: Gertrud Eysoldt

abstract: Gertrud Franziska Gabriele Eysoldt was a German film and stage actress.

text:
# Gertrud Eysoldt

**Gertrud Franziska Gabriele Eysoldt** (30 November 1870 – 6 January 1955) was a German film and stage actress.

## Stage career

Gertrud Eysoldt first appeared in *Henry IV* in 1890 with the influential Meiningen Ensemble. After touring in Germany and Russia she performed in Berlin in 1899 and later played under the direction of Max Reinhardt. She specialized in modern realistic parts, particularly in the works of Frank Wedekind, opposite the author, as well the plays of Henrik Ibsen and Maeterlinck. In 1921 she was in the first German-language production of Schnitzler's controversial play *Reigen* at the Kleines Schauspielhaus in Berlin.

In 1903, Eysoldt garnered widespread praise for her mesmerizing physical performances and her groundbreaking portrayal of some of the most controversial female characters in modern German theater. One critic declared that as the title role in Hugo von Hofmannsthal's play *Elektra*, she "created a new type of acting art and also a new image of women on stage." Eysoldt caused a sensation in her role as Salome in Oscar Wilde's play of the same name. A critic stated she perfectly captured “the pathological persistence of a spoiled child . . . as well as the perverse, erotic, and vengeful lust of a scornful woman.” She also starred in Strindberg's *Rausch*, Ibsen’s *A Doll’s House*, and Gorky's *The Lower Depths*. In reviewing these roles, theater critic Marie Luise Becker wrote:

> Gertrud Eysoldt is best suited for the roles of women of modern decadence. Those who scatter around them that secret, wildly sensual and unspeakable bliss and a nameless debauchery. These female figures, the demons and witches of our time—this will turned woman, which modern man seems to fear—are the heroines of the young dramatists. Earth-spirits, abhorred by the bourgeoisie just as they were burned centuries ago, rise up before the poet out of the fog and haze. Gertrud Eysoldt makes them human.
>
> S.E. Jackson, *The Problem of the Actress in Modern German Theater and Thought* (2021)

## Film career

Eysoldt appeared in more than fifteen films from 1923 to 1949, including:

## Further reading

* Jackson, S.E., *The Problem of the Actress in Modern German Theater and Thought*, Camden House, Rochester, NY, 2021, ISBN 978-1-64014-086-8.

## InfoBox

| Gertrud Eysoldt | |
| --- | --- |
| Eysoldt as Salome, 1903 | |
| Born | 30 November 1870 (1870-11-30)
Pirna, Kingdom of Saxony |
| Died | 6 January 1955(1955-01-06) (aged 84)
Ohlstadt, West Germany |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1890–1949 |


title: Sherryl Clark

abstract: Sherryl Clark is an American film producer.

text:
# Sherryl Clark

**Sherryl Clark** is an American film producer.

## Filmography

Clark has produced the following movies:

She is a co-founder of the production group H Collective.

1. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1602119/?ref\_=fn\_al\_nm\_1 IMDB
2. "Toronto According to Exec Sherryl Clark". *The Hollywood Reporter*. 2019-09-07. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
3. "The H Collective: Sherryl Clark Hired As New Production President, Del Mayberry As CFO, Others Promoted". *Deadline Hollywood*. 2018-04-24. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07.


abstract: Moanda or Muanda is a town and territory lying on the Atlantic Ocean coast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the mouth of the Congo River. It is situated in Kongo Central Province, and has a population of 90,812 as of 2012. The town has an airport and is known for its beaches, and has a few limited tourist facilities, but tourism is incidental to the main economic activities of the town. The town of Muanda is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) north-west of the small port of Banana in the mouth of the Congo, and 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) southeast of Point Kipundji. The Moanda Oil Terminal, consisting of various platforms, pipelines and a permanent tanker, lies 10 miles southwest of Point Kipundji. Some 100 km upstream from Muanda, on the north bank of the Congo River, lies the city of Boma, DR Congo's second-largest port. The great width and depth of the Congo River allow seagoing vessels to reach Boma and the largest port, Matadi, despite their distance from the coast.

text:
# Moanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo

**Moanda** or **Muanda** is a town and territory lying on the Atlantic Ocean coast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the mouth of the Congo River. It is situated in Kongo Central Province, and has a population of 90,812 as of 2012. The town has an airport and is known for its beaches, and has a few limited tourist facilities, but tourism is incidental to the main economic activities of the town.

The town of Muanda is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) north-west of the small port of Banana in the mouth of the Congo, and 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) southeast of Point Kipundji. The Moanda Oil Terminal, consisting of various platforms, pipelines and a permanent tanker, lies 10 miles southwest of Point Kipundji. Some 100 km upstream from Muanda, on the north bank of the Congo River, lies the city of Boma, DR Congo's second-largest port. The great width and depth of the Congo River allow seagoing vessels to reach Boma and the largest port, Matadi, despite their distance from the coast.

## Climate

The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies Moanda‘s climate as tropical wet and dry (*Aw*), although it is only marginally wet enough to avoid being classed as a hot semi-arid climate (*BSh*).

| Climate data for Moanda (altitude: 31 metres or 102 feet) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.3
(88.3) | 31.3
(88.3) | 32.1
(89.8) | 31.9
(89.4) | 30.8
(87.4) | 28.1
(82.6) | 26.3
(79.3) | 26.3
(79.3) | 28.1
(82.6) | 30.2
(86.4) | 30.3
(86.5) | 31.1
(88.0) | 29.8
(85.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.8
(80.2) | 26.8
(80.2) | 27.4
(81.3) | 27.2
(81.0) | 26.3
(79.3) | 23.4
(74.1) | 21.7
(71.1) | 21.8
(71.2) | 23.8
(74.8) | 26.2
(79.2) | 26.3
(79.3) | 26.8
(80.2) | 25.4
(77.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.4
(72.3) | 22.4
(72.3) | 22.7
(72.9) | 22.6
(72.7) | 21.8
(71.2) | 18.7
(65.7) | 17.2
(63.0) | 17.4
(63.3) | 19.5
(67.1) | 22.2
(72.0) | 22.4
(72.3) | 22.5
(72.5) | 21.0
(69.8) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 81
(3.2) | 132
(5.2) | 145
(5.7) | 166
(6.5) | 59
(2.3) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 1
(0.0) | 6
(0.2) | 29
(1.1) | 127
(5.0) | 87
(3.4) | 833
(32.6) |
| Source: *Climate-Data.org* | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| Climate data for Moanda (altitude: 32 metres or 105 feet) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.4
(88.5) | 31.5
(88.7) | 32.2
(90.0) | 32.1
(89.8) | 31
(88) | 28.2
(82.8) | 26.5
(79.7) | 26.4
(79.5) | 28.4
(83.1) | 30.4
(86.7) | 30.4
(86.7) | 31.4
(88.5) | 30.0
(86.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.8
(80.2) | 26.9
(80.4) | 27.3
(81.1) | 27.3
(81.1) | 26.3
(79.3) | 23.4
(74.1) | 21.8
(71.2) | 21.8
(71.2) | 23.9
(75.0) | 26.3
(79.3) | 26.3
(79.3) | 26.9
(80.4) | 25.4
(77.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.3
(72.1) | 22.4
(72.3) | 22.5
(72.5) | 22.6
(72.7) | 21.7
(71.1) | 18.8
(65.8) | 17.2
(63.0) | 17.3
(63.1) | 19.4
(66.9) | 22.2
(72.0) | 22.3
(72.1) | 22.4
(72.3) | 20.9
(69.7) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 77
(3.0) | 129
(5.1) | 139
(5.5) | 168
(6.6) | 60
(2.4) | 0
(0) | 0
(0) | 1
(0.0) | 6
(0.2) | 28
(1.1) | 125
(4.9) | 87
(3.4) | 820
(32.2) |
| Source: *Climate-Data.org* | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Moanda | |
| --- | --- |
| MoandaLocation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | |
| Coordinates: 5°56′3″S 12°20′58″E / 5.93417°S 12.34944°E / -5.93417; 12.34944 | |
| Country | DR Congo |
| Province | Kongo Central |


title: Pyrianoreina piranga

abstract: Pyrianoreina piranga is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2008.

text:
# Pyrianoreina piranga

***Pyrianoreina piranga*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2008.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrianoreina piranga* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Pyrianoreina*** |
| Species: | ***P. piranga*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrianoreina piranga***<br>Martins & Galileo, 2008 | |
|


title: Pythium middletonii

abstract: Pythium middletonii is a plant pathogen infecting strawberry.

text:
# Pythium middletonii

***Pythium middletonii*** is a plant pathogen infecting strawberry.

## InfoBox

| *Pythium middletonii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Stramenopiles |
| Phylum: | Oomycota |
| Order: | Peronosporales |
| Family: | Pythiaceae |
| Genus: | *Pythium* |
| Species: | ***P. middletonii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pythium middletonii***
Sparrow, (1960) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Eupythium proliferum* (de Bary) Nieuwl., (1916)
*Pythium proliferum* de Bary, (1860)
*Pythium proliferum* Schenk, (1859) | |


title: Mediterranean Politics

abstract: Mediterranean Politics is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Taylor and Francis focusing on research into contemporary politics and international relations in the Mediterranean Sea and the regions surrounding it including the continents of Europe, Africa and Asia. The current editors are Frédéric Volpi, Sarah Wolff, and Matt Buehler. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal's impact factor was 1.844 in 2019, which moved the journal up to 8/77 in Area Studies, 60/180 in Political Science, and places it 29/95 in International Relations. Previously, its 2018 impact factor was 1.732. This meant that Mediterranean Politics ranked 10/74 in the Area Studies Category, 26/91 in the International Relations Category, and 68/176 in the Political Science Category for that year. In 2015, the impact factor was 0.741 with a ranking of 16/69 in Area Studies Category, 44/86 in the International Relations Category and 89/163 in the Political Science category. In 2014, the impact factor was 0.696, ranking it 87th out of 161 journals in the category "Political Science", 15th out of 65 journals in the category "Area Studies" and 44th out of 85 journals in the category "International Relations". The aims and objectives of Mediterranean Politics is to 'shed light on the connectedness of polities and societies and thus takes an interdisciplinary approach which, while generally focused on the disciplines of politics and international relations, is inclusive where appropriate of economics, political economy, human geography, sociology and anthropology'.

text:
# Mediterranean Politics

***Mediterranean Politics*** is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Taylor and Francis focusing on research into contemporary politics and international relations in the Mediterranean Sea and the regions surrounding it including the continents of Europe, Africa and Asia. The current editors are Frédéric Volpi (University of Edinburgh), Sarah Wolff (Queen Mary, University of London), and Matt Buehler (University of Tennessee).

According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal's impact factor was 1.844 in 2019, which moved the journal up to 8/77 in Area Studies, 60/180 in Political Science, and places it 29/95 in International Relations. Previously, its 2018 impact factor was 1.732.  This meant that Mediterranean Politics ranked 10/74 in the Area Studies Category, 26/91 in the International Relations Category, and 68/176 in the Political Science Category for that year.

In 2015, the impact factor was 0.741 with a ranking of 16/69 in Area Studies Category, 44/86 in the International Relations Category and 89/163 in the Political Science category. In 2014, the impact factor was 0.696, ranking it 87th out of 161 journals in the category "Political Science", 15th out of 65 journals in the category "Area Studies" and 44th out of 85 journals in the category "International Relations".

The aims and objectives of *Mediterranean Politics* is to 'shed light on the connectedness of polities and societies and thus takes an interdisciplinary approach which, while generally focused on the disciplines of politics and international relations, is inclusive where appropriate of economics, political economy, human geography, sociology and anthropology'.

## InfoBox

*Mediterranean Politics*
| Discipline | Political science |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Frédéric Volpi
Sarah Wolff
Matt Buehler |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1996–present |
| Publisher | Taylor and Francis (United Kingdom) |
| Frequency | Quarterly |
| Impact factor | 1.844 (2019) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Mediterr. Politics* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1362-9395 (print)
1743-9418 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 97655068 |
| OCLC no. | 55073226 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Štark

abstract: Štark is a food manufacturing company based in Belgrade, Serbia. The main products of the company include candies, biscuits and chocolates. One of its hallmark products is Najlepše Želje a chocolate bar that means "Best Wishes" in Serbian.

text:
# Štark

**Štark** (pronounced: Shtark; full legal name: *Soko Štark d.o.o.* Beograd) is a food manufacturing company based in Belgrade, Serbia. The main products of the company include candies, biscuits and chocolates. One of its hallmark products is *Najlepše Želje* a chocolate bar that means "Best Wishes" in Serbian.

## History

The factory dates back to 1922 when a French soldier founded it under the name "Louit" after returning from the Thessaloniki front in World War I. He later changed it to *La Cigogna*. The firm grew over time into a large factory. It witnessed many political upheavals, starting as a privately owned enterprise and finally being nationalized by the state. It was joined with other smaller companies, creating one large food company in 1966 and changing the name to "Soko Štark". While it was in socialist Yugoslavia, the company was managed by the worker's organization, with workers themselves having a say in the way the company was run.

In 2001, the company changed its business type to joint-stock company and entered the public stock market, under name "Soko-Nada Štark", or shortened "Štark". In 2005, Štark was sold to Serbian company "Grand Prom".

In 2008, the Slovenian food company Droga Kolinska became majority owner of "Grand Prom". In 2010, Croatian consumer goods company Atlantic Grupa bought Slovenian food company Droga Kolinska, thus way gaining ownership over Štark. Štark products are imported into the United States by A.B Company, Inc.

## Product lines

Štark's product line includes:

## Miscellaneous

* According to Štark, 23 million *Prima* salty sticks are produced annually, with 45 sticks on average per bag. Each stick is approximately 12 cm long.
* According to Štark, Chocolate Cream Bananas are their best-selling product, and on average, 66 million are sold annually.

## Sponsorships

In 2017, Štark signed a naming sponsorship contract with Belgrade Arena to bear its name for five years.

## InfoBox

Štark
|
|  |
| Native name | Штарк |
| Company type | d.o.o. |
| Industry | Food manufacture |
| Founded | 3 January 1952 (1952-01-03) (Current form)<br>1922 (1922) (Founded) |
| Headquarters | Belgrade, Serbia |
| Key people | Matjaž Vodopivec (Director) |
| Products | Branded food, candies, chocolate, biscuits |
| Revenue | €95.35 million (2018) |
| Net income | €8.80 million (2018) |
| Total assets | €88.36 million (2018) |
| Total equity | €45.29 million (2018) |
| Owner | Droga Kolinska (100%) |
| Number of employees | 1,041 (2018) |
| Subsidiaries | Foodland d.o.o. |
| Website | www.stark.rs |


title: Glavica, Velika Kladuša

abstract: Glavica is a village in the municipality of Velika Kladuša, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Glavica, Velika Kladuša

**Glavica** is a village in the municipality of Velika Kladuša, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 985.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bosniaks | 761 | 77.3% |
| Croats | 4 | 0.4% |
| other/undeclared | 220 | 22.3% |
| **Total** | **985** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Glavica | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Glavica | |
| Coordinates: 45°08′11″N 15°49′46″E / 45.136317°N 15.829415°E / 45.136317; 15.829415 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Una-Sana |
| Municipality | Velika Kladuša |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.56 sq mi (6.64 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 985 |
| Density | 380/sq mi (150/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |