title: Guangzhou Changlong railway station

abstract: Guangzhouchanglong railway station is a station on Guangzhou–Huizhou intercity railway located in Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. The station was officially named as Guangzhouchanglong railway station in November 2020. The railway station opened on May 26, 2024, and is operated by Guangdong Intercity Railway Operation Co., Ltd.

text:
# Guangzhou Changlong railway station

**Guangzhouchanglong railway station** (simplified Chinese: 广州长隆站; traditional Chinese: 廣州長隆站; pinyin: *Guǎngzhōu Chánglóng Zhàn*; Jyutping: *Gwong2zau1 Coeng4lung4 Zaam6*) is a station on Guangzhou–Huizhou intercity railway located in Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. The station was officially named as Guangzhouchanglong railway station in November 2020. The railway station opened on May 26, 2024, and is operated by Guangdong Intercity Railway Operation Co., Ltd.

## Future Development

An underground interchange corridor between Hanxi Changlong metro station and Guangzhouchanglong railway station is under planning.

## Usage

After the opening of this station, the passenger flow has performed well, and many passengers will use this station to transfer to the subway to enter the downtown area of Guangzhou, or go to Chimelong Paradise and Guangzhou Chimelong Tourist Resort. Since the Guangzhou-Huizhou and Guangzhou-Zhaoqing intercity connections were put into operation, the station has the third largest passenger flow among the five cities on the line.

## InfoBox

| Guangzhouchanglong
广州长隆 | |
| --- | --- |
| Platform 2 and 3 of Guangzhouchanglong Railway Station | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 广州长隆站 |
| Traditional Chinese | 廣州長隆站 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Guǎngzhōu Chánglóng Zhàn  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping Gwong2zau1 Coeng4lung4 Zaam6 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Southeast of intersection of Hanxi Boulevard East (汉溪大道东) and Xinguang Expressway (新光快速路), Zhongcun Subdistrict, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong
China |
| Coordinates | 22°59′35″N 113°19′30″E / 22.993011°N 113.324911°E / 22.993011; 113.324911 |
| Owned by | Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region intercity railway |
| Operated by | Guangdong Intercity Railway Operation Co., Ltd. |
| Line(s) | Guangzhou–Huizhou intercity railway |
| Platforms | 3 (1 island platform and 1 side platform) |
| Tracks | 3 |
| Connections | Hanxi Changlong |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | GCA (Pinyin: GZL) |
| History | |
| Opened | 26 May 2024 (2024-05-26) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region Intercity Railway Following station  PanyuTerminus  Guangzhou–Huizhou intercity railway  Donghuantowards Xiaojinkou | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit

abstract: Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit is the bus rapid transit (BRT) system of the city of Guangzhou in the People's Republic of China. Its first line was put into operation on 10 February 2010. It handles approximately 1,000,000 passenger trips daily with a peak passenger flow of 26,900 pphpd. In fact, this rapid transit system contains the world's longest BRT stations – around 260m including bridges – with bus volumes of 1 bus every 10 seconds or 350 per hour in a single direction. The BRT system has two new lines and two extensions planned.

text:
# Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit

| Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Simplified Chinese | 广州快速公交 |
| Traditional Chinese | 廣州快速公交 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Guǎngzhōu Kuàisù Gōngjiāo | |
| Alternative Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 广州 BRT |
| Traditional Chinese | 廣州 BRT |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Guǎngzhōu BRT | |
|  | |

**Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit** (**Guangzhou BRT** or **GBRT**) is the bus rapid transit (BRT) system of the city of Guangzhou in the People's Republic of China. Its first line was put into operation on 10 February 2010. It handles approximately 1,000,000 passenger trips daily with a peak passenger flow of 26,900 pphpd (second only to the TransMilenio BRT system in Bogotá, Colombia). In fact, this rapid transit system contains the world's longest BRT stations – around 260m including bridges – with bus volumes of 1 bus every 10 seconds or 350 per hour in a single direction. The BRT system has two new lines and two extensions planned.

## Fleet

The BRT operates the following models of buses:

The livery of the BRT is orange with BRT written in white on the sides.

## Zhongshan Avenue Bus Rapid Transit trial line

Zhongshan Avenue Bus Rapid Transit Trial Line (Chinese: 中山大道快速公交试验线) is the first and only line in operation of Guangzhou BRT. The line is laid out along Zhongshan Avenue (中山大道), whose innermost lanes form a dedicated BRT corridor. It starts at Tianhe Sports Center in Tianhe District in the west and ends at Xiayuan in Huangpu District in the east with 26 stations. Several stations have connections to Guangzhou Metro. Same-direction transfers between buses within the BRT corridor are free. The project won numerous awards such as the Sustainable Transportation Development Award in 2011, the first Chinese transportation project to win such award.

| Station Name
English | Station Name
Chinese | Transfer | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | |
| Tianhe Sports Center | 体育中心 | APM | Tianhe |
| Shipaiqiao | 石牌桥 |  | |
| Gangding | 岗顶 |  | |
| South China Normal University & Jinan University | 师大暨大 |  | |
| Huajing Xincheng | 华景新城 |  | |
| Shangshe | 上社 |  | |
| Xueyuan | 学院 |  | |
| Tangxiacun | 棠下村 |  | |
| Tangdong | 棠东 |  | |
| Tianlangmingju | 天朗明居 |  | |
| Chebei | 车陂 |  | |
| Dongpuzhen | 东圃镇 |  | |
| Huangcun | 黄村 | Dongpu Coach Terminal | |
| Zhucun | 珠村 |  | |
| Lianxi | 莲溪 |  | |
| Maogang | 茅岗 |  | Huangpu |
| Zhujiangcun | 珠江村 |  | |
| Xiasha | 下沙 |  | |
| Wuchong | 乌冲 |  | |
| Huangpu Coach Station (Shuanggang Metro Station) | 黄埔客运站（地铁双岗站） | 13  Huangpu Coach Station | |
| Shuanggang | 双岗 |  | |
| Shapu | 沙浦 |  | |
| Nanhai God Temple | 南海神庙 | 13 | |
| Miaotou | 庙头 |  | |
| Nanwan | 南湾 |  | |
| Xiayuan | 夏园 | 13 | |
|  | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit (GBRT) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| CRRC TEG6180BEV02 articulated bus on route B1 | |
| Overview | |
| Locale | Guangzhou |
| Transit type | Bus rapid transit |
| Number of lines | 31 |
| Number of stations | 26 |
| Daily ridership | 1,000,000 |
| Website | http://www.gz-brt.cn/ |
| Operation | |
| Began operation | 10 February 2010 |
| Technical | |
| System length | 22.5 km (14.0 mi) |
| Top speed | 21 km/h (13 mph) |


title: Guard House Number 5

abstract: Guard House Number 5 is a 1942 Hungarian mystery drama film directed by Frigyes Bán and starring Elma Bulla, Pál Jávor and Miklós Hajmássy. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director István Básthy.

text:
# Guard House Number 5

***Guard House Number 5*** (Hungarian: ***Az 5-ös számú örház***) is a 1942 Hungarian mystery drama film directed by Frigyes Bán and starring Elma Bulla, Pál Jávor and Miklós Hajmássy. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director István Básthy.

## Synopsis

András, a railway worker, is suspected of murdering his wife's Zsuzsa former lover after a corpse is found on the track. The man had paid a visit in his absence to the guard house where the couple live

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Balski, Grzegorz. *Directory of Eastern European Film-makers and Films 1945–1991*. Flicks Books, 1992.
* Juhász, István. *Kincses magyar filmtár 1931–1944: az eredeti forgatókönyvből 1931 és 1944 között létrejött hazai mozgóképekről*. Kráter, 2007.
* Kulcsár, István Karcsai & Veress József. *Magyar filmkalauz: negyven év száz magyar nagyjátékfilmje*. Magyar Filmintézet, 1985.
* Rîpeanu, Bujor. (ed.) *International Directory of Cinematographers, Set- and Costume Designers in Film: Hungary (from the beginnings to 1988)*. Saur, 1981.

## InfoBox

| Guard House Number 5 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Frigyes Bán |
| Written by | Zoltán Szitnyai (novel)
Frigyes Bán
Henrik Castiglione |
| Produced by | Henrik Castiglione
József Golda
Ernö Gottesmann |
| Starring | Elma Bulla
Pál Jávor
Miklós Hajmássy |
| Cinematography | Barnabás Hegyi |
| Edited by | László Katonka |
| Music by | Dezsõ Losonczy |
| Production
company | Sláger Film |
| Release date | * 11 April 1942 (1942-04-11) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | Hungary |
| Language | Hungarian |


title: Ras Nas

abstract: Born in Morogoro (Tanzania), Ras Nas, aka Nasibu Mwanukuzi, is a musician and poet from Tanzania who blends African music and reggae with a dash of poetry. Ras Nas' latest album, Dar-es-Salaam, contains roots reggae, soukous and dub poetry. It is released by Kongoi Productions, KonPro. Dar es Salaam has received a five star review in one of Norway's biggest dailies, Dagsavisen. Recently, Ras Nas was featured on BBC World Service, The Beat program. The weekly program, reaching millions of listeners worldwide, is presented by Mark Coles. Other artists on the program were Wyclef Jean and Zoe Rahman. Among Ras Nas merits is sharing stage with Bob Dylan, Van Morrison and Lou Reed at the Norwegian Wood Festival. Ras Nas has also warmed up for a number of reggae heavyweights like Luciano, I Jah Man, Linton Kwesi Johnson and Junior Delgado. Ras Nas' latest CD Dar-es-Salaam contains a mix of reggae and African music, soukous. In this CD Ras Nas has worked with a number of musicians from nine different countries. These include Norwegian blues guitarist and singer Knut Reiersrud, Rolf Erik Nystrøm, Keppy Kiombile from Kilimanjaro Band, Norman Bikaka from Shada Band and drummer Uriel Seri from Ivory Coast. Ras Nas aka Nasibu started writing African poetry at the age of 17 and experimented with various forms of African chanting and African drumming. Ran short of paint. Studied Law at the University of Dar es Salaam where he graduated with an LLB degree in 1984. Ras Nas has worked as a journalist for Daily News as well as a correspondent for Africa magazine, covering mainly cultural issues. During his youth Ras Nas listened to a lot of Tanzanian music by guitarists like Wema Abdallah, Mbaraka Mwinshehe and his Likembe Mahoka style, Segere Matata as well as Michael Enok of Dar Jazz, from Dar es Salaam. Other influences is from the Congolese maestros like Luambo Makiadi and his T.P OK Jazz, Dr. Nico of African Fiesta Sukisa and countless other African musicians who have helped to mold African music and inspired another generation of musicians. More impulses came from Caribbean music of the late 1960s which was popular in East Africa. Also influenced by the early reggae greats, the likes of Bob Marley, Burning Spear, Gregory Isaacs, and Linton Kwesi Johnson, to name but a few. All this has helped to shape Ras Nas' musical style. In 1982 Nasibu co-founded a powerful poetry and drama group Sayari in Dar es Salaam. The group combined African music, poetry, miming, dance and drama and toured extensively in Scandinavia. Moved on to Oslo in 1985 to study Mass Communications at the University of Oslo, UIO. In 1985 he initiated "Umoja" group in Oslo which blended traditional African music and dance. He also co-founded Artists for Liberation, a forerunner to Nordic Black Theater. In 1989 he published his first collection of African poetry, Double Focus,. Together with Reginald T. Oliver and James Toney Jr., he formed Nasibu and the Dual Vision, a trio that performed rhythmic poetry coated with vibrant African chanting, harmonies and drumming. The trio changed its name to The Cold Fire, bringing in a Zimbabwean bassist, Clive Brown, and produced a music cassette during a tour in Germany. In 1990 Nasibu went solo and formed his own band under his artist name, Ras Nas. The band had a début concert in July 1991, at a party to mark the 99th anniversary of Emperor Haile Selassie I. The party was organized by the Rastafari Cultural Foundation in Oslo. The year after, Ras Nas performed for Nelson Mandela, celebrating his release from Robben Island prison. This happened in Oslo, on Mr. Mandela's first visit to Norway. In 1997 he produced Ras Nas's début CD Cut You Loose,. (RNCD9701), working together with Charles Mena from Nicaragua; Chuck Frazier, a musician from Texas; and Ishamel de Leon from Trinidad. Ras Nas tracks can also be found in other music compilations, the most notable being AMUN Tropical Acts vol.1, a compilation by African musicians living in Norway and RAW 2000 by Reggae Ambassadors Worldwide.

text:
# Ras Nas

Born in Morogoro (Tanzania), **Ras Nas**, aka Nasibu Mwanukuzi, is a musician and poet from Tanzania who blends African music and reggae with a dash of poetry. Ras Nas' latest album, *Dar-es-Salaam*, contains roots reggae, soukous and dub poetry. It is released by Kongoi Productions, KonPro. Dar es Salaam has received a five star review in one of Norway's biggest dailies, *Dagsavisen*.

Recently, Ras Nas was featured on BBC World Service, *The Beat* program. The weekly program, reaching millions of listeners worldwide, is presented by Mark Coles. Other artists on the program were Wyclef Jean and Zoe Rahman.

Among Ras Nas merits is sharing stage with Bob Dylan, Van Morrison and Lou Reed at the Norwegian Wood Festival. Ras Nas has also warmed up for a number of reggae heavyweights like Luciano, I Jah Man, Linton Kwesi Johnson and Junior Delgado.

Ras Nas' latest CD *Dar-es-Salaam* contains a mix of reggae and African music, soukous. In this CD Ras Nas has worked with a number of musicians from nine different countries. These include Norwegian blues guitarist and singer Knut Reiersrud, Rolf Erik Nystrøm, Keppy Kiombile from Kilimanjaro Band, Norman Bikaka from Shada Band and drummer Uriel Seri from Ivory Coast.

Ras Nas aka Nasibu started writing African poetry at the age of 17 and experimented with various forms of African chanting and African drumming. Ran short of paint. Studied Law at the University of Dar es Salaam where he graduated with an LLB degree in 1984. Ras Nas has worked as a journalist for *Daily News* as well as a correspondent for *Africa* magazine, covering mainly cultural issues.

During his youth Ras Nas listened to a lot of Tanzanian music by guitarists like Wema Abdallah, Mbaraka Mwinshehe and his Likembe Mahoka style (from Morogoro), Segere Matata (from Tabora) as well as Michael Enok of Dar Jazz, from Dar es Salaam.

Other influences is from the Congolese maestros like Luambo Makiadi and his T.P OK Jazz, Dr. Nico of African Fiesta Sukisa and countless other African musicians who have helped to mold African music and inspired another generation of musicians. More impulses came from Caribbean music of the late 1960s which was popular in East Africa. Also influenced by the early reggae greats, the likes of Bob Marley, Burning Spear, Gregory Isaacs, and Linton Kwesi Johnson, to name but a few. All this has helped to shape Ras Nas' musical style.

In 1982 Nasibu co-founded a powerful poetry and drama group Sayari in Dar es Salaam. The group combined African music, poetry, miming, dance and drama and toured extensively in Scandinavia. Moved on to Oslo in 1985 to study Mass Communications at the University of Oslo, UIO.

In 1985 he initiated "Umoja" group in Oslo which blended traditional African music and dance. He also co-founded Artists for Liberation, a forerunner to Nordic Black Theater. In 1989 he published his first collection of African poetry, *Double Focus*, (Kongoi Productions). Together with Reginald T. Oliver (Papa Lion) and James Toney Jr., he formed Nasibu and the Dual Vision, a trio that performed rhythmic poetry coated with vibrant African chanting, harmonies and drumming. The trio changed its name to The Cold Fire, bringing in a Zimbabwean bassist, Clive Brown, and produced a music cassette during a tour in Germany.

In 1990 Nasibu went solo and formed his own band under his artist name, Ras Nas. The band had a début concert in July 1991, at a party to mark the 99th anniversary of Emperor Haile Selassie I. The party was organized by the Rastafari Cultural Foundation in Oslo. The year after, Ras Nas performed for Nelson Mandela, celebrating his release from Robben Island prison. This happened in Oslo, on Mr. Mandela's first visit to Norway.

In 1997 he produced Ras Nas's début CD *Cut You Loose*, (Kongoi Productions). (RNCD9701), working together with Charles Mena from Nicaragua; Chuck Frazier, a musician from Texas; and Ishamel de Leon from Trinidad.

Ras Nas tracks can also be found in other music compilations, the most notable being *AMUN Tropical Acts vol.1*, a compilation by African musicians living in Norway and *RAW 2000* by Reggae Ambassadors Worldwide.

## Some earlier festivals

Spring Festival 2010, Cairo and Beirut - May 2010
Galle Music Festival, Sri Lanka - December 2009
Oslo World Music Festival - 3 November 2007
Oslo Mela - 18 August 2007
World Performing Arts and Music Festival - Lahore (Pakistan). Nov. 2006
Oslo Mela Festival (with Ngoma Rhythms). August 2006
Zanzibar International Film Festival (with Mandingo Trio). July 2006


title: Ras Muhamad

abstract: Muhamad Egar known by his stage name Ras Muhamad is an Indonesian reggae singer. He took his stage name while a student in Brooklyn, United States.

text:
# Ras Muhamad

**Muhamad Egar** known by his stage name **Ras Muhamad** (born October 29, 1982) is an Indonesian reggae singer. He took his stage name while a student in Brooklyn, United States.

## Early life and education

Muhamad Egar was born on October 29, 1982, in Jakarta, to Rivai and Wening Esthyprobo. His mother moved to the United States as an Indonesian economic diplomat shortly after Muhamed graduated from Harapan Ibu Pondok Indah. He studied at Russell Sage Junior High School while living in New York City with his mother. In 1999, he attended Forest Hill High School, while his mother returned to Indonesia to spend time with his youngest brother. Subsequently, Muhamad continued his studies in art at the Borough of Manhattan Community College Faculty Liberal Arts and graduated in 2005.

## Career

### 2005-2007: *Declaration of Truth* and *Reggae Ambassador*

His debut studio album *Declaration of Truth* was released while he was living in Brooklyn. The album was launched in New York City. His debut album brought him some popularity in his birth country.

Two years later, returning to Indonesia, Muhamad released debut studio album *Reggae Ambassador* on January by Equinox DMD, a company distributing music in iTunes. Indonesian Rolling Stones awarding him as Best Reggae Act in 2008 and earning nominations for Best Reggae Composition in Anugerah Musik Indonesia.

### 2009-2013: *Next Chapter*, *Negeri Pelangi*, *Berjaya* and book

His second studio album *Next Chapter* was released in 2009. It featured many collaboration with national and international musicians.

Three years later, Muhamad released his third studio album *Negeri Pelangi* and the produced the first self-titled single of Indonesian reggae artist Tony Q Rastafara. A year after his third album, Muhamad published his first book, about Reggae history, vision and philosophy between Jamaica, Ethiopia and Indonesia. The book sold well in Indonesia and internationally. In 2012, Muhamad won an Indonesian Cutting Edge Music Award (ICEMA).

In 2013, Muhamad also released his fourth studio album *Berjaya* and singles including “Berjaya” and “Kembali” with Endah N Rhesa. For the single “Berjaya”, Muhamad won Anugerah Musik Indonesia for 2013 Best Reggae/Ska/Dub Production Work.

### 2014-present: *Salam*

Muhamad signed to Oneness Record and released his fifth studio album, entitled *Salam*, on July 14, on which he again collaborated with international reggae musicians such as Sara Lugo, Kabaka Pyramid and Uwe Kaa. The album was successful within the reggae music industry and charted number one on the Dutch site reggae-vibes.com.

In 2016, Muhamad held a concert in America and a tour in Europe to promote the album.

## Discography

### Studio albums

* *Declaration of Truths* (2005)
* *Reggae Ambassador* (2007)
* *Next Chapter* (2009)
* *Negeri Pelangi* (2012)
* *Berjaya* (2013)
* *Salam* (2014)
* *Bambu Keras* (2018)

## InfoBox

| Ras Muhamad | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Muhamad Egar |
| Born | (1982-10-29) October 29, 1982<br>Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2005–present |
| Labels | * Oneness Records |


title: Grivka

abstract: Grivka is a village in Krumovgrad Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.

text:
# Grivka

**Grivka** is a village in Krumovgrad Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Grivka Гривка | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Grivka | |
| Coordinates: 41°22′00″N 25°30′00″E / 41.3667°N 25.5000°E / 41.3667; 25.5000 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Kardzhali Province |
| Municipality | Krumovgrad |
| Elevation | 581 m (1,906 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 85 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Grivpanvar

abstract: The Grivpanvar were an elite late Parthian and Sasanian division who fought as heavy cataphract cavalry. According to Roman sources, the Grivpanvar had the ability to impale two men on the long, heavy spears that they carried. Historical evidence suggests that the heavily armoured Parthian grivpanvar were at least partially influenced by the military of the Central Asian steppes, who in turn had inherited their armoured cavalry traditions from the Massagetae and the late Achaemenid Persians.

text:
# Grivpanvar

The ***Grivpanvar*** (literally: neck-guard wearer) were an elite late Parthian and Sasanian division who fought as heavy cataphract cavalry. According to Roman sources, the Grivpanvar had the ability to impale two men on the long, heavy spears that they carried. Historical evidence suggests that the heavily armoured Parthian grivpanvar were at least partially influenced by the military of the Central Asian steppes, who in turn had inherited their armoured cavalry traditions from the Massagetae and the late Achaemenid Persians.

## Etymology

The name Grivpanvar derives from the Middle Persian term *grīw-bān* (neck-guard), a helmet armour guard, from whence "grivpan" warrior. In the 3rd century AD, the Romans began to deploy such cavalry calling them *clibanarii*, a name thought to derive from *griwbanwar* or *griva-pana-bara*.

## Weapons and tactics

Weapons and tactics used by the Grivpanvars were analogous to those of cataphract cavalry. Clad in chain mail with a breastplate and strong scale armour, they were armed with the famed Kontos lance used by many Iranian peoples during antiquity. To supplement their lances, it is possible that the Grivpanvar also carried armaments for use at close quarters such as long swords and maces. Their military tactics were also similar to the cataphracts and used “shock tactics” to wear down the enemy with successive cavalry charges prior to the administration of the final coup de grâce.

## Battle appearances

### Parthian

Heavy grivpanvar knights appeared in many of the later Parthian and Sassanian battles, with one of the best-known encounters of the Parthian grivpanvar occurring at the Battle of Nisibis in 217 against the Roman army of Emperor Macrinus. According to the Roman historian Herodian, the imperial Parthian army led by Emperor Artabanus IV of Parthia, reformed many of their armies and units resulting in the emergence of a new force of camel mounted cataphracts (Camelphracts). The grivpanvar appear to have been used against the heavy Roman legionaries. At dawn, the Parthians charged their heavily armored camels and grivpanvar cavalry into the Roman lines, but as they approached the Roman forces withdrew, leaving large numbers of caltrops behind, with fatal results. The Parthians' horses and camels stepped onto these lethal weapons and fell, taking their riders with them thereby breaking the momentum of the charge. This vicious battle was the last Roman encounter with the Parthian grivpanvar.

### Sassanian

The Sassanians continued to use the grivpanvar in their armies, starting from the reign of Ardashir I until the final ruler Yazdegerd III lost his throne. One of the first deployments of Sassanian grivpanvar occurred at the Battle of Edessa in 259 AD, where a powerful army of Sassanians led by the emperor Shapur I came under assault from Roman sovereign Valerian's soldiers, including the renowned and elite imperial Praetorian Guard. During the battle, the relatively small 40,000-strong Sassanian army crushed a 70,000-strong Roman force. Although little is known of the battle, records show that the Sassanians used grivpanvar in their army along with lightly armed horse archers. After the battle, emperor Valerian and many other high-ranking officials were captured by Shapur. The result was an overwhelming Persian victory, with the entire Roman force slaughtered or captured in stark comparison to the minimal number of Persian casualties.

The Sassanians used grivpanvar during Shapur II's Arab campaign in 342 AD, when Shapur ordered his troops to destroy an Arab force that had attacked the southern borders of his empire.

1. Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war By Kaveh Farrokh
2. A.D.H. Bivar, ‘Cavalry Equipment and Tactics on the Euphrates Frontier’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 26 (1972)
3. Rome's Enemies (3): Parthians and Sassanid Persians By Peter Wilcox, Angus McBride
4. Herodian, IV.15.2-3
5. Abdolhossein Zarinkoob, *Ruzgaran: tarikh-i Iran az aghz ta saqut saltnat Pahlvi*, Sukhan, 1999.
6. Sassanian elite cavalry AD 224-642 By Kaveh Farrokh, Angus McBride


title: Ray-Ray Armstrong

abstract: Aravious "Ray-Ray" Armstrong is a former American football linebacker. He played college football at the University of Miami from 2009 to 2012. He was signed by the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent.

text:
# Ray-Ray Armstrong

**Aravious "Ray-Ray" Armstrong** (born March 5, 1991) is a former American football linebacker. He played college football at the University of Miami from 2009 to 2012. He was signed by the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent.

## Early life

Armstrong attended Seminole High School in Sanford, Florida. He played both quarterback and safety.

As a senior, he led Seminole to the 2008 FHSAA Class 6A state championship over Teddy Bridgewater's Miami Northwestern. During that year he threw for 1,400 yards and 14 touchdowns, rushed for 1,144 yards with 22 touchdowns and caught three passes for 29 yards and one touchdown as a QB. As a safety he had 70 tackles, two interceptions, three forced fumbles and two fumble recoveries.

He was considered the 13th best recruit in 2009 by Rivals.com.

## College career

Armstrong accepted a football scholarship from the University of Miami. As a freshman for the Miami Hurricanes in 2009, Armstrong played in 10 games, recording 14 tackles. As a sophomore in 2010, Armstrong took over as a starter and has 66 tackles, three interceptions and a touchdown in 11 games.

On July 18, 2012, Armstrong was dismissed from the Hurricanes football team for being dishonest during an internal investigation.

On August 14, 2012, it was announced that Armstrong had transferred to Faulkner University and would play for the Faulkner Eagles, an NAIA team, during the 2012 season. However, Armstrong was declared ineligible on September 11, 2012, due to the circumstances of his dismissal from the Miami Hurricanes. NAIA rules prohibit any athlete "who has been permanently banned in a given sport at any four-year institution."

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables
| Height | Weight | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press | Wonderlic |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 ft 3 in
(1.91 m) | 216 lb
(98 kg) | 4.69 s | 1.62 s | 2.75 s | 4.24 s | 7.20 s | 34+12 in
(0.88 m) | 9 ft 8 in
(2.95 m) | 18 reps | x |
| All values from Miami Pro Day | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### St. Louis Rams

Armstrong was signed as an undrafted free agent by the St. Louis Rams after the 2013 NFL draft on April 27, 2013. He registered 12 special teams tackles. In 2014, he appeared in 4 games. He was released on October 6.

### Oakland Raiders

Armstrong was claimed off waivers by the Oakland Raiders on October 7, 2014. He appeared in 11 games (3 starts). In 2015, he appeared in 10 games (2 starts). He was cut on November 24, 2015.

### San Francisco 49ers

On November 25, 2015, Armstrong was claimed off waivers by the San Francisco 49ers. On March 9, 2016, Armstrong signed a one-year contract extension with the 49ers. On September 21, 2016, he was placed on injured reserve with a pectoral injury.

On December 19, 2016, Armstrong signed a two-year contract extension with the 49ers through the 2018 season.

On November 25, 2017, Armstrong was released by the 49ers.

### New York Giants

On November 27, 2017, Armstrong was claimed off waivers by the New York Giants.

On October 16, 2018, Armstrong was placed on the injured reserve list after suffering a concussion in Week 6. He appeared in 6 games and registered 20 tackles. He was released on October 23, 2018.

### Cleveland Browns

On October 25, 2018, Armstrong was signed by the Cleveland Browns. He appeared in 9 games. The Browns re-signed Armstrong on a one year $1.550 million contract on March 13, 2019. He was released by the Browns on August 31.

### New Orleans Saints

On September 18, 2019, Armstrong was signed by the New Orleans Saints after the team placed linebacker Alex Anzalone on the injured reserve list. He appeared in 5 games, playing on special teams. He was released on October 22.

### Dallas Cowboys

On December 24, 2019, Armstrong was signed by the Dallas Cowboys to provide depth because of injuries for the season finale. He had one special teams tackle against the Washington Redskins. He was not re-signed after the season.

### Seattle Seahawks

On October 21, 2020, Armstrong was signed to the Seattle Seahawks practice squad. He was elevated to the active roster on October 24 and December 12 for the team's weeks 7 and 14 games against the Arizona Cardinals and New York Jets, and reverted to the practice squad after each game. He was released on December 15. On December 30, 2020, Armstrong re-signed with Seattle to their practice squad. His practice squad contract with the team expired after the season on January 18, 2021.

## InfoBox

Ray-Ray Armstrong
| Armstrong with the San Francisco 49ers in 2016 | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 50, 57, 54, 55, 52, 41 | |
| Position: | Linebacker |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1991-03-05) March 5, 1991
Sanford, Florida, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight: | 220 lb (100 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Seminole (Sanford, Florida) |
| College: | Miami (FL) |
| Undrafted: | 2013 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Total tackles: 156  Sacks: 2.0  Forced fumbles: 3  Fumble recoveries: 3  Interceptions: 3 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Raymond West

abstract: Sir Raymond West was a barrister King's Inns Dublin 1871, Puisne Judge of the High Court of Bombay, 1873–87; President of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vice Chancellor of the University of Bombay, also acted as Procureur-General in Egypt 1884; member of the Government of Bombay 1887–92; Reader in Indian Law, Cambridge University. In May 1888, he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCIE).

text:
# Raymond West

**Sir Raymond West** KCIE (18 September 1832 in County Kerry, Ireland  8 September 1912) was a barrister King's Inns Dublin 1871, Puisne Judge of the High Court of Bombay, 1873–87; President of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vice Chancellor of the University of Bombay, also acted as Procureur-General in Egypt 1884; member of the Government of Bombay 1887–92; Reader in Indian Law, Cambridge University.

In May 1888, he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCIE).


title: Grøsfjellvatnet

abstract: Grøsfjellvatnet is a lake in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located in the municipalities of Eigersund, Lund, and Sokndal. The 3.09-square-kilometre (1.19 sq mi) lake list just north of the lake Eiavatnet, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) west of the village of Heskestad in Lund municipality.

text:
# Grøsfjellvatnet

**Grøsfjellvatnet** is a lake in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located in the municipalities of Eigersund, Lund, and Sokndal. The 3.09-square-kilometre (1.19 sq mi) lake list just north of the lake Eiavatnet, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) west of the village of Heskestad in Lund municipality.

## InfoBox

| Grøsfjellvatnet | |
| --- | --- |
| GrøsfjellvatnetLocation of the lakeGrøsfjellvatnetGrøsfjellvatnet (Norway) | |
| Location | Eigersund, Sokndal, and Lund, Rogaland county |
| Coordinates | 58°29′23″N 6°15′39″E / 58.4896°N 6.2607°E / 58.4896; 6.2607 |
| Basin countries | Norway |
|  | |
| Max. length | 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) |
| Max. width | 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) |
| Surface area | 3.09 km2 (1.19 sq mi) |
| Shore length1 | 21.27 kilometres (13.22 mi) |
| Surface elevation | 176 metres (577 ft) |
|  | |
| References | NVE |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: Raufoss

abstract: Raufoss is a town in Vestre Toten Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The town is the administrative centre of the municipality. It is located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of the larger town of Gjøvik. The town is located along the municipal border with the neighboring Gjøvik Municipality and the actual urban area of Raufoss does cross the border slightly, including a small part of Gjøvik as well. The 7.11-square-kilometre (1,760-acre) town has a population (2021) of 7,839 and a population density of 1,102 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,850/sq mi). Of these numbers, 6.71 square kilometres of the town and 7,565 people live in the Vestre Toten part of the town and 0.4 square kilometres of the town and 274 people live in the part of Raufoss that is in Gjøvik. The village of Raufoss was given town status in 2019.

text:
# Raufoss

**Raufoss** is a town in Vestre Toten Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The town is the administrative centre of the municipality. It is located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of the larger town of Gjøvik. The town is located along the municipal border with the neighboring Gjøvik Municipality and the actual urban area of Raufoss does cross the border slightly, including a small part of Gjøvik as well (as defined by Statistics Norway).

The 7.11-square-kilometre (1,760-acre) town has a population (2021) of 7,839 and a population density of 1,102 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,850/sq mi). Of these numbers, 6.71 square kilometres (1,660 acres) of the town and 7,565 people live in the Vestre Toten part of the town and 0.4 square kilometres (99 acres) of the town and 274 people live in the part of Raufoss that is in Gjøvik.

The village of Raufoss was given town status in 2019.

## Etymology

The town is named after a waterfall in the river Hunnselva. The first element is *raud* which means "red", and the last element is *foss* which means "waterfall". The color red indicates traces of iron in the river bed.

## Economic and cultural activities

The largest employer is what was earlier Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker, now split into several sub companies. These include Nammo, Hydro Aluminium and Raufoss Technology.

Raufoss is also the second to last stop on the Gjøvikbanen railway line. The station also has a local bus service.

The community has an active sports community pivoting around the sports club Raufoss I.L. where the football team has been the most prominent part of the club. Raufoss Fotball currently plays in Norwegian 1st Division.

In addition to sports, Raufoss has an active music community which has fostered such musicians as Ronni Le Tekrø of rock band TNT (band).

* Media related to Raufoss at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Raufoss | |
| --- | --- |
| Town/City | |
| View of the local church | |
| RaufossLocation of the villageRaufossRaufoss (Norway) | |
| Coordinates: 60°43′34″N 10°36′48″E / 60.72604°N 10.6133°E / 60.72604; 10.6133 | |
| Country | Norway |
| Region | Eastern Norway |
| County | Innlandet |
| District | Toten |
| Municipality | Vestre Toten (and Gjøvik) |
| Established as |  |
| Town (*By*) | 2019 |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.11 km2 (2.75 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 320 m (1,050 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 7,839 |
| Density | 1,102/km2 (2,850/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Post Code | 2830 Raufoss |


title: Grégoire Owona

abstract: Grégoire Owona is a Cameroonian politician who has served in the government of Cameroon as Minister of Labor and Social Security since December 2011. He previously served as Minister-Delegate at the Presidency for Relations with the Assemblies from 1997 to 2011, and he has also been Deputy Secretary-General of the Central Committee of the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC) since 1992.

text:
# Grégoire Owona

**Grégoire Owona** (born 1950) is a Cameroonian politician who has served in the government of Cameroon as Minister of Labor and Social Security since December 2011. He previously served as Minister-Delegate at the Presidency for Relations with the Assemblies from 1997 to 2011, and he has also been Deputy Secretary-General of the Central Committee of the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC) since 1992.

## Political career

Originally from Ngomezap in Centre Province, Owona was first elected as a municipal councillor in Douala in 1987. He was subsequently elected to the National Assembly in the 1988 parliamentary election as an RDPC candidate in Littoral Province, and he served in the National Assembly from 1988 to 1992; during that time, he was Rapporteur-General of the National Assembly's Finance Commission.

At the time of the March 1992 parliamentary election, Owona said that the RDPC's problem "lies in winning by too great a margin; we would be taken for cheats." He became Deputy Secretary-General of the RDPC Central Committee in July 1992. Following the October 1992 presidential election, in which President Paul Biya was re-elected, Owona criticized what he saw as the excesses of the press: "The current trend in Cameroon is to resort to invective ... and all those who slander and denounce would like the public to see them as heroes, threatened and persecuted." Owona was part of the delegation sent to the January 1993 inauguration of United States President Bill Clinton.

As President of the Technical Committee charged with drafting a new constitution, Owona was considered the architect of the draft. On 12 June 1993, he announced that the second draft had been completed. He was also Vice-President of the National Committee of Human Rights and Freedoms during the 1990s.

Owona was appointed as Minister-Delegate at the Presidency for Relations with the Assemblies on 7 December 1997. He remained on the National Committee of Human Rights and Freedoms after his appointment to the government, and some in the opposition pointed to that as evidence of the Committee's lack of impartiality.

Following Biya's appointment of the members of the National Elections Observatory (NEO) on 10 October 2001, Owona, speaking on behalf of the RDPC, praised Biya's choices as wise and called on the members of the NEO to justify the confidence that was placed in them.

Owona denied claims that the Anglophone population was politically marginalized in a January 2003 CNN report, arguing that Anglophones had appropriate representation in the nation's political structures and observing that the Prime Minister was an Anglophone. In March 2003, after Biya visited the United States and met with its President, George W. Bush, at the time of that country's invasion of Iraq, Owona defended the visit, stressing that Biya was working to advance Cameroon's interests. He said that the visit should not be perceived as marking a weakening of Cameroon's relationship with France and that it did not indicate an endorsement of the invasion.

Owona and RDPC Secretary-General Joseph Charles Doumba had a poor relationship; by 2003 they had reportedly not been on speaking terms for years, and Biya was said to primarily work with Owona, while largely ignoring Doumba, who was in poor health.

### 2006 defamation suit

After the newspapers *L'Anecdote* and *Nouvelles d'Afrique*as part of an effort to identify prominent individuals guilty of "deviant behavior"reported that Owona and about 50 others were homosexuals, he filed a defamation suit in February 2006, along with two doctors who were also identified as homosexual. Although homosexuality was illegal in Cameroon, President Biya said that the newspapers involved in "outing" were acting irresponsibly by basing their reports on rumors and invading the privacy of individuals.

Defending his newspaper in court on 28 February 2006, Jean Pierre Amougou Belinga, the editor of *L'Anecdote*, presented as evidence an audio recording in which an unidentified person asserted that Owona was guilty of homosexual acts and promised that further evidence was forthcoming. Owona's lawyers scorned the defense's evidence and argued that any responsible journalist would already have meaningful evidence prepared, as they would have used that same evidence in producing their reports. Amougou Belinga acknowledged under questioning that the evidence against Owona was not conclusive but said that his newspaper had only stated that Owona was suspected of homosexuality, rather than asserting it outright. Taking the stand, Owona denied that he had ever engaged in homosexuality and claimed that his reputation had suffered as a result of the newspaper's report. Emphasizing that Owona was interested in restoring his reputation and not in receiving monetary compensation, his lawyers requested only a single CFA franc in symbolic damages. In early March 2006, the judge ruled that Amougou Belinga was guilty of defamation and sentenced him to a four-month prison term; he also ordered Amougou Belinga to pay a fine of one million CFA francs, as well as a single CFA franc to Owona.

### Events since 2006

Following the February 2006 arrest of several prominent officialsincluding Alphonse Siyam Siwé, the Minister of Energy and Waterfor alleged corruption, Owona said that the arrests had caused some sadness but stressed the RDPC's firm support for Biya's actions.

In response to claims in the press that Biya's mandate as National President of the RDPC had expired, Owona dismissed the claims in an interview with CRTV in early July 2006; he said that Biya's mandate had already been renewed by the RDPC Political Bureau and that an extraordinary party congress would not necessarily be held for that purpose. However, Biya scheduled an extraordinary congress to be held on 21 July soon after Owona gave his interview, and Owona reportedly felt embarrassed that Biya had effectively contradicted his own argument. Due to RDPC Secretary-General Doumba's health problems, which became particularly evident when he spoke at the 2006 extraordinary congress, Owona largely managed party affairs until Biya appointed René Sadi to succeed Doumba on 4 April 2007. On that occasion, Biya also retained Owona in his post as Deputy Secretary-General.

In November 2007, Owona described the government's 2008 budget, which was only 1.1% larger than the 2007 budget, as "realistic", arguing that additional money should not be spent unless there were accomplishments to show that it would be put to good use. Owona chaired the RDPC commission responsible for overseeing events related to the RDPC's 24th anniversary celebrations in 2009.

Following Biya's victory in the October 2011 presidential election, he moved Owona to the post of Minister of Labor and Social Security on 9 December 2011.

## InfoBox

| Grégoire Owona | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister of Labor and Social Security | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>2011 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1950 |
| Nationality | Cameroonian |
|  | |


title: Ray Cunningham

abstract: Raymond Lee Cunningham was an American professional baseball third baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1931 and 1932. He batted and threw right-handed. A native of Mesquite, Texas, Cunningham played briefly for the Cardinals at third base before an injury cut short his career. He injured himself, whipping a sidearm throw to first base on a swinging bunt.

text:
# Ray Cunningham

**Raymond Lee Cunningham** (January 17, 1905  July 30, 2005) was an American professional baseball third baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1931 and 1932. He batted and threw right-handed. A native of Mesquite, Texas, Cunningham played briefly for the Cardinals at third base before an injury cut short his career. He injured himself, whipping a sidearm throw to first base on a swinging bunt.

## Life

Cunningham was a 26-year-old rookie when he joined the Cardinals for the final weeks of the 1931 season. His salary was $500 a year. During his time with St. Louis, Cunningham roomed with two Cardinal legends, Dizzy Dean and Pepper Martin. In a two-season career, Cunningham was a .154 hitter with one RBI and no home runs in 14 games.

Following his retirement as a player, Cunningham worked as a salesman and for an oil company. In 2004, he was recognized as the oldest living former Major League Baseball player. He gained this distinction when a former pitcher for the old Washington Senators and St. Louis Browns, Paul Hopkins, died in 2004 at 99 years of age. Cunningham was honored at the *Texas Baseball Hall of Fame* with a special plaque celebrating his life in baseball. He remained a baseball fan and kept a daily watch on the Houston Astros.

Cunningham died in Pearland, Texas at 100 years of age. With his death, the distinction of oldest living former major league player moved to Howdy Groskloss.

## InfoBox

| Ray Cunningham | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Third baseman** | |
| **Born:** January 17, 1905
Mesquite, Texas, U.S. | |
| **Died:** July 30, 2005(2005-07-30) (aged 100)
Pearland, Texas, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 16, 1931, for the St. Louis Cardinals | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| June 18, 1932, for the St. Louis Cardinals | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .154 |
| Hits | 4 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Ray D'Arcy

abstract: Raymond Michael D'Arcy is an Irish television and radio presenter currently on his second stint at state broadcaster RTÉ. D'Arcy came to prominence in the 1990s with a television career on RTÉ, presenting children's television on The Den, a quiz show called Blackboard Jungle and the youth music show 2Phat. In the 2000s he presented television coverage of The Rose of Tralee beauty pageant each August for four consecutive years until 2010. D'Arcy once presented a self-titled weekday morning radio programme on the Denis O'Brien-owned Today FM. His professional partner on that show, Jenny Kelly, became his wife on 24 August 2013 and they have two children. D'Arcy rejoined RTÉ in 2015.

text:
# Ray D'Arcy

**Raymond Michael D'Arcy** (born 1 September 1964) is an Irish television and radio presenter currently on his second stint at state broadcaster RTÉ.

D'Arcy came to prominence in the 1990s with a television career on RTÉ, presenting children's television on *The Den*, a quiz show called *Blackboard Jungle* and the youth music show *2Phat*. In the 2000s he presented television coverage of The Rose of Tralee beauty pageant each August for four consecutive years until 2010.

D'Arcy once presented a self-titled weekday morning radio programme on the Denis O'Brien-owned Today FM. His professional partner on that show, Jenny Kelly, became his wife on 24 August 2013 and they have two children.

D'Arcy rejoined RTÉ in 2015.

## Early life

D'Arcy was born into a working-class family of nine with one earner, his father, a non-commissioned officer, in Tipperary in 1964. His grandmother died at the age of 54 from lung cancer when D'Arcy was 11.

Always into his music and his broadcasting, D'Arcy began discoing in 1979 at the age of 15. He attended Trinity College Dublin, to take a degree in psychology, and graduated in 1985.

## Career

D'Arcy has been a presenter for both TV and radio, beginning this career by joining RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta in 1985.

### Television

D'Arcy's first position as TV presenter began in 1988 on the show *Jo Maxi.*

In 1990, D'Arcy replaced Ian Dempsey as the presenter of *The Den*, RTÉ's flagship children's television series. He remained its main human presenter until 1998. His career in children's television later featured in the 2008 documentary *Best Bitz From Back Den*. D'Arcy also presented the quiz show *Blackboard Jungle* at the time before presenting youth music quiz *2Phat*. In addition, he presented the UTV and RTÉ collaborative travel show *Bon Voyage!* for one season. He was the presenter of several short-running or once-off broadcasts for RTÉ, including Ireland's version of the *Test The Nation* franchise and the Irish Young Scientist Awards. Until 2005 he presented *You're a Star*, a talent show established to find Ireland's entrant for the Eurovision Song Contest. In 2005, D'Arcy took over as Rose of Tralee presenter. On 1 April 2010, after five years, he stood down so as to spend more time with his family as they grew older. Television roles dried up as the 2000s progressed, though he presented *When Dreams Come True* in 2005 and hosted Eurosong 2008 at the University of Limerick Concert Hall. and presented one episode of *The Panel* later that year. That same year, he ruled out applying to host *The Late Late Show*, despite being linked to this prime-time slot. On 1 December 2008, he announced on his Today FM radio show that he would be participating in the second season of *Celebrity Bainisteoir*; he managed County Kildare team Rathangan.

### Radio

In 1998, one year after the station's launch, D'Arcy began presenting *The Ray D'Arcy Show* on Today FM. Initially the show occupied the 10:00 to 12:45 timeslot, replacing a show presented by Tim Kelly. This slot was later changed to 9:00 to 12:00, entering direct competition with *The Gerry Ryan Show* on RTÉ 2fm. D'Arcy credited much of the show's success to the team that served him well over the years: Jenny Kelly, Will Hanafin and Mairead Farrell. The show achieved something of a cult status due to its "quirky" segments, among which were "Fix-It Friday" and the "Odd One Out Quiz".

On the weekend of 21–22 March 2009, someone placed nude images of the then Taoiseach in the National Gallery of Ireland and the gallery of the Royal Hibernian Academy. The artist anonymously emailed D'Arcy's radio show, claiming responsibility for the creation of the paintings, but not their hanging. Gardaí subsequently raided the Today FM studios and producer Will Hanafin was asked to hand over the emails, on the basis that the placing of the paintings constituted indecency, incitement and criminal damage. Hanafin refused to provide the emails without a warrant. In July 2014, D'Arcy experienced backlash from mixed martial arts fans by inviting Cathal Pendred onto his show then grilling him on his part in the "violent and disturbing" sport.

In December 2014, D'Arcy left Today FM. He resumed his employment as radio presenter with RTÉ Radio after being approached by them "a number of times" over the years. *The Ray D'Arcy Show* continued as a broadcast on RTÉ Radio One. It was later announced that his wife Jenny Kelly would join him at RTÉ to produce the new radio show. His first show back at RTÉ went out on 2 February 2015 on Radio 1. His show began airing every weekday from 3 to 4.30pm. Incoming RTÉ Board chair Moya Doherty said at the time that sponsorship would "more than cover" D'Arcy's RTÉ salary.

On 6 October 2019 it was revealed that *The Ray D'Arcy Show* would run from September to December, being replaced by a female-led chat show from January to May.

### RTÉ earnings

In December 2018, RTÉ published his salary of €450,000 for 2016, up from €400,000 which he earned in 2015. In June 2023, D'Arcy gave a current salary of €250,000 per year, just for the radio show (he was not working in television at the time).

### BAI compliance issues

D'arcy's programmes have been the source of several complaints to the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland. In December 2015 the BAI upheld three complaints (it partially upheld two complaints about the same broadcast and rejected two others) of bias about an interview D'Arcy had with Colm O'Gorman about Amnesty Ireland's campaign to change Ireland's laws on abortion. In May 2016, the BAI ruled for a second time that D'Arcy's programme lacked objectivity when he interviewed Graham Linehan and his wife, Helen, on her need to have an abortion in the UK following the discovery that a foetus she was carrying had a fatal abnormality. In December 2016 the BAI upheld two complaints about an interview D'Arcy conducted on 9 June 2016 surrounding the United Nations Human Right's Committee periodic assessment of Ireland's human rights record. D'arcy conducted an interview with campaigners for abortion but failed to mention that they were campaigners. The unanimous opinion of the BAI committee was that the program lacked objectivity and impartiality and went so far to note that this was the third time a complaint was upheld against D'Arcy on this issue and it was a matter of concern to them. They issued RTE with a 'Warning Notice' over the violation in order to underline the seriousness.

## Personal life

A household name in Ireland, D'Arcy does not consider himself a celebrity and tends to decline requests for interviews. While being interviewed on *The Saturday Night Show* in 2010, D'Arcy issued an ultimatum to Enda Kenny, "vowing he would leave Ireland" after the February 2011 general election if the man became Taoiseach. Kenny did become Taoiseach; D'Arcy did not leave the country.

### Family

Previously engaged to TV presenter Geri Maye (only for the wedding to be halted at the last minute), D'Arcy married Jenny Kelly, his producer and co-presenter, on 24 August 2013. The pair were stalked by the press when D'Arcy publicly exposed their partnership on *Saturday Night With Miriam* in 2005. Afterwards, D'Arcy was dismissive of the public interest in the relationship:

> "I guess once we have actually told people we are together that will be the end of it. Our listeners probably care that we are a couple, but beyond that I don't know why anyone would be interested."

Their daughter was born on 25 November 2006 after Jenny went into labour while laughing at Pat Kenny being heckled on *The Late Late Show*. In January 2012, D'Arcy and Kelly announced their engagement and pregnancy with a second child. In June that year, D'Arcy and Kelly welcomed their second child, a boy. Earlier that year, D'Arcy tripped and broke his nose and had to have surgery.

The D'Arcy family have a dog called Teddy.

D'Arcy's father Ray D'Arcy Snr died on 28 December 2017.

## Awards

D'Arcy won a Jacob's Award in 1993 for his presentation of *The Den*. In 2005, 2006 and 2007 Ray won the Best Irish Radio DJ award at the Meteor Music Awards, cementing his position as one of Ireland's most popular radio presenters. D'Arcy always maintains that this should be seen as a group award, and that credit should be shared with Jenny Kelly, Mairead Farrell and producer Will Hanafin, who also contributes to presenting the show. In 2008 D'Arcy was beaten by his namesake Ray Foley who launched a daily campaign to dethrone him.

In 2006, *The Ray D'Arcy Show* won the Community/Social Action award at the PPI Irish Radio Awards for their work in highlighting road safety problems and deaths on the roads in Ireland. This was due in part, to their "Don't be a Fucking Eejit" radio adverts, which contained real-life stories.

In 2007, *The Ray D'Arcy Show* won the Best Light Entertainment Programme award at the PPI Irish Radio Awards.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993 | Ray D'Arcy | Jacob's Award | Won |
| 2005 | Ray D'Arcy | Best Irish DJ at the Meteor Awards | Won |
| 2006 | Ray D'Arcy | Best Irish DJ at the Meteor Awards | Won |
| 2006 | *The Ray D'Arcy Show* | Community/Social Action award at the PPI Irish Radio Awards | Won |
| 2007 | Ray D'Arcy | Best Irish DJ at the Meteor Awards | Won |
| 2007 | *The Ray D'Arcy Show* | Best Light Entertainment Programme award at the PPI Irish Radio Awards | Won |
| 2008 | Ray D'Arcy | Best Irish DJ at the Meteor Awards | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| Ray D'Arcy | |
| --- | --- |
| A pencil portrait of Ray D'Arcy | |
| Born | Raymond Michael D'Arcy
(1964-09-01) 1 September 1964
Kildare, Ireland |
| Nationality | Irish |
| Education | Psychology graduate |
| Alma mater | Trinity College Dublin |
| Occupations |  |
| Employer | RTÉ |
| Spouse | Jenny Kelly (m. 2013) |
| Children | * Kate * Tom |


title: Guindrecourt-aux-Ormes

abstract: Guindrecourt-aux-Ormes is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Guindrecourt-aux-Ormes

**Guindrecourt-aux-Ormes** (French pronunciation: \[ɡɛ̃dʁəkuʁ o.z‿ɔʁm\]) is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Guindrecourt-aux-Ormes | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Guindrecourt-aux-Ormes | |
| Location of Guindrecourt-aux-Ormes | |
| Guindrecourt-aux-OrmesGuindrecourt-aux-Ormes | |
| Coordinates: 48°27′37″N 5°02′08″E / 48.4603°N 5.0356°E / 48.4603; 5.0356 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Haute-Marne |
| Arrondissement | Saint-Dizier |
| Canton | Joinville |
| Intercommunality | Bassin de Joinville en Champagne |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Pierre Royer |
| Area**1** | 9.07 km2 (3.50 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 92 |
| Density | 10/km2 (26/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 52231 /52300 |
| Elevation | 203–302 m (666–991 ft)
(avg. 288 m or 945 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Notre-Dame-des-Champs station

abstract: Notre-Dame-des-Champs is a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro in the 6th arrondissement. It is named after the nearby Notre-Dame-des-Champs on the Boulevard du Montparnasse; it was designed by the architect and engineer Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923).

text:
# Notre-Dame-des-Champs station

**Notre-Dame-des-Champs** (French pronunciation: \[notʁə dam de ʃɑ̃\]) is a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro in the 6th arrondissement.

It is named after the nearby Notre-Dame-des-Champs on the Boulevard du Montparnasse; it was designed by the architect and engineer Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923).

## History

The station opened on 5 November 1910 as part of the original section of the Nord-Sud Company's line A between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. On 1 January 1930, the line was taken over by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP), and was subsequently renamed line 12 on 27 March 1931.

From the 1950s until 2007, the original tiling on the platforms by Boulenger & Co. was hidden behind a green metal sheath (*carrossage*). It was removed as part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP which were completed on 24 June 2008, restoring its original Nord-Sud decor.

On 16 July 2018, the station was temporarily renamed "Notre Didier Deschamps" (Our Didier Deschamps) in homage to the Didier Deschamps, coach of the France national football team that had won the 2018 FIFA World Cup the previous day. Five other stations were also similarly renamed, with Champs-Élysées–Clemenceau (lines 1 and 13) also in homage to the Didier Deschamps.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,051,828 passengers, making it the 241st busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 996,587 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 244th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

In 2021, the station was used by 1,487,256 passengers, making it the 237th busiest of the Métro network out of 304 stations.

## Passenger services

### Access

The station has a single access at Place Pierre Lafue, consisting of a staircase and an ascending escalator.

### Station layout

| **Street Level** | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **B1** | Mezzanine | |
| **Platform level** | Side platform, doors will open on the right | |
| | Southbound | toward Mairie d'Issy (Montparnasse – Bienvenüe) |
| | Northbound | toward Mairie d'Aubervilliers (Rennes) |
| | Side platform, doors will open on the right | |

### Platforms

The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms. The lower portion of the side walls are vertical instead of elliptical, as are the other stations constructed by the Nord-Sud company (today on lines 12 and 13).

### Other connections

The station is also served by lines 58, 68, and 82 of the RATP bus network.

## Nearby

## InfoBox

| Notre-Dame-des-Champs | |
| --- | --- |
| Paris Métro station | |
| MF 67 at Notre-Dame-des-Champs | |
| General information | |
| Location | 6th arrondissement of Paris
Île-de-France
France |
| Coordinates | 48°50′40″N 2°19′44″E / 48.844568°N 2.328788°E / 48.844568; 2.328788 |
| Owned by | RATP |
| Operated by | RATP |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 2 (2 side platforms) |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | no |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 0414 |
| Fare zone | 1 |
| History | |
| Opened | November 5th 1910 (1910-11-05) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 1,487,256 (2021) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Paris Métro Following station  Montparnasse–Bienvenüetowards Mairie d'Issy  Line 12  Rennestowards Mairie d'Aubervilliers | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Notre-Dame-des-ChampsLocation within Paris | |


title: Vasile Rus

abstract: Vasile Sorin Rus is a retired Romanian rugby union footballer. He played as number eight. He was formed as a player at the U Cluj rugby club. He won the Romanian Rugby Cup once while at U Cluj and was twice runner-up with CSA Steaua București. He was also runner-up with CSA Steaua București in the Romanian Rugby Championship and won the title of player of the year of 2009 in Romania. He is currently playing for RC Timişoara in the Romanian Rugby Championship. He has 13 caps for Romania, since his first game at the 12–22 loss to Russia, in Bucharest, at 4 November 2007, for the Six Nations B, with 1 try scored, 5 points on aggregate. He missed the 2011 Rugby World Cup.

text:
# Vasile Rus

**Vasile Sorin Rus** (born 21 October 1983, in Feldru (Bistrița-Năsăud), Romania) is a retired Romanian rugby union footballer. He played as number eight.

He was formed as a player at the U Cluj rugby club. He won the Romanian Rugby Cup once while at U Cluj and was twice runner-up with CSA Steaua București. He was also runner-up with CSA Steaua București in the Romanian Rugby Championship and won the title of player of the year of 2009 in Romania. He is currently playing for RC Timişoara in the Romanian Rugby Championship.

He has 13 caps for Romania, since his first game at the 12–22 loss to Russia, in Bucharest, at 4 November 2007, for the Six Nations B, with 1 try scored, 5 points on aggregate. He missed the 2011 Rugby World Cup.

## InfoBox

Vasile Sorin Rus
| Birth name | Vasile Sorin Rus |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1983-10-21) 21 October 1983 |
| Place of birth | Feldru (Bistrița-Năsăud), Romania |
| Height | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) |
| Weight | 17 st 2.3 lb (240.3 lb; 109.0 kg) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Number 8  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  RC Timişoara   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2007–16 Romania  14  (5)  Correct as of 12 November 2016 | |


title: Mildura Airport

abstract: Mildura Airport is located 4 nautical miles southwest of Mildura, Victoria, Australia. It is the busiest regional airport in Victoria, the 33rd busiest Australian airport and has twice been named Australia's Rural Airport of the Year.

text:
# Mildura Airport

**Mildura Airport** (IATA: **MQL**, ICAO: **YMIA**) is located 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) southwest of Mildura, Victoria, Australia. It is the busiest regional airport in Victoria, the 33rd busiest Australian airport and has twice been named Australia's Rural Airport of the Year.

## History

The airport was first established in 1920 as a landing ground for the Royal Flying Doctor Service. In 1923, the airport was officially opened as a commercial airport.

During World War II from 1942 until 1946 it was taken over by the Royal Australian Air Force as **RAAF Base Mildura**. From 1961 to 1976, Australia and the United States Atomic Energy Commission conducted "Project HIBAL" Upper Atmosphere Sampling at Mildura Airport.

In 1967 the Airport was used to launch balloons for the French National Center for Scientific Research.

QantasLink de Havilland Dash 8 400 and Rex Airlines Saab 340 offer scheduled air services. Virgin Australia Boeing 737-800 began the first scheduled jet service from 13 October 2008 before the route was withdrawn in 2020. It is also home to Cobden Air and the Mildura Aero Club.

Its terminal facilities underwent renovation in September 2012, a $6.4 million revamp by builders Mossop Construction + Interiors. This was completed to modernise the airport, as well as increase its passenger handling capabilities to support future air travel growth.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| QantasLink | Melbourne, Sydney |
| Rex Airlines | Melbourne |

## Operations

**Busiest domestic routes into and out of Mildura Airport (FY 2012)**
| Rank | Airport | Passengers carried | % Change |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Melbourne, Victoria | 196,721 | 1.0 |

## Statistics

Annual passenger traffic at MQL airport. See Wikidata query.

## Accidents and incidents

* On 18 June 2013, a Virgin Australia Boeing 737-800 operating a flight from Brisbane to Adelaide with 91 passengers and crew on board diverted to Mildura due to heavy fog which had closed Adelaide airport. The flight carried enough fuel to allow roughly 30 minutes holding. A Qantas 737 had also diverted to Mildura, arriving after the Virgin flight and radioed that they were running low on fuel. This was interpreted by the Virgin crew as an urgent situation and they allowed the Qantas flight to land ahead. With the airport's automated weather service unavailable and the visibility deteriorating, the Virgin flight conducted a missed approach and now critically low on fuel were forced to commit to an immediate emergency landing. Mildura was not equipped with an Instrument Landing System approach aid at the time and the crew performed the landing without visual reference to the runway on the second attempt. The aircraft landed with 535 kg (1,179 lb) remaining fuel.
* On 6 November 2015, the pilot of a Cessna 310R, on a private flight from Moorabbin, lost control and crashed on approach to land at Mildura, after the left engine was starved of fuel. The pilot was fatally injured and the aircraft destroyed.

## InfoBox

| Mildura Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview of Mildura Airport | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | Mildura Airport Pty Ltd. |
| Location | Mildura, Victoria, Australia |
| Opened | 1923 |
| Elevation AMSL | 167 ft / 51 m |
| Coordinates | 34°13′45″S 142°05′08″E / 34.22917°S 142.08556°E / -34.22917; 142.08556 |
| Website | milduraairport.com.au |
| Map | |
| YMIALocation in VictoriaYMIAYMIA (Australia) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  09/27 1,830 6,004 Grooved asphalt  18/36 1,139 3,737 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2021/22) | |
| Passengers 98,327  Aircraft movements 4,427 | |
| Sources: Australian AIP and aerodrome chart<br>Passenger and aircraft movements from the BITRE | |


title: Llewellyn Lloyd

abstract: George Llewellyn Lloyd was a Welsh international half-back who played club rugby for Newport and county rugby with Kent. He won 12 caps for Wales and captained the team on one occasion against Scotland.

text:
# Llewellyn Lloyd

**George Llewellyn Lloyd** (1877 – 1 August 1957) was a Welsh international half-back who played club rugby for Newport and county rugby with Kent. He won 12 caps for Wales and captained the team on one occasion against Scotland.

## Rugby career

Lloyd played as a back for Wales in an era before specialised positions were adopted and along with fellow Newport player Lou Phillips formed a strong partnership sharing half-back duties, working the scrummage and playing outside. Never seen as an explosive or attacking back, which would later typify Welsh play, he was seen as a player of calm nerves who could stay cool under pressure.

Lloyd captained Newport for four seasons between 1899 and 1903, in the last three the team lost only 7 out of 89 matches. In early 1899 Lloyd completed the last of his law exams, qualifying as a solicitor.

### International career

Jones made his début against Ireland in 1896 after the departure of Swansea backs Evan and David James; in an aggressive match played on a muddy pitch which Wales lost. Between Jones moving to London for a period and the year lost by Wales during the 'Gould Affair', he would not gain another cap until 1899. Paired with Phillips, Jones would make another six appearances before Phillips broke down during the 1901 Scottish game and never played for Wales again. For the next match Lloyd was dropped when the Welsh selectors switched to the Swansea pairing of Owen and Jones, the 'Dancing Dickies'. Lloyd was recalled during the 1901/02 season, mainly due to his club work with Welsh star player Gwyn Nicholls. In 1903 Lloyd retired from international rugby due to outside professional pressures.

### International matches played

**Wales**

## Bibliography

* Parry-Jones, David (1999). *Prince Gwyn, Gwyn Nicholls and the First Golden Era of Welsh Rugby*. Bridgend: seren. ISBN 1-85411-262-7.
* Smith, David; Williams, Gareth (1980). *Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union*. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-0766-3.
* Thomas, Wayne (1979). *A Century of Welsh Rugby Players*. Ansells Ltd.

## InfoBox

Llewellyn Lloyd
| Lloyd in Wales jersey | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | George Llewellyn Lloyd |
| Place of birth | Newport, Wales |
| Place of death | Newport, Wales |
| School | The Leys School, Cambridge |
| Occupation(s) | solicitor |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Half back  Amateur team(s)  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1895-1904 Newport RFC   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1896-1903 Wales  12  (9) | |


abstract: The 1928 United States presidential election in Arizona took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election. State voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Arizona was won by former U.S. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R–California), running with U.S. Senator from Kansas Charles Curtis, with 57.57% of the popular vote, against Governor of New York Al Smith, running with U.S. Senator from Arkansas Joseph Taylor Robinson, with 42.23% of the popular vote. Hoover would be the final Republican presidential candidate to win Arizona, or to even carry a single county in the state, until Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952.

text:
# 1928 United States presidential election in Arizona

The **1928 United States presidential election in Arizona** took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election. State voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Arizona was won by former U.S. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (California), running with U.S. Senator from Kansas Charles Curtis, with 57.57% of the popular vote, against Governor of New York Al Smith (New York), running with U.S. Senator from Arkansas Joseph Taylor Robinson, with 42.23% of the popular vote.

Hoover would be the final Republican presidential candidate to win Arizona, or to even carry a single county in the state, until Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952.

## Results

1928 United States presidential election in Arizona
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Herbert Hoover** | **52,533** | **57.57%** |
|  | Democratic | Al Smith | 38,537 | 42.23% |
|  | Communist | William Z. Foster | 184 | 0.20% |
| Majority | | | 13,966 | 15.34% |
| Total votes | | | **91,254** | **100.00%** |

### Results by county

| County | Herbert Hoover
Republican | | Al Smith
Democratic | | William Z. Foster
Communist | | Margin | | Total votes cast |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | |
| Apache | 837 | 51.41% | 791 | 48.59% | 0 | 0.00% | 46 | 2.83% | 1,628 |
| Cochise | 5,776 | 57.28% | 4,262 | 42.27% | 45 | 0.45% | 1,514 | 15.02% | 10,083 |
| Coconino | 1,717 | 59.19% | 1,172 | 40.40% | 12 | 0.41% | 545 | 18.79% | 2,901 |
| Gila | 3,436 | 50.60% | 3,341 | 49.20% | 13 | 0.19% | 95 | 1.40% | 6,790 |
| Graham | 1,238 | 43.27% | 1,615 | 56.45% | 8 | 0.28% | -377 | -13.18% | 2,861 |
| Greenlee | 685 | 42.08% | 935 | 57.43% | 8 | 0.49% | -250 | -15.36% | 1,628 |
| Maricopa | 20,089 | 62.25% | 12,146 | 37.64% | 34 | 0.11% | 7,943 | 24.61% | 32,269 |
| Mohave | 1,127 | 60.33% | 728 | 38.97% | 13 | 0.70% | 399 | 21.36% | 1,868 |
| Navajo | 1,608 | 54.99% | 1,316 | 45.01% | 0 | 0.00% | 292 | 9.99% | 2,924 |
| Pima | 6,635 | 56.94% | 4,976 | 42.70% | 42 | 0.36% | 1,659 | 14.24% | 11,653 |
| Pinal | 1,631 | 53.41% | 1,419 | 46.46% | 4 | 0.13% | 212 | 6.94% | 3,054 |
| Santa Cruz | 919 | 48.78% | 962 | 51.06% | 3 | 0.16% | -43 | -2.28% | 1,884 |
| Yavapai | 4,507 | 57.83% | 3,285 | 42.15% | 2 | 0.03% | 1,222 | 15.68% | 7,794 |
| Yuma | 2,328 | 59.43% | 1,589 | 40.57% | 0 | 0.00% | 739 | 18.87% | 3,917 |
| Totals | 52,533 | 57.57% | 38,537 | 42.23% | 184 | 0.20% | 13,996 | 15.34% | 91,254 |

#### Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

### Electors

Electors were chosen by their party's voters in primary elections held on September 11, 1928.

| Al Smith
& Joseph T. Robinson
Democratic Party | Herbert Hoover
& Charles Curtis
Republican Party | William Z. Foster
& Benjamin Gitlow
Communist Party |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Cassie J. Pomeroy * Mrs. J. Andrew West * Bradford Duncan | * Mrs. R. L. Hoyal * J. Homer Smith * Fred S. Breen | * Frank I. Lowe * E. J. Bryan * F. N. Logan |

## InfoBox

1928 United States presidential election in Arizona
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 3 Arizona votes to the Electoral College | |
| Nominee **Herbert Hoover** Al Smith   Party Republican Democratic  Home state California New York  Running mate **Charles Curtis** Joseph T. Robinson  Electoral vote **3** 0  Popular vote **52,533** 38,537  Percentage **57.57%** 42.23% | |
| ---  County Results | |
| ---  **President before election**
Calvin Coolidge
Republican **Elected President**
Herbert Hoover
Republican | |


title: Museum of International Propaganda

abstract: The Museum of International Propaganda is a non-profit institution that opened its doors in 2016 in San Rafael, California.

text:
# Museum of International Propaganda

The **Museum of International Propaganda** is a non-profit institution that opened its doors in 2016 in San Rafael, California.

## Overview

The Museum of International Propaganda features a permanent collection of propaganda posters, paintings, sculptures, and artifacts from more than 25 countries. The main gallery showcases unique and educational images, representing the political art of various nations, including North Korea, Cuba, Nazi Germany, China, Iran, and the Soviet Union. Compiled over 30 years, these objects were predominantly designed and financed by various governments, dictators, and special interests with specific political goals. The non-profit museum's mission is to acquire, preserve, and exhibit political art produced during the 20th century. Through exhibitions, educational lectures, discussions, films, and writings, the museum aims to assist the public in understanding the significant impact that propaganda had on history, culture, and politics, projecting its influence powerfully into contemporary life.

## History

Founded by Tom and Lilka Areton, who have operated a non-profit student exchange program for almost 40 years, the museum's origins trace back to the couple's extensive travels, during which they collected political propaganda. Tom, having lived in socialist Czechoslovakia during his youth, and Lilka, who's traveled to the Soviet Union since 1960, were deeply influenced by their experiences. Tom's mother endured both Nazi and Communist propaganda for over 60 years. The couple met in 1969 at the International Center in New York, married, and relocated to Northern California in 1970.

Tom pursued film study at NYU and Law and Economics in San Francisco, while Lilka earned a PhD from San Francisco's Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality. Their academic backgrounds led to the establishment of a student exchange nonprofit organization in 1977. Following the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, the Aretons acquired numerous artifacts that people were discarding.

The concept of the museum took shape in mid-2010 when the couple visited North Korea, Berlin, and Cuba. Tom and Lilka Areton transformed a former children's shoe store into the museum, personally designing exhibits and arranging objects that span the 20th and 21st centuries. Tom's daughter assisted in exhibit design, and Tom crafted all large-print display copy. Notably, a painting of Lenin, hanging above the reception desk, was discovered at a flea market in an abandoned soccer stadium in Warsaw. The museum also features a wristwatch, a gift for Chinese soldiers who participated in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, alongside Chinese propaganda.

## Exhibitions

The museum's exhibits guide visitors through seven themes, techniques, and styles of propaganda:

1. Idealization of state leaders, portraying them with children, the military, and displaying their images nationwide.
2. Fear and intimidation tactics through physical detention, sudden disappearances, and extralegal executions.
3. Glorification of the nation, exaggerating prosperity, abundance, and the ecstatic happiness of the people.
4. Promotion of the common people, showcasing workers, women, peasants, and students as heroes.
5. Vilification, wherein governments identify central enemies—political opponents, religious and ethnic minorities, or economic groups—to blame and demonize.
6. Veneration of the military, with statues, posters, uniforms, and medals honoring national heroes and recalling past wars and struggles.
7. Post-1989 ridicule, criticism, and commercialization of past political systems, leaders, and ideas that once subjugated the people.

## InfoBox

The Museum of International Propaganda
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2016 |
| Location | 1000 Fifth Ave, San Rafael, California |
| Coordinates | 37°58′28.38″N 122°31′37.02″W / 37.9745500°N 122.5269500°W / 37.9745500; -122.5269500 |
| Founder | Tom and Lilka Areton |
| Website | museumofpropaganda.org |