title: Perceptual-based 3D sound localization

abstract: Perceptual-based 3D sound localization is the application of knowledge of the human auditory system to develop 3D sound localization technology.

text:
# Perceptual-based 3D sound localization

**Perceptual-based 3D sound localization** is the application of knowledge of the human auditory system to develop 3D sound localization technology.

## Motivation and applications

Human listeners combine information from two ears to localize and separate sound sources originating in different locations in a process called binaural hearing. The powerful signal processing methods found in the neural systems and brains of humans and other animals are flexible, environmentally adaptable, and take place rapidly and seemingly without effort. Emulating the mechanisms of binaural hearing can improve recognition accuracy and signal separation in DSP algorithms, especially in noisy environments. Furthermore, by understanding and exploiting biological mechanisms of sound localization, virtual sound scenes may be rendered with more perceptually relevant methods, allowing listeners to accurately perceive the locations of auditory events. One way to obtain the perceptual-based sound localization is from the sparse approximations of the anthropometric features. Perceptual-based sound localization may be used to enhance and supplement robotic navigation and environment recognition capability. In addition, it is also used to create virtual auditory spaces which is widely implemented in hearing aids.

## Problem statement and basic concepts

While the relationship between human perception of sound and various attributes of the sound field is not yet well understood, DSP algorithms for sound localization are able to employ several mechanisms found in neural systems, including the interaural time difference (ITD, the difference in arrival time of a sound between two locations), the interaural intensity difference (IID, the difference in intensity of a sound between two locations), artificial pinnae, the precedence effect, and head-related transfer functions (HRTF). When localizing 3D sound in spatial domain, one could take into account that the incoming sound signal could be reflected, diffracted and scattered by the upper torso of the human which consists of shoulders, head and pinnae. Localization also depends on the direction of the sound source.

### HATS: Head and Torso Simulator

An image of the Head and Torso Simulator adapted from

Brüel's & Kjær's Head And Torso Simulator (HATS) is a mannequin prototype with built-in ear and mouth simulators that provides a realistic reproduction of the acoustic properties of an average adult human head and torso. It is designed to be used in electro-acoustics tests, for example, headsets, audio conference devices, microphones, headphones and hearing aids. Various existing approaches are based on this structural model.

## Existing approaches

### Particle based tracking

It is essential to be able to analyze the distance and intensity of various sources in a spatial domain. We can track each such sound source, by using a probabilistic temporal integration, based on data obtained through a microphone array and a particle filtering tracker. Using this approach, the Probability Density Function (PDF) representing the location of each source is represented as a set of particles to which different weights (probabilities) are assigned. The choice of particle filtering over Kalman filtering is further justified by the non-gaussian probabilities arising from false detections and multiple sources.

### ITD, ILD, and IPD

According to the duplex theory, ITDs have a greater contribution to the localisation of low frequency sounds (below 1 kHz), while ILDs are used in the localisation of high frequency sound. These approaches can be applied to selective reconstructions of spatialized signals, where spectrotemporal components believed to be dominated by the desired sound source are identified and isolated through the Short-time Fourier transform (STFT). Modern systems typically compute the STFT of the incoming signal from two or more microphones, and estimate the ITD or each spectrotemporal component by comparing the phases of the STFTs. An advantage to this approach is that it may be generalized to more than two microphones, which can improve accuracy in 3 dimensions and remove the front-back localization ambiguity that occurs with only two ears or microphones. Another advantage is that the ITD is relatively strong and easy to obtain without biomimetic instruments such as dummy heads and artificial pinnae, though these may still be used to enhance amplitude disparities. HRTF phase response is mostly linear and listeners are insensitive to the details of the interaural phase spectrum as long as the interaural time delay (ITD) of the combined low-frequency part of the waveform is maintained.

Interaural level differences (ILD) represents the difference in sound pressure level reaching the two ears. They provide salient cues for localizing high-frequency sounds in space, and populations of neurons that are sensitive to ILD are found at almost every synaptic level from brain stem to cortex. These cells are predominantly excited by stimulation of one ear and predominantly inhibited by stimulation of the other ear, such that the magnitude of their response is determined in large part by the intensities at the 2 ears. This gives rise to the concept of resonant damping. Interaural level difference (ILD) is best for high frequency sounds because low frequency sounds are not attenuated much by the head. ILD (also known as Interaural Intensity Difference) arises when the sound source is not centred, the listener's head partially shadows the ear opposite to the source, diminishing the intensity of the sound in that ear (particularly at higher frequencies). The pinnae filters the sound in a way that is directionally dependent. This is particularly useful in determining if a sound comes from above, below, in front, or behind.

Interaural time and level differences (ITD, ILD) play a role in azimuth perception but can't explain vertical localization. According to the duplex theory, ITDs have a greater contribution to the localisation of low frequency sounds (below 1 kHz), while ILDs are used in the localisation of high frequency sound. The ILD arises from the fact that, a sound coming from a source located to one side of the head will have a higher intensity, or be louder, at the ear nearest the sound source. One can therefore create the illusion of a sound source emanating from one side of the head merely by adjusting the relative level of the sounds that are fed to two separated speakers or headphones. This is the basis of the commonly used pan control.

Interaural Phase Difference (IPD) refers to the difference in the phase of a wave that reaches each ear, and is dependent on the frequency of the sound wave and the interaural time differences (ITD).

Once the brain has analyzed IPD, ITD, and ILD, the location of the sound source can be determined with relative accuracy.

### Precedence effect

The precedence effect is the observation that sound localization can be dominated by the components of a complex sound that are the first to arrive. By allowing the direct field components (those that arrive directly from the sound source) to dominate while suppressing the influence of delayed reflected components from other directions, the precedence effect may improve the accuracy of perceived sound location in a reverberant environment. Processing of the precedence effect involves enhancing the leading edge of sound envelopes of the signal after dividing it into frequency bands via bandpass filtering. This approach can be done at the monaural level as well as the binaural level, and improves accuracy in reverberant environments in both cases. However, the benefits of using the precedence effect can break down in an anechoic environment.

### HRTFs

The body of a human listener obstructs incoming sound waves, causing linear filtering of the sound signal due to interference from the head, ears, and body. Humans use dynamic cues to reinforce localization. These arise from active, sometimes unconscious, motions of the listener, which change the relative position of the source. It is reported that front/back confusions which are common in static listening tests disappear when listeners are allowed to slightly turn their heads to help them in localization. However, if the sound scene is presented through headphones without compensation for head motion, the scene does not change with the user's motion, and dynamic cues are absent.

Head-related transfer functions contain all the descriptors of localization cues such as ITD and IID as well as monaural cues. Every HRTF uniquely represents the transfer of sound from a specific position in 3D space to the ears of a listener. The decoding process performed by the auditory system can be imitated using an artificial setup consisting of two microphones, two artificial ears and a HRTF database. To determine the position of an audio source in 3D space, the ear input signals are convolved with the inverses of all possible HRTF pairs, where the correct inverse maximizes cross-correlation between the convolved right and left signals. In the case of multiple simultaneous sound sources, the transmission of sound from source to ears can be considered a multiple-input and multiple-output. Here, the HRTFs the source signals were filtered with en route to the microphones can be found using methods such as convolutive blind source separation, which has the advantage of efficient implementation in real-time systems. Overall, these approaches using HRTFs can be well optimized to localize multiple moving sound sources. The average human has the remarkable ability to locate a sound source with better than 5 accuracy in both azimuth and elevation, in challenging environments.


title: Perry M. Smith

abstract: Perry McCoy Smith Jr. is a retired United States Air Force major general. He is a teacher, author and TV and radio commentator. Smith was born at West Point into a military family and travelled extensively throughout his youth. His family was stationed in Hawaii when he was six years old. On the morning of December 7, 1941 he was riding in the back of an Army truck on his way to Sunday school. He watched as the attack on Pearl Harbor took place. He lived in Italy following World War II, where his father served in the British-American military government of Italy. He attended twelve different schools in the U.S. and overseas and graduated in 1952 from Highland Falls High School in New York. He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point (USMA) following high school. Smith played intercollegiate lacrosse and was named as a member of the second team All American lacrosse team. Smith graduated from West Point in 1956. Smith went on to earn his Ph.D. in international relations from Columbia University in 1967. He also graduated from the National War College in 1971.

text:
# Perry M. Smith

**Perry McCoy Smith Jr.** (born December 16, 1934, in West Point, N.Y.) is a retired United States Air Force major general. He is a teacher, author and TV and radio commentator. Smith was born at West Point into a military family and travelled extensively throughout his youth. His family was stationed in Hawaii when he was six years old. On the morning of December 7, 1941 he was riding in the back of an Army truck on his way to Sunday school. He watched as the attack on Pearl Harbor took place.

He lived in Italy following World War II, where his father served in the British-American military government of Italy. He attended twelve different schools in the U.S. and overseas and graduated in 1952 from Highland Falls High School in New York. He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point (USMA) following high school. Smith played intercollegiate lacrosse and was named as a member of the second team All American lacrosse team. Smith graduated from West Point in 1956. Smith went on to earn his Ph.D. in international relations from Columbia University in 1967. He also graduated from the National War College in 1971.

## Military career

Smith is a retired major general who served for 30 years in the United States Air Force. Much of his military career was spent as a pilot in fighter aircraft. Smith flew 180 combat missions over Laos and North Vietnam during the Vietnam War. He commanded the F-15 equipped 36th Tactical Fighter Wing, served as the top Air Force Planner and was commandant of the National War College from 1983 to 1986.

## Post-military

Smith settled in Augusta, Georgia in 1990. Since then, he has been active in many community activities including raising funds for Saint Paul's Church, the Fisher House, the Kroc Center, the Boy Scouts, the Heritage Academy and the Augusta Museum of History.

From 1991 to 1998 he served as a military analyst for CNN. He resigned as analyst in protest over CNN's 1998 nerve gas special "Valley of Death" which claimed sarin nerve gas had been used by U.S. forces during Operation Tailwind.

After Smith's departure from CNN, he served on contract with NBC, MSNBC, CBS TV and CBS radio.

Smith was a board member of the Augusta Kiwanis Club, and a successful recruiter of new members.

Smith currently serves as president emeritus of the board of trustees for the Augusta Museum of History.

Smith was a frequent op-ed contributor to the *Augusta Chronicle*.

Smith is frequently an op-ed contributor to the *Augusta Business Daily*.

## Personal life

Smith is the son of Perry McCoy Smith Sr. and Mary Emily (Porter) Smith. His father was a 1922 West Point graduate who retired from the Army in 1954 as a colonel.

Smith is married to Connor Cleckley Dyess. Dyess is the daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Jimmie Dyess. Jimmie Dyess, a United States Marine, was the only person to earn America's two highest awards for heroism, the Medal of Honor and the Carnegie Medal.

Smith and his wife have two children and four grandchildren. A good deal of Smith's time is spent teaching and mentoring corporate executives, MBA scholars, government and military leaders, church groups and non-profit organizations. Topics Smith covers include leadership, ethics, strategic planning, heroism, innovation and dealing with the media. He was an enrichment speaker for Crystal Cruises for 20 years. Smith has lived all over the world including Thailand, Germany, France, Italy and Turkey. His travels have taken him to more than one hundred nations across the globe.

## Awards and honors

In 1968, Smith's dissertation, *Wartime Planning for Postwar Contingencies: The Army Air Force Example, 1943-1956*, earned the Helen Dwight Reid award from the American Political Science Association. In 2011, the General Perry Smith Parkway in Augusta, GA was dedicated in honor of Smith. The parkway will provide access to a new industrial park which will be in close proximity to the Augusta Regional Airport.

Smith was honored with a special section of the Augusta Museum of History (located in Augusta, GA) being named for him.

Smith was presented with the George Barrett Award in recognition of his leadership by the Augusta Kiwanis Club.

In 1992, Smith received an honorary Doctorate from Marietta College

The Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame inducted Smith in 2021.

## Author

Smith has written seven books, including *Assignment Pentagon*, *Rules and Tools for Leaders* (last edition updated with co-author, Gen. Jeffrey Foley) and *A Hero among Heroes: Jimmie Dyess and the 4th Marine Division*. In June 2015 Smith released an updated version of his Dyess book entitled "Courage, Compassion, Marine: The Unique Story of Jimmie Dyess."

Smith assisted in the editing and marketing of the book, *Medal of Honor*, by Peter Collier. This best selling book profiles the remarkable life stories of living Medal of Honor recipients. The book originally included a 90-minute DVD narrated by Brian Williams. The 3rd edition of this book was published in October, 2011. It contains the life stories of recipients from World War II to the War on Terror. In 2021 he self-published his memoir, *Listen Up: Stories from Pearl Harbor, Vietnam, the Pentagon, CNN and Beyond*.

## InfoBox

| Perry Smith | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1934-12-16) December 16, 1934
West Point, New York, U.S. |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1956–1986 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Battles/wars | Vietnam War |
| Awards | Defense Superior Service Medal
Legion of Merit (2)
Distinguished Flying Cross (2)
Bronze Star Medal
Meritorious Service Medal
Air Medal (11) |


title: Peter, Paul and Mommy

abstract: Peter, Paul and Mommy, released on Warner Bros. in 1969, is the trio Peter, Paul and Mary's first children's album. It contains hits like "Puff the Magic Dragon", among others. The album reached No. 12 on Billboard's Top LPs chart. The single "Day is Done" reached number 7 on the Easy Listening chart and number 21 on the Pop Singles chart. At the Grammy Awards of 1970, Peter, Paul and Mommy won the Grammy for Best Recording for Children.

text:
# Peter, Paul and Mommy

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Peter, Paul and Mommy***, released on Warner Bros. in 1969, is the trio Peter, Paul and Mary's first children's album. It contains hits like "Puff the Magic Dragon", among others. The album reached No. 12 on *Billboard'*s Top LPs chart. The single "Day is Done" reached number 7 on the Easy Listening chart and number 21 on the Pop Singles chart.

At the Grammy Awards of 1970, *Peter, Paul and Mommy* won the Grammy for Best Recording for Children.

## Background

According to Paul Stookey, the album grew naturally from the fact that all the previous albums the trio had released contain at least one children's song. The album contains new songs as well as some songs they had previously recorded. Songs such as "It's Raining" and "Puff (The Magic Dragon)", found on earlier albums, were re-recorded for the album with a backing children choir. The single "Day is Done", written by Peter Yarrow, is also a different recording from the one on the album. "The Marvelous Toy" and "Going To The Zoo" are songs by Tom Paxton.

## Track listing

1. "The Marvelous Toy" (Tom Paxton) Cherry Lane Music, Inc. ASCAP
2. "Day Is Done" (Peter Yarrow)
3. "Leatherwing Bat" (Adapted & Arranged by Yarrow, Stookey)
4. "I Have A Song To Sing, O!" (Gilbert & Sullivan, from "Yeomen of the Guard," Adapted & Arranged by Yarrow, Travers, Stookey, Okun)
5. "All Through The Night" (Adapted & Arranged by Yarrow, Stookey, Travers)
6. "It's Raining" (Adapted & Arranged by Stookey, Yarrow, Chandler)
7. "Going to the Zoo" (Tom Paxton) Cherry Lane Music, Inc. ASCAP
8. "Boa Constrictor" (Shel Silverstein) Tro-Hollis Music, Inc. BMI
9. "Make-Believe Town" (Yarrow, Elaina Mezzetti)
10. "Mockingbird" (Adapted & Arranged by Travers, Stookey, Yarrow)
11. "Christmas Dinner" (Paul Stookey)
12. "Puff (The Magic Dragon)" (Lenny Lipton, Yarrow)

All songs published by Pepamar Music Corp. ASCAP except as indicated.

## Personnel

Peter, Paul and Mary

with:

Technical * Produced by Milton Okun
* Musical Director: Milton Okun
* Associate Producer: Phil Ramone
* Engineers: Don Hahn, Phil Ramone
* Front Cover Photo: Allen Vogel
* Cover Design: Milton Glaser
* Back Cover Photo: Victor Lassiter
* Children Appear Through the Courtesy of the Nursery School, Westchester Ethical Society
* Direction: Ken Fritz Management, Los Angeles

## Charts

| Chart (1969) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 12 |

## InfoBox

| Peter, Paul and Mommy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Peter, Paul and Mary | |
| Released | May 25, 1969 |
| Genre | Children, folk |
| Length | 34:56 |
| Label | Warner Bros.-Seven Arts |
| Producer | Milt Okun |
| Peter, Paul and Mary chronology | |
| *Late Again*
(1968) ***Peter, Paul and Mommy***
(1969) *The Best of Peter, Paul and Mary: Ten Years Together*
(1970) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Peter, Paul and Mommy* | |
| 1. "Day Is Done"
Released: March 24, 1969 | |
|  | |


title: Pere Joan Sala

abstract: Pere Joan Sala was the leader of the radical remensas in the Second War of the Remences, which began with the uprising of Mieres in 1484. Joan Sala was the lieutenant of Francesc de Verntallat, but unlike the latter, Joan Sala was a radical revolutionary who wasn't interested in any treaty with royalty. The Second War of the Remences was motivated by attempted legal action against the assets of the peasants who refused to pay the manorial fees. Additionally, there was an alignment of interests and support between the remensas during the first War of the Remences and King John II in the Catalan Civil War. They were aligned both in time (1462-1472) and in their adversary: the Generalitat and the nobility. However, at the end of the Catalan civil war, the king pretty much forgot about the remensas. The Viceroy of Catalonia tried to curb the revolt without success, and the conflict spread throughout the Principality of Catalonia. In 1485 in Montornès del Vallès, at the head of 400 peasants, Joan Sala defeated the army of the Diputació del General de Catalunya commanded by the Viceroy of Catalonia Pere Anton de Rocacrespa. Later, Joan Sala took the villa of Granollers, from where the revolt spread through Valles, Maresme and the Baix Llobregat. When the threat to Barcelona became clear, the authorities reacted and defeated them in Les Franqueses del Vallès (Llerona) in March 1485. They then took them prisoner and had them executed. This remensa rebellion succeeded in getting the monarchy, headed by Ferdinand II of Aragon son of John II, involved with the cause of the remensas and after much negotiation Ferdinand announced, on April 21, 1486, the Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe. This decree forgave the rank-and-file insurrectionists but had severe consequences for the leaders of the revolt.

text:
# Pere Joan Sala

**Pere Joan Sala** (died 1485) was the leader of the radical remensas in the Second War of the Remences, which began with the uprising of Mieres in 1484. Joan Sala was the lieutenant of Francesc de Verntallat, but unlike the latter, Joan Sala was a radical revolutionary who wasn't interested in any treaty with royalty.

The Second War of the Remences was motivated by attempted legal action against the assets of the peasants who refused to pay the manorial fees. Additionally, there was an alignment of interests and support between the remensas during the first War of the Remences and King John II in the Catalan Civil War. They were aligned both in time (1462-1472) and in their adversary: the Generalitat and the nobility. However, at the end of the Catalan civil war, the king pretty much forgot about the remensas.

The Viceroy of Catalonia tried to curb the revolt without success, and the conflict spread throughout the Principality of Catalonia.

In 1485 in Montornès del Vallès, at the head of 400 peasants, Joan Sala defeated the army of the *Diputació del General de Catalunya* commanded by the Viceroy of Catalonia Pere Anton de Rocacrespa. Later, Joan Sala took the villa of Granollers, from where the revolt spread through Valles, Maresme and the Baix Llobregat. When the threat to Barcelona became clear, the authorities reacted and defeated them in Les Franqueses del Vallès (Llerona) in March 1485. They then took them prisoner and had them executed.

This remensa rebellion succeeded in getting the monarchy, headed by Ferdinand II of Aragon son of John II, involved with the cause of the remensas and after much negotiation Ferdinand announced, on April 21, 1486, the *Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe*. This decree forgave the rank-and-file insurrectionists but had severe consequences for the leaders of the revolt.

## Further reading

* "Pere Joan Sala: La lluita dels Remences" (in Catalan).

## InfoBox

| Pere Joan Sala | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Granollers de Rocacorba |
| Died | 1485<br>Barcelona |
| Allegiance | peasants |
| Rank | informal captain |
| Battles/wars | Second War of the Remences |


title: Peter Alexander (Austrian performer)

abstract: Peter Alexander Ferdinand Maximilian Neumayer, commonly known as Peter Alexander, was an Austrian actor, singer and one of the most popular entertainers in the German-language world between the 1950s and his retirement. His fame emerged in the 1950s and 1960s through popular film comedies and successful recordings, predominantly of Schlager and operetta repertory. Later, Alexander established himself as the acclaimed host of television shows. His career as a live singer touring the German language countries lasted until 1991, while he continued his television work until 1996.

text:
# Peter Alexander (Austrian performer)

**Peter Alexander Ferdinand Maximilian Neumayer** (30 June 1926 – 12 February 2011), commonly known as **Peter Alexander**, was an Austrian actor, singer and one of the most popular entertainers in the German-language world between the 1950s and his retirement. His fame emerged in the 1950s and 1960s through popular film comedies and successful recordings, predominantly of Schlager and operetta repertory. Later, Alexander established himself as the acclaimed host of television shows. His career as a live singer touring the German language countries lasted until 1991, while he continued his television work until 1996.

## Life and career

Born in Vienna, Alexander attended the Max Reinhardt Seminar for actors until 1948 and then began his career in acting. He starred in several musical comedies, including *Liebe, Tanz und 1000 Schlager* and *Peter schießt den Vogel ab*. He recorded Ralph Benatzky's operetta *Im weißen Rößl*, singing the lead role of Leopold Brandmeyer. He then performed in the 1960 movie version of the operetta. He later starred in the Count Bobby movies and the *Lümmel*-series.

In the 1970s, Alexander started a second career as a TV host and entertainer. His music show, the *Peter Alexander Show*, was shown on black and white TV from 1963 until 1966. From 1969, the German TV station ZDF started to air a new colour version which was broadcast until 1996. The *Peter Alexander Show* has been seen by more than 38 million viewers and has averaged a 71% viewing rate.

After his death, Media Control Charts named him the biggest singles artist ever with 459 songs having charted on the German singles chart. The single "Und manchmal weinst du sicher ein paar Tränen" had the longest run with 34 weeks on that chart, while 2 other songs, "Der letzte Walzer" and "Liebesleid", were able to reach the No. 1 position. Alexander won 10 Bambi Awards and in 1996 was awarded a Bambi for lifetime achievement.

Alexander married Hilde Haagen in 1952; they had two children, Susanne Neumayer-Haidinger (1958–2009), an artist, and Michael Neumayer (1963–2019). Alexander was widowed in 2003.

Alexander died on 12 February 2011, aged 84, in his native Vienna.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Director | Role |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1948 | *Der Engel mit der Posaune* | Karl Hartl | Visitor |
| 1952 | *Vanished Melody* | Eduard von Borsody | Piano player |
| 1952 | *Queen of the Arena* | Rolf Meyer | Singer |
| 1953 | *Salto Mortale* | Victor Tourjansky | Singer |
| 1953 | *The Sweetest Fruits* | Franz Antel | Singer |
| 1953 | *Drei, von denen man spricht* | Axel von Ambesser |  |
| 1954 | *Verliebte Leute* | Franz Antel | Musician Karl Munk |
| 1954 | *The Big Star Parade* | Paul Martin | Singer |
| 1955 | *Love, Dance and a Thousand Songs* | Paul Martin | Singer Peter Alexander |
| 1956 | *Musikparade* | Géza von Cziffra | Singer Peter Martin |
| 1956 | *Bonjour Kathrin* | Karl Anton | Music student Pierre |
| 1956 | *Ein Mann muß nicht immer schön sein* | Hans Quest | Jazz singer Peter Moll |
| 1957 | *Liebe, Jazz und Übermut* | Erik Ode | Jazz singer Peter Hagen |
| 1957 | *Das haut hin* | Géza von Cziffra | Student, artist and singer Toni Matthis |
| 1957 | *Die Beine von Dolores* | Géza von Cziffra | Singer (uncredited) |
| 1958 | *Munchhausen in Africa* | Werner Jacobs | Music teacher Peter von Münchhausen |
| 1958 | *When She Starts, Look Out* | Géza von Cziffra | Jazz musician Peter Holunder |
| 1958 | *So ein Millionär hat's schwer* | Géza von Cziffra | Millionaire's Heir Edward Collins |
| 1959 | *Peter Shoots Down the Bird* | Géza von Cziffra | Porter Peter Schatz |
| 1959 | Schlag auf Schlag | Géza von Cziffra | Registrar Hugo Bartels |
| 1959 | Ich bin kein Casanova | Géza von Cziffra | Student and butler Peter Keller |
| 1959 | *Salem Aleikum*
aka: *Mein ganzes Leben ist Musik* | Géza von Cziffra | Teacher and amateur musician Peter Karmann |
| 1960 | *Kriminaltango* | Géza von Cziffra | Houseowner Peter Martens |
| 1960 | *Yes, Women are Dangerous* | Paul Martin | Fashion designer Peter Hollmann |
| 1960 | *The White Horse Inn* | Werner Jacobs | Head waiter Leopold Brandmeyer |
| 1961 | *Season in Salzburg*
aka: *Wenn der Toni mit der Vroni* | Franz Josef Gottlieb | Waiter Heinz Doll |
| 1961 | *The Adventures of Count Bobby* | Géza von Cziffra | Count Bobby (Robert) Pinelski |
| 1962 | *Die Fledermaus* | Géza von Cziffra | Dr. Gabriel Eisenstein |
| 1962 | *The Merry Widow* | Werner Jacobs | Danilo |
| 1962 | *Wedding Night in Paradise* | Paul Martin | Operetta star Dr. Ulrich Hansen |
| 1962 | *The Sweet Life of Count Bobby* | Géza von Cziffra | Count Bobby (Robert) Pinelski |
| 1963 | *Charley's Aunt* | Géza von Cziffra | Diplomat Dr. Otto Wilder |
| 1963 | *The Model Boy* | Werner Jacobs | CEO Dr. Fritz Geyer |
| 1963 | *Schweik's Awkward Years* | Wolfgang Liebeneiner | Josef Schwejk |
| 1964 | *Help, My Bride Steals* | Werner Jacobs | Commercial artist Valentin Haase |
| 1964 | *In Bed by Eight* | Werner Jacobs | Teacher Dr. Eduard Frank |
| 1965 | *Who Wants to Sleep?* | Axel von Ambesser
Rolf Thiele
Alfred Weidenmann | Peter Sommer |
| 1966 | *Count Bobby, The Terror of The Wild West* | Paul Martin | Count Bobby (Robert) Pinelski |
| 1966 | *How to Seduce a Playboy* | Michael Pfleghar | Peter Knolle |
| 1968 | *Zum Teufel mit der Penne*
Part #2 of the series: *Die Lümmel von der ersten Bank* | Werner Jacobs | TV reporter Dr. Peter Roland,
Substitute teacher Dr. Wilhelm-Maria Tell |
| 1969 | *Hurra, die Schule brennt!*
Part #4 of the series: *Die Lümmel von der ersten Bank* | Werner Jacobs | Teacher Dr. Peter Bach |
| 1972 | *Hauptsache Ferien* | Peter Weck | Teacher Dr. Peter Markus |

## Decorations and awards

* Grand Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1985)
* Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class (1974)
* Ring of honour of Vienna (1984)
* Golden Camera (1970, 1980, 1984 (Germany); 1979 (Austria)) as the best music star of a decade
* Super Golden Camera 1979 (Germany) as the biggest star of all time, with participation of over 11 million readers of *Hörzu*
* Bambi Award (1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1987, 1990; 1996 for his lifetime achievement)
* Golden Europe (1969, 1974, 1979)
* Goldener Bildschirm (1966, 1973, 1974 and 1976); Silberner Bildschirm (1970 and 1971)
* Bronze Bravo Otto (1971)
* Gold Decoration for Services to the City of Vienna (1971)
* Lion of RTL Radio, a total of 9 prizes in bronze, silver and gold (1973)
* Honorary Lion as the best singer
* Golden Microphone (1966) for best male music star in European show business
* Rose Hill award (1992) for having written Austrian film history
* Award of the City of Cologne (1976) for 14 completely sold-out events at the Cologne Sporthalle
* Hermann Löns Gold Medal
* Golden Romy (1992)
* Platinum Romy (1993)
* Other awards were: Lieber Augustin of Vienna (1968), the Golden Bear (1973), Golden Rathausmann (1970), Golden Plate of German gastronomy (1973), Golden Cleo as the most popular star in Austria (1986), German Record Award (1980), Silver Plate of Robert Stolz Foundation in (1980)
* 4th place in the list of the 50 most important Austrians of the last 50 years in a reader poll of the daily Kurier (2004)
* Induction into the Echo Hall of Fame (2011)
* Naming of Peter-Alexander-Platz in Döbling (19th district of Vienna, 2012)

## Bibliography

* Michael Wenk & Barbara Loehr: *Peter Alexander – Das tat ich alles aus Liebe*. Wien: Ueberreuter, 2006 (ISBN 978-3800071814)
* "Peter Alexander" entry, German version of Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2005.

## InfoBox

| Peter Alexander | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Peter Alexander Ferdinand Maximilian Neumayer
(1926-06-30)30 June 1926
Vienna, Austria |
| Died | 12 February 2011(2011-02-12) (aged 84)
Vienna, Austria |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, singer |
| Years active | 1948–1996 |


title: Perittia sibirica

abstract: Perittia sibirica is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Russia. The larvae feed on Lonicera tatarica.

text:
# Perittia sibirica

***Perittia sibirica*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Russia (Irkutsk and the southern Ural Mountains).

The larvae feed on *Lonicera tatarica*.

## InfoBox

| *Perittia sibirica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Perittia* |
| Species: | ***P. sibirica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Perittia sibirica***<br>Sinev, 1992 | |
|


title: Petar Jelić

abstract: Petar Jelić is a Bosnian Serb former international footballer.

text:
# Petar Jelić

**Petar Jelić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Петар Јелић; born 18 October 1986) is a Bosnian Serb former international footballer.

## Club career

Jelić played for FK Modriča Maxima in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina until he signed with 1. FC Nürnberg of the Bundesliga. Nürnberg had loaned Jelić to Second Division side FC Carl Zeiss Jena, but he could not gain a place in the first team. After his return to Nuremberg, he was sold to OFK Beograd. In summer 2010 he joined Russian side FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod where he stayed until summer 2013, with an exception of a loan to FC Dinamo Tbilisi in 2011. In summer 2013 he returned to Serbia and joined Serbian SuperLiga side FK Novi Pazar. Jelić transferred to China League One side Guangdong Sunray Cave on 23 March 2014.

In summer 2014 he returned to Serbia and joined FK Rad. In his debut in the 2014–15 Serbian SuperLiga he scored five goals in the victory over Voždovac by 6–1. He set the record of goals per game (5) since the formation of the Serbian SuperLiga in 2006.

## International career

He made his debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina in a May 2006 friendly match away against South Korea and has earned a total of 2 caps, scoring no goals. His second and final international was another friendly, 5 days later against Iran.

## Personal life

Jelić's father, Milan Jelić, was a Bosnian Serb politician and the 6th President of Republika Srpska.

## Honours

### Player

**Individual**

## InfoBox

Petar Jelić
| Jelić in 2021 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1986-10-18) 18 October 1986 | | |
| Place of birth | Modriča, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1994–2002 | Modriča Maxima | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2003–2006 | Modriča Maxima | 79 | (29) |
| 2006–2007 | 1. FC Nürnberg | 0 | (0) |
| 2006 | Carl Zeiss Jena (loan) | 1 | (0) |
| 2007–2010 | OFK Beograd | 38 | (6) |
| 2010–2012 | Volga Nizhny Novgorod | 16 | (3) |
| 2011 | Dinamo Tbilisi (loan) | 6 | (2) |
| 2013 | Novi Pazar | 8 | (1) |
| 2014 | Guangdong Sunray Cave | 12 | (3) |
| 2014–2015 | Rad | 23 | (8) |
| International career | | | |
| 2004–2008 | Bosnia and Herzegovina U21 |  |  |
| 2006 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Peter Hackett (frontiersman)

abstract: Peter Hackett was an American frontiersman.

text:
# Peter Hackett (frontiersman)

**Peter Hackett** (c.1763 – 1828) was an American frontiersman.

## Biography

born in approximately 1763 in the English colony of Virginia. It is believed that Peter was the son of Thomas Hackett, likely of Montgomery County, Virginia. As a boy Peter was bonded out to Captain James Estill, in approximately 1771, and was a part of the broad Scotch-Irish migration along the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap from Virginia into what later became known as Kentucky in the late 18th century. In 1779 he was a resident of Boonesborough, one of the first English-speaking settlements beyond the Appalachian Mountains, and lived there until 1780. In 1780 Hackett helped establish Estill's Station, Kentucky, and lived there until about 1788. Peter died in about 1828 in Scott County, Kentucky.

## Estill's Station and the Battle of Little Mountain

West of the Appalachian Mountains the American Revolutionary War was an "Indian War." Most American Indians supported the British, who supplied their native allies with muskets and gunpowder and advised raids against civilian settlements. Fort Estill, founded near Boonesborough in 1779 and inhabited by James Hestill, Peter Hackett, and others, was attacked by Wyandot Indians in March 1782. Colonel Benjamin Logan, commanding officer of the region, and stationed at Logan's Station, learned that the Wyandot warriors were in the area on warpath. The Indians, aided by the British in Detroit, had raided from Boonesborough past Estill's Station along the Kentucky River. Logan dispatched 15 men to Captain Estill at Estill's Station with orders to increase his force by 25 more men and reconnoiter the country to the north and east. Following orders, Captain Estill reached the Kentucky River a few miles below the mouth of Station Camp Creek and camped that night at Sweet Lick, now known as Estill Springs. On the day after they left Estill's Station, a body of Indians appeared there at dawn on 20 March, they raided the fort, scalped and killed a Miss Innes in sight of the fortification and took Monk, a slave of Captain Estill, and killed all the cattle.

As soon as the Indians retreated, Samuel South and Peter Hackett, both young men, were dispatched to take the trail of the men and inform them of the news. The boys found them near the mouth of Drowning Creek and Red River early on the morning of March 21. Of the 40 men, approximately 20 had left families within the fort. They returned with the boys to Estill's Station. The remainder crossed the Kentucky river and found the Indian trail. Captain Estill organized a company of 25 men, followed the Indians, and suffered what is known as Estill's Defeat, later known as the Battle of Little Mountain (March 22, 1782) in Montgomery Co. Captain Estill and nine of his men were killed. Peter Hackett, then about 18, was wounded. Both Indians and Whites withdrew, the Indians suffering greater losses. Peter Hackett is believed to have been holding Estill's horse when Estill was mortally wounded. It is said that James was overpowered and killed with a butcher's knife by an Indian chief. James' weakened arm contributed to his inability to defend himself.

## Frontiersman

Hackett was a hunter for James Estill. Later Hackett worked as a surveyor for Madison County, Kentucky. Hackett's descendants, including John Hackett (a contemporary of Abraham Lincoln), continued moving west, first to Sangamon County, Illinois, in about 1829, and then to Coles County, Illinois, by about 1841. Lincoln's father also settled his family in Coles County in about 1832, though Lincoln soon struck out on his own. A family legend states that Lincoln stayed at the Hackett farm during the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858, a claim that is unlikely to be far-fetched given their common origins and political leanings. Peter Hackett's grandson, O. C. Hackett, was the founding Supervisor of Tuscola, Illinois, and was an early participant in the California gold rush.


title: Peter Hardy (actor)

abstract: Peter Hardy was an Australian actor, theatre performer, and musician.

text:
# Peter Hardy (actor)

**Peter Hardy** (11 January 1957 – 16 March 2023) was an Australian actor, theatre performer, and musician.

## Early life and career

Hardy was born in Perth, Western Australia on 11 January 1957. He began his music career in 1969 playing the French horn in the CCGS Orchestra. Hardy began his career on stage on the show "Revue - The Other Opening". Later, he played and sang in "An Officer And A Gentleman" in the Lyric Theatre in Sydney under the direction of Simon Phillips.

Hardy began his film career in 1986 with *The Pursuit of Happiness*, after which he played in a number of films, TV movies, TV series and shorts. In 1996, Hardy appeared in the Network 10 series *Sweat*. Between 2006 and 2009 he appeared in 44 episodes of *McLeod's Daughters* as Phil Rakich. In 2012, Hardy appeared in a television film, *Dangerous Remedy*, as Robbie McGregor.

## Death

Hardy died while snorkelling at South Beach in Fremantle, Western Australia, on 16 March 2023. He was 66.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1986 | *The Pursuit of Happiness* | John | Feature film |
| 1988 | *Daisy and Simon* (aka *Where the Outback Ends*) | Rowdy | Feature film |
| 1990 | *Jackaroo* | Ram Gallagher | TV movie |
| 1990 | *Elvis Killed My Brother* | Leon | Short film |
| 1993 | *The Feds: Terror* | Rory Hay | TV movie |
| 1993 | *Desperate Journey: The Allison Wilcox Story* | Chief Walpole | TV movie |
| 1994 | *Baby Bath Massacre* | Adrian's father | TV movie |
| 1997 | *The Last of the Ryans* | Woggsie | TV movie |
| 1997 | *Fable* | Mack | TV movie |
| 1997 | *The Ripper* | Patrician | Feature film |
| 1999 | *Dead End* | Det. Insp. Wolcott | Feature film |
| 2000 | *Chopper* | Detective Cooney | Feature film |
| 2001 | *Chasing Rabbits* | Nick | Short film |
| 2008 | *Cane Cutter* | Mr. Richmond (voice) | Short film |
| 2012 | *Dangerous Remedy* | Robbie McGregor | TV movie |
| 2016 | *Hard Target 2* | Jacob Zimling | Direct to video |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1986 | *Prisoner* | Dave Wilson | TV series, episode: #1.625 |
| 1992 | *Phoenix* | Rocky Wilson | TV series, episode: "Snow Job" |
| 1993 | *Stark* | Lifesaver | TV series, episode: #1.1 |
| 1993 | *Snowy* | Pokey | TV series |
| 1993-1994 | *Time Trax* | Dr. Keneally | TV series, episodes: "Little Boy Lost" & "Perfect Pair" |
| 1994 | *A Country Practice* | Steve Atkinson | TV series, episode: "The Grass Is Greener" |
| 1994 | *Janus* | Gavin Lindsay | TV series, episode: "Judgement Amongst Short Men" |
| 1994-2005 | *Blue Heelers* | Rob Cole / Colin Fraser / Hayden Benett / Mike Knights | TV series, 4 episodes: "Why Give People Rights? They Only Abuse Them", "A Question of Loyalties“, "Reality Bytes" & "Child's Play" |
| 1995 | *The Man from Snowy River* | Seb Holgate | TV series, episode: "Montana Territory". Also known in United States as "Snowy River: The McGregor Saga" |
| 1995 | *Naked* | Dennis "The Gorilla that took Manila" Gibson | TV series |
| 1995 | *Halifax f.p.* | Police Officer Tony Roman | TV series, episodes: "Hard Corps" & "Cradle and All" |
| 1996 | *The Bite* | Pete | TV series |
| 1996 | *Naked: Stories of Men* | Gibbo | TV series, episode: "Coral Island" |
| 1996 | *Sweat* | Sid O'Reilly | TV series, episodes: #1.1 - #1.26 |
| 1997 | *Good Guys, Bad Guys* | Kirby | TV series, episode: "Return of the Phantom" |
| 1997 | *State Coroner* | Gary Turrell | TV series, episode: "Shortcut to Death" |
| 1997 | *Neighbours* | Jimmy Drane / Jimmy Draine | TV series, episodes: #1.2950, #1.2951 and #1.2976 |
| 1998 | *Wildside* | Ewan Mancini | TV series, episode #1.34 |
| 1999 | *Stingers* | Det. Insp. Ron Leighton | TV series, episodes: "Lone Hand", "Proving Ground", "Cast Off", "Dead Man's Throw" & "Swarm" |
| 2000 | *Eugénie Sandler P.I.* | Stokesy | TV series, episode #1.5 |
| 2006-2009 | *McLeod's Daughters* | Phil Rakich | TV series, episodes: 143, 157, 159, 163, 166, 169, 180–184, 186–189, 191–199, 202–211, 213–220, 222 (also song performer), 224 |
| 2008 | *The Strip* | Colin Tully | TV series, episode #1.10 |
| 2009 | *East West 101* | Barry Hill | TV series, episode "Ice in the Veins" |
| 2011 | *Rush* | Doug Rainey | TV series, episodes: #4.6 - #4.9 |

## InfoBox

| Peter Hardy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1957-01-11)11 January 1957
Perth, Western Australia, Australia |
| Died | 16 March 2023(2023-03-16) (aged 66)
Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, theatre performer, musician |
| Years active | 1969–2023 |


title: Peter Hogarth Doyle

abstract: Rear Admiral Peter Hogarth Doyle, was a senior commander of the Royal Australian Navy, who served as Deputy Chief of Naval Staff from 1981 to 1982. Doyle served in the Second World War, the Korean War and the Vietnam War in various roles before retiring in 1982. He was mentioned in despatches in the Korean and Vietnam Wars.

text:
# Peter Hogarth Doyle

Rear Admiral **Peter Hogarth Doyle**, AO, OBE (27 September 1925 – 2 May 2007) was a senior commander of the Royal Australian Navy, who served as Deputy Chief of Naval Staff from 1981 to 1982. Doyle served in the Second World War, the Korean War and the Vietnam War in various roles before retiring in 1982. He was mentioned in despatches in the Korean and Vietnam Wars.

## InfoBox

| Peter Doyle | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | "Daphne" |
| Born | (1925-09-27)27 September 1925
Lithgow, New South Wales |
| Died | 2 May 2007(2007-05-02) (aged 81)
Melbourne, Victoria |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Service/branch | Royal Australian Navy |
| Years of service | 1939–1982 |
| Rank | Rear Admiral |
| Commands | Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (1981–82)
HM Australian Fleet (1980–81)
HMAS *Melbourne* (1976–77)
Junior Recruit Training Establishment (1972–75)
HMAS *Perth* (1966–68)
HMAS *Quickmatch* (1961–62) |
| Battles/wars | Second World War
Korean War
Vietnam War |
| Awards | Officer of the Order of Australia
Officer of the Order of the British Empire
Mentioned in despatches (2) |


title: Peter Knight (murderer)

abstract: Peter James Knight is an Australian criminal who murdered a security guard in a Melbourne abortion clinic. Following his arrest and criminal trial, Knight is serving a life sentence with a minimum non-parole period of 23 years. As of 2022, the incident remains the only killing by an anti-abortion activist in Australia.

text:
# Peter Knight (murderer)

**Peter James Knight** (born 1 January 1954) is an Australian criminal who murdered a security guard in a Melbourne abortion clinic. Following his arrest and criminal trial, Knight is serving a life sentence with a minimum non-parole period of 23 years. As of 2022, the incident remains the only killing by an anti-abortion activist in Australia.

## Early years and background

Knight was one of six children born into a Roman Catholic family in Bathurst, New South Wales.

Later, he led a hermit's life in the years leading up to the incident in a bush camp in the Killanbutta State Forest near Molong, "off the grid" without a telephone or electricity. He did, however, frequently attend anti-abortion rallies in Sydney and Melbourne. Knight was also opposed to smoking, smokers, tobacco companies, and the taking of oaths.

## Murder

On 16 July 2001, Knight walked into the East Melbourne Fertility Clinic, a private abortion provider, carrying a rifle and other weapons, including 16 litres (3.5 imp gal; 4.2 US gal) of kerosene, three lighters, torches, 30 gags, and a handwritten note that read "We regret to advise that as a result of a fatal accident involving some members of staff, we have been forced to cancel all appointments today". He developed homemade mouth gags and door jambs to restrain all patients and staff inside a clinic while he doused them with the kerosene. Knight later stated that that he intended to massacre the 15 staff and 26 patients at the clinic and attack all Melbourne abortion clinics.

Once inside, he shot 44-year-old Stephen Gordon Rogers, a security guard, in the chest, killing him while clients and staff soon overpowered him.

For many weeks after his arrest, Knight refused to answer questions or cooperate with police investigations. Due to his isolated life, Victorian Police were unable to confirm his identity until three months after his arrest, even though his photographs were published in major newspapers. According to psychiatrist Don Sendipathy, Knight interpreted the Bible in his own unique way and believed in his own brand of Christianity.

After choosing to not obtain legal representation, Knight was found guilty by a jury and, on 19 November 2002, he was sentenced to life in prison, with a minimum non-parole period of 23 years. Knight will be aged in his 70s before being eligible for parole. On 14 May 2003, Knight lodged an appeal against his conviction; however his appeal was dismissed as it was not lodged within fourteen days of his sentence, as required under the law. He is currently serving time in HM Prison Barwon, near Geelong.

## InfoBox

| Peter James Knight | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1954-01-01) 1 January 1954
Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia |
| Criminal status | Incarcerated |
|  | |
| Motive | Anti-abortion extremism |
| Conviction(s) | Murder |
| Criminal penalty | Life imprisonment;
with a minimum non-parole period of 23 years |
|  | |


title: Peter McKay (Australian politician)

abstract: Peter Charles McKay was a member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council from 1976 until 1999. McKay was first elected as an independent member in the Electoral division of Pembroke after his father, Ben McKay died in office. In the ensuing 1976 Pembroke by-election he secured a majority of votes. He became a member of the Liberal Party in 1991, thus becoming only the second Liberal to hold a seat on the Legislative Council. McKay only faced one election as a Liberal member, in 1995, which he won on preferences. McKay served as Minister for Health during the Rundle government.

text:
# Peter McKay (Australian politician)

**Peter Charles McKay** was a member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council from 1976 until 1999.

McKay was first elected as an independent member in the Electoral division of Pembroke after his father, Ben McKay died in office. In the ensuing 1976 Pembroke by-election he secured a majority of votes.

He became a member of the Liberal Party in 1991, thus becoming only the second Liberal to hold a seat on the Legislative Council. McKay only faced one election as a Liberal member, in 1995, which he won on preferences.

McKay served as Minister for Health during the Rundle government.

* "McKay, Peter". *Members of the Parliament of Tasmania*. Retrieved 24 July 2022.


title: Peter McKeefry

abstract: Peter Thomas Bertram McKeefry was the third archbishop of Wellington (1954–73) and metropolitan of New Zealand and its first cardinal.

text:
# Peter McKeefry

| Styles of
**Peter McKeefry** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | His Eminence |
| Spoken style | Your Eminence |
| Informal style | Cardinal |
| See | Wellington |

**Peter Thomas Bertram McKeefry** (3 July 1899 – 18 November 1973) was the third archbishop of Wellington (1954–73) and metropolitan of New Zealand and its first cardinal.

## Early life and education

McKeefry was born in Greymouth, the fifth of seven children of Michael McKeefry, a police constable, and Mary (née McAlary). Both his parents were from County Londonderry, Ireland. After living briefly in Christchurch, the family moved to Dunedin, where McKeefry was educated at the Christian Brothers' Boys' School. He began training for the priesthood in 1916 at Holy Cross College, Mosgiel. In 1922 he was sent to study for four years at the Collegium Urbanum de Propaganda Fide, Rome. He was ordained a priest on 3 April 1926 at the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano.

## *The Month* and *Zealandia*

McKeefry initially served as a curate at the cathedral in Auckland. He also became secretary to Bishop Henry Cleary, whom he assisted with the diocesan newspaper the *Month*. After Cleary's death in 1929 his successor, Bishop James Liston, appointed McKeefry as his own secretary and as editor of the *Month*.

Under McKeefry's editorship the *Month* became in May 1934 the fortnightly *Zealandia*, which started weekly publication from June 1937. McKeefry played an important role in organising the 1938 celebrations to mark the centenary of Bishop Pompallier's arrival in New Zealand.

Editorially, McKeefry concentrated on the need to apply Catholic ideals to contemporary society. While avoiding party politics, he criticised the response of the coalition government (1931-1935) of George Forbes to unemployment and exhorted readers to vote for candidates most likely to act in accordance with "Christian charity, justice and order".

## Wellington

On 12 June 1947 McKeefry was appointed titular bishop of Dercos and coadjutor archbishop of Wellington. He was consecrated in St Patrick's Cathedral, Auckland, on 19 October 1947 by Cardinal Norman Gilroy, Archbishop of Sydney, whom McKeefry had known as a fellow student in Rome. Within a short time Archbishop O'Shea, no longer capable of managing the affairs of the archdiocese, effectively turned its management over to McKeefry. When O'Shea died on 9 May 1954 McKeefry was named the fourth bishop and third Archbishop of Wellington. (The first bishop, Philippe Viard, was not named archbishop of the diocese.) McKeefry was the first New Zealand-born and the first bishop from the diocesan clergy to take charge of the archdiocese, his three predecessors having belonged to the Marists.

By the time McKeefry arrived in Wellington the archdiocese's development had long been delayed by the depression and the Second World War. Seeking to reduce reliance on the Marists, he benefited from many local vocations and recruited priests and religious from Ireland and elsewhere. Thirty-nine new parishes – most with associated primary schools – were established in the archdiocese between 1947 and 1969. He invited the Cistercians to the Archdiocese and assisted them to establish Southern Star Abbey in Hawkes Bay.

## Vatican II

In 1960 McKeefry had been appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission, which supervised the drafting of documents for the forthcoming Second Vatican Council (1962–65). During the council's first session, in 1962, these very traditional statements were severely criticized. McKeefry had no sympathy for proposals to introduce vernacular languages into the liturgy. He did not attend the council's second session the following year, although he returned to Rome for the 1964 and 1965 sessions, which he found rather tedious.

In 1962 Owen Snedden, who had assisted and then succeeded McKeefry as editor of Zealandia, was appointed auxiliary bishop of Wellington. He was largely responsible for liturgical matters including the editing of translations of liturgical books into English, in which undertaking he was helped by the Abbot and monks of Southern Star Abbey, Kopua. But, in liturgical matters and in other respects, Snedden was given little independence by McKeefry. Following the Council McKeefry established a hierarchy of parish and district councils culminating in the Diocesan Pastoral Council.

## Cardinal

On 28 April 1969 McKeefry was proclaimed by Pope Paul VI a Cardinal-Priest of *Immacolata al Tiburtino*. He was the first New Zealand cardinal, a recognition by the Vatican of the maturity of the church in New Zealand and of its role in the South Pacific, as well as reflecting Paul VI's policy of making the College of Cardinals more international. It was clearly also a personal tribute to McKeefry who was well known and respected in the Vatican. As a cardinal, McKeefry was appointed to two international commissions based in Rome: the Sacred Congregation for the Clergy and the Sacred Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples (also called the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith).

At 6'4" McKeefry was tall and slim. From his arrival in Wellington, carrying all his possessions in a few small suitcases, he lived at the Thorndon presbytery occupying only two modest rooms as his office and bedroom. Observing the frayed cuff of the cardinal-elect's suit during a 1969 interview, a journalist reflected that it may have been the same one seen in similar condition by a colleague 22 years earlier.

Although a scholar rather than a sportsman, he could talk knowledgeably about horse-racing, rugby, rowing, boxing and wrestling. He was also capable of forceful action when required: walking home late one night in Auckland, he buttoned his overcoat over his clerical collar and intervened decisively in an altercation between a lone policeman and three assailants in an unlit alley.

McKeefry's lifelong interest in New Zealand history, and particularly the beginnings of the church in New Zealand, was reflected in his work arranging the Auckland diocesan archives and in editing *Fishers of Men* (1938), a selection of translations from the writings of Bishop Pompallier and his fellow missionaries. McKeefry's writing as a journalist was informed by listening to late-night news broadcasts on shortwave radio. As a bishop he retained the habit of reading, working, or conversing late into the night – sometimes to the consternation of friends, who could match neither his limited need for sleep nor his exceptionally retentive memory.

## Death

On 18 November 1973, while making arrangements by telephone at the presbytery for the accommodation of a convalescent priest whom he had just visited, McKeefry died suddenly, a cigarette smouldering between his fingers. He was buried in Karori cemetery after a funeral attended by numerous civic and ecclesiastical dignitaries and amidst copious tributes from within and beyond his own church. He was succeeded by Reginald Delargey.

## Sources

* van der Krogt, Christopher. "McKeefry, Peter Thomas Bertram 1899 – 1973". *Dictionary of New Zealand Biography*. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
* *Peter Thomas* Cardinal *McKeefry*, Catholic Hierarchy (Retrieved 12 February 2011)

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Peter McKeefry | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Wellington | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Appointed | 9 May 1954 |
| Term ended | 18 November 1973 |
| Predecessor | Thomas O'Shea |
| Successor | Reginald John Delargey |
| Other post(s) | Cardinal-Priest of Immacolata al Tiburtino (1969-73) |
| Previous post(s) |  |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 3 April 1926
by Basilio Pompili |
| Consecration | 19 October 1947
by Norman Thomas Gilroy |
| Created cardinal | 28 April 1969
by Pope Paul VI |
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Peter Thomas McKeefry
(1899-07-03)3 July 1899
Greymouth, New Zealand |
| Died | 18 November 1973(1973-11-18) (aged 74)
Wellington, New Zealand |
| Education |  |
| Alma mater | Pontifical Urbaniana University |
| Motto | *Pastor bonus esto* |


title: Peter Rodman

abstract: Peter Warren Rodman was an American attorney, government official, author, and national security adviser.

text:
# Peter Rodman

**Peter Warren Rodman** (November 24, 1943 – August 2, 2008) was an American attorney, government official, author, and national security adviser.

## Early life and education

Born in Boston, he was educated at The Roxbury Latin School. He earned an A.B from Harvard College, a B.A. and M.A. from Worcester College, Oxford, and a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School.

## Career

Rodman began his career in government as a staff member on the National Security Council, working from 1969 to 1977 and serving as an assistant to Henry Kissinger. From 1977 to 1983, he was a Fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. From 1984 to 1986, Rodman served as Director of Policy Planning under Ronald Reagan. He served as Reagan's Deputy National Security Advisor from 1986 to 1987. From 1987 to 1990, he served as Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and National Security Council Counselor.

He was one of the signers of the January 26, 1998 Project for the New American Century sent to the U.S. President Bill Clinton. He worked extensively with Henry Kissinger, helping him write his memoirs. He was a member of the board of trustees of Freedom House, Vice President and member of the board of directors of the World Affairs Council and a Fellow of the Foreign Policy Institute of SAIS.

From 1991 to 1999, Rodman was a senior editor at *National Review,* a conservative magazine. He also served as the Director of National Security Programs at the Center for the National Interest, a conservative think-tank founded by Richard Nixon.

Rodman returned to government service as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs in the George W. Bush administration.

In March 2007, he left his position as United States Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs to become a Senior Fellow at Brookings Institution. He was the author of *More Precious Than Peace*, a book on the Cold War in the Third World in which he praises the Reagan administration for warding off communism in Afghanistan, Angola, and Cambodia.

## Personal life

Rodman and his wife, Veronique, had two children. Veronique was named a member of the Broadcasting Board of Governors by George W. Bush, serving from 2003 to 2004. Rodman died in Baltimore, Maryland, on August 2, 2008, from leukemia. He was 64.

## Bibliography

* *Development administration: Obstacles, theories and implications for planning (IIEP occasional papers)* (1968)
* *More Precious Than Peace: Fighting and Winning the Cold War in the Third World* (1994) ISBN 0-684-19427-9
* *Nato's role in a new European security order (The future of NATO GPIS working paper)* (1995)
* *Arms Control and the U.S.-Russian Relationship* (1996)
* *America adrift: A strategic assessment* (1996)
* *Broken triangle: China, Russia, and America after 25 years* (1997)
* *Between friendship and rivalry: China and America in the 21st century* (1998)
* editor of *NATO at FIFTY: Perspectives on the Future of the Transatlantic Alliance* (1999) ISBN 0-9670233-0-0
* *Drifting apart?: Trends in U.S.-European relations* (1999)
* *Uneasy giant: The challenges to American predominance* (2000)
* *Presidential Command: Power, Leadership, and the Making of Foreign Policy from Richard Nixon to George W. Bush* (2009)

## InfoBox

| Peter Rodman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs | |
| **In office**
July 16, 2001  March 2, 2007 | |
| President | George W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Franklin D. Kramer |
| Succeeded by | Mary Beth Long |
| 15th United States Deputy National Security Advisor | |
| **In office**
March 1986  December 1986 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Donald Fortier |
| Succeeded by | Colin Powell |
| 14th Director of Policy Planning | |
| **In office**
April 9, 1984  March 3, 1986 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Stephen W. Bosworth |
| Succeeded by | Richard H. Solomon |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Peter Warren Rodman
November 24, 1943
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | August 2, 2008 (aged 64)
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Harvard University (AB, JD)
Worcester College, Oxford (BA, MA) |
|  | |


title: Peter Rodgers Melnick

abstract: Peter Rodgers Melnick is an American author and composer for film, television and musical theatre.

text:
# Peter Rodgers Melnick

**Peter Rodgers Melnick** (born July 24, 1958) is an American author and composer for film, television and musical theatre.

## Career

Some of Melnick’s earlier film score credits include *L.A. Story*, *The Only Thrill*, *Convicts*, and *Farce of the Penguins*. His television credits include the PBS's, *Cinema's Exiles: From Hitler to Hollywood*, *Indictment: The McMartin Trial*, *Grand Avenue*, and *Lily Dale* by Horton Foote.

His first produced musical was *Adrift in Macao*, featuring script and lyrics by Christopher Durang. Melnick then collaborated with Bill Russell on *The Last Smoker in America*, a musical comedy about a dysfunctional family struggling with a new law forbidding smoking. It opened in Columbus, Ohio in late 2010.

Melnick and Russell have also worked together on two musical one-acts, *Patter for the Floating Lady*, based on the eponymous Steve Martin, and *A Bad Spell*, adapted from a Virginia Moriconi short story *Simple Arithmetic*.

## Personal life

Melnick is the son of Daniel Melnick and Linda Rodgers, and grandson of Richard Rodgers and grew up in New York City. He graduated from The Choate School (which later merged with Rosemary Hall to become Choate Rosemary Hall) and attended Harvard College, Berklee College of Music, and the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. He also studied jazz with the Jaki Byard.

Melnick lives in Montecito, California, with wife, Talia Van-Son.

## Works

### Musical theatre scores

### Film scores

### Television scores


title: Petra Stadium

abstract: Petra Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Amman, Jordan. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 6,000 spectators.

text:
# Petra Stadium

**Petra Stadium** is a multi-use stadium in Amman, Jordan. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 6,000 spectators.

31°58′54″N 35°54′14″E / 31.98167°N 35.90389°E / 31.98167; 35.90389

## InfoBox

Petra Stadium
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Full name | Petra Stadium |
| Location | Amman, Jordan |
| Capacity | 6,000 |
| Tenants | |
| Jordan women's national football team
Jordan U-20
Al-Ahli (Amman)
Al-Jazeera (Amman) | |


title: Peter Westgarth

abstract: Peter Allen Westgarth was the chief executive, The Duke of Edinburgh's Award (DofE) and former chief executive of Young Enterprise UK, Oxford. In 2006, he was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise Promotion. Westgarth joined The Duke of Edinburgh's Award in 2005 and oversaw a complete rebrand, leaving in 2019. He was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 2020 New Year Honours.

text:
# Peter Westgarth

**Peter Allen Westgarth** CVO was the chief executive, The Duke of Edinburgh's Award (DofE) and former chief executive of Young Enterprise UK, Oxford. In 2006, he was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise Promotion.

Westgarth joined The Duke of Edinburgh's Award in 2005 and oversaw a complete rebrand, leaving in 2019. He was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 2020 New Year Honours.


title: Petra Todd

abstract: Petra Elisabeth (Crockett) Todd is an American economist whose research interests include labor economics, development economics, microeconomics, and econometrics. She is the Edward J. and Louise W. Kahn Term Professor of Economics at the University of Pennsylvania, and is also affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania Population Studies Center, the Human Capital and Equal Opportunity Global Working Group (HCEO), the IZA Institute of Labor Economics and the National Bureau of Economic Research.

text:
# Petra Todd

**Petra Elisabeth (Crockett) Todd** is an American economist whose research interests include labor economics, development economics, microeconomics, and econometrics. She is the Edward J. and Louise W. Kahn Term Professor of Economics at the University of Pennsylvania, and is also affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania Population Studies Center, the Human Capital and Equal Opportunity Global Working Group (HCEO), the IZA Institute of Labor Economics and the National Bureau of Economic Research.

## Education and career

Petra Todd graduated from the University of Virginia in 1989 with a double major in economics and English. She did her graduate studies in economics at the University of Chicago, completing her Ph.D. in 1996. Her dissertation, *Three Essays on Empirical Methods for Evaluating the Impact of Policy Interventions in Education and Training*, was jointly supervised by James Heckman, Hidehiko Ichimura, and Derek Allen Neal.

She has been a faculty member at the University of Pennsylvania since 1996. She was promoted to Associate Professor with tenure in 2002 and to Full Professor in 2006. She held the named chair of Alfred L. Cass Term Chair Professor of Economics from 2010 to 2016, and was given the Kahn Professorship in 2017.

Todd is a fellow of the Econometric Society (2009), the Society of Labor Economists (2010), and the International Association for Applied Econometrics.

## Research

Petra Todd is an empirical economist with research contributions in the area of labor economics, economics of education, development, econometrics, criminology and demography. She is best known for her work on program evaluation methods, which develops methods for evaluating the effects of interventions in education and training using both experimental and nonexperimental data. She recently finished a book manuscript *Impact Evaluation in Developing Countries: Theory, Methods and Practice,* coauthored with Paul Glewwe, that will be published by the World Bank in 2020.

One of Petra Todd's areas of expertise is matching methods. These statistics/econometric techniques are often used to evaluate the impact of Active Labor Market programs, which are government programs that provide education, training and incentives for unemployed or out of labor force workers to gain employment. In developing country settings, the methods are often used to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-poverty programs, such as conditional cash transfer programs. In early work, Todd and coauthors (Heckman, Ichimura & Todd 1997; Heckman, Ichimura & Todd 1998) proposed new nonparametric matching estimators that are now widely used.

Petra Todd has also written seminal papers on regression discontinuity (RD) methods. RD is a quasi-experimental design where there is a variable and a cut-off value that wholly or partly determines treatment assignment. For example, children whose pre-test score falls below a threshold may be assigned to an educational intervention. One of the earliest papers on the use of RD methods in economics is Hahn, Todd & Van der Klaauw (2001), which develops new nonparametric estimators and shows that RD has an interpretation of a local average treatment effect in a heterogeneous treatment effects setting.

Other topics in her work concerns reducing structural inequality in education, particularly in developing countries, through an educational policy that aims at improving the education of the least-well-served students. In particular she has studied the effects of programs like that provide cash incentives for poor families to send their children to school. She was an expert consultant in designing the Mexican Progresa experiment (later called Oportunidades) that randomized 506 rural villages in or out of a conditional transfer program. Experimental evidence on the effectiveness of Progresa in increasing schooling and improving health was important to the adoption of similar anti-poverty programs in more than 60 countries around the world (Parker & Todd 2017). Petra Todd also played a key role in the design of the ALI experiment in Mexico that randomized 88 high schools to a student and teacher incentive program that paid for improvement on mathematics curriculum tests. The program impacts are analyzed in Behrman et al. (2015) and the data are used to study the determinants of educational performance in Todd and Wolpin (2018).

Todd also has research on testing for racial profiling in the context of motor vehicle searches. Knowles, Persico & Todd (2001) observed that African-American motorists were more than three times as likely as other motorists to be stopped and searched by Maryland police, but had drugs found in the search with the same likelihood as other motorists. Todd and her coauthors argued from this data that African-Americans had a higher propensity than others to carry drugs, that the greater number of stops were causing them to carry drugs less often, and that the equal rate of drugs found (rather than an even lower rate for African-Americans than others) was evidence that the police were not being racist in their more frequent stops.

Petra Todd has written chapters in the *Handbook of Econometrics* (with Hidehiko Ichimura), *Handbook of Development Economics*, *Handbook of Education Economics* (with James Heckman and Lance Lochner), and *Handbook of Labor Economics* (with Michael Keane and Kenneth Wolpin).

In recent research, Petra Todd uses dynamic discrete choice structural modeling methods for predicting the impacts of programs that do not yet exist, which is very useful at the stage of designing a new social program or in considering changes to an existing program. Another focus is on the empirical modeling of household behaviors, such as choices about fertility, schooling, employment and savings. Todd also some recent published papers that analyze the role of personality traits in educational and working decisions and in time allocation of husbands and wives.

## Selected publications

* Heckman, J. J.; Ichimura, H.; Todd, P. E. (October 1, 1997). "Matching As An Econometric Evaluation Estimator: Evidence from Evaluating a Job Training Programme". *The Review of Economic Studies*. **64** (4). Oxford University Press: 605–654. doi:10.2307/2971733. ISSN 0034-6527. JSTOR 2971733.
* Heckman, James J.; Ichimura, Hidehiko; Todd, Petra (1998). "Matching As An Econometric Evaluation Estimator". *Review of Economic Studies*. **65** (2). Oxford University Press: 261–294. doi:10.1111/1467-937x.00044. ISSN 0034-6527.
* Hahn, Jinyong; Todd, Petra; Van der Klaauw, Wilbert (2001). "Identification and Estimation of Treatment Effects with a Regression-Discontinuity Design". *Econometrica*. **69** (1). The Econometric Society: 201–209. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00183. ISSN 0012-9682.
* Knowles, John; Persico, Nicola; Todd, Petra (2001). "Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence" (PDF). *Journal of Political Economy*. **109** (1). University of Chicago Press: 203–229. doi:10.1086/318603. ISSN 0022-3808. S2CID 15319269.
* Behrman, Jere R.; Parker, Susan W.; Todd, Petra E.; Wolpin, Kenneth I. (2015). "Aligning Learning Incentives of Students and Teachers: Results from a Social Experiment in Mexican High Schools". *Journal of Political Economy*. **123** (2). University of Chicago Press: 325–364. doi:10.1086/675910. hdl:1911/94787. ISSN 0022-3808. S2CID 333447.
* Parker, Susan W.; Todd, Petra E. (2017). "Conditional Cash Transfers: The Case of *Progresa/Oportunidades*". *Journal of Economic Literature*. **55** (3). American Economic Association: 866–915. doi:10.1257/jel.20151233. ISSN 0022-0515.

## InfoBox

| Petra Elisabeth Todd | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Institution | University of Pennsylvania |
| Alma mater | University of Virginia
University of Chicago |
| Academic
advisors | James Heckman
Hidehiko Ichimura
Derek Allen Neal |
| Information at IDEAS / RePEc | |
|  | |


title: Petrus Haedus

abstract: Not much is known about Haedus (1427–1504), also known as Pietro Cavretto. He was a priest from the Pordenone in Friuli, and part of the circle around Gerardo di Lisa, Cimbriacus, and Iacopo Gordino. He wrote a book entitled Anterotica, sive de Amoris Generibus, which was composed for the benefit of the author's nephew, a student at Padua university. It is written in the form of a dialogue between Haedus, the poet Aemilianus Cimbriacus, who takes the position in praise of love, and the priest Antonino Filermo, who exposes all the evils and problems caused by love and passion. Haedeus sides with Filermo, and gives advice on love and sexuality. He covers passion, sexual attraction, marital relations, conduct and behaviour. He also discusses of more practical concerns such as jewellery and hairstyles. The work is prefixed by an introductory poem by Aemilianus Cimbriacus. Haedus's early work Amores, written under the influence of being rejected by his beloved, can be seen as an earlier treatment of the same subject. It was clearly popular, with later editions following in 1503 and 1607.

text:
# Petrus Haedus

Not much is known about **Haedus** (1427–1504), also known as Pietro Cavretto. He was a priest from the Pordenone in Friuli, and part of the circle around Gerardo di Lisa, Cimbriacus, and Iacopo Gordino.

He wrote a book entitled *Anterotica, sive de Amoris Generibus*, which was composed for the benefit of the author's nephew, a student at Padua university. It is written in the form of a dialogue between Haedus, the poet Aemilianus Cimbriacus, who takes the position in praise of love, and the priest Antonino Filermo, who exposes all the evils and problems caused by love and passion. Haedeus sides with Filermo, and gives advice on love and sexuality. He covers passion, sexual attraction, marital relations, conduct and behaviour. He also discusses of more practical concerns such as jewellery and hairstyles. The work is prefixed by an introductory poem by Aemilianus Cimbriacus.

Haedus's early work *Amores*, written under the influence of being rejected by his beloved, can be seen as an earlier treatment of the same subject. It was clearly popular, with later editions following in 1503 and 1607.


title: Petrus Gudelinus

abstract: Petrus Gudelinus, born Pierre Goudelin was a Dutch jurist. Goudelin was born in Ath. After studies of philosophy and law in Leuven, he practiced law before the Grote Raad van Mechelen, the appeals court for the provinces of the Netherlands. He taught Roman law at the University of Leuven after his promotion in 1576, becoming professor in 1582. He died, aged 69, in Leuven. His writings were published mostly posthumously based on lecture notes. They include the Commentatorium de iure novissimo libro sex (1620), which presented the content of the Novellae together with the corresponding Dutch and French customary law, and two writings on international law, De jure feudorum commentarii (1624) and De jure pacis (1620). Gudelinus was among the first jurists who complemented the study of Roman law with that of contemporary national law, and who addressed international law as a distinct field of study.

text:
# Petrus Gudelinus

**Petrus Gudelinus**, born **Pierre Goudelin** (8 August 1550 – 18 October 1619) was a Dutch jurist.

Goudelin was born in Ath. After studies of philosophy and law in Leuven, he practiced law before the *Grote Raad van Mechelen*, the appeals court for the provinces of the Netherlands. He taught Roman law at the University of Leuven after his promotion in 1576, becoming professor in 1582. He died, aged 69, in Leuven.

His writings were published mostly posthumously based on lecture notes. They include the *Commentatorium de iure novissimo libro sex* (1620), which presented the content of the *Novellae* together with the corresponding Dutch and French customary law, and two writings on international law, *De jure feudorum commentarii* (1624) and *De jure pacis* (1620). Gudelinus was among the first jurists who complemented the study of Roman law with that of contemporary national law, and who addressed international law as a distinct field of study.

* Ahsmann, Margreet (2001). "Gudelinus (Goudelin), Petrus". In Michael Stolleis (ed.). *Juristen: ein biographisches Lexikon; von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert* (in German) (2nd ed.). München: Beck. p. 269. ISBN 3-406-45957-9.


title: Petrus Guérin du Rocher

abstract: Petrus Guérin du Rocher was born in Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume in 1731. He was a priest of the Jesuits. He taught philosophy at Bourges in 1762, before travelling around Italy, Germany and Poland, developing theories of biblical Exegesis, which contradicted the Encyclopédistes. His work saw him become director of a house of new converts in Paris and Queen Marie Antoinettechose him as her Confessor. On the 2nd September 1792 he was one of the priests, along with his brother Robert Guérin du Rocher killed by a mob in the September Massacres. 134 years later, he and his fellow Holy September Martyrs were beatified by Pope Pius XI in October 1926

text:
# Petrus Guérin du Rocher

**Petrus Guérin du Rocher** was born in Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume in 1731. He was a priest of the Jesuits. He taught philosophy at Bourges in 1762, before travelling around Italy, Germany and Poland, developing theories of biblical Exegesis, which contradicted the Encyclopédistes. His work saw him become director of a house of new converts in Paris and Queen Marie Antoinettechose him as her Confessor.

On the 2nd September 1792 he was one of the priests, along with his brother Robert Guérin du Rocher killed by a mob in the September Massacres. 134 years later, he and his fellow Holy September Martyrs were beatified by Pope Pius XI in October 1926

## InfoBox

| Blessed
Petrus Guérin du Rocher | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1731-03-01)1 March 1731
Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume, France |
| Died | 2 September 1792(1792-09-02) (aged 61)
Carmes Prison,Paris, France |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church |
| Beatified | 17 October 1926, Saint Peter's Basilica, Kingdom of Italy by Pope Pius XI |
| Feast | September 2 |


title: Petro Maha

abstract: Petro Maha is a Ukrainian-Rusyn actor, song and playwright, television host, and one of the presenters of the Shuster LIVE political show. He is an author of lyrics for several Ukrainian singers including Pavlo Zibrov. Maha is a Merited Artist of Ukraine. Maha was born in village Solomonovo, Uzhhorod Raion in a family of railroad workers. In 1987 after graduating the Russophone high school N1 in Chop, he worked as a locomotive mechanic at the Chop rail depot. While a student in high school, Maha became a laureate of the All-Union theatric festival of propaganda (agitation) collectives. In 1989-1993 he was a student of the Faculty of performing art at the Karpenko-Karyi State Institute of Theatric Arts. After graduating, in 1993-1999 Maha was an actor of the Kobylianska Music and Drama Theater in Chernivtsi. Since 1999 he is a director of the Zibrov's Song Theater as well as an actor, playwright and director of several concerts in the Palace of Arts "Ukrayina". Maha wrote number of songs for several Russian and Ukrainian singers such as Iryna Bilyk, Larisa Dolina, Iosif Kobzon, Taisia Povaliy, and many others. He also wrote a drama play "Danube Cossack beyond the rapids" for the Beniuk-Khostikoyev Theatric Company. In 1999-2007 Maha hosted a show "Telefortuna" at the Pershyi Natsionalnyi. Since 2008 he is co-presenter of the Shuster LIVE show along with Savik Shuster.

text:
# Petro Maha

**Petro Maha** is a Ukrainian-Rusyn actor, song and playwright, television host, and one of the presenters of the Shuster LIVE political show. He is an author of lyrics for several Ukrainian singers including Pavlo Zibrov. Maha is a Merited Artist of Ukraine.

Maha was born in village Solomonovo (or Strazh), Uzhhorod Raion in a family of railroad workers. In 1987 after graduating the Russophone high school N1 in Chop (at that time city of Uzhhorod Raion), he worked as a locomotive mechanic at the Chop rail depot (Lviv Railways). While a student in high school, Maha became a laureate of the All-Union theatric festival of propaganda (agitation) collectives. In 1989-1993 he was a student of the Faculty of performing art (Professor Zymna actor shop) at the Karpenko-Karyi State Institute of Theatric Arts.

After graduating, in 1993-1999 Maha was an actor of the Kobylianska Music and Drama Theater in Chernivtsi. Since 1999 he is a director of the Zibrov's Song Theater as well as an actor, playwright and director of several concerts in the Palace of Arts "Ukrayina". Maha wrote number of songs for several Russian and Ukrainian singers such as Iryna Bilyk, Larisa Dolina, Iosif Kobzon, Taisia Povaliy, and many others. He also wrote a drama play "Danube Cossack beyond the rapids" for the Beniuk-Khostikoyev Theatric Company.

In 1999-2007 Maha hosted a show "Telefortuna" at the Pershyi Natsionalnyi (state central channel).

Since 2008 he is co-presenter of the Shuster LIVE show along with Savik Shuster.

* Profile on the LIGA.net (9 September 2010)


title: Petříkov (České Budějovice District)

abstract: Petříkov is a municipality and village in České Budějovice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. Petříkov lies approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) south-east of České Budějovice and 140 km (87 mi) south of Prague.

text:
# Petříkov (České Budějovice District)

**Petříkov** is a municipality and village in České Budějovice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

Petříkov lies approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) south-east of České Budějovice and 140 km (87 mi) south of Prague.

## Administrative parts

The village of Těšínov is an administrative part of Petříkov.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 609 |  |
| 1880 | 722 | +18.6% |
| 1890 | 885 | +22.6% |
| 1900 | 834 | −5.8% |
| 1910 | 647 | −22.4% |
| 1921 | 592 | −8.5% |
| 1930 | 556 | −6.1% |
| 1950 | 336 | −39.6% |
| 1961 | 387 | +15.2% |
| 1970 | 350 | −9.6% |
| 1980 | 302 | −13.7% |
| 1991 | 274 | −9.3% |
| 2001 | 261 | −4.7% |
| 2011 | 277 | +6.1% |
| 2021 | 278 | +0.4% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Petříkov | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Football field at the primary school | |
|  | |
| PetříkovLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 48°50′49″N 14°45′17″E / 48.84694°N 14.75472°E / 48.84694; 14.75472 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | South Bohemian |
| District | České Budějovice |
| Founded | 1790 |
| Area | |
| Total | 19.36 km2 (7.47 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 460 m (1,510 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 300 |
| Density | 15/km2 (40/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 374 01 |
| Website | www.petrikov-obec.cz |


title: Phaecasiophora

abstract: Phaecasiophora is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.

text:
# Phaecasiophora

***Phaecasiophora*** is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Phaecasiophora* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Phaecasiophora variabilis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Tribe: | Olethreutini |
| Genus: | *Phaecasiophora*<br>Grote, 1873 |
|


title: Phaiodotoxin

abstract: Phaiodotoxin (PhTx1) is a toxin from the venom of Anuroctonus phaiodactylus, also known as the Mafia scorpion. It affects voltage-gated sodium ion channels leading to an increased duration of its opening.

text:
# Phaiodotoxin

**Phaiodotoxin** (PhTx1) is a toxin from the venom of *Anuroctonus phaiodactylus*, also known as the Mafia scorpion. It affects voltage-gated sodium ion channels leading to an increased duration of its opening.

## Sources

Phaiodotoxin is a peptide isolated from the venom of *Anuroctonus phaiodactylus*, a scorpion of the Iuridae family.

## Chemistry

Phaiodotoxin is a peptide of 72 amino acids residues with a molecular weight of 7971 Dalton. The peptide has four disulfide bridges that are located between Cys13 - Cys38, Cys23 - Cys50, Cys 27 - Cys52 and Cys63 - Cys71. The venom of *Anuroctonus phaiodactylus* also contains at least two closely related toxins, which have been named Phaiodotoxin-2 (PhTx2) and Phaiodotoxin-3 (PhTx3). Phaiodotoxin belongs to the long-chain subfamily of scorpion peptides. The amino acid sequence of phaiodotoxin suggests it is more closely related to α-scorpion toxins (30–49% similarity) than to β-scorpion toxins (21–38% similarity).

## Mode of action

Phaiodotoxin acts on voltage-dependent sodium ion channels of insects. It shifts the voltage dependent activation curve to more negative values. In addition, the steady-state inactivation curve is shifted to more positive potentials. As a result, smaller depolarizations are needed for the channel to open, and the channel will need larger depolarizations to inactivate. These two effects increase the so-called window current, a measure for the non-inactivating fraction of the sodium currents, by 225%. Phaiodotoxin thus combines the actions of α-scorpion toxins (slowed inactivation) and β-scorpion toxins (enhanced activation). This dual action may be explained by the homology of Phaiodotoxin to both types of scorpion toxins.

## Toxicity

Studies in different cell lines indicate that Phaiodotoxin does not affect mammalian sodium channels. Furthermore, there are no accidents of intoxication reported after stings of the Mafia scorpion, suggesting that phaiodotoxins are insect-specific. In crickets 0.8-1.0 μg of phaiodotoxin can result in flaccidity, impairment of movements, paralysis and death.

Phaiodotoxin, a novel structural class of insect-toxin isolated from the venom of the Mexican scorpion Anuroctonus phaiodactylus” Vladez-Cruz et al. 2004 Eur.J.Biochem.


title: Phaio quadriguttata

abstract: Phaio quadriguttata is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1909. It is found in Ecuador.

text:
# Phaio quadriguttata

***Phaio quadriguttata*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1909. It is found in Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Phaio quadriguttata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Phaio* |
| Species: | ***P. quadriguttata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phaio quadriguttata***<br>Dognin, 1909 | |
|


title: Phil Morgan (footballer)

abstract: Philip Jonathan Morgan is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

text:
# Phil Morgan (footballer)

**Philip Jonathan Morgan** (born 18 December 1974) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

## Career

Morgan was born in Stoke-on-Trent and began his career with Premier League side Ipswich Town signing a Youth Training Scheme in 1990. He played one league match for Ipswich which came in a 2–0 defeat against Leicester City towards the end of the 1994–95 season with the side already relegated. He returned to his home city at the end of the campaign and joined Stoke City. He failed to break into the first team at Stoke and spent time out on loan at Chesterfield, Hednesford Town and three spells at Macclesfield Town. He went on to play for non-league sides Hednesford Town and Southport.

## Career statistics

Source:

| Club | Season | League | | | FA Cup | | League Cup | | Other | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Ipswich Town | 1994–95 | Premier League | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Stoke City | 1995–96 | First Division | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Macclesfield Town (loan) | 1995–96 | Football Conference | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| | 1996–97 | Football Conference | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| | Total | | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 18 | 0 |
| Chesterfield (loan) | 1996–97 | Second Division | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Halifax Town (loan) | 1996–97 | Football Conference | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Macclesfield Town | 1998–99 | Second Division | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Southport | 1996–97 | Football Conference | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 22 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Phil Morgan
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Philip Jonathan Morgan | | |
| Date of birth | (1974-12-18) 18 December 1974 | | |
| Place of birth | Stoke-on-Trent, England | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1990–1994 | Ipswich Town | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1994–1995 | Ipswich Town | 1 | (0) |
| 1995–1998 | Stoke City | 0 | (0) |
| 1995 | Macclesfield Town (loan) | 6 | (0) |
| 1996 | Macclesfield Town (loan) | 3 | (0) |
| 1996 | Chesterfield (loan) | 2 | (0) |
| 1996 | Macclesfield Town (loan) | 5 | (0) |
| 1997 | Halifax Town (loan) | 1 | (0) |
| 1998 | Hednesford Town (loan) | 0 | (0) |
| 1998 | Macclesfield Town | 0 | (0) |
| 1998–1999 | Hednesford Town | 48 | (0) |
| 1999–2002 | Southport | 1 | (0) |
| Total |  | **67** | **(0)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Phi Leonis

abstract: Phi Leonis is a single star in the constellation Leo. It is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 4.46. Based upon parallax measurements, the distance to Phi Leo is around 184 light years. The spectrum of this star fits a stellar classification of A7IVn, which suggests it is an A-type subgiant star that has left the main sequence and is evolving into a giant star. It is being viewed with the plane of the star's equator lying close the line of sight from the Earth, and shows a high rotation rate with a projected rotational velocity of 254 km/s. This rapid spin is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is 29% larger than the polar radius. Phi Leonis has been mentioned as a shell star—indicating that there is a circumstellar disk of gas around the star's equator—and may display a slight variability. Sporadic variation of the spectra on the time scale of minutes up to months in duration suggests that solid, cometary bodies are in orbit around the star, with objects approaching close enough for refractory materials to sublimate. Most exocomet hosts do have a circumstellar disk, which can act as an exocomet reservoir. Cold dust around Phi Leonis was not detected, and the star is not associated with a warm debris disk.

text:
# Phi Leonis

**Phi Leonis** (**φ Leo**) is a single star in the constellation Leo. It is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 4.46. Based upon parallax measurements, the distance to Phi Leo is around 184 light years.

The spectrum of this star fits a stellar classification of A7IVn, which suggests it is an A-type subgiant star that has left the main sequence and is evolving into a giant star. It is being viewed with the plane of the star's equator lying close the line of sight from the Earth, and shows a high rotation rate with a projected rotational velocity of 254 km/s. This rapid spin is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is 29% larger than the polar radius.

Phi Leonis has been mentioned as a shell star—indicating that there is a circumstellar disk of gas around the star's equator—and may display a slight variability. Sporadic variation of the spectra on the time scale of minutes up to months in duration suggests that solid, cometary bodies are in orbit around the star, with objects approaching close enough for refractory materials to sublimate. Most exocomet hosts do have a circumstellar disk, which can act as an exocomet reservoir. Cold dust around Phi Leonis was not detected, and the star is not associated with a warm debris disk.

## InfoBox

φ Leonis
| Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS) | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Leo |
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| Right ascension | 11h 16m 39.69960s |
| Declination | −03° 39 05.7770 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 4.46 |
| Characteristics | |
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| Spectral type | A7 IVn |
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| U−B color index | +0.10 |
| B−V color index | +0.22 |
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| Astrometry | |
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| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | −3.0 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −110.37 mas/yr
Dec.: −37.16 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 17.71 ± 0.25 mas |
| **Distance** | 184 ± 3 ly
(56.5 ± 0.8 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | 0.56 |
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| Details | |
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| **Mass** | 1.59 |
| **Radius** | 2.9 |
| **Luminosity** | 39 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 3.56 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 7,680±261 |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 254 km/s |
| **Age** | 432 Myr |
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| Other designations | |
| φ Leo, 74 Leo, BD−02°3315, FK5 1292, HD 98058, HIP 55084, HR 4368, SAO 138102 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |