title: Five Blues Lake National Park

abstract: Five Blues Lake National Park is a 10-acre parcel of tropical forest in Belize, which is enclosed by over 4,000 acres of limestone hills. The lake obtained its name from the different shades of blue it reflects from the different water depths and the reflection of sunlight through the trees that frame the lake. The lake is maintained by an Association of Friends living in the Village of St. Margret's, a few minutes from the lakeside. Beside the lake is a shoreline of sunken limestone at the edge of the lake which leads to Orchid Island, where an abundance of wild orchids grows. In 2007, a drought was thought to have condemned the lake; studies were conducted to determine the cause.

text:
# Five Blues Lake National Park

**Five Blues Lake National Park** is a 10-acre parcel of tropical forest in Belize, which is enclosed by over 4,000 acres of limestone hills. The lake obtained its name from the different shades of blue it reflects from the different water depths and the reflection of sunlight through the trees that frame the lake. The lake is maintained by an Association of Friends living in the Village of St. Margret's, a few minutes from the lakeside. Beside the lake is a shoreline of sunken limestone at the edge of the lake which leads to Orchid Island, where an abundance of wild orchids grows. In 2007, a drought was thought to have condemned the lake; studies were conducted to determine the cause.

## History

Five Blues Lake was established as a national park in April 1991. Since the boundaries were not clearly defined, it was enlarged in April 1994, to approximately 1640 hectares, (4,000 acres). Prior to the declaration the area was mainly exploited by people for fishing, hunting, and farming. Thereafter, the site was managed by a local Non-governmental Organization (NGO), called the Association of Friends of Five Blues Lake. The lake is believed to have formed because of a blockage of an underground waterway, which is a normal feature in karstic landscape. Various small streams also contributed to the creation of the lake.

## Fauna

167 species of birds and over 20 species of bats have been identified in the park. The five wild cats of Belize (jaguar, jaguarundi, margay, mountain lion and ocelot) are said to reside within the park, which is also home to howler monkeys, tapirs, pacas (gibnut), peccaries and armadillos. Studies have not been done on the aquatic life that exists in the lake; however, two species of fish have been found, bay snook and tuba.

Five Blues lake is surrounded by deciduous forest and lime-living vegetation. Selective logging, chicle and rubber tapping, fruit gathering and other extractive uses, ancient Mayan silvicultural practices, and clearing for various types of agriculture have had considerable effects on the forest over time, but today the park is sustainably managed by the local community.

## Physical features and climate

The lake is found in a karstic area with alluvial spots. The park also contains caves, sinkholes and exposed rock faces. The parcel contains calcareous soil, mainly shallow and stony, some drained clay areas, and riverine alluvium in the valleys, but most soil is limestone in origin. Steep hills surround the 7.4 acres (3.0 hectares) lake with seasonal swamp. The lake appears to be fed by small underground creeks. It has a small island with an abundance of orchids. Five Blues hydrological structure is similar to that of Blue Hole National Park. The lake collects approximately 104 inches (260 cm) of rainfall annually. Its elevation is between 50 and 1,180 feet (15 and 360 m) above sea level. The park has water which flows over, under and through it which feeds into the Sibun River.

## Drainage of lake

Unfortunately in 2006, the lake experienced a drought. Survey conducted determined that heavy rainfall in June and July 2006 led to flooding, which removed sediment fill or organic material in the caves. The average monthly rainfall at Hummingbird Villages totaled 432 millimetres (17.0 in) in June and 672 millimetres (26.5 in) in July 2006. The rapid drainage of the lake still remains uncertain. It is believed that it may have resulted from failure of a plug in the lake bed cenote that eased near-vertical discharge into underlying cave channels. Although prior reports of rapid drainage of cenote did not exist, heavy rainfall may have increased pressure in the lake, but there is no evidence of a lake-bottom plug either prior to drainage or as a result of sediment erosion before refilling, and the reported depth of the cenote, which puts it well below sea level, suggests that vertical drainage is unlikely. Another cause could be that of an unblocking incident downstream, which led the water to drain out. This explanation is said to be more probable. Meerman  reported that local residents had previously noted sudden fluctuations in the lake and that turbidity appeared to have become less seasonally predictable, perhaps presaging later developments. Furthermore, local residents reported that after the drainage of the lake there was a new, smaller lake in another part of the park which could point to an underground connection.

## Local population

St. Margaret's (Santa Martha) Village is located on Hummingbird Highway and Lagoon Road at Mile 32. The name St. Margaret's is now used to refer specifically to an area of government sub-divided land near Mile 32 that was set up about 5 years ago to accommodate a flood of Spanish-speaking immigrants. The village has mostly unsurveyed land, referred to as the older area of settlement. The village is said to be the refuge of many immigrants in the early 1980s. In 1980, the village had a population of 60 residents, in 1991 it increased to 415 and later to 600-700 people.

17°08′06″N 88°34′48″W / 17.135°N 88.580°W / 17.135; -88.580


title: Fish curve

abstract: A fish curve is an ellipse negative pedal curve that is shaped like a fish. In a fish curve, the pedal point is at the focus for the special case of the squared eccentricity e 2 = 1 2. The parametric equations for a fish curve correspond to those of the associated ellipse.

text:
# Fish curve

A **fish curve** is an ellipse negative pedal curve that is shaped like a fish. In a fish curve, the pedal point is at the focus for the special case of the squared eccentricity $e^{2}={\tfrac {1}{2}}$. The parametric equations for a fish curve correspond to those of the associated ellipse.

## Equations

For an ellipse with the parametric equations $\textstyle {x=a\cos(t),\qquad y={\frac {a\sin(t)}{\sqrt {2},}}}$ the corresponding fish curve has parametric equations $\textstyle {x=a\cos(t)-{\frac {a\sin ^{2}(t)}{\sqrt {2},\qquad y=a\cos(t)\sin(t)}.}}$

When the origin is translated to the node (the crossing point), the Cartesian equation can be written as: $\left(2x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{2}-2{\sqrt {2}ax\left(2x^{2}-3y^{2}\right)+2a^{2}\left(y^{2}-x^{2}\right)=0.}$

## Properties

### Area

The area of a fish curve is given by: $\begin{aligned}A&={\frac {1}{2}\left|\int {\left(xy'-yx'\right)dt}\right|\\\&={\frac {1}{8}a^{2}\left|\int {\left\[3\cos(t)+\cos(3t)+2{\sqrt {2}\sin ^{2}(t)\right\]dt}\right|,\end{aligned}}}}$ so the area of the tail and head are given by: $\begin{aligned}A\_{\text{Tail}&=\left({\frac {2}{3}-{\frac {\pi }{4{\sqrt {2}\right)a^{2},\\A\_{\text{Head}&=\left({\frac {2}{3}+{\frac {\pi }{4{\sqrt {2}\right)a^{2},\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}}$ giving the overall area for the fish as: $A={\frac {4}{3}a^{2}.}$

### Curvature, arc length, and tangential angle

The arc length of the curve is given by $a{\sqrt {2}\left({\frac {1}{2}\pi +3\right).}}$

The curvature of a fish curve is given by: $K(t)={\frac {2{\sqrt {2}+3\cos(t)-\cos(3t)}{2a\left\[\cos ^{4}t+\sin ^{2}t+\sin ^{4}t+{\sqrt {2}\sin(t)\sin(2t)\right\]^{\frac {3}{2},}}}}}$ and the tangential angle is given by: $\phi (t)=\pi -\arg \left({\sqrt {2}-1-{\frac {2}{\left(1+{\sqrt {2}\right)e^{it}-1}\right),}}}$ where $\arg(z)$ is the complex argument.


title: Paul A. Freund

abstract: Paul Abraham Freund was an American legal scholar. He taught for most of his life at Harvard Law School and is known for his writings on the United States Constitution and the Supreme Court of the United States.

text:
# Paul A. Freund

**Paul Abraham Freund** (February 16, 1908  February 5, 1992) was an American legal scholar. He taught for most of his life at Harvard Law School and is known for his writings on the United States Constitution and the Supreme Court of the United States.

## Early life and education

Freund was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to parents of German-Jewish descent. He was a graduate of Washington University in St. Louis (1928) and Harvard Law School (1931, 1932). He served as president of the editorial board of the *Harvard Law Review* and wrote his 1931 thesis on "The Effect of State Statutes on Federal Equity Jurisdiction."

## Career

In 1932–1933, Freund served as law clerk for U.S. Supreme Court associate justice Louis Brandeis. He later called this "the most important year in my life. Brandeis set superhuman standards and lived as if each day were his last on earth and every minute counted. He was a moralist. He saw moral issues where others saw expediency."

Freund next served at the United States Treasury, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, and the Office of the Solicitor General, where he worked on Supreme Court briefs for major New Deal constitutional cases, arguing for a relatively flexible interpretation of the Constitution in economic and social matters.

He joined the faculty of Harvard Law School as lecturer in 1939 and was named professor of law in 1940. His career there of teaching and scholarship was interrupted only by a return to the Solicitor General's office during World War II and a year as visiting professor at Cambridge University. He was named Charles Stebbins Fairchild Professor in 1950, Royall Professor of Law in 1957, and Carl M. Loeb University Professor in 1958. Freund retired from Harvard Law School in 1976.

He was named by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to the position of editor-in-chief of a projected multi-volume history of the Supreme Court and therefore declined an offer from President-elect John F. Kennedy to become Solicitor General of the United States that many believed would have led to his eventual appointment to the Supreme Court. Nevertheless, in 1962 President Kennedy twice considered naming Freund to the Supreme Court for positions ultimately filled by Deputy Attorney General Byron R. White and Secretary of Labor Arthur Goldberg. The Attorney General, Robert F. Kennedy opposed Freund on the basis that he did not like the symbolism of another Harvard faculty member in office, following the appointments of Archibald Cox, McGeorge Bundy, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. to serve in the Kennedy administration. Freund was also opposed by Chief Justice Earl Warren.

## Writings

Most of Freund's writings were the result of invitations to speak. They have been collected, principally, in three volumes: *On Understanding the Supreme Court* (1949), *The Supreme Court of the United States: Its Business, Purposes and Performance* (1961), and *On Law and Justice* (1968).

## Philosophy

Freund believed that the mission of law was "to impose a measure of order upon the disorder of experience without stifling diversity, spontaneity, and disarray."

Freund often cited Lord Acton's dictum, "When you perceive a truth, look for the balancing truth," writing that the great issues that come before the Supreme Court "reflect not so much a clash of right and wrong as a conflict between right and right: effective law enforcement and the integrity of the accused; public order and freedom of speech; freedom of worship and abstention from aiding as well as impeding religion. "The courts," he wrote, "are the substations that transform the high-tension charge of the philosophers into the reduced voltage of a serviceable current."

In the 1970s, Freund delivered a lecture in Birmingham, Alabama on the opinions of Supreme Court Justice Hugo L. Black in the field of religion in the schools. In this paper, Freund said: "Reverence for what we know, humility in the presence of the unknown, awe in the face of the unknowable – these are the pervasive moods of the spirit that transcend religious differences and make of learning itself a spiritual experience. A story of Willard Gibbs, the great Yale scientist, describes him standing before a blackboard on which he had worked out an abstruse equation, tears streaming down his cheeks, and the class staring at the board with the gaze of one who had just seen angels. No court or Constitution stands in the way of that kind of moral and spiritual experience. All that stands in the way is our indifference or inadequacy to meet the challenge."

## Influence

When he died, former Harvard Law School Dean James Vorenberg called Freund "the dominant figure of his time in the field of constitutional law."

## Recognition

Paul Freund was a member of the American Philosophical Society and the Massachusetts Historical Society and a fellow and past president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He received more than twenty honorary degrees. In 1967, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 1975, the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Freund for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities. Freund's lecture was entitled "Liberty: The Great Disorder of Speech," and was later published in *The American Scholar*. In October 2006, an exhibit entitled "Balancing the Truth: Paul Freund 1908-1992" at the Harvard Law School Library marked the opening of the Paul A. Freund papers.

## Personal life

Paul Freund's parents were Charles Freund and the former Hulda Arenson.

Tributes to Paul Freund's legendary kindliness are legion. Dean Vorenberg once said: "I never knew anyone more considerate than Paul. He was incapable of meanness." Dean Erwin Griswold said: "His tastes were always simple. There was no show or splurge about him. No one ever questioned his motivation or his word. I never heard him speak unkindly about anyone. He never raised his voice, though his speech, in the classroom and in private conversation, was resonant, deliberate, and clearly understood. Yet he was always shy and modest, though in no sense a recluse." Ray Jenkins, a journalist who took his courses as a Nieman Fellow, said: "I never met anyone who studied under Paul Freund who did not speak of it as a spiritual experience."

In the 1950s, Freund shared a house with his law school faculty colleague Ernest J. Brown. During the 1970s, Freund lived in an 11th-floor apartment on the Charles River overlooking Harvard Stadium, where he regularly attended Crimson football games. He attended the monthly "Freund Dinners" arranged by fifteen Fly Club undergraduates at the Ritz, and delivered wisdom and friendship from his position at the big round table. He seemed to enjoy discussing legal and other matters with the occasionally unruly undergraduates present on these occasions.

Freund died of cancer of the sinus on February 5, 1992, at the age of 83. His papers reside in the Harvard Law School's Langdell Hall library.

### Selected works

* Freund, Paul A. (1957), "Mr. Justice Brandeis: A Centennial Memoir", *Harvard Law Review*, **70**: 769.

### Brief mention

## Bibliography

* 1982: *Felix Frankfurter: Reminiscences and Reflections* (Harvard Law School)
* 1977: *The Moral Education of the Lawyer* (Emory University School of Law)
* 1970: *Experimentation with Human Subjects* (George Braziller)
* 1968: *On Law and Justice* (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press)
* 1965: Foreword to John D. Feerick, *From Failing Hands: The Story of Presidential Succession* (Fordham University Press)
* 1965: *Religion and the Public Schools* (Harvard University Press/Harvard Graduate School of Education/Oxford University Press) (with Robert Ulich)
* 1965: *The Supreme Court in Contemporary Life* (Southern Methodist University School of Law)
* 1964: *Ethical Aspects of Experimentation with Human Subjects* (American Academy of Arts and Sciences) (reprinted, 1969)
* 1961: *The Supreme Court of the United States: Its Business, Purposes and Performance* (World Publishing Company) (paperback 1967) (reprinted by P. Smith, 1972)
* 1957: *The Supreme Court and Fundamental Freedoms* (Harvard Law School Association of New Jersey)
* 1952-1953: *Constitutional Law: Cases and Other Problems* (Little Brown) (subsequent eds. or supplements 1954, 1959, 1961, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1977, 1978, 1980, some with Arthur E. Sutherland or Henry Monaghan)
* 1949: *On Understanding the Supreme Court* (Little, Brown) (reprinted by Greenwood Press, 1977)

## InfoBox

| Paul Freund | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1908-02-16)February 16, 1908
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. |
| Died | February 5, 1992(1992-02-05) (aged 83)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Education | Washington University (BA)
Harvard University (LLB, LLM, SJD) |
| Awards | Henry J. Friendly Medal (1989) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Constitutional law |
| Institutions | Harvard Law School |
| Notable students | Elliot Richardson, Robert Taft, James Lynn, Thomas Eagleton |
|  | |


title: Passiflora racemosa

abstract: Passiflora racemosa, the red passion flower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Passifloraceae, native to Brazil. It is an evergreen climber growing to 5 m (16 ft), with simple or 3-lobed leaves to 10 cm (4 in) long, and vivid red flowers borne in summer. The flowers are 12 cm (5 in) in diameter, with purple and white coronas. They are followed by oblong green fruits. The specific epithet racemosa indicates that the flowers are borne in racemes. With a minimum temperature requirement of 13 °C (55 °F), in temperate regions this plant must be grown under glass. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

text:
# Passiflora racemosa

***Passiflora racemosa***, the **red passion flower**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Passifloraceae, native to Brazil. It is an evergreen climber growing to 5 m (16 ft), with simple or 3-lobed leaves to 10 cm (4 in) long, and vivid red flowers borne in summer. The flowers are 12 cm (5 in) in diameter, with purple and white coronas. They are followed by oblong green fruits.

The specific epithet *racemosa* indicates that the flowers are borne in racemes.

With a minimum temperature requirement of 13 °C (55 °F), in temperate regions this plant must be grown under glass. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Media related to *Passiflora racemosa* at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Passiflora racemosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Passifloraceae |
| Genus: | *Passiflora* |
| Species: | ***P. racemosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Passiflora racemosa***<br>Brot. | |
|


title: Passiflora sanctae-barbarae

abstract: Passiflora sanctae-barbarae is a species of plant in the family Passifloraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.

text:
# Passiflora sanctae-barbarae

***Passiflora sanctae-barbarae*** is a species of plant in the family Passifloraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Passiflora sanctae-barbarae* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Passifloraceae |
| Genus: | *Passiflora* |
| Species: | ***P. sanctae-barbarae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Passiflora sanctae-barbarae***
Holm-Niels. & P.Jørg. | |
|


title: Passiflora roseorum

abstract: Passiflora roseorum is a species of plant in the family Passifloraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.

text:
# Passiflora roseorum

***Passiflora roseorum*** is a species of plant in the family Passifloraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Passiflora roseorum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Passifloraceae |
| Genus: | *Passiflora* |
| Species: | ***P. roseorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Passiflora roseorum***
Killip | |
|


title: Pat Liddy

abstract: Pat Liddy is an Irish artist, historian, writer, illustrator, broadcaster, mapmaker, and environmental lobbyist. The author and illustrator of over seven books on the city, as well as others on Irish cultural sites, he is the walking tour operator of Pat Liddy's Walking Tours of Dublin.

text:
# Pat Liddy

**Pat Liddy** (Irish: **Pádraig Ó Lideadha**, born 1944 in Dublin) is an Irish artist, historian, writer, illustrator, broadcaster, mapmaker, and environmental lobbyist. The author and illustrator of over seven books on the city, as well as others on Irish cultural sites, he is the walking tour operator of **Pat Liddy's Walking Tours of Dublin**.

## Early life and education

He grew up in the inner north city suburb of Phibsborough, the only child of Brendan (born St Peter's Road, Phibsborough) and Maureen (née Mac Mahon) from Kilmainhamwood, County Meath. He was fortunate to have as a playground the semi-rural surrounds of the Royal Canal, the nearby Botanical Gardens and the Victorian urban landscape which helped to fuel his artistic imagination and love of history. He was educated at St. Vincent's CBS, Glasnevin.

Always interested in art, Pat Liddy entered and won several art competitions as a teenager and young adult. One such endeavour, a balsa wood model of his imaginary concept for a then proposed Roman Catholic cathedral in Dublin, is today on view in the Tara's Palace Museum of Childhood in Powerscourt House in Co. Wicklow.

## Early career

Liddy had initially wanted to be an architect but disliked the way architecture was developing in the early 1960s, especially in his native Dublin, and decided instead to join the national airline, Aer Lingus, in April 1963. In this capacity, he took the opportunities from discounted travel to travel all over the world. These experiences only reinforced Liddy's growing certainty that Dublin was one of the great but undervalued cities of Europe.

## Career

Using his skills of self-taught architectural draftsmanship and general artistic ability, Liddy started to paint and draw scenes from the urban landscape in an attempt to bring attention to the uniqueness and charm of Dublin before those places disappeared forever. The 1970s was a time when a good deal of second-rate redevelopment was clearing away much of the run-down but historic fabric of the city in the name of progress.

Starting in 1982 and running until 1989, Liddy's weekly column in *The Irish Times,* called "Dublin Today," featured a pen and ink sketch of a building or place of interest in the city and was accompanied by a description of around 400 words. This long-running series gained a huge following and played an important part in a newfound determination among ordinary people, businesses, property owners and Dublin City Council to rediscover and enhance the city.

Liddy's first book, *Dublin Today,* published in 1984, arose directly from *The Irish Times* series. Several more books followed including the popular flagship book, *Dublin Be Proud,* published during the Dublin Millennium of 1988. It had the unusual distinction of being a number 1 non-fiction best-seller simultaneously in paperback and hardcover.

When the famous Irish traditional music group, The Chieftains, went on a ground-breaking trip to China in 1983 and held many concerts there, Liddy accompanied them and wrote articles on the visit for *The Irish Times* and *The Cork Examiner* and on his return held an exhibition of watercolours based on the trip in the renowned Chester Beatty Library. In 1988, on behalf of the Irish American Cultural Institute and Aer Lingus, he undertook 22-city tour of the US promoting Dublin's historical and cultural attractions.

Taking early retirement from Aer Lingus in 1994 he turned his attention full-time to painting, drawing, exploring and writing about the historic buildings, scenic places and exciting new developments in his native city. He combined these skills with his active promotion, both at home and abroad, for the appreciation and protection of what he believed was the unique cultural and architectural heritage of Dublin. He featured in many TV programmes and series, among others a popular 2009 RTÉ One series *On the Street Where You Live.*

In the early 1990s Liddy was a member of a group that researched and successfully lobbied the Irish government for the introduction of a light rail system into Dublin, now known as the Luas. One offshoot from his local historical knowledge was the invitation on several occasions to name streets and roads in new housing developments.

The most widely distributed tourist map of Dublin, "The Dublin Visitor Map" (13 million copies to date), was designed by Liddy in 1999 (in conjunction with the Dublin City Business Association) and is annually updated by him.

Turning his hand to sculptural design, Liddy designed the Mass Rock Memorial in the village of Lyre, County Cork in 2000 (Mass rocks were substitute altars in rural Ireland during times when the Roman Catholic Church and its services were banned by the authorities from the 16th to the 18th centuries). The annual Dublin Moon Walk, a mid-summer all-night walk fundraiser, with a different route each year, is designed by Liddy in association with the Diabetes Association of Ireland. In 2004, special editions of his book, *Dublin A Celebration,* were adopted as gifts from the Irish Government to the heads of state and senior ministers of the other European Union's countries to celebrate the accession of the new states in 2004.

Founded in 2005, Pat Liddy's Walking Tours of Dublin, is now one of the city's largest multilingual walking tour guiding companies with a group of professional dedicated guides. The walks he designed show the highlights and hidden gems of Dublin city. Since 2008 Liddy has also led an annual series of free cultural walks around Dublin organised by the Dublin City Council: Hundreds of people participate in each walk.

In May 2011, Liddy received the Lord Mayor's Award in recognition of his dedication to raising awareness of Dublin's architectural and cultural heritage. In the same year, he had the honour of introducing some of Dublin educational and charity organisation dignitaries to Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom during her historic visit to Ireland.

## Awards and distinctions

## Personal life

He still lives on the north side in the suburb of Artane. One of his main interests is in early music and in the late '90s and early '00s was a part-time manager of the music group the Capriol Consort, under director Professor Doris Keogh. Liddy was married in 1976 to Josephine Murphy (born Lyre, County Cork) and has three children: Anne Marie, Pádraig and Brendan; and two grandchildren: Rosemary and Senan.

## Publications (text and illustrations)

* Weekly column in *The Irish Times*, 1982–1989
* Album cover photographs of *The Chieftains in China*, 1985
* *Dublin Today*, 1985
* *Dublin be Proud,* 1987
* *Dublin Stolen From Time,* 1990
* *Temple Bar- Dublin: An Illustrated History* 1992
* *50 Years A Growin': The Story of Maryfield College,* 1995
* *Walking Dublin,* 1998 & 2000
* *Dublin A Celebration,* 2000
* *Secret Dublin,* 2001
* "The Story of Coolock Artane Credit Union," 2001
* *Ongar, In the Ancient Barony of Castleknock,* 2001
* *The Changing Landscapes of Dublin,* 2003
* "Serving Our Community 1965–2005, Coolock Artane Credit Union," 2005

## Electronic media

* Newstalk radio series *Hidden Dublin*
* Various RTÉ documentaries and current affairs programmes
* Regular interviews on national and regional radio stations
* Tourist documentaries on radio and TV for overseas companies from Canada, the US, South Korea, the UK, Germany, Netherlands, Australia, France, Norway, Spain and Israel among others.
* Dublin Tourism Podcast I-Walks 2009
* Fáilte Ireland Podcast I-Walks 2013

## Exhibitions


title: Flag carrier (disambiguation)

abstract:
Flag carrier may refer to:
  - Standard-bearer, a person who bears an emblem called an ensign or standard
  - A person carrying a heraldic standard or flag, usually at sporting events and parades, previously on the battlefield
  - Flag carrier, transportation company, such as a shipping or airline company, that is registered in a given state
  - A strong supporter of a cause, or perhaps the strongest, most visible and most vocal supporter of said cause. Example: "Bill was the flag carrier of the movement to improve inner city education."

text:
# Flag carrier (disambiguation)

**Flag carrier** may refer to:

* Standard-bearer, a person (soldier or civilian) who bears an emblem called an ensign or standard
* A person carrying a heraldic standard or flag, usually at sporting events and parades, previously on the battlefield
* Flag carrier, transportation company, such as a shipping or airline company, that is registered in a given state
* A strong supporter of a cause, or perhaps the strongest, most visible and most vocal supporter of said cause. Example: "Bill was the flag carrier of the movement to improve inner city education."


title: Fitzroy Hutton

abstract: Fitzroy Hutton (1894–1975) was a Royal Navy officer during World War II. He commanded the light cruiser Penelope in 1936–1939, then commanded the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes (95) in 1939–1940 before becoming Chief of Staff for the Commander-in-Chief, China, in 1940–1941.

text:
# Fitzroy Hutton

**Fitzroy Hutton** (1894–1975) was a Royal Navy officer during World War II.

He commanded the light cruiser *Penelope* in 1936–1939, then commanded the aircraft carrier HMS *Hermes* (95) in 1939–1940 before becoming Chief of Staff for the Commander-in-Chief, China, in 1940–1941.

## Citations

## Bibliography

* Halpern, Paul G., ed. (2016). *The Mediterranean Fleet, 1930–1939*. Publications of the Navy Records Society. Vol. 163. London: Routledge for the Navy Records Society. ISBN 978-1-4724-7597-8.

## InfoBox

| Fitzroy Hutton | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Fitzroy Evelyn Patrick Hutton |
| Born | 1894 |
| Died | 1975 |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Rank | Rear-Admiral |
| Commands | HMS *Penelope*
HMS *Hermes*
HMS *Warspite* |
| Battles/wars | World War II |


title: Flag of Tuscany

abstract: The flag of Tuscany is the official flag of the region of Tuscany, Italy. The flag depicts a silver Pegasus rampant on a white field between two horizontal red bands. The flag first appeared as a gonfalon on 20 May 1975 along with accompanying text Regione Toscana above the Pegasus. It was officially adopted as the flag of Tuscany on 3 February 1995.

text:
# Flag of Tuscany

The **flag of Tuscany** is the official flag of the region of Tuscany, Italy. The flag depicts a silver Pegasus rampant on a white field between two horizontal red bands. The flag first appeared as a gonfalon on 20 May 1975 along with accompanying text *Regione Toscana* above the Pegasus. It was officially adopted as the flag of Tuscany on 3 February 1995.

## History

The Pegasus image on the flag derives from a coin made by the Florentine artist Benvenuto Cellini in 1537. This coin was created by Cellini in order to honour Cardinal Pietro Bembo. Bembo was instrumental in the development of the Tuscan language as a literary medium and was honoured with the representation of Pegasus due to its symbolism and ties with creation. As a result, the Pegasus came to be associated as a symbol of the Tuscan region.

The usage of Pegasus by the Tuscan region endured and was adopted by the Tuscan Committee of National Liberation (CTLN) as a symbol of Italian resistance in Tuscany to the German occupation of Italy during the Second World War.

On 11 August 1975, the 26th anniversary of the liberation of Florence, the flag of the CTLN was symbolically handed over to the President of Tuscany, Lelio Lagorio by the mayor of Florence, Elio Gabbuggiani, in a ceremony at the Palazzo Vecchio. This demonstrated the symbolic adoption of the flag of Tuscany by the region. However, the flag was not officially recognised.

The flag was officially adopted in 1995 following President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro's call for the flag of each Italian region to be represented in the Quirinale Palace. The usage of the Pegasus was favoured by the Tuscan Regional Council over a depiction of Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, as this was considered unsuitable to be reproduced simply.

The flag is often seen flying outside of Tuscan governmental buildings throughout the region. The seat of the Tuscan Regional Government, Palazzo Capponi-Covoni, is known as the *Palazzo del Pegaso* in reference to the flag. The flag also features on the sash used by the President of Tuscany to distinguish them from other members of the council.

### Republic of Pisa

The Republic of Pisa was an independent state centered on the Tuscan city of Pisa, which existed from the 11th to the 15th century. It rose to become an economic powerhouse, a commercial center whose merchants dominated Mediterranean and Italian trade for a century, before being surpassed and superseded by the Republic of Genoa.

#### First flag

The flag was awarded together with the coat of arms of the republic by Frederick Barbarossa in 1162. The city was consistently loyal to the empire and had a fully red flag and coat of arms. The shape of the flag is uncertain and may not even have been standardized. This flag has been in force throughout the history of the state.

#### Second flag

It is not known under what circumstances or when exactly the cross was added, but it is supposed to have happened in the 13th century, probably in the second half. It is also not known if it has any connection with a similar Occitan cross. In 1406, when Pisa lost its independence, the flag remained as an insignia of the commune and is still the flag of the city to this day. It also appears on Italian coats of arms and nautical insignia, along with the emblems of the other great maritime republics of Venice, Genoa and Amalfi.

### Republic of Siena

The Republic of Siena was a historic state consisting of the city of Siena. It existed for over 400 years, from 1125 to 1555. During its existence, it gradually expanded throughout southern Tuscany becoming one of the major economic powers of the Middle Ages, and one of the most important commercial, financial and artistic centers in Europe. In the Italian War of 1551–1559 the republic was defeated by the rival Republic of Florence in alliance with the Spanish crown. After 18 months of resistance, the Republic of Siena surrendered on 21 April 1555, marking the end of the republic.

The flag of the municipality. It is not sure what she looked like. The earliest proof of its existence is a record in the biccherna on the purchase of black and white fabrics to make 77 banners. The city of Siena uses this flag to this day.

The famous fresco in the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena "Guidoriccio da Fogliano at the Siege of Montemassi" (1328), attributed to Simone Martini, shows that the black and white flags of the Siena military camps and captured castles are fluttering with the commune flags. They are divided vertically with three tails.

### Republic of Florence

The Republic of Florence was a state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany. The republic originated in 1115, when the Florentine people rebelled against the Margraviate of Tuscany upon the death of Matilda of Tuscany, who controlled vast territories that included Florence. The Florentines formed a commune in her successors' place. Cosimo I, established a strong Florentine navy and expanded his territory, conquering Siena in 1555. In 1569, the Pope declared Cosimo the first Duke of Tuscany. The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until 1737.

After the founding of the Duchy of Florence, the state flag became obsolete and the civil flag became the flag of the city of florence.

### Grand Duchy of Tuscany

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Republic of Florence. The grand duchy's capital was Florence. Having brought nearly all Tuscany under his control after conquering the Republic of Siena, Cosimo I de' Medici, was elevated by a papal bull of Pope Pius V to Grand Duke of Tuscany on 27 August 1569. The Grand Duchy was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737. Francis Stephen of Lorraine, a cognatic descendant of the Medici, succeeded the family and ascended the throne of his Medicean ancestors. Tuscany was governed by a viceroy, Marc de Beauvau-Craon, for his entire rule. His descendants ruled, and resided in, the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the House of Bourbon-Parma (Kingdom of Etruria, 1801–7). Following the collapse of the Napoleonic system in 1814, the grand duchy was restored. The United Provinces of Central Italy, a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia, annexed Tuscany in 1859. Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia in 1860, as a part of the unification of Italy.

#### First flag

The state flag and the Medici banner, adopted in a stable form for the institutions of the Grand Duchy, survived until the accession of the throne to the House of Lorraine. The Medici shield, whose origin is lost in legend, has red spheres on a golden field and on top, a sixth blue ball with three French lilies, donated by King Louis XI to Piero di Cosimo de' Medici in 1466. The shield appears flanked by the chain of the Order of the Golden Fleece (added in 1548) and with the Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen (present since 1562, when the Order was founded). The crown is Florentine in shape with a red lily in the center, an ancient symbol of Florence (1251).

During the Medici period, the Tuscan navy identified itself with the fleet of the Order of Santo Stefano. The official flag raised by the galleys was red with yellow borders with the Cross of the Order in the center in a white circle. It appeared after 1562 (the year of the founding of the order) and probably lasted until the end of the Medici rule.

The flag known as "Livorno", for commercial use, used from the 17th century and probably survived until 1737. It comes from the flag of the Order of Saint Stephen, it is represented in many varieties and with different additions. The correct drawing is most likely the one shown here, taken from the Dutch manuscript reissued by K. Sierksma of the Flags of the World 1669-1670, with the Stefan cross surrounded by all the Medici balls.

#### Second flag

Flag for commercial use, used in the first half of the 18th century, possibly between the advent of Lorraine (1737) and the introduction of imperial flags by Francis II (1749). The origin and meaning are unknown, but it probably has to do with the Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen.

#### Third flag

The state and navy flag adopted around 1749 and replaced in 1765. Francesco II, Grand Duke of Tuscany and husband of Maria Theresa, became Emperor in 1745.

#### Fourth flag

Austrian flag adorned with the coat of arms introduced in 1765 with the accession to the throne of Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo. This flag lasted until the end of Tuscany's independence, but with two breaks during the Napoleonic period (1800-1814) and a short constitutional period (1848–1849). It was finally lowered and replaced with the Italian tricolor in May 1859. The shield, topped, was quartered with the coat of arms of Hungary, Bohemia, Burgundy and Bar, the entire shield with the coat of arms of Lorraine, Austria and the Medici. The Great Coat of Arms had different versions on the flags, with differentiation mainly in orders and ornaments. Normalised only after restoration in 1815.

Merchant flag introduced in 1781 and replaced with a tricolor in 1859. On the insignia reserved for large-tonnage merchant ships, it was limited to a coat of arms in the crown with the cross of Saint Stephen. The small boats used the version without the coat of arms, or with only the central shields in the canton.

#### Fifth flag

Flag of general use, introduced on 17 April 1848 with the constitutional amendment issued a few weeks earlier by Leopold II. On 27 January 1849, the constitution was abrogated and the previous Austrian-colored flag was restored. It was an Italian tricolour with yet another version of the coat of arms in the middle lane.

### Kingdom of Etruria

The state and military flag of the Napoleonic kingdom, probably adopted in 1803 (certified on 1 January 1804) and survived until its incorporation into France on 10 December 1807. In the centre of the flag was the complete royal coat of arms: the coats of arms of the Farnese and Gonzaga lineages with two pieces of Lorraine and Austria on the basis, in the center the arms of Castile and Leon with the escutcheon representing France and the Medici. However, flags with very simplified versions of the coat of arms were also used, with only the shield of France and the Medici attached to the cross of St. Stephen, with or without a crown.

During the same period, the merchant flag was used with only two blue stripes and a coat of arms, usually in a simplified version as on the state flag, and at least without orders. The flag used on small-tonnage ships did not include the coat of arms at all.

### State of the Presidi

The State of the Presidi was a small territory between 1557 and 1801. It consisted of five towns on the Tuscan coast—Porto Ercole and Porto Santo Stefano on the promontory of Monte Argentario, as well as Orbetello, Talamone and Ansedonia—and their hinterland, along with the islet of Giannutri and the fortress of Porto Longone on the island of Elba. The *Presidi* encompassed about 300 km2. They were effectively attached to the Kingdom of Naples and changed hands several times with it, resulting in three distinct historical periods. From 1557 to 1707, they were a possession of the Crown of Spain administered by the Spanish Habsburg viceroy of Naples; from 1708 to 1733, a possession of the Austrian Habsburgs administered by their viceroy in Naples; and from 1733 to 1801, a dependency of the Spanish Bourbon kings of Naples. By the Treaty of Florence of 28 March 1801, the king of Naples ceded the *Presidi* to the French Republic, which then ceded them to the new Kingdom of Etruria. After the downfall of France in 1814 and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the territories were granted to the restored Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The dependence of the state on Spain is in the period when the Habsburg Spanish kings used the cross of Burgundy.

### Duchy of Massa and Carrara

The state of Massa and Carrara was established in 1473, freeing itself from the protection of Florence, and was ruled by the Marquesas Malaspina, then Cybo-Malaspina (1519), dukes from 1605. In the French period (1796-1814), the principality was attached to various Napoleonic states (Cispadana, Cisalpina, the Kingdom of Italy and Etruria, and the Duchy of Lucca), and then to France. Restored in 1814, it survived until it was incorporated into the Duchy of Modena in 1829. White flags with the family coat of arms. The naval flag that came into force in 1790 with the accession of Maria Beatrice Cybo-Malaspina Este to the throne and survived, excluding the Napoleonic period, until her death on 14 November 1829, which coincided with the end of the duchy.

### Lordship and Principality of Piombino

The fief of Piombino and its territory, which for more than two centuries also included the island of Elba, was from 1594 a principality of the empire. In 1801, it was occupied by the French who united it with Lucca in the years 1805-1809. The Congress of Vienna did not restore a principality that became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

#### First flag

The enigmatic banner of the House of Appiani used from the middle ages until the loss of the principality of the extinction of the dynasty with the death of Isabella Appiani.

#### Second flag

The princely and state flag, adopted in 1701 when the two branches of the ruling family merged and survived until the French occupation in 1801. The arms of the Boncompagni-Ludovisi family; the shield shows the coats of arms of two branches of the family alternately: three shortened golden rings on the red background of the Ludovisi family and a golden half-dragon on the red background of the Boncompagni family. There are insignia of the Holy Roman Church on the pale. Crown of the Prince of the Empire and chain of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

### Republic and Duchy of Lucca

#### First flag

State flag before 1799. It was and still is the flag of the city of Lucca in use since the 12th century (perhaps even from the last half of the 11th century). It was practically a national flag. It was abolished with the French occupation in 1799 and the Austrian counter-occupation. When the French returned for longer in 1801, it was adopted as the national flag and remained so until 1805, when the republic became a principality. Color interpretation is uncertain. The red probably comes from the ghibelline faction that Lucca joined in the first half of the 11th century.

The merchant flag was a civilian flag for land and sea, which, according to medieval urban custom, differed from the flag of the commune. Also described (1370) are flags with two insignia joined into a single fabric. The flag and the motto "Libertas" definitely disappeared in 1799 after the French occupation.

#### Second flag

In 1799 French Jacobins created a centralized republic, the State of Lucca, with a democratic constitution. The constitution granted the government to an Executive Directory, with a bicameral legislature composed of the Council of Juniors and the Council of Seniors. The democracy did not last long. When entering the Jacobin army, the government used a flag with an additional green stripe, imitating the Italian tricolor. It is possible that this flag never really existed, but if it is a historic design, it was used for 5 months.

#### Third flag

The nautical flag announced on 20 June 1803 (the white and red bicolour remained on land) and replaced in the summer of 1805 after the republic was transformed into a principality. The colours were both French and the combined colours of the two historic banners of the former aristocratic republic.

#### Fourth flag

Temporary flag, yellow and red are the colors of the Spanish Bourbons. Lucca became a duchy under the rule of the daughter of the Spanish king.

#### Fifth flag

The royal and state flag introduced on 7 November 1818 by Regent Maria Luisa de Borbon-Parma, to whom Lucca was assigned after a series of provisional governments and replaced in 1824 after her death (13 March). In the center, the coat of arms of Maria Luisa with a quarter-oval shield: in 1 the coat of arms of the Medici and Farnese, in 2 Spain (Castile and León), in 3 Gonzaga, in 4 Austria and Lorraine. Usually a wheel with the colors and panther of Lucca, and generally another wheel of Bourbon. A crown above everything.

The flag without a coat of arms is a merchant's flag introduced by Maria Luisa on 7 November 1818 and probably survived until her death in 1824, although a new design was introduced in 1820. A flag with a cross very similar to the former Tuscan maritime flag is uncertain in Lucca.

Merchant flag certified on 1 June 1820. In theory, it was lowered on 4 October 1847, when the principality passed to Tuscany, it was in fact used in the ports of Lucca until the unification of Italy. It was a variant of the then Spanish merchant insignia, from which it differed in stripes of equal width.

#### Sixth flag

The ducal and state flag introduced in 1824 by Duke Charles and lasted until the principality's anection to Tuscany on 4 October 1847. Charles changed the coat of arms on the flag, replacing the mother's coat of arms with his own. The coat of arms with the Spanish lace was quartered with the arms of Lucca (I and IV) and Spain (II and III), Bourbon oval in center.

### Principality of Lucca and Piombino

Flag of general use adopted on 8 August 1805, with the establishment of the Principality of Lucca and Piombino for Elisa, sister of Napoleon. The previous colors were kept with the blue being lighter. The change was probably to make the Lucca symbol more in line with the French tricolor. It was abolished in 1809. On 3 March of the same year, the principality was actually united with Tuscany, already incorporated into the empire, which returned, only formally, to being a grand duchy with Eliza becoming sovereign.

### Principality of Elba

The national and state flag raised by Napoleon on the island when he landed on 4 May 1814, and lowered on 1 March 1815, when the emperor touched French soil at Cap d'Antibes in his last attempt to regain the French throne. Today, the local flag of Elba remains unchanged. The golden bees, a symbol wrongly considered to be the symbol of the Merovingian kings, were chosen by Napoleon under the false belief that French lilies were formed from them through graphic deformation.

### Tuscan Provisional Government

The United Provinces of Central Italy existed in the former Grand Duchy of Tuscany during the period between the abdication of Leopold II and the annexation of the country by Kingdom of Sardinia. Flag for merchant ships and consulates, decreed on 29 September 1859 and abolished in March 1860 with the end of its existence. Provisional Government adopted the tricolor with the coat of arms of the House of Savoy and a small silver lion in the canton.

### Tuscan National Liberation Committee

The Tuscan Committee of National Liberation was an underground Italian resistance organisation during World War II based in Tuscany An offshoot of the National Liberation Committee (CLN), it was charged with organising resistance and partisan activities throughout Tuscany. Throughout the duration of its life, the CTLN adopted the symbol of a Pegasus emblazoned on top of the flag of Italy. The Pegasus had long been associated with Tuscany, and with the Pegasus' connotations of peace and the triumph of good over evil, made it an obvious symbol for adoption by the CTLN.

## Colours

The usage of the colours red and white to represent the Tuscan region can be dated back to at least the year 969 and the reign of Hugh, Margrave of Tuscany. He adopted a palleted shield of alternating red and white vertical stripes as his coat of arms.

Prominent Tuscan family, the Guidi's, also adopted a coat of arms coloured in red and white between the 10th and 15th centuries. The Guidi coat of arms depicted a red and silver rampant lion decussated on a red and silver field.

The colours also share a similarity to those of the flag of Austria which widely came to be used as a basis for Tuscan flags whilst Tuscany was ruled by the Austrian House of Habsburg-Lorraine between 1737 and 1848.

Red and white may also have derived from the traditional usage of the colours in the symbolism of Tuscan towns. For example, the flags and coats of arms of Florence, Pisa, Lucca, Pistoia, Elba, and Grosseto all heavily feature the colours red and white.

## Bibliography

* Angiolini, Franco (2006). "I presidios di Toscana: *cadena de oro* e *llave y freno* de Italia". In García Hernán, Enrique; Maffi, Davide (eds.). *Guerra y sociedad en la monarquía hispánica: política, estrategia y cultura en la Europa moderna (1500–1700)*. Vol. 1. pp. 171–88.
* Menning, Ralph (1995). "Stato dei Presidi". In Frey, Linda; Frey, Marsha (eds.). *The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession: An Historical and Critical Dictionary*. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 421–22. ISBN 978-0-313-27884-6.
* Najemy, John M. (2006). *A history of Florence 1200-1575*. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-4051-1954-2.

## InfoBox

Flag of Tuscany
|
|  |
|  | |
| Proportion | 2:3 |
| Adopted | 3 February 1995 |
| Design | A white field with a silver Pegasus rampant in the center between two red horizontal bands. |
|  | |


title: Flatland (2007 Ehlinger film)

abstract: Flatland is a 2007 American animated science fiction film based on the 1884 novella Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions by Edwin Abbott Abbott. The film was directed and animated by Ladd Ehlinger Jr. in Lightwave 3D. The screenplay was written by author Tom Whalen. The music was composed by Mark Slater.

text:
# Flatland (2007 Ehlinger film)

***Flatland*** (also released as ***Flatland: The Film*** and ***Flatland the film***) is a 2007 American animated science fiction film based on the 1884 novella *Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions* by Edwin Abbott Abbott. The film was directed and animated by Ladd Ehlinger Jr. in Lightwave 3D. The screenplay was written by author Tom Whalen. The music was composed by Mark Slater.

## Plot

In a two-dimensional world called Flatland populated by sapient polygons, it is three days until the celebration of the year 3000. "A Square", attorney at law, struggles to instruct his son, A Hexagon, in the art of sight recognition. The lesson is interrupted by A Square's brother B, a clerk to President Circle, warning A to stay home during a meeting at the Senate of the Great Southern Republic.

The Senate session has been called to discuss the increasing hostilities between the government and the Chromatist movement, led by Senator Chromatistes, which seeks the legalization of Flatlanders coloring themselves as they wish. The Great Southern Republic distinguishes itself from its enemy, the Northern Kingdom, by its stances on Chromatism and Irregulars along with a democratic government. Relaxing the laws has already been perceived as weakness by the Northern Kingdom who are massing on the borders.

Against his brother's warning, A Square meets his new client, the first female charged as a Chromatist. On his way home he is caught in the melee leaving the Senate. President Circle's soldiers killed Senator Chromatistes and his supporters, sparking a riot across the city. A Square just gets home safely, then barricades his family against the chaos for the night.

A Square awakens to learn that the deadly riots originated in the Senate meeting that B Square was attending. He scours the city, now under martial law, seeking B Square. The family prepares for another night, only to be terrified by the sudden appearance of A Sphere, CEO of Messiah, Inc, who has chosen A Square to convince Flatland about the existence of the three-dimensional Spaceland. A Sphere plucks A Square out of Flatland, finally making him understand the third dimension. Having business himself at the Great Hall, A Sphere brings A Square to look for his brother there. On their arrival, A Sphere expounds upon three dimensions to President Circle and the Priests, who anticipated this event. After rejecting A Sphere's message and attempting to kill him, the Flatland leaders execute all who have witnessed the event, except B Square, who is imprisoned for life on pain of death in exchange for his silence.

Realizing that time in Spaceland is short, at least for A Square, A Sphere brings him to Messiah, Inc. to finish his education on the gospel of Three Dimensions. Enthralled by the complex world of Spaceland, A Square posits about the existence of even higher dimension, which A Sphere dismisses. Meanwhile, A Square's intrusion into Spaceland has become a national emergency, which prompts the Spaceland Senate to call to him to appear for a hearing, to explain this breach of protocol of bringing a Flatlander into their midst. They claim that it will be viewed as an act of, and provocation for, war by their enemies, the X-Axis.

A Square learns that the X-Axis wants to destroy Flatland as they consider it an abomination, contrary to the beliefs of the Great Senate. As the debate rages, an ailing A Square tries to explain his theory of multiple dimensions to an unsympathetic crowd. Air-raid sirens wail as A Square collapses from the overwhelming effects of gravity on his two-dimensional body and chaos ensues.

A Sphere manages to send A Square back to Flatland as Messiah, Inc. is bombarded. A Square wakes up on his bed and learns that preaching about a third dimension is illegal now. He finds B Square jailed and explains Spaceland to him, but fearing execution, B Square knocks A Square unconscious. Arriving home, A Square informs his wife that they are going to defect to the Northern Kingdom where he might be able to spread the gospel to a more open-minded populace. Soldiers arrive and A Square escapes with the help of Frau A Square's "war cry" that stuns them. Before he can reach the border, A Square is cornered by the soldiers whose attempt to kill him is thwarted by the Northern Kingdom army's attack. In the fracas, Flatland itself begins to disappear, until a voice welcomes A Square into another dimension.

## Cast

| Actor | Character | Dimensional shape | Role |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Simon G. Hammond | A Sphere | sphere | The CEO of Messiah, Inc. and a resident of Spaceland. |
| Greg Trent | President Circle | circle | The president of the Southern Republic of Flatland. |
| Chris Carter | The King of Lineland | line | The ruler of Lineland and the longest line in Lineland (which is only "Six Inches of Space"). |
| Linda Meigs | Mathilde & Millicent | pyramids | A Sphere's secretaries. |
| Jon Shoemaker | Soldier Y | triangle | A lethal triangle soldier in the Southern Republic Army. |
| Ashley Blackwell | A Line | line | An accused Chromatism line. |
| Michael Karle | The Pentagon Doctor | pentagon | The chief doctor at the Hospital of Reconfiguration. |
| Dr. Jeff Sanders | Cube Carlton | cube | One of A Sphere's many workers. |
| Oscar Gutierrez | The Crazy Old Trapezoid | trapezoid | An elderly, demented trapezoid. |
| Ladd Ehlinger Jr. | A Square | square | The main character; is a defense attorney and the chosen apostle to preach the Gospel of the Third Dimension. |
| Karen Ehlinger | Frau A Square | ~~line~~ slim rectangle | A Square's wife. |
| Megan Ehlinger | A Hexagon | hexagon | A Square's youngest son. |
| Robert Ehlinger | B Square | square | President Circle's personal assistant and A Square's brother. |
| Catherine Ehlinger | Frau B Square | line | B Square's wife. |
|

### Other voices

* Denise Carter
* Juliana Carter
* Mark Carter
* Jacqueline Clift
* Colin Duckworth
* Corin Ehlinger
* Perrin Ehlinger
* Raven Hood
* Chris Kolb
* Lauren Meigs
* Matthew Meigs
* Lacon Mitchell
* Jorge J. Raub
* Sean C. Spurlock
* Bill Wells

## Production

Ehlinger recorded dialogue for the film throughout 2005 in his home studio. Using off-the-shelf 3D animation software packages such as Lightwave 3D, Adobe After Effects and others, Ehlinger animated and edited the film by himself over the course of two years, starting in 2005. He sent completed animations to composer Mark Slater for scoring, who sent back audio files.

## Reception

Most reviews were positive with specific criticisms, with one quite negative exception. At SciFi.com, Paul Di Filippo gave the film a rating of "A", stating that it "entertains, enlightens and educates", and that "Ehlinger manages to retain the Victorian satire on pomposity and cultural blindness while updating it to modern conditions. And ... \[its\] conceptual breakthrough is brilliantly handled." Di Filippo's single criticism was that the superimposed text exposition got "a bit heavy-handed". *Film Threat* reviewer Phil Hall referred to the film's "bold originality and vibrant intelligence", stating, "Sequences throb with raw power, provoking visceral emotional responses". Hall flatly called it "a work of genius," and gave it five stars (of five).

Dennis Schwartz (Ozus' World) gave *Flatland* an "A", referring to it as "smart, without being cheeky", in taking the likely unfilmable source material, and creating a "spirited avant-garde" film. He summarized:

> "...there's not a single thing about it that's disingenuous or unworldly or superficial. It's by a serious and gifted filmmaker who brings a light touch to his craft and does it without an ounce of pretentiousness or Hollywood phoniness or a sense of self-consciousness."

Scott Green at *Ain't it Cool News* called it "captivating", "an enjoyable mental amusement park ride", and "something amazingly different and intriguing to watch". But he noted, "the complexity of the world being explored does not coherently coalesce", and that the film attacks divisive topics "with an undisciplined flurry of jabs". Green was intrigued by the film's "glib omniscient" title cards, writing that their presence "almost makes for a character in and of itself."

Aylish Wood, reviewing in *Science Fiction Film and Television*, described the intertitles as fine for children, but "annoying" for adults, and found the math exposition to be "painless" but "a touch too long". She found that too many plot threads were not tied up, and an "overabundance of possible meanings", for example a "slew of referencing" around the character of Senator Chromatistes, which "disperses our understanding". Wood noted flaws in pacing and the intertitles, but found the expression of emotion via color and music to be "effective". Ultimately the film was "a mixed feast" with frustrating "cluttered logic".

Carl Schroeder wrote in *The Global Intelligencer* that the film is one of "two of the best movie versions ever made" of the story. He states that the film "preserves the biting social satire of the original story with ideas and abstract violence (bleeding polygons) not appropriate for little kids (teens will be fine)". He continues, the "film touches on current events, including allusions to the Iraq war and anti-gay prejudice, to conclude apocalyptically (the book just ends with the protagonist in prison). Most adults will want to see both Flatland versions, sooner or later."

Dan Schneider of Blogcritics gave an overall negative review. He criticized the departures by the film from Abbott's book, such as the character of the king instead being a president (who wears a crown), and the divergence into satire when A Sphere visits A Square, where the sphere is a CEO, instead of Abbott's "mystical guide". Schneider points out that where A Square's experience was originally religious, the film makes it a "wow moment used to lead into some cheap gags", and states that "the story dissolves". He found the film's satire "predictable", and described it as "best when sticking to the book's original points". Schneider faults writer Tom Whalen's script for changing Abbott's story "too much", the music by Mark Slater as "sometimes apt", but at other times "a mess", the intertitle cards as "annoying", the ending for being "muddled" and trying "too hard for the relevance of *2001: A Space Odyssey*", and the DVD itself for lacking a commentary track.

In *Mathematics in Popular Culture*, Lila Marz Harper described the film as "more radical" than *Flatland: The Movie*, showing more biological detail, and even dreams. She remarked that the film "vividly mimics" Abbott's description of the physical remolding of children's bodies to conform to societal norms, and "adheres closely" to the discrimination against women in Abbott's story. She noted that some variations from the book were confusing: one of A Square's sons is a hexagon, unlike the all-pentagon siblings in Abbott's story.

## InfoBox

| Flatland | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional film poster | |
| Directed by | Ladd Ehlinger Jr. |
| Written by | Tom Whalen |
| Based on | *Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions* by Edwin A. Abbott |
| Produced by | F.X. Vitolo |
| Starring | Chris Carter
Megan Colleen
Ladd Ehlinger Jr. |
| Edited by | Ladd Ehlinger Jr |
| Music by | Mark Slater |
| Production
company | Flatland Productions |
| Distributed by | FilmLadd
Flatland Productions
 |
| Release date | * January 14, 2007 (2007-01-14) |
| Running time | 95 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Patrick Shai

abstract: Patrick Molefe Shai was a South African actor and director. He was best known for the roles in the television series and shows Soul City, Generations, Zone 14, Ashes to Ashes, and Zero Tolerance. He was one of the founding members of Free Film Makers of South Africa.

text:
# Patrick Shai

**Patrick Molefe Shai** (9 December 1956 – 22 January 2022) was a South African actor and director. He was best known for the roles in the television series and shows *Soul City*, *Generations, Zone 14,* *Ashes to Ashes*, and *Zero Tolerance*. He was one of the founding members of Free Film Makers of South Africa.

## Personal life

During a protest in Dobsonville due to electricity cuts, he was wounded by 11 rubber bullets and rushed to Tshepo Themba Hospital. He was shot in the neck, back, leg, and arms. After the incident, he opened a complaint against police with the Independent Police Investigative Directorate (Ipid) for the brutal activity of the police.

Shai was married to Mmasechaba Shai, and together they had two children. He committed suicide in Dobsonville on 22 January 2022.

## Career

He started career as a dancer at Safari Ranch with Mzumba African Drama and Ballet. In 1994, he joined with the cast of drama serial *Soul City*, for which he won the Avanti Trophy for Best Actor at the NTVA Avanti Awards in 2000. In 1995, he wrote and acted in the film *Hearts & Minds* by playing the role "Mathews Kage". He later won the Silver Dolphin Award for Best Screenplay at the Festróia - Tróia International Film Festival. In 1996, he also played the role of "Christmas" in the 1996 BBC mini-series *Rhodes*.

For his role as "Enoch Molope" in the 2004 television serial *Zero Tolerance*, he was nominated for the SAFTA Golden Horn Award for Best Actor in TV Drama category at the South African Film and Television Awards (SAFTA). In 2005, he joined with the SABC2 mini-series *Noah's Arc* and nominated for the SAFTA Golden Horn for Best Actor at 2010 SAFTA. In 2008, he acted in the SABC2 sitcom *Moferefere Lenyalon* and played the lead role of "Kgosi Matlakala". After that, in 2010, he played the role "Bra Sporo" in the SABC2 drama series *Hola Mpinji* and as "Tiger Sibiya" for the third season of the SABC1 drama series *Zone 14*. At the 2014 SAFTA, he was nominated for the Best Supporting Actor Award for his role in the serial *Skeem Saam*. In 2017, Shai joined with the cast of popular SABC2 soap opera *7de Laan* and played the role "Jacob Moloi". For his role, he was again nominated for the SAFTA Golden Horn Award for Best Supporting Actor at the SAFTA 2018.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Genre | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1986 | *A Place for Weeping* | Lucky | Film |  |
| 1988 | *Red Scorpion* | African Soldier | Film |  |
| 1988 | *Blind Justice* | Samson Snhlova | Film |  |
| 1988 | *Diamond in the Rough* | Connors' Thug | Film |  |
| 1990 | *The Last Samurai* | Wild man | Film |  |
| 1990 | *Screenplay* | Joseph Mnwana | TV series |  |
| 1990 | *Schweitzer* | Joseph | Film |  |
| 1991 | *The Sheltering Desert* | Constable | Film |  |
| 1991 | *Taxi to Soweto* | Richard | Film |  |
| 1994 | *MMG Engineers* | Ray Ghanya | TV series |  |
| 1995 | *Hearts & Minds* | Mathews Kage, Writer | Film |  |
| 1995 | *Cry, the Beloved Country* | Robert Ndela | Film |  |
| 1995 | *Mission Top Secret* | Thabo | TV series |  |
| 1996 | *Danger Zone* | Madumo | Film |  |
| 1996 | *Inside* | Bhambo | TV movie |  |
| 1996 | *Rhodes* | Christmas | TV mini series |  |
| 1996 | *Stray Bullet* | Director | TV movie |  |
| 1996 | *La ferme du crocodile* | Ibrahim | TV movie |  |
| 1997 | *Fools* | Zamani | Film |  |
| 1997 | *The Principal* | Ben Moloi | TV mini series |  |
| 1997 | *The Place of Lions* | Bruno | TV movie |  |
| 1999 | *Yizo yizo* | Edwin Thapelo | TV series |  |
| 2000 | *The Gates of Cleveland Road* | Joe Mabaso, Co-producer | TV movie |  |
| 2000 | *Generations* | Patrick Tlaole | TV series |  |
| 2002 | *Behind the Badge* | Carlos Gwala | TV series |  |
| 2003 | *The Bone Snatcher* | Titus | Film |  |
| 2004 | *Zero Tolerance* | Enoch Molope | TV series |  |
| 2004 | *Critical Assignment* | Charles Ojuka | Film |  |
| 2004 | *Zulu Love Letter* | Khubeka | Film |  |
| 2006 | *Hillside* | Dr. Kagiso Montshiwa | TV series |  |
| 2007 | *Life Is Wild* | Umkhulu | TV series |  |
| 2008 | *Discreet* | Boss | Film |  |
| 2010 | *Hola Mpinji* | Bra Sporo | TV mini series |  |
| 2010 | *Life, Above All* | Dr. Charles Chilume | Film |  |
| 2010 | *The Bang Bang Club* | Pegleg | Film |  |
| 2012 | *Chandies* | Paddido | TV series |  |
| 2012 | *Gog' Helen* | Hobo | Film |  |
| 2016 | *Ashes to Ashes* | Selo Namanne | TV series |  |
| 2017 | *7de Laan* | Jacob Moloi | TV series |  |

## InfoBox

| Patrick Shai | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Patrick Molefe Shai
(1956-12-09)9 December 1956
Triomf, Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa (modern-day Sophiatown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa) |
| Died | 22 January 2022(2022-01-22) (aged 65)
Dobsonville, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa |
| Nationality | South African |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, director |
| Years active | 1986–2022 |
| Spouse | Mmasechaba Shai |
| Children | 2 |


title: Paul Götze

abstract: Paul Götze was an SS-Rottenführer at Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps. Born in Halle, German Empire, Götze was a painter by profession. He joined the Nazi Party in 1937 and the SS in 1942. In July 1942 he was posted to Auschwitz, where he initially served as a guard and supervisor of work groups. From February to May 1943 he was Blockführer in the Auschwitz main camp, later performing the same function in the gypsy camp in Birkenau from May 1943 to August 1944. In August 1944 he was transferred to Buchenwald. Although prisoners held Götze as a reasonable man out of SS men at the camp, he took an active part in the killing of Jews and prisoners unable to work in the Birkenau gas chambers, such as assisting with the loading and unloading of people marked for gassing when large numbers of people were marked for extermination. He participated in the liquidation of the gypsy camp in August 1944. Götze was tried by the Supreme National Tribunal at the Auschwitz Trial in Kraków and was sentenced to death. His sentence was carried out by hanging in Montelupich Prison, Kraków.

text:
# Paul Götze

**Paul Götze** (13 November 1903  24 January 1948) was an SS-*Rottenführer* at Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps.

Born in Halle, German Empire, Götze was a painter by profession. He joined the Nazi Party in 1937 and the SS in 1942. In July 1942 he was posted to Auschwitz, where he initially served as a guard and supervisor of work groups. From February to May 1943 he was *Blockführer* in the Auschwitz main camp, later performing the same function in the gypsy camp in Birkenau from May 1943 to August 1944. In August 1944 he was transferred to Buchenwald.

Although prisoners held Götze as a reasonable man out of SS men at the camp , he took an active part in the killing of Jews and prisoners unable to work in the Birkenau gas chambers, such as assisting with the loading and unloading of people marked for gassing when large numbers of people were marked for extermination. He participated in the liquidation of the gypsy camp in August 1944.

Götze was tried by the Supreme National Tribunal at the Auschwitz Trial in Kraków and was sentenced to death. His sentence was carried out by hanging in Montelupich Prison, Kraków.

## Bibliography

* Cyprian T., Sawicki J., *Siedem wyroków Najwyższego Trybunału Narodowego*, Poznań 1962

## InfoBox

| Paul Götze | |
| --- | --- |
| Paul Götze | |
| Born | (1903-11-13)13 November 1903
Halle, German Empire |
| Died | 24 January 1948(1948-01-24) (aged 44)
Montelupich Prison, Kraków, Polish People's Republic |
| Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
| Occupation | SS-*Rottenführer* |
| Political party | Nazi Party |
| Criminal status | Executed |
|  | |
| Motive | Nazism |
| Conviction(s) | Crimes against humanity |
| Trial | Auschwitz trial |
| Criminal penalty | Death |
|  | |


title: Paul Dumas

abstract: Paul Dumas was a Parisian designer and manufacturer of wallpapers and textiles active between 1906 and 1978. Dumas had a studio at 24-26 Rue Notre Dame des Victoires in Paris, and a printing factory in Montreuil-sur-bois, to the east of Paris. Dumas purchased a disused printing factory in Montreuil-sur-bois in 1906, and then built a larger factory on its land in 1913. The factory burned down in 1913, and Dumas had a new one built the same year. Dumas was a designer of scenery and draperies for the fancy-dress balls held by Paul Poiret. The Montreuil-sur-bois factory produced wallpapers for Poiret's Atelier Martine, Paul Follot, Lina de Andrada, and Lucie Renudaut, among others. Textiles produced by Paul Dumas are included in the collection of the Cooper Hewitt Design Museum. Wallpapers produced by Dumas in included in the collections of the Musée des arts décoratifs de Paris and the Victoria and Albert Museum, London and the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

text:
# Paul Dumas

**Paul Dumas** was a Parisian designer and manufacturer of wallpapers and textiles active between 1906 and 1978.

Dumas had a studio at 24-26 Rue Notre Dame des Victoires in Paris, and a printing factory in Montreuil-sur-bois, to the east of Paris. Dumas purchased a disused printing factory in Montreuil-sur-bois in 1906, and then built a larger factory on its land in 1913. The factory burned down in 1913, and Dumas had a new one built the same year.

Dumas was a designer of scenery and draperies for the fancy-dress balls held by Paul Poiret. The Montreuil-sur-bois factory produced wallpapers for Poiret's *Atelier Martine*, Paul Follot, Lina de Andrada, and Lucie Renudaut, among others.

Textiles produced by Paul Dumas are included in the collection of the Cooper Hewitt Design Museum. Wallpapers produced by Dumas in included in the collections of the Musée des arts décoratifs de Paris and the Victoria and Albert Museum, London and the Metropolitan Museum of Art.


title: Marianne Streifler

abstract: Marianne Streifler is a former pair skater who represented West Germany. With Herbert Wiesinger, she is the 1967 Prague Skate silver medalist and a three-time West German national medalist. The pair placed 11th at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble and 6th at the 1969 European Championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. During her competitive career, Streifler was a member of FREC in Frankfurt am Main. After retiring from competition, she spent four years skating for Holiday on Ice. She then coached in Lauterbach, Hesse before relocating in 2008 to Füssen, Bavaria.

text:
# Marianne Streifler

**Marianne Streifler** (born 5 February 1951) is a former pair skater who represented West Germany. With Herbert Wiesinger, she is the 1967 Prague Skate silver medalist and a three-time West German national medalist. The pair placed 11th at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble and 6th at the 1969 European Championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.

During her competitive career, Streifler was a member of FREC in Frankfurt am Main. After retiring from competition, she spent four years skating for Holiday on Ice. She then coached in Lauterbach, Hesse before relocating in 2008 to Füssen, Bavaria.

## Competitive highlights

With Wiesinger

| International | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Event | 64–65 | 65–66 | 66–67 | 67–68 | 68–69 |
| Winter Olympics |  |  |  | 11th |  |
| World Championships |  |  | 11th | 12th |  |
| European Championships |  |  | 11th | 9th | 6th |
| Prague Skate |  | 4th |  | 2nd |  |
| National | | | | | |
| West German Champ. | 6th | 4th | 2nd | 3rd | 2nd |

## InfoBox

| Marianne Streifler | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1951-02-05) 5 February 1951<br>Höchst, Frankfurt am Main |
| Height | 1.62 m (5 ft 4 in) |
| Figure skating career | |
| Country | West Germany |
| Partner | Herbert Wiesinger |
| Skating club | FREC, Frankfurt am Main |
| Retired | c. 1969 |


title: Het Legioen

abstract: Het Legioen is the name of the supporters and fans of Dutch football club Feyenoord Rotterdam. Squad number 12 is never given to a player, but is reserved for Het Legioen instead.

text:
# Het Legioen

**Het Legioen** (Dutch pronunciation: \[ət leːɣiˈjun\]; "The Legion" in English) is the name of the supporters and fans of Dutch football club Feyenoord Rotterdam.

Squad number **12** is never given to a player, but is reserved for Het Legioen instead.

## Supportersvereniging

Feyenoord have one official fan supporters club, the Feyenoord Supportersvereniging. The FSV is completely independent and as of 2006 has a membership of about 23,000. The FSV aim to cater for the wishes and needs of Feyenoord fans, and also operate as a bridge for better communication between the club and fans. Each home game the FSV produce the official match programme rather than Feyenoord itself. FSV also arrange special events known as "supportersavonden" (supporter's evenings), arrange travel for away matches and the mascot for home matches, and participate in Feyenoord projects like Supporters Platform, TIFO team, Kameraadjes and the yearly Open day. The Supporters Platform formed in August 2005 to improve communication between club and fans Within the FSP about 60 supporters are continuously in contact with the staff of the club to discuss club matters. About five times during a season an open meeting is arranged for all other Feyenoord supporters willing to visit and listen to and discuss explanations.

## TIFO team

In 1998 the Feyenoord Supporters Vereniging were wondering about whether or not it would be possible to create more atmosphere inside the stadium mainly during important matches. As a result, a few huge flags were produced and brought into the stadium prior to matches played by Feyenoord. The flags were a success, but people started asking for more activities and a meeting between fans and officials were arranged. In 2000 Harry Veth was given permission to establish a group of five Feyenoord fans called TIFO team Feyenoord Rotterdam. Besides creating more flags and small pieces of paper released from the second platform the team also started to organise bigger activities. The first big activity was held on 10 December 2000 when Feyenoord faced Ajax and 40 fog machines were activated when the players entered the pitch. In the following years many different and various activities were held to improve the atmosphere inside the stadium. Feyenoord's TIFO team became famous abroad as well and the Italian TIFO foundation awarded Feyenoord the Best of TIFO Award 2000/2001.

## Kameraadjes

Kids supporting Feyenoord between 0 and 12 years old can join the "Kameraadjes" group. De kameraadjes (The little comrades) get a versatility of little gadgets and advantages according to Feyenoord. Members of the Kameraadjes receive the Kameraadjes magazine, a free stadium tour and a welcoming present. During a season, several events for Kameraadjes members are held, like: a Sinterklaas party, special events during Feyenoord Opening day and the first training of the season, beach soccer tournaments and advantages when visiting a Feyenoord home match. As of 2006 there are 26,500 Kameraadjes.

## Jeugdproject

Feyenoord's Jeugdproject (Youth Project) concentrates on children between 6 and 12 years of age, playing football at schools and amateur teams. To show the kids the importance of sports and sportsmanship, Feyenoord invites the children to De Kuip to see what sport can do to people: happiness, disappointment, excitement, emotions, fear and cosines, it brings people together. In Feyenoord's Youth Project visiting a match is the central point, but there is also an educative and cultural character included. Feyenoord provides schools and amateur clubs with small teaching books and expect these to be filled in by the visiting youth when they enter the stadium on a match day. The groups that support Feyenoord in the most original way and those who can predict the score correctly are awarded with prizes.

## First training

Every single year Feyenoord fans look forward to the club's first training of the new season. They show up with thousands together and temporary stands are placed around the training pitch. Players signed during the summer will be seen by the fans in public for the first time and the players take some time to sign autographs after the training. Around the training pitch there are several other activities held before the first and in between the first and second training of the day. No other club in the Netherlands attracts as much supporters towards the first training and the new players are positively surprised every year. Despite finishing 9th in the Eredivisie in the 2006–07 season for instance the first training of the 2007–08 season broke all records when 20,000 fans showed up to support the team and to erase the previous season out of their minds.

## Famous Feyenoord fans

Besides a lot of former players who still are fans of the club, there are also many celebrities who openly announce to be a Feyenoord fan. Singer Lee Towers and actor Gerard Cox are known as the most fanatic Feyenoord fans around, talking about the team wherever they show up on TV, radio or magazines. Among other famous Feyenoord fans are politicians Wouter Bos and Jan Marijnissen, baseball manager Robert Eenhoorn, kidnapped Arjan Erkel, judo world champion Dennis van der Geest, DJ Paul Elstak, tennis player Raemon Sluiter and TV star Renate Verbaan. Sluiter, Towers, Van der Geest and Eenhoorn have all officially been Feyenoord ambassadors. Verbaan is the current and first ever female ambassador.

## Hooliganism

Aside from the loyalty of the supporters, which earned *Het Legioen* the title "Best fans of the country", there is also a hooligan side, which often give the club a bad name, with many within Het legion being connected with far right Neo Nazi organisations and other right wing clubs in Poland and around Europe During the UEFA Cup final versus Tottenham Hotspur in 1974 Feyenoord fans were confronted with international hooliganism for the first time. The first Dutch hooligan firms occurred in the late 1960s. Prior to the match English hooligans had been causing damage in the center of Rotterdam already and during the match they climbed over the cages that separated the stands. They were throwing seats, set the stadium on fire and were fighting man to man. About 150 people were wounded and 50 English hooligans were arrested. UEFA-employee Lucien Schmidtlin reported that neither Feyenoord nor Tottenham could be blamed for the riots. After the match the Dutch authorities saw the happenings as a problem that occurred in England and only a few people were warning that these riots might become common, also in the Netherlands. In the years that followed the S.C.F (SCF) was established and a lot of the fanatic Feyenoord fans became part of one of the most feared firms in European football. In Europe they were also known as the "run away" firm and besides fights with other Dutch firms there were some small fights in the 1990s in Germany. 15,000 Feyenoord fans were having control over the German police in Mönchengladbach, while also in Stuttgart and Leverkusen they caused a lot of trouble.

The most violent clash where the SCF clinched with Ajax's F-side was on 23 March 1997 when the "Battle of Beverwijk" took place and Ajax fan Carlo Picornie was killed by the SCF. After this incident several members of the original SCF stepped back and a second generation of hooligans joined those who stayed. The additional firm was known as the RJK (Rotterdamse Jongeren Kern/Rotterdam Youth Squad). Two years later a third firm (FIIIR) was established and merged with the RJK, the FIIIR became the youth squad of the SCF. Another big clash between the firms of Ajax and Feyenoord happened in Rotterdam on 17 April 2005 when hundreds of SCF and FIIIR members fought with the police prior to the match versus Ajax. F-side members were at that time held by the police just outside the stadium and when the announcement was made in the stadium several groups of SCF/FIIIR members left the stadium to find the F-side. When the police tried to avoid the groups to get together both sides attacked the police first before clashing with each other. Many people got injured, police officers and members of both firms. On 30 November 2006 Feyenoord faced AS Nancy in France, which is at driving distance from Rotterdam. Only 1200 tickets were awarded to Feyenoord fans. Much more than that number travelled to Nancy and tried to get tickets at the Stade Marcel Picot. Later, during the match inside the stadium SCF and FIIIR members broke a wall of glass between two stands and provoked French fans. The match was suspended for 30 minutes in the 80th minute after the police used tear gas to drive the SCF/FIIIR members back into their own stand. The match was eventually finished, 30 minutes after it was suspended. It was said many of the SCF/FIIIR members were having Dutch stadium bans and should not have been allowed to buy tickets in Nancy. Members of SCF and FIIIR identify themselves with their tattoos Due to this violence, Feyenoord was knocked out of the UEFA Cup for the remaining of the season. In 2013 Independent Dutch film company Cerce Films released the movie "Roffa" which is a story based on the hooligans of Feyenoord.


title: Mvurwi

abstract: Umvukwesi, originally known as Umvukwesi, is a town in Mashonaland Central province in Zimbabwe. Some of Mvurwi's schools include Holy Rosary Primary and Secondary School, Mvurwi Primary and High School and Umvukwesi Primary School which is one of the town's most elite learning facilities and produces noteworthy results. Previously, it fell within the breadbasket region where much of foodstuffs and the golden leaf were being produced. Majority of Mvurwians are small scale farmers who rely on the agro-based economy. The industry sector has to be improved in future, currently it has got Delta Beverage brewing company and Mashonaland Tobacco Sales to mention a few. Chiote/ Pembi Falls and Galiva are dams surrounding the borders of the town. It is still developing in terms of infrastructure. It has other government offices such as R.G and major referral hospitals. When it was accorded town status in 2007: as from that was headed by Mayor-Councilor Vincent Murengwa of the ruling party ZANU PF. Mvurwi is a place which is primarily surrounded by farms and is conducive for farming. it is essential in the food production of the country.

text:
# Mvurwi

**Umvukwesi**, originally known as **Umvukwesi**, is a town in Mashonaland Central province in Zimbabwe.

Some of Mvurwi's schools include Holy Rosary Primary and Secondary School, Mvurwi Primary and High School and Umvukwesi Primary School which is one of the town's most elite learning facilities and produces noteworthy results.

Previously, it fell within the breadbasket region (from Banket \- Shamva) where much of foodstuffs and the golden leaf were being produced. Majority of Mvurwians are small scale farmers who rely on the agro-based economy. The industry sector has to be improved in future, currently it has got Delta Beverage brewing company and Mashonaland Tobacco Sales to mention a few.

Chiote/ Pembi Falls and Galiva are dams surrounding the borders of the town. It is still developing in terms of infrastructure. It has other government offices such as R.G and major referral hospitals.

When it was accorded town status in 2007: as from that was headed by Mayor-Councilor Vincent Murengwa of the ruling party ZANU PF.

Mvurwi is a place which is primarily surrounded by farms and is conducive for farming. it is essential in the food production of the country.

## InfoBox

| Umvukwesi | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Umvukwesi | |
| Coordinates: 17°1′S 30°51′E / 17.017°S 30.850°E / -17.017; 30.850 | |
| Country | Zimbabwe |
| Province | Mashonaland Central |
| District | Mazowe |
| Government | |
| Type | Town Council |
| Elevation | 1,492 m (4,895 ft) |
| Population (2022 census) | |
| Total | 15,645 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (CAT) |
| Website | Mvurwi Town Council |


title: Nigel Hess

abstract: Nigel John Hess is a British composer, best known for his television, theatre and film soundtracks, including the theme tunes to Campion, Maigret, Wycliffe, Dangerfield, Hetty Wainthropp Investigates, Badger and Ladies in Lavender.

text:
# Nigel Hess

**Nigel John Hess** (born 22 July 1953) is a British composer, best known for his television, theatre and film soundtracks, including the theme tunes to *Campion*, *Maigret*, *Wycliffe*, *Dangerfield*, *Hetty Wainthropp Investigates*, *Badger* and *Ladies in Lavender*.

## Biography

Hess was born in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset. He was educated at Weston-super-Mare Grammar School for Boys, and went on to study music at Cambridge University, where he was Music Director of the famous Footlights Revue Company. He has since worked extensively as a composer and conductor in television, theatre and film.

Hess has composed numerous scores for both American and British television productions, including *A Woman of Substance*, *Vanity Fair*, *Campion*, *Testament* (Ivor Novello Award for Best TV Theme), *Summer's Lease* (Television & Radio Industries Club Award for Best TV Theme), *Chimera*, *Titmuss Regained*, *Maigret*, *Classic Adventure*, *Dangerfield*, *Just William*, *Wycliffe* (Royal Television Society Nomination for Best TV Theme), *The One Game*, *Every Woman Knows a Secret*, *Hetty Wainthropp Investigates* (Ivor Novello Award for Best TV Theme and Royal Television Society Nomination for Best TV Theme), *Badger*, *Ballykissangel*, *New Tricks* and *Stick with Me, Kid* for Disney. His best-known film score is *Ladies in Lavender* (Classical Brits Nomination for Best Soundtrack Composer) starring Dame Judi Dench and Dame Maggie Smith. The music has become popular worldwide, and was performed in the film by violinist Joshua Bell with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.

While Hess was House Composer for the Royal Shakespeare Company he contributed twenty scores for RSC productions, and highlights from his Shakespeare scores have been recorded and performed by the RPO in concert as *The Food of Love*, hosted by Dame Judi Dench and Sir Patrick Stewart. His most recent RSC scores were for Christopher Luscombe's productions of *Love's Labour's Lost* and *Love's Labour's Won*. Hess was awarded the New York Drama Desk Award for ‘Outstanding Music in a Play’ for the productions of *Much Ado About Nothing* and *Cyrano de Bergerac* on Broadway. His most recent theatre scores have been written for Shakespeare's Globe in London and include *The Merry Wives of Windsor*, *Romeo and Juliet*, *Henry VIII*, *The Knight of the Burning Pestle* and *Nell Gwynn*.

The debut album of Hess’s vocal group Chameleon (recently reissued as *Saylon Dola*) won the Music Retailers Association Award for Best MOR Vocal Album, with tracks from the album subsequently covered by several artists, including tenor Russell Watson.

Hess has also composed much concert music, particularly for symphonic wind band, including commissions from Royal Air Force Music Services and the Band of the Coldstream Guards. July 2007 saw the première of Hess’s *Concerto for Piano and Orchestra* (Classical Brits Nomination for Composer of the Year), commissioned by the Prince of Wales in memory of his grandmother. The soloist was internationally renowned pianist Lang Lang. Other commissions include a new ballet based on The Old Man of Lochnagar, a children’s story written by the Prince of Wales in 1980, commissioned and premiered by the National Youth Ballet of Great Britain; *A Christmas Overture*, commissioned by John Rutter and premiered by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra at the Royal Albert Hall, and *A Celebration Overture*, commissioned by the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra for its 175th anniversary and also premiered at the Royal Albert Hall in 2015.

Hess is the great nephew of British pianist Dame Myra Hess. He named his music publishing company Myra Music in her honour.

In 2023, Hess was announced as one of the composers who would each create a brand new piece for the Coronation of Charles III and Camilla.

## Notable TV compositions

Hess's notable television compositions include

## InfoBox

| Nigel Hess | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Nigel John Hess |
| Born | (1953-07-22) 22 July 1953<br>Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, England |
| Occupation | Composer |
| Years active | 1979–present |
|  | |
| Website | Myramusic.co.uk |


title: Parannoul

abstract: Parannoul is a pseudonymous South Korean shoegaze musician. He has released four solo albums: Let's Walk on the Path of a Blue Cat (2020), To See the Next Part of the Dream (2021), After the Magic (2023) and Sky Hundred (2024). Parannoul has collaborated with other shoegaze musicians like Asian Glow of South Korea and sonhos tomam conta of Brazil, releasing the split album, Downfall of the Neon Youth (2021), and later the Paraglow EP in 2022. In 2024, he worked with the international rap group Fax Gang to make the album Scattersun. Parannoul has also released music under other pseudonyms, including Rough and Beautiful Place (2022) as Mydreamfever, as well as several now-deleted albums as laststar. He is one of the most representative musicians in the shoegaze scene, which has emerged as a new trend in the South Korean indie music scene since 2021.

text:
# Parannoul

| **Parannoul** | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 파란노을 |
| Revised Romanization | *Parannoeul* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *P'arannoŭl* |

**Parannoul** (Korean: 파란노을; lit. blue sunset; born 2001) is a pseudonymous South Korean shoegaze musician. He has released four solo albums: *Let's Walk on the Path of a Blue Cat* (2020), *To See the Next Part of the Dream* (2021), *After the Magic* (2023) and *Sky Hundred* (2024).

Parannoul has collaborated with other shoegaze musicians like Asian Glow of South Korea and sonhos tomam conta of Brazil, releasing the split album, *Downfall of the Neon Youth* (2021), and later the *Paraglow* EP in 2022. In 2024, he worked with the international rap group Fax Gang to make the album *Scattersun*.

Parannoul has also released music under other pseudonyms, including *Rough and Beautiful Place* (2022) as **Mydreamfever**, as well as several now-deleted albums as **laststar**. He is one of the most representative musicians in the shoegaze scene, which has emerged as a new trend in the South Korean indie music scene since 2021.

## Career

Parannoul released his first and second albums, *Let's Walk on the Path of a Blue Cat* in 2020 and *To See the Next Part of the Dream* in 2021, through Bandcamp. He has gained popularity through Bandcamp, Rate Your Music, and Reddit. His second album was reviewed on *Pitchfork*, *Consequence of Sound*, and *Stereogum*. He featured on the split album *Downfall of the Neon Youth* with Asian Glow and sonhos tomam conta, contributing four tracks, which was released on October 22, 2021.

Parannoul describes himself as "just a student writing music in my bedroom". In an interview with Sonemic, Parannoul stated that the album cover for his album *To See the Next Part of the Dream* "is actually one of the scenes from リリイ・シュシュのすべて (All About Lily Chou-Chou). It's not an important scene at all, it's just a scene that lasts five seconds...But for some reason, the smokestack and the white smoke made me feel nostalgic. (Actually the whole movie feels that way.) When I first saw the factory with smokestacks, I felt stuffy and uncomfortable, like we won't have freedom inside there. On the other hand, I felt something contradictory when I saw the pure white smoke coming out of it. I wanted to show the clean yet dirty side of youth through this smokestack. The little birds above the smoke show the mind of the teenager that wanted to be free."

On 1 January 2022, Parannoul released *Rough and Beautiful Place* under the pseudonym Mydreamfever. The release is a departure from the shoegaze style present on his Parannoul works, with the album being described as ambient and new-age. *Rough and Beautiful Place* was featured as Bandcamp's "Album of the Day" shortly after its release. He joined the crew Digital Dawn, which includes Asian Glow, Brokenteeth, Wapddi, Della Zyr and Fin Fior, and he held his first concert with Digital Dawn in September 2022. His third album under the name Parannoul, *After the Magic*, was released on January 28, 2023.

## Music

Parannoul sings in Korean. His tracks are titled in the English language or else are offered in Korean, as Hangul with English translation.

## Discography

### Released under laststar

**Albums**

* *In the Purest Sense* (2017)
* *Winter Rain, Winter Rain* (2018)
* *Strange Days* (2018)
* *꽃샘추위 (Recurrence)* (2018)
* *Sleepless* (2018)
* *Tomorrow's They And I* (2018)
* *Egoletter* (2018)
* *Our Last Summer* (2018)
* *In the City Made Of Echoes* (2018)
* *Introvert Love Connection* (2018)
* *Behind the Shadow* (2019)
* *Covers +1* (2019)
* *Stars Whisper to Me Tonight* (2019)

**EPs**

* *기억일기 (Memory Diary)* (2017)

### Released under Parannoul

**Albums**

**Live albums**

* *After the Night* (2023)

**EPs**

* *White Ceiling / Black Dots Wandering Around* (2022)

**Singles**

* "Into the Endless Night" (2021)
* "Insomnia *(2022)*
* "We Shine at Night" (2023)
* "Acryl" (2023) (Under compilation album "Xtalline : 001")
* "Gold River" (2024)
* "Painless" (2024)

**Collaborative albums & EPs**

### Released under Mydreamfever

**Albums**

* *Rough and Beautiful Place* (2022)

**Singles**

* *Anywhere, Anytime* (2021)

## InfoBox

| Parannoul | |
| --- | --- |
| Parannoul performing at Pentaport Rock Festival 2024 | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Mydreamfever<br>laststar |
| Born | 2001 (age 2223) |
| Origin | Seoul, South Korea |
| Genres | Shoegaze, emo |
| Years active | 2017–present |
| Labels |  |