abstract: The Norfolk, Virginia, Bicentennial half dollar is a half dollar commemorative coin struck by the United States Bureau of the Mint in 1937, though it bears the date 1936. The coin commemorates the 200th anniversary of Norfolk being designated as a royal borough, and the 100th anniversary of it becoming a city. It was designed by spouses William Marks Simpson and Marjory Emory Simpson. Virginia Senator Carter Glass sought legislation for a Norfolk half dollar, but the bill was amended in committee to provide for commemorative medals instead. Unaware of the change, Glass and the bill's sponsor in the House of Representatives, Absalom W. Robertson, shepherded the legislation through Congress. Local authorities in Norfolk did not want medals, and sought an amendment, which passed Congress in June 1937. The legislation required that all coins be dated 1936; thus, there are five dates on the half dollar, none of which are the date of coining, 1937. By that time, the anniversaries had passed, and sales were poorer than hoped; almost a third of the mintage was returned for melting. The Norfolk half dollar is the only U.S. coin to depict the British crown, shown on the city's ceremonial mace, found on the reverse of the coin.

text:
# Norfolk, Virginia, Bicentennial half dollar

The **Norfolk, Virginia, Bicentennial half dollar** is a half dollar commemorative coin struck by the United States Bureau of the Mint in 1937, though it bears the date 1936. The coin commemorates the 200th anniversary of Norfolk being designated as a royal borough, and the 100th anniversary of it becoming a city. It was designed by spouses William Marks Simpson and Marjory Emory Simpson.

Virginia Senator Carter Glass sought legislation for a Norfolk half dollar, but the bill was amended in committee to provide for commemorative medals instead. Unaware of the change, Glass and the bill's sponsor in the House of Representatives, Absalom W. Robertson, shepherded the legislation through Congress. Local authorities in Norfolk did not want medals, and sought an amendment, which passed Congress in June 1937.

The legislation required that all coins be dated 1936; thus, there are five dates on the half dollar, none of which are the date of coining, 1937. By that time, the anniversaries had passed, and sales were poorer than hoped; almost a third of the mintage was returned for melting. The Norfolk half dollar is the only U.S. coin to depict the British crown, shown on the city's ceremonial mace, found on the reverse ("tails" side) of the coin.

## Background

Much of the area now comprising the city of Norfolk, Virginia, was granted by Charles I of England in 1636 to Adam Thoroughgood, a former indentured servant who had risen to become a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. Thoroughgood recruited 105 people to live on the land, and named the area for his birthplace, the county of Norfolk in England. Some land was granted to the Willoughby family; this eventually became Norfolk's downtown. In 1736, Norfolk was granted a charter as a royal borough by George II, and the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie presented Norfolk with a ceremonial mace in 1753, making Norfolk the only American city to have a mace from colonial times. Despite being nearly destroyed during the American Revolutionary War, Norfolk was almost as large a port as New York City by 1790, but its importance declined in the 19th century. It remains home to a major naval base.

In the 1930s, commemorative coins were not sold by the government—Congress, in authorizing legislation, usually designated an organization which had the exclusive right to purchase them at face value and vend them to the public at a premium. In the case of the Norfolk half dollar, the responsible group was the Norfolk Advertising Board, Inc., affiliated with the Norfolk Chamber of Commerce.

## Legislation

Virginia Senator Carter Glass introduced a bill for a Norfolk Bicentennial half dollar on May 20, 1936; it was referred to the Committee on Banking and Commerce. The bill was reported back to the Senate by Alva Adams of Colorado on June 20. The committee recommended in the report that a medal, not a coin, be issued. They attached a 1935 letter from President Franklin D. Roosevelt complaining that commemorative coins of a purely local nature were being authorized by Congress, and recommending that commemorative medals be issued instead.

> We haven't quit the fight. We've asked an appointment with President Roosevelt for the purpose of discussing the matter and laying Norfolk's claim squarely before him. We have a right to know why Norfolk has been discriminated against. It's time for the people of this area to rise up in righteous indignation at this insult to the city. The past session of Congress passed bills and the President signed them authorizing the issuance of fifteen commemorative coins. Is the landing of the Swedes in Delaware of more historical importance than the original land grant for Norfolk county, comprising what is now Norfolk, Princess Anne and Nansemond counties, and embracing what historians recognize as the most historical area in the country? Is the settlement of northern Illinois, commemorated by the Elgin issue, more important than the granting of the royal charter to Norfolk City? Why, after all these commemorative coins had been authorized, should governmental authorities suddenly become so solicitous of their coinage that the Norfolk issue is so mysteriously changed to call for a medal? Something is wrong. Something is radically wrong. And it's time for the people of Norfolk to bring every pressure to bear in an attempt to remove what is in reality a direct insult to the city.

Franklin E. Turin, August 5, 1936

June 20, 1936, the final day of the session, was an exceptionally busy day in Congress. After Adams reported the bill back to the Senate, Glass attempted to have it considered by that body, but initially Joseph Guffey of Pennsylvania objected, demanding the regular order. Later that day, Glass advised the Senate that Guffey had stated he would not further object, and again asked to have the bill considered. This time it passed without objection or debate, and the title was changed to reflect that medals were to be struck rather than coins.

The bill was considered by the House of Representatives later the same day. Absalom W. Robertson of Virginia moved that the House pass it, stating that the bill authorized medals, but when questioned by Robert F. Rich of Pennsylvania, stated that the bill was for "silver coins". The House passed the bill without amendment or debate, and it was signed into law by President Roosevelt on the 28th. Such medals would have had no market, as collectors of the day preferred legal tender coins, which is what the promoters of the bill wanted, and so no medals were struck. It was at first hoped that the initial bill might be used to authorize coins; when this proved not to be the case, the head of the Norfolk Advertising Board, Franklin E. Turin, was interviewed in the *Norfolk Ledger-Dispatch* on August 5, and "ripped away the veil of secrecy that has shrouded negotiations and called a spade a spade". Turin blamed Roosevelt for the mix-up, and stated that Senator Glass had said he had not realized the bill had been changed, nor had Representative Robertson. Senator Glass promised another attempt.

Glass reintroduced the bill, this time numbered as S. 4, on January 6, 1937. It was reported back to the Senate on the 16th by Adams with an amendment containing language usual to commemorative coin bills, that the federal government would not be responsible for the expenses of preparing the dies for the coinage. The Senate passed it without objection on January 19. The bill was transmitted to the House, where it was referred to the Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures. That committee on May 26 reported the bill back, recommending that it pass after being amended, including increasing the authorized mintage from 20,000 to 25,000. The report drew attention to the "unfortunate error" of the previous year, and "that in making this favorable report it is merely helping to correct this oversight". The House passed the amended bill on June 21 without discussion or dissent. As the two houses had not passed the same version, the bill returned to the Senate, where on June 22, on Glass's motion, that body agreed to the House's amendments. Roosevelt signed the bill, authorizing 25,000 half dollars, on the 28th.

## Preparation

Expecting a coin to be authorized rather than a medal, the Norfolk Advertising Board hired husband and wife William Marks Simpson and Marjory Emory Simpson to design the half dollar, and on September 26, 1936, William Simpson submitted prints of his design to the Commission of Fine Arts. The Fine Arts Commission was charged by a 1921 executive order by President Warren G. Harding with rendering advisory opinions on public artworks, including coins. The designs were referred to the sculptor member of the commission, Lee Lawrie. In general, Lawrie was enthusiastic, but had some suggestions. One was to shorten the mace, which almost touched the letter "O" in DOLLAR on the original models. He also advised that further attention should be given to the lettering. The commission chairman, Charles Moore, wrote to William Simpson on September 29, informing him of this, and adding his own congratulations on the design. No formal approval was given at that time, as the coin had not been authorized.

After the coin bill passed Congress in June 1937, the Simpsons modified the design slightly, with the tip of the mace now between the words HALF and DOLLAR, and minor changes being made to the obverse. Photographs of the revised models were sent to the Fine Arts Commission on August 10, 1937; the designs were approved on August 14.

## Design

Mace of Norfolk, Virginia

The obverse depicts the city seal of Norfolk. A sailing ship is shown, sailing on stylized waves; below is a plow and three sheaves of wheat. Underneath that is the Latin word CRESCAS, translated as "may you prosper". Above the ship is ET TERRA ET MARE DIVITIAE, meaning "both land and sea are your riches". The inscriptions trace the progress of Norfolk from borough to city, and include the date 1936, as required by the legislation, though the coin was not struck until 1937. The reverse shows Norfolk's mace, with the date of the land grant, 1636, divided by it and flanked by sprigs of dogwood. That date is explained by the words NORFOLK VIRGINIA LAND GRANT. The name of the country, the denomination and the inscriptions required by law are also on the reverse, as are the designers' initials, rendered as WM MES. There are five dates on the coin, none of which is the year of minting, 1937.

Q. David Bowers described the obverse as "the most cluttered commemorative design ever produced". Art historian Cornelius Vermeule, in his volume on U.S. commemorative coins and medals, called the Norfolk piece "a low point in commemorative design". His view was not entirely negative, saying that "skill in spacing the letters, in casting the surfaces, and in modeling the high relief saves much of the composition. Still, the commemoration of Norfolk's anniversaries is a document of epigraphy rather than figural art." Vermeule noted that the coin had been designed by a married couple, and that "the coin gives ample evidence that two heads need not be better than one."

## Production and distribution

In September 1937, the Philadelphia Mint struck 25,000 Norfolk half dollars, plus 13 extra that would be held for inspection and testing at the 1938 meeting of the annual Assay Commission. They were placed on sale at $1.50 each, with an initial limit of 20 per purchaser. This limit was later dropped to allow bulk sales to dealers. There was controversy over the half dollar bearing the British Crown as part of the mace—some said the crown had no place on an American coin—and over the fact that the anniversary had passed in 1936. This Turin addressed in advertisements, stating that the crown only appeared as part of the historic mace, and that the city would have issued the coin in 1936 but for the mix-up. Sales were slower than hoped, and Turin promoted the coin through 1938 with mass mailings to coin collectors. Despite this, 5,000 coins were returned to the Philadelphia Mint for redemption and melting in 1938, and 3,077 more at a later date. Several thousand had been sold in bulk to dealers, and wholesale quantities were available on the coin market for years afterward.

The Norfolk half dollar sold at retail for about $1.50 in 1940, in uncirculated condition. It thereafter increased in value, selling for about $18 by 1955, and $170 by 1975. The deluxe edition of R. S. Yeoman's *A Guide Book of United States Coins*, published in 2018, lists the coin for between $310 and $380, depending on condition. An exceptional specimen sold at auction for $2,760 in 2008.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Norfolk, Virginia, Bicentennial half dollar
| United States | |
| --- | --- |
| Value | 50 cents (0.50 US dollars) |
| Mass | 12.5 g |
| Diameter | 30.61 mm (1.20 in) |
| Thickness | 2.15 mm (0.08 in) |
| Edge | Reeded |
| Composition | * 90.0% silver * 10.0% copper |
| Silver | 0.36169 troy oz |
| Years of minting | 1937 (coins bear the date 1936) |
| Mintage | 25,000 with 13 pieces for the Assay Commission (8,077 melted) |
| Mint marks | None, all pieces struck at the Philadelphia Mint without mint mark |
| Obverse | |
|  | |
| Design | City seal of Norfolk, Virginia |
| Designer | William Marks Simpson and Marjory Emory Simpson |
| Design date | 1937 |
| Reverse | |
|  | |
| Design | Norfolk's ceremonial mace |
| Designer | William Marks Simpson and Marjory Emory Simpson |
| Design date | 1937 |


title: North Central College

abstract: North Central College is a private college in Naperville, Illinois. It is affiliated with the United Methodist Church and has 73 undergraduate majors of study, 17 minors, 25 graduate programs, and 4 certificate programs offered by four undergraduate colleges/schools and one School of Graduate and Professional Studies.

text:
# North Central College

**North Central College** is a private college in Naperville, Illinois. It is affiliated with the United Methodist Church and has 73 undergraduate majors of study, 17 minors, 25 graduate programs, and 4 certificate programs offered by four undergraduate colleges/schools (College of Arts and Sciences, School of Business and Entrepreneurship, School of Education and Health Sciences, Shimer Great Books School) and one School of Graduate and Professional Studies.

## History

North Central College was founded in 1861 as **Plainfield College** in Plainfield, Illinois. Classes were first held on November 11 of that year. On February 15, 1864, the Board of Trustees changed the name of the school to **North-Western College**. The college moved to Naperville in 1870 and the name was again changed in 1926 to North Central College.

In June 2017, North Central College acquired Shimer College and instituted the Shimer Great Books School of North Central College.

## Campus

The college is on a 65-acre (24 ha) campus 28 miles west of Chicago, in downtown Naperville. The campus sits just east of the DuPage River, between North and Prairie Avenues. Its eastern boundary is Loomis Street for most of the campus. Its western boundaries are Brainard Street for the portion north of Chicago Avenue and the DuPage River for the southern portion.

Old Main was completed in 1870 and remains the focal point of campus.

In the early 1900s, College President Herman J. Kiekhoefer and Judge John S. Goodwin initiated contact with philanthropist Andrew Carnegie to seek out funds for new facilities on campus. Carnegie agreed to donate $25,000 (approximately $679,059 in the current consumer price index) to then North-Western College for a new library building. Carnegie Library, as it was called, was one of only a few academic libraries in Illinois that received funding from Carnegie. The building still exists on campus and is now known as Carnegie Hall.

Pfeiffer Hall is North Central College's oldest fine arts building. The 4,500-square-foot building was built in 1926 and seats 1,057. This structure has been historically used by the college to screen films and host lectures, debates, and theatrical productions. Today Pfeiffer Hall continues to host events such as these along with live performances by popular music artists and comedians.

In 2008, North Central College dedicated the $30 million Wentz Concert Hall and Fine Arts Center. Designed by the Chicago architectural firm of Loebl Schlossman & Hackl, the 57,000-square-foot (5,300 m2) facility was planned and sited with the needs of both the College and the Naperville community in mind. Plans evolved over a 15-year period, driven by explosive growth in the college's music, theatre and art programs, as well as the parallel transformation of the city's downtown, which has brought more than 50 restaurants, numerous national stores and the first four- and five-story buildings within a few blocks of the North Central campus.

The concert hall is named in honor of Myron Wentz, Class of 1963. Nearly $10 million in gifts from Wentz  a scientist, entrepreneur, and music lover  over the past two years have brought the facility to center stage. Plans for a new fine arts center were put on hold a decade ago when a devastating flood in Naperville forced the college to turn its attention to its damaged athletic complex instead.

In addition to Wentz Concert Hall, the Fine Arts Center also features the Madden Theatre, which is a 150-seat “black box” experimental theatre that can double as a dance studio and a facility to provide music rehearsal space, practice rooms and offices. The center also houses a spacious lobby, a kitchen facility and the Schoenherr Art Gallery (all supportive of major civic gatherings).

The rededication of Meiley-Swallow Hall, the old Grace Evangelical Church at Ellsworth Street and Van Buren Avenue, was a highlight during the 2007 Homecoming weekend. In 2005, the college embraced the opportunity to preserve a part of Naperville and North Central history by acquiring the former Grace Evangelical Church. The 95-year-old structure was erected by the same denomination that founded North Central College and an addition to the college's art and theatre programs. Special features of this building include nearly 23,000 square feet (2,100 m2) of space, much-needed art display area, a 225-seat thrust stage theatre, and additional office space.

## Academics

North Central has all-college requirements, which include an intercultural seminar, a leadership, ethics, and values seminar, and a religion and ethics course, which are important components to the integrative curriculum. The college also has opportunities for individual work, such as the Richter Independent Study Grants and the Honors program's Senior Honors Thesis. Students are encouraged to study abroad, with opportunities on five continents from three-week courses to full-time term-long or full-year programs. Its most popular undergraduate majors, based on number out of 545 graduates in 2022, were:

* Psychology (64)
* Accounting (36)
* Marketing/Marketing Management (34)
* Business Administration, Management and Operations (27)
* Finance (27)
* Elementary Education and Teaching (25)
* Exercise Science and Kinesiology (23)

### Rankings

North Central College garnered recognition as a top producer of Fulbright students for 2014-2015. The college is one of five schools in the world recognized with a 2015 Senator Paul Simon Award for Comprehensive Internationalization. In the 2007 through 2017 editions of the *U.S. News & World Report* "Best Colleges Rankings", North Central College is ranked in the top 20 Regional Universities (Midwest) as well as a "Best College for Veterans". Forbes magazine has rated North Central College among the top 20 percent of the nation's colleges and universities, through the 2010-2015 ranking editions.

### Arts and media

North Central College offers majors like Music, Theatre, Musical Theatre and the most recently created, Theatrical Design and Technology. It has four theatre venues, Madden Theatre, Wentz Concert Hall, Meiley Swallow Hall and Pfeiffer Hall. Madden Theatre is a 150-seat, black box theater which hosts college performances and visiting guests, including concerts, cabaret-style revues, theater, film and dance performances.

Wentz Concert Hall has a capacity of 617 spectators, and is home to performances of classical, jazz and contemporary music. The acoustics in Wentz Concert Hall were designed by Talaske Sound Thinking, acoustical consultants for Chicago's critically acclaimed Pritzker Pavilion at Millennium Park. The venue also is ideally suited for recording. Wentz Concert Hall, which was created in honor of alumnus and donor Myron W. Wentz, has hosted a performers like cellist Yo-Yo Ma; Lyric Opera of Chicago soloist Elizabeth Futral; the Chicago Symphony Orchestra; jazz artists Herb Alpert, Chick Corea, Branford Marsalis, Herbie Hancock and Ramsey Lewis; and contemporary artists Béla Fleck and the Flecktones, Colbie Caillat, Los Lonely Boys and Dave Mason.

The hall is the west suburban home of the Chicago Sinfonietta, and the home of the DuPage Symphony Orchestra. It is an incomparable venue to showcase bands, orchestras and choirs of area high schools, as well as the college's multitude of musical ensembles and soloists. The Canadian quintet Canadian Brass, formed by Gene Watts and Charles Daellenbach, is a recurring guest at the hall.

The Pfeiffer Hall is the biggest theatre venue, with a capacity of 1,057 people and a large proscenium stage. When it opened, it was the largest theatre in the western suburbs of Chicago. Martin Luther King Jr., Robert Frost and Henry Kissinger, have been guest speakers. This hall also provides classrooms for the music and theatre programs, and faculty offices for North Central's speech communication department.

The Meiley-Swallow Hall has a capacity of 239 people and is suitable for intimate theatre productions, panel discussions, presentations and speakers. The theatre is located inside Meiley-Swallow Hall, formerly Grace Evangelical Church and former Central Baptist Church, purchased by North Central College and renovated to house North Central College's fine arts performance, exhibit and curricular programs. It has a partnership with the Anderson's Bookshops in Naperville, and thanks to it, authors like Bill Bryson, Garth Stein and Antonio Sacre have been guest speakers.

The 2000 production of *The Pirates of Penzance* was selected to perform at Kennedy Center American College Theatre's Region III Festival. Productions of Ken Ludwig's *Moon Over Buffalo* and Schmidt and Jones' musical *Philemon* were both chosen to perform at the festival's "Evening of Scenes" in 2004 and 2005. The 2007 production of *Thoroughly Modern Millie* was selected as a regional finalist from more than 1,300 productions. The 2009 season featured a production of *Cats*, and in 2010, North Central became one of the first college theaters in the nation to stage a production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's *The Phantom of the Opera*.

### Sciences

In 2016, the college launched their Brilliant Future campaign, which at the heart lie the construction of the college's new science center. Since the academic year 2014, the college has added new science majors including engineering, neuroscience and various health sciences. North Central's new science building opened in 2017 and was officially named the Dr. Myron Wentz Science Center in October 2017.

## Student life

### Residential life

There are 12 residence halls at North Central College, eight of which are traditional while four are apartments and suites.

### College radio station

North Central College is home to radio station WONC-FM 89.1. It is student-run, and is part of the Department of Communication and Media Studies. The station helps students pursue careers in both on-the-air and behind-the-scenes roles. It airs music and talk shows, traffic reports, coverage and broadcast of sports events, and public service announcements. In 1974, WONC received the Billboard Magazine Radio Station of the Year Award. In March 2015, it won the Best College Radio station award. No other college radio station has garnered more Marconi College Radio Awards than WONC. It was awarded the 2015 Intercollegiate Broadcasting System Abraham and Borst Best College Station in the Nation.

### NCCLinked/The Chronicle

North Central's student-run campus news site, *The Chronicle*, regularly covers news about the college, student life, student athletics, and the surrounding Naperville community.

### Athletics

North Central College's mascot is the Cardinal, in tradition of the bird's habitat in Illinois. The school competes in NCAA Division III and the College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin (CCIW). It sponsors 22 sports and has won 30 team national championships, 26 NCAA and 4 NAIA. North Central athletes have won 115 individual national championships. The total number of national championships puts the college at eighth on the all-time list for most national championships. North Central is the only school in the CCIW to win a national championship in four different sports. Since joining the CCIW, North Central has won 164 conference titles along with 14 CCIW postseason tournament titles.

North Central College was a member of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference from 1927 to 1937.

The college is best known for its men's track and field and cross country teams, which have won 25 national championships, under the leadership of Coach Al Carius. Carius has been coach since 1966 and was inducted into the U.S. Track & Field and Cross Country Coaches Association Hall of Fame in 2006. For the 2009-2010 school year, the men's cross country and indoor/outdoor track teams swept the NCAA Division III Championships. North Central is only the second school in Division III history to accomplish this feat. During the 2011-2012 school year, the men's indoor track team repeated again as national champions, and the cross country team repeated as national champions. The campus has also hosted past NCAA Division III national events.

North Central's women's basketball team won the 1983 NCAA Women's Division III Basketball Championship in an 83-71 win over then-defending champions, Elizabethtown College. The men's team reached the Division III Sweet Sixteen in 2012, and the Final Four in 2013.

North Central's football team won the 2019 NCAA championship, and first in program history, with a 41-14 victory against the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater. Following the 2020 Covid-19 season in which no games were played, they finished as National Runner-Up in 2021 after losing the National Championship game to University of Mary Harden-Baylor. In 2022 they reached the National Championship again, where they defeated Mount Union 28-21.

Athletic facilities include Benedetti-Wehrli Stadium, which seats 5,500, was completed in 1999. The Jay and Dot Buikema track was resurfaced in 1997 and a Safeplay Plus artificial playing surface was installed in 2011. The stadium has hosted numerous high-profile events, including the Illinois high school boys and girls soccer state finals and the Wes Spencer Crosstown Classic, the annual showdown between Naperville North and Naperville Central high schools. It also served as the temporary home of the Chicago Fire for two seasons while Chicago's Soldier Field was reconstructed. In summer 2009, the stadium hosted an outdoor concert by the band Lifehouse.

North Central College's baseball facility, Zimmerman Stadium, which includes Alumni Field, was dedicated in 1999. The home of Cardinal baseball has permanent seating for 750 fans and a fully enclosed and wireless press box. The facility has hosted the Illinois High School Baseball Coaches Association summer state tournament and Major League Baseball's RBI World Series and Area Code tryouts.

Cardinal softball plays at Shanower Family Field. In April 2002, the field was dedicated to honor the family of Don Shanower, beloved professor emeritus of speech communication and theatre and enthusiastic softball fan. The dedication took on added meaning after the Shanowers' son Dan, a commander in the U.S. Navy, was among the victims of the September 11 terrorist attack on the Pentagon. The field has hosted an NCAA III regional tournament and was part of Major League Baseball's RBI World Series.

Merner Field House is home to Cardinal indoor sports except track and field, with 2,478 seats in Gregory Arena for the basketball and volleyball teams. On the second floor of Merner Field House is Nichols Gymnasium, home to the North Central College wrestling team. The college's swimming pool is also located in the Field House.

The Residence Hall/Recreation Center opened in the fall of 2009. This combination residential hall and 91,000-square-foot (8,500 m2) recreational center also contains a regulation NCAA 200-meter running track and is home to the Cardinal indoor track team. The Res/Rec Center has won national acclaim due to its environmentally conscious design. The facility, with its innovative geothermal heating and cooling system and other sustainability features, has been awarded LEED Silver Certification.

## Notable alumni

## Footnotes

41°46′32″N 88°8′34″W / 41.77556°N 88.14278°W / 41.77556; -88.14278

## InfoBox

North Central College
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Former names | **North Central:**
Plainfield College (1861–1864)
North-Western College (1864–1926)
-----
**Shimer:**
Mount Carroll Seminary (1852–1896)
Frances Shimer Academy of the University of Chicago (1896–1907)
Frances Shimer Junior College (1907–1950)
Shimer College (1950–2017) |
| Motto | *Lux Veritas* (Latin) |
| Motto in English | "Light of Truth" |
| Type | Private college |
| Established | 1861 (1861) |
| Accreditation | HLC |
| Religious affiliation | United Methodist Church |
| Endowment | $112.3 million (2020) |
| President | Abiódún Gòkè-Pariolá |
| Academic staff | 139 |
| Students | 2,695 |
| Undergraduates | 2,304 |
| Postgraduates | 327 |
| Location | Naperville, Illinois, United States |
| Campus | Midsize city, 69.4 acres (0.281 km2) |
| Newspaper | *The Chronicle* |
| Colors | Cardinal red and white |
| Nickname | Cardinals |
| Sporting affiliations | NCAA Division IIICCIW |
| Mascot | Chippy the Cardinal |
| Website | northcentralcollege.edu |
|  | |


title: North Miami Middle/High School

abstract: North Miami Middle/High School is a combination middle and high school located in Miami County, Denver, Indiana, United States. The school is part of North Miami Community Schools.

text:
# North Miami Middle/High School

**North Miami Middle/High School** is a combination middle and high school located in Miami County, Denver, Indiana, United States. The school is part of North Miami Community Schools.

## Athletics

North Miami has won state championships in football (1993–94) and softball (2013-2014).

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| North Miami Middle/High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 570 E C.R. 900 N
Denver, Miami County, Indiana 46926
United States | |
| Coordinates | 40°53′47″N 86°03′57″W / 40.89639°N 86.06583°W / 40.89639; -86.06583 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public high school/middle school |
| Established | 1961 |
| School district | North Miami Community Schools |
| Principal | Matt Storm |
| Faculty | 27.00 (FTE) |
| Grades | 7-12 |
| Enrollment | 400 (2022–23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 14.81 |
| Color(s) |  |
| Athletics | Indiana High School Athletic Association |
| Athletics conference | Three Rivers Conference |
| Team name | Warriors |
| Website | Official Website |


title: North Toraja Regency

abstract: North Toraja is a landlocked regency (kabupaten) of South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia, and the home of the Toraja ethnic group. The local government seat is in Rantepao which is also the center of Toraja culture. Formerly this regency was the northern part of Tana Toraja Regency, but on 24 June 2008 the northeastern 36% of the latter's area was split off to form this separate North Toraja Regency. It covers an area of 1,289.13 km⁲ and had a population of 216,762 at the 2010 census and 261,086 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 261,652, comprising 133,529 males and 128,123 females. The Tana Toraja boundary was determined by the Dutch East Indies government in 1909. In 1926, Tana Toraja was under the administration of Bugis state, Luwu. The regentschap status was given on 8 October 1946, the last regency given by the Dutch. Since 1984, Tana Toraja has been named as the second tourist destination after Bali by the Ministry of Tourism, Indonesia. Since then, hundreds of thousands of foreign visitors have visited this regency. In addition, numerous Western anthropologists have come to Tana Toraja to study the indigenous Torajan people and their culture.

text:
# North Toraja Regency

**North Toraja** (or **Toraja Utara**) is a landlocked regency (*kabupaten*) of South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia, and the home of the Toraja ethnic group. The local government seat is in Rantepao which is also the center of Toraja culture. Formerly this regency was the northern part of Tana Toraja Regency, but on 24 June 2008 the northeastern 36% of the latter's area was split off to form this separate North Toraja Regency. It covers an area of 1,289.13 km2 and had a population of 216,762 at the 2010 census and 261,086 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 261,652, comprising 133,529 males and 128,123 females.

The Tana Toraja boundary was determined by the Dutch East Indies government in 1909. In 1926, Tana Toraja was under the administration of Bugis state, Luwu. The *regentschap* (or regency) status was given on 8 October 1946, the last regency given by the Dutch. Since 1984, Tana Toraja has been named as the second tourist destination after Bali by the Ministry of Tourism, Indonesia. Since then, hundreds of thousands of foreign visitors have visited this regency. In addition, numerous Western anthropologists have come to Tana Toraja to study the indigenous Torajan people and their culture.

## Geography

Tana Toraja is located on the Sulawesi island, 300 km north of Makassar, the provincial capital of South Sulawesi. Its geographical location is between latitude of 2°-3° South and longitude 119°-120° East (center: 3°S 120°E / 3°S 120°E / -3; 120). The area of the North Toraja Regency is 1,289.13  km2, about 2.8% of the total area of South Sulawesi province. The topography of Tana Toraja is mountainous; its minimum elevation is 150 m, while the maximum is 3,083 above the sea level.

## Administrative Districts

North Toraja Regency comprises twenty-one administrative Districts (*Kecamatan*), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 111 rural *desa* \- here called *lembang* \- and 40 urban *kelurahan*), and its post codes.

| Kode
Wilayah | Name of
District
(*kecamatan*) | Area
in
km2 | Pop'n
census
2010 | Pop'n
census
2020 | Pop'n
estimate
mid 2023 | Admin
centre | No.
of
villages | Post
code |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 73.26.08 | Sopai | 47.64 | 13,042 | 15,687 | 16,142 | Nonongan Selatan | 8 (a) | 91850 |
| 73.26.15 | Kesu | 26.00 | 15,504 | 19,150 | 19,504 | Ba'tan | 7 (b) | 91852 |
| 73.26.17 | Sanggalangi | 39.00 | 11,129 | 13,218 | 13,765 | Buntu La'bo | 6 (a) | 91851 |
| 73.26.05 | Buntao | 49.50 | 8,911 | 11,443 | 11,197 | Misa Ba'bana | 6 (b) | 91841 |
| 73.26.18 | Rantebua | 84.84 | 7,595 | 8,989 | 8,878 | Buangin | 7 (b) | 91842 |
| 73.26.03 | Nanggala | 68.00 | 9,192 | 10,376 | 10,257 | Nanggah Sangpiak Salu | 9 (a) | 91856 |
| 73.26.16 | Tondon | 36.00 | 9,465 | 12,529 | 11,981 | Tondon Langi | 4 | 91857 |
| 73.26.11 | Tallunglipu | 9.42 | 18,068 | 20,644 | 19,965 | Tallunglipu | 7 (c) | 91832 |
| 73.26.01 | Rantepao | 10.29 | 25,585 | 28,451 | 28,231 | Singki | 11 (d) | 91835 (e) |
| 73.26.09 | Tikala | 23.44 | 10,275 | 12,342 | 12,677 | Buntu Barana | 7 (b) | 91833 |
| 73.26.02 | Sesean | 40.05 | 10,893 | 13,319 | 13,396 | Pangli | 9 (f) | 91844 |
| 73.26.10 | Balusu | 46.51 | 6,760 | 7,983 | 8,341 | Balusu | 7 (b) | 91855 |
| 73.26.06 | Sa'dan | 80.49 | 14,923 | 18,722 | 18,987 | Satlan Malimbong | 10 (b) | 91843 |
| 73.26.17 | Bangkelekila | 21.00 | 5,128 | 8,525 | 7,934 | Tampan Bonga | 4 | 91853 |
| 73.26.19 | Sesean Suloara' | 21.68 | 6,236 | 6,943 | 7,170 | Suloara | 5 | 91845 |
| 73.26.20 | Kapala Pitu | 47.27 | 6,041 | 6,982 | 7,279 | Polo Padang | 6 | 91848 |
| 73.26.12 | Dende Piongan Napo | 77.49 | 7,979 | 9,046 | 9,108 | Dende | 8 (a) | 91822 |
| 73.26.21 | Awan Rante Karua | 54.71 | 5,193 | 5,634 | 5,908 | Awan | 4 | 91854 |
| 73.26.04 | Rindingallo | 74.25 | 7,255 | 9,070 | 9,370 | Pangala | 9 (b) | 91849 |
| 73.26.13 | Buntu Pepasan | 131.72 | 12,228 | 14,582 | 14,311 | Sapan | 13 (a) | 91847 |
| 73.26.14 | Baruppu | 162.17 | 5,358 | 7,451 | 7,251 | Baruppu Selatan | 4 (a) | 91846 |
|  | ***Totals*** | *1,289.13* | *216,762* | *261,086* | *261,652* | *Rantepao* | *151* |  |

Notes: (a) including one *kelurahan*. (b) including 2 *kelurahan*. (c) comprising 6 *kelurahan* and one *desa*.
(d) comprising 9 *kelurahan* and 2 *desa*. (e) except the *kelurahan* of Tantepao, Manggalo and Pasale (which share a post code of 91831), and Mentirotiku and Laang Tanduk (which share a post code of 91834). (f) comprising 5 *kelurahan* and 4 *desa*.

1. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, *Kabupaten Toraja Utara Dalam Angka 2024* (Katalog-BPS 1102001.7326)
2. Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
3. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
4. "Official Tana Toraja website" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2005-11-10.

## InfoBox

| North Toraja Regency *Kabupaten Toraja Utara* | |
| --- | --- |
| Regency | |
|  | |
| Location within South Sulawesi | |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Province | South Sulawesi |
| Capital | Rantepao |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,289.13 km2 (497.74 sq mi) |
| Population (mid 2023 estimate) | |
| Total | 261,652 |
| Density | 200/km2 (530/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (WIB) |


title: North Topeka, Kansas

abstract: North Topeka, Kansas is an area of Topeka, Kansas. Although not officially a city, it is treated like one by many of its residents, and experiences relatively low crime rates compared to the rest of Topeka. Unlike most of the City of Topeka, North Topeka is served primarily by the Seaman USD 345 School District. The City of Topeka was actually incorporated in North Topeka.

text:
# North Topeka, Kansas

**North Topeka, Kansas** is an area of Topeka, Kansas. Although not officially a city, it is treated like one by many of its residents, and experiences relatively low crime rates compared to the rest of Topeka. Unlike most of the City of Topeka, North Topeka is served primarily by the Seaman USD 345 School District. The City of Topeka was actually incorporated in North Topeka.

## Historic North Topeka

William Curtis (grandfather of Charles Curtis, who was born in North Topeka and went on to become Vice President of the United States under Hoover) and Louis Laurent laid out a town in 1865 that they called Eugene (possibly after a place in Indiana). Less than a year later, on New Year's Day, what is now North Topeka welcomed the first train (Union Pacific) to town. The advent of the railroad assured that this area would for much of the 19th century be the industrial heart of the Kansas capital (excluding the mammoth AT&SF shops across the river).

In April 1867, southside Topeka annexed Eugene, the first such city expansion. At the time more evenly matched in population and economy, north and south played a tug-of-war for industry and commerce during the remainder of the 1800s. In 1903, North Topeka suffered the devastating effects of a major flood. However, many fine buildings dating from that period remain, and, when restored, will make North Topeka a showplace of Victorian-era commercial and residential architecture.

## Landmarks of North Topeka include

* The Great Overland Station (http://www.greatoverlandstation.com/) (1927) is a neo-classical station designed by Los Angeles firm Gilbert S. Underwood; the building has a spectacular interior typical of grand stations of the early 20th century. Over the years, many dignitaries passed through; in June 1945, Gen. Eisenhower stopped here on his way to Abilene. North Topeka was one of the most photographed of Union Pacific's mid-sized stations. It has been fully restored.
* Curtis Family Cemetery: A small family plot tended to by local volunteers due to there being no remaining direct descendants. Interred here are the grandparents, parents, and other relatives of Vice President Curtis, who was born in a nearby log cabin. In 2022 a news report revealed that the cemetery had been repeatedly vandalized. Volunteers organized online to step up their efforts.
* St. Mark's AME Church: Built in 1880 as a result of "Exodusters" (black refugees) coming from slave states. At least some of the land associated with this church was donated by Charles Curtis when he was 19. This was land his grandmother received as part of an 1825 treaty between the Kanza tribe and the federal government, negotiated by Curtis' great-great grandfather, White Plume, and explorer William Clark.

## Education in North Topeka

* North Topeka Schools: Topeka Public Schools serve over 13,000 students, employing more than 1,300 teachers and 1,100 support staff. Student ethnicity breaks down into 3 main categories: 42% white, 27% Hispanic, and 27% Black.

39°04′20″N 95°40′01″W / 39.07222°N 95.66694°W / 39.07222; -95.66694


title: Oligodendroglioma

abstract: Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glioma that are believed to originate from the oligodendrocytes of the brain or from a glial precursor cell. They occur primarily in adults but are also found in children.

text:
# Oligodendroglioma

**Oligodendrogliomas** are a type of glioma that are believed to originate from the oligodendrocytes of the brain or from a glial precursor cell. They occur primarily in adults (9.4% of all primary brain and central nervous system tumors) but are also found in children (4% of all primary brain tumors).

## Signs and symptoms

Oligodendroglioma arise mainly in the frontal lobe and in 50–80% of cases, the first symptom is the onset of seizure activity, without having any symptoms beforehand. Headaches combined with increased intracranial pressure are also a common symptom of oligodendroglioma. Depending on the location of the tumor, many different neurological and neuropsychological deficits can be induced, including, but not limited to, visual loss, motor weakness, cognitive decline, and anxiety. A computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is necessary to characterize tumor size, location, and hetero- or homogeneity. Final diagnosis relies on biopsy and histopathologic examination of the tumor mass.

## Cause

The cause of oligodendrogliomas is unknown. Some studies have linked oligodendroglioma with a viral cause. A 2009 Oxford Neurosymposium study illustrated a 69% correlation between NJDS gene mutation and the tumor initiation. A single case report has linked oligodendroglioma to irradiation of pituitary adenoma.

## Diagnosis

### Microscopic appearance

Oligodendrogliomas cannot currently be differentiated from other brain lesions solely by their clinical or radiographic appearance. As such, a brain biopsy is the only method of definitive diagnosis. Oligodendrogliomas recapitulate the appearance of the normal resident oligodendroglia of the brain. (Their name derives from the Greek roots 'oligo' meaning "few" and 'dendro' meaning "trees".) They are generally composed of cells with small to slightly enlarged round nuclei with dark, compact nuclei and a small amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm. They are often referred to as "fried egg" cells due to their histologic appearance (though, the perinuclear halo on permanent sections is an artifact of tissue drying; fresh tissue lacks this characteristic "fried egg" appearance). They appear as a monotonous population of mildly enlarged round cells infiltrating normal brain parenchyma and producing vague nodules. Although the tumor may appear to be vaguely circumscribed, it is by definition a diffusely infiltrating tumor.

Classically they tend to have a vasculature of finely branching capillaries that may take on a "chicken wire" appearance. When invading grey matter structures such as cortex, the neoplastic oligodendrocytes tend to cluster around neurons exhibiting a phenomenon referred to as "perineuronal satellitosis". Oligodendrogliomas may invade preferentially around vessels or under the pial surface of the brain.

Oligodendrogliomas must be differentiated from the more common astrocytoma. Non-classical variants and combined tumors of both oligodendroglioma and astrocytoma differentiation are seen, making this distinction controversial between different neuropathology groups. Molecular diagnostics may make this differentiation obsolete in the future. Although, in normal brain tissue, OLIG2 expresses on oligodendrocytes but not on mature astrocytes, it expresses similarly on both adult astrocytoma (including both IDH-mutant diffuse astrocytoma and anaplastic astrocytoma, as well as IDH-wildtype glioblastoma) and oligodendroglioma. Therefore, OLIG2 should not be used to differentiate these classes of adult gliomas, although the expression level might predict the IDH mutation status in some clinical circumstances.

Other glial and glioneuronal tumors with which they are often confused due to their monotonous round cell appearance include pilocytic astrocytoma, central neurocytoma, the so-called dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, or occasionally ependymoma.

### Histopathological grading

The histopathologic grading of oligodendrogliomas is controversial. Currently, the most commonly used grading schema is based on the year 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. An updated classification is in progress. Oligodendrogliomas are generally dichotomized into grade II (low grade) tumor.

Unfortunately, the WHO guidelines include subjective criteria in grade II. In addition, the presence of low mitotic activity, vascular proliferation and necrosis, including pseudopallisading necrosis, is insufficient by itself to elevate the grade of this tumor. This leads to inevitable interobserver variability in diagnosis by pathologists. The ultimate responsibility for making treatment decisions and interpretation of this diagnosis lies with the oncologist in consultation with the patient and their family.

It has been proposed that WHO guidelines should contain a category for grade IV oligodendrogliomas which essentially appear to be glial neoplasms with overwhelming features of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) arising from known lower grade oligodendrogliomas or GBM with a significant proportion of oligodendroglial differentiation. The diagnostic utility of this latter category is uncertain as these tumors may behave either like glioblastoma or grade III Anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. As such, this is an exceptionally unusual diagnosis.

The updated WHO guidelines published in 2007 recommends classifying such tumors for the time being as 'glioblastoma with oligodendroglioma component'. It remains to be established whether or not these tumors carry a better prognosis than standard glioblastomas.

### Molecular genetics

In WHO 2021 CNS5 Classification, oligodendroglioma is named "Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant, and 1p/19q-codeleted", and requires the presence of IDH1 or IDH2 mutations and the codeletion of chromosome 1p and 19q arms. Interestingly, oligodendroglioma has a higher rate of IDH2 mutation than astrocytoma, so the IHC antibody against the common IDH1 p.R132H mutant might not pick up the mutation.

By far, the most common structural deformity found is co-deletion of chromosomal arms 1p and 19q. The high frequency of co-deletion is a striking feature of this glial tumour and is considered as a "genetic signature" of oligodendroglioma. Allelic losses on 1p and 19q, either separately or combined, are more common in classic oligodendrogliomas than in either astrocytomas or oligoastrocytomas. In one study, classic oligodendrogliomas showed 1p loss in 35 of 42 (83%) cases, 19q loss in 28 of 39 (72%), and these were combined in 27 of 39 (69%) cases; there was no significant difference in 1p/19q loss of heterozygosity status between low-grade and anaplastic oligodendroglioma. 1p/19q co-deletion has been correlated with both chemosensitivity and improved prognosis in oligodendrogliomas. The gene products lost as a consequence of this codeletion may include mediators of resistance to genotoxic therapies. Alternatively, 1p/19q loss might be an early oncogenic lesion promoting the formation of glial neoplasms, which retain high sensitivity to genotoxic stress. Most larger cancer treatment centers routinely check for the deletion of 1p/19q as part of the pathology report for oligodendrogliomas. The status of the 1p/19q loci can be detected by FISH, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis or virtual karyotyping. Virtual karyotyping has the advantage of assessing the entire genome in one assay, as well as the 1p/19q loci. This allows assessment of other key loci in glial tumors, such as EGFR and TP53 copy number status.

Whereas the prognostic relevance of 1p and 19q deletions is well established for mixed oligoastrocytomas, the prognostic relevance of the deletions for low-grade gliomas is more controversial. In terms of low-grade gliomas, a recent study also suggests that 1p/19q co-deletion may be associated with a (1;19)(q10;p10) translocation which, like the combined 1p/19q deletion, is associated with superior overall survival and progression-free survival in low-grade glioma patients. Oligodendrogliomas show only rarely mutations in the p53 gene, which is in contrast to other gliomas. Epidermal growth factor receptor amplification and whole 1p/19q codeletion are mutually exclusive and predictive of completely different outcomes, with EGFR amplification predicting poor prognosis. There is a strong correlation between 1p/19q codeletion and the expression of proneural genes, suggesting that gliomas with a 1p19q codeletion represent a subgroup of proneural gliomas.

## Treatment

Oligodendrogliomas are generally considered to be incurable using current treatments. However compared to the more common astrocytomas, they are slowly growing with prolonged survival. In one series, median survival times for oligodendrogliomas were 11.6 years for grade II.

However, such figures can be misleading since they do not factor in the types of treatment nor the genetic signature of the tumors. A recent study analyzed survival based on chromosomal deletions and the effects of radiation or chemotherapy as treatment, with the following results (both low-grade and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas): 1p/19q deletion with radiation = 121 months (mean), 1p/19q deletion with chemotherapy = over 160 months (mean not yet reached), no 1p/19q deletion with radiation = 58 months (mean), and no 1p/19q deletion with chemotherapy = 75 months (mean).

Given the indolent nature of this tumor and the potential morbidity associated with neurosurgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, most neurooncologists will initially pursue a course of watchful waiting and treat patients symptomatically. Symptomatic treatment often includes the use of anticonvulsants for seizures and steroids for brain swelling.

The standard dosing schedule of temozolomide is five consecutive days of daily dosing during 28-day cycles. However, different dosing schedules may produce better results, such as continuous daily dosing using lower amounts of drug (e.g. 21-day dosing during 28-day cycles). As an example of an altered dosing schedule, promising results have been shown using lower daily doses on each day for 7 weeks, followed by a 4-week off periods. Regarding the duration of dosing, for oligodendrogliomas the duration prescribed by oncologists varies considerably ranging from 6 cycles to over 32 cycles (i.e. over three years). In one study, researchers compared patients who received temozolomide for at least 12 months on the 5/28 day cycle, dividing such patients into two groups: "short term" patients receiving temozolomide for 12–18 cycles and those "long term" patients receiving 19 or more cycles (range was 19 to 32 cycles). Researchers found that there was a statistically significant advantage for "long term" treatment (median progression free survival for "short term" patients was 95 weeks (follow-up of 73 weeks), but for "long term" patients the median progression free survival was not yet reached (follow-up of 134 weeks)).

Due to the diffusely infiltrating nature, oligodendrogliomas cannot be completely resected and are not curable by surgical excision. If the tumor mass compresses adjacent brain structures, neurosurgeons typically remove as much of the tumor as possible without damaging other critical, healthy brain structures. Surgery may be followed up by chemotherapy, radiation, or a mix of both, however recent studies suggest that radiation does not improve overall survival (even when age, clinical data, histological grading, and type of surgery are considered).

## Prognosis

Oligodendrogliomas, like all other infiltrating gliomas, have a very high (almost uniform) rate of recurrence and gradually increase in grade over time. Recurrent tumors are generally treated with more aggressive chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Recently, stereotactic surgery has proven successful in treating small tumors that have been diagnosed early.

Long-term survival is reported in a minority of patients. With aggressive treatment and close monitoring, it is possible to outlive the typical life expectancies for low grade oligodendroglioma. Westergaard's study (1997) showed that patients younger than 20 years had a median survival of 17.5 years. For patients that are over 30, the survival rate is lower but as treatment options grow, the survival rate is higher. However, a patient with bad general health is more likely to die sooner than those that have good general health. Another study shows a 34% survival rate after 20 years. However, as discussed above, such figures can be misleading since they do not factor in the types of treatment nor the genetic signature of the tumors. Additionally, such historic data loses significance due to the relatively long survival of patients (compared to other types of brain tumors) and the introduction of newer treatment options over time.

## InfoBox

| Oligodendroglioma | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Micrograph of an oligodendroglioma showing the characteristic branching, small, *chicken wire*-like blood vessels and *fried egg*-like cells, with clear cytoplasm and well-defined cell borders. H&E stain. | |
| Specialty | Neuro-oncology, neurosurgery |
| Usual onset | Between ages 35 and 44 |
| Prognosis | Five-year survival rate: 74.1% |
| Frequency | ~1,217 new diagnoses per year (United States) |


abstract: The Northwest Georgia Threatened Historic Sites project was established in 2005 as part of Kennesaw State University's Public History Program. The project was developed to promote historic preservation by identifying, documenting, and publicizing threatened sites of historical significance in northwest Georgia. The first initiative of the group, undertaken in the Fall of 2005 was to create a catalog listing of such sites and to call greater attention to the issue of preservation and to save some of these valuable historic sites. The initial sites identified in Fall 2005 as being most "at-risk" have been posted at their web site and the project continues to solicit nominations for the 2006 catalog listing.

text:
# Northwest Georgia Threatened Historic Sites Project

The **Northwest Georgia Threatened Historic Sites** project was established in 2005 as part of Kennesaw State University's Public History Program. The project was developed to promote historic preservation by identifying, documenting, and publicizing threatened sites of historical significance in northwest Georgia. The first initiative of the group, undertaken in the Fall of 2005 was to create a catalog listing of such sites and to call greater attention to the issue of preservation and to save some of these valuable historic sites. The initial sites identified in Fall 2005 as being most "at-risk" have been posted at their web site and the project continues to solicit nominations for the 2006 catalog listing.

## Catalog

Historic sites listed in the 2005 Catalog included the following:

* Concord Baptist Church Cemetery - Established in 1832, the Concord Baptist Church Cemetery is one of the oldest in Cobb County.
* DeSoto Theater \- The first venue in the South to be designed and built for sound pictures is now threatened by a deteriorating roof and electrical system.
* Gilmer County Courthouse \- The Gilmer County Courthouse is on the National Register of Historic Places, and was demolished in January 2008.
* Glover Tannery Ruins - The ruins of the 1845 Glover Tannery are threatened by neglect and road expansion.
* Hyde Farm \- In the 1830s, James Cooper Power and Rosa Dodd Power built a log home near the Chattahoochee River in Cobb County, GA, on what had recently been Cherokee Indian territory.
* Kennesaw School - The 1938 Kennesaw School (the second school built on the site) is threatened by commercial development.
* Manning-Smith House UPDATED!- This Greek revival home has been associated with several persons and events throughout its history.
* Masonic Lodge #221 - One of only two Masonic Lodges listed on the Georgia Register of Historic Places and currently seeking a place on the National Register of Historic Places.
* Nesbitt-Union Chapel Ruins \- Ownership of the Nesbitt-Union Chapel property was resolved in Cobb Superior Court, when the Cobb County Commissioners were named trustees of the property. The remaining ruins are slated for ghost framing and the site, which is now managed by Cobb County Parks and Recreation, may eventually become a pocket park along the Powder Springs corridor.
* Noonday Extension Cemetery - This Marietta cemetery dates to the 1830s and is in need of community support.
* Stanley Road Community Cemetery - Needs support of area to keep it clean and weeded. Has grave of Civil War Col. and many Stanley Family and friends.
* Smith Motel - This Cobb County motel is up for sale and threatened by commercial development.
* Tate Depot - The 1916 Tate railroad depot is threatened by neglect.
* Van Wert Methodist Church - This mid-19th century Rockmart church is currently vacant and in need of repair.
* Old Powder Springs School - The 1920 school is slated to be razed to make room for a new library.
* Old Villa Rica Library - The 1951 library is one of the oldest examples of the International Style in west Georgia. The library is threatened by demolition.
* Sweetwater Creek State Park \- The park's mill ruins are threatened by erosion.
* Vinings Mountain \- Pace Family Cemetery - This cemetery is threatened by vandalism and encroaching land development.
* G.B. Williams Plantation - One of the largest pieces of undeveloped land left in Smyrna, this 130-acre (0.53 km2) historic site is threatened by encroaching development.
* Woodstock, Georgia \- The historic downtown of Woodstock is threatened by urban sprawl and encroaching development.

Two successes as a result of their efforts are the Manning-Smith House which is under contract with a developer that intends to save the property's historic structures, and the Taylor-Brawner House which will be restored beginning in early 2006.


title: Wezmeh

abstract: Wezmeh Cave is an archaeological site near Islamabad Gharb, western Iran, around 470 km (290 mi) southwest of the capital Tehran. The site was discovered in 1999 and excavated in 2001 by a team of Iranian archaeologists under the leadership of Dr. Kamyar Abdi. Wezmeh cave was re-excavated by a team under direction of Fereidoun Biglari in 2019.

text:
# Wezmeh

**Wezmeh Cave** is an archaeological site near Islamabad Gharb, western Iran, around 470 km (290 mi) southwest of the capital Tehran. The site was discovered in 1999 and excavated in 2001 by a team of Iranian archaeologists under the leadership of Dr. Kamyar Abdi. Wezmeh cave was re-excavated by a team under direction of Fereidoun Biglari in 2019.

## Late Pleistocene animals

Large numbers of animal fossil remains have been discovered so far. The dated age range of animal remains in the cave spans from 70,000 years BP to 11,000 years BP. Carnivores found in the cave include red fox, the extinct cave hyena, brown bear, wolf, lion, leopard, wildcat, badger, polecat, mongoose and beech martens. Herbivores include wild horse, asses the extinct narrow-nosed rhinoceros, wild boar, red deer, aurochs, wild goat, mouflon and gazelles. Small mammals found in the cave include hedgehogs, Indian porcupines, and the Cape hare. A number of reptiles have also been found, including the spur-thighed tortoise, rock agamas, the Montpellier snake and the blunt-nosed viper. The faunal remains were studied by Marjan Mashkour and her colleagues at the Natural History Museum in Paris and osteological department of National Museum of Iran.

## Human remains

**Pleistocene**

Several fragmented human bones and teeth were discovered in the site. Among these human remains one tooth was studied in detail by paleoanthropologists such as Erik Trinkaus. Wezmeh 1, also known as Wezmeh Child, represented by an isolated unerupted human maxillary right premolar tooth (P3 or possibly P4) of an individual between 6–10 years old. It is relatively large compared with both Holocene and Late Pleistocene P3 and P4. Later, researchers analyzed it by non-destructive gamma spectrometry that resulted in a date of around 25,000 years BP (Upper Paleolithic). But later analysis showed that the gamma spectrometry dates the date was the minimum age and the tooth is substantially older. Endostructural features and quantified crown tissue proportions and semi-landmark-based geometric morphometric analyses of the enamel-dentine junction aligns it closely with Neanderthals and shows that it is distinct from the fossil and extant modern human pattern. Therefore, it is the first direct evidence of the Neanderthal presence in the Iranian Zagros. Given that the cave was a carnivore den during the late Pleistocene, it is probable that the Wezmeh Child was killed, or had its remains scavenged, by carnivores who used the cave as a den.

**Holocene**

A human metatarsal bone fragment has also been analyzed and dated to the Neolithic period, about 9000 years ago. The DNA from this bone fragment shows that it is from a distinct genetic group, which was not known to scientists before. He belongs to the Y-DNA haplogroup G2b, specifically its branch **G-Y37100**, and mitochondrial haplogroup J1d6. He had brown eyes, relatively dark skin, and black hair, although Neolithic Iranians carried reduced pigmentation-associated alleles in several genes and derived alleles at 7 of the 12 loci, showing the strongest signatures of selection in ancient Eurasians. Isotopic analysis showed the man's diet included cereals, a sign that he had learned how to cultivate crops. This cave site was sporadically used by later Chalcolithic groups of the region, who used it as pen for their herds. This cave was listed as an archaeological and paleontological site on the National Register of Historic Sites (17843) in 2006.

* Donsmaps (March. 2021). . "Neanderthal child from Wezmeh Cave"

* Abdi, K., F. Biglari, S. Heydari,2002. Islamabad Project 2001. Test Excavations at Wezmeh Cave. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan.34, 171–194.
* Broushaki, Farnaz; Thomas, Mark G.; Link, Vivian; López, Saioa; Van Dorp, Lucy; Kirsanow, Karola; Hofmanová, Zuzana; Diekmann, Yoan; Cassidy, Lara M.; Díez-Del-Molino, David; Kousathanas, Athanasios; Sell, Christian; Robson, Harry K.; Martiniano, Rui; Blöcher, Jens; Scheu, Amelie; Kreutzer, Susanne; Bollongino, Ruth; Bobo, Dean; Davoudi, Hossein; Munoz, Olivia; Currat, Mathias; Abdi, Kamyar; Biglari, Fereidoun; Craig, Oliver E.; Bradley, Daniel G.; Shennan, Stephen; Veeramah, Krishna R.; Mashkour, Marjan; et al. (2016). "Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent". *Science*. **353** (6298): 499–503. Bibcode:2016Sci...353..499B. doi:10.1126/science.aaf7943. PMC 5113750. PMID 27417496.
* Djamali, Morteza; Biglari, Fereidoun; Abdi, Kamyar; Andrieu-Ponel, Valérie; De Beaulieu, Jacques-Louis; Mashkour, Marjan; Ponel, Philippe (2011). "Pollen analysis of coprolites from a late Pleistocene–Holocene cave deposit (Wezmeh Cave, west Iran): Insights into the late Pleistocene and late Holocene vegetation and flora of the central Zagros Mountains". *Journal of Archaeological Science*. **38** (12): 3394–3401. Bibcode:2011JArSc..38.3394D. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.08.001.
* Monchot, Hervé (2008). "Des hyènes tachetées au Pléistocène supérieur dans le Zagros (grotte Wezmeh, Iran)". *Mom Éditions*. **49** (1): 65–78.
* Monchot, H., Mashkour, M., Biglari, F., & Abdi, K. (2019). The Upper Pleistocene brown bear (Carnivora, Ursidae) in the Zagros: Evidence from Wezmeh Cave, Kermanshah, Iran. In Annales de Paléontologie (p. 102381). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annpal.2019.102381
* Trinkaus, E.; Biglari, F.; Mashkour, M.; Monchot, H.; Reyss, J. L.; Rougier, H.; Heydari, S.; Abdi, K. (2008). "Late Pleistocene human remains from Wezmeh Cave, western Iran". *American Journal of Physical Anthropology*. **135** (4): 371–8. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20753. PMID 18000894.
* Mashkour, M.; Monchot, H.; Trinkaus, E.; Reyss, J.-L.; Biglari, F.; Bailon, S.; Heydari, S.; Abdi, K. (2009). "Carnivores and their prey in the Wezmeh Cave (Kermanshah, Iran): a Late Pleistocene refuge in the Zagros". *International Journal of Osteoarchaeology*. **19** (6): 678–694. doi:10.1002/oa.997. eISSN 1099-1212. ISSN 1047-482X.
* Zanolli, Clément, Fereidoun Biglari, Marjan Mashkour, Kamyar Abdi, Herve Monchot, Karyne Debue, Arnaud Mazurier, Priscilla Bayle, Mona Le Luyer, Hélène Rougier, Erik Trinkaus, Roberto Macchiarelli. (2019). A Neanderthal from the Central Western Zagros, Iran. Structural reassessment of the Wezmeh 1 maxillary premolar. Journal of Human Evolution, Vol: 135.

## InfoBox

Wezmeh Cave
| غار وزمه | |
| --- | --- |
| Entrance of the Wezmeh Cave, view from inside | |
| WezmehShown within Iran | |
| Coordinates | 34°3′30.87″N 46°38′52.62″E / 34.0585750°N 46.6479500°E / 34.0585750; 46.6479500 |
|  | |


title: Young Justice (disambiguation)

abstract:
Young Justice is a fictional DC Comics superhero team. Young Justice may also refer to:
  - Young Justice, an American animated superhero TV series based on the comic, which technically is not a direct adaption of the Young Justice comic book series by Peter David, Todd Dezago, and Todd Nauck.
  - Young Justice: Legacy, an action-adventure video game based on the television series
  - Young Justice (rapper), an affiliate of the Wu-Tang Clan

text:
# Young Justice (disambiguation)

**Young Justice** is a fictional DC Comics superhero team.

**Young Justice** may also refer to:

* *Young Justice* (TV series), an American animated superhero TV series based on the comic, which technically is not a direct adaption of the Young Justice comic book series by Peter David, Todd Dezago, and Todd Nauck.
* *Young Justice: Legacy*, an action-adventure video game based on the television series
* Young Justice (rapper), an affiliate of the Wu-Tang Clan


title: Mary C. Noble

abstract: Mary C. Noble is the former Secretary of the Kentucky Justice and Public Safety Cabinet and a former Deputy Chief Justice of the Kentucky Supreme Court. Noble was elected to the court in November 2006 where she represented the 5th Supreme Court District. She defeated appointed Justice John C. Roach. Prior to that election, she served as a circuit judge in Fayette County. Chief Justice John D. Minton Jr. named Noble Deputy Chief Justice on September 1, 2010. Prior to her election to the Supreme Court, Noble was elected to the Fayette Fifth Circuit Court in 1991, and she was re-elected in 2000. Noble retired from the bench in 2017. In December 2019, Governor Andy Beshear appointed Noble to the position of Secretary of the Kentucky Justice and Public Safety Cabinet. In this capacity as secretary, she oversees more than 7,000 employees and five major departments, including Corrections, Criminal Justice Training, Public Advocacy, Juvenile Justice, and the Kentucky State Police. The office also oversees the State Medical Examiner and the Office of Drug Control Policy. Noble received a B.S. in English and sociology from Austin Peay State University in 1971, an M.A. in psychology from Austin Peay State University in 1975 and a J.D. from the University of Kentucky in 1981.

text:
# Mary C. Noble

**Mary C. Noble** (born March 21, 1949) is the former Secretary of the Kentucky Justice and Public Safety Cabinet and a former Deputy Chief Justice of the Kentucky Supreme Court. Noble was elected to the court in November 2006 where she represented the 5th Supreme Court District. She defeated appointed Justice John C. Roach. Prior to that election, she served as a circuit judge in Fayette County. Chief Justice John D. Minton Jr. named Noble Deputy Chief Justice on September 1, 2010. Prior to her election to the Supreme Court, Noble was elected to the Fayette Fifth Circuit Court in 1991, and she was re-elected in 2000. Noble retired from the bench in 2017.

In December 2019, Governor Andy Beshear appointed Noble to the position of Secretary of the Kentucky Justice and Public Safety Cabinet. In this capacity as secretary, she oversees more than 7,000 employees and five major departments, including Corrections, Criminal Justice Training, Public Advocacy, Juvenile Justice, and the Kentucky State Police. The office also oversees the State Medical Examiner and the Office of Drug Control Policy.

Noble received a B.S. in English and sociology from Austin Peay State University in 1971, an M.A. in psychology from Austin Peay State University in 1975 and a J.D. from the University of Kentucky in 1981.

## InfoBox

| Mary C. Noble | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Secretary of the Kentucky Justice and Public Safety Cabinet | |
| **In office**
December 10, 2019  July 15, 2021 | |
| Governor | Andy Beshear |
| Preceded by | John Tilley |
| Succeeded by | Kerry B. Harvey |
| Justice of the Kentucky Supreme Court | |
| **In office**
November 27, 2006  January 2, 2017 | |
| Preceded by | John C. Roach |
| Succeeded by | Laurance B. VanMeter |
| Judge of the 22nd Kentucky Circuit Court | |
| **In office**
January 6, 1992  November 27, 2006 | |
| Preceded by | Charles Tackett |
| Succeeded by | Lucinda Masterton |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1949-03-21) March 21, 1949
Jackson, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Austin Peay State University
University of Kentucky |
|  | |


title: Nabanita Malakar

abstract: Nabanita Malakar is an Indian Bengali television actress who is known for playing Aishwarya on the TV serial Ei Chheleta Bhelbheleta and Shiuli on the TV serial Aponjon. She has also acted in other popular Bengali serials such as Mangal Chandi, Aponjon, Mahaprabhu Sree Chaitanya,"Anurager Chhowa".

text:
# Nabanita Malakar

**Nabanita Malakar** is an Indian Bengali television actress who is known for playing Aishwarya on the TV serial *Ei Chheleta Bhelbheleta* and Shiuli on the TV serial *Aponjon*. She has also acted in other popular Bengali serials such as *Mangal Chandi*, *Aponjon*, *Mahaprabhu Sree Chaitanya*,"Anurager Chhowa".

## Television

### Television

| Year | Show | Channel | Character | Notes | Production House | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015–16 | Aponjon | Colors Bangla | Shiuli | Lead role | Surinder Films |  |
| 2016–17 | Ei Chheleta Bhelbheleta | Zee Bangla | Aishwarya/ Mimi | Main Antagonist | Magic Moments Motion Pictures |  |
| 2016–17 | Punyi Pukur | Star Jalsha | Aratrika/ Mimi | Supporting role | Magic Moments Motion Pictures |  |
| 2018–19 | Manasa | Colors Bangla | Saraswati | Supporting role | Subrata Roy Productions |  |
| 2018 | Mahaprabhu Shri Chaitanya | Colors Bangla | Lokkhipriya | Lead role | Dug Creative Media, Surinder Films |  |
| 2019 | Arabya Rajani | Colors Bangla | Nafisa | Lead role | Surinder Films |  |
| 2019–20 | Mangal Chandi | Colors Bangla | Maa Chandi | Lead role | Polarwed Productions LLD |  |
| 2019–20 | Mahalaya (Mangal Chandi Special) | Colors Bangla | Maa Durga | Lead role | Polarwed Productions LLD |  |
| 2021 | Sagar Jyoti | Enterr10 Bangla | Jyoti | Lead role | Shree Venkatesh Films |  |
| 2023-Present | Neem Phooler Modhu | Zee Bangla | Tinni | Negative | ZeeBangla in house |  |
| 2023–2024 | Roopsagore Moner Manush | Sun Bangla | Ragini | Negative | Svf productions |  |

## InfoBox

| Nabanita Malakar | |
| --- | --- |
| Malakar in 2024 | |
| Born | Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India |
| Citizenship | Indian |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Notable work | *Ei Chheleta Bhelbheleta*<br>*Mahaprabhu Sree Chaitanya* |


title: HEAT with John Hockenberry

abstract: HEAT with John Hockenberry was an independently produced American radio program hosted by John Hockenberry. The show aired from February through October 1990. It won a Peabody Award in 1991.

text:
# HEAT with John Hockenberry

***HEAT with John Hockenberry*** was an independently produced American radio program hosted by John Hockenberry. The show aired from February through October 1990. It won a Peabody Award in 1991.

## History

In 1986 Brad Spear at WGBH began developing a program with Murray Street Production in the wake of new radio funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. In August of that year, *HEAT of the Night with Marty Goldenson* premiered. In 1988, the National Endowment for the Arts Media Program made its largest radio grant that year toward further production of HEAT. National Public Radio (NPR) committed to providing the balance with significant support of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.

In late 1989, *HEAT with John Hockenberry* premiered on NPR. The *New York Times* described it as "an innovative mix of public affairs segments and performances," but the show was canceled after about one year. Creator Steve Rathe of Murray Street said, "The recession came along, and the network wasn't finding the underwriting dollars they had committed to."


title: Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute

abstract: Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute is a private contract research organization that is part of Touro University and New York Medical College (NYMC). It was founded after WWII in Albuquerque, New Mexico by two physicians, William Randolph Lovelace I and his nephew, surgeon William Randolph Lovelace II. LRRI originally performed not-for-profit biomedical research into the prevention, treatment and cure of respiratory disease. The organization expanded with military grants into the research and development of CBRNe, setting up a lab inside Kirtland Air Force Base, preclinical contract research for drug development, clinical trials and in 1998, the study of mental illness by providing neuroimaging and big data analysis with machine learning. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) found LRRI violated the Animal Welfare Act on multiple occasions since 2008. In 2018, its name appeared in the European dieselgate scandal, as it had tested the health effect of diesel exhaust exposure on monkeys for three German car manufacturers using emissions cheating technology. In August 2022, it was announced that the Lovelace Research Institute had joined Touro University and New York Medical College (NYMC).

text:
# Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute

**Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute** is a private contract research organization that is part of Touro University and New York Medical College (NYMC). It was founded after WWII in Albuquerque, New Mexico by two physicians, William Randolph Lovelace I and his nephew, surgeon William Randolph Lovelace II. LRRI originally performed not-for-profit biomedical research into the prevention, treatment and cure of respiratory disease. The organization expanded with military grants into the research and development of CBRNe, setting up a lab inside Kirtland Air Force Base, preclinical contract research for drug development, clinical trials and in 1998, the study of mental illness by providing neuroimaging and big data analysis with machine learning.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) found LRRI violated the Animal Welfare Act on multiple occasions since 2008. In 2018, its name appeared in the European dieselgate scandal, as it had tested the health effect of diesel exhaust exposure on monkeys for three German car manufacturers using emissions cheating technology.

In August 2022, it was announced that the Lovelace Research Institute had joined Touro University and New York Medical College (NYMC).

## Business

Lovelace Biomedical currently has two main locations, both located in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It employs over 500 staff in New Mexico.

Most of Lovelace's funding comes from the United States government and private grants. As of 2008 it was spending more than $60 million to fight against respiratory diseases such as asthma, emphysema, lung cancer, bronchitis and allergies.

### Companies

As of 2018 Lovelace consists of numerous companies per its website:

## Controversies

Between March 2008 and April 2009 the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) found LRRI violated the Animal Welfare Act on nine occasions, including the death of a monkey, and escape of another monkey. In 2011, LRRI was fined close to $22,000, and in 2015, federal inspectors reported that it investigated because an untrained technician’s actions resulted in the death of a research dog. From August 2012 to March 2014, the DOA found that five monkeys and four rabbits died at LRRI, violating the federal Animal Welfare Act six times. In 2012, Lovelace reduced the number of monkeys from 951 to 646, the number of dogs from 293 to 183 within a short period per USDA animal inventory reports. As of 2014, Lovelace still used 431 primates and outnumbered all US institutions performing primate experiments like Battelle Memorial Institute (270) or USAMRIID (249).

In January 2018, the NYT reported that in 2014, the LRRI studied the health effect of up to four hours of diesel exhaust exposure on 10 monkeys. An organization called the *European Research Group on Environment and Health in the Transport Sector* (EUGT) paid for the research, and was jointly funded by Volkswagen, Daimler and BMW. The LRRI declined an interview, but confirmed conducting animal testing in a statement that said scientists unknowingly tested exhaust of an emissions cheating vehicle built by Volkswagen and that it was "nearly duped into ‘compromised’ Volkswagen diesel research". The study has not been published yet.

## Founding history

The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute traces its roots to the arrival of William Randolph Lovelace I to Sunnyside-Fort Sumner New Mexico in 1906 as a company physician for the Santa Fe Railroad and a construction project with the Lantry Sharp Construction Company. He sought the Southwest because he was advised to live in a dry, sunny climate to cure his tuberculosis. Lovelace aspired to develop a multispecialty clinical center. In 1912, Albuquerque had become New Mexico´s largest city and in 1913, Lovelace moved to Albuquerque to establish a private practice which became the Lovelace Clinic, the Southwest's first center of specialty medicine, specifically treating tuberculosis.

In 1908, his extended family, including his brother Edgar and Edgar's infant son, William Randolph Lovelace II (Randy), moved to New Mexico. In 1934, this nephew received his M.D. from Harvard University, was appointed Chief of Surgery at Mayo Clinic and in 1946 after his two sons succumbed to polio, he and his wife moved back to Albuquerque. He joined his uncle´s medical clinic on the condition, that the clinic expand to the three-part mission of not only health care, but also research, and education. The nonprofit Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research was founded with Lovelace´s friend Clayton Sam White as director and after 1965, its president until 1974. Don Kilgore was director of clinical medicine at the foundation from 1965 onward.

Through grants from the United States government agencies and private companies, multiple properties were purchased in the Southeast corner of Albuquerque, one of which is currently the site of LRRI's North Campus.

## Notable contracts

The Lockheed U-2 pilots were sent to the Lovelace Clinic for a week-long physical examination. "Many of the tests which we pioneered were later made a part of the astronaut's physicals."

In 1959, under a contract to NASA 32 candidate pilots underwent a seven-day series of psychological and physiological tests at Lovelace clinic from which the seven Project Mercury astronauts were selected.

In 1964, the Lovelace Foundation entered a long-term program with the Division of Biology and Medicine of the Atomic Energy Commission to study the effects of inhaling radioactive particles; It set up the *Fission Product Inhalation Laboratory* inside Kirtland Air Force Base. In the 1970s, the facility was renamed the "Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute" (ITRI) as it studied inhalation of non-radioactive materials. In 1996 it eventually became the Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute" (LRRI).

Currently, LRRI is the nation's largest independent, not-for-profit organization conducting basic and applied research on the causes and treatments of respiratory illness and disease.

## Mission

The mission of LRRI is to serve humanity through research on the prevention, treatment, and cure of respiratory disease.

## InfoBox

Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1947 |
| Research type | Respiratory Disease, Toxicology, Gene Therapy, Bioanalysis, Neuroscience, Infectious Diseases, Medical Countermeasures, Biotechnology, Drug Research |
| Budget | US$65 million |
| President | Robert W. Rubin |
| Staff | 83 PhD level scientists, 539 technicians and support staff |
| Location | Albuquerque, New Mexico |
| Campus | 500,000 square feet |
| Operating agency | Lovelace Biomedical & Touro University |
| Website |  |


title: Lovelace Theatre

abstract: The Lovelace Theatre was a puppet theater in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

text:
# Lovelace Theatre

**The Lovelace Theatre** was a puppet theater in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

## History

The Lovelace Marionette Theatre was the first professional puppet company in the United States to stage performances on a regular schedule for audiences that assembled in a permanent theatrical venue dedicated to that purpose. Beginning in 1964 and running through 1978 Margo Lovelace Visser moved her traveling puppet company from an unheated warehouse in the neighborhood of East Liberty into a garage at 5888-1/2 Ellsworth Ave. in Shadyside, and converted it into a 100-seat intimate theater space. This was the realization of her lifelong dream of owning and operating a professional puppet theater.

Since the early 1950s the Lovelace Marionettes had strictly been a traveling troupe, performing in malls, department stores, schools and arts festivals in Western Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia. The company was based out of Ms. Lovelace's basement and later the East Liberty warehouse in the neighborhood of East Liberty.

The new Lovelace Theatre catered primarily to birthday parties for children ages 4 to 12. Ms. Lovelace, some of her adult children and a curious band of volunteers that she had trained, staged marionette plays from a repertoire of folk and fairy tales, fables and adaptations of various popular children's films.

As the theater built an audience and gained a reputation they began to experiment with comedy and tragedy geared for adults, with plays by Jean Giraudoux, Molière, Jean Cocteau and Robert Pinget, using a wide variety of puppetry styles. The children's shows continued on weekend afternoons, and the adult programs played in the evening. The company continued to book touring shows, in particular several tours of elementary schools in the Pittsburgh Public School system.

In 1977, when they outgrew the little theater on Ellsworth Avenue, the Lovelace Theatre took up residence for their final five seasons at the Carnegie Museum of Art, performing on Saturdays and Sundays in the 200-seat film auditorium in the lower level of the Scaife Gallery.

Margo Lovelace studied at Carnegie Tech (now Carnegie Mellon University) and began her pursuit of puppetry as an apprentice to Cedric Head and his Kingsland Marionettes in the 1940s.

*The Puppet Proposition*, a 28-minute 16 mm film produced by Margo Lovelace and directed by her son David Visser won a CINE Golden Eagle Award in 1976. Another Lovelace short film, *Museum Piece*, was nominated for a 1975 "short subject" Academy Award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Upon her retirement in 1984, Margo Lovelace donated her entire collection of puppets and masks to the Children's Museum of Pittsburgh.

In June 2012 Pittsburgh City Councilman William Peduto introduced a resolution (which was unanimously approved by Council) declaring July 24 to be "Margo Lovelace Day," to honor her "undiminished service to the Pittsburgh community," her "inspirational influence on youngsters, students, educators and audiences of many varieties," and her "numerous and diverse artistic accomplishments."

40°27′28″N 79°55′40″W / 40.45777°N 79.92776°W / 40.45777; -79.92776


title: Love Locked Out (album)

abstract: Love Locked Out is a solo album by jazz pianist Chris Anderson which was recorded in 1987 and released on the Mapleshade label in 1990.

text:
# Love Locked Out (album)

***Love Locked Out*** is a solo album by jazz pianist Chris Anderson which was recorded in 1987 and released on the Mapleshade label in 1990.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |

The AllMusic site awarded the album 4 stars stating "Anderson's breezy noodling on standards, his own poignant originals, and overall aggressiveness were passed on to many prized pupils, as well as Hancock; now, the teacher gets some credit".

## Track listing

All compositions by Chris Anderson except where noted.

1. "Where or When" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) - 9:01
2. "Detour Ahead" (Herb Ellis, Johnny Frigo, Lou Carter) - 5:30
3. "So Blue" - 7:03
4. "Love Locked Out" (Ray Noble, Max Kester) - 5:02
5. "Send in the Clowns" (Stephen Sondheim) - 6:55
6. "The Folks Who Live on the Hill" (Jerome Kern, Oscar Hammerstein II) - 6:06
7. "For Seana" - 6:52
8. "Sandy's Song" - 5:50
9. "Love Letters" (Victor Young, Edward Heyman) - 5:31

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Love Locked Out | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Chris Anderson | |
| Released | 1990 |
| Recorded | October 20–21, 1987 |
| Studio | Mapleshade Studio, Upper Marlboro, MD |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 57:50 |
| Label | Mapleshade
JLP 57 |
| Chris Anderson chronology | |
| *Inverted Image*
(1961) ***Love Locked Out***
(1990) *Blues One*
(1991) | |


title: Louis Édouard Fournier

abstract: Louis Édouard Fournier was a French painter and illustrator.

text:
# Louis Édouard Fournier

**Louis Édouard Fournier** (12 December 1857 – 10 April 1917) was a French painter and illustrator.

## Biography

Fournier studied with Alexandre Cabanel, Jules Joseph Lefebvre, and Gustave Boulanger. In 1881 he won the first prize of the prestigious Prix de Rome with a painting with the subject of Achilles' anger appeased by Minerva. He also participated in the Paris Salon and in 1900 received a medal and the Legion of Honor. He also received awards in the Salon of 1889 and the Exposition Universelle of 1890.

Fournier participated in many large-scale artistic endeavors, chief of which was the creation of frescoes for the decoration of the Grand Palais in Paris, in association with other artists including Alexandre Falguière. Fournier also created many mosaic friezes, considered at the time milestones in French art.

One of his most celebrated frescoes, "Aux gloires du Lyonnais et du Beaujolais" is in the Deliberation Room in the Council General of Rhône in Lyon. He also produced a series of paintings devoted to the beauties of Lyon, along with many wood carvings.

One of his most famous works is *The Funeral of Shelley* (1889; held by the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool), shown here.

Fournier also illustrated numerous books, including works of Jean de La Fontaine and Honoré de Balzac, most notably *The Duchess of Langeais*.

## Further reading


title: Troup-Harris Regional Library

abstract: The Troup-Harris Regional Library (THRL) is a public library system serving the counties of Troup, and Harris, Georgia, United States. The central library, LaGrange Memorial, is located in LaGrange, Georgia. THRL is a member of PINES, a program of the Georgia Public Library Service that covers 53 library systems in 143 counties of Georgia. Any resident in a PINES supported library system has access to the system's collection of 10.6 million books. The library is also serviced by GALILEO, a program of the University System of Georgia which stands for "GeorgiA LIbrary LEarning Online". This program offers residents in supported libraries access to over 100 databases indexing thousands of periodicals and scholarly journals. It also boasts over 10,000 journal titles in full text.

text:
# Troup-Harris Regional Library

The **Troup-Harris Regional Library** (**THRL**) is a public library system serving the counties of Troup, and Harris, Georgia, United States. The central library, LaGrange Memorial, is located in LaGrange, Georgia.

THRL is a member of PINES, a program of the Georgia Public Library Service that covers 53 library systems in 143 counties of Georgia. Any resident in a PINES supported library system has access to the system's collection of 10.6 million books. The library is also serviced by GALILEO, a program of the University System of Georgia which stands for "GeorgiA LIbrary LEarning Online". This program offers residents in supported libraries access to over 100 databases indexing thousands of periodicals and scholarly journals. It also boasts over 10,000 journal titles in full text.

## History

The Troup-Harris Regional Library officially began in 2007 after neighboring Coweta County left the system in 2007 to begin their own.

In December 2016 the library system opened their first new building for the city of Hoganville. This library was the result of a $1.12 million SPLOST fund that was matched by $2 million from the state of Georgia. This new library has over 11,200 square feet of space for book stacks, meeting areas, and computers, and replaced the old 3,000 square foot building which was too small to house the branch's entire collection. Groundbreaking for a second library, to replace the current Harris County Library, began on March 21, 2017.

## Branches

| Name | Address |
| --- | --- |
| Harris County Public Library | 138 N. College Street, Hamilton, GA 31811 |
| Hogansville Public Library | 310 Johnson St, Hogansville, GA 30230 |
| LaGrange Memorial Library | 115 Alford Street, LaGrange, GA 30240 |
|

## Library systems in neighboring counties

## InfoBox

| Troup-Harris Regional Library | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The LaGrange Memorial Library | |
| Location | Troup and Harris Counties, Georgia |
| Established | 2007 |
| Branches | 3 |
| Collection | |
| Size | 206,095 (2016) |
| Access and use | |
| Circulation | 260,978 (2016) |
| Population served | 105,172 (2016) |
| Members | 27,351 (2016) |
| Other information | |
| Director | Keith Schuermann |
| Website | http://www.thrl.org/ |


title: Love Will Grow – Rosebud Volume 1

abstract: Love Will Grow – Rosebud Volume 1 is the debut extended play by Australian alternative rock group, The Stems. It was produced by Rob Younger, vocalist of Radio Birdman, and Alan Thorne. The EP was released in February 1986 through Citadel Records, the EP has never been released on a CD format. The EP reached No. 72 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart.

text:
# Love Will Grow – Rosebud Volume 1

***Love Will Grow – Rosebud Volume 1*** is the debut extended play by Australian alternative rock group, The Stems. It was produced by Rob Younger, vocalist of Radio Birdman, and Alan Thorne (Hoodoo Gurus, The Screaming Tribesmen, Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls). The EP was released in February 1986 through Citadel Records, the EP has never been released on a CD format. The EP reached No. 72 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart.

## Track listing

1. "Love Will Grow"
2. "Under Your Mushroom"
3. "Just Ain't Enough"
4. "Jumping to Conclusions"

## Charts

| Chart (1986) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 72 |

General * Holmgren, Magnus (2007). "Australian Rock Database: Home". Australian Rock Database. Passagen (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
* McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Whammo Homepage". *Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop*. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 15 July 2013. Note: Archived \[on-line\] version has limited functionality.

Specific

## InfoBox

| Love Will Grow - Rosebud Volume 1 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by The Stems | |
| Released | February 1986 |
| Genre | Alternative rock |
| Label | Citadel Records |
| Producer | Rob Younger
Alan Thorne |
| The Stems chronology | |
| ***Love Will Grow - Rosebud Volume 1***
(1986) *At First Sight, Violets Are Blue*
(1987) | |


title: Triplex Safety Glass

abstract: Triplex Safety Glass was a British brand of toughened glass and laminated glass. Their marque is often seen on vehicle and aircraft windscreens.

text:
# Triplex Safety Glass

**Triplex Safety Glass** was a British brand of toughened glass and laminated glass. Their marque is often seen on vehicle and aircraft windscreens.

## History

The Triplex Safety Glass Company Ltd was founded in 1912 by Kent-born Reginald Delpech (30 March 1881 - 29 May 1935). The company was established in 1912 to build laminated windscreens in Britain, under French patents.

On 9 September 1929 Triplex formed a joint venture company with Pilkington in St Helens. The company is now part of Pilkington Automotive.

In the 1960s Triplex bought its main competitor British Indestructo Glass, giving it a monopoly in British laminated glass production.

In the 1980s, around 1,000 people worked at the Triplex site in St Helens and about 700 at the site in Kings Norton.

Pilkington retired the Triplex brand in August 1993. The company was formally dissolved in September 2019.

### Key people

## Structure

The company was headquartered at Eccleston, St Helens, at a factory built in 1928. It had its main plant at Kings Norton in the West Midlands.

The St Helens factory now manufactures under the GKN (Aerospace Transparency Systems) brand. Aerospace glass continues to be made at the site. It is believed that the automotive building fell out of use with the collapse of MG Rover in 2005 (when Pilkington downsized operations), although closure quite possibly predated this.

The Eccleston Site has since been demolished and a new housing estate built on the land.

## Products

Triplex made laminated and toughened windscreens and windows for the automotive, rail, marine and aerospace sectors. Particularly widespread is the use of so-called "triplex" adhesives, which result from the bonding of two or more glasses  single or safety  usually via polyvinylbutyric (PVB) membranes. The glazing is welded by heating and later pressing.

Triplex glasses exhibit the maximum impact resistance. This glazing system is distinguished for the optimal use of safety in use since, if it breaks, the glass pieces are held in place by means of the intermediate membranes, preventing serious injury.

## InfoBox

Triplex Safety Glass Company Limited
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Automotive, Aerospace |
| Founded | 9 September 1929 (1929-09-09) |
| Founder | Reginald Delpech |
| Defunct | 24 September 2019 (2019-09-24) |
| Fate | Dissolved |
| Headquarters | Eccleston, St Helens, United Kingdom |
| Products | Laminated glass<br>Toughened glass |
| Number of employees | 1700 (1980s) |
| Parent | Pilkington |