title: Market structure

abstract: Market structure, in economics, depicts how firms are differentiated and categorised based on the types of goods they sell (homogeneous/heterogeneous) and how their operations are affected by external factors and elements. Market structure makes it easier to understand the characteristics of diverse markets. The main body of the market is composed of suppliers and demanders. Both parties are equal and indispensable. The market structure determines the price formation method of the market. Suppliers and Demanders will aim to find a price that both parties can accept creating a equilibrium quantity. Market definition is an important issue for regulators facing changes in market structure, which needs to be determined. The relationship between buyers and sellers as the main body of the market includes three situations: the relationship between sellers, the relationship between buyers and the relationship between buyers and sellers. The relationship between the buyer and seller of the market and the buyer and seller entering the market. These relationships are the market competition and monopoly relationships reflected in economics.

text:
# Market structure

**Market structure**, in economics, depicts how firms are differentiated and categorised based on the types of goods they sell (homogeneous/heterogeneous) and how their operations are affected by external factors and elements. Market structure makes it easier to understand the characteristics of diverse markets.

The main body of the market is composed of suppliers and demanders. Both parties are equal and indispensable. The market structure determines the price formation method of the market. Suppliers and Demanders (sellers and buyers) will aim to find a price that both parties can accept creating a equilibrium quantity.

Market definition is an important issue for regulators facing changes in market structure, which needs to be determined. The relationship between buyers and sellers as the main body of the market includes three situations: the relationship between sellers (enterprises and enterprises), the relationship between buyers (enterprises or consumers) and the relationship between buyers and sellers. The relationship between the buyer and seller of the market and the buyer and seller entering the market. These relationships are the market competition and monopoly relationships reflected in economics.

## History

Market structure has been a topic of discussion for many economists like Adam Smith and Karl Marx who have strong conflicting viewpoints on how the market operates in presence of political influence. Adam Smith in his writing on economics stressed the importance of laissez-faire principles outlining the operation of the market in the absence of dominant political mechanisms of control, while Karl Marx discussed the working of the market in the presence of a controlled economy sometimes referred to as a command economy in the literature. Both types of market structure have been in historical evidence throughout the twentieth century and twenty-first century.

Market structure has been apparent throughout history due to its natural influence it has on markets, this can be based on the different contributing factors that market up each type of market structure.

## Types

Based on the factors that decide the structure of the market, the main forms of market structure are as follows:

* Perfect competition refers to a type of market where there are many buyers and sellers that feature free barriers to entry, dealing with homogeneous products with no differentiation, where the price is fixed by the market. Individual firms are price takers as the price is set by the industry as a whole. Example: Agricultural products which have many buyers and sellers, selling homogeneous goods where the price is determined by the demand and supply of the market and not individual firms. In the short run, a firm in a perfectly competitive market may gain profits or loss, but in the long run, due to the entry and exit of new firms, price will equal ATC in the long run, which is the lowest point of average total cost.
    + Imperfect Competition refers to markets where standards for perfect competition are not fulfilled (such as no barriers for entry and exit, homogeneous products and many buyers and sellers). All other types of competition come under imperfect competition.
* Monopolistic competition, a type of imperfect competition where there are many sellers, selling products that are closely related but differentiated from one another (e.g. quality of products may differentiate) and hence they are not perfect substitutes. This market structure exists when there are multiple sellers who attempt to seem different from one another. Examples: toothpaste, soft drinks, clothing as they are all heterogeneous products with many buyers and sellers, no to low entry barriers but are different from each other due to quality, taste, or branding. Firms have partial control over the price as they are not price takers (due to differentiated products) or Price Makers (as there are many buyers and sellers).
* Oligopoly refers to a market structure where only a small number of firms operate together control the majority of the market share. Firms are neither price takers or makers. Firms tend to avoid price wars by following price rigidity. They closely monitor the prices of their competitors and change prices accordingly. Oligopoly firms focus on quality and efficiency of their products to compete with other firms. Example: Network providers ( Entry barriers, Small number of sellers, many buyers, products can be homogeneous or differentiated). Three types of oligopoly. Due to the hallmark of oligopoly being the presence of strategic interactions among rival firms, the optimal business strategy of an enterprise can be studied through the thought of game theory. Under the logic of game theory, enterprises in oligopoly market have interdependent behavior. These actions are non-cooperative, each company is making decisions that maximize its own profits, and equilibrium is reached when all businesses are doing their best, taking into account the actions of their competitors.
    + Duopoly, a case of an oligopoly where two firms operate and have power over the market. Example: Aircraft manufactures: Boeing and Airbus. A duopoly in theory could have the same effect as a monopoly on pricing within a market if they were to collude on prices and or output of goods.
    + Oligopsony, a market where many sellers can be present but meet only a few buyers. Example: Cocoa producers
    + Cournot quantity competition, one of the first models of oligopoly markets was developed by Augustin Cournot in 1835. In Cournot’s model, there are two firms and each firm selects a quantity to produce, and the resulting total output determines the market price.
    + Bertrand Price Competition, Joseph Bertrand was the first to analyze this model in 1883. In Bertrand’s model, there are two firms and each firm selects a price to maximize its own profits, given the price that it believes the other firm will select.
* Monopoly, where there is only one seller of a product or service which has no substitute. The firm is the price maker as they have control over the industry. There are high barriers to entry, which an incumbent would conduct entry-deterring strategies of keeping out entrants reaping additional profits for the company. Frank Fisher, a noticed antitrust economist has described monopoly power as “the ability to act in an unconstrained way,” such as increasing price or reducing quality. Example: Standard Oil (1870–1911)Under monopoly, monopoly firms can obtain excess profits through differential prices. According to the degree of price difference, price discrimination can be divided into three levels.
    + Natural monopoly, a monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm. A firm is a natural monopoly if it is able to serve the entire market demand at a lower cost than any combination of two or more smaller, more specialized firms.
    + Or natural obstacles, such as the sole ownership of natural resources, De beers was a monopoly in the diamond industry for years.
    + Monopsony, when there is only a single buyer in a market. Discussion of monopsony power in the labor literature largely focused on the pure monopsony model in which a single firm comprised the entirety of demand for labor in a market (e.g., company town).

## Features of market structures

The imperfectly competitive structure is quite identical to the realistic market conditions where some monopolistic competitors, monopolists, oligopolists, and duopolists exist and dominate the market conditions. The elements of Market Structure include the number and size of sellers, entry and exit barriers, nature of product, price, selling costs. Market structure can alter based on the new external factors, such as technology, consumer preferences and new entrants. Therefore, elements of Market Structure always stay the same but the importance of a single element may change making it more influential on the current structure.

Competition is useful because it reveals actual customer demand and induces the seller (operator) to provide service quality levels and price levels that buyers (customers) want, typically subject to the seller's financial need to cover its costs. In other words, competition can align the seller's interests with the buyer's interests and can cause the seller to reveal his true costs and other private information. In the absence of perfect competition, three basic approaches can be adopted to deal with problems related to the control of market power and an asymmetry between the government and the operator with respect to objectives and information: (a) subjecting the operator to competitive pressures, (b) gathering information on the operator and the market, and (c) applying incentive regulation.

**Quick Reference to Basic Market Structures**
| Market Structure | Seller Entry & Exit Barriers | Nature of product | Number of sellers | Number of buyers | Price |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Perfect Competition | No | Homogeneous | Many | Many | Uniform price as their price takers |
| Monopolistic competition | No | Closely related but differentiated | Many | Many | Partial control over price |
| Monopoly | Yes | Differentiated (No Substitute) | One | Many | Price Maker |
| Duopoly | Yes | Homogeneous or Differentiated | Two | Many | Price rigidity due to price war |
| Oligopoly | Yes | Homogeneous or Differentiated | Few | Many | Price rigidity due to price war |
| Monopsony | No | Homogeneous or Differentiated | Many | One | Price taker (as there is only one buyer) |
| Oligopsony | No | Homogeneous or Differentiated | Many | Few | Price Taker |
|

The correct sequence of the market structure from most to least competitive is perfect competition, imperfect competition, oligopoly, and pure monopoly.

The main criteria by which one can distinguish between different market structures are: the number and size of firms and consumers in the market, the type of goods and services being traded, and the degree to which information can flow freely. In today's time, Karl Marx's theory about political influence on market makes sense as firms and industry are affected strongly by the regulation, taxes, tariffs, patents imposed by the government. These affect the barriers to entry and exit for the firms in the market.

**Perfect competition:**

1. There are many buyers and sellers in the market, and there is no fixed buying and selling relationship between them.

2. The products or services traded in the market are all the same without any difference.

3. There are no barriers to entry and exit from the market.

4. There are no trade secrets.

5. Capital resources and labour are easily transferable.

**Monopolistic Competition:**

There are a large number of enterprises, there are no restrictions on entering and exiting the market, and they sell different products of the same kind, and enterprises have a certain ability to control prices. Monopolies have complete market control as the barriers to entry are high and the threat of new entrants is low; therefore they can price set to their preference.

**Oligopoly:**

The number of enterprises is small, entry and exit from the market are restricted, product attributes are different, and the demand curve is downward sloping and relatively inelastic. Oligopolies are usually found in industries in which initial capital requirements are high and existing companies have strong foothold in market share.

**Monopoly:**

The number of enterprises is only one, access is restricted or completely blocked, and the products produced and sold are unique and cannot be replaced by other products. The company has strong control and influence over the price of the entire market.

Different market structures will also lead to different levels of social welfare. Generally speaking, as the degree of competition increases, the total social welfare measured by producer surplus plus consumer surplus will rise. The total surplus of perfect competition market is the highest. And the total surplus of imperfect competition market is lower. In the monopoly market, if the monopoly firm can adopt first-level price discrimination, the consumer surplus is zero and the monopoly firm obtains all the benefits in the market.

## Importance of Market Structure

Market structure is important for a firms use as it motivations, decision making, opportunities. This will incur changes to current market standings affecting: market outcomes, price, availability and variety.

Market structure provides indication on potential opportunities and threats which can influence business to adapt there processes and operations in order to meet market structure requirements in order to stay competitive. For example being able to understand market structure will help to identify any product substitutability a foundation element of market structure analysis to then determine the best course of action.

## Measure of market structure

* N-firm concentration ratio, N-firm concentration ratio is a common measure of market structure. This gives the combined market share of the N largest firms in the market. For example, if the 5-firm concentration ratio in the United States smart phone industry is about .8, which indicates that the combined market share of the five largest smart phone sellers in the United states is about 80 percent.
* Herfindahl index, The Herfindahl index defined as the sum of the squared market shares of all the firms in the market. Increases in the Herfindahl index generally indicate a decrease in competition and an increase of market power, vice versal. Generally, the Herfindahl index conveys more information than the N-firm concentration ratio.In general, this index can also measure the market concentration of the top n companies, and the impact of corporate mergers and acquisitions on the market structure. And although any relationship between Herfindahl index and concentration ratio can only provide a rough approximation, the estimation (prediction) of Herfindahl index becomes rapidly more accurate when given some of the largest market shares.

Besides market structure, many factors contribute to conduct and market performance. Market pressures are similarly evolving therefore when decision making based on market performance it is essential to assess all the circumstances affecting competition rather than rely solely on measures of market structure. Using a single measurement of market share can be misleading or inconclusive as only indicators are taken into account.

Different aspects that have been taken into account to measures the innovative advantage within particular market structures are: the size distribution of firms, the existence of certain barriers to entry, and the stage of industry in the product lifecycle. Creating another measure to determine the current market structure that can be used as evidence or to evaluate current market performance thus it can be used to forecast and determine future trends.

* Media related to Market structure at Wikimedia Commons
* Microeconomics by Elmer G. Wiens: Online Interactive Models of Oligopoly, Differentiated Oligopoly, and Monopolistic Competition


title: Marnay-sur-Seine

abstract: Marnay-sur-Seine is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

text:
# Marnay-sur-Seine

**Marnay-sur-Seine** (French pronunciation: \[maʁnɛ syʁ sɛn\], literally *Marnay on Seine*) is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 197 |  |
| 1968 | 222 | +12.7% |
| 1975 | 192 | −13.5% |
| 1982 | 203 | +5.7% |
| 1990 | 220 | +8.4% |
| 1999 | 240 | +9.1% |
| 2008 | 246 | +2.5% |

## Sights

## InfoBox

| Marnay-sur-Seine | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Marnay-sur-Seine | |
| Location of Marnay-sur-Seine | |
| Marnay-sur-SeineMarnay-sur-Seine | |
| Coordinates: 48°30′46″N 3°33′33″E / 48.5128°N 3.5592°E / 48.5128; 3.5592 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Aube |
| Arrondissement | Nogent-sur-Seine |
| Canton | Nogent-sur-Seine |
| Intercommunality | Nogentais |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Yolande François |
| Area**1** | 10.1 km2 (3.9 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 235 |
| Density | 23/km2 (60/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 10225 /10400 |
| Elevation | 68 m (223 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Mijail Mulkay

abstract: Mijail Mulkay Bordon is a Cuban actor.

text:
# Mijail Mulkay

**Mijail Mulkay Bordon** (born April 20, 1974 in Cuba) is a Cuban actor.

## Television

* CELIA: La vida de Celia Cruz \- Tico Fuentes (Tito Puente) (2015)
* Voltea pa' que te Enamores \- Mateo (2014)
* En otra piel \- Soler Hernández (2014)
* *Cosita Linda'* \- Lisandro (2013)
* "El Clon (2010) .... Mohammed
* "Los caballeros las prefieren brutas" (2010) .... Rodrigo Florez
* "Victorinos" (2009) TV series .... Adopted Victorino Pérez
* "La quiero a morir" (2008) TV series .... Rito Sansón
* "La ex" .... Leonardo Guáqueta
* "Aunque estés lejos" - Lazaro
* "La Mujer En El Espejo" - Camilo
* "Entre ciclones" 2003
* "Hacerse el sueco" 2001- Cuba
* "Miradas" 2001- Spain
* T"Lista de espera" ... Manolo
* Candela (2000)
* "Entre Mamparas" (1996) TV series

## InfoBox

| Mijail Mulkay | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Mijail Mulkay Bordon Perdomo
(1974-04-20) April 20, 1974
Havana, Cuba |
| Occupation | Actor |


title: Oberea apicenigrata

abstract: Oberea apicenigrata is a species of flat-faced longhorn beetle in the tribe Saperdini in the genus Oberea, discovered by Breuning in 1961.

text:
# Oberea apicenigrata

***Oberea apicenigrata*** is a species of flat-faced longhorn beetle in the tribe Saperdini in the genus *Oberea*, discovered by Breuning in 1961.

## InfoBox

| *Oberea apicenigrata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Oberea* |
| Species: | ***O. apicenigrata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oberea apicenigrata***<br>Breuning, 1961 | |
|


title: Ovini Uera

abstract: Ovini Uera is a Nauruan judoka.

text:
# Ovini Uera

**Ovini Uera** (born 18 January 1988) is a Nauruan judoka.

## Preparation

Uera, who was a catering manager and worked for Nauru Airlines, had a daily routine that started with a warm up at 6am, and practiced at a gym with no walls, and had rain falling through the roof.Sled Dowabobo was the coach and physiotherapist for him. Uera raised funds from barbecues and door knocking. He studied YouTube videos of Varlam Liparteliani.

## Career

He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the men's 90 kg where he defeated Renick James in the second round but lost to Varlam Liparteliani in the third round. He was the flag bearer for Nauru during the closing ceremony.

## InfoBox

Ovini Uera
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Nauruan |
| Born | (1988-01-18) 18 January 1988 |
| Height | 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Weight | 90 kg (200 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Nauru |
| Sport | Judo |


title: Goodrich Corporation

abstract: The Goodrich Corporation, formerly the B.F. Goodrich Company, was an American manufacturing company based in Charlotte, North Carolina. Founded in Akron, Ohio in 1870 as Goodrich, Tew & Co. by Dr. Benjamin Franklin Goodrich, the company name was changed to the "B.F. Goodrich Company" in 1880, to BFGoodrich in the 1980s, and to "Goodrich Corporation" in 2001. Originally a rubber manufacturing company known for automobile tires, the company diversified its manufacturing businesses throughout the twentieth century and sold off its tire business in 1986 to focus on its other businesses, such as aerospace and chemical manufacturing. The BFGoodrich brand name continues to be used by Michelin, who acquired the tire manufacturing business in 1988. Following the acquisition by United Technologies in 2012, Goodrich became a part of UTC Aerospace Systems. In 1869, Dr. Benjamin Franklin Goodrich purchased the Hudson River Rubber Company, a small business in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. The following year Dr. Goodrich accepted an offer of $13,600 from the citizens of Akron, Ohio, to relocate his business there. The company grew to be one of the largest tire and rubber manufacturers in the world, helped in part by the 1986 merger with Uniroyal. This product line was sold to Michelin in 1988, and the company merged with Rohr (1997), Coltec Industries, and TRW Aeronautical Systems in 2002. The sale of the specialty chemicals division and subsequent change to the current name completed the transformation. In 2006, company sales were $5.8 billion, of which 18%, 16% and 12% of total revenues were accounted for by the U.S. government, Airbus and Boeing, respectively. In 1988, the Goodrich Corporation sold its tire business and rights to the Goodrich name to French company Michelin. During the 1970s, Goodrich ran television and print ads to distinguish themselves from the similar-sounding Goodyear tire company. The tag line was, "We're the other guys. Remember?" The company was also sometimes confused with Mr. Goodwrench as the two last names were similar, especially since B.F. Goodrich tires were featured on many General Motors cars and trucks.

text:
# Goodrich Corporation

The **Goodrich Corporation**, formerly the **B.F. Goodrich Company**, was an American manufacturing company based in Charlotte, North Carolina. Founded in Akron, Ohio in 1870 as Goodrich, Tew & Co. by Dr. Benjamin Franklin Goodrich, the company name was changed to the "B.F. Goodrich Company" in 1880, to BFGoodrich in the 1980s, and to "Goodrich Corporation" in 2001. Originally a rubber manufacturing company known for automobile tires, the company diversified its manufacturing businesses throughout the twentieth century and sold off its tire business in 1986 to focus on its other businesses, such as aerospace and chemical manufacturing. The BFGoodrich brand name continues to be used by Michelin, who acquired the tire manufacturing business in 1988. Following the acquisition by United Technologies in 2012, Goodrich became a part of UTC Aerospace Systems.

In 1869, Dr. Benjamin Franklin Goodrich purchased the Hudson River Rubber Company, a small business in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. The following year Dr. Goodrich accepted an offer of $13,600 from the citizens of Akron, Ohio, to relocate his business there.

The company grew to be one of the largest tire and rubber manufacturers in the world, helped in part by the 1986 merger with Uniroyal (formerly the *United States Rubber Company*). This product line was sold to Michelin in 1988, and the company merged with Rohr (1997), Coltec Industries, and TRW Aeronautical Systems (formerly Lucas Aerospace) in 2002. The sale of the specialty chemicals division and subsequent change to the current name completed the transformation. In 2006, company sales were $5.8 billion, of which 18%, 16% and 12% of total revenues were accounted for by the U.S. government, Airbus and Boeing, respectively.

In 1988, the Goodrich Corporation sold its tire business and rights to the Goodrich name to French company Michelin. During the 1970s, Goodrich ran television and print ads to distinguish themselves from the similar-sounding Goodyear tire company. The tag line was, "We're the other guys. Remember?" The company was also sometimes confused with Mr. Goodwrench as the two last names were similar, especially since B.F. Goodrich tires were featured on many General Motors cars and trucks.

## History

### Early history

In 1869 Dr. Benjamin Franklin Goodrich purchased the Hudson River Rubber Company, a small business in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. The following year Goodrich accepted an offer of $13,600 from the citizens of Akron, Ohio, to relocate his business there.

In 1909, the company constructed a 12-story building with a facade influenced by Jacobean Revival style and Vienna Secession for its New York Headquarters, located at 1780 Broadway, New York. which is now become one of the historical landmarks.

In March 1912, the Diamond Rubber Company, founded by the owner of the Diamond Match Company, was bought out by and merged with the B.F. Goodrich Company. The Diamond brand name and product line were retained and a subsidiary Diamond Rubber Company created for the marketing and manufacturing of them.

The company helped found and start the Yokohama Rubber Company on Oct 13, 1917, in a joint venture between Yokohama Cable Manufacturing and B.F. Goodrich.

B.F. Goodrich sold radios from the 1930s to the 1950s, under the brand name "Mantola". These radios were actually made by a variety of manufacturers for B.F. Goodrich.

In 1936, the company entered the Mexican market in a joint venture, Goodrich-Euzkadi (now part of Continental AG).

Goodrich ranked 67th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts.

The Troy, Ohio plant was purchased in 1946 from Waco. Since then, Goodrich has manufactured wheels and brakes for a variety of aircraft. Among these are commercial, military, regional, and business programs. This successful operation lies at the core of Goodrich's business. Competitors include the aerostructures divisions of companies such as Honeywell, Messier-Bugatti, Aircraft Braking Systems, (Howmet/Huck) and SNECMA. The Hood Rubber Company was sold before the Great Depression as a division of the B.F. Goodrich Company.

### 19801990s

By 1986, B.F. Goodrich had become an S&P 500-listed company in diverse business, including tire and rubber fabrication. B.F. Goodrich made high-performance replacement tires. In August 1986, one of its biggest competitors in the tire business, Uniroyal Inc., was taken private when it merged with the tire segment of the B.F. Goodrich Company, in a joint venture private partnership, to become the **Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company**. B.F. Goodrich Company held a 50% stake in the new tire company.

The new Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company headquarters was established at the former B.F. Goodrich corporate headquarters, within its 27-building downtown complex in Akron, Ohio which contained Goodrich's original factory. In the autumn of 1987 B.F. Goodrich Company shut down several manufacturing operations at the site, and most of the complex remained vacant until February 1988, when B.F. Goodrich announced plans to sell the vacant part of the complex to the Covington Capital Corporation, a group of New York developers. The complex is now known as Canal Place.

In 1987, its first full year of operation, the new Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company generated almost $2 billion in sales revenue, with profits of $35 million.

The merger soon proved to be difficult. In June 1988 B.F. Goodrich sold its 50% stake for $225 million. The buyers were a group of investors led by Clayton, Dubilier & Rice a private New York investment firm. At the same time, B.F. Goodrich also received a warrant to purchase indirectly up to 7% of the equity in Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company.

As part of the June 1988 sale deal, the new privately held tire company acquired publicly held debt of $415 million.

Also in 1988, Michelin Group, a subsidiary of the French tire company Michelin et Cie proposed to acquire the Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company and took actions towards acquiring a stake. By May 1990, Michelin Group had completed its buyout of Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company from Clayton & Dubilier of New York. The deal was valued at about US$1.5 billion. B.F. Goodrich surrendered its 7% warrant to Michelin Group, and received $32.5 million additional revenue from the sale.

### Leaving tire business

B.F. Goodrich by then exited the tire business entirely, in line with its plan to build its chemicals and aerospace businesses through reinvestment and acquisitions. In 1997, it acquired Rohr, a maker of jet aircraft engine nacelles, expanding its presence in integrated aircraft components industry.

In 1999, it acquired Charlotte, North Carolina-based Coltec Industries for $2.2 billion in stock and assumed debt, making the former tire maker the No. 1 supplier of landing gear and other aircraft parts. Headquarters were moved to Charlotte following this merger.

In 2001, the company divested its specialty chemicals business to focus on aerospace and industrial products and, to signify the completion of its transformation, it was renamed Goodrich Corporation and adopted a new logo.

In October 2002, Goodrich acquired TRW Aeronautical Systems, this division was mainly the former Lucas Aerospace activity, mostly based in the UK and France.

In November 2010, Goodrich opened a large new manufacturing centre in Krosno Rzeszow, Poland.

### Fate

In September 2011, United Technologies Corporation announced a deal to buy Goodrich for $18.4 billion, paying $127.50 per share and assuming $1.9 billion in debt.

On July 26, 2012, United Technologies Corporation purchased Goodrich. Unsold divisions of Hamilton Sundstrand and Goodrich were then merged to create UTC Aerospace Systems. Rocketdyne, Hamilton Sundstrand's industrial pumps and compressors operations, Clipper Windpower, and UTC Power (United Technologies' fuel-cell business) would be sold off to raise cash for the deal.

On October 16, 2012, United Technologies Corporation secured an agreement to sell the Power Systems division of Goodrich (Twinsburg Ohio, Pitstone Green Buckinghamshire) to Safran for $400 million. The sale of this business unit was a condition that the Chinese competition regulators set in approving UTC's purchase of Goodrich. The Power Systems division had to be divested by December 16, 2012. Ultimately, the sale was completed on 27 March 2013.

In April 2020, the remaining portions of Goodrich became part of the Collins Aerospace subsidiary of Raytheon Technologies, a firm which resulted from the merger of United Technologies and the Raytheon Company.

## Technologies

### Actuation and landing systems

* Actuation systems
* Aircraft wheels and brakes
* Aviation technical services
* Landing gear
* Engine components

### Electronic systems

* Sensors and Integrated systems
* Engine control and electrical power systems
* ISR (intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems

and

### Nacelles and interior systems

* Aerostructures
* Interiors
* Customer services

## Platforms

### Civil

### Military

## Restatements

On Feb 24, 2004, Goodrich restated its fourth-quarter and full-year earnings results for 2003 after Pratt & Whitney notified the company that it was drastically cutting its order for engine casing components.

## Notable employees

## Further reading

* Blackford, Mansel G. and K. Austin Kerr. *B. F. Goodrich: Tradition and Transformation, 18701995;* (Ohio State University Press, 1996); ISBN 0-8142-0696-4.
* Blackford, Mansel G. "B. F. Goodrich Becomes a Multinational Corporation, 1910-1929," *Essays in Economic & Business History* (1996), Vol. 14, pp 365–373.

## InfoBox

Goodrich Corporation
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | NYSE: GR |
| Industry | Aerospace |
| Founded | 1870 (1870) (as B.F. Goodrich Company)
Akron, Ohio U.S. |
| Defunct | July 26, 2012 (2012-07-26) |
| Fate | Acquired by United Technologies Corporation
Tire division sold to Michelin |
| Headquarters | Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Key people | Marshall Larsen (Chairman & CEO) |
| Products | Actuation systems
Aerostructures
Aircraft wheels and brakes
Electrical power systems
Engine components
Engine control systems
Engineered Polymer Products
Interiors
ISR systems
Undercarriage/landing gear
Sensors and integrated systems |
| Website | www.goodrich.com |


title: James Hart (vocalist)

abstract: James Hart is an American vocalist, best known as the frontman and founding member of the metalcore band Eighteen Visions. He was also the founding member and lead vocalist of the band Burn Halo, from its inception in 2007 until leaving in 2016.

text:
# James Hart (vocalist)

**James Hart** (born August 26, 1979) is an American vocalist, best known as the frontman and founding member of the metalcore band Eighteen Visions. He was also the founding member and lead vocalist of the band Burn Halo, from its inception in 2007 until leaving in 2016.

## Early life

Hart was born on August 26, 1979, in Chicago, Illinois. His family moved to California when he was 6. Growing up, he played baseball and football a lot. He considers himself a lifelong Chicago Cubs and Chicago Bears fan. His parents separated and divorced when he was 11, with his father moving away back to Chicago. In 2017, Hart said that both of his parents had been struggling with alcohol at that time, which, in his opinion, ruined their marriage and chance for a happy family life. He also cited that as a major driving force behind his abstinence from alcohol and drugs from a very young age.

He graduated from Huntington Beach High School where he was on his school's baseball and football teams. He used to work at Banana Republic retail store after finishing high school.

## Career

### Eighteen Visions

Eighteen Visions originally formed in 1995 by Hart, Dave Peters, Billy Sisler, and Kenneth Floyd. Their first show was at the "Koo's Cafe" in early 1996. Many lineup changes and breakup rumors occurred before the release of their debut album *Yesterday Is Time Killed*, before eventually finding a stable lineup in 1999. The band went on to release four more studio albums before breaking up in 2007. Hart had this to say concerning the matter:

"After several years of touring and quite a few album releases we have decided that it is time to go our separate ways. We have been a band for a very long time and feel good about everything we were able to accomplish. At this point in our lives and our careers we feel its time to move on to something fresh and new. Whether it be music, touring or just being at home to live and enjoy life. We would like to thank all of our fans, friends and families for all of the great support over the years. We would also like to thank all of the bands we have shared the stage with and everyone who has ever worked with the band, opened a door or reached out a hand. We will be playing our final two shows in April. One in San Diego and one in Orange County. Come rock with us one more time."

The band announced its reunion in February 2017, featuring 3 of the 5 members of their 2007's lineup, including Hart. The comeback album "XVIII" was released on June 2, 2017, followed by a live show held in Orange County area on the same day.

### Burn Halo

After the breakup of Eighteen Visions, James Hart worked with former Nixons frontman, Zac Maloy, on a new mainstream rock band called Burn Halo. Originally, Hart conceptualized it to be a solo project; however, during the development of the music and recording, the direction of Hart's idea changed, and Burn Halo was formed.

Three albums thus far have been recorded, with Burn Halo's self-titled debut being released March 31, 2009. The singles from that album were "Dirty Little Girl" and "Save Me". Burn Halo's sophomore release, entitled *Up from the Ashes* was released June 28, 2011, with the song "Tear It Down" as the lead single. The third album *Wolves Of War* saw the light of day in 2015. On June 7, 2016, it was announced that James was no longer the vocalist for the band.

## Personal life

In 1999, Hart attended beauty school along with a former Eighteen Visions bass player Javier Van Huss. Apart from his music career, he is a certified hair stylist working with men and women. According to his Twitter account, he has been straight edge since 1993. He married his long-term girlfriend Britni in 2015. He's also a fan of Chelsea FC.

## Discography

**Main albums:**

with *Eighteen Visions*

1997: *Lifeless*
1998: *Yesterday Is Time Killed*
1999: *No Time for Love*
2000: *Until The Ink Runs Out*
2001: *The Best Of Eighteen Visions*
2002: *Vanity*
2004: *Obsession*
2006: *Eighteen Visions*
2017: XVIII
2021: 1996

with *Burn Halo*

2009: *Burn Halo*
2011: *Up from the Ashes*
2015: *Wolves of War*

## InfoBox

| James Hart | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1979-08-26) August 26, 1979<br>Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Genres | Metalcore, alternative rock |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Years active | 1995–present |
| Member of | Eighteen Visions |
| Formerly of | Burn Halo |


title: Rasalgad

abstract: Rasalgad is a fort in the Maharashtra state of India. It lies 15 km east of Khed City. The fort has been developed as a tourist attraction. Its fortification is in good condition. The fort lied on the south end of a narrow spur which joins with Suamargad and Mahipatgad in the north direction. In 2003 the fort was declared a protected monument by the Archaeological Survey of India.

text:
# Rasalgad

**Rasalgad** is a fort in the Maharashtra state of India. It lies 15 km east of Khed City. The fort has been developed as a tourist attraction. Its fortification is in good condition. The fort lied on the south end of a narrow spur which joins with Suamargad and Mahipatgad in the north direction. In 2003 the fort was declared a protected monument by the Archaeological Survey of India.

## History

Very little history is known about this fort. This fort was in the captivity of the Morè (clan) of Javli from whom Shivaji Maharaj captured this fort. In 1818 British forces captured it from the Peshwas

## Places to see

The fort has a rush of visitors on weekends. It is on a small triangular plateau of five acres, fortified on all sides. The two entrance gates are in good condition. There is a Veer Maruti idol near the first gate. There is a Zolayidevi temple on the fort with a stone Deepmala and Tulsi Vrindavan in the front. There are two large rock cut water cisterns on the fort. There are 16 cannons on the fort. There is a storeroom in good condition. Chakdev and Parvatgad are seen from the Fort. Earlier, based on the above information, it was recorded that there were only 16 guns on the fort. The 17th cannon was half broken in front of the granary. Then on 23 January 2022, the Sahyadri Pratishthan took out the 18th cannon which was lying in the valley 400 feet east of the fort and placed it in front of the Zolai Devi temple on the fort. Then on 6 March 2022, the 19th cannon was found in a 150-foot valley below the Peer Buruja on the west side of the fort. This performance was done by Sahyadri Pratishthan Khed Vibhaga. cannon no.18 and 19 Information was provided to the state Archaeological Department.

## How to reach

The village Rasalwadi is located on the foothill. It is well connected by road. It takes about 10 minutes to reach the fort from Rasalwadi. The temple on the fort is a favourite amongst the trekkers for night halt. The journey to the Suamargad-Mahipatgad trek begins from Rasalgad.

## InfoBox

| Rasalgad Fort | |
| --- | --- |
| Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra | |
| Rasalgad Fort | |
| Rasalgad FortShown within Maharashtra | |
| Coordinates | 17°45′53″N 73°30′43″E / 17.7647591°N 73.5119033°E / 17.7647591; 73.5119033 |
| Type | Hill fort |
| Height | 1,770 feet (500 m) ASL |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Government of India |
| Open to<br>the public | Yes |
| Condition | Good |
| Site history | |
| Materials | Stone, Lead |


title: Preferential looking

abstract: Preferential looking is an experimental method in developmental psychology used to gain insight into the young mind/brain. The method as used today was developed by the developmental psychologist Robert L. Fantz in the 1960s.

text:
# Preferential looking

**Preferential looking** is an experimental method in developmental psychology used to gain insight into the young mind/brain. The method as used today was developed by the developmental psychologist Robert L. Fantz in the 1960s.

## The Preferential Looking Technique

According to the American Psychological Association, the preferential looking technique is "an experimental method for assessing the perceptual capabilities of nonverbal individuals (e.g., human infants, nonhuman animals)". If the average infant looks longer at a novel stimulus compared to a familiar stimulus, this suggests that the infant can discriminate between the stimuli. This method has been used extensively in cognitive science and developmental psychology to assess the character of infants' perceptual systems, and, by extension, innate cognitive faculties. An investigator or examiner observes an infant's eye movements to determine which stimulus the infant fixates on.

## Robert L. Fantz

Robert L. Fantz (1925-1981) was a developmental psychologist who launched several studies on infant perception including the preferential looking paradigm. Fantz introduced this paradigm in 1961 while working at the Case Western Reserve University. The preferential looking paradigm is used in studies of infants regarding cognitive development and categorization. Fantz's study showed that infants looked at patterned images longer than uniform images. He later built upon his study in 1964 to include habituation situations. These situations exhibited an infants preference for new or unusual stimuli.

## Summary of Findings

Conclusions have been drawn from preferential looking experiments about the knowledge that infants possess. For example, if infants discriminate between rule-following and rule-violating stimulisay, by looking longer, on average, at the latter than the formerthen it has sometimes been concluded that infants *know* the rule.

An example serves to illustrate the point: 100 infants are shown an object that appears to teleport, violating the rule that objects move in continuous paths. Another 100 similar infants are shown an object that behaves in a nearly identical manner to the object from group 1, except that this object does not teleport. If the former stimulus induces longer looking times than the latter, then, so the argument goes, infants expect that objects obey the continuity rule, and are surprised when objects seem to violate this rule.

Findings from preferential looking experiments have suggested that humans innately possess sets of beliefs about how objects interact ("folk physics" or "folk mechanics") and about how animate beings interact ("folk psychology").

## The Preferential Looking Technique at Work

A 2018 study collected data using a preferential looking paradigm. The paradigm was analyzing eye movements and pupil dilation to assess children's recognition of different degrees of labels and objects with different degrees of mismatching qualities. The findings support a sensitivity to phonological mismatch in children. The study also provided support for the hypothesis that early comprehension and knowledge of root words aid in converting subphonemic detail to unfamiliar words.

Using the preferential looking paradigm, Fantz and Simon B. Miranda conducted a study in 1974 that assessed recognition memory in infants with Down’s syndrome compared to typically developed infants (Miranda & Fantz, 1974). Each group of infants were presented with three problems of multidimensional visual stimuli. The findings were that infants with Down’s syndrome were able to discriminate between novel and familiar visual stimuli but were around two months behind typical infant development.

Preferential looking experiments have been cited in support of hypotheses regarding a wide range of inborn cognitive capacities such as depth perception, face perception, and basic arithmetic (numeracy).

## Labs using preferential looking

* UIUC
* CWRU (Fantz, later Fagan et al.)

## Studies employing preferential looking

* Ball, W.A. (April 1973). "The perception of causality in the infant". *Society for Research in Child Development*. Paper presented in Philadelphia.

Miranda, S. & Fantz, R. (1974). Recognition memory in Down’s syndrome and normal infants. Child Development, 45(3), 651-660. https://doi.org/10.2307/1127831


title: Mount Bintumani

abstract: Mount Bintumani is the highest peak in Sierra Leone and the Loma Mountains, at 1,945 metres (6,381 ft). It lies in the Loma Mountains and its lower slopes are covered in rainforests, home to a wide variety of animals. These include pygmy hippopotamuses, dwarf crocodiles, rufous fishing-owls and numerous primates.

text:
# Mount Bintumani

**Mount Bintumani** (also known as **Loma Mansa**) is the highest peak in Sierra Leone and the Loma Mountains, at 1,945 metres (6,381 ft). It lies in the Loma Mountains and its lower slopes are covered in rainforests, home to a wide variety of animals. These include pygmy hippopotamuses, dwarf crocodiles, rufous fishing-owls and numerous primates.

## InfoBox

| Mount Bintumani | |
| --- | --- |
| Loma Mansa | |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,945 m (6,381 ft) |
| Prominence | 1,665 m (5,463 ft) |
| Listing | Country high point<br>Ultra |
| Coordinates | 9°13′30″N 11°07′00″W / 9.22500°N 11.11667°W / 9.22500; -11.11667 |
| Geography | |
| Mount BintumaniLocation of Mount Bintumani in Sierra Leone | |
| Location | Sierra Leone |
| Parent range | Loma Mountains |


title: Marta Fuchs

abstract: Marta Fuchs was a German concert and operatic dramatic soprano. Marta Fuchs grew up in an artistic family, her father being a painter, member of the board of the guild and a city councillor. In later years he put his efforts into managing his daughter's career. Marta attended the Königin-Katharina-Stift High School in Stuttgart and studied at the Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst, the College of Music in Stuttgart. In 1923 at the age of 25, she began her career as a soprano singing concerts and oratories. After undergoing further voice and drama training in Stuttgart, she made her debut as an operatic soprano at the state theatre in Aachen in 1928 with Gluck's Orpheus, Azucena in Verdi's Troubadour and with Carmen. Marta Fuchs became an active member of the Christian Community and from 1924 a member of the Anthroposophical Society. In 1930 she was engaged by the Staatsoper in Dresden. After retraining from an alto to a high dramatic soprano, she sang, among other parts, Marschallin, Isolde, Brünnhilde, Arabella, and Fidelio. From 1935 onwards she was also part of the ensemble of the Berlin State Opera und des Deutsche Oper Berlin and appeared as guest in Amsterdam, Prague, Paris, London, Florence and Vienna. From 1933 to 1942, she was a central figure at the Bayreuther Festspiele, where she played Isolde, Kundry and especially Brünnhilde. On February 20, 1935 she played the part of Maria Tudor in the premiere of Rudolf Wagner-Régeny's Der Günstling. She remained distant from the National Socialist regime. In 1936, she told Hitler, "Mr Hitler, you are going to make war!" After Hitler's protestation, she replied, "I don't trust you." In May 1939 Hitler greeted her asking, "Now, have I made war?" Fuchs replied, "I still don't trust you!" During the years of National Socialism, using her personal acquaintance with Hitler and Göring, she used her reputation in the petitions to allow the continuation of the anthroposophical work in Germany. On 25 June 1941 she used her influence on behalf of the Christian Community, whose priests had been interned, property confiscated and further work prohibited. In 1941, she sang Fidelio-Leonore at the Rome Opera. She gave guest performances at Bayreuth, Amsterdam, Paris, London, Berlin, Wien and Salzburg. After a performance of Leoš Janáček’s Jenůfa in 1944, in which she sang the role of Kostelnička, the philosopher Fyodor Stepun wrote to her: “A true and ultimate unity unity between drama and song and through this a true fulfilment of the opera I have to date found realised only in the monumental comedy of the genius Schljapin and in your so completely different priestly, internalised art and if you have accomplished such a successful rendition, the cause lies not least in the fact that your playing moves not in the naturalistic-psychological but rather in the space of mystery-tragedy.” Wilhelm Furtwängler wrote after one of the Isoldes on 3 February 1944 in Berlin: Such a beautiful rendition and such a transfiguration in the death through love he had never experienced… After the destruction of Dresden on 13 February 1945, she fled to her house on the Tegernsee, then to Stuttgart where she gave guest appearances at the Stuttgart Opera, at conferences of the Christian Community and in 1948 at the conference for Waldorf teachers. She died in the old-age home in Stuttgart-Sonnenberg on 22 September 1974.

text:
# Marta Fuchs

**Marta Fuchs** (January 1, 1898 - September 22, 1974) was a German concert and operatic dramatic soprano.

Marta Fuchs grew up in an artistic family, her father being a painter, member of the board of the guild and a city councillor. In later years he put his efforts into managing his daughter's career. Marta attended the Königin-Katharina-Stift High School in Stuttgart and studied at the Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst, the College of Music in Stuttgart. In 1923 at the age of 25, she began her career as a soprano singing concerts and oratories. After undergoing further voice and drama training in Stuttgart, she made her debut as an operatic soprano at the state theatre in Aachen in 1928 with Gluck's Orpheus, Azucena in Verdi's Troubadour and with Carmen.

Marta Fuchs became an active member of the Christian Community and from 1924 a member of the Anthroposophical Society.

In 1930 she was engaged by the Staatsoper in Dresden. After retraining from an alto to a high dramatic soprano, she sang, among other parts, Marschallin, Isolde, Brünnhilde, Arabella, and Fidelio. From 1935 onwards she was also part of the ensemble of the Berlin State Opera und des Deutsche Oper Berlin and appeared as guest in Amsterdam, Prague, Paris, London, Florence and Vienna.

From 1933 to 1942, she was a central figure at the Bayreuther Festspiele, where she played Isolde, Kundry and especially Brünnhilde. On February 20, 1935 she played the part of Maria Tudor in the premiere of Rudolf Wagner-Régeny's *Der Günstling*.

She remained distant from the National Socialist regime. In 1936, she told Hitler, "Mr Hitler, you are going to make war!" After Hitler's protestation, she replied, "I don't trust you." In May 1939 Hitler greeted her asking, "Now, have I made war?" Fuchs replied, "I still don't trust you!" During the years of National Socialism, using her personal acquaintance with Hitler and Göring, she used her reputation in the petitions to allow the continuation of the anthroposophical work in Germany. On 25 June 1941 she used her influence on behalf of the Christian Community, whose priests had been interned, property confiscated and further work prohibited.

In 1941, she sang Fidelio-Leonore at the Rome Opera.

She gave guest performances at Bayreuth (e.g. Kundry in *Parsifal*, 1938), Amsterdam, Paris, London, Berlin, Wien and Salzburg.

After a performance of Leoš Janáček’s *Jenůfa* in 1944, in which she sang the role of Kostelnička, the philosopher Fyodor Stepun wrote to her: “A true and ultimate unity unity between drama and song and through this a true fulfilment of the opera I have to date found realised only in the monumental comedy of the genius Schljapin and in your so completely different priestly, internalised art and if you have accomplished such a successful rendition, the cause lies not least in the fact that your playing moves not in the naturalistic-psychological but rather in the space of mystery-tragedy.” Wilhelm Furtwängler wrote after one of the Isoldes on 3 February 1944 in Berlin: Such a beautiful rendition and such a transfiguration in the death through love he had never experienced…

After the destruction of Dresden on 13 February 1945, she fled to her house on the Tegernsee, then to Stuttgart where she gave guest appearances at the Stuttgart Opera, at conferences of the Christian Community and in 1948 at the conference for Waldorf teachers.

She died in the old-age home in Stuttgart-Sonnenberg on 22 September 1974.


title: Marthand Rao Holkar

abstract: Maharajadhiraj Raja Rajeshwar Sawai Shri Marthand Rao Holkar VIII Bahadur or Marthand Rao Holkar (1830–1849) belonging to the Holkar dynasty of the Marathas was briefly the Maharaja of Indore (1833–1834). He was born in 1830, the eldest son of Shrimant Sardar Bapu Sahib Holkar. He was adopted in October 1833 by Gautama Bai Holkar and Krishna Bai Holkar, who were, respectively, the widow and mother of the deceased Maharaja Malhar Rao Holkar III.

text:
# Marthand Rao Holkar

**Maharajadhiraj Raja Rajeshwar Sawai Shri Marthand Rao Holkar VIII Bahadur** or **Marthand Rao Holkar** (1830–1849) belonging to the Holkar dynasty of the Marathas was briefly the Maharaja of Indore (Holkar State) (1833–1834).

He was born in 1830, the eldest son of Shrimant Sardar Bapu Sahib Holkar. He was adopted in October 1833 by Gautama Bai Holkar and Krishna Bai Holkar, who were, respectively, the widow and mother of the deceased Maharaja Malhar Rao Holkar III.

## Gaddi

Marthand Rao was installed on the throne (*gaddi*) at Indore on 17 January 1834. The adoption, however, was not acceptable to the people, who regarded it as Gautama Bai's device for retaining power. The strong opposition of the public on 2 February 1834, led to the succession of Hari Rao Holkar. Subsequently, Marthand Rao was sent to the Deccan Plateau, where he was confined until his death at Poona on 2 June 1849.

* Hira Lal Gupta, "INDORE SUCCESSIONS, 1833-34 & 1843", Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol. 18 (1955), pp. 243–251
* Henry Beveridge, A Comprehensive History of India, Civil, Military and Social, vol 3, London: Blackie, 1865, 220 et sup
* C U Aitchinson, A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, vol 4. Calcutta: Government of India, 1893, 157

## InfoBox

| Marthand Rao Holkar | |
| --- | --- |
| '**Maharaja  *(Ruler of Indore) '*** | |
| Marthand Rao Holkar | |
| 8th Holkar Maharaja of Indore | |
| Reign | 1833–1834 |
| Coronation | 17 January 1834, Indore |
| Successor | Hari Rao Holkar |
|  | |
| Born | 1830 |
| Died | 2 June 1849<br>Pune |
| Names  Marthand Rao Holkar | |
| Father | Bapu Sahib Holkar |
| Religion | Hinduism |


title: Mike Dillard

abstract: Mike Dillard is an American drummer and one of the founding members of rock band Melvins. His only known recordings with the original lineup eventually saw release in 2005 as Mangled Demos from 1983. He left the band in 1984 and was replaced by Dale Crover. In 1986 he briefly played in Kurt Cobain's first band, Fecal Matter, before they disbanded. Dillard returned to play songs from Mangled Demos live with Buzz Osborne and Dale Crover under the name "Melvins 1983" starting in 2008. They collectively played a few shows, including two shows to celebrate Jello Biafra's 50th birthday and an appearance at the ATP "Nightmare Before Christmas" festival later that year. The Melvins 1983 lineup also performed for the first of three sets on the band's 25th Anniversary tour in 2009 and on one of the Endless Residency sets at the Spaceland venue in Los Angeles in 2011. Dillard also plays drums on Tres Cabrones, making his first recordings with the Melvins in 29 years. The majority of the songs included on the album had been released in a variety of limited edition EPs, singles and compilations, primarily through Amphetamine Reptile Records, starting in 2012 before Tres Cabrones came out one year later. In September 2015, the Melvins 1983 released the Beer Hippy EP on AmRep. All four tracks from the EP were included on Basses Loaded, released by Ipecac Recordings in June 2016. Dillard was also in the band Hot Carl and recorded a six-song demo with them in February 2001.

text:
# Mike Dillard

**Mike Dillard** (born 1965) is an American drummer and one of the founding members of rock band Melvins. His only known recordings with the original lineup eventually saw release in 2005 as *Mangled Demos from 1983*. He left the band in 1984 and was replaced by Dale Crover. In 1986 he briefly played in Kurt Cobain's first band, Fecal Matter, before they disbanded.

Dillard returned to play songs from *Mangled Demos* live with Buzz Osborne and Dale Crover (on bass) under the name "Melvins 1983" starting in 2008. They collectively played a few shows, including two shows to celebrate Jello Biafra's 50th birthday and an appearance at the ATP "Nightmare Before Christmas" festival later that year. The Melvins 1983 lineup also performed for the first of three sets on the band's 25th Anniversary tour in 2009 and on one of the Endless Residency sets at the Spaceland venue in Los Angeles in 2011.

Dillard also plays drums on *Tres Cabrones*, making his first recordings with the Melvins in 29 years. The majority of the songs included on the album had been released in a variety of limited edition EPs, singles and compilations, primarily through Amphetamine Reptile Records, starting in 2012 before *Tres Cabrones* came out one year later.

In September 2015, the Melvins 1983 released the *Beer Hippy* EP on AmRep. All four tracks from the EP were included on *Basses Loaded*, released by Ipecac Recordings in June 2016.

Dillard was also in the band Hot Carl and recorded a six-song demo with them in February 2001.

## Discography with the Melvins

## InfoBox

| Mike Dillard | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Mike Dillard |
| Born | 1965 (age 5859) |
| Origin | Montesano, Washington, U.S. |
| Genres | Punk rock, alternative rock, heavy metal, experimental rock |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Drums |
| Labels | Ipecac, Alternative Tentacles, Amphetamine Reptile |


title: Object–relational impedance mismatch

abstract: Object–relational impedance mismatch is a set of difficulties going between data in relational data stores and data in domain-driven object models. Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) is the standard method for storing data in a dedicated database, while object-oriented (OO) programming is the default method for business-centric design in programming languages. The problem lies in neither relational databases nor OO programming, but in the conceptual difficulty mapping between the two logic models. Both logical models are differently implementable using database servers, programming languages, design patterns, or other technologies. Issues range from application to enterprise scale, whenever stored relational data is used in domain-driven object models, and vice versa. Object-oriented data stores can trade this problem for other implementation difficulties. The term impedance mismatch comes from impedance matching in electrical engineering.

text:
# Object–relational impedance mismatch

**Object–relational impedance mismatch** is a set of difficulties going between data in relational data stores and data in domain-driven object models. Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) is the standard method for storing data in a dedicated database, while object-oriented (OO) programming is the default method for business-centric design in programming languages. The problem lies in neither relational databases nor OO programming, but in the conceptual difficulty mapping between the two logic models. Both logical models are differently implementable using database servers, programming languages, design patterns, or other technologies. Issues range from application to enterprise scale, whenever stored relational data is used in domain-driven object models, and vice versa. Object-oriented data stores can trade this problem for other implementation difficulties.

The term *impedance mismatch* comes from impedance matching in electrical engineering.

## Mismatches

OO mathematically is directed graphs, where objects reference each other. Relational is tuples in tables with relational algebra. Tuples are data fields grouped into a "row" with typed fields. Links are reversible (INNER JOIN is symmetric to follow foreign keys backwards), forming undirected graphs.

### Object-oriented concepts

#### Encapsulation

Object encapsulation hides internals. Object properties only show through implemented interfaces. However, many ORMs expose the properties publicly to work with database columns. Metaprogramming ORMs avoid violating encapsulation.

#### Accessibility

"Private" versus "public" is need-based in relational. In OO it is absolutely class-based. This relativity versus absolutism of classifications and characteristics clashes.

#### Interface, class, inheritance and polymorphism

Objects must implement interfaces to expose internals. Relational uses views to vary perspectives and constraints. It lacks OO concepts like classes, inheritance and polymorphism.

#### Mapping to relational concepts

In order for an ORM to work properly, tables that are linked via Foreign Key/Primary Key relations need to be mapped to associations in object-oriented analysis.

### Data type differences

Relational prohibits by-reference (e.g. pointers), while OO embraces by-reference. Scalar types differ between them, impeding mapping.

SQL supports strings with maximum lengths (faster than without) and collations. OO has collation only with sort routines and strings limited only by memory. SQL usually ignores trailing whitespace during comparison char, but OO libraries do not. OO does not newtype using constraints on primitives.

### Structural and integrity differences

Objects can comprise other objects or specialize. Relational is unnested, and a relation (tuples with the same header) does not fit in OO.

Relational uses declarative constraints on scalar types, attributes, relation variables, and/or globally. OO uses exceptions protecting object internals.

### Manipulative differences

Relational uses standardized operators for data manipulation, while OO uses per-class per-case imperative. Any OO declarative support is for lists and hash tables, distinct from the sets in relational.

### Transactional differences

Relational's unit is the transaction which outsizes any OO class methods. Transactions include arbitrary data manipulation combinations, while OO only has individual assignments to primitive fields. OO lacks isolation and durability, so atomicity and consistency are only with primitives.

## Solving impedance mismatch

Solutions start with recognizing the differences between the logic systems. This minimizes or compensates for the mismatch.

### Alternative architectures

1. *NoSQL*. The mismatch is not between OO and DBMSes. Object-relational impedance mismatch is eponymously only between OO and **R**DBMSes. Alternatives like NoSQL or XML databases avoid this.
2. *Functional-relational mapping*. Functional programming is a popular alternative to object-oriented programming. Comprehensions in functional programming languages are isomorphic with relational queries. Some functional programming languages implement functional-relational mapping. The direct correspondence between comprehensions and queries avoids many of the problems of object-relational mapping.

### Minimization in OO

Object databases (OODBMS) to avoid the mismatch exist but only less successfully than relational databases. OO is a poor basis for schemas. Future OO database research involves transactional memory.

Another solution layers the domain and framework logic. Here, OO maps relational aspects at runtime rather than statically. Frameworks have a tuple class (also named row or entity) and a relation class (a.k.a dataset).

#### Advantages

* Straightforward to frameworks and automation around data transport, presentation, and validation
* Smaller, faster, quicker code
* Dynamic database schema
* Namespace and semantic match
* Expressive constraints
* Avoids complex mapping

#### Disadvantages

* No static typing. Typed accessors mitigate this.
* Indirection performance cost
* Ignores concepts like polymorphism

### Compensation

Mixing OO levels of discourse is problematic. Mainly framework support compensates, by automating data manipulation and presentation patterns on the level of modelling. Reflection and code generation are used. Reflection addresses code as data to allow automatic data transport, presentation, and integrity. Generation turns schemas into classes and helpers. Both have anomalies between levels, where generated classes have both domain properties (e.g. Name, Address, Phone) and framework properties (e.g. IsModified).

## Occurrence

Although object-relational impedance mismatches can occur with object-oriented programming in general, a particular area of difficulty is with object–relational mappers (ORMs). Since the ORM is often specified in terms of configuration, annotations, and restricted domain-specific languages, it lacks the flexibility of a full programming language to resolve the impedance mismatch.

## Contention

### True RDBMS model

Christopher J. Date says a true relational DBMS overcomes the problem, as domains and classes are equivalent. Mapping between relational and OO is a mistake. Relational tuples relate, not represent, entities. OO's role becomes only managing fields.

### Constraints and illegal transactions

Domain objects and user interfaces have mismatched impedances. Productive UIs should prevent illegal transactions (database constraint violations) to help operators and other non-programmers manage the data. This requires knowledge about database attributes beyond name and type, which duplicates logic in the relational schemata.

Frameworks leverage referential integrity constraints and other schema information to standardize handling away from case-by-case code.

### SQL-specific impedance and workarounds

SQL, lacking domain types, impedes OO modelling. It is lossy between the DBMS and the application (OO or not). However, many avoid NoSQL and alternative vendor-specific query languages. DBMSes also ignore Business System 12 and Tutorial D.

Mainstream DBMSes like Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server solve this. OO code (Java and .NET respectively) extend them and are invokeable in SQL as fluently as if built into the DBMS. Reusing library routines across multiple schemas is a supported modern paradigm.

OO is in the backend because SQL will never get modern libraries and structures for today's programmers, despite the ISO SQL-99 committee wanting to add procedural. It is reasonable to use them directly rather than changing SQL. This blurs the division of responsibility between "application programming" and "database administration" because implementing constraints and triggers now requires both DBA and OO skills.

This contention may be moot. RDBMSes are not for modelling. SQL is only lossy when abused for modelling. SQL is for querying, sorting, filtering, and storing big data. OO in the backend encourages bad architecture as business logic should not be in the data tier.

### Location of canonical copy of data

Relational says the DBMS is authoritative and the OO program's objects are temporary copies (possibly outdated if the database is modified concurrently). OO says the objects are authoritative, and the DBMS is just for persistence.

### Division of responsibility

New features change both code and schemas. The schema is the DBA's responsibility. DBAs are responsible for reliability, so they refuse programmers' unnecessary modifications. Staging databases help but merely move the approval to release time. DBAs want to contain changes to code, where defects are less catastrophic.

More collaboration solves this. Schema change decisions should be from business needs. Novel data or performance boosts both modify the schema.

## Philosophical differences

Key philosophical differences exist:

* **Declarative vs. imperative interfaces**   Relational uses declarative data while OO uses imperative behavior. Few compensate for relational with triggers and stored procedures.
* **Schema bound**   Relational limits rows to their entity schemas. OO's inheritance (tree or not) is similar. OO can also add attributes. New and few dynamic database systems unlimit this for relational.
* **Access rules**   Relational uses standardized operators, while OO classes have individual methods. OO is more expressive, but relational has math-like reasoning, integrity, and design consistency.
* **Relationship between nouns and verbs**   An OO class is a noun entity tightly associated with verb actions. This forms a concept. Relational disputes the naturalness or logicality of that tight association.
* **Object identity**   Two mutable objects with the same state differ. Relational ignores this uniqueness, and must fabricate it with candidate keys but that is a poor practice unless this identifier exists in the real world. Identity is permanent in relational, but maybe transient in OO.
* **Normalization**   OO neglects relational normalization. However, objects interlinked via pointers are arguably a network database, which is arguably an extremely denormalized relational database.
* **Schema inheritance**   Relational schemas reject OO's hierarchical inheritance. Relational accepts more powerful set theory. Unpopular non-tree (non-Java) OO exists, but is harder than relational algebra.
* **Structure vs. behaviour**   OO focuses on structure (maintainability, extensibility, reusable, safe). Relational focuses on behavior (efficiency, adaptability, fault-tolerance, liveness, logical integrity, etc.). OO code serves programmers, while relational stresses user-visible behavior. However it could be non-inherent in relational, as task-specific views commonly present information to subtasks, but IDEs ignore this and assume objects are used.
* **Set vs. graph relationships**   Relational follows set theory, but OO follows graph theory. While equivalent, access and management paradigms differ.

Therefore, partisans argue the other's technology should be abandoned. Some RDBMS DBAs even advocate procedural over OO, namely that objects should not outlive transactions. OO retorts with OODBMS technology to be developed replacing relational. However, most programmers abstain and view the object–relational impedance mismatch as just a hurdle.

ORMs situationally offer advantages. Skeptics cite drawbacks, and little value when blindly applied.


title: Ovington Weller

abstract: Ovington Eugene Weller was an American banker and Republican member of the United States Senate, representing the State of Maryland from 1921 to 1927.

text:
# Ovington Weller

**Ovington Eugene Weller** (January 23, 1862 – January 5, 1947) was an American banker and Republican member of the United States Senate, representing the State of Maryland from 1921 to 1927.

## Early life

Ovington Eugene Weller was born on January 23, 1862, in Reisterstown, Maryland, to Wilmina (née Berryman) and William F. Weller. He graduated from Franklin High School in 1877. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1881 and was president of his class. After two years of service in the United States Navy, he was honorably discharged in 1883.

Following his service in the Navy, Weller enrolled at the National Law School in Washington, D.C., in 1883. While attending school, he was employed as a clerk in the Post Office Department in Washington, D.C. from 1883 to 1887. He graduated in 1887 with a Bachelor of Laws and was admitted to the bar in 1888.

## Career

Weller practiced law from 1888 to 1891 in Wichita, Kansas. He worked in banking and manufacturing, and was a member of a stock brokerage firm until retiring in 1901.

Weller was appointed as chairman of the State Roads Commission of Maryland in 1912 by Governor Phillips Lee Goldsborough. He served in the role until 1915. He ran as Republican party candidate in the 1915 Maryland gubernatorial election, but was defeated by Democratic candidate Emerson C. Harrington by a margin of 3,181 votes.

Weller was treasurer of the Republican National Senatorial Committee from 1918 to 1920 until he was elected to the United States Senate in 1920, defeating incumbent John Walter Smith. He served from March 4, 1921, to March 3, 1927. He was chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Manufactures. He unsuccessfully tried for re-election in 1926, losing his position to Millard Tydings. Following his election in 1934, Governor Harry Nice appointed Weller as chairman of the Public Service Commission and served from 1935 to 1940. He was delegate-at-large at the 1916, 1924 and 1936 Republican National Conventions. He was a member of the Republican National Committee in 1932, 1936 and 1940.

Weller resumed the practice of law in Baltimore in 1926 and continued practicing until his death. He was also affiliated with law firms in Boston and New York.

## Personal life

Weller married Elizabeth Bailey of Baltimore County around 1888. They had a son, Felton Parker. His wife died in 1934. In the 1930s, he lived in Silver Spring. After Weller retired, he traveled extensively.

Weller died on January 5, 1947, at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.

## InfoBox

| Ovington Eugene Weller | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| United States Senator
from Maryland | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1921  March 4, 1927 | |
| Preceded by | John W. Smith |
| Succeeded by | Millard Tydings |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1862-01-23)January 23, 1862
Reisterstown, Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | January 5, 1947(1947-01-05) (aged 84)
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |
| Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery
Arlington, Virginia, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Elizabeth Bailey (died 1934) |
| Children | 1 |
| Alma mater | United States Naval Academy
National Law School (LLB) |
|  | |


abstract: The Government Gazette of the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria was the government gazette for the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. It was published at Old Calabar between 1900 and 1906. Southern Nigeria was a British protectorate in the coastal areas of modern-day Nigeria, formed in 1900 from union of the Niger Coast Protectorate with territories chartered by the Royal Niger Company below Lokoja on the Niger River. It was continued by the Southern Nigeria Government Gazette when Southern Nigeria became the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria in 1906.

text:
# Government Gazette of the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria

The ***Government Gazette of the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria*** was the government gazette for the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. It was published at Old Calabar between 1900 and 1906.

Southern Nigeria was a British protectorate in the coastal areas of modern-day Nigeria, formed in 1900 from union of the Niger Coast Protectorate with territories chartered by the Royal Niger Company below Lokoja on the Niger River.

It was continued by the *Southern Nigeria Government Gazette* when Southern Nigeria became the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria in 1906.


title: James Hartdegen

abstract: James Alan Hartdegen is an American Republican politician. He served in the Arizona House of Representatives from 1977 to 1991. He is a member of the board of the Central Arizona Project, representing Pinal County. He was charged with corruption in the 1991 AzScam undercover sting operation, for accepting $440 over the contribution limit of $660, which forced his resignation.

text:
# James Hartdegen

**James Alan Hartdegen**  (born 1945) is an American Republican politician. He served in the Arizona House of Representatives from 1977 to 1991. He is a member of the board of the Central Arizona Project, representing Pinal County.

He was charged with corruption in the 1991 AzScam undercover sting operation, for accepting $440 over the contribution limit of $660, which forced his resignation.

## InfoBox

| James Hartdegen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Arizona House of Representatives | |
| **In office**<br>1977–1991 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1945 (age 7879) |
| Political party | Republican |
| Residence | Casa Grande, Arizona |
|  | |


title: Pretoria Heat

abstract: Pretoria Heat is a basketball team in from Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Traditionally, the team has provided the South Africa national basketball team with several key players, including Shane Marhanele and Neo Mothiba who both played in the starting lineup at the 2011 FIBA Africa Championship in Madagascar.

text:
# Pretoria Heat

**Pretoria Heat** is a basketball team in from Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Traditionally, the team has provided the South Africa national basketball team with several key players, including Shane Marhanele and Neo Mothiba who both played in the starting lineup at the 2011 FIBA Africa Championship in Madagascar.

## Notable players

Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed.

## InfoBox

| Pretoria Heat | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2003 |
| Location | Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa |
| Team colors | Red,   White |


title: Mr. Lucky (Chris Isaak album)

abstract: Mr. Lucky is the tenth studio album by American rock musician Chris Isaak. The record was released on February 24, 2009 via Wicked Game/Reprise labels.

text:
# Mr. Lucky (Chris Isaak album)

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 72/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *Boston Globe* | 80/100 |
| *NOW* | 3/5 |

***Mr. Lucky*** is the tenth studio album by American rock musician Chris Isaak. The record was released on February 24, 2009 via Wicked Game/Reprise labels.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Chris Isaak; except where indicated.

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Cheater's Town" |  | 3:37 |
| 2. | "We Let Her Down" |  | 3:21 |
| 3. | "You Don't Cry Like I Do" |  | 4:11 |
| 4. | "We've Got Tomorrow" |  | 2:22 |
| 5. | "Breaking Apart" (duet with Trisha Yearwood) | Chris Isaak, Diane Warren | 3:39 |
| 6. | "Baby Baby" |  | 3:15 |
| 7. | "Mr. Lonely Man" |  | 2:41 |
| 8. | "I Lose My Heart" (duet with Michelle Branch) |  | 2:57 |
| 9. | "Summer Holiday" |  | 3:05 |
| 10. | "Best I Ever Had" |  | 4:11 |
| 11. | "We Lost Our Way" |  | 3:38 |
| 12. | "Very Pretty Girl" |  | 4:20 |
| 13. | "Take My Heart" |  | 2:23 |
| 14. | "Big Wide Wonderful World" |  | 4:04 |
| Total length: | | | 47:44 |

Bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 15. | "I Got It Bad" | 4:21 |
| 16. | "Dream Deferred" | 3:03 |
| 17. | "She" | 4:01 |
| 18. | "Movie Star Is Sleeping" | 3:04 |
| 19. | "Keep the Heartache Real" | 3:24 |
| 20. | "Blues Has Found Us" | 3:19 |
| Total length: | | 68:56 |

* Bonus tracks "I Got It Bad" and "Dream Deferred" were available through ChrisIsaak.com. "She", "Movie Star Is Sleeping", and "Keep the Heartache Real" are available on iTunes and Amazon.com. "Blues Has Found Us" is available exclusively on iTunes.

## Personnel

## Charts

| Chart (2009) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums Chart | 11 |
| Belgian Albums Chart (Flanders) | 42 |
| US Billboard 200 | 29 |
| US *Billboard* Digital Albums | 29 |
| US *Billboard* Rock Albums | 10 |
| US *Billboard* Tastemakers Albums | 11 |

## InfoBox

| Mr. Lucky | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Chris Isaak | |
| Released | February 24, 2009 |
| Recorded | 2008 |
| Studio | SquawkBox Studio, Ballroom Studios, Los Angeles, California; Henson Recording, Hollywood, California; Studio 880, Oakland, California; and Starstruck Studios, Nashville, Tennessee. |
| Genre | Rock and roll |
| Length | 47:44 |
| Label | Wicked Game/Reprise |
| Producer | Eric Rosse, John Shanks, Mark Needham, Chris Isaak |
| Chris Isaak chronology | |
| *Live in Australia*
(2008) ***Mr. Lucky***
(2009) *Live at the Fillmore*
(2010) | |


title: Marler Clark

abstract: Marler Clark, LLP is a Seattle, Washington based law firm specializing in foodborne illness litigation on the national level specifically focusing on foodborne illnesses such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Listeria. The firm was founded in 1998 by William Marler, Denis Stearns, Andy Weisbecker and Bruce Clark. They were the primary attorneys for both the plaintiff and defense in the litigation stemming from the 1993 Jack in the Box outbreak of E. coli. Marler Clark has represented victims of foodborne illness against multiple companies.

text:
# Marler Clark

**Marler Clark**, LLP is a Seattle, Washington based law firm specializing in foodborne illness litigation on the national level specifically focusing on foodborne illnesses such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Listeria.

The firm was founded in 1998 by William Marler, Denis Stearns, Andy Weisbecker and Bruce Clark. They were the primary attorneys for both the plaintiff and defense in the litigation stemming from the 1993 Jack in the Box outbreak of *E. coli*.

Marler Clark has represented victims of foodborne illness against multiple companies.


title: Married, But Not to Each Other

abstract: "Married But Not to Each Other" is a song originally recorded by American R&B artist Denise LaSalle. It was composed by LaSalle, along with Francis Miller. LaSalle's original version became a major hit on the American R&B music chart in 1976, reaching the top 20 that year. It was one of several singles composed by LaSalle that became a charting single. It was later covered in 1977 by American country artist Barbara Mandrell, whose version reached the top five of the American country chart.

text:
# Married, But Not to Each Other

"**Married But Not to Each Other**" is a song originally recorded by American R&B artist Denise LaSalle. It was composed by LaSalle, along with Francis Miller. LaSalle's original version became a major hit on the American R&B music chart in 1976, reaching the top 20 that year. It was one of several singles composed by LaSalle that became a charting single. It was later covered in 1977 by American country artist Barbara Mandrell, whose version reached the top five of the American country chart.

## Background

Denise LaSalle had initial success in 1971 with her R&B crossover pop hit "Trapped by a Thing Called Love". She had several more years of commercial success and was signed later on by ABC Records where she cut several more records. Unlike other R&B performers of the era, LaSalle recorded songs she composed herself. Among these self-penned songs was the tune "Married But Not to Each Other". LaSalle composed the song with Francis Miller. The track was produced by Crajon Enterprises while she was under contract at Westbound Records in the mid 1970s.

The song discusses both sides of a couple's struggle to hide their external love affairs to avoid hurting each other's feelings.

## Release and chart performance

"Married But Not to Each Other" was released as a single on Westbound Records in March 1976. The single was pressed as a seven inch vinyl recording containing a B-side titled "Who's the Fool" (also penned by LaSalle). The single spent 17 weeks on America's *Billboard* R&B songs chart, peaking at number 16 in May 1976. The song was one of her final top 20 hits in her recording career. The song also climbed to number two on the *Billboard* Bubbling Under Hot 100 singles chart in 1976. In 1976, the song appeared on LaSalle's studio album titled *Here I Am Again*.

## Track listing

**7" vinyl single**

* "Married But Not to Each Other" – 3:40
* "Who's the Fool" – 2:39

## Charts

Chart performance for "Married, But Not to Each Other"
| Chart (1976) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 (*Billboard*) | 2 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 16 |
|

## Barbara Mandrell cover

| "Married But Not to Each Other" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Barbara Mandrell | |
| from the album  *Lovers, Friends and Strangers* | |
| B-side | "Fool's Gold" |
| Released | March 1977 (1977-03) |
| Recorded | September 1976 (1976-09) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:04 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | * Denise LaSalle * Frances Miller |
| Producer(s) | Tom Collins |
| Barbara Mandrell singles chronology | |
| "Midnight Angel"
(1976) "**Married But Not to Each Other**"
(1977) "Hold Me"
(1977) | |

### Background and recording

"Married But Not to Each Other" was notably covered by American country artist Barbara Mandrell in 1977. She had recently signed with ABC/Dot Records and began working with producer Tom Collins. Collins helped establish Mandrell's breakthrough as a country artist by shifting her towards a country pop style that incorporated R&B elements. Among the songs she recorded for ABC/Dot was Denise LaSalle's "Married But Not to Each Other". Tom Collins produced Mandrell on the recording in September 1976.

### Release and chart performance

"Married But Not to Each Other" was released as a single on ABC/Dot Records in March 1977. It was backed on the B-side by the song "Fool's Gold". The track was issued by the label as a seven inch vinyl single. The single spent 17 weeks on America's *Billboard* country songs chart, peaking at number three by June 1977. Up to that point in her singing career, it was Barbara Mandrell's highest-charting single on the country chart. In Canada, the single also climbed to the number three position on the *RPM* country chart. It was also her highest-charting single in Canada up to that point. The song was released on Mandrell's first album for the label, which was titled *Lovers, Friends and Strangers*. The album was released in 1977.

### Track listing

**7" vinyl single**

* "Married But Not to Each Other" – 2:56
* "Fool's Gold" – 2:24

### Charts

Chart performance for "Married But Not to Each Other"
| Chart (1977) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Songs (*RPM*) | 3 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 3 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Married But Not to Each Other" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Denise LaSalle | |
| from the album  *Here I Am Again* | |
| B-side | "Who's the Fool" |
| Released | March 1976 (1976-03) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:40 |
| Label | Westbound |
| Songwriter(s) | * Denise LaSalle * Francis Miler |
| Producer(s) | Crajon Enterprises |
| Denise LaSalle singles chronology | |
| "Here I Am Again"
(1975) "**Married But Not to Each Other**"
(1976) "Hellfire Loving"
(1976) | |


title: Milena Minkova

abstract:
Milena Minkova is a Bulgarian scholar of the Latin language.
She has lived, studied and taught in Switzerland, Germany and Italy. She is now a resident of the United States and teaches Latin and Classics at the University of Kentucky in Lexington. Since the last decade of the 20th century, she has been one of the leading figures in the revival of the use of Latin among Latin scholars and teachers. She earned two Ph.Ds in Classics and Latin, one from the University of Sofia (1992) and the Pontifical Salesian University in Rome (1995). She has authored several books, including The Personal Names of the Latin Inscriptions in Bulgaria; The Protean Ratio; Introduction to Latin Prose Composition, as well as published a translation of John Scotus Eriugena's De divisione naturae. Minkova has also published numerous articles on Latin medieval philosophy, Latin literature, Latin composition, and Latin pedagogy. With her colleague Terence Tunberg, Minkova has co-authored four books: Readings and Exercises in Latin Prose Composition; Reading Livy's Rome: Selections from Books I-VI Of Livy's Ab Urbe Condita; Mater Anserina: Poems in Latin for Children; Latin for the New Millennium, an introductory Latin textbook. She is currently working on a critical anthology of Neo-Latin texts. Minkova is an associate director of the Institute for Latin Studies at the University of Kentucky, in which students study the entire history of Latin from ancient Latin through to Neo-Latin and where classes are conducted in Latin. Together with Tunberg, Minkova conducts various seminars and workshops in active Latin throughout the United States. Minkova is an elected fellow of the Rome-based Academia Latinitati Fovendae, the primary learned society devoted to the preservation and promotion of the use of Latin.

text:
# Milena Minkova

**Milena Minkova** (Bulgarian: Милена Минкова) is a Bulgarian scholar of the Latin language. She has lived, studied and taught in Switzerland, Germany and Italy. She is now a resident of the United States and teaches Latin and Classics at the University of Kentucky in Lexington. Since the last decade of the 20th century, she has been one of the leading figures in the revival of the use of Latin among Latin scholars and teachers. She earned two Ph.Ds in Classics and Latin, one from the University of Sofia (1992) and the Pontifical Salesian University in Rome (1995).

She has authored several books, including *The Personal Names of the Latin Inscriptions in Bulgaria* (Peter Lang, 2000); *The Protean Ratio* (Peter Lang, 2001); *Introduction to Latin Prose Composition* (Bolchazy-Carducci, 2007), as well as published a translation of John Scotus Eriugena's *De divisione naturae* (Sofia 1994). Minkova has also published numerous articles on Latin medieval philosophy (recently on the 12th century cosmologists Bernardus Silvestris, Alan of Lille, and Johannes de Hauvilla), Latin literature, Latin composition, and Latin pedagogy. With her colleague Terence Tunberg, Minkova has co-authored four books: *Readings and Exercises in Latin Prose Composition* (Focus, 2004); *Reading Livy's Rome: Selections from Books I-VI Of Livy's Ab Urbe Condita* (Bolchazy-Carducci, 2005); *Mater Anserina: Poems in Latin for Children* (Focus, 2006); *Latin for the New Millennium*, an introductory Latin textbook (Bolchazy-Carducci, two volumes, 20082009; the third volume was prepared by a different author).

She is currently working on a critical anthology of Neo-Latin texts. Minkova is an associate director of the Institute for Latin Studies at the University of Kentucky, in which students study the entire history of Latin from ancient Latin through to Neo-Latin and where classes are conducted in Latin. Together with Tunberg, Minkova conducts various seminars and workshops in active Latin throughout the United States. Minkova is an elected fellow of the Rome-based Academia Latinitati Fovendae, the primary learned society devoted to the preservation and promotion of the use of Latin.

## InfoBox

| Milena Minkova | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |


title: Objektif

abstract: Objektif is a Turkish hard rock and heavy metal band from Samsun. It was formed in 1988 and currently consists of Vecdi Yücalan, Murat Tükenmez (bass), Çağlar Abanoz (guitar), Umut Mutku (guitar), and Onur Akça (drums). The band's first studio album, Tımarlı Hastane, was released in 1990. Their other studio albums are Hayal ve Yaşam (1993), Kuşkular (1996), Künye (2000), and Sokağın Sesi (2007).

text:
# Objektif

**Objektif** is a Turkish hard rock and heavy metal band from Samsun. It was formed in 1988 and currently consists of Vecdi Yücalan (vocals and guitar), Murat Tükenmez (bass), Çağlar Abanoz (guitar), Umut Mutku (guitar), and Onur Akça (drums). The band's first studio album, *Tımarlı Hastane*, was released in 1990. Their other studio albums are *Hayal ve Yaşam* (1993), *Kuşkular* (1996), *Künye* (2000), and *Sokağın Sesi* (2007).

## History

The band was formed by Vecdi Yücalan in 1988 in Samsun, to participate the next year's Altın Çınar Music Contest. In that time, the band was consisting İbrahim Cantay (vocals), Vecdi Yücalan (guitar), Tayfun Çubukçu (bass), and Tuncay Zigaloğlu (drums). In Altın Çınar Music Contest, Objektif gained the fourth place in overall competition, and the first place in rock competition. In 1990, Uzelli Müzik released their first studio album, *Tımarlı Hastane*, and in 1993, the second, *Hayal ve Yaşam*. Mahmut Asan (keyboard) joined to the band in the second album.

*Kuşkular*, their third studio album, was released by Ada Müzik in 1996. In the album, Ferruh Bonabian (bass), Alpay Şalt (drums) and Süha Duran (keyboard) were added to the band. After the album, Objektif was disestablished and remained inactive until 1998, when it was reestablished in Istanbul. In their fourth studio album, *Künye* (2000), which was released by TMC, Vecdi Yücalan appeared also with his vocals. The other members of the band were Cankut Bayhan (guitar), Faruk Kavi (guitar), Umut Arabacı (bass), and Alişan Topaloğlu (drums). After the release of this album, they were disestablished again, but reestablished in 2004 with the new members. The group performed in Barışarock events of 2004 and 2005.

In 2007, Ağdaş Müzik released their fifth studio album, *Sokağın Sesi*. Hakan Şavklı (guitar), Başat Karakaş (bass), Taner Keser (drums), Gökçe Dayanç (drums), Volkan Uzunhasanoğulları (keyboard), Bülent Güven (keyboard), and Toygar Işıklı (keyboard) appeared in *Sokağın Sesi*. Objektif is currently working on its sixth studio album which will be released as *Halkın Sesi*.

## Style

The band performs hard rock and heavy metal songs, and some of their songs are examples of protest music with their environmentalist and political themes. Vecdi Yücalan, the founder of the band stated that he was influenced by Elvis Presley, John Lennon, The Beatles, Black Sabbath, Cem Karaca, and Erkin Koray. He also described the band's style of music as "people's rock".

## Members

Current * Vecdi Yücalan (vocals and guitar)
* Murat Tükenmez (bass)
* Çağlar Abanoz (guitar)
* Umut Mutku (guitar)
* Onur Akça (drums)

Former  * İbrahim Cantay (vocals)
* Cankut Bayhan (guitar)
* Faruk Kavi (guitar)
* Hakan Şavklı (guitar)
* Umut Arabacı (bass)
* Başat Karakaş (bass)
* Tayfun Çubukçu (bass)
* Ferruh Bonabian (bass)
* Tuncay Zigaloğlu (drums)
* Alişan Topaloğlu (drums)
* Alpay Şalt (drums)
* Taner Keser (drums)
* Gökçe Dayanç (drums)
* Mahmut Asan (keyboard)
* Süha Duran (keyboard)
* Volkan Uzunhasanoğulları (keyboard)
* Bülent Güven (keyboard)
* Toygar Işıklı (keyboard)

## Discography

* *Tımarlı Hastane* (1990, Uzelli Müzik)
* *Hayal ve Yaşam* (1993, Uzelli Müzik)
* *Kuşkular* (1996, Ada Müzik)
* *Künye* (2000, TMC)
* *Sokağın Sesi* (2007, Ağdaş Müzik)
* *Halkın Sesi* (TBA)

## InfoBox

| Objektif | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Samsun, Turkey |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1988–1996, 1998–2000, 2004–present |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Members | Vecdi Yücalan
Onur Akça
Murat Tükenmez
Çağlar Abanoz
Umut Mutku |
|  | |
| Past members | Tayfun Çubukçu
Tuncay Zigaloğlu
İbrahim Cantay
Mahmut Asan
Ferruh Bonabian
Süha Duran
Cankut Bayhan
Faruk Kavi
Umut Arabacı
Alişan Topaloğlu
Hakan Şavklı
Başat Karakaş
Taner Keser
Gökçe Dayanç
Volkan Uzunhasanoğulları
Bülent Güven
Alpay Şalt
Toygar Işıklı |