title: Otto Rasch

abstract: Emil Otto Rasch was a high-ranking German Nazi official and Holocaust perpetrator, who commanded Einsatzgruppe C in northern and central Ukraine until October 1941. After World War II, Rasch was indicted for war crimes at the Einsatzgruppen trial, but the case was discontinued for medical reasons in February 1948. He died a few months later.

text:
# Otto Rasch

**Emil Otto Rasch** (7 December 1891 – 1 November 1948) was a high-ranking German Nazi official and Holocaust perpetrator, who commanded Einsatzgruppe C in northern and central Ukraine until October 1941. After World War II, Rasch was indicted for war crimes at the Einsatzgruppen trial, but the case was discontinued for medical reasons in February 1948. He died a few months later.

## Biography

Rasch was born in Friedrichsruh, Schleswig-Holstein. As a young man, Rasch fought in the First World War as a naval lieutenant. Following Germany's defeat, Rasch studied philosophy, law, political science, and received doctorates in law and political economy. With two university doctorates, Rasch was known as "Dr Dr Rasch", in accordance with German academic tradition. In 1931, Rasch became a private sector lawyer, with a practice based in Dresden. In 1933, Rasch became mayor of Radeberg, followed shortly in 1935 by becoming lord mayor of Wittenberg.

Rasch joined the NSDAP on 1 October 1931 (membership № 620,976), and joined the SA in 1933 and the SS on 10 March 1933 (membership № 107,100). Beginning in 1936, Rasch was employed full-time by the Sicherheitsdienst (SD). On 1 October 1937, as commissioner, Rasch assumed leadership of the State Police (Stapo) in Frankfurt am Main. In March 1938, again as commissioner, Rasch became director of security (based in Linz) for Upper Austria. In June 1938, Rasch was assigned various responsibilities within the RSHA and was appointed chief of the Security Police (SiPo) and SD in Prague.

In November 1939, as inspector of the SiPo and SD, Rasch was transferred to Königsberg. Rasch suggested and oversaw the liquidation of Polish political prisoners (intelligentsia) who had been arrested by the Einsatzgruppen. Rasch himself checked which prisoners were to be killed. Though the killings took place in forests, in an attempt at causing panic, news of the executions was still known. With the approval of Reinhard Heydrich, Rasch organised and founded the Soldau concentration camp in the winter of 1939/40 as a *Durchgangslager* (*Dulag*), or transit camp, for deportations to the General Government, and where Polish intelligentsia could be secretly executed.

## Einsatzgruppe

In June 1941, shortly before the invasion of the Soviet Union, Rasch took command of Einsatzgruppe C. In this capacity, he perpetrated extermination "actions" against Jews. Rasch, along with General Kurt Eberhard and Paul Blobel, organised the Babi Yar massacre, which saw the murder of over 33,000 Jews.

According to the post-war affidavit of Erwin Schulz, commander of Einsatzkommando 5 (part of Einsatzgruppe C):

> *SS Brigadeführer* Dr. Rasch distinguished himself by particular ruthlessness. He ordered the leaders also to participate personally in the shootings.

Rasch made sure that all Einsatzgruppen personnel, including the commanding officers, personally shot Jews, so that all members were culpable.

In August 1941, Hitler is alleged (in post-war interrogations of German prisoners) to have given a *Führerbefehl* (Leader's Order) for the extermination of entire populations in the Eastern territories. The commando leaders subordinate to Rasch met with him to discuss this order. Paul Blobel later testified that Rasch basically quoted what had been stated by Friedrich Jeckeln, that "the measures against the Jewish population had to be sharper and that he disapproved of the manner in which they had been carried out until now because it was too mild". In other words, the order was to shoot more Jews. Erwin Schulz confirmed this:

> After about two weeks' stay in Berdichev the commando leaders were ordered to report to Zhitomir, where the staff of Dr. Rasch was quartered. Here Dr. Rasch informed us that *Obergruppenführer* Jeckeln had been there, and had reported that the Reichsführer-SS had ordered us to take strict measures against the Jews. It had been determined without doubt that the Russian side had ordered to have the SS members and Party members shot. As such measures were being taken on the Russian side, they would also have to be taken on our side. All suspected Jews were, therefore, to be shot. Consideration was to be given only when they were indispensable as workers. Women and children were to be shot also in order not to have any avengers remain. We were horrified, and raised objections, but they were met with a remark that an order which was given had to be obeyed.

Rasch was discharged from his position in October 1941, and at the beginning of 1942, he became the director of Continental Oil, Inc. in Berlin.

Rasch was indicted at the Einsatzgruppen trial at the end of September 1947 but the case against Rasch was discontinued on 5 February 1948, since his physical and mental health were rapidly deteriorating from Parkinson's disease and associated dementia. Rasch was transferred back to an internment camp in the British zone. As his health further deteriorated, he was released in June 1948. He died of his illness at his home in Wehrstedt, Lower Saxony in November 1948.

## In fiction

* Rasch appears in Jonathan Littell's novel *Les Bienveillantes*. He files a record that the military should concentrate on fighting bolshevism which should not be identified with Jews. He also gives the order that Jews should be paraded in public before executions to 'destroy in eyes of Ukrainian peasants the myth of Jewish power'.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Otto Rasch | |
| --- | --- |
| Rasch's mugshot after his indictment for the Nuremberg Military Tribunal (July 1947) | |
| Born | 7 December 1891
Friedrichsruh, German Empire |
| Died | 1 November 1948(1948-11-01) (aged 56)
Wehrstedt, Lower Saxony, Allied-occupied Germany |
| Known for | Babi Yar massacre |
| Criminal status | Deceased |
|  | |
| Motive | Nazism |
| Criminal charge | Crimes against humanity
War crimes
Membership in a criminal organization |
| Trial | Einsatzgruppen trial |
| Details | |
| Victims | 80,000+ |
| Span of crimes | 1939–1941 |
| Country | Poland and Ukraine |
|  | |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | German Empire
Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | *Imperial German Navy*
Schutzstaffel |
| Rank | Brigadeführer |
| Commands | *Einsatzgruppe C* |
| Other work | Lawyer, Mayor |
|  | |


title: Adrian Griffin (drummer)

abstract: Adrian Griffin is an Australian drummer and bass guitarist who played for the punk rock band 28 Days and for Tom Ugly.

text:
# Adrian Griffin (drummer)

**Adrian Griffin** is an Australian drummer and bass guitarist who played for the punk rock band 28 Days and for Tom Ugly.

## Biography

Adrian Griffin formed AGaugeFor, a metal band, in 1998 in Sydney. He originally played bass guitar and provided backing vocals. The other founding members were Tim Manton on drums and Nathan Williams on vocals and guitar. In March 2000, their track "Trawl It", was added to the national youth radio, Triple J's playlist. In the following month, the station's music director, Richard Kingsmill, invited the band to perform a live set for his *Australian Music Show*. The band supported Incubus, Sprung Monkey (USA), Down By Law (USA), Suicidal Tendencies (USA), 28 Days, Pacifier, Frenzal Rhomb, Bodyjar, Superheist and Sunk Loto.

AGaugeFor released two extended plays, *Reproach* (1999) and *AGaugeFor* (December 2001). The former was produced by D. W. Norton and the latter by Paul McKercher. The group's debut album, *Ultranationalism*, appeared in 2003. Greg Lawrence of WHAMMO website described the album, "You'll hear obvious influences, especially from the exciting era of the early to mid 90s when heavy music finally shed the tag 'metal' and became 'grown up' ... In terms of riffing, there is some real talent in the right hand of Nathan Williams and the timing of Tim Manton (drums) and Adrian Griffin (bass) provide real punch. It is probably the flashes of individuality on *Ultranationalism* that most impress me ... \[it has\] tasteful moments of acoustics, an increased tempo more akin to punk and social commentary."

Griffin, now on drums, joined Melbourne-based punk rock band 28 Days in September 2004, replacing Matt Bray. The group had been founded in 1997 by Jay Dunne as lead vocalist, guitarist Simon Hepburn, and bassist Damian Gardiner. Griffin was recorded on their six-track extended play, *Bring 'Em Back* (March 2006). He remained with the band until they broke up in 2007. Griffin has also played drums for Gvrlls, Truth Corroded, Daemon Pyre, Tom Ugly, Hell City Glamours, Bonic, Killerhertz, Salacious Crumb, Quadbox, and Tubbh. 28 Days reformed in November 2009 to support Bodyjar on that band's farewell tour. 28 Days issued a six-track EP, *Lost Songs*, in 2013 and had disbanded again by 2015.

Lo! were formed in Sydney in 2006 and by 2011 they comprised Griffin on drums with Adrian Shapiro on bass guitar, Jamie-Leigh Smith on lead vocals and Carl Whitbread on guitar (ex-Omerata). They released their debut album, *Look and Behold* in 2011 via Pelagic Records. Griffin played drums for their third album, *Vestigal* (October 2017). It was reviewed by *New Noise Magazine*'s writer, "this ferocious and dense listening experience needs all the (limited) room for air that Lo! gives the listener. Riffs and fantastic kit work from drummer Adrian Griffin help the record fly out of the gate." For seven years Griffin had lived in Asia and returned to Australia prior to recording *Vestigal*. Whitbread explained, "we had much more time to all be together as a band and really work on the songs properly instead of the last minute rush that usually happens. I think we all felt more connected now having \[Griffin\] back in the country."

## Discography

### AGaugeFor

### 28 Days

* *Bring 'Em Back* EP (March 2006)
* *Lost Songs* EP (2013)

### Handasyd Williams

* *Dirt Road Reveries* album (2009)

### Lo!

* *Look and Behold* album (September 2011) – Pelagic Records
* *Monstrorum Historia* album (2013)
* *The Tongueless* 7-inch EP (2015)
* *Vestigial* album (6 October 2017) – Pelagic Records

### Free or Dead

* *Strikes* 7-inch EP (2016)

## InfoBox

| Adrian Griffin | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Sydney, Australia |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instruments | * Drums * bass guitar * backing vocals |
| Years active | 1998–current |
| Labels | Festival Mushroom
Rebel Scum/Modern Music/SonyBMG
Rebel Scum/Stomp |
|  | |
| Website | adriangriffin.com.au |


title: Mária Urbanik

abstract: Mária Rosza-Urbanik is a retired race walker for Hungary who competed in three consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1992. She married Sándor Urbanik, a fellow Hungarian race walker. Urbanik represented Hungary at six consecutive editions of the World Athletics Championships, from 1991 to 1999, with her best result being seventh place at the 1995 World Championships in Athletics. She also competed at eight straight editions of the IAAF World Race Walking Cup, making her debut in 1987 and her final appearance in 2002. She was a silver medallist over 10 km at the 1998 European Race Walking Cup. Her best placing at a major outdoor competition was fourth, in the 10 km walk at the 1998 European Athletics Championships. Urbanik is the Hungarian record holder over four events: 21:24.76 minutes for the 5000 m walk, 21:23+ for the 5 km walk, 44:13.76 for the 10,000 m walk, and 42:34 for the 10 km walk. She won nine national titles at the Hungarian Athletics Championships, over the 10 km and 20 km distances.

text:
# Mária Urbanik

**Mária Rosza-Urbanik** (born 12 February 1967 in Törökszentmiklós, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok) is a retired race walker for Hungary who competed in three consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1992. She married Sándor Urbanik, a fellow Hungarian race walker.

Urbanik represented Hungary at six consecutive editions of the World Athletics Championships, from 1991 to 1999, with her best result being seventh place at the 1995 World Championships in Athletics. She also competed at eight straight editions of the IAAF World Race Walking Cup, making her debut in 1987 and her final appearance in 2002. She was a silver medallist over 10 km at the 1998 European Race Walking Cup. Her best placing at a major outdoor competition was fourth, in the 10 km walk at the 1998 European Athletics Championships.

Urbanik is the Hungarian record holder over four events: 21:24.76 minutes for the 5000 m walk, 21:23+ for the 5 km walk, 44:13.76 for the 10,000 m walk, and 42:34 for the 10 km walk. She won nine national titles at the Hungarian Athletics Championships, over the 10 km and 20 km distances.

## International competitions

Representing  Hungary
| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Result | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1986** | European Championships | Stuttgart, West Germany | 18th | 10 km | 51:05 |
| 1987 | World Race Walking Cup | New York City, United States | 29th | 10 km | 48:05 |
| 1988 | European Indoor Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 5th | 3000 m | 13:04.45 |
| 1989 | World Race Walking Cup | L'Hospitalet, Spain | 10th | 10 km | 45:20 |
| 1990 | European Championships | Split, Yugoslavia | 9th | 10 km | 45:54 |
| **1991** | World Indoor Championships | Seville, Spain |  | 3000 m | DQ | Heats |
| | World Race Walking Cup | San Jose, United States | 25th | 10 km | 47:25 |
| | World Championships | Tokyo, Japan | 13th | 10 km | 45:00 |
| **1992** | Olympic Games | Barcelona, Spain | 12th | 10 km | 45:50 |  |
| **1993** | World Race Walking Cup | Monterrey, Mexico | 16th | 10 km | 47:37 |
| | World Championships | Stuttgart, Germany | 10th | 10 km | 44:17 |
| **1994** | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 14th | 10 km | 45:31 |
| **1995** | World Race Walking Cup | Beijing, China | 29th | 10 km | 45:56 |
| | World Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 7th | 10 km | 42:34 |
| **1996** | Olympic Games | Atlanta, United States | 9th | 10 km | 43:32 |  |
| **1997** | World Race Walking Cup | Poděbrady, Czech Republic | 20th | 10 km | 43:41 |
| | World Championships | Athens, Greece | 11th | 10 km | 45:36.57 |
| 1998 | European Race Walking Cup | Dudince, Slovakia | 2nd | 10 km | 43:08 |
| | European Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 4th | 10 km | 42:59 |  |
| 1999 | World Race Walking Cup | Mézidon-Canon, France | 26th | 10 km | 1:33:28 |
| | World Championships | Seville, Spain | 22nd | 20 km | 1:36:48 |
| 2000 | European Race Walking Cup | Eisenhüttenstadt, Germany | 12th | 20 km | 1:31:21 |
| | Olympic Games | Sydney, Australia | 18th | 20 km | 1:34.45 |  |
| 2001 | European Race Walking Cup | Dudince, Slovakia | 31st | 20 km | 1:37:48 |
| 2002 | World Race Walking Cup | Turin, Italy | 57th | 20 km | 1:43:32 |

## National titles


title: Quinta do Mocho murals

abstract: The Quinta do Mocho murals are a public art project in a housing estate in Sacavém, north east of Lisbon, Portugal. The project was initiated in 2014 and as of 2018 consisted of 94 large scale murals on buildings. The Quinta do Mocho social housing project, consisting of four-story buildings, was built in the 1990s to house 3,000 people, mostly from former Portuguese colonies in Africa—Cape Verde, Guinea and Angola. Social exclusion, high unemployment and poor housing standards contributed to the area having high crime rates and various social problems. In order to improve the district's image, in 2014 local officials invited Portuguese and foreign artists to paint murals on its buildings. The municipality has since stopped organising the project, however residents now maintain it and offer guided tours to visitors. According to local officials, since the murals were painted, a bus line now serves the area, cultural events have multiplied, and the crime rate has fallen.

text:
# Quinta do Mocho murals

The **Quinta do Mocho murals** are a public art project in a housing estate in Sacavém, north east of Lisbon, Portugal. The project was initiated in 2014 and as of 2018 consisted of 94 large scale murals on buildings.

The Quinta do Mocho social housing project, consisting of four-story buildings, was built in the 1990s to house 3,000 people, mostly from former Portuguese colonies in Africa—Cape Verde, Guinea and Angola. Social exclusion, high unemployment and poor housing standards contributed to the area having high crime rates and various social problems. In order to improve the district's image, in 2014 local officials invited Portuguese and foreign artists to paint murals on its buildings. The municipality has since stopped organising the project, however residents now maintain it and offer guided tours to visitors. According to local officials, since the murals were painted, a bus line now serves the area, cultural events have multiplied, and the crime rate has fallen.


title: Renhold Castle

abstract: Renhold Castle also known as Howbury, earthwork at Water End Farm, was a medieval castle located in the village of Renhold, in the hundred of Barford, in the county of Bedfordshire, England. Renhold Castle was a timber motte-and-bailey castle, encased by a moat. It was located 4 miles east of Bedford Castle and a mile south of Great Barford Castle. Only earthworks remain at the site, which is a Scheduled Monument protected by law.

text:
# Renhold Castle

**Renhold Castle** also known as Howbury, earthwork at Water End Farm, was a medieval castle located in the village of Renhold, in the hundred of Barford, in the county of Bedfordshire, England.

Renhold Castle was a timber motte-and-bailey castle, encased by a moat. It was located 4 miles east of Bedford Castle and a mile south of Great Barford Castle. Only earthworks remain at the site, which is a Scheduled Monument protected by law.

## InfoBox

| Renhold Castle | |
| --- | --- |
| Renhold, Bedfordshire, England | |
| Renhold Castle | |
| Coordinates | 52°08′56″N 0°23′01″W / 52.1488°N 0.3837°W / 52.1488; -0.3837 |
| Grid reference | grid reference TL10695129 |
| Type | Ringwork |
| Site information | |
| Condition | Earthworks |


title: Meridian race riot of 1871

abstract: The Meridian race riot of 1871 was a race riot in Meridian, Mississippi in March 1871. It followed the arrest of freedmen accused of inciting riot in a downtown fire, and blacks' organizing for self-defense. Although the local Ku Klux Klan (KKK) chapter had attacked freedmen since the end of the Civil War, generally without punishment, the first local arrest under the 1870 act to suppress the Klan was of a freedman. This angered the black community. During the trial of black leaders, the presiding judge was shot in the courtroom, and a gunfight erupted that killed several people. In the ensuing mob violence, whites killed as many as 30 blacks over the next few days. Democrats drove the Republican mayor from office, and no person was charged or tried in the freedmen's deaths. The Meridian riot was related to widespread postwar violence by whites to drive Reconstruction Republicans from office and restore white supremacy. Although the Enforcement Acts helped suppress the Klan at this time, the Meridian riot marked a turning point in Mississippi violence. By 1875 other white paramilitary groups arose; the Red Shirts suppressed black voting by intimidation, and their efforts led to a Democratic Party victory in state elections. Within two years a national political compromise was reached, and the federal government withdrew its military forces from the South in 1877.

text:
# Meridian race riot of 1871

The **Meridian race riot of 1871** was a race riot in Meridian, Mississippi in March 1871. It followed the arrest of freedmen accused of inciting riot in a downtown fire, and blacks' organizing for self-defense. Although the local Ku Klux Klan (KKK) chapter had attacked freedmen since the end of the Civil War, generally without punishment, the first local arrest under the 1870 act to suppress the Klan was of a freedman. This angered the black community. During the trial of black leaders, the presiding judge was shot in the courtroom, and a gunfight erupted that killed several people. In the ensuing mob violence, whites killed as many as 30 blacks over the next few days. Democrats drove the Republican mayor from office, and no person was charged or tried in the freedmen's deaths.

The Meridian riot was related to widespread postwar violence by whites to drive Reconstruction Republicans from office and restore white supremacy. Although the Enforcement Acts helped suppress the Klan at this time, the Meridian riot marked a turning point in Mississippi violence. By 1875 other white paramilitary groups arose; the Red Shirts suppressed black voting by intimidation, and their efforts led to a Democratic Party victory in state elections. Within two years a national political compromise was reached, and the federal government withdrew its military forces from the South in 1877.

## Background

### Ku Klux Klan

After the American Civil War ended in 1865, the country underwent a period of Reconstruction. During this period, under the Reconstruction Acts the United States Army directly controlled the states that were formerly part of the Confederacy. This takeover was resented by white Democrats in the South, most of whom were temporarily disfranchised by service for the Confederacy. Their resentment increased with the passage of constitutional amendments making freedmen full citizens and the Voting Rights Act of 1867, which enabled freedmen to vote, serve on juries, and hold official positions in government.

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) arose as independent chapters, part of the postwar insurgency related to the struggle for power in the South. In 1866, Mississippi Governor William L. Sharkey reported that disorder, lack of control and lawlessness were widespread. The Klan used public violence against blacks as intimidation. They burned houses, and attacked and killed blacks, leaving their bodies on the roads.

Meridian, the county seat of Lauderdale County, had a Republican mayor appointed by the governor. Sturgis was from Connecticut so opponents called him a carpetbagger. Southern Republicans were called scalawags. The KKK tried to intimidate a black school teacher named Daniel Price, who had migrated from Livingston, Alabama, county seat of the Alabama county just to the east of Lauderdale. In Livingston, Price had been the leader of the local Loyal League, an organization established to help former slaves transition to freedom. Because of threats against him by local whites who opposed his activism, Price left the city for Mississippi and brought several freedmen with him. They hoped to find jobs in Meridian, a larger town. Numerous other African Americans had been migrating from Alabama to Mississippi since they had been freed and Alabama farmers were running short on labor. To try to force freedmen to return to Alabama and possibly stop the migration of others, Adam Kennard, deputy sheriff of Livingston (also described as a bounty hunter), was sent to arrest the men who went with Price to Meridian. He took some KKK men with him.

The Republican city officials refused to cooperate with Kennard and his group; they thought he was outside his legal jurisdiction. Freedmen were angered by the Klan's presence, yet neither they nor the Republican city government had enough power to deter them. One night when Kennard was sleeping, Price and a band of about six freedmen in disguise took him from the house, carried him outside the city limits, and beat him. Kennard managed to get away and pressed charges against Price the next day. Price was prosecuted under a statute of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, intended to stop the KKK's widespread violence. It classified committing an act of violence in disguise as a federal crime (related to the KKK practice of wearing masks and costumes to hide individual identities).

The root of the riots, were attributed to the ceaseless raids of KKK, in essence forcing the freedmen to leave the Sumter County farms, taking refuge in the nearby Meridian area (located just 40 miles (64 km) southwest of the Livingston). According to Michael Newton, Adam Kennard was not a white sheriff, rather a former slave, who was deputized and dispatched to by the farmers, along with some KKK members to retrieve the departed farm hands. Daniel Price, was a white Republican teacher of an all black school. Referencing the trial's cross examination, the *Weekly Clarion*, reports that Kennard was a "colored man who was Ku Klux Klaned by the Radicals…"*The Daily Dispatch* of Richmond, wrote:

> The riots of last year were the result of bad teachings by bad men of both parties, who wanted strife. At present such feelings were very slight. As a character of the outrages, the witness instanced where a white Republican school teacher named Price, assisted by several colored Republicans, nearly whipped to death Adam Kennard, a colored deputy sheriff, who was also a Republican.

### Price's trial

In the week before Price's trial, whites in Meridian began to threaten him. Freedmen were outraged that he had been arrested at all, as no one had been arrested or convicted for the many previous attacks on black people. Price was the first to be arrested under what was considered the federal anti-KKK law. Freedmen were angered that the law intended to protect them was being used against them. Before his trial, Price stated that he would not pay his bond and would not go to jail. He claimed that if he were convicted, his supporters "would begin shooting." When an armed party of about 50 white men came from Livingston to witness the trial, city officials became uneasy. They postponed the trial for a week. During the Alabamians' visit to Meridian, the men arrested several freedmen who had migrated with Price to the city. They claimed the men had forfeited labor contracts and, in some cases, stolen money.

At the second date for Price's trial, one of the state witnesses for Kennard was ill, so the court postponed the trial for another week. During this time, several prominent city employees told Mayor Sturgis of their concern that if Price were tried, there was a risk of mass unrest. They suggested avoiding the trial but forcing Price to leave the city. Sturgis and other officials made a deal with the prosecutors, and they freed Price on the condition that he leave the city.

Given Price's absence at his third trial date, the prosecutor dropped the charges against him, but the black community of Meridian was still furious. They learned that Kennard had arrested several Alabama freedmen and forced them to return to Livingston. The white community organized against Mayor Sturgis and petitioned to have him removed from office. Blacks countered with their own petition, which was sent to the Republican governor Adelbert Ames, who had appointed Sturgis. Sturgis was not removed; opposed by prominent whites, he became increasingly worried about the hostility between the races.

### Courthouse meeting

Shortly after Price's scheduled trial and departure, the 1870 gubernatorial election was held. The Republican James L. Alcorn won, carrying Lauderdale County by a large majority on the basis of voting by freedmen. Given the unrest in Meridian, Mayor Sturgis requested federal troops, since no local officials were willing to prosecute the Alabamians or other whites in the city. The troops arrived, but stayed only a few days. With no major violence, they were withdrawn as the state's resources were limited. Sturgis began his own legal proceedings against some of the whites in the city, leading to greater opposition and renewed effort to have him removed. Sturgis sent several black advisers to the governor's office in Jackson to plead his case.

When Sturgis's advisers returned to the city on Friday, March 3, 1871, they brought Aaron Moore, a Republican member of the Mississippi Legislature from Lauderdale County. He called for a meeting the next day, March 4, at the county courthouse to make the case for keeping Sturgis in office. About 200 people showed up for the meeting but they included only a few whites. Speeches reportedly criticized militant whites and encouraged freedmen in self-defense. The meeting adjourned at sundown, after which several of the black people in the meeting organized a military company with William Clopton, one of Sturgis's advisers, leading the way. Some were armed with swords while others carried guns; many freedmen avoided the demonstration.

### Downtown fire

Even before the meeting at the courthouse, trouble was brewing. Whites shared rumors of seeing crowds of armed African Americans traveling to the city, which raised their fears. A local store owner overheard a conversation predicting that crowds of people – both black and white – would be out on the streets that night. When the whites heard about the courthouse meeting, they decided that Sturgis, Clopton, and Warren Tyler, another of Sturgis's advisors and a speechmaker, should be forced to leave the city. They organized an armed search team to find them.

About an hour after the meeting adjourned, a fire broke out in the business section of the city. The fire started on the second floor of a store owned by Theodore Sturgis, the mayor's brother. Although the cause of the fire is unknown, many people at the time thought the mayor was behind it. The fire was eventually put out, but not before two-thirds of the business district had been engulfed. The block had recently been rebuilt after being destroyed during General William Tecumseh Sherman's 1864 raid.

As the fire burned, Clopton was hit in the head with a shotgun barrel. Some witnesses thought he was killed but he was only wounded. Hearing of the attack, freedmen became enraged and began passing out guns. At the same time, groups of whites patrolled the streets as militias for the rest of the night. Over the next few days under mob rule, the sheriff arrested Clopton, Tyler and Moore, and charged them with inciting riot. Whites appointed a committee to remove Mayor Sturgis from office.

Rumors spread as wildly as the fire had; whites said the blacks would burn the entire city down. The sheriff told Moore at his church on Sunday that all black people in the city would be required to disarm. On Monday the committee started an investigation of the fire and concluded that Mayor Sturgis had set it.

## The riot

After being arrested, Clopton, Tyler, and Moore were brought to trial on Monday, March 6. That morning, the whites held a meeting of their own and passed a resolution condemning the violent acts of Daniel Price, and those of Mayor Sturgis and other people – blacks and whites alike – on Saturday night, the night of the downtown fire. When William Tyler was arrested, Sheriff Moseley checked him for any firearms, of which he had none, and then allowed him to go to the barbershop for a haircut. The barber Jack Williams later claimed he had seen Tyler wearing a pistol on his side. Tyler went to the courtroom after leaving the barbershop.

Judge E. L. Bramlette was presiding over the trial. Numerous Republicans and as many as two hundred Democrats were present in the courtroom. In general, the white people in the room were situated toward the front, and the black people were in the back. Before the examination of witnesses began, Mayor Sturgis was seen conversing with Tyler and handed him a written note. After the trial began, Tyler and Moore were taken into another room, and some reports say that Sturgis went in with them. Sturgis never returned to the courtroom, but when Tyler and Moore returned, several witnesses reported that Tyler had a pistol on his side they had not seen before.

The second witness to testify was James Brantley. Tyler asked Brantley to stay on the stand and reportedly said, "I want to introduce two or three witnesses to impeach your veracity." Outraged, Brantley took a cane of Marshal William S. Patton and lunged toward Tyler. Patton grabbed Brantley and told him to stop, and Tyler moved toward the courtroom door. Some witnesses claimed to have seen Tyler reach into his pocket for a gun. At this moment, the first shot was fired, although the person responsible is debated. Marshal Patton said he did not see Tyler shoot, but he thought the shot came from that direction. When the first shot was fired, Tyler was in little to no danger as he was 10 feet (3.0 m) to 12 feet (3.7 m) from Brantley. Several of the people in the courtroom at the time claimed that Tyler fired first.

Firearms were quickly drawn across the courtroom, and general shooting broke out. The shootout lasted somewhere between one and five minutes, and in the process, Judge Bramlette was killed, and Clopton was injured. Tyler sprinted to a second-floor veranda, hopped the railing, and jumped to the ground. The barber Jack Williams reported seeing him throw away what looked like a pistol as he jumped. Tyler limped towards Williams asking him for help, and then ran through the barber shop with several whites in pursuit. Dr. L. D. Belk, acting deputy sheriff, chased Tyler and asked men to gather arms and help in the pursuit. Tyler was found wounded in a ditch between the courthouse and Sam Parker's shop by a black laborer Joe Sharp. Sharp and two other men helped Tyler get to a store two doors down from Parker's shop. A white party later found Tyler and shot him many times, but there were so many in the crowd, that no one knew who had hit him.

After the courtroom shootout, Clopton was badly injured and placed under the protection of guards. Reportedly the two men grew tired and threw Clopton from the second story window, saying they "could not waste their time on a wounded Negro murderer." Clopton was carried back into the courthouse, where sometime during the night he died after his throat was cut.

Moore had fallen by Judge Bramlette and pretended to be dead. After the courthouse was cleared, he ran to the woods to follow the railroad line to Jackson. A mob chased him for 40 miles (64 km) or 50 miles (80 km), but they never caught up. He eventually made it to Jackson without harm, and was never arrested or brought to trial again. The white mob burned down Moore's house along with a Baptist church nearby, which had been donated by the United States government to serve as a school for blacks. Daniel Price had been a teacher there.

In the chaos after the courtroom shootout, whites killed many other blacks. When they could not find Tyler and Moore, they attacked other freedmen they came across. For three days, local Klansmen murdered "all the leading colored men of the town with one or two exceptions." Several black people were killed in the courtroom, and others died in the fires at Moore's house and the Baptist church. During the night of the shootings, three other blacks were arrested and taken to the courthouse. The next morning, they were found dead. By the time federal troops arrived several days later, about thirty black people had been killed. Many of the fatalities from the riot were buried in McLemore Cemetery.

## Aftermath

During the riot, Mayor Sturgis hid in the attic of a boarding house (owned by his brother Theodore.) He did not emerge until reaching agreement that he could resign and leave town. The day after the riot, men approached and ordered him to return to the North. He agreed to leave that night on a northbound train at midnight; he was escorted safely to the train by a group of about 300 white men. Upon reaching New York City, he wrote an account of the events in a letter to the *New York Daily Tribune*:

> They were all armed with double-barreled shot guns, and, as I was told, 200 in number, Many good citizens of Meridian plead for me, as well as many in the Ku-Klux columns who were in them not from choice, but from necessity. They appointed committee after committee to wait upon me and to inform me that I must leave by 10 o'clock the next day. Their principle commanders visited me. I wanted to know the whys and wherefores, but they said they came not to argue any question of right – the verdict had been rendered. They treated me respectfully, but said that their ultimatum was that I must take a Northern-bound train. I yielded. At about 12 o'clock at night, perhaps 300 came and escorted me to the cars. Some difficulties and dangers presented themselves, but I got here in safety.
>
> \[...\]
>
> I am much a sufferer in pain and feeling, but I believe that the State of Mississippi is able to indemnify me. Let me urge the necessity of having martial law proclaimed through every Southern State. The soldiery to be sent there should be quartered on the Rebels. Leniency will not do. Gratitude, they have none. Reciprocation of favors they never dream of.
>
> William Sturgis, New York Daily Tribune, March 16, 1871

The letter was reprinted widely in the North, and fueled the debate over toughening the restrictions in the Ku Klux Klan Law under consideration. News of the riot angered the Radical Republicans in Congress, and hastened the passage of the law, known as the Enforcement Act. Mississippi Democrats attacked the Radical Republicans for using the riot as a partisan point.

Gradually the situation in Meridian quieted down, but debate continued there and in Washington. On March 21, the state began an investigation of the riot, calling a total of 116 witnesses. The state indicted six men under charges of unlawful assembly and assault with intent to kill. Many black witnesses had credible information as to who shot whom, but most were too afraid to testify, as they feared losing their jobs, rights, or their lives. None of the men responsible for the riot was charged or brought to trial. Two months later, a Congressional investigation re-examined the case but failed to identify the first shooter in the courthouse. The only person convicted of actions related to the riot was an Alabama KKK man charged with raping a black woman.

### Effects

The Meridian riot highlighted the fact that blacks in the South were poorly armed, economically dependent on whites for jobs, and new to freedom; they had difficulty resisting violent attacks without federal help. By the mid-1870s, as war memories faded, Northern whites became tired of supporting the expensive programs to try to suppress the violence in the South and more inclined to let the states handle their own problems. Most Northerners viewed slavery as a moral wrong but did not necessarily believe in racial equality. They were discouraged by the continuing insurgency in much of the South. Whites resorted to force to suppress the opposition. With waning federal help, blacks had difficulty resisting white violence. The riot marked the decline of Republican power and the waning of Reconstruction in this part of Mississippi.

By 1875 in Mississippi, paramilitary insurgent groups, such as the Red Shirts and rifle leagues, described as "the military arm of the Democratic Party" had arisen in the Klan's place. They worked openly to intimidate Republican voters, especially freedmen, and run officials out of office. The insurgents suppressed voting to achieve Democratic landslide victories in the 1875 state elections. By the late 1870s, the Democrats had completed their takeover in Mississippi and other former Confederate states.

With control reestablished at the state government level, conservative Democrats passed electoral laws and constitutional amendments to restrict voting by freedmen and poor whites, resulting in their disfranchisement for decades. Mississippi was the first to pass such an amendment in 1890. Its surviving a United States Supreme Court review encouraged other Southern states to pass similar amendments, known as the "Mississippi Plan". State legislatures also passed Jim Crow laws, which established racial segregation in public facilities. The next few decades after the Meridian Riot saw a rise in lynchings and violence against blacks across the South, which accompanied their loss of civil rights and the fight for white supremacy. Mississippi would lead the region in racial violence and public support of it. While the rate of lynchings declined into the 20th century, blacks had little legal standing for recourse against abuses until their successes of the Civil Rights Movement and enforcement of their right to vote.

## Further reading

* Hewitt Clarke, *Thunder at Meridian*, Lone Star Press, 1995
* Laura Nan Fairley and James T. Dawon, *Paths to the Past: An Overview History of Lauderdale County, Mississippi*, Lauderdale County Department of Archives and History, Inc., 1988

## InfoBox

| Meridian race riot of 1871 | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Reconstruction Era | |
| A postcard of the Lauderdale County Courthouse, where Moore arranged a meeting encouraging freedmen in self-defense | |
| Date | March 1871 |
| Location | Meridian, Mississippi |
| Caused by | Racial polarizing trial |
| Methods | Shootings, Lynchings |
| Resulted in | Various killings |


title: Wilibald Nagel

abstract: Wilibald Nagel (also Willibald Nagel, was a German musicologist and music critic.

text:
# Wilibald Nagel

**Wilibald Nagel** (also *Willibald Nagel*, (12 January 1863 – 17 October 1929) was a German musicologist and music critic.

## Life and career

Born in Mülheim an der Ruhr Nagel, son of the Lieder and oratorio singer Siegfried Nagel (d. 1874), studied German studies and musicology with Philipp Spitta and Heinrich Bellermann at the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1888 he habilitated and accepted a position at the University of Zurich for musicology and taught there as a lecturer at the faculty of philosophy until 1894.

After that he lived in England for study purposes until 1896 and after his return to Germany he worked as a music writer in Cleve. In 1898 Nagel was appointed as a lecturer in musicology at the Technical University Darmstadt, in 1905 he was appointed professor. at the Akademie für Tonkunst there he gave piano lessons and directed the Academic Singing Association. From 1913 to 1917 he lived as a writer in Zurich. From 1917 to 1921 Nagel was editor and editor of the bi-monthly *Neue Musik-Zeitung*.

In 1921 he became teacher for piano, music theory and history at the Württembergische Hochschule für Musik and took over the music department at the *Süddeutsche Zeitung*.

Nagel became known among other things through his co-authorship of the three-volume work *General History of Music* by Richard Batka. His research on Mozart is also acknowledged in Karl Storck's *Mozart - His Life and Work* (1908). His treatises on *Die Nürnberger Musikgesellschaft* (1588-1629) are quoted in several subsequent music-historical works.

His nationalist-reactionary attitude and his aesthetic politicization of the term Worldview as a journalist is evident, among other things, in his position on the Pfitzner-Bekker controversy to "musical impotence" and in articles like *Der Futurismus – eine undeutsche Erscheinung*, in which he resorts to polemical expressions such as "mindless ridiculousness" and turns against the composers of New Music \- among others Ferruccio Busoni, Arnold Schoenberg, Josef Matthias Hauer.

Nagel was a member of the Berlin masonic lodge since 1897 *Friedrich Wilhelm zur Morgenröthe*.

Nagel died in Stuttgart at age 66.

## Publications

* *Die deutsche Idylle im 18. Jahrhundert.* A. Stutz, Wädensweil o. J. (1887).
* *Die neueren dramatisch-musikalischen Bearbeitungen der Genovefa-Legende. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Oper.* Habilitations text at the University of Zürich. Albert Unflad, Zürich/Leipzig 1888.
* *Johannes Brahms als Nachfolger Beethoven's.* Gebr. Hug, Leipzig 1892.
* *Annalen der englischen Hofmusik von der Zeit Heinrichs VIII. bis zum Tode Karls I. (1509–1649).* Breitkopf & Härtel, Leipzig 1894.
* *Geschichte der Musik in England, I.* Trübner, Strassburg 1894–97.
* *Die Entwickelung der Musik in Frankreich und England.* Habilitationsschrift an der Technische Hochschule zu Darmstadt. Reuther & Reichard, Berlin 1898.
* *Goethe und Beethoven.* Lecture, held in the assembly hall of the Grand Ducal Technical University in Darmstadt on the importance of the Goethe Monument. Beyer, Langensalza 1902.
* *Beethovens „Heiligenstädter Testament“.* In *Die Musik.* (1901/1902), Heft 12 = 1. Beethoven-Heft, pp. 10501058.
* *Goethe und Mozart.* Vortrag. Beyer, Langensalza 1904.
* *Gluck und Mozart.* Vortrag. Beyer, Langensalza 1905.
* *Die Musik im täglichen Leben. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der musikalischen Kultur unserer Tage.* Beyer, Langensalza 1907.
* *Studien zur Geschichte der Meistersänger.* Beyer & Söhne, Langensalza 1909. Musikalisches Magazin issue 27.
* *Beethoven und seine Klaviersonaten.* 2 volumes. Beyer & Söhne, Langensalza 1903–1905. (2. erw. Publisher: Beyer & Söhne, Langensalza 1923/24)
* *Kleine Mitteilungen zur Musikgeschichte aus Augsburger Akten.* In *Sammelbände der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft.* Vol. 9. (1907–1908) pp. 145154.
* *Zur Lebensgeschichte August Eberhard Müllers.* In *Die Musik.* 9, issue 4, 1909/10, pp. 8492.
* *Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik.* 3 volumes. With Richard Batka. Grüninger, Stuttgart 1909–1915.
* *Geschichte der Musik im Umriß.* With Heinrich Adolf Köstlin. Breitkopf & Härtel, Leipzig 1910.
* *Kleine Beethoveniana.* In *Sammelbande der Internationalen Musik-Gesellschaft.* Volume 12 (1910–1911) pp. 586588.
* *Christoph Graupner als Sinfoniker. Zusammenfassende Bemerkungen (nebst thematischem Kataloge der Sinfonien).* Beyer, Langensalza 1912.
* *Die Musik als Mittel der Volkserziehung. Wesen und Bedeutung der Programm-Musik.* Vorträge, geh. im Württembergischen Goethe-Bunde zu Stuttgart. Beyer, Langensalza 1912.
* *Mozart und die Gegenwart.* Beyer, Langensalza 1912.
* *Joseph Haydn.* Vortrag, gehalten im Hess. Goethe-Bund in Darmstadt. Beyer, Langensalza 1913.
* *Über die Strömungen in unserer Musik. Kritische Randbemerkungen zur modernen Kunst.* Beyer, Langensalza 1913.
* *Über den Begriff des Hässlichen in der Musik. Ein Versuch.* Beyer, Langensalza 1914.
* *Die Klaviersonaten von Joh. Brahms. Techn.-ästhet. Analysen.* Grüninger, Stuttgart 1915.
* *Ferruccio Busoni als Ästhetiker.* In *Neue Musik-Zeitung.* 15, 1917.
* *Wilhelm Mauke.* Universal Edition, Vienna 1919.
* *Paul Hindemith* Mörder, Hoffnung der FrauenDas Nusch-Nuschi*. Zwei Opern Einakter. Uraufführung im Württ. Landestheater zu Stuttgart am 4. Juni.* In *Neue Musik-Zeitung.* 19, 1921.
* *Johannes Brahms.* J. Engelhorns Nachf., Stuttgart 1923.
* *Beethoven Romantiker?* In *1. Kongreßbericht. Beethoven-Zentenarfeier Wien, 26. bis 31. März 1927.* Veranstaltet von Bund und Stadt, unter dem Ehrenschutz des Herrn Bundespräsidenten Dr. Michael Hainisch. Internationaler Musikhistorischer Kongress. Universal-Edition, Vienna 1927.

## Literature


title: Metarhizium anisopliae

abstract: Metarhizium anisopliae is the type species in its genus of fungi, that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a parasitoid. Ilya I. Mechnikov named it Entomophthora anisopliae (basionym) after the insect species from which it was originally isolated – the beetle Anisoplia austriaca and from these early days, fungi such as this have been seen as potentially important tools for pest management. It is a mitosporic fungus with asexual reproduction, which was formerly classified in the form class Hyphomycetes of the phylum Deuteromycota.

text:
# Metarhizium anisopliae

***Metarhizium anisopliae*** is the type species in its genus of fungi, that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a parasitoid. Ilya I. Mechnikov named it *Entomophthora anisopliae* (basionym) after the insect species from which it was originally isolated – the beetle *Anisoplia austriaca* and from these early days, fungi such as this have been seen as potentially important tools for pest management. It is a mitosporic fungus with asexual reproduction, which was formerly classified in the form class Hyphomycetes of the phylum Deuteromycota (also often called Fungi Imperfecti).

## Synonymy

The taxonomy of the *Metarhizium* has been subject to many reviews since the 1990s, before which the genus consisted of less than ten "species", based on morphological characteristics only. Many isolates have long been recognised to be specific, and some were initially assigned variety status, with *M. anisopliae* *sensu stricto*, *M.a. var. major*, *M.a. var. lepidiotae* and *M.a. var. acridum* (the latter included important isolates used for locust control). However, they have now been assigned as new *Metarhizium* species in light of newer molecular evidence and subsequent work. The commercially important isolate M.a. 43 (or F52, Met52, etc.), which infects Coleoptera and other insect orders has now been assigned to *Metarhizium brunneum*.

## Biology

The disease caused by the fungus is sometimes called green muscardine disease because of the green colour of its spores. When these mitotic (asexual) spores (called conidia) of the fungus come into contact with the body of an insect host, they germinate and the hyphae that emerge penetrate the cuticle. The fungus then develops inside the body, eventually killing the insect after a few days; this lethal effect is very likely aided by the production of insecticidal cyclic peptides (destruxins). The cuticle of the cadaver often becomes red. If the ambient humidity is high enough, a white mould then grows on the cadaver that soon turns green as spores are produced. Most insects living near the soil have evolved natural defenses against entomopathogenic fungi like *M. anisopliae*. This fungus is, therefore, locked in an evolutionary battle to overcome these defenses, which has led to a large number of isolates (or strains) that are adapted to certain groups of insects.

## Economic importance

The previously described range of entomopathogenic fungus isolates known as *M. anisopliae*, before 2009, had been observed to infect over 200 insect pest species. *M. anisopliae* and its related species are used as biological insecticides to control a number of pests such as termites, thrips, etc. and its use in the control of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes is under investigation. *M. anisopliae* does not appear to infect humans but has been reported as a significant pathogen of reptiles. The microscopic spores are typically sprayed on affected areas. A possible technique for malaria control is to coat mosquito nets or cotton sheets attached to the wall with them. According to Paul Stamets, species such as this could prevent colony collapse disorder and catastrophic famine.

A simplified method of microencapsulation has been demonstrated to increase the shelf-life of *M. anisopliae* spores commercialised for biological control of pest insects, potentially increasing its efficiency against red imported fire ants.

The species has been shown to convert elemental lead, an environmental pollutant, into the much less toxic pyromorphite, thus showing its potential use in decontamination.

## Important isolates

Some isolates previously placed here have been assigned to *Metarhizium robertsii*; others may include:

* The ex-neotype isolate of *M. anisopliae* is IMI 168777ii = ARSEF 7487 (also CSIRO FI-1029) from *Schistocerca gregaria* in Eritrea
* A.C. Rath's isolate F506 (= ARSEF 4556; DAT 506; IMI 384583) from *Boophilus* sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) in USA (Florida)
* *M. anisopliae* isolated from *Dermolepida albohirtum* (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) include: CSIRO FI-1358 (= ARSEF 7493) and FI 1045 which is the active ingredient of 'Biocane'.

* Fungi Make Biodiesel Efficiently at Room Temperature

## InfoBox

| *Metarhizium anisopliae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Cockroach killed by *M. anisopliae* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Clavicipitaceae |
| Genus: | *Metarhizium* |
| Species: | ***M. anisopliae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metarhizium anisopliae***<br>(Metchnikoff) Sorokin | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Entomophthora anisopliae* Metschn. (1879) * *Metarhizium album* Petch (1931) * *Metarhizium anisopliae f. minor* J.R. Johnst. (1915) * *Metarhizium anisopliae f. oryctophagum* Frieder. (1930) * *Metarhizium anisopliae var. dcjhyium* C.J. Dong, Jia M. Zhang, W.G. Chen & Y.Y. Hu (2007) * *Metarhizium anisopliae var. frigidum* A.C. Rath, C.J. Carr & B.R. Graham (1995) * *Metarhizium guizhouense* Q.T. Chen & H.L. Guo (1986) * *Metarhizium pinghaense* Q.T. Chen & H.L. Guo (1986) * *Metarhizium velutinum* Borowska, Golonk. & Kotulowa (1970) | |


title: Parannavalasa

abstract: Parannavalasa is a village and panchayat in Salur mandal, Parvathipuram Manyam district of Andhra Pradesh, India. There is a railway station at Parannavalasa in the Salur-Bobbili branch railway line.

text:
# Parannavalasa

**Parannavalasa** is a village and panchayat in Salur mandal, Parvathipuram Manyam district of Andhra Pradesh, India.

There is a railway station at Parannavalasa in the Salur-Bobbili branch railway line.

## Demographics

According to Indian census, 2001, the demographic details of Parannavalasa village is as follows :

* Total Population: 466 in 103 Households
* Male Population: 240 and Female Population: 226
* Children Under 6-years of age: 59 (Boys - 31 and Girls - 28)
* Total Literates: 254

18°32′N 83°15′E / 18.533°N 83.250°E / 18.533; 83.250

## InfoBox

| Parannavalasa | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 466 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Ouled Ben Abdelkader District

abstract: Ouled Ben Abdelkader District is a district of Chlef Province, Algeria.

text:
# Ouled Ben Abdelkader District

**Ouled Ben Abdelkader District** is a district of Chlef Province, Algeria.

## Communes

The district is further divided into 2 communes:

36°01′33″N 1°16′35″E / 36.02583°N 1.27639°E / 36.02583; 1.27639

## InfoBox

| Ouled Ben Abdelkader District | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
| Country | Algeria |
| Province | Chlef Province |
| Population (2008) | |
| Total | 36,908 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |


title: Red Rag

abstract: The Red Rag blogsite was at the centre of a UK political scandal that became known as Smeargate. The scandal broke on 11 April 2009 when it was reported that Gordon Brown's special adviser, Damian McBride, had sent a series of emails to New Labour political blogger Derek Draper discussing plans to set up the blog which would be used to post false rumours about the private lives of senior members of the Conservative Party and their spouses. The website was never launched according to The Register. The emails from January 2009, which had been sent from the Downing Street Press Office, were initially leaked to blogger Paul Staines. Draper and McBride initially tried to play down the plans. McBride stated "To call it an orchestrated smear campaign is ridiculous. It was just some ill-judged gossip between friends which was never meant to see the light of day. They appear to be some ideas – laid out in embarrassing detail – for stories which could appear on a Left-wing version of the Guido Fawkes blog called Red Rag. They’re all stories which have been doing the rounds in Westminster for a while, written up in a scurrilous style. But the website has never appeared, so it’s hard to see what it was all about." McBride resigned on 11 April 2009 after it was discovered that the site had been registered since November 2008 and the planned launch was only stopped in April 2009. Draper resigned as editor of LabourList on 7 May 2009.

text:
# Red Rag

The **Red Rag** blogsite was at the centre of a UK political scandal that became known as Smeargate. The scandal broke on 11 April 2009 when it was reported that Gordon Brown's special adviser, Damian McBride, had sent a series of emails to New Labour political blogger Derek Draper discussing plans to set up the blog which would be used to post false rumours about the private lives of senior members of the Conservative Party and their spouses. The website was never launched according to *The Register*. The emails from January 2009, which had been sent from the Downing Street Press Office, were initially leaked to blogger Paul Staines.

Draper and McBride initially tried to play down the plans. McBride stated "To call it an orchestrated smear campaign is ridiculous. It was just some ill-judged gossip between friends which was never meant to see the light of day. They appear to be some ideas – laid out in embarrassing detail – for stories which could appear on a Left-wing version of the Guido Fawkes blog called Red Rag. They’re all stories which have been doing the rounds in Westminster for a while, written up in a scurrilous style. But the website has never appeared, so it’s hard to see what it was all about."

McBride resigned on 11 April 2009 after it was discovered that the site had been registered since November 2008 and the planned launch was only stopped in April 2009. Draper resigned as editor of LabourList on 7 May 2009.


title: Mária Wittner

abstract: Mária Wittner was a Hungarian revolutionary and politician who participated in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.

text:
# Mária Wittner

**Mária Wittner** (*Gazdagh-Wittner;* 9 June 1937 – 14 September 2022) was a Hungarian revolutionary and politician who participated in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.

## Early life

Wittner was born in Budapest on 9 June 1937. She did not know her father and her mother sent her to nuns. At the age of two, she was sent to a Carmelite cloister. In 1948, she met with her mother, who soon sent her to state care. She discontinued her secondary school studies and began to work as a typist and shorthand writer in Szolnok and for the Council of Kiskunhegyes district. She gave birth to a son in 1955 and, half a year later, moved to Budapest. She meanwhile undertook odd jobs.

## 1956 revolution and aftermath

Wittner participated in the demonstration on 23 October 1956 and joined the revolutionaries during the siege of the Magyar Rádió building. She met Katalin Havrila, and on the following days, they together helped the provision of the wounded. Later, she became a member of the Vajdahunyad Street resistance group and with her companion they occupied the police station of the tenth district to find weapons on 30 October 1956. She was wounded by shrapnel in Üllői út on 4 November during the Soviet invasion.

Wittner was treated in Péterfy Sándor State Hospital. She tried to escape from the occupied country but was arrested. She was questioned and then freed and then tried to flee the country once again and spent a few weeks in Austria. Then, she came back to Hungary and began to work as an unskilled worker. Wittner was arrested on 16 July 1957 and was sentenced to death on 23 July 1958. The sentence was modified to life imprisonment by the second appeal court on 24 February 1959. She was released from prison on 25 March 1970.

Firstly she worked in a dressmaker's room and later as a cleaner. Since 1980, she has been a disability pensioner. After the end of communism, she has been actively involved in the work of different veteran organisations of the 1956 revolution. She was awarded the Grand Cross Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary in 1991.

## Political career

Wittner was elected Member of Parliament from the Fidesz National List in the 2006 and 2010 parliamentary elections. She was a member of the Committee on Employment and Labour between 30 May 2006 and 13 May 2010. She was appointed a member of the Committee on Human Rights, Minority, Civic and Religious Affairs on 14 May 2010.

## InfoBox

| Mária Wittner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the National Assembly | |
| **In office**
16 May 2006  5 May 2014 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1937-06-09)9 June 1937
Budapest, Hungary |
| Died | 14 September 2022(2022-09-14) (aged 85)
Budapest, Hungary |
| Political party | Fidesz |
| Profession | Stenographer, politician |
|  | |


title: Queen Mother's Clothing Guild

abstract: Queen Mother's Clothing Guild is a British charity which distributes clothing and household linen to other charities in the United Kingdom.

text:
# Queen Mother's Clothing Guild

**Queen Mother's Clothing Guild** is a British charity which distributes clothing and household linen to other charities in the United Kingdom.

## History

The guild was established in 1882 as **The London Guild** by Lady Wolverton after being asked to provide garments for a London orphanage. In 1885, The Duchess of Teck became the guild's patron and it was renamed **The London Needlework Guild** in 1889.

Upon the death of the duchess in 1897, the guild's royal patronage continued under her daughter, The Duchess of York (later Queen Mary), who had worked for the guild from her youth. She formed her own group and personally supervised the arrival and unpacking of the parcels at the Imperial Institute. In 1914, the charity was renamed **Queen Mary's Needlework Guild** and a new base at Friary Court in St. James's Palace was set up. It then began to supply troops during World War I, with branches being established throughout the Empire and other areas of the world, including China and Argentina. Despite rationing, production continued on a small scale throughout World War II and afterwards.

On 23 March 1953, Queen Mary invited the Presidents of the guild's group to Marlborough House for the Annual General Meeting but was unable to attend and died the next day. The Queen Mother then took over as patron and the charity was renamed Queen Mary's Clothing Guild in 1986, which was felt best to describe the work of charity. In 2010, it took the name Queen Mother's Clothing Guild in honour of its former patron the Queen Mother.

After the death of The Queen Mother in 2002, in 2003 Princess Alexandra took over as patron. Other royal members were Princess Margaret and Princess Mary.

## Patrons


title: Repedea (Latorița)

abstract: The Repedea is a right tributary of the river Latorița in Romania. It discharges into the Latorița near Ciungetu. Its length is 13 km (8.1 mi) and its basin size is 42 km⁲ (16 sq mi).

text:
# Repedea (Latorița)

The **Repedea** (in its upper course also: *Coșeana*) is a right tributary of the river Latorița in Romania. It discharges into the Latorița near Ciungetu. Its length is 13 km (8.1 mi) and its basin size is 42 km2 (16 sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Repedea | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Romania |
| Counties | Vâlcea County |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Latorița Mountains |
|  | |
| Mouth | Latorița |
| coordinates | 45°22′58″N 23°57′45″E / 45.3828°N 23.9624°E / 45.3828; 23.9624 |
| Length | 13 km (8.1 mi) |
| Basin size | 42 km2 (16 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | LatorițaLotruOltDanubeBlack Sea |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Pârâul Roșu |
| right | Funicel, Izvorul Mare |


title: William A. Hawkins

abstract: William "Bill" A. Hawkins was the chairman and chief executive officer of Medtronic from 2008 until 2011.

text:
# William A. Hawkins

**William "Bill" A. Hawkins** (born 1954) was the chairman and chief executive officer of Medtronic from 2008 until 2011.

## Early life

Hawkins received a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical and biomedical engineering from Duke University in 1976. He also earned an MBA from University of Virginia's Darden School of Business in 1982.

## Career

Following his graduation from Duke, Hawkins began his medical technology career with Carolina Medical Electronics in 1977. Prior to joining Medtronic in 2002, Hawkins was the president and CEO of Novoste from 1998 to 2002.

Hawkins is a member of the board of visitors of Duke's engineering school.

In 2016, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for leadership in biomedical engineering and translational medicine.

## InfoBox

| William A. Hawkins | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | Duke University (B.S.)<br>University of Virginia (M.B.A) |
| Known for | Chairman and CEO of Medtronic |


title: Mental Health Practice

abstract: Mental Health Practice is a monthly nursing journal covering the practice of mental health nursing published by RCNi.

text:
# Mental Health Practice

***Mental Health Practice*** is a monthly nursing journal covering the practice of mental health nursing published by RCNi.

## InfoBox

*Mental Health Practice*
| Discipline | Mental health nursing |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1998–present |
| Publisher | RCNi (United Kingdom) |
| Frequency | 10/year |
| Impact factor | (2014) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Ment. Health Pract.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1465-8720 (print)
2047-895X (web)
 |
| OCLC no. | 53476420 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Parankimamukal

abstract: Parankimamukal is a village situated near Pathanapuram in Kollam District, Kerala state, India.

text:
# Parankimamukal

**Parankimamukal** is a village situated near Pathanapuram in Kollam District, Kerala state, India.

## Politics

Parankimamukal is a part of Thalavoor Grama panchayat, Pathanapuram Block panchayat and Kollam district Panchayat. It is a part of Pathanapuram assembly constituency in Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha constituency). K. B. Ganesh Kumar is currently serving as the MLA of Pathanapuram. Shri.Kodikkunnil Suresh is the current member of parliament of Mavelikkara.

## Geography

Parankimamukal is a junction in Pathanapuram-Kottarakkara (via Kura) road. It connects places including Nadutheri, Randalummoodu etc. to Pathanapuram. It is the main part of the village.

## Demographics

Malayalam is the native language of Parankimamukal.

## InfoBox

| Parankimamukal | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Parankimamukal | |
| Coordinates: 9°4′0″N 76°51′0″E / 9.06667°N 76.85000°E / 9.06667; 76.85000 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Kollam |
| Taluk | Pathanapuram |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | KL-02, KL-25, KL-77 |
| Nearest town | Pathanapuram Kottarakara Punalur |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Mavelikara |
| Assembly constituency | Pathanapuram |
| Literacy | 93.63% |


title: Our Lady of Regla

abstract: Our Lady of Regla, otherwise known as Our Lady of the Rule and The Virgin of Regla, is a Marian apparition of the Catholic Church venerated in various Hispanic countries such as: Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Spain. In contrast to other Marian apparitions, she is typically depicted with dark skin.

text:
# Our Lady of Regla

**Our Lady of Regla**, otherwise known as **Our Lady of the Rule** and **The Virgin of Regla**, is a Marian apparition of the Catholic Church venerated in various Hispanic countries such as: Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Spain. In contrast to other Marian apparitions, she is typically depicted with dark skin.

## History

According to Catholic legend, St. Augustine of Hippo, who lived in North Africa, had a revelation from an angel, who ordered him to carve an image of the Virgin Mary. The image was taken to Spain by his disciple Saint Cyprian, who ended up in Chipiona, where the Virgin of Regla is venerated. The image was hidden underground next to a fig tree following an invasion of Andalusia by the Saracens, and 5 centuries later, in the 13th century, an apparition pointed in the direction of where the image was hidden. Her feast day, September 8, coincides with the Nativity of Mary, and after events of weathering and a fierce storm on the bordering Strait of Gibraltar, she became a patroness of seamen.

## Veneration

### Spain

In Spain, an image of the Virgin of Regla is located in the town of Chipiona, Andalusia. It is a wooden sculpture about 0.62 meters high in the Romanesque style, a typical trait of the Black Madonna.

In other parts of Andalusia, the devotion to Our Lady of Regla is present, such as a church dedicated to her in the city of Huécija and in a brotherhood in the city of Seville as a patron of bakers. In the Canary Islands, there are various hermitages dedicated to her.

### Cuba

In Cuba, in the Regla municipality of Havana, a hermitage was built in 1687 by a pilgrim named Manuel Antonio dedicated to the Virgin, although it was later destroyed by a 1692 hurricane. In 1694, the location was rebuilt upon, where an image of the Virgin of Regla was enthroned and donated by Pedro de Aranda. Since its donation, Our Lady of Regla has become a much-devoted object, and was declared patron saint of Regla on December 23, 1714.

#### In Santeria

In the syncretic Afro-Cuban religion of Yorùbá (originally known as Santería,) the Virgin is associated with Yemayá, the Yoruba *orisha* of the sea.

### Philippines

Since 1735, the Catholic population of Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu has had significant devotion to Our Lady of Regla. The image was initially taken to the city by Augustinian missionary Francisco Aballe (1694–1759). After WWII, a new church was built under the patronage of Our Lady of Regla, with a new image build from polychrome hardwood.

## Legacy

There are various churches and hermitages dedicated to her, such as:

1. "Virgin de Regla". *University of Dayton*. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
2. "Our Lady of Regla (Nuestra Señora de la Regla)". *Interfaith Mary Page*. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
3. Mier, Saskia (2012-07-25). "Huécija". *Andalucia.com*. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
4. "Besamanos the Virgen de Regla. Brotherhood of Bakers – Holy Week in Seville". *Semana Santa*. 2017-09-29. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
5. "Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Regla". *Lonely Planet*. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
6. "La Virgen de Regla ya tiene corona". *Libre Online* (in Spanish). 2022-03-16. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
7. "La Virgen de Regla". *Cuballama*. 2016-08-25. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
8. Donestevez, Damian (2020-09-07). "The Virgin Regla: Patron Saint of the Town of Regla". *Radio Havana Cuba*. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
9. "Celebrate the Virgin of Regla!". *New York Latin Culture Magazine*. 2023-09-04. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
10. "Opon Church | Southeast Asia Digital Library". *sea.lib.niu.edu*. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
11. "Nuestra Señora de Regla". *Virgen Santa Maria* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-10-01.

## InfoBox

| Our Lady of Regla
Nuestra Señora de Regla | |
| --- | --- |
| Depiction of the Virgin of Regla in Havana | |
| Location | Andalusia, Spain |
| Date | 13th-century |
| Type | Marian apparition |
| Patronage | Chipiona, Spain
Regla (Havana), Cuba |
| Attributes | Patron of sailors |
| Feast day | September 8 |


title: Red Rain (album)

abstract: Red Rain is the fourth album by Detroit rapper Dice, released in 2002 by Fallen Angelz Entertainment. On October 31, 2006, the album was reissued with a second disc, Evil Angelz Runnin Thru Hell.

text:
# Red Rain (album)

***Red Rain*** is the fourth album by Detroit rapper Dice, released in 2002 by Fallen Angelz Entertainment. On October 31, 2006, the album was reissued with a second disc, *Evil Angelz Runnin Thru Hell*.

## Production

After recording the album, Dice claims that Colvin took his name off the Fallen Angelz ownership papers and didn't fairly compensate him for his service, "I gave Dice $10,000 in advance and was broke 2 months later". Fallen Angelz founder Russell Colvin claims that Dice agreed to put up $30,000 to bankroll the label, but never came up with his half.

## Track listing

*Red Rain*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Entro/Red Rain" | 3:40 |
| 2. | "Apt. 3, Pt. 3" (feat. Razzaq) | 4:49 |
| 3. | "Spiritual Warfare" | 3:56 |
| 4. | "Apt. 3, Pt. 4" (feat. Razzaq) | 4:21 |
| 5. | "Smoketown USA 2006/Han-Out Skit 1" | 2:40 |
| 6. | "Cocaine \[Remix\]" | 4:03 |
| 7. | "So Many Rainy Dayz" (feat. Debbie Wright) | 3:51 |
| 8. | "Yae Yo" (feat. Kweenie Lox) | 4:28 |
| 9. | "Whut'z Really Goin Down" (feat. Supa MC) | 3:14 |
| 10. | "Nemphomaniac" (Razzaq solo) | 4:33 |
| 11. | "Baby Daddy" | 3:09 |
| 12. | "Dice" | 4:04 |
| 13. | "Neighborhood Watch" | 2:41 |
| 14. | "Apt. 3, Pt. 5 (Son of a Junkie)" | 3:46 |

*Evil Angelz Runnin Thru Hell*
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Entro/Death Angelz" | 1:36 |
| 2. | "Tha World on Fire" | 4:39 |
| 3. | "Punish tha Wicket Skit 1" | 0:39 |
| 4. | "Shattered Dreamz" | 4:38 |
| 5. | "N tha Ghetto" | 3:00 |
| 6. | "Dead Manz Dream" | 3:44 |
| 7. | "I Don't Want 2 Die Skit 2" | 0:30 |
| 8. | "Life Iz Parallel 2 Hell" | 3:32 |
| 9. | "E.A.R.T.H." | 3:41 |
| 10. | "Angel Fernandez" | 4:44 |
| 11. | "Blessed But Cursed" | 2:58 |
| 12. | "Phuck Yo LP" | 4:00 |
| 13. | "Mother'z Call" | 3:38 |
| 14. | "Gimme Whut U Got" | 3:57 |
| 15. | "Fallen Angelz, Pt. 2" | 4:10 |
| 16. | "Me & My Nigguz" | 3:39 |
| 17. | "Tha Illest" | 0:44 |
| 18. | "Outro" | 2:58 |
| 19. | "Crack in the Wall" | 2:42 |
| 20. | "Sum Old Wicketshit" | 5:45 |
| 21. | "Screaming" | 4:01 |

iTunes track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Entro" | 3:42 |
| 2. | "Apt. 3 Pt. 3" (feat. Razzaq) | 4:51 |
| 3. | "Spiritual Warfare" | 3:58 |
| 4. | "Apt. 3 Pt. 4" (feat. Razzaq) | 4:23 |
| 5. | "Cocaine (Remix)" | 4:05 |
| 6. | "So Many Rainy Dayz" (feat. Debbie Wright) | 3:53 |
| 7. | "Yea Yo" (feat. Kweenie Lox) | 4:30 |
| 8. | "Whutz Really Goin Down" (feat. Supa MC) | 3:16 |
| 9. | "Nemphomaniac" (Razzaq solo) | 4:34 |
| Total length: | | 37:12 |

## InfoBox

| Red Rain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Dice | |
| Released | 2002 |
| Genre | Gangsta Rap, Midwest hip hop, Horrorcore |
| Label | Fallen Angelz |
| Dice chronology | |
| *Black Monday*
(2000) ***Red Rain***
(2002) *Drug Abuse*
(2008) | |


title: Adımı Kalbine Yaz

abstract: Adimi Kalbine Yaz is Turkish pop singer Tarkan's studio album, and was released on 29 July 2010 in Turkey. The album sold more than 300,000 copies in the first week of its release and received the best album of the year award from Kral TV Music Awards.

text:
# Adımı Kalbine Yaz

***Adimi Kalbine Yaz*** (*Write My Name Across Your Heart*) is Turkish pop singer Tarkan's studio album, and was released on 29 July 2010 in Turkey. The album sold more than 300,000 copies in the first week of its release and received the best album of the year award from Kral TV Music Awards.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Sevdanın Son Vuruşu" | Aysel Gürel | Tarkan | 5:07 |
| 2. | "Acımayacak" | Mithat Can Özer | Mithat Can Özer | 4:32 |
| 3. | "İşim Olmaz" | Yıldız Tilbe | Yıldız Tilbe | 4:13 |
| 4. | "Kayıp" | Günay Çoban | Tarkan | 4:58 |
| 5. | "Öp" | Sezen Aksu **·**  Tarkan | Ozan Çolakoğlu **·**  Tarkan | 3:47 |
| 6. | "Adımı Kalbine Yaz" | Tarkan | Tarkan | 5:12 |
| 7. | "Sen Çoktan Gitmişsin" | Sezen Aksu | Ozan Çolakoğlu | 4:26 |
| 8. | "Usta-Çırak" | Gülşah Tütüncü | Gülşah Tütüncü | 3:25 |
| 9. | "Acımayacak" (Gürcell Club Mix) | Mithat Can Özer | Mithat Can Özer | 4:58 |
| 10. | "Adımı Kalbine Yaz" (Ozinga Club Mix) | Tarkan | Tarkan | 4:21 |
| 11. | "Sevdanın Son Vuruşu" (Suat Ateşdağlı Mix) | Aysel Gürel | Tarkan | 5:20 |
| 12. | "Öp" (Gürcell Club Mix) | Sezen Aksu **·**  Tarkan | Ozan Çolakoğlu **·**  Tarkan | 5:07 |
| 13. | "Sevdanın Son Vuruşu" (Kivanch K Mix) | Aysel Gürel | Tarkan | 9:43 |
| Total length: | | | | 65:09 |

## Credits

* Arranged By – Gülşah Tütüncü (tracks: 8), Gürsel Çelik (tracks: 9, 12), Kivanch K.\* (tracks: 13), Ozan Çolakoğlu (tracks: 1 to 8, 10), Suat Ateşdağlı (tracks: 11)
* Mastered By – Emily Lazar (tracks: 1), Joe LaPorta (tracks: 1)
* Mixed By – Levent Demirbaş (tracks: 1, 3, 4, 6, 7), Murat Matthew Erdem (tracks: 5), Yalçın Aşan (tracks: 11), Özgür Yurtoğlu (tracks: 2, 8, 9, 10, 12)
* Photography By – Giuliano Bekor
* Recorded By \[Additional Vocals\] – Emirhan Cengiz
* Recorded By \[Percussions & Strings\] – Bahadır Sağbaş (tracks: 3, 6)
* Recorded By, Recorded By \[Vocals\], Mastered By – Levent Demirbaş
* Words By \[Redaction\] – Handan Menekşe

## Charts

| Chart (2010) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Turkey (D&R Best-Selling) | 1 |
|

## Sales

| Country | Sales |
| --- | --- |
| Turkey (MÜ-YAP) | 355,000 |
|

## Release

| Country | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Turkey | 28 July 2010 | CD **·**  digital download | DMC **·**  Hitt |  |
| | Worldwide | | Digital download |  |
| United Kingdom | 27 February 2012 | CD | DMC **·**  Hitt **·**  GNL **·**  Tonpool |  |
| United States | | | 28 February 2012 |  |
| | | | Germany |  |
| | | | France |  |
| | | | Spain |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Adimi Kalbine Yaz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Tarkan | |
| Released | 29 August 2010 (Turkey) |
| Recorded | November 2009–June 2010 |
| Studio | * Db Müzik * MDM Studio |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 65:09 |
| Label |  |
| Tarkan chronology | |
| *Metamorfoz Remixes*
(2008) ***Adimi Kalbine Yaz***
(2010) *Ahde Vefa*
(2016) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Adimi kalbine Yaz* | |
| 1. "Sevdanın Son Vuruşu"
Released: 11 May 2010 | |
|  | |


title: Ylistaro

abstract: Ylistaro is a former municipality of Finland. It was consolidated, together with Nurmo to Seinäjoki on 1 January 2009.

text:
# Ylistaro

**Ylistaro** is a former municipality of Finland. It was consolidated, together with Nurmo to Seinäjoki on 1 January 2009.

Media related to Ylistaro at Wikimedia Commons

62°56′25″N 22°31′00″E / 62.94028°N 22.51667°E / 62.94028; 22.51667

## InfoBox

| Ylistaro | |
| --- | --- |
| Former municipality | |
| *Ylistaron kunta*<br>*Ylistaro kommun* | |
| Ylistaro Church | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Finland |
| Province | Western Finland |
| Region | Southern Ostrobothnia |
| Sub-region | Seinäjoki |
| Merged with Seinäjoki | January 1, 2009 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Official languages | Finnish |


title: Quercus marilandica

abstract: Quercus marilandica, the blackjack oak, is a small oak, one of the red oak group Quercus sect. Lobatae. It is native to the eastern and central United States.

text:
# Quercus marilandica

***Quercus marilandica***, the **blackjack oak**, is a small oak, one of the red oak group *Quercus* sect. *Lobatae*. It is native to the eastern and central United States.

## Description

*Quercus marilandica* is a small deciduous tree growing to 15 meters (49 feet) tall, with bark cracked into rectangular black plates with narrow orange fissures. The leaves are 7–20 centimeters (3–8 inches) long and broad, and typically flare from a tapered base to a broad three-lobed bell shape with only shallow indentations. They are dark green and glossy above, pubescent underneath, and often remain attached to the twigs through the winter after turning colors from red to brown in the fall. The acorn is small, 12–20 millimeters (1234 in) long and 10–18 mm (3834 in) broad; like those of other red oaks, it takes 18 months to mature.

Blackjack oaks in the Cross Timbers can grow from 15 to 18 m (50 to 60 ft) high but seldom reach more than 12 m (40 ft), with a trunk diameter of 41 cm (16 in). The leaves are from 10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 in) in length and about the same width.

## Distribution and habitat

The blackjack oak can be found from Long Island in New York to Florida, west as far as Texas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska. There are reports of a few isolated populations in southern Michigan, but these appear to represent introductions.

The species grows in poor, thin, dry, rocky or sandy soils where few other woody plants can thrive, usually on low ground, from sea level up to approximately 850 m (2,800 ft) in altitude. Some sources say that it does not have the beautiful form of many oaks, but is nonetheless a valuable tree for growing in problem sites. Some say that the tree is "tough but ugly", but also underappreciated. At times the tree has even been actively eradicated to provide room for trees deemed to be more commercially valuable.

It is sometimes an understory tree in pine stands on sandy knolls in the southeastern US. Along the coastal plain of New Jersey the probability of finding this species is increased in relatively sunny, open areas such as those near coastal salt marshes. It often occurs near scarlet and post oaks as well as pitch pine; understory companions include winged sumac, bracken, sweetfern, and bayberry, and can be found as far north as parts of Ohio and New York.

A variety, *Quercus marilandica* Münchhausen var. *ashei* Sudworth, grows in the western portions of its range – northern Texas, Oklahoma, and into southern Kansas. In this area, blackjack and post oak form a semi-savanna area composed of forested strips intermixed with prairie grass glades along the eastern edge of the southern Great Plains. This semi-savanna is known as the Cross Timbers. Scrub forms of *Q. marilandica* dominate on many chert glades along with *Q. stellata* in Arkansas's Ozark plateau.

## Ecology

Blackjack oak sometimes hybridizes with bear oak (*Q. ilicifolia*), forming a hybrid known as *Q.* × *brittonii*.

Blackjack acorns provide food for both whitetail deer and wild turkey. Blackjacks may, however, cause tannic acid poisoning in cattle.

## Uses

The wood is very dense and produces a hot flame when burned, which functions as an excellent source of heat for barbecues and wood-burning stoves. However, the wood is not desirable for wood fireplaces because the heat causes popping, thereby increasing the risk of house fires.

Traditionally blackjack wood is used as both a fuel and smoke wood for barbecue in Oklahoma.

## InfoBox

| Blackjack oak | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Dormant blackjack in the Cross Timbers of Lincoln County, Oklahoma | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Fagaceae |
| Genus: | *Quercus* |
| Subgenus: | *Quercus subg. Quercus* |
| Section: | *Quercus sect. Lobatae* |
| Species: | ***Q. marilandica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Quercus marilandica***
Muenchh. | |
|
|  | |
| Generalized natural range of *Quercus marilandica* | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Quercus cuneata* Wangenh. * *Quercus dilatata* Raf. * *Quercus ferruginea* F.Michx. * *Quercus neoashei* Bush * *Quercus nobilis* Mast. | |


title: Repedea (Ruscova)

abstract: The Repedea is a right tributary of the river Ruscova in Romania. It discharges into the Ruscova in the village Repedea. Its length is 19 km (12 mi) and its basin size is 88 km⁲ (34 sq mi).

text:
# Repedea (Ruscova)

The **Repedea** is a right tributary of the river Ruscova in Romania. It discharges into the Ruscova in the village Repedea. Its length is 19 km (12 mi) and its basin size is 88 km2 (34 sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Repedea | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Romania |
| Counties | Maramureș County |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Ruscova |
| location | Repedea |
| coordinates | 47°49′53″N 24°23′42″E / 47.8313°N 24.3949°E / 47.8313; 24.3949 |
| Length | 19 km (12 mi) |
| Basin size | 88 km2 (34 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | RuscovaVișeuTiszaDanubeBlack Sea |


title: Metepeira labyrinthea

abstract: Metepeira labyrinthea, the labyrinth orbweaver, is a spider, with thin legs and a round, bulbous abdomen It is a member of the genus Metepeira in the family Araneidae. The female’s length is 5.3 mm, its carapace 2.3 mm, abdomen 3.3 mm, and extended legs 18.4 mm. The carapace is brown or gray, and the abdomen is dark with a white pattern. The legs alternate pale brown and dark brown, and the sternum is dark brown with a longitudinal yellow mark. The male spider is three-quarters of the female’s length, or slightly larger, with a darker carapace and with greater contrast between dark and light areas of the legs. Metepeira are easily distinguished from other Araneidae by their light eye region, white median line on the sternum, relative length of the leg segments, small male palpus, weakly sclerotized epigyne and the special composite web.

text:
# Metepeira labyrinthea

***Metepeira labyrinthea***, the **labyrinth orbweaver**, is a spider, with thin legs and a round, bulbous abdomen It is a member of the genus *Metepeira* in the family Araneidae. The female’s length is 5.3 mm, its carapace 2.3 mm, abdomen 3.3 mm, and extended legs 18.4 mm. The carapace is brown or gray, and the abdomen is dark with a white pattern. The legs alternate pale brown and dark brown, and the sternum is dark brown with a longitudinal yellow mark. The male spider is three-quarters of the female’s length, or slightly larger, with a darker carapace and with greater contrast between dark and light areas of the legs. *Metepeira* are easily distinguished from other Araneidae by their light eye region, white median line on the sternum, relative length of the leg segments, small male palpus, weakly sclerotized epigyne and the special composite web.

## Web

In the webs of some spiders the viscid thread turns in very few, if any, spiral turns; most of the thread is looped back and forth along the radius. This is shown in the web of *Meteperia labyrinthea*. A web of this kind is termed an incomplete orb. The web of the labyrinth spider is highly characteristic and is more easily recognizable than the spider itself. The web consists of both an orb web and an irregular web. The orb web is built below and in front of an irregular web, where a retreat for the spider is created. This retreat is a tangled, knotted web made with some debris and leaves woven into the silk, placed so as to make a small tent for the spider. After attaining maturity, the male makes no orb web.

## Habitat

The labyrinth orbweaver can be found in most of the United States, southward through the Neotropics to Argentina. It is locally common in places of open woodland or woodland edge, and the webs are usually 3 to 8 feet above the ground. Orange trees, which have many dead and bare lower branches, provide places for the webs in thorny clusters of twigs. The spiders seem to be somewhat of a colonist, with many living in the same tree, sometimes with their webs only a few inches apart.

## Food

Like many other spiders, the labyrinth spider is a predator that uses the orb portion of its web to ensnare prey. It is a passive hunter that lets the web do the work. One or more trap lines extend from the retreat to the orb web. The sticky prey capture threads of orb-webs are critical to web performance. By retaining insects that strike the web, these spirally designed threads allow a spider time to locate their prey. When an insect becomes entangled in the web, the spider climbs down to reach it from the trap line and ties it up in the web. If the spider is in need of food immediately, the insect is taken back to the retreat where the soft parts of the animal are eaten and the remaining parts thrown from the web.

In June 1980, a field experiment was performed in Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Prince George's County, Maryland, to determine if food is a limiting resource for adult females of *Metepeira labyrinthea*. Spiders built webs after being added to open experimental units, half of which were exposed to natural prey densities, while the other spiders were given laboratory-reared flies to increase prey availability. Feeding continued like this for 2.5 months and at the end of the experiment all egg sacs were removed from the units. Additional prey did not increase the survival rate of the spiders; however, the species responded to additional prey by significantly increasing the number of eggs produced per female. Median egg production per female increased from 65 to 145 for *M. labyrinthea*. This indicated that food was a limited resource for this species.

## Life cycle

The labyrinth spider is active, with its webs visible, from March through October. During the rainy season, the female mates and lays eggs. The female usually produces 5 or 6 egg sacs with an average of 55 eggs each. She puts her eggs into several silken discs strung together in a bead-like row, and then builds an egg case around the eggs and hangs it in the web near her retreat, where it is camouflaged by other debris in her web. Once the young emerge they are self-sufficient; they leave the mother's nest by ballooning.

## InfoBox

| *Metepeira labyrinthea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Araneidae |
| Genus: | *Metepeira* |
| Species: | ***M. labyrinthea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metepeira labyrinthea***<br>(Hentz, 1847) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Epeira labyrinthea* * *Epeira crucifera* * *Epeira solitudinis* * *Araneus labyrintheus* * *Araneus cruciferus* * *Araneus solitudinis* * *Aranea keyserlingi* | |


title: William A. Heiss House and Buggy Shop

abstract: The William A. Heiss House and Buggy Shop is an historic, American home that is located in Mifflinburg, Union County, Pennsylvania. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

text:
# William A. Heiss House and Buggy Shop

The **William A. Heiss House and Buggy Shop** is an historic, American home that is located in Mifflinburg, Union County, Pennsylvania.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

## History and architectural features

This historic property includes three buildings: the house, the buggy shop, and the display-storage center. The house was built in 1870, and is a two-story, five-bay, frame dwelling with a rear ell. The buggy shop was built in 1889, and is a two-story, rectangular, wood-frame building that is sixty-three feet long and twenty-four feet wide. The display-storage center was built in 1895, and is a two-story, rectangular, wood-frame building that is thirty-three feet long and fifty feet wide. It is representative of the buggy manufacturers who once had a notable presence in Mifflinburg.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

The property is the Mifflinburg Buggy Museum. Visitors may tour the Heiss family home, reconstructed carriage house, the original buggy factory with carriages, wagons, and sleighs and tools, and original showroom. There is a visitor center with an introductory video, self-guided exhibit and hands-on workbench.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| William A. Heiss House and Buggy Shop | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The house in December 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | 523 Green St., Mifflinburg, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 40°54′53″N 77°02′55″W / 40.91472°N 77.04861°W / 40.91472; -77.04861 |
| Area | 2.7 acres (1.1 ha) |
| Built | 1870, 1889, 1895 |
| NRHP reference No. | 79002348 |
| Added to NRHP | August 6, 1979 |