abstract: NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions were mission-specific commemorative medallions, often astronaut-designed, which were approved by NASA and carried aboard the mission spacecraft into orbit. Beginning with the first crewed Gemini mission in 1965, commemorative medallions were prepared for the astronauts at their request. These were produced by a company only known as Fliteline and were struck either in a pewter-colored base metal, sometimes painted a gold color, or sterling silver, and were flown on all 10 crewed Gemini missions. A Fliteline medallion was designed and produced for Apollo 1, but was never officially flown after a disastrous cabin fire during a launch rehearsal killed the flight crew. The Robbins Company of Attleboro, Massachusetts, was contracted in 1968 to produce commemorative medallions beginning with Apollo 7, the first crewed Apollo flight since the Apollo 1 disaster. These were purchased by astronauts and support crew personnel at NASA Astronaut Flight Office, and a total of over 3,000 sterling silver Robbins medallions were flown into space across the 12 crewed flights of the Apollo program. Some of these were later sold in public auction for up to $60,000. The basic elements of the medallion design are consistent throughout the 12 medallions in the series, with the main design element and the mission name on the obverse, mission dates on the reverse, primary flight crew names on either the obverse or reverse, and a serial number either on the lower reverse or on the rim. A very small number of Apollo Robbins medallions were also struck in 14k gold, generally ordered by the mission crew as a personal memento. Sterling silver Robbins medallions have continued to be struck for every crewed NASA spaceflight, including Skylab and Space Shuttle missions.

text:
# NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions

**NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions** were mission-specific commemorative medallions, often astronaut-designed, which were approved by NASA and carried aboard the mission spacecraft into orbit. Beginning with the first crewed Gemini mission in 1965, commemorative medallions were prepared for the astronauts at their request. These were produced by a company only known as Fliteline and were struck either in a pewter-colored base metal, sometimes painted a gold color, or sterling silver, and were flown on all 10 crewed Gemini missions. A Fliteline medallion was designed and produced for Apollo 1, but was never officially flown after a disastrous cabin fire during a launch rehearsal killed the flight crew.

The Robbins Company of Attleboro, Massachusetts, was contracted in 1968 to produce commemorative medallions beginning with Apollo 7, the first crewed Apollo flight since the Apollo 1 disaster. These were purchased by astronauts and support crew personnel at NASA Astronaut Flight Office, and a total of over 3,000 sterling silver Robbins medallions were flown into space across the 12 crewed flights of the Apollo program. Some of these were later sold in public auction for up to $60,000. The basic elements of the medallion design are consistent throughout the 12 medallions in the series, with the main design element and the mission name on the obverse, mission dates on the reverse, primary flight crew names on either the obverse or reverse, and a serial number either on the lower reverse or on the rim. A very small number of Apollo Robbins medallions were also struck in 14k gold, generally ordered by the mission crew as a personal memento. Sterling silver Robbins medallions have continued to be struck for every crewed NASA spaceflight, including Skylab and Space Shuttle missions.

## Space-flown numismatic items

A 1957-A $1 Silver certificate short snorter flown in 1961 on *Freedom 7* by Alan Shepard.          A 1953 $2-bill carried on the 1965 Gemini 3 mission and signed by Gus Grissom and John Young

Numismatic souvenirs have accompanied astronauts on nearly every early spaceflight. Mercury astronauts carried small light-weight mementos on their missions, often in the form of US coins or banknotes. On the first sub-orbital flight (Mercury-Redstone 3), Alan Shepard carried with him four one-dollar silver certificates which were subsequently signed by him, other Mercury astronauts, and support staff becoming short snorters. A number of Mercury dimes were flown aboard Mercury-Redstone 4 in 1961, being recovered with the capsule from the Atlantic Ocean in 1999. John Glenn, piloting the first crewed U.S. orbital spaceflight Mercury-Atlas 6 also carried several one-dollar silver certificates.

Space-flown numismatic items are also known for early Gemini missions. On the first crewed Gemini flight (Gemini 3), Grissom and Young brought 50 two-dollar bills. Young also made history for smuggling "contraband" on board the flight, in the form of a corned-beef sandwich. Other currencies have been taken to space as well; in 2014, Chris Hadfield made history with the first unveiling of a new currency design in space when he revealed the new design for the Canadian five-dollar note aboard the International Space Station.

## Gemini mission space-flown Fliteline medallions

Beginning with the first crewed Gemini mission in March 1965, commemorative medallions were prepared for the astronauts at their request. It is unclear who prepared these early medallions, only that each individual box containing a medallion bore the word "Fliteline". It is unknown how many gold and silver colored medallions were prepared for each mission, and how many were space-flown versus unflown. Fliteline medallions were prepared for each of the crewed Gemini flights, as well as the ill-fated Apollo 1 mission.

Gemini mission space-flown Fliteline medallions
| Mission | Date | Medallion | Size | Provenance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gemini 3 | 23 Mar 1965 |  | 26 mm (1.0 in) | Gordon Cooper |
| Gemini 4 | 3 Jun 1965
7 Jun 1965 |  | 25 mm (0.98 in) | Ed White |
| Gemini 5 | 21 Aug 1965
29 Aug 1965 |  | 25 mm (0.98 in) | Not reported |
| Gemini 6A | 15 Dec 1965
16 Dec 1965 |  | 25 mm (0.98 in) | Wally Schirra |
| Gemini 7 | 4 Dec 1965
18 Dec 1965 |  | 25 mm (0.98 in) | Frank Borman to
Joe Garino |
| Gemini 8 | 16 Mar 1966
17 Mar 1966 |  | 25 mm (0.98 in) | David Scott to
Joe Garino |
| Gemini 9A | 3 Jun 1966
6 Jun 1966 |  | 30 mm × 20 mm (1.18 in × 0.79 in) | Gene Cernan |
| Gemini 10 | 18 Jul 1966
21 Jul 1966 |  | 25 mm (0.98 in) | John Young |
| Gemini 11 | 12 Sep 1966
15 Sep 1966 |  | 20 mm × 30 mm (0.79 in × 1.18 in) | Jack Lousma |
| Gemini 12 | 11 Nov 1966
15 Nov 1966 |  | 25 mm (0.98 in) | Jim Lovell to
Joe Garino |

## Apollo mission space-flown Robbins medallions

The Robbins Company was founded in 1892 by jeweler Charles M. Robbins, in Attleboro, Massachusetts. They began designing and producing commemorative badges for Ohio in 1913, and South Dakota in 1917. In 1935, the first 1,000 badges of a new design for the Federal Bureau of Investigation were produced by Robbins. The Robbins Company also struck the Olympic medals for the 1932 Winter Games in Lake Placid, New York.

### Robbins medallions

The Apollo 1 cabin fire in January 1967 put crewed spaceflight on hold. The crew of Apollo 7, designated to be the return to crewed spaceflight, began working with the Robbins Company later in 1967 to produce commemorative mission medallions. Commissioned by the NASA Astronaut Flight Office (AFO), the medallions were financed entirely through the orders placed by astronauts and support crew personnel. Only those directly affiliated with the AFO were eligible as purchasers, and they were bound by their employment contract not to commercialize the medallions, as NASA was concerned about any appearance that the astronauts might profit from the flown medallions.

One (or more) of the astronauts from the flight crew worked directly with the Robbins Company to design the mission medallion. The basic elements of the medallion design are consistent throughout the Project Apollo series. The main design element along with the mission name is located on the obverse. The names of the flight crew can be found on either the obverse or reverse. The mission dates are located on the reverse. Beginning with Apollo 11, special fields were designed for the reverse of the medallion that allowed for engraved dates of launch, lunar landing, and return. Also on the reverse (or sometimes the edge) is the medallion serial number. The size of most Robbins Apollo medallions falls roughly between a current US quarter (24.3 mm (0.96 in)) and a Kennedy half dollar (30.6 mm (1.20 in)).

The medallions were struck in sterling silver two to three months prior to the scheduled mission, though it is unclear whether serial numbers were added pre or post-flight. The medallions were stored in the Command Service Module during flight and on missions involving a lunar landing, a small number were brought to the lunar surface aboard the Lunar Module. The flown medallions were returned to the Robbins Company after the flight to have the dates engraved and for a final polishing. Except where noted, all medallions struck for Apollo 7–14 were flown, and serial numbers for Apollo 14–17 medallions appear on the rim.

For Apollo 13 due to the accident during the mission and the last minute crew change of Jack Swigert replacing Ken Mattingly three days prior to launch, the Apollo 13 Robbins medallions flown aboard the mission were melted down and reminted after the mission to reflect the correct crew, and the absence of a lunar landing date.

Apollo Robbins medallions were also struck, in very small numbers, in 14k gold. These medallions were generally ordered by the mission crew as a personal memento of their flight and were often taken to the lunar surface in the Landing Module. For the duration of the Apollo program, Robbins medallions (3–7 gold and 80–450 silver per mission) were flown into space.

Apollo mission space-flown Robbins medallions
| Mission | Date | Medallion | No. flown
(struck)
 | Size | Design | Provenance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Apollo 1 |  |  | 8
(unk) | 31 mm (1.2 in) | Unknown |  |
| Apollo 7 | 11 Oct 1968
22 Oct 1968 |  | 255
 | 32 mm (1.3 in) | Walter Cunningham | Rusty Schweickart |
| Apollo 8 | 21 Dec 1968
27 Dec 1968 |  | 300 | 38 mm × 30 mm (1.5 in × 1.2 in) | Jim Lovell | Rusty Schweickart |
| Apollo 9 | 3 Mar 1969
13 Mar 1969 |  | 350 | 25 mm (0.98 in) | McDivitt, Scott, Schweickart | Jim McDivitt (Crew Commander), presented to Wally Schirra |
| Apollo 10 | 18 May 1969
26 May 1969 |  | 300 | 29 mm × 31 mm (1.1 in × 1.2 in) | Stafford, Young, Cernan | Rusty Schweickart |
| Apollo 11 | 16 Jul 1969
20 Jul 1969
24 Jul 1969 |  | 440
(450)
 | 28 mm (1.1 in) | Michael Collins | Neil Armstrong (Crew Commander), presented to Wally Schirra |
| Apollo 12 | 14 Nov 1969
19 Nov 1969
24 Nov 1969 |  | 262
 | 32 mm (1.3 in) | Unknown | Pete Conrad (Crew Commander), presented to Jim Rathmann |
| Apollo 13 | 11 Apr 1970
abort
17 Apr 1970 |  | 400
 | 32 mm (1.3 in) | Apollo 13 crew with Lumen Martin Winter | Rusty Schweickart |
| Apollo 14 | 31 Jan 1971
5 Feb 1971
9 Feb 1971 |  | 303 | 35 mm × 30 mm (1.4 in × 1.2 in) | Apollo 14 crew with Jean Beaulieu | Rusty Schweickart |
| Apollo 15 | 26 Jul 1971
30 Jul 1971
7 Aug 1971 |  | 127
(304)
 | 35 mm (1.4 in) | Based on a design by Emilio Pucci | Rusty Schweickart |
| Apollo 16 | 16 Apr 1972
20 Apr 1972
27 Apr 1972 |  | 98
(300) | 35 mm (1.4 in) | Apollo 16 crew with Barbara Matelski | John Young (Crew Commander) |
| Apollo 17 | 7 Dec 1972
11 Dec 1972
19 Dec 1972 |  | 80
(300) | 35 mm (1.4 in) | Apollo 17 crew | Unknown |
| Apollo
Soyuz | 15 Jul 1975
24 Jul 1975 |  | 93
(192) | 35 mm (1.4 in) | Unknown | Rusty Schweickart |

## Robbins Apollo medallions at auction

Despite the NASA prohibition on commercializing the medallions, since 1995 there have been over 500 internet or live auction appearances of Apollo mission Robbins medallions. Two auction companies account for a majority of the sales: Heritage Auctions (over 200 since 2007) and RR Auction (over 100 since 2011). Between both auction companies, the top 10 prices realized range from US$30,000 to nearly $62,000, all for sterling silver medallions from either Apollo 11 or Apollo 17. A gold Robbins medallion from the Apollo 11 mission that belonged to astronaut Neil Armstrong sold for over $2 million in July 2019.

### Footnotes

### Notes

1. Weinberger 2006, p. 6.
2. Weinberger 2006, pp. 67–70.
3. Gibbs 2013, p. 14.
4. *Ocean News & Technology*. Technology Systems Corporation.
5. Joseph A. Angelo (May 14, 2014). *Human Spaceflight*. Infobase Publishing. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-1-4381-0891-9.
6. Gibbs 2013, p. 26.
7. "50 Years Ago This Week a Sandwich Was Smuggled into Space", *Washingtonpost.com*, retrieved July 5, 2015
8. *Astronaut John Young Brought a Corned Beef Sandwich into Space*, Businessinsider.com, retrieved July 5, 2015
9. Composite Air-to-ground and Onboard Voice Tape Transcription of the GT-3 Mission (PDF) (Report). National Astronautics and Space Administration. April 1965. p. 45. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
10. "Money from Space". *www.bankofcanadamuseum.ca*. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
11. Starck 2008, p. 95.
12. *Gemini 3 Flown Silver Fliteline Medallion Originally from the Collection of Gordon Cooper*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
13. *Gemini 4 Flown Silver Fliteline Medallion Originally from the Personal Collection of Mission Pilot Ed White II*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
14. *Gemini 5 Flown Silver Fliteline Medallion*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
15. *Gemini 6A Flown Silver-Colored Fliteline Medallion, Originally from Wally Schirra's Personal Collection*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
16. *Gemini 7 Flown Fliteline Gold-Plated Sterling Silver Medallion*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
17. *Joe Garino Collection of Space Memorabilia to be Auctioned by Heritage!*, retrieved December 15, 2015
18. *Gemini 8 Flown Fliteline Sterling Silver Medallion*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
19. *Gemini 9A Flown Silver Fliteline Medallion Originally from the Collection of Mission Pilot Gene Cernan*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
20. *Gemini 10 Flown Fliteline Gold-Colored Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Mission Commander John Young*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
21. *Gemini 11 Flown Sterling Silver Fliteline Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Jack Lousma*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
22. *Gemini 12 Flown Fliteline Gold-Plated Sterling Silver Medallion*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
23. "TharpeRobbins Company History". *www.engage2excel.com*. TharpeRobbins Company.
24. Wood 1913, p. 433.
25. South Dakota 1917, p. 125.
26. Federal Bureau of Investigation 2008, p. 120.
27. Weinberger 1999, p. 6.
28. Still 1995, p. 194.
29. Starck 2008, p. 96.
30. Still 1995, p. 195.
31. Weinberger 1999, p. 7.
32. Weinberger 1999, pp. 33–36.
33. Weinberger 1999, p. 8.
34. "Medal, Robbins, Commemorative, Apollo 13 | National Air and Space Museum". *airandspace.si.edu*. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
35. Numismatic Guarantee Corporation 2007.
36. Weinberger 1999.
37. Weinberger 2006, pp. 19–20.
38. Weinberger 2006.
39. *Apollo 1 Silver-Colored Fliteline Medallion Flown on Apollo 9 by Mission Commander Jim McDivitt, Originally from the Ed White II Family Collection*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
40. Weinberger 2006, p. 19.
41. Weinberger 1999, p. 11.
42. *Apollo 7 Flown Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Rusty Schweickart, Serial Number 186*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
43. Weinberger 1999, p. 13.
44. *Apollo 8 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Rusty Schweickart, Serial Number 264*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
45. Weinberger 1999, p. 15.
46. *Apollo 9 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Originally from the Personal Collection of Mercury Seven Astronaut Wally Schirra, Serial Number 260*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
47. Weinberger 1999, p. 17.
48. *Apollo 10 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Rusty Schweickart, Serial Number 70*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
49. Weinberger 1999, p. 19.
50. *Apollo 11 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Originally from the Personal Collection of Mercury Seven Astronaut Wally Schirra, Serial Number 416*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
51. Weinberger 1999, p. 34.
52. Weinberger 1999, p. 21.
53. *Apollo 12 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Jim Rathmann Collection, Serial Number 1.*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
54. Weinberger 1999, p. 35.
55. Weinberger 1999, p. 23.
56. *Apollo 13 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Rusty Schweickart, Serial Number 354*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
57. Weinberger 1999, p. 25.
58. *Apollo 14 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Rusty Schweickart, Serial Number 192*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
59. Weinberger 2006, p. 20.
60. Weinberger 1999, p. 37.
61. Weinberger 1999, p. 27.
62. *Apollo 15 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Rusty Schweickart, Serial Number 092*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
63. Weinberger 1999, p. 29.
64. *Apollo 16 Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Mission Commander John Young, Serial Number 19.*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 14, 2015
65. Weinberger 1999, p. 31.
66. *Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Flown Silver Robbins Medallion Directly from the Personal Collection of Astronaut Rusty Schweickart*, Heritage Auctions (HA.com), retrieved April 22, 2015
67. *Robbins medallions sold at auction or identified in private or museum collections*, spaceflownartifacts.com, archived from the original on July 10, 2015, retrieved July 9, 2015
68. *Heritage Auctions search for "flown robbins medallion"*, Heritage Auctions, archived from the original on July 10, 2015, retrieved July 10, 2015
69. *RR Auction search for "robbins medal"*, rrauction.com, retrieved July 10, 2015
70. *Heritage Auctions search for "flown robbins medallion" (sorted by price)*, Heritage Auctions, retrieved July 10, 2015
71. *RR Auction search for "robbins medal" (sorted by price)*, rrauction.com, retrieved July 10, 2015
72. *Apollo 11: Neil Armstrong's gold medal that flew to the Moon sold for more than $2 million*, FoxNews.com, July 17, 2019, retrieved October 23, 2020

### Bibliography


title: Yong Peng High School

abstract: Yong Peng High School is a co-educational Chinese independent high school in Yong Peng, Johor, Malaysia.

text:
# Yong Peng High School

**Yong Peng High School** (Chinese: 永平中学) is a co-educational Chinese independent high school in Yong Peng, Johor, Malaysia.

2°00′50.3″N 103°03′42.3″E / 2.013972°N 103.061750°E / 2.013972; 103.061750

## InfoBox

| Yong Peng High School
Yǒng Píng Zhōng Xué
永平中学 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Jalan Sekolah Cina
Yong Peng, Johor
Malaysia | |
| Information | |
| Type | Independent |
| Established | 1957 (1957) |
| Website | www.yphs.edu.my |


title: NGC 679

abstract: NGC 679 is an elliptical or a lenticular galaxy located 210 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on September 13, 1784 and is a member of Abell 262. It is also a radio galaxy.

text:
# NGC 679

**NGC 679** is an elliptical or a lenticular galaxy located 210 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on September 13, 1784 and is a member of Abell 262.

It is also a radio galaxy.

## Dust Disk

NGC 679 hosts a nearly face-on disk of dust with a diameter of ~9,800 ly (3 kpc).

## InfoBox

| NGC 679 | |
| --- | --- |
| 2MASS image of NGC 679. | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Andromeda |
| Right ascension | 01h 49m 43.8s |
| Declination | 35° 47 08 |
| Redshift | 0.016842 |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 5049 km/s |
| Distance | 213 Mly (65.4 Mpc) |
| Group or cluster | Abell 262 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 13.33 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | E, S0^- |
| Size | ~106,000 ly (32.4 kpc) (estimated) |
| Apparent size (V) | 2.1 x 2.1 |
| Other designations | |
| CGCG 522-15, MCG 6-5-12, PGC 6711, UGC 1283 | |


title: York Town Hall

abstract:
York Town Hall is a heritage listed town hall in York, Western Australia, located in Avon Terrace. At the time of its construction, it was claimed to be the largest public hall in Western Australia, with an interior floor space measuring 100 by 50 feet. Constructed in 1911, it is an example of Edwardian opulence. Architecturally, while it may be considered to be in Federation Free Classical style, with its "spectacular potpouri of architectural styles" and its "soaring columns topped with a decorative pediment and above the main entrance, a high semi-circular window in Romanesque manner", its features are so exaggerated that it is more in Victorian Mannerist style. It was designed by Wright, Powell and Cameron. The lobby has a sweeping staircase constructed by local craftsmen from jarrah timber salvaged from the Mechanics Institute building, which had been demolished to make way for the Town Hall. During construction the last of six large steel principals in the main section of the hall still had to be secured firmly but lunchtime came and the workmen took lunch. During lunch a willy-willy brought down the unsecured principal and with it, the other five. All had to be completely replaced. The Town Hall was opened on 30 November 1911 by the newly elected Labor Premier John Scaddan. Historian Tony Clack comments: "...the erection of the Town Hall was York's swan song. Two and a half year's later the world was at war and York never recovered the confidence that was expressed in the construction of the Town Hall." The cost of construction was £9,027 for which the Council borrowed £7,000, and for many years, the Council struggled to pay the debt on the loans. It was designed to be large enough to generate income from renting the hall to travelling picture-show men and was utilised as a picture show venue early in its history. In 1926, the Town Hall was condemned by the Public Health Department and was closed down, due to a settling of the foundations. To remedy this, expensive steel reinforcing was introduced to support the walls, and steel braces and ties were installed on the roof trusses. In 1933 at the annual St Patrick’s Ball, in the company of his young companions, at 11:30 pm, a 16 year old Terrance Rowan stood on the railing of the dress circle balcony, overbalanced and crashed to the dance floor some 15 feet (5 m) below. He landed head first and broke his neck, and died early next morning. The clock was installed in 1952 and the building extended up Joaquina Street in 1997, completing the architect's original vision. In the 2000s it was refurbished and renovated, and the stage was renovated in 2019. The building is:
  - permanently on the Register of the National Estate
  - classified by the National Trust of Australia
  - on the Shire municipal inventory
  - permanently on the State Register of Heritage Places

text:
# York Town Hall

**York Town Hall** is a heritage listed town hall in York, Western Australia, located in Avon Terrace. At the time of its construction, it was claimed to be the largest public hall in Western Australia, with an interior floor space measuring 100 by 50 feet (30 m × 15 m).

Constructed in 1911, it is an example of Edwardian opulence. Architecturally, while it may be considered to be in Federation Free Classical style, with its "spectacular potpouri of architectural styles" and its "soaring columns topped with a decorative pediment and above the main entrance, a high semi-circular window in Romanesque manner", its features are so exaggerated that it is more in Victorian Mannerist style.

It was designed by Wright, Powell and Cameron (the firm headed by James William Wright).

The lobby has a sweeping staircase constructed by local craftsmen from jarrah timber salvaged from the Mechanics Institute building, which had been demolished to make way for the Town Hall.

During construction the last of six large steel principals in the main section of the hall still had to be secured firmly but lunchtime came and the workmen took lunch. During lunch a willy-willy brought down the unsecured principal and with it, the other five. All had to be completely replaced.

The Town Hall was opened on 30 November 1911 by the newly elected Labor Premier John Scaddan.

Historian Tony Clack comments: "...the erection of the Town Hall was York's swan song. Two and a half year's later the world was at war and York never recovered the confidence that was expressed in the construction of the Town Hall." The cost of construction was £9,027 for which the Council borrowed £7,000, and for many years, the Council struggled to pay the debt on the loans.

It was designed to be large enough to generate income from renting the hall to travelling picture-show men and was utilised as a picture show venue early in its history.

In 1926, the Town Hall was condemned by the Public Health Department and was closed down, due to a settling of the foundations. To remedy this, expensive steel reinforcing was introduced to support the walls, and steel braces and ties were installed on the roof trusses.

In 1933 at the annual St Patrick’s Ball, in the company of his young companions, at 11:30 pm, a 16 year old Terrance Rowan stood on the railing of the dress circle balcony, overbalanced and crashed to the dance floor some 15 feet (5 m) below. He landed head first and broke his neck, and died early next morning.

The clock was installed in 1952 and the building extended up Joaquina Street in 1997, completing the architect's original vision.

In the 2000s it was refurbished and renovated, and the stage was renovated in 2019.

The building is:

## InfoBox

| York Town Hall | |
| --- | --- |
| York Town Hall in 2001 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Heritage listed building |
| Location | York, Western Australia |
| Coordinates | 31°53′30″S 116°46′05″E / 31.89160°S 116.76818°E / -31.89160; 116.76818 (York Town Hall) |
|  | |
| Western Australia Heritage Register | |
| Type | State Registered Place |
| Designated | 7 February 1997 |
| Reference no. | 2880 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: You and What Army

abstract: You and What Army were an English four-piece electronic rock band formed in 2007, originating from Telford. It consisted of David Brown, Kieran Charles Smith, Jamie Hancox and Zak Hammond from 2008, and previously with Joseph Allen (guitar), Darren Smith (bass), and Thomas Bridgwater (drums). Although they are predominantly a rock band, they combine several different musical styles into their sound and are mainly influenced by heavy metal and electronic music.

text:
# You and What Army

**You and What Army** were an English four-piece electronic rock band formed in 2007, originating from Telford. It consisted of David Brown (vocals, synthesizers, sampling, turntables), Kieran Charles Smith (vocals, guitars), Jamie Hancox (bass, backing vocals) and Zak Hammond (drums, percussion) from 2008, and previously with Joseph Allen (guitar), Darren Smith (bass), and Thomas Bridgwater (drums). Although they are predominantly a rock band, they combine several different musical styles into their sound and are mainly influenced by heavy metal and electronic music.

## History

The band was formed in 2007 and performed extensively between September and December 2008, playing in bars, clubs and other small venues. They were voted second in *Rocksound* magazine's readers; poll for Best Live Unsigned Band. In January 2009, the band began recording their first EP, *Soundtrack to the Apocalypse* in Brown's home studio. The EP was produced, mixed and mastered by Brown and was released on 5 June 2009. With the EP, the band gigged throughout the summer and supported Hadouken in Wolverhampton during Hadouken's UK September/October tour.

Early in 2010, You and What Army was voted the third best unsigned act in *Rock Sound* magazine. You and What Army then started work on a second EP, *The End of the Beginning*, again recording in Brown's home studio in January and February. It was released on 26 March 2010.

In 2010, You And What Army played at Download Festival, T in the Park, Sonisphere, Underage Festival and Hevy Music Festival and toured with Kids in Glass Houses, and Boys Like Girls. You and What Army has also performed with Hadouken!, Chase and Status, Tempa T, My Passion, Goldie Lookin Chain, Dave McPherson, and Silent Descent.

You and What Army are also the winners of the Red Bull Bedroom Jam 2010.

In 2011, You and What Army played smaller headline shows. They returned to play Download Festival and Sonisphere Festival as well as Camden Crawl and Main Stage Osfest in Oswestry.

In 2012, the band released its EP *You and What Army* as both a digital release and physical copy. The MP3s were offered for free on NoiseTrade. You and What Army returned to perform at Download Festival in 2012 and released a music video, "Into Your Eyes", with clips from their live performance at Download festival.

The band stopped performing live and was working on their first album, which was scheduled to be released in 2013. However, on 10 July 2014, it was announced on their Facebook page that they were on indefinite hiatus, cancelling all plans of releasing what was to be their debut album.

Brown runs the YouTube channel 'Boyinaband' where he has made music tutorials, skits and videos involving the band, although he now largely creates vlogs and content centred around personal interests (including music). He has also collaborated with other YouTube creators. Brown has a career as a producer, specialising in rap, electronic and metal music.

Smith previously performed under the alias 12 Story Fall but now releases under his name 'Kieran Smith'. In October 2020, Smith discussed his experiences with child loss and released music dealing with this subject. He also spoke about his new role as guitarist in Alt-Pop band Bad Money.

## Musical style

You and What Army are influenced by a variety of music genres, including rock, rap, metal, djent, and various electronic music genres such as rave, drum and bass, gabber, trance, and electro house. The band's earliest songs didn't make use of clean vocals, however, following the addition of guitarist and vocalist Kieran Smith, the band started incorporating clean vocals on some songs. The band's second EP, *The End Of The Beginning,* features both rapping and screamed vocals from frontman Dave Brown, as well as clean vocals from Kieran Smith. The band's self-titled EP features influences from djent metal on tracks such as "Lucidity" and "Take the World by Storm", Dave Brown describing the latter one as "really heavy", as well as a "slow, less heavy" liquid drum and bass song ("Visionary") featuring both Brown and Smith singing.

## Red Bull Bedroom Jam

In 2010, the band entered themselves into the 'Red Bull Bedroom Jam' 2010, an online competition where the prize was to win the chance to play at five major festivals and to be the opening act for major band on a full UK tour. In the first stage, You and What Army performed a live gig from a bedroom live on the Internet. In the second stage, they played on the Red Bull stages at Download Festival, T in the Park, Sonisphere, Underage Festival and Hevy Festival. In the final part of the competition, the band was picked by judges Andy Copping, Beckie Sugden, Charlie Simpson (Fightstar) and Darren Taylor (*Rocksound* editor) to compete against the two other remaining bands within the competition in another public online voting system, which they won.

The band then spent two weeks in October in the Red Bull studio in London and recorded a four track EP, produced by John Mitchell at Outhouse Studios. It was released as a cover-mount by *Rocksound* magazine. The band also went on tour with Kids in Glass Houses and Boys Like Girls in support of the 'Dirt' tour in November. The EP was released as RockSound's CD cover mount on 2 February and had a CD-ROM which contained the band's progress throughout the RBBJ competition. This edition of *Rock Sound* had a full page feature on You and What Army.

## Band members

**Timeline**

## Discography

|
Year
 |
Album details
 |
| --- | --- |
| 2009 |  |
| 2010 | * *The End of the Beginning* * Released: 26 March * Format: CD, digital download |
| 2011 |  |
| 2012 | * You and What Army EP * Released: 29 January (download), 2 April (CD) * Format: CD, digital download |

## InfoBox

| You and What Army | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Telford, England, United Kingdom |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2007-2014 (hiatus) |
| Labels | Self-released |
|  | |
| Members | * David Brown * Kieran Charles Smith * Jamie Hancox * Zak Hammond |
|  | |
| Past members | * Joseph Allen * Darren Smith * Tom Bridgwater * Mark Yardley * Ben Roberts * Eamon Shortt * Jamie Patterson |


title: Young Tarang

abstract: Young Tarang is the third studio album by the Pakistani pop duo Nazia and Zoheb, consisting of Nazia Hassan and Zoheb Hassan. The music was composed by Zoheb and British-Indian producer Biddu, with lyrics written by Nazia and Zoheb. It was first released in Pakistan in 1983, then worldwide in 1984, and went on to sell over 40 million copies. It is one of the most famous albums of Asia. It was also the first South Asian album to feature music videos.

text:
# Young Tarang

***Young Tarang*** is the third studio album by the Pakistani pop duo Nazia and Zoheb, consisting of Nazia Hassan and Zoheb Hassan. The music was composed by Zoheb and British-Indian producer Biddu, with lyrics written by Nazia and Zoheb.

It was first released in Pakistan in 1983, then worldwide in 1984, and went on to sell over 40 million copies. It is one of the most famous albums of Asia. It was also the first South Asian album to feature music videos.

## Music video

Amit Khanna directed "Zara Chera Tu Dekhao", "Sunn" and "Dosti". He used three cameras to shoot the videos. After this the team went to London and recorded four videos with the famous set designer and director, John King, who was also the set designer of Michael Jackson's "Thriller". Amit and John worked on "Pyar Ka Jadu", "Dum Dum Dede", "Ankhien Milane Wale" and "Aag".

## Reception

In 1983, EMI awarded it a Platinum disc for exceeding 150,000 cassette sales in Pakistan. The album went on to become a success in India, and in South East Asia, where it was awarded a Double Platinum Disc. The Hong Kong magazine *Asiaweek* reported that the album sold 100,000 cassettes in its first three weeks, with demand remaining consistent afterwards. The album went on to sell over 40 million copies worldwide.

Over thirty years later, an *India Today* article titled "Nazia makes a lovely comeback" celebrated Nazia Hassan's music appearing in the cult 2012 film, *Miss Lovely* that had premiered at the Cannes Film Festival: "The film has made the audience nostalgic over Ahluwalia's use of the song "Dum dum de de" from Hassan's 1984 album, *Young Tarang*." *Miss Lovely* director, Ashim Ahluwalia, described keeping the original track untouched: "The song symbolises the '80s and the lyrics of the song were in sync with the mood of the film. \[We\] retained the original voice of Nazia. We didn't want to remix this song because the original was perfect."

## Songs

1. Aag - Nazia Hassan
2. Dum Dum Dede - Nazia Hassan
3. Chehra - Zoheb Hassan
4. Kya Howa - Nazia Hassan
5. Dosti - Nazia Hassan & Zoheb Hassan
6. Ashanti - Zoheb Hassan
7. Sunn - Nazia Hassan
8. Medley - Instrumental
9. Ankhien Milane Wale - Nazia Hassan
10. Pyar Ka Jadu - Zoheb Hassan

## Music by

## Lyrics by

## InfoBox

| Young Tarang | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Nazia and Zoheb | |
| Released | 1983 (Pakistan)
24 December 1984 (worldwide) |
| Genre | Pakistani pop |
| Label | CBS |
| Producer | Biddu |
| Nazia and Zoheb chronology | |
| *Star/Boom Boom*
(1982) ***Young Tarang***
(1983) *Hotline*
(1987) | |


title: Young Talkmore Nyongani

abstract: Young Talkmore Nyongani is a Zimbabwean sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres. His personal best time is 44.96 seconds, achieved in March 2005 in Pretoria. He carried the flag for Zimbabwe at the opening ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympics. Nyongani started running in his rural home of Makonde before he was brought to the capital Harare by the Millennium Athletics Academy, which is one of Zimbabwe's school of athletics excellence. He then took part at the World Junior Championships in Jamaica. In 2003, Nyongani was awarded a scholarship and spent time in Dakar, Senegal.

text:
# Young Talkmore Nyongani

**Young Talkmore Nyongani** (born 2 September 1983) is a Zimbabwean sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres. His personal best time is 44.96 seconds, achieved in March 2005 in Pretoria. He carried the flag for Zimbabwe at the opening ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Nyongani started running in his rural home of Makonde before he was brought to the capital Harare by the Millennium Athletics Academy, which is one of Zimbabwe's school of athletics excellence. He then took part at the World Junior Championships in Jamaica. In 2003, Nyongani was awarded a scholarship and spent time in Dakar, Senegal.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Zimbabwe | | | | | |
| 2002 | World Junior Championships | Kingston, Jamaica | 4th | 400 m | 45.93 |
| | Commonwealth Games | Manchester, United Kingdom | 22nd (qf) | 400 m | 47.14 |
| | |  | 4 × 400 m relay | DQ |
| | African Championships | Radès, Tunisia | 5th | 200 m | 21.16 |
| 2003 | All-Africa Games | Abuja, Nigeria | 15th (sf) | 400 m | 47.45 |
| | | | 3rd | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:05.62 |
| 2004 | African Championships | Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo | 3rd | 400 m | 45.69 |
| | | | 1st | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:02.38 |
| | Olympic Games | Athens, Greece | 28th (h) | 400 m | 46.03 |
| 2005 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 20th (sf) | 400 m | 47.20 |
| | | | 17th (h) | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:08.26 |
| 2006 | African Championships | Bambous, Mauritius | 3rd | 400 m | 45.60 |
| 2007 | All-Africa Games | Algiers, Algeria | 2nd | 400 m | 45.76 |
| | | | 3rd | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:04.84 |
| | World Championships | Osaka, Japan | 23rd (h) | 400 m | 46.23 |
| 2008 | Olympic Games | Beijing, China | 30th (h) | 400 m | 45.89 |
| 2009 | World Championships | Berlin, Germany | 26th (h) | 400 m | 45.92 |


title: Young Tiger

abstract: George Browne, better known as the Young Tiger, was a Trinidadian calypso musician.

text:
# Young Tiger

**George Browne** (4 May 1920  23 March 2007), better known as the **Young Tiger**, was a Trinidadian calypso musician.

## Biography

Born **Edric Browne** in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, where his childhood was imbued with the African traditions of Shango and Spiritual Baptist Shouting, he assumed the name George E. Browne in homage to his mentor and family friend, Richard E. Braithwaite, whose library introduced him to works of black history and activism.

Browne joined a Norwegian tanker at the age of 20 and, after a brief stay in Australia, signed off in Scotland in 1941. After befriending other expatriate Trinidadians in Glasgow he relocated to London and began to earn his living as a musician. In 1943 he found luck with a surprise hit, "Christmas Calypso." In 1947–48 he co-founded with Bermudian Ken Gordon (1927–2013, uncle of newsreader Moira Stuart) the Three Just Men group and toured in Europe and North Africa with the trio the following year.

During the same time, Browne worked with a minstrel show headlining Westminster's Central Hall, later involving himself as a vocalist in the chorus of a West End revival of the musical *Show Boat*. Afterwards, he earned extra money with a small group covering current American pop tunes.

Utilizing the calypsonian tradition of social commentary, while playing with a rhumba band at the posh Orchid Room, he put together an extemporary few bars in honour of guest Prince Philip. The staff and proprietor were aghast, but when he returned to play the next night, London's upper crust showed up for that very reason. Unfortunately, Browne had scrapped the song after being lectured by an irate manager of the Orchid Room staff. With this success behind him, he toured Paris, returning to London in 1951. In 1952 Tiger signed to Melodisc, the first British company to record calypso music.

He inherited the name Young Tiger from the calypsonian Growling Tiger when in 1953 he recorded a cover version of Tiger's song "Single Man". Young Tiger's hits dating from that same year include "Calypso Be" and "I Was There" - the latter being his observations about the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II \- and "Mamzelle Josephine". On 31 January 1955, he participated along with fellow calypsonian Kitchener in a concert billed as "The First Caribbean Carnival in London" that was held at the Royal Albert Hall.

Subsequently, embracing jazz music, Browne recorded with a number of bands, including Humphrey Lyttelton's Paseo Jazz Band. In the 1960s he pursued an acting career for a time – he played the role of Jesus Christ in a passion play produced at the First World Festival of Negro Arts in Senegal in 1966.

Abandoning calypso soon after for jazz, Browne collaborated with longtime friend and mentor Lauderic Caton at the underground Soho venue Club du Faubourg and regularly headlined at Oxford and Cambridge University balls. In 1970 he gave up music to open a London restaurant and health club with his then wife. When forced to close it because of rent increases, they moved to the United States, where for a time they had restaurants in Florida and California.

He returned to the UK in the late 1980s, living in retirement in Croydon and making ends meet by playing the stock market. His calypso "I Was There (At the Coronation)" featured on the 2002 Honest Jon compilation *London Is the Place for Me 1: Trinidadian Calypso in London, 1950-1956.* Following the re-release of his "Calypso Be" on *London Is the Place for Me, Vol. 2* (November 2005), Browne played at the BBC "Electric Proms" festival in 2006, performing a few songs together with the London is the Place for Me Allstars. Also featured on the Honest Jon's compilations were "African Dream" and "Chicken and Rice". Eventually, Browne returned to London, and on 26 October 2006 played a live set for the release of the calypso retrospective *London Is the Place for Me, Vol. 2*, bringing his name to a new generation of calypso fans.

Browne died on 23 March 2007, at the age of 82, with obituaries ranging from West Indies music magazines to mainstream press such as *Mojo* and *Rolling Stone*.


title: Young Dubliners

abstract: The Young Dubliners is an Irish-American rock band formed in Santa Monica, California in 1988. Lead singer and rhythm guitarist Keith Roberts has remained the only constant member of the band. The other current members include violinist Chas Waltz, drummer David Ingraham, guitarist Justin Pecot, and bassist Ethan Jones. They describe their music as "original rock compositions and Irish folk songs with a rock twist" and their stated influences include Thin Lizzy, The Pogues, The Waterboys, Big Country, and U2. AllMusic states, "[t]heir sound defies categorization" and describes them as "Ireland's answer to Los Lobos, with a similar combination of traditional folk music, raucous electric rock, and forward-thinking experimentation". The band was signed to Scotti Brothers Records in early 1994 and released the EP Rocky Road to the Adult Album Alternative radio format, where it reached 37 the week of May 6, 1994. It was followed by the full-length album Breathe on June 13, 1995. Shortly after, the band starting touring nationally. The lineup at that time included co-founders Keith Roberts and Paul O’Toole sharing vocals and guitar duties, fellow Irishman Brendan Holmes on bass, violinist Chas Waltz, Jeff Dellisanti on saxophone, Randy Woolford on lead guitar, and Jon Mattox on drums. In 1997, the group signed with Cargo Music, which marked the beginning of a tumultuous period of major tours, label and personnel changes, and multiple record releases. Violinist Chas Waltz left and was replaced by Mark Epting. In August 1997 the band recorded a live album, Alive, Alive ‘O for their new label, but co-founder Paul O’Toole left the band just before the album’s release February 10, 1998. In June 2000 they released Red with OmTown/Higher Octave records. The lyrics for the title track were written by Elton John’s writing partner Bernie Taupin, who gifted it to the band; they subsequently played it at his birthday party at House of Blues. The album was produced by Thom Panunzio. Just after the album’s release guitarist Randy Woolford retired and was replaced by Bob Boulding and drummer Jon Mattox was replaced by David Ingraham, formerly with Tribe of Gypsies. That same year they recorded the theme song for the ABC sitcom Madigan Men. In 2001, violinist Chas Waltz returned to the band and they joined Jethro Tull on a two-month, 30-city international tour. In 2002, they played the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, UT. That June they released a new album, Absolutely. Killian’s beer used a track from the album in a commercial and offered the band a sponsorship deal that included a Killian’s branded tour bus. Shortly after, the band rejoined Jethro Tull for a US tour. They followed that by joining Canadian band Great Big Sea and American Celtic rock band Seven Nations to form the Uprooted tour and also toured as the opening act for John Hiatt. In 2004, while preparing a third album with Higher Octave, lead singer Roberts developed vocal cord nodules which required surgery. After a brief delay they resumed recording and touring and the album, Real World, was released February 15, 2005. Jethro Tull’s Ian Anderson played flute on an instrumental track, "Banshee" and Eric Rigler appeared throughout the album on uilleann pipes. The Washington Post described the album as, "the commercial gold at the end of the rainbow for this criminally underappreciated rock band." In 2006, they signed with 429 Records and recorded an album consisting solely of covers of Irish songs. With All Due Respect - The Irish Sessions was released February 13, 2007 and reached 14 on the Billboard World Music chart. The single Rocky Road to Dublin peaked at 2 and remained on the chart for 115 weeks, while Foggy Dew reached 18 and remained on the chart for four weeks. In 2007, the Young Dubliners toured Denmark, performed a handful of shows in Norway, and played at the G! Festival in the Faroe Islands. On March 15, 2008, the group appeared live on the CBS Early Show. On February 3, 2009, they released Saints and Sinners on 429 Records. The album featured guest performances by Cindy Wasserman and Kenny Wayne Shepherd. On March 17, 2009, the band appeared on ABC-TV's Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and performed two tracks, "Rosie" and the album's title track, "Saint And Sinners". Jimmy Kimmel Live! featured the group a second time on March 17, 2011, when they played "Howya Girls". On July 13, 2013, the band released their ninth album, titled 9, which was funded by independent crowdsourcing.

text:
# Young Dubliners

The **Young Dubliners** (sometimes shortened to the Young Dubs or just The Dubs) is an Irish-American rock band formed in Santa Monica, California in 1988. Lead singer and rhythm guitarist Keith Roberts has remained the only constant member of the band. The other current members include violinist Chas Waltz, drummer David Ingraham, guitarist Justin Pecot, and bassist Ethan Jones. They describe their music as "original rock compositions and Irish folk songs with a rock twist" and their stated influences include Thin Lizzy, The Pogues, The Waterboys, Big Country, and U2. AllMusic states, "\[t\]heir sound defies categorization" and describes them as "Ireland's answer to Los Lobos, with a similar combination of traditional folk music, raucous electric rock, and forward-thinking experimentation".

The band was signed to Scotti Brothers Records in early 1994 and released the EP *Rocky Road* to the Adult Album Alternative radio format, where it reached 37 the week of May 6, 1994. It was followed by the full-length album *Breathe* on June 13, 1995. Shortly after, the band starting touring nationally. The lineup at that time included co-founders Keith Roberts and Paul O’Toole sharing vocals and guitar duties, fellow Irishman Brendan Holmes on bass, violinist Chas Waltz, Jeff Dellisanti on saxophone, Randy Woolford on lead guitar, and Jon Mattox on drums.

In 1997, the group signed with Cargo Music, which marked the beginning of a tumultuous period of major tours, label and personnel changes, and multiple record releases. Violinist Chas Waltz left and was replaced by Mark Epting. In August 1997 the band recorded a live album, *Alive, Alive ‘O* for their new label, but co-founder Paul O’Toole left the band just before the album’s release February 10, 1998. In June 2000 they released *Red* with OmTown/Higher Octave records. The lyrics for the title track were written by Elton John’s writing partner Bernie Taupin, who gifted it to the band; they subsequently played it at his birthday party at House of Blues. The album was produced by Thom Panunzio. Just after the album’s release guitarist Randy Woolford retired and was replaced by Bob Boulding and drummer Jon Mattox was replaced by David Ingraham, formerly with Tribe of Gypsies. That same year they recorded the theme song for the ABC sitcom *Madigan Men*.

In 2001, violinist Chas Waltz returned to the band and they joined Jethro Tull on a two-month, 30-city international tour. In 2002, they played the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, UT. That June they released a new album, *Absolutely*. Killian’s beer used a track from the album in a commercial and offered the band a sponsorship deal that included a Killian’s branded tour bus. Shortly after, the band rejoined Jethro Tull for a US tour. They followed that by joining Canadian band Great Big Sea and American Celtic rock band Seven Nations to form the Uprooted tour and also toured as the opening act for John Hiatt. In 2004, while preparing a third album with Higher Octave, lead singer Roberts developed vocal cord nodules which required surgery. After a brief delay they resumed recording and touring and the album, *Real World*, was released February 15, 2005. Jethro Tull’s Ian Anderson played flute on an instrumental track, "Banshee" and Eric Rigler appeared throughout the album on uilleann pipes. The Washington Post described the album as, "the commercial gold at the end of the rainbow for this criminally underappreciated rock band."

In 2006, they signed with 429 Records and recorded an album consisting solely of covers of Irish songs. *With All Due Respect - The Irish Session*s was released February 13, 2007 and reached 14 on the *Billboard* World Music chart. The single Rocky Road to Dublin peaked at 2 and remained on the chart for 115 weeks, while Foggy Dew reached 18 and remained on the chart for four weeks. In 2007, the Young Dubliners toured Denmark, performed a handful of shows in Norway, and played at the G! Festival in the Faroe Islands. On March 15, 2008, the group appeared live on the CBS Early Show. On February 3, 2009, they released *Saints and Sinners* on 429 Records. The album featured guest performances by Cindy Wasserman and Kenny Wayne Shepherd. On March 17, 2009, the band appeared on ABC-TV's Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and performed two tracks, "Rosie" and the album's title track, "Saint And Sinners". Jimmy Kimmel Live! featured the group a second time on March 17, 2011, when they played "Howya Girls".

On July 13, 2013, the band released their ninth album, titled *9*, which was funded by independent crowdsourcing.

## Discography

* *Rocky Road* (1994)
* *Breathe* (1995)
* *Alive Alive'O* (1998, live)
* *Red* (2000)
* *Absolutely* (2002)
* *Real World* (2005)
* *With All Due Respect - The Irish Sessions* (2007)
* *Saints and Sinners* (2009)
* *9* (2013)
* *Home Movies* (2003, DVD)

## InfoBox

| Young Dubliners | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Los Angeles, CA, U.S |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1988–present |
| Labels | Scotti Bros., Cargo Music, Higher Octave Music, 429 Records |
|  | |
| Members | Keith Roberts
Chas Waltz
Dave Ingraham
Justin Pecot
Ethan Jones |
|  | |
| Website | youngdubliners.com |


title: Young Policemen in Love

abstract: Young Policemen in Love is a 1995 joint Taiwan and Hong Kong action comedy film directed by Taiwanese director Kevin Chu and produced by Hong Kong director Wong Jing. Starring Taiwanese actor-singer Takeshi Kaneshiro, Nicky Wu and Hong Kong actress-singer Charlie Yeung. The Hong Kong Chinese title 新紮師兄追女仔 literally translates as "Moving Targets Chasing Girls". The movie was first released in Taiwan under the title "Student Men 逃學戰警". The movie was renamed and dubbed in Cantonese to cater to Hong Kong audiences.

text:
# Young Policemen in Love

***Young Policemen in Love*** (Chinese: 新紮師兄追女仔; Jyutping: **Sun Jat Si Hing Zhui Nui Zi**) is a 1995 joint Taiwan and Hong Kong action comedy film directed by Taiwanese director Kevin Chu and produced by Hong Kong director Wong Jing. Starring Taiwanese actor-singer Takeshi Kaneshiro, Nicky Wu and Hong Kong actress-singer Charlie Yeung. The Hong Kong Chinese title 新紮師兄追女仔 literally translates as "Moving Targets Chasing Girls". The movie was first released in Taiwan under the title "Student Men 逃學戰警". The movie was renamed and dubbed in Cantonese to cater to Hong Kong audiences.

## Plot

Garlic (Nicky Wu) and Gimmick (Takeshi Kaneshiro) are both young CID police officers who are assigned to crack a drug case. While waiting for their informant at a park we find out that Garlic is named Garlic because he likes to eat raw garlic, comes from a rich family and doesn't need to work but he is a cop because he enjoys his work. Gimmick is dirt poor, he lives off of Garlic, and even the clothes and underwear he is wearing belong to Garlic. Both are also extremely arrogant, and think they are handsome and God's gift to women.

Their informant is outed and reaches Garlic and Gimmick while he is dying but can tell them where the drugs are located before he dies. Garlic and Gimmick are happy and brag about how they don't have to pay their informant now. They are successful in their drug bust and brag about it on the nightly news by showing off all the drugs they have confiscated from the drug dealers. The drug lord sees the news and is furious, he sends out his thugs to lure Gimmick out of the bar where Garlic and Gimmick are celebrating their drug bust victory. They use an attractive woman to act intimately with Gimmick and then snap pictures of them to blackmail him. Garlic comes out to save Gimmick and they find a note telling them that they must return the drugs they have confiscated from the drug dealers or else the pictures of Gimmick will be published in the newspapers.

While trying to catch the thugs that set them up they cause a lot of damage to the city and their supervisor Police Chief C.K. Wong (Wong Yat Fei) finds out what happened. Garlic and Gimmick don't seem to care and even praise how great Gimmick looks in the blackmail photos. Chief Wong tells them with the mess they have caused they need to leave the police force for a few years and lie low. He suggests they go undercover on assignment, he gives them three undercover assignments to choose from. The first, go to Thailand and pretend to be transvestites to see if they are involved in drugs or not. They both turn it down, Gimmick saying his mom won't allow him to do that and Garlic saying he would get molested easily. The second, pretend to be gay lovers and investigate a gay club homicide. Both tell the Chief "NO" immediately. The third, go to "Wong Fei Hong High School" to protect Kong Mei-lai (Charlie Yeung) the future Hong Kong Police Commissioner's daughter. They have no choice but to accept the 3rd assignment since they turned down the first two.

At school both Garlic and Gimmick don't seem to fit in with the rest of the other students. The school dean gives a stern lecture on their first day that if they don't do good at school they will be beaten to a bloody pulp with famous kung fu moves. Both don't care and think the school dean is crazy. Gimmick falls asleep in class and gets beaten to make sure he stays awake. Garlic gets a math answer right but is also beaten because he is too cocky about it. Both are late to class after lunch and gets beaten badly. They regret accepting the assignment and try to get transferred to the first two cases instead.

The school dean introduces them to Miss Yip (Yip Chuen Chan) who will be their private tutor since both are the worst students at school. Once the dean leaves both flirt on Miss Yip immediately until they find out she is also an undercover police officer sent by Chief Wong to make sure they pass their classes. Chief Wong puts both Garlic and Gimmick through torturous courses to make sure they know their school material. Not certain if Garlic and Gimmick will pass their testes Chief Wong sends in the SWAT team to distract the dean to help Garlic and Gimmick cheat on their testes.

Once they pass their tests their assignment finally begins when Kong Mei-lai arrives at the school.

## Cast

## Filming location

The movie was filmed on location in Taipei, Taiwan with a mostly Taiwanese cast. The storyline mostly references to Hong Kong events and also mentioning the handing over of Hong Kong to Mainland China in 1997 in order to cater to the Hong Kong audiences for a bigger box office gross. Takeshi Kaneshiro and Nicky Wu who were already household names in Taiwan were unknowns during the mid 1990s in Hong Kong and were looking into crossing over to the Hong Kong market by riding on the popularity of Jimmy Lin who had a huge following in Hong Kong during that time.

## Production credits

* Action Director: Cheung Aau-Tang
* Production Manager: Bowie Lau Bo-Yin, Chow Chik-Gwan
* Lighting: Choi Sam-Kat
* Costume Designer: Lam Chi-Wing
* Makeup: Yau Yee-Chu
* Props: Lam Sing-Kwok
* Car Stunts: Chan Man-Fai

## InfoBox

| Young Policemen in Love
新紮師兄追女仔 | |
| --- | --- |
| *Young Policemen in Love* Taiwan promo poster | |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 新紮師兄追女仔 |
| Simplified Chinese | 新扎师兄追女仔 |
|
| Jyutping | Sun Jat Si Hing Zhui Nui Zi |
|  | |
|  | |
| Directed by | Kevin Chu |
| Written by | Kelly Mang Cheung-Lee |
| Produced by | Wong Jing |
| Starring | Takeshi Kaneshiro
Nicky Wu
Charlie Yeung |
| Narrated by | Law Tiu-Wai |
| Cinematography | Chan Wing-Shu |
| Edited by | Chen Bo-Wen |
| Production
company | Wong Jing's Workshop Ltd. |
| Distributed by | Mei Ah Entertainment |
| Release date | * 1 November 1995 (1995-11-01) |
| Running time | 82 minutes |
| Countries | Taiwan
Hong Kong |
| Languages | Mandarin
Cantonese dubbed |
| Box office | HK $4,555,698.00 |


title: Young World (Lawrence Welk album)

abstract: Young World is an album by Lawrence Welk and His Orchestra. It was released in 1962 on the Dot label. The album debuted on Billboard magazine's popular albums chart on June 9, 1962, reached the No. 6 spot, and remained on that chart for 12 weeks

text:
# Young World (Lawrence Welk album)

***Young World*** is an album by Lawrence Welk and His Orchestra. It was released in 1962 on the Dot label (catalog no. DLP-3428). The album debuted on *Billboard* magazine's popular albums chart on June 9, 1962, reached the No. 6 spot, and remained on that chart for 12 weeks

## Track listing

**Side 1**

1. "Young World" (Jerry Fuller) \[2:18\]
2. "Love Letters" (Edward Heyman, Victor Young) \[2:26\]
3. "Secret Love" (Paul Francis Webster, Sammy Fain) \[2:27\]
4. "She's Got You" (Hank Cochran) \[2:38\]
5. "April Love" (Paul Francis Webster, Sammy Fain) \[2:24\]
6. "Don't Break the Heart That Loves You" (Benny Davis, Murray Mencher) \[2:25\]

**Side 2**

1. "Young at Heart" (Carolyn Leigh, Johnny Richards) \[2:41\]
2. "Anything That's Part of You" (Wrubel, Dixon) \[2:12\]
3. "Young Love" (Carole Joyner, Ric Cartey) \[2:25\]
4. "The Wonderful World Of The Young" (Bennett, Tepper) \[2:12\]
5. "Good Luck Charm" (Aaron Schroeder, Wally Gold) \[2:06\]
6. "Too Young" (Lippman, Dee) \[2:38\]

## InfoBox

| Young World | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Lawrence Welk and His Orchestra | |
| Released | 1962 |
| Genre | Easy listening |
| Label | Dot |


title: Yuandian Town

abstract: Yuandian is a town of Shanzhou District, Sanmenxia, Henan, China. The town had a population of 37,055 in 2005. Sanmenxia West railway station of the Longhai railway is located in the town.

text:
# Yuandian Town

**Yuandian** is a town of Shanzhou District, Sanmenxia, Henan, China. The town had a population of 37,055 in 2005.

Sanmenxia West railway station of the Longhai railway is located in the town.

## History

Originally the town was called Yuandian written as 袁店. In 1958 it was part of Daying commune. Yuandian town was established in 1962.

A Miaodigou culture (4,400 - 5,500 years ago) archeological site has been found in the town.

## Administrative divisions

As of 2016, the town was divided in 6 residential communities and 5 administrative villages.

**Residential communities**

* Middle community (中区)
* Dongyi community ('North 1', 东一区)
* Dong'er community ('North 2', 东二区)
* West community (西区)
* North community (北区)
* Market community (市场区)

**Villages**

* Yuandian (原店村)
* Guojia (郭家村)
* Xinjian (新建村)
* Zhaigen (寨根村)
* Chali (岔里村)

## InfoBox

| Yuandian 原店镇 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| Yuandian | |
| Coordinates: 34°41′23″N 111°03′58″E / 34.68974°N 111.06601°E / 34.68974; 111.06601 | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Henan |
| Prefecture-level city | Sanmenxia |
| District | Shanzhou |
| Area | |
| Total | 19.73 km2 (7.62 sq mi) |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 37,055 |


title: Yuanfang De Jia

abstract: Yuanfang De Jia is a travel documentary series created by China Central Television, which was first broadcast on 1 December 2010, on CCTV-1, CCTV-4, and CCTV-22.

text:
# Yuanfang De Jia

***Yuanfang De Jia*** (Chinese: 远方的家; pinyin: *Yuǎnfāng De Jiā*, officially ***Homeland, Dreamland***) is a travel documentary series created by China Central Television, which was first broadcast on 1 December 2010, on CCTV-1, CCTV-4, and CCTV-22.

## Seasons

### Season 1

***Bianjiang Xing*** (Chinese: 边疆行; pinyin: *Biānjiāng Xíng*) also known as *Walking in the Chinese Border*. The first season focus on the land borders around China with the crew starting at Fangchenggang in Guangxi traveling along the 22,800 kilometers of land border in a clockwise direction to Dandong in Liaoning and traveling through Guangxi, Yunnan, Tibet, Xinjiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning. Bianjiang Xing shooting time took up to six months.

### Season 2

***Yanhai Xing*** (Chinese: 沿海行; pinyin: *Yánhǎi Xíng*) also known as *Walking along the Chinese Coastline*. The second season focus on the eastern coast of China with the crew starting at Dandong in Liaoning the end point of the first season traveling along the 18,000 kilometers of China's coast to Fangchenggang in Guangxi the starting point of the first season and traveling through Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and finally back in Guangxi.

### Season 3

***Beiwei 30° Zhongguo Xing*** (Chinese: 北纬30°中国行; pinyin: *Běiwěi 30° Zhōngguó Xíng*) also known as *Thirty Degrees North Latitude - Voyage to China*. The third season focus on the 30th parallel north in China with the crew starting at Zhoushan in Zhejiang traveling west across 20,000 kilometers of China's 30th parallel north to Ngari Prefecture in Tibet and traveling through Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Tibet.

### Season 4

***Baishan Baichuan Xing*** (Chinese: 百山百川行; pinyin: *Bǎishān Bǎichuān Xíng*) also known as *Walking along through a Hundred Mountains and Rivers*. The fourth season currently on air focusing on rural China along the mountains and rivers in China.

### Season 5

***Jianghe Wanli Xing*** (Chinese: 江河万里行; pinyin: *Jiānghé Wànlǐ Xíng*) is the fifth season of Yuanfang De Jia.

## InfoBox

| *Yuanfang De Jia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Also known as | *A Walk in China*, *The Distant Family*, or *Home in the Distance* |
| 远方的家 | |
| Genre | Documentary |
| Country of origin | China |
| Original language | Mandarin |
| No. of seasons | 5 |
| No. of episodes | 431 |
| Production | |
| Production location | China |
| Running time | approx. 45 minutes |
| Production company | China Central Television |
| Original release | |
| Network | CCTV-1, CCTV-4, and CCTV-22 |
| Release | 1 December 2010 (2010-12-01) <br>present |


title: YouthBuild Global

abstract: YouthBuild Global is a non-profit organization that serves as headquarters for a network of more than 320 local YouthBuild programs around the world. These programs provide education, job training and leadership development to opportunity youth — young people between the ages 16 and 24 who are out of school or out of work. The headquarters are in Roxbury, Massachusetts. The YouthBuild program has five components: construction, education, counseling, leadership, and graduate opportunity. Students spend every other week on a job site, learning the construction trade by building homes for their own communities. This creates housing for low-income people, and also gives the students marketable job skills. The alternate weeks are spent on education in the YouthBuild classroom, with the goal of attaining a GED or completing their high school diploma. Many YouthBuild students come directly from the streets or from difficult life situations, so counseling is available to help them deal with anger management, family responsibilities, and other adjustment / life direction issues. Leadership is taught explicitly in YouthBuild programs, based on the philosophy that young people are not a burden, but rather a resource to be tapped. This, combined with ensuring opportunity and placement for graduates, means that many YouthBuild graduates go on to college, work in the non-profit sector, serve on committees, or even run in local politics. Funding for YouthBuild previously came primarily from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, but has transitioned to the Department of Labor. Other funding sources for programs are widely varied, but include other government agencies, private foundations, corporations, and individual donors. Founded and directed by Dorothy Stoneman and John Bell, one of the main purposes of YouthBuild is to build affordable housing for low-income families. Since 1994, more than 19,000 homes have been built by 92,000 YouthBuild students.

text:
# YouthBuild Global

**YouthBuild Global** is a non-profit organization that serves as headquarters for a network of more than 320 local YouthBuild programs around the world. These programs provide education, job training and leadership development to opportunity youth — young people between the ages 16 and 24 who are out of school or out of work. The headquarters are in Roxbury, Massachusetts.

The YouthBuild program has five components: construction, education, counseling, leadership, and graduate opportunity. Students spend every other week on a job site, learning the construction trade by building homes for their own communities. This creates housing for low-income people, and also gives the students marketable job skills. The alternate weeks are spent on education in the YouthBuild classroom, with the goal of attaining a GED or completing their high school diploma. Many YouthBuild students come directly from the streets or from difficult life situations, so counseling is available to help them deal with anger management, family responsibilities, and other adjustment / life direction issues. Leadership is taught explicitly in YouthBuild programs, based on the philosophy that young people are not a burden, but rather a resource to be tapped. This, combined with ensuring opportunity and placement for graduates, means that many YouthBuild graduates go on to college, work in the non-profit sector, serve on committees, or even run in local politics.

Funding for YouthBuild previously came primarily from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, but has transitioned to the Department of Labor. Other funding sources for programs are widely varied, but include other government agencies, private foundations, corporations, and individual donors.

Founded and directed by Dorothy Stoneman and John Bell, one of the main purposes of YouthBuild is to build affordable housing for low-income families. Since 1994, more than 19,000 homes have been built by 92,000 YouthBuild students.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

YouthBuild Global
|
|  |
| Type | Non-profit organization |
| Headquarters | Roxbury, Massachusetts |
| CEO | John Valverde |
| Key people | Dorothy Stoneman, John Valverde |
| Website | youthbuild.org |


title: Nabadwip Bakultala High School

abstract: Nabadwip Bakultala High School is a government-aided higher secondary boys' school situated in Nabadwip, West Bengal, India. This school was established in 1875 during the British Colonial period of India. The school now provides classes from V to XII, with Arts, Science, and Commerce streams.

text:
# Nabadwip Bakultala High School

**Nabadwip Bakultala High School** is a government-aided higher secondary boys' school situated in Nabadwip, West Bengal, India. This school was established in 1875 during the British Colonial period of India. The school now provides classes from V to XII, with Arts, Science, and Commerce streams.

## History

This school was founded primarily with the name 'Nabadwip Banga Vidyalaya' in the year 1875 at another place, where now situated a girls' school namely Nabadwip Bakultala Balika Vidyalaya. In those days, the surrounding remained in cheery echoing of children. As lessons were started under a Spanish Cheery tree ('বকুল' in Bengali language), it came to be known as 'Bakultala school' by the people. Every year 3 January is observed as the establishment day of school. Though it was a primary school at the time of foundation, now the primary section is not running. It became a high school in 1924. The first secretary of the school was Jana Ranjan Roy (1925 - 1928) and the first president was the S.D.O. (Ex-officio) of Sadar Subdivision, Nadia (01/01/1925 - 23/12/1966). Headmasters Shri Shashibhushan Tarafdar (1924 - 1942) and Shri Nityaniranjan Kabiraj (1942 - 1960) are being remembered greatly in the history of the school.

## About School

This school is situated beside Nabadwip Municipality. There are about 40 classrooms distributed among two three-storied and one one-storied building. There are laboratories of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography etc subjects. Students can take part in N C C . Now there are 34 teachers and 9 teaching-staffs in this school. Nabadwip Bakultala High School is one of the best and oldest Higher secondary schools of Nabadwip as well as Nadia district. Near about 1450 students read in this school. The yearly magazine 'Bakulkatha' was published in 2018. Every year the handwritten wall-magazine 'Bakulkunri' (বকুলকুঁড়ি) is being published as well.

## Medium

Mainly the learning medium is Bengali. Alongside in 2018, English medium started.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Nabadwip Bakultala High School
নবদ্বীপ বকুলতলা উচ্চ বিদ্যালয় | |
| --- | --- |
| Nabadwip Bakultala High School | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Netaji Subhash Road
Nabadwip, West Bengal, 741302
India | |
| Coordinates | 23°24′28.5″N 88°21′53.1″E / 23.407917°N 88.364750°E / 23.407917; 88.364750 |
| Information | |
| School type | Government Sponsored, Higher Secondary |
| Established | 1875 (1875) (As Nabadwip Banga Vidyalaya) |
| School board | WBBSE, WBCHSE |
| President | Bimankrishna Saha (Managing Committee) |
| Headmaster | Dipankar Saha |
| Gender | Boys' |
| Age range | 10+ to 18+ |
| Classes | V to XII |
| Language | Bengali, English |
| Color(s) | Green, White |
| Song | "Amader Bakultala" ("আমাদের বকুলতলা" in Bengali language) |
| Sports | Football, Cricket, Chess |
| Nickname | NBHS |
| Yearbook | *Bakulkatha* |
| Website | https://www.nabadwipbakultalahighschool.org/ |


title: Yuchi Town Site

abstract: Yuchi Town Site, or Yuchi Town, is a late prehistoric and historic era archaeological site showing occupation of both the Apalachicola and of Yuchi tribes. The site is located in a remote area of Fort Moore, Russell County, Alabama. The Yuchi Town Site is an example of historic Native American cultures adopting various strategies to maintain their cultural integrity in the face of European colonization and the expansion of the United States. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1996.

text:
# Yuchi Town Site

**Yuchi Town Site**, or **Yuchi Town**, is a late prehistoric and historic era archaeological site showing occupation of both the Apalachicola and of Yuchi tribes. The site is located in a remote area of Fort Moore (formerly Fort Benning), Russell County, Alabama. The Yuchi Town Site is an example of historic Native American cultures adopting various strategies to maintain their cultural integrity in the face of European colonization and the expansion of the United States. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1996.

## History

The site was initially an Apalachicola village, indicated by graves, aboriginal pottery, trade beads, and other items. This phase of occupation is believed to date from 1650-1715, a time when Spanish influence in the region was present. At this time the Spanish established a short-lived mission at the village of Sabacola and maintained a garrison of troops at the town of Apalachicola. The Apalachicola allied with the Spanish in Florida during the 17th century against the English in the Carolinas and were ultimately destroyed as a culture.

The next phase of occupation was by the Yuchi and would continue until their removal to Indian Territory in 1836. The Yuchi constantly shifted their alliances with various European powers. They had occupied the Savannah River valley until they were defeated by the Cherokee in 1681, then the Ocmulgee River valley until 1716. After this they occupied the area surrounding the Chattahoochee River and this is when they founded Yuchi Town. It is the largest known historic village site associated with the Yuchi. They were ultimately displaced by the expanding frontier of the United States.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Yuchi Town Site | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| The site today. | |
|  | |
| Location | Fort Moore
Russell County, Alabama
United States |
| Built | 1650 |
| NRHP reference No. | 95000453 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | June 19, 1996 |
| Designated NHL | June 19, 1996 |


abstract: The NCAA Division II Wrestling Championships for individuals and teams were first officially sponsored in 1963 and have since been held annually. The NCAA Division II Wrestling Championships is a double-elimination tournament for individuals competing in ten weight classes. Sixteen wrestlers in each class qualify through four "Super Regional" tournaments. During the championships, individual match winners earn points based on the level and quality of the victory, which are totaled to determine the team championship standings. In addition to determining the national championship, the NCAA Division II Wrestling Championships also determine the Division II All-America team. The top eight finishers in each weight class qualify for Division II All-American status. On March 13, 2020, the NCAA cancelled all of its 2020 wrestling championships due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

text:
# NCAA Division II Wrestling Championships

The **NCAA Division II Wrestling Championships** for individuals and teams were first officially sponsored in 1963 and have since been held annually.

The NCAA Division II Wrestling Championships is a double-elimination tournament for individuals competing in ten weight classes. Sixteen wrestlers in each class qualify through four "Super Regional" tournaments. During the championships, individual match winners earn points based on the level and quality of the victory, which are totaled to determine the team championship standings.

In addition to determining the national championship, the NCAA Division II Wrestling Championships also determine the Division II All-America team. The top eight finishers in each weight class qualify for Division II All-American status.

On March 13, 2020, the NCAA cancelled all of its 2020 wrestling championships due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Team champions

| Year | Host city
(Host institution) | Team championship | | | | Most Outstanding Wrestler
(Team) (Weight) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Winner | Points | Runner-up | Points | |
| 1963 | Cedar Falls, IA
(State College of Iowa) | Western State (CO) (1) | 62 | Southern Illinois | 57 | *Not awarded* |
| 1964 | Cedar Falls, IA
(State College of Iowa) | Western State (CO) (2) | 51 | Colorado School of Mines | 49 | *Not awarded* |
| 1965 | Golden, CO
(Colorado School of Mines) | Mankato State (1) | 57 | Cal Poly | 54 | *Not awarded* |
| 1966 | Mankato, MN
(Mankato State College) | Cal Poly (1) | 55 | Wilkes | 51 | Warren Crow
(Albany) (123) |
| 1967 | Wilkes-Barre, PA
(Wilkes College) | Portland State (1) | 86 | Mankato State | 57 | Rich Sanders
(Portland State) (115) |
| 1968 | Mankato, MN
(Mankato State College) | Cal Poly (2) | 91 | Portland State | 62 | Rich Sanders
(Portland State) (123) |
| 1969 | San Luis Obispo, CA
(California State Polytechnic College) | Cal Poly (3) | 127 | Colorado State College | 81 | Carl Ragland
(Old Dominion) (152) |
| 1970 | Ashland, OH
(Ashland College) | Cal Poly (4) | 82 | Northern Iowa | 58 | Terry Hall
(Cal Poly) (118) |
| 1971 | Fargo, ND
(North Dakota State University) | Cal Poly (5) | 118 | Slippery Rock State | 58 | Stan Dziedzic
(Slippery Rock State) (150) |
| 1972 | Oswego, NY
(State University of New York at Oswego) | Cal Poly (6) | 94 | North Dakota State
Northern Iowa | 6512 | Wade Schalles
(Clarion State) (150) |
| 1973 | Brookings, SD
(South Dakota State University) | Cal Poly (7) | 108 | Clarion State | 80 | Larry Morgan
(Cal Poly) (134) |
| 1974 | Fullerton, CA
(California State University, Fullerton) | Cal Poly (8) | 112 | Northern Iowa | 9512 | Floyd Hitchcock
(Bloomsburg State) (177) |
| 1975 | East Stroudsburg, PA
(East Stroudsburg State College) | Northern Iowa (1) | 124 | SIU Edwardsville | 7112 | Randy Batten
(Chattanooga) (118) |
| 1976 | Fargo, ND
(North Dakota State University) | Cal State Bakersfield (1) | 9212 | Chattanooga | 8814 | Rick Jensen
(South Dakota State) (126) |
| 1977 | Cedar Falls, IA
(University of Northern Iowa) | Cal State Bakersfield (2) | 10714 | Augustana (SD) | 78 | Franc Affentranger
(Cal State Bakersfield) (134) |
| 1978 | Cedar Falls, IA
(University of Northern Iowa) | Northern Iowa (2) | 124 | Cal State Bakersfield | 10012 | John Azevedo
(Cal State Bakersfield) {118) |
| 1979 | Brookings, SD
(South Dakota State University) | Cal State Bakersfield (3) | 11234 | Eastern Illinois | 11212 | Joe Gonzales
(Cal State Bakersfield) {118) |
| 1980 | Omaha, NE
(University of Nebraska Omaha) | Cal State Bakersfield (4) | 11012 | Northern Iowa | 89 | Brian Parlet
(Augustana (SD)) (177) |
| 1981 | Davis, CA
(University of California, Davis) | Cal State Bakersfield (5) | 14412 | Eastern Illinois | 98 | Dan Cuestas
(Cal State Bakersfield) (126) |
| 1982 | Kenosha, WI
(University of Wisconsin–Parkside) | Cal State Bakersfield (6) | 16612 | North Dakota State | 7834 | Mike Langlais
(North Dakota State) (142) |
| 1983 | Fargo, ND
(North Dakota State University) | Cal State Bakersfield (7) | 10712 | North Dakota State | 10334 | Jessie Reyes
(Cal State Bakersfield) (142) |
| 1984 | Baltimore, MD
(Morgan State University) | SIU Edwardsville (1) | 14112 | Cal State Bakersfield | 93 | John Davis
(Morgan State) (158) |
| 1985 | Fairborn, OH
(Wright State University) | SIU Edwardsville (2) | 13234 | Nebraska–Omaha | 8414 | Koln Knight
(Augustana College (SD)) (190) |
| 1986 | Edwardsville, IL
(Southern Illinois University Edwardsville) | SIU Edwardsville (3) | 119 | Edinboro | 10612 | Koln Knight
(Augustana (SD)) (190) |
| 1987 | Edwardsville, IL
(Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville) | California State Bakersfield (8) | 9012 | SIU Edwardsville | 6912 | Daryl Pope
(Cal State Bakersfield) (184) |
| 1988 | Omaha, NE
(University of Nebraska Omaha) | North Dakota State (1) | 88 | Nebraska–Omaha | 8134 | Carlton Haselrig
(Pittsburgh–Johnstown) (Hwt.) |
| 1989 | California, PA
(California University of Pennsylvania) | Portland State (2) | 1021 2 | Ferris State | 56 14 | Dan Russell
(Portland State) (150) |
| 1990 | Kenosha, WI
(University of Wisconsin–Parkside) | Portland State (3) | 10034 | Central State (OK) | 96 | Dan Russell
(Portland State) (158) |
| 1991 | Fargo, ND
(North Dakota State University) | Nebraska–Omaha (1) | 7912 | Central State (OK) | 64 | Dan Russell
{Portland State) (167) |
| 1992 | Greeley, CO
(University of Northern Colorado) | Central Oklahoma (1) | 9112 | North Dakota State
Portland State | 7812 | Mike Leberknight
(Northern Colorado) (177) |
| 1993 | Brookings, SD
(South Dakota State University) | Central Oklahoma (2) | 10812 | Nebraska–Omaha | 68 | Glen Frank
(Colorado School of Mines) (134) |
| 1994 | Pueblo, CO
(University of Southern Colorado) | Central Oklahoma (3) | 12714 | Mankato State | 6712 | Brian Melchiori
(Central Oklahoma) (126) |
| 1995 | Kearney, NE
(University of Nebraska at Kearney) | Central Oklahoma (4) | 148 | Nebraska–Omaha | 103 | Brian Kapusta
(North Dakota State) (118) |
| 1996 | Greeley, CO
(University of Northern Colorado) | Pittsburgh–Johnstown (1) | 8612 | Central Oklahoma | 8112 | Chad Lamer
(South Dakota State) (190) |
| 1997 | Fargo, ND
(North Dakota State University) | San Francisco State (1) | 95 | Nebraska–Omaha | 81 | Nate Hendrickson
(Moorhead State) (167) |
| 1998 | Pueblo, CO
(University of Southern Colorado) | North Dakota State (2) | 112 | South Dakota State | 78 | Travis King
(South Dakota State) (150) |
| 1999 | Omaha, NE
(University of Nebraska Omaha) | Pittsburgh–Johnstown (2) | 110 | Nebraska–Omaha | 10512 | Jody Strittmatter
(Pittsburgh–Johnstown) (125) |
| 2000 | Brookings, SD
(South Dakota State University) | North Dakota State (3) | 9112 | Central Oklahoma | 75 | Kris Nelson
(North Dakota State) (133) |
| 2001 | Greeley, CO
(University of Northern Colorado) | North Dakota State (4) | 9812 | South Dakota State | 91 | Steve Saxlund
(North Dakota State) (184) |
| 2002 | Kenosha, WI
(University of Wisconsin–Parkside) | Central Oklahoma (5) | 128 | North Dakota State | 11612 | Todd Fuller
(North Dakota State) (174) |
| 2003 | Wheeling, WV
(West Liberty State College) | Central Oklahoma (6) | 8712 | Nebraska–Kearney | 7312 | Cole Province
(Central Oklahoma) (133) |
| 2004 | Mankato, MN
(Minnesota State University, Mankato) | Nebraska–Omaha (2) | 9712 | North Dakota State | 95 | Waylon Lowe
(Findlay) (165) |
| 2005 | Omaha, NE
(University of Nebraska Omaha) | Nebraska–Omaha (3) | 10912 | Augustana (SD) | 101 | Tom Meester
(Augustana (SD)) (184) |
| 2006 | Findlay, OH
(University of Findlay) | Nebraska–Omaha (4) | 117 | Nebraska–Kearney | 9812 | Les Sigman
(Nebraska–Omaha) (Hwt.) |
| 2007 | Kearney, NE
(University of Nebraska at Kearney) | Central Oklahoma (7) | 12412 | Nebraska–Kearney | 10812 | J.D. Naig
(Nebraska–Omaha) (174) |
| 2008 | Cedar Rapids, IA
(Upper Iowa University) | Nebraska–Kearney (1) | 10812 | Minnesota State | 108 | Cody Garcia
(Nebraska–Omaha) (125) |
| 2009 | Houston, TX
(NCAA Division II) | Nebraska–Omaha (5) | 14612 | Newberry | 8012 | Joe Kemmerer
(Kutztown) (133) |
| 2010 | Omaha, NE
(University of Nebraska Omaha) | Nebraska–Omaha (6) | 131 | Augustana (SD) | 72 | Shane Valko
(Pittsburgh–Johnstown) (133) |
| 2011 | Kearney, NE
(University of Nebraska at Kearney) | Nebraska–Omaha (7) | 10212 | St. Cloud State | 9012 | Donovan McMahill
(Western State (CO)) (197) |
| 2012 | Pueblo, CO
(Colorado State University Pueblo) | Nebraska–Kearney (2) | 107 | St. Cloud State | 95 | Luke McPeek
(Adams State) (197) |
| 2013 | Birmingham, AL
(NCAA Division II) | Nebraska–Kearney (3) | 108 | St. Cloud State | 105 | Shamus O’Grady
(St. Cloud State) (184) |
| 2014 | Cleveland, OH
(NCAA Division II) | Notre Dame (OH) (1) | 9912 | Nebraska–Kearney | 6412 | Casy Rowell
(Central Oklahoma) (133) |
| 2015 | St. Louis, MO
(Maryville University) | St. Cloud State (1) | 8412 | Nebraska–Kearney | 7612 | Chris Watson
(Central Oklahoma) (165) |
| 2016 | Sioux Falls, SD
(Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference
& Sioux Falls Sports Authority) | St. Cloud State (2) | 90 | Notre Dame (OH) | 82 | Joey Davis
(Notre Dame (OH)) (184) |
| 2017 | Birmingham, AL
(University of Alabama in Huntsville) | Notre Dame (OH) (2) | 103.5 | St. Cloud State | 67 | DeAndre’ Johnson
(Limestone) (157), |
| 2018 | Cedar Rapids, IA
(Upper Iowa University) | St. Cloud State (3) | 92.5 | Notre Dame (OH) | 84 | Nick Becker
(Wisconsin–Parkside) (174) |
| 2019 | Cleveland, OH
(NCAA Division II) | St. Cloud State (4) | 95.5 | Wheeling Jesuit | 87.5 | Shane Ruhnke
(Millersville) (165) |
| 2020 | *Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic* | | | | | | |
| 2021 | St. Louis, MO
(NCAA Division II) | St. Cloud State (5) | 107 | Nebraska–Kearney | 105.5 | Lukas Martin
(Fairmont State) (149) |
| 2022 | St. Louis, MO
(NCAA Division II) | Nebraska–Kearney (4) | 127 | Central Oklahoma | 86 | Darrell Mason
(Minnesota State) (285) |
| 2023 | Cedar Rapids, IA
(NCAA Division II) | Central Oklahoma (8) | 121 | Lander | 78 | Josiah Rider
(Adams State) (149) |
| 2024 | Wichita, KS
(NCAA Division II) | Central Oklahoma (9) | 110 | Lander | 86.5 |  |
| **Reference:** | | | | | | | |

**Note:** Shaded scores = Closest margin of victory, 14 point in 1979 & widest margin of victory, 8814 points in 1982.

## Team titles

* *List updated through the 2024 Championships*

| Team | # | Winning years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Central Oklahoma** | **9** | 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2002, 2003, 2007, 2023, 2024 |
| **Cal Poly** | **8** | 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974 |
| **Cal State Bakersfield** | **8** | 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1987 |
| **Nebraska–Omaha** | **7** | 1991, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011A |
| **St. Cloud State** | **5** | 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2021 |
| **Nebraska–Kearney** | **4** | 2008, 2012, 2013, 2022 |
| **North Dakota State** | **4** | 1988, 1998, 2000, 2001 |
| **Portland State** | **3** | 1967, 1989, 1990 |
| **SIU Edwardsville** | **3** | 1984, 1985, 1986 |
| **Northern Iowa** | **2** | 1975, 1978 |
| **Notre Dame (OH)** | **2** | 2014, 2017 |
| **Pitt–Johnstown** | **2** | 1996, 1999 |
| **Western Colorado** | **2** | 1963, 1964B |
| **Minnesota State** | **1** | 1965C |
| **San Francisco State** | **1** | 1997 |

* A = Nebraska–Omaha brands itself as Omaha
* B = Western State (CO) is now Western Colorado
* C = Mankato State is now Minnesota State

### Winning streaks

Source

| School | Team titles | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cal Poly | 7 | 1968–1974 |
| Cal State Bakersfield | 5 | 1979–1983 |
| Central Oklahoma | 4 | 1992–1995 |
| SIU Edwardsville | 3 | 1984–1986 |
| Nebraska–Omaha | 3 | 2004–2006 |
| Nebraska–Omaha | 3 | 2009–2011 |

## Division II wrestlers to Division I championships

Sources

Through 1989, the Division II finalists advanced to the Division I championships, held the following week, where many athletes earned All-American recognition in two divisions during the same season. This practice was discontinued after Carlton Haselrig of the Pittsburgh–Johnstown Mountain Cats won the Division II heavyweight title and advanced to Division I, where he also won the heavyweight title three years in a row, 1987–89.

## Former Division II team champions now in Division I

Source

| School | Championships | Year moved | Current wrestling conference | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cal Poly | 8–1966, 1968–74 | 1975 | Pac-12 Conference |  |
| Portland State | 3–1969, 1989–90 | 1996 |  | Dropped wrestling in 2009 for economic reasons |
| Cal State Bakersfield | 8–1976–77, 1979–83, 1987 | 1988 | Pac-12 Conference |  |
| UNI | 2–1975, 1978 | 1982 | Big 12 Conference | Won single division (now DI) title in 1950 |
| SIUE | 3–1984–86 | 2009 | Southern Conference |  |
| North Dakota State | 4–1988, 1998, 2000–01 | 2004 | Big 12 Conference |  |
| Omaha | 7–1991, 2004–06, 2009–11 | 2012 |  | School dropped wrestling at start of its transition to Division I |

Notes    1. "Wrestling Division II Highlights/History" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
2. "2015 NCAA Division II Championships (Brackets)" (PDF). NCAA. March 2, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
3. "Breakdown, 2015 Super Regions" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
4. "2020 NCAA Tournament canceled due to growing threat of coronavirus pandemic".
5. "First time for everything". NCAA. March 15, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
6. "Division II Wrestling Championships Records Book" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
7. "History confirmed". NCAA. March 25, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
8. "Wrestling Division II Highlights and History, 2014-15" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
9. "Wrestling Division I Highlights and History, 2014-15" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
10. "NCAA Sports Sponsorship". NCAA. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
11. "Wrestling coach rebounds at Maryville after setback". St.Louis Post-Dispatch/St.Louis Today. March 13, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2015.

## InfoBox

NCAA Division II Wrestling Championships
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1963 |
| Number of teams | 42 of 59 (2015) |
| Current champions | Central Oklahoma (9) |
| Most successful team(s) | Central Oklahoma (9) |
| Website | NCAA.com |


title: Oldenburg G 1

abstract: The Oldenburg Class G1s were German steam locomotives procured by the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways from 1867 to 1877. They were intended to work both as tank engines as well as with a tender.

text:
# Oldenburg G 1

The **Oldenburg Class G1**s were German steam locomotives procured by the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways (*Großherzoglich Oldenburgische Staatseisenbahnen*) from 1867 to 1877. They were intended to work both as tank engines as well as with a tender.

## Design

The G1 class were 0-4-0 locomotives, a configuration chosen for its simplicity and cheapness of construction. It had horizontal outside cylinders and a number of original design features, including a radially-stayed, round-top firebox and a small 'regulator box' that replaced the usual steam dome.

The locomotive frame was designed as a box with riveted steel plates that enabled it to double up as a feedwater tank, an arrangement known as the *Krauss system*. It had an Allan valve gear. The connecting and coupling rods were made of fluted I-section steel, the first time such a form had been used, although Belpaire in Belgium was developing the same idea, independently, at the time.

## The first engine, *Landwührden*

At the world exhibition in Paris in 1867 the first locomotive, named *Landwührden* (see table photo), won a gold medal for excellence and design of workmanship. This engine - which was also the first one built by Georg Krauss of Munich and therefore had the works number 1 – was withdrawn from service in 1900 and may be viewed today in the Deutsches Museum in Munich. It is the only surviving locomotive from the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways.

## Retirement

Nineteen of the engines were to have been taken over by the Deutsche Reichsbahn as **DRG Class 51.70**, but this did not happen because by the time the final renumbering plan was drawn up in 1925, all the locomotives had been retired.

## Importance

According to Ransome-Wallis, "there is no doubt that this locomotive was, in many ways, an important 'landmark' in the history of locomotive development in Europe."

* Hütter, Ingo (2012). *Die Dampflokomotiven der Baureihen 50 bis 53 der DRG, DRB, DB, und DR* (in German). Werl: DGEG Medien. p. 157. ISBN 978-3-937189-63-5.
* Ransome-Wallis, P (1971). *Preserved Steam Locomotives of Western Europe, Volume One*. Ian Allan Ltd. ISBN 0-7110-0196-0.

## Further reading

* Schmeiser, Bernhard (1977). *Krauss-Lokomotiven* (in German). Wien: Verlag Slezak. ISBN 3-900134-36-7.

## InfoBox

| Oldenburg G 1 | |
| --- | --- |
| The Class G 1 locomotive, "Landwührden" | |
| Type and origin  Builder Krauss inter alia  Build date 1867–1877 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 0-4-0  German Goods train locomotive  Gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge  Driver dia. 1,500 mm (4 ft 11 in)  Adhesive weight 21.3 t (21.0 long tons; 23.5 short tons)  Service weight 21.3 t (21.0 long tons; 23.5 short tons)  Boiler pressure 10 kgf/cm2 (981 kPa; 142 lbf/in2)  Heating surface:   Firebox 0.95 m2 (10.2 sq ft)  Evaporative 75.0 m2 (807 sq ft)  Cylinder size 355 mm (14 in)  Piston stroke 560 mm (22+116 in)  Valve gear Allan | |
| Performance figures  Maximum speed 45 km/h (28 mph) | |
| Career  Numbers 46  Retired 1925 | |


title: Northern Cyprus and the World Bank

text:
# Northern Cyprus and the World Bank

The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) is a de facto state situated on the northern portion of the island of Cyprus. Due to its uncertain international status, the World Bank does not extend any financial loans to Northern Cyprus. However, other types of cooperation exist.

## International status with the World Bank

The World Bank recognizes and works with 189 member countries which are allowed to receive funding from various branches of the World Bank such as the IBRD or the IDA. Due to its uncertain political status, Northern Cyprus as a state cannot receive financial funding from any branch of the World Bank. In its SABER report, the World Bank refers to Northern Cypriot governmental institutions in quotation marks, in which they specifically state that use of governmental names as it appears in the Northern Cypriot constitution does not suggest a recognition of the state itself.

## World Bank involvement

### 2016 SABER report

The contributions made by the World Bank to the Northern Cyprus consist of guidelines and detailed reports about its economy. The SABER (Systems Approach for Better Educational Results) report focused on three main points: strategic framework, system oversight, and service delivery. The Turkish Cypriot community scored 2.5, 2.0, and 1.9 respectively in the three areas of the Work Force Development Framework, being rated as an "Emerging" country in terms of its workforce development. The main recommendations that World Bank officials made in their report was improvements in the budget allocated for job-specific training schemes, setting its socioeconomic goals at achievable levels, and improving the technology for data collection.

### Peace in Cyprus and the World Bank

An EU-funded survey was carried out in December 2018 by the World Bank. This survey aimed to gather data from both the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities and put it into circulation in an effort to promote peace on the island through better informing both communities. The most striking statistic obtained during the survey was a 173% increase in the total number of motor vehicles passing the border from the Greek Cypriot side into the Turkish Cypriot side. Overall, both communities displayed a more positive attitude towards a solution to the Cyprus problem.

### Economic repercussions of unification for Cypriots

In an interview conducted by Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot journalists with Dirk Reinermann, who is the manager of Southern Europe at the World Bank, and a team of Economists at the World Bank, Reinermann made remarks about the World Bank's official position regarding unification on the island. Overall, Reinermann posits that a reunified Cyprus would be beneficial for both communities. However, the structural discrepancies between the EU-regulated Greek Cypriot banking and financial sectors relative to the unregulated Turkish Cypriot banking and financial sectors would make economic convergence of the two communities a challenge. Nevertheless, “a bigger pie to share" sums up Reinermann's stance on the economic benefits of reunification.

### World Bank research on higher education

Relative to its small population, the TRNC has a very large international student population. Whilst the Turkish Cypriot community had 300,000 inhabitants in 2016, the country attracted around 85,000 students. Therefore, the World Bank report has indicated the fact that higher education seems to be a high-potential avenue through which Northern Cyprus could grow economically. Whilst 60 percent of all students are from Turkey, this provides readily available highly educated labor for both the public and private sectors. At the same time, the weaknesses of the Turkish Cypriot higher education system includes the very small number of Turkish Cypriot students and the "limited absorptive capacity" of the economy. The most important recommendation the report makes is the regulation of the quality of education offered by the Turkish Cypriot authorities.