title: Serratia

abstract: Serratia is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are typically 1–5 μm in length, do not produce spores, and can be found in water, soil, plants, and animals. Some members of this genus produce a characteristic red pigment, prodigiosin, and can be distinguished from other members of the order Enterobacterales by their unique production of three enzymes: DNase (nucA), lipase, and gelatinase (serralysin). Serratia was thought to be a harmless environmental bacteria until it was discovered that the most common species in the genus, S. marcescens, is an opportunistic pathogen of many animals, including humans. In humans, S. marcescens is mostly associated with nosocomial, or hospital-acquired, infections, but can also cause urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and endocarditis. S. marcescens is frequently found in showers, toilet bowls, and around wet tiles as a pinkish to red biofilm but only causes disease in immunocompromised individuals. Aside from S. marcescens, some rare strains of the Serratia species – S. plymuthica, S. liquefaciens, S. rubidaea, and S. odoriferae – have been shown to cause infection such as osteomyelitis and endocarditis.

text:
# Serratia

***Serratia*** is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are typically 1–5 μm in length, do not produce spores, and can be found in water, soil, plants, and animals. Some members of this genus produce a characteristic red pigment, prodigiosin, and can be distinguished from other members of the order Enterobacterales by their unique production of three enzymes: DNase (nucA), lipase, and gelatinase (serralysin). *Serratia* was thought to be a harmless environmental bacteria until it was discovered that the most common species in the genus, *S. marcescens*, is an opportunistic pathogen of many animals, including humans. In humans, *S. marcescens* is mostly associated with nosocomial, or hospital-acquired, infections, but can also cause urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and endocarditis. *S. marcescens* is frequently found in showers, toilet bowls, and around wet tiles as a pinkish to red biofilm but only causes disease in immunocompromised individuals. Aside from *S. marcescens*, some rare strains of the *Serratia* species – *S. plymuthica*, *S. liquefaciens*, *S. rubidaea*, and *S. odoriferae* – have been shown to cause infection such as osteomyelitis and endocarditis.

## Habitat

Various strains of *Serratia* occupy an eclectic range of habitats: soil, water, plants, insects, and others.

### Water

Currently, four species of *Serratia* have been found in seawater: *S. marcescens*, *S. liquefaciens*, *S. plymuthica*, and *S. marinorubra*. *S. marcescens* is the most abundant, comprising approximately half of all strains found. *S. aquatilis* is a novel species of *Serratia* found in drinking water.

### Plants

The plant types with the highest *Serratia* prevalence are vegetables, mushrooms, mosses, grasses, and decaying plant material. *Serratia* has been consistently found in figs and coconuts. *S. marcescens* and *S. ficaria* are often found in Calimyrna figs. Several species related to *Serratia* have also been identified on Smyrna figs and its fig wasps. Only one species of *Serratia*, *S. marinorubra*, has been identified on coconuts from various regions of the world, including California, France, and Brazil. Both *S. marcescens* and certain strains of *Enterobacter* were also identified in the rhizospheres of coconut palms.

### Insects

*Serratia* is found in over 70 species of healthy, dead, and diseased insects. These include crickets, grasshoppers, bees, aphids, and fruit flies. Most of them reside in insects as bacterial flora and some form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with their hosts. For example, in aphids, strains of *S. symbiotica* play a key nutritional role by providing the host with vitamins and amino acids.

In 2017 it was reported that *Serratia* can be genetically engineered to prevent malaria in mosquitos. Research showed 93% fewer *Plasmodium* parasites than in untreated counterparts.

## Isolation, identification, and metabolism

### Isolation

*S. marcescens* is the most characterized species in this genus. During the summer in Padura, Italy, the town people discovered that their polenta dish turned red. At first, the people believed that this incident was caused by the devil. A pharmacist named Bartolomeo Bizio was appointed to investigate the strange phenomenon. After several experiments, Bizzo presented his results. *S. marcescens* was first documented as a red-colored putrefaction of polenta by Bartolomeo Bizio in Padua. The bacterium was later named in honor of Italian physicist Serafino Serrati. In 1945, an experiment was designed to establish the pathogenicity of *S. marcescens*. Captain Tom Paine in the U.S. Army conducted an experiment at Camp Detrick, MD. In this experiment, he exposed four people to the bacteria in an enclosed space. The individuals soon developed symptoms such as body aches, malaise, green sputum production. A few of the individuals developed fever and chills while others still had a fever after 24 hours. Several other experiments were performed throughout the 50s, 60s, and 70s to test the pathogenicity of *S. marcescens*, but it was not until the 1970s that *S. marcescens* was confirmed as a human pathogen.

*S. liquefaciens* is the second best characterized species after *S. marcescens*. *S. liquefaciens* was first classified as *Aerobacter liquefaciens* in the *Enterobacter* genus by Grimes and Hennerty. The first documentation of *S. liquefaciens* was in 1971. Over 20 isolates of *S. liquefaciens* were recovered from different specimens, such as urinary and respiratory. Out of the isolates, six were believed to cause infection in humans. From the 1970s to the 1980s, this species was the cause of several hospital outbreaks. However, the most well-known outbreak occurred in Colorado at a hemodialysis center. During this outbreak, there were 10 *S. liquefaciens* bloodstream infections.

*S. ficaria*, a species belonging to the fig tree community, can also be harmful to humans. In 1979, *S. ficaria* was first isolated from a patient who had a respiratory infection. The organism was isolated from the patient's sputum after she consumed a fig. The organisms continued to be isolated from several humans over the years. The last documented infection caused by *S. ficaria* was in Greece. A healthy man was bitten by a dog, and the dog bite turned into an abscess. This was the first infection recorded in a healthy individual.

*S. fonticola* was first found in human specimens in 1985. It is known to cause tissue infections following trauma to the area. The first reported infection caused by *S. fonticola* was a leg abscess in a woman in France in 1989. In 1991, *S. fonticola* was the cause of a hand infection in another French woman. *S. fonticola* has been recovered from several other patients over the years.

There are not many reports of *S. quinivoran* causing infection in humans. A homeless man in France was admitted to the hospital with a mouth abscess. The man developed pneumonia and respiratory issues. *S. quinivoran* was recovered from a sample and was later identified as the cause of his organ failure and death. *S. rubidaea*, *S. odorifera*, and *S. plymuthica* are other *Serratia* species that are human pathogens. However, not all *Serratia* species are human pathogens. *S. entomophia* and *S. proteamaculans* are insect and plant pathogens.

### Identification

Species of *Serratia* have been isolated in a variety of environments, including soil, water, plants, animals and even air. Several methods can be used to study the epidemiology of *S. marcescens*. Usual enrichment strategies involve the use of media containing antibiotic and antifungal substances. A caprylate-thallous medium seems to be highly preferred for the selective growth of genus *Serratia*, as it can use caprylic acid as a carbon source.

Serological typing and different types of polymerase chain reaction can be used to identify the *Serratia*. Biotyping, bacteriocin typing, phage typing, plasmid analysis, and ribotyping can also be used. Most strains of *S. marcescens* appear red on trypticase soy agar slants when grown at around 25 °C. *S. marcescens* and *S. liquefaciens* can be easily confused in the lab when using the analytical profile index system. They can both oxidise arabinose, but only *S. liquefaciens* can ferment arabinose in peptone water. The virulence of *Serratia* strains can also be identifiable by type 4 fimbriae, small hair-like projections.

#### Genome content

The average genome size of most *Serratia* species has not been documented except for that of *S. marcescens*, which is 3.57 × 109 daltons. The range of G+C content of each species is as follows: *S. marcescens* 57.5–60.4%, *S. liquefaciens* 52.6–54.4%, *S. plymuthica* 53.3–56.3%, *S. marinorubra* 53.5–58.5%. *S. macescens* genome has the highest G+C content among all enterobacteria.

#### Enzymes and biofilm

*Serratia* secretes a host of virulence factors, including prodigiosin, biosurfactants, DNAse, lipase, protease, gelatinase, hemolysin, chitinase, chloroperoxidase, and alkaline phosphatase. Prodigiosin, a growth pigment, is often used as a phenotypic identification marker of *Serratia* species due to its red colorization. Biosurfactants have been isolated from *Serratia marcescens*, *Serratia rubidaea* and *Serratia faciens* for their range of applications, including emulsification, surface, antifouling, antitumor, and antimicrobial activity. Endonucleases, such as DNAse, may aid in scavenging activity, allowing them to exploit the environment and maximize the availability of nutrients. Strains producing thermostable lipase, alkaline protease and gelatinase have been isolated from strains causing contact lens-related corneal ulcers in humans. Due to its short half-life and tendency to remain bound to cells upon secretion, hemolysin has scarcely been identified in *Serratia*. However, some studies employing more accurate detection techniques have evidenced hemolytic activity in almost all strains of *Serratia*. Plant chitinases are used as defense mechanisms against plant pathogens with which *Serratia* shares their plant habitat. Chloroperoxidase allows the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds while alkaline phosphatases are involved in cell signaling processes.

### Metabolism

*Serratia* uses a metabolic enzyme, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase, with distinct kinetic properties from those found in Enterobacteriaceae in that it is not greatly activated by fructose bisphosphate. ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase from strains of *S. marcescens* demonstrated optimal activity in buffer at pH 7.5 and 8.0, respectively. It is greatly activated by glycolysis intermediates such as phosphoenolpyruvate, 3-phosphoglycerate, fructose-6-phosphate, and 2-phosphoglycerate.

## Pathology

Most *Serratia* species are nonpathogenic, but those that are pathogenic typically cause infection in immunocompromised individuals. *S. marcescens* is the main pathogenic species, infecting animals and plants, but other species that have been reported to infect individuals include *Serratia plymuthica,* *Serratia liquefaciens,* *Serratia rubidaea, Serratia odorifera,* and *Serratia fonticola*.

### Opportunistic human pathogen

*S. marcescens* is thought to be transmitted through hand-to-hand transmission; in one hospital half of all tested personnels' hands were found to be positive for the pathogen.

*Serratia* species tend to colonize the respiratory and urinary tracts, rather than the gastrointestinal tract. *Serratia* infection is responsible for about 2% of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections of the bloodstream, lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, surgical wounds, and skin and soft tissues and other ailments that are commonly caused by other bacteria. Outbreaks of *S. marcescens* meningitis, wound infections, and arthritis have occurred in pediatric wards. Outbreaks of infective endocarditis in IV drug users have been reported.

Cases of *Serratia* arthritis have been reported in outpatients receiving intra-articular injections.

### Opportunistic non-human pathogen

There have been cases of *Serratia* non-human animal infections. One case of a non-nosocomial infection in animals was found in one study, after *S. marcescens* was found to be correlated with early abortions in buffalos and cows. The pathogen was isolated in culture after researchers observed reddish vaginal discharge from the cows, and the pathogen was also discovered to be in the semen of a bull, all of which were from the same strain.

### Opportunistic plant pathogen

*S. marcescens* and *S. proteamaculans* are considered to be opportunistic plant pathogens. *S. marcescens* causes cucurbit yellow vine disease (CYVD). CYVD was first detected in pumpkin and squash. CYVD infects the phloem tissue in plants and causes wilting, yellowing, phloem discoloration, plant decline, and eventually death. CYVD mainly affects squash, cantaloupe, watermelon, etc. There have been studies that have shown that this disease is transmitted by insects. *S. proteamaculans* is the only other species known to cause harm to plants. *S. proteamaculans* is associated with leaf spot disease. Leaf spot disease is usually caused by a fungus, but can also be caused by bacteria (e.g. *S. proteamaculans*). Leaf spot disease appears as brown or dark spots on leaves and can permanently damage plants. The sizes and colors of these spots can vary.

## InfoBox

| *Serratia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Serratia marcescens*, a typical species, on XLD agar. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Enterobacterales |
| Family: | Yersiniaceae |
| Genus: | *Serratia*
Bizio, 1823 |
|
| Species | |
| *S. aquatilis*
*S. entomophila*
*S. ficaria*
*S. fonticola*
*S. glossinae*
*S. grimesii*
*S. liquefaciens*
*S. marcescens*
*S. myotis*
*S. nematodiphila*
*S. odorifera*
*S. plymuthica*
*S. proteamaculans*
*S. quinivorans*
*S. rubidaea*
*S. symbiotica*
*S. ureilytica*
*S. vespertilionis* | |


title: Port of Hueneme

abstract: The Port of Hueneme in the city of Port Hueneme, California, United States, is the only deep water harbor between Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay area. Located in Ventura County on the Santa Barbara Channel, the port complex not only serves international shipping businesses but is an operating facility of Naval Base Ventura County (NBVC). The original wharf was built to serve the new farmers on the Oxnard Plain and became the largest grain shipping port south of San Francisco. The modern port continues this legacy as a dominant port for agribusiness, liquids, fresh seafood and vehicles. Bulk cargo and automobiles are specialties of the port and distinguishes it from much larger ports. General cargo includes household goods and oversized cargo. This includes providing support services for the offshore oil industry in the Santa Barbara Channel. The port has a direct highway connection to the nationwide freight network which raises the status of the port and gives it access to more federal funding resulting in a competitive advantage. The port owns a railroad line through Port Hueneme and south Oxnard that is operated by the Ventura County Railroad and connects nationally to the Coast Route of Union Pacific. The District does not perform cargo handling operations as the companies shipping through the port take responsibility in cooperation with the port district. The commercial port operations have five deep-water berths. The Navy controls the ship movements. As a shared port between NBVC and the Oxnard Harbor District, the U.S. Navy has over 4,500 feet (1,400 m) of berthing space for various ship platforms for use by tenant commands of NBVC: Port Hueneme and transient government contract/military shipping.

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# Port of Hueneme

The **Port of Hueneme** in the city of Port Hueneme, California, United States, is the only deep water harbor between Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay area. Located in Ventura County on the Santa Barbara Channel, the port complex not only serves international shipping businesses but is an operating facility of Naval Base Ventura County (NBVC).

The original wharf was built to serve the new farmers on the Oxnard Plain and became the largest grain shipping port south of San Francisco. The modern port continues this legacy as a dominant port for agribusiness (fruit and other produce), liquids, fresh seafood and vehicles. Bulk cargo and automobiles are specialties of the port and distinguishes it from much larger ports. General cargo includes household goods and oversized cargo. This includes providing support services for the offshore oil industry in the Santa Barbara Channel.

The port has a direct highway connection to the nationwide freight network which raises the status of the port and gives it access to more federal funding resulting in a competitive advantage. The port owns a railroad line through Port Hueneme and south Oxnard that is operated by the Ventura County Railroad and connects nationally to the Coast Route of Union Pacific. The District does not perform cargo handling operations as the companies shipping through the port take responsibility in cooperation with the port district. The commercial port operations have five deep-water berths.

The Navy controls the ship movements. As a shared port between NBVC and the Oxnard Harbor District, the U.S. Navy has over 4,500 feet (1,400 m) of berthing space for various ship platforms for use by tenant commands of NBVC: Port Hueneme and transient government contract/military shipping.

## History

European immigrants began farming on the Oxnard Plain in the 1860s but the area was isolated due to the difficult overland routes. Thomas R. Bard chose Point Hueneme as the site of a wharf to take advantage of the naturally occurring depth of a submarine canyon. The extra depth meant there was less surge while the boats were loading or unloading than there would be at other locations. Before the construction of a 900-foot-long wharf (270 m) in 1872, goods had been shuttled through the surf zone to reach offshore vessels. Hueneme soon became the largest grain-shipping port south of San Francisco and the wharf was extended to 1,500 feet (460 m) in 1897.

Three- and four-masted wooden schooners brought lumber from the north and carried grain, lima beans and sheep to markets in San Francisco. Teams of horses pulling wagons waited for the load of grain to be weighed in lines that stretched six blocks. Hoping to connect the new wharf with ore mines in Inyo County, Bard launched a campaign to build a road through the Santa Clara River Valley. Bard also platted the townsite of Hueneme to support the activity at the port and build a family home.

In 1898, the railroad line that had connected Ventura to Los Angeles crossed the Santa Clara River at El Rio on a new bridge. The line continued due south to where the town of Oxnard was being established at the site of the American Beet Sugar Company factory being built by the Oxnard Brothers in the middle portion of the plain. Passenger and freight traffic declined as they shifted to the railroad. Traffic was drastically reduced when the coast route was finished in 1904 and became the most direct route between Los Angeles and San Francisco.

The Harbor District was formed April 29, 1937 with an area of about 321 acres (130 ha). Building the port became even more important when a storm destroyed the wharf in 1938. On February 4, 1939, the groundbreaking ceremony drew hundreds of people. This endeavor was front-page news in Ventura County as the United States emerged from the Great Depression. The U.S. military took control of the entire harbor after the outbreak of World War II and significantly enlarged the deep water port. Bard's 62-acre estate (25 ha) was leased by the Navy during World War II and acquired by the government in 1951. His home, Berylwood mansion, remains within the military base and is used as a conference center. Several other large properties adjacent to port were also acquired to establish the Advance Base Depot which began operating May 18, 1942 to provide support for the Naval Construction Force, commonly called the Seabees. Massive amounts of equipment and materiel were shipped from here to the war efforts in the Pacific. The base was renamed the Naval Construction Battalion Center in 1945 and became an operating facility of Naval Base Ventura County in 2000.

The District has regained control over 120 acres (49 ha) and an additional 600 acres (240 ha) of private and public land serve support functions for the port. This has come about due to the gradual realignment and reduction in the nation's defense forces. For example, 33 acres (13 ha) were added to the port's existing 75 acres (30 ha) in 1997 as obsolete military facilities were demolished. Commercial shipping activities have consistently expanded and taken advantage of the additional space. Both the port and military base are within the corporate limits of the city of Port Hueneme.

In 2008 the port repaired the 3,050-foot seawall (930 m) on the south side of the entrance that protects the shoreline and marine terminals from coastal erosion. The project included construction of the Waterfront Promenade, also known as the Lighthouse Promenade. The path is wide enough to accommodate emergency or service vehicles and is lighted. The path provides paved public access along the shore by replacing a dirt path and connecting with the pathways at Hueneme Beach. The old seawall material was recycled by crushing the rock and using it as base material for the pathway.

Bananas were the port's largest volume product in 2014 and were continuing to increase. Chiquita Brands International Inc. was importing 7,500-pound of bananas a week (3,400 kg) making the port No. 2 in the nation for the company. The port’s goal was to be “the nation’s No. 1 port of choice for food production." The port and Ecuador’s Port Bolivar agreed to become “sister ports” in 2014 and promote the banana industry together. Forty percent of the Ecuador's banana exports go through Port Bolivar and 650,600-short-ton of fruit (590,200-metric-ton) were imported through the Port of Hueneme in 2013. The ports want to be more competitive and more attractive by sharing knowledge, policies and best practices on training, facilities development, engineering and technical services, security, supply chain logistics and environmental protection. The ports expected a mutual benefit for their customers through these cooperative arrangements in technology and policy.

Cargo volume grew 44% between 2009 and 2018. In 2019, the annual volume of cargo was 1.6 million tons in 2019 worth an estimated $9 billion dollars. The port formed a partnership with global container shipping line, SeaLand, in 2016 for their West Coast Central America route. The new route allowed products to arrive in Ventura County sooner and provided a convenient point to import and export goods from Central and South America for local companies. A modernization project that started in 2019 included adding an electric crane and deepening the harbor to 40 feet (12 m).

In 2019, the largest drug seizure at the port in decades was the result of a joint investigation by officers from Homeland Security Investigations, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Office of Field Operations. In January, cocaine was found under the floorboards of two ships.

Beginning in 2021, shippers looked to the port during the global supply chain disruption. Vessels were arriving at full capacity as shippers chose carriers not headed for Los Angeles County ports and ships were also unloading all their containers here to avoid the backlog of ships at those ports farther south. While shifting to the port was not practical for ships with a substantial number of containers due to the lack of resources needed to offload, container ships that were newly chartered by suppliers were utilizing the port. A standing joint-use agreement from 2002 was also activated that allowed use of Wharf 3 onboard Naval Base Ventura County. The additional land and buildings helped stage the backlog of containers and get commodities to market which enabled the port to take on more cargo and avoid congestion. In early 2022, FedEx Logistics sent three chartered vessels from China with between 184 and 250 53-foot containers (16 m) with electronics, car parts, and clothing. Transit time was reduced by over 20 days instead of using the Los Angeles County ports according to the company.

Funding for ports by the state of California in July 2023 provided money for the Port Action, Climate and Environment Development (PACED) projects which includes removing dilapidated buildings, wharf repairs , and deepening berths. The port will also use the funding to install zero-emission plug-in units for containers, support power and emissions control systems that make vessels emission-free, and purchase zero-emission cargo handling equipment.

## Port operation

The ability to handle a diverse breadth of business is one way the port distinguishes itself from the much larger ports in Los Angeles County (Long Beach and Los Angeles) which are designed with the infrastructure to service container ships with approximately 5,000 containers. The Port has five deep-water berths and two cranes for handling intermodal containers and bulk cargo. Vessels arriving carry between 1,250 and 1,500 containers as larger vessels are unable to use the berthing facilities. As an official port of entry into the United States and being adjacent to the Navy Base, the facility maintains a high level of security including monitoring those entering and leaving the port complex. Hazardous cargo cannot be processed through the port.

Automobiles and other roll-on/roll-off, high-and-heavy and project cargo are specialties of the port. Some 15,000 jobs are associated with the port including processing automobiles arriving in the port. The port provides a stream of delivery to auto dealers in a dozen western states, Canada, and Mexico via locomotives and car carrier trucks. While importing automobiles has long been a staple of the port, exporting them internationally began in 1996. This resulted from foreign automakers starting to build factories on U.S. soil in the early 1980s and domestic manufacturers seeking expansion in the international market. Automotive business moving through the port accounts for 85% of the total cargo value. Three auto processors are located less than 2 miles (3.2 km) from the port. The new vehicles are inspected and accessories installed before they are delivered to the dealers. Glovis is one of the port’s largest customers.

The port imports and exports over 313,000,000-short-ton of cargo annually to Guatemala (284,000,000-metric-ton) through the port of Puerto Quetzal. The cargo consists mainly of bananas and various fresh produce. The port’s goal is to be “the nation’s No. 1 port of choice for food production." Chiquita bananas arriving at the port are distributed to 13 western states.

General cargo can include household goods and oversized cargo, such as cryogenic tanks for Vandenberg Air Force Base and a Tunnel boring machine that was delivered to Las Vegas have come though the port. The port installed pumps to suck up squid from the holds of fishing vessels when the larger ports did not have the room and were not ready to provide this service.

## Military operations

NBVC Port Operations controls all vessels entering and exiting the harbor. NBVC:Port Hueneme and OHD have a Joint Use Agreement that provides up to 25 acres (10 ha) of secondary parcels for staging. There is more than 300 acres (120 ha) of lay-down space with portside access for 16 miles (26 km) of rail for on- and off-loading military freight for the various branches of service. Response to any "on water" hazardous materials spill is provided by Navy Port Operations personnel as they are first responder qualified.

The deep water port at NBVC:Port Hueneme is one of the few military ports on the West Coast and has been the site of a centuries-old naval tradition of ship commissioning. A ceremony at the harbor placed the following ships into active service

## Infrastructure and facilities

The five deep-water berths are equipped with shore-side power capacity for vessels to plug in. The system was installed to comply with a California Air Resources Board rule requiring land-based power systems to reduce pollution coming from ships by shutting down diesel engines in order to prevent the emission of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter into the air. Two refrigerated container vessels, owned by Fresh Del Monte Produce, plug into the system when docked at the port. Both the ships also have a hybrid scrubber system to remove particulate matter and sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides from the exhaust of the large marine engines that power the ships.

Two tugboats accompany ships in and out of the harbor and guide them to and from their berths. The port acquired two battery-powered terminal tractors in 2020 to move containers of fresh produce around the port. The American-made Kalmar trucks, funded with grant from the Air Resources Board, and a new tug, that came to the port in 2020, will further reduce emissions from port operations.

### Land transportation network

The Oxnard Harbor District acquired the Ventura County Railway Company LLC, a 12.9-mile (20.8 km) short line railroad, in 2003. Ventura County Railroad operates the lines which connect the port, the military base, and other facilities in south Oxnard with the Union Pacific Coast route near the Oxnard Transit Center in downtown Oxnard. The port would also benefit if the rail corridor from the Port of Hueneme through the Highway 126 corridor to Santa Clarita was reestablished to carry Central Valley and Santa Clara River Valley citrus and other products to the port and on to foreign markets.

The Hueneme Road/Rice Avenue intermodal corridor was established by the district along with the cities of Oxnard and Port Hueneme, the County of Ventura, and approved by the state transportation commission in 1998 to deal with the truck traffic. This direct route connects the port to the nationwide freight network and raises the status of the port to give it access to more federal funding resulting in a competitive advantage. Funding was put in place in 2000 to improve the dedicated freight corridor by extending Rice Road southerly to connect Hueneme Road (Port Hueneme Road within Port Hueneme city limits) and totally rebuilding the interchange for State Route 1 at Pleasant Valley Road. The new interchange at Highway 101 and Rice Avenue was dedicated in 2014 after being improved and expanded from a two-lane overpass with narrow freeway ramps that required sharp difficult turns for trucks. The interchange and road improvements also made Rice Avenue, rather than Oxnard Boulevard, the main thoroughfare between the Ventura Freeway and the Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1). An overpass has been planned for almost two decades along this route at the Rice Avenue intersection with Fifth Street (State Route 34). In February 2015, a Metrolink passenger train collided with a truck at this on-grade crossing. Funding is being allocated for design with a desire by local officials to eventually get the estimated $35 million need for this grade separation project.

### Historic sites

Three historic sites are highlighted at viewing points on the Promenade: the 1872 Wharf, the Oxnard Packing House, and extant Point Hueneme Light. The Ventura County Cultural Heritage Board designated the "Original Hueneme Wharf Site" as County Landmark #24 in 1972.

## District governance

The Oxnard Harbor District is an independent special district formed in 1937. The harbor district is governed by a five-member commission elected at-large to staggered four year terms by the voters within the district boundary. The port is one of the five of the deep water ports governed by special districts in the state of California. The state's other six deep water ports are a function of the city in which the port is located. The District boundary includes the City of Port Hueneme, most of the City of Oxnard, and the unincorporated communities of El Rio, Nyeland Acres, Silver Strand, Hollywood Beach and Hollywood by the Sea. The district formed using the existing boundary of the Oxnard Union High School District which also encompassed Camarillo, a portion of Thousand Oaks and additional unincorporated areas of the county. At the time, this seemed like the best arrangement to provide a bond measure that would provide for construction of the port. Dissatisfaction with the boundary grew over the years and the Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO) recommended in 1972 and 1985 that the boundaries be changed to encompass the entire county. Oxnard and Port Hueneme officials requested that the boundaries be dramatically reduced in 1989 after a report showed that these two cities experienced a high percentage of the economic benefits of the port and suffered from heavy truck traffic on city streets, noise and congestion. LAFCO approved and changed the boundary to the current configuration in January, 1991. The commissioners must live within the district and LAFCO agreed with the cities that the boundary should match the area that is most influenced by actions taken by the port.

In 1983, the district and the City of Port Hueneme developed an agreement that provided a payment to the city of 3.33 percent of the port's gross revenues for improvements and services. The agreement recognized that city roads need maintenance due to the port truck traffic and provided for improvements such as road widening. After 9/11, security was increased and the entrance to the port was moved to another street. Some improvements were no longer needed and the port no longer used additional police services from the city. By 2009, the city and port officials were at odds over the need to renegotiate the agreement. The disagreement became particularly heated as the port resolved in 2013 to stop paying a percentage of gross revenues and to only pay for the actual costs of road repair. They also accused the city of using the funds for other municipal purposes. While claiming it was unrelated to the dispute, the city council put a new tax before voters in the November 2014 election that reworks the city’s business tax code to collect more money from maritime businesses at the Port and from the military contractors at Naval Base Ventura County. Voters rejected the measure and elected two new city council members who were on good terms with harbor district leaders.

## Community impacts

Much of the car storage is off-site in south Oxnard where several vehicle processing centers are located. Imported cars are frequently driven out of the port on public streets to these facilities.

A volunteer group has special permission to feed feral cats that take care of rats at the port. The group manages the cat population to keep it at about 250 and feeds them three times a week at different locations around the port property. Once a month, volunteers trap cats that are new to the colony, take them to a spay and neuter clinic to be sterilized, given shots to prevent feline diseases, and get their right ears clipped so they can be identified. The cats are then returned to where they were found and allowed to live out their lives. Many of these cats were dumped by owners. The biggest problem with the colony is that other people feed the animals and throw the population out of balance with the harbor rodents the cats are there to control.

MV *Conception*, a dive boat that caught fire and sank, was brought to the port from Santa Cruz Island overnight on September 13, 2019 to provide a secure location for the investigation. The boat was anchored near the island when the conflagration occurred at 3 a.m. on September 2, 2019. Five of the crew members escaped while 33 passengers and 1 crew member who were asleep below decks died.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the port partnered with various organizations such as World Central Kitchen, local restaurants, and other groups to feed essential workers. Since fresh produce flows through the port, they were able to direct food donations by their customers to field and packinghouse workers who may not be able to make it to a food bank that is only open while they are working.

## Events

The Banana Festival is an annual event with tours of the port, food, and entertainment. Since 2011, the Port of Hueneme holds the event on the port grounds. The festival includes port tours, live bands, a kids zone, local vendors, and food/drink. Attendees spend the day celebrating the over 3.3 billion bananas that come through the Port of Hueneme each year and have the chance to receive free bananas/banana products from the companies working to transport bananas through the port such as Del Monte and Chiquita.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Port of Hueneme | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Location | Port Hueneme, California |
| Coordinates | 34°8′50″N 119°12′30″W / 34.14722°N 119.20833°W / 34.14722; -119.20833 |
| Details | |
| Opened | July 4, 1940 (July 4, 1940) |
| Operated by | Oxnard Harbor District |
| Owned by | Oxnard Harbor District/U.S. Navy |
| Type of harbour | Artificial |
| Land area | 120 acres (49 ha) |
| No. of berths | 5 |
| Port CEO and Director | Kristin Decas |
| Motto | We make cargo move. |
| Statistics | |
| Annual cargo tonnage | 1.6 million |
| Value of cargo | $10.9 billion |
| **Website**<br>www.portofh.org | |


title: Microsoft Office 2000

abstract: Microsoft Office 2000 is a release of Microsoft Office, an office suite developed and distributed by Microsoft for the Windows family of operating systems. Office 2000 was released to manufacturing on March 29, 1999, and was made available to retail on June 7, 1999. A Mac OS equivalent, Microsoft Office 2001, was released on October 11, 2000. Office 2000 is compatible with Windows 95 through Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. It is the last version of Microsoft Office to support Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 SP3–SP5. Microsoft released three service packs for Office 2000 throughout its life cycle. The first update was called Service Release 1 (SR-1), while subsequent updates were referred to as service packs. Support for Office 2000 ended on July 14, 2009.

text:
# Microsoft Office 2000

**Microsoft Office 2000** (version 9.0) is a release of Microsoft Office, an office suite developed and distributed by Microsoft for the Windows family of operating systems. Office 2000 was released to manufacturing on March 29, 1999, and was made available to retail on June 7, 1999. A Mac OS equivalent, Microsoft Office 2001, was released on October 11, 2000.

Office 2000 is compatible with Windows 95 through Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. It is the last version of Microsoft Office to support Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 SP3–SP5.

Microsoft released three service packs for Office 2000 throughout its life cycle. The first update was called Service Release 1 (SR-1), while subsequent updates were referred to as service packs. Support for Office 2000 ended on July 14, 2009.

## New features

New features in Office 2000 include HTML document creation and publishing, Internet collaboration features such as integration with NetMeeting, roaming user profile support, COM add-in support; an updated version of the Office Assistant that utilizes Microsoft Agent, improved compliance with the year 2000, and interface improvements including personalized menus and toolbars that omit infrequently used commands from view. Office 2000 introduces PhotoDraw, a raster and vector imaging program, as well as Web Components. It is also the first version of Office to use Windows Installer for the installation process. It also comes with Internet Explorer 5 and uses its technologies as well.

## Editions

Microsoft released five main editions of Office 2000 globally: Standard, Small Business, Professional, Premium, and Developer. An additional Personal edition with Word, Excel, and Outlook exclusive to Japan was also released. A similar Basic edition would later be released for Office 2003 to all markets.

All retail editions sold in Australia, Brazil, China, France, and New Zealand, as well as academic copies sold in Canada and the United States, required the user to activate the product via the Internet. Microsoft extended this requirement to retail editions sold in Canada and the United States with the availability of Office 2000 Service Release 1. Product activation would become a requirement for all editions of Office from Office XP onward.

| Office programs | Standard | Small Business | Professional | Premium | Developer |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Word 2000 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Excel 2000 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Outlook 2000 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| PowerPoint 2000 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Binder 2000 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Publisher 2000 | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Small Business Tools | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Access 2000 | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| FrontPage 2000 | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| PhotoDraw 2000 | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Developer Tools and SDK | No | No | No | No | Yes |
| MapPoint 2000 | No | No | No | No | No |
| Project 2000 | No | No | No | No | No |
| Visio 2000 | No | No | No | No | No |
| Vizact 2000 | No | No | No | No | No |

MapPoint, Project, Visio and Vizact also used the Microsoft Office 2000 brand, but they were only available as standalone programs.

## System requirements

Office 2000 system requirements
|  | Minimum | Recommended |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Microsoft Windows | | |
| Operating system | Windows 95 or later | |
| CPU | Intel Pentium 75 MHz
Intel Pentium 166 MHz or higher required for PhotoDraw | |
| Memory | 16 MB (9x)
32 MB (NT)
An additional 4 MB is required per each Office app running simultaneously (8 MB for Access, FrontPage, or Outlook; 16 MB for PhotoDraw) | |
| Free space | 189 MB (Standard)
360 MB (Small Business)
391 MB (Professional)
526 MB (Premium)
871 MB (Developer) | |
| Media | A CD-ROM drive or compatible DVD-ROM drive is required to install Office 2000 from optical media | |
| Graphics hardware | 640x480 (VGA) | 800×600 (SVGA) with 256 colors |
| Sound hardware | An audio output device is required for multimedia effects | |
| Network | Certain advanced collaboration functionality in Outlook requires Exchange Server
Internet access is required for online functionality | |
| Input device(s) | Mouse and keyboard | |

## Default font

The default font was Times New Roman, 10 pt.

1. "Microsoft Office 2000 Released to Manufacturing With Enterprise Customers Ready to Deploy". *News Center*. Microsoft. March 29, 1999. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017.
2. "How to determine the version of your Office 2000 program". *Support*. Microsoft. Archived from the original on October 20, 2004. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
3. Sharick, Paula (November 18, 2002). "Microsoft Releases Office 2000 SP3". *Windows IT Pro*. Penton. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
4. "Description of the system requirements for all editions of Office 2000". *Support*. Microsoft. November 6, 2007. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
5. "Industry Leaders Team With Microsoft To Deliver Office 2000-Based Small Business Solutions". *News Center*. Microsoft. June 7, 1999. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
6. "System Requirements". *Support*. Microsoft. May 30, 2001. Archived from the original on December 1, 2002. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
7. "Microsoft support lifecycle - Office 2000". *Support*. Microsoft. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
8. "Microsoft Office 2000 Product Enhancements Guide". Microsoft. Archived from the original (DOC) on August 17, 2000. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
9. Schnoll, Scott (2000). "Internet Explorer is Microsoft". *Computer Science*. Duke University. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
10. "Office 2000 Suites: Which Is Right For You?". *Support*. Microsoft. Archived from the original on February 29, 2000. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
11. "Microsoft Office 2000 Personal". *Support*. Microsoft. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
12. Thurrott, Paul (August 12, 2003). "Microsoft Office 2003 Editions Compared". *Windows IT Pro*. Penton. Archived from the original on January 2, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
13. "Microsoft Extends Anti-Piracy Features in Office 2000". *News Center*. Microsoft. December 9, 1998. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
14. "Microsoft Incorporates New Anti-Piracy Technologies In Windows 2000, Office 2000". *News Center*. Microsoft. February 10, 2000. Archived from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
15. "Frequently asked questions about a problem that may cause Office 2000 prompts you to register after April 15, 2003". *Support*. Microsoft. Archived from the original on January 29, 2008. Retrieved January 2, 2018. Code is written in the Office 2000 product so that users are not prompted to register after April 15, 2003
16. "Office 2000 Developer Features Overview". *Support*. Microsoft. Archived from the original on November 17, 2000. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
17. "Word 2000 Beginner's Guide". *www.csun.edu*. Retrieved 2024-01-29.

## InfoBox

Microsoft Office 2000
|
|  |
|
| Developer(s) | Microsoft |
| Initial release | June 7, 1999 (1999-06-07) |
|  | |
| Final release | Service Pack 3 (9.0.6926) / October 21, 2002 (2002-10-21) |
|  | |
| Operating system | Windows 95 or later |
| Platform | IA-32 |
| Predecessor | Microsoft Office 97 (1996) |
| Successor | Microsoft Office XP (2001) |
| Type | Office suite |
| License | Proprietary commercial software |
| Website | Microsoft Office Home |


title: Zeste

abstract: Zeste is a Canadian French-language discretionary service channel owned by Groupe TVA. Zeste airs food-related entertainment and lifestyle programming.

text:
# Zeste

**Zeste** is a Canadian French-language discretionary service channel owned by Groupe TVA. Zeste airs food-related entertainment and lifestyle programming.

## History

On August 15, 2008, Serdy was granted approval by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to operate "Cuisine", a national French-language category 2 digital cable specialty channel devoted to food-related programming. On January 19, 2010, Groupe Serdy announced that it was ready to launch the channel in March, and on February 24, Serdy unveiled the channel's identity, including the channel's new name (Zeste), and programming to the media.

The channel was launched on March 22 in standard and high definition.

On January 14, 2019, the CRTC approves the acquisition of the channel by Quebecor Média on behalf of its subsidiary Groupe TVA.

## Zeste HD

On May 2, 2011, Zeste launched *Zeste HD*, a high definition simulcast of the standard definition feed.

en 2024 au Printemps le Retour The Biggest loser season 11

## InfoBox

Zeste
| **Zeste logo** | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Canada |
| Broadcast area | National |
| Headquarters | Montreal, Quebec |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | French |
| Picture format | 480i (SDTV)<br>1080i (HDTV) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Groupe TVA |
| Sister channels | Évasion |
| History | |
| Launched | March 22, 2010 (2010-03-22) |
| Links | |
| Website | www.zeste.tv |


title: Villers-lès-Guise

abstract: Villers-lès-Guise is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

text:
# Villers-lès-Guise

**Villers-lès-Guise** (French pronunciation: \[vilɛʁ  ɡɥiz\], literally *Villers near Guise*) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 254 |  |
| 1968 | 250 | −1.6% |
| 1975 | 199 | −20.4% |
| 1982 | 195 | −2.0% |
| 1990 | 203 | +4.1% |
| 1999 | 182 | −10.3% |
| 2008 | 172 | −5.5% |

## InfoBox

| Villers-lès-Guise | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall of Villers-lès-Guise | |
| Location of Villers-lès-Guise | |
| Villers-lès-GuiseVillers-lès-Guise | |
| Coordinates: 49°55′11″N 3°40′44″E / 49.9197°N 3.6789°E / 49.9197; 3.6789 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Aisne |
| Arrondissement | Vervins |
| Canton | Guise |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Eric Vanneste |
| Area**1** | 8.06 km2 (3.11 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 163 |
| Density | 20/km2 (52/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 02814 /02120 |
| Elevation | 130–163 m (427–535 ft)
(avg. 154 m or 505 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Poédogo, Kombissiri

abstract: Poédogo, Kombissiri is a village in the Kombissiri Department of Bazèga Province in central Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 828.

text:
# Poédogo, Kombissiri

**Poédogo, Kombissiri** is a village in the Kombissiri Department of Bazèga Province in central Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 828.

## InfoBox

| Poédogo, Kombissiri | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Region | Centre-Sud Region |
| Province | Bazèga Province |
| Department | Kombissiri Department |
| Population (2005 est.) | |
| Total | 828 |


title: Next-in-line effect

abstract: The next-in-line effect is the phenomenon of people being unable to recall information concerning events immediately preceding their turn to perform. The effect was first studied experimentally by Malcolm Brenner in 1973. In his experiment the participants were each in turn reading a word aloud from an index card, and after 25 words were asked to recall as many of all the read words as possible. The results of the experiment showed that words read aloud within approximately nine seconds before the subject's own turn were recalled worse than other words. The reason for the next-in-line effect appears to be a deficit in encoding the perceived information preceding a performance. That is, the information is never stored to long-term memory and thus cannot be retrieved later after the performance. One finding supporting this theory is that asking the subjects beforehand to pay more attention to events preceding their turn to perform can prevent the memory deficit and even result in overcompensation, making people remember the events before their turn better than others. In addition, the appearance of the next-in-line effect does not seem to be connected to the level of fear of negative evaluation. Both people with lower and higher anxiety levels are subject to the memory deficit.

text:
# Next-in-line effect

The **next-in-line effect** is the phenomenon of people being unable to recall information concerning events immediately preceding their turn to perform.

The effect was first studied experimentally by Malcolm Brenner in 1973. In his experiment the participants were each in turn reading a word aloud from an index card, and after 25 words were asked to recall as many of all the read words as possible. The results of the experiment showed that words read aloud within approximately nine seconds before the subject's own turn were recalled worse than other words.

The reason for the next-in-line effect appears to be a deficit in encoding the perceived information preceding a performance. That is, the information is never stored to long-term memory and thus cannot be retrieved later after the performance. One finding supporting this theory is that asking the subjects beforehand to pay more attention to events preceding their turn to perform can prevent the memory deficit and even result in overcompensation, making people remember the events before their turn better than others.

In addition, the appearance of the next-in-line effect does not seem to be connected to the level of fear of negative evaluation. Both people with lower and higher anxiety levels are subject to the memory deficit.

1. Brenner, Malcolm (1973). "The next-in-line effect" (PDF). *Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior*. **12** (3): 320–323. doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(73)80076-3. hdl:2027.42/33869.
2. Bond Jr., Charles F; Omar, Adnan S (1990-05-01). "Social anxiety, state dependence, and the next-in-line effect". *Journal of Experimental Social Psychology*. **26** (3): 185–198. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(90)90034-J.
3. Bond, Charles F. (1985). "The next-in-line effect: Encoding or retrieval deficit?". *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*. **48** (4): 853–862. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.853.
4. Walker, B. S.; Orr, F. E. (1976-12-01). "Anxiety and the next-in-line effect". *Journal of Educational Psychology*. **68** (6): 775–778. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.68.6.775. ISSN 1939-2176. PMID 1002889.


title: PEN Canada

abstract: PEN Canada is one of the 148 centres of PEN International. Founded in 1926, it has a membership of over 1,000 writers and supporters who campaign on behalf of writers around the world who are persecuted, imprisoned and exiled for exercising their right to freedom of expression. Since its founding, various PEN Centers around the world have campaigned on behalf of such acclaimed writers as Czech playwright Václav Havel, Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi of Burma, novelist Salman Rushdie and Turkey's 2006 Nobel laureate in literature, Orhan Pamuk. PEN Canada is a member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange network. Over the years, PEN Canada membership has included many of the leading figures in the Canadian literary and cultural establishment, including Margaret Atwood, Adrienne Clarkson, John Ralston Saul, David Cronenberg and Yann Martel.

text:
# PEN Canada

**PEN Canada** is one of the 148 centres of PEN International. Founded in 1926, it has a membership of over 1,000 writers and supporters who campaign on behalf of writers around the world who are persecuted, imprisoned and exiled for exercising their right to freedom of expression.

Since its founding, various PEN Centers around the world have campaigned on behalf of such acclaimed writers as Czech playwright Václav Havel, Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi of Burma, novelist Salman Rushdie and Turkey's 2006 Nobel laureate in literature, Orhan Pamuk. PEN Canada is a member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange network.

Over the years, PEN Canada membership has included many of the leading figures in the Canadian literary and cultural establishment, including Margaret Atwood, Adrienne Clarkson, John Ralston Saul, David Cronenberg and Yann Martel.

## Programs

The Writers in Prison Committee advocates on behalf of 25-30 persecuted, imprisoned and murdered writers in countries such as Myanmar, China, Iran, Turkey, Mexico, Eritrea and Uzbekistan. Since January 2003, PEN Canada has seen the release from prison of 33 Honorary Members. International PEN's Day of the Imprisoned Writer is marked on November 15. The PEN Canada One Humanity Award honours a writer, journalist, academic or PEN Canada Honorary Member outside of Canada.

The Writers in Exile Network establishes partnerships with Canadian universities, colleges and other institutions to create placements for writers who have found asylum in Canada, so that they may re-professionalize their skills in their new country. The City of Toronto/PEN Canada Writer in Exile Fellowship allows a refugee writer to be a member of the Toronto Writers’ Centre for one year.

The TAXI Project and Readers & Writers "explore freedom of expression through the arts" with actors, writers in exile and established and community authors participating in schools and community readings and events.

The Canadian Issues Committee run by PEN Canada acts as a watchdog on legislation and actions in Canada that violate the right to freedom of expression guaranteed under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

PEN Canada also participates in Freedom to Read Week by holding events to raise awareness about freedom of expression.

## Awards and fellowships

### One Humanity Award

The One Humanity Award has been given since 2006 to an international writer, journalist, academic, or honorary PEN member who has endured repression or shown courage in exercising their freedom of expression. The honour has been awarded to:

## Presidents of PEN Canada

## InfoBox

PEN Canada
|
|  |
| Formation | 1926 |
| Type | Non-profit Organization, Literary society, Lobbying |
| Legal status | Association |
| Purpose | Publication, Advocacy, Lobbying, Literary Awards |
| Headquarters | London, UK |
| Location |  |
| Coordinates | 43°38′56″N 79°24′09″W / 43.648819°N 79.402571°W / 43.648819; -79.402571 |
| Region served | Canada |
| Official language | English |
| President | Grace Westcott |
| Key people | Board of Directors |
| Parent organization | International PEN |
| Affiliations | International Freedom of Expression Exchange |
| Website | pencanada.ca |
| Remarks | PEN Canada is the representative of International Pen, for whole of Canada |


title: Port of Hong Kong

abstract: The Port of Hong Kong located by the South China Sea, is a deepwater seaport dominated by trade in containerised manufactured products, and to a lesser extent raw materials and passengers. A key factor in the economic development of Hong Kong, the natural shelter and deep waters of Victoria Harbour provide ideal conditions for berthing and the handling of all types of vessels. It is one of the busiest ports in the world, in the three categories of shipping movements, cargo handled and passengers carried. This makes Hong Kong a Large-Port Metropolis.

text:
# Port of Hong Kong

The **Port of Hong Kong** located by the South China Sea, is a deepwater seaport dominated by trade in containerised manufactured products, and to a lesser extent raw materials and passengers. A key factor in the economic development of Hong Kong, the natural shelter and deep waters of Victoria Harbour provide ideal conditions for berthing and the handling of all types of vessels. It is one of the busiest ports in the world, in the three categories of shipping movements, cargo handled and passengers carried. This makes Hong Kong a Large-Port Metropolis.

## Administration

The responsibility for administering the port is vested in the Director of Marine. The Port Operations Committee advises the director on all matters in regards to the efficient operations of the port, except those matters that are the responsibility of the Pilotage Advisory Committee and the Provisional Local Vessels Advisory Committee. The Hong Kong Maritime and Port Board (HKMPB) advises the Government on matters related to port planning and development and promoting Hong Kong as a regional hub port and a leading container port in the world as well as on measures to further develop Hong Kong's maritime industry and to promote Hong Kong's position as an international maritime centre. The HKMPB replaced (in April 2016) the former Hong Kong Maritime Industry Council and Hong Kong Port Development Council and is chaired by the Secretary for Transport and Housing, as they both were.

The Marine Department is responsible for ensuring that conditions exist to enable ships to enter the port, work their cargoes and leave as quickly and as safely as possible. It is concerned with many aspects of safety standards for all classes and types of vessels, from the largest oil-carrying tankers to the smallest passenger-carrying sampans. It also maintains aids to navigation and mooring buoys for seagoing ships, manages three cross-boundary ferry terminals and administers eight public cargo working areas.

## Shipping

Hong Kong is one of several hub ports serving the South-East and East Asia region, and is an economic gateway to mainland China. The port is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.

Hong Kong set a record in its container throughput in 2007 by handling 23.9 million TEUs (20-foot equivalent units of containers), maintaining its status as the largest container port serving southern China and one of the busiest ports in the world. Some 456,000 vessels arrived in and departed from Hong Kong during the year, carrying 243 million tonnes of cargo and about 25 million passengers. The average turnaround time for container vessels in Hong Kong is about 10 hours. For conventional vessels working in mid-stream at buoys or anchorages, it is 42 and 52 hours respectively.

### Container Port traffic

The port has been one of the busiest container ports in the world for many years, and at times the busiest. It was the world's busiest container port from 1987 to 1989, from 1992 to 1997, and from 1999 to 2004. The amount of container ships that went through Hong Kong's container port was 25,869 in 2016, with a net register tonnage of 386,853 tonnes in 2016.

### Container terminals

There are currently nine container terminals situated at Kwai Chung, Stonecutters Island and Tsing Yi (the last one completed in 2004). Substantial container throughput is handled by the River Trade Terminal at Tuen Mun and by mid-stream.

#### Kwai Tsing Container Terminals

The Kwai Tsing Container Terminals (Kwai Chung Container Terminals until Container Terminal 9 was opened on Tsing Yi), located in the north-western part of the harbour, has nine container terminals with 24 berths of about 8,500 metres of frontage. It covers a total terminal area of about 2.7 km2 which includes container yards and container freight stations. The nine container terminals have a total handling capacity of over 18 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU).

These terminals are operated by five companies, namely:

The existing 9 terminals occupy 2.17 square kilometres of land, providing 18 berths and 6,592 metres deep water frontage. These terminals handle about 60% of total container traffic handled in Hong Kong.

In July, 2020, The Port of Hong Kong welcomed HMM Gdansk, the world's largest container vessel, on its maiden call to Hong Kong at Kwai Tsing Container Terminal 7.

Planning is underway for a potential Container Terminal 10 (CT10), with possible sites narrowed down to either southwest Tsing Yi or northwest Lantau, to the west of the airport.

Container terminals
| Terminal | Operator | Depth
(m) | Berths | Quay length
(m) | Quay cranes | Area
(m2) | Capacity
(kTEUs) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Terminal 1 (CT1) | MTL | 14 | 1 |  | 4 |  |  |
| Terminal 2 (CT2) | MTL | 14 | 1 |  | 5 |  |  |
| Terminal 3 (CT3) | DPI | 14 | 1 | 305 | 6 | 167,000 | \>1,200 |
| Terminal 4 (CT4) | HIT | 12.5 | 3 |  | 8 |  |  |
| Terminal 5 (CT5) | MTL | 14 | 1 |  | 4 |  |  |
| Terminal 6 (CT6) | HIT | 12.5–15.5 | 3 |  | 11 |  |  |
| Terminal 7 (CT7) | HIT | 15.5 | 4 |  | 15 |  |  |
| Terminal 8 East (CT8E) | HIT/COSCO | 15.5 | 2 | 640 | 9 | 300,000 | 1,800 |
| Terminal 8 West (CT8W) | ACT | 15.5 | 2 | 740 | 8 | 285,000 | \>2,000 |
| Terminal 9 North (CT9N) | HIT | 15.5 | 2 | 700 | 9 | 190,000 | \>2,600 (N&S) |
| Terminal 9 South (CT9S) | MTL | 15.5 | 4 | 1,240 | 13 | 490,000 |  |

#### River Trade Terminal at Tuen Mun

The River Trade Terminal at Tuen Mun involves the consolidation of containers, break bulk and bulk cargo shipped between the Hong Kong port and ports in the Pearl River Delta. The terminal is located near Pillar Point in Tuen Mun, New Territories, and is operated by River Trade Terminal Company Ltd. The 65-hectare terminal, completed in November 1999, has about 3,000 metres of quay, according to Hong Kong Port Development Council data.

### Mid-stream

Mid-stream operation involves loading and unloading containers to and from ships while at sea, with barges or dumb steel lighters performing the transfer, and then distributing or landing the containers to piers nearby. Due to high handling fees at the container terminals, Hong Kong has become the only place in the world with at-sea loading and unloading operations.

Currently, there are 11 different yard sites solely for mid-stream operations, occupying a total land area of 27.5 hectares and waterfrontage of 3,197 metres.

## Ferry services

The Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal between Central and Sheung Wan and the China Ferry Terminal in Tsim Sha Tsui provide centralised ferry services to Macau and 24 ports on mainland China. About 100 vessels, mostly high-speed passenger craft such as jetfoils, catamarans and hoverferries, operate from these terminals. In 2001, over 17 million passengers passed through the terminals, comprising approximately 11.2 million passenger trips to/from Macau and 6.5 million passenger trips to/from mainland ports.

## Government fleet

There are over 600 vessels of different types and sizes in the government fleet. About 152 vessels are major mechanised vessels serving under 16 government departments such as the Marine Police, Customs and Excise, and Fire Services. Some user departments operate and man their purpose-built vessels. The Marine Department itself controls about 100 vessels, including patrol launches, personnel carriers, pontoons, self-propelled barges and specialised vessels such as hydrographic survey launches and explosive carriers. These vessels provide support to the department's own port operations or serve other departments which do not have their own fleet. The Government Dockyard is responsible for the design, procurement and maintenance of all vessels owned by the Government. It occupies a site of 980,000 m2 on Stonecutters Island and has an 83,000 m2 protected water basin as an operational base for vessels operated by the Marine Department. The dockyard has a ship-lift system and three ship-hoists capable of drydocking vessels of up to 750 tonnes. An on-line computerised information system is employed to co-ordinate the maintenance activities and support services to maximise maintenance efficiency and vessel availability.

## Drydocks and slipways

The port has extensive facilities for repairing, maintaining, drydocking and slipping of all types of vessels. Two floating drydocks are located off the west coast of Tsing Yi Island and two northeast of Lantau Island. The largest is capable of docking vessels up to 150,000 tonnes deadweight (DWT). There is also a large number of smaller shipyards, which carry out repairs to vessels and build specialised craft, including sophisticated patrol craft and pleasure vessels for overseas markets.

## Port facilities and services

### Moorings and anchorages

The Marine Department operates and maintains 58 mooring buoys for seagoing vessels. Of these 31 are suitable for ships up to 183 metres in length and 27 for ships up to 137 metres. There are 44 special typhoon mooring buoys to which ships can remain secured during typhoons. This improves efficiency and reduces operational costs of vessels through elimination of unnecessary movements. In addition to the three Immigration and Quarantine Anchorages designated for visiting vessels to complete port formalities, there are eight dangerous goods and eight general-purpose anchorages providing temporary berthing spaces for vessels.

The areas and water depths of the anchorages are diversified to accommodate different sizes and draughts of ships calling at Hong Kong. There are over 460 modern marine aids to navigation throughout Hong Kong waters to guide mariners to and from their berths.

All fairway buoys are lit and fitted with radar reflectors. Traffic Separation Schemes operate in the East Lamma Channel and Tathong Channel. The Marine Department's VHF radio network provides comprehensive marine communication coverage throughout the harbour and its approaches. The department has direct communication links with other maritime authorities and users worldwide. Locally, the department's Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre (MRCC) maintains direct contact with emergency response services, which include the Government Flying Service, Marine Police and Fire Services. MRCC provides 24-hour maritime distress alert monitoring and co-ordinates all maritime search and rescue operations within the Hong Kong search and rescue region in the South China Sea.

A comprehensive vessel traffic service is provided by the department's Vessel Traffic Centre (VTC), with radar surveillance and tracking capabilities as well as a fully integrated data handling sub-system, covers 95% of Hong Kong waters used by seagoing vessels and ferries. The VTC offers advice on the activities of other vessels and gives navigational information to mariners through a sectorised VHF network. This ensures the safety standard and traffic efficiency of the port. An upgraded vessel tracking system, which can track 4,000 moving vessels plus 1,000 stationary targets in real time, has been in operation since early 2002. It provides the latest technology such as AIS, ECDIS, CCTV, new VHF-direction finders and modern communications systems to further improve navigation safety and operation efficiency. Marine Department patrol launches maintain a watch on shipping, traffic separation schemes, fairways, navigational channels, typhoon shelter and cargo-working areas. They provide on-scene support to the VTC, and are in continuous radio contact with the VTC and local marine traffic control stations located at Ma Wan and Kwai Chung Container Port. The VTC is thus able to promptly initiate and co-ordinate actions required to facilitate safe navigation in the port.

The Hydrographic Office of the Marine Department surveys Hong Kong waters and produces nautical charts to facilitate safe navigation within the port. It functions with reference to the standards laid down by the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO). Notices to Mariners are promulgated fortnightly to update bilingual nautical charts. A Differential Global Positioning System correction signal is broadcast continuously on 289 kHz to assist mariners using GPS navigation to position-fix their vessels more accurately. Tidal height predictions and real-time tidal information are provided on the department's website. Pilotage is compulsory for ships of 3,000 gross tons and above and gas carriers of any tonnage. Quarantine and immigration facilities are available on a 24-hour basis. Advance immigration clearance and radio pratique may be obtained by certain vessels on application.

### Dangerous goods

Dangerous goods are moved in the waters of Hong Kong strictly in accordance with the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code. Their movements must be recorded in Marine Department's Dangerous Goods Information System. Fire-fighting vessels operated by the Fire Services Department are kept in a state of readiness at all times. The Marine Department's pollution control vessels are on 24-hour standby to deal with oil spills.

### Other working facilities

To facilitate transfer of cargo between vessels and the shore, and cargo to and from Pearl River ports, the Marine Department provides and manages 7,756 metres of public cargo-working sea frontage in various parts of Hong Kong. Bulk handling facilities for coal and oil are provided at the power generating stations at Tap Shek Kok in Castle Peak and at Po Lo Tsui on Lamma Island.

## Hong Kong Shipping Register

Hong Kong is a major centre of ship ownership and management. Ships owned or managed in Hong Kong amount to 100 million gross tons. Hong Kong has been recognised by the international shipping sector as a first-rate ship registration centre, where registration of ships is entirely voluntary. At the end of 2001, 653 ships were registered in Hong Kong, with a total gross tonnage of 13.7 million tons – a 32 per cent growth over the previous year. The Hong Kong Shipping Register operates independently in its maritime policy and administration. The HKSAR Government issues related certificates under its own legislation in the name of 'Hong Kong, China'. As a quality shipping register, Hong Kong adopts all major international conventions promulgated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). As an associate member of the IMO, the Government ensures that ships registered in Hong Kong are maintained to the highest international safety and marine environmental protection standards.

A Flag State Quality Control (FSQC) System was introduced in 1999 to monitor the performance of authorised classification societies and to maintain the quality of ships on the Hong Kong shipping register. Any Hong Kong-registered ship whose quality standard is found to be declining or which is detained by a port state for serious deficiencies will be subject to FSQC inspections by Marine Department surveyors. The department regulates the safety standards of all locally licensed vessels, currently numbering over 10,000. Marine Department surveyors also carry out surveys of new vessels being built abroad for licensing in Hong Kong. Examinations are held regularly for the issuance of both foreign-going and river-trade certificates of competency for masters, deck officers and engineers. In addition, local certificates of competency are issued to coxswains and engineers of locally licensed vessels, which operate within the waters of Hong Kong. An inspection and advice service is provided to promote safe working practices in ship-repairing, ship breaking, cargo-handling on ships and safety afloat.

## Seafarers

Hong Kong is a centre for employment of seafarers. 1,200 Hong Kong officers and ratings serve on board more than 420 seagoing ships of 12 different maritime nations. The mercantile marine office registers seafarers, regulates their employment on board ships of all flags and supervises the employment and discharge of seafarers on Hong Kong ships and foreign ships not represented in Hong Kong by a consulate office.

## InfoBox

| Port of Hong Kong
香港港口 | |
| --- | --- |
| Container terminals in Kwai Chung, Hong Kong, crossed by Stonecutters Bridge | |
| Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | |
| Country | China |
| Location | Hong Kong |
| Coordinates | 22°20′N 114°8′E / 22.333°N 114.133°E / 22.333; 114.133 |
| UN/LOCODE | HK KCO |
| Details | |
| Operated by | Hong Kong Maritime and Port Board |
| Owned by | Government of Hong Kong |
| Type of harbour | Natural deepwater seaport |
| Land area | 279 hectares |
| No. of berths | 24 |
| Statistics | |
| Annual TEU | 18 million (2020) |
| **Website**
Official website | |


title: Microbacterium azadirachtae

abstract: Microbacterium azadirachtae is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus Microbacterium which has been isolated from the rhizoplane of the plant Azadirachta indica from the Botanical Garden of Coimbatore in India. Microbacterium azadirachtae can promote plant growth by producing phytohormones.

text:
# Microbacterium azadirachtae

***Microbacterium azadirachtae*** is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus *Microbacterium* which has been isolated from the rhizoplane of the plant *Azadirachta indica* from the Botanical Garden of Coimbatore in India. *Microbacterium azadirachtae* can promote plant growth by producing phytohormones.

## Further reading

* George M., Garrity (2012). *Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology* (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Science + Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-68233-4.

## InfoBox

| *Microbacterium azadirachtae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetia |
| Order: | Micrococcales |
| Family: | Microbacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Microbacterium* |
| Species: | ***M. azadirachtae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Microbacterium azadirachtae***
Madhaiyan et al. 2010 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| AI-S262
JCM 15681
KCTC 19668
LMG 24772 | |