title: Plextronics

abstract: Plextronics, Inc. was an international technology company that specialized in printed solar, lighting and other electronics. It filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in January 2014. Headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the company's focus was on organic solar cell and organic light-emitting diode lighting, specifically the conductive inks and process technologies that enable those and other similar applications. It was an R&D spin-off from Carnegie Mellon University. based on technologies developed by Richard D. McCullough. Printed electronics comprise next-generation light, power and circuitry products, including flexible displays, plastic solar cells, organic field effect transistors and organic RFID tags. Plextronics' vision is to enable 15 billion printed electronic devices by 2015. On August 21, 2008, Plextronics was honored by the Pittsburgh Business Times as one of the region's 100 fastest-growing companies, and the fastest-growing in the Manufacturing/Transportation category.

text:
# Plextronics

**Plextronics, Inc.** was an international technology company that specialized in printed solar, lighting and other electronics. It filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in January 2014. Headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the company's focus was on organic solar cell and organic light-emitting diode lighting, specifically the conductive inks and process technologies that enable those and other similar applications. It was an R&D spin-off from Carnegie Mellon University. based on technologies developed by Richard D. McCullough.

Printed electronics comprise next-generation light, power and circuitry products, including flexible displays, plastic solar cells, organic field effect transistors and organic RFID tags. Plextronics' vision is to enable 15 billion printed electronic devices by 2015.

On August 21, 2008, Plextronics was honored by the *Pittsburgh Business Times* as one of the region's 100 fastest-growing companies, and the fastest-growing in the Manufacturing/Transportation category.

## Funding

In 2007, Plextronics completed a $20.6 million Series B financing, led by Solvay North America Investments, LLC, a member of the Solvay Group, an international chemical and pharmaceutical group headquartered in Brussels. Significant investments were also received from Applied Ventures, Firelake Capital Management, Birchmere Ventures, Draper Triangle Ventures and Newlin Investment Company.

In 2009, Plextronics has closed a $14 million Series B-1 financing round, which was led by Solvay North America Investments, LLC, a member of the Solvay Group. This marks Solvay’s second investment in Plextronics in three years, raising the Belgian chemical firm's stake to $12 million and making it the largest minority shareholder in the printed electronics materials development company.

In mid-2011, Solvay provided $15 million (EUR 10 million) in a Series B-2 financing round to the company. This financing will support the acceleration of Plextronics' technology development and delivery of its innovative products to a growing base of global customers. Solvay is Plextronics' largest minority shareholder.

Plextronics has raised a total of $41 million in equity capital since 2002.

## Technology

Printed electronics takes advantage of printing technology to manufacture electronic devices, including printed organic solar cells, radio-frequency identification tags and flexible displays. Plextronics creates materials that enable the commercialization and manufacturing scale of this emerging technology.

The company's Plexcore technology is solution-processable inks for printed electronics, either conductive, photoactive, or semi-conductive. The inks are tunable to provide customized solutions.

Plextronics focuses on polymer design and ink formulation, as well as device physics and analysis.

In 2009 the CEOs of Pittsburgh, PA-headquartered Plextronics, Westinghouse, Allegheny Energy, EQT Corporation, CONSOL Energy and BPL Global announced that they have founded the U.S. Center for Energy Leadership (USCEL). The mission of the group is to establish a stable energy environment for the U.S. that includes energy independence, stable energy pricing and a portfolio approach to meeting increasing energy needs. USCEL will also advocate for new and innovative technological developments that will impact all of these areas. The group will also work to address specific governmental policy, investment and technology issues that have direct bearing on the energy industry.

In March 2014, Solvay SA, an international chemical group headquartered in Brussels, has completed the acquisition Plextronics Inc. to bolster its Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) electronic display technology and launch a new development platform with a strong Asian foothold. As part of its expansion into the rapidly growing OLED market, Solvay is setting up a new electronics laboratory at its research center at Ewha Woman’s University in Seoul City, South Korea.

## InfoBox

Plextronics
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Solar energy, printed electronics |
| Founded | 2002 |
| Headquarters | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA |
| Key people | Andrew W. Hannah, president and chief executive officer; Richard D. McCullough, Ph.D., chief scientist; William Snyder, vice president of core services and chief financial officer; James Dietz, vice president of business development; Shawn P. Williams, Ph.D., vice president of technology |
| Products | Organic solar cells, OLED lighting, conductive inks, organic semiconductive polymers |
| Number of employees | 68 (2009) |
| Website | www.plextronics.com |


title: George Robert Ainslie

abstract: George Robert Ainslie (1776–1839) was a Scottish general of the British Army, with a short lived and controversial career in the Caribbean, a Lieutenant Governor of Cape Breton, and noted for his coin collecting pursuits.

text:
# George Robert Ainslie

**George Robert Ainslie** (1776–1839) was a Scottish general of the British Army, with a short lived and controversial career in the Caribbean, a Lieutenant Governor of Cape Breton, and noted for his coin collecting pursuits.

## Biography

### Military career

Ainslie was the eldest son of Sir Philip Ainslie, and was born near Edinburgh in 1776. He entered the army as ensign in the 19th Regiment in 1793, and having political influence through his mother, a daughter of Lord Grey, was in the same year promoted lieutenant, and in the next captain in the 85th Regiment. With his regiment he saw service in Flanders, and in 1799, when he was promoted major, was engaged in the short and disgraceful Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland. He seems to have shown no particular capacity as a soldier or much ardour for a military life, and so was in 1800 promoted to a lieutenant-colonelcy in a Fencible Regiment.

### Colonial governor

In 1802 he married a Miss Nevile, but did not again try for employment in his profession. He was, however, made lieutenant-colonel of the 25th Regiment in 1807, and promoted colonel by brevet in 1810. His influential relatives now obtained him a colonial governorship, that of the island of St. Eustatius in 1812. Two months later he became Lieutenant-Governor of Grenada where he had confrontations with the free people of colour over their rights as free citizens. In early 1813 he was appointed as Governor of Dominica where he issued a proclamation to find and exterminate the Maroon population in May. By July he found he was dealing with the impacts and losses from a devastating hurricane (23 July 1813), coupled with increasing unrest on the plantations. He took a martial approach and in October 1813 declared '*I do further declare, that the utmost rigour of military execution shall be put in force against all those runaway slaves that may be apprehended after that period, neither age nor sex spared, all indiscriminately shall be put to the bayonet*'. The severity of these measures attracted the attention of the Secretary of State for the Colonies and he was summoned to the UK in June 1814, although did not return until November. in the end some 577 slaves and maroons were involved, with 18 killed during capture, 16 dying in jail and a further 5 executed. Despite the protests to Parliament of landowners and members of the Dominica Assembly he was censured for his actions and demoted.

Ainslie's undistinguished military and colonial governorship forced him to accept a lower post in 1816, that being lieutenant-governor of Cape Breton Island. He arrived there in to find a colony in chaos because of lack of funds and uncollected taxes. Ainslie contributed to the situation by assuming a managerial stance similar to the one that had earned him this demotion. Basically the colony felt the taxes were illegal because of the lack of, and subsequent approval by, an assembly council. Ainslie's inability to deal with the crisis effectively destroyed the colony and it was re-absorbed into Nova Scotia on 16 October 1820. On that day Lieutenant-Governor Sir James Kempt of Nova Scotia officially proclaimed the end of Cape Breton as a separate colony.

### Coin collector

Major-General Ainslie, for he had been promoted previous to his recall, was now free from any active employment. Nature had designed him for a savant, not a soldier. His hobby was collecting coins. The taste for coin-collecting had much decreased in England since the days of Addison, and he found a clear field for his labours. He made a specialty of Anglo-Norman coins, and travelled all over England, and, what was then a more uncommon thing, all over the rural districts of Normandy and Brittany, in search of coins. He published in 1830 the result of his labours in a magnificent quarto entitled *Anglo-French Coinage,* adorned with many illustrations. By his industry he had got together almost a unique collection of rare coins, and, absorbed in the pursuit, died peacefully in 1839.

## Legacy

## InfoBox

| George Robert Ainslie | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Born | 1776 |
| Died | 16 April 1839  (aged 62–63)<br>Edinburgh |
| Occupation | Army officer, numismatist |
| Children | H. F. Ainslie |
| Parent(s) |  |


title: Merimasku

abstract: Merimasku is a former municipality of Finland. It was, together with Rymättylä and Velkua, consolidated with the town of Naantali on January 1, 2009. It is located in the province of Western Finland and is part of the Southwest Finland region. The municipality had a population of 1,513 and covered an area of 51.12 km² of which 0.71 km² is inland water. The population density was 30.01 inhabitants per km². The municipality was unilingually Finnish.

text:
# Merimasku

**Merimasku** (Finnish pronunciation: \[ˈmeriˌmɑsku\]) is a former municipality of Finland. It was, together with Rymättylä and Velkua, consolidated with the town of Naantali on January 1, 2009.

It is located in the province of Western Finland and is part of the Southwest Finland region. The municipality had a population of 1,513 (31 December 2004) and covered an area of 51.12 km² (excluding sea) of which 0.71 km² is inland water. The population density was 30.01 inhabitants per km².

The municipality was unilingually Finnish.

Media related to Merimasku at Wikimedia Commons

60°28′55″N 021°52′15″E / 60.48194°N 21.87083°E / 60.48194; 21.87083

## InfoBox

| Merimasku | |
| --- | --- |
| Former municipality | |
| *Merimaskun kunta*
*Merimasku kommun* | |
| The Merimasku Church, one of the oldest remaining wooden churches in Finland | |
|  | |
| Country | Finland |
| Province | Western Finland |
| Region | Southwest Finland |
| Sub-region | Turku |
| Merged with Naantali | January 1, 2009 |
| Government | |
| City manager | Juhani Kylämäkilä |
| Area | |
| Total | 51.12 km2 (19.74 sq mi) |
| Land | 50.41 km2 (19.46 sq mi) |
| Water | 0.71 km2 (0.27 sq mi) |
| Rank | 417th |
| Population (2003) | |
| Total | 1,508 |
| Rank | 382nd |
| Density | 29/km2 (76/sq mi) |
|  | +2.7 % change |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Official languages | Finnish |
| Urbanisation | 57.9% |
| Unemployment rate | 6.1% |
| Website | http://www.merimasku.fi/ |


title: Plexauridae

abstract: Plexauridae is a family of marine colonial octocorals in the phylum Cnidaria. Members of this family are found in shallow tropical and subtropical seas. Many species contain symbiotic photosynthetic protists called zooxanthellae.

text:
# Plexauridae

**Plexauridae** is a family of marine colonial octocorals in the phylum Cnidaria. Members of this family are found in shallow tropical and subtropical seas. Many species contain symbiotic photosynthetic protists called zooxanthellae.

## Characteristics

The Plexauridae have a branching colony form and many are known as sea rods or sea fans. The axial core of the coral skeleton is horny and hollow, and contains no sclerites. This is covered by a layer of tissue called coenenchyme in which is embedded calcareous sclerites. The sclerites are very varied in form in the Plexauridae, and examination of their morphology is helpful in identifying the different species. The calyces in which the polyps sit are strengthened by further sclerites and have eight fine dividing walls called septa. The polyps each have eight pinnate tentacles.

## Genera

The World Register of Marine Species includes these genera in this family:

## InfoBox

| Plexauridae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Paramuricea clavata* with polyps extended | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Octocorallia |
| Order: | Alcyonacea |
| Suborder: | Holaxonia |
| Family: | Plexauridae<br>Gray, 1859 |
|
| Genera | |
| See text | |


title: Vexillum hoaraui

abstract: Vexillum hoaraui is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

text:
# Vexillum hoaraui

***Vexillum hoaraui*** is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 14.4 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Indian Ocean off Réunion.

* Guillot de Suduiraut E. (2007) Description of three new species of Costellariidae from the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. Visaya 2(2): 96-100.

## InfoBox

| *Vexillum hoaraui* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Vexillum hoaraui* (holotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Turbinelloidea |
| Family: | Costellariidae |
| Genus: | *Vexillum* |
| Species: | ***V. hoaraui*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vexillum hoaraui***<br>Guillot de Suduiraut, 2007 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Vexillum (Costellaria) hoaraui* E. Guillot de Suduiraut, 2007 | |


title: Nandita Saha

abstract: Nandita Saha is an Indian table-tennis player. She was a part of Indian trio who defeated Canada in Common wealth 2006 at Melbourne and won Bronze medal for India. She won Bronze Medal in Women's singles in Senior National TT Championship in 2010. Twice Gold medal winner in Mixed Doubles in National Championship. Represented India in various World Championship, Asian Championship, Commonwealth Championship and SAF Games. She also represented India in Manchester Commonwealth Games in 2002. Currently working at Oil India Limited.

text:
# Nandita Saha

**Nandita Saha** is an Indian table-tennis player. She was a part of Indian trio who defeated Canada in Common wealth 2006 at Melbourne and won Bronze medal for India. She won Bronze Medal in Women's singles in Senior National TT Championship in 2010. Twice Gold medal winner in Mixed Doubles in National Championship. Represented India in various World Championship, Asian Championship, Commonwealth Championship and SAF Games. She also represented India in Manchester Commonwealth Games in 2002. Currently working at Oil India Limited.

## InfoBox

| Nandita Saha | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Siliguri, India |
| Medal record      Women's table tennis  Representing  India  Commonwealth Games  2006 Melbourne  Women's team | |


title: Orpheum Theatre (Sioux City, Iowa)

abstract: The Orpheum Theatre, also known as New Orpheum Theatre and Orpheum Electric Building, is a performing arts center located at 528 S. Pierce Street in Sioux City, Iowa. Built in 1927 as a vaudeville and movie palace, the theatre was restored in 1999 and today is the home of the Sioux City Symphony Orchestra.

text:
# Orpheum Theatre (Sioux City, Iowa)

The **Orpheum Theatre**, also known as **New Orpheum Theatre** and **Orpheum Electric Building**, is a performing arts center located at 528 S. Pierce Street in Sioux City, Iowa. Built in 1927 as a vaudeville and movie palace, the theatre was restored in 1999 and today is the home of the Sioux City Symphony Orchestra.

## Early history

The Sioux City Orpheum was designed by the nationally known Chicago firm of Rapp & Rapp and constructed in 1927 as part of the Orpheum Circuit. The major builder for the theatre was local Sioux City businessman, Arthur Sanford. It was one of the largest theatres in Iowa at its time and was certainly somewhat of a risk financially for Mr. Sanford, with a total construction cost of 1.75 million. This once opulent vaudeville and moving picture house boasted a large 2,650 seat, three story auditorium complete with Wurlitzer pipe organ, half circle boxes, hand carved detailing, gilded ornamentation, several crystal chandeliers and a hand painted ceiling. Throughout the years, the Orpheum was used for symphony performances, ballet and special attractions and hosted entertainers such as Fred Astaire, Tallulah Bankhead, and Katharine Hepburn.

## Restoration

According to Ray Shepardson, a nationally known theatre restoration specialist, because of the work of filmmaker George Lindblade, the project may be the most extensively documented major theatre restoration in the United States. Lindblade's documentary "Puttin' on the Glitz" is the latest in a long list of award-winning projects.

Over the decades, the theater suffered numerous insensitive remodels but has recently been restored. In 1982, the theater was "twinned" or cut into two small movie houses, and a wall of sheet rock was placed down the center aisle. These movie theaters operated until 1992 when for the first time in 65 years, the Orpheum went dark.

The reconstruction, overseen by Ray Shepardson, was started in 1999 with the expertise of architect Ed Storm, AIA from FEH DESIGN in Sioux City at a cost of nearly $12 million. During the renovation 3 of the original crystal chandeliers were found intact above the drop-ceiling. Their single toughest problem was reconstructing the balcony and loge boxes. It took four months and 40,000 pounds of steel to complete the reconstruction. When the theater reopened in the fall of 2001, reporter Robert Morast wrote in the *Sioux Falls Argus Leader*: "Basically, the Orpheum feels like an upper-class theater ripped out of an old black-and-white movie and given a Technicolor treatment. The ambiance alone is worth the price of admission."

The Orpheum Theater was publicly reopened on 15 September 2001. Recent performances have been given by Bill Cosby, Sheryl Crow, B.B. King, Bob Dylan, Olivia Newton-John, Wynton Marsalis and David Copperfield. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

Movie palaces list

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| New Orpheum Theatre | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The main stage and curtain at the Sioux City Orpheum | |
|  | |
| Location | 528 Pierce St.<br>Sioux City, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 42°29′44.15″N 96°24′17.34″W / 42.4955972°N 96.4048167°W / 42.4955972; -96.4048167 |
| Built | 1927 |
| Architect | Rapp & Rapp |
| Architectural style | Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals, French Renaissance |
| NRHP reference No. | 00000919 |
| Added to NRHP | August 25, 2000 |


title: Nel (mythology)

abstract: Nel also known as Nuil or Niul was a mythical figure from the Lebor Gabála Érenn and was an ancestor of the people of Ireland. He was the son of Fénius Farsaid, who was a legendary king of Scythia, who left Babylon after the destruction of Babel. Nel returned to Babylon as part of an effort to study the confusion of languages. He was a scholar of languages and was invited by Pharaoh Cingris to Egypt to take his daughter Scota’s hand in marriage. Also Nel was the father of Goídel Glas who was credited with creating the Goidelic languages.

text:
# Nel (mythology)

**Nel** also known as **Nuil** or **Niul** was a mythical figure from the Lebor Gabála Érenn and was an ancestor of the people of Ireland. He was the son of Fénius Farsaid, who was a legendary king of Scythia, who left Babylon after the destruction of Babel. Nel returned to Babylon as part of an effort to study the confusion of languages. He was a scholar of languages and was invited by Pharaoh Cingris to Egypt to take his daughter Scota’s hand in marriage. Also Nel was the father of Goídel Glas who was credited with creating the Goidelic languages.

**Sources**

* *Irish pedigrees; or, The origin and stem of the Irish nation (1892), by John O'Hart, - Volume: 1* *archive.org/details/irishpedigreesor\_01ohar*
* *Irish pedigrees; or, The origin and stem of the Irish nation (1892), by John O'Hart, - Volume: 2* *archive.org/details/irishpedigreesor02ohar*
* Lebor gabala Erenn Volume 1, Irish Text society 1870-1956
* Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart, 1870–1950 (1939), *Lebor gabála Érenn: The book of the taking of Ireland* (snippet), vol. 2, Dublin: Irish Texts Society by the Educational Co. of Ireland`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
* A brief overview and large genealogical chart of Mythological Cycle narratives in the LGE are hosted at Mary Jones' Celtic Encyclopedia


title: Geoff Kruth

abstract: Geoff Kruth is an American wine professional. He founded and was president of GuildSomm, a nonprofit that helps prepare candidates for the Master Sommelier exam, and was featured in the 2012 documentary SOMM as an expert on the process of becoming certified as a Master Sommelier. Kruth resigned his position as Master Sommelier from the Court of Master Sommeliers in 2020 after being caught up in an organization-wide sexual harassment scandal during the Me Too movement; according to the New York Times, almost a dozen women accused him of sexual misconduct over a period of many years. Some of the accusations involved coercive pressure to exchange sex for professional favors. After the sexual misconduct accusations he resigned his position at GuildSomm.

text:
# Geoff Kruth

**Geoff Kruth** is an American wine professional. He founded and was president of GuildSomm, a nonprofit that helps prepare candidates for the Master Sommelier exam, and was featured in the 2012 documentary *SOMM* as an expert on the process of becoming certified as a Master Sommelier.

Kruth resigned his position as Master Sommelier from the Court of Master Sommeliers in 2020 after being caught up in an organization-wide sexual harassment scandal during the Me Too movement; according to the *New York Times*, almost a dozen women accused him of sexual misconduct over a period of many years. Some of the accusations involved coercive pressure to exchange sex for professional favors.

After the sexual misconduct accusations he resigned his position at GuildSomm.


title: Plumbeous kite

abstract: The plumbeous kite is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae that is resident in much of northern South America. It is migratory in the northern part of its range which extends north to Mexico. It feeds on insects which it catches either from a perch or while in flight.

text:
# Plumbeous kite

The **plumbeous kite** (***Ictinia plumbea***) is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae that is resident in much of northern South America. It is migratory in the northern part of its range which extends north to Mexico. It feeds on insects which it catches either from a perch or while in flight.

## Taxonomy

The plumbeous kite was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's *Systema Naturae*. He placed it with the eagles, hawks and relatives in the genus *Falco* and coined the binomial name *Falco plumbeus*. Gmelin based his description on the "spotted-tailed hawk" that had been described in 1781 by the English ornithologist John Latham from a specimen from Cayenne in a private collection in London. It is now placed with the Mississippi kite in the genus *Ictinia* that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot. The genus name is from the Ancient Greek *iktinos* for a kite. The specific epithet *plumbea* is from Latin *plumbeus* meaning "leaded", "plumbeous" or "lead-coloured". The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

## Description

The plumbeous kite is 34–37.5 cm (13.4–14.8 in) in overall length. The male weighs 190–267 g (6.7–9.4 oz), the slightly larger female 232–280 g (8.2–9.9 oz). It has long, pointed wings. Adults are mainly slate-grey, with a paler head and underparts. The short black tail has 2-3 white bands on the undersurface. The eyes are red and the legs are orange. In flight, this kite shows a rufous primary patch. Sexes are similar, but immature birds have white-streaked grey upperparts and dark-streaked whitish underparts. They lack the rufous wing patch. The call of plumbeous kite is a whistled *si-see-oo*.

The plumbeous kite is darker gray overall than the strongly migratory Mississippi kite which has white patches on the secondaries and lacks the rufous patches on the primaries.

## Distribution and habitat

The plumbeous kite is a bird of lowland forest and savannah. It breeds in the Neotropical realm, from eastern Mexico to Peru, Bolivia and Argentina. It also breeds on Trinidad. Birds in the north and south of the breeding range, including the populations in Central America, Trinidad, Venezuela and Colombia, and southern Argentina and Brazil, are migratory, moving into tropical South America in the northern winter.

## Behavior and ecology

It is not particularly gregarious, although it is sometimes seen in flocks during migration.

### Breeding

The deep stick nest is placed high in a tree, sometimes in a mangrove swamp over water. The clutch is usually a single egg but occasionally two eggs are laid. They are either white of very pale blue and measure about 41 mm × 35 mm (1.6 in × 1.4 in). The eggs are incubated for 32-33 days by both parents. The chicks are covered with white down and are fed by both parents. The young fledge when around a month of age.

### Food and feeding

The plumbeous kite catches insects either in flight or from a perch. It will also occasionally prey on snails, frogs, lizards, bats, birds and snakes.

## InfoBox

| Plumbeous kite | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Accipitriformes |
| Family: | Accipitridae |
| Genus: | *Ictinia* |
| Species: | ***I. plumbea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ictinia plumbea***
(Gmelin, JF, 1788) | |
|
|  | |
| Blue: Breeding; Green: Year-round; Purple: Migration | |


title: Placido della Marra

abstract: Placido della Marra was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Melfi e Rapolla (1595–1620) and Apostolic Nuncio to the Emperor (1612–1616).

text:
# Placido della Marra

**Placido della Marra** (1560  2 December 1620) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Melfi e Rapolla (1595–1620) and Apostolic Nuncio to the Emperor (1612–1616).

## Biography

Placido della Marra was born in Naples, Italy in 1560. On 6 March 1595, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement VIII as Bishop of Melfi e Rapolla. On 2 April 1595, he was consecrated bishop by Giulio Antonio Santorio, Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere, with Flaminio Filonardi, Bishop of Aquino, and Leonard Abel, Titular Bishop of *Sidon* serving as co-consecrators.

On 21 July 1612, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul V as Apostolic Nuncio to the Emperor where he served until his resignation on 25 August 1616.

He served as Bishop of Melfi e Rapolla until his death on 2 December 1620. While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Melchior Klesl, Bishop of Wien, and the principal co-consecrator of Bartolomeo Cesi (cardinal), Archbishop of Conza.

* Cheney, David M. "Diocese of Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa". *Catholic-Hierarchy.org*. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) \[*self-published*\]
* Chow, Gabriel. "Diocese of Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa (Italy)". *GCatholic.org*. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) \[*self-published*\]
* Cheney, David M. "Nunciature to Emperor (Germany)". *Catholic-Hierarchy.org*. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) \[*self-published*\]

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Placido della Marra | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Melfi e Rapolla | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Melfi e Rapoll |
| In office | 1595–1620 |
| Predecessor | Matteo Brumani |
| Successor | Desiderio Scaglia |
| Previous post(s) | Apostolic Nuncio to the Emperor (1612–1616) |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 2 April 1595
by Giulio Antonio Santorio |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1560
Naples, Italy |
| Died | 2 December 1620 (age 60) |


title: Vexillum hilare

abstract: Vexillum hilare is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

text:
# Vexillum hilare

***Vexillum hilare*** is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 17.6 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines and in the East China Sea.

* Kuroda, T.; Habe, T.; Oyama, K. (1971). The sea shells of Sagami Bay collected by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan. Maruzen Co., Tokyo. pp. i–xix, 1–741 (Japanese), 121 pls., 1–489 (English), 1–51 (index).

## InfoBox

| *Vexillum hilare* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Turbinelloidea |
| Family: | Costellariidae |
| Genus: | *Vexillum* |
| Species: | ***V. hilare*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vexillum hilare***<br>(Kuroda, 1971) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mitropifex hilaris* Kuroda & Habe, 1971 * *Vexillum (Costellaria) hilare* (Kuroda, 1971) · | |


title: Nando Felty Saloon

abstract:
The Nando Felty Saloon, at 1500 Front St. in Ashland, Kentucky, was built in 1895. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It was a three-story three-bay brick commercial building, overlooking the Ohio River and railroad tracks. Its first-floor windows were filled with brickwork later, but the facade had surviving cast-iron pilasters with "serpentine relief", a motif "formerly also found on the facade of the City
Market building on Greenup Avenue, demolished in 1978." The facades also had pressed metal Italianate-style cornices and window hoods. The building's southwest wall was painted with "several fine early commercial graphics, including 'LET US BE YOUR TAILORS; THE UNITED WOOLEN MILLS CO; TAILORS TO THE MASSES.'" The building served as a saloon and a boarding house. It was significant as "a prominent Ashland social center until Prohibition. Barry and Johnson,
John Cobs, and Nando Felty were successive owners of a saloon here. This is one of the most substantial nineteenth-century commercial buildings in Ashland, and is the only surviving early hostel building."

text:
# Nando Felty Saloon

The **Nando Felty Saloon**, at 1500 Front St. in Ashland, Kentucky, was built in 1895. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

It was a three-story three-bay brick commercial building, overlooking the Ohio River and railroad tracks. Its first-floor windows were filled with brickwork later, but the facade had surviving cast-iron pilasters with "serpentine relief", a motif "formerly also found on the facade of the City Market building on Greenup Avenue, demolished in 1978." The facades also had pressed metal Italianate-style cornices and window hoods. The building's southwest wall was painted with "several fine early commercial graphics, including 'LET US BE YOUR TAILORS; THE UNITED WOOLEN MILLS CO; TAILORS TO THE MASSES.'"

The building served as a saloon and a boarding house. It was significant as "a prominent Ashland social center until Prohibition. Barry and Johnson, John Cobs, and Nando Felty were successive owners of a saloon here. This is one of the most substantial nineteenth-century commercial buildings in Ashland, and is the only surviving early hostel building."

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Nando Felty Saloon | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Former site of the saloon. Levee wall protecting vs. flooding of the Ohio River at rear. | |
|  | |
| Location | 1500 Front St., Ashland, Kentucky |
| Coordinates | 38°28′51″N 82°38′21″W / 38.48083°N 82.63917°W / 38.48083; -82.63917 |
| Built | 1895 |
| MPS | Ashland MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 79003557 |
| Added to NRHP | July 3, 1979 |


title: Orthetrum monardi

abstract: Orthetrum monardi is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical swamps.

text:
# Orthetrum monardi

***Orthetrum monardi*** is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical swamps.

## InfoBox

| *Orthetrum monardi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Infraorder: | Anisoptera |
| Family: | Libellulidae |
| Genus: | *Orthetrum* |
| Species: | ***O. monardi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthetrum monardi***
Schmidt, 1951 | |
|


title: Nekézseny

abstract: Nekézseny is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County in northeastern Hungary.

text:
# Nekézseny

**Nekézseny** is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County in northeastern Hungary.

48°10′N 20°26′E / 48.167°N 20.433°E / 48.167; 20.433

## InfoBox

| Nekézseny | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nekézseny légifotó | |
| Country | Hungary |
| Regions | Northern Hungary |
| County | Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Geoff Law

abstract: Geoff Law is a Tasmanian author, conservationist and environmental activist. He is author of works about conservation and environment in Tasmania. Law has campaigned for wilderness and conservation causes in the West and South West Tasmania for over thirty years. In 2002, Law was awarded the Wild magazine Environmentalist of the Year award. Law become a Member of the Order of Australia for his work to protect Tasmania's outstanding natural environment in 2013. Law has collaborated with Bob Brown. Also each has paid the other compliments publicly. Law has also been acclaimed for his activism. Law has also written of the threats to wilderness in western and south western Tasmania.

text:
# Geoff Law

**Geoff Law** is a Tasmanian author, conservationist and environmental activist. He is author of works about conservation and environment in Tasmania.

Law has campaigned for wilderness and conservation causes in the West and South West Tasmania for over thirty years.

In 2002, Law was awarded the *Wild* magazine Environmentalist of the Year award. Law become a Member of the Order of Australia for his work to protect Tasmania's outstanding natural environment in 2013.

Law has collaborated with Bob Brown. Also each has paid the other compliments publicly.

Law has also been acclaimed for his activism.

Law has also written of the threats to wilderness in western and south western Tasmania.

## InfoBox

| Geoff Law | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Occupation(s) | Conservationist, environmentalist |
| Organisation | The Wilderness Society |


title: Sengrui

abstract: Sengrui was a Buddhist monk and scholar. He was born in what is now Henan. He became a monk at age 18, traveling extensively from age 24, meeting among others Dao An. He ended up in Changan, where he took part in Kumarajiva's translation project. Sengrui wrote the introduction to Kumarajiva's translation of the Lotus Sutra. In fact, he is generally seen as one of four Kumarajiva's principal disciples.

text:
# Sengrui

**Sengrui** (Sēng ruì 僧睿; 371–438 CE) was a Buddhist monk and scholar. He was born in what is now Henan. He became a monk at age 18, traveling extensively from age 24, meeting among others Dao An.

He ended up in Changan, where he took part in Kumarajiva's translation project. Sengrui wrote the introduction to Kumarajiva's translation of the Lotus Sutra. In fact, he is generally seen as one of four Kumarajiva's principal disciples.


title: Plumbeous tyrant

abstract: The plumbeous tyrant is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae. It is found in southeastern Peru, western Bolivia and northern Argentina. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. This and the Jelski's black tyrant are sometimes considered conspecific, in which case, the bird is then usually referred to as the Andean tyrant.

text:
# Plumbeous tyrant

The **plumbeous tyrant** (***Knipolegus cabanisi***) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae. It is found in southeastern Peru, western Bolivia and northern Argentina. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. This and the Jelski's black tyrant are sometimes considered conspecific, in which case, the bird is then usually referred to as the **Andean tyrant**.

## InfoBox

| Plumbeous Black-Tyrant | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Tyrannidae |
| Genus: | *Knipolegus* |
| Species: | ***K. cabanisi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Knipolegus cabanisi***
Schulz, 1882 | |
|
|  | |


title: Portugal national table tennis team

text:
# Portugal national table tennis team

The team is composed by Marcos Freitas, Tiago Apolónia and João Pedro Monteiro.Portugal reached the quarter-finals at 2012 Olympic Games in London, beating in the first round Great Britain and losing the quarter-finals against South Korea 2-3.

## Current team

## 2013 European Championships Qualifiers

### Group A

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Germany | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 0 | **6** |
| Portugal | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 2 | 0 | **6** |
| France | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 0 | **5** |
| Spain | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 0 | **4** |
| Serbia | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 0 | **3** |
| Sweden | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 0 | **3** |
|

## Fixtures

| Portugal | 3 – 1 | France |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Pavilhão Casal Vistoso, LisbonAttendance: 1000

| Serbia | 1 – 3 | Portugal |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

SuboticaAttendance: 1000

| Portugal | 3 – 0 | Spain |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Caldas da RainhaAttendance: 1000


title: Placido Maria Schiaffino

abstract: Placido Maria Schiaffino, O.S.B. Oliv. was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who held senior positions in the Benedictine order and in the Roman Curia. He was made a cardinal in 1885.

text:
# Placido Maria Schiaffino

**Placido Maria Schiaffino**, O.S.B. Oliv. (8 September 1829 – 23 September 1889) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who held senior positions in the Benedictine order and in the Roman Curia. He was made a cardinal in 1885.

## Biography

Placido Maria Schiaffino was born to a family of modest means in Genoa on 5 September 1829. He studied there and entered the Order of Saint Benedict Olivetana at the monastery of San Girolamo di Quarto a Mare near Genoa in 1846, taking his vows on 17 October 1847. He studied philosophy at Collegio Romano in 1847, but political turmoil interrupted his education and he became master of novices in the Olivetan monastery of Sicily the next year. He took up his studies in Rome again in 1850, was ordained a priest in 1852, and earned his doctorate in theology in 1854.

Based in the convent of Monte Oliveto Maggiore in Siena, he was a preacher for several years and became chancellor of his congregation on 15 May 1859 and abbot ordinary and vicar general of his congregation on 3 June 1870, and in that role participated in the First Vatican Council.

Pope Leo XIII, who while bishop of Perugia had heard Schiaffino preach in 1868, appointed him titular bishop of Nissa on 30 August 1878. He received his episcopal consecration on 1 September 1878 from Cardinal Raffaele Monaco La Valletta, vicar general of Rome and was named president of the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Noble on 2 November 1878. Pope Leo made him secretary of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars on 18 November 1884.

Pope Leo raised him to the rank of cardinal on 27 July 1885 and assigned him as a cardinal priest the title of Santi Giovanni e Paolo on 30 July.

He was named prefect of the Congregation of the Index on 6 April 1888, where he served until he was appointed Vatican Librarian on 20 February 1889. Beginning 18 May 1889, he was also the administrator of the Benedictine abbey in Subiaco.

He died in the abbey of Subiaco on 23 September 1889 at the age of 60.

Additional sources * *Placido Maria Schiaffino (1829-1889) monaco e cardinale: Atti del X Incontro di Monte Oliveto 22-23 settembre 1989*. Studie olivetana (in Italian). Monte Oliveto Maggiore. 1991.

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Placido Maria Schiaffino
O.S.B. Oliv. | |
| --- | --- |
| Prefect of the Congregation of the Index | |
|  | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Appointed | 6 April 1888 |
| Term ended | 23 September 1889 |
| Predecessor | Tommaso Maria Martinelli |
| Successor | Camillo Mazzella |
| Other post(s) | Cardinal-Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo (1885-89)
Librarian of the Vatican Apostolic Library (1888-89) |
| Previous post(s) | Titular Bishop of Nyssa (1878-85)
President of the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy (1878-84)
Secretary of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars (1884-88) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1852 |
| Consecration | 1 September 1878
by Raffaele Monaco La Valletta |
| Created cardinal | 27 July 1885
by Pope Leo XIII |
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Placido Maria Schiaffino
8 September 1829
Genoa, Kingdom of Sardinia |
| Died | 23 September 1889(1889-09-23) (aged 60)
Subiaco, Kingdom of Italy |
| Buried | Santa Maria Nuova (since 1936) |
| Alma mater | Roman College |


title: Mary C. Pangborn

abstract: Mary C. Pangborn was an American scientist and writer of science fiction.

text:
# Mary C. Pangborn

**Mary C. Pangborn** (August 13, 1907 – February 20, 2003) was an American scientist and writer of science fiction.

## Biography

Born in Brooklyn, Pangborn attended the Friends School. She graduated from high school at age 14, and entered Smith College a year later. While there she received the Frances A. Hause prize for excellence in chemistry and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.

She discovered the biologically important lipid cardiolipin and published a number of pieces of short fiction in noted anthologies and in *The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction*. Her only novel, *Friar Bacon's Head*, remained unpublished as of her death. Science fiction author Edgar Pangborn was her younger brother.

## InfoBox

| Mary C. Pangborn | |
| --- | --- |
| In the *Springfield Daily Republican*, March 21, 1927 | |
| Born | (1907-08-13)August 13, 1907<br>Brooklyn, New York, US |
| Died | February 20, 2003(2003-02-20) (aged 95) |
| Education | Smith College |
| Occupation(s) | Scientist, writer |
| Relatives | Edgar Pangborn (brother) |


title: Yunisleidy Camejo

abstract: Yunisleidy "Yunis" Camejo Rodríguez is a Cuban handball player for Borlänge HK and the Cuban national team. She competed at the 2015 World Women's Handball Championship in Denmark.

text:
# Yunisleidy Camejo

**Yunisleidy "Yunis" Camejo Rodríguez** (born 15 February 1990) is a Cuban handball player for Borlänge HK and the Cuban national team.

She competed at the 2015 World Women's Handball Championship in Denmark.

## InfoBox

| Yunisleidy Camejo | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Yunisleidy Camejo Rodríguez | | |
| Born | (1990-02-15) 15 February 1990<br>Pinar del Rio, Cuba | | |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Playing position | Pivot | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | BM Aula Cultural | | |
| Number | 23 | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 2016–2017 | Club León Balonmano | | |
| 2017–2018 | BM Alcobendas | | |
| 2018–2019 | BM Bera Bera | | |
| 2019–2021 | BM Aula Cultural | | |
| 2021- | Borlänge HK | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Cuba | 50 | (100) |
| Medal record      Pan American Games  2019 Lima Team  Pan American Championship  2015 Cuba   Central American and Caribbean Games  2018 Barranquilla Team  Nor.Ca. Championship  2015 Puerto Rico | | | |


title: Neonectria faginata

abstract: Neonectria faginata is a species of fungus that affects Beech trees in North America. Neonectria faginata, along with Neonectria ditissima, are the cause of beech bark disease in trees that have already been affected by beech scale Cryptococcus fagisuga.

text:
# Neonectria faginata

***Neonectria faginata*** is a species of fungus that affects *Beech* trees in North America. *Neonectria faginata*, along with *Neonectria ditissima*, are the cause of beech bark disease in trees that have already been affected by beech scale *Cryptococcus fagisuga*.

## InfoBox

| *Neonectria faginata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Neonectria faginata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Nectriaceae |
| Genus: | *Neonectria* |
| Species: | ***N. faginata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neonectria faginata***<br>(M.L.Lohman, A.M.J.Watson & Ayers) Castlebury & Rossman | |
|


title: Geoff Lawton

abstract: Geoff Lawton is a British-born Australian permaculture consultant, designer, teacher and speaker. Since 1995 he has specialized in permaculture education, design, implementation, system establishment, administration and community development.

text:
# Geoff Lawton

**Geoff Lawton** (born 10 December 1954) is a British-born Australian permaculture consultant, designer, teacher and speaker. Since 1995 he has specialized in permaculture education, design, implementation, system establishment, administration and community development.

## Career

Since 1985, Lawton has undertaken a large number of jobs consulting, designing, teaching and implementing in over thirty countries around the world. Clients have included private individuals, groups, communities, governments, aid organisations, non-governmental organisations and multinational companies.

Lawton's aim is to establish self-replicating educational demonstration sites. He has educated over 15,000 students in permaculture worldwide. These include graduates of the Permaculture Design Certificate (PDC) Course and courses focused on the practical design of sustainable soil, water, plant, animal, energy, structures, legal and economic systems. Lawton's 'master plan' is to see aid projects being replicated as fast as possible to help ameliorate the growing food and water crisis.

In 1996 he was accredited with the Permaculture Community Services Award by the permaculture movement for services in Australia and around the world.

In October 1997 Bill Mollison, upon his retirement, asked Lawton to establish and direct a new Permaculture Research Institute on the 66 hectare Tagari Farm developed by Mollison. Lawton further developed the site over three years and established The Permaculture Research Institute Australia as a not for profit company. PRI was eventually moved to Zaytuna Farm, in The Channon, where it continues today.

Lawton is the managing director of The Permaculture Research Institute Australia and The Permaculture Research Institute USA, a registered not for profit organisation that has tax deductible gift recipient status. Establishing sustainable aid projects as permaculture demonstration sites that also function as education centres for local and international students has become a major focus with the establishment of permaculture research institutes in Jordan, Afghanistan, Spain, Malaysia, Vietnam, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Morocco, Thailand, China and many more countries underway.

Lawton and Mollison have taught a number of courses together. Lawton is also a presenter in Mollison's teaching DVD set.

Lawton is friends with John D. Liu, a Chinese-American film-maker and ecologist who documented large scale ecological recovery in the Loess plateau, China after a government project set to rehabilitate an area the size of Belgium. Lawton appears in Liu's documentary *Hope in a Changing Climate*.

Recently, Lawton has achieved success in establishing a permaculture ecosystem in Wadi Rum, in southern Jordan. He has also helped to begin the Al Baydha Project, a land restoration program, in western Saudi Arabia.

On 31 March 2012 Lawton appeared at TEDx conference in Ajman.

In 2019 Lawton opened enrollment to his online PDC 2.0, which began January 30 and, lasting 28 weeks, will be the longest course he has taught.

## Works

* Lawton, Geoff. "Brick and Tile Permaculture" (PDF). *Permaculture International Journal No. 51*. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
* "The Sleeping Jaguar" (co-author), *Permaculture International Journal*
* "Ecuador" (co-author), *Permaculture International Journal*
* "Permaculture Aid in the Balkans", *Permaculture International Journal*
* "Future Food Security", *Green Connections*

## Films

* *Harvesting Water the Permaculture Way* (2007)
* *Establishing a Food Forest* (2008)
* *Introduction to Permaculture Design* (2009)
* *Greening The Desert II* (2009)
* *Permaculture Soils* (2010)
* *Urban Permaculture* (2011)
* *Green is the new Silver (Lining): Crisis, Hope, and Permaculture* (2019)

## Awards

* The Permaculture Research Institute Australia won the Humanitarian Water & Food Award for 2010 for their initiative "Greening the Desert".
* The Permaculture Research Institute and founder Geoff Lawton, based in Australia, were the 2015 winners of the Energy Globe Award.
* The Permaculture Research Institute recognised with UNCCD Accreditation

## InfoBox

| Geoff Lawton | |
| --- | --- |
| Lawton, 2015 | |
| Born | (1954-12-10) 10 December 1954
Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England |
| Citizenship | Australia |
| Spouse | Nadia Lawton |
| Children | Danial Lawton Bonnie Freibergs
Latifa Lawton |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Permaculture, agriculture |
|  | |
| Website | geofflawtononline.com |


title: Ifereimi Waqainabete

abstract: Ifereimi Waqainabete is a Fijian politician and Member of the Parliament of Fiji who served as Minister for Health and Medical Services in the FijiFirst government from 2018 to 2022. Before entering politics Waqainabete was a general surgeon in Fiji and associate professor of general surgery at Fiji National University, former president of the Fiji Medical Association, president of the Pacific Island Surgeons Association, and former chairman of Fiji Medicinal Board. He was on leave from his academic and surgical duties to partake in the 2018 elections as a candidate for the Fiji First Party.

text:
# Ifereimi Waqainabete

**Ifereimi Waqainabete** is a Fijian politician and Member of the Parliament of Fiji who served as Minister for Health and Medical Services in the FijiFirst government from 2018 to 2022. Before entering politics Waqainabete was a general surgeon in Fiji and associate professor of general surgery at Fiji National University, former president of the Fiji Medical Association, president of the Pacific Island Surgeons Association, and former chairman of Fiji Medicinal Board. He was on leave from his academic and surgical duties to partake in the 2018 elections as a candidate for the Fiji First Party.

## Early life

Dr Waqainabete is from Moala, Lau in Fiji. His father was a PWD engineer and therefore his family moved a lot in his early school days. He attended primary schools at Draiba Fijian, New Farm State School in Brisbane, Australia and at Delainamasi Government school. He completed high school education from Lelean Memorial, Natabua High School, Labasa College and Nasinu Secondary.

## Medical career

Ifereimi Waqainabete studied at the Fiji School of Medicine, now under Fiji National University, graduating with MBBS in 1996. He was the President of Fiji School of Medicine Student's Association. During this time, he helped successfully petition for the Autonomy of Fiji School of Medicine from the Ministry of Health. This resulted in the significant growth of the then Fiji School of Medicine and its ability to petition separately for donor support.

He joined the surgical training program in Fiji and graduated with a Master of Medicine in Surgery from the Fiji School of Medicine in 2003.

### Career in New Zealand

After being awarded the Rowan Nicks scholar award in 2003, Dr Waqainabete moved with his family to New Zealand and worked in the position of senior registrar in General surgery at the Palmerston North hospital to gain further experience in surgery.

He moved back to Fiji to work for few years, then later returned to Christchurch, New Zealand as an Upper GI and Hepatobiliary fellow at Christchurch hospital in 2012. The following year he worked as Breast and Endocrine fellow at Christchurch hospital in 2013.

## Return from New Zealand

On return to Fiji from his first set of rotations to New Zealand, Dr Waqainabete practiced as a general surgeon at CWM Hospital. During this time he was appointed as the Medical Superintendent to CWM Hospital, a role that he served from 2009-2011. He left this role in 2012 to take up further surgical fellowships in New Zealand.

The years working concurrently as the sole Ministry of Health General surgeon and as Medical Superintendent was a busy period for Dr Waqainabete as he also supervised a large cohort of trainee surgeons from Fiji and the Pacific.

During this time, he was notoriously famous amongst his trainees for his 3am or 4am ward rounds. This would begin from the Acute Surgical ward at CWM rounding through ICU, new surgical wing and Namosi ward. He would then take a tutorial for the trainee surgeons at 7am or on non-tutorial days, take his trainees out for a coffee, completing all this before 8am and then be seated back in his medical superintendent office by 8. His senior trainee surgeons would be able to call him back out of office for surgical emergencies if needed and similarly at night.

### 2014-current: appointment to FNU and academia

On his return to Fiji for the second time from New Zealand, Dr Waqainabete commenced work back in CWM hospital as a consultant surgeon. Soon after he joined the Fiji National University College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences department of Surgery as Associate Professor in Surgery. It is usual for an FNU appointed surgeon to provide surgical services to the hospital as part of the agreement between FNU and Ministry of Health. He is the current the Head of Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia and Women's Health in FNU.

### Fiji Medical Association

Dr Waqainabete is the current President of the Fiji Medical Association and has been re-elected several times in the past.

In 2000, as the FMA president, the FMA executives petitioned for success increase in on-call allowances. It was common for doctors to work 24 hours straight on call and continue to work the next day with an allowance of only $10 on top of their basic salary.

in 2016, as the President of the FMA, Dr Waqainabete together with the FMA executives petitioned for and successfully persuaded the Fiji First Government to increase salary for all doctors in Fiji by 50-100%. This was passed in the 2016 budget and implemented immediately. Prior to this doctors in Fiji were underpaid and frequently worked many hours over the 76 hours per fortnight without compensation. Fiji constantly suffered from an exodus of highly trained medical professional leaving to work in New Zealand and Australia, citing remuneration as one of the major factors.

Having experienced the better work conditions of doctors in New Zealand, he is an advocate on safety, well being and preventing burnout of doctors in Fiji.

### Pacific Island Surgeons Association (PISA)

In 2018, at the combined GSA/PISA meeting, the Pacific Islands Surgeon Association held its Annual General Meeting (AGM) and elected the board of executives. Dr Waqainabete was elected as the President of the Pacific Island Surgeons Association, taking over from Lord Viliame Tangi, Chief General Surgeon of Tonga.

At the AGM, surgeons from East Timor and Papua New Guinea also expressed interest in joining PISA which was welcomed by current members.

### Relations with the Australasian College of Surgeons

In his current academic and surgical capacity, Dr Waqainabete maintains close relations with the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons a non-profit body that maintains surgical training standards in Australia and New Zealand as well and supports global health initiatives.

The continuing relations led to a historic combined General Surgeons Association Australia meeting with the Pacific Island Surgeons Association in Denarau, Fiji 2018 and was attended by over 340 surgeons and trainee surgeons from Australasia and the Pacific.

### Rowan Nicks Scholar

In 2003 Dr Waqainabete was awarded the Rowan Nicks Pacific Island Scholar award by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.

### Women in surgery

Dr Waqainabete supports training of Fijian and Pacific women in surgery. During his tenure at CWM as General surgeon and Medical Superintednant, he supported the first three cohort of women in surgery get selected into the Masters of Surgery training program and they have gone to successfully complete the training program to becoming Fiji first group of female surgeons to complete the training program. All three females successfully completed general surgery training and are now branching out into surgical subspecialties in Peadiatric Surgery (Dr Annette Chang), Plastic surgery (Dr Rachna Ram) and ENT (Dr Fane Lord). Since then, more women have joined the surgical training program in Fiji, leading to the first combined sub-meeting of Pacific Women in Surgery and Royal Australasian College of Surgeon's women in surgery delegates at the GSA//PISA meeting in Denarau, Fiji 2018.

## Public health campaigns

Working as a general surgeon in Fiji, Dr Waqainabete some of the surgical load of complications related to non-communicable lifestyle disease especially Diabetes. After performing unprecedented number of lower limb amputations due to Diabetic Foot sepsis, he is frequently in the media to raise awareness on this issue. Similarly, running the breast cancer clinic in CWM hospital, he saw that the breast cancer related morbidity and mortality is high amongst women in Fiji due to delayed diagnosis and late presentations. He is supports raising awareness on Breast cancer and Pinktober Campaign.

## Political career

In 2018, Dr Ifereimi Waqainabete joined the Fiji First party as a one its candidates for the 2018 general elections in Fiji. Though not on social media himself, his supporters developed a page on Facebook in support with the page generating more than 2000 followers within 10 days.

He resigned from Parliament on 10 March 2023. He was replaced as an MP by Veena Bhatnagar.

## Personal life

Hailing from Moala, Lau, Dr Waqainabete practices surgery in Suva. He is married to Dr Miriama Waqainabete who also went to the Fiji School of Medicine and they have 4 children together.

## Research

1. Management of malignant pleural effusions by talc pleurodesis
2. Sigmoid volvulus in pregnancy: case report and review of literature.

## InfoBox

| DoctorIfereimi Waqainabete | |
| --- | --- |
| Waqainabete in 2019 | |
|  | |
| Minister for Health and Medical Services | |
| **In office**<br>22 November 2018  24 December 2022 | |
| Prime Minister | Frank Bainimarama |
| Preceded by | Rosy Akbar |
| Succeeded by | Atonio Lalabalavu |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Fijian |
| Political party | FijiFirst |
| Children | Four |
|  | |


title: Plant Collections Network

abstract:
The Plant Collections Network (PCN) is a group of North American botanical gardens and arboreta that coordinates a continent-wide approach to plant germplasm preservation, and promotes excellence in plant collections management. The program is administered by the American Public Gardens Association from its headquarters in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, in collaboration with the USDA Agricultural Research Service. Current objectives of the Plant Collections Network are to:
  - Build Awareness – of both Plant Collections Network & value of documented plant collections
  - Promote Standards of Excellence – in plant collections management; and
  - Expand Diversity of Collections – target existing collections, identify gaps for future collections The network is intended to represent woody and herbaceous ornamentals, both native and exotic. The main objective for each network member is to assemble a comprehensive group of plants for a particular taxon, collecting plants from different populations throughout their natural range that are both taxonomically and genetically distinct. Participating institutions maximize the potential value of their collections by making efficient use of available resources through a coordinated continent-wide approach, and strengthening their own collections through collaboration with others. Criteria for participation in the Plant Collections Network are:
  - American Public Gardens Association membership
  - Active collections management program including plant records database, accession labels, maps
  - Long-term commitment to maintain collection
  - Endorsement of governing body
  - Current collection has 50% or more of ultimate collection scope
  - Collections policy
  - Curator for collection; and
  - Access to collection for research, evaluation and plant introduction The accreditation process includes submitting a written application for each collection to be considered, then a peer site reviewer conducts an onsite assessment and submits a report with recommendations. As of March 2016, Network participants and Nationally Accredited Plant Collections included:
  - Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
    - Agavaceae – Sonoran Desert; 65 taxa
  - Arboretum at Arizona State University
    - Phoenix; 300 taxa, 40 varieties
  - Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University
    - Acer; multi-site
    - Carya; 16 taxa, 11 spp
    - Fagus; 26 taxa
    - Stewartia; 11 taxa
    - Syringa; 238 taxa, 20 spp
    - Tsuga; 72 taxa, 7 spp
  - Atlanta Botanical Garden
    - Acer; 82 taxa
    - Magnolia; multi-site
    - Sarracenia; 78 taxa
  - Bartlett Tree Research Laboratory and Arboretum
    - Acer; multi-site
    - Hamamelis; 161 taxa
    - Magnolia; multi-site
    - Quercus; multi-site
    - Ulmus; 62 taxa
  - Betty Ford Alpine Gardens
    - Alpine Plants of Colorado; 87 taxa
  - Boyce Thompson Arboretum
    - Fabaceae – Desert Legumes; 1454 taxa as seeds, 206 taxa as plants
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - University of British Columbia Botanical Garden
    - Acer; multi-site
    - Magnolia; multi-site
  - University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley
    - Cycads; multi-site
    - Ferns; 360 taxa, with 500+ accessions
    - Magnolia; multi-site
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - Cheekwood Botanical Garden
    - Cornus; 61 taxa
  - Chicago Botanic Garden
    - Geranium; 102 taxa
    - Quercus; 48 taxa
    - Spiraea; 52 taxa
  - Cornell Plantations
    - Acer; multi-site
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - Donald E. Davis Arboretum
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - University of California Davis Arboretum
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - Dawes Arboretum
    - Acer; multi-site
    - Aesculus; 59 taxa
    - Hamamelis; 75 taxa
    - Metasequoia; 9 taxa, with 47 accessions of documented wild-origin, 8 cultivars
  - Denver Botanic Gardens
    - Alpine Plants of the World; 223 taxa
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - Desert Botanical Garden
    - Agavaceae; 346 taxa
    - Cactaceae; 1319 taxa
  - The Arboretum at Flagstaff
    - Penstemon (provisional) – Colorado Plateau, Arizona species; 37 taxa
  - University of Florida – North Florida Research and Education Center
    - Magnolia; multi-site
  - Fort Worth Botanic Garden
    - Begonia; 1001 taxa
  - Fullerton Arboretum
    - Citrus; 36 accessions, representing 20 taxa
  - Ganna Walska Lotusland
    - Cycads; multi-site
  - Green Spring Gardens Park
    - Hamamelis; 80 taxa, including all 4 spp
  - Henry Foundation for Botanical Research
    - Magnolia; multi-site
  - Highstead Arboretum
    - Kalmia; 82 taxa, including 3 spp, 76 cultivars, 4 forms, 2 hybrids
  - Holden Arboretum
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - Hoyt Arboretum
    - Acer; multi-site
    - Magnolia; multi-site
  - The Huntington Botanical Gardens
    - Camellia; 1240 taxa, including 40 spp, 1200 cultivars
  - Huntsville Botanical Garden
    - Trillium; 66 taxa, including 28 spp
  - Idaho Botanical Garden
    - Penstemon – Western US (provisional); 33 taxa
  - Jenkins Arboretum
    - Kalmia; 48 taxa
    - Rhododendron; 1861 taxa
  - Jensen-Olson Arboretum
    - Primula; 65 taxa
  - George Landis Arboretum
    - Quercus of the Northeast U.S.; 14 taxa, 9 spp
  - Springs Preserve
    - Mojave Desert Cacti and Succulents; 28 taxa
  - Longwood Gardens
    - Nymphaea; 136 taxa
    - Buxus; 3 taxa, 111 accessions
    - Chrysanthemum; 47 taxa
    - Pierce's Trees; 50 taxa
  - Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum
    - Paeonia; 317 taxa, with 467 plants
  - Mendocino Coast Botanical Gardens
    - Heath and Heather; 134 taxa
  - Minnesota Landscape Arboretum
    - Grasses; 184 taxa
    - Pinus; 60 taxa
  - Missouri Botanical Garden
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - Montgomery Botanical Center
    - Arecaceae; 356 taxa
    - Cycads; multi-site
  - Montreal Botanical Garden
    - Rosa; 1097 taxa, including 115 spp
  - Moore Farms Botanical Garden
    - Magnolia; multi-site
  - Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania
    - Abies; 35 taxa, including cultivars
    - Acer; multi-site
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - Morton Arboretum
    - Acer; multi-site
    - Magnolia; multi-site
    - Malus; 185 taxa, 9 out of 10 known species, plus cultivars
    - Quercus; multi-site
    - Tilia; 45 taxa
    - Ulmus; 78 taxa, 35 spp, 43 hybrids and cultivars
  - Mount Auburn Cemetery
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - Mt. Cuba Center
    - Hexastylis; 39 taxa, including 10 spp
    - Trillium; 84 taxa
  - Naples Botanical Garden
    - Plumeria; 585 taxa
  - New England Wild Flower Society
    - Trillium; 28 taxa
  - New York Botanical Garden
    - Acer; multi-site
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - Norfolk Botanical Garden
    - Camellia; 525 taxa
    - Hydrangea; 190 taxa
    - Lagerstroemia; 75 taxa
  - North Carolina Arboretum
    - Rhododendron; 15 spp, native azaleas
  - Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens
    - subfamily Cypripedioideae; 352 taxa
  - Polly Hill Arboretum
    - Stewartia; 19 taxa
  - Powell Gardens
    - Magnolia; multi-site
  - Quarryhill Botanical Garden
    - Acer; multi-site
    - Magnolia (provisional)
  - Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - JC Raulston Arboretum
    - Cercis; 40 taxa, including 7 spp, 33 cultivars
    - Magnolia; multi-site
  - Reiman Gardens at Iowa State University
    - Griffith Buck Roses; 75 cultivars
  - Rhododendron Species Foundation and Botanical Garden
    - Rhododendron subsect. Fortunea; 15 taxa, with 104 accessions
  - Rogerson Clematis Garden
    - Clematis ; 709 taxa
  - San Diego Botanic Garden
    - Bamboo; 121 taxa
  - San Diego Zoo Global
    - Cycads; multi-site
    - Orchids; 907 taxa
  - San Francisco Botanical Garden at Strybing Arboretum
    - Arecaceae – high elevation; 107 taxa
    - Magnolia; multi-site
    - Mesoamerican Cloud Forest; 550 taxa, primarily from tropical mountains of southern Mexico and Central America
  - Santa Barbara Botanic Garden
    - Dudleya; 52 taxa
  - Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore College
    - Ilex; 312 taxa
    - Magnolia; multi-site
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - Smithsonian Gardens
    - Orchids – tropical species; 2400 accessions
  - South Carolina Botanical Garden
    - Magnolia; multi-site
  - Starhill Forest Arboretum
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - Taltree Arboretum and Gardens
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - Toledo Botanical Garden
    - Hosta; 495 taxa, including 43 spp, 452 cultivars, with 2500 accessions
  - Tyler Arboretum
    - Rhododendron; 529 taxa, with 1493 accessions
  - United States National Arboretum
    - Buxus; 190 taxa
  - University of Washington Botanic Gardens
    - Acer; multi-site
    - Ilex; 47 taxa
    - Magnolia; multi-site
    - Quercus; multi-site
  - VanDusen Botanical Garden
    - Magnolia (provisional)

text:
# Plant Collections Network

The **Plant Collections Network** (PCN) (formerly the **North American Plant Collections Consortium**) is a group of North American botanical gardens and arboreta that coordinates a continent-wide approach to plant germplasm preservation, and promotes excellence in plant collections management. The program is administered by the American Public Gardens Association from its headquarters in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, in collaboration with the USDA Agricultural Research Service.

Current objectives of the Plant Collections Network are to:

* Build Awareness – of both Plant Collections Network & value of documented plant collections
* Promote Standards of Excellence – in plant collections management; and
* Expand Diversity of Collections – target existing collections, identify gaps for future collections

The network is intended to represent woody and herbaceous ornamentals, both native and exotic. The main objective for each network member is to assemble a comprehensive group of plants for a particular taxon, collecting plants from different populations throughout their natural range that are both taxonomically and genetically distinct.

Participating institutions maximize the potential value of their collections by making efficient use of available resources through a coordinated continent-wide approach, and strengthening their own collections through collaboration with others.

Criteria for participation in the Plant Collections Network are:

* American Public Gardens Association membership
* Active collections management program including plant records database, accession labels, maps
* Long-term commitment to maintain collection
* Endorsement of governing body
* Current collection has 50% or more of ultimate collection scope
* Collections policy
* Curator for collection; and
* Access to collection for research, evaluation and plant introduction

The accreditation process includes submitting a written application for each collection to be considered, then a peer site reviewer conducts an onsite assessment and submits a report with recommendations.

As of March 2016, Network participants and Nationally Accredited Plant Collections included:

39°52′10″N 75°40′28″W / 39.86944°N 75.67444°W / 39.86944; -75.67444


title: Portuguese ibex

abstract: The Portuguese ibex is an extinct subspecies of Iberian ibex that inhabited the north mountainous zones of Portugal, Galicia, Asturias and western Cantabria. In size and colouration it was much like the Spanish animals, though inclining towards brown rather than black markings. Its horns were strikingly different from any of the other Iberian subspecies. They were only half the length of the Pyrenean ibex, but were almost twice as wide, and, consequently, much closer together at their base.

text:
# Portuguese ibex

The **Portuguese ibex** (***Capra pyrenaica lusitanica***) is an extinct subspecies of Iberian ibex that inhabited the north mountainous zones of Portugal, Galicia, Asturias and western Cantabria. In size and colouration it was much like the Spanish animals, though inclining towards brown rather than black markings. Its horns were strikingly different from any of the other Iberian subspecies. They were only half the length of the Pyrenean ibex (about 51 cm or 20"), but were almost twice as wide, and, consequently, much closer together at their base.

## Extinction

Until 1800, the Portuguese ibex was widespread in its range, but thereafter its decline was rapid as hunting pressure increased. Local hunters did not respect the closed hunting seasons and shot Portuguese ibexes when the herds came down to lower altitudes in May. Local people hunted it for its meat and for the bezoar stones in its stomach which were regarded as potent medicine and antidotes for poisons of all kind. The skins were used as coverlets and the horns both as ornaments and as trumpets of alpine horns to call across the narrow valleys of the north-western mountains.

By 1870, this ibex was a rare animal. The last herd of about a dozen animals was recorded in 1886. An old female was captured alive in September 1889 but survived only for three days. Two more females were found dead next year, victims of a Galician avalanche. The last known Portuguese ibex in Spain died in 1890, and the last known sighting was a female near Lombade Pan in the Serra do Gerês in Portugal in 1892.

Some scientists have pointed to factors other than human interference that may have affected the decline of the Portuguese ibex. Iberian wolves and golden eagles, disease from domestic herds and a disproportionate number of males may have contributed to the rapid population decline. But the last point can be debated since the bucks were a more likely target for hunters and the last recorded sightings were all of females.

Another subspecies, the Gredos ibex *Capra pyrenaica victoriae* Cabrera, 1911, was introduced in territory formerly occupied by the Portuguese ibex for hunting purposes, such as in Riaño, Province of León; isolated populations of Spanish ibex also exist in Galicia and El Bierzo. Around 2001 ibexes resident in the Parque Natural Baixa Limia-Serra do Xurés in the Galician-Portuguese frontier crossed the border and established themselves in the nearby Portuguese Peneda-Gerês National Park, thus colonizing what had been the last spot inhabited by the Portuguese ibex. Ten years later, the new Portuguese population had increased to about 100 animals.

A Portuguese ibex specimen was on display in the Bocage Museum in Lisbon until a fire destroyed it in 1978.

Cave art of ibexes is present in the Côa Valley in Northeastern Portugal.

## Sources

* Almaça, C. 1992. Notes on Capra pyrenaica lusitanica Schlegel, 1872, Mammalia, Paris, 56: 121-124.
* Choffat, P. 1920. Le Bouquetin du Gerez et le Bouquetin de Monte Junto. Bulletin de la Société Portugaise des Sciences Naturelles, Lisbonne, VIII (2) : 151-156. Cabra do Gerês. Capra lusitanica. Geologia. Paleontologia. Ossos de Capra hispanica, não de C. lusitanica.
* Day, D., 1981, The Doomsday Book of Animals, Ebury Press, London.
* França, C. 1908. Descrição da nova espécie, Capra lusitanica França, 1908, in: Le Professeur Barbosa du Bocage - 1823-1907. Bulletin de la Société Portugaise de Sciences Naturelles, II (1-2), pág. 144.
* França, C. 1917. Le bouquetin du Gerez : Capra Lusitanica ; notes sur une espèce éteinte / Carlos França IN: Arquivos da Universidade de Lisboa: Lisboa, vol. 4, 1917, p. 19-53. Fauna - Serra do Gerez (Portugal) / Cabra Lusitana .
* Maas, P. 2005. Portuguese Ibex - Capra pyrenaica lusitanica. The Extinction Website.
* Perez, J.M., Granados, J.E., Soriguer, R.C., Fandos, P., Marquez, F.J., and Crampe, J.P. 2002. Distribution, status and conservation problems of the Spanish ibex, Capra pyrenaica (Mammalia: Artiodactyla). Mammal Rev. 32(1):26-39.

## InfoBox

| Portuguese ibex | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The last and only specimen photographed, captured in Albergaria, Portugal, 20 September 1890. Details of the photo below | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Extinct (1892)  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Bovidae |
| Subfamily: | Caprinae |
| Tribe: | Caprini |
| Genus: | *Capra* |
| Species: | *C. pyrenaica* |
| Subspecies: | ***C. p. lusitanica*** |
| Trinomial name | |
| ***Capra pyrenaica lusitanica***
(Schlegel, 1872) | |


title: Plumbeous seedeater

abstract:
The plumbeous seedeater is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae.
It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
Its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland.

text:
# Plumbeous seedeater

The **plumbeous seedeater** (***Sporophila plumbea***) is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland.

## InfoBox

| Plumbeous seedeater | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| at typical Cerrado region, Brazil | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thraupidae |
| Genus: | *Sporophila* |
| Species: | ***S. plumbea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sporophila plumbea***
(Wied-Neuwied, 1830) | |
|
|  | |


title: Mary C. Morgan

abstract: Mary Carolyn Morgan is a judge of the San Francisco County Superior Court and former judge of the San Francisco Municipal Court. She was the first openly lesbian judge appointed in the United States.

text:
# Mary C. Morgan

**Mary Carolyn Morgan** is a judge of the San Francisco County Superior Court and former judge of the San Francisco Municipal Court. She was the first openly lesbian judge appointed in the United States.

## Early life and education

Morgan received a B.A. from Smith College in 1967 and a J.D. from New York University School of Law in 1972.

## Career

From 1981 to 1993, Morgan served on the San Francisco Municipal Court. On April 3, 2003, Governor Gray Davis appointed Morgan to the San Francisco County Superior Court.

## Personal

At the time of her appointment to the San Francisco County Superior Court, Morgan's partner was Roberta Achtenberg, who served as Assistant Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development during the Clinton Administration. Senator Jesse Helms, who had referred to Achtenberg as "that damn lesbian", had held up Achtenberg's nomination and was particularly outraged at discovering that Achtenberg and Morgan had kissed during a gay pride parade.

## InfoBox

| Mary Carolyn Morgan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Judge of the San Francisco County Superior Court | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
2003 | |
| Appointed by | Gray Davis |
| Preceded by | Kevin V. Ryan |
| Judge of the San Francisco Municipal Court | |
| **In office**
1981–1993 | |
| Appointed by | Jerry Brown |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Alma mater | Smith College (B.A.)
New York University School of Law (J.D.) |
|  | |


title: Orthoprosopa grisea

abstract: Orthoprosopa grisea is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

text:
# Orthoprosopa grisea

***Orthoprosopa grisea*** is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Orthoprosopa grisea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Subfamily: | Eristalinae |
| Tribe: | Milesiini |
| Subtribe: | Tropidiina |
| Genus: | *Orthoprosopa* |
| Subgenus: | *Orthoprosopa* |
| Species: | ***O. grisea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthoprosopa grisea***<br>(Walker, 1835) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Neoncicola

abstract: Neoncicola is a genus of parasitic worms containing nine species and belongs to the family Oligacanthorhynchidae.

text:
# Neoncicola

***Neoncicola*** is a genus of parasitic worms containing nine species and belongs to the family Oligacanthorhynchidae.

## Taxonomy

Phylogenetic analyses have been conducted on *Oncicola*, a genus morphologically nearly identical to *Neoncicola* and *Pachysentis* apart from the number of hooks on the proboscis, and have also placed it in the family Oligacanthorhynchidae.

## Description

The distinguishing characteristic separating *Neoncicola* from these similar genera is that it possesses 30 hooks, as opposed to 36 for *Oncicola* and more than 36 for *Pachysentis*.

## Species

There are nine species in the genus Neoncicola.

* ***Neoncicola artibei*** Smales, 2007

*Neoncicola artibei* was found infesting the Great fruit-eating bat (*Artibeus lituratus*). The species was named after the genus of the host, *Artibeus*.

* ***Neoncicola avicola*** (Travassos, 1917)
* ***Neoncicola bursata*** (Meyer, 1931)
* ***Neoncicola curvata*** (von Linstow, 1897)
* ***Neoncicola novellae*** (Parona, 1890)
* ***Neoncicola pintoi*** (Machado-Filho, 1950)
* ***Neoncicola potosi*** (Machado-Filho, 1950)
* ***Neoncicola sinensis*** Schmidt & Dunn, 1974
* ***Neoncicola skrjabini*** (Morosow, 1951)

## Hosts

The life cycle of an acanthocephalan consists of three stages beginning when an infective acanthor (development of an egg) is released from the intestines of the definitive host and then ingested by an arthropod, the intermediate host. The intermediate host of *M. myrmecobius* is inferred to be termites, the main diet of the numbat. When the acanthor molts, the second stage called the acanthella begins. This stage involves penetrating the wall of the mesenteron or the intestine of the intermediate host and growing. The final stage is the infective cystacanth which is the larval or juvenile state of an Acanthocephalan, differing from the adult only in size and stage of sexual development. The cystacanths within the intermediate hosts are consumed by the definitive host, usually attaching to the walls of the intestines, and as adults they reproduce sexually in the intestines. The acanthor are passed in the feces of the definitive host and the cycle repeats. There are no known paratenic hosts (hosts where parasites infest but do not undergo larval development or sexual reproduction) for *Neoncicola*.

*Neoncicola* has been found parasitizing bats. There are no reported cases of *Neoncicola* infesting humans in the English language medical literature.

1. "Neoncicola Schmidt, 1972". *www.gbif.org*. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
2. Nascimento Gomes, Ana Paula; Cesário, Clarice Silva; Olifiers, Natalie; de Cassia Bianchi, Rita; Maldonado, Arnaldo; Vilela, Roberto do Val (December 2019). "New morphological and genetic data of *Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus* (Diesing, 1851) (Acanthocephala: Archiacanthocephala) in the giant anteater *Myrmecophaga tridactyla* Linnaeus, 1758 (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae)". *International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife*. **10**: 281–288. Bibcode:2019IJPPW..10..281N. doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.09.008. PMC 6906829. PMID 31867208.
3. Amin, O.M.; Sharifdini, M.; Heckmann, R.A.; Zarean, M. (2020). "New perspectives on *Nephridiacanthus major* (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) collected from hedgehogs in Iran". *Journal of Helminthology*. **94**: e133. doi:10.1017/S0022149X20000073. PMID 32114988. S2CID 211725160.
4. Jones, Mary E. Spencer (1990). "Heptamegacanthus niekerki n. G., n. Sp. (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) from the south-east African insectivore Chrysospalax trevelyani (Günther, 1875)". *Systematic Parasitology*. **15** (2): 133–140. doi:10.1007/BF00009991. S2CID 23497546.
5. Amin, Omar M. (September 19, 2013). "Classification of the Acanthocephala". *Folia Parasitologica*. **60** (4): 273–305. doi:10.14411/fp.2013.031. PMID 24261131.
6. "Neoncicola Schmidt, 1972". *Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)*. November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
7. Smales, Lesley R. (2007). "Oligacanthorhynchidae (Acanthocephala) from Mammals from Paraguay with the Description of a New Species of Neoncicola". *Comparative Parasitology*. **74** (2): 237–243. doi:10.1654/4271.1.
8. Schmidt GD, Dunn AM (1974). "Neoncicola sinensis sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) from China". *J Parasitol*. **60** (4): 626–7. doi:10.2307/3278723. JSTOR 3278723. PMID 4853322.
9. CDC’s Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria (April 11, 2019). "Acanthocephaliasis". *www.cdc.gov*. Center for Disease Control. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
10. Mathison, BA; et al. (2021). "Human Acanthocephaliasis: a Thorn in the Side of Parasite Diagnostics". *J Clin Microbiol*. **59** (11): e02691-20. doi:10.1128/JCM.02691-20. PMC 8525584. PMID 34076470.
11. Smales Lesley R. (1997) Multisentis myrmecobius, gen. et. sp. nov. (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae), from the Numbat, Myrmecobius fasciatus, and a Key to Genera of the Oligacanthorhynchidae. Invertebrate Systematics 11, 301-307. https://doi.org/10.1071/IT95023
12. Schmidt, G.D. (1985). "Development and life cycles". In Crompton, D.W.T.; Nickol, B.B. (eds.). *Biology of the Acanthocephala* (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 273–305. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.

## InfoBox

| *Neoncicola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Acanthocephala |
| Class: | Archiacanthocephala |
| Order: | Oligacanthorhynchida |
| Family: | Oligacanthorhynchidae |
| Genus: | *Neoncicola*<br>Schmidt, 1972 |
|


title: Polyclitus (freedman)

abstract: Polyclitus was an influential freedman in the court of the Roman emperor Nero. He was sent to Britain in 60 or 61 AD to head an enquiry in the aftermath of the rebellion of Boudica. As a result the governor, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, was relieved of his command and replaced by Publius Petronius Turpilianus. Polyclitus was put to death by Galba in 68.

text:
# Polyclitus (freedman)

**Polyclitus** was an influential freedman in the court of the Roman emperor Nero. He was sent to Britain in 60 or 61 AD to head an enquiry in the aftermath of the rebellion of Boudica. As a result the governor, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, was relieved of his command and replaced by Publius Petronius Turpilianus.

Polyclitus was put to death by Galba in 68.

1. Tacitus, *Annals* 14.39
2. Plutarch, *The Parallel Lives*, Life of Galba, 17


title: Iferni

abstract: Iferni is a commune in Driouch Province of the Oriental administrative region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 7527 people living in 1356 households.

text:
# Iferni

**Iferni** (Tarifit: **Ifaani**, ⵉⴼⴻⵔⵏⵉ; Arabic: إفرني) is a commune in Driouch Province of the Oriental administrative region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 7527 people living in 1356 households.

## Towns and villages

| Name | Type | Population (2014) | Area(km2) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Iferni | Town | 6 365 | 4 km2 |
| Tlat | Village |  |  |
| Ait Melloul (Driouch) | Village |  |  |
| Thimedrarth | Village |  |  |
| Igardouhan | Village |  | 0,6 km2 |
| Ait Aazziman | Village |  |  |
| Ibouchrathen | Village |  |  |
| Imnouhan | Village |  |  |
| Souf (Driouch) | Village |  |  |
| Ihammoudan | Hamlet |  |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Iferni ⵉⴼⴻⵔⵏⵉإفرني | |
| --- | --- |
| commune | |
| Location of Iferni in Driouch Province | |
| Coordinates: 35°00′N 3°40′W / 35.00°N 3.66°W / 35.00; -3.66 | |
| Country | Morocco |
| Region | Oriental |
| Province | Driouch |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 7,527 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (WEST) |


title: Pogoanele

abstract: Pogoanele is a town in the southeastern part of Buzău County, Muntenia, Romania. The town administers one village, Căldărăști. Pogoanele was declared a town in April 1989, as a result of the Romanian rural systematization program. It is located in the south-central part of the county, in the middle of the Bărăgan Plain, at about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Buzău, the county seat. It is traversed by the DN2C road, which runs from Buzău to Slobozia. The railway station is on the CFR line connecting Urziceni and Făurei. Natives of the town include Ion A. Rădulescu-Pogoneanu and Ilie Stan.

text:
# Pogoanele

**Pogoanele** (Romanian pronunciation: \[poˈɡo̯anele\]) is a town in the southeastern part of Buzău County, Muntenia, Romania. The town administers one village, Căldărăști.

Pogoanele was declared a town in April 1989, as a result of the Romanian rural systematization program. It is located in the south-central part of the county, in the middle of the Bărăgan Plain, at about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Buzău, the county seat. It is traversed by the DN2C road, which runs from Buzău to Slobozia. The railway station (3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the town center) is on the CFR line connecting Urziceni and Făurei.

Natives of the town include Ion A. Rădulescu-Pogoneanu and Ilie Stan.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | 7,768 |  |
| 2002 | 7,795 | +0.3% |
| 2011 | 7,275 | −6.7% |
| 2021 | 6,384 | −12.2% |
| Source: Census data | | |

## InfoBox

| Pogoanele | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Pogoanele Town Hall | |
|  | |
| Location in Buzău County | |
| PogoaneleLocation in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 44°55′N 27°0′E / 44.917°N 27.000°E / 44.917; 27.000 | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Buzău |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202024) | Florin Dumitrașcu (PSD) |
| Area | 122 km2 (47 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 63 m (207 ft) |
| Population (2021-12-01) | 6,384 |
| Density | 52/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Postal code | 125200 |
| Area code | (+40) 02 38 |
| Vehicle reg. | BZ |
| Website | www.primariepogoanele.ro |