title: Zygosaccharomyces bailii

abstract: Zygosaccharomyces bailii is a species in the genus Zygosaccharomyces. It was initially described as Saccharomyces bailii by Lindner in 1895, but in 1983 it was reclassified as Zygosaccharomyces bailii in the work by Barnett et al. Spoilage resulting from growth of the yeast Zygosaccharomyces is widespread, which has caused significant economic losses to the food industry. Within this genus, Z. bailii is one of the most troublesome species due to its exceptional tolerance to various stressful conditions. A wide range of acidic and/or high-sugar products such as fruit concentrates, wine, soft drinks, syrups, ketchup, mayonnaise, pickles, salad dressing, etc., are normally considered to be shelf-stable, i.e. they readily inactivate a broad range of food-borne microorganisms. However, these products are still susceptible to spoilage by Z. bailii.

text:
# Zygosaccharomyces bailii

***Zygosaccharomyces bailii*** is a species in the genus *Zygosaccharomyces*. It was initially described as *Saccharomyces bailii* by Lindner in 1895, but in 1983 it was reclassified as *Zygosaccharomyces bailii* in the work by Barnett et al.

Spoilage resulting from growth of the yeast *Zygosaccharomyces* is widespread, which has caused significant economic losses to the food industry. Within this genus, *Z. bailii* is one of the most troublesome species due to its exceptional tolerance to various stressful conditions. A wide range of acidic and/or high-sugar products such as fruit concentrates, wine, soft drinks, syrups, ketchup, mayonnaise, pickles, salad dressing, etc., are normally considered to be shelf-stable, i.e. they readily inactivate a broad range of food-borne microorganisms. However, these products are still susceptible to spoilage by *Z. bailii*.

## Morphology and modes of reproduction

*Zygosaccharomyces bailii* vegetative cells are usually ellipsoid, non-motile and reproduced asexually by multilateral budding, i.e. the buds can arise from various sites on the cells. During the budding process, a parent cell produces a bud on its outer surface. As the bud elongates, the parent cell's nucleus divides and one nucleus migrates into the bud. Cell wall material is filled in the gap between the bud and the parent cell; eventually the bud is separated to form a daughter cell of unequal size. *Z. bailii* cell size varies within a range of (3.5 - 6.5) x (4.5 - 11.5) μm and the cells exist singly or in pair, rarely in short chain. It has been observed that the doubling time of this yeast is approximately 3 hours at 23 °C in yeast nitrogen base broth containing 20% (w/v) fructose (pH 4.0). In more stressful conditions, this generation time is significantly extended.

Besides the asexual reproduction mode, under certain conditions (e.g. nutritional stress) *Z. bailii* produces sexual spores (ascospores) in a sac called ascus (plural: asci). Normally, each ascus contains one to four ascospores, which are generally smooth, thin-walled, spherical or ellipsoidal. It should be mentioned that the ascospores are rarely observed as it is difficult and may take a long time to induce their formation; besides many yeast strains lose the ability to produce ascospores on repeated sub-cultures in the laboratory. On various nutrient agars, *Z. bailii* colonies are smooth, round, convex and white to cream coloured, with a diameter of 2 – 3 mm at 3 – 7 days. As the morphology properties of *Zygosaccharomyces* are identical to other yeast genera such as *Saccharomyces*, *Candida* and *Pichia*, it is impossible to differentiate *Zygosaccharomyces* from other yeasts or individual species within the genus based on macroscopic and microscopic morphology observations. Therefore, the yeast identification to species level is more dependent on physiological and genetic characteristics than on morphological criteria.

## Culture conditions

In general, any glucose-containing medium is suitable for the culture and counting of yeasts, e.g. Sabouraud medium, malt extract agar (MEA), tryptone glucose yeast extract agar (TGY), yeast glucose chloramphenicol agar (YGC). For the detection of acid-resistant yeasts like *Z. bailii*, acidified media are recommended, such as MEA or TGY with 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid added. Plating with agar media is often used for counting of yeasts, with surface spreading technique is preferable to pour plate method because the former technique gives a better recovery of cells with lower dilution errors. The common incubation conditions are aerobic atmosphere, temperature 25 °C for a period of 5 days. Nevertheless, a higher incubation temperature (30 °C) and shorter incubation time (3 days) can be applied for *Z. bailii*, as the yeast grows faster at this elevated temperature.

## Physiological properties

Among the *Zygosaccharomyces* spoilage species, *Z. bailii* possesses the most pronounced and diversified resistance characteristics, enabling it to survive and proliferate in very stressful conditions. It appears that *Z. bailii* prefers ecological environments characterized by high osmotic conditions. The most frequently described natural habitats are dried or fermented fruits, tree exudates (in vineyards and orchards), and at various stages of sugar refining and syrup production. Besides, it is seldom to encounter *Z. bailii* as a major spoilage agent in unprocessed foods; usually the yeast only attains importance in processed products when the competition with bacteria and moulds is reduced by intrinsic factors such as pH, water activity (aw), preservatives, etc.

### Resistance characteristics

An outstanding feature of *Z. bailii* is its exceptional resistance to weak acid preservatives commonly used in foods and beverages, such as acetic, lactic, propionic, benzoic, sorbic acids and sulfur dioxide. In addition, it is reported that the yeast is able to tolerate high ethanol concentrations (≥ 15% (v/v)). The ranges of pH and aw for growth are wide, 2.0 - 7.0 and 0.80 - 0.99, respectively. Besides being preservative resistant, other features that contribute to the spoilage capacity of *Z. bailii* are: (i) its ability to vigorously ferment hexose sugars (e.g. glucose and fructose), (ii) ability to cause spoilage from an extremely low inoculum (e.g. one viable cell per package of any size), (iii) moderate osmotolerance (in comparison to *Zygosaccharomyces rouxii*). Therefore, foods at particular risk to spoilage by this yeast usually have low pH (2.5 to 5.0), low aw and contain sufficient amounts of fermentable sugars.

The extreme acid resistance of *Z. bailii* has been reported by many authors. On several occasions, growth of the yeast has been observed in fruit-based alcohols (pH 2.8 - 3.0, 40 - 45% (w/v) sucrose) preserved with 0.08% (w/v) benzoic acid, and in beverages (pH 3.2) containing either 0.06% (w/v) sorbic acid, 0.07% (w/v) benzoic acid, or 2% (w/v) acetic acid. Notably, individual cells in any *Z. bailii* population differ considerably in their resistance to sorbic acid, with a small fraction able to grow in preservative levels double that of the average population. In some types of food, the yeast is even able to grow in the presence of benzoic and sorbic acids at concentrations higher than those legally permitted and at pH values below the pKa of the acids. For example, according to the European Union (EU) legislation, sorbic acid is limited to 0.03% (w/v) in soft drinks (pH 2.5 - 3.2); however *Z. bailii* can grow in soft drinks containing 0.05% (w/v) of this acid (pKa 4.8). Particularly, there is strong evidence that the resistance of *Z. bailii* is stimulated by the presence of multiple preservatives. Hence, the yeast can survive and defeat synergistic preservative combinations that normally provide microbiological stability to processed foods. It has been observed that the cellular acetic acid uptake was inhibited when sorbic or benzoic acid was incorporated into the culture medium. Similarly, ethanol levels up to 10% (v/v) did not adversely influence sorbic and benzoic acid resistance of the yeast at pH 4.0 - 5.0. Moreover, Sousa et al. (1996) have proved that in *Z. bailii*, ethanol plays a protective role against the negative effect of acetic acid by inhibiting the transport and accumulation of this acid intracellularly.

Like other microorganisms, *Z. bailii* has the ability to adapt to sub-inhibitory levels of a preservative, which enables the yeast to survive and grow in much higher concentrations of the preservative than before adaptation. In addition, it seems that *Z. bailii* resistance to acetic, benzoic and propionic acid is strongly correlated, as the cells which were adapted to benzoic acid also showed enhanced tolerances to other the preservatives.

Some studies have revealed the negligible effects of different sugars on preservative resistance of *Z. bailii*, e.g. comparable sorbic and benzoic acid resistance was observed regardless whether the cells were grown in culture medium containing glucose or fructose as fermentable substrates. However, the preservative resistance of the yeast is influenced by glucose level, with maximum resistance obtained at 10 - 20% (w/v) sugar concentrations. As *Z. bailii* is moderately osmotolerant, the salt and sugar levels in foods are usually insufficient to control its growth. The highest tolerance to salt has been observed at low pH values, e.g. the maximum NaCl allowing growth was 12.5% (w/v) at pH 3.0 whereas this was only 5.0% (w/v) at pH 5.0. Moreover, the presence of either salt or sugar has a positive effect on the ability of *Z. bailii* to initiate growth at extreme pH levels, e.g. the yeast showed no growth at pH 2.0 in the absence of NaCl and sucrose, but grew at this pH in 2.5% (w/v) NaCl or 50% (w/v) sucrose.

Most facultatively fermentative yeast species cannot grow in the complete absence of oxygen. That means limitation of oxygen availability might be useful in controlling food spoilage caused by fermentative yeasts. However, it has been observed that *Z. bailii* is able to grow rapidly and ferment sugar vigorously in a complex medium under strictly anaerobic condition, indicating that the nutritional requirement for anaerobic growth was met by the complex-medium components. Therefore, restriction of oxygen entry into foods and beverages, which are rich in nutrients, is not a promising strategy to prevent the risk of spoilage by this yeast. Besides, Leyva et al. (1999) have reported that *Z. bailii* cells can retain their spoilage capability by producing a significant amount of gas even in non-growing conditions (i.e. presence of sugars but absence of nitrogen source).

### Preservative resistance mechanisms

Different strategies have been suggested in accounting for *Z. bailii* resistance to weak acid preservatives, which include: (i) degradation of the acids, (ii) prevention of entry or removal of acids from the cells, (iii) alteration of the inhibitor target, or amelioration of the caused damage. Particularly, the intrinsic resistance mechanisms of *Z. bailii* are extremely adaptable and robust. Their functionality and effectiveness are unaffected or marginally suppressed by environmental conditions such as low pH, low aw and limited nutrients.

For a long time, it has been known that *Z. bailii* can maintain an acid gradient across the cell membrane, which indicates the induction of a system whereby the cells can reduce the intracellular acid accumulation. According to Warth (1977), *Z. bailii* uses an inducible, active transport pump to expel acid anions from the cells for counteracting the toxic effects of the acids. As the pump requires energy to function optimally, high sugar levels enhance *Z. bailii* preservative resistance. Nevertheless, this view was disputed from an observation that the concentration of acid was exactly as predicted from the intracellular, extracellular pH's and pKa of the acid. Besides, it is unlikely that an active acid extrusion alone would be sufficient to achieve an unequal acid distribution across the cell membrane. Instead, *Z. bailii* might have developed much more efficient ways of altering its cell membrane to limit the diffusional entry of acids into the cells. This, in turn, will dramatically reduce any need for active extrusion of protons and acid anions, thus saving a lot of energy. Indeed, Warth (1989) has reported that the uptake rate of propionic acid by diffusion in *Z. bailii* is much lower than in other acid-sensitive yeasts (e.g. *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*). Hence, it is conceivable that *Z. bailii* puts more effort on limiting the influx of acids in order to enhance its acid resistance.

Another mechanism of *Z. bailii* to deal with acid challenge is that the yeast uses a plasma membrane H+-adenosine triphosphatase (H+-ATPase) to expel proton from cells, thereby preventing intracellular acidification. In addition, Cole and Keenan (1987) have suggested that *Z. bailii* resistance includes an ability to tolerate chronic intracellular pH drops. Besides, the fact that the yeast is able to metabolize preservatives may also contribute to its acid tolerance. Regarding the resistance of *Z. bailii* to SO2, it has been proposed that the cells reduce the concentration of SO2 by producing extracellular sulphite-binding compounds such as acetaldehyde.

### Metabolism

The fructophilic behaviour is well known in *Z. bailii*. Unlike most of other yeasts, *Z. bailii* metabolizes fructose more rapidly than glucose and grows much faster in foods containing ≥ 1% (w/w) of fructose. In addition, it has been observed that the alcoholic fermentation under aerobic conditions (the Crabtree effect) in *Z. bailii* is influenced by the carbon source, i.e. ethanol is produced at a higher rate and with a higher yield on fructose than on glucose. This is because in *Z. bailii*, fructose is transported by a specific high-capacity system, while glucose is transported by a lower-capacity system, which is partially inactivated by fructose and also accepts fructose as a substrate.

The slow fermentation of sucrose is directly related to fructose metabolism. According to Pitt and Hocking (1997), *Z. bailii* cannot grow in foods with sucrose as the sole carbon source. As it requires time to hydrolyze sucrose into glucose and fructose (in low pH conditions), there is a long delay between manufacture and spoilage of products contaminated with this yeast when sucrose is used as the primary carbohydrate ingredient. This is usually preceded by a lag of 2 – 4 weeks and apparent deterioration of product quality is only shown 2 – 3 months after manufacturing Therefore, the use of sucrose as a sweetener (instead of glucose or fructose) is highly recommended in synthetic products such as soft drinks.

Fermentation of sugars (e.g. glucose, fructose and sucrose) is a key metabolic reaction of most yeasts (including *Z. bailii*) when cultured under facultative anaerobic conditions. As sugars are common components of foods and beverages, fermentation is a typical feature of the spoilage process. Principally, these sugars are converted to ethanol and CO2, causing the products to lose sweetness and acquire a distinctive alcoholic aroma along with gassiness. Besides, many secondary products are formed in small amounts, such as organic acids, esters, aldehydes, etc. *Z. bailii* is noted for its strong production of secondary metabolites, e.g. acetic acid, ethyl acetate and acetaldehyde. In high enough concentrations, these substances can have a dominant effect on the sensorial quality of the products. The higher resistance of *Z. bailii* to weak acids than *S. cerevisiae* can partly be explained by its ability to metabolize preservatives. It has been demonstrated that *Z. bailii* is able to consume acetic acid in the presence of fermentable sugars, whereas the acetate uptake and utilization systems of *S. cerevisiae* are all glucose-repressed. In addition, *Z. bailii* can also oxidatively degrade sorbate and benzoate (and use these compounds as a sole carbon source), while *S. cerevisiae* does not have this capability.

## Spoilage activities

According to Thomas and Davenport (1985), early reports of spoilage in mayonnaise and salad dressing due to *Z. bailii* date back to the beginning of the 20th century. More detailed investigations in the 1940s and 1950s confirmed that *Z. bailii* was the main spoiler in cucumber pickles, sundry pickled vegetable mixes, acidified sauces, etc. Around the same time, fermentation spoilage incidents occasionally appeared in fruit syrups and beverages preserved with moderate benzoic acid levels (0.04 - 0.05% (w/w)). Again, *Z. bailii* was identified as the spoilage source. Nowadays, despite great improvements in formulation control, food processing equipment and sanitation technologies (e.g. automated clean-in-place), the yeast remains highly problematic in sauces, acidified foods, pickled or brined vegetables, fruit concentrates and various non-carbonated fruit drinks. *Z. bailii* is also well recognized as one of the main spoilers in wines due to its high resistance to combinations of ethanol and organic acids at low pH. Furthermore, the spoilage by this yeast has been expanding into new food categories such as prepared mustards, fruit-flavoured carbonated soft drinks containing citrus, apple and grape juice concentrates. The ability of *Z. bailii* in spoiling a wide range of foods is a reflection of its high resistance to many stress factors. Therefore, it has been included in the list of most dangerous spoilage yeasts by several authors.

Spoilage by *Z. bailii* often occurs in acidic shelf-stable foods, which rely upon the combined effects of acidity (e.g. vinegar), salt and sugar to suppress microbial growth. The spoiled foods usually display sensorial changes that can be easily recognized by consumers, thus resulting in significant economic losses due to consumers' complaints or product recalls Observable signs of spoilage include product leakage from containers, colour change, emission of unpleasant yeasty odours, emulsion separation (in mayonnaises, dressings), turbidity, flocculation or sediment formation (in wines, beverages) and visible colonies or brown film development on product surfaces. The specific off-flavour that has been attributed to *Z. bailii* is related to H2S. In addition, the taste of spoiled foods can be modified by the production of acetic acid and fruity esters. It has been reported that growth of *Z. bailii* also results in significant gas and ethanol formation, causing a typical alcoholic taste. The excessive gas production is a direct consequence of high fermentable ability of this yeast and in more solid food, gas bubbles can appear within the product. Under extreme circumstances, the produced gas pressure inside glass jars or bottles can reach such a level that explosions may take place, creating an additional hazard of injuries from broken glass. It should be mentioned that in general, detectable spoilage by yeasts requires the presence of a high number of cells, approximately 5 - 6 log CFU/ml.

Apart from spoiling foods, as a direct consequent of growth, *Z. bailii* can modify the product texture and composition such that it may be more readily colonized by other spoilage microorganisms. For example, by utilizing acetic acid, the yeast can raise the pH of pickles sufficiently to allow the growth of less acid-tolerant bacteria. Besides, as with other yeasts, the concentration of fermentable sugar in a product affects the rate of spoilage by *Z. bailii*, e.g. the yeast grows faster in the presence of 10% (w/w) than 1% (w/w) glucose. Particularly, *Z. bailii* can grow and cause spoilage from extremely low inocula, as few as one viable cell in ≥ 10 liters of beverages. That means detection of low numbers of yeast cells in a product does not guarantee its stability. No sanitation or microbiological quality control program can cope with this degree of risk. Hence, the only alternatives would be reformulation of food to increase the stability and/or application of high-lethality thermal-processing parameters.

Apart from unwanted spoilage, this yeast is also present in the fermentation of traditional Italian balsamic vinegar (*Zygosaccharomyces rouxii* together with *Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Z. pseudorouxii, Z. mellis, Z. bisporus, Z. lentus, Hanseniaspora valbyensis, Hanseniaspora osmophila, Candida lactis-condensi, Candida stellata, Saccharomycodes ludwigii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae*)

## InfoBox

| *Zygosaccharomyces bailii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Zygosaccharomyces bailii* cells in Sabouraud medium (100x) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Saccharomycetes |
| Order: | Saccharomycetales |
| Family: | Saccharomycetaceae |
| Genus: | *Zygosaccharomyces* |
| Species: | ***Z. bailii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zygosaccharomyces bailii***
Barnett et al., 1983 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Saccharomyces bailii* (Lindner, 1895)
*Torulaspora bailii* (Lindner) Kock.-Krat.
*Saccharomyces acidifaciens* (Thomas and Davenport, 1985)
*Saccharomyces elegans* (Thomas and Davenport, 1985) | |


title: Wo Hang

abstract: Wo Hang is an area and a valley in Sha Tau Kok, in the North District of Hong Kong.

text:
# Wo Hang

**Wo Hang** (Chinese: 禾坑; lit. 'valley of rice') is an area and a valley in Sha Tau Kok, in the North District of Hong Kong.

## History

Wo Hang was served by the Wo Hang station of the former Sha Tau Kok Railway, which was in operation from 1911 to 1928. Wo Hang station was opened on 21 December 1911.

## Features

Several villages are located in the area, including:


title: Megachile anograe

abstract: Megachile anograe is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1908.

text:
# Megachile anograe

***Megachile anograe*** is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1908.

## InfoBox

| *Megachile anograe* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Megachilidae |
| Genus: | *Megachile* |
| Species: | ***M. anograe*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Megachile anograe***<br>Cockerell, 1908 | |
|


title: Venkatapur, Ranga Reddy district

abstract: Venkatapur is a village in Ranga Reddy district in Telangana, India. It falls under Ghatkesar mandal.

text:
# Venkatapur, Ranga Reddy district

**Venkatapur** is a village in Ranga Reddy district in Telangana, India. It falls under Ghatkesar mandal.

## InfoBox

| Venkatapur | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Telangana |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Telephone code | 040 |
| Vehicle registration | TS 08 XX XXXX |


title: Mercedes-Benz taxi

text:
# Mercedes-Benz taxi

Mercedes-Benz is a popular brand of taxi in numerous countries worldwide. Some countries, such as Morocco, imported thousands of Mercedes-Benz taxi vehicles during the 1990s and as many as 55,000 were known to still be in use as of 2014. Mercedes offers specially configured vehicles designed for use as taxis as new from the factory.

## History

The first Mercedes-Benz branded taxi was launched in 1927, offered in an 8/38 horsepower model. The brand was also groundbreaking for diesel model taxis, with their 260 D model in 1936 being the first standard-production diesel passenger car to be available worldwide, leading to Mercedes-Benz developing an exclusive taxi package for their taxicab vehicles. Future models proved very popular in the taxicab industry, putting Mercedes-Benz amongst the leaders of taxi manufacturers worldwide.

In 2017, Mercedes-Benz pledged to release a self-driving taxi by the end of the following 3 years. Trials began in May 2020 as a joint venture with Bosch.

## Distribution

### German homeland

In the homeland of Germany, the brand has traditionally been the first choice for taxi drivers. A renowned model of taxi was the Mercedes-Benz W123, which was offered in a special taxi specification from the beginning. Mercedes offered modifications to their taxi vehicles which included ivory paint, modified dashboard to take a taximeter, additional interior lights and hardened seats to withstand heavy use. Today, W123 models in good condition are at risk of being stolen for export to Africa where they are considered quintessential for a taxi.

Mercedes-Benz commanded a share of around 80% of the market during the 1990s, although by 2005, this had fallen below 50% due to sub-standard models coupled with rust and electrical issues. Between July 2004 and July 2005, Mercedes only just managed to sell more taxicabs (4,500) than Volkswagen (4,000), despite offering favourable financial incentives and a 20% discount, although delivery waiting times were believed to be off-putting at six months. By 2014, their market share had improved slightly, with around 60% of taxicabs in the Mercedes marque at an average age of 3.5 years.

The dominance of Mercedes in the German taxicab industry is believed to have made it difficult for Uber to compete in the country's market, given that they cannot realistically offer their customers better cars than those already available to the public. Jaguar attempted to compete with Mercedes-Benz's dominance in 2018 by delivering 10 I-Pace electric SUV to the largest taxi firm in Munich, chosen due to the poor air quality in the city.

### Elsewhere in Europe

In August 2008, a variant of the Mercedes-Benz Vito was approved by the Public Carriage Office for use as a licensed London Hackney carriage. By September 2009, the Vito was reported to have secured 25% of the market, with 400 sales over the previous 12 months and forecasts that it could surpass sales of the traditional Hackney carriage TX4. Eco City's taxi trading firm said at that time, it was selling four of the £35,000 Vito vehicles for every Hackney TX4 carriage. Despite the high sales, in a poll conducted by the London Evening Standard in September 2011, 75% of participants said they did not prefer the Eco City Mercedes taxis to the traditional black cabs. Mercedes-Benz taxis were reported to be used for prisoner transportation in London during 2003, citing the increased reliability and being more cost effective.

In 2014, almost a quarter of Mercedes-Benz passenger car sales in Denmark was to the taxi industry, although newer tax regulations on cars being sold were expected to have an impact on those choosing the manufacturer. As well as previous tax incentives, the manufacturer also offered unique service arrangements and speedy delivery of parts at their workshops.

### Worldwide

In Morocco, the backbone of the taxi sector is served by Mercedes-Benz motors, notably the Mercedes-Benz W123 240D model, and has been described as "the iconic symbol of travel". Morocco's import of the W123 model vehicles was a lucrative business during the 1990s, as well-used cars would sell for a premium in the Moroccan used car market, including inflated prices for spare parts. As of 2014, there were around 55,000 W123 model taxis in operation in Morocco and are popular with drivers given their generous internal space and reliability. The Moroccan government started a scheme in 2014 to offer 50,000 dirhams cash (around $6,100) to drivers who traded in their old Mercedes taxis, citing environmental and safety concerns and added a premium tax on any vehicles imported over 5 years in a bid to slow down the import of older vehicles.

Given the high cost, taxis were known to be stolen and exported to African countries. In 1979, Israeli police discovered five vehicles buried in the Sinai desert, believing that the thieves intended upon recovering them once the territory was returned to Egypt following the Egypt–Israel peace treaty in 1982. Police believed over 80 other cars could have been buried in the desert and owners in America began "chaining their cars to utility poles at night" in an effort to prevent theft.

In the United States, the first major fleet of Mercedes taxis was operated by a firm opened by William Rogers in 1987. Rogers noted that the taxis would be imported used from Europe due to lower costs and equipped with telephones for worldwide calling. The company, named Transit Systems Inc, hit financial difficulties shortly afterwards and ceased business in February 1988.

In Singapore, taxi operators were among the first buyers of Mercedes-Benz in the early 1950s, when Cycle & Carriage secured the franchise. The endorsement by taxi companies of the Mercedes brand increased their popularity among consumers. In 2007, there were an estimated 1,000 E-Class Mercedes taxi vehicles on Singapore's roads, although they only constituted less than 5 percent of the overall taxi fleet in the country.

## Records

In 2004, a taxi driver from the city of Thessaloniki in Greece presented to the Mercedes-Benz Museum in Germany his 1976 240D taxi, which had covered approximately 4,600,000 kilometres (2,900,000 mi), including hundreds of journeys to Belgrade to transport supplies during war in the Balkans. At the time, DaimlerChrysler suggested it was the highest mileage vehicle they were aware of at the time. The driver purchased the vehicle in 1981 and changed the engine three times during his ownership. In 2017, it was reported a white Mercedes taxi from Porto, Portugal had also found its way to the Mercedes museum in Stuttgart, having covered around 1,900,000 kilometres (1,200,000 mi). The car had spent around 10 years in use as a taxi, placing it 6th highest in the worldwide highest mileage vehicles.

**Citations**

**Sources**


title: Vamdrup Municipality

abstract: Vamdrup municipality was a Danish municipality in the former Vejle County on the Jutland peninsula which existed from 1970 until 1 January 2007.

text:
# Vamdrup Municipality

**Vamdrup municipality** was a Danish municipality (Danish, *kommune*) in the former Vejle County on the Jutland peninsula which existed from 1970 until 1 January 2007.

## History

The municipality was created in 1970 as the result of the 1970 Municipal reforms that merged the existing parishes of Hjarup, Vamdrup, and Ødis Parish. The main city and the site of its municipal council was the town of Vamdrup. By 2005, the municipality covered an area of 102 km2, and had a total population of 7,456. Its last mayor was Mike Legarth, a member of the Conservative People's Party.

Vamdrup municipality ceased to exist as the result of The Municipality Reform of 2007). It was merged with Christiansfeld, Kolding, and Lunderskov municipalities to form a new Kolding municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 640 km2 and an initial population of 86,102 (2005). The new municipality belongs to Region of Southern Denmark. There is a small airport called Vamdrup Kolding Airport, were Danish Air Transport is based.

1. "Kommunefakta". *Kommunefakta* (in Danish). Archived from the original on 12 August 2007.
2. "Det nye Danmark: Find din nye kommune". *Enrio* (in Danish). Archived from the original on 8 December 2006.

55°25′31″N 9°16′57″E / 55.4253°N 9.2825°E / 55.4253; 9.2825


title: Mayor of Montreal

abstract: The mayor of Montreal is head of the executive branch of the Montreal City Council. The current mayor is Valérie Plante, who was elected into office on November 5, 2017, and sworn in on November 16. The office of the mayor administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and provincial laws within Montreal, Quebec. The mayor is directly elected by citizens, by a plurality of votes, for a four-year term. The mayor's office is located in Montreal City Hall.

text:
# Mayor of Montreal

The **mayor of Montreal** is head of the executive branch of the Montreal City Council. The current mayor is Valérie Plante, who was elected into office on November 5, 2017, and sworn in on November 16. The office of the mayor administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and provincial laws within Montreal, Quebec. The mayor is directly elected by citizens, by a plurality of votes, for a four-year term (unless a vacancy occurs). The mayor's office is located in Montreal City Hall.

## History of the office

The first poll in the history of Montreal was held on the day the first charter of Montreal came into effect – June 3, 1833.

On June 5, 1833 city council chose Jacques Viger as the first mayor of Montreal. The same day that Jacques Viger was elected mayor of Montreal, city council adopted a series of administrative by-laws, as well as ordinances to improve cleanliness in city districts. Andrew Steven Fox was appointed as the mayor's medical advisor.

The first coat of arms of Montreal and the motto "Concordia Salus" were adopted on July 19, 1833 as proposed by Viger, incorporating the emblems of the main ethnic groups in the city. The rose represented England, the thistle referred to Scotland, the clover corresponded to Ireland, and the beaver, the French Canadians; this latter was replaced by the fleur de lys in 1938.

In 1851 city council decided to provide the first magistrate of the city with a sumptuous chain; it is an old English practice. The coat of arms of Montreal figured prominently in the centre of the gold chain. On October 2, 1851, that chain was passed on to Mayor Charles Wilson at a ceremony presided over by Lord Elgin, Governor General of Canada. The chain is now worn by each new mayor at the swearing-in ceremony. At the election in February 1852, Wilson became the first mayor elected by citizens.

Starting with the 2009 Montreal municipal election, the mayor of Montreal is also the mayor of the borough of Ville-Marie.

On November 5, 2017, Valérie Plante became the first woman to be elected as Mayor of Montreal.

## Vacancies

If an incumbent mayor dies in office or resigns, the office is temporarily assumed by the **deputy mayor**, a position which rotates among different city councillors during the course of a normal council term. In 2012 councillor Jane Cowell-Poitras became acting mayor of the city following the resignation of Gérald Tremblay following allegations from the Charbonneau Commission.

Under provincial law governing municipal election processes, if the vacancy occurs more than one year before the next regularly scheduled municipal election, then a by-election is held to choose the replacement mayor. However, if the vacancy occurs less than a year before the next election, council has up to 30 days to hold an internal vote to choose one of its own members as the new mayor until the regular election. As Tremblay's resignation occurred less than a year before the 2013 municipal election, his formal successor Michael Applebaum was chosen by the latter method, in a vote which took place on November 16. Applebaum resigned on June 18, 2013, one day after his arrest for corruption, and Cowell-Poitras again became acting mayor until Laurent Blanchard was selected in a council vote on June 25.

## InfoBox

| Mayor of Montreal | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of arms of Montreal | |
| Flag of Montreal | |
| Incumbent
Valérie Plante
since November 16, 2017 | |
| Style |  |
| Member of | City Council |
| Reports to | Montreal City Council |
| Residence | Montreal |
| Seat | Montreal City Hall |
| Appointer | Directly elected by residents of Montreal |
| Term length | Four years, renewable |
| Inaugural holder | Jacques Viger |
| Formation | June 5, 1833 (June 5, 1833) |
| Website | ville.montreal.qc.ca |


title: Llewellyn J. Morse

abstract:
Llewellyn J. Morse was a politician and merchant of lumber and ice in Maine. He founded Morse & Co. in 1851. The company was headquartered in Bangor, Maine. It became Oliver, Haight & Morse when he took on partners. Ralph W. Morse joined the firm in 1866 and L.J.'s son Walter I. Morse joined the firm in 1874. Morse was born at Parkers Head along the Kennebec River.
In the 1870s Morse was an alderman in Penobscot, Maine. Morse served in the Maine House of Representatives in 1874 and 1875 and was a Republican. His brother-in-law, Capt. Frank B. Ames, captained the ship named for Morse, the Llewellyn J. Morse. The ship later stood in for the USS Constitution in the 1926 film Old Ironsides. His brother-in-law became ill and upon his return home from captaining a voyage in Asia on the Llewellyn committed a murder-suicide on his sleeping wife. The Morse & Co. Office Building is a historic site listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Llewellyn J. Morse

**Llewellyn J. Morse** (December 19, 1819  October 24, 1902) was a politician and merchant of lumber and ice in Maine. He founded **Morse & Co.** in 1851. The company was headquartered in Bangor, Maine. It became **Oliver, Haight & Morse** when he took on partners. Ralph W. Morse joined the firm in 1866 (he died in 1870) and L.J.'s son Walter I. Morse joined the firm in 1874.

Morse was born at Parkers Head along the Kennebec River. In the 1870s Morse was an alderman in Penobscot, Maine. Morse served in the Maine House of Representatives in 1874 and 1875 and was a Republican. His brother-in-law, Capt. Frank B. Ames, captained the ship named for Morse, the *Llewellyn J. Morse* (built 1877). The ship later stood in for the USS *Constitution* in the 1926 film *Old Ironsides*.

His brother-in-law became ill and upon his return home from captaining a voyage in Asia on the *Llewellyn* committed a murder-suicide on his sleeping wife.

The Morse & Co. Office Building is a historic site listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## History

During the American Civil War in 1863 he served under John L. Hodsdon. Future Vice President of the United States Hannibal Hamlin served under Capt. Llewelyn J. Morse at Fort McClary in Maine.


title: Gail Armstrong (illustrator)

abstract: Gail Armstrong is a British illustrator using paper as a primary medium.

text:
# Gail Armstrong (illustrator)

**Gail Armstrong** (born 1966) is a British illustrator using paper as a primary medium.

## Biography

Gail Armstrong was born in Sheffield in 1966 and where she completed a Foundation Course in art and design at Sheffield Polytechnic in 1984. Next, Armstrong went to Glasgow School of Art where she completed both a bachelor's of art in graphic design and illustration in 1987, and a master's degree in graphic design and illustration in 1988. She then moved to London where she still resides with her husband and two children.

Armstrong worked initially as a graphic designer for design consultancy The Small Back Room in London before leaving in 1990 to establish herself as a paper sculpture illustrator. Her three dimensional paper art is used in advertising, editorial, animation, design, children books and publishing. She has participated in several group exhibitions including at Bankside Gallery, the London Transport Museum and Somerset House. She is a member of the Association Of Illustrators. Her notable works include the Kleenex "Feelings" series, two gold lion and two bronze lions for the Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity and the United Nations "Land" Philatelic Award and "\[SOGO\] Anniversary" World Illustration Award.

## Awards

Awards for Kleenex "Feelings" campaign with JWT, London include:

* Cannes International Advertising Festival 2010: Gold Lion award (billboards); Bronze Lion award (Illustration); Bronze Lion award (press)
* The Directory Big Won Creativity Rankings 2010 : 1st place Top 10 Press Campaigns in the World
* The London International Awards 2010 - Gold & Silver (print category)
* The 2010 International Andy Awards : Bronze (illustration)
* Creative Circle Awards 2011 : Silver Honour for Best Illustration (Craft Print category); Bronze Honour for Best Magazine Campaign (Press category); Commendation for Best Magazine Advertisement for Yes/No and for Glory/Failure
* WPP Award 2010 Gold for advertising (print)

Other awards include:

* Shortlisted World Illustration Awards 2015 (Advertising category) for "SOGO Anniversary"
* Shortlisted in AOI World Illustration Award 2014 (Research and Knowledge category) for "Life Cycle of a Butterfly"
* Asiago International Award for Philatelic Art 2012 (winner) for “Land” stamp in set of 3 for United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio
* Winner of Creativematch’s Flair Awards for Illustration Competition March 2011 for “Tufted Puffin”
* Winner of the Daler Rowney Award for Outstanding Paper Sculpture 1997

## Interviews, magazines and publications

Armstrong and her work have been showcased in the books

* “Paradise of Paper Art 2: World of Dance Paper” (p242-279) published by Designer Books, China
* “Understanding Illustration” by Derek Brazell and Jo Davies, published by Bloomsbury
* "Twitter Is Not a Strategy" (119-122) by Tom Doctoroff, published by Macmillan
* "Illustration" (p187) by Alan Male, published by Bloomsbury

Her work has been included in several magazine articles including

* "The Illustrator's Journal" Summer 2018 pages 31–37
* Varoom! Magazine Issue 26 - the STYLE issue, Summer 2014
* "Computer Arts" Magazine March 17, 2010
* "Design Week" April 2009


title: Marlín

abstract: Marlín is a village and municipality located in the province of Ávila, part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon, Spain. It has approximately 38 inhabitants.

text:
# Marlín

**Marlín** is a village and municipality located in the province of Ávila, part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon, Spain. It has approximately 38 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Marlín | |
| --- | --- |
| municipality | |
| Street of Marlín | |
| MarlínLocation in Spain.MarlínMarlín (Spain) | |
| Coordinates: 40°42′41″N 4°49′47″W / 40.71139°N 4.82972°W / 40.71139; -4.82972 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Ávila |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.39 km2 (2.47 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,203 m (3,947 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 31 |
| Density | 4.9/km2 (13/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | Official website |


title: Çakmakkaya, Alacakaya

abstract: Çakmakkaya is a village in the Alacakaya District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 780 (2021). The village is populated by Kurds.

text:
# Çakmakkaya, Alacakaya

**Çakmakkaya** is a village in the Alacakaya District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 780 (2021). The village is populated by Kurds.

## InfoBox

| Çakmakkaya | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ÇakmakkayaLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 38°30′N 39°53′E / 38.500°N 39.883°E / 38.500; 39.883 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Elazığ |
| District | Alacakaya |
| Population (2021) | 780 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Wo Hop Shek

abstract: Wo Hop Shek is an area in the south of Fanling, Hong Kong. It consists of villages and recently developed housing estates. The area is famous for its large public cemetery, Wo Hop Shek Public Cemetery, on the nearby hillside. Every year, during the Ching Ming Festival and Chung Yeung Festival, many people come to visit their ancestors.

text:
# Wo Hop Shek

**Wo Hop Shek** (Chinese: 和合石) is an area in the south of Fanling, Hong Kong. It consists of villages and recently developed housing estates. The area is famous for its large public cemetery, Wo Hop Shek Public Cemetery, on the nearby hillside. Every year, during the Ching Ming Festival and Chung Yeung Festival, many people come to visit their ancestors.

## Railway

In 1950–1951, a Wo Hop Shek Branch (和合石支線) (in fact only a long siding) of Kowloon–Canton Railway was built to transport bodies of civilians killed in World War II, and later to cater the visitor in Ching Ming Festival and Chung Yeung Festival. The whole single track branch was built upon an embankment. It branched off south of Fanling station, at the start of the curve. The station at Wo Hop Shek was the most modern of all stations in Hong Kong at the time it was built, and instead of being a brick built structure as other stations were, it was of cement and steel. Special vehicles were built to carry the bodies. The branch was abandoned after the railway was electrified in 1983. No traces can be found now of the line, but the site of the station survives as a roundabout. The start of the branch is now marked by a red gate visible on the Fanling side of the Jockey Club Road bridge, which used to be a level crossing.

## Gallant Garden

In 1996, Gallant Garden (or *Ho Yuen*, in Cantonese), in Wo Hop Shek Public Cemetery, was established for the civil servants who die of injuries during their duty. In 2000, permanent earth burial was extended to both civil servants and non-civil servants who died of exceptional bravery on duty. There is also a big Buddhist-Taoist monastery built near the cemetery. There are many shops in the villages which makes stone graves.

## Housing estates

They are mostly public housing estates built after 1983, as reflected on the fact that part of the original trackbed of the railway branch is occupied by two of the estates.

## Villages

* Ho Ka Yuen
* Wo Hing Tsuen
* Wo Hop Shek New Village (和合石新村)
* Wo Hop Shek Village (和合石村)

### Wo Hop Shek Village

Wo Hop Shek is a recognized village under the New Territories Small House Policy.

At the time of the 1911 census, the population of Wo Hop Shek Village was 48. The number of males was 21.

## InfoBox

| Wo Hop Shek | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese | 和合石 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Héhéshí  Hakka  Romanization Fo2 hap6 sak6  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization Wòh hahp sehk  Jyutping Wo4 hap6 sek6  IPA \[wɔ˩.hɐp̚˨.sɛk̚˨\] | |
|  | |


title: Vũ Lăng

abstract: Vũ Lăng (1921–1988) was a colonel-general in the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) active during the First Indochina War, and the Vietnam War. In the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, Vũ Lăng was the commander of 98th Regiment of 316th Brigade and led his regiment besieging, attacking Eliane positions of French Central positions. In 2023, CG Vũ Lăng was posthumously awarded the Hero of the People's Armed Forces.

text:
# Vũ Lăng

**Vũ Lăng** (born **Đỗ Đức Liêm**) (1921–1988) was a colonel-general in the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) active during the First Indochina War, and the Vietnam War.

In the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, Vũ Lăng was the commander of 98th Regiment of 316th Brigade and led his regiment besieging, attacking Eliane positions (C1, C2) of French Central positions (Vietnamese: phân khu Trung tâm - Mường Thanh).

In 2023, CG Vũ Lăng was posthumously awarded the Hero of the People's Armed Forces.

1. "Posthumous Hero of the People's Armed Forces awards for Colenel Generals Hoàng Minh Thảo, Đặng Vũ Hiệp and Vũ Lăng". *qdnd.vn*. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
2. "Two Hanoians in Central Highlands campaign". *qdnd.vn*. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
3. "One-month-long siege at C1 position of Điện Biên Phủ". *baolangson.vn*. Retrieved 4 April 2024.

## InfoBox

| Colonel GeneralVũ Lăng | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Đỗ Đức Liêm
1921 (1921)
Thanh Trì, Hà Nội, French Indochina |
| Died | 1988 (aged 6667) |
| Political party | Communist Party of Vietnam |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Democratic Republic of Vietnam and later Vietnam |
| Branch/service | People's Army of Vietnam |
| Rank | Colonel General |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Hero of the People's Armed Forces |
|  | |


title: Vicky Jeudy

abstract: Vicky Jeudy is an American actress, known for her role as Janae Watson on the Netflix comedy-drama series, Orange Is the New Black.

text:
# Vicky Jeudy

**Vicky Jeudy** is an American actress, known for her role as Janae Watson on the Netflix comedy-drama series, *Orange Is the New Black*.

## Early life

Jeudy was born and raised in Queens, New York. She is of Haitian descent. Jeudy graduated from St. John's Preparatory School (Queens) in Astoria and studied theatre at State University of New York at New Paltz. During her years in college, she was a top 25 Semifinalist in the Miss New York competition.

## Career

Jeudy appeared in a number of short films before she landed the recurring role of Janae Watson in the Netflix comedy-drama series, *Orange Is the New Black*. Along with cast she received three Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. In 2014, she made her network television debut in an episode of *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit*, and co-starred opposite Aunjanue Ellis in the independent film *Romeo and Juliet in Harlem*. After *Orange Is the New Black*, Jeudy starred in several independent films and guest-starred on *New Amsterdam* and *Chicago P.D.*. In 2022 she played the leading role in the thriller film, *Stranger Next Door* for Lifetime.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *Shake* | Judy |  |
| 2013 | *Addiction* | Nandie | Short film |
| 2013–2017, 2019 | *Orange Is the New Black* | Janae Watson | Recurring role, 56 episodes
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2015–17)
Nomination — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2018) |
| 2014 | *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit* | Officer McKenna | Episode: "Amaro's One-Eighty" |
| 2014 | *Romeo and Juliet in Harlem* | Benvolia |  |
| 2017 | *Armstrong* | Lauren |  |
| 2019 | *New Amsterdam* | Alma Pearson | Episode: "Your Turn" |
| 2019–2020 | *Chicago P.D.* | Angela Nelson | Episodes: "Absolution" and "Mercy" |
| 2020 | *Friend Request* | Rayna |  |
| 2020 | *Rollers* | Maddie |  |
| 2022 | *Stranger Next Door* | Rochelle Sellers |  |

## InfoBox

| Vicky Jeudy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Queens, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 2006present |


title: Mercy Arms

abstract: Mercy Arms were an Australian indie rock band formed in early 2005. The four-piece were made up of Thom Moore, Kirin J. Callinan (guitar), Ash Moss and Julian Sudek. Their debut self-titled album was issued in August 2008 and peaked at No. 10 on the ARIA Hitseekers Albums component chart. The band dissolved in February 2009 after four years together.

text:
# Mercy Arms

**Mercy Arms** were an Australian indie rock band formed in early 2005. The four-piece were made up of Thom Moore (lead vocals, guitar), Kirin J. Callinan (guitar), Ash Moss (bass guitar) and Julian Sudek (drums, percussion). Their debut self-titled album was issued in August 2008 and peaked at No. 10 on the ARIA Hitseekers Albums component chart. The band dissolved in February 2009 after four years together.

## History

The band formed in 2005 after Moore met Callinan and Sudek at a Morning After Girls show. Callinan and Sudek lived in the same area and were childhood friends. Bassist Ash Moss joined the band soon after. The band played their first show in April 2005, three days after their first rehearsal.

2006 saw the band tour Australia with The Strokes, record two tracks with Dave Sitek from TV on the Radio, and after an intense bidding war, eventually sign with Capitol Records in the US. However, the deal would be short-lived, and 2007 saw the band part ways with Capitol after its merger with Virgin. The band toured with the Pixies, Editors, Cut Copy, Wolf & Cub and the Horrors, and played at the Sydney and Gold Coast legs of the V Festival. The band's first release, the *Kept Low* EP, was recorded and released August 2007 on Levity in Australia.

On their self-titled debut album, released in Australia independently in August 2008, they collaborated with producer Tony Cohen and mixed the album in Melbourne with Tony Espie. It peaked at No. 10 on the ARIA Hitseekers Albums component chart.

Mercy Arms have been on hiatus since February 2009 after touring with the Big Day Out nationally. This is mainly credited to Callinan and Moore's creative differences. Other groups and projects involving Mercy Arms members include FLRL (Fashion Launches Rocket Launches), started by Kirin J. Callinan & Julian Sudek with Jono Ma of Lost Valentinos & Daniel Stricker of Midnight Juggernauts, Kirin performing solo as Kirin J. Callinan and playing guitar in Jack Ladder's band, Julian Sudek playing in Canyons & Danimals, Ash Moss playing bass in Dark Bells.

## Members

* Thom Moore – vocals, guitar
* Kirin J. Callinan – guitar noise, vocals
* Ash Moss – bass guitar
* Julian Sudek – drums
* Alex Coutts

## Discography

### *Kept Low EP*

1. "Kept Low" – 2:57
2. "Shot Right Down" – 6:49
3. "Ending To Begin" – 3:30
4. "Uptown Address" – 3:24
5. "Scream" – 3:14
6. "Loitering with Intent" (download only)

### Limited pressing singles

1. "Always"
2. "Sacred Heart"
3. "Julie"
4. "Quit Your Fooling"

### "Half Right" (Single)

1. "Half Right"
2. "Quit Your Fooling"
3. "Always" (download only)

### *Mercy Arms* (Self-titled album)

1. "Down Here, So Long"
2. "Half Right"
3. "Footsteps"
4. "To Me Now"
5. "Kilby"
6. "Speed"
7. "Shine A Light Down"
8. "Caroline"
9. "Firing Line"
10. "On & On"
11. "1956 State Fair" (download only)

## Touring

### Past touring

* Supported The Strokes on the 2006 Australian Tour.
* Supported Wolf & Cub on the 2006 Australian tour
* Supported Cut Copy on the 'Hearts on fire' 2007 Australia tour.
* Australian "Kept Low" tour, supported nationally by Ghostwood
* Supported Editors as part of the Splendour in the Grass sideshows in August 2007 throughout Australia.
* Supported The Horrors on their 2007 Australian Tour.
* Supported The Pixies on their Sydney show in 2007.
* Australian album tour, supported nationally by The Process
* Supported Cut Copy on their 2008 UK & Scandinavia Tour
* Australian "Down Here So Long" tour, December 2008.

## InfoBox

| Mercy Arms | |
| --- | --- |
| Mercy Arms performing in 2007 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Sydney, Australia |
| Genres | Indie rock, rock and roll, dream pop |
| Years active | 2005–2009 |
|  | |
| Past members | Thom Moore
Kirin J. Callinan
Ash Moss
Julian Sudek
Alex Coutts |
|  | |
| Website | www.myspace.com/mercyarms |


title: Valu-mart

abstract: Valu-mart is a chain of supermarkets based in Ontario, Canada. It is a unit of National Grocers, itself a unit of Loblaw Companies Limited, Canada's largest food distributor. Stores are typically operated by a franchise owner. The stores operate in smaller locations than others operated by Loblaw Companies Limited, and are often opened in former locations where other Loblaw Companies Limited stores had been, including those formerly operated under the Zehrs or Mr. Grocer banners. All Valu-mart stores are located in the province of Ontario with one additional store located in Shawville, Quebec.

text:
# Valu-mart

**Valu-mart** (styled as **valu-mart**) is a chain of supermarkets based in Ontario, Canada. It is a unit of National Grocers, itself a unit of Loblaw Companies Limited, Canada's largest food distributor.

Stores are typically operated by a franchise owner. The stores operate in smaller locations than others operated by Loblaw Companies Limited, and are often opened in former locations where other Loblaw Companies Limited stores had been, including those formerly operated under the Zehrs or Mr. Grocer banners.

All Valu-mart stores are located in the province of Ontario with one additional store located in Shawville, Quebec.

## InfoBox

Valumart Ltd.
|
|  |
|
| Trade name | Valu-mart |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Retail |
| Founded | 1980 (1980) |
| Number of locations | 27  (2024) |
| Area served |  |
| Products | Bakery, dairy, deli, frozen foods, gardening centre, general grocery, general merchandise, meat & poultry, pharmacy, photolab, produce, seafood, snacks |
| Parent | Loblaw Companies |
| Website | http://www.valumart.ca/ |


title: Meat Machine

abstract: Meat Machine were a rock band active during the first half of the 1990s.

text:
# Meat Machine

**Meat Machine** were a rock band active during the first half of the 1990s.

## History

Meat Machine was founded in 1990 by Vincent James, the group's frontman and principal songwriter & Ford Shawcross, who later left the band in 1992 (He died in 2009.) Keyboard programmer, John Clarke (who later was one third of the Music Production team JKL; Who produced 2-step garage music acts such as MC Neat) was with Meat Machine from 1990 to 1991. John also contributed Additional Programmer work to several tracks on the *Slug* Album.

After record deal discussions with More Protein; A record label started by Boy George (who expressed considerable interest in signing the band), Meat Machine opted instead to sign with Kickin Records / Pandemonium Records in 1991; Releasing their Debut Single, *Times Of Addiction* / *Nightmare* in early 1992. Their debut LP *Slug* (recorded throughout 1992) was released in 1993; Co-Produced by Ralph Ruppert (aka Ralph 'P' Ruppert.)

American, Keyboard programmer, Steven Von Kampen joined the band in 1991 & along with Vincent James, Co-Composed most of the songs on the *Slug* Album. Guitarist Tony Stone (who joined in 1992) also contributed to writing on the *Slug* Album (inc. their 2nd Single); Although he left the group before the Album's release in 1993. Tony Stone later released several other records inc. Bio Static Systems *Kommando Unit EP* (1996).

Alastair Symons, Ex-Guitarist for The Lords of the New Church also contributed Guitar work to the *Slug* Album. Richard Kaltenhauser (who later formed Machine Rox in 2007) & Guitarist Pierre Xavier; Both French born, joined the band to assist in performing the Album live on the *Slug* Tour during late 1993 through early 1994. Mark Price Ex-Drummer for All About Eve & later The Cure replaced Mike Patterson on Drums, during 1994 on the *Slug Tour*.

In early 1994, Whilst Meat Machine were recording songs for their follow up second album, they split with Kickin Records & immediately commenced negotiations for a second Album record deal with the US & German Record Company Century Media Records. Also at this time the band were negotiating an Artist Management deal with Tim Collins at MIM / Mission Impossible Management (Whose stable of artists included Siouxsie & the Banshees, The Cure & The Pogues amongst others.) In May 1994, Meat Machine were approached to Support Nine Inch Nails on the UK & European leg of their *Self-Destruct Tour*, taking over from Marilyn Manson & Hole (band) Who played the USA stage of the tour. Whilst these negotiations were taking place, the band Meat Machine acrimoniously split-up, due to fierce in-fighting disagreements. Each band member then went their own way.

Steven Von Kampen returned to the US and began working in the videogames industry as a Sound Designer; Creating soundtracks for games inc. *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine* & *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* amongst others. Later moving on to composing music for (Short) films inc. *No Menus Please* (2006), *iGod* (2009) & the award-winning short film, *Tu & Eu* (2011); For which Steven Von Kampen was nominated for, Best Music Soundtrack at the Music Film Festival in Germany (2011) & Won the Best Original Score at the Williamsberg International Film Festival (2014) & was also the Bronze Winner for the Global Music Awards (2015).

Between 2000 & 2002, under the name of Meat Machine, Vincent James (aka Vince St. James) recorded a further Album, entitled *Tripping Over Shadows* which was released on MM Records Inc. This Album included 2 (previously unreleased) songs Co-Written with Steven Von Kampen.

March/April 2003—Japanese Gothic rock band Buck-Tick, Used various songs from Meat Machine's *Slug* Album on their 17 date Mona Lisa Overdrive (album) Tour & also the first date of their *Here we go again!* Tour at the close of April, playing to over 40,000 people across Japan. Buck-Tick's Guitarist, Songwriter & founding member, Hisashi Imai, named Meat Machine's *Slug* Album as being one of his favorite/influential albums.

Between 1988 and 1989, Before forming Meat Machine, Vincent James was signed to Tim Palmer's Beggars Banquet Records / City Beat Label (which was the precursor to XL Recordings) as a solo artist; Recording a 12-inch House Music Single (at Strongroom Recording Studios in Shoreditch) under the name of Vince James Project feat. J Rose; Co-Produced by Stephen W. Tayler (Sigue Sigue Sputnik & Kate Bush et al.) & Engineered by Neil McLellan (The Prodigy). The Single was later remixed at Madness (band) owned Liquidator Studios, by Rex Brough (aka King John and the Red King) who also produced songs on both Bomb The Bass & Betty Boo debut albums for the Rhythm King label.

## Further reading

* May 16, 1992 – *Melody Maker* (Interview)
* July 24, 1993 – *Kerrang!* Magazine (Single of the Week)
* August 28, 1993 – *Kerrang!* Magazine (Concert Review)
* October 23, 1993 - *Kerrang!* Magazine (Album review)
* January 29, 1994 – *Kerrang!* Magazine (Interview)

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## InfoBox

| Meat Machine | |
| --- | --- |
| Meat Machine | |
| Background information | |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | * 1990–1995 |
| Labels | Kickin Records, MM Records Inc. |
|  | |
| Past members | * Vincent James aka Vince St. James * Steve Von Kampen aka Steven Von Kampen * Tony Ball aka Tony Stone * Richard Kaltenhauser aka Richard K * Ford Shawcross * Pierre Xavier * John Clarke |


title: Lloyd Dobler Effect

abstract: Lloyd Dobler Effect was a Silver Spring, Maryland-based band formed in 1995 by Phil Kominski and Scott Shaw after departing their high school band, STUFF. They brought in drummer Donnie Williams and the name "Lloyd Dobler Effect". The band performed alternative rock music, which at times featured Latin rhythms, vocal harmonies and go-go percussive beats. The band was named after John Cusack’s character in the Cameron Crowe film Say Anything.. In 2019, Lloyd Dobler Effect broke up. Fans of the band can now see THE BREAKAWAYS or PHIL KOMINSKI SOLO: The Breakaways and Phil Kominski's Solo Project. The band performed in more than 15 countries, 37 states and at over 300 college campuses. Between 2004 and 2012, the band performed over 250 gigs a year, often playing two per day in the summer. The band has headlined three tours for the Armed Forces Entertainment, including trips to the Middle East and Asia. In 2002, they won the WHFS BIG BREAK COMPETITION to open the main stage at the 2002 HFSTIVAL. In 2002, the band won the Kahunaville Battle of the Bands to open the main stage at THE MOLSON SNOW JAM in Boston, MA. In 2003, the band opened for the Goo Goo Dolls. In 2005, the band signed with Gary Katz and Camille Barbone's record label, WINE DARK RECORDS. Phil Kominski has been a sponsored artists of Elixir Strings since 2003. In November 2007 they won a Boru Vodka-sponsored, Battle of the Bands, which resulted in a sponsorship with the spirits Castle Brands Company. In 2010, the band signed with Bob Winegard's record label, IMAGEN RECORDS. Artists that Lloyd Dobler Effect has shared the stage with as tour support or one-off openers include: Eminem, The Goo Goo Dolls, Jack Johnson, Better Than Ezra, Good Charlotte, Simple Plan, Sum 41, Dashboard Confessional, Carbon Leaf, Red Jump Suit Apparatus, Grouplove, The Pat McGee Band, Vertical Horizon, Kansas, Keller Williams, Galactic, Third Eye Blind, The Strokes, Jeffrey Gaines, Edwin McCain, Pat Green, Rock Kills Kid, Hot Chelle Rae, The Samples, Colin Hay, Hoobastank, Paul Oakenfold, Our Lady Peace, N.E.R.D., Goldfinger, Papa Roach, New Found Glory, P.O.D., Switchfoot, Audioslave, Jane's Addiction, The Roots, Godsmack, The Avett Brothers, Flogging Molly, Jimmie's Chicken Shack, Gin Blossoms, Clutch, Kay Hanley, Steve Winwood, Santata, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Unwritten Law, The Dropkick Murphys and The Fray.

text:
# Lloyd Dobler Effect

**Lloyd Dobler Effect** was a Silver Spring, Maryland-based band formed in 1995 by Phil Kominski and Scott Shaw after departing their high school band, STUFF. They brought in drummer Donnie Williams and the name "Lloyd Dobler Effect". The band performed alternative rock music, which at times featured Latin rhythms, vocal harmonies and go-go percussive beats. The band was named after John Cusack’s character in the Cameron Crowe film *Say Anything.*. In 2019, Lloyd Dobler Effect broke up. Fans of the band can now see THE BREAKAWAYS or PHIL KOMINSKI SOLO: The Breakaways (featuring Lloyd Dobler Effect lead vocalist, guitarist and song writer PHIL KOMINSKI, as well as past Lloyd Dobler Effect members) and Phil Kominski's Solo Project.

The band performed in more than 15 countries, 37 states and at over 300 college campuses. Between 2004 and 2012, the band performed over 250 gigs a year, often playing two per day in the summer. The band has headlined three tours for the Armed Forces Entertainment, including trips to the Middle East and Asia. In 2002, they won the WHFS BIG BREAK COMPETITION to open the main stage at the 2002 HFSTIVAL. In 2002, the band won the Kahunaville Battle of the Bands to open the main stage at THE MOLSON SNOW JAM in Boston, MA. In 2003, the band opened for the Goo Goo Dolls. In 2005, the band signed with Gary Katz (Producer of Steely Dan) and Camille Barbone's (Manager of Madonna) record label, WINE DARK RECORDS. Phil Kominski has been a sponsored artists of Elixir Strings since 2003. In November 2007 they won a Boru Vodka-sponsored, *Battle of the Bands*, which resulted in a sponsorship with the spirits Castle Brands Company. In 2010, the band signed with Bob Winegard's record label, IMAGEN RECORDS.

Artists that Lloyd Dobler Effect has shared the stage with as tour support or one-off openers include: Eminem, The Goo Goo Dolls, Jack Johnson, Better Than Ezra, Good Charlotte, Simple Plan, Sum 41, Dashboard Confessional, Carbon Leaf, Red Jump Suit Apparatus, Grouplove, The Pat McGee Band, Vertical Horizon, Kansas, Keller Williams, Galactic, Third Eye Blind, The Strokes, Jeffrey Gaines, Edwin McCain, Pat Green, Rock Kills Kid, Hot Chelle Rae, The Samples, Colin Hay, Hoobastank, Paul Oakenfold, Our Lady Peace, N.E.R.D., Goldfinger, Papa Roach, New Found Glory, P.O.D., Switchfoot, Audioslave, Jane's Addiction, The Roots, Godsmack, The Avett Brothers, Flogging Molly, Jimmie's Chicken Shack, Gin Blossoms, Clutch, Kay Hanley, Steve Winwood, Santata, The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Unwritten Law, The Dropkick Murphys and The Fray.

## Past Band Members

* Phil Kominski: Electric guitar, Acoustic Guitar, Lead Vocals. 1995 - 2019.
* Donnie Williams: Drums and Percussion. 1995 - 2019.
* Chris Bruno: Electric guitar, Mandolin, Vocals. 2004 - 2019.
* Javi Godinez: Violin, Vocals. 2000 - 2003.
* Rusty Williams: Auxiliary percussion, Congas and Bongos, Vocals. 1999 - 2010.
* Carlos Nalda: Auxiliary percussion,Congas and Bongos. 2010 - 2019.
* Patrick Hughes: Bass and Vocals. 2006 - 2019.
* Elizabeth Coyle Kominski: Vocals. 2002 - 2019.
* Rod Godinez: Bass and Vocals. 2000 - 2004.
* Kevin MacIntyre: Bass and Vocals. 1997 - 1999.
* Albert Ketler: Tenor Saxophone. 1995 - 2019.
* Doug Rock: Saxophone. 2003 - 2006.
* Scott Shaw: Bass and Vocals. 1995 - 1997.
* Johnny Castro: Bass. 2005 - 2006.
* Shane Gamble: Bass. 2004.
* Brian Buracker: Bass. 2004.
* David Wilmot: Bass. 1999 - 2000.
* Hope Isesele: Bass and Vocals. 1999 - 2000.
* Janelle Ragno: Cello. 1996 - 1998.
* Keith Ghion: Saxophone. 1996.
* John Reef: Keyboards. 1997.
* Russ Kaplan: Keyboards. 1997.
* Christian J. Schoenewald: Keyboards. 1999 - 2000.
* Katie Walsh: Keyboards and Vocals. 1997.
* Jacob Teichroew: Saxophone. 2000 - 2001.
* Colin Watson: Saxophone. 1999.
* Earl Miller: Keyboards. 1999 - 2000.
* Chuck Espinoza: Bass. 2004.
* Hank Upton: Bass. 2004.
* Josh Frizzel: Auxiliary percussion, Congas and Bongos, Vocals. 1996.
* Chris Brooks: Keyboards. 2009 - 2019.
* Brandon Van Epps: Saxophone. 1999.

## Albums

* The Sloth Cassette (1996)
* The Horizontal E.P. (1996)
* Drift (1998)
* The Hit & Run Studio Demos (1999)
* Ecstasy Sold Here (2001)
* The Mossman Sessions (2002)
* Ten Bucks And A Coke - Live (2003)
* Left Footprints (2003)
* Live 2004 (2004)
* Gary Katz Sessions (2005)
* Candles (2008)
* The Experience Unplugged (2010)
* A Mute Reminder (2010)
* The Holiday Experience (2011)
* The Irish Experience (2013)
* Rock N' Roll Gangstas (2014)
* Phil Kominski: Songs I Wrote and Recorded with Lloyd Dobler Effect, Remixed, Remastered and Unreleased (2020)

* Elizabeth Coyle - Landscape of the Heart (2001)
* Lionize - Mummies Wrapped In Money (2005)
* Elizabeth, Phil & Chris - Live at Jammin' Java (2007)
* Elizabeth, Phil & Chris - Seasons (2009)
* Elizabeth Coyle Kominski - Songs From the First Several Years (2020)
* Phil Kominski (2020)
* The Breakaways single "All Those Yesterdays" (2021)
* The Breakaways single "Eleanor Rigby" (2021)
* The Breakaways single "Voices" (2021)
* The Breakaways single "Tomorrow Never Knows" (2021)
* The Breakaways single "Silver Bells" (2021)
* The Breakaways single "Auld Lang Sine" (2021)
* The Breakaways single "Taps" (2021)
* Phil Kominski single "Fragile" (2021)

* Gad Romann - Can't Find Jenny (2005)
* Gad Romann - Gravity (2005)
* Gad Romann - Page Six (2005)
* Gad Romann - Sandra Dee (2005)
* Gad Romann - 1-800-Cheapseats.com (2005)


title: Gail Archer

abstract: Hon. Justice Gail Ann Archer is a judge of the Supreme Court of Western Australia. Archer's father died when she was 17. She graduated in jurisprudence and law from the University of Western Australia in 1988, and commenced her legal career at the West Australian Crown Solicitor's Office in 1989, before joining the West Australian Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) in 1993, remaining there until 2002. During her time at the DPP she conducted over 150 jury trials and represented the state in numerous matters in the Court of Appeal. After her work at the DPP, she joined Legal Aid WA from 2002 to 2004 as principal counsel, before practicing as a barrister at Francis Burt Chambers. She was appointed senior counsel at chambers in 2007. She joined the Independent Bar in 2004, and sat as a Commissioner in the District Court for periods in 2005 and 2006. After completing a legislative review of the CCC Act, Archer was appointed as Acting Commissioner of the West Australian Corruption and Crime Commission in April 2008, and resigned in February 2011. During this time she taught forensic advocacy nationally and internationally, and was a coach in the Australian Bar Association's advanced advocacy course. Archer was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Western Australia on 29 May 2017 after the resignation of the Hon. Justice David Newnes from 21 April 2017.

text:
# Gail Archer

Hon. Justice **Gail Ann Archer** SC is a judge of the Supreme Court of Western Australia.

Archer's father died when she was 17. She graduated in jurisprudence and law from the University of Western Australia in 1988, and commenced her legal career at the West Australian Crown Solicitor's Office in 1989, before joining the West Australian Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) in 1993, remaining there until 2002. During her time at the DPP she conducted over 150 jury trials and represented the state in numerous matters in the Court of Appeal. After her work at the DPP, she joined Legal Aid WA from 2002 to 2004 as principal counsel, before practicing as a barrister at Francis Burt Chambers. She was appointed senior counsel at chambers in 2007. She joined the Independent Bar in 2004, and sat as a Commissioner in the District Court for periods in 2005 and 2006.

After completing a legislative review of the *CCC Act*, Archer was appointed as Acting Commissioner of the West Australian Corruption and Crime Commission in April 2008, and resigned in February 2011. During this time she taught forensic advocacy nationally and internationally, and was a coach in the Australian Bar Association's advanced advocacy course. Archer was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Western Australia on 29 May 2017 after the resignation of the Hon. Justice David Newnes from 21 April 2017.

## InfoBox

| Hon. JusticeGail Ann ArcherSC | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Alma mater | University of Western Australia |
| Occupation | Judge |
| Spouse | Patrick O'Neal |


title: Marlène Schiappa

abstract: Marlène Schiappa is a French writer and politician who served as State Secretary for the Social and Solidarity Economy and Associative Life, attached to the Prime Minister, in the Borne government (2022-2023), as Minister Delegate in charge of Citizenship, attached to the Minister of the Interior, in the government of Prime Minister Jean Castex (2020–2022) and as Secretary of State for Gender Equality in the government of Prime Minister Édouard Philippe (2017–2020). Ultimately, Schiappa was sacked from government in July 2023 as part of a cabinet reshuffle, a dismissal linked to the ongoing political scandal surrounding the "Marianne Fund" to combat Islamist extremism, a fund she set up as junior minister in 2021, and whose handling came under public and parliamentary scrutiny in 2023. The fund has faced criticism for its lack of transparency and the conditions under which grants were awarded. Accusations of favoritism and mismanagement arose, particularly regarding the allocation of funds to associations that were perceived to be close to the government like "Conspiracy Watch" founded by Rudy Reichstadt.

text:
# Marlène Schiappa

**Marlène Schiappa** (French pronunciation: \[maʁlɛn ʃjapa\]; born 18 November 1982) is a French writer and politician who served as State Secretary for the Social and Solidarity Economy and Associative Life, attached to the Prime Minister, in the Borne government (2022-2023), as Minister Delegate in charge of Citizenship, attached to the Minister of the Interior, in the government of Prime Minister Jean Castex (2020–2022) and as Secretary of State for Gender Equality in the government of Prime Minister Édouard Philippe (2017–2020).

Ultimately, Schiappa was sacked from government in July 2023 as part of a cabinet reshuffle, a dismissal linked to the ongoing political scandal surrounding the "Marianne Fund" to combat Islamist extremism, a fund she set up as junior minister in 2021, and whose handling came under public and parliamentary scrutiny in 2023. The fund has faced criticism for its lack of transparency and the conditions under which grants were awarded. Accusations of favoritism and mismanagement arose, particularly regarding the allocation of funds to associations that were perceived to be close to the government like "Conspiracy Watch" founded by Rudy Reichstadt.

## Education

Schiappa attended Lycée Claude-Bernard in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, where she obtained her Baccalauréat ES. She studied Geography at the Sorbonne for a year. She took evening class in communications and earned a bachelor's degree validated by the University of Grenoble. On 24 January 2024 she announced on LinkedIn that she was joining Emlyon Business School as a student.

## Professional career

In 2007, Schiappa started working at the advertising company Euro RSCG, the same year she founded the online magazine "Les Pasionarias". In 2008 she set up a blog for working mothers called "Maman travaille" (Mummy works), following the blog success she set up a support network for working mothers to put together proposals for changes in politics. After the birth of her first daughter, she left advertising and began writing novels on the theme of motherhood and feminism, some of the most successful books were: *Letters To My Uterus* and *Who Are The Rapists*. She moved to Le Mans in northwestern France.

## Political career

In 2014 Schiappa was elected deputy mayor of the city of Le Mans, in charge of gender equality and discriminations, a position she held until 2017. In 2015 she met Emmanuel Macron, then minister of the economy, at a technology event, gifting him her book *Plafond de mère*, a few weeks later he asked her to participate in a conference about gender equality and politics.

In 2014 she co-founded the Movement of French Elected Officials for Equality (MEFE). From 2016 to 2017, Shiappa became delegate advisor to technological innovation and economic attractiveness of the territory. In 2016 she also served as an advisor to Laurence Rossignol (Minister of Families, Childhood and Woman's rights) in the government of Prime Minister Manuel Valls.

In 2016–17, Schiappa was delegate to the department of Sarthe in charge of gender equality for La République En Marche! as well as member of its national Investiture Committee.

### Secretary of State for Gender Equality

In 2017, Schiappa became Secretary of State for Gender Equality attached to the Prime Minister.

In 2018, Schiappa successfully introduced a law to deter predatory remarks and street harassment, such as wolf-whistling. In 2018, she proposed a change to the French civil code to introduce a ban on corporal punishment; the bill called "anti-smacking bill" in the media was approved on 30 November 2018.

On the eve of International Women's Day in 2018, Schiappa appeared, alongside Roselyne Bachelot among others, in a performance of Eve Ensler's *Vagina Monologues* at the Bobino theater in Paris.

In 2019, amid revelations of the Jeffrey Epstein affair, Schiappa and fellow cabinet member child welfare minister, Adrien Taquet called for an investigation into the activities in France of the convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein "so that his death does not deny his victims the justice they are entitled to".

In November 2019, Schiappa proposed that foreigners convicted of sexual crimes and violence against women would be deported. This proposal was criticised by some feminists who called it "feminationalism" and unequal punishment based on nationality, and also by a legal expert who said that such measures already existed since 1970 for serious crimes including the worst sexual crimes.

### Minister Delegate in charge of Citizenship

On 6 July 2020, Schiappa was appointed Minister Delegate in charge of Citizenship, attached to the Minister of the Interior, in the government of Prime Minister Jean Castex.

During the COVID-19 pandemic in France, in September 2020, Schiappa announced that foreign health workers would be fast-tracked to obtain French citizenship.

## Works

Schiappa has published more than 28 novels and essays under her name as well as under the pseudonym Marie Minelli.

* *J’aime ma famille* (2010)
* *Osez l'amour des rondes* (2010)
* *Maman travaille, le guide* (2011)
* *Je reprends le travail après bébé* (2012)
* *Le Dictionnaire déjanté de la maternité* (2013)
* *Éloge de l’enfant roi* (2013)
* *Les 200 astuces de Maman travaille* (2013)
* *Le Guide de grossesse de Maman travaille* (2014)
* *Pas plus de 4 heures de sommeil* (2014)
* *Sexe, mensonges et banlieues chaudes* (2014)
* *J’arrête de m’épuiser*, with Cédric Bruguière, (2015)
* *La Seule Chose à briser, c'est le silence* (2015)
* *Plafond de mère*, with Cédric Bruguière, (2016)
* *Marianne est déchaînée* (2016)
* *Lettres à mon utérus* (2016)
* *Ensemble contre la gynophobie* (2016)
* *Femmes de candidats* (2017)
* *Où sont les violeurs ? Essai sur la culture du viol* (2017)
* *Les Lendemains avaient un goût de miel* (2017)
* *La Culture du viol* (2018)
* *Le Deuxième sexe de la démocratie* (2018)
* *Si souvent éloignée de vous : lettres à mes filles* (2018)
* *Une et indivisible : L'Urgence de défendre la République* (2019)
* *Entre toutes les femmes : Onze rencontres exceptionnelles* (2020)
* *Les Droits des femmes face aux violences* (2020)
* *Scandale* (2024)

## Controversy

In early 2023, an investigation by two French news outlets accused the Fonds Marianne, an anti-radicalism fund Schiappa set up in 2021 to promote French Republican values and fight online extremism and that she supervised, of very lax oversight.

In April 2023, Schiappa caused controversy when she appeared on the cover of the *Playboy* magazine's French edition, wearing a low-cut white dress while the country is undergoing civil unrest.

## Personal life

Schiappa grew up in a multiracial council estate north of Paris, she is the daughter of Jean-Marc Schiappa, a historian of Corsican descent and Catherine Marchi, a Vice-principal in Dijon. Schiappa has two sisters. After a short marriage in 2001, she married Cédric Bruguière in 2006, they have two daughters together. She has a brown belt in judo. In 2015, Schiappa declared she is sapiosexual.

## InfoBox

| Marlène Schiappa | |
| --- | --- |
| Schiappa in 2019 | |
|  | |
| State Secretary for the Social and Solidarity Economy and Associative Life | |
| **In office**
4 July 2022  20 July 2023 | |
| President | Emmanuel Macron |
| Prime Minister | Élisabeth Borne |
| Preceded by | Olivia Grégoire (*portfolio renamed*) |
| Succeeded by | *Office abolished* |
| Minister Delegate in charge of Citizenship | |
| **In office**
6 July 2020  20 May 2022 | |
| President | Emmanuel Macron |
| Prime Minister | Jean Castex |
| Minister | Gérald Darmanin |
| Preceded by | *Office established* |
| Succeeded by | Sonia Backès |
| Secretary of State for Gender Equality | |
| **In office**
17 May 2017  6 July 2020 | |
| President | Emmanuel Macron |
| Prime Minister | Édouard Philippe |
| Preceded by | Laurence Rossignol (*portfolio renamed*) |
| Succeeded by | Elisabeth Moreno (*portfolio renamed*) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1982-11-18) 18 November 1982
Paris, France |
| Political party | La République En Marche! |
| Spouse | Cédric Brugière (m. 2006) |
| Children | 2 daughters |
| Education | University of Grenoble |
|  | |


title: Édouard Biot

abstract: Édouard Constant Biot was a French engineer and Sinologist. As an engineer, he participated in the construction of the second line of French railway between Lyon and St Etienne, and as a Sinologist, published a large body of work, the result of a "knowledge rarely combined."

text:
# Édouard Biot

**Édouard Constant Biot** (French: \[bjo\]; July 2, 1803  March 12, 1850) was a French engineer and Sinologist. As an engineer, he participated in the construction of the second line of French railway between Lyon and St Etienne, and as a Sinologist, published a large body of work, the result of a "knowledge rarely combined."

## Life

Son of the mathematician and physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot, he studied classics and mathematics as a free student at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris. Admitted in 1822 to the École Polytechnique, he chose not to enter and pursue his studies alone. In 1825 and 1826, he accompanied his father as an assistant on scientific expeditions to Italy, Illyria and Spain.

Back in France, with desire to ensure his independence, he began a career in the emerging railway industry. In 1827, after a preparatory trip to England, he joined forces with Marc Seguin in the construction of the Lyon–Saint-Etienne railway, whose concession is granted to "MM. Seguin brothers, Édouard Biot and Company. "He worked as an engineer for nearly seven years, using his father's calculations for the levelling of the line.

When this project was completed in 1833, he decided to enjoy the independence he had gained to study the Chinese language and literature. He attended courses at the school of Stanislas Julien of the Collège de France and soon began a new career. An extensive series of papers, devoted to astronomy, mathematics, geography, history, social life and administration of China, led to his being elected a Fellow of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1847, having already joined the Asiatic Societies of Paris and London, and several other learned societies. His astronomical translations were useful in associating the Crab Nebula with a supernova observed by the Chinese in 1054.

Married in 1843, he lost his wife in 1846. Unable to overcome his grief, he fell ill and died in Paris four years later at the age of 46.

## Works

Biot translated Charles Babbage's *On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacture* into French, and was the author of one of the earliest works on the railways, the *Manuel du constructeur des chemins de fer* (*Manual of Railway Construction*), published in 1834.

Besides his memoirs on Chinese civilization, most of which were published in the *Journal Asiatique*, he was also the author of a *Dictionnaire Géographique de l'Empire Chinois* (*Geographical Dictionary of the Chinese Empire*) and the *Histoire de l'Instruction publique en Chine* (*History of Public Education in China*), as well as the translation into French of the *Zhou Li* or *The Rites of Zhou*, from the series of books forming the *Classic of Rites*. This presents a tableau of an idealized political and administrative organization of China in the eleventh century BC. After his death, the publication was completed under the care of his father. Biot's works are still referred to and his translations have not been superseded.

## Publications

### Science and technology

* *Traité sur l'économie des machines et des manufactures par Charles Babbage, traduit de l'anglais sur la troisième édition par Éd. Biot* (1833)
* *Manuel du constructeur des chemins de fer, ou Essai sur les principes généraux de l'art de construire les chemins de fer* (1834)

### History

* *De l'Abolition de l'esclavage ancien en Occident* (1840)
* *Mémoire sur la condition de la classe servile au Mexique, avant la conquête des Espagnols* (1840)

### Sinology

#### Books

* *Dictionnaire des noms anciens et modernes des villes et arrondissements de premier, deuxième et troisième ordre compris dans l'Empire chinois* (1842)
* *Essai sur l'histoire de l'instruction publique en Chine et de la corporation des lettrés* (2 volumes, 1845-1847)
* *Le Tcheou-li ou Rites des Tcheou, traduit pour la première fois du chinois par feu Édouard Biot* (2 volumes, 1851). Édité par Jean-Baptiste Biot. Réédition : Ch'eng Wen Publishing Co., Taipei, 1975.

#### Papers

* Notice sur quelques procédés industriels connus en Chine au XVIe siècle (1835)
* Mémoire sur la population de la Chine et ses variations, depuis l'an 2400 avant J.-C. jusqu'au XVIIe siècle de notre ère (1836)
* Mémoire sur la condition des esclaves et des serviteurs gagés en Chine (1837)
* Mémoire sur le système monétaire des Chinois (1838)
* Mémoire sur les recensements des terres, consignés dans l'Histoire chinoise (1938)
* Mémoire sur la condition de la propriété territoriale en Chine, depuis les temps anciens (1838)
* Note sur la connaissance que les Chinois ont eue de la valeur de position des chiffres (1839)
* Table générale d'un ouvrage chinois intitulé *Souan-fa-tong-tsong*, ou *Traité complet de l'art de compter* (1839)
* Mémoire sur divers minéraux chinois, appartenant à la collection du Jardin du roi (1839)
* Mémoire sur les montagnes et cavernes de la Chine (1840)
* Recherches sur la hauteur de quelques points remarquables du territoire chinois (1840)
* Recherches sur la température ancienne de la Chine. (1840)
* *Tchou-chou-ki-nien* (1841)
* Traduction et explication du *Tchéou-peï* (1841)
* Catalogue général des tremblements de terre en Chine (1841)
* Mémoire sur le chapitre *Yu-koung* du *Chou-king* et sur la géographie de la Chine ancienne (1842)
* Mémoire sur les déplacements du cours inférieur du fleuve Jaune (1843)
* Recherches sur les mœurs anciennes des Chinois, d'après le *Chi-king* (1843)
* Observations anciennes de la planète Mercure, extraites de la Collection des vingt-quatre historiens de la Chine (1843)
* Note sur la direction de l'aiguille aimentée en Chine, et sur les aurores boréales observées dans ce pays (1842)
* Mémoire sur l'extension progressive des côtes orientales de la Chine (1844)
* Mémoire sur la Constitution politique de la Chine au XIIe siecle avant notre ère (1844)
* Études sur les anciens temps de l'Histoire chinoise (1845)
* Catalogue de tous les météores observés en Chine, avec la date du jour de l'apparition et l'identification des constellations traversées (1846)
* Recherches faites dans la grande collection des historiens de la Chine, sur les anciennes apparitions de la comète de Halley (1846)
* Catalogue des comètes observées en Chine, depuis l'an 1230 jusqu'à l'an 1640 de notre ère (1846)
* Catalogue des étoiles extraordinaires observées en Chine, depuis les temps anciens jusqu'à l'an 1200 de notre ère (1846)
* Mémoire sur les monuments analogues aux pierres druidiques qu'on rencontre dans l'Asie orientale, et en particulier à la Chine (1848)
* Mémoires sur les colonies militaires et agricoles des Chinois (1850)

### English translations

## InfoBox

| Édouard Biot | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1803-07-02)July 2, 1803
Paris, France |
| Died | March 12, 1850(1850-03-12) (aged 46)
Paris, France |
| Nationality | French |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Engineering, sinology |
| Academic advisors | Stanislas Julien |
|  | |


abstract: Mozambique competed at the inaugural African Beach Games in Sal, Cape Verde from 14th to the 23rd of June 2019. In total, athletes representing Mozambique won one gold medal and the country finished in 9th place in the medal table.

text:
# Mozambique at the 2019 African Beach Games

**Mozambique** competed at the inaugural African Beach Games in Sal, Cape Verde from 14th to the 23rd of June 2019. In total, athletes representing Mozambique won one gold medal and the country finished in 9th place in the medal table.

## Medal summary

| Medals by sport | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sport |  |  |  | Total |
| Beach volleyball | 1 | 0 | 0 | **1** |

### Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Delcio Soares
Aldevino Nguvo | Beach volleyball | Men's team |

## InfoBox

| Mozambique at the
2019 African Beach Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Mozambique | |
| IOC code | MOZ |
| in Sal, Cape Verde
14 June 2019 (2019-06-14) – 23 June 2019 (2019-06-23) | |
| Medals
Ranked 9th | Gold 1 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 1 |
| African Beach Games appearances | |
|  | |


title: Vũ Khoan

abstract: Vũ Khoan was a Vietnamese politician and diplomat. He used to hold the position of Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam,Deputy Prime Minister in charge of Vietnam's external economy from August 2002 to the end of June 2006. He is considered by many to have made many positive contributions to the negotiation process of the Vietnam-US Trade Agreement and Vietnam's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO).

text:
# Vũ Khoan

**Vũ Khoan** (October 7, 1937 – June 21, 2023) was a Vietnamese politician and diplomat. He used to hold the position of Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam,Deputy Prime Minister in charge of Vietnam's external economy from August 2002 to the end of June 2006. He is considered by many to have made many positive contributions to the negotiation process of the Vietnam-US Trade Agreement and Vietnam's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO).

## Born in the cadet

He was born on October 7, 1937, from Phú Xuyên, Hà Tây (now part of Hanoi).

When the French army opened fire to retake Indochina, he worked as a liaison for the Việt Minh government. In 1949, he was sent back to Việt Bắc, where he studied at the Vietnam Cavalry School. In 1951, he was selected by the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and went to study at "Nanning School of Education", then transferred to "Nanning-Guilin School of Education" (also known as Vietnamese Children's School). South in Guangxi, China).

## Family

He was married to Mrs. Hồ Thể Lan, former Director of the Press Department, Spokesperson of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the daughter of Professor Doctor Hồ Đắc Di. The two met from the same class of students who were sent to study in the Soviet Union in 1954.

## Death

According to information from the Central Committee for Health Care and Protection, after a period of illness, despite being cared for by the Party, State, a group of professors and doctors, and wholeheartedly cared for by the family, But due to old age and weak health, he died at 7:05 am on June 21, 2023, at 108 Hospital, (aged 85).

## InfoBox

| Vũ Khoan | |
| --- | --- |
| Khoan in 2005 | |
|  | |
| Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam | |
| **In office**
August 12, 2002  June 28, 2006 | |
| Prime Minister | Phan Văn Khải |
| Preceded by | Nguyễn Mạnh Cầm |
| Succeeded by | Trương Vĩnh Trọng |
| Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam | |
| **In office**
April, 2001  April, 2006 | |
| General Secretary | Nông Đức Mạnh |
| Ministry of Industry and Trade | |
| **In office**
January 28, 2000  August, 2002 | |
| Preceded by | Trương Đình Tuyển |
| Succeeded by | Trương Đình Tuyển |
| Ministry of Foreign Affairs | |
| **In office**
1998–2000 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1937-10-07)7 October 1937
Phú Xuyên, Hà Đông, Hanoi |
| Died | 21 June 2023(2023-06-21) (aged 85)
108 Hospital, Hanoi |
| Political party | Communist Party of Vietnam |
| Spouse | Hồ Thể Lan (1938) |
|  | |


title: Verificat

abstract: Verificat is a fact-checking project created in April 2019 to combat misinformation in Catalonia. Created as an independent non-profit, the project was inspired by the platforms of the Poynter Institute's International Fact-Checking Network, and in 2020 has become a verified signatory of its Code of Principles. The platform was founded by Alba Tobella and Lorenzo Marini, its current co-directors, together with Carola Solé, Roser Toll, Carina Bellver and Elisa Vivas, before the Barcelona municipal election campaign of 2019. The project has received financial support from the Open Society Foundations since 2019.

text:
# Verificat

**Verificat** is a fact-checking project created in April 2019 to combat misinformation in Catalonia. Created as an independent non-profit, the project was inspired by the platforms of the Poynter Institute's International Fact-Checking Network, and in 2020 has become a verified signatory of its Code of Principles.

The platform was founded by Alba Tobella and Lorenzo Marini, its current co-directors, together with Carola Solé, Roser Toll, Carina Bellver and Elisa Vivas, before the Barcelona municipal election campaign of 2019. The project has received financial support from the Open Society Foundations since 2019.

1. Grego Casanova, *‘Verificat’, la primera plataforma de verificació de dades de Catalunya* (“The first data verification platform in Catalonia,” in Catalan), 4 April 2019. Accessed 3 October 2020.
2. EFE, *Cataluña estrena ‘Verificat’, su propia plataforma contra las ‘Fake News’* (“Catalonia launches ‘Verificat’, its own platform to counter ‘Fake News’,” in Spanish), 2 April 2019. Accessed 3 October 2020.
3. "IFCN Code of Principles". *www.ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org*. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
4. *Neix Verificat, la primera plataforma de ‘fact-checking’ en català* (“Verificat founded, the first “fact-checking” platform in Catalan”), 2 April 2019, Barcelona TV channel Betevé. Accessed 3 October 2020.
5. "Qui som? Verificat". *www.verificat.cat*. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
6. "Qui som?". *www.verificat.cat*. Retrieved 2021-04-06.