title: Leonard Welsted

abstract: Leonard Welsted was an English poet and "dunce" in Alexander Pope's writings. Welsted was an accomplished writer who composed in a relaxed, light hearted vein. He was associated with Whig party political figures in his later years, but he was tory earlier, and, in the age of patronage, this seems to have been more out of financial need than anything else. He was the son of a Church of England priest and was orphaned at six. He attended Trinity College, Cambridge but left without a degree. He married Frances Purcell, the orphaned daughter of Henry Purcell, around 1707, and the couple had a daughter, also named Frances. However, the mother died in 1712, and Welsted married Anna Maria Walker, the sister of an admiral, that year. In his poetry, he referred to her as Zelinda. Frances Welsted, the daughter, died in 1726, seventeen years old, and Welsted mourned her loss in Hymn to the Creator the next year. He wrote many poems in an attempt to get a position from patronage. He wrote two odes to John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough in 1709 as well as an elegy to John Philips the poet. Nothing was forthcoming, however. In 1712, with the tories in power, he began to court the opposition whigs with laudatory verse. He also translated On the Sublime, although Jonathan Swift argued that he had translated Boileau's translation, and not Longinus's original. In 1714, Welsted attacked Robert Harley, the fallen head of the Tory party, with The Prophecy. Harley replied, and Harley's friends in the Scriblerus Club were thereafter Welsted's enemies. Welsted continued to antagonize the Scribblerans. In 1717, he wrote Palaemon to Caelia, or, The Triumvirate, which was a satire of John Gay, Alexander Pope, and John Arbuthnot and their play Three Hours After Marriage. In 1724, he mocked one of Pope's lines from Essay on Criticism, and therefore Thomas Cooke made Welsted the champion who opposes Pope in his The Battel of the Poets. When the Hanoverian succession occurred, Welsted benefited. He wrote An Epistle to Mr. Steele on the King's Accession, and he became Richard Steele's secretary or assistant. He contributed to Steele's and Ambrose Philips's respective newspapers in the coming years, and he wrote a prologue and epilogue to Steele's The Conscious Lovers of 1722. During that time he also continued to write poems with fawning dedications to various members of the nobility. The wheedling paid off for Welsted, as he was made a clerk and received an annual salary of £25. In 1726, his play, The Dissembled Wanton, was acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields. It netted him £138 for the author's benefit and another £30 for the printed rights. He also attempted several subscriptions for translations that did not work out. One of his best poems, Oikographia, dates from 1725 and details his living in the Tower of London and the simple pleasures of a contented life with a loving wife. In 1728, Pope struck back against Welsted. In Peri Bathos, Welsted's obsequiousness is isolated and presented for derision, and in The Dunciad Pope accused him of writing poetry that flows like its inspiration: beer. In fact, Pope presented Welsted several places in The Dunciad as a laughable poetaster. Welsted attempted to fight back, and he teamed up with another of Pope's dunces, James Moore Smythe, for One Epistle to Mr. A. Pope in 1730, and in 1732 he wrote two attacks on Pope, Of Dulness and Scandal and Of False Fame. In return, Pope satirized Welsted again in the Epistle to Arbuthnot in 1735. Welsted was also satirized by Jonathan Swift. In Swift's 1733 On Poetry: A Rhapsody, he first compared Welsted's bad versifying with Stephen Duck's bad rhymes and then Welsted's "translation" of Longinus's Peri Hupsos, which was actually a translation of Boileau's French translation. In 1730 and 1731, he was promoted in his civil service job, going to a salary of £70 and then one of £150 as a commissioner of the lottery. These promotions may have been due to the intercession of well-known politicians and leading whigs, such as Bishop Hoadley. His late works include a prose work of theodicy entitled The Scheme and Conduct of Providence in 1736, and the poem The Summum bonum, or, Wisest Philosophy, which again praises the simple joy of retired life.

text:
# Leonard Welsted

**Leonard Welsted** (*baptised* 3 June 1688 – August 1747) was an English poet and "dunce" in Alexander Pope's writings (both in *The Dunciad* and in *Peri Bathos*). Welsted was an accomplished writer who composed in a relaxed, light hearted vein. He was associated with Whig party political figures in his later years (the years in which he earned Pope's enmity), but he was tory earlier, and, in the age of patronage, this seems to have been more out of financial need than anything else.

He was the son of a Church of England priest and was orphaned at six. He attended Trinity College, Cambridge but left without a degree. He married Frances Purcell, the orphaned daughter of Henry Purcell, around 1707, and the couple had a daughter, also named Frances. However, the mother died in 1712, and Welsted married Anna Maria Walker, the sister of an admiral, that year. In his poetry, he referred to her as Zelinda. Frances Welsted, the daughter, died in 1726, seventeen years old, and Welsted mourned her loss in *Hymn to the Creator* the next year.

He wrote many poems in an attempt to get a position from patronage. He wrote two odes to John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough in 1709 as well as an elegy to John Philips the poet. Nothing was forthcoming, however. In 1712, with the tories in power, he began to court the opposition whigs with laudatory verse. He also translated *On the Sublime,* although Jonathan Swift argued that he had translated Boileau's translation, and not Longinus's original. In 1714, Welsted attacked Robert Harley, the fallen head of the Tory party, with *The Prophecy.* Harley replied, and Harley's friends in the Scriblerus Club were thereafter Welsted's enemies.

Welsted continued to antagonize the Scribblerans. In 1717, he wrote *Palaemon to Caelia, or, The Triumvirate*, which was a satire of John Gay, Alexander Pope, and John Arbuthnot and their play *Three Hours After Marriage.* In 1724, he mocked one of Pope's lines from *Essay on Criticism,* and therefore Thomas Cooke made Welsted the champion who opposes Pope in his *The Battel of the Poets.*

When the Hanoverian succession occurred, Welsted benefited. He wrote *An Epistle to Mr. Steele on the King's Accession,* and he became Richard Steele's secretary or assistant. He contributed to Steele's and Ambrose Philips's respective newspapers in the coming years, and he wrote a prologue and epilogue to Steele's *The Conscious Lovers* of 1722. During that time he also continued to write poems with fawning dedications to various members of the nobility.

The wheedling paid off for Welsted, as he was made a clerk and received an annual salary of £25. In 1726, his play, *The Dissembled Wanton*, was acted at Lincoln's Inn Fields. It netted him £138 for the author's benefit and another £30 for the printed rights. He also attempted several subscriptions for translations that did not work out. One of his best poems, *Oikographia*, dates from 1725 and details his living in the Tower of London (but not the prison) and the simple pleasures of a contented life with a loving wife.

In 1728, Pope struck back against Welsted. In *Peri Bathos,* Welsted's obsequiousness is isolated and presented for derision, and in *The Dunciad* Pope accused him of writing poetry that flows like its inspiration: beer. In fact, Pope presented Welsted several places in *The Dunciad* as a laughable poetaster. Welsted attempted to fight back, and he teamed up with another of Pope's dunces, James Moore Smythe, for *One Epistle to Mr. A. Pope* in 1730, and in 1732 he wrote two attacks on Pope, *Of Dulness and Scandal* and *Of False Fame.* In return, Pope satirized Welsted again in the *Epistle to Arbuthnot* in 1735. Welsted was also satirized by Jonathan Swift. In Swift's 1733 *On Poetry: A Rhapsody*, he first compared Welsted's bad versifying with Stephen Duck's bad rhymes and then Welsted's "translation" of Longinus's *Peri Hupsos,* which was actually a translation of Boileau's French translation.

In 1730 and 1731, he was promoted in his civil service job, going to a salary of £70 and then one of £150 as a commissioner of the lottery. These promotions may have been due to the intercession of well-known politicians and leading whigs, such as Bishop Hoadley. His late works include a prose work of theodicy entitled *The Scheme and Conduct of Providence* in 1736, and the poem *The Summum bonum, or, Wisest Philosophy,* which again praises the simple joy of retired life.

* Sambrook, James. "Leonard Welsted". In Matthew, H.C.G. and Brian Harrison, eds. *The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.* vol. 58, 91–92. London: OUP, 2004.
* James Sambrook: *The life of the English poet Leonard Welsted (1688–1747) : the culture and politics of Britain's eighteenth-century literary wars*, Lewiston \[u.a.\] : Edwin Mellen Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-7734-0049-8


title: Melt Sieberhagen

abstract: Melt Sieberhagen is a South African actor and comic and was born in Ventersdorp.

text:
# Melt Sieberhagen

**Melt Sieberhagen** is a South African actor and comic and was born in Ventersdorp.

## Training

He obtained a B.A. in Drama from the University of Pretoria in 2001.

## Television appearances

He starred in numerous South African soaps as well as the Afrikaans comic sketch program *Kompleks II*. He is also part of the permanent cast of *Proesstraat*. He has also appeared in television commercials for Cell C, TOPS @ Spar, Bioplus, McCarthy Call-a-car and Wimpy. As a voice over artist he has contributed to various television programs, commercial and a host of regular radio advertisements.

## Film appearances


title: Xiangyanglou Subdistrict

abstract: Xiangyanglou Subdistrict is a subdistrict located on the northern portion of Hedong District, Tianjin. it borders Changzhou Street Subdistrict in the north, Dongxin Subdistrict in the east, Shanghang Road Subdistrict in the south, and Tangjiakou Subdistrict in the west. In 2010, the subdistrict was home to 80,678 residents. The subdistrict was established in 1979 from a portion of Tangjiakou Subdistrict. Its name Xiangyanglou can be roughly translated to "Building that faces the sun".

text:
# Xiangyanglou Subdistrict

**Xiangyanglou Subdistrict** (simplified Chinese: 向阳楼街道; traditional Chinese: 向陽樓街道; pinyin: *Xiàngyánglóu Jiēdào*) is a subdistrict located on the northern portion of Hedong District, Tianjin. it borders Changzhou Street Subdistrict in the north, Dongxin Subdistrict in the east, Shanghang Road Subdistrict in the south, and Tangjiakou Subdistrict in the west. In 2010, the subdistrict was home to 80,678 residents.

The subdistrict was established in 1979 from a portion of Tangjiakou Subdistrict. Its name Xiangyanglou can be roughly translated to "Building that faces the sun".

## Administrative divisions

The table below lists all the 16 communities under Xiangyanglou Subdistrict in the year 2021:

| Subdivision Names | Name Transliterations |
| --- | --- |
| 晨光楼 | Chenguanglou |
| 向阳楼 | Xiangyanglou |
| 晨阳里 | Chenyangli |
| 前进新里 | Qianjin Xinli |
| 滇池里 | Dianchili |
| 临池里 | Linchili |
| 翠韵里 | Cuiyunli |
| 顺达西里 | Shunda Xili |
| 东局子第一 | Dongjuzi Diyi |
| 东局子第二 | Dongjuzi Di'er |
| 阳新里 | Yangxinli |
| 阳安里 | Yang'anli |
| 阳明里 | Yangmingli |
| 时尚花园 | Shishang Huayuan |
| 昕旺北苑 | Xinwang Beiyuan |
| 昕旺南苑 | Xinwang Nanyuan |

## InfoBox

| Xiangyanglou Subdistrict 向阳楼街道 | |
| --- | --- |
| Subdistrict | |
| Exit A of Chenglin Road Station, 2018 | |
| Location of Xiangyanglou Subdistrict in Hedong District | |
| Xiangyanglou SubdistrictXiangyanglou Subdistrict | |
| Coordinates: 39°08′06″N 117°14′27″E / 39.13500°N 117.24083°E / 39.13500; 117.24083 | |
| Country | China |
| Municipality | Tianjin |
| District | Hedong |
| Village-level Divisions | 16 communities |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.01 km2 (1.55 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 6 m (20 ft) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 80,678 |
| Density | 20,000/km2 (52,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 300161 |
| Area code | 022 |


title: Xtra-Acme USA

abstract: Xtra-Acme USA is the US follow up to the album Acme by the group Jon Spencer Blues Explosion. It is a collection of B-sides and remixes of songs originally appearing on the main album. This release differs slightly from the UK version, called Acme Plus. Two tracks from Xtra-Acme USA are not included in Acme Plus; however, the same is true for the Acme Plus album. Two of the tracks contained on it are not on Xtra-Acme USA.

text:
# Xtra-Acme USA

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Pitchfork Media* | 7.1/10 |

***Xtra-Acme USA*** is the US follow up to the album *Acme* by the group Jon Spencer Blues Explosion. It is a collection of B-sides and remixes of songs originally appearing on the main album. This release differs slightly from the UK version, called *Acme Plus*. Two tracks from *Xtra-Acme USA* are not included in *Acme Plus* ("Lovin' Machine (Automator)" and "Calvin (Zebra Ranch)"); however, the same is true for the *Acme Plus* album. Two of the tracks contained on it ("Right Place, Wrong Time" and "I Wanna Make it All Right (Zebra Ranch)") are not on *Xtra-Acme USA*.

## Artwork

The album cover features actress Winona Ryder, who starred in the music video for "Talk About The Blues", which appeared in the band's sixth studio album, *Acme*.

## Track listings

### Xtra-Acme USA

1. "Wait a Minute" - 3:48
2. "Get Down Lover" - 3:47
3. "Confused" - 3:04
4. "Magical Colors (31 Flavors)" - 4:09
5. "Not Yet" - 4:08
6. "Get Old" - 1:46
7. "Bacon" - 3:32
8. "Blue Green Olga \[Remix\]" - 4:30
9. "Heavy \[Remix\]" - 3:13
10. "Lap Dance" - 3:26
11. "Leave Me Alone So I Can Rock Again" - 5:06
12. "Soul Trance" - 4:28
13. "Electricity" - 2:30
14. "New Year" - 2:58
15. "Lovin' Machine (Automator)" - 3:39
16. "Chowder" - 3:16
17. "T.A.T.B. \[For the Saints and the Sinners Remix\]" - 7:29
18. "Hell" - 3:25
19. "Calvin (Zebra Ranch)" - 4:08
20. \[Unlisted Track/Radio Advert for Acme\] - 1:36

### Acme Plus

1. "Wait a Minute" - 3:48
2. "Get Down Lover" - 3:47
3. "Confused" - 3:04
4. "Magical Colors (31 Flavors)" - 4:09
5. "Not Yet" - 4:08
6. "Get Old" - 1:46
7. "Bacon" - 3:32
8. "Blue Green Olga \[Remix\]" - 4:30
9. "Heavy \[Remix\]" - 3:13
10. "Lap Dance" - 3:26
11. "Right Place, Wrong Time" - 3:41
12. "Leave Me Alone So I Can Rock Again" - 5:06
13. "Soul Trance" - 4:28
14. "Electricity" - 2:30
15. "New Year" - 2:58
16. "Chowder" - 3:16
17. "T.A.T.B. \[For the Saints and the Sinners Remix\]" - 7:29
18. "Hell" - 3:25
19. "I Wanna Make it All Right (Zebra Ranch)" - 3:50
20. \[Unlisted Track/Radio Advert for Acme\] - 1:36

## InfoBox

| Xtra-Acme USA | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jon Spencer Blues Explosion | |
| Released | September 14, 1999 |
| Genre | Punk blues |
| Length | 73:58 |
| Label | Matador Records |
| Jon Spencer Blues Explosion chronology | |
| *Acme*
(1998) ***Xtra-Acme USA***
(1999) *Plastic Fang*
(2002) | |


title: Yagi Masao

abstract: Yagi Masao was a Japanese pianist who became devoted to American jazz very early in the wave of Japanese jazz enthusiasm. He became a member of the Cozy Quartet in 1956 after Toshiko Akiyoshi's departure, playing alongside Sadao Watanabe. Robin Kelley, in his biography of Thelonious Monk, says that before his inaugural 1963 tour, "Monk's greatest champion in Japan was not a critic but a pianist named Yagi Masao. In 1959, the twenty-six-year-old pianist formed his own group featuring several Monk tunes in their repertoire, culminating in his debut LP, Masao Yagi Plays Thelonious Monk, recorded in the summer of 1960." Later in the 1960s he played with Charlie Mariano, Hidehiko Matsumoto, and Helen Merrill, and in the 1970s led his own ensembles. He was well-known as a composer and arranger, and wrote copiously for film soundtracks.

text:
# Yagi Masao

**Yagi Masao** (八木正生, *Yagi Masao*, November 14, 1932  March 4, 1991) was a Japanese pianist who became devoted to American jazz very early in the wave of Japanese jazz enthusiasm. He became a member of the Cozy Quartet in 1956 after Toshiko Akiyoshi's departure, playing alongside Sadao Watanabe. Robin Kelley, in his biography of Thelonious Monk, says that before his inaugural 1963 tour, "Monk's greatest champion in Japan was not a critic but a pianist named Yagi Masao. In 1959, the twenty-six-year-old pianist formed his own group featuring several Monk tunes in their repertoire, culminating in his debut LP, *Masao Yagi Plays Thelonious Monk*, recorded in the summer of 1960." Later in the 1960s he played with Charlie Mariano, Hidehiko Matsumoto, and Helen Merrill, and in the 1970s led his own ensembles. He was well-known as a composer and arranger, and wrote copiously for film soundtracks.


title: Yangshan Quarry

abstract: The Yangshan Quarry is an ancient stone quarry near Nanjing, China. Used during many centuries as a source of stone for buildings and monuments of Nanjing, it is preserved as a historic site. The quarry is famous for the gigantic unfinished stele that was abandoned there during the reign of the Yongle Emperor in the early 15th century. In scope and ambition, the stele project is compared to other public works projects of Yongle era, which included the launching of the treasure fleet for Zheng He's maritime expeditions and the construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing.

text:
# Yangshan Quarry

The **Yangshan Quarry** (Chinese: 阳山; pinyin: *Yángshān bēi cái*; lit. 'Yangshan Stele Material') is an ancient stone quarry near Nanjing, China. Used during many centuries as a source of stone for buildings and monuments of Nanjing, it is preserved as a historic site. The quarry is famous for the gigantic unfinished stele that was abandoned there during the reign of the Yongle Emperor in the early 15th century. In scope and ambition, the stele project is compared to other public works projects of Yongle era, which included the launching of the treasure fleet for Zheng He's maritime expeditions and the construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing.

## Location

The Yangshan Quarry is situated on the Yangshan Mountain (elevation 140 m), also known as Yanmen Shan (雁门山), northwest of Tangshan Town (汤山镇). The Yangshan is the main peak of the Kongshan Mountain Range (孔山山脉). The site is located 15–20 km to the east from the eastern part of Nanjing City Wall and the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum. Administratively, the area is in the Jiangning District of Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province.

## History

The Yangshan Quarry has been worked from the time of the Six Dynasties, the local limestone being used for construction of buildings, walls, and statues in and around Nanjing.

After Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor) founded the Ming dynasty in 1368, the city of Nanjing became the capital city of his empire. The Yangshan quarry became the main source of stone for the major construction projects that changed the face of Nanjing. In 1405, Hongwu's son, the Yongle Emperor, ordered the cutting of a giant stele in this quarry, for use in the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum of his deceased father. In accordance with the usual design of a Chinese memorial stele, three separate pieces were being cut: the rectangular stele base (pedestal), the stele body, and the stele head (crown, to be decorated with a dragon design). After most of the stone-cutting work had been done, the architects realized that moving stones that big from Yangshan to Ming Xiaoling, let alone installing them there in a proper way, would not be physically possible. As a result, the project was abandoned. In place of the stele, a much smaller tablet (still, the largest in the Nanjing area), known as the *Shengong Shengde* ("Divine Merits and Godly Virtues") Stele was installed in Ming Xiaoling's "Square Pavilion" (Sifangcheng) in 1413.

The three unfinished stele components remain in Yangshan Quarry to this day, only partially separated from the solid rock of the mountain. The present dimensions and the usual weight estimates of the steles are as follows:

According to experts, if the stele had been finished and put together, by installing the stele body vertically on the base, and topping with the stele head, then it would have stood 73 metres (240 ft) tall. For comparison, the *Shengong Shengde* Stele actually installed in Ming Xiaoling is 8.78 metres (28.8 ft) tall (6.7 m (22 ft) body + crown, on top of a 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) tall tortoise pedestal). The Song-dynasty (early 12th century) *Wan Ren Chou* ("Ten Thousand Men's Sorrow") Stele in Qufu, which is thought to be one of the tallest in China, is 16.95 m (55.6 ft) tall, 3.75 m (12.3 ft) wide, 1.14 m (3 ft 9 in) thick.

## Cultural references

According to a legend, workers who failed to produce the daily quota of crushed rock of at least 33 *sheng* would be executed on the spot. In memory of the workers who died on the construction site—including those who died from overwork and disease—a nearby village became known as Fentou (坟头), or "Grave Mound". Ann Paludan translates the place name as "Death's Head Valley".

In the centuries since the giant stele project was abandoned, a number of Ming, Qing, and modern authors visited the site and left accounts of it. The poet Yuan Mei (1716 – 1797) expressed his feelings in "The Song of Hongwu's Great Stone Tablet" (洪武大石碑歌), which concludes with "one hundred thousand camels could not move it!" ("十万骆驼拉不起"). The poem is published in his collection *Xiao Cangshan Fang Wenji* (小仓山房文集).

## Present day

In 1956, the Yangshan Quarry was entered on the Jiangsu provincial register of protected cultural monuments. It is maintained as a tourist site, although, according to journalists who visited it at the turn of the 21st century, the site was little known even in Nanjing itself, and had few visitors.

A small theme park called the Ming Culture Village (明文化村, *Míng Wénhuà Cūn*) was constructed at the entrance to the site; as of 2011, it has a stage, children's rides, and various history-themed amusements. A single admission ticket allows one to visit the "village" and then to walk some 300–400 m (980–1,310 ft) to the quarry proper on one of several forest trails. The site is open year-round, but still is mostly deserted in winter.

Transportation from Nanjing to the Yangshan Quarry (either directly to the Ming Culture Village's entrance plaza, or to the "Yangshan Quarry" stop on the Jiangsu Provincial Highway 122 (S122)) is provided by several bus routes, including the Nanjing-Tangshan Line (南汤线, *Nán-Tāng Xiàn*) from the Nanjing Railway Station.

## Literature

## InfoBox

Yangshan Quarry
| Yangshan Quarry | |
| --- | --- |
| An overall view of the quarry site from a walking trail. The stele base, center left; the stele body, and the stele head in front of it, near the horizon, a bit right of center | |
| Shown within China | |
| Location | Nanjing, China |
| Coordinates | 32°04′06″N 119°00′02″E / 32.06833°N 119.00056°E / 32.06833; 119.00056 |


title: Yangshao culture

abstract: The Yangshao culture was a Neolithic culture that existed extensively along the middle reaches of the Yellow River in China from around 5000 BC to 3000 BC. The culture is named after the Yangshao site, the first excavated site of this culture, which was discovered in 1921 in the town of Yangshao in western Henan by the Swedish geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson (1874–1960). The culture flourished mainly in Henan, as well as the neighboring provinces of Shaanxi and Shanxi. Recent research indicates a common origin and spread of the Sino-Tibetan languages with the Cishan, Yangshao and/or Majiayao cultures.

text:
# Yangshao culture

The **Yangshao culture** (Chinese: 仰韶文化; pinyin: *Yǎngsháo wénhuà*) was a Neolithic culture that existed extensively along the middle reaches of the Yellow River in China from around 5000 BC to 3000 BC. The culture is named after the Yangshao site, the first excavated site of this culture, which was discovered in 1921 in the town of Yangshao in western Henan by the Swedish geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson (1874–1960). The culture flourished mainly in Henan, as well as the neighboring provinces of Shaanxi and Shanxi.

Recent research indicates a common origin and spread of the Sino-Tibetan languages with the Cishan, Yangshao and/or Majiayao cultures.

## Economy

### Subsistence

The main food of the Yangshao people was millet, with some sites using foxtail millet and others proso millet, though some evidence of rice has been found. The exact nature of Yangshao agriculture, small-scale slash-and-burn cultivation versus intensive agriculture in permanent fields, is currently a matter of debate. Once the soil was exhausted, residents picked up their belongings, moved to new lands, and constructed new villages. Middle Yangshao settlements such as Jiangzhi contain raised-floor buildings that may have been used for the storage of surplus grains. Grinding stones for making flour were also found.

The Yangshao people kept pigs and dogs. Sheep, goats, and cattle are found much more rarely. Much of their meat came from hunting and fishing with stone tools. Their stone tools were polished and highly specialized. They may also have practiced an early form of sericulture.

### Crafts

The Yangshao culture crafted pottery: Yangshao artisans created fine white, red, and black painted pottery with human facial, animal, and geometric designs. Unlike the later Longshan culture, the Yangshao culture did not use pottery wheels in pottery-making. Excavations found that children were buried in painted pottery jars. Pottery style emerging from the Yangshao culture spread westward to the Majiayao culture, and then further to Xinjiang and Central Asia.

The Yangshao culture produced silk to a small degree and wove hemp. Men wore loin clothes and tied their hair in a top knot. Women wrapped a length of cloth around themselves and tied their hair in a bun.

Bowl of the Banpo culture (first stage of the Yangshao culture), with geometrial human face motif and fish, 4500–3500 BC, Shaanxi.

## Houses

Houses were built by digging a rounded rectangular pit around one metre deep. Then they were rammed, and a lattice of wattle was woven over it. Then it was plastered with mud. The floor was also rammed down.

Next, a few short wattle poles would be placed around the top of the pit, and more wattle would be woven to it. It was plastered with mud, and a framework of poles would be placed to make a cone shape for the roof. Poles would be added to support the roof. It was then thatched with millet stalks. There was little furniture; a shallow fireplace in the middle with a stool, a bench along the wall, and a bed of cloth. Food and items were placed or hung against the walls. A pen would be built outside for animals.

Yangshao villages typically covered ten to fourteen acres and were composed of houses around a central square.

## Social structure

Although early reports suggested a matriarchal culture, others argue that it was a society in transition from matriarchy to patriarchy, while still others believe it to have been patriarchal. The debate hinges on differing interpretations of burial practices.

The discovery of a Chinese dragon statue dating back to the fifth millennium BC in the Yangshao culture makes it the world's oldest known dragon depiction,.

## Archaeological sites

-5000*Ubaid
culture*Lodian
culture*Jeul-
mun**Pre-
Harappan
culture****Samara
culture******Kelteminar
culture******Western
Steppe
Herders******Ancient
Northeast Asians******Xinle******Yang-
shao******Zhao-
baogu******Hemu-
du****Daxi
culture**Merimde
culture*class=notpageimage|Yangshao culture and contemporary cultures and polities c.5000 BC

Yangshao, in Mianchi County, Sanmenxia, western Henan, the place which gave the culture its name, has a museum next to the archaeological site. The archaeological site of the village of Banpo near Xi'an is one of the best-known ditch-enclosed settlements of the Yangshao. Another major settlement called Jiangzhai was excavated out to its limits, and archaeologists found that it was completely surrounded by a ring-ditch. Both Banpo and Jiangzhai also yielded incised marks on pottery which a few have interpreted as numerals or perhaps precursors to Chinese characters, but such interpretations are not widely accepted.

## Phases

The Yangshao culture is conventionally divided into three phases:

* The **Early Yangshao** period or **Banpo phase** (c.5000–4000 BC) is represented by the Banpo, Jiangzhai, Beishouling and Dadiwan sites in the Wei River valley in Shaanxi.
* The **Middle Yangshao** period or **Miaodigou phase** (c.4000–3500 BC) saw an expansion of the culture in all directions, and the development of hierarchies of settlements in some areas, such as western Henan.
* The **Late Yangshao** period (c.3500–3000 BC) saw a greater spread of settlement hierarchies. The first wall of rammed earth in China was built around the settlement of Xishan (25 ha) in central Henan (near modern Zhengzhou).

The Majiayao culture (c.3300 – c.2000 BC) to the west is now considered a separate culture that developed from the middle Yangshao culture through an intermediate Shilingxia phase.

## Artifacts

36°18′N 109°06′E / 36.300°N 109.100°E / 36.300; 109.100

## InfoBox

Yangshao culture
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Geographical range | Middle reaches of Yellow River |
| Period | Neolithic |
| Dates | c.5000 – c.3000 BC |
| Major sites | Shuanghuaishu, Banpo, Jiangzhai |
| Preceded by | Peiligang culture, Baijia culture, Dadiwan culture, Cishan culture |
| Followed by | Majiayao (3300–2000 BCE)
Longshan culture (3000-1900 BCE) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Chinese | 仰韶文化 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Yǎngsháo wénhuà | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Yangshan Port

abstract: Yangshan Port, formally the Yangshan Deep-Water Port, is a deep water port for container ships in Hangzhou Bay south of Shanghai. The port is part of the Maritime Silk Road. The port is built on the islands of Greater and Lesser Yangshan, part of the Zhoushan archipelago, with fill from land reclamation. Connected to Shanghai's Pudong New Area by the Donghai Bridge and forming part of the Port of Shanghai, the islands of Greater and Lesser Yangshan are administered separately as part of Zhejiang's Shengsi County. Built to allow the Port of Shanghai to grow despite shallow waters near the shore, it allows berths with depths of up to 15 metres (49 ft) to be built, and can handle today's largest container ships. In mid-2011, port officials said the port was on track to move 12.3 million Twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) during the year, up from 10.1 million TEUs in 2010, overtaking port of Singapore to become the world's busiest container port. In 2015, the port handled 36.54 million TEUs, and by 2019, its throughput had increased to 43.35 million TEU.

text:
# Yangshan Port

**Yangshan Port** (Chinese: 洋山,  *Yángshān Gǎng*, Wu *Yan-se Kaon*), formally the **Yangshan Deep-Water Port** (洋山,  *Yángshān Shēnshuǐ Gǎng*, Wu *Yan-se Sen-sy Kaon*), is a deep water port for container ships in Hangzhou Bay south of Shanghai. The port is part of the Maritime Silk Road. The port is built on the islands of Greater and Lesser Yangshan, part of the Zhoushan archipelago, with fill from land reclamation. Connected to Shanghai's Pudong New Area by the Donghai Bridge and forming part of the Port of Shanghai, the islands of Greater and Lesser Yangshan are administered separately as part of Zhejiang's Shengsi County.

Built to allow the Port of Shanghai to grow despite shallow waters near the shore, it allows berths with depths of up to 15 metres (49 ft) to be built, and can handle today's largest container ships. In mid-2011, port officials said the port was on track to move 12.3 million Twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) during the year, up from 10.1 million TEUs in 2010, overtaking port of Singapore to become the world's busiest container port. In 2015, the port handled 36.54 million TEUs, and by 2019, its throughput had increased to 43.35 million TEU.

## Construction phases

In 2000 and 2001, the decision was made to commence construction on the first of four phases. The first two phases have nine berths in total along a 3 km (1.9 mi) quayside. The first phase, which opened in 2004, can accommodate 2.2 million containers annually and includes 10 quay cranes. The second phase was opened in December 2006, and comprises 72 hectares (180 acres) with 15 quay cranes. The third phase, opened in stages, was completed in 2010 with seven berths. The fourth phase, which began trial operation on Dec. 10, 2017, will add 4 million Twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) to the port's annual capacity.

The total cost of building the port may reach US$12 billion over 20 years. When complete, the port will have 30 berths capable of handling 15 million TEUs annually.

## Highway access

The Yangshan Port is connected to the mainland via the 32.5 km (20.2 mi) Donghai Bridge, opened on 1 December 2005 as the world's longest sea bridge. The six-lane highway bridge took 6,000 workers 2+12 years to construct.

## Rail access

There is no direct railway connection to the Yangshan Port. The port is served by Luchaogang railway station on the Pudong Railway, which was opened in 2005 near the mainland end of the Donghai Bridge.

## InfoBox

| Yangshan Port | |
| --- | --- |
| Yangshan Port | |
| Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | |
| Country | China |
| Location | Shengsi County, Zhejiang Province |
| Coordinates | 30°37′N 122°04′E / 30.617°N 122.067°E / 30.617; 122.067 30°37'46.0"N 122°03'27.9"E |
| Details | |
| Opened | 2005 |
| Operated by | Shanghai International Port Group |
| Type of harbour | Deep-water seaport |
| Statistics | |
| Annual container volume | \> 10 million TEU (2010) |


title: Westwood High School (Michigan)

abstract: Westwood High School is a public, magnet high school located in Ishpeming Township, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1974, it is managed by the N.I.C.E. Community Schools school district. The school educates around 360 students in grades 9–12. Westwood High School offers its students several courses, extracurricular activities, and athletics in which to engage. The school offers courses in Art and Design, Business, Foreign Languages (Spanish), Physical Education, Health, Industrial Technology, Mathematics, Language Arts, Science, and Social Studies. Outside of courses Westwood High School offers several extracurricular activities including Key Club, Business Professionals of America Drama, Yearbook, Forensics, High School Bowl, National Honor Society, and Student Council. The Westwood Patriots also offer several programs to students. Students have the opportunity to join basketball, football, tennis, track, cross-country, volleyball, dance, golf, hockey, swimming, and volleyball. Westwood High School is the only school in the Upper Peninsula area to have an unofficial parody website. The Westwood Wiki has been parodying teachers and students at Westwood High School since 2004. Although the website's disclaimer assures any likeness between portrayed figures and real life people is coincidental, there is an obvious link between its content and Westwood High School.

text:
# Westwood High School (Michigan)

**Westwood High School** is a public, magnet high school located in Ishpeming Township, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1974, it is managed by the N.I.C.E. Community Schools school district. The school educates around 360 students in grades 9–12.

Westwood High School offers its students several courses, extracurricular activities, and athletics in which to engage. The school offers courses in Art and Design, Business, Foreign Languages (Spanish), Physical Education, Health, Industrial Technology, Mathematics, Language Arts, Science, and Social Studies. Outside of courses Westwood High School offers several extracurricular activities including Key Club, Business Professionals of America Drama, Yearbook, Forensics, High School Bowl, National Honor Society, and Student Council.

The Westwood Patriots (the athletic teams for the high school) also offer several programs to students. Students have the opportunity to join basketball, football, tennis, track, cross-country, volleyball, dance, golf, hockey, swimming, and volleyball.

Westwood High School is the only school in the Upper Peninsula area to have an unofficial parody website. The Westwood Wiki has been parodying teachers and students at Westwood High School since 2004. Although the website's disclaimer assures any likeness between portrayed figures and real life people is coincidental, there is an obvious link between its content and Westwood High School.

## Accreditation, evaluation status and student achievement

Westwood High School is accredited by the North Central Association, which has given the school an “Outcomes Endorsement” as of 2002, signifying that the school has documented higher student achievement and remains committed to continuous improvement. Accreditation of high schools in the United States is a voluntary process, which initially takes five years. Westwood High School has been accredited each year since 1975.

Since 2004, when the No Child Left Behind act required schools to be evaluated for "annual yearly progress", Westwood High School has received a rating of "met" requirements, and currently holds a Michigan State report card grade of "B".

100% of the teachers and staff at Westwood High School meet the NCLB standards for "highly qualified" educators.

65% of Westwood High School graduating seniors receive academic, merit, or athletic college scholarships and or grants. Nine times in the last eleven years the school has had a senior win the Triple A Presidential Scholarship and a Leadership Scholarship from Northern Michigan University. Each year, two or three students have received full college scholarships.

Westwood High School has two specialized programs for senior students who are at risk of not meeting requirements to complete their graduation. The first such program is the *NICE Community Schools Program*, which provides opportunities for students to earn required missing credits through additional academic courses of study. The second program is the *Marquette County Youth Home*, a residency program by referral of the courts.

The above programs support the school district's goal of 90% graduation rate for high school students. Westwood High School's graduation rate since 2004 has been 98.9%.

## InfoBox

| Westwood High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 300 Westwood Drive
Ishpeming, Marquette, Michigan 49849
United States | |
| Coordinates | 46°28′55″N 87°43′32″W / 46.4820°N 87.7256°W / 46.4820; -87.7256 |
| Information | |
| School type | Public, magnet high school |
| Principal | Cliff Fossitt |
| Grades | 912 |
| Enrollment | 360 |
| Color(s) | Red, white and blue
 |
| Athletics conference | WestPAC |
| Nickname | Patriots |
| Website | www.westwood.nice.k12.mi.us |


title: Werrington Lake, New South Wales

abstract:
Werrington Lake in Werrington, New South Wales, Australia, is a man made lake, developed in the early 1980s as a solution to help relieve flooding of the Werrington Creek. It is located within Werrington Lake Reserve on the border between the suburbs of Werrington and Werrington County. Removal of earth began in 1981 and was used to create the overpass of the railway line to the east of Werrington railway station.
Lakes construction began in 1982 with Stage One costing approximately $225,000. An additional three stages followed this, beginning in 1984. The cost of these stages exceeded $500,000. Penrith City Council constructed walkways, bridges, wharves, playgrounds and landscaping. Werrington Lakes are a haven for students undertaking wetland and water conservation studies. It has also become a recreational area for picnickers and sports enthusiasts. The area has naturally attracted a great variety of native birdlife. Used as a wetland to filter stormwater, before entering Werrington Creek, the lake is also used for irrigation for the cricket ground to the west and surrounding parklands. In 2001, Penrith City Council, Department of Land & Water Conservation and the Werrington Landcare group created a program to bring the area back to life and to remediate many of the problems that had occurred in the area.
In 2005, 300 bass, carp, mullet and eels were found dead in the lake. It is believed Chlorpyrifos, a widely used insecticide, was a contributing factor.

text:
# Werrington Lake, New South Wales

**Werrington Lake** in Werrington, New South Wales, Australia, is a man made lake, developed in the early 1980s as a solution to help relieve flooding of the Werrington Creek. It is located within Werrington Lake Reserve on the border between the suburbs of Werrington and Werrington County.

Removal of earth began in 1981 and was used to create the overpass of the railway line to the east of Werrington railway station. Lakes construction began in 1982 with Stage One costing approximately $225,000. An additional three stages followed this, beginning in 1984. The cost of these stages exceeded $500,000. Penrith City Council constructed walkways, bridges, wharves, playgrounds and landscaping. Werrington Lakes are a haven for students undertaking wetland and water conservation studies. It has also become a recreational area for picnickers and sports enthusiasts. The area has naturally attracted a great variety of native birdlife.

Used as a wetland to filter stormwater, before entering Werrington Creek, the lake is also used for irrigation for the cricket ground to the west and surrounding parklands.

In 2001, Penrith City Council, Department of Land & Water Conservation and the Werrington Landcare group created a program to bring the area back to life and to remediate many of the problems that had occurred in the area. In 2005, 300 bass, carp, mullet and eels were found dead in the lake. It is believed Chlorpyrifos, a widely used insecticide, was a contributing factor.

33°45′13″S 150°44′21″E / 33.7536491°S 150.7390541°E / -33.7536491; 150.7390541


title: Westernville New Year's Day shooting

abstract: The Westernville New Year's Day shooting was a mass murder that occurred at a family gathering in Westernville, New York, United States on New Year's Day in 1969. Ralph MacLachlan, a meat cutter and church elder, armed with a semi-automatic.22-caliber rifle, killed four people, including his wife, and injured five others. The next morning, MacLachlan committed suicide by shooting himself following an exchange of gunfire with police. Following the shooting, MacLachlan's brother stated that he had "no indication he was acting abnormally" during a phone conversation around an hour before the shooting. At the time, according to his brother, MacLauchlan was watching a New Year's Day bowl game on the television.

text:
# Westernville New Year's Day shooting

The **Westernville New Year's Day shooting** was a mass murder that occurred at a family gathering in Westernville, New York, United States on New Year's Day in 1969. Ralph MacLachlan (aged 35 or 37), a meat cutter and church elder, armed with a semi-automatic .22-caliber rifle, killed four people, including his wife, and injured five others. The next morning, MacLachlan committed suicide by shooting himself following an exchange of gunfire with police. Following the shooting, MacLachlan's brother stated that he had "no indication he was acting abnormally" during a phone conversation around an hour before the shooting. At the time, according to his brother, MacLauchlan was watching a New Year's Day bowl game on the television.

## Victims

Four people were shot and killed, and a further five were injured. The fatalities include:

* Anita Turke MacLachlan, 33, the perpetrator's wife
* Jane Turke Ringrose, 35, the perpetrator's sister-in-law
* Barbara Jean Ringrose, 12, the perpetrator's niece
* Milton James Pepper, 14, the family's neighbor

Additionally, the shooter injured his father-in-law, mother-in-law, 10-year-old niece, brother-in-law, and another neighbor. MacLachlan and Anita's two-year-old and nine-month-old sons were unharmed after Anita hid them in a bedroom closet.

## InfoBox

| Westernville New Year's Day shooting | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Westernville, New York, United States |
| Date | January 1-2, 1969 |
| Attack type | Mass murder, mass shooting |
| Deaths | 5 (including the perpetrator) |
| Injured | 5 |
| Perpetrator | Ralph MacLachlan |


title: Mir Asadullah Baloch

abstract: Mir Asadullah Baloch is a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Balochistan from August 2018 till August 2023. On 8 September 2018, he was inducted into the provincial cabinet. On 9 September, he was made minister for Food and Social Welfare & Non-Formal Education.

text:
# Mir Asadullah Baloch

**Mir Asadullah Baloch** is a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Balochistan from August 2018 till August 2023.

On 8 September 2018, he was inducted into the provincial cabinet. On 9 September, he was made minister for Food and Social Welfare & Non-Formal Education.

## InfoBox

| Mir Asadullah Baloch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Balochistan | |
| **In office**<br>13 August 2018  12 August 2023 | |
| Constituency | PB-43 Panjgur |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Pakistani |
| Political party | Balochistan National Party (Awami) |
|  | |


abstract: The Ministry of Social Infrastructure was the name of a government department of the 9th, 13th and 14th Constitutional Governments of Portugal.

text:
# Ministry of Social Infrastructure (Portugal)

The **Ministry of Social Infrastructure** was the name of a government department of the 9th, 13th and 14th Constitutional Governments of Portugal.

## List of position holders

The holders of the post of Minister of Social Infrastructure were:

| Period | Minister | Government |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 9 June 1983 | *Ministry created from Ministry of Housing, Public Works and Transport* | IX Constitutional Government |
| 9 June 1983 – 15 February 1985 | João Rosado Correia | |
| 15 February 1985 – 6 November 1985 | Carlos Melancia | |
| 6 November 1985 – 28 October 1995 | *Ministry of Social Equipment became Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communications* | , XI, XII Constitutional Government |
| 28 October 1995 – 27 December 1995 | Henrique Constantino | XIII Constitutional Government |
| 27 December 1995 – 15 January 1996 | Francisco Murteira Nabo | |
| 15 January 1996 – 25 October 1999 | *Ministry of Social Infrastructure became Ministry of Infrastructure, Planning and Territorial Administration* | |
| 25 October 1999 – 10 March 2001 | Jorge Coelho | XIV Constitutional Government |
| 10 March 2001 – 23 January 2002 | Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues | |
| 23 January 2002 – 6 April 2002 | José Sócrates (por delegação de funções) | |
| 6 April 2002 | *Ministry abolished* | XV Constitutional Government |

1. "Arquivo Histórico". *www.portugal.gov.pt*. Retrieved 2015-12-05.

## InfoBox

Ministry of Social Infrastructure
| Ministério do Equipamento Social | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Ministry overview | |
| Formed | 9 June 1983 (9 June 1983) |
| Preceding Ministry |  |
| Dissolved | 6 April 2002 (6 April 2002) |
| Superseding Ministry |  |
| Jurisdiction | Government of Portugal |
| Status | Abolished |
| Headquarters | Lisbon |


abstract: The Ministry of Social Development and Poverty Reduction is a ministry of the government of British Columbia in Canada. Its mandate is to provide British Columbians in need with a system of supports to help them achieve social and economic potential. The ministry is responsible for provincial income assistance, disability assistance, WorkBC, and low-income bus passes. Since December 7, 2022, the minister of social development and poverty reduction has been Sheila Malcolmson.

text:
# Ministry of Social Development and Poverty Reduction

The **Ministry of Social Development and Poverty Reduction** is a ministry of the government of British Columbia in Canada. Its mandate is to provide British Columbians in need with a system of supports to help them achieve social and economic potential.

The ministry is responsible for provincial income assistance, disability assistance, WorkBC, and low-income bus passes.

Since December 7, 2022, the minister of social development and poverty reduction has been Sheila Malcolmson.


title: Nanomaterials and cancer

abstract: Nanomaterials have gained significant attention in the field of cancer research and treatment due to their unique properties and potential applications. These materials, typically on the nanoscale, offer several advantages in the fight against cancer.

text:
# Nanomaterials and cancer

Nanomaterials have gained significant attention in the field of cancer research and treatment due to their unique properties and potential applications. These materials, typically on the nanoscale (measuring less than 100 nanometers), offer several advantages in the fight against cancer.

## Use in cancer treatment

Here are some ways nanomaterials are used in cancer treatment:

* **Drug delivery systems**: Nanoparticles can be loaded with anticancer drugs, improving drug solubility, stability, and targeted delivery to cancer cells. This enhances the drug's therapeutic effect while reducing side effects on healthy tissues.
* **Photothermal therapy**: Certain nanoparticles, like gold nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes, can absorb light and convert it into heat. This property is harnessed for photothermal therapy, where these particles are targeted to cancer cells and then heated with laser light, causing localized cell damage and cell death.
* **Photodynamic therapy**: Nanoparticles can be used as carriers for photosensitizing agents. When exposed to light of a specific wavelength, these agents generate reactive oxygen species, which can kill cancer cells or damage their structural components.
* **MRI contrast agents**: Nanomaterials with magnetic properties, such as iron oxide nanoparticles, are used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They can help detect and visualize tumors with high precision.
* **Radiotherapy enhancers**: Some nanoparticles, like high atomic number nanoparticles, can enhance the effects of radiation therapy. They increase the absorption of ionizing radiation, leading to improved tumor cell damage while sparing healthy tissue.
* **Diagnostic tools and medical factory**: Quantum dots and other nanomaterials are used in cancer diagnostics. They can be designed to specifically target cancer biomarkers, allowing for highly sensitive and accurate detection of cancer cells or molecules associated with cancer.
* **Gene therapy**: Nanocarriers, such as lipid nanoparticles or polymer nanoparticles, can deliver therapeutic genes to cancer cells. This approach aims to modify the genetic makeup of the cancer cells, either to inhibit their growth or sensitize them to other treatments.
* **Immunotherapy enhancement**: Nanomaterials can be used to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapies. They can serve as carriers for immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, or other immunomodulatory agents.
* **Intracellular drug delivery**: Some nanoparticles are designed to penetrate cancer cells and release therapeutic payloads directly into their interior. This can be especially valuable for targeting resistant or hard-to-reach cancer cells.
* **Personalized medicine**: The versatility of nanomaterials allows for the development of personalized cancer therapies. Tailoring nanoparticle properties to match an individual's specific cancer type and genetic makeup can improve treatment outcomes.
* **Minimally invasive surgery**: Nanomaterials can enable minimally invasive surgical techniques. Nanorobots or nanocapsules can be designed to perform precise procedures, such as tumor resection or drug delivery, with minimal damage to surrounding tissue.

While nanomaterials hold potential in cancer treatment, there are also challenges related to their safety, potential toxicity, and regulatory considerations. Extensive research and rigorous testing are required to ensure the efficacy and safety of these materials in clinical applications. The field of nanomedicine continues to evolve and holds potential for improving cancer diagnosis and treatment.


title: NGC 92

abstract: NGC 92 is a highly warped interacting unbarred spiral galaxy in Robert's Quartet; it is interacting with three neighbouring galaxies NGC 87, NGC 88 and NGC 89.

text:
# NGC 92

**NGC 92** is a highly warped interacting unbarred spiral galaxy in Robert's Quartet; it is interacting with three neighbouring galaxies NGC 87, NGC 88 and NGC 89.

## InfoBox

| NGC 92 | |
| --- | --- |
| H-alpha image of NGC 92 with VLT | |
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Phoenix |
| Right ascension | 00h 21m 31.713s |
| Declination | −48° 37 29.23 |
| Redshift | 0.011278 ± 0.000037 |
| Distance | 141 Mly (43.2 Mpc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 13.81 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | SAa: pec |
| Apparent size (V) | 1.9′ × 0.9′ |
| Other designations | |
| ESO 194-G012, PGC 1388 | |


title: Neorapana muricata

abstract: Neorapana muricata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Neorapana muricata

***Neorapana muricata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

## Distribution

* Claremont, M., Vermeij, G. J., Williams, S. T. & Reid, D. G. (2013). Global phylogeny and new classification of the Rapaninae (Gastropoda: Muricidae), dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66: 91–102.

## InfoBox

| *Neorapana muricata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Neorapana muricata* (specimen at Naturalis Biodiversity Center ) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Neorapana* |
| Species: | ***N. muricata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neorapana muricata***<br>(Broderip, 1832) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Purpura muricata* Broderip, 1832 (basionym) * *Purpura truncata* Duclos, 1833 * *Thais (Neorapana) muricata* (Broderip, 1832) | |


title: Yangshangongyuan station

abstract: Yangshangongyuan station, is a station of Line 2 of the Nanjing Metro. It started operations on 28 May 2010 along with the rest of Line 2.

text:
# Yangshangongyuan station

**Yangshangongyuan station** (simplified Chinese: 羊山公园站; traditional Chinese: 羊山公園站; pinyin: *Yángshāngōngyuán Zhàn*; lit. 'Yangshan Park station'), is a station of Line 2 of the Nanjing Metro. It started operations on 28 May 2010 along with the rest of Line 2.

32°06′14″N 118°56′24″E / 32.1038°N 118.939971°E / 32.1038; 118.939971

## InfoBox

| Yangshangongyuan
羊山公园 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Xianlin Avenue (仙林大道)
Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu
China |
| Operated by | Nanjing Metro Co. Ltd. |
| Line(s) | Line 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 204 |
| History | |
| Opened | 28 May 2010 (2010-05-28) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Nanjing Metro Following station  Xianlinzhongxintowards Yuzui  Line 2  NJU Xianlin Campustowards Jingtianlu | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Sardasht Dam

abstract: The Sardasht Dam is an embankment dam on the Little Zab 13 km (8 mi) southeast of Sardasht in the Iranian province of West Azerbaijan. Reconnaissance studies for the dam were completed in 1999 by Moshanir Consulting Engineers Company. It is a 116 m (381 ft) tall and 275 m (902 ft) long rock-fill earth core dam. It has a hydroelectric power station with an installed capacity of 150 MW and expected annual generation of 482 GWh. The construction contract for the dam was awarded in 2009. Official construction on the dam began in 2011. The river diversion tunnels were complete in November 2012 in a ceremony attended by Iran's Ministry of Energy Majid Namjoo. The dam began to impound its reservoir on 22 June 2017.

text:
# Sardasht Dam

The **Sardasht Dam** (Persian: سد سردشت) is an embankment dam on the Little Zab 13 km (8 mi) southeast of Sardasht in the Iranian province of West Azerbaijan. Reconnaissance studies for the dam were completed in 1999 by Moshanir Consulting Engineers Company. It is a 116 m (381 ft) tall and 275 m (902 ft) long rock-fill earth core dam. It has a hydroelectric power station with an installed capacity of 150 MW and expected annual generation of 482 GWh. The construction contract for the dam was awarded in 2009. Official construction on the dam began in 2011. The river diversion tunnels were complete in November 2012 in a ceremony attended by Iran's Ministry of Energy Majid Namjoo. The dam began to impound its reservoir on 22 June 2017.

## InfoBox

| Sardasht Dam | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location of Sardasht Dam in Iran | |
| Country | Iran |
| Location | Sardasht, Sardasht County, West Azerbaijan |
| Coordinates | 36°04′51.8″N 45°33′59.1″E / 36.081056°N 45.566417°E / 36.081056; 45.566417 |
| Status | operational |
| Construction began | 2011 |
| Opening date | 2018 |
| Owner(s) | Iran Water and Power Resources Development Company |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Type of dam | Embankment, rock-fill earth core |
| Impounds | Little Zab |
| Height | 116 m (381 ft) |
| Length | 275 m (902 ft) |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 545,000,000 m3 (441,839 acre⋅ft) |
| Power Station | |
| Installed capacity | 150 MW |
| Annual generation | 482 GWh |


title: Snell Putney

abstract: Snell "Mick" Putney was an American sociologist, environmentalist, and author. His books include The Adjusted American and The Conquest of Society. He was associated with many different environmental groups including the Last Stand, and the Key Deer Protection Alliance of which he was president at the time of his death.

text:
# Snell Putney

**Snell "Mick" Putney** (February 27, 1929 – November 21, 2009) was an American sociologist, environmentalist, and author. His books include *The Adjusted American* and *The Conquest of Society*. He was associated with many different environmental groups including the Last Stand, and the Key Deer Protection Alliance of which he was president at the time of his death.

## Biography

Putney was born in Lincoln, NE to Williams W. and Hazel Snell Putney. He received his B.A. and M.A. from the University of Nebraska before going on to receive his PhD in sociology from the University of Oregon. Unusually, the PhD, which was the very first awarded by the Oregon Sociology department, was awarded jointly to Putney and his wife Gail (née Jackson).

Putney taught at Drake University, Florida State University, Union Institute, and San Jose State University. For much of his adult life he lived between his sailboat, The Troika, and the off-grid solar home he and his second wife Alicia built on No Name Key.

Outside of his academic work, Putney was an avid environmentalist. At the time of his death, he was the president of the Key Deer Protection Alliance as well as the vice president of the Last Stand.

## Putney's thought

### Individual neuroses

Putney is best known for his book, *The Adjusted American*, in which he attempts to describe the neurotic tendencies of the average American. Tendencies which are considered normal and even encouraged by the larger social structure. He sets out the theory that many of the social and personal ills of society are more or less based on the alienation of qualities from the self onto others or an other. Hate and love both appear as ways of alienating qualities that we feel we cannot express and then either despise (because we don't want to express these qualities) or love (because we wish we could). The implicit goal then is to break this constant alienation process so that one can take control over one's life, however, this is difficult because of how much this process of alienation is encouraged by social pressures to conform to a certain ideal image. In some ways, this is similar to Lacan's notions of Otherness and our relationship to it, however, Putney clearly retains the sense of a somewhat unified self though it is not clear what this "self" would be once freed from the various shackles of alienation placed upon it by the socially acceptable and desirable modes of subjectivity.

Strong affect appears as a clear sign of the libidinal investment in the act of alienation so that, for instance, the expression of fascination and anger against those people who are easy to hate (white supremacists for example) shows how important that other is as a vehicle for the alienation of all those repugnant qualities and desires we fear in ourselves. The trauma of the end of a relationship can be similarly seen as an expression of the fear that a part of the self has been lost forever, that part that we projected on the beloved.

Going beyond projection and alienation is seen as the ultimate goal. Achieving the ability to directly fulfill what he terms "self needs" and provide total self acceptance for the individual appears as the way towards self-actualization. If this can happen, then free and candid association with others can occur producing relationships of reciprocity towards greater self-development as opposed to what he sees as superficial relations of mutual admiration. In this sense, Putney was certainly a humanist and can be likened to Erich Fromm inasmuch as freedom is a central term that must be dealt with positively instead of negatively through attempts at its denial via alienation processes that move responsibility for our lives away from ourselves.

## Bibliography

### Books

* Snell Putney and Gail J Putney. *Adjusted American: Normal Neurosis in the Individual and Society*. Joanna Cotler Books, 2nd Revised edition, 1973. First Edition published 1964 under title *Normal Neurosis*.
* Snell Putney. *The Conquest of Society*. Wadsworth, 1972.

### Papers

* Snell Putney and Gladys J. Putney (sic). *Origins of the Reformatory*. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science. Vol. 53, No. 4 (December 1962), pp. 437–445.
* Snell Putney and Gladys J. Putney (sic). *Origins of the Reformatory*. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science. Vol. 53, No. 4 (December 1962), pp. 437–445.
* Russell Middleton and Snell Putney. *Political Beliefs*. Pages 134-140 in *Selected Readings for Introductory Sociology*, edited by Charles H. Ainsworth. MSS Information Corp, 1972.
* Snell Putney and Russell Middleton. *Some Factors Associated with Student Acceptance or Rejection of War*. American Sociological Review, XXVII (October 1962), page 666.

## InfoBox

| Snell Putney | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1929-02-27)February 27, 1929<br>Lincoln, Nebraska, United States |
| Died | November 21, 2009(2009-11-21) (aged 80) |
| Alma mater | University of Oregon |
| Spouse | Gail Fullerton (div.) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Sociology |
| Institutions | San Jose State University |
|  | |


title: The Dude of Life

abstract: Steve Pollak, best known by his stage name The Dude of Life, is a musician and lyricist.

text:
# The Dude of Life

**Steve Pollak** (born 1964 or 1965 (age 59–60)), best known by his stage name **The Dude of Life**, is a musician and lyricist.

## Early life

Steve Pollak is from White Plains, New York. He attended high school in the early 1980s. He earned the alias Dude of Life in high school while playing with the teenage band Space Antelope, along with fellow students Dudley Taft and Trey Anastasio. While going to boarding school at Taft in Watertown, Connecticut, he got the name from classmates when he appeared in a friend's dorm with orange goggles and draped in a tapestry, and saying otherworldly things. In his band Space Antelope, they wrote their own music and covered Grateful Dead songs.

The Dude of Life and Trey Anastasio continued jamming together at the University of Vermont. Pollak attended SUNY Purchase after one semester at the University of Vermont, and majored in literature. He afterwards worked a series of odd jobs, such as a salesman.

## Phish

He has co-written numerous Phish songs, including "Suzy Greenberg", "Run like an Antelope", "Fluffhead", "Sanity", "Dinner and a Movie", "Crimes of the Mind", and "Slave to the Traffic Light".

"Fluffhead" was inspired by Pollak's older brother, who died of cancer.

Recent songs he co-wrote with Anastasio include "Show of Life", "Architect", and "Dr. Gabel."

The Dude of Life has appeared on stage at Phish concerts numerous times. During appearances at Phish shows as well as his own shows, he threw out rubber animals with Sharpie inscriptions by him as well as Phish band members and associates.

In 2013, he released an original song he co-wrote with Anastasio called "Edie's Dream." It was inspired by Edie Sedgwick.

## Solo career

The Dude of Life has released two studio albums: *Crimes of the Mind* (recorded in 1991), which featured Phish as his backing band, and the 1999 release *Under the Sound Umbrella* with a different backing band, featuring appearances by Trey Anastasio, Mike Gordon and Jon Fishman.

In February 1994 he played at the Paradise in Boston, Massachusetts, with appearances by members of Phish.

For *Under the Sound Umbrella,* backing band was the Great Red Shark, which included Cliff Mays on guitar, Mark Thors on keyboard, Paul Gassman on bass, and Jim Weingast on drums.

*Entertainment Weekly* gave *Crimes of the Mind* a review, and said it was "inconsequential silliness". It gave it a score of B−.

In writing about *Under the Sound Umbrella*, William Ruhlmann at Allmusic said that it has "quirky lyrics that border on novelties" with a style reminiscent of the Beatles and David Bowie.

The "Under the Sound Umbrella" tour found The Dude of Life performing at venues like The Comfort Zone in Toronto, Ontario, MusikFest in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Alexanders in New Jerusalem, Pennsylvania, where he performed alongside bands Captain Zig, Emergent Evolution, and Bohemian Sunrise.

In 2015, he and Charles de Saint Phalle collaborated on original music and sound effects for Lightscapes at Van Cortlandt Manor in Croton-on-Hudson, an installation with sculpture, light and music. In recent years, he has performed with Fluid Druids and put together a new version of his solo band. The Dude of Life Band, with Charles de Saint Phalle on bass, Fred Scholl on lead guitar, Doug Schneider on drums and Jon "Bevo" Leibowitz of God Street Wine on keyboard, toured nationally in 2021, and has announced a spring tour of the northeast in 2022, including stops at Lark Hall in Albany, NY, Nectar's in Burlington, VT and City Winery in New York, NY.

## Personal

He lives in Croton-on-Hudson with his wife Leslie. As of 2008, Steve Pollak was teaching elementary school in the Bronx, New York. He has three children.

## Discography

## InfoBox

| The Dude of Life | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Steve Pollak<br>1964 or 1965 (age 59–60) |
| Nationality | American |


title: Yadavaran Shalamcheh F.C.

abstract: Yadavaran Shalamcheh is an Iranian football club based in Khorramshahr, Iran. They currently compete in the Iran Football's 3rd Division. They competed last season in Azadegan League but was soon relegated to the 2nd Division. They relegation was increased to 3rd Division due to match-fixing scandal.

text:
# Yadavaran Shalamcheh F.C.

**Yadavaran Shalamcheh** is an Iranian football club based in Khorramshahr, Iran. They currently compete in the Iran Football's 3rd Division. They competed last season in Azadegan League but was soon relegated to the 2nd Division. They relegation was increased to 3rd Division due to match-fixing scandal.

## History

In September 2012, they bought the license of Sanati Kaveh football club in order to participate in 2012–13 Azadegan League.

## Season-by-Season

The table below shows the achievements of the club in various competitions.

| Season | League | Position | Hazfi Cup | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012–13 | Azadegan League | 14th |  | Relegated |

## InfoBox

Yadavaran Shalamcheh
| Full name | Yadavaran Shalamcheh Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2012 |
| Ground | Jahan Ara Stadium
Khorramshahr
Iran |
| Manager | Hasan Salemi |
| League | 3rd Division |
| 2012–13 | Azadegan League, 14th (Relegated) |


title: Yayoi Watanabe

abstract: Yayoi Watanabe is a Japanese actress. She appeared in many Toei films including Pinky violence films. In 1979, she married sumo wrestler Kurama and retired.

text:
# Yayoi Watanabe

**Yayoi Watanabe** (渡辺やよい, *Watanabe Yayoi*, born 24 August 1952) is a Japanese actress. She appeared in many Toei films including Pinky violence films. In 1979, she married sumo wrestler Kurama and retired.

## Selected filmography

### Film

### Television

## InfoBox

| Yayoi Watanabe | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1952-08-24) 24 August 1952<br>Tokyo, Japan |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1971-1979 |


title: Yehudith Birk

abstract: Yehudith Birk was a Polish-born Israeli biochemist, awarded the 1998 Israel Prize for agricultural research.

text:
# Yehudith Birk

**Yehudith Birk** (30 September 1926 – 14 January 2013) was a Polish-born Israeli biochemist, awarded the 1998 Israel Prize for agricultural research.

## Biography

Yehudith Gershtanski (later Birk) was born in Grajewo, Poland to Frida (née Borowitz; 1895–1974) and Yitzhak Gershtanski (1890–1950), both ardent Zionist activists. Frida was an accountant and Baruch was a businessman. The family immigrated to the British Mandate for Palestine in 1935, settling in Tel Aviv. Gershtanski attended the school for workers’ children on Lasalle Street in Tel Aviv. She studied for a master's degree in biochemistry and microbiology at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, completing her degree in December 1950. She received a doctorate in biochemistry from Hebrew University's Faculty of Agriculture in Rehovot in 1954.

From 1948–49, she served in the Israel Defense Forces' science corps, achieving the rank of second lieutenant in a scientific research unit which was developing and testing parachute flares which would be dropped from planes to illuminate enemy territory.

Around 1948, at the onset of the 1947–1949 Palestine war, Gershtanski married a physicist with the Weizmann Institute, Meir Birk (born 1924 – died 2000), whom she had first met in 1937, when she was eleven years old, as he was the son of her parents' landlords on Balfour Street, Tel Aviv. They had two sons: Yitzhak (born 1953) and Ohad-Shmuel (born 1957).

## Academic career

In 1956, she began teaching at the Faculty of Agriculture, attaining full professorship in 1970. She founded the Food Science and Nutrition school at the Hebrew University Institute of Biochemistry, and was its founding director from 1972–74. She was dean of the Faulty of Agriculture from 1977–80.

Her best-known achievement was isolating and investigating a protease inhibitor predominant in legume seeds, known today as the Bowman–Birk protease inhibitor. She also helped discover the ß-lipotropin (lipolytic hormone). Her book, *Plant Protease Inhibitors: Significance in Nutrition, Plant Protection, Cancer Prevention and Genetic Engineering*, was published in 2003.

## Awards and recognition

In 1978, Birk received the Rothschild Prize and the Mo'ezet Irgunei Nashim be-Yisrael Medal for her accomplishments in research and teaching. From 1990–95, she served as Pro-Rector of the Hebrew University. A member of the Israel Academy of Science and Humanities since 1993, Birk was elected as an active member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2004.


title: Yam Ski Resort

abstract: Yam Ski Resort, also calls Payam Ski Resort, is a ski resort in Marand in North of Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran operated by East Azerbaijan Province Ski Federation. The resort is located in the northern foothills of Mishodaghi. It is one of the oldest ski resorts in Iran that still operating. The resort have a ski lift. Ski season in Yam resort depends on winter precipitation each year which normally starts in January and continues till end of March.

text:
# Yam Ski Resort

38°20′13″N 45°46′49″E / 38.337°N 45.7802°E / 38.337; 45.7802 **Yam Ski Resort**, also calls Payam Ski Resort, is a ski resort in Marand in North of Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran operated by East Azerbaijan Province Ski Federation. The resort is located in the northern foothills of Mishodaghi. It is one of the oldest ski resorts in Iran that still operating. The resort have a ski lift. Ski season in Yam resort depends on winter precipitation each year which normally starts in January and continues till end of March.


title: Uromastyx dispar

abstract:
Uromastyx dispar, the Sudan mastigure, is a species of agamid lizard. It is found in Mauritania, Sudan, Chad, Western Sahara, Algeria, and Mali. There are three subspecies recognized:
  - Uromastyx dispar dispar Heyden, 1827
  - Uromastyx (dispar) flavifasciata Mertens, 1962
  - Uromastyx dispar maliensis Joger & Lambert, 1996 – Mali uromastyx

text:
# Uromastyx dispar

***Uromastyx dispar***, the **Sudan mastigure**, is a species of agamid lizard. It is found in Mauritania, Sudan, Chad, Western Sahara, Algeria, and Mali.

There are three subspecies recognized:

## InfoBox

| *Uromastyx dispar* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| CITES Appendix II (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Iguania |
| Family: | Agamidae |
| Genus: | *Uromastyx* |
| Species: | ***U. dispar*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uromastyx dispar***
Heyden, 1827 | |
|


title: Uslu, Sivrice

abstract: Uslu is a village in the Sivrice District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds and Muhacir Turks and had a population of 103 in 2021. The hamlet of Yenice is attached to the village.

text:
# Uslu, Sivrice

**Uslu** is a village in the Sivrice District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds and Muhacir Turks and had a population of 103 in 2021.

The hamlet of Yenice is attached to the village.

## InfoBox

| Uslu | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| UsluLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 38°22′05″N 39°09′22″E / 38.368°N 39.156°E / 38.368; 39.156 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Elazığ |
| District | Sivrice |
| Population (2021) | 103 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Maria Giustina Turcotti

abstract: Maria Giustina Turcotti, sometimes shortened to Giustina Turcotti, was an Italian vocalist who had a career in opera. Sources vary in describing her voice type, some identifying her as a soprano and others a mezzo-soprano. She performed in opera houses in Italy from 1717 through 1746, and then toured Europe as a member of Pietro Mingotti's opera troupe from 1746 to 1750. She was a resident singer at the Bayreuth court opera; a position she held from 1750 until 1758 and then again from 1760 through 1763. After this period no record of the singer has been found. Turcotti was a gifted singer of coloratura and several composers of the era wrote music specifically for her voice; including Antonio Vivaldi, Nicola Porpora, Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Giuseppe Sellitto, Giovanni Battista Pescetti, and Francesco Corselli. She also worked as a voice teacher, and one of her pupils was the tenor Ernst Christoph Dressler. Several publications writing on the singer's late career have emphasized her weight; particularly focusing on the quotes of her employers, colleagues, and critics in regards to her size. This also includes a well known caricature of the singer from 1742 by the Venetian artist Antonio Maria Zanetti which emphasized her girth and is now part of the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle.

text:
# Maria Giustina Turcotti

**Maria Giustina Turcotti**, sometimes shortened to **Giustina Turcotti**, (born c.1700 − died after 1763) was an Italian vocalist who had a career in opera. Sources vary in describing her voice type, some identifying her as a soprano and others a mezzo-soprano. She performed in opera houses in Italy from 1717 through 1746, and then toured Europe as a member of Pietro Mingotti's opera troupe from 1746 to 1750. She was a resident singer at the Bayreuth court opera; a position she held from 1750 until 1758 and then again from 1760 through 1763. After this period no record of the singer has been found.

Turcotti was a gifted singer of coloratura and several composers of the era wrote music specifically for her voice; including Antonio Vivaldi, Nicola Porpora, Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Giuseppe Sellitto, Giovanni Battista Pescetti, and Francesco Corselli. She also worked as a voice teacher, and one of her pupils was the tenor Ernst Christoph Dressler. Several publications writing on the singer's late career have emphasized her weight; particularly focusing on the quotes of her employers, colleagues, and critics in regards to her size. This also includes a well known caricature of the singer from 1742 by the Venetian artist Antonio Maria Zanetti which emphasized her girth and is now part of the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle.

## Life and career

Born c. 1700 in Florence, Maria Giustina Turcotti first appeared in operas in 1717 in both her native city and in Siena. She made her professional debut at the Teatro del Cocomero. Her voice has been described as a mezzo-soprano in some publications, and as a soprano in others. Her brother was the theatre agent Raffaele Turcotti.

Turcotti did not devote herself to performing full time until 1720, and she was thereafter busy as a leading singer in the opera houses of Italy for the next 26 years; commanding one of the larger salaries for opera singers during that period. She appeared in operas in Venice in 1721–1722, 1731–1732, and in 1742–1743. She was committed to opera houses in Naples in 1727 and 1732–1735; and also appeared at the Teatro San Bartolomeo in Naples in 1728 in the title role of the pastiche *Stratonica* which was staged by the impresario Angelo Carasale and used a modified version of an old libretto by Antonio Salvi with new text by Carlo de Palma.

In 1728 Turcotti performed the title role in the world premiere of Vivaldi's *Atenaide* at the Teatro della Pergola in Florence. At that same theatre she performed the title role in a 1729 production of Leonardo Vinci's 1726 opera *Didone abbandonata* with the composer creating a new aria specifically for her: "Son regina e sono amante". Turcotti's original manuscript for this aria is in the collection at the British Museum. In 1731-1732 she appeared in the world premieres of multiple operas at the Teatro San Angelo; including the roles of Elisa in the premiere of Nicola Porpora's *Annibale* (1731), Semiramis in the premiere of Francesco Corselli's *Nino* (1731), and Cleofide in the premiere of Giovanni Battista Pescetti's *Alessandro nell'Indie* (1732). In 1742 she appeared at the Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo in the world premiere of Niccolò Jommelli's *Semiramide*.

In October 1734 Turcotti returned to the Teatro San Bartolomeo to create the role of Emirena in the world premiere of Pergolesi's *Adriano in Siria* which was written to celebrate the birthday of the Spanish Queen Elisabeth Farnese. The following December she appeared at that opera house again as Viriate in the premiere of Giuseppe Sellitto's setting of Metastasio's *Siface, re di Numidia*; a pastiche work which also contained music by other composers like Porpora, Geminiano Giacomelli, and Johann Adolph Hasse among others.

Turcotti's last appearances in Italy were in the cities of Crema and Ferrara in 1745–1746. In Crema she performed the title role in Giovanni Battista Lampugnani's *Didone abbandonata* in 1745. She then joined the roster of leading singers in the touring opera company of impresario Pietro Mingotti in 1746 with whom she spent the next four years touring Germany and Copenhagen. By this time in her career, Turcotti had become rather obese and she was described by Mingotti as "a monstrous mass of flesh, who accompanies every syllable with a grimace or emphatic gesture". Within the Mingotti troupe Turcotti had a professional rivalry with the German opera singer Marianne Pirker who repeatedly referred to Turcotti as the "fat pig" in letters written to her husband, the violinist Joseph Franz Pirker.

Criticisms of Turcotti's weight had occurred previously during her career in Italy, with multiple writers complaining that her weight hampered her movements on stage. In a 1742 letter from Aranjuez, Farinelli enquired after Turcotti's fate, wondering if she had lost weight or if she retained her enormous fatness, and affectionately wishing her all the best, "because her manners are different from the other prima donnas'". A well known caricature of Turcotti emphasizing her girth was created by the artist Antonio Maria Zanetti in 1742 and is part of the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle. The picture depicts Turcotti in the role of Irene from an October 1742 performance of Andrea Bernasconi's *Il Bajazet* at the Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo. The artist's brother, critic Girolamo Zanetti of the publication *Archivio Veneto*, wrote in his review of that production that Turcotti "sang very well but was fat to the point of deformity". Another caricature of the artist by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo was in the private portrait collection of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach.

In 1750 Turcotti became a resident singer at the Bayreuth court opera; a position she held until 1758 and then again from 1760 through 1763. Nothing more is known about the singer's life after her time at the Bayreuth court in 1763. While in Bayreuth she also worked as a voice teacher; notably training the tenor Ernst Christoph Dressler.

Music written for Turcotti by Pescetti and Corselli indicates that she was a singer who could execute difficult coloratura passages with complex rhythms and wide leaps in pitch.

## Citations

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Maria Giustina Turcotti | |
| --- | --- |
| Pen and ink drawing of Turcotti by Marco Ricci, c.17201730 | |
| Born | c.1700<br>Florence |
| Died | after 1763 |
| Occupations | * Opera singer * voice teacher |
| Organizations | Margravial Opera House, Bayreuth |


title: Maria Gloriosa

abstract: Maria Gloriosa, or the Erfurt Bell, is a well-known bell of Erfurt Cathedral, cast by Geert van Wou in 1497. The world's largest medieval free-swinging bell, it is now swung electrically. It was welded in 1985 to repair a crack, then, in August 2004, the bell was re-fused due to another crack from 2001. Diameter: 8 feet 5+3⁄4 inches [2,584 mm], weight: 13 tons 15 cwts. [12555 kg], note: E [1497 standard]. Alternately: 2570mm, 11450 kg, note by today's standards: F−. It is about 2 meters tall. As with any well-tuned bell the hum tone is near an octave below the strike tone, and all other notes are in tune including the minor third, fifth, octave, and major third and fifth in the second octave that may be heard in large bells. Related Section: Cologne Bell, also known as the great bell of Cologne Cathedral, is the second largest bell freely swinging bell. It was cast using metal from French guns.

text:
# Maria Gloriosa

**Maria Gloriosa**, or the **Erfurt Bell**, is a well-known bell of Erfurt Cathedral, cast by Geert van Wou in 1497. The world's largest medieval free-swinging bell, it is now swung electrically. It was welded in 1985 to repair a crack, then, in August 2004, the bell was re-fused due to another crack from 2001.

Diameter: 8 feet 5+34 inches \[2,584 mm\], weight: 13 tons 15 cwts. \[12555 kg\], note: E \[1497 standard\]. Alternately: 2570mm, 11450 kg, note by today's standards: F−. It is about 2 meters tall.

As with any well-tuned bell the hum tone is near an octave below the strike tone, and all other notes are in tune including the minor third, fifth, octave, and major third and fifth in the second octave that may be heard in large bells.

Related Section:

Cologne Bell, also known as the great bell of Cologne Cathedral, is the second largest bell freely swinging bell. It was cast using metal from French guns.

## Sources

50°58′33″N 11°01′24″E / 50.9758°N 11.0234°E / 50.9758; 11.0234


title: Margazhi Thingal

abstract: Margazhi Thingal is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Manoj Bharathiraja in his directorial debut as his father and produced by Suseenthiran. The film stars Bharathiraja, Suseenthiran, Shyam Selvan and Rakshana in the lead roles. It was released on 27 October 2023.

text:
# Margazhi Thingal

***Margazhi Thingal*** (transl.The Tamil month of Margazhi) is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Manoj Bharathiraja in his directorial debut as his father and produced by Suseenthiran. The film stars Bharathiraja, Suseenthiran, Shyam Selvan and Rakshana in the lead roles. It was released on 27 October 2023.

## Cast

* Bharathiraja as Ramaiyaa
* Suseenthiran as Dharmaraj
* Shyam Selvan as Vinod
* Malavika Induchoodan as R. Kavitha
* Appukutty as Raasu
* Naksha Saran as Hema
* Supergood Subramani as Karuppusamy
* George Nelson as Vinod's father
* Sharmila
* Kovai Saavithiri

## Production

In 2022, director-producer Suseenthiran approached Manoj Bharathiraja to direct a film that he had written. Through the project, Manoj made his directorial debut, and revealed that he had dropped plans of making a remake of *Sigappu Rojakkal* that he had been attached to since the late 2000s. Production began in mid-2023, with Manoj's father Bharathiraja selected to play a pivotal acting role alongside Suseenthiran, who would also make his debut as an actor. Newcomers Shyam Selvan - a nephew of Suseenthiran, Rakshana from Qatar, and Naksha Saran also joined the cast.

## Soundtrack

G. V. Prakash Kumar was signed on to compose the film's music, but later left the project owing to other commitments. Music composer Ilaiyaraaja subsequently replaced Prakash Kumar, with the collaboration notably ending a long-term feud between Ilaiyaraaja and Bharathiraja. The soundtrack contains three songs. The lyrics were written by Ilaiyaraaja.

* Un Ninaivaal - Ananya Bhat
* Un Idhazhgalinal - Ananya Bhat
* Pudichurukka - Ananya Bhat, Rajaganapathy
* Pudichurukka (Version 2) - Ilaiyaraaja, Ananya Bhat

## Reception

The film was released on 27 October 2023 across theatres in Tamil Nadu, after being delayed due to the release of *Leo* (2023). A critic from *The New Indian Express* called it a "generic romance pulled down by dated craft" and that "only in the last quarter that the film finally fires up, and the twists are unveiled". A reviewer from *Times of India* wrote it was a "touching love story that makes for a decent watch" and that "despite the low-key release of Manoj Bharathiraja's debut directorial venture, there is a noticeable breath of fresh air in his filmmaking abilities".

## InfoBox

| Margazhi Thingal | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Manoj Bharathiraja |
| Written by | Suseenthiran |
| Produced by | Suseenthiran |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Vanchinathan Murugesan |
| Edited by | Thiyaku |
| Music by | Ilaiyaraaja |
| Production<br>company | Vennila Productions |
| Release date | * 27 October 2023 (2023-10-27) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Utah Grizzlies (1995–2005)

abstract: The Utah Grizzlies were an ice hockey team in the International Hockey League (IHL) and American Hockey League (AHL). They originally played at the Delta Center in Salt Lake City, before relocating to the E Center in the Salt Lake City suburb of West Valley City in 1997. After the 2004–05 season, the franchise was suspended. It was sold in 2006 and moved to Cleveland where it returned to play in 2007 as the Lake Erie Monsters. A new Utah Grizzlies franchise in the ECHL began play in 2005.

text:
# Utah Grizzlies (1995–2005)

The **Utah Grizzlies** were an ice hockey team in the International Hockey League (IHL) and American Hockey League (AHL). They originally played at the Delta Center in Salt Lake City, before relocating to the E Center in the Salt Lake City suburb of West Valley City in 1997. After the 2004–05 season, the franchise was suspended. It was sold in 2006 and moved to Cleveland where it returned to play in 2007 as the Lake Erie Monsters. A new Utah Grizzlies franchise in the ECHL began play in 2005.

## History

The original Utah Grizzlies moved to Utah in 1995 after one IHL season in Denver, Colorado, as the NHL's Quebec Nordiques relocated to Denver to become the Colorado Avalanche. The Grizzlies were admitted to the AHL in 2001 after the IHL folded. They played their home games in the Delta Center until the E Center was built a few seasons after their arrival in Salt Lake.

While in Denver, the Grizzlies won the 1994–95 Turner Cup, the championship of the IHL. After relocating to the Salt Lake City area, the Utah Grizzlies once again marched to victory in the IHL playoffs. Utah swept the Orlando Solar Bears in four games to win the 1995–96 Turner Cup. The fourth (and final) game of the series was played in the Delta Center; 17,381 fans attended, which, at the time, set a national record for largest attendance at a minor league ice hockey game.

The franchise was granted a voluntary suspension for the 2005–06 season, and on May 16, 2006, it was sold to an ownership group from Cleveland led by Dan Gilbert, the owner of the Cleveland Cavaliers and Quicken Loans. The franchise was moved to Cleveland to replace the departed Cleveland Barons and resumed play in 2007 as the Lake Erie Monsters.

After the suspension of the IHL/AHL Grizzlies, a new ownership group purchased the Utah Grizzlies identity and resurrected a team of the same name in the ECHL that started playing in the 2005–06 season.

### Market facts

The Salt Lake City market was previously served by:

The franchise was replaced by:

## Affiliates

## Season-by-season results

* Denver Grizzlies 1994–95 (International Hockey League)
* Utah Grizzlies 1995–2001 (International Hockey League)
* Utah Grizzlies 2001–05 (American Hockey League)

| Regular season | | | | | | | | | | | Playoffs | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | GP | W | L | T | OTL | SOL | Pts | GF | GA | Standing | Year | Prelim | 1st round | 2nd round | 3rd round | Finals |
| 1994–95 | 81 | 57 | 18 |  | 6 |  | 120 | 339 | 235 | **1st, Southwest** | 1995 |  | W, 3–0, MIN | W, 4–1, PHX | W, 4–1, MIL | **W, 4–0, KC** |
| 1995–96 | 82 | 49 | 29 |  | 4 |  | 102 | 291 | 232 | 2nd, Southwest | 1996 |  | W, 3–2, KC | W, 4–3, PEO | W, 4–2, LV | **W, 4–0, ORL** |
| 1996–97 | 82 | 43 | 33 |  | 6 |  | 92 | 259 | 254 | 3rd, Southwest | 1997 |  | W, 3–0, KC | L, 0–4, LB |  |  |
| 1997–98 | 82 | 47 | 27 |  | 8 |  | 102 | 276 | 234 | 3rd, Southwest | 1998 |  | L, 1–3, KC |  |  |  |
| 1998–99 | 82 | 39 | 34 |  | 9 |  | 87 | 244 | 254 | 3rd, Southwest | 1999 |  | Did not qualify | | | |
| 1999–00 | 82 | 45 | 25 |  | 12 |  | 102 | 265 | 220 | 2nd, West | 2000 |  | BYE | L, 1–4, HOU |  |  |
| 2000–01 | 82 | 38 | 36 |  | 8 |  | 84 | 208 | 220 | 4th, West | 2001 |  |  | Did not qualify | | |
| 2001–02 | 80 | 40 | 29 | 6 | 5 |  | 91 | 240 | 225 | 3rd, West | 2002 | BYE | L, 2–3, HOU |  |  |  |
| 2002–03 | 80 | 37 | 34 | 4 | 5 |  | 83 | 227 | 243 | 5th, West | 2003 | L, 0–2, WBS |  |  |  |  |
| 2003–04 | 80 | 27 | 42 | 6 | 5 |  | 65 | 162 | 230 | 7th, West | 2004 | Did not qualify | | | | |
| 2004–05 | 80 | 23 | 50 | 5 | 2 |  | 53 | 156 | 265 | 7th, West | 2005 |  | Did not qualify | | | |

## Team records

### Single season

**Goals:** 46  Kip Miller (1994–95) **Assists:** 60  Kip Miller (1994–95) **Points:** 106  Kip Miller (1994–95) **Penalty minutes:** 317  Mike MacWilliam (1995–96) **GAA:** 2.21  Rich Parent (1999–00) **SV%:** .928  Wade Flaherty (2001–02) **Wins:** 45  Tommy Salo (1994–95) **Shutouts:** 5  Mike Bales (2000–01) * Goaltending records need a minimum 25 games played by the goaltender

### Career

**Career goals:** 111  Chris Taylor (1994–98) **Career assists:** 167  Chris Taylor **Career points:** 278  Chris Taylor **Career penalty minutes:** 694 John Erskine (2000–03) **Career goaltending wins:** 73  Tommy Salo (1994–96) **Career shutouts:** 7  Tommy Salo **Career games:** 440  Gord Dineen (1994–2000)

## InfoBox

| Utah Grizzlies | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Denver, Colorado
Salt Lake City, Utah
West Valley City, Utah |
| League | IHL (1994–2001)
AHL (2001–2005) |
| Founded | 1994 (In the IHL) |
| Operated | 1994–1995 as the Denver Grizzlies
19952005 as the Utah Grizzlies |
| Home arena | McNichols Sports Arena (1994–1995)
Delta Center (1995–1997)
E Center (1997–2005) |
| Colors | Maroon and White |
| Affiliates | New York Islanders (1994-98)
Dallas Stars (2000–04)
Phoenix Coyotes (2004–05) |
| Franchise history | |
| 1994–1995 | **Denver Grizzlies** |
| 1995–2005 | **Utah Grizzlies** |
| 2007–2016 | Lake Erie Monsters |
| 2016–present | Cleveland Monsters |
| Championships | |
| Regular season titles | **1** (1994–95) |
| Division titles | **1** (1994–95) |
| Turner Cups | **2** (1994–95, 1995–96) |


title: Margaret Douie Dougal

abstract: Margaret Douie Dougal was a British chemical publication indexer for fifteen years (1885–1909) for the Chemical Society. Dougal contributed to the compilation of volumes i-iii of A Collective Index of the Transactions, Proceedings and Abstracts of the Chemical Society. The then president of the Chemical society, Sir James Dewar, congratulated Dougal for her work as "an example of thoroughness and accuracy to her successors." The collected decennial indices were also prepared by Dougal; at the 1906 Annual Meeting of the Chemical Society it was noted that the Council "had pleasure in expressing the high appreciation of the ceaseless energy displayed by the indexer, Mrs. Margaret Dougal, on the completion of this valuable work." Under Thomas Edward Thorpe, Dougal conducted inorganic chemistry research of mixed salts of chromium by testing their compositions. Research she conducted also provided insight on the stress and fracturing behavior of iron in Scottish craftsmanship and manufacturing in 1892. Dougal was born Margaret Douie Robertson in Singapore in 1858 or 1859, the daughter of J.H. Robertson M.D.. She married William Dougal and, after his death, married Arnold Chaplin M.D. F.R.C.P. on 29 July 1909. She died in London on 9 November 1938 at the age of 79.

text:
# Margaret Douie Dougal

**Margaret Douie Dougal** (1858 or 1859 – 1938, née **Robertson**, later **Chaplin**) was a British chemical publication indexer for fifteen years (1885–1909) for the Chemical Society. Dougal contributed to the compilation of volumes i-iii of *A Collective Index of the Transactions, Proceedings and Abstracts of the Chemical Society*. The then president of the Chemical society, Sir James Dewar, congratulated Dougal for her work as "an example of thoroughness and accuracy to her successors." The collected decennial indices were also prepared by Dougal; at the 1906 Annual Meeting of the Chemical Society it was noted that the Council "had pleasure in expressing the high appreciation of the ceaseless energy displayed by the indexer, Mrs. Margaret Dougal, on the completion of this valuable work."

Under Thomas Edward Thorpe, Dougal conducted inorganic chemistry research of mixed salts of chromium by testing their compositions. Research she conducted also provided insight on the stress and fracturing behavior of iron in Scottish craftsmanship and manufacturing in 1892.

Dougal was born Margaret Douie Robertson in Singapore in 1858 or 1859, the daughter of J.H. Robertson M.D.. She married William Dougal and, after his death, married Arnold Chaplin M.D. F.R.C.P. on 29 July 1909. She died in London on 9 November 1938 at the age of 79.


title: Maria Landi

abstract: Maria Landi, was a Lady consort of Monaco by marriage to Ercole Grimaldi, Lord of Monaco.

text:
# Maria Landi

**Maria Landi** (15?? – 19 January 1599), was a Lady consort of Monaco by marriage to Ercole Grimaldi, Lord of Monaco.

## Life

Maria was a daughter of Claudio Landi, Prince of Val di Taro, and Juana Fernández de Córdoba y Milá de Aragón.

She married Grimaldi on 15 September 1595. The marriage was arranged through Ercole's good contacts at the Spanish court and gave him great prestige, as Maria was a descendant of the Royal House of Aragon through her mother, which made Ercole related to the king of Aragon.

## Issue

She had three children:


title: Maria Lani

abstract: Maria Lani was an aspiring film actress and artists' model. In the late 1920s she was portrayed in paintings and sculpture by over fifty artists, including Bonnard, Chagall, Cocteau, Derain, Matisse, Rouault, and Suzanne Valadon.

text:
# Maria Lani

**Maria Lani** (**Maria Jeleniewicz**; 24 June 1895 – 1954) was an aspiring film actress and artists' model. In the late 1920s she was portrayed in paintings and sculpture by over fifty artists, including Bonnard, Chagall, Cocteau, Derain, Matisse, Rouault, and Suzanne Valadon.

## Biography

Maria Lani was born in Kolno, Poland, and grew up in Częstochowa also in Poland. She went to Paris in the spring of 1928 and proclaimed herself to be a silent film star who had worked in Berlin. Together with her husband, Maximilian Abramowicz, and her brother, Alexander, the trio claimed to be working on a film which required multiple portraits as part of the plot. She befriended Jean Cocteau who enthusiastically endorsed the project and with his encouragement, fifty-nine artists made portraits of her.

A limited edition book about Lani and the portraits was published in 1929 by Éditions des Quatre Chemins, Paris with essays by Cocteau, Mac Ramo, and Waldemar George. It included fifty-one plates of reproductions.

The film never materialized, but the portraits were exhibited as a group in Europe and the United States, and Lani and Abramowicz kept them in their possession. In 1941 they moved to New York City, where she worked at the Stage Door Canteen, a recreational center for servicemen. They returned to Paris after the war, where she died in 1954 and was buried in a pauper's grave.

* In the late 1930s, Thomas Mann coauthored a screen play that was inspired by Lani. "Jean Renoir agreed to direct, with Garbo to star."
* The 3 December 1945 issue of Life Magazine reproduced fifteen of the portraits.
* Lani was an inspiration for fashion designer John Galliano's spring/summer collection in 2011 and he referenced the portraits in the outfits of the models.

* Lackman, Jon (June–July 2014). "Maria Lani's Mystery". *Art in America*. New York: Brant Publications: 49–52.