title: Ray Bronson

abstract: Ray Bronson briefly claimed the World Welterweight Boxing Title between February and December 1912.

text:
# Ray Bronson

**Ray Bronson** (August 1887 – January 1948) briefly claimed the World Welterweight Boxing Title between February and December 1912.

## Early life

Like so many boxers of his era, Bronson was forced to begin earning a living at an early age. After working as a messenger boy, he became an apprentice horseshoer in an Indianapolis blacksmith shop. As his strength improved, he was often given the task of shoeing the strongest, and most defiant horses. His youthful career as a blacksmith strengthened his arms, and shoulders, and even helped create endurance, all essential skills for a successful boxer. He became a member of the Horseshoer's Union in October 1905, and served as a delegate of the Central Labor Union through 1907.

## Early boxing career

At least according to BoxRec, Bronson had begun his professional boxing career by the age of seventeen in early 1905, and although the location of many of his early fights remains unclear, he fought often in his hometown of Indianapolis and occasionally in adjacent Illinois. In his first four years of boxing, he fought at least 44 fights, losing only twice in those bouts listed by BoxRec, once to Grover Hayes, and once to Mickey Ford, both in Indiana, and both by knockout.

In a memorable bout on March 5, 1909, he lost in a thirteenth-round TKO to the great Freddie Welsh in a lightweight bout in Gretna, Louisiana. On September 19, 1909, he drew with Packey McFarland on points in a full twenty-round bout in McDonoughville, Louisiana. The local *New Orleans Daily Picayune* gave the bout to McFarland, however. The Washington *Evening Star* called the bout "a hard, fast battle all the way", and noted that both boxers were near the lightweight limit, weighing in at around 134 pounds.

On June 30, 1910, Bronson managed to defeat future welterweight world champion Jack Britton at the Royal Athletic Club in New Orleans in a ten-round points decision.

## Claiming the World Welterweight Title

Bronson first claimed the World Welterweight Title, according to most sources, in his bout with Young Erne on February 22, 1912, in Indianapolis, Indiana. He won the bout, according to the *Indianapolis Star* in a ten-round points decision.

One of Bronson's most famous opponents was Packey McFarland. Bronson fought a ten-round, no-decision bout three months after taking the Welterweight Title against McFarland at Independence Hall in Indianapolis on May 29, 1912. Though a no-decision bout, most newspapers gave the edge to McFarland, an American boxing legend who somehow never claimed a world title despite being nearly undefeated in his career. A large crowd had assembled perhaps as a result of the Indianapolis 500 soon to follow. The *Milwaukee Journal* wrote, "Packey McFarland gave Ray Bronson an artistic lacing in a spiteful ten-round fight before a big crowd of fans." The *New London Day* wrote, "McFarland had the better of eight rounds, and Bronson managed to break even in the other two."

According to one source, Bronson was one of only two boxers to ever knock down the legendary Packey McFarland in a fight, a feat he managed in their previous 1909 twenty-round bout in New Orleans. As the fight was a no-decision, Bronson retained his title.

Bronson defended his title against boxers Clarence English, Harry Brewer, Wildcat Ferns and Hillard Lang. He lost the American version of the World title on January 13, 1913, to Spike Kelly in an eight-round points decision in Memphis, Tennessee. He more formally lost the World Title against Waldemar Holberg in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on January 1, 1914, in a twenty-round points decision that was clearly billed as a World Welterweight Title fight, or at least the Australian version.

On February 8, 1914, he lost to Matt Wells, a future World Welterweight Title holder, and on September 6, 1920, he lost to Jack Britton another future World Welterweight champion. While in Australia, Bronson tried his hand at managing other boxers. The *Tacoma Times* wrote in July 1914, that Bronson was managing welterweight Milburn Saylor, and that, "Bronson has a number of crack battlers under his wing," which included Al Morey, an Australian welterweight.

## Retirement from boxing

Bronson retired from active professional boxing around 1921 and died in 1948.

## Professional boxing record

All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.

### Official record

| 105 fights | 49 wins | 10 losses |
| --- | --- | --- |
| By knockout | 22 | 4 |
| By decision | 26 | 5 |
| By disqualification | 1 | 1 |
| Draws | 23 | |
| Newspaper decisions/draws | 23 | |

All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.

| No. | Result | Record | Opponent | Type | Round | Date | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 105 | Loss | 49–10–23 (23) | Jack Britton | NWS | 10 | Sep 6, 1920 | Cedar Point Arena, Sandusky, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 104 | Loss | 49–10–23 (22) | Matt Wells | TKO | 7 (20) | Feb 28, 1914 | Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |  |
| 103 | Draw | 49–9–23 (22) | Frank Picato | PTS | 20 | Feb 14, 1914 | Baker's Stadium, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |  |
| 102 | Loss | 49–9–22 (22) | Waldemar Holberg | PTS | 20 | Jan 1, 1914 | Baker's Pavilion, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia | Lost world welterweight title claim;
For vacant Australian world welterweight title;
Forbes continued to claim the title |
| 101 | Loss | 49–8–22 (22) | Young Denny | NWS | 10 | May 12, 1913 | Orleans A.C., New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. | Bronson defended the American version of the world welterweight title |
| 100 | Win | 49–8–22 (21) | Hilliard Lang | NWS | 10 | Apr 23, 1913 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 99 | Draw | 49–8–22 (20) | Billy Griffith | NWS | 10 | Apr 14, 1913 | Olympic A.C., Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 98 | Loss | 49–8–22 (19) | Tommy Howell | NWS | 6 | Mar 8, 1913 | National A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |  |
| 97 | Win | 49–8–22 (18) | Leo Kelly | KO | 2 (8) | Mar 5, 1913 | Saint Louis, Missouri, U.S. |  |
| 96 | Win | 48–8–22 (18) | Jimmy Perry | NWS | 10 | Jan 29, 1913 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 95 | Loss | 48–8–22 (17) | Tommy Howell | PTS | 10 | Jan 22, 1913 | Labor Temple Auditorium, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. |  |
| 94 | Loss | 48–7–22 (17) | Spike Kelly | PTS | 8 | Jan 13, 1913 | Phoenix A.C., Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. | Lost American welterweight title claim |
| 93 | Win | 48–6–22 (17) | Clarence English | NWS | 8 | Oct 29, 1912 | Saint Louis, Missouri, U.S. |  |
| 92 | Loss | 48–6–22 (16) | Hilliard Lang | NWS | 12 | Sep 9, 1912 | Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada | American welterweight title claim |
| 91 | Win | 48–6–22 (15) | Wildcat Ferns | NWS | 10 | Sep 2, 1912 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 90 | Win | 48–6–22 (14) | Harry Brewer | NWS | 10 | Jun 29, 1912 | Ball Park, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 89 | Loss | 48–6–22 (13) | Packey McFarland | NWS | 10 | May 29, 1912 | Independence Ball Park, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. | American welterweight title claim |
| 88 | Loss | 48–6–22 (12) | Harry Brewer | NWS | 8 | May 23, 1912 | Coliseum, Saint Louis, Missouri, U.S. | American welterweight title claim |
| 87 | Win | 48–6–22 (11) | Clarence English | PTS | 15 | Apr 1, 1912 | Saint Joseph, Missouri, U.S. | Claimed vacant American welterweight title |
| 86 | Win | 47–6–22 (11) | Young Erne | NWS | 10 | Feb 22, 1912 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 85 | Draw | 47–6–22 (10) | Tommy Devlin | PTS | 10 | Jan 1, 1912 | Tri City A.C., Jeffersonville, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 84 | Win | 47–6–21 (10) | Tommy Howell | NWS | 10 | Nov 29, 1911 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 83 | Loss | 47–6–21 (9) | Milburn Saylor | NWS | 10 | Oct 18, 1911 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 82 | Win | 47–6–21 (8) | Tommy Howell | NWS | 10 | Sep 27, 1911 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 81 | Loss | 47–6–21 (7) | Tommy Howell | PTS | 12 | Aug 29, 1911 | Armory A.A., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |  |
| 80 | Win | 47–5–21 (7) | Dave Deshler | NWS | 10 | Aug 23, 1911 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 79 | Win | 47–5–21 (6) | Eddie Webber | KO | 3 (10) | Jul 26, 1911 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 78 | Win | 46–5–21 (6) | Johnny Glover | PTS | 8 | Jul 10, 1911 | Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |  |
| 77 | Win | 45–5–21 (6) | Morris Bloom | NWS | 10 | Jun 5, 1911 | Empire Theater, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 76 | Loss | 45–5–21 (5) | Sid Burns | DQ | 19 (20) | Mar 22, 1911 | Olympia Annexe, Kensington, London, England |  |
| 75 | Win | 45–4–21 (5) | Jim Armstrong | KO | 5 (20) | Jan 23, 1911 | Melbourne Athletic Club, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |  |
| 74 | Win | 44–4–21 (5) | Arthur Douglas | TKO | 11 (20) | Jan 7, 1911 | Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |  |
| 73 | Loss | 43–4–21 (5) | Hughie Mehegan | PTS | 20 | Jan 2, 1911 | Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia | For vacant Australian lightweight title |
| 72 | Win | 43–3–21 (5) | Frank Thorn | TKO | 4 (20) | Dec 7, 1910 | Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |  |
| 71 | Win | 42–3–21 (5) | Sid Papworth Sullivan | PTS | 20 | Nov 16, 1910 | Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |  |
| 70 | Win | 41–3–21 (5) | Tommy Jones | PTS | 20 | Oct 22, 1910 | Brisbane Stadium, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |  |
| 69 | Win | 40–3–21 (5) | Grover Hayes | PTS | 8 | Aug 29, 1910 | Phoenix A.C., Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |  |
| 68 | Win | 39–3–21 (5) | Johnny Krause | PTS | 8 | Aug 1, 1910 | Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |  |
| 67 | Win | 38–3–21 (5) | Guy Dalton | PTS | 8 | Jul 26, 1910 | Richmond, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 66 | Win | 37–3–21 (5) | Jack Britton | PTS | 10 | Jun 30, 1910 | Royal A.C., New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |  |
| 65 | Win | 36–3–21 (5) | Harry Trendall | PTS | 8 | Jun 13, 1910 | Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |  |
| 64 | Win | 35–3–21 (5) | Guy Dalton | KO | 5 (?) | Jun 8, 1910 | near Evansville, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 63 | Loss | 34–3–21 (5) | Jack Redmond | NWS | 10 | May 17, 1910 | Grand Opera House, Anderson, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 62 | Win | 34–3–21 (4) | Mike Memsic | NWS | 8 | May 5, 1910 | Anderson, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 61 | Draw | 34–3–21 (3) | Paul Kohler | NWS | 10 | May 2, 1910 | Akron, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 60 | Win | 34–3–21 (2) | Tommy O'Keefe | TKO | 3 (12) | Mar 22, 1910 | Armory, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |  |
| 59 | Win | 33–3–21 (2) | Joe Hirst | NWS | 6 | Mar 12, 1910 | National A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |  |
| 58 | Draw | 33–3–21 (1) | Jack Dillon | PTS | 8 (10) | Mar 8, 1910 | Grand Opera House, Anderson, Indiana, U.S. | The referee declared it a draw in the 8th, although the bout was scheduled for 10 rounds |
| 57 | Draw | 33–3–20 (1) | Matty Baldwin | PTS | 12 | Feb 22, 1910 | Armory, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |  |
| 56 | Draw | 33–3–19 (1) | Matty Baldwin | PTS | 20 | Dec 26, 1909 | West Side A.C., Gretna, Louisiana, U.S. |  |
| 55 | Draw | 33–3–18 (1) | Dave Deshler | PTS | 12 | Dec 14, 1909 | Armory A.A., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |  |
| 54 | Draw | 33–3–17 (1) | Dave Deshler | PTS | 12 | Nov 30, 1909 | Armory A.A., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |  |
| 53 | Win | 33–3–16 (1) | Perry Moyer | KO | 1 (20) | Oct 16, 1909 | Near, Dayton, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 52 | Draw | 32–3–16 (1) | Packey McFarland | PTS | 20 | Sep 19, 1909 | West Side A.C., McDonoughville, Louisiana, U.S. |  |
| 51 | Win | 32–3–15 (1) | Jack O'Sullivan | PTS | 6 | Aug 7, 1909 | Marion, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 50 | Win | 31–3–15 (1) | Jack Redmond | PTS | 10 | Jul 3, 1909 | Royal A.C., New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |  |
| 49 | Draw | 30–3–15 (1) | Jack Redmond | PTS | 10 | Jun 26, 1909 | Royal A.C., New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |  |
| 48 | Loss | 30–3–14 (1) | Cyclone Johnny Thompson | NWS | 6 | May 25, 1909 | Columbus, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 47 | Draw | 30–3–14 | Russell Van Horn | PTS | 10 | May 15, 1909 | Royal A.C., New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |  |
| 46 | Draw | 30–3–13 | Jack Dillon | PTS | 6 | Mar 12, 1909 | Hartford City A.C., Hartford City, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 45 | Loss | 30–3–12 | Freddie Welsh | TKO | 13 (20) | Mar 5, 1909 | West Side A.C., Gretna, Louisiana, U.S. |  |
| 44 | Win | 30–2–12 | Julius Stein | KO | 3 (20) | Jan 26, 1909 | Atlanta A.C., Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |  |
| 43 | Draw | 29–2–12 | Jimmy Dunn | PTS | 10 | Jan 22, 1909 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 42 | Win | 29–2–11 | Kid Goodman | PTS | 20 | Nov 20, 1908 | Gymnastic Club, Dayton, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 41 | Draw | 28–2–11 | Jimmy Dunn | PTS | 15 | Sep 7, 1908 | Springfield, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 40 | Draw | 28–2–10 | Andy Bezenah | PTS | 15 | Apr 23, 1908 | Springfield, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 39 | Win | 28–2–9 | Andy Bezenah | PTS | 10 | Mar 30, 1908 | Springfield, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 38 | Win | 27–2–9 | Kid Hogan | KO | 5 (?) | Feb 18, 1908 | Springfield, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 37 | Draw | 26–2–9 | Julius Stein | PTS | 10 | Oct 30, 1907 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 36 | Draw | 26–2–8 | Grover Hayes | PTS | 10 | May 8, 1907 | Indianapolis A.C., Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 35 | Win | 26–2–7 | Jack Ward | KO | 3 (?) | Apr 25, 1907 | Princess Rink, Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 34 | Draw | 25–2–7 | Julius Stein | PTS | 10 | Apr 3, 1907 | Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 33 | Win | 25–2–6 | Mike Bartley | PTS | 10 | Mar 22, 1907 | Princess Rink, Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 32 | Win | 24–2–6 | Johnny Nickels | KO | 3 (?) | Mar 20, 1907 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 31 | Win | 23–2–6 | Mickey Ford | PTS | 10 | Dec 12, 1906 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 30 | Win | 22–2–6 | Kid Kahn | KO | 5 (?) | Nov 27, 1906 | Bloomington, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 29 | Win | 21–2–6 | Louisville Tommy West | KO | 4 (6) | Oct 23, 1906 | Bloomington, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 28 | Win | 20–2–6 | Kid Black | PTS | 6 | Oct 22, 1906 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 27 | Draw | 19–2–6 | Freddie Cole | PTS | 6 | Oct 1, 1906 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 26 | Loss | 19–2–5 | Mickey Ford | KO | 7 (?) | Sep 29, 1906 | Kokomo, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 25 | Win | 19–1–5 | Mickey Ford | PTS | 6 | Aug 10, 1906 | Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 24 | Draw | 18–1–5 | Young Sharkey | PTS | 10 | Aug 8, 1906 | Urbana, Illinois, U.S. |  |
| 23 | Loss | 18–1–4 | Grover Hayes | KO | 3 (3) | May 23, 1906 | Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 22 | Draw | 18–0–4 | Julius Stein | PTS | 8 | May 17, 1906 | Riverside A.C., Peoria, Illinois, U.S. |  |
| 21 | Win | 18–0–3 | George Quinn | KO | 2 (?) | May 14, 1906 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 20 | Win | 17–0–3 | Grant Clark | KO | 4 (?) | Apr 23, 1906 | Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 19 | Win | 16–0–3 | Tommy Shea | KO | 2 (?) | Apr 9, 1906 | Indianapolis A.C., Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 18 | Win | 15–0–3 | Young Lavin | KO | 4 (?) | Mar 8, 1906 | Anderson, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 17 | Win | 14–0–3 | Mike Ryan | PTS | 6 | Mar 5, 1906 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 16 | Win | 13–0–3 | Ben Doerk | KO | 2 (?) | Feb 27, 1906 | Peoria A.C., Peoria, Illinois, U.S. |  |
| 15 | Win | 12–0–3 | Jack Roberts | PTS | 6 | Feb 12, 1906 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 14 | Win | 11–0–3 | Tommy Grant | KO | 1 (?) | Jan 26, 1906 | Peoria A.C., Peoria, Illinois, U.S. |  |
| 13 | Win | 10–0–3 | Willie Reilly | PTS | 4 | Jan 25, 1906 | Empire Theater, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 12 | Draw | 9–0–3 | Canadian Kid | PTS | 6 | Dec 27, 1905 | Washington Club, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 11 | Win | 9–0–2 | Canadian Kid | DQ | 3 (4) | Dec 11, 1905 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 10 | Win | 8–0–2 | Jack Metimas | PTS | 10 | Aug 18, 1905 | Brighton Beach, New York, U.S. |  |
| 9 | Win | 7–0–2 | Kid Gordon | PTS | 5 | Aug 1, 1905 | United States of America | Exact date and location unknown |
| 8 | Win | 6–0–2 | Joe Percente | PTS | 10 | Jun 1, 1905 | United States of America | Exact date and location unknown |
| 7 | Win | 5–0–2 | Henry Gardner | PTS | 6 | May 1, 1905 | United States of America | Exact date and location unknown |
| 6 | Win | 4–0–2 | Skinny DeBruler | KO | 1 (4) | Apr 25, 1905 | Empire Theater, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 5 | Draw | 3–0–2 | Skinny DeBruler | PTS | 6 | Apr 10, 1905 | Empire Theater, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 4 | Win | 3–0–1 | Jimmy Casey | KO | 2 (5) | Mar 20, 1905 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 3 | Draw | 2–0–1 | Jimmy Casey | PTS | 4 | Mar 8, 1905 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 2 | Win | 2–0 | Mike Morris | PTS | 5 | Mar 1, 1905 | United States of America | Exact date and location unknown |
| 1 | Win | 1–0 | Billie Hinkle | PTS | 4 | Feb 20, 1905 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
|

### Unofficial record

| 105 fights | 61 wins | 19 losses |
| --- | --- | --- |
| By knockout | 22 | 4 |
| By decision | 38 | 14 |
| By disqualification | 1 | 1 |
| Draws | 25 | |

Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions in the win/loss/draw column.

| No. | Result | Record | Opponent | Type | Round | Date | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 105 | Loss | 61–19–25 | Jack Britton | NWS | 10 | Sep 6, 1920 | Cedar Point Arena, Sandusky, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 104 | Loss | 61–18–25 | Matt Wells | TKO | 7 (20) | Feb 28, 1914 | Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |  |
| 103 | Draw | 61–17–25 | Frank Picato | PTS | 20 | Feb 14, 1914 | Baker's Stadium, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |  |
| 102 | Loss | 61–17–24 | Waldemar Holberg | PTS | 20 | Jan 1, 1914 | Baker's Pavilion, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia | Lost world welterweight title claim;
For vacant Australian world welterweight title |
| 101 | Loss | 61–16–24 | Young Denny | NWS | 10 | May 12, 1913 | Orleans A.C., New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. | Bronson defended the American version of the world welterweight title |
| 100 | Win | 61–15–24 | Hilliard Lang | NWS | 10 | Apr 23, 1913 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 99 | Draw | 60–15–24 | Billy Griffith | NWS | 10 | Apr 14, 1913 | Olympic A.C., Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 98 | Loss | 60–15–23 | Tommy Howell | NWS | 6 | Mar 8, 1913 | National A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |  |
| 97 | Win | 60–14–23 | Leo Kelly | KO | 2 (8) | Mar 5, 1913 | Saint Louis, Missouri, U.S. |  |
| 96 | Win | 59–14–23 | Jimmy Perry | NWS | 10 | Jan 29, 1913 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 95 | Loss | 58–14–23 | Tommy Howell | PTS | 10 | Jan 22, 1913 | Labor Temple Auditorium, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. |  |
| 94 | Loss | 58–13–23 | Spike Kelly | PTS | 8 | Jan 13, 1913 | Phoenix A.C., Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. | Kelly claims the American welterweight title |
| 93 | Win | 58–12–23 | Clarence English | NWS | 8 | Oct 29, 1912 | Saint Louis, Missouri, U.S. |  |
| 92 | Loss | 57–12–23 | Hilliard Lang | NWS | 12 | Sep 9, 1912 | Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada | Retained American welterweight title claim |
| 91 | Win | 57–11–23 | Wildcat Ferns | NWS | 10 | Sep 2, 1912 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 90 | Win | 56–11–23 | Harry Brewer | NWS | 10 | Jun 29, 1912 | Ball Park, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 89 | Loss | 55–11–23 | Packey McFarland | NWS | 10 | May 29, 1912 | Independence Ball Park, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. | Retained American welterweight title claim |
| 88 | Loss | 55–10–23 | Harry Brewer | NWS | 8 | May 23, 1912 | Coliseum, Saint Louis, Missouri, U.S. | Retained American welterweight title claim |
| 87 | Win | 55–9–23 | Clarence English | PTS | 15 | Apr 1, 1912 | Saint Joseph, Missouri, U.S. | Claimed vacant American welterweight title |
| 86 | Win | 54–9–23 | Young Erne | NWS | 10 | Feb 22, 1912 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 85 | Draw | 53–9–23 | Tommy Devlin | PTS | 10 | Jan 1, 1912 | Tri City A.C., Jeffersonville, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 84 | Win | 53–9–22 | Tommy Howell | NWS | 10 | Nov 29, 1911 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 83 | Loss | 52–9–22 | Milburn Saylor | NWS | 10 | Oct 18, 1911 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 82 | Win | 52–8–22 | Tommy Howell | NWS | 10 | Sep 27, 1911 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 81 | Loss | 51–8–22 | Tommy Howell | PTS | 12 | Aug 29, 1911 | Armory A.A., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |  |
| 80 | Win | 51–7–22 | Dave Deshler | NWS | 10 | Aug 23, 1911 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 79 | Win | 50–7–22 | Eddie Webber | KO | 3 (10) | Jul 26, 1911 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 78 | Win | 49–7–22 | Johnny Glover | PTS | 8 | Jul 10, 1911 | Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |  |
| 77 | Win | 48–7–22 | Morris Bloom | NWS | 10 | Jun 5, 1911 | Empire Theater, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 76 | Loss | 47–7–22 | Sid Burns | DQ | 19 (20) | Mar 22, 1911 | Olympia Annexe, Kensington, London, England |  |
| 75 | Win | 47–6–22 | Jim Armstrong | KO | 5 (20) | Jan 23, 1911 | Melbourne Athletic Club, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |  |
| 74 | Win | 46–6–22 | Arthur Douglas | TKO | 11 (20) | Jan 7, 1911 | Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |  |
| 73 | Loss | 45–6–22 | Hughie Mehegan | PTS | 20 | Jan 2, 1911 | Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia | For vacant Australian lightweight title |
| 72 | Win | 45–5–22 | Frank Thorn | TKO | 4 (20) | Dec 7, 1910 | Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |  |
| 71 | Win | 44–5–22 | Sid Papworth Sullivan | PTS | 20 | Nov 16, 1910 | Sydney Stadium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |  |
| 70 | Win | 43–5–22 | Tommy Jones | PTS | 20 | Oct 22, 1910 | Brisbane Stadium, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |  |
| 69 | Win | 42–5–22 | Grover Hayes | PTS | 8 | Aug 29, 1910 | Phoenix A.C., Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |  |
| 68 | Win | 41–5–22 | Johnny Krause | PTS | 8 | Aug 1, 1910 | Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |  |
| 67 | Win | 40–5–22 | Guy Dalton | PTS | 8 | Jul 26, 1910 | Richmond, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 66 | Win | 39–5–22 | Jack Britton | PTS | 10 | Jun 30, 1910 | Royal A.C., New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |  |
| 65 | Win | 38–5–22 | Harry Trendall | PTS | 8 | Jun 13, 1910 | Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |  |
| 64 | Win | 37–5–22 | Guy Dalton | KO | 5 (?) | Jun 8, 1910 | near Evansville, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 63 | Loss | 36–5–22 | Jack Redmond | NWS | 10 | May 17, 1910 | Grand Opera House, Anderson, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 62 | Win | 36–4–22 | Mike Memsic | NWS | 8 | May 5, 1910 | Anderson, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 61 | Draw | 35–4–22 | Paul Kohler | NWS | 10 | May 2, 1910 | Akron, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 60 | Win | 35–4–21 | Tommy O'Keefe | TKO | 3 (12) | Mar 22, 1910 | Armory, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |  |
| 59 | Win | 34–4–21 | Joe Hirst | NWS | 6 | Mar 12, 1910 | National A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |  |
| 58 | Draw | 33–4–21 | Jack Dillon | PTS | 8 (10) | Mar 8, 1910 | Grand Opera House, Anderson, Indiana, U.S. | The referee declared it a draw in the 8th, although the bout was scheduled for 10 rounds |
| 57 | Draw | 33–4–20 | Matty Baldwin | PTS | 12 | Feb 22, 1910 | Armory, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |  |
| 56 | Draw | 33–4–19 | Matty Baldwin | PTS | 20 | Dec 26, 1909 | West Side A.C., Gretna, Louisiana, U.S. |  |
| 55 | Draw | 33–4–18 | Dave Deshler | PTS | 12 | Dec 14, 1909 | Armory A.A., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |  |
| 54 | Draw | 33–4–17 | Dave Deshler | PTS | 12 | Nov 30, 1909 | Armory A.A., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |  |
| 53 | Win | 33–4–16 | Perry Moyer | KO | 1 (20) | Oct 16, 1909 | Near, Dayton, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 52 | Draw | 32–4–16 | Packey McFarland | PTS | 20 | Sep 19, 1909 | West Side A.C., McDonoughville, Louisiana, U.S. |  |
| 51 | Win | 32–4–15 | Jack O'Sullivan | PTS | 6 | Aug 7, 1909 | Marion, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 50 | Win | 31–4–15 | Jack Redmond | PTS | 10 | Jul 3, 1909 | Royal A.C., New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |  |
| 49 | Draw | 30–4–15 | Jack Redmond | PTS | 10 | Jun 26, 1909 | Royal A.C., New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |  |
| 48 | Loss | 30–4–14 | Cyclone Johnny Thompson | NWS | 6 | May 25, 1909 | Columbus, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 47 | Draw | 30–3–14 | Russell Van Horn | PTS | 10 | May 15, 1909 | Royal A.C., New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |  |
| 46 | Draw | 30–3–13 | Jack Dillon | PTS | 6 | Mar 12, 1909 | Hartford City A.C., Hartford City, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 45 | Loss | 30–3–12 | Freddie Welsh | TKO | 13 (20) | Mar 5, 1909 | West Side A.C., Gretna, Louisiana, U.S. |  |
| 44 | Win | 30–2–12 | Julius Stein | KO | 3 (20) | Jan 26, 1909 | Atlanta A.C., Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |  |
| 43 | Draw | 29–2–12 | Jimmy Dunn | PTS | 10 | Jan 22, 1909 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 42 | Win | 29–2–11 | Kid Goodman | PTS | 20 | Nov 20, 1908 | Gymnastic Club, Dayton, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 41 | Draw | 28–2–11 | Jimmy Dunn | PTS | 15 | Sep 7, 1908 | Springfield, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 40 | Draw | 28–2–10 | Andy Bezenah | PTS | 15 | Apr 23, 1908 | Springfield, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 39 | Win | 28–2–9 | Andy Bezenah | PTS | 10 | Mar 30, 1908 | Springfield, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 38 | Win | 27–2–9 | Kid Hogan | KO | 5 (?) | Feb 18, 1908 | Springfield, Ohio, U.S. |  |
| 37 | Draw | 26–2–9 | Julius Stein | PTS | 10 | Oct 30, 1907 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 36 | Draw | 26–2–8 | Grover Hayes | PTS | 10 | May 8, 1907 | Indianapolis A.C., Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 35 | Win | 26–2–7 | Jack Ward | KO | 3 (?) | Apr 25, 1907 | Princess Rink, Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 34 | Draw | 25–2–7 | Julius Stein | PTS | 10 | Apr 3, 1907 | Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 33 | Win | 25–2–6 | Mike Bartley | PTS | 10 | Mar 22, 1907 | Princess Rink, Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 32 | Win | 24–2–6 | Johnny Nickels | KO | 3 (?) | Mar 20, 1907 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 31 | Win | 23–2–6 | Mickey Ford | PTS | 10 | Dec 12, 1906 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 30 | Win | 22–2–6 | Kid Kahn | KO | 5 (?) | Nov 27, 1906 | Bloomington, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 29 | Win | 21–2–6 | Louisville Tommy West | KO | 4 (6) | Oct 23, 1906 | Bloomington, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 28 | Win | 20–2–6 | Kid Black | PTS | 6 | Oct 22, 1906 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 27 | Draw | 19–2–6 | Freddie Cole | PTS | 6 | Oct 1, 1906 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 26 | Loss | 19–2–5 | Mickey Ford | KO | 7 (?) | Sep 29, 1906 | Kokomo, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 25 | Win | 19–1–5 | Mickey Ford | PTS | 6 | Aug 10, 1906 | Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 24 | Draw | 18–1–5 | Young Sharkey | PTS | 10 | Aug 8, 1906 | Urbana, Illinois, U.S. |  |
| 23 | Loss | 18–1–4 | Grover Hayes | KO | 3 (3) | May 23, 1906 | Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 22 | Draw | 18–0–4 | Julius Stein | PTS | 8 | May 17, 1906 | Riverside A.C., Peoria, Illinois, U.S. |  |
| 21 | Win | 18–0–3 | George Quinn | KO | 2 (?) | May 14, 1906 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 20 | Win | 17–0–3 | Grant Clark | KO | 4 (?) | Apr 23, 1906 | Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 19 | Win | 16–0–3 | Tommy Shea | KO | 2 (?) | Apr 9, 1906 | Indianapolis A.C., Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 18 | Win | 15–0–3 | Young Lavin | KO | 4 (?) | Mar 8, 1906 | Anderson, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 17 | Win | 14–0–3 | Mike Ryan | PTS | 6 | Mar 5, 1906 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 16 | Win | 13–0–3 | Ben Doerk | KO | 2 (?) | Feb 27, 1906 | Peoria A.C., Peoria, Illinois, U.S. |  |
| 15 | Win | 12–0–3 | Jack Roberts | PTS | 6 | Feb 12, 1906 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 14 | Win | 11–0–3 | Tommy Grant | KO | 1 (?) | Jan 26, 1906 | Peoria A.C., Peoria, Illinois, U.S. |  |
| 13 | Win | 10–0–3 | Willie Reilly | PTS | 4 | Jan 25, 1906 | Empire Theater, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 12 | Draw | 9–0–3 | Canadian Kid | PTS | 6 | Dec 27, 1905 | Washington Club, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 11 | Win | 9–0–2 | Canadian Kid | DQ | 3 (4) | Dec 11, 1905 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 10 | Win | 8–0–2 | Jack Metimas | PTS | 10 | Aug 18, 1905 | Brighton Beach, New York, U.S. |  |
| 9 | Win | 7–0–2 | Kid Gordon | PTS | 5 | Aug 1, 1905 | United States of America | Exact date and location unknown |
| 8 | Win | 6–0–2 | Joe Percente | PTS | 10 | Jun 1, 1905 | United States of America | Exact date and location unknown |
| 7 | Win | 5–0–2 | Henry Gardner | PTS | 6 | May 1, 1905 | United States of America | Exact date and location unknown |
| 6 | Win | 4–0–2 | Skinny DeBruler | KO | 1 (4) | Apr 25, 1905 | Empire Theater, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 5 | Draw | 3–0–2 | Skinny DeBruler | PTS | 6 | Apr 10, 1905 | Empire Theater, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 4 | Win | 3–0–1 | Jimmy Casey | KO | 2 (5) | Mar 20, 1905 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 3 | Draw | 2–0–1 | Jimmy Casey | PTS | 4 | Mar 8, 1905 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
| 2 | Win | 2–0 | Mike Morris | PTS | 5 | Mar 1, 1905 | United States of America | Exact date and location unknown |
| 1 | Win | 1–0 | Billie Hinkle | PTS | 4 | Feb 20, 1905 | Auditorium, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Ray Bronson | |
| --- | --- |
| Bronson in 1920 | |
| Born | (1887-08-02)August 2, 1887
Webster City, Iowa |
| Died | January 1, 1948(1948-01-01) (aged 60) |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | John Ray Bronson |
| **Statistics** | |
| Weight(s) | Welterweight |
| Height | 5 ft 4 in (163 cm) |
| Stance | Orthodox |
|  | |
| **Boxing record** | |
| Total fights | 105 |
| Wins | 61 |
| Wins by KO | 22 |
| Losses | 19 |
| Draws | 25 |
|  | |


title: Michael Beetham

abstract: Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Michael James Beetham, was a Second World War bomber pilot and a high-ranking commander in the Royal Air Force from the 1960s to the 1980s. As Chief of the Air Staff during the Falklands War, he was involved in the decision to send the Task Force to the South Atlantic. At the time of his death, Beetham was one of only six people holding his service's most senior rank and, excluding Prince Philip's honorary rank, he had the longest time in that rank, making him the senior Marshal of the Royal Air Force.

text:
# Michael Beetham

Marshal of the Royal Air Force **Sir Michael James Beetham**, GCB, CBE, DFC, AFC, DL (17 May 1923 – 24 October 2015) was a Second World War bomber pilot and a high-ranking commander in the Royal Air Force from the 1960s to the 1980s. As Chief of the Air Staff during the Falklands War, he was involved in the decision to send the Task Force to the South Atlantic. At the time of his death, Beetham was one of only six people holding his service's most senior rank and, excluding Prince Philip's honorary rank, he had the longest time in that rank, making him the senior Marshal of the Royal Air Force.

## Early life

The son of Major G. C. Beetham MC, Beetham was born in London on 17 May 1923. He was educated at St Marylebone Grammar School.

## RAF career

### Second World War

As a young man he witnessed the Battle of Britain from the ground which prompted him to join the RAF in May 1941. Promoted to leading aircraftman on 19 June 1942, Beetham was granted an emergency commission as a pilot officer on probation in the RAFVR on 13 December 1942. He was promoted to flying officer in the RAFVR on 13 June 1943.

Following flying training in the United States under the Arnold Scheme and in Great Britain, he was assigned flying duties with 50 Squadron just prior to the Battle of Berlin. During the Battle, Beetham flew his Lancaster on bombing missions over Berlin 10 times. In a raid over Augsburg he lost an engine. He also survived the Nuremberg Raid in which many Bomber Command aircraft were destroyed. In February 1944, whilst Beetham was on a training flight, one of his aircraft's engines caught fire. Beetham and his crew bailed out, landing by parachute near East Kirkby; Beetham then joined the Caterpillar Club. During his time on 50 Squadron, Beetham carried out 30 operations over enemy territory.

In May 1944 Beetham was posted to a flying instruction role. He returned to operation duties with 57 Squadron just as the war in Europe was coming to an end. He was involved in dropping supplies to the Dutch and in the repatriation of prisoners-of-war. As an acting flight lieutenant in the RAFVR, he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross on 6 June 1944, and was promoted to flight lieutenant on 13 December 1944.

### Post-war career

In November 1945, just after the end of the Second World War, Beetham was posted to No. 35 Squadron which was then selected to carry out the victory fly-past and conduct a good-will tour of the United States. He was granted a permanent commission in the RAF on 1 September 1945 in the rank of flying officer, and was promoted to flight lieutenant on 1 July 1946 with seniority from 13 June 1945. He was posted to No. 82 (Recce) Squadron in East Africa in 1949, promoted to squadron leader on 1 January 1952 and attended the RAF Staff College, Andover that year. Beetham was also awarded a King's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air in the 1952 New Year Honours.

In 1953, Beetham was posted to the Air Ministry's Operational Requirements Branch. Much of his time was taken up with the problems of bringing the V-bombers into service. Notably, Beetham also drafted the first specification for the TSR 2. Beetham's next appointment was as the Personal Staff Officer to Task Force Commander of Operation Buffalo in 1956. The open-air nuclear test explosions witnessed by Beetham led him to the view that it would never be possible to limit the extent of a nuclear war.

Beetham was promoted to wing commander on 1 January 1958 and he then took up the post of Officer Commanding No. 214 Squadron. In July 1959 Wing Commander Beetham captained the first aircraft, a Valiant bomber, to fly non-stop from the United Kingdom to Cape Town. He was awarded the Air Force Cross in the 1960 New Year Honours.

After several staff tours, during which time he was promoted to group captain on 1 January 1962, Beetham was appointed Station Commander RAF Khormaksar (in Aden) in November 1963. At the time of his arrival, Khormaksar was the RAF's largest overseas base and markedly overcrowded. That December saw the start of a major attacks against British forces in Aden (the Aden Emergency) and over the next two years Beetham spent considerable time dealing with the security of his overcrowded station. However, the security problems did not prevent the aircraft based at Khormaksar being used on operations in the neighbouring region of Radfan.

### Air officer appointments

Beetham was promoted to air commodore on 1 July 1966. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1967 New Year Honours. More senior appointments followed: these included Director of Strike Operations in 1968 and Commandant of the RAF Staff College at Bracknell in 1970 as an acting air vice-marshal. He was promoted to air vice-marshal on 1 January 1971, and appointed Assistant Chief of Staff (Plans and Policy) at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe in 1972 and to Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Strike Command in 1975, for which he was promoted to acting air marshal on 10 June 1975. He was promoted to air marshal on 1 July 1975, knighted with the Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1976 New Year Honours and appointed Commander-in-Chief RAF Germany and Commander of the Second Tactical Air Force in 1976.

### Chief of the Air Staff

Promoted to air chief marshal on 21 May 1977, Beetham's final tour saw him appointed Air Aide-de-Camp to the Queen on 31 July 1977 and the Chief of the Air Staff on 1 August 1977. He was promoted to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in the 1978 New Year Honours list. As the professional head of his Service, Beetham defended the decision to introduce the strike version of the Tornado and supported the introduction of the Airborne Early Warning Nimrod which was later cancelled. He also worked to build up the RAF's reserve forces. Towards the end of his tenure as Chief of the Air Staff, the Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands occurred: at the time Beetham was acting Chief of the Defence Staff and as such he was involved in the decision to send the Task Force to the South Atlantic. Operation Black Buck, the bombing raids on Argentine positions in the Falkland Islands, were Beetham's idea. When Beetham relinquished his appointment in October 1982 he had served for more than five years, making him the longest serving Chief of the Air Staff since Trenchard. He was promoted to Marshal of the Royal Air Force on 15 October 1982.

## Later life

As a Marshal of the Royal Air Force, Beetham remained on the RAF's Active List, although for practical purposes he retired in 1982. From 1986 to 1990 Beetham was Chairman of GEC Avionics. In 1989 he was made a deputy lieutenant of the County of Norfolk. Michael Beetham held the appointment of Honorary Air Commodore of No 2620 Squadron, Royal Auxiliary Air Force Regiment. He was President of the Society of Friends of the RAF Museum. The Museum's conservation centre is named the Michael Beetham Conservation Centre in his honour. Beetham was also President of the Bomber Command Association.

In 2005, Beetham took part in his second fly-past over London, this time as part of the celebrations marking the 60th anniversary of the end of World War II. He joined the crew of the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight Lancaster bomber prior to its takeoff from Duxford.

Beetham wrote the foreword to three books:

* *Bombs Gone: Development and Use of British Air-dropped Weapons from 1912 to Present Day* – Patrick Stephens Ltd (1990)
* *In Cobhams' Company* – Published by Cobham Plc (1994)
* *The Strategic War Against Germany* – Frank Cass Publishers (1998)

In 2010 Beetham spent time working with the author Peter Jacobs on a biography entitled "Stay the Distance: The Life and Times of Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Michael Beetham". The book was published in February 2011.

In retirement he lived in South Creake, near Fakenham in Norfolk.

Marshal of the RAF Beetham died on 24 October 2015, aged 92. The then Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Sir Andrew Pulford, was to say of Beetham that he was "one of the greatest leaders the Royal Air Force has produced."

## Personal life

In 1956 he married Patricia Elizabeth Lane; they have one son and one daughter. Lady Beetham died in January 2016.

## Sources

## Further reading

* Jacobs, Peter (2007). *Bomb Aimer Over Berlin: The Wartime Memoirs of Les Bartlett DFM*. Pen and Sword Aviation. ISBN 978-1844155965. Bartlett was Beetham's bomb aimer during their wartime tour of operations with 50 Squadron.

## InfoBox

| Marshal of the Royal Air Force
Sir Michael Beetham | |
| --- | --- |
| Beetham as a flight lieutenant in May 1944 | |
| Born | (1923-05-17)17 May 1923
London, England |
| Died | 24 October 2015(2015-10-24) (aged 92) |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Air Force |
| Years of service | 1941–1982 |
| Rank | Marshal of the Royal Air Force |
| Commands | Chief of the Air Staff (1977–82)
RAF Germany (1976–77)
RAF Staff College (1970–72)
RAF Khormaksar (1963–65)
No. 214 Squadron (1958–59) |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Distinguished Flying Cross
Air Force Cross
King's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air |


title: North American Prairies Province

abstract: The North America Prairies is a large grassland floristic province within the North American Atlantic Region, a floristic region within the Holarctic Kingdom. It lies between the Appalachian Province and the Rocky Mountains and includes the prairies of the Great Plains. It is bounded by the Canadian coniferous forests on the north and the arid semideserts to the southwest. The province itself is occupied by temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. Endemism is rather limited in this province, and its boundaries are vague. During the Pleistocene much of the province was glaciated.

text:
# North American Prairies Province

The **North America Prairies** is a large grassland floristic province within the North American Atlantic Region, a floristic region within the Holarctic Kingdom. It lies between the Appalachian Province and the Rocky Mountains and includes the prairies of the Great Plains. It is bounded by the Canadian coniferous forests on the north and the arid semideserts to the southwest. The province itself is occupied by temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands (including such ecoregions as the Flint Hills tallgrass prairie, Sand Hills, High Plains). Endemism is rather limited in this province, and its boundaries are vague. During the Pleistocene much of the province was glaciated.

## Plants

Select plant species of the North American Prairie Province include:


title: Oscar Wilde (play)

abstract: Oscar Wilde is a 1936 play written by Leslie and Sewell Stokes. It is based on the life of the Irish playwright Oscar Wilde in which Wilde's friend, the controversial author and journalist Frank Harris, appears as a character. The play, which contains much of Wilde's actual writings, starts with Wilde's literary success and his friendship with Lord Alfred Douglas, turns into a courtroom melodrama, and ends with Wilde as a broken alcoholic after two years in prison.

text:
# Oscar Wilde (play)

***Oscar Wilde*** is a 1936 play written by Leslie and Sewell Stokes. It is based on the life of the Irish playwright Oscar Wilde in which Wilde's friend, the controversial author and journalist Frank Harris, appears as a character. The play, which contains much of Wilde's actual writings, starts with Wilde's literary success and his friendship with Lord Alfred Douglas, turns into a courtroom melodrama, and ends with Wilde as a broken alcoholic after two years in prison.

## Productions

Owing to the play's subject matter it was never granted a licence by the Lord Chamberlain and could, therefore, only be staged in England at a theatre club where membership was required. The play's first production at London's Gate Theatre Studio in 1936 starred Robert Morley as Wilde and was produced by Norman Marshall. Opening on 29 September, the play ran for six weeks and proved to be one of the theatre's most successful productions.

Later in New York in 1938, again with Morley in the title role, the play became a major award-winning success on Broadway at the Fulton Theatre where it opened on 10 October and ran for 247 performances, with Gladys Cooper's son, John Buckmaster, as Lord Alfred Douglas. This success launched Robert Morley's career as a stage actor on both sides of the Atlantic.

Coinciding with the Broadway production there was also a four-week revival in London at the Arts Theatre starring Francis L. Sullivan and produced by Ronald Adam, which opened on 25 October 1938. The play was revived again at the Bolton's Theatre Club, starring Frank Pettingell and directed by Leslie Stokes, in 1948.

## Adaptations

The film *Oscar Wilde*, based on the Stokes brothers' play with Robert Morley in the lead, was released in 1960.

Sources * Stokes, Leslier; Stokes, Sewell (1937). *Oscar Wilde, A Play* (hardcover). Preface by Lord Alfred Douglas. (First ed.). London: M. Secker & Warburg.
* Morley, Robert; Stokes, Sewell (1966). *Robert Morley "Responsible Gentleman"* (hardcover) (First ed.). London: Heineman.
* Stokes, Sewell (1953). *Without Veils : The Intimate Biography of Gladys Cooper* (hardcover). Introduction by W. Somerset Maugham. London: Peter Davies.


title: Rafał Kownacki

abstract:
Rafał Kownacki is a Polish lawyer. He was the member of the Legal Committee as well as the Global Policy Committee of Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Auteurs et Compositeurs from 2017 to 2021. Between 2018 and 2020 he was the first Polish member of the Board of GESAC - the European Authors Societies’.
From 2017 to 2021 he was the deputy CEO of the oldest Polish collective management organisation - ZAiKS, then the Senior Legal Advisor at the International Confederation of Music Publishers. Between 1997 and 1999 he was the chairman of Youth City Council in Ciechanów. He has campaigned actively to protect human rights, served as a member of the board in Amnesty International Poland and president of the European Foundation of Law. He was a candidate of AI to European Economic and Social Committee (EESC). In 2007 he was awarded by the city of Brussels for his human rights activism.
He was responsible for successful campaign in favor of EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market as well as Digital Services Act. Apart from his legal education, he has graduated Human Rights Academy at the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights and School of Human Rights at the Centre for American Law of Chicago-Kent College of Law. He is the lecturer at Collegium Civitas. Between 2007 and 2015 he was the secretary and member of the Chair of International Law in the Polish Academy of Sciences. He taught European Law and International Law at the European School of Law and Administration, Warsaw University and Academy of Diplomats. He was the Polish coordinator of an international academic project WaCoPaS and member of the jury committee at the European Legal Olympiad from 2007 to 2015.

text:
# Rafał Kownacki

**Rafał Kownacki** (born November 14, 1980, in Ciechanów, Poland) is a Polish lawyer. He was the member of the Legal Committee as well as the Global Policy Committee of Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Auteurs et Compositeurs from 2017 to 2021. Between 2018 and 2020 he was the first Polish member of the Board of GESAC - the European Authors Societies’ . From 2017 to 2021 he was the deputy CEO of the oldest Polish collective management organisation - ZAiKS, then the Senior Legal Advisor at the International Confederation of Music Publishers.

Between 1997 and 1999 he was the chairman of Youth City Council in Ciechanów.

He has campaigned actively to protect human rights, served as a member of the board in Amnesty International Poland and president of the European Foundation of Law. He was a candidate of AI to European Economic and Social Committee (EESC). In 2007 he was awarded by the city of Brussels for his human rights activism. He was responsible for successful campaign in favor of EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market as well as Digital Services Act.

Apart from his legal education, he has graduated Human Rights Academy at the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights and School of Human Rights at the Centre for American Law of Chicago-Kent College of Law.

He is the lecturer at Collegium Civitas. Between 2007 and 2015 he was the secretary and member of the Chair of International Law in the Polish Academy of Sciences. He taught European Law and International Law at the European School of Law and Administration, Warsaw University and Academy of Diplomats.

He was the Polish coordinator of an international academic project WaCoPaS and member of the jury committee at the European Legal Olympiad from 2007 to 2015.


title: Quantum singularity

abstract: The term quantum singularity is used to refer to many different phenomena in fiction. They often only approximate a gravitational singularity in the scientific sense in that they are massive, localized distortions of space and time. The name invokes one of the most fundamental problems remaining in modern physics: the difficulty in uniting Einstein's theory of relativity, which includes singularities within its models of black holes, and quantum mechanics. In fact, since according to relativity, singularities, by definition, are infinitely small, and expected to be quantum mechanical by nature, a theory of quantum gravity would be required to describe their behavior. No such theory has yet been formulated.

text:
# Quantum singularity

The term **quantum singularity** is used to refer to many different phenomena in fiction. They often only approximate a gravitational singularity in the scientific sense in that they are massive, localized distortions of space and time. The name invokes one of the most fundamental problems remaining in modern physics: the difficulty in uniting Einstein's theory of relativity, which includes singularities within its models of black holes, and quantum mechanics. In fact, since according to relativity, singularities, by definition, are infinitely small, and expected to be quantum mechanical by nature, a theory of quantum gravity would be required to describe their behavior. No such theory has yet been formulated.

## *Star Trek*

A Star Trek quantum singularity is a phenomenon of multiple varieties. One such variety appears in the *Star Trek: Voyager* episode "Parallax" which creates a mirror image along with a temporal distortion. Voyager flies into the singularity after seeing an image of itself inside, and becomes trapped. To escape, the crew uses a shuttle to fire a tachyon beam at the entry. In the *Voyager* episode "Hunters", the crew discover a Hirogen relay station almost 100,000 years old, powered by a quantum singularity, also referred to by Tom Paris as a black hole. The word "tiny" being used to describe a quantum singularity, about "a centimeter" in diameter, making it relatively large, although it is more likely that the stated diameter instead refers to the singularity's event horizon. In the episode "Scorpion", Species 8472 and the Borg, make use of quantum singularities to travel to and from fluidic space.

Artificial quantum singularities are also used to power Romulan Warbirds as first described in the *Star Trek: The Next Generation* episode "Face of the Enemy". Additionally, in the *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine* episode "Visionary", the side effects from quantum singularities cause Miles O'Brien to shift through time.

## *Futurama*

In the *Futurama* episode "Love and Rocket", after Bender breaks up with the *Planet Express Ship*, whom he only dated during this episode, the ship, which took the break-up pretty hard, threatens to fly into a giant quasar. Thus "the power of 10 billion black holes will smush me and Bender together into a beautiful eternal quantum singularity." Bender gets the crew out of the situation by professing his love for the ship, albeit sarcastically, which distracts her long enough for Fry and Leela to disable the ship's logical processes and restore life support systems.

## *Megas XLR*

In the Megas XLR episode "Battle Royale", the villain Magnanimous threatens to drop Kiva and Jamie into a quantum singularity, which he says is "like a black hole, only portable, and with a cooler name."

## *Farscape*

In the Farscape episode "Back and Back and Back to the Future", a scientist belonging to the Ilanic race develops a quantum singularity ultimate weapon, described essentially as a portable black hole, to be used against their enemies.

## *Stargate SG-1*

The Supergate, a gigantic Stargate designed by the Ori to allow the intergalactic transport of starships, is made up of 90 smaller pieces assembled using a regular Stargate. Once interconnected, a nearby planet is collapsed into a quantum singularity using a special force field to provide the massive power needed to open a wormhole to the Ori galaxy. Samantha Carter theorizes that the singularity allows a connection to be maintained indefinitely.

The first Ori attempt to create a Supergate in the Milky Way fails, when Vala Mal Doran inserts her Tel'tak into the incomplete ring and prevents the segments from connecting completely. The shockwave from the forming singularity blasts the gate into oblivion. A second Supergate is later successfully built allowing a fleet of Ori motherships passage into the Milky Way. The SGC eventually blocks Ori access to the Supergate by opening a connection from a Pegasus gate powered by a "natural" black hole.

## *City of Heroes*

In the MMORPG *City of Heroes*, the quantum singularity is the "pet" power a gravity controller attains at level 32. The singularity takes the form of a portable human sized ball of light surrounded by waves of coloured energy that follows its summoner. The singularity has a variety of gravity based attacks.

1. Greene, Brian (2000). *The Elegant Universe*. Random House. ISBN 0-375-70811-1.


title: A48 road

abstract: The A48 is a trunk road in Great Britain running from the A40 at Highnam, 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Gloucester, England, to the A40 at Carmarthen, Wales. Before the Severn Bridge opened on 8 September 1966, it was a major route between England and South Wales. For most of its route, it runs almost parallel to the M4 motorway. During times of high winds at the Severn Bridge, the A48 is used as part of the diversion route and is still marked as a Holiday Route. From Gloucester, the A48 runs through the villages of Minsterworth, Westbury-on-Severn, connects to a link road to Cinderford in the Forest of Dean then through Newnham, Blakeney and since 1995, bypassing Lydney on the west bank of the River Severn. It crosses the England–Wales border at Chepstow and continues westwards close to the South Wales coast passing Newport, Cardiff, Cowbridge, Bridgend, Pyle, Port Talbot, Neath and Swansea, before terminating at the junction with the A40 near the centre of Carmarthen.

text:
# A48 road

The **A48** is a trunk road in Great Britain running from the A40 at Highnam, 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Gloucester, England, to the A40 at Carmarthen, Wales. Before the Severn Bridge opened on 8 September 1966, it was a major route between England and South Wales. For most of its route, it runs almost parallel to the M4 motorway. During times of high winds at the Severn Bridge, the A48 is used as part of the diversion route and is still marked as a Holiday Route.

From Gloucester, the A48 runs through the villages of Minsterworth, Westbury-on-Severn, connects to a link road to Cinderford in the Forest of Dean then through Newnham, Blakeney and since 1995, bypassing Lydney on the west bank of the River Severn. It crosses the England–Wales border at Chepstow and continues westwards close to the South Wales coast passing Newport, Cardiff, Cowbridge, Bridgend, Pyle, Port Talbot, Neath and Swansea, before terminating at the junction with the A40 near the centre of Carmarthen.

## Route

### Highnam to Cardiff

The A48 from Highnam to Newport runs adjacent to the River Severn. After running through a series of villages, it crosses the England–Wales border at Chepstow. The section between Higham and Chepstow is still a primary route of some importance for the Forest of Dean. From the M4 Motorway at J15 near Swindon, traffic is directed for Wales if it is over the Severn Bridge weight limit of 44 tonnes. Traffic is directed onto the A419, then onto the A417 after Cirencester, and at Gloucester, onto the A40. This road has some speed cameras, as there have previously been incidents here, and have been erected to prevent them from happening again. During busy periods, such as the Severn Bore, this road may become busy with parked cars near the river's edge. Apart from morning and evening rush hours, the road is generally quite empty and free running, with no heavy traffic reports. The road also runs next to the Forest of Dean. The woods may be viewed from the roadside, as may the hills of the Dean. There is a level crossing in Lydney. Until Chepstow, there is a height limit under the low railway bridges. Tall vehicles are directed to Newport on the A40. For some parts of this route, short distance dual carriageways occur, especially on steep hills. At Chepstow, the road links Gloucestershire with Monmouthshire. The road runs through Chepstow. There is access to the Forest of Dean in Chepstow. At the end of the road in Chepstow (at the roundabout), the Primary Route ends here, and it meets the A466, a road that provides access to the Wye Valley and to the M48 motorway, originally the M4. Access to the M4 is available on this road. The A48 becomes a secondary route here, and continues bypassing Caldicot, Caerwent and Langstone.

The A48 then continues to M4 junction 24, from which oint it is also known as the Southern Distributor Road, which is entirely a dual carriageway with two lanes in each direction around the southern end of Newport until M4 junction 28. From junction 28 it remains a dual carriageway until just after the Celtic Way roundabout where it becomes a single carriageway with four lanes past Castleton, and then merges with the junction 29A of the A48(M) motorway at St Mellons, where it again becomes a dual carriageway with two lanes in each direction, where it is known as the Eastern Avenue until the Gabalfa Interchange, where it is known as the Western Avenue and is largely a single carriageway with four lanes until Culverhouse Cross interchange.

### Cardiff to Carmarthen

From the Culverhouse Cross interchange on the western boarder of Cardiff the road is mostly a single carriageway with two lanes until Cowbridge, where it becomes the Cowbridge Bypass which is a dual carriageway, until again it becomes a single carriageway with two lanes until Bridgend when it is a dual carriageway again. From Bridgend it becomes a single carriageway, until Port Talbot where it is a dual carriageway, and originally known as the A48(M) (Port Talbot Bypass) until the M4 was extended. The A48 then ends on the western end of the Briton Ferry Bridge at junction 42 of the M4 and starts again at junction 44 where again it is a single carriageway until the end of the M4 at junction 49 where it becomes a dual carriageway and forms part of the main trunk road between Pont Abraham Services to Carmarthen where the A48 ends.

## History of the road number

The original (1923) route of the A48 was Worcester to Carmarthen via Malvern, Ledbury, Ross-on-Wye, Monmouth, Newport, Cardiff, Bridgend, Neath and Llanelli. In 1935 it was rerouted east of Newport, replacing the A437 between Newport and Gloucester. The road from Worcester to Newport became part of the A449, apart from the section between Ross and Monmouth (which became part of the A40).

## Road safety

In June 2008, the 27-mile (43 km) Gloucester  Chepstow stretch of the A48 was named as the most dangerous road in South West England. This single carriageway had 45 fatal and serious injury collisions between 2004 and 2006, and was rated as medium risk in the EuroRAP report published by the Road Safety Foundation.

On 6 March 2023, five people were found after they had been missing for two days. Three of the five were found dead following a believed car crash after their car was found on the A48 in St Mellons, with the other two injured.

51°27′36″N 3°22′21″W / 51.45989°N 3.37263°W / 51.45989; -3.37263

## InfoBox

| A48 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The A48 (Eastern Avenue, in Cardiff near the University Hospital of Wales) | |
| Route information | |
|  | |
| Part of | |
|  | |
| Maintained by English local authorities and South Wales Trunk Road Agent | |
| Length | 119 mi (192 km) |
| Major junctions | |
| From | A40
Highnam |
| Major intersections | A466
A449
M4
A4042
A48(M)
A4232
A470
A465
A4138

A483
 |
| To | A484
Carmarthen |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Primary
destinations | Chepstow
Newport
Cardiff
Bridgend
Port Talbot
Neath
Swansea
Carmarthen |
|  | |
| Road network | |
|  | |
| A47   A49 | |


title: Pipe organs of Brighton and Hove

text:
# Pipe organs of Brighton and Hove

Brighton and Hove has numerous notable pipe organs, from the small early 19th-century organs to the large 20th-century instruments in the large churches.

## Brighton

### Churches

#### The Chapel Royal

The organ of the Chapel Royal was built in 1883 by the famous London firm of Henry Willis & Sons to a specification of twenty stops on two manuals and pedals: a Choir organ of six or seven stops was also prepared for. It is an interesting example of a small Willis organ, of which there are relatively few.

#### St Peter's

The organ of St Peter's was built in 1888 by the famous London firm of Henry Willis & Sons for the Hampstead Conservatoire of Music with forty-three stops spread over four manuals and pedals. The same firm brought it to Brighton in 1910: the instrument it replaced, built in the 1820s by W. A. A. Nicholls and enlarged in 1877 by W. M. Hedgeland, was moved in 1910 to the church of St Paul, St Albans. As of February 2022 the organ has been removed, parts of it to be reused at St John's College Chapel, Cambridge.

#### St Martin's, Lewes Rd

The organ of St. Martin's was installed in 1876 by William Hill & Sons of London, to a specification of 29 stops over 3 manuals and pedals. The instrument was completed in 1888, having been built as funds permitted. It is an historically important instrument, being tonally unaltered from its original state, and known for its fine, clear sound, an influence of Hill's experiences in Germany, and the firm's early association with Mendelssohn. It has a rather heavy mechanical action, and an intricate, albeit incomplete case.

#### St. Mary the Virgin, Kemp Town

The first organ at St Mary the Virgin Church was a small organ built by Henry Lincoln of eleven stops on two manuals with 13 notes of pulldown pedals. This was replaced in 1855 by a new organ by Henry Bevington, which was enlarged to three manuals and 24 stops in 1878: four stops were added in 1904. A further four were added in 1965 by Cedric Arnold, Williamson & Hyatt and two digital stops were added in 1980. Pictures and a recording may be heard here.

#### St.Bartholomew, Ann Street

The current instrument, in two matching cases either side of the west gallery, |url=http://www.npor.org.uk/NPORView.html?RI=A00294 is an enlargement of the 1906 instrument by Morgan & Smith. The organ has 37 stops over three manuals and pedals and benefits well from the cavernous acoustic in this immense building, the highest nave interior of any church or cathedral building in the British Isles, at 135 feet, and the organ makes a far better impression than its stoplist might at first lead one to expect.

#### St. Paul, West Street

An incomplete but nonetheless impressive organ |url=http://www.npor.org.uk/NPORView.html?RI=N15513 intended as a four-manual design with 48 stops, mostly by Alfred Hunter rebuilt in 1968 by Hill, Norman and Beard.

#### Brighthelm Church and Community Centre

A Walker instrument 1921 rebuilt in 1985 by Hill, Norman and Beard with 57 speaking stops. |url=http://www.npor.org.uk/NPORView.html?RI=A00537

### Public buildings

#### The Dome Pavilion

The first pipe organ in the Dome's Concert Hall was built in 1870 by the famous London firm of Henry Willis & Sons to a specification of forty-four stops spread over four manuals and pedals. Unfortunately, this modestly sized but nonetheless splendid instrument was removed in 1935 for the great rebuilding of the theatre and was never returned, but broken up for parts. The instrument which replaced it, a large 'Christie' organ of fifty extended ranks, built in 1935 by the firm of Hill, Norman and Beard, incorporating a string division from the short-lived organ at Glyndebourne, is effective in both classical and theatre styles. This large instrument has four manuals and one hundred and seventy-eight stops obtained by extension and unification of numerous ranks, plus numerous percussion effects. It has recently been restored by David Wells of Liverpool.

## Hove

### Churches

#### All Saints

All Saints Church, a large and fine building designed by Pearson, is fortunate to have a suitably fine organ, built by the London firm of William Hill & Son in 1894 to a specification of fourteen stops on two manuals and pedals at a cost of £882. It was enlarged in 1905 to forty-eight stops on three manuals and pedals at a further cost of £1908. It was provided with an ornate case in 1915 to a design by Pearson's son, Frank: the instrument was restored in 1987 by Mander Organs.

### Public buildings

#### The Town Hall

The Town Hall was designed by Alfred Waterhouse and built in 1882. In 1897, a new pipe organ of thirty-six stops on four manuals and pedals, designed by John Stainer and built by the famous London firm of Henry Willis & Sons, was provided: it was closely similar to the Willis in the Brighton Dome. The instrument was sold in 1961, amidst much local controversy, to Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Elstree, Hertfordshire: however, without this move, the organ would no longer exist, as the hall was completely destroyed by fire in 1966.


title: Morgan Ward

abstract: Henry Morgan Ward was an American mathematician, a professor of mathematics at the California Institute of Technology.

text:
# Morgan Ward

**Henry Morgan Ward** (August 20, 1901 – June 26, 1963) was an American mathematician, a professor of mathematics at the California Institute of Technology.

## Education and career

Ward was born in New York City. He studied at University of California, Berkeley, receiving his BA in 1924. He obtained his Ph.D. in mathematics from Caltech in 1928, with a dissertation titled *The Foundations of General Arithmetic*; his advisor was Eric Temple Bell. He became a research fellow at Caltech, and then in 1929 a member of the faculty; he remained at Caltech until his death in 1963. Among his doctoral students was Robert P. Dilworth, who also became a Caltech professor. Ward is the academic ancestor of over 500 mathematicians and computer scientists through Dilworth and another of his students, Donald A. Darling.

## Research

Ward's research interests included the study of recurrence relations and the divisibility properties of their solutions, diophantine equations including Euler's sum of powers conjecture and equations between monomials, abstract algebra, lattice theory and residuated lattices, functional equations and functional iteration, and numerical analysis. He also worked with the National Science Foundation on the reform of the elementary school mathematics curriculum, and with Clarence Ethel Hardgrove he wrote the textbook *Modern Elementary Mathematics* (Addison-Wesley, 1962).

Ward's works are collected in the Caltech library. A symposium in his memory was held at Caltech on November 21–22, 1963. *Ward quasigroups* are named after him, following his paper on alternative set of group axioms.

## Personal life

Ward died of a heart attack in Duarte, California.

## InfoBox

| Henry Morgan Ward | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1901-08-20)August 20, 1901
New York City, USA |
| Died | June 26, 1963(1963-06-26) (aged 61)
Duarte, California, USA |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | University of California, Berkeley
Caltech |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Caltech |
| Doctoral advisor | Eric Temple Bell |
| Doctoral students | Robert P. Dilworth
Donald Allan Darling |
|  | |


title: Nola phaeogramma

abstract: Nola phaeogramma is a moth of the family Nolidae. It found in Australia.

text:
# Nola phaeogramma

***Nola phaeogramma*** is a moth of the family Nolidae. It found in Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Nola phaeogramma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Nolidae |
| Genus: | *Nola* |
| Species: | ***N. phaeogramma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nola phaeogramma***<br>Turner, 1944 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Celama phaeogramma* | |


title: Radio Scarecrow

abstract: Radio Scarecrow is the seventh studio album by The Black Dog released in 2008 on CD and vinyl. It was written and produced by Ken Downie, Martin and Richard Dust. The album's subject was inspired by Numbers Stations and Electronic voice phenomena as explained by Martin Dust: "It’s the fact that people will cling to anything as a belief system that interest me a lot. The album name comes from the kids in the village where I live. There’s a local guy who’s had some kind of breakdown and he walks around with a radio to his ear all the time, they call him Radio Scarecrow."

text:
# Radio Scarecrow

***Radio Scarecrow*** is the seventh studio album by The Black Dog released in 2008 on CD and vinyl. It was written and produced by Ken Downie, Martin and Richard Dust.

The album's subject was inspired by Numbers Stations and Electronic voice phenomena (Electronic Voice Phenomena) as explained by Martin Dust: "It’s the fact that people will cling to anything as a belief system that interest me a lot. The album name comes from the kids in the village where I live. There’s a local guy who’s had some kind of breakdown and he walks around with a radio to his ear all the time, they call him Radio Scarecrow."

## Track listing

1. "Transmission Start" - 2:52
2. "Train by the Autobahn (Part 1)" - 5:03
3. "Train by the Autobahn (Part 2)" - 6:40
4. "Riphead v9" - 5:21
5. "UV Sine" - 7:43
6. "... Short Wave Lies" - 5:01
7. "Siiiipher" - 3:42
8. "Digital Poacher" - 2:47
9. "Coda" - 2:14
10. "Set to Receive" - 3:51
11. "EVP Echoes" - 4:33
12. "Floods v3.9" - 5:54
13. "Beep" - 3:37
14. "Witches ov" - 3:47
15. "Dials and Dialers 1" - 1:07
16. "Ghost Vexations" - 3:15
17. "Dials and Dialers 2" - 1:32

Composed and produced by Ken Downie, Martin Dust and Richard Dust.

## Riphead EP

1. "Riphead v2" - 8:01
2. "Gawble Vianag" - 6:55
3. "Mental Ward Sleep Machine" - 6:22

## Floods EP

1. "Floods v3" - 8:54
2. "Floods v3.2 (Surgeon Remix)" - 6:08
3. "Floods v3.1 (The \[Bass Soldier\] Remix)" - 5:03

## Set to Receive EP

1. "Set to Receive" - 5:42
2. "EVP Echoes" - 4:40
3. "Short Wave Lies (Live)" - 5:09

## Detroit vs. Sheffield EP

1. "Train by the Autobahn (Robert Hood DJ Remix)" - 5:52
2. "Train by the Autobahn (Part 3)" - 6:18
3. "Train by the Autobahn (Robert Hood's 8 Mile Remix)" - 7:49
4. "Siiiipher (The Bass Soldier's Forgemasters Remix)" - 4:06

## InfoBox

| Radio Scarecrow | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Black Dog | |
| Released | 31 March 2008 |
| Recorded | 2006–2008 |
| Genre | IDM |
| Length | 69:03 |
| Label | Soma Quality Recordings SOMACD67 |
| The Black Dog chronology | |
| *Silenced*
(2005) ***Radio Scarecrow***
(2008) *Further Vexations*
(2009) | |


title: Quantum social science

abstract: Quantum social science is an emerging field of interdisciplinary research which draws parallels between quantum physics and the social sciences. Although there is no settled consensus on a single approach, a unifying theme is that, while the social sciences have long modelled themselves on mechanistic science, they can learn much from quantum ideas such as complementarity and entanglement. Some authors are motivated by quantum mind theories that the brain, and therefore human interactions, are literally based on quantum processes, while others are more interested in taking advantage of the quantum toolkit to simulate social behaviours which elude classical treatment. Quantum ideas have been particularly influential in psychology but are starting to affect other areas such as international relations and diplomacy in what one 2018 paper called a "quantum turn in the social sciences".

text:
# Quantum social science

**Quantum social science** is an emerging field of interdisciplinary research which draws parallels between quantum physics and the social sciences. Although there is no settled consensus on a single approach, a unifying theme is that, while the social sciences have long modelled themselves on mechanistic science, they can learn much from quantum ideas such as complementarity and entanglement. Some authors are motivated by quantum mind theories that the brain, and therefore human interactions, are literally based on quantum processes, while others are more interested in taking advantage of the quantum toolkit to simulate social behaviours which elude classical treatment. Quantum ideas have been particularly influential in psychology but are starting to affect other areas such as international relations and diplomacy in what one 2018 paper called a "quantum turn in the social sciences".

## History

The idea that quantum physics might play an important role in living systems has long been considered by physicists. Niels Bohr for example believed that his principle of complementarity extended into both biology and psychology, while Erwin Schrödinger wrote in his 1944 book *What is Life?* of a "quantum theory of biology" that saw genetic mutations in terms of quantum leaps. In his 1989 book *The Emperor's New Mind*, Roger Penrose hypothesized that quantum mechanics plays an essential role in human consciousness. His 1994 follow-up book *Shadows of the Mind* speculated that these quantum processes take place in microtubules inside neurons.

Some physicists have also been willing to consider an even more direct connection between mind and quantum matter, in a quantum version of panpsychism. In his 1975 book *Disturbing the Universe*, Freeman Dyson wrote that "mind is already inherent in every electron, and the processes of human consciousness differ only in degree but not in kind from the processes of choice between quantum states". David Bohm's 1951 book *Quantum Theory* included a chapter on "Analogies to Quantum Processes" where he considered applications including the understanding of thought processes, and in 1990 he published a paper named "A new theory of the relationship of mind and matter" which asserts that consciousness permeates all forms of matter. These ideas were popularised and extended by Danah Zohar in books including *The Quantum Self* and (with Ian Marshall) *The Quantum Society*. Karen Barad's 2007 book *Meeting the Universe Halfway* took "Niels Bohr's philosophy-physics" as a starting point to develop her theory of agential realism.

Beginning in the 1990s, a separate approach to quantum social science was taken by a number of interdisciplinary researchers, working in what became known as quantum cognition, who argued that quantum probability theory was better than classical probability theory at accounting for a range of cognitive effects of the sort studied in behavioral economics. Others worked on developing "weak" or "generalised" versions of quantum theory which extended concepts such as complementarity and entanglement to the social domain. In their 2013 book *Quantum Social Science*, Emmanuel Haven and Andrei Khrennikov developed mathematical formalisms for the application of quantum models to topics including psychology, economics, finance, and brain science.

Most researchers in areas such as quantum cognition view the quantum formalism solely as a mathematical toolbox, and do not assume that human cognition is physically based on quantum mechanics. Separately however, researchers in quantum biology have uncovered evidence of quantum effects being exploited in processes such as photosynthesis and avian navigation; and some authors, notably political scientist Alexander Wendt, have argued that human beings are literally what he calls "walking wave functions".

## Core ideas

While quantum social scientists are divided on the question of whether social processes are physically quantum in nature, or just happen to be amenable to a quantum approach, there are a number of common ideas, themes, and concerns. The most fundamental is that, since its inception, social science has been based on a classical worldview, which needs to be updated in accordance with the teachings of quantum physics. In particular, quantum theory disputes key tenets or assumptions of the social sciences, which according to Wendt include materialism, determinism, and mechanism.

An example is the notion of entanglement. In mechanistic or pre-quantum science, particles are seen as individual entities that interact only in a mechanistic sense. In quantum mechanics, particles such as electrons can become entangled so that a measurement on one instantly affects the state of the other. In quantum social science, people are similarly entangled, whether through shared institutions such as language, or (according to some interpretations) through actual physical processes. An implication is that people are never completely separable, but are entangled elements of society.

Another example is the idea of wave function collapse. In standard interpretations of quantum physics, a particle is described by a wave function, and attributes such as position or momentum are only discovered through a measurement procedure which collapses the wave function to one of a number of allowed states. In quantum social science, mental states are best described as potentialities that "collapse" only when a judgement or decision is made. One consequence of wave function collapse in physics is that a measurement affects the system being studied, and therefore any future measurement. A corresponding phenomenon in social science is the so-called order effect, where responses to survey questions depends on the order in which they are asked.

## Applications

Ideas from quantum physics have long inspired thinkers in areas such as politics, diplomacy, and international relations. The journalist Flora Lewis spoke of the "Quantum Mechanics of Politics" in 1975. In a 1997 lecture on "Diplomacy in the Information Age", former US Secretary of State George P. Shultz credits the physicist Sidney Drell for coining the term "quantum diplomacy" to describe how diplomats need to account for uncertainty and the fact that "the process of observation itself is a cause of change". In a 2011 paper, James Der Derian proposed quantum diplomacy as a way to understand the entanglements brought about by a globalized media and a multiplicity of actors operating at different levels. These ideas have been a theme of Der Derian's annual Q-Symposium since 2014. In a 2018 address to the Trilateral Commission, Danah Zohar argued that a mechanistic worldview has led to problems from inequality to climate change, and that we need to shift to a quantum perspective which incorporates effects such as uncertainty and entanglement.

While Wendt's 2015 book *Quantum Mind and Social Science* does not focus on political science, it does discuss the applicability of quantum theory to social systems in general, and its publication led to a great deal of analysis and discussion on this topic. Other related areas where quantum ideas are seeing applications include quantum game theory, quantum decision theory, quantum finance and quantum economics. In a 2019 article for the Bretton Woods Committee, Andrew Sheng wrote that "A quantum paradigm of finance and the economy is slowly emerging, and its nonlinear, complex nature may help the design of a future global economy and financial architecture."

## Criticism

Quantum social science is contested by critics, who argue that it is inappropriately importing ideas from quantum physics to the social domain. The most common criticism is that due to quantum decoherence, quantum effects are filtered out at the macroscopic level, so cannot affect social systems. The physicist Max Tegmark for example has argued that brains cannot sustain quantum coherence.

A related topic of controversy is whether quantum science should be applied to social systems only in a metaphorical sense, or whether it should be taken as a physical description of those systems. This in turn relates to a broader debate in the sciences about scientific realism, which applies also to quantum physics.


title: A499 road

abstract: The A499 road is the major road of the Llŷn peninsula in North Wales. Its northern terminus is a roundabout with the A487 trunk road between Llanwnda and Llandwrog. It then runs south-westerly along the northern coast of the peninsula, through Clynnog Fawr then turns inland crossing the peninsula to meet the southern coast at Pwllheli, it then follows that southern coast to terminate at Abersoch. The total length is 23.4 miles. At no point is it a trunk road, although the Welsh Assembly has considered upgrading its status.

text:
# A499 road

The **A499 road** is the major road of the Llŷn peninsula in North Wales.

Its northern terminus is a roundabout with the A487 trunk road between Llanwnda and Llandwrog (53°05′41″N 4°16′57″W / 53.0948°N 4.2824°W / 53.0948; -4.2824 (A499 road (northern end))). It then runs south-westerly along the northern coast of the peninsula, through Clynnog Fawr then turns inland crossing the peninsula to meet the southern coast at Pwllheli, it then follows that southern coast to terminate at Abersoch (52°49′22″N 4°30′19″W / 52.8227°N 4.5054°W / 52.8227; -4.5054 (A499 road (southern end))).

The total length is 23.4 miles. At no point is it a trunk road, although the Welsh Assembly has considered upgrading its status.

## Improvements

Work started in February 2008 to upgrade the road between Aberdesach and Llanaelhaearn and also bypass Clynnog Fawr. This work is expected to complete in Summer 2009. Previous work in 2006/2007 had cleared the new route of trees and erected boundary fencing.

52°58′16″N 4°24′03″W / 52.9711°N 4.4009°W / 52.9711; -4.4009 (A499 road)

## InfoBox

| A499 | |
| --- | --- |
| The A499 at Bethesda Bach | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 23.4 mi (37.7 km) |
| Major junctions | |
| North end | A487 |
| Major intersections | A497 |
| South end | Abersoch |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Constituent country | Wales |
|  | |
| Road network | |
|  | |


title: Pirəbədil

abstract: Pirəbədil is a village and municipality in the Davachi Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 834. The municipality consists of the villages of Pirəbədil, Sumağava, Sumağavaqazma, and Zöhramlı.

text:
# Pirəbədil

**Pirəbədil** (also, **Pirebedil’**) is a village and municipality in the Davachi Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 834. The municipality consists of the villages of Pirəbədil, Sumağava, Sumağavaqazma, and Zöhramlı.

## Notable natives

* Ayna Sultanova — one of the first Azeri women revolutionaries, People's Commissar of Justice of the Azerbaijan SSR; its name is associated with appearance of the first in the East women's magazine "Shark Kadyny" ("Woman of the East"); sister of Gazanfar Musabekov and the wife of Hamid Sultanov.
* Gazanfar Musabekov — Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Azerbaijan SSR (1922–1930), Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars ZSFSR (1932–1936), Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Azerbaijan SSR.

## InfoBox

| Pirəbədil | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Pirəbədil | |
| Coordinates: 41°12′22″N 48°47′55″E / 41.20611°N 48.79861°E / 41.20611; 48.79861 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Davachi |
| Population | |
| Total | 834 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Reaction (album)

abstract: Reaction is the second album by American R&B singer Rebbie Jackson. The album was released on October 7, 1986 and spawned two mildly successful singles, "Reaction" and "You Send the Rain Away", a duet with Robin Zander. "Ticket To Love" was going to be released as the second single and received a very limited promo release before being cancelled in favour of "You Send the Rain Away". The album-only track "Tonight I'm Yours", a duet with Isaac Hayes, received substantial airplay but was not commercially released as a single. Reaction received a limited CD reissue in Japan in the early 1990s. It was reissued on CD with Jackson's previous album Centipede on May 18, 2010. The album was reissued by Funky Town Grooves on CD in October 2012 and included 7 bonus tracks.

text:
# Reaction (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Reaction*** is the second album by American R&B singer Rebbie Jackson. The album was released on October 7, 1986 and spawned two mildly successful singles, "Reaction" and "You Send the Rain Away", a duet with Robin Zander. "Ticket To Love" was going to be released as the second single and received a very limited promo release before being cancelled in favour of "You Send the Rain Away". The album-only track "Tonight I'm Yours", a duet with Isaac Hayes, received substantial airplay but was not commercially released as a single.

*Reaction* received a limited CD reissue in Japan in the early 1990s. It was reissued on CD with Jackson's previous album *Centipede* on May 18, 2010. The album was reissued by Funky Town Grooves on CD in October 2012 and included 7 bonus tracks.

## Track listing

1. "Reaction" (David Conley, David Townsend, Bernard Jackson) – 5:39
2. "Ain't No Way to Love" (Robert Brookins, Tony Haynes, Philip Bailey) – 4:15
3. "Ticket to Love" (Erik Nuri) – 4:48
4. "You Don't Know What You're Missing" (Howie Rice, Allan D. Rich, Barry Fasman) – 3:51
5. "You Send the Rain Away" (with Robin Zander) (Preston Glass, Gloria Sklerov, Lenny Macaluso) – 4:59
6. "If You Don't Call (You Don't Care)" (Erik Nuri, Patrick Henderson) – 5:11
7. "Always Wanting Something" (Tito Jackson, Vassal Benford) – 4:27
8. "Tonight I'm Yours" (with Isaac Hayes) (Vassal Benford, Rebbie Jackson, Lanar Brantley) – 4:16
9. "Lessons (In the Fine Art of Love)" (Reggie Lucas, Leslie Lynne Smith) – 4:37

### 2012 Expanded edition

Bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 10. | "You Send the Rain Away" (Single Version) |  |
| 11. | "Reaction" (Single Version) |  |
| 12. | "Reaction" (Reaction (Extended Dance Mix)) |  |
| 13. | "Reaction" (Dub) |  |
| 14. | "Reaction" (Instrumental) |  |
| 15. | "Ticket to Love" (7 Inch Mix) |  |
| 16. | "Ticket to Love" (12 Inch Mix) |  |

## Charts

| Chart (1986) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. R&B Chart | 54 |
|

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Reaction | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Rebbie Jackson | |
| Released | October 7, 1986 (1986-10-07) |
| Recorded | 1985–1986 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 42:01 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Rebbie Jackson chronology | |
| *Centipede*
(1984) ***Reaction***
(1986) *R U Tuff Enuff*
(1988) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Reaction* | |
| 1. "Reaction"
Released: February 14, 1986 (1986-02-14) 2. "You Send the Rain Away"
Released: May 23, 1986 (1986-05-23) | |
|  | |


title: Rattle

abstract: Rattle may refer to:

text:
# Rattle

**Rattle** may refer to:

## Instruments

## Music

* The Rattles, German rock band who recorded an upbeat version of "Zip-a-dee-doo-dah" in the 1960s also famous for their 1970 hit "The Witch"
* "Rattle" (song), a 2011 electro house song by Dutch duo Bingo Players
* "Rattle!", a 2020 song by American contemporary worship band Elevation Worship
* Rattle Records, a New Zealand contemporary art-music label.

## Places

## People

## Science

## Other


title: Michael C. Polt

abstract: Michael Christian Polt is an American diplomat. He served as the U.S. Ambassador to Estonia from 2009 to 2012 and as U.S. Ambassador to Serbia and Montenegro from 2004 to 2006 and its successor state Serbia from 2006 to 2007. Currently he is a senior director at the McCain Institute.

text:
# Michael C. Polt

**Michael Christian Polt** (born 1954) is an American diplomat. He served as the U.S. Ambassador to Estonia from 2009 to 2012 and as U.S. Ambassador to Serbia and Montenegro from 2004 to 2006 and its successor state Serbia from 2006 to 2007. Currently he is a senior director at the McCain Institute.

## Early life and education

Polt was born in 1954 Austria during the Allied occupation there following World War II. Michael attended the American International School of Düsseldorf (Germany), graduating in 1972. He holds a bachelor's degree and an Honorary Doctorate from American International College in Springfield, Massachusetts, and a master's degree in Public Administration from the University of Tennessee.

## Career

Polt assumed his position as a Senior Director of the McCain Institute for International Leadership on October 1, 2012, after concluding his 35-year diplomatic career and following his last assignment as the U.S. ambassador to Estonia in late 2009. Polt also served previously as U.S. Ambassador to Serbia and Montenegro and its successor state Serbia after the former disbanded. Prior to his ambassadorial missions, the Ambassador was Principal Deputy and Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs in the Powell and Clinton State Departments.

During his three decades as a career diplomat, Polt served as U.S. Minister and Deputy Chief of Mission of the U.S. Embassy in Berlin, Germany and Deputy Chief of Mission and Charge’ d’ Affaires of the U.S. Embassy in Bern, Switzerland. He has also served as Senior Advisor to the Director General of the Foreign Service for Management Reform and was a key member of the Senior Management Steering Board directing the State Department's 2003 to 2005 multi-million dollar reinvention of its Diplomatic Communications System.

Polt has held other senior positions in the Department of State, as Deputy Director for European Security and Arms Control issues, and in Panama City as Political Counselor of the U.S. Embassy during the time leading up to the U.S. military action against the Noriega regime in 1989. During his earlier career, Polt was assigned to Embassies in Bonn, Mexico City, and Copenhagen, as well as the U.S. Consulate in Bremen, Germany.

Polt has been the repeated recipient of the Presidential Meritorious Service Award and numerous Department of State Meritorious and Superior Honor Awards for Outstanding Policy Leadership, Management, Crisis Performance, and Political Analysis. He has been awarded the Thomas Jefferson Award for Service to U.S. Citizens Overseas by American Citizens Abroad. He is a member of the Board of the Baltic American Freedom Foundation and member of the American Academy of Diplomacy as well as the American Foreign Service Association.

## Personal life

Both Polt and his Pennsylvanian wife Hallie live in Fairfax County, Virginia. They have two grown children, Nicholas and Lindsay. The Polts enjoy sailing and skiing for relaxation and a good cup of coffee with time to savor it.

## Honors

## InfoBox

| Michael C. Polt | |
| --- | --- |
| Polt in December 2009 | |
|  | |
| United States Ambassador to Estonia | |
| **In office**
December 10, 2009 (2009-12-10)  July 22, 2012 (2012-07-22) | |
| Preceded by | Karen B. Decker (interim) |
| Succeeded by | Jeffrey D. Levine |
| United States Ambassador to Serbia | |
| **In office**
June 2006 (2006-06)  July 2007 (2007-07) | |
| Preceded by | Himself (as ambassador to Serbia and Montenegro) |
| Succeeded by | Cameron Munter |
| United States Ambassador to Serbia and Montenegro | |
| **In office**
May 21, 2004 (2004-05-21)  June 2006 (2006-06) | |
| Preceded by | William Dale Montgomery |
| Succeeded by | Himself (as ambassador to Serbia) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1954 (age 6970)
Allied-occupied Austria |
| Nationality | American |
| Spouse | Hallie Polt |
| Residence(s) | Fairfax County, Virginia, U.S. |
| Alma mater | University of Tennessee |
|  | |


title: Nola parvitis

abstract: Nola parvitis is a moth of the family Nolidae. It was first described by George Howes in 1917.

text:
# Nola parvitis

***Nola parvitis*** is a moth of the family Nolidae. It was first described by George Howes in 1917.

## Taxonomy

This species was first described by George Howes in 1917 and was originally named *Adeixis parvitis*. In 1927 Alfred Philpott placed this species in the genus *Celama*. In 2010 this species was listed under the genus *Nola* in the *New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity*.

## Distribution

It is endemic to New Zealand. Specimens have been found in Broad Bay, Otago and Aniseed Valley in Nelson. A specimen was also collected south east of Te Anau where it was described by Charles E. Clarke as being a rare moth that was taken in December amongst *Leptospermum*. This species has also been collected in December in the Dansey ecological district, near Kakanui, on *Helichrysum aggregatum*.

## InfoBox

| *Nola parvitis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Holotype specimen held at Auckland Museum | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nolidae |
| Subfamily: | Nolinae |
| Genus: | *Nola* |
| Species: | ***N. parvitis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nola parvitis***<br>(Howes, 1917) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Adeixis parvitis* Howes, 1917 * *Celama parvitis* (Howes, 1917) | |


title: Oruza albocostata

abstract: Oruza albocostata is a species of moth in the family Erebidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1899. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Oruza albocostata is 9026.

text:
# Oruza albocostata

***Oruza albocostata*** is a species of moth in the family Erebidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1899. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Oruza albocostata* is 9026.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Oruza albocostata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Boletobiinae |
| Genus: | *Oruza* |
| Species: | ***O. albocostata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oruza albocostata***<br>(H. Druce, 1899) | |
|


title: Raghunathpur railway station

abstract: Raghunathpur railway station is a railway station on the East Coast Railway network in the state of Odisha, India. It serves Raghunathpur village. Its code is RCTC. It has three platforms. Passenger, MEMU, Express trains halt at Raghunathpur railway station.

text:
# Raghunathpur railway station

**Raghunathpur railway station** is a railway station on the East Coast Railway network in the state of Odisha, India. It serves Raghunathpur village. Its code is **RCTC**. It has three platforms. Passenger, MEMU, Express trains halt at Raghunathpur railway station.

## Major trains

## InfoBox

| Raghunathpur | |
| --- | --- |
| Indian Railways station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Raghunathpur, Odisha<br>India |
| Coordinates | 20°21′05″N 86°09′03″E / 20.351443°N 86.150740°E / 20.351443; 86.150740 |
| Owned by | Ministry of Railways, Indian Railways |
| Line(s) | Cuttack–Paradip line |
| Platforms | 3 |
| Tracks | 3 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Standard (on ground) |
| Parking | No |
| Other information | |
| Status | Functioning |
| Station code | RCTC |
| Zone(s) | East Coast Railway |
| Division(s) | Khurda Road |
| History | |
| Electrified | Yes |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Raghunathpur railway stationLocation within IndiaRaghunathpur railway stationRaghunathpur railway station (Odisha) | |


title: Gobius hypselosoma

abstract: Gobius hypselosoma is a species of goby native to fresh and brackish waters of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. It can reach a length of 25 centimetres (9.8 in) TL.

text:
# Gobius hypselosoma

***Gobius hypselosoma*** is a species of goby native to fresh and brackish waters of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. It can reach a length of 25 centimetres (9.8 in) TL.

## InfoBox

| *Gobius hypselosoma* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Gobiiformes |
| Family: | Gobiidae |
| Genus: | *Gobius* |
| Species: | ***G. hypselosoma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gobius hypselosoma***
Bleeker, 1867 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chonophorus hypselosoma* (Bleeker, 1867) * *Gobius nigripinnis* Valenciennes, 1837 * *Gobius isognathus* Bleeker, 1867 * *Gobius melanopterus* Bleeker, 1867 | |