title: Nasal concha

abstract: In anatomy, a nasal concha, also called a nasal turbinate or turbinal, is a long, narrow, curled shelf of bone that protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose in humans and various other animals. The conchae are shaped like an elongated seashell, which gave them their name. A concha is any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in vertebrates. In humans, the conchae divide the nasal airway into four groove-like air passages, and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface area of nasal mucosa. As a ciliated mucous membrane with shallow blood supply, the nasal mucosa cleans, humidifies and warms the inhaled air in preparation for the lungs. A rapidly dilating arteriolar circulation to these bones may lead to a sharp increase in the pressure within, in response to acute cooling of the body core. The pain from this pressure is often referred to as "brain freeze", and is frequently associated with the rapid consumption of ice cream. The shallowness of the venous blood supply of the mucosa contributes to the ease with which nosebleed can occur.

text:
# Nasal concha

In anatomy, a **nasal concha** (/ˈkɒnkə/; pl.: **conchae**; /ˈkɒnk/; Latin for 'shell'), also called a **nasal turbinate** or **turbinal**, is a long, narrow, curled shelf of bone that protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose in humans and various other animals. The conchae are shaped like an elongated seashell, which gave them their name (Latin *concha* from Greek *κόγχη*). A concha is any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in vertebrates.

In humans, the conchae divide the nasal airway into four groove-like air passages, and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface area of nasal mucosa. As a ciliated mucous membrane with shallow blood supply, the nasal mucosa cleans, humidifies and warms the inhaled air in preparation for the lungs.

A rapidly dilating arteriolar circulation to these bones may lead to a sharp increase in the pressure within, in response to acute cooling of the body core. The pain from this pressure is often referred to as "brain freeze", and is frequently associated with the rapid consumption of ice cream. The shallowness of the venous blood supply of the mucosa contributes to the ease with which nosebleed can occur.

## Structure

Conchae are composed of pseudostratified columnar, ciliated respiratory epithelium with a thick, vascular, and erectile glandular tissue layer. The conchae are located laterally in the nasal cavities, curling medially and downward into the nasal airway. Each pair is composed of one concha in either side of the nasal cavity, divided by the septum.

The *superior conchae* are smaller structures, connected to the middle conchae by nerve-endings, and serve to protect the olfactory bulb. The superior conchae attach to the ethmoid bone. The openings to the posterior ethmoidal sinuses exist under the superior meatus. The sphenoid sinus ostium exists medial to the superior turbinate.

The *middle conchae* are smaller but have the most complex anatomy of the nasal turbinates. They originate from the lateral edge of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. They insert anteriorly into the frontal process of the maxilla and posteriorly into the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. There are three mutually perpendicular segments of the middle turbinate: from proximal to distal, there is the horizontal segment (axial plane), the basal lamella (coronal plane), and the vertical segment (sagittal plane). They project downwards over the openings of the maxillary and anterior and middle ethmoid sinuses, and act as buffers to protect the sinuses from coming in direct contact with pressurized nasal airflow. Most inhaled airflow travels between the inferior concha and the middle meatus. In humans, they are usually as long as the little finger.

The *inferior conchae* are the largest turbinates, can be as long as the index finger in humans, and are responsible for the majority of airflow direction, humidification, heating, and filtering of air inhaled through the nose.

The *inferior conchae* are graded 1–4 based on the inferior concha classification system (known as the *inferior turbinate classification system*) in which the total amount of the airway space that the inferior concha takes up is estimated. Grade 1 is 0–25% of the airway, grade 2 is 26–50% of the airway, grade 3 is 51–75% of the airway and grade 4 is 76–100% of the airway.

There is sometimes a pair of *supreme conchae* superior to the superior conchae. When present, these usually take the form of a small crest.

## Function

The conchae comprise most of the mucosal tissue of the nose and are required for functional respiration. They are enriched with airflow pressure and temperature-sensing nerve receptors (linked to the trigeminal nerve route, the fifth cranial nerve), allowing for tremendous erectile capabilities of nasal congestion and decongestion, in response to the weather conditions and changing needs of the body. In addition, the erectile tissue undergoes an often unnoticed cycle of partial congestion and decongestion called the nasal cycle. The flow of blood to the nasal mucosa in particular the venous plexus of the conchae is regulated by the pterygopalatine ganglion and heats or cools the air in the nose.

The nasopulmonary and nasothoracic reflexes regulate the mechanism of breathing through deepening of inhalation. Triggered by the flow of the air, the pressure of the air in the nose, and the quality of the air, impulses from the nasal mucosa are transmitted by the trigeminal nerve to the breathing centres in the brainstem, and the generated response is transmitted to the bronchi, the intercostal muscles, and the diaphragm.

The conchae are also responsible for filtration, heating, and humidification of air inhaled through the nose. Of these three, filtration is achieved mostly by other more effective means such as mucus and cilia. As air passes over the conchae, it is heated to 32–34 °C (89–93 °F), humidified (up to 98% water saturation) and filtered.

### Immunological role

The respiratory epithelium that covers the erectile tissue (or lamina propria) of the conchae plays a major role in the body's first line of immunological defense. The respiratory epithelium is partially composed of mucus-producing goblet cells. This secreted mucus covers the nasal cavities, and serves as a filter, by trapping air-borne particles larger than 2 to 3 micrometers. The respiratory epithelium also serves as a means of access for the lymphatic system, which protects the body from being infected by viruses or bacteria.

### Smell

The conchae provide, first and foremost, the humidity needed to preserve the delicate olfactory epithelium, which in turn is needed to keep the olfactory receptors healthy and alert. If the epithelial layer gets dry or irritated, it may cease to function. This is usually a temporary condition but, over time, may lead to chronic anosmia. The turbinates also increase the surface area of the inside of the nose, and, by directing and deflecting airflow across the maximum mucosal surface of the inner nose, they are able to propel the inspired air. This, coupled with the humidity and filtration provided by the conchae, helps to carry more scent molecules towards the higher, and very narrow regions of the nasal airways, where olfaction nerve receptors are located.

The superior conchae completely cover and protect the nerve axons piercing through the cribriform plate (a porous bone plate that separates the nose from the brain) into the nose. Some areas of the middle conchae are also innervated by the olfactory bulb. All three pairs of conchae are innervated by pain and temperature receptors, via the trigeminal nerve (or, the fifth cranial nerve). Research has shown that there is a strong connection between these nerve endings and activation of the olfactory receptors, but science has yet to fully explain this interaction.

## Clinical significance

### Dysfunction

Large, swollen conchae, often referred to clinically as turbinates, may lead to blockage of nasal breathing. Allergies, exposure to environmental irritants, or a persistent inflammation within the sinuses can lead to turbinate swelling. Deformity of the nasal septum can also result in enlarged turbinates.

Treatment of the underlying allergy or irritant may reduce turbinate swelling. In cases that do not resolve, or for treatment of deviated septum, turbinate surgery may be required.

### Surgery

Turbinate reduction is a surgery to reduce the size of the turbinates (typically inferior turbinates). There are different techniques, including bipolar radiofrequency ablation (also known as somnoplasty), electrocautery, and use of cold steel instruments (e.g. microdebrider).

In the case of turbinate reduction, only small amounts of turbinate tissue are removed because the turbinates are essential for respiration. Turbinectomy is usually reserved for patients who have persistent symptoms despite previous turbinate reduction surgery. Risks of reduction of the inferior or middle turbinates include empty nose syndrome. As Steven M. Houser suggested, "this is especially true in cases of anterior inferior turbinate (IT) resection because of its important role in the internal nasal valve."

Concha bullosa is an abnormal pneumatization of the middle turbinate, which may interfere with normal ventilation of the sinus ostia and can result in recurrent sinusitis. In some cases, the concha bullosa may be resected to help resolve persistent symptoms.

## Other animals

Generally, in animals, nasal conchae are convoluted structures of thin bone or cartilage located in the nasal cavity. These are lined with mucous membranes that can perform two functions. They can improve the sense of smell by increasing the area available to absorb airborne chemicals, and they can warm and moisten inhaled air, and extract heat and moisture from exhaled air to prevent desiccation of the lungs. Olfactory turbinates are found in all living tetrapods, and respiratory turbinates are found in most mammals and birds.

Animals with respiratory turbinates can breathe faster without drying out their lungs, and consequently can have a faster metabolism. For example, when the emu exhales, its nasal turbinates condense moisture from the air and absorbs it for reuse. Dogs and other canids possess well-developed nasal turbinates. These turbinates allow for heat exchange between small arteries and veins on their maxilloturbinate (turbinates positioned on maxilla bone) surfaces in a counter-current heat-exchange system. Dogs are capable of prolonged chases, in contrast to the ambush predation of cats, and these complex turbinates play an important role in enabling this (cats only possess a much smaller and less-developed set of nasal turbinates). This same complex turbinate structure help conserve water in arid environments. The water conservation and thermoregulatory capabilities of these well-developed turbinates in dogs may have been crucial adaptations that allowed dogs (including both domestic dogs and their wild prehistoric gray wolf ancestors) to survive in the harsh Arctic environment and other cold areas of northern Eurasia and North America, which are both very dry and very cold.

Reptiles and more primitive synapsids have olfactory turbinates that are involved in sensing smell rather than preventing desiccation. While the maxilloturbinates of mammals are located in the path of airflow to collect moisture, sensory turbinates in both mammals and reptiles are positioned farther back and above the nasal passage, away from the flow of air. *Glanosuchus* has ridges positioned low in the nasal cavity, indicating that it had maxilloturbinates that were in the direct path of airflow. The maxilloturbinates may not have been preserved because they were either very thin or cartilaginous. The possibility has also been raised that these ridges are associated with an olfactory epithelium rather than turbinates. Nonetheless, the possible presence of maxilloturbinates suggests that *Glanosuchus* may have been able to rapidly breathe without drying out the nasal passage, and therefore could have been an endotherm.

The bones of nasal turbinates are very fragile and seldom survive as fossils. In particular none have been found in fossil birds. But there is indirect evidence for their presence in some fossils. Rudimentary ridges like those that support respiratory turbinates have been found in advanced Triassic cynodonts, such as *Thrinaxodon* and *Diademodon*. This suggests that they may have had fairly high metabolic rates. The paleontologist John Ruben and others have argued that no evidence of nasal turbinates has been found in dinosaurs. All the dinosaurs they examined had nasal passages that they claimed were too narrow and too short to accommodate nasal turbinates, so dinosaurs could not have sustained the breathing rate required for a mammal-like or bird-like metabolic rate while at rest, because their lungs would have dried out. However, objections have been raised against this argument. Nasal turbinates are absent or very small in some birds, such as ratites, Procellariiformes and Falconiformes. They are also absent or very small in some mammals, such as anteaters, bats, elephants, whales and most primates, although these animals are fully endothermic and in some cases very active. Furthermore, ossified turbinate bones have been identified in the ankylosaurid dinosaur *Saichania*.

## Additional images

## InfoBox

| Nasal concha/turbinate | |
| --- | --- |
| Lateral wall of nasal cavity, showing ethmoid bone in position. (Superior and middle in pink, and inferior in blue.) | |
|  | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *conchae nasales* |
| MeSH | D014420 |
| FMA | 57456 |
| Anatomical terms of bone | |


abstract: The 1960 Sacramento State Hornets football team represented Sacramento State College—now known as California State University, Sacramento—as a member of the Far Western Conference (FWC) during the 1960 college football season. Led by John W. Baker in his fourth and final season as head coach, Sacramento State compiled an overall record of 5–5 with a mark of 2–3 in conference play, tying for third place in the FWC. For the season the team outscored its opponents 163 to 132. The Hornets played home games at Charles C. Hughes Stadium in Sacramento, California.

text:
# 1960 Sacramento State Hornets football team

1960 Far Western Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 2/3 Humboldt State $ | 5 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 11 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| San Francisco State | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| Chico State | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Sacramento State | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Nevada | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| UC Davis | 0 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 0 |  | 8 |  | 1 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from NAIA poll and AP small college poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1960 Sacramento State Hornets football team** represented Sacramento State College—now known as California State University, Sacramento—as a member of the Far Western Conference (FWC) during the 1960 college football season. Led by John W. Baker in his fourth and final season as head coach, Sacramento State compiled an overall record of 5–5 with a mark of 2–3 in conference play, tying for third place in the FWC. For the season the team outscored its opponents 163 to 132. The Hornets played home games at Charles C. Hughes Stadium in Sacramento, California.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 17 | vs. Southern Oregon* |  | W 39–14 |  |  |
| September 24 | Occidental* |  | W 33–6 |  |  |
| October 1 | Long Beach State* | * Charles C. Hughes Stadium * Sacramento, CA | L 0–14 | 3,336 |  |
| October 8 | at Santa Clara* |  | W 14–8 |  |  |
| October 15 | No. 7 Humboldt State |  | L 9–33 | 5,000 |  |
| October 22 | Chico State | * Charles C. Hughes Stadium * Sacramento, CA | W 13–9 |  |  |
| October 29 | Cal Poly Pomona* | * Charles C. Hughes Stadium * Sacramento, CA | L 18–19 | 1,500 |  |
| November 5 | at Nevada |  | L 0–15 | 6,500 |  |
| November 11 | at San Francisco State |  | L 6–14 | 1,500 |  |
| November 19 | UC Davis | * Charles C. Hughes Stadium * Sacramento, CA (rivalry) | W 31–0 | 3,814 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game | | | | | |

1. "Brief Summary Of Cumulative Football Statistics". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
2. Don Terbush (October 17, 1960). "Sacramento State Joins HSC's 14-Game Win Skein". *Eureka Humboldt Standard*. Eureka, California. p. 19. Retrieved April 3, 2018  via Newspapers.com.
3. "Brief Summary Of Cumulative Football Statistics". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
4. "Mackay Stadium". University of Nevada, Reno. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
5. "Brief Summary Of Cumulative Football Statistics". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
6. "Brief Summary Of Cumulative Football Statistics". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
7. "Brief Summary Of Cumulative Football Statistics". National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved May 11, 2022.

## InfoBox

| 1960 Sacramento State Hornets football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Far Western Conference |
| Record | 5–5 (2–3 FWC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | Charles C. Hughes Stadium |
|


title: Moira (Moira Dela Torre EP)

abstract: Moira is the first extended play (EP) by Filipina singer Moira Dela Torre. The EP is self-titled and consists of six tracks, all songs were originally written by Moira Dela Torre herself.

text:
# Moira (Moira Dela Torre EP)

***Moira*** is the first extended play (EP) by Filipina singer Moira Dela Torre. The EP is self-titled and consists of six tracks, all songs were originally written by Moira Dela Torre herself.

## Background

After joining the first season of The Voice of the Philippines, Dela Torre has kept her music career on track by working on corporate jingles and theme songs: including McDonald's "Hooray for Today", Surf's "Pinalaki", and Johnson & Johnson's "Signature of Love". In 2014, Dela Torre caught the attention of Ivory Music and offered her a recording contract for her self-titled debut EP, *Moira*.

## Track listing

6 songs were written by Dela Torre.

*Moira*
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Love Me Instead" | Dela Torre | 3:28 |
| 2. | "Be My Fairytale" | Dela Torre | 3:52 |
| 3. | "Happily Ever After" | Dela Torre | 4:30 |
| 4. | "If You Tell Me You Love Me" | Dela Torre | 4:07 |
| 5. | "After Your Heart" | Dela Torre | 4:32 |
| 6. | "Wala Nang Kulang Pa" (featuring Sam Milby) | Dela Torre | 3:36 |
| Total length: | | | 24:05 |

## InfoBox

| Moira | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Moira Dela Torre | |
| Released | August 28, 2014 (2014-08-28) |
| Studio | Ivory Music
(San Juan, Metro Manila) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 24:05 |
| Label | Ivory Music |
| Moira Dela Torre chronology | |
| ***Moira***
(2014) *Lost In Translation*
(2016) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Moira* | |
| 1. "Love Me Instead"
Released: August 6, 2014 2. "Be My Fairytale"
Released: October 20, 2017 | |
|  | |


title: Matthew Gotel

abstract: Matthew Gotel is an American football nose tackle who is a free agent. He played college football for the Snow Badgers and West Florida Argonauts and has also been a member of the San Antonio Brahmas of the XFL and the Atlanta Falcons.

text:
# Matthew Gotel

**Matthew Gotel** (born January 2, 1999) is an American football nose tackle who is a free agent. He played college football for the Snow Badgers and West Florida Argonauts and has also been a member of the San Antonio Brahmas of the XFL and the Atlanta Falcons.

## Early life and college career

Gotel was born on January 2, 1999, in Tacoma, Washington. He attended Lakes High School in Lakewood, Washington, and was a member of their highly-successful football team under coach Dave Miller. His only offer to play college football came from the junior college ranks in Snow College in Ephraim, Utah. He totaled 19 tackles as a freshman in 2017 and 26 as a sophomore in 2018.

Gotel was noticed by a football recruiter at the University of West Florida while playing in a bowl game for Snow College. He liked the school and enrolled there in 2019. He helped them win an NCAA Division II national championship that season while totaling 31 tackles. The 2020 season was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a senior in 2021, he posted 26 tackles, 1.5 tackles-for-loss and 1.5 sacks.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 ft 1+34 in
(1.87 m) | 341 lb
(155 kg) | 32+38 in
(0.82 m) | 9+34 in
(0.25 m) | 5.34 s | 1.87 s | 3.02 s | 4.75 s | 7.83 s | 27.0 in
(0.69 m) | 8 ft 6 in
(2.59 m) | 32 reps |
| All values from Pro Day | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Seattle Seahawks

Gotel paid his way to being one of 58 players at the rookie minicamp of the Seattle Seahawks, for players not selected in the 2022 NFL draft. He impressed the team and was offered a contract as an undrafted free agent. He was waived on August 20, 2022.

### Atlanta Falcons

Gotel had a brief stint with the Atlanta Falcons and was released.

### San Antonio Brahmas

Gotel joined the San Antonio Brahmas of the XFL after having been selected in the 2023 XFL Draft. He made the Brahmas final roster and appeared in all 10 games for the team, making 23 tackles.

### Atlanta Falcons (second stint)

Gotel signed with the Falcons on August 4, 2023. He was released three days later.

### Seattle Seahawks (second stint)

Gotel signed with the Seattle Seahawks on August 17. He was released at the final roster cuts and subsequently re-signed to the practice squad. He was released from the practice squad on November 10, then re-signed on January 1, 2024. He was elevated to the active roster for the team's season finale in Week 18 against the Arizona Cardinals. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 8, 2024.

Gotel was waived on August 8, 2024, and later re-signed to the practice squad.

## InfoBox

Matthew Gotel
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1999-01-02) January 2, 1999
Tacoma, Washington, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Weight: | 341 lb (155 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Lakes (Lakewood, Washington) |
| College: | Snow (2017–2018)
West Florida (2019–2021) |
| Position: | Nose tackle |
| Undrafted: | 2022 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Modern Times (community)

abstract: Modern Times was a Utopian community existing from 1851 to 1864 in what is now Brentwood, New York, United States. Founded by Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews, the community based its structure on Warren’s ideas of individual sovereignty and equitable commerce. Modern Times existed until 1864 when its citizens decided to change the name of the town to Brentwood. Writers have cited different reasons for the community’s failure.

text:
# Modern Times (community)

**Modern Times** was a Utopian community existing from 1851 to 1864 in what is now Brentwood, New York, United States. Founded by Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews, the community based its structure on Warren’s ideas of individual sovereignty and equitable commerce. Modern Times existed until 1864 when its citizens decided to change the name of the town to Brentwood. Writers have cited different reasons for the community’s failure.

## Background

Warren had been a successful inventor and industrialist before he became interested in the idea of utopian communities. He was fascinated with New Harmony, Indiana, which Robert Owen had founded in 1825 as a socialist community. In 1825, Warren sold his factory and took his family to live in New Harmony which then failed within two years. Warren felt that the reasons for its failure were the authoritarian nature of the community and the socialist idea of holding all property in common. From this experience, he came up with the idea of individual sovereignty which can be expressed as "the moral or natural right of a person to have bodily integrity and be the exclusive controller of one's own body and life".

Warren also realized that individual sovereignty must extend to economic matters and that owning property in common had been detrimental to New Harmony. He also developed the idea "cost the limit of price". He believed that goods and services should be traded according to how much labor was exerted to produce them and bring them to market, instead of according to what individuals subjectively believed them to be worth. Therefore, he proposed a system to pay people with certificates indicating how many hours of work they did. They could either exchange the notes at the local time stores for goods that took the same amount of time to produce, or they could exchange their labor notes with other residents for an equivalent amount of labor.

## History

### Establishment

Steven Pearl Andrews met Josiah Warren in 1851 in New York City. Andrews was a lawyer and an abolitionist. He had varied interests that included American Shorthand and being conversant with over 30 languages. Andrews was so fascinated by Warren’s ideas that he wrote a book about them in order to give them a wider audience. In 1851, they decided to start their experimental village of Modern Times located in what is now Brentwood. Warren and Andrews sold the land at cost to the new settlers with the stipulation that the buyers had to wait at least five years before they could sell the land at a market price. Sales before that time had to be at cost.

### Life at Modern Times

William Metcalf was the first person to put a home up in spring 1851. In the next year, ten more families moved in. The ability to swap labor notes for other people's labor and Josiah Warren's cost-saving method of making bricks out of sundried mortar ensured that the home prices would be affordable. By 1855, the New York State census reported 85 people living in Modern Times. In 1860, the federal census listed 126 residents.

While Modern Times, in theory, was designed to operate as a self-sufficient labor-for-labor exchange, in reality the residents soon had to go out to work in the outside world in order to procure money to purchase a good deal of the things that were needed to live.

Modern Times became a town with no government, laws or police, and which could be referred to as anarchistic, yet there was no crime or violence during its 13 year history.

### Decline and renaming

Different reasons are posited for the inability of Modern Times to continue beyond its 14-year life span. Vern Dyson wrote that "the economic panic of 1857 undermined the business enterprises of the village and the civil war completed the task of annihilation". William Bailie also stated his opinion about the deleterious effects of the panic of 1857 on Modern Times. Roger Wunderlich felt that Bailie exaggerated the impact of the 1857 crash on Modern Times and wrote that after the crash a slow but steady influx of settlers continued. Wunderlich further says that, even before 1857, more of the skilled workers of Modern Times "were beginning to be disinclined to trade their skills at par without financial gain", and so worked outside Modern Times. Charles Codman, who was a resident of Modern Times, wrote many years later that the lack of a charismatic leader who was able to spread the ideas about Modern Times to a wider audience and the fact that a good deal of the settlers were not dedicated to the ideals of equitable commerce, led to its inability to continue as a utopian village.

Finally, Wunderlich wrote that the Civil War presented the residents of Modern Times with a situation and choices that were contrary to their personal beliefs. Could one be believer in individual sovereignty and join the army to fight or pay taxes for the war effort? In the end, out of the 168 men from Islip town who enlisted in the Union Army, 15 of them were from Modern Times. Modern Times had sent a higher proportion of its men to war than did the Town of Islip as a whole.

In 1864, the members of Modern Times decided to change the name of their town to Brentwood in order to cut down on the amount of unfavorable publicity that the name of Modern Times had created.

1. Dyson, Vern. *A Fleeting Moment in History, Modern Times*. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012.
2. Bailie, William (1906). *Josiah Warren: The First American Anarchist A Sociological Study* (PDF). Boston, Massachusetts: Small, Maynard & Company. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2012.
3. Wunderlich, Roger (1992). *Low Living and High Thinking at Modern Times, New York*. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 175. ISBN 0-8156-2554-5.
4. Wunderlich (1992) p.17.
5. Dyson, Vern (1950). *A century of Brentwood*. Brentwood, New York: Brentwood Village Press. p. 26.
6. Dyson (1950) p 26.
7. Wunderlich (1992) p 19.
8. Dyson (1950) p.26.
9. Wunderlich (1992) pp 2-3 .
10. Wunderlich (1992) pp4-5.
11. Wunderlich (1992) p 46.
12. Wunderlich (1992) p25.
13. Wunderlich (1992) pp.97-106.
14. Wunderlich (1992) p.173.
15. Wunderlich (1992) p.32.
16. Wunderlich (1992) p.31.
17. Wunderlich (1992) p.39.
18. Wunderlich (1992) p.43.
19. Wunderlich (1992) p.105.
20. Dyson (1950) p.89.
21. Wunderlich (1992) p.175.
22. Wunderlich (1992) pp. 189.
23. Codman, Charles (c. 1905). *A brief history of the city of Modern Times, Long Island, N.Y.: and a glorification of some of its saints*. Brentwood, New York. p. 17. A pencil script in the Modern Times Collection of the Suffolk County Historical society, Riverhead New York. Pages cited are from a 20 page typewritten copy, held by the society, a copy of which is held in the Brentwood Public Library Historical Collection.
24. Wunderlich (1992) p.179.
25. Wunderlich (1992) p.183.

## Further reading

* John Calvin Spurloc (1983). "Anarchy and Community at Modern Times, 1851-1863". *Communal Societies* (3): 9–47.

40°46′42.78″N 73°14′45.66″W / 40.7785500°N 73.2460167°W / 40.7785500; -73.2460167


title: Portia Duval-Rigby

abstract: Portia Duval-Rigby is an Australian retired ice dancer. With her husband Francis Rigby, she is a two time Australian Champion. They were married in 1997. The Rigbys were coached by Helen Ma and Svetlana Liapina. Their highest placement at an ISU Championship was 12th at the 1999 and 2001 Four Continents Championships. Rigby previously skated with Andrejs Liepinieks, with whom she competed at the 1989 World Junior Figure Skating Championships. She is a civil engineer.

text:
# Portia Duval-Rigby

**Portia Duval-Rigby** (born 3 September 1970 in Townsville, Queensland) is an Australian retired ice dancer. With her husband Francis Rigby, she is a two time Australian Champion. They were married in 1997. The Rigbys were coached by Helen Ma and Svetlana Liapina. Their highest placement at an ISU Championship was 12th at the 1999 and 2001 Four Continents Championships.

Rigby previously skated with Andrejs Liepinieks, with whom she competed at the 1989 World Junior Figure Skating Championships. She is a civil engineer.

## Competitive highlights

(with Rigby)

| Event | 1996–97 | 1997–98 | 1998–99 | 1999–00 | 2000–01 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| World Championships |  |  |  | 32nd | 32nd |
| Four Continents Championships |  |  | 12th | 13th | 12th |
| Australian Championships | 2nd |  | 2nd | 1st | 1st |
| Golden Spin of Zagreb |  |  | 9th | 9th |  |
| Karl Schäfer Memorial |  |  |  | 9th |  |
| Nebelhorn Trophy |  |  |  |  | 12th |
| Ondrej Nepela Memorial |  |  |  | 7th |  |

1. A Long Way From Home, Australians Keep Skating - International Herald Tribune

## InfoBox

| Portia Duval-Rigby | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1970-09-03) 3 September 1970 |
| Height | 155 cm (5 ft 1 in) |
| Figure skating career | |
| Country | Australia |
| Partner | **Francis Rigby** |
| Skating club | Iceworld Skating Club |
| Retired | 2001 |


title: Vukosava Velimirović

abstract: Vukosava Vuka Velimirović was the first modern Serbian female sculptor, children's writer, illustrator, art critic and translator. She was among the most notable sculptors of 20th century, gaining international recognition between two world wars.

text:
# Vukosava Velimirović

**Vukosava Vuka Velimirović** (June 30, 1888 – December 12, 1965) was the first modern Serbian female sculptor, children's writer, illustrator, art critic and translator. She was among the most notable sculptors of 20th century, gaining international recognition between two world wars.

## Biography

In her early youth, Vukosava Velimirović wrote songs, fairy tales, drew cartoons for children, rules of clay shape, which became clear at that time that her life would be marked by art.

She grew up in an intellectual and patriarchal family, and she had two older brothers who studied in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the other members of the family received letters about all kinds of events and novelties in the world of sciences and arts that they were interested in.

In 1911, the whole family moved to Belgrade, where Vukosava's father Miloš was transferred. Immediately after arriving in the Serbian capital, Vukosava enrolled at the Arts and Crafts School and there began her artistic life. It is told that Vukosava's generation of students was one of the most talented, such as Zora Petrović, Jelisaveta Petrović, Nada Đukanović, Olga Golemović, Dara Mićić, Jelena Radaković and many other great artists who attended the same school.

Patriarchal Belgrade society was changing at the turn of the century, providing a window of opportunity for the "creative power of women", whose rise was recognized by philosopher Ksenija Atanasijević in her 1924 essay. At the time Vukosava Velimirović, a woman sculptor was attracting great public attention. She was educated in Belgrade, Rome, and Paris, where she spent most of her life between 1918 and 1940 in the company of some great female sculptors, including Camille Claudel. She was a sculptor known for her energetic, small bronze sculptures depicting poor war orphans. As an artist, she had strong beliefs and felt a need for artists to create politically and socially conscious works of art that reflected current events and issues. She spent much of her life working toward equal rights for Serbian women and a widespread push for equality.

Around 1924, her most famous pieces, five decorative sculptures caused a sensation when they were permanently exhibited on the facade of the Vračar Holding Bank at 1 Krunska Street. Facade sculpture was considered a masculine applied discipline, though with Velimirović's creations that notion had to be put to rest for once and for all. Velimirovič also had a successful career as a portraitist of the European upper classes.

She was married to Count Lisjen de La Martinière, with whom she broke up after three years of marriage.

## InfoBox

| Vukosava Vuka Velimirović | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1888-06-30)June 30, 1888
Pirot, Kingdom of Serbia |
| Died | December 12, 1965(1965-12-12) (aged 77)
Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Resting place | Belgrade |
| Nationality | Serbian |


title: M. Aminul Islam

abstract: M. Aminul Islam is a former Bangladeshi career diplomat.

text:
# M. Aminul Islam

**M. Aminul Islam** is a former Bangladeshi career diplomat.

## Career

From 7 January 1980 to 15 September 1981, Islam served as the ambassador of Bangladesh to Bhutan. M. U. A. Jaigirdar succeeded Islam as the ambassador of Bangladesh to Bhutan. He served as chief protocol officer to President Hussain Mohammad Ershad.

From May 1998 to April 2001, Islam served as the High Commissioner of Bangladesh to Canada. He succeeded Mufleh R. Osmany and was replaced by Suhrab Hossain.

In 1999, Islam, as High Commissioner of Bangladesh to Canada, asked the Canadian government to extradite S.H.M.B Noor Chowdhury, convicted assassin of President of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

## InfoBox

| His ExcellencyM. Aminul Islam | |
| --- | --- |
| এম আমিনুল ইসলাম | |
|  | |
| High Commissioner for the People's Republic of Bangladesh to Canada | |
| **In office**
May 1998  March 2001 | |
| Preceded by | Mufleh R. Osmany |
| Succeeded by | Suhrab Hossain |
| Ambassador of Bangladesh to Bhutan | |
| **In office**
1981–1982 | |
| Succeeded by | Mohiuddin Ahmed Jaigirdar |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Bangladeshi |
| Spouse | Nasreen Islam |
| Profession | Diplomat |
|  | |


title: Western Rams Football Sporting Club

abstract:
The Western Rams Football Sporting Club, nicknamed the Rams, is an Australian rules football club affiliated with the Western Football Netball League.
In June 2024 the club broke the longest losing streak with their first win since 2018 The club was formerly known as the Rockbank Football Club before renaming in 2021. The club is located 29 km north west of Melbourne in the town of Rockbank. The current club was reformed in 1992. When they joined the Footscray District League. The original club played in the Bacchus Marsh Football Association from 1920 until that competition ceased in 1973. They won seven premierships.
  - Rockbank Football Club - Timeline
  - 1920 to 1928: Bacchus Marsh Football Association
  - 1931 to 1936: Bacchus Marsh & Melton Football Association
  - 1937 to 1948: Club in recess
  - 1949 - 1972: Bacchus Marsh & Melton Football Association
  - 1973 - 1991: Club in recess
  - 1992 - 1999: Footscray District Football League
  - 2000 - 2023: Riddell District Football League
  - 2024 -: Western Region Football League

text:
# Western Rams Football Sporting Club

The **Western Rams Football Sporting Club**, nicknamed the **Rams**, is an Australian rules football club affiliated with the Western Football Netball League. In June 2024 the club broke the longest losing streak with their first win since 2018

The club was formerly known as the **Rockbank Football Club** before renaming in 2021.

The club is located 29 km north west of Melbourne in the town of Rockbank.

The current club was reformed in 1992. When they joined the Footscray District League.

The original club played in the Bacchus Marsh Football Association from 1920 until that competition ceased in 1973. They won seven premierships.

Rockbank Football Club - Timeline

## Football Premierships

Seniors * Bacchus Marsh District Football Association
* Bacchus Marsh & Melton District Football Association
    + 1953
* Bacchus Marsh District FL
    + 1960, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1966

## Football Runner Up

Seniors * Bacchus Marsh District Football Association
    + 1925, 1926,
* Bacchus Marsh & Melton District Football Association
    + 1931, 1936, 1951, 1952
* Bacchus Marsh District FL
    + 1967

## Books

* History of Football in the Bendigo District - John Stoward - ISBN 9780980592917
* 100 years of Football in the Riddell District - John Stoward

## InfoBox

| Western Rams | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Full name | Western Rams Football Sporting Club |
| Nickname(s) | Rams |
| Club details | |
| Founded | 1920 reformed 1992 |
| Colours | Black and   Red |
| Competition | Western Region Football League |
| Premierships | 1927, 1953, 1960, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1966. |
| Ground(s) | Ian Cowie Recreation Reserve |


title: West Kalgoorlie, Western Australia

abstract: West Kalgoorlie is an industrial suburb of Kalgoorlie–Boulder, a city in the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia.

text:
# West Kalgoorlie, Western Australia

**West Kalgoorlie** is an industrial suburb of Kalgoorlie–Boulder, a city in the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia.

## InfoBox

| West Kalgoorlie
Kalgoorlie–Boulder, Western Australia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 30°46′46″S 121°26′00″E / 30.77953°S 121.43332°E / -30.77953; 121.43332 |
| Population | 32 (SAL 2021) |
| Postcode(s) | 6430 |
| Area | 2.1 km2 (0.81 sq mi) |
| LGA(s) | City of Kalgoorlie–Boulder |
| State electorate(s) | Kalgoorlie |
| Federal division(s) | O'Connor |
| **Suburbs around West Kalgoorlie:**  Karlkurla Karlkurla
Somerville Somerville  Yilkari West Kalgoorlie Broadwood  Yilkari Yilkari Broadwood | |


title: Westfest

abstract:
Westfest is a free arts festival in Ottawa, Ontario, taking place the second weekend of June, at Tom Brown Arena and Park, in the Hintonburg area of Ottawa. The festival brings in over 300 artists, 150 volunteers and 40 staff over the weekend and features only Canadian talent. Westfest has been dedicated to bringing into the spotlight up and coming Canadian talent, while also featuring some of the best known names in the scene. The festival was founded in 2003 by Elaina Martin.
The range of artistic disciplines includes music, contemporary dance, visual art, media art, performance art, spoken word, poetry and fiction readings, Aboriginal art forms, and children's entertainment.

text:
# Westfest

**Westfest** is a free arts festival in Ottawa, Ontario, taking place the second weekend of June, at Tom Brown Arena and Park, in the Hintonburg area of Ottawa. The festival brings in over 300 artists, 150 volunteers and 40 staff over the weekend and features only Canadian talent. Westfest has been dedicated to bringing into the spotlight up and coming Canadian talent, while also featuring some of the best known names in the scene. The festival was founded in 2003 by Elaina Martin. The range of artistic disciplines includes music, contemporary dance, visual art, media art, performance art, spoken word, poetry and fiction readings, Aboriginal art forms, and children's entertainment.

## History

The festival's first year, 2004, saw Jane Siberry as its first headliner, and set the tone for the future of the annual celebration.

One year later, in 2005, Westfest became a two-day festival. In 2006, Westfest was incorporated as a national not for profit organization and by 2007, became a three-day festival with extensive programming. In 2008, Westfest celebrated its fifth anniversary with a five-day event and more than 100 hours of programming, drawing in record breaking crowds, exceeding 100,000 people, to the festival's grounds.

Westfest took place in 2011 on June 10, 11, and 12 and featured performances by Lucie Idlout, Bif Naked, and the Mighty Popo. In 2011, the Westfest main stage was positioned behind the Real Canadian Superstore parking lot, a strategy that would quadruple the space create a fully licensed audience area.

In 2012, Westfest took place June 8, 9, and 10 with headliners such as Steven Page, The Cooper Brothers, and the Hidden Cameras as well as family activities.

Westfest's programming is 100% Canadian and 100% accessible, and since the beginning, admission to Westfest has been free to anyone wishing to attend. Westfest is also 100% inclusive and participating artists have come from all over Canada; from every province and territory, including Nunavut.

## Past musical performers

**2004:** Jane Siberry; Adrienne Pierce; Ember Swift; Junkyard Symphony/Garbage and Guitars; Andrew Vincent and the Pirates; Recoilers; Susan O; Lori Jean; Greenfield Main; The Vanity Press; Neil Gerster; The Dunn Project

**2005:**Cowboy Junkies; Danny Michel; Lynn Miles; Gentleman Reg; Ember Swift; Mighty Popo; Lee Hayes, Mina & Taqralik; The Lowbellies; The Vanity Press; Amanda Rheaume; Meredith Luce; Amy Campbell; Craig Hinman; Juluan Armour, Giulaine Lemaire, Renee-Paule Gauthier

**2006:** Skydiggers; The Cash Brothers; Jim Bryson; Elliot Brood; Emm Gryner; Justin Rutledge; Ember Swift; The Cliks; Bigstone Drummers; Hilotrons; The Acorn; Kellylee Evans; Peggy White; Nukariik; The Habit; Joshua Morin; Bleeding Heart; Dr. Lee (Westfest Tam Tam), Musicians of the Ottawa Chamber Orchestra

**2007:** Kathleen Edwards; Fiftymen; Shanneyganock; Dr. Lee; Bigstone Drummers; Camp Radio; Jason Collett; Crowded Skies; Angela Desveaux; Lindsay Ferguson; Lily Frost; The Golden Dogs; The Graveyard Dogs; Marie-Josee Houle; Hunter Valentine; The John Henrys; Jupiter Ray Project; Mackenzie MacBride & The Super Model Syndrome; Ana Miura; Nukariik; The Old Youth; Andy Swan; Slo' Tom; Eric Vieweg

**2008:** Buffy Sainte-Marie; Lucie Idlout; Holly McNarland; Kinnie Starr; Leela Gilday; Tamara Podemski; Nukariik; Kateri Akiwenzie-Damm; Nemisak Singers; First Nations Cultural Performers; 1755; Marie-Jo Therio; Julie Doiron; Joel Plaskett Emergency; Land of Talk; Grand Analog; Matthew Barber and the Union Dues; i see rowboats; Hurray for Higgsfield

**2009:**Danny Michel and the Camp Town Racers; Jenn Grant; Arctic; Prairie Oyster; Lynne Hanson; Ladies of the Canyon; Lake of Stew; Jan Purcell and the Pine Road Bluegrass Band; Ken Voita; The Acorn; Dave Draves; Rudeboy; Boom Creek; Sarandonga Tropical Band; Jenna Glatt; Glenn Nuotio; Jenna Taggart

**2010:** Sloan, Will Currie & The Country French; The Balconies; The High Dials; Bloomistry; Dala; Nukariik; Madison Violet; Marigolds; Peggy White; MonkeyJunk; The White Wires; TokyoSexWhale; GOOD2GO; The Kingmakers; Ken Workman and the Union; Autumns Canon; EFARM; The Moonrunners; Choice Grade; In Progress

**2011:** Lucie Idlout; Kaiva; Tanya Tagaq; Tumivut; Taqralik Partridge; M.O (Eskimocentricity); Bif Naked; The Pack A.D; The Johnnys; Hexes and Ohs; Mighty Popo; Marc Charron; The Murder Plans; Silver Creek; The Flats; The Jeers

**2012:** Hidden Cameras; SILKKEN LAUMANN; The Cougar Chick Tribute Band; Dr. Lee; Steven Page; Amos The Tansparent; Brock Stonefish; The Haybirds; Liam Titcomb; Cooper Brothers; The Joynt; Riot Police; John Allaire; Andrea Simms Karp; Ty Hall; Tara Holloway; Al Wood and the Woodsmen; Churchill School of Rock; Big Soul Project

**2013:** Jill Zmud; Juliana Pullford; Captain Dirt & the Skirt; Zoe Whittall; Jane Siberry; The Clicks; Holly McNarland; Plex; Andrew Vincent; rob mclennan; Elliott Brood; The Johnnys; Lynne Hanson; Jim Bryson; Cindy Baker; Greg Frankson; Skydiggers; Dr. Lee; Amos the Transparent; Silver Creek; Amanda Rheaume; Cara Tierney; Fiftymen.

**2014:** A Tribe Called Red; Ashley MacIsaac; George Leach; The PepTides; River City Junction; The Fevers; Brock Zeman; Dr. Lee Tam-Tam; Good2Go; The Last Supper; DJ LAKES DISTRIKT; Maria Hawkins; Pony Girl; Shawnee; Smoke Wagon Blues

**2015**: Sarah Harmer; Lynn Miles & Friends; Craig Cardiff; The Acorn; Rae Spoon; Terry Gillespie; Steve Judd & The Underdogs; Thomas Clair with River City Junction; Yo Mama; Elizabeth Riley Band; Southern Mud; Kris + Dee; Theland Kicknosway; Danielle Eyer; Dr. Lee Tam Tam; DJ Lakes District


title: Westfield, East Sussex

abstract: Westfield is a village and civil parish in the Rother district of East Sussex. It is one of the largest villages in the area with a population of 2,819. The village lies five miles (8 km) north of Hastings. It was known as Westewelle in the Domesday survey. The parish includes the linear hamlet of Kent Street along the A21 road. This spans 800 yards from Carpenter's Barn Farm at the southern end past Claverton Country House Hotel up to Sedlescombe Golf Club at the northern end. A prominent sight when entering the village from the south is the church dedicated to St. John the Baptist. Its many features include extensive buttressing, a 12th-century porch and a 14th-century font with an elaborate 17th-century cover. Above the door to the tower there is carved a Royal Coat of Arms with the list of vicars since 1250 set below. Looking towards the nave there is a Norman arch with squint windows to the side, cut through the 32 inches of stone. Another feature at the road entrance is the lychgate, with its four carved angels; this was added in 1887. The history of Westfield has been extensively researched by a resident of Westfield descended from a family who appear in the records from 1552. Westfield Football Club play in the Sussex County League Division Two.

text:
# Westfield, East Sussex

**Westfield** is a village and civil parish in the Rother district of East Sussex. It is one of the largest villages in the area with a population of 2,819. The village lies five miles (8 km) north of Hastings. It was known as Westewelle in the Domesday survey.

The parish includes the linear hamlet of **Kent Street** along the A21 road. This spans 800 yards from Carpenter's Barn Farm at the southern end past Claverton Country House Hotel up to Sedlescombe Golf Club at the northern end.

A prominent sight when entering the village from the south is the church dedicated to St. John the Baptist. Its many features include extensive buttressing, a 12th-century porch and a 14th-century font with an elaborate 17th-century cover. Above the door to the tower there is carved a Royal Coat of Arms with the list of vicars since 1250 set below. Looking towards the nave there is a Norman arch with squint windows to the side, cut through the 32 inches of stone. Another feature at the road entrance is the lychgate, with its four carved angels; this was added in 1887. The history of Westfield has been extensively researched by a resident of Westfield descended from a family who appear in the records from 1552. Westfield Football Club play in the Sussex County League Division Two.

## Christmas festivities

Around the Christmas period, the residents of Westfield band together to raise money for the charity St Michael’s Hospice using the village’s popular Christmas lights display. Every year, the locals will go around with buckets collecting money from spectators viewing the lights to donate to the charity. As of Christmas 2017, the village have amassed a total of over £75,000 in donations to St Michael’s Hospice.

## Amenities

Carr-Taylor Vineyards is situated nearby. There is still a village shop with Post Office, butchers and hairdressers. Also a pet grooming parlour, and a Beauty Parlour. There is one pub currently *The New Inn*(previously called "The Old Courthouse". The village's second pub "The Plough" closed down in 2018. Westfield School opened in 1877 and is a popular choice with parents within the surrounding areas. There is also a small industrial estate with several businesses operating, including one that renovates classic aircraft. The owner of the industrial estate flies his own Tiger Moth from a field in the Village,

## Landmarks

The parish contains a Site of Special Scientific InterestMaplehurst Wood. This is a 78 acres (32 ha) ancient woodland containing a range of flora and avian fauna. The village has significant areas of verge, which is purposely left wild in order to preserve nature - this is most notable on approach to the village on the A28, alongside Hole Farm. The woods mentioned is the only East Sussex site for Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia).

## Sport and leisure

Westfield has a Non-League football club Westfield (Sussex) F.C. who play at The Parish Field. There is now a new football field and clubhouse plus houses on a new area East of Mill Lane. There is a small recreation area with swings, etc. in the field opposite the church for the children of the parish. The countryside surrounding Westfield offers a good number of walking routes. The village has one public house, notably The New Inn. The local primary school has a hall attached to it, which can be used by the community. Many years ago Westfield was known for its witches and it is lost in antiquity about the East Sussex witch burnings. There are two village halls, one attached to the Church, and one, the newest, attached to the school. Many activities take place there, including two horticultural shows every year, put on by Westfield Horticultural Society, that has existed since around 1890. It is well supported and popular.

## InfoBox

| Westfield | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| WestfieldLocation within East Sussex | |
| Area | 19.1 km2 (7.4 sq mi) |
| Population | 2,583 (Parish-2011) |
| Density | 355/sq mi (137/km2) |
| OS grid reference | TQ811154 |
| London | 51 miles (82 km) NW |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | HASTINGS |
| Postcode district | TN35 |
| Dialling code | 01424 |
|  | |
| Police | Sussex |
| Fire | East Sussex |
| Ambulance | South East Coast |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: What Is... Cliff Clavin?

abstract: "What Is... Cliff Clavin?" is the fourteenth episode of the eighth season of the American television sitcom Cheers, co-written by Dan O'Shannon and Tom Anderson, and directed by Andy Ackerman rather than James Burrows, who directed most of the other episodes of the series. It originally aired on January 18, 1990, on NBC. In this episode, Cliff Clavin appears on the game show Jeopardy! and game show host Alex Trebek guest stars as himself. Cliff racks up an insurmountable lead during the game, only to lose it all in the final round. The episode received praise from critics for its concept and its guest star.

text:
# What Is... Cliff Clavin?

"**What Is... Cliff Clavin?**" is the fourteenth episode of the eighth season of the American television sitcom *Cheers*, co-written by Dan O'Shannon and Tom Anderson, and directed by Andy Ackerman rather than James Burrows, who directed most of the other episodes of the series. It originally aired on January 18, 1990, on NBC. In this episode, Cliff Clavin (John Ratzenberger) appears on the game show *Jeopardy!* and game show host Alex Trebek guest stars as himself. Cliff racks up an insurmountable lead during the game, only to lose it all in the final round. The episode received praise from critics for its concept and its guest star.

## Plot

Cliff Clavin (John Ratzenberger) competes on the television game show *Jeopardy!*, which has temporarily moved taping to Boston for a special occasion. Cliff amasses $22,000 by the end of the Double Jeopardy! round, more than twice the score of the second place contestant, theoretically ensuring a win. For the Final Jeopardy! clue of "Archibald Leach, Bernard Schwartz and Lucille LeSueur" in the category of "Movies", Cliff responds incorrectly with "Who are 3 people who've never been in my kitchen?", signing the amount of his wager as "$22,000 Big Ones!" Having overconfidently wagered his entire score as revealed, Cliff loses all of his winnings and the match. Cliff objects and argues, demanding that his response be accepted.

The show's host, Alex Trebek, later arrives at Cheers. Trebek tells Cliff that his response should have been accepted earlier, and announces to Cliff his resignation as the host of *Jeopardy!*. However, Cliff convinces Trebek to remain as host by telling him how much the show and Trebek mean to him. After Cliff shares the news with others that he "saved *Jeopardy!*", Norm Peterson (George Wendt) praises Trebek for doing this just to make Cliff feel better. However, Trebek says that he did not realize that Cliff was at the bar and that meeting him had been a coincidence. Trebek says that Cliff scares him and that the story about quitting the show was a fabrication to placate him.

Meanwhile, Sam Malone (Ted Danson) receives telephone calls from women whom he previously dated; they are angry with him for making dates and then not showing up. Sam eventually discovers that his "little black book" has been stolen. Through detective work, Sam discovers that the thief has called Sam's women in alphabetical order, and that Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley) is the next recipient on the list. Carla Tortelli (Rhea Perlman) uses her bluff to blackmail the reluctant Rebecca into helping Sam capture the thief. The thief calls Rebecca, who asks him to meet her at the bar instead of the roller rink. Then the thief enters, turning out to be a teenage boy named Timmy (Greg E. Davis), who wants to become a "babe hound" like Sam. After getting his little black book back, Sam lets Timmy go, advising him to start as a "babe pup" and to call girls around his age, and gives him $25 for a haircut and a tip for a shampoo girl.

## Production

Dan O'Shannon and Tom Anderson co-wrote "What Is... Cliff Clavin?", and Andy Ackerman directed the episode. Bernard Kuby portrays Earl, a bar patron in the cold opening returning to Cheers for the first time since he moved to Alaska in the 1960s and explaining the bar's interior differences between the 1960s and 1980s, with only Norm remaining unchanged. *Jeopardy!* announcer Johnny Gilbert also made a guest appearance as himself announcing the game show. William A. Porter portrays one of the *Jeopardy!* contestants, Milford Reynolds, a doctor of neurosurgery. Audrey Lowell portrays the other contestant, Agnes Borsic, a lawyer who eventually becomes the top winner after Cliff wagered and then lost all of his winnings. Peter Schreiner and Steven Rotblatt are credited for their background appearances.

## Reception

General Norman Schwarzkopf said this was the funniest episode of *Cheers*. Don Leighton from *Superior Telegram* called this episode the greatest and said the Final Jeopardy! moment was hilarious. Jeffrey Robinson from DVD Talk said the concept of the episode was a riot. *Hot Springs Village Voice* called Cliff's Final Jeopardy! moment a classic example of his mishaps caused by his own "know-it-all nature". Andrew Razeghi, in his book *Hope*, called this episode "one of the most memorable episodes" of *Cheers*, found Cliff's response to the Final Jeopardy! clue neither right nor wrong and an example of divergent thinking, and called Cliff a poster child for Joy Paul Guilford. Former *Jeopardy!* contestant turned host Ken Jennings, in his book *Brainiac*, noted that *Jeopardy!*-related sitcom episodes had become common at the time.

One of the earliest references to this *Cheers* episode within the *Jeopardy!* show itself happened just a few months later on the May 18, 1990, airing of the final round of the Jeopardy! College Championship, taped on April 22 for season six. Soon-to-be champion Michael Thayer of Rutgers University bet $0 and wrote "Who was someone I never met?" as his response in Final Jeopardy. When the contestants' wagers and responses were revealed, Alex Trebek noted the connection with his comment, "Michael, looks like you were watching that episode of *Cheers*."

On the first episode of *Jeopardy!* season 31, which aired on September 15, 2014, *Jeopardy!* champion Elizabeth Williams echoed Cliff Clavin's answer in her response to the Final Jeopardy clue. Williams's $600 wager combined with her opponents' incorrect responses allowed Williams to triumph that day, nonetheless.

The question categories from the first round of the game Cliff Clavin played in ("Civil Servants", "Stamps from Around The World", "Mothers and Sons", "Beer", "Bar Trivia", "Celibacy", described in the episode by Woody Boyd (Woody Harrelson) as "Mr. Clavin's Dream Board") were used as categories in the Double Jeopardy! round of a *Jeopardy!* game played on May 10, 2005, during the 2005 Ultimate Tournament of Champions.

The episode inspired the term "Clavin's Rule" in reference to maximizing all the winnings at the final round and losing them all. Trebek himself "ma\[de\] several references to contestants pulling 'a Cliff Clavin'" since the episode originally aired. Cameron Martin of *The Atlantic* magazine, Ashley Burns of *Uproxx* Tim Graham of ESPN blog, and Christopher Hair of an SBNation blog *Five for Howling* have also used the phrase "pull a Cliff Clavin," coined as a "practice".

1. Razeghi 2006, "The Psychobiology of Cliff Clavin", p. 34.
2. Richmond 2004, p. 80.
3. Bjorklund, Dennis A. (September 2014). *Cheers TV Show: A Comprehensive Reference*. Praetorian. pp. 399–400. ISBN 9780967985237. The source erroneously uses "Agent" instead of "Agnes" for the given name of one of fictional *Jeopardy!* contestants. Prior 1997 release: ISBN 9780899509624
4. Lipton, Michael A. (May 24, 1993). "Lights Out at Sam's Place". *People*. **39** (20). Retrieved October 13, 2011.
5. "Spartans win". *Superior Telegram*. Superior, Wisconsin. July 23, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
6. Robinson, Jeffrey (June 18, 2006). "Cheers - The Complete Eighth Season". *DVD Talk*. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
7. "Cheers star John Ratzenberger to be marshal at St. Patrick's Day parade". *Hot Springs Village Voice*. December 3, 2008. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
8. Jennings, Ken (2006). "What Is Audition?". *Brainiac: Adventures in the Curious, Competitive, Compulsive World of Trivia Buffs*. New York: VillardRandom. ISBN 9781588365521  via Google Books.
9. "J! Archive: Responses for Show #1330 - Friday, May 18, 1990". *J! Archive*. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
10. Bradley, Bill (September 18, 2014). "This *Jeopardy!* Contestant's 'Cheers' Reference Is The Best Fail Ever". *The Huffington Post*. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
11. "J! Archive: Show #4772 - Tuesday, May 10, 2005". *J! Archive*. May 10, 2005. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
12. Allaire, Franklin (2012). "Cliff Lost on *Jeopardy!*, Baby". In Shaun P. Young (ed.). *Jeopardy! and Philosophy: What Is Knowledge in the Form of a Question?*. Chicago: Open Court. p. 40. ISBN 9780812697995. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
13. Chu, Arthur (February 25, 2014). "Jeopardy champ Arthur Chu: the game is about intimidation, not trivia". *The Guardian*. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
14. Leise, Cindy (July 14, 2004). "Pop Culture Mentions of *Jeopardy!*". *The Chronicle-Telegram*. Elyria, Ohio. p. A2  via NewspaperArchive.com.
15. Martin, Cameron (February 14, 2011). "*Jeopardy!* Man vs. Machine: Who (or What) Should You Root For?". *The Atlantic*. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
16. Burns, Ashley (March 12, 2015). "'Final Jeopardy' Was Very Lonely for This Contestant". *Uproxx*. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
17. Graham, Tim (December 14, 2009). "Do You Think Moss Mailbagged It?". *ESPN*. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
18. Hair, Christopher (September 3, 2014). "Shane Doan and the 1995 NHL Draft Class". *Five for Howling*. Retrieved January 21, 2019  via SBNation.
19. "Watch: The funniest Cliff episode of *Cheers* also inspired *Jeopardy!* in real life". *MeTV*. April 23, 2018. Retrieved January 21, 2019.

### References

## InfoBox

| "**What Is... Cliff Clavin?**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Cheers* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 8
Episode 14 |
| Directed by | Andy Ackerman |
| Written by | Dan O'Shannon
Tom Anderson |
| Production code | 182 |
| Original air date | January 18, 1990 (1990-01-18) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: What Is Dungeons & Dragons?

abstract: What Is Dungeons & Dragons? is a book by John Butterfield, Philip Parker and David Honigmann published by Penguin Books (UK) in 1982 that gives a detailed explanation of how to play the fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons.

text:
# What Is Dungeons & Dragons?

***What Is Dungeons & Dragons?*** is a book by John Butterfield, Philip Parker and David Honigmann published by Penguin Books (UK) in 1982 that gives a detailed explanation of how to play the fantasy role-playing game *Dungeons & Dragons*.

## Description

*What Is Dungeons & Dragons?* is a book that explains what *Dungeons & Dragons* is to people who have never played a role-playing game, and provides step-by-step instructions on how to play. The book is divided into nine chapters:

1. Basic overview of a role-playing game.
2. How characters are created, in-game currency, languages, polyhedral dice, character alignment, equipment and encumbrance, and the basic settings of most adventures ("lairs, often hidden deep below ground, in labyrinthine complexes full of twisting corridors, secret passages, and nearly always, traps.")
3. How to design a dungeon. The authors build an ancient underground temple called "Kollchap" from scratch.
4. A walkthrough of the adventure *Shrine of Kollchap*, using the dungeon built in the previous chapter. This includes dialogue representing the interaction between players and the gamemaster, as well as gloss explaining which rules are being used at various points.
5. How to be a Dungeon Master.
6. Possible accessories, including metal miniatures, pre-generated adventures, and games magazines of the early 1980s.
7. Role-playing using computers of the time.
8. An overview of the various extensions to the rules of *D&D* such as *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons* and the *BECMI* (Basic, Expert, Companion, Master, Immortal) rulebooks.
9. Other role-playing games available in the early 1980s.

The book concludes with a list of publishers and model manufacturers, a bibliography, a glossary, and an index.

## Publication history

John Butterfield, Philip Parker and David Honigmann began to play *D&D* while they were attending Eton College. They decided to write a book explaining the game to new players, and the result was *What Is Dungeons & Dragons?*, a 230-page book published in the UK by Penguin Books in 1982, and in the United States by Warner Books in 1984.

Following this, the three authors co-wrote a trilogy of single-player "choose your own adventure" fantasy game books called the *Cretan Chronicles*, published by Puffin Books in 1985–1986.

## Reception

Dave Pringle reviewed *What Is Dungeons & Dragons?* for *Imagine* magazine, and stated that "The latter contains some amusing juxtapositions; apparently game-players will find inspiration in the writings of J. G. Ballard, *Beowulf* and Alfred Bester; or Stanton A. Coblentz, Dante and Samuel R. Delany; or Homer, Ted Hughes and John Jakes; or even Jonathan Swift, A. E. van Vogt and Virgil. The mind boggles .... gamers are nothing if not eclectic!"


title: What Is Democracy?

abstract: What Is Democracy? is a 2018 documentary film written and directed by Astra Taylor. The documentary blends everyday experience and political theory to address questions viewed as central to democracy. Interview subjects include academics, activists, politicians, refugees, trauma surgeons, students, and a barber. While attempting to address the primary question, the documentary also looks at pressing issues of contemporary times, including the Greek debt crisis. In the documentary, Taylor suggests that the current form of democracy is bad and people should seek a more direct democracy. Reviewers noted that the documentary never directly answers the title question.

text:
# What Is Democracy?

***What Is Democracy?*** is a 2018 documentary film written and directed by Astra Taylor. The documentary blends everyday experience and political theory to address questions viewed as central to democracy. Interview subjects include academics, activists, politicians, refugees, trauma surgeons, students, and a barber. While attempting to address the primary question, the documentary also looks at pressing issues of contemporary times, including the Greek debt crisis. In the documentary, Taylor suggests that the current form of democracy is bad and people should seek a more direct democracy. Reviewers noted that the documentary never directly answers the title question.

## Summary

At the beginning of the documentary, Astra Taylor discusses the meaning of *The Allegory of Good and Bad Government* with Silvia Federici in front of the fresco. In this discussion, Federici highlights that early European democracies recognized that a democracy came with its winners and its losers. The discussion of the fresco is used throughout the film as a structuring device, alongside discussions in important sites of ancient Athens with Efimia Karakantza and quotations from Plato's Republic.

Cornel West builds on the winners and losers that Federici discussed to observe the large number of people left out of modern democracies. He also discusses when important change has come about as an undermining of majority-rule. The documentary then turns to a local healthcare group, operating illegally, as an example of people organizing at a local level to solve problems that no one else is.

Later, Wendy Brown discusses the divide in philosophy between philosophers who prioritize individual bodily security, such as Thomas Hobbes, and philosophers who believed in the possibility of collective action, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Brown also presents the question of how to "make a democratic people out of an undemocratic one" and describes it as "our problem today." The film, however, presents a perspective of the people interviewed as people who are civically-minded, even when democratic institutions do not work for them.

## Distribution

The film premiered in June 2018 at the Sheffield Doc/Fest, and was screened at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival and the 2018 Vancouver International Film Festival.

It was released commercially on January 16, 2019.

## Critical reception

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 96% based on reviews from 26 critics. On Metacritic it has a score of 71% based on reviews from 7 critics.

Gary Goldstein of the *Los Angeles Times*, viewed the film as a "crucial first step" in "surveying anew where democracy stands — and falls — in our present universe." John Defore reviewed the film for *The Hollywood Reporter*, finding it to be "unfocused" and "scattered", but nonetheless "consistently engaging". Ben Kenigsberg of *The New York Times* reviewed the film, saying, "Yet the movie has a tendency to take arguments to overbroad ends (should grade school be a democracy?) and is inevitably unwieldy. It's easy to imagine a more cogent film that weighted either philosophy or reportage more heavily." Charlie Phillips awarded four stars to the film, when reviewing it for *The Guardian*, writing "An extended and good-looking essay, it serves as a sharp reminder to pay attention to politics and to remember that the personal and the local are political."

The film received a Vancouver Film Critics Circle award nomination for Best Canadian Documentary at the Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards 2018.

## InfoBox

| What Is Democracy? | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Astra Taylor |
| Written by | Astra Taylor |
| Produced by | * Isaac Linares * Lea Marin |
| Cinematography | Maya Bankovic |
| Edited by | Robert Kennedy |
| Music by | Heather McIntosh |
| Production<br>company | National Film Board of Canada |
| Distributed by |  |
| Release date | * June 9, 2018 (2018-06-09) (SIDF) |
| Running time | 107 minutes |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | English |


title: West Logan, West Virginia

abstract: West Logan is a town along the Guyandotte River in Logan County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 400 at the 2020 census. For unknown reasons, some sources report West Logan to lay west of the county seat at Logan, attributing to this fact the name.

text:
# West Logan, West Virginia

**West Logan** is a town along the Guyandotte River in Logan County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 400 at the 2020 census. For unknown reasons, some sources report West Logan to lay west of the county seat at Logan, attributing to this fact the name.

## Geography

West Logan is located at 37°52′10″N 81°59′14″W / 37.869557°N 81.987282°W / 37.869557; -81.987282 (37.869557, -81.987282). The town primarily occupies bottomland along the west bank of the Guyandotte River, though its municipal boundaries stretch westward to the summit of Rattlesnake Knob. The community of Peach Creek lies across the river to the northeast, and the community of Aracoma lies to the southwest.

West Virginia Route 10 (2nd Avenue) traverses West Logan, connecting the town with Logan to the southeast and Mitchell Heights and Chapmanville to the north. A bridge along Old Guyan River Road crosses the Guyandotte River and provides access to the Peach Creek area.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.34 square miles (0.88 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1960 | 855 |  |  |
| 1970 | 685 |  | −19.9% |
| 1980 | 630 |  | −8.0% |
| 1990 | 524 |  | −16.8% |
| 2000 | 418 |  | −20.2% |
| 2010 | 424 |  | 1.4% |
| 2020 | 400 |  | −5.7% |
| 2021 (est.) | 391 |  | −2.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 424 people, 188 households, and 109 families living in the town. The population density was 1,247.1 inhabitants per square mile (481.5/km2). There were 221 housing units at an average density of 650.0 per square mile (251.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.4% White, 0.2% African American, 0.9% Asian, and 1.4% from two or more races.

There were 188 households, of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.0% were non-families. 38.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.99.

The median age in the town was 38.8 years. 21.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.9% were from 25 to 44; 24.8% were from 45 to 64; and 17.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 46.2% male and 53.8% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 418 people, 186 households, and 124 families living in the town. The population density was 1,236.6 inhabitants per square mile (474.7/km2). There were 228 housing units at an average density of 674.5 per square mile (258.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.13% White, 1.67% African American, 0.72% Native American, 0.24% Asian, and 0.24% from two or more races.

There were 186 households, out of which 21.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.6% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 22.2% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 24.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $23,500, and the median income for a family was $30,833. Males had a median income of $28,125 versus $22,917 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,567. About 21.3% of families and 22.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.7% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.

Media related to West Logan, West Virginia at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| West Logan, West Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| West Virginia Route 10 (Old Logan Road) in West Logan, April 2018 | |
| Location of West Logan in Logan County, West Virginia | |
| Coordinates: 37°52′10″N 81°59′14″W / 37.86944°N 81.98722°W / 37.86944; -81.98722 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Logan |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.34 sq mi (0.87 km2) |
| Land | 0.34 sq mi (0.87 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 682 ft (208 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 400 |
| Estimate (2021) | 391 |
| Density | 1,076.92/sq mi (416.35/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 25601 |
| Area code | 304 |
| FIPS code | 54-85900 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1555948 |


title: West Hartley, California

abstract: West Hartley was an unincorporated community in eastern Contra Costa County, California. It was located 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Mount Diablo, at an elevation of 440 feet. It is now a ghost town. It was a mining town for the nearby coal mines. It was founded in the late 1880s and named for England's West Hartley coal mine.

text:
# West Hartley, California

37°56′26″N 121°48′46″W / 37.94056°N 121.81278°W / 37.94056; -121.81278

**West Hartley** was an unincorporated community in eastern Contra Costa County, California. It was located 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Mount Diablo, at an elevation of 440 feet (134 m). It is now a ghost town. It was a mining town for the nearby coal mines.

It was founded in the late 1880s and named for England's West Hartley coal mine.

## InfoBox

| West Hartley | |
| --- | --- |
| Former settlement | |
| West HartleyLocation in CaliforniaWest HartleyWest Hartley (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 37°56′26″N 121°48′46″W / 37.94056°N 121.81278°W / 37.94056; -121.81278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | Contra Costa County |
| Elevation | 440 ft (134 m) |


title: West Hatfield Historic District

abstract: The West Hatfield Historic District encompasses the historic rural village center of West Hatfield, Massachusetts. It is centered on the junction of West Street with Linseed Road and Church Avenue, and developed in the 19th century as a railroad-driven agricultural transportation center, populated mainly by immigrants. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

text:
# West Hatfield Historic District

The **West Hatfield Historic District** encompasses the historic rural village center of West Hatfield, Massachusetts. It is centered on the junction of West Street (US Route 5) with Linseed Road and Church Avenue, and developed in the 19th century as a railroad-driven agricultural transportation center, populated mainly by immigrants. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

## Description and history

West Hatfield is located at the edge of Hatfield's western rural uplands, known locally as The Rocks, and is isolated from the town's other population centers by the intervention of Interstate 91. It is a cluster of buildings scattered primarily along Route 5; Church Avenue, which used to be a route to the eastern parts of town, was cut off by the construction of the highway, and also has several houses of historical interest. The oldest properties in the district date to the 1830s, but most of the village's 23 contributing structures date to the early decades of the 20th century.

The village did not begin to take shape until the railroad was built through the area (and away from Hatfield's other population centers) in the 1840s. It became one of the main depots through which the town's agricultural products (tobacco in particular) made their way to market, and developed as a bustling village centered around the station. The area was settled by several waves of immigrants, all mainly engaged in agriculture, from central and eastern Europe. In the early 20th century, the village also acquired the trappings of early roadside commerce, of which a few examples still survive.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| West Hatfield Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Corner of Linseed Rd and West St | |
|  | |
| Location | Hatfield, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°22′19″N 72°38′12″W / 42.37194°N 72.63667°W / 42.37194; -72.63667 |
| Area | 30 acres (12 ha) |
| Architectural style | Federal, Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 05000079 |
| Added to NRHP | February 24, 2005 |


title: Nam Sách district

abstract: Nam Sách is a rural district of Hải Dương province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 139,184. The district covers an area of 133 km⁲. The district capital lies at Nam Sách.

text:
# Nam Sách district

**Nam Sách** is a rural district of Hải Dương province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 139,184. The district covers an area of 133 km2. The district capital lies at Nam Sách.

## History

The area Nam Sách (南策) is the source of many pottery artifacts. In 1592, when what is today Hải Dương province was under Mạc dynasty control, Nam Sách along with Kim Thành, Thanh Hà, and Kinh Môn districts were the target of attack by 300 fighting boats of the Lê dynasty.

## Notable people

21°00′00″N 106°19′59″E / 21.000°N 106.333°E / 21.000; 106.333

## InfoBox

| Nam Sách District Huyện Nam Sách | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Hundred Gian Pagoda in An Đông village, An Bình commune, Nam Sách district | |
|  | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Region | Red River Delta |
| Province | Hải Dương |
| Capital | Nam Sách |
| Area | |
| Total | 51 sq mi (133 km2) |
| Population (2003) | |
| Total | 139,184 |
| Time zone | UTC+07:00 (Indochina Time) |


title: 1963 Bermudian general election

abstract: General elections were held in Bermuda on 16 May 1963. They were the first elections to be held under the new Parliamentary Election Act and included political parties. Independents won 30 of the 36 seats in the House of Assembly, with the Progressive Labour Party, which had been established three months before the elections, winning six of the nine seats it contested.

text:
# 1963 Bermudian general election

General elections were held in Bermuda on 16 May 1963. They were the first elections to be held under the new *Parliamentary Election Act* and included political parties. Independents won 30 of the 36 seats in the House of Assembly, with the Progressive Labour Party, which had been established three months before the elections, winning six of the nine seats it contested.

## Electoral system

Before the passing of the *Parliamentary Election Act* the franchise was restricted to property owners. The Act introduced universal suffrage, but increasing the voting age from 21 to 25.

However, powerful white businessmen, who were the dominant force in Parliament at the time, also passed the Watlington Amendment, which gave landowners with rateable property in the territory a second vote in their home constituency. Of the 14,896 registered voters, 8,207 could cast only a single vote and 6,689 were eligible to cast a second vote. Each of the nine parish was divided into two constituencies, each of which returned two members to the House of Assembly, making a total of 36 seats.

## Results

| Party | | Votes | % | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Progressive Labour Party | 5,827 | 18.62 | 6 |
|  | Independents | 25,471 | 81.38 | 30 |
| Total | | 31,298 | 100.00 | 36 |
|  | | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 14,896 |  |  |
| Source: Parliamentary Registry | | | | |

## InfoBox

1963 Bermudian general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  36 seats in the House of Assembly<br>19 seats needed for a majority | |
| Party Leader Vote % Seats  PLP Arnold Francis 18.62 6  Independent  81.38 30   This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below. | |


title: Mojca Božič

abstract: Mojca Božič is a Slovenian female volleyball player, playing as a middle blocker. She is part of the Slovenia women's national volleyball team. She competed at the 2015 Women's European Volleyball Championship. On club level she plays for OK Kamnik.

text:
# Mojca Božič

**Mojca Božič** (born 30 March 1992) is a Slovenian female volleyball player, playing as a middle blocker. She is part of the Slovenia women's national volleyball team.

She competed at the 2015 Women's European Volleyball Championship. On club level she plays for OK Kamnik.

1. "V Šempetru tudi nekdanji reprezentantki Mojca Božič in Petra Vrhovnik". *www.delo.si*. Retrieved 2018-02-10.
2. "Team Roster–Slovenia". cev.lu. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2015.

## InfoBox

| Mojca Božič | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Slovenian |
| Born | (1992-03-30) 30 March 1992<br>Celje, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 71 kg (157 lb) |
| Spike | 310 cm (122 in) |
| Block | 300 cm (118 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | setter |
| Career | |
| Years Teams  2016–2017 OK Kamnik | |
| National team | |
| Slovenia | |


title: Vojilovo

abstract: Vojilovo is a village in the municipality of Golubac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 290 people.

text:
# Vojilovo

**Vojilovo** is a village in the municipality of Golubac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 290 people.

44°38′03″N 21°35′40″E / 44.63417°N 21.59444°E / 44.63417; 21.59444

## InfoBox

| Vojilovo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Vojilovo | |
| Coordinates: 44°38′03″N 21°35′40″E / 44.63417°N 21.59444°E / 44.63417; 21.59444 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Braničevo District |
| Municipality | Golubac |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 290 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Mocis marcida

abstract: Mocis marcida, the withered mocis, is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from the coast of North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas, rarely straying northward as far as New York. The wingspan is about 47 millimetres (1.9 in). Adults are on wing from April to November or all year round in southern Florida and Texas. There are multiple generations per year. The larvae feed on various grasses.

text:
# Mocis marcida

***Mocis marcida***, the **withered mocis**, is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from the coast of North Carolina to Florida, west to Texas, rarely straying northward as far as New York.

The wingspan is about 47 millimetres (1.9 in). Adults are on wing from April to November or all year round in southern Florida and Texas. There are multiple generations per year.

The larvae feed on various grasses.

## InfoBox

| Withered mocis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Mocis* |
| Species: | ***M. marcida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mocis marcida***<br>(Guenée, 1852) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Remigia marcida* Guenée, 1852 * *Mocis perlata* (Walker, 1858) * *Phurys perlata* Walker, 1858 | |


title: Portrait of Richard Gallo

abstract: The Portrait of Richard Gallo is an oil-on-canvas painting by French painter Gustave Caillebotte in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. The painting measures 97 × 116 cm. and dates from 1881, and is part of a series of seven portraits of Richard Gallo, a childhood friend of the artist, composed between 1878 and 1884. According to Kirk Varnedoe, "This series demonstrates with great artistic coherence how personal contribution of the artist to express an impressionistic point of view on the modern world".

text:
# Portrait of Richard Gallo

**The Portrait of Richard Gallo** is an oil-on-canvas painting by French painter Gustave Caillebotte in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. The painting measures 97 × 116 cm. and dates from 1881, and is part of a series of seven portraits of Richard Gallo, a childhood friend of the artist, composed between 1878 and 1884. According to Kirk Varnedoe, "This series demonstrates with great artistic coherence how personal contribution of the artist to express an impressionistic point of view on the modern world".

## Description

This portrait of 1881 shows a young man dressed elegantly in black, which contrasts with the muted colors of the sofa's fabric. The social position of the portrait subject, a member of the big bourgeoisie and the son of a banker, is suggested by the refinement of the decoration with gilded woodwork, the expensive fabric of the sofa, the care of his costume and the confident but reserved attitude he observes, arms crossed with a newspaper unfolded on the left thigh.

This newspaper evokes the function of Richard Gallo who came that year to enter as a journalist in the conservative and republican newspaper *Le Constitutionnel*, which his brother-in-law, Alcide Grandguillo, owned. However, the unfolded newspaper is not *Le Constitutionnel*, but a new competitor recently launched, *Le Figaro*, as an allusion to the competitive world of the French press of that time and the new law of 1881 on the freedom of the press which caused great debate that year. Richard Gallo then lived at 40 rue du Rocher in Paris, near the apartment of Gustave Caillebotte and his brother Martial of 31 Boulevard Haussmann, in a modern and prestigious district inhabited by the upper middle class of finance. Caillebotte also painted his friend with him in his studio in *Autoportrait au chevalet* (1879–1880) which proves their closeness and their agreement on the cultural, artistic and political life of that time.

This painting was exhibited at the last impressionist exhibition in 1882, but it went relatively unnoticed. The influence of the master of Caillebotte, Leon Bonnat, seen in the rendering of the face and the black suit, but the diagonal perspective (with the play of angle), the look of Richard Gallo and the decoration of arabesques and stripes of the fabric of the sofa, express the impressionist point of view of the artist.

## InfoBox

| Portrait of Richard Gallo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Gustave Caillebotte |
| Year | 1881 |
| Dimensions | 97.16 cm (38.25 in) × 116.52 cm (45.87 in) |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: MV Empire Baron

abstract: Empire Baron was a 5,890 GRT cargo ship which was built in 1926 for Navigazione Generale Gerolimich & Compagnia Società in Anzioni, Trieste, Italy. She was captured by the Royal Navy in 1940 and ownership passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She was renamed Empire Baron. She was sold in 1947 to Navigation & Coal Trade Ltd, London and renamed Rubystone. She was sold to a Panamanian company in 1951 and was scrapped in 1960.

text:
# MV Empire Baron

***Empire Baron*** was a 5,890 GRT cargo ship which was built in 1926 for Navigazione Generale Gerolimich & Compagnia Società in Anzioni, Trieste, Italy. She was captured by the Royal Navy in 1940 and ownership passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She was renamed ***Empire Baron***. She was sold in 1947 to Navigation & Coal Trade Ltd, London and renamed ***Rubystone***. She was sold to a Panamanian company in 1951 and was scrapped in 1960.

## History

### Pre-war

*Monte Piana* was built by Cantiere Navale Triestino, Monfalcone for Navigazione Generale Gerolimich & Compagnia Società in Anzioni, Trieste. She was completed in July 1926 and named after the Northern Italian mountain of the same name. On 18 June 1933, *Monte Piana* was in collision with the Greek ship *P Margaronis* in the River Plate, in Argentine waters. Both ships sustained damage to their bows, with their forepeaks flooded. On 18 May 1937, *Monte Piana* departed Calcutta, India for Genoa, Italy. A fire broke out in one of her holds. It was brought under control and *Monte Piana* returned to port.

### War service

On 10 June 1940, *Monte Piana* was captured by the Royal Navy at Aden. She was beached after her crew attempted to scuttle her. In 1941, her ownership was passed to the MoWT. Attempts to repair her electrical system and engines at Aden were unsuccessful, and she was towed to Vizagapatam, India by SS *Nirvana*, arriving on 23 February 1941. She was repaired and placed under the management of British-India Steam Navigation Company. Repairs were completed by June 1941 as *Monte Piana* sailed from Calcutta on 10 June, arriving at Rangoon, Burma on 9 July. She departed Calcutta on 19 August 1941 and joined Convoy SL 93 which departed Freetown, Sierra Leone on 19 November 1941 and arrived at Liverpool on 10 December. She was carrying a cargo of tea, jute and pig iron and was bound for Oban, Argyllshire. She then sailed to Dundee. At some point, *Monte Piana* was renamed *Empire Baron*. Although this name change took place on paper in 1941, she was still operating under the name *Monte Piana* in 1942. *Empire Baron* was a member of a number of convoys during the Second World War

OS 34

Convoy OS 34 departed Liverpool on 11 July 1942 and arrived at Freetown on 30 July. *Empire Baron* had started her voyage at Oban and was bound for Durban and Calcutta with a load of Government stores.

OS 58

Convoy OS 58 departed Liverpool on 5 November 1943 and arrived at Freetown on 28 November. *Empire Baron* had started her voyage at the Clyde and was bound for Cape Town and East London, South Africa and then Basra, Iraq.

MKS 43

Convoy MKS 43 sailed from Gibraltar on 22 March 1944 and arrived at Liverpool on 4 April 1944. *Empire Baron* had started her voyage at Mombasa, Kenya and called at Beira, Mozambique. She was carrying a cargo of Chrome ore, general cargo and mails and was bound for Loch Ewe.

KMS 61

Convoy KMS 61 sailed from Liverpool on 25 August 1944 and arrived at Gibraltar on 4 September. *Empire Baron* had started her voyage at Belfast and was bound for Port Said, Egypt with a cargo of coal.

### Postwar

In 1947, *Empire Baron* was sold to Navigation & Coal Trade Ltd, London and renamed *Rubystone*. She was operated by them for four years before being sold in 1951 to Alvion Steamship Co, Panama. *Rubystone* was scrapped in August 1960 at Nagasaki, Japan.

## Propulsion

She was propelled two 6-cylinder SCSA diesel engines of 489 horsepower (365 kW) which were built by Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino, Trieste.

## Official number and code letters

Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. *Monte Piana* had the Italian Official Number 258 until 1940 and the UK Official Number from 1940. She used the Code Letters NZLO until 1933. IBJX from 1934, and ZNAH from 1941. *Empire Baron* had the UK Official Number 174207 and used the Code Letters BCSN

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | * *Monte Piana* (1926-42) * *Empire Baron* (1942-47) * *Rubystone* (1947-60) |
| Owner | * Navigazione Generale Gerolimich & Compagnia Società in Anzioni, Trieste * 1926-40 * Ministry of War Transport (1940-47) * Navigation & Coal Trade Ltd, London (1947-51) * Alvion Steamship Co Ltd, Panama (1951-60) |
| Operator | * Navigazione Generale Gerolimich & Compagnia Società in Anzioni, Trieste (1926-40) * British-India Steam Navigation Co Ltd (1941-47) * Navigation & Coal Trade Ltd, London (1947-51) * Alvion Steamship Co Ltd, Panama (1951-60) |
| Port of registry | * Trieste (1926-40) * London (1940-51) * Panama (1951-60) |
| Builder | Cantiere Navale Triestino, Monfalcone |
| Completed | July 1926 |
| Out of service | August 1960 |
| Identification | * Italian Official Number 258 (1926-40) * UK Official Number 174207 (1940-51) * Code Letters NZLO (1926-33) *  * Code Letters IBJX (1934-40) *  * Code Letters ZNAH (1940-41) *  * Code Letters BCSN (1941-47) * |
| Fate | Scrapped August 1960 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 5,890 GRT |
| Length | 416 ft 8 in (127.00 m) |
| Beam | 53 ft 2 in (16.21 m) |
| Depth | 24 ft 7 in (7.49 m) |
| Propulsion | 2 x 6-cylinder SCSA diesel engines (Stabilimento Technico, Trieste) 489 hp (365 kW) |
| Speed | 10 knots (19 km/h) |


title: Milan Luković

abstract: Milan Luković was a Serbian geologist and academic. He is best remembered as a stratigrapher, structural geologist and hydrogeologist. He authored and co-author numerous scientific papers on geology, and lectured at congresses on the same subject. Milan Luković was the chief editor of the Vesnik's 1940 Yearbook which contained annual reports of the director of the Serbian Geological Institute, reports of geologists on fieldwork and general geological information. From 1947 until 1953, he was the president of the Serbian Geological Society.

text:
# Milan Luković

**Milan Luković** (Kraljevo, Kingdom of Serbia, April 17, 1889 - Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia, September 15, 1972) was a Serbian geologist and academic. He is best remembered as a stratigrapher, structural geologist and hydrogeologist.

He authored and co-author numerous scientific papers on geology, and lectured at congresses on the same subject.

Milan Luković was the chief editor of the *Vesnik's* 1940 Yearbook which contained annual reports of the director of the Serbian Geological Institute, reports of geologists on fieldwork and general geological information. From 1947 until 1953, he was the president of the Serbian Geological Society.


title: Milan Machalický

abstract: Milan Machalický is a Czech football defender who played for Sigma Olomouc.

text:
# Milan Machalický

**Milan Machalický** (born 1 June 1991) is a Czech football defender who played for Sigma Olomouc.

## InfoBox

Milan Machalický
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Milan Machalický | | |
| Date of birth | (1991-06-01) 1 June 1991 | | |
| Place of birth | Czech Republic | | |
| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 9+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2008–2012 | SK Sigma Olomouc | 12 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20:31, 18 April 2013 (UTC) | | | |