title: Rajiasar

abstract:
Rajiasar Meetha is a cluster of three villages located in the Churu district of Rajasthan. Rajiasar is about 32 kilometers from Tehsil Headquarters Sujangarh. The three villages which comprise it are Rajiasar Meetha, Rajiasar Chack and Rajiasar Khara. Rajiasar Chack is mainly dominated by the Jat caste. Some sub-castes Gotra जाटों के गोत्र of the jats which reside in this village are Bhakar (Bhaskar), Dudi, Bijarania, Muhal, and Jakhar. Notable people in this village include, Chaudhary Rameshwar Lal Bhaskar, Sh. Gautam Bhaskar Moti Ram Jakhar, Ramlal Karwasra, Ramchandra Bhaskar and Chandra Ram Bijarania. Rajiasar Chack is surrounded on two sides by Rajiasar Meetha, and two roads join the two villages. Rajiasar Meetha is mainly dominated by the Rajputs. Some families of Jats, Scheduled Castes and some other castes also reside in this part of the village. Notable people who live in Rajiasar Meetha include Shree Rewant Singh Rathore Panne Singh Rathore, Sukh Singh Rathore, Bajarang Singh Rathore (Bikaner), Devi Singh Rathore, Chaudhary Sohan Ram Ram Bhaskar, Gopal Ram Bhaskar, Swami Ramchandra. Rajiasar Khara is located about 1.5 km south of Rajiasar Meetha. It is also mainly dominated by rajputs. Some families of Scheduled castes also reside in this village. Notable people in this village Pratap Singh Rathore, Vijay Singh Rathore. The nearest railway station is Parihara. However, most of the long distance trains don't stop here and villagers have to go Ratangarh Jn. or Sujangarh Railway Station to catch long distance trains. Trains to almost all major cities of India are available from here. Other villages surrounding this village are Toliasar, Kanwari, Mainasar, Parihara, Budhwali, Rukhasar, Rinva ki Dhani, Harasar, Khotari, and Ankholya. Rajiasar is connected to neighbouring towns Salasar, Ratangarh, Parihara, and Sujangarh through roads. Under the flagship programme of government i.e. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna PMGSY, village has been connected with neighbouring towns with good quality all-weather pucca roads. Buses run at fixed times on the routes connecting these towns with this village. No state-run transport service is available. Village economy is agriculture based. Agriculture is rain-fed only. No irrigation facility is available. Groundwater is salty and cannot be used for irrigation purpose. Main agriculture products are Bajra, Guarseeds, Moong, Moth, Til etc. Some of the persons are serving in armed forces like Indian Army, Indian Air Force and Indian Navy. Some persons are employed in paramilitary forces like Border Security Force and Central Reserve Police Force and State Police and State Armed Police. Earlier Armed forces were the only attraction but now youngsters are trying for other avenues also. However, still joining armed forces is the preferred employment for village youths. Some name of army men shri Budh singh rathore Bsf who fought 3 major wars of 1962, 1965,1971,) his three son are currently in bsf poonam singh rathore(bsf) padam singh (bsf) pahalwan singh (bsf). Subedar Magan Singh Rathore (Retd.), Naib Subedar Sultan Singh Rathore (Retd.) etc. Some Men in NAVY like Narendra Singh Rathore (Bablu) (Ex.), Mahipal Singh Rathore(Retd), Sultan Singh Rathore(Retd), Narendra Bijaraniya, Ramesh Jakhar. Some Men in Air Force like Sakti Singh Rathore, Girvar Singh Rathore, Ranveer Singh Rathore, Balram Jakhar, Rakesh Bijaraniya. On 30 August 2016, L/Naik Shri Rajendra Singh Rathore, 2 Raj Rif, gave supreme sacrifice in guarding the motherland in Kashmir. He was martyred on Pakistan Border in an operation to stop the infiltration from the Pakistan side. His mortal remains were cremated on 01.09.2016 with full state honour in presence of thousands people. Now it is proposed to change the name of Govt. Senior Secondary in his honour. Villagers organise sports events in memory of Late.Rajendra Singh every year which sees good participation. This village falls under Churu Lok Sabha (Parliament) Constituency. Earlier it was under Assembly constituency but after reorganisation of constituencies now it falls under Ratangarh Assembly constituency. Shri Rahul Kaswan is sitting member of Parliament from this Constutuency. Earlier his father Shri Ram Singh Kaswan represented Churu Parliamentary Constituency in Lok Sabha. Shri Narendra Budania who also served as member of Parliament representing Rajasthan, also represented Churu Constituency in Lok Sabha.
The village has electricity, schools and the drinking water is provided by underground tanks (KUND) that each household has for storing rainwater. Some community Kunds are also there which are collectively managed by village community. Recently, a large water tank has been constructed on the western end of the village for tapped water supply. However, the project has yet not been completed and it is expected that it will take several more years for tapped water supply in the village. The water in this huge overhead tank will be supplied from the Aapni Yojna a scheme funded by Govt. of Germany for drinking water supply in three semi arid areas of Rajasthan i.e. Churu, Hanumangarh and Jhunjhunu. This village has one school of higher secondary level, one Secondary School for girls and one middle school. 2-3 private schools are also run by local youths for primary school children. Though, village has an Ayurvedic Hospital but generally the post of Ayurvedic Doctor remains vacant and the hospital is of no use for the villages. Primary Health Centre under Rashtriya Gramin Swasthyay Mission is also in dismal position. Though a MBBS doctor is posted here but due to accommodation problems in village, he resides in nearby town and not of much use to villages. However, after the introduction of bio-metric attendance system in PHC, the condition has improved and now doctor and paramedic staff are available. Basically, this Primary Health Centre works as Immunization centre only. Recently the construction work for the building of a Government Hospital has been started. The medical facilities in the village are expected to improve after the new hospital becomes fully functional, however, the construction work may take time like other Government projects.
The village has recently been connected to the banking system with opening of a smart branch of Bank of Baroda which is fully computerised. The villagers can get basic banking facilities like opening of account, deposit, withdrawals, ATM etc. in this high-tech Branch.
The village have good Internet connectivity and phone connectivity after the Reliance Jio telecom tower was established here. The Internet speed in the village is better than most of the urban areas. The developmental works in the village have not been up to the desired level and benefit of various schemes of the State and Central Government have not reached to the common man of the village allegedly primarily due to corruption in the lower level of work implementation agency i.e. Gram Panchayat. The present and past Sarpanchs of the Gram Panchayat are accused of corruption and have spend some time in Jail also due to their corruption activities. The village has several temples, the oldest being Thakurji's temple which is managed by the family of Shri Ramchandra Swami. Other temples include Nagnechi Mata temple, Hanuman Temple, Gogamedi, Hariramji temple and Pabuji's temple. Most of the temples are located in the western side of the village.

text:
# Rajiasar

**Rajiasar Meetha** is a cluster of three villages located in the Churu district of Rajasthan.

Rajiasar is about 32 kilometers from Tehsil Headquarters Sujangarh. The three villages which comprise it are Rajiasar Meetha, Rajiasar Chack and Rajiasar Khara. Rajiasar Chack is mainly dominated by the Jat caste. Some sub-castes Gotra जाटों के गोत्र of the jats which reside in this village are Bhakar (Bhaskar), Dudi, Bijarania, Muhal, and Jakhar. Notable people in this village include, Chaudhary Rameshwar Lal Bhaskar (Retd. RPS), Sh. Gautam Bhaskar (Retd. Addl SP, Rajasthan Police) Moti Ram Jakhar, Ramlal Karwasra, Ramchandra Bhaskar (Presently residing in village Dhanapa, Near Merta in Nagaur District) and Chandra Ram Bijarania.

Rajiasar Chack is surrounded on two sides by Rajiasar Meetha, and two roads join the two villages. Rajiasar Meetha is mainly dominated by the Rajputs (Rathore Clan). Some families of Jats, Scheduled Castes and some other castes also reside in this part of the village. Notable people who live in Rajiasar Meetha include Shree Rewant Singh Rathore (Social worker) Panne Singh Rathore, Sukh Singh Rathore, Bajarang Singh Rathore (Bikaner), Devi Singh Rathore, Chaudhary Sohan Ram Ram Bhaskar, Gopal Ram Bhaskar, Swami Ramchandra.

Rajiasar Khara is located about 1.5 km south of Rajiasar Meetha. It is also mainly dominated by rajputs. Some families of Scheduled castes also reside in this village. Notable people in this village Pratap Singh Rathore, Vijay Singh Rathore.

The nearest railway station is Parihara (on Ratangarh Jn.-Degana Jn. route). However, most of the long distance trains don't stop here and villagers have to go Ratangarh Jn. or Sujangarh Railway Station to catch long distance trains. Trains to almost all major cities of India are available from here. Other villages surrounding this village are Toliasar, Kanwari, Mainasar, Parihara, Budhwali, Rukhasar, Rinva ki Dhani, Harasar (Bada Gaon), Khotari, and Ankholya.

Rajiasar is connected to neighbouring towns Salasar, Ratangarh, Parihara, and Sujangarh through roads. Under the flagship programme of government i.e. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna PMGSY, village has been connected with neighbouring towns with good quality all-weather pucca roads. Buses run at fixed times on the routes connecting these towns with this village. No state-run transport service is available.

Village economy is agriculture based. Agriculture is rain-fed only. No irrigation facility is available. Groundwater is salty and cannot be used for irrigation purpose. Main agriculture products are Bajra, Guarseeds, Moong, Moth, Til etc.

Some of the persons are serving in armed forces like Indian Army, Indian Air Force and Indian Navy. Some persons are employed in paramilitary forces like Border Security Force and Central Reserve Police Force and State Police and State Armed Police (Known as Rajasthan Armed Constabulary). Earlier Armed forces were the only attraction but now youngsters are trying for other avenues also. However, still joining armed forces is the preferred employment for village youths.

Some name of army men shri Budh singh rathore Bsf who fought 3 major wars of 1962, 1965 ,1971,) his three son are currently in bsf poonam singh rathore(bsf) padam singh (bsf) pahalwan singh (bsf). Subedar Magan Singh Rathore (Retd.), Naib Subedar Sultan Singh Rathore (Retd.) etc. Some Men in NAVY like Narendra Singh Rathore (Bablu) (Ex.), Mahipal Singh Rathore(Retd), Sultan Singh Rathore(Retd), Narendra Bijaraniya, Ramesh Jakhar. Some Men in Air Force like Sakti Singh Rathore, Girvar Singh Rathore, Ranveer Singh Rathore, Balram Jakhar, Rakesh Bijaraniya. On 30 August 2016, L/Naik Shri Rajendra Singh Rathore, 2 Raj Rif, gave supreme sacrifice in guarding the motherland in Kashmir. He was martyred on Pakistan Border in an operation to stop the infiltration from the Pakistan side. His mortal remains were cremated on 01.09.2016 with full state honour in presence of thousands people. Now it is proposed to change the name of Govt. Senior Secondary in his honour. Villagers organise sports events in memory of Late.Rajendra Singh every year which sees good participation.

This village falls under Churu Lok Sabha (Parliament) Constituency. Earlier it was under (Sujangarh (SC)) Assembly constituency but after reorganisation of constituencies now it falls under Ratangarh Assembly constituency. Shri Rahul Kaswan is sitting member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) from this Constutuency. Earlier his father Shri Ram Singh Kaswan represented Churu Parliamentary Constituency in Lok Sabha. Shri Narendra Budania who also served as member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) representing Rajasthan, also represented Churu Constituency in Lok Sabha. The village has electricity, schools and the drinking water is provided by underground tanks (KUND) that each household has for storing rainwater. Some community Kunds are also there which are collectively managed by village community. Recently, a large water tank has been constructed on the western end of the village for tapped water supply. However, the project has yet not been completed and it is expected that it will take several more years for tapped water supply in the village. The water in this huge overhead tank will be supplied from the Aapni Yojna a scheme funded by Govt. of Germany for drinking water supply in three semi arid areas of Rajasthan i.e. Churu, Hanumangarh and Jhunjhunu.

This village has one school of higher secondary level, one Secondary School for girls and one middle school. 2-3 private schools are also run by local youths for primary school children. Though, village has an Ayurvedic Hospital but generally the post of Ayurvedic Doctor remains vacant and the hospital is of no use for the villages. Primary Health Centre under Rashtriya Gramin Swasthyay Mission is also in dismal position. Though a MBBS doctor is posted here but due to accommodation problems in village, he resides in nearby town and not of much use to villages. However, after the introduction of bio-metric attendance system in PHC, the condition has improved and now doctor and paramedic staff are available. Basically, this Primary Health Centre works as Immunization centre only. Recently the construction work for the building of a Government Hospital has been started. The medical facilities in the village are expected to improve after the new hospital becomes fully functional, however, the construction work may take time like other Government projects. The village has recently been connected to the banking system with opening of a smart branch of Bank of Baroda which is fully computerised. The villagers can get basic banking facilities like opening of account, deposit, withdrawals, ATM etc. in this high-tech Branch. The village have good Internet connectivity and phone connectivity after the Reliance Jio telecom tower was established here. The Internet speed in the village is better than most of the urban areas.

The developmental works in the village have not been up to the desired level and benefit of various schemes of the State and Central Government have not reached to the common man of the village allegedly primarily due to corruption in the lower level of work implementation agency i.e. Gram Panchayat. The present and past Sarpanchs (Head of local level self Government) of the Gram Panchayat are accused of corruption and have spend some time in Jail also due to their corruption activities.

The village has several temples, the oldest being Thakurji's temple which is managed by the family of Shri Ramchandra Swami. Other temples include Nagnechi Mata temple, Hanuman Temple, Gogamedi, Hariramji temple and Pabuji's temple. Most of the temples are located in the western side of the village.

## InfoBox

| Rajiasar Rajiyasar, Rajiyasar Mitha | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Rajasthan |
| District | Churu |
| Government | |
| Body | Gram Panchayat |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi, Rajasthani language |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 331505 |
| Telephone code | +911568 |
| ISO 3166 code | RJ-IN |
| Vehicle registration | RJ-44 series |
| Nearest city | Sujangarh |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Churu |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Ratangarh |
| Civic agency | Gram Panchayat |
| Climate | Summer, Winter (Köppen) |


title: Gmina Świnna

abstract: Gmina Świnna is a rural gmina in Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Świnna, which lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Żywiec and 69 km (43 mi) south of the regional capital Katowice. The gmina covers an area of 39.4 square kilometres (15.2 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 8,084.

text:
# Gmina Świnna

**Gmina Świnna** is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Świnna, which lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Żywiec and 69 km (43 mi) south of the regional capital Katowice.

The gmina covers an area of 39.4 square kilometres (15.2 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 8,084.

## Villages

Gmina Świnna contains the villages and settlements of Pewel Mała, Pewel Ślemieńska, Przyłęków, Rychwałdek, Świnna and Trzebinia.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Świnna is bordered by the town of Żywiec and by the gminas of Gilowice, Jeleśnia, Radziechowy-Wieprz and Ślemień.

## InfoBox

| Gmina Świnna Świnna Commune | |
| --- | --- |
| Gmina | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Coordinates (Świnna): 49°39′N 19°15′E / 49.650°N 19.250°E / 49.650; 19.250 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Silesian |
| County | Żywiec |
| Seat | Świnna |
| Area | |
| Total | 39.4 km2 (15.2 sq mi) |
| Population (2019-06-30) | |
| Total | 8,084 |
| Density | 210/km2 (530/sq mi) |
| Website | http://www.swinna.pl/ |


title: A Book of Milliganimals

abstract: A Book of Milliganimals is a children's book by Spike Milligan, first published in 1968. The book has three parts; the first two, Animals and Milliganimals, contain humorous poetry and illustrations by Milligan of animals, both real and imaginary. The third part, entitled The Bald Twit Lion, is a surreal, comedic story of a lion who loses his mane and his struggle to re-grow it and overcome his embarrassment. His mane is eventually restored by God, who slides down to Earth from Heaven on a religious giraffe's neck.

text:
# A Book of Milliganimals

***A Book of Milliganimals*** is a children's book by Spike Milligan, first published in 1968.

The book has three parts; the first two, *Animals* and *Milliganimals*, contain humorous poetry and illustrations by Milligan of animals, both real and imaginary. The third part, entitled *The Bald Twit Lion*, is a surreal, comedic story of a lion who loses his mane and his struggle to re-grow it and overcome his embarrassment. His mane is eventually restored by God, who slides down to Earth from Heaven on a religious giraffe's neck.

## InfoBox

A Book of Milliganimals
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Spike Milligan |
| Illustrator | Spike Milligan |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Children's literature |
| Publisher | Dobson Books Limited |
| Publication date | 1968 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| ISBN | 9780234770481 |


title: Pogrom (horse)

abstract: Pogrom was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. As a two-year-old in 1921 she showed considerable promise by winning four of her six starts. In the following year she was one of the best fillies of her generation as she won the Epsom Oaks, Coronation Stakes and Newmarket Oaks and finished second on three other occasions. She made very little impact as a broodmare and died in 1933.

text:
# Pogrom (horse)

**Pogrom** (1919  1933) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. As a two-year-old in 1921 she showed considerable promise by winning four of her six starts. In the following year she was one of the best fillies of her generation as she won the Epsom Oaks, Coronation Stakes and Newmarket Oaks and finished second on three other occasions. She made very little impact as a broodmare and died in 1933.

## Background

Pogrom was a bay mare bred in the United Kingdom by her owner Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor. She was sent into training with Alec Taylor, Jr. at his stable at Manton, Wiltshire.

She was one of the best horses sired by Lemberg, whose wins included the Epsom Derby, Eclipse Stakes and Champion Stakes. Pogrom's performances helped Lemberg to become Britain’s Champion sire in 1922. Her dam Popingaol won two minor races but became a very successful broodmare whose other foals included Book Law (St Leger), Splendid Jay (Yorkshire Oaks), Book Debt (dam of Pay Up) and Fair Cop (female-line ancestor of Provoke).

## Racing career

### 1921: two-year-old season

As a two-year-old in 1921,Pogrom won four times from six races. Her victories came in the Astley Stakes at Lewes, the Michaelmas Plate at Manchester, the Buckenham Stakes at Newmarket and the Great Sapling Stakes at Sandown Park. She also finished second to the colt Sicyon in the Prendergast Stakes at Newmarket in mid-October.

### 1922: three-year-old season

Pogrom began her second season by finishing second in the Lingfield Oaks in May. On 2 June at Epsom Racecourse, Pogrom was one of eleven fillies to contest the 144th running Oaks Stakes over one and a half miles the 5/4 favourite ahead of Soubriquet and Silver Urn, respectively second and first in the 1000 Guineas. Ridden by Ted Gardner, he raced in third place before taking the lead in the straight and winning "very comfortably" by three quarters of a length from Soubriquet with three lengths back to Mysia in third.

Pogrom was dropped back in distance for the Coronation Stakes at Royal Ascot on 14 June in which she was ridden by the Australian jockey Bernard "Brownie" Carslake and won at odds of 2/1. In early July she ran well in defeat when assigned a weight of 133 pounds for the Sandringahm Stakes at Sandown Park, coming home two lengths second to a colt named Prestongrange, who was carrying 18 pounds less. She was then scheduled to run in the Nassau Stakes at Goodwood Racecourse but was withdrawn on the day of the race after being found to be "slightly amiss".

After a two-month break, Pogrom was stepped up in trip for the fourteen furlong Newmarket Oaks and finished in a dea heat with Abe Bailey's filly Bessema, to whom she was conceding 17 pounds in weight. Shortly afterwards she reappeared at Lingfield Park but was beaten by her stablemate Leighton Tor. By the end of the season, Pogrom had earned £11,747, making her the fourth biggest prize money winner in Britain that year behind Royal Lancer, Golden Myth and Captain Cuttle.

## Assessment and honours

In their book, *A Century of Champions*, based on the Timeform rating system, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Pogrom an "average" winner of the Oaks.

Press reports stated the British three-year-old fillies of 1922 were regarded as an exceptionally strong crop, and that Pogrom was probably the best of them.

## Breeding record

At the end of her racing career Pogrom was retired to become a broodmare. She proved difficult to breed from and produced very few foals before being euthanised in 1933. One foal, a chestnut colt named Scatter (foaled 1925, by Hurry On) became a successful breeding stallion in Jamaica.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Pogrom (GB), bay mare, 1919
| Sire
Lemberg (GB)
1907 | Cyllene (GB)
1895 | Bona Vista | Bend Or |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Vista |
| | Arcadia | **Isonomy** |
| | Distant Shore |
| | Galicia (GB)
1898 | Galopin | Vedette |
| | | Flying Duchess |
| | Isoletta | **Isonomy** |
| | Lady Muncaster |
| Dam
Popingaol (GB)
1913 | Dark Ronald (IRE)
1905 | Bay Ronald (GB) | Hampton |
| | | Black Duchess |
| | Darkie (GB) | Thurio |
| | Insignia |
| | Popinjay (GB)
1905 | St Frusquin | St Simon |
| | | Isabel |
| | Chelandry | Goldfinch |
| | Illuminata (Family 1-n) |

* Pogrom was inbred 4 × 4 to Isonomy, meaning that this stallion appears twice in the fourth generation of her pedigree.

## InfoBox

| Pogrom | |
| --- | --- |
| Pogrom in 1922. | |
| Sire | Lemberg |
| Grandsire | Cyllene |
| Dam | Popingaol |
| Damsire | Dark Ronald |
| Sex | Mare |
| Foaled | 1919 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor |
| Owner | Lord Astor |
| Trainer | Alec Taylor, Jr. |
| Record | 12: 7-4-0 |
| Major wins | |
| Epsom Oaks (1922)
Coronation Stakes (1922)
Newmarket Oaks (1922) | |


title: 2023 AFL Women's supplementary draft

abstract: The 2023 AFL Women's supplementary draft was the draft that enabled the 18 clubs in the AFL Women's competition to recruit overage players prior to the 2023 AFL Women's season. On October 19, 2022, the AFL announced that the draft would be a once-off overage national draft, to be held on Tuesday, 4 April, 2023. This was a stop-gap measure due to the shortened seasons between season 7 and the 2023 season, and there being no underage competition between the last draft in June 2022 and this one. Only players aged over 19 were eligible to be drafted.

text:
# 2023 AFL Women's supplementary draft

The **2023 AFL Women's supplementary draft** was the draft that enabled the 18 clubs in the AFL Women's competition to recruit overage players prior to the 2023 AFL Women's season.

On October 19, 2022, the AFL announced that the draft would be a once-off overage national draft, to be held on Tuesday, 4 April, 2023. This was a stop-gap measure due to the shortened seasons between season 7 and the 2023 season, and there being no underage competition between the last draft in June 2022 and this one. Only players aged over 19 were eligible to be drafted.

## Player movement period

## Draft

Table of draft selections
| Rd. | Pick | Player | Club | Recruited from | | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Club | League | |
| 1 | 1 | Erin Hoare | Geelong | Geelong | VFLW | Sydney |
| | 2 | Jasmin Stewart | Port Adelaide | Claremont | WAFLW |  |
| | 3 | Tahleah Mulder | Fremantle | South Fremantle | WAFLW | West Coast |
| | 4 | Mattea Breed | Hawthorn | North Adelaide | SANFLW |  |
| | 5 | Lulu Beatty | Carlton | Carlton | VFLW |  |
| | 6 | Cara McCrossan | Gold Coast | Casey Demons | VFLW | St Kilda |
| | 7 | Emmelie Fiedler | Fremantle | East Fremantle | WAFLW |  |
| | 8 | Caitlin Miller | Greater Western Sydney | Southport | QAFLW |  |
| | 9 | Madeline Hendrie | Carlton | Western Bulldogs | VFLW | Essendon |
| | 10 | Meara Girvan | Gold Coast | Bond University | QAFLW |  |
| | 11 | Dominique Carruthers | Western Bulldogs | Western Bulldogs | VFLW |  |
| | 12 | Katelyn Pope | Port Adelaide | North Adelaide | SANFLW | Geelong |
| | 13 | Eleri Morris | Collingwood | Collingwood | VFLW |  |
| | 14 | Selena Karlson | Collingwood | Collingwood | VFLW | St KildaRichmond |
| | 15 | *Passed* | Western Bulldogs |  |  | CollingwoodNorth Melbourne |
| | 16 | Georgie Jaques | Port Adelaide | Norwood | SANFLW | Adelaide |
| | 17 | Poppy Boltz | Brisbane | Southport | QAFLW |  |
| 2 | 18 | Jae Flynn | Fremantle | East Fremantle | WAFLW | West Coast |
| | 19 | Kristy Stratton | Hawthorn | Box Hill Hawks | VFLW |  |
| | 20 | Marianna Anthony | Carlton | North Melbourne | VFLW |  |
| | 21 | Bethany Pinchin | St Kilda | Southern Saints | VFLW |  |
| | 22 | Joanne Cregg | Fremantle | Subiaco | WAFLW |  |
| | 23 | Annise Bradfield | Greater Western Sydney | Gold Coast | AFLW |  |
| | 24 | *Passed* | Gold Coast |  |  |  |
| | 25 | *Passed* | Western Bulldogs |  |  |  |
| | 26 | Ruby Tripodi | North Melbourne | Williamstown | VFLW | St KildaCollingwood |
| | 27 | Shelby Knoll | Richmond | Casey Demons | VFLW |  |
| 3 | 28 | Chloe Wrigley | Carlton | Peel Thunder | WAFLW |  |
| 4 | 29 | Yvonne Bonner | Adelaide | Donegal GAA | Ladies' Gaelic Football |  |

## Free agency and replacement signings

Where players were moved to inactive list after the draft had taken place, club were entitled to replace them by free agency signing.

Free agent or replacement signings
| Club | Player | Reason | Former club | Former league | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Adelaide | Brooke Smith | Replacement (Dowrick) | Casey Demons | VFLW |  |
| Brisbane | Analea McKee | Replacement (Farquharson) | Geelong | VFLW |  |
| | Caitlin Wendland | Replacement (Yoshida-Martin) | Central District | SANFLW |  |
| | Brooke Sheridan | Replacement (Lutkins) | University of Queensland | QAFLW |  |
| Carlton | Gen Lawson-Tavan | Replacement (Guerin) | Sydney | AFLW |  |
| Essendon | Matilda Dyke | Replacement (Phillips) | Claremont | WAFLW |  |
| Fremantle | Ariana Hetherington | Replacement (Morrison) | South Fremantle | WAFLW |  |
| Gold Coast | Darcie Davies | Replacement (Ransom) | Southport | QAFLW |  |
| Greater Western Sydney | Teagan Germech | Replacement (Mackrill) | Belconnen | AFL Canberra Women's |  |
| | Rene Caris | Replacement (Gaffney) | Collingwood | VFLW |  |
| Melbourne | Saraid Taylor | Replacement (Johnson) | Richmond | AFLW |  |
| North Melbourne | Lucy Burke | Replacement (Hardiman) | St Kilda | AFLW |  |
| | Ailish Considine | Replacement (Wall) | Adelaide | AFLW |  |
| Richmond | Charli Wicksteed | Replacement (Lavey) | South Fremantle | WAFLW |  |
| | Lilly Pearce | Replacement (Williams) | Southport | QAFLW |  |
| St Kilda | Maddie Boyd | Replacement (Van Dyk) | Box Hill Hawks | VFLW |  |
| Sydney | Tanya Kennedy | Replacement (Bullas) | Donegal GAA | N/A |  |
| West Coast | Mackenzie Webb | Replacement (Petrevski) | Claremont | WAFLW |  |
| Western Bulldogs | Maggie Gorham | Free agent (unrestricted) | Ainslie | AFL Canberra Women's |  |
| | Brianna McFarlane | Free agent (unrestricted) | Western Bulldogs | VFLW |  |

## InfoBox

| 2023 AFL Women's<br>supplementary draft | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Date(s) | 4 April 2023 |
| Sponsored by | National Australia Bank |
| Overview | |
| League | AFL Women's |
|  | |


title: William White (gangster)

abstract: William Jack "Three Fingers" White was a Prohibition gangster and member of the Chicago Outfit.

text:
# William White (gangster)

**William Jack "Three Fingers" White** (1900-January 23, 1934) was a Prohibition gangster and member of the Chicago Outfit.

## Nickname

His nickname was related to a childhood accident after a falling brick from a construction site had crushed his right hand, resulting in the loss of two fingers. Self-conscious of his deformed hand, White would wear a white glove in public with cotton stuffed in the empty fingers.

## Early life

## Criminal activity

In 1919, he was convicted of robbery and served a prison sentence in Joliet Correctional Center until winning parole within four years.

An early member and much respected gunman of Johnny Torrio-Al Capone organization, White would be declared a public enemy in the Chicago Crime Commission's first published report in 1923 of those *"who are constantly in conflict with the law"* along with James "Mad Bomber" Belcastro, Edward O'Donnell, Jake Guzik, and Al Capone. The following year, White was twice convicted for the murder of Forest Park policeman Edward Pflaume and, despite being released on appeal by the State Supreme Court, he was imprisoned for several years.

Following his release, White returned to work for the Chicago Outfit as a labor racketeer competing against rival mobster Roger Touhy (eventually planning the murder of Touhy supporter Teamsters International Vice President Paddy Barrel). In 1933, White and Frankie Rio were supposedly sent to Florida by Paul Ricca to oversee the assassination of Anton Cermak, appearing with Franklin Roosevelt, by Giuseppe Zangara. However, they were held in custody and searched by Chicago police while waiting with politician Harry Hockstein in the main terminal of a Chicago train station on February 13.

According to the testimony of Roger Touhy to the Illinois Parole Board in 1957, White and Rio began shooting at Zangara however hit several bystanders instead before disappearing into the crowd dressed in police uniforms of the Cicero Police Department.

In May 1933, he was convicted on weapons charges and served a year in jail as well as issued a $300 fine although an appeal was later taken.

## Death

His body was found in his Oak Park apartment, suffering gunshot wounds to the head and body, after a gunfight with two unidentified gunmen seen fleeing from the building on the night of January 3, 1934.

He would later be portrayed by Gavin MacLeod as "Three Fingers" Jack White on the original television series *The Untouchables*.

## The Farrell Letter

In a 1935 letter to the FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, amateur investigator Frank Farrell identified White as the organizer of the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre. According to Farrell, White perpetrated the massacre as a revenge against Frank Gusenberg and Peter Gusenberg for the murder of his cousin William Davern Jr the previous year. Farrell's theory is generally discarded, mainly on the grounds that there is strong evidence that White had still been in jail at the time of the massacre.

## Further reading

* Schoenberg, Robert J. *Mr. Capone*. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1992. ISBN 0-688-12838-6

* Kelly, Robert J. *Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States*. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000. ISBN 0-313-30653-2
* Sifakis, Carl. *The Mafia Encyclopedia*. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8160-5694-3
* Sifakis, Carl. *The Encyclopedia of American Crime*. New York: Facts on File Inc., 2001. ISBN 0-8160-4040-0


title: Marie Lhuissier

abstract: Marie Lhuissier is a French mathematician, mathematical story-teller, and children's book author.

text:
# Marie Lhuissier

**Marie Lhuissier** (born 1989) is a French mathematician, mathematical story-teller, and children's book author.

## Education and work

Lhuissier earned a Ph.D. at the École normale supérieure de Lyon in 2018, with the dissertation *Le problème mathématique des trois corps, abordé simultanément sous l'angle de la recherche théorique et celui de la diffusion auprès de publics variés* concerning both the theory and public dissemination of research on the three-body problem in celestial mechanics, jointly directed by Étienne Ghys and Christian Mercat.

After completing her doctorate, she decided to devote herself to popularizing mathematics through telling stories to children. Her philosophy is that by identifying with the subjects of her stories, who are forced to use mathematics creatively to solve their problems, children can come to learn of mathematics as a dynamic and creative subject, rather than one that is static and abstract.

## Books

Lhuissier has published some of her stories in book form, including:

* *Lune* (illustrated by Elis Tamula, 2017)
* *La Faiseuse de Neige* (illustrated by Elis Tamula, 2018)

## Recognition

The Société mathématique de France gave Lhuissier the 2022 d'Alembert Prize for the dissemination of mathematics.


title: Michael Szonyi

abstract: Michael A. Szonyi is Professor of Chinese History at Harvard University and former director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies. His research focuses on the local history of southeast China, especially in the Ming dynasty, the history of Chinese popular religion, and Overseas Chinese history.

text:
# Michael Szonyi

**Michael A. Szonyi** (Chinese: 宋怡明; pinyin: *Sòng Yímíng*; born May 18, 1967) is Professor of Chinese History at Harvard University and former director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies. His research focuses on the local history of southeast China, especially in the Ming dynasty, the history of Chinese popular religion, and Overseas Chinese history.

## Biography

Szonyi received a BA from the University of Toronto and a D.Phil. from the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. After completing his doctorate, he worked at McGill University, later moving to University of Toronto, where he received tenure in 2002. Szonyi came to Harvard in 2005, and was named John L. Loeb Associate Professor of the Humanities in 2007 and Professor of Chinese History in 2009. Today he splits his time between Cambridge and London, Ontario, where his wife, Francine McKenzie, is a professor of international relations at the University of Western Ontario. Szonyi was appointed director of Harvard's Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies in 2015.

## Books

* Carrai, Maria Adele; Rudolph, Jennifer; Szonyi, Michael, eds. (2022), *The China Questions 2 : Critical Insights into US-China Relations*, Harvard University Press, doi:10.4159/9780674287495, ISBN 978-0-674-28749-5
* Khanna, Tarun; Szonyi, Michael, eds. (2022). *Making Meritocracy: Lessons from China and India, from Antiquity to the Present*. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197602461.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-760246-1.
* Szonyi, Michael; Zhao, Shiyu, eds. (2020). *The Chinese Empire in Local Society: Ming Military Institutions and Their Legacies*. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003001737. ISBN 978-1-003-00173-7.
* Rudolph, Jennifer; Szonyi, Michael, eds. (2019), *The China Questions: Critical Insights into a Rising Power*, Harvard University Press, doi:10.4159/9780674982703, ISBN 978-0-674-98270-3, LCCN 2017023762
* Szonyi, Michael (2017). *The Art of Being Governed: Everyday Politics in Late Imperial China*. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400888887. ISBN 978-1-4008-8888-7.
* Szonyi, Michael, ed. (2016). *A Companion to Chinese History*. Wiley Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781118624593. ISBN 978-1-118-62460-9.
* Zheng, Yangwen; Liu, Hong; Szonyi, Michael, eds. (2010). *The Cold War in Asia: The Battle for Hearts and Minds*. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17537-2.
* Szonyi, Michael (2008). *Cold War Island: Quemoy on the Front Line*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521726405. (Chinese edition published by National Taiwan University Press, 2016)
* Szonyi, Michael, ed. (2006). *Ming-Qing Fujian Wudi xinyang ziliao huibian (Documents on the Cult of the Five Emperors in Fujian in Ming and Qing)*. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology South China Research Centre.
* Szonyi, Michael (2002). *Practicing Kinship: Lineage and Descent in Late Imperial China*. Stanford University Press. doi:10.1515/9781503619623. ISBN 978-1-5036-1962-3.
* Zheng, Zhenman (2001). *Family and Lineage Organization and Social Change in Ming-Qing Fujian*. Translated by Szonyi, Michael. University of Hawai'i Press. doi:10.1515/9780824842017. ISBN 978-0-8248-4201-7.

## InfoBox

| Michael Szonyi | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Other names | 宋怡明 |
| Education | University of Toronto (BA), University of Oxford (Phil.D) |
| Occupation(s) | Sinologist, historian of China |
| Employer | Harvard University |
| Organization | Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies |


title: GrandLinq

abstract:
The consortium named GrandLinq is the successful bidder to build and operate the Ion rapid transit system in Waterloo Region, Ontario.
GrandLinq was one of three groups invited to bid on the system in February 2013.
GrandLinq's partners include: Plenary Group Canada; Meridiam Infrastructure Waterloo; Aecon; Kiewit; Mass Electric Construction Canada; Keolis; STV Canada Construction; AECOM; and CIBC World Markets. In 2012, seven groups of partners indicated an interest in bidding on the system.
In February, GrandLinq and two other groups, Tricity Transit System and Kitchener Waterloo Cambridge Transit Partners, were chosen as those which would be invited to submit proposals. In June the formal request for proposal was issued, and the three groups had until December to complete their bids. In March 2014, GrandLinq was identified as the preferred bidder in the staff report on the final bids, and approved by the Region's Planning and Works committee. Regional Council gave final approval on March 19, with financial close being made May 9.

text:
# GrandLinq

The consortium named **GrandLinq** is the successful bidder to build and operate the Ion rapid transit system in Waterloo Region, Ontario. GrandLinq was one of three groups invited to bid on the system in February 2013. GrandLinq's partners include: Plenary Group Canada; Meridiam Infrastructure Waterloo; Aecon; Kiewit; Mass Electric Construction Canada; Keolis; STV Canada Construction; AECOM; and CIBC World Markets.

In 2012, seven groups of partners indicated an interest in bidding on the system. In February, GrandLinq and two other groups, Tricity Transit System and Kitchener Waterloo Cambridge Transit Partners, were chosen as those which would be invited to submit proposals. In June the formal request for proposal was issued, and the three groups had until December to complete their bids.

In March 2014, GrandLinq was identified as the preferred bidder in the staff report on the final bids, and approved by the Region's Planning and Works committee. Regional Council gave final approval on March 19, with financial close being made May 9.

1. Desmond, Paige (20 March 2014). "Cambridge won't get break on share of LRT costs". *Waterloo Region Record*. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
2. Keith Barrow (2013-12-18). "Three bidders vie for Waterloo LRT contract". International Railway Journal. Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-12-18. THREE consortia have submitted bids to the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, for the $C 536m ($US 505m) PPP contract to design, build, operate, and maintain the city's first light rail line.
3. Charlotte Prong Parkhill (2013-02-27). "Region narrows down LRT consortiums". Waterloo Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-12-18. The three finalists were selected from seven consortiums that submitted their qualifications in November 2012. They operate under the names GrandLinq, Kitchener Waterloo Cambridge Transit Partners and TriCity Transit System. Each group consists of several companies, including engineering, construction and finance firms.
4. Paige Desmond (2013-12-17). "Region prepares to review bids for $536 million light rail transit construction in Kitchener and Waterloo". Kitchener-Waterloo Record. Archived from the original on 2013-12-20. Retrieved 2013-12-18. The bidding consortia are called GrandLinq, Kitchener Waterloo Cambridge Transit Partners and Tricity Transit System. Each group has local companies involved.
5. "Progress continues on ION, the Region of Waterloo's rapid transit service". Exchange magazine. 2013-06-06. Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-12-18. The three shortlisted teams – GrandLinq, Kitchener Waterloo Cambridge Transit Partners, and Tricity Transit System -- will have approximately six months to prepare and submit their proposals. The short-listed teams are comprised of some of the most experienced companies building transit infrastructure in Canada.
6. "Region finalizes agreement with GrandLinq for ION Stage 1 LRT". Region of Waterloo. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.


title: Gmina Świnice Warckie

abstract: Gmina Świnice Warckie is a rural gmina in Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Świnice Warckie, which lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Łęczyca and 47 km (29 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź. The gmina covers an area of 93.95 square kilometres (36.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,114.

text:
# Gmina Świnice Warckie

**Gmina Świnice Warckie** is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Świnice Warckie, which lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Łęczyca and 47 km (29 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

The gmina covers an area of 93.95 square kilometres (36.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,114.

## Villages

Gmina Świnice Warckie contains the villages and settlements of Bielawy, Chęcin, Chorzepin, Chorzepinek, Chwalborzyce, Drozdów, Głogowiec, Grodzisko, Gusin, Hektary, Holendry, Kaznów, Kaznówek, Kosew, Kozanki Podleśne, Kraski, Ładawy, Łyków, Parski, Piaski, Podgórze, Podłęże, Polusin, Rogów, Rydzyna, Stawiszynek, Stemplew, Strachów, Świnice Warckie, Świnice Warckie-Kolonia, Tolów, Władysławów, Wola Świniecka, Wyganów, Zbylczyce and Zimne.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Świnice Warckie is bordered by the gminas of Dąbie, Grabów, Łęczyca, Uniejów and Wartkowice.

## InfoBox

| Gmina Świnice Warckie Świnice Warckie Commune | |
| --- | --- |
| Gmina | |
|  | |
| Coordinates (Świnice Warckie): 52°2′N 18°55′E / 52.033°N 18.917°E / 52.033; 18.917 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Łęczyca |
| Seat | Świnice Warckie |
| Area | |
| Total | 93.95 km2 (36.27 sq mi) |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 4,114 |
| Density | 44/km2 (110/sq mi) |


title: A Book of Heroes

abstract: A Book of Heroes is a 1986 Taiwanese-Hong Kong action comedy film directed by Kevin Chu, produced by Raymond Wong Pak-ming, and starring Yasuaki Kurata and Yukari Oshima.

text:
# A Book of Heroes

***A Book of Heroes*** (Chinese: 歡樂龍虎榜, released in the Philippines as ***Fight to Win Again***) is a 1986 Taiwanese-Hong Kong action comedy film directed by Kevin Chu, produced by Raymond Wong Pak-ming, and starring Yasuaki Kurata and Yukari Oshima.

## Plot

Policeman Hu Pai and his girlfriend are on a quest to find stolen gold before the Yamashita gang can get to it. Meanwhile, Oshima Yamashita is unaware that his hired fighter is actually an undercover cop.

## Cast

## Release

*A Book of Heroes* was released in Taiwan in 1986. In the Philippines, the film was released as *Fight to Win Again* by Pioneer Releasing on 25 August 1987, connecting it to the unrelated Hong Kong film *The Magic Crystal* (released as *Fight to Win* in the country); posters credited Yukari Oshima and Yasuaki Kurata as Cynthia Luster and Shoji Karada respectively.

## Home media

*A Book of Heroes* was first released on VCD in Hong Kong by Joy Sales on 22 November 2007; it has since gone out of print. The online store FLK Cinema, which originated in Clapham, London, also released the film on DVD-R (with the title *Fight to Win Again*).

## Critical reception

*The Encyclopedia of Martial Arts Movies* authors Bill Palmer, Karen Palmer, and Ric Meyers gave the film three and a half out of four stars, indicating a "Very Good" quality.

## InfoBox

| A Book of Heroes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Kevin Chu |
| Written by | Hsieh Hsing-kuo |
| Produced by | Raymond Wong Pak-ming |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Liao Ching-song |
| Edited by | Huang Chiu-Kuei |
| Music by | Fu Li |
| Production
companies | * Cinema City Company * Golden Princess Amusement |
| Distributed by | Long Shong Pictures |
| Release date | * 25 July 1986 (1986-07-25) |
| Countries | * Taiwan * Hong Kong |
| Languages | Mandarin
Cantonese (dubbed)
Hokkien |


title: Polish Astronomical Society

abstract: The Polish Astronomical Society is science society in Poland, founded in 1923, with headquarters in Warsaw. Members of PTA are professional astronomers. Purpose of the association is promoting the development of astronomical science, their teaching and outreach in community. PTA is involved in publishing astronomical books, as well as popular science magazine Urania - Postępy Astronomii. PTA is also a producer of a TV series Astronarium about astronomy and space. The society organizes conferences and contests. Current President of PTA is Marek Sarna and number of members is around 280. Polish Astronomical Society is a member of the European Astronomical Society. Since 2003, the Polish Astronomical Society has been presenting scientists with the Bohdan Paczyński Medal for significant contributions to astronomy and astrophysics as well as the Włodzimierz Zonn Prize for popularizing the knowledge of the universe.

text:
# Polish Astronomical Society

The **Polish Astronomical Society** (Polish: *Polskie Towarzystwo Astronomiczne, PTA*) is science society in Poland, founded in 1923, with headquarters in Warsaw. Members of PTA are professional astronomers. Purpose of the association is promoting the development of astronomical science, their teaching and outreach in community. PTA is involved in publishing astronomical books, as well as popular science magazine Urania - Postępy Astronomii. PTA is also a producer of a TV series Astronarium about astronomy and space. The society organizes conferences and contests. Current President of PTA is Marek Sarna and number of members is around 280. Polish Astronomical Society is a member of the European Astronomical Society.

Since 2003, the Polish Astronomical Society has been presenting scientists with the Bohdan Paczyński Medal for significant contributions to astronomy and astrophysics as well as the Włodzimierz Zonn Prize (since 1983) for popularizing the knowledge of the universe.

## InfoBox

Polish Astronomical Society
| Abbreviation | PTA |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | 1923 |
| Type | Learned society |
| Headquarters | Warsaw |
| Region served | Poland |
| President | Marek Sarna |
| Website | www.pta.edu.pl |


title: Jeff Reynolds (rugby union)

abstract: Frank Jeffrey Reynolds was an English international rugby union player. The son of a doctor, Reynolds was born in Canton, China, and learned his rugby at Cranleigh School, where he was made into a stand-off. He captained England schoolboys in a match against their Scottish rivals. Reynolds was commissioned from Sandhurst into the Duke of Wellington's Regiment in 1936. An Old Cranleighans player, Reynolds made his England debut in their final 1937 Home Nations fixture, a win over Scotland at Murrayfield that secured the Triple Crown. He was capped a further two times in 1938 and toured South Africa with the British Lions that year, featuring in the first two Test matches. In addition to rugby, Reynolds also played field hockey for Sussex and cricket for the Kent 2nd XI. Reynolds served in North Africa during World War II and became Squadron Commander. He was later mentioned in dispatches serving with the 1st Battalion in Palestine. Emigrating to South Africa in 1951, Reynolds was manager of the Rand Club in Johannesburg.

text:
# Jeff Reynolds (rugby union)

**Frank Jeffrey Reynolds** (2 January 1916 – 29 July 1996) was an English international rugby union player.

The son of a doctor, Reynolds was born in Canton, China, and learned his rugby at Cranleigh School, where he was made into a stand-off. He captained England schoolboys in a match against their Scottish rivals.

Reynolds was commissioned from Sandhurst into the Duke of Wellington's Regiment in 1936.

An Old Cranleighans player, Reynolds made his England debut in their final 1937 Home Nations fixture, a win over Scotland at Murrayfield that secured the Triple Crown. He was capped a further two times in 1938 and toured South Africa with the British Lions that year, featuring in the first two Test matches.

In addition to rugby, Reynolds also played field hockey for Sussex and cricket for the Kent 2nd XI.

Reynolds served in North Africa during World War II and became Squadron Commander. He was later mentioned in dispatches serving with the 1st Battalion in Palestine.

Emigrating to South Africa in 1951, Reynolds was manager of the Rand Club in Johannesburg.

## InfoBox

Jeff Reynolds
| Full name | Frank Jeffrey Reynolds |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1916-01-02)2 January 1916 |
| Place of birth | Canton, China |
| Date of death | 29 July 1996(1996-07-29) (aged 80) |
| Place of death | Somerset West, South Africa |
| School | Cranleigh School |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Stand-off  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1937–38 England  3  (7)  1938 British Lions  2  (0) | |


title: William White (bishop of Honan)

abstract: William Charles White was an Anglican missionary bishop to China and later an academic specializing in Chinese study. He was the first bishop of Henan. In addition to his missionary work he was a great collector of Chinese artifacts. A majority of his collection are the foundation for the Chinese collections at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada.

text:
# William White (bishop of Honan)

**William Charles White** FRSC (22 August 1873 – 24 January 1960) was an Anglican missionary bishop to China and later an academic specializing in Chinese study. He was the first bishop of Henan (then romanized as Honan). In addition to his missionary work he was a great collector of Chinese artifacts. A majority of his collection are the foundation for the Chinese collections at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada.

## Early life

William C. White was born in Devonshire, England, August 22, 1873. Little is known about his early childhood in England. He was known as Will in his early years, and was an outgoing child with dark hair and bright blue eyes. In 1880, his father emigrated to Canada in search of a more stable future for his family. In 1881, Will White, his mother and siblings, sailed to the new world and met their father in Norwood, Ontario. Will attended the public school and assisted his father in the labors (his father was a mason and contractor by trade). Norwood was a booming town and boasted a number of churches, stores and sports teams. Norwood would be a place of comparison for White the rest of his life, as he recognized the importance each building and group of people played in his life.

White's boundless energy and an interest in improving the lives of children, moved him to first to Kingston, Ontario where he began a career with the YMCA and later to Ottawa (around 1892). He eventually rose to the position of administrator at the YMCA which proved an excellent training ground for his future career as a missionary. At the YMCA he was in charge of planning meetings, conferences and public programing, soliciting funds and meeting with influential people, in an effort to share the mission of the YMCA with the greater community.

In his spare time he was enraptured by the developments in photography. He would spend a number of hours a week taking pictures and developing his own negatives. Unfortunately, his superiors at the YMCA suggested he do something more productive with his time. He put away his camera (but only temporarily as he would find use for it again in China). His next interest centered around cycling. Bicycles were an easy mode of transportation at the turn of the twentieth century and White was ecstatic to spend hours biking through the countryside around Ottawa visiting families and soliciting donations for the YMCA. It may have been at one of these outings, or a meeting he hosted at the YMCA, that first piqued his interest in missionary work.

Initially, White wanted to join fellow missionaries in Africa. But his mother's refusal to support him held off his application until the end of 1893. At which point, the missionary program which White applied to collapsed under financial and political strains. He was saddened by the loss of opportunity, but continued on with his work in Ottawa. Soon another opportunity arose, this time in China. He was invited to go to China with the Stewart family, an establish missionary family in Fujian, but he declined as he felt he was not yet ready to leave Canada. This was a small blessing for White, as in 1895 the whole family was massacred in Fujian. It was at this point that White decided he was ready to embark on his missionary work, but felt his high school education inadequate for his career goals. After consulting with family and friends he enrolled in the Wycliffe College in Toronto.

## Education

Will White enrolled in Wycliffe College in the spring of 1894, where he studied religion, languages and other academic fields. While at Wycliffe, White attended many lectures and mission programs put on by fellow missionaries around the college campus. He attended a number of services, in many denominations, so as to broaden his understanding of religion and the Bible. He also participated in local missions in Toronto and would have a "square talk" to anyone who asked. Will White's "square talks" became infamous among people who worked with him during his years at college. He had the ability to turn any conversation towards religion, establish the listener's confidence in him, break down any resistance and relate intimate religious experiences through a matter of fact tone. His talks never embarrassed or created resentment among those who listened. More often than not, White inspired his listeners to embark on their own spiritual journey. Although his evangelism seemed to mellow as he aged, he never lost his passion for connecting people to a spiritual path. On May 31, 1896, William C. White was ordained deacon in St. Alban's Cathedral in Toronto. In October of the same year he was advised of his appointment to be the next missionary to China through the Missionary Society of Canada. In January 1897 he was advised to sail to China.

## Missionary to China

He was a Canadian Church Missionary in Fujian (Fukien) until 1909, however he was sent by the missionary society to survey areas throughout China. In 1909 he was recalled to Toronto and elevated to the rank of Bishop, at which point he returned to his work in China and became the first Bishop of Henan (Honan), a post he held for 25 years.

Once in China, White quickly learned local dialects, including Fujian dialect and slowly started to adopt the Chinese way of dress. Although his stature didn't fool anyone, he felt if he gave an effort to learn the language and dress in familiar garments, those around him would be more open to discussing church matters with him. In 1910 he arrived at his new headquarters in Kaifeng. His new station came with hefty responsibilities. Aware of his new station in the church, White pushed other people hard, as he had once been as a new missionary. During his tenure in Henan, White was responsible for the building of eleven churches, each with an ordained Chinese pastor. Although his primary focus was the building of the Anglican missions, he also made significant contributions to health programs, welfare and educational programs in local villages throughout Henan.

Starting with the Chinese Revolution in 1911, the world around Henan started to change. Although Bishop White seemed oblivious to it, he was probably aware of changing political scenes in the east, and west. After World War I, Bishop White felt he was nearing the end of his work. Although he had been collecting pieces of interest throughout his time in China, he turned his attention to collecting starting in the 1920s. By 1934, the church (including Bishop White) were being driven out of China by civil war and the Whites decided to return to Toronto.

## The Royal Ontario Museum

During White's time in China he learned a great deal of about Chinese art, religion, industry and traditional life. In 1924, while on leave in Toronto, White had a meeting with Charles T. Currelly, a charismatic archaeologist who had been charged with establishing a museum for the University of Toronto. This chance meeting and budding friendship lead to a decade long partnership in the pursuit of museum specimens.

Today a number of the items in the Asian Galleries and collections at the ROM reflect Bishop White's commitment to preserving specimens that were reflective of his time in China. Artifacts range from pottery to art work and textiles. As well as parts of structures that were sent to Currelly for reconstruction in the museum.

## Marriage and Family

In October 1897, Annie Ray, a fellow student and missionary with the Missionary Society of Canada, joined White in China. Prior to White's departure from Canada, they had hoped to be married, but forces kept them apart for most of 1897. They were married in Shanghai shortly after Annie arrived in China. The Whites were then sent to survey the province of Henan, one of the last provinces opened to the western world. The Whites had three children, Stewart, Gordon, and Mary. After the death of Annie, White's social and professional life became chaotic. By 1935 he had reestablished a connection with another missionary, Daisy Masters, and they were married in Quebec City later that year. Upon his return to Toronto, the Whites hoped to establish a home of refuge from the busy schedules of both Will and Daisy. They purchased a small cottage in Niagara-on-the-Lake where they would take weekend and summer respites from the city.

## Post Mission Work

Upon his permanent return to Toronto in 1935 until his retirement 1948, White was Professor of Chinese Studies at the University of Toronto. He died on 24 January 1960.

1. British Library website accessed 19:09 GMT 31 January 2011
2. Wickeri, Philip L. (2017-02-02), "Anglicanism in China and East Asia, 1819–1912", *The Oxford History of Anglicanism, Volume III*, Oxford University Press, pp. 318–337, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699704.003.0015, ISBN 9780199699704, retrieved 2018-07-20
3. Bishop White, Royal Ontario Museum Re:Collects series . (retrieved 11-Oct-2013)
4. Walmsley, Lewis C. (1974). The Bishop of Honan: Mission and Museum in the Life of William C. White. University of Toronto Press.
5. Walmsley, Lewis C. (1974). The Bishop of Honan: Mission and Museum in the Life of William C. White. University of Toronto Press.
6. "Who was Who" 1897–1990 London, A & C Black 1991 ISBN 0-7136-3457-X
7. Malden Richard (ed) (1920). *Crockford's Clerical Directory for 1920 (51st edn)*. London: The Field Press. p. 731.
8. Crockford's Clerical Directory1940-41 Oxford, OUP,1941
9. Dickson, Lovat.(1986) *The Museum Makers: The Story of the Royal Ontario Museum*. Toronto. The Bryant Press.
10. Dickson, Lovat. (1986). *The Museum Makers: The Story of the Royal Ontario Museum*. Toronto. The Bryant Press.

## Bibliography

* Dickson, Lovat. *The Museum Makers: The Story of the Royal Ontario Museum*. Toronto. The Bryant Press. 1986. Print.
* Taylor, Charles *Six Journeys: a Canadian Pattern: Brigadier James Sutherland Brown, Bishop William White, James Houston, Herbert Norman, Emily Carr, Scott Symons*. Toronto: Anansi, 1977
* Walmsley, Lewis C. *Bishop in Honan: Mission and Museum in the Life of William C. White*. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974. Print.


title: Microbial consortium

abstract: A microbial consortium or microbial community, is two or more bacterial or microbial groups living symbiotically. Consortiums can be endosymbiotic or ectosymbiotic, or occasionally may be both. The protist Mixotricha paradoxa, itself an endosymbiont of the Mastotermes darwiniensis termite, is always found as a consortium of at least one endosymbiotic coccus, multiple ectosymbiotic species of flagellate or ciliate bacteria, and at least one species of helical Treponema bacteria that forms the basis of Mixotricha protists' locomotion. The concept of a consortium was first introduced by Johannes Reinke in 1872, and in 1877 the term symbiosis was introduced and later expanded on. Evidence for symbiosis between microbes strongly suggests it to have been a necessary precursor of the evolution of land plants and for their transition from algal communities in the sea to land.

text:
# Microbial consortium

A **microbial consortium** or **microbial community**, is two or more bacterial or microbial groups living symbiotically. Consortiums can be endosymbiotic or ectosymbiotic, or occasionally may be both. The protist *Mixotricha paradoxa*, itself an endosymbiont of the *Mastotermes darwiniensis* termite, is always found as a consortium of at least one endosymbiotic coccus, multiple ectosymbiotic species of flagellate or ciliate bacteria, and at least one species of helical *Treponema* bacteria that forms the basis of *Mixotricha* protists' locomotion.

The concept of a consortium was first introduced by Johannes Reinke in 1872, and in 1877 the term symbiosis was introduced and later expanded on. Evidence for symbiosis between microbes strongly suggests it to have been a necessary precursor of the evolution of land plants and for their transition from algal communities in the sea to land.

## Overview

Microbes hold promising application potential to raise the efficiency of bioprocesses when dealing with substances that are resistant to decomposition. A large number of microorganisms have been isolated based on their ability to degrade recalcitrant materials such as lignocellulose and polyurethanes. In many cases of degradation efficiency, microbial consortia have been found superior when compared to single strains. For example, novel thermophilic consortia of Brevibacillus spp. and Aneurinibacillus sp. have been isolated from the environment to enhance polymer degradation.

Two approaches exist to obtain microbial consortia involving either (i) a synthetic assembly from scratch by combining several isolated strains, or (ii) obtainment of complex microbial communities from environmental samples. For the later, enrichment process is often used to get the desired microbial consortia. For instance, a termite gut-derived consortium showing a high xylanase activity was enriched on raw wheat straw as the sole carbon source, which was able to transform lignocellulose into carboxylates under anaerobic conditions.

Relatively high diversity levels are still observed despite the use of enrichment steps when working from environmental samples, likely due to the high functional redundancy observed in environmental microbial communities, being a key asset of their functional stability. This intrinsic diversity may stand as a bottleneck in attempts to move forward to practical application due to (i) potential negative correlation with efficiency, (ii) real microbial cheaters whose presence has no impacts on degradation, (iii) security threats posed by the presence of known or unknown pathogens, and (iv) risks of losing the properties of interest if supported by rare taxa.

Utilization of microbial consortia with less complexity, but equal efficiency, can lead to more controlled and optimized industrial processes. For instance, a large proportion of functional genes were remarkably altered and the efficiency of diesel biodegradation was increased by reducing the biodiversity of a microbial community from diesel-contaminated soils. Therefore, it is crucial to find reliable strategies to narrow down the diversity toward optimized microbial consortia gained from environmental samples. A reductive-screening approach was applied to construct effective minimal microbial consortia for lignocellulose degradation based on different metabolic functional groups. Additionally, artificial selection approaches (dilution, toxicity, and heat) have been also employed to obtain bacterial consortia. Among them, dilution-to-extinction has already proven its efficiency for obtaining functional microbial consortia from seawater and rumen liquor . Dilution-to-extinction is expected to provide more advantages compared to conventional isolation and assembly as it (i) generates many microbial combinations ready to be screened, (ii) includes strains from the initial microbial pool that might be lost due to cultivation/isolation biases, and (iii) ensures that all microbes are physically present and interacting spontaneously.

## Examples

### Microbialites

Microbialites are lithified microbial mats that grow in benthic freshwater and marine environments. Microbialites are the earliest known fossilised evidence of life, dating back 3.7 billion years. Today modern microbialites are scarce, and are formed mainly by Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria), cyanobacteria, sulphate-reducing bacteria, diatoms, and microalgae. These microorganisms produce adhesive compounds that cement sand and join other rocky materials to form mineral "microbial mats". The mats build layer by layer, growing gradually over time.

### Rhizosphere

Although various studies have shown that single microorganisms can exert beneficial effects on plants, it is increasingly evident that when a microbial consortium — two or more interacting microorganisms — is involved, additive or synergistic results can be expected. This occurs, in part, due to the fact that multiple species can perform a variety of tasks in an ecosystem like the plant root rhizosphere. Beneficial mechanisms of plant growth stimulation include enhanced nutrient availability, phytohormone modulation, biocontrol, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance) exerted by different microbial players within the rhizosphere, such as plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and fungi such as *Trichoderma* and *Mycorrhizae*.

The diagram on the right illustrates that rhizosphere microorganisms like plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and fungi from the genus Trichoderma spp. can establish beneficial interactions with plants, promoting plant growth and development, increasing the plant defense system against pathogens, promoting nutrient uptake, and enhancing tolerance to different environmental stresses. Rhizosphere microorganisms can influence one another, and the resulting consortia of PGPB + PGPB (e.g., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium such as *Rhizobium* spp. and *Pseudomonas fluorescens*), AMF + PGPB, and Trichoderma + PGPB may have synergetic effects on plant growth and fitness, providing the plant with enhanced benefits to overcome biotic and abiotic stress. Dashed arrows indicate beneficial interactions between AMF and Trichoderma.

### Keratin degradation

The capacity of microbes to degrade recalcitrant materials has been extensively explored for environmental remediation and industrial production. Significant achievements have been made with single strains, but focus is now going toward the use of microbial consortia owing to their functional stability and efficiency. However, assembly of simplified microbial consortia (SMC) from complex environmental communities is still far from trivial due to large diversity and the effect of biotic interactions.

Keratins are recalcitrant fibrous materials with cross-linked components, representing the most abundant proteins in epithelial cells. They are estimated to have considerable economic value after biodegradation. An efficient keratinolytic microbial consortium (KMCG6) was previously enriched from an environmental sample through cultivation in keratin medium. Despite reducing the microbial diversity during the enrichment process, KMCG6 still included several OTUs scattered amongst seven bacterial genera.

In 2020 Kang et al., using a strategy based on enrichment and dilution-to-extinction cultures, extracted from this original consortium (KMCG6) a simplified microbial consortia (SMC) with fewer species but similar keratinolytic activity. Serial dilutions were performed on a keratinolytic microbial consortium pre-enriched from a soil sample. An appropriate dilution regime (109) was selected to construct a SMC library from the enriched microbial consortium. Further sequencing analysis and keratinolytic activity assays demonstrated that obtained SMC displayed actual reduced microbial diversity, together with various taxonomic composition, and biodegradation capabilities. More importantly, several SMC possessed equivalent levels of keratinolytic efficiency compared to the initial consortium, showing that simplification can be achieved without loss of function and efficiency.

As shown in the diagram on the right, the workflow for this study included four steps: (1) Enrichment for the desired traits e.g., keratinolytic activity by selection in keratin medium, where keratin is the sole carbon source. This process was evaluated by functional assessments (cell density, enzymes activity, and ratio of the residual substrate) and compositional analysis. (2) Serial dilutions were conducted to the enriched effective microbial consortia. Six dilutions were prepared, from dilution 102 to 1010 with 24 replicates. The dissimilarity between dilutions was evaluated by Euclidean distance calculation based on functional assessment criteria. (3) Library construction was done from the dilution offering the optimal dissimilarity among replicates. Dilution 109 was selected to construct the SMC library in this case. (4) Selection of the most promising SMC is based on functional and compositional characterization.

### Human health

Consortia are commonly found in humans, with the predominant examples being the skin consortium and the intestinal consortium which provide protection and aid in human nutrition. Additionally, bacteria have been identified as existing within the brain (previously believed to be sterile), with metagenomic evidence suggesting the species found may be enteric in origin. As the species found appear to be well-established, have no discernible impact on human health, and are species known to form consortia when found in the gut, it is highly likely they have also formed a symbiotic consortium within the brain.

## Synthetic microbial consortia

Synthetic microbial consortia (commonly called co-cultures) are multi-population systems that can contain a diverse range of microbial species, and are adjustable to serve a variety of industrial and ecological interests. For synthetic biology, consortia take the ability to engineer novel cell behaviors to a population level. Consortia are more common than not in nature, and generally prove to be more robust than monocultures. Just over 7,000 species of bacteria have been cultured and identified to date. Many of the estimated 1.2 million bacteria species that remain have yet to be cultured and identified, in part due to inabilities to be cultured axenically. When designing synthetic consortia, or editing naturally occurring consortia, synthetic biologists keep track of pH, temperature, initial metabolic profiles, incubation times, growth rate, and other pertinent variables.


title: Notizen aus der Provinz

abstract: Notizen aus der Provinz was a political cabaret program hosted by Dieter Hildebrandt and broadcast by ZDF from 1973 to 1979. After its cancellation, it would be the last such program on the channel until Neues aus der Anstalt premiered in January 2007.

text:
# Notizen aus der Provinz

***Notizen aus der Provinz*** (German for "news from the province") was a political cabaret program hosted by Dieter Hildebrandt and broadcast by ZDF from 1973 to 1979. After its cancellation, it would be the last such program on the channel until *Neues aus der Anstalt* premiered in January 2007.

## About the show

### History

*Notizen aus der Provinz* was the second attempt to establish a political cabaret show in German television after the Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) had tried out a similar concept, *Hallo Nachbarn!* (based on the BBC show *That Was The Week That Was*), in 1963. Hildebrandt had previously worked on *Rückblende* for the NDR in which he featured in the persona of a politics-analysing roofer.

### Conception

The program was created as a satirical news magazine and as such did not feature an intricate studio decoration. Instead, Hildebrandt — feigning provincial innocence — would sit on a desk and comment on recent events from a satirical perspective, combined with 3-5 minute long clips about the subjects.

### Reception

The show proved soon to be popular with the audience, receiving an audience rating between 30% and 45%.

## Controversy

Like Hildebrandt's later program, *Scheibenwischer*, the *Notizen* were frequently attacked by conservative politicians, most notably by those of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) and the Christian Democratic Union which served only to increase its popularity.

ZDF stopped production and broadcasting of two episodes as their content was deemed too controversial by the channel's bosses:

In 1975, parts of an episode concerning abortion were censored and not broadcast. The censored parts contained the introduction of a fictional new law that would make sterilisation mandatory based on the number of the Personalausweis of men affected. Hildebrandt was awarded the Adolf-Grimme-Preis in 1976 for those parts.

The 45th episode, due to be broadcast on 27 October 1977 and to deal with the topic of terrorism and the German Autumn, was cancelled. According to ZDF, the decision not to produce the episode was made by the editorial staff of the program while Hildebrandt commented in his autobiography *Was bleibt mir anders übrig* that the channel's management had deemed terrorism a taboo topic for satire and unsuitable for coverage in the program.

## Indefinitely on hiatus

In 1979, the ZDF chief of programming Dieter Stolte urged for the program to be put on hold. Officially this was declared as a "creative break" although Hildebrandt and others surmised that Stolte wanted to avoid the show influencing the 1980 federal elections. In the same year, ZDF stopped the collaboration with Hildebrandt who was considered "politically biased". Hildebrandt's persona as the innocent commentator from the province proved to be easily identifiable by the public and as such, identification with his satirical opinions about politicians was deemed very likely.

Officially the program is still on hiatus, with "Jahr des Kindes" being the last episode aired on 22 November 1979.

## Legacy

After the effective cancellation of the *Notizen*, Hildebrandt switched to the Sender Freies Berlin (SFB) where he founded the *Scheibenwischer* as a similar program that ran until 2009. ZDF would ban political cabaret from its programming until January 2007, when it was decided to broadcast a new cabaret program, *Neues aus der Anstalt*.

### Footnotes

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| *Notizen aus der Provinz* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | political cabaret |
| Presented by | Dieter Hildebrandt |
| Country of origin | Germany |
| Original language | German |
| No. of episodes | 66 |
| Production | |
| Producer | ZDF |
| Running time | 1973-1979 |
| Original release | |
| Network | ZDF |
| Related | |
| *Neues aus der Anstalt* (2007) | |


title: Ottawa Athletics

abstract: The Ottawa Athletics were a professional minor-league baseball team based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, that operated from 1952 to 1954. The team played at Lansdowne Park in Ottawa and was a member of the Triple-A International League.

text:
# Ottawa Athletics

The **Ottawa Athletics** (also known as the **Ottawa A's**) were a professional minor-league baseball team based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, that operated from 1952 to 1954. The team played at Lansdowne Park in Ottawa and was a member of the Triple-A International League.

## History

Triple-A baseball and the International League first came to Ottawa in 1951, when the former Jersey City Giants (1937–50) relocated to Canada's capital because of poor attendance. Ottawa had most recently hosted the *Nationals* and the *Senators* of the Class C Border League from 1947 to 1950, leading that league in attendance for three of its four seasons and making the playoffs each year.

In 1951, the New York Giants of the National League operated two Triple-A affiliates, the Ottawa Giants and the Minneapolis Millers of the American Association. But after the 1951 campaign, the parent Giants decided to field only one top-level minor-league team in 1952—the Millers—and they abandoned Ottawa. The Philadelphia Athletics of the American League, who had no Triple-A affiliate in 1951, replaced the Giants and the Ottawa team was renamed.

The 1952 season saw Ottawa's attendance (over 153,000 fans) increase by 31 percent over the 1951 Giants', but the A's finished in seventh place in the eight-team IL. Attendance held steady in 1953 for a sixth-place team, but when the 1954 Ottawa A's plunged into the league's basement, attendance also plummeted to a league-worst 94,000 fans. The Athletics' record over their three years in Ottawa was a poor 194–264 (.424).

The Ottawa A's then relocated in 1955 to Columbus, Ohio, which had just lost its longtime American Association franchise to Omaha. The Ottawa Athletics were renamed the Columbus Jets, and the Jets and the International League remained in Ohio's capital city until 1971, when a deteriorating home stadium led the Jets to move to Charleston, West Virginia, as the Charleston Charlies.

### Notable players

| Year | Record | Finish | Attendance | Manager |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1952 | 65–85 | Seventh | 153,152 | Frank Skaff |
| 1953 | 71–83 | Sixth | 149,219 | Frank Skaff |
| 1954 | 58–96 | Eighth | 93,982 | Les Bell<br>Taft Wright |

## InfoBox

| Ottawa Athletics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Previous classes |  |
| League |  |
| Major league affiliations | |
| Previous teams | Philadelphia Athletics (1952–1954) |
| Team data | |
| Previous parks | Lansdowne Park |


title: Grains of paradise

abstract: Grains of paradise is a species in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae, and closely related to cardamom. Its seeds are used as a spice; it imparts a pungent, black-pepper-like flavor with hints of citrus. It is also known as melegueta pepper, Guinea grains, ossame, or fom wisa, and is sometimes confused with alligator pepper. The terms African pepper and Guinea pepper have also been used, but are ambiguous as they can apply to other spices such as grains of Selim. It is native to West Africa, which is sometimes named the Pepper Coast because of this commodity. It is also an important cash crop in the Basketo district of southern Ethiopia.

text:
# Grains of paradise

**Grains of paradise** (***Aframomum melegueta***) is a species in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae, and closely related to cardamom. Its seeds are used as a spice (ground or whole); it imparts a pungent, black-pepper-like flavor with hints of citrus. It is also known as **melegueta pepper**, **Guinea grains**, ***ossame***, or ***fom wisa***, and is sometimes confused with alligator pepper. The terms *African pepper* and *Guinea pepper* have also been used, but are ambiguous as they can apply to other spices such as grains of Selim (*Xylopia aethiopica*).

It is native to West Africa, which is sometimes named the Pepper Coast (or Grain Coast) because of this commodity. It is also an important cash crop in the Basketo district of southern Ethiopia.

## Characteristics

*Aframomum melegueta* is an herbaceous perennial plant native to swampy habitats along the West African coast. Its trumpet-shaped, purple flowers develop into pods 5–7 cm (2–3 in) long, containing numerous small, reddish-brown seeds.

The pungent, peppery taste of the seeds is caused by aromatic ketones, such as (6)-paradol (systematic name: 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-one). Essential oils, which are the dominating flavor components in the closely related cardamom, occur only in traces.

The stem at times can be short, and usually shows signs of scars and dropped leaves. The leaves are narrow and similar to those of bamboo, with a well-structured vascular system. The flowers of the herbaceous plant are aromatic, with an orange-colored lip and rich pinkish-orange upper part. The fruits contain numerous, small, golden red-brown seeds.

## Ecology

Melegueta is a major component in the diet of Western Lowland gorilla—around 80 to 90 percent. The gorillas eat the entire fruit and act as a source of seed dispersal for meleguetta. In addition to food, the plant is also the most common material used to make nests and beds.

## Uses

Melegueta pepper is commonly used in the cuisines of West and North Africa, from where it has been traditionally transported by camel caravan routes through the Sahara desert and distributed to Sicily and the rest of Italy. Mentioned by Pliny as "African pepper" but subsequently forgotten in Europe, they were renamed "grains of paradise" and became a popular substitute for black pepper in Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries. The *Ménagier de Paris* recommends it for improving wine that "smells stale". Through the Middle Ages and into the early modern period, the theory of the four humors governed theories about nourishment on the part of doctors, herbalists, and druggists. In this context, John Russell characterized grains of paradise in *The Boke of Nurture* as "hot and moist".

In 1469, King Afonso V of Portugal granted the monopoly of trade in the Gulf of Guinea to Lisbon merchant Fernão Gomes. This included the exclusivity in trade of *Aframomum melegueta*, then called malagueta pepper. The grant came at the cost of 100,000 *real* annually and agreement to explore 160 kilometres (100 mi) of the coast of Africa per year for five years; this gives some indication of the European value of the spice. After Christopher Columbus reached the New World in 1492 and brought the first samples of the chili pepper (*Capsicum frutescens*) back with him to Europe, the name *malagueta*, and Spanish and Portuguese spelling, was then applied to the new chili "pepper" because its piquancy was reminiscent of grains of paradise. Malagueta, thanks to its low price, remained popular in Europe even after the Portuguese opened the direct maritime route to the Spice Islands around 1500. This namesake, the malagueta chili, remains popular in Brazil, the Caribbean, Portugal, and Mozambique.

The importance of the *A. melegueta* spice is shown by the designation of the area from the St. John River (near present-day Buchanan) to Harper in Liberia as the Grain Coast or Pepper Coast in honor of the availability of grains of paradise. Later, the craze for the spice waned, and its uses were reduced to a flavoring for sausages and beer. In the 18th century, its importation to Great Britain collapsed after an act of Parliament during the reign of George III forbade its use in alcoholic beverages. In 1855, England imported about 6,800 to 8,600 kilograms (15,000 to 19,000 lb) per year legally (duty paid). By 1880, the 9th edition of the *Encyclopædia Britannica* reported: "Grains of paradise are to some extent used in veterinary practice, but for the most part illegally to give a fictitious strength to malt liquors, gin, and cordials".

The presence of the seeds in the diets of lowland gorillas in the wild seems to have some sort of beneficial effect on their cardiovascular health. They also eat the leaves, and use them for bedding material. The absence of the seeds in the diets of captive lowland gorillas may contribute to their occasionally poor cardiovascular health in zoos.

Today the condiment is sometimes used in gourmet cuisine as a replacement for pepper, and to give unique flavor in some craft beers, gins, and Norwegian *akvavit*. Grains of paradise are starting to enjoy a slight resurgence in popularity in North America due to their use by some well-known chefs. Alton Brown is a fan of the condiment, and he uses it in okra stew and his apple-pie recipe on an episode of the TV cooking show *Good Eats*. Grains of paradise are also used by people on certain diets, such as a raw food diet, because they are considered less irritating to digestion than black pepper.

## Folk medicine and ritual uses

In West African folk medicine, grains of paradise are valued for their warming and digestive properties, and among the Efik people in Nigeria have been used for divination and ordeals determining guilt. *A. melegueta* has been introduced to the Caribbean and Latin America, where it is used in Voodoo religious rites. It is also found widely among Protestant Christian practitioners of African-American hoodoo and rootwork, where the seeds are employed in luck-bringing and may be held in the mouth or chewed to prove sincerity.

## InfoBox

| Grains of paradise
*Aframomum melegueta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Zingiberales |
| Family: | Zingiberaceae |
| Genus: | *Aframomum* |
| Species: | ***A. melegueta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aframomum melegueta***
K. Schum. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Amomum melegueta* | |


abstract: Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role – Male is an award given as part of its annual Gold Awards to recognise a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role on Hindi television. The award was first awarded in 2007 under the title Best Actor in a Lead Role. A special award called Best Actor – Critics or Best Actor – Jury was also awarded occasionally in 2000s, whose winner was selected by the jury of critics assigned to the function. The jury award was awarded without prior nominations until 2012. Since then, the jury award is also awarded with prior nominations just like the original award which is now called Best Actor – Popular.

text:
# Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role

**Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role – Male** is an award given as part of its annual Gold Awards to recognise a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role on Hindi television.

The award was first awarded in 2007 under the title **Best Actor in a Lead Role**. A special award called **Best Actor – Critics** or **Best Actor – Jury** was also awarded occasionally in 2000s, whose winner was selected by the jury of critics assigned to the function.

The jury award was awarded without prior nominations until 2012. Since then, the jury award is also awarded with prior nominations just like the original award which is now called **Best Actor – Popular**.

## Superlatives

| Superlative | Popular | | Overall
(Popular + Jury) | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Actor with most awards | Karan Patel | 4 | Karan Patel | 4 |
| Actor with most nominations | Ronit Roy | 8 | Ronit Roy | 9 |
| Actor with most nominations
(without ever winning) | Karan Mehra | 5 | Karan Mehra | 5 |
|

## Multiple winners

## List of winners

### 2000s

### 2010s

## InfoBox

| Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role | |
| --- | --- |
| The 2019 recipients: Dheeraj Dhoopar, Mohsin Khan and Pearl V Puri | |
| Awarded for | Best Performance by a Male Actor in a Lead Role on Television |
| Country | India |
| Presented by | White Leaf Entertainment |
| First awarded | 2007 (for performances in TV shows in 2006) |
| Currently held by |  |
| Website | Gold Awards |


abstract: A Midnight Session with the Jazz Messengers is a live album by Art Blakey & the Jazz Messengers originally released on the Elektra label in 1957. The album masters were sold to Savoy and re-released as Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers in 1960 and Mirage in 1977.

text:
# A Midnight Session with the Jazz Messengers

***A Midnight Session with the Jazz Messengers*** is a live album by Art Blakey & the Jazz Messengers originally released on the Elektra label in 1957. The album masters were sold to Savoy and re-released as *Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers* in 1960 and *Mirage* in 1977.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |

The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated, "Already at this early stage, the band was the epitome of hard bop and just beginning to become an influential force. ... the music is consistently excellent and typically hard swinging".

## Track listing

1. "Casino" (Gigi Gryce)  – 5:00
2. "The Biddie Griddies" (Ray Draper)  – 5:56
3. "Potpourri" (Mal Waldron)  – 4:21
4. "Ugh!" (Draper)  – 5:33
5. "Mirage" (Waldron)  – 4:39
6. "Reflections of Buhaina" (Draper)  – 6:47 Originally issued on Mono LP
7. "Study in Rhythm" (Art Blakey)  – 4:12 Originally issued on Stereo LP
8. "Reflections on Buhaina (alternate take)" (Draper)  – 4:42 Bonus track on CD re-issue

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| A Midnight Session with the Jazz Messengers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers | |
| Released | 1957 |
| Recorded | March 8–9, 1957 |
| Venue | Carl Fischer Concert Hall, New York City |
| Genre | Hard bop |
| Length | 36:46 |
| Label | Elektra
EKL 120 (Mono) EKS 7120 (Stereo) |
| Producer | Jac Holzman |
| Art Blakey chronology | |
| *Orgy in Rhythm*
(1957) ***A Midnight Session with the Jazz Messengers***
(1957) *Selections from Lerner and Loewe's...*
(1957) | |
|  | |
| The Jazz Messengers chronology | |
| *Ritual*
(1957) ***A Midnight Session with the Jazz Messengers***
(1957) *Selections from Lerner and Loewe's...*
(1957) | |
| Savoy Cover | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| *Mirage* Cover | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Poland at the 2019 World Beach Games

abstract: Poland competed at the inaugural World Beach Games in Doha, Qatar from 12 to 16 October 2019. In total, athletes representing Poland won one silver medal and the country finished in 23rd place in the medal table.

text:
# Poland at the 2019 World Beach Games

**Poland** competed at the inaugural World Beach Games in Doha, Qatar from 12 to 16 October 2019. In total, athletes representing Poland won one silver medal and the country finished in 23rd place in the medal table.

## Medal summary

| Medals by sport | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sport |  |  |  | Total |
| Sailing | 0 | 1 | 0 | **1** |

### Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Silver | Julia Damasiewicz | Sailing | Women's KiteFoil |

## InfoBox

| Poland at the
2019 World Beach Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Poland | |
| IOC code | POL |
| in Doha, Qatar
12 October 2019 (2019-10-12) – 16 October 2019 (2019-10-16) | |
| Medals
Ranked 23rd | Gold 0 Silver 1 Bronze 0 Total 1 |
| World Beach Games appearances | |
|  | |


title: Marie Clément Gaston Gautier

abstract: Marie Clément Gaston Gautier was a French botanist and agriculturalist.

text:
# Marie Clément Gaston Gautier

**Marie Clément Gaston Gautier** (10 April 1841 – 7 October 1911) was a French botanist and agriculturalist.

## Biography

Gautier was born in Narbonne, and collected plants in the vicinity of his native city as well as in the Corbières Massif and the Pyrenees. These specimens became an important part of an impressive herbarium that he had amassed during his career. As an agriculturalist, he was at the forefront of issues that included swamp drainage, reclamation of barren land, and modern viticultural practices.

## Works

Among his published works were *Catalogue raisonné de la flore des Pyrénées-Orientales* (Catalogue raisonné on the flora of Pyrénées-Orientales, 1898) and *Catalogue de la flore des Corbières* (Catalog on the flora of the Corbières, being published posthumously in 1912). Other noted works by Gautier include:

* *Rapport sur les herborisations dans les environs de Narbonne, instituées par le Comice agricole de l'arrondissement de Narbonne* 1876 - Report on herborizations near Narbonne, etc.
* *Hieraciotheca Gallica et Hispanica* (with Casimir Arvet-Touvet 1841–1913), exsiccatae: twenty fascicles between 1897 and 1908., see also treatment as two exsiccata series: *Hieraciotheca Gallica* and *Hieraciotheca Hispanica*.

The standard author abbreviation Gaut. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.


title: William White (bishop of Newfoundland)

abstract: William Charles White was the 5th Anglican Bishop of Newfoundland (1918–42). White was born at Trinity Bay, Newfoundland and his father was Robert White. White was a curate of Bonavista; rector of Fogo (1890-1900), Heart's Content (1900-1908), and the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, St. John's (1908-1917). White was the first native born bishop of the Diocese of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador. He ordained "70 Queen's men during his term of office."

text:
# William White (bishop of Newfoundland)

**William Charles White** (August 31, 1865  June 14, 1943) was the 5th Anglican Bishop of Newfoundland (1918–42).

White was born at Trinity Bay, Newfoundland and his father was Robert White.

White was a curate of Bonavista; rector of Fogo (1890-1900), Heart's Content (1900-1908), and the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, St. John's (1908-1917).

White was the first native born bishop of the Diocese of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador. He ordained "70 Queen's men during his term of office."


title: Marienborn

abstract: Marienborn is a village and a former municipality in the Börde district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it has been part of the municipality of Sommersdorf. It is about 27 km (17 mi) southwest of Haldensleben. The historic pilgrimage centre near the former inner German border is known for the preserved Helmstedt-Marienborn border crossing, now a memorial site. In 1191 Wichmann von Seeburg, then Archbishop of Magdeburg, established an asylum at the site of an apparition of the Virgin Mary and a spring (Born) with healing waters, which during the 13th century evolved into a monastery for Augustinian nuns. The sisters of Marienborn abbey left a monastery church and cloister with foundations from about 1200, while the pilgrimage chapel at the spring is a replica dating from the 19th century.

text:
# Marienborn

**Marienborn** is a village and a former municipality in the Börde district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it has been part of the municipality of Sommersdorf. It is about 27 km (17 mi) southwest of Haldensleben. The historic pilgrimage centre near the former inner German border is known for the preserved Helmstedt-Marienborn border crossing, now a memorial site.

In 1191 Wichmann von Seeburg, then Archbishop of Magdeburg, established an asylum at the site of an apparition of the Virgin Mary and a spring *(Born)* with healing waters, which during the 13th century evolved into a monastery for Augustinian nuns. The sisters of Marienborn abbey left a monastery church and cloister with foundations from about 1200, while the pilgrimage chapel at the spring is a replica dating from the 19th century.

## Transportation

Marienborn has access to the Bundesautobahn 2 and the Bundesstraße 1 federal highway. The former railway border crossing at Marienborn station today is a stop on the railway line from Braunschweig to Magdeburg, served by Regionalbahn trains of the Deutsche Bahn company.

## InfoBox

| Marienborn | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil of Sommersdorf | |
|  | |
| Location of Marienborn | |
| Marienborn Marienborn | |
| Coordinates: 52°12′N 11°7′E / 52.200°N 11.117°E / 52.200; 11.117 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saxony-Anhalt |
| District | Börde |
| Municipality | Sommersdorf |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.98 km2 (3.85 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 154 m (505 ft) |
| Population (2006-12-31) | |
| Total | 511 |
| Density | 51/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 39365 |
| Dialling codes | 039400 |
| Vehicle registration | BK |


title: Michel Charpentier

abstract: Michel Charpentier was a French sculptor and medalist.

text:
# Michel Charpentier

**Michel Charpentier** (6 September 1927 – 2 July 2023) was a French sculptor and medalist.

## Biography

Born in Auvers-sur-Oise on 6 September 1927, Charpentier received the Prix de Rome in 1951 and stayed at the Prix de Rome until 1955. In 1963, he received the Prix Malraux at the Biennale de Paris. In 1965, he exhibited at the Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris and joined the directing group of the Salon de Mai two years later. From 1973 to 1991, he was chair of the sculpting department at the Beaux-Arts de Paris.

Michel Charpentier died on 2 July 2023, at the age of 95.

## InfoBox

| Michel Charpentier | |
| --- | --- |
| Charpentier in 1995 | |
| Born | (1927-09-06)6 September 1927
Auvers-sur-Oise, France |
| Died | 2 July 2023(2023-07-02) (aged 95)
Cavaillon, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation(s) | Sculptor
Medalist |