title: Mushroom bodies

abstract: The mushroom bodies or corpora pedunculata are a pair of structures in the brain of arthropods, including insects and crustaceans, and some annelids. They are known to play a role in olfactory learning and memory. In most insects, the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn are the two higher brain regions that receive olfactory information from the antennal lobe via projection neurons. They were first identified and described by French biologist Félix Dujardin in 1850.

text:
# Mushroom bodies

The **mushroom bodies** or ***corpora pedunculata*** are a pair of structures in the brain of arthropods, including insects and crustaceans, and some annelids (notably the ragworm *Platynereis dumerilii*). They are known to play a role in olfactory learning and memory. In most insects, the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn are the two higher brain regions that receive olfactory information from the antennal lobe via projection neurons. They were first identified and described by French biologist Félix Dujardin in 1850.

## Structure

Mushroom bodies are usually described as neuropils, i.e., as dense networks of neuronal processes (dendrite and axon terminals) and glia. They get their name from their roughly hemispherical *calyx*, a protuberance that is joined to the rest of the brain by a central nerve tract or *peduncle*.

Most of our current knowledge of mushroom bodies comes from studies of a few species of insect, especially the cockroach *Periplaneta americana*, the honey bee *Apis mellifera*, the locust and the fruit fly *Drosophila melanogaster*. Studies of fruit fly mushroom bodies have been particularly important for understanding the genetic basis of mushroom body functioning, since their genome has been sequenced and a vast number of tools to manipulate their gene expression exist.

In the insect brain, the peduncles of the mushroom bodies extend through the midbrain. They are mainly composed of the long, densely packed nerve fibres of the Kenyon cells, the intrinsic neurons of the mushroom bodies. These cells have been found in the mushroom bodies of all species that have been investigated, though their number varies. Fruit flies, for example, have around 2,500, whereas cockroaches have about 200,000.

A locust brain dissection to expose the central brain and carry out electro-physiology recordings can be seen here.

## Evolutionary history

Historically, it was believed that only insects had mushroom bodies, because they were not present in crabs and lobsters. However, their discovery in the mantis shrimp in 2017 lead to the later conclusion that the mushroom body is the ancestral state of all arthropods, and that this feature was later lost in crabs and lobsters.

## Function

Mushroom bodies are best known for their role in olfactory associative learning. These olfactory signals are received from dopaminergic, octopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic neurons outside the MB. They are largest in the Hymenoptera, which are known to have particularly elaborate control over olfactory behaviours. However, since mushroom bodies are also found in anosmic primitive insects, their role is likely to extend beyond olfactory processing. Anatomical studies suggest a role in the processing of visual and mechanosensory input in some species. In Hymenoptera in particular, subregions of the mushroom body neuropil are specialized to receive olfactory, visual, or both types of sensory input. In Hymenoptera, olfactory input is layered in the calyx. In ants, several layers can be discriminated, corresponding to different clusters of glomeruli in the antennal lobes, perhaps for processing different classes of odors. There are two main groups of projection neurons dividing the antennal lobe into two main regions, anterior and posterior. Projection neuron groups are segregated, innervating glomerular groups separately and sending axons by separate routes, either through the medial-antenno protocerebral tract (m-APT) or through the lateral-antenno protocerebral tract (l-APT), and connecting with two layers in the calyx of the mushroom bodies. In these layers the organization of the two efferent regions of the antennal lobe is represented topographically, establishing a coarse odotopic map of the antennal lobe in the region of the lip of the mushroom bodies.

Mushroom bodies are known to be involved in learning and memory, particularly for smell, and thus are the subject of current intense research. In larger insects, studies suggest that mushroom bodies have other learning and memory functions, like associative memory, sensory filtering, motor control, and place memory. Research implies that mushroom bodies generally act as a sort of coincidence detector, integrating multi-modal inputs and creating novel associations, thus suggesting their role in learning and memory. Recent work also shows evidence for the involvement of the mushroom body in innate olfactory behaviors through interactions with the lateral horn, possibly making use of the partially stereotyped sensory responses of the mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) across individuals. Although the connections between the projection neurons and the Kenyon cells are random (i.e., not stereotyped across individuals), the stereotypy in MBON responses is made possible by the dense convergence of many Kenyon cells onto a few MBONs along with other network properties.

Information about odors may be encoded in the mushroom body by the identities of the responsive neurons as well as the timing of their spikes. Experiments in locusts have shown that Kenyon cells have their activity synchronized to 20-Hz neural oscillations and are particularly responsive to projection neuron spikes at specific phases of the oscillatory cycle.

### Sleep

The neurons which receive signals from serotonergic and GABAergic neurons outside the MB produce wakefulness, and experimentally stimulating these serotonergic upstream neurons forces sleep. The target neurons in the MB are inhibited by serotonin, GABA, and the combination of both. On the other hand octopamine does not seem to affect the MB's sleep function.

## *Drosophila melanogaster*

We know that mushroom body structures are important for olfactory learning and memory in *Drosophila* because their ablation destroys this function. The mushroom body is also able to combine information from the internal state of the body and the olfactory input to determine innate behavior. The exact roles of the specific neurons making up the mushroom bodies are still unclear. However, these structures are studied extensively because much is known about their genetic make-up. There are three specific classes of neurons that make up the mushroom body lobes: α/β, α’/β’, and γ neurons, which all have distinct gene expression. A topic of current research is which of these substructures in the mushroom body are involved in each phase and process of learning and memory. *Drosophila* mushroom bodies are also often used to study learning and memory and are manipulated due to their relatively discrete nature. Typically, olfactory learning assays consist of exposing flies to two odors separately; one is paired with electric shock pulses (the conditioned stimulus, or CS+), and the second is not (unconditioned stimulus, or US). After this training period, flies are placed in a T-maze with the two odors placed individually on either end of the horizontal ‘T’ arms. The percent of flies that avoid the CS+ is calculated, with high avoidance considered evidence of learning and memory.

### Cellular memory traces

Recent studies combining odor conditioning and cellular imaging have identified six memory traces that coincide with molecular changes in the *Drosophila* olfactory system. Three of these traces are associated with early forming behavioral memory. One such trace was visualized in the antennal lobe (AL) by synapto-pHluorin reporter molecules. Immediately after conditioning, an additional set of projection neurons in a set of eight glomeruli in the AL becomes synaptically activated by the conditioned odor, and lasts for only 7 minutes. A second trace is detectable by GCaMP expression, and thus an increase in Ca2+ influx, in the α’/β’ axons of the mushroom body neurons. This is a longer-lasting trace, present for up to one hour following conditioning. The third memory trace is the reduction of activity of the anterior-paired lateral neuron, which acts as a memory formation suppressor through one of its inhibitory GABAergic receptors. Decrease in calcium response of APL neurons and subsequent decrease in GABA release onto the mushroom bodies persisted up to 5 minutes after odor conditioning.

The intermediate term memory trace is dependent on expression of the *amn* gene located in dorsal paired medial neurons. An increase in calcium influx and synaptic release that innervates the mushroom bodies becomes detectable approximately 30 minutes after pairing of electric shock with an odor, and persists for at least an hour. Both long-term memory traces that have been mapped depend on activity and protein synthesis of CREB and CaMKII, and only exist after spaced conditioning. The first trace is detected in α/β neurons between 9 and 24 hours after conditioning, and is characterized by an increase in calcium influx in response to the conditioned odor. The second long-term memory trace forms in the γ mushroom bodies and is detected by increase calcium influx between 18 and 24 hours after conditioning

### cAMP dynamics

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP or cyclic AMP) is a second messenger that has been implicated in facilitating mushroom body calcium influx in Drosophila melanogaster mushroom body neurons. cAMP elevation induces presynaptic plasticity in Drosophila. cAMP levels are affected by both neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and octopamine, and odors themselves. Dopamine and octopamine are released by mushroom body interneurons, while odors directly activate neurons in the olfactory pathway, causing calcium influx through voltage-gated calcium channels.

In a classical conditioning paradigm, pairing neuronal depolarization (via acetylcholine application to represent the odor or CS) with subsequent dopamine application (to represent the shock or US), results in a synergistic increase in cAMP in the mushroom body lobes. These results suggest that the mushroom body lobes are a critical site of CS/US integration via the action of cAMP. This synergistic effect was originally observed in Aplysia, where pairing calcium influx with activation of G protein signaling by serotonin generates a similar synergistic increase in cAMP.

Additionally, this synergistic increase in cAMP is mediated by and dependent on rutabaga adenylyl cyclase (rut AC), which is sensitive to both calcium (which results from voltage-gated calcium channel opening by odors) and G protein stimulation (caused by dopamine). While a forward pairing of neuronal depolarization and dopamine, (acetylcholine followed by dopamine) results in a synergistic increase in cAMP, a forward pairing of neuronal depolarization and octopamine produces a sub-additive effect on cAMP. More specifically, this means that this pairing produces significantly less cAMP than the sum of each stimulus individually in the lobes. Therefore, rut AC in mushroom body neurons works as a coincidence detector with dopamine and octopamine functioning bidirectionally to affect cAMP levels.

### PKA dynamics

Protein kinase A (PKA) has been found to play an important role in learning and memory in *Drosophila*. When calcium enters a cell and binds with calmodulin, it stimulates adenylate cyclase (AC), which is encoded by the rutabaga gene (*rut*). This AC activation increases the concentration of cAMP, which activates PKA. When dopamine, an aversive olfactory stimulant, is applied it activates PKA specifically in the vertical mushroom body lobes. This spatial specificity is regulated by the dunce (*dnc*) PDE, a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase. If the dunce gene is abolished, as found in the *dnc* mutant, the spatial specificity is not maintained. In contrast, an appetitive stimulation created by an octopamine application increases PKA in all lobes. In the *rut* mutant, a genotype in which the rutabaga is abolished, the responses to both dopamine and octopamine were greatly reduced and close to experimental noise.

Acetylcholine, which represents the conditioned stimulus, leads to a strong increase in PKA activation compared to stimulation with dopamine or octopamine alone. This reaction is abolished in *rut* mutants, which demonstrates that PKA is essential for sensory integration. The specificity of activation of the alpha lobe in the presence of dopamine is maintained when dopamine is in combination with acetylcholine. Essentially, during a conditioning paradigm when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, PKA exhibits heightened activation. This shows that PKA is required for conditioned learning in *Drosophila melanogaster*.

## *Apis mellifera*

Stimulus  output responses are the product of pairs of excitation and inhibition. This is the same pattern of organisation as with mammals' brains. These patterns may, as with mammals, precede action. As of 2021 this is an area only recently elucidated by Zwaka et al 2018, Duer et al 2015, and Paffhausen et al 2020.

## Further reading


title: Mushroom Studios

abstract: Mushroom Studios was a music recording facility located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada with a long history in Canadian music. It has now been relocated to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The studio hosted the recording of many classic albums, by such artists as Incredible Bongo Band, Heart, Bachman–Turner Overdrive, Loverboy, Queensrÿche, Chilliwack, Doucette, Skinny Puppy, 54-40, Raffi, Spirit of the West, Jane Siberry, Sarah McLachlan, SNFU, Tegan and Sara, Mutators, and Rymes With Orange.

text:
# Mushroom Studios

**Mushroom Studios** was a music recording facility located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada with a long history in Canadian music. It has now been relocated to Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

The studio hosted the recording of many classic albums, by such artists as Incredible Bongo Band, Heart, Bachman–Turner Overdrive, Loverboy, Queensrÿche, Chilliwack, Doucette, Skinny Puppy, 54-40, Raffi, Spirit of the West, Jane Siberry, Sarah McLachlan, SNFU, Tegan and Sara, Mutators, and Rymes With Orange.

## History

In 1946, aided by Al Reusch, a musician, big band leader, and one of the first DJs in Vancouver, opened one of the first recording studios in the country in Vancouver and christened Aragon Recording Studios. By 1954, Reusch had acquired sole ownership of the company and subsequently built Mushroom Studios in 1966 at 1234 West 6th Avenue, Vancouver.

Built from the ground up as a first class audio recording studio, the facility was originally an orchestral recording room for special sessions by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Author of *The Audio Cyclopedia* and award-winning acoustician Dr. Howard Tremaine consulted on the original acoustic design and equipment installation, which led to Diana Ross and The Supremes becoming some of the first clients, followed shortly by Led Zeppelin.

### Sale to Herschorn

As Reusch apparently did not like the idea of recording post-Beatles rock and roll, he sold the facility within five years to Jack Herschorn, who had previously co-founded Studio 3 on West 12th Avenue with Tom Northcott. The sale materialized in the spring of 1971.

In a sponsorship deal, the studios were named "Can-Base Studios". Herschorn appointed Mike Flicker as Chief Engineer, Howard Leese as program manager and Charlie Richmond as Head Technical Advisor.

In 1971, Herschorn brought equipment formerly in use at United Western Recorders to Vancouver and installed in Aragon, including the original Universal Audio vacuum tube mixing console custom-built by Bill Putnam. This recording console had been in use in United Studio A at 6050 Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood since 1957, and had recorded hundreds of hits by such artists as Bing Crosby, Nat "King" Cole, Frank Sinatra and Ray Charles.

In 1973, the Incredible Bongo Band recorded their version of "Apache" at Can-Base Studios, in order to take advantage of Canadian content laws.

Can-Base was later renamed to "Mushroom Studios" after the recording label that was originally housed there. The studio gained prominence when Heart's hit debut album *Dreamboat Annie* was recorded at the studio and subsequently released on their in-house label Mushroom Records.

The studio was purchased by Charlie Richmond in 1980 and updated to accommodate over 50 musicians in semi-isolated concert format to do film scoring for dozens of feature films and movies of the week from Chuck Norris to a redo of *The Dirty Dozen*. The studio was recognized for the film score album of *Top Gun*.

For the seven years between 2009–2016, John Wozniak of Marcy Playground fame owned and operated the studio.

### Hippowest

In 2006, Rob Darch, owner of Hipposonic Studios, bought the building but not the equipment therein and rechristened it to Hippowest.

For four years, the original equipment remained at Hippowest for clients' use, but at the end of 2010, the console and all electronic gear were moved cross country to a new location on Queen Street West in Toronto, Ontario, custom installed and is currently operated by a team at Mushroom under the guidance of John Wozniak.

Current

Archived with photos


title: Multi-objective linear programming

abstract: Multi-objective linear programming is a subarea of mathematical optimization. A multiple objective linear program (MOLP) is a linear program with more than one objective function. An MOLP is a special case of a vector linear program. Multi-objective linear programming is also a subarea of Multi-objective optimization.

text:
# Multi-objective linear programming

**Multi-objective linear programming** is a subarea of mathematical optimization. A multiple objective linear program (MOLP) is a linear program with more than one objective function. An MOLP is a special case of a vector linear program. Multi-objective linear programming is also a subarea of Multi-objective optimization.

## Problem formulation

In mathematical terms, a MOLP can be written as:

$$\min \_{x}Px\quad {\text{s.t.}\quad a\leq Bx\leq b,\\;\ell \leq x\leq u}$$

where $B$ is an $(m\times n)$ matrix, $P$ is a $(q\times n)$ matrix, $a$ is an $m$-dimensional vector with components in $\mathbb {R} \cup \\{-\infty \\}$, $b$ is an $m$-dimensional vector with components in $\mathbb {R} \cup \\{+\infty \\}$, $\ell $ is an $n$-dimensional vector with components in $\mathbb {R} \cup \\{-\infty \\}$, $u$ is an $n$-dimensional vector with components in $\mathbb {R} \cup \\{+\infty \\}$

## Solution concepts

A feasible point $x$ is called *efficient* if there is no feasible point $y$ with $Px\leq Py$, $Px\neq Py$, where $\leq $ denotes the component-wise ordering.

Often in the literature, the aim in multiple objective linear programming is to compute the set of all efficient extremal points..... There are also algorithms to determine the set of all maximal efficient faces. Based on these goals, the set of all efficient (extreme) points can be seen to be the solution of MOLP. This type of solution concept is called *decision set based*. It is not compatible with an optimal solution of a linear program but rather parallels the set of all optimal solutions of a linear program (which is more difficult to determine).

Efficient points are frequently called *efficient solutions*. This term is misleading because a single efficient point can be already obtained by solving one linear program, such as the linear program with the same feasible set and the objective function being the sum of the objectives of MOLP.

More recent references consider *outcome set based* solution concepts and corresponding algorithms. Assume MOLP is bounded, i.e. there is some $y\in \mathbb {R} ^{q}$ such that $y\leq Px$ for all feasible $x$. A solution of MOLP is defined to be a finite subset $\bar {S}$ of efficient points that carries a sufficient amount of information in order to describe the *upper image* of MOLP. Denoting by $S$ the feasible set of MOLP, the *upper image* of MOLP is the set $\mathcal {P}:=P\[S\]+\mathbb {R} \_{+}^{q}:=\\{y\in \mathbb {R} ^{q}:\\;\exists x\in S:y\geq Px\\}$. A formal definition of a solution is as follows:

A finite set $\bar {S}$ of efficient points is called *solution* to MOLP if $\operatorname {conv} P\[{\bar {S}\]+\mathbb {R} \_{+}^{q}={\mathcal {P}}}$ ("conv" denotes the convex hull).

If MOLP is not bounded, a solution consists not only of points but of points and directions

## Solution methods

Multiobjective variants of the simplex algorithm are used to compute decision set based solutions and objective set based solutions.

Objective set based solutions can be obtained by Benson's algorithm.

Multiobjective linear programming is equivalent to polyhedral projection.


title: X (Ken Carson album)

abstract: X is the second studio album by American rapper Ken Carson. It was released through Opium and Interscope Records on July 8, 2022. The album features guest appearances from his Opium labelmates Destroy Lonely and Homixide Gang. Production was executively handled by Playboi Carti, alongside several other record producers, including Ken's frequent collaborators F1lthy and Lil 88, among others. It is a follow-up to his debut studio album Project X (2021). The deluxe version, titled Xtended, was released three months later, on October 31, 2022, containing five additional tracks. X received mixed reviews from music critics. The album entered at number 115 on the Billboard 200.

text:
# X (Ken Carson album)

***X*** is the second studio album by American rapper Ken Carson. It was released through Opium and Interscope Records on July 8, 2022. The album features guest appearances from his Opium labelmates Destroy Lonely and Homixide Gang. Production was executively handled by Playboi Carti, alongside several other record producers, including Ken's frequent collaborators F1lthy and Lil 88, among others. It is a follow-up to his debut studio album *Project X* (2021). The deluxe version, titled ***Xtended***, was released three months later, on October 31, 2022, containing five additional tracks.

*X* received mixed reviews from music critics. The album entered at number 115 on the *Billboard* 200.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *HipHopDX* |  |
| *Pitchfork* | 4.7/10 |
| AllMusic |  |

*X* was met with mixed to negative reviews. Anthony Malone of *HipHopDX* stated that Carson was full of identity and creativity, saying, "Lacking variety from the beats and any real force from the artist himself, *X* is a repetitive listening experience. There are moments of fun: the short and succulent 'Money Hunt'; the energetic flexing in 'Get Rich or Die'; and Destroy Lonely's verse on 'MDMA'. But it's not enough to justify the 20-track output." *Pitchfork* reviewer Alphonse Pierre said that "Carson lacks the curiosity, imagination, and irreverence to do anything more than lay down the same glazed Auto-Tune raps, with only rare attempts to liven them up", and that "*X* is such a slog that the smallest signs of taste are cause for celebration. The pitch change at the end of 'Get Rich or Die' is something! When he's listing off his drugs on 'PDBMH', the Auto-Tune is turned up and in that instant the sped-up flow is slightly (emphasis on 'slightly') reminiscent of \[Young\] Thug!" but that overall the album was "forgettable".

AllMusic said that, "This repetitive production taken in tandem with Carson's often listless and uninspired lyricism (and flows that sometimes struggle to even stay on beat) makes *X* a largely hollow and forgettable affair."

## Commercial performance

In the United States, the album entered at number 115 on the *Billboard* 200.

## Track listing

*X* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" |  | * Jhux * Slowburnz | 3:15 |
| 2. | "New" | * Frazier Jr. * Gabriel Rousseau | * Gab3 | 2:49 |
| 3. | "Gems" | * Frazier Jr. * Rousseau * Gl1tch | * Gab3 * Gl1tch | 2:16 |
| 4. | "Nobody" | * Frazier Jr. * Rousseau | * Gab3 | 2:10 |
| 5. | "Go" | * Frazier Jr. * Tobias Dekker * Anton Mendo * Dxrksiiide | * Outtatown * Star Boy * Dxrksiiide | 1:50 |
| 6. | "MDMA" (featuring Destroy Lonely) |  | * AM * Bart How * Outtatown * Star Boy | 3:48 |
| 7. | "X" | * Frazier Jr. * Pierre Thevenot * Ștefan Cișmigiu * Thomas Ross | * Lukrative * Lucian * Ssort | 2:09 |
| 8. | "PDBMH" | * Frazier Jr. * Hoewijk | Bart How | 2:18 |
| 9. | "Money Hunt" |  |  | 1:45 |
| 10. | "South Beach" | * Frazier Jr. * Dekker * Mendo | * Outtatown * Star Boy | 2:00 |
| 11. | "Going Schitz" | * Frazier Jr. * Hoewijk * Cas van der Heijden | * Bart How * Loesoe | 1:55 |
| 12. | "Same Thing" | * Frazier Jr. * Heijden | Loesoe | 1:55 |
| 13. | "Freestyle 1" | * Frazier Jr. * Cișmigiu * Ross * Thevenot | * Lucian * Ssort * Lukrative | 3:51 |
| 14. | "Freestyle 2" |  |  | 2:18 |
| 15. | "Fuk 12" | * Frazier Jr. * Mendo * Dekker * Hoewijk | * Outtatown * Star Boy * Bart How | 1:24 |
| 16. | "Murda Musik" (featuring Destroy Lonely) | * Frazier Jr. * Sandimanie III * Hoewijk * Rok Curkovic * 4vrlit | * Rok * Bart How * 4vrlit | 2:56 |
| 17. | "Delinquent" (featuring Homixide Gang) | * Frazier Jr. * Demetrius Chatman * Keyon Thomas * Ortiz * Thevenot * Oliver Brown | * F1lthy * Lukrative * Esko | 2:45 |
| 18. | "Get Rich or Die" | * Frazier Jr. * Dekker * Mendo | * Outtatown * Star Boy | 2:19 |
| 19. | "Turn Up" | * Frazier Jr. * Dekker * Mendo | * Outtatown * Star Boy | 1:58 |
| 20. | "The End" | * Frazier Jr. * Dekker * Mendo | * Outtatown * Star Boy | 2:15 |
| Total length: | | | | 48:08 |

*XTENDED* (deluxe edition) track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21. | "Freestyle 3" | * Frazier Jr. * Hoewijk | Bart How | 2:22 |
| 22. | "Fashion Habits" | * Frazier Jr. * Isaac Bynum | Earl on the Beat | 3:22 |
| 23. | "Shoot" | * Frazier Jr. * Ross * Thevenot | * Ssort * Lukrative | 2:47 |
| 24. | "Swag Overload" | * Frazier Jr. * Cișmigiu * Jonah Abraham | * Lucian * Abraham | 2:32 |
| 25. | "Lookbook" | * Frazier Jr. * Thevenot * Cișmigiu | * Lukrative * Lucian | 2:30 |
| Total length: | | | | 61:35 |

### Notes

* "PDBMH" is an acronym for "Please Don't Blow My High"

## Charts

Chart performance for *X*
| Chart (2022) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 115 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 50 |

## InfoBox

| X | |
| --- | --- |
| Standard cover. In the deluxe version, the background is black. | |
| Studio album by Ken Carson | |
| Released | July 8, 2022 (2022-07-08) |
| Recorded | 2021–2022 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 48:08 |
| Label |  |
| Producer | * 4vrlit * AM * Bart How * Dxrksiiide * Earl on the Beat * Esko * F1lthy * Gab3 * Gl1tch * Jhux * Jonah Abraham * Lil 88 * Loesoe * Lucian * Lukrative * Outtatown * Rok * Slowburnz * Ssort * Star Boy |
| Ken Carson chronology | |
| *Project X*
(2021) ***X***
(2022) *A Great Chaos*
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *X* | |
| 1. "The End"
Released: July 5, 2022 2. "Go"
Released: July 8, 2022 | |
|  | |


title: Museo Canova

abstract: The Museo Canova is a museum established in 1833 at the birthplace of the Italian sculptor Antonio Canova (1757–1822) in Possagno in the province of Treviso in the Veneto, Italy. The museum is dedicated to the life and work of the sculptor and is composed of several parts.

text:
# Museo Canova

The **Museo Canova** is a museum established in 1833 at the birthplace of the Italian sculptor Antonio Canova (17571822) in Possagno in the province of Treviso in the Veneto, Italy. The museum is dedicated to the life and work of the sculptor and is composed of several parts.

## The Gipsoteca

The Gypsotheca (or gipsoteca), a plaster cast gallery, is housed in a large, basilica-shaped building which displays gypsum models (in fact gipsoteca literally means "collection of chalks"), terracotta sketches, and marbles by the artist. In 1957 the modernist Venetian architect Carlo Scarpa extended a wing of this gallery in order to bathe the semblances in light.

Among the casts in the gipsoteca is the one for Canova's Venus Victrix, or more specifically Pauline Bonaparte as Venus Victrix (1805-1808); originally used as a model for the marble, During the first Battle of Monte Grappa in 1917, a Christmas-time bombing severed the head of the plaster and damaged parts of the hands, feet, and cloth. A 2004 restoration repaired this damage. In 2020, a tourist broke some of the toes as he sat on the plaster while posing for a selfie.

The gipsoteca also holds the modello for Canova's lost George Washington (1820); which was installed in the rotunda of the North Carolina State House in 1821 and destroyed by the structure's collapse brought on by fire in 1831. From 23 May until 23 September 2018 the Frick Collection in New York City presented an exhibition, *Canova's George Washington*, which displayed the plaster model, on loan from the gipsoteca The exhibition then traveled to the gipsoteca where it ran from 10 November 2018 until 22 April 2019.

## Casa natale di Antonio Canova

The other main building is the artist's birthplace "casa natale di Antonio Canova" (the house where he was born), which today contains an art gallery (oils on canvas and tempera), some drawings, the engravingss of the works, and numerous memorabilia.

In 1799 Canova planted a stone pine tree on the site and it still flourishes there in the gardens the museum maintains today.

45°30′38″N 11°31′23″W / 45.51063°N 11.522968°W / 45.51063; -11.522968


title: Xample

abstract: Gavin Harris, better known as Xample, is a British drum and bass producer and DJ, who originates from Bristol, England. He has been releasing records since 2003. In June 2007, he scored a number one on the UK Dance Singles Chart with his track "Lowdown". From 2010 to 2020, he worked with fellow producer Lomax, under the collective name Loadstar. However, as of 23 May 2020, the duo are no longer actively producing together, as confirmed by RAM Records on a livestream. Xample is currently working under his house alias Eli Brown, whereas Lomax is working on Dawn Wall.

text:
# Xample

**Gavin Harris**, better known as **Xample**, is a British drum and bass producer and DJ, who originates from Bristol, England. He has been releasing records since 2003.

In June 2007, he scored a number one on the UK Dance Singles Chart with his track "Lowdown".

From 2010 to 2020, he worked with fellow producer Lomax, under the collective name Loadstar. However, as of 23 May 2020, the duo are no longer actively producing together, as confirmed by RAM Records on a livestream. Xample is currently working under his house alias Eli Brown, whereas Lomax is working on Dawn Wall.

## Discography

* "Sonic Sleaze" / "Limiter" (2003), Hardleaders
* "Floor 2 Floor" / "Influence" (2004), Incident
* "Jive" / "In Session" (2004), New Skool Blazers
* "Realise This" / "Nightmoves" (2004), Diverse Products
* "Ten Years of Flex: Version 3.0" (2005), Flex Records
* "Down Beat" / "Sister" (2006), Frequency
* "Sound Clash" / "Mutants" (2006), Frequency
* "Get Out Clause" / "Infamous" (2007), RAM Records
* "Lowdown / The Latter" (2007), RAM Records
* "Contra" / "Keep Their Heads Ringing" (2008), RAM Records

## InfoBox

| Xample | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Gavin Harris |
| Origin | Bristol, England |
| Genres | Drum and bass |
| Years active | 2003present |
| Labels | Ram Records |
|  | |
| Website | www.myspace.com/xamplebeats |


title: Xan Palay

abstract: Xan Palay is an American installation art sculptor based in Columbus, Ohio.

text:
# Xan Palay

**Xan Palay** (born **Alexandra Palay** on June 10, 1970) is an American installation art sculptor based in Columbus, Ohio.

## Life

Xan Palay was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She produces art in a number of media, including sculpture, sound, video, installation art, and fiber. Often her art is interactive or involve viewer participation.

Palay has received Individual Artist Fellowships from the Ohio Arts Council and Arts Midwest. In 2000 she was awarded an Artists Project grant from the Ohio Arts Council. In 2004, she was awarded a grant from The George Sugarman Foundation.

Palay has been a resident artist at the Contemporary Artist's Center in Massachusetts (‘94), at the Yaddo colony in New York City (holding the Louise Bourgeois Endowed Residency (‘96), and at the Kohler Arts/Industry program in Wisconsin (‘00). She has been a visiting artist at The Ohio State University (Columbus, Ohio), Hastings College (Hastings, Nebraska), Aichi University of Education (Aichi, Japan), Tokyo Glass Art Institute (Tokyo, Japan) and at the Forest of Creation (Kanazu, Japan).

In 2000 she installed a permanent public sculpture of the rooftop of the SPACES gallery in Cleveland, Ohio.

In September 2005 she was awarded a solo show at the Columbus Museum of Art funded by the museum and the Greater Columbus Arts Council.

In June 2006 a sound recording of Palay's was featured on NPR's *All Things Considered*.

## InfoBox

| Xan Palay | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Alexandra Palay
(1970-06-10) June 10, 1970
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
| Occupation | Sculptor |
| Style | Installation art |


title: Mussy-la-Fosse

abstract: Mussy-la-Fosse is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

text:
# Mussy-la-Fosse

**Mussy-la-Fosse** (French pronunciation: \[mysi la fos\]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 91 |  |
| 1968 | 93 | +2.2% |
| 1975 | 86 | −7.5% |
| 1982 | 86 | +0.0% |
| 1990 | 92 | +7.0% |
| 1999 | 87 | −5.4% |
| 2008 | 79 | −9.2% |

## InfoBox

| Mussy-la-Fosse | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A view within Mussy-la-Fosse | |
|  | |
| Location of Mussy-la-Fosse | |
| Mussy-la-FosseMussy-la-Fosse | |
| Coordinates: 47°31′19″N 4°26′19″E / 47.5219°N 4.4386°E / 47.5219; 4.4386 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Côte-d'Or |
| Arrondissement | Montbard |
| Canton | Montbard |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Denis Charlot |
| Area**1** | 4.45 km2 (1.72 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 92 |
| Density | 21/km2 (54/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 21448 /21150 |
| Elevation | 237–427 m (778–1,401 ft)
(avg. 250 m or 820 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Music for Prague 1968

abstract: Music for Prague 1968 is a programmatic work written by Czech-born composer Karel Husa for symphonic band and later transcribed for full orchestra, written shortly after the Soviet Union crushed the Prague Spring reform movement in Czechoslovakia in 1968. Karel Husa was sitting on the dock at his cottage in America at the time, listening to the BBC broadcast of the events on the radio. He was deeply moved, and wrote Music for Prague 1968 to memorialize the events. This piece is a standard among wind ensemble repertoire. The work was commissioned by Ithaca College and was premiered in January 1969 in Washington, DC at the Music Educators National Conference by Dr. Kenneth Snapp and the Ithaca College Concert Band.

text:
# Music for Prague 1968

***Music for Prague 1968*** is a programmatic work written by Czech-born composer Karel Husa for symphonic band and later transcribed for full orchestra, written shortly after the Soviet Union crushed the Prague Spring reform movement in Czechoslovakia in 1968. Karel Husa was sitting on the dock at his cottage in America at the time, listening to the BBC broadcast of the events on the radio. He was deeply moved, and wrote Music for Prague 1968 to memorialize the events. This piece is a standard among wind ensemble repertoire.

The work was commissioned by Ithaca College and was premiered in January 1969 in Washington, DC at the Music Educators National Conference by Dr. Kenneth Snapp and the Ithaca College Concert Band.

## Instrumentation

The work is scored for 2 piccolos (doubling flutes), 6 flutes, 2 oboes, English horn, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, E♭ clarinet, 9 B♭ clarinets, alto clarinet, bass clarinet, contrabass clarinet (optional but highly recommended), 2 alto saxophones, tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone, bass saxophone (doubling the contrabass clarinet part), 8 trumpets, 4 horns, 3 trombones, 2 baritone horns, 2 tubas, string bass and 5 percussion (chimes, marimba, vibraphone, xylophone, timpani, 3 antique cymbals, 3 triangles, 3 suspended cymbals, 3 tam-tams, 2-3 snare drums, 3 tom-toms, and bass drum.) Although they are not in the original score, some performances may add the parts for harp and piano from Husa's orchestral transcription.

## Structure

The piece is in four movements:

1. Introduction and Fanfare
2. Aria
3. Interlude
4. Toccata and Chorale

As a piece of program music, the work is bound together by symbolism and allusions. A theme from the 15th Century Hussite song *"Ye Warriors of God and his Law"* is laced into the music, one symbolic of resistance and hope - the theme is common enough that any Czech would know the melody and its significance. \[The same theme appears (with the same significance) in Smetana's "Má Vlast" cycle, in both the Blaník and Tabor movements, as well as in Josef Suk's symphonic Poem *Praga*.\] The sound of bells are heard throughout the music, as Prague is also known as "City of a Hundred Spires". The trombones imitate air raid sirens, and the oboes play sections of Morse code. The piccolo solo represents the bird calls, the symbol of freedom, which the composer himself wrote, 'the city of Prague has seen only for moments during its thousand years of existence'. The third movement, Interlude, is not only played solely by the percussion section, but is also a palindrome, starting and ending with a snare roll.


title: Wymah, New South Wales

abstract: Wymah is a rural community in the south-east part of the Riverina very close to the border of Victoria, Australia. It is situated by road, about 11 kilometres (7 mi) south of Bowna and 23 kilometres (14 mi) west of Talmalmo. Wymah is situated on the Wymah River Road accessible from Bowna. At the 2016 census, Wymah had a population of 37. The place name is derived from the Aboriginal word meaning "White Cockatoo". Wagra Post Office opened on 1 February 1879, was renamed Wymah in 1912 and closed in 1952. The Wymah Ferry crosses the Murray River when the Hume Dam is full; in low water conditions, the ferry cannot operate.

text:
# Wymah, New South Wales

**Wymah** /ˈwmə/ is a rural community in the south-east part of the Riverina very close to the border of Victoria, Australia. It is situated by road, about 11 kilometres (7 mi) south of Bowna and 23 kilometres (14 mi) west of Talmalmo. Wymah is situated on the Wymah River Road accessible from Bowna. At the 2016 census, Wymah had a population of 37.

The place name is derived from the Aboriginal word meaning "White Cockatoo". Wagra Post Office opened on 1 February 1879, was renamed Wymah in 1912 and closed in 1952.

The Wymah Ferry crosses the Murray River when the Hume Dam is full; in low water conditions, the ferry cannot operate.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Wymah<br>New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Wymah ferry December 2005 (when the Hume Dam was nearly full) | |
| Wymah | |
| Coordinates | 35°59′42″S 147°16′12″E / 35.99500°S 147.27000°E / -35.99500; 147.27000 |
| Population | 37 (2016 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 2640 |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Greater Hume Shire Council |
| County | Goulburn |
| State electorate(s) | Albury |


title: Municipalities of Bulgaria

abstract: The 28 provinces of Bulgaria are divided into 265 municipalities. Municipalities typically comprise multiple towns, villages and settlements and are governed by a mayor who is elected by popular majority vote for a four-year term, and a municipal council which is elected using proportional representation for a four-year term. The creation of new municipalities requires that they must be created in a territory with a population of at least 6,000 and created around a designated settlement. They must also be named after the settlement that serves as the territory's administrative center, among other criteria. The council of a municipality is further permitted to create administrative subdivisions: mayoralties (kmetstvo), settlements, and wards or quarters (rayon). Mayoralties are overseen by elected mayors and typically comprises one or more villages or towns; they must contain a population of at least 250. Settlements are overseen by a manager appointed by the mayor of a municipality and thus have fewer responsibilities and less power than a mayoralty; they must have a population of fewer than 150. Wards are overseen by elected mayors and must include a population of at least 25,000; their creation is required in Bulgaria's three most populous municipalities. Like municipalities themselves, mayoralties and wards are designated administrative-territorial units, as they have their own elected officials. Settlements, however, are simply designated territorial units since their leaders are appointed.

text:
# Municipalities of Bulgaria

The 28 provinces of Bulgaria are divided into 265 **municipalities** (община, *obshtina*). Municipalities typically comprise multiple towns, villages and settlements and are governed by a mayor who is elected by popular majority vote for a four-year term, and a municipal council which is elected using proportional representation for a four-year term. The creation of new municipalities requires that they must be created in a territory with a population of at least 6,000 and created around a designated settlement. They must also be named after the settlement that serves as the territory's administrative center, among other criteria.

The council of a municipality is further permitted to create administrative subdivisions: **mayoralties** (*kmetstvo*), **settlements** (*naseleno myasto*), and **wards** or **quarters** (*rayon*). Mayoralties are overseen by elected mayors and typically comprises one or more villages or towns; they must contain a population of at least 250. Settlements are overseen by a manager appointed by the mayor of a municipality and thus have fewer responsibilities and less power than a mayoralty; they must have a population of fewer than 150. Wards are overseen by elected mayors and must include a population of at least 25,000; their creation is required in Bulgaria's three most populous municipalities.

Like municipalities themselves, mayoralties and wards are designated administrative-territorial units, as they have their own elected officials. Settlements, however, are simply designated territorial units since their leaders are appointed.

## Blagoevgrad Province

1. Bansko Municipality (main town: Bansko)
2. Belitsa Municipality (main town: Belitsa)
3. Blagoevgrad Municipality (main town: Blagoevgrad)
4. Garmen Municipality (main village: Garmen)
5. Gotse Delchev Municipality (main town: Gotse Delchev)
6. Hadzhidimovo Municipality (main town: Hadzhidimovo)
7. Kresna Municipality (main town: Kresna)
8. Petrich Municipality (main town: Petrich)
9. Razlog Municipality (main town: Razlog)
10. Sandanski Municipality (main town: Sandanski)
11. Satovcha Municipality (main village: Satovcha)
12. Simitli Municipality (main town: Simitli)
13. Strumyani Municipality (main village: Strumyani)
14. Yakoruda Municipality (main town: Yakoruda)

## Burgas Province

1. Aytos Municipality (main town: Aytos)
2. Burgas Municipality (main town: Burgas)
3. Kameno Municipality (main town: Kameno)
4. Karnobat Municipality (main town: Karnobat)
5. Malko Tarnovo Municipality (main town: Malko Tarnovo)
6. Nesebar Municipality (main town: Nesebar)
7. Pomorie Municipality (main town: Pomorie)
8. Primorsko Municipality (main town: Primorsko)
9. Ruen Municipality (main village: Ruen)
10. Sozopol Municipality (main town: Sozopol)
11. Sredets Municipality (main town: Sredets)
12. Sungurlare Municipality (main town: Sungurlare)
13. Tsarevo Municipality (main town: Tsarevo)

## Dobrich Province

1. Balchik Municipality (main town: Balchik)
2. Dobrich Municipality (main town: Dobrich)
3. Dobrichka Municipality (administrative town: Dobrich)
4. General Toshevo Municipality (main town: General Toshevo)
5. Kavarna Municipality (main town: Kavarna)
6. Krushari Municipality (main village: Krushari)
7. Shabla Municipality (main town: Shabla)
8. Tervel Municipality (main town: Tervel)

## Gabrovo Province

1. Dryanovo Municipality (main town: Dryanovo)
2. Gabrovo Municipality (main town: Gabrovo)
3. Sevlievo Municipality (main town: Sevlievo)
4. Tryavna Municipality (main town: Tryavna)

## Haskovo Province

1. Dimitrovgrad Municipality (main town: Dimitrovgrad)
2. Harmanli Municipality (main town: Harmanli)
3. Haskovo Municipality (main town: Haskovo)
4. Ivaylovgrad Municipality (main town: Ivaylovgrad)
5. Lyubimets Municipality (main town: Lyubimets)
6. Madzharovo Municipality (main town: Madzharovo)
7. Mineralni Bani Municipality (main village: Mineralni Bani)
8. Simeonovgrad Municipality (main town: Simeonovgrad)
9. Stambolovo Municipality (main village: Stambolovo)
10. Svilengrad Municipality (main town: Svilengrad)
11. Topolovgrad Municipality (main town: Topolovgrad)

## Kardzhali Province

1. Ardino Municipality (main town: Ardino)
2. Chernoochene Municipality (main village: Chernoochene)
3. Dzhebel Municipality (main town: Dzhebel)
4. Kardzhali Municipality (main town: Kardzhali)
5. Kirkovo Municipality (main village: Kirkovo)
6. Krumovgrad Municipality (main town: Krumovgrad)
7. Momchilgrad Municipality (main town: Momchilgrad)

## Kyustendil Province

1. Boboshevo Municipality (main town: Boboshevo)
2. Bobov Dol Municipality (main town: Bobov Dol)
3. Dupnitsa Municipality (main town: Dupnitsa)
4. Kocherinovo Municipality (main town: Kocherinovo)
5. Kyustendil Municipality (main town: Kyustendil)
6. Nevestino Municipality (main village: Nevestino)
7. Rila Municipality (main town: Rila)
8. Sapareva Banya Municipality (main town: Sapareva Banya)
9. Treklyano Municipality (main village: Treklyano)

## Lovech Province

1. Apriltsi Municipality (main town: Apriltsi)
2. Letnitsa Municipality (main town: Letnitsa)
3. Lovech Municipality (main town: Lovech)
4. Lukovit Municipality (main town: Lukovit)
5. Teteven Municipality (main town: Teteven)
6. Troyan Municipality (main town: Troyan)
7. Ugarchin Municipality (main town: Ugarchin)
8. Yablanitsa Municipality (main town: Yablanitsa)

## Montana Province

1. Berkovitsa Municipality (main town: Berkovitsa)
2. Boychinovtsi Municipality (main town: Boychinovtsi)
3. Brusartsi Municipality (main town: Brusartsi)
4. Chiprovtsi Municipality (main town: Chiprovtsi)
5. Georgi Damyanovo Municipality (main village: Georgi Damyanovo)
6. Lom Municipality (main town: Lom)
7. Medkovets Municipality (main village: Medkovets)
8. Montana Municipality (main town: Montana)
9. Valchedram Municipality (main town: Valchedram)
10. Varshets Municipality (main town: Varshets)
11. Yakimovo Municipality (main village: Yakimovo)

## Pazardzhik Province

1. Batak Municipality (main town: Batak)
2. Belovo Municipality (main town: Belovo)
3. Bratsigovo Municipality (main town: Bratsigovo)
4. Lesichovo Municipality (main village: Lesichovo)
5. Panagyurishte Municipality (main town: Panagyurishte)
6. Pazardzhik Municipality (main town: Pazardzhik)
7. Peshtera Municipality (main town: Peshtera)
8. Rakitovo Municipality (main town: Rakitovo)
9. Sarnitsa Municipality (main town: Sarnitsa)
10. Septemvri Municipality (main town: Septemvri)
11. Strelcha Municipality (main town: Strelcha)
12. Velingrad Municipality (main town: Velingrad)

## Pernik Province

1. Breznik Municipality (main town: Breznik)
2. Kovachevtsi Municipality (main village: Kovachevtsi)
3. Pernik Municipality (main town: Pernik)
4. Radomir Municipality (main town: Radomir)
5. Tran Municipality (main town: Tran)
6. Zemen Municipality (main town: Zemen)

## Pleven Province

1. Belene Municipality (main town: Belene)
2. Cherven Bryag Municipality (main town: Cherven Bryag)
3. Dolna Mitropoliya Municipality (main town: Dolna Mitropoliya)
4. Dolni Dabnik Municipality (main town: Dolni Dabnik)
5. Gulyantsi Municipality (main town: Gulyantsi)
6. Iskar Municipality (main town: Iskar)
7. Knezha Municipality (main town: Knezha)
8. Levski Municipality (main town: Levski)
9. Nikopol Municipality (main town: Nikopol)
10. Pleven Municipality (main town: Pleven)
11. Pordim Municipality (main town: Pordim)

## Plovdiv Province

1. Asenovgrad Municipality (main town: Asenovgrad)
2. Brezovo Municipality (main town: Brezovo)
3. Hisarya Municipality (main town: Hisarya)
4. Kaloyanovo Municipality (main village: Kaloyanovo)
5. Karlovo Municipality (main town: Karlovo)
6. Krichim Municipality (main town: Krichim)
7. Kuklen Municipality (main town: Kuklen)
8. Laki Municipality (main town: Laki)
9. Maritsa Municipality (administrative city: Plovdiv)
10. Parvomay Municipality (main town: Parvomay)
11. Perushtitsa Municipality (main town: Perushtitsa)
12. Plovdiv Municipality (main town: Plovdiv)
13. Rakovski Municipality (main town: Rakovski)
14. Rodopi Municipality (administrative town: Plovdiv)
15. Sadovo Municipality (main town: Sadovo)
16. Saedinenie Municipality (main town: Saedinenie)
17. Sopot Municipality (main town: Sopot)
18. Stamboliyski Municipality (main town: Stamboliyski)

## Razgrad Province

1. Isperih Municipality (main town: Isperih)
2. Kubrat Municipality (main town: Kubrat)
3. Loznitsa Municipality (main town: Loznitsa)
4. Razgrad Municipality (main town: Razgrad)
5. Samuil Municipality (main village: Samuil)
6. Tsar Kaloyan Municipality (main town: Tsar Kaloyan)
7. Zavet Municipality (main town: Zavet)

## Ruse Province

1. Borovo Municipality (main town: Borovo)
2. Byala Municipality (main town: Byala)
3. Dve Mogili Municipality (main town: Dve Mogili)
4. Ivanovo Municipality (main village: Ivanovo)
5. Ruse Municipality (main town: Ruse)
6. Slivo Pole Municipality (main town: Slivo Pole)
7. Tsenovo Municipality (main village: Tsenovo)
8. Vetovo Municipality (main town: Vetovo)

## Shumen Province

1. Hitrino Municipality (main village: Hitrino)
2. Kaolinovo Municipality (main town: Kaolinovo)
3. Kaspichan Municipality (main town: Kaspichan)
4. Nikola Kozlevo Municipality (main village: Nikola Kozlevo)
5. Novi Pazar Municipality (main town: Novi Pazar)
6. Shumen Municipality (main town: Shumen)
7. Smyadovo Municipality (main town: Smyadovo)
8. Varbitsa Municipality (main town: Varbitsa)
9. Veliki Preslav Municipality (main town: Veliki Preslav)
10. Venets Municipality (main village: Venets)

## Silistra Province

1. Alfatar Municipality (main town: Alfatar)
2. Dulovo Municipality (main town: Dulovo)
3. Glavinitsa Municipality (main town: Glavinitsa)
4. Kaynardzha Municipality (main village: Kaynardzha)
5. Silistra Municipality (main town: Silistra)
6. Sitovo Municipality (main village: Sitovo)
7. Tutrakan Municipality (main town: Tutrakan)

## Sliven Province

1. Kotel Municipality (main town: Kotel)
2. Nova Zagora Municipality (main town: Nova Zagora)
3. Sliven Municipality (main town: Sliven)
4. Tvarditsa Municipality (main town: Tvarditsa)

## Smolyan Province

1. Banite Municipality (main village: Banite)
2. Borino Municipality (main village: Borino)
3. Chepelare Municipality (main town: Chepelare)
4. Devin Municipality (main town: Devin)
5. Dospat Municipality (main town: Dospat)
6. Madan Municipality (main town: Madan)
7. Nedelino Municipality (main town: Nedelino)
8. Rudozem Municipality (main town: Rudozem)
9. Smolyan Municipality (main town: Smolyan)
10. Zlatograd Municipality (main town: Zlatograd)

## Sofia City Province

1. Sofia Municipality (main town: Sofia)

## Sofia Province

1. Anton Municipality (main village: Anton)
2. Botevgrad Municipality (main town: Botevgrad)
3. Bozhurishte Municipality (main town: Bozhurishte)
4. Chavdar Municipality (main village: Chavdar)
5. Chelopech Municipality (main village: Chelopech)
6. Dolna Banya Municipality (main town: Dolna Banya)
7. Dragoman Municipality (main town: Dragoman)
8. Elin Pelin Municipality (main town: Elin Pelin)
9. Etropole Municipality (main town: Etropole)
10. Godech Municipality (main town: Godech)
11. Gorna Malina Municipality (main village: Gorna Malina)
12. Ihtiman Municipality (main town: Ihtiman)
13. Koprivshtitsa Municipality (main town: Koprivshtitsa)
14. Kostenets Municipality (main town: Kostenets)
15. Kostinbrod Municipality (main town: Kostinbrod)
16. Mirkovo Municipality (main village: Mirkovo)
17. Pirdop Municipality (main town: Pirdop)
18. Pravets Municipality (main town: Pravets)
19. Samokov Municipality (main town: Samokov)
20. Slivnitsa Municipality (main town: Slivnitsa)
21. Svoge Municipality (main town: Svoge)
22. Zlatitsa Municipality (main town: Zlatitsa)

## Stara Zagora Province

1. Bratya Daskalovi Municipality (main village: Bratya Daskalovi)
2. Chirpan Municipality (main town: Chirpan)
3. Galabovo Municipality (main town: Galabovo)
4. Gurkovo Municipality (main town: Gurkovo)
5. Kazanlak Municipality (main town: Kazanlak)
6. Maglizh Municipality (main town: Maglizh)
7. Nikolaevo Municipality (main town: Nikolaevo)
8. Opan Municipality (main village: Opan)
9. Pavel Banya Municipality (main town: Pavel Banya)
10. Radnevo Municipality (main town: Radnevo)
11. Stara Zagora Municipality (main town: Stara Zagora)

## Targovishte Province

1. Antonovo Municipality (main town: Antonovo)
2. Omurtag Municipality (main town: Omurtag)
3. Opaka Municipality (main town: Opaka)
4. Popovo Municipality (main town: Popovo)
5. Targovishte Municipality (main town: Targovishte)

## Varna Province

1. Aksakovo Municipality (main town: Aksakovo)
2. Avren Municipality (main village: Avren)
3. Beloslav Municipality (main town: Beloslav)
4. Byala Municipality (main town: Byala)
5. Dalgopol Municipality (main town: Dalgopol)
6. Devnya Municipality (main town: Devnya)
7. Dolni Chiflik Municipality (main town: Dolni Chiflik)
8. Provadiya Municipality (main town: Provadiya)
9. Suvorovo Municipality (main town: Suvorovo)
10. Valchi Dol Municipality (main town: Valchi Dol)
11. Varna Municipality (main town: Varna)
12. Vetrino Municipality (main village: Vetrino)

## Veliko Tarnovo Province

1. Elena Municipality (main town: Elena)
2. Gorna Oryahovitsa Municipality (main town: Gorna Oryahovitsa)
3. Lyaskovets Municipality (main town: Lyaskovets)
4. Pavlikeni Municipality (main town: Pavlikeni)
5. Polski Trambesh Municipality (main town: Polski Trambesh)
6. Strazhitsa Municipality (main town: Strazhitsa)
7. Suhindol Municipality (main town: Suhindol)
8. Svishtov Municipality (main town: Svishtov)
9. Veliko Tarnovo Municipality (main town: Veliko Tarnovo)
10. Zlataritsa Municipality (main town: Zlataritsa)

## Vidin Province

1. Belogradchik Municipality (main town: Belogradchik)
2. Boynitsa Municipality (main village: Boynitsa)
3. Bregovo Municipality (main town: Bregovo)
4. Chuprene Municipality (main village: Chuprene)
5. Dimovo Municipality (main town: Dimovo)
6. Gramada Municipality (main town: Gramada)
7. Kula Municipality (main town: Kula)
8. Makresh Municipality (main village: Makresh)
9. Novo Selo Municipality (main village: Novo Selo)
10. Ruzhintsi Municipality (main village: Ruzhintsi)
11. Vidin Municipality (main town: Vidin)

## Vratsa Province

1. Borovan Municipality (main village: Borovan)
2. Byala Slatina Municipality (main town: Byala Slatina)
3. Hayredin Municipality (main village: Hayredin)
4. Kozloduy Municipality (main town: Kozloduy)
5. Krivodol Municipality (main town: Krivodol)
6. Mezdra Municipality (main town: Mezdra)
7. Miziya Municipality (main town: Miziya)
8. Oryahovo Municipality (main town: Oryahovo)
9. Roman Municipality (main town: Roman)
10. Vratsa Municipality (main town: Vratsa)

## Yambol Province

1. Bolyarovo Municipality (main town: Bolyarovo)
2. Elhovo Municipality (main town: Elhovo)
3. Straldzha Municipality (main town: Straldzha)
4. Tundzha Municipality (administrative town: Tundzha)
5. Yambol Municipality (main town: Yambol)


title: Xenicotela distincta

abstract: Xenicotela distincta is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Charles Joseph Gahan in 1888. It is known from Vietnam, India and Laos. It contains the varietas Xenicotela distincta var. tonkinensis.

text:
# Xenicotela distincta

***Xenicotela distincta*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Charles Joseph Gahan in 1888. It is known from Vietnam, India and Laos. It contains the varietas *Xenicotela distincta var. tonkinensis*.

## InfoBox

| *Xenicotela distincta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Xenicotela* |
| Species: | ***X. distincta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xenicotela distincta***<br>(Gahan, 1888) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Monohammus distinctus* Gahan 1888 * *Nephelotus 4-maculatus* Pic, 1925 * *Nephelotus tonkineus* Pic, 1926 | |


title: Wyżłów

abstract: Wyżłów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dołhobyczów, within Hrubieszów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) south of Dołhobyczów, 42 km (26 mi) south of Hrubieszów, and 136 km (85 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin. The village is located in the historical region Galicia.

text:
# Wyżłów

**Wyżłów** \[ˈvɨʐwuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dołhobyczów, within Hrubieszów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) south of Dołhobyczów, 42 km (26 mi) south of Hrubieszów, and 136 km (85 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin. The village is located in the historical region Galicia.

## InfoBox

| Wyżłów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wyżłów | |
| Coordinates: 50°27′4″N 24°1′53″E / 50.45111°N 24.03139°E / 50.45111; 24.03139 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Hrubieszów |
| Gmina | Dołhobyczów |
| Population | 40 |


title: Goślinowo

abstract: Goślinowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniezno, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Gniezno and 53 km (33 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Goślinowo

**Goślinowo** \[ɡɔɕliˈnɔvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniezno, within Gniezno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Gniezno and 53 km (33 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań.

## History

During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), in 1939, the occupiers carried out expulsions of Poles, who were then placed in a transit camp in nearby Gniezno, and afterwards deported to the General Government in the more eastern part of German-occupied Poland, while their houses and farms were handed over to German colonists as part of the *Lebensraum* policy.

## Transport

The Polish S5 highway runs nearby, west of the village.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Goślinowo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wayside shrine in Goślinowo | |
| Goślinowo | |
| Coordinates: 52°35′N 17°38′E / 52.583°N 17.633°E / 52.583; 17.633 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Gniezno |
| Gmina | Gniezno |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | PGN |
| Highways |  |
| Voivodeship roads |  |


abstract: New England Institute of Religious Research (NEIRR) is a countercult ministry located in Massachusetts which provides information on groups which it considers to be cults. It provides training, counseling, and assistance to individuals who are involved with such groups. The organization also runs a retreat center called the Meadow Haven Retreat and Recovery Center.

text:
# New England Institute of Religious Research

**New England Institute of Religious Research** (**NEIRR**) is a countercult ministry located in Massachusetts which provides information on groups which it considers to be cults. It provides training, counseling, and assistance to individuals who are involved with such groups. The organization also runs a retreat center called the **Meadow Haven Retreat and Recovery Center**.

## Organization

### Research institute

New England Institute of Religious Research was co-founded by George Mather, coauthor of *Dictionary of Cults, Sects, Religions and the Occult*, along with Robert Pardon. The organization was founded with the intention to provide "training in ministering to those caught up in such destructive groups". The New England Institute of Religious Research studies cult-like organizations. Pardon is a former pastor.

In 1993, Mather served as the organization's co-director, and in 2005 as its director. Pardon's article on determining when Bible study can degrade into a destructive cult was cited in the book *When Prayer Fails*. Pardon served as director of the organization in 1999. In 2000, Pardon served as the court-appointed guardian for 13 children of a religious sect in Attleboro, Massachusetts. The Institute worked with former members of the Attleboro sect, and in order to gain insight into the group, Pardon studied the sect's diaries. The group was led by Roland Robidoux. Attleboro District Court Judge Kenneth Nasif appointed Pardon to serve as guardian ad litem for the children that were previously removed from the group. The investigation into the Massachusetts group gained national media coverage. Pardon and the Institute has extensively studied the new religious movement, Twelve Tribes. In his capacity as director of the New England Institute of Religious Research, Pardon presented at a conference of the International Cultic Studies Association in 2001, and again in 2003 and 2004. The Institute is referenced as a resource for information on religious groups, in books including *The Cult Next Door*, *Reflected Truth*, *Twisted Scriptures*, and *When Prayer Fails*.

### Treatment center

In 1999, the New England Institute of Religious Research purchased a nursing home in Lakeville, Massachusetts, intended to serve as a treatment center for up to 25 former members of cults. Pardon told *The Boston Globe* that residents will be given three months to reacclimate themselves to society and their families after leaving controversial groups. Other than this facility, as of 1999 the only other two such locations of treatment centers for individuals leaving cults include Wellspring in Ohio, and Odenwald Residence in Leibenstadt, Germany – both of which maintain treatment programs of two-weeks in duration.

The center opened on May 25, 2002, at a luncheon benefit celebrating the tenth anniversary of the New England Institute of Religious Research. The treatment center, called Meadow Haven, utilizes a three-pronged approach to recovery. First, individuals are assisted in identifying their religious problems and setting goals for recovery. Next, the treatment center helps them understand the dangers of being a member in a cult, and learn methods to put their life back together. Then, the final phase includes improving one's self-esteem, developing ways to reenter the community, and building a focus towards the future. Full recovery can take up to six months, though according to Pardon after a month at the treatment center individuals begin to feel better. As of 2005, Pardon served as the director of Meadow Haven.

## Commentary

The *Chicago Sun-Times* described the Institute as "a clearinghouse for cult information in Massachusetts". *The Buffalo News* cited the Institute for research on a controversial group known as "the Community", noting it performed "an in-depth study" of the group. The *Boston Herald* also cited the Institute's research, on a controversial sect in Attleboro, Massachusetts.

The Associated Press described the institute as "an anti-cult organization". *The Morning Call* quoted a director of the Institute, George Mather, as instructing community residents that Satanists perform rituals during Halloween to summon demons. Mather said that parents should not dress up as witches or devils for Halloween, as that would promote a wrong value system. Andrew Walsh of Trinity College in the journal *Religion in the News* criticized the Institute's representation of Bob and Judy Pardon citing statements from the Institute that they hold "advanced degrees in their field" which he wrote were actually standard M.Div and M.Ed. degrees respectively. Walsh criticized the Institute's labeling of groups as cults including Unitarian Universalists, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Baháʼí, Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Churches.

## InfoBox

New England Institute of Religious Research
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | NEIRR |
| Formation | 1991 |
| Location |  |
| Executive Director | Robert Pardon |
| Website | www.neirr.org |


title: Nova Odessa

abstract: Nova Odessa is a Brazilian municipality in the state of São Paulo. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 60,956 in an area of 73.79 km⁲. Nova Odessa was founded on May 24, 1905, by Carlos José de Arruda Botelho, Secretary of Agriculture of the state of São Paulo, and then settled by Ukrainians and Latvians. Its name is due to a visit Carlos Botelho made to the city of Odesa, Ukraine, from where he brought the style of its streets, and not because the first settlers were from there.

text:
# Nova Odessa

**Nova Odessa** (literally "New Odesa") is a Brazilian municipality in the state of São Paulo. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 60,956 (2020 est.) in an area of 73.79 km2. Nova Odessa was founded on May 24, 1905, by Carlos José de Arruda Botelho, Secretary of Agriculture of the state of São Paulo, and then settled by Ukrainians and Latvians.

Its name is due to a visit Carlos Botelho made to the city of Odesa, Ukraine, from where he brought the style of its streets, and not because the first settlers were from there (as they were not).

## History

In the early 20th century, the area of present-day Nova Odessa was classified as an uninhabited land suitable for farming. On May 24, 1905, the Brazilian government founded Nova Odessa as a "Núcleo Colonial" (the "Colonial Nuclei" were agricultural areas to where the Brazilian government wished to attract European immigrants in large-scale).

The first settlers to arrive in the area were immigrants from Ukraine, but, not adapting to agriculture (one of the pointed reasons for this is that they were not farmers originally), most of them soon abandoned the colony and moved to larger Brazilian cities. In late 1905, only a few Ukrainian families had remained in the nucleus. Determined to consolidate the colony, the Brazilian government sent João Gutmann to Riga, capital of Latvia, with the goal of attracting farmers to the colony. In 1906, the place received the first settlers from Latvia, that were the responsible for the consolidation of the colony. Later, other Brazilian immigration agents were sent to Latvia and succeeded in attracting more families.

## Demographics

| Historical population of municipality  Year Population    **1960** 5,710    **1970** 8,336  46.0%  **1980** 21,891  162.6%  **1991** 34,063  55.6%  **2000** 42,071  23.5%  **2010** 51,242  21.8%  **2022** 62,019  21.0% |
| --- |

## Culture

The city maintains or supports directly in several ways a wide range of departments, programs, groups and cultural institutions. Those include the Municipal Public Library (*Biblioteca Pública Municipal Professor Antônio Fernandes Gonçalves*) —that has a section of books in the Latvian language. Although the city later received many people from other ethnicities, the Latvian Culture is still very noticeable and there are plans for the creation of a Center of Latvian Culture (Centro de Cultura Leta) there.

## Economy

The economy is based on industry, mainly textiles. The city's GDP went from R$373 million in 1999 to R$1.6 billion in 2009. With its per capita value reaching R$32,862 (2009 data) —double the national average.

## Media

In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

## Climate

The city has a highland tropical climate, semi-humid with dry winters.

| Nova Odessa |
| --- |
| Climate chart (explanation) |
|  |
| Imperial conversion  J F M A M J J A S O N D  9.3     83 64       8.1     82 64       5.4     82 63       2     80 59       1.9     75 54       1.5     73 51       1     74 50       1.1     76 52       2.2     78 56       4.8     80 59       5     82 62       7.5     82 63   Average max. and min. temperatures in °F  Precipitation totals in inches |

## Religion

**Christianity** is present in the city as follows:

### Catholic Church

The Catholic church in the municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Limeira.

### Protestant Church

The most diverse evangelical beliefs are present in the city, mainly Pentecostal, including the Assemblies of God in Brazil (the largest evangelical church in the country), Christian Congregation in Brazil, among others. These denominations are growing more and more throughout Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Nova Odessa | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Municipality of Nova Odessa | |
|  | |
| Location in São Paulo state | |
| Nova OdessaLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 22°46′48″S 47°17′56″W / 22.78000°S 47.29889°W / -22.78000; -47.29889 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | São Paulo |
| Metropolitan Region | Campinas |
| Founded | 24 May 1905 |
| Area | |
| Total | 73.79 km2 (28.49 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 570 m (1,870 ft) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 60,956 |
| Density | 830/km2 (2,100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |
| Postal Code (CEP) | 13460-000 |


title: New Windsor Historic District

abstract: New Windsor Historic District is a national historic district at New Windsor, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. The district contains a wide variety of domestic, commercial, public, educational, and religious resources reflecting the development of the town from its founding in 1796 up to the World War II era. Most common homes are 2- or 2+1⁄2-story center-entrance or center-passage plan dwellings, of both three and five bays, and three-bay side-passage plan houses. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

text:
# New Windsor Historic District

**New Windsor Historic District** is a national historic district at New Windsor, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. The district contains a wide variety of domestic, commercial, public, educational, and religious resources reflecting the development of the town from its founding in 1796 up to the World War II era. Most common homes are 2- or 2+12-story center-entrance or center-passage plan dwellings, of both three and five bays, and three-bay side-passage plan houses.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| New Windsor Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| New Windsor town hall and fire station | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by Park, and Springdale Aves., New Windsor Rd., Lambert Ave., Coe Dr., and Maine St., New Windsor, Maryland |
| Coordinates | 39°32′33″N 77°6′21″W / 39.54250°N 77.10583°W / 39.54250; -77.10583 |
| Area | 98 acres (40 ha) |
| Architect | Multiple |
| Architectural style | Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Bungalow/craftsman |
| NRHP reference No. | 97000925 |
| Added to NRHP | August 21, 1997 |


title: Miguel Cartagena

abstract: Miguel Cartagena is a Puerto Rican-American professional boxer.

text:
# Miguel Cartagena

**Miguel Cartagena** (born July 5, 1992) is a Puerto Rican-American professional boxer.

## Amateur career

In 2009, a 16-year-old Cartagena won both the U.S. National Championship and the National Golden Gloves Championship. For his accomplishment, he was awarded the Pride of Philadelphia Award by the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame.

## Professional career

On March 26, 2011, Cartagena won his pro debut against Omar Gonzalez. The bout was held at the Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

Cartagena fought for the WBC International flyweight title against Galal Yafai on 30 April 2022 on the undercard of the Katie Taylor vs. Amanda Serrano title unification bout. He lost via a second round corner retirement.

## Professional boxing record

| 25 fights | 17 wins | 7 losses |
| --- | --- | --- |
| By knockout | 8 | 4 |
| By decision | 9 | 3 |
| Draws | 1 | |

| No. | Result | Record | Opponent | Type | Round, Time | Date | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 25 | Loss | 17–7–1 | Galal Yafai | RTD | 2 (10) 3:00 | 2022-04-30 | Madison Square Garden, New York, U.S. | For WBC International flyweight title |
| 24 | Win | 17–6–1 | Reyes Lopez Escalente | TKO | 3 (6) 2:30 | 2021-06-12 | La Terraza Sport Bar, Agua Prieta, Mexico |  |
| 23 | Win | 16–6–1 | Arcadio Salazar Chanez | TKO | -(4) 1:29 | 2020-10-30 | La Terraza Sport Bar, Agua Prieta, Mexico |  |
| 22 | Loss | 15–6–1 | Jesus Soler | UD | 8 | 2019-06-15 | Parx Casino, Bensalem, U.S. |  |
| 21 | Loss | 15–5–1 | Carlos Maldonado | SD | 8 | 2018-06-29 | Parx Casino, Bensalem, U.S. |  |
| 20 | Loss | 15–4–1 | Brian Viloria | KO | 5 (8) 0:44 | 2017-09-09 | StubHub Center, Carson, U.S. |  |
| 19 | Draw | 15–3–1 | Toshiyuki Igarashi | TD | 3 (10) 0:49 | 2017-04-01 | Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan |  |
| 18 | Win | 15–3 | Jobert Alvarez | TKO | 1 (6) 2:16 | 2016-07-15 | Kissimmee Civic Center, Kissimmee, U.S. |  |
| 17 | Loss | 14–3 | Ricardo Rodriguez | UD | 10 | 2016-02-26 | Tony Rosa Community Center, Palm Bay, U.S. | For vacant WBO Latino super flyweight title |
| 16 | Win | 14–2 | Javier Franco | UD | 10 | 2015-07-04 | L.B. Scott Sports Auditorium, Philipsburg, Sint Marteen | Won vacant IBO International super bantamweight title |
| 15 | Loss | 13–2 | Emmanuel Rodríguez | KO | 1 (10) 1:49 | 2014-10-18 | Coliseo Cosme Beitia Salamo, Catano, Puerto Rico | For vacant WBO Latino bantamweight title |
| 14 | Win | 13–1 | Jesús González | UD | 6 | 2014-08-23 | Ring of Dreams Boxing Gym, Winston-Salem, U.S. |  |
| 13 | Loss | 12–1 | Timur Shailezov | TKO | 3 (6) 1:56 | 2014-04-24 | Sands Bethlehem Event Center, Bethlehem, U.S. |  |
| 12 | Win | 12–0 | Miguel Robles | KO | 2 (8) 2:31 | 2014-03-21 | Harrah's Philadelphia, Chester, U.S. |  |
| 11 | Win | 11–0 | Felipe Rivas | RTD | 6 (8) 3:00 | 2014-01-25 | Sands Bethlehem Event Center, Bethlehem U.S. |  |
| 10 | Win | 10–0 | Eduardo Valenzuela | UD | 6 | 2013-12-18 | Sands Bethlehem Center, Bethlehem, U.S. |  |
| 9 | Win | 9–0 | Jhon Alberto Molina | UD | 4 | 2013-10-25 | National Guard Armory, Philadelphia, U.S. |  |
| 8 | Win | 8–0 | Eduardo Melendez | UD | 4 | 2013-08-23 | Valley Forge Casino and Resort, Valley Forge, U.S. |  |
| 7 | Win | 7–0 | Angel Carvajal | UD | 4 | 2013-04-27 | Barclays Center, Brooklyn, U.S. |  |
| 6 | Win | 6–0 | Jose Rivera | UD | 6 | 2012-10-12 | National Guard Armory, Philadelphia, U.S. |  |
| 5 | Win | 5–0 | Luis Miguel Ortiz | UD | 4 | 2012-04-20 | National Guard Armory, Philadelphia, U.S. |  |
| 4 | Win | 4–0 | David Rodriquez | TKO | 1 (6) ? | 2012-01-13 | National Guard Armory, Philadelphia, U.S. |  |
| 3 | Win | 3–0 | Christian Cruz | TKO | 2 (4) 2:20 | 2011-09-10 | Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, U.S. |  |
| 2 | Win | 2–0 | Jaime Gonzalez | KO | 2 (4) ? | 2011-06-25 | South Philly Arena, Philadelphia, U.S. |  |
| 1 | Win | 1–0 | Omar Gonzalez | UD | 4 | 2011-03-26 | Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, U.S. |  |

## InfoBox

| Miguel Cartagena | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1992-07-05) July 5, 1992<br>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | No Fear |
| **Statistics** | |
| Weight(s) | Bantamweight |
| Height | 5 ft 4 in (163 cm) |
| Reach | 68 in (173 cm) |
| Stance | Orthodox |
|  | |
| **Boxing record** | |
| Total fights | 25 |
| Wins | 17 |
| Wins by KO | 8 |
| Losses | 7 |
| Draws | 1 |
| No contests | 0 |
|  | |


title: Maroochydore Road

abstract: Maroochydore Road is a major arterial road on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland that connects the major town/urban centre of Maroochydore with the Bruce Highway.

text:
# Maroochydore Road

**Maroochydore Road** (State Route 8) is a major arterial road on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland that connects the major town/urban centre of Maroochydore with the Bruce Highway.

## Route description

Maroochydore Road is a 9.8 km, 4 lane state controlled road on the Sunshine Coast that connects Maroochydore with the Bruce Highway, the region's main connection to Brisbane, Queensland's state capital. Maroochydore Road begins at the intersection of Beach Road and Horton Parade (state route 6) in the Maroochydore CBD and travels west providing an interchange with the Sunshine Motorway (state route 70) and through the town of Kuluin. Maroochydore Road terminates at the intersection with the Bruce Highway in Forest Glen but the road itself continues as Nambour Connection Road, a state controlled road that leads to Nambour.

## Upgrades

### Improve intersection

A project to improve the intersection at the eastern end of the road, at a cost of $1.861 million, was to be completed by early 2022.

### Kunda Park intersection improvements

A project to improve an intersection at Kunda Park was in the planning stage in November 2021.

## Major intersections

The entire road is in the Sunshine Coast local government area.

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Forest Glen | 0 | 0.0 | Bruce Highway (State Route M1) – north – Nambour
south – Chevallum | Western end of Maroochydore Road (state route 8), road continues as Nambour Connection Road, a state controlled road that connects to Nambour |
| Kuluin | 5.4 | 3.4 | Main Road – north – Maroochydore
Jones Road – south – Buderim |  |
| Maroochydore | 7.0 | 4.3 | Sunshine Motorway (State Route 70) – north – Pacific Paradise/
south – Alexandra Headland |  |
| Maroochydore | 9.1 | 5.7 | Broadmeadows Road – north – Maroochydore
Evans Street – south – Maroochydore |  |
| Maroochydore | 9.8 | 6.1 | Beach Road (State Route 6) – north – Maroochydore /
Horton Parade (State Route 6) – south – Maroochydore
Ocean Street – east – Maroochydore | Eastern terminus of Maroochydore Road |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Maroochydore Road
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Type | Road |
| Length | 9.8 km (6.1 mi) |
| Route number(s) | State Route 8 |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Bruce Highway (M1), Forest Glen |
|  | Main Road/ Jones Road
Sunshine Motorway State Route 70 Broadmeadows Road/ Evans Street |
| East end | Beach Road / Horton Parade (State Route 6), Maroochydore |
| Location(s) | |
| Major suburbs | Kuluin |


title: Xampylodon

abstract: Xampylodon is an extinct genus of cow shark. Fossils assigned to this genus are known from the Late Cretaceous and early Paleocene. Xampylodon was recently erected after a revision on the taxonomy of hexanchid fossil teeth, and includes four species, most of them previously included in Notidanodon.

text:
# Xampylodon

***Xampylodon*** is an extinct genus of cow shark. Fossils assigned to this genus are known from the Late Cretaceous and early Paleocene. *Xampylodon* was recently erected after a revision on the taxonomy of hexanchid fossil teeth, and includes four species (*X. dentatus*, *X. loozi*,*X. brotzeni*, and *X. diastemacron*), most of them previously included in *Notidanodon*.

## Morphology

*Xampylodon* is known exclusively from isolated teeth. These teeth have a unique morphology (especially the saw-like teeth from the lower jaw). *Xampylodon* teeth are characterized by having an acrocone (or main cusp) and cusplets bent distally, with a convex mesial cutting edge. The mesial cusplets are much smaller than the distal ones. The root is very deep, unlike the condition observed in *Notidanodon*. *Xampylodon* species differ from each other in aspects such as size, the number and shape of the mesial cusplets, the orientation of the acrocone, and the presence of a gap between cusplets.

## Species

* *Xampylodon dentatus* (Woodward 1886)
* *Xampylodon loozi* (Vincent 1876)
* *Xampylodon brotzeni* (Siverson 1995)
* *Xampylodon diastemacron* Santos et al. 2024

## InfoBox

| *Xampylodon*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Fossil of an anterolateral lower tooth, probably from *Xampylodon loozi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Subdivision: | Selachimorpha |
| Order: | Hexanchiformes |
| Family: | Hexanchidae |
| Genus: | *Xampylodon*
Cappetta, Morrison & Adnet, 2021 |
|
| Species | |
| * *X. dentatus* * *X. loozi* * *X. brotzeni* * *X. diastemacron* | |


title: New Wine

abstract: New Wine is a not-for-profit Christian charismatic evangelical organisation based in England, United Kingdom. It equips Christian churches and leaders in spiritual renewal, worship and church planting.

text:
# New Wine

**New Wine** is a not-for-profit Christian charismatic evangelical organisation based in England, United Kingdom. It equips Christian churches and leaders in spiritual renewal, worship and church planting.

## Overview

The purpose of New Wine is "local churches changing nations".

New Wine operates in England and multiple other nations worldwide.

Rev Rich Johnson is the National Leader. Bishop Jill Duff is the Chair of Trustees.

The organisation is based at 4a Ridley Avenue, London W13.

## History

New Wine was set up by the former Bishop of the then-diocese of Chile, Bolivia and Peru, David Pytches, in 1989. Pytches was heavily influenced by the founder of the Vineyard Church, John Wimber, who had held a number of conferences through the 1980s, leading to increased interest in the charismatic movement in the United Kingdom.

## Summer conferences

The first New Wine Christian Conference was held in 1989 at the Royal Bath and West Showground, Somerset and attracted nearly 2,500 people. The event now attracts more than 14,000 people per year.

In 1993 a separate conference, called Soul Survivor, aimed at teenagers and young adults was established by the evangelist Mike Pilavachi, which ran until 2019.

The conference has attracted a number of speakers prominent within the evangelical movement in the United Kingdom and the United States, including Baroness Caroline Cox, Jackie Pullinger, J.John, Heidi Baker, Bill Johnson, Francis Chan, Ken Costa and Brother Yun.

## Associated Organisations

New Wine Ireland is based in Belfast. It states its purpose as "working together to change the island of Ireland through a network of church leaders, our summer conference and training events."

## InfoBox

New Wine Trust
| Founded | 1989 |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | David Pytches |
| Type | New Wine Trust is a registered charity no. 1084415 and a company limited by guarantee, governed by a memorandum and articles of association. |
| Location |  |
| Origins | St Andrew's Church, Chorleywood, Hertfordshire |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Method | Summer conferences, Leadership and Network events, and Overseas activities |
| Key people | Jill Duff (Trust Chair)<br>Rich Johnson (National Leader) |
| Revenue | £1,120,000 (2021) |
| Employees | 29 |
| Volunteers | 5000 (during Summer Conference) |
| Website | new-wine.org |


title: New Jersey Route 49

abstract: Route 49 is a state highway in the southern part of the U.S. state of New Jersey. It runs 53.80 mi (86.58 km) from an interchange with the New Jersey Turnpike, Interstate 295 (I-295), and U.S. Route 40 (US 40) in Deepwater, Salem County, southeast to Route 50/County Route 557 in Tuckahoe, Cape May County. The route serves Salem, Cumberland, Atlantic, and Cape May counties, passing through rural areas and the communities of Salem, Bridgeton, and Millville along the way. It is a two-lane, undivided road for most of its length. Route 49 was established in 1927 to run from Salem to Clermont, running along its present alignment between Salem and Millville, following current Route 47 between Millville and South Dennis, and running along present-day Route 83 between South Dennis and Clermont. It replaced a branch of pre-1927 Route 6 between Salem and Bridgeton and a part of pre-1927 Route 15 between Bridgeton and South Dennis. In 1953, Route 49 was routed onto its current alignment, replacing a part of Route 44 between Salem and Deepwater and following the former alignment of Route 47 between Millville and Tuckahoe. In the 1960s, a freeway was planned for Route 49 between Deepwater and Millville; it was never built. In the 2000s, many improvements have been or are being made to bridges along Route 49.

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# New Jersey Route 49

**Route 49** is a state highway in the southern part of the U.S. state of New Jersey. It runs 53.80 mi (86.58 km) from an interchange with the New Jersey Turnpike, Interstate 295 (I-295), and U.S. Route 40 (US 40) in Deepwater, Salem County, southeast to Route 50/County Route 557 (CR 557) in Tuckahoe, Cape May County. The route serves Salem, Cumberland, Atlantic, and Cape May counties, passing through rural areas and the communities of Salem, Bridgeton, and Millville along the way. It is a two-lane, undivided road for most of its length.

Route 49 was established in 1927 to run from Salem to Clermont, running along its present alignment between Salem and Millville, following current Route 47 between Millville and South Dennis, and running along present-day Route 83 between South Dennis and Clermont. It replaced a branch of pre-1927 Route 6 between Salem and Bridgeton and a part of pre-1927 Route 15 between Bridgeton and South Dennis. In 1953, Route 49 was routed onto its current alignment, replacing a part of Route 44 between Salem and Deepwater and following the former alignment of Route 47 between Millville and Tuckahoe. In the 1960s, a freeway was planned for Route 49 between Deepwater and Millville; it was never built. In the 2000s, many improvements have been or are being made to bridges along Route 49.

## Route description

### Salem County

Route 49 heads southwest on Broadway from an interchange with the New Jersey Turnpike, I-295, and US 40 in the community of Deepwater in Pennsville Township, Salem County, near the Delaware Memorial Bridge. North of here, the road continues to the north as US 130. Route 49 passes through residential and commercial areas of Pennsville, turning to the south-southeast and passing west of Pennsville Memorial High School. The route intersects CR 630 (Fort Mott Road) before it continues into farmland. Route 49 then intersects the southern terminus of CR 551 (Hook Road and CR 632 (Lighthouse Road). It crosses the Salem River into Salem and becomes Front Street.

In Salem, the route intersects CR 657 (Griffith Street) at a crossing of the SMS Rail Lines' Salem Branch line and makes a right turn. It turns left onto Broadway and forms the main business district of the town. In downtown Salem, Route 49 intersects CR 625 (Chestnut Street), the southern terminus of Route 45 (Market Street), and CR 665 (Walnut Street). It crosses CR 658 (Keasbey Street/York Street) and enters Quinton Township, becoming Main Street and heading into agricultural areas. Route 49 heads east, meeting CR 650 (Hancocks Bridge Road) and CR 653 (Action Station Road). It crosses the Alloway Creek into the community of Quinton, where it intersects the southern terminus of CR 581 (Quinton Alloway Road) and CR 654 (Sickler Street). The route leaves Quinton and intersects CR 626 (Jericho Road), continuing southeast into wooded areas, where Route 49 crosses CR 667 (Pecks Corner Road) and CR 647 (Telegraph Road/Jericho Road).

### Cumberland County

Route 49 crosses a stream, Sarah Run, into Stow Creek Township, Cumberland County, and heads into farmland as Shiloh Pike. Here, it crosses CR 624 (Jericho Road) and CR 617 (Columbia Highway). The route then intersects CR 635 (Old Cohansey Road) and continues south along the border of Stow Creek Township to the west and Hopewell Township to the east, entering Shiloh at the intersection with Mill Road. In Shiloh, Route 49 meets CR 620 (Roadstown Road) and CR 753 (East Avenue/West Avenue) in the center of town and heads southeast, crossing CR 695 (Maple Avenue/Randolph Road). The route enters Hopewell Township and intersects CR 661 (Barretts Run Road).

Past this intersection, Route 49 enters a more suburban landscape, crossing CR 621 (W. Park Drive). The route enters Bridgeton and becomes West Broad Street. In Bridgeton, it intersects CR 607 (West Avenue), CR 650 (Fayette Street), and CR 697 (Atlantic Street). Route 49 crosses the Cohansey River and comes to an intersection with Pearl Street, which heads to the north as Route 77 and to the south as CR 609. Past Pearl Street, Route 49 intersects CR 670 (East Commerce Street/Buckshutem Road) and crosses a Winchester and Western Railroad line as it continues to the east on East Commerce Street. It crosses CR 638 (N. Burlington Road) and enters Fairfield Township.

Route 49 continues east through a mix of woods and farms, intersecting CR 553 (Gouldtown-Woodruff Road) and CR 675 (Fordville-Gouldtown Road). It enters Millville and becomes Main Street, intersecting CR 682 (Sugarman Avenue) and CR 634 (Nabb Avenue). It intersects three more county routes, CR 714 (Morias Avenue), CR 625 (Hogbin Road), and CR 712 (Reick Road), before heading into the city. It intersects CR 608 (Carmel Road) and CR 698 (Beech Street), CR 667 (Sharp Street), and CR 610 (Brandriff Avenue) before meeting CR 555 (Cedar Street), which it forms a concurrency with. The route crosses the Maurice River and enters downtown Millville, where it intersects Route 47 (Second Street). Past Route 47, CR 555 splits from Route 49 by turning north onto Third Street. Route 49 heads east through the eastern part of Millville, crossing a Winchester and Western Railroad line and intersecting CR 678 (Wade Boulevard) before reaching an interchange with Route 55. Past Route 55, Route 49 heads southeast into woodland and crosses into Maurice River Township. In Maurice River Township, Route 49 intersects CR 671 (Union Road), CR 646 (Port Elizabeth-Cumberland Road), and CR 644 (Hesstown Road). Route 49 eventually forms the border of Maurice River Township to the north and Upper Township, Cape May County to the south.

### Atlantic and Cape May counties

Route 49 crosses the Tuckahoe River into Estell Manor, Atlantic County. It runs a short distance to the north of the Tuckahoe River and intersects CR 649 (Aetna Avenue) and CR 666 (Cape May Avenue) at Head of the River Church. The route crosses the Tuckahoe River into Upper Township, Cape May County, and intersects the eastern terminus of CR 548 (Tuckahoe Road), heading to the east. It intersects CR 632 (Marshallville Road) and then comes to CR 617 (Woodbine Road), which heads south to provide access to CR 557. Route 49 continues east into Tuckahoe, where it comes to a bridge over the Beesleys Point Secondary railroad line operated by the Cape May Seashore Lines railroad and intersects CR 659 (Railroad Avenue) before it ends at Route 50/CR 557.

## History

The road from Millville to the east end of Bridgeton was maintained by the **Bridgeton and Millville Turnpike**, chartered in 1854. From the west end of Bridgeton to the Salem-Cumberland line, then called Marlborough, was built by the **Shiloh Turnpike Company**, chartered in 1866. From there to Quinton's Bridge, the road was maintained by the **Marlborough and Quinton's Bridge Turnpike Company**, chartered in 1864. The company was in business by at least 1920.

Route 49 was legislated in the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering to run from Route 45 in Salem to Route 4 (now US 9) in Clermont. The route replaced a branch of pre-1927 Route 6 between Salem and Bridgeton and a part of pre-1927 Route 15 between Bridgeton and South Dennis. A spur route of Route 49, Route S49, was created in 1927 to run from Route 49 in South Dennis to Route 4 in Rio Grande along the remainder of pre-1927 Route 15. Route S49 was extended to Wildwood in 1938.

In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering, Route 49 was extended west along what was a part of Route 44 to Deepwater to end at US 40 and US 130 near the Delaware Memorial Bridge. The eastern part of the route was realigned to head from Millville east to Route 50 in Tuckahoe, replacing what had been the southern part of Route 47. Meanwhile, Route 47 was realigned to head south from Millville, replacing Route 49 from Millville to South Dennis and the length of Route S49. The portion of Route 49 from South Dennis to Clermont became Route 83.

A freeway was proposed for Route 49 in the early 1960s, running from I-295 and US 40 at the Delaware Memorial Bridge to Route 55 in Millville. However, this freeway was canceled by 1967 as it closely paralleled the planned Route 60 freeway, which itself was never built.

In the 2000s, construction has occurred to replace many bridges along Route 49. The drawbridge over the Salem River was replaced by a fixed span in the mid-2000s. On October 1, 2008, the bridge over the railroad line in Tuckahoe was closed for reconstruction and reopened in June 2009. The bridge over the Cohansey River in Bridgeton was also reconstructed. Construction on this bridge started in October 2008 and was completed in July 2009.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Salem | Pennsville Township | 0.00 | 0.00 |
US 130 north (Shell Road) Penns Grove | Continuation north |
| | | | I-295 / N.J. Turnpike / US 40 Trenton, Atlantic City, Delaware Memorial Bridge | Exit 1A on I-295 / Turnpike; no eastbound access to I-295 north |
| | | 5.37 | 8.64 |

CR 551 north (Hook Road) to I-295 / N.J. Turnpike / US 40 Delaware Memorial Bridge |  |
| | Salem | 9.05 | 14.56 |
Route 45 north (Market Street) Woodstown, Camden | Southern terminus of Route 45 |
| | Quinton Township | 12.44 | 20.02 |
CR 581 north (Quinton Alloway Road) Alloway | Southern terminus of CR 581 |
| Cumberland | Bridgeton | 25.58 | 41.17 |
Route 77 north (Pearl Street) Mullica Hill | Southern terminus of Route 77 |
| | Fairfield Township | 28.31 | 45.56 | CR 553 (Gouldtown-Woodruff Road) – Woodruff, Fairton |  |
| | Millville | 36.13 | 58.15 |
CR 555 south (Cedar Street) | West end of CR 555 overlap |
| | 36.40 | 58.58 | Route 47 (Second Street) Vineland, Port Elizabeth |  |
| | 36.48 | 58.71 |
CR 555 north (Third Street) Vineland | East end of CR 555 overlap |
| | 37.84 | 60.90 | Route 55 Vineland, Wildwood, Cape May | Route 55 exit 24 |
| Atlantic
 | No major junctions | | | | | | | |
| Cape May | Upper Township | 50.31 | 80.97 |
CR 548 west (Tuckahoe Road) Port Elizabeth | Eastern terminus of CR 548 |
| | | 53.80 | 86.58 | Route 50 / CR 557 Mays Landing, Sea Isle City, Ocean City, Cape May | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/New Jersey Route 49KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Route 49 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by NJDOT | |
| Length | 53.80 mi (86.58 km) |
| Existed | 1927–present |
| Tourist
routes | Bayshore Heritage Byway
Pine Barrens Byway |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | I-295 / N.J. Turnpike / US 40 / US 130 in Pennsville Township |
| Major intersections | Route 45 in Salem
Route 77 in Bridgeton
Route 47 in Millville
Route 55 in Millville |
| East end | Route 50 / CR 557 in Upper Township |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Jersey |
| Counties | Salem, Cumberland, Atlantic, Cape May |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 48   Route 50 | |