title: Mouse Menace

abstract: Mouse Menace is a 1946 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes animated short film directed by Arthur Davis. The short was released on November 2, 1946, and stars Porky Pig.

text:
# Mouse Menace

***Mouse Menace*** is a 1946 Warner Bros. *Looney Tunes* animated short film directed by Arthur Davis. The short was released on November 2, 1946, and stars Porky Pig.

## Plot

A persistent mouse incursion into Porky Pig's household sets the stage for a series of misadventures. Despite Porky's initial attempts to eliminate the mouse proving fruitless, including enlisting the aid of a feline and even a mountain lion, each endeavor ends in calamity.

Undeterred, Porky escalates his efforts by constructing a robotic cat, hoping to outwit the elusive rodent. However, the mouse proves to be a cunning adversary, deploying various traps and tactics to thwart the mechanical feline's advances. Despite enduring numerous hazards, including explosions and flamethrowers, the robotic cat valiantly persists in its mission.

Ultimately, the mouse engineers its own explosive countermeasure, obliterating Porky's residence in the process. Surprisingly, Porky expresses relief at the apparent resolution of the pest problem, only to be met with the mouse's enigmatic reappearance and the cryptic remark, "Shall I tell him?"

1. Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). *Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons*. Henry Holt and Co. p. 172. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2.
2. Lenburg, Jeff (1999). *The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons*. Checkmark Books. pp. 124–126. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020.

## InfoBox

| Mouse Menace | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Arthur Davis |
| Story by | George Hill |
| Produced by | Edward Selzer |
| Starring | Mel Blanc |
| Music by | Carl Stalling |
| Animation by | Manny Gould
Don Williams
Cal Dalton
A.C. Gamer |
| Layouts by | Thomas McKimson |
| Backgrounds by | Philip DeGuard |
| Color process | Technicolor |
| Production
company | Warner Bros. Cartoons |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Pictures |
| Release date | * November 2, 1946 (1946-11-02) |
| Running time | 7:01 |
| Language | English |


title: Fila

abstract: Fila is a South Korean-owned athleisure brand headquartered in Seoul. The company was originally founded by Ettore and Giansevero Fila in 1911 in Coggiola, near Biella, Italy. Fila Korea acquired the brand in 2007 and launched its initial public offering (IPO) on the Korea Exchange in September 2010. Fila Holdings owns golf equipment maker Acushnet Company. Fila Holdings' largest shareholders include Piemonte Co., Ltd at around 20%, Fila Holdings at 20%, and South Korea's National Pension Service at around 13%. Gene Yoon, who owns a 75% stake in Piemonte, serves as the chairman of Fila Holdings. The chief executive officer is Yoon Keun-chang.

text:
# Fila

**Fila** (Italian: *Fee-lah*; Korean: 휠라; RR: *hwilla*) is a South Korean-owned athleisure brand headquartered in Seoul. The company was originally founded by Ettore and Giansevero Fila in 1911 in Coggiola, near Biella, Italy. Fila Korea acquired the brand in 2007 and launched its initial public offering (IPO) on the Korea Exchange in September 2010.

Fila Holdings owns golf equipment maker Acushnet Company. Fila Holdings' largest shareholders include Piemonte Co., Ltd at around 20%, Fila Holdings at 20%, and South Korea's National Pension Service at around 13%. Gene Yoon (Yoon Yoon-su), who owns a 75% stake in Piemonte, serves as the chairman of Fila Holdings. The chief executive officer is Yoon Keun-chang.

## History

In 1906, brothers Ettore and Giansevero Fila joined the Giuseppe Regis and Figli di Coggiola wool mill in Biella, Piedmont, Italy. In 1911, the Regis brothers withdrew from the company and the wool mill took the name Fratelli Fila S.p.A. Fila was officially established in 1923. It originally made clothing for the people of the Italian Alps, primarily underwear. In the 1970s it moved into sportswear, with an endorsement deal with tennis player Björn Borg, and the brand became more popular after the transition.

In 1988, Fila changed ownership from Italian chemical company SNIA S.p.A. to Fiat-controlled holding company Gemina, later restructured as Holding di Partecipazioni. In 1991, Fila shifted focus from clothing in Europe to footwear in the US, and completed a buyout of its US license. High-profile sponsorships, including basketball players Grant Hill and Jerry Stackhouse, helped make Fila America's fastest-growing footwear brand by 1995.

In 2003, Holding di Partecipazioni sold the company to Cerberus Capital Management, a US-based hedge fund, after the company over-committed itself to expensive athletic endorsements at a time when margins were under pressure. Cerberus owned Fila through holding company Sports Brands International, which owned and operated all Fila businesses around the world with the exception of Fila Korea, which was a separate company operating the brand under license. In January 2007, the brand and all its international subsidiaries were acquired by Fila Korea.

In 2009, Anta Sports acquired the rights to the brand in China, Hong Kong, and Macao from then Fila company's Chinese joint venture partner Belle International. Fila Korea still owned 15% shares of the joint venture company "Full Prospect".

In September 2010, Fila Korea Ltd. launched its initial public offering on the Korea Exchange. In May 2011, it acquired global golf equipment maker Acushnet Company, becoming the new owner of golf brands such as Titleist and FootJoy, for $1.23 billion.

## Sourcing concerns

In March 2021, Fila China stated that it would continue to source cotton from Xinjiang despite public criticism that such cotton had been produced with forced Uyghur labor in the region.

## InfoBox

Fila Holdings Corp.
|
|  |
|
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | KRX: 081660 |
| Founded | 1911 (1911) in Biella, Italy |
| Founder | * Ettore Fila * Giansevero Fila |
| Headquarters | Seoul, South Korea (since 2007) |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Gene Yoon (chairman) |
| Products | Athletic shoes and clothing, sports equipment |
| Parent | Fila Korea Ltd. |
| Subsidiaries | Acushnet Company |
| Website | fila.com |


title: Mr. Money with the Vibe

abstract: Mr. Money with the Vibe is the debut studio album by Nigerian singer Asake, following his signing with YBNL Nation in February 2022. It was released on 7 September 2022 through Empire Distribution. The album comprises 12 tracks, which were all produced by Magicsticks and plugged by Olaitan. The album features two guest appearances from Russ and Burna Boy. Two other tracks which have been previously released as singles from the album are "Peace Be Unto You (PBUY)" and "Terminator" which were released in June 2022 and August 2022 respectively. This album release is a follow-up to his extended play Ololade Asake which was released in February 2022 immediately after being signed by Olamide to YBNL. Following the album's release, it peaked at number 66 on the Billboard 200 chart in September 2022.

text:
# Mr. Money with the Vibe

***Mr. Money with the Vibe*** is the debut studio album by Nigerian singer Asake, following his signing with YBNL Nation in February 2022. It was released on 7 September 2022 through Empire Distribution. The album comprises 12 tracks, which were all produced by Magicsticks and plugged by Olaitan. The album features two guest appearances from Russ and Burna Boy. Two other tracks which have been previously released as singles from the album are "Peace Be Unto You (PBUY)" and "Terminator" which were released in June 2022 and August 2022 respectively. This album release is a follow-up to his extended play *Ololade Asake* which was released in February 2022 immediately after being signed by Olamide to YBNL. Following the album's release, it peaked at number 66 on the *Billboard* 200 chart in September 2022.

## Background

Prior to the release of this studio album, Asake had been quite active in the Nigerian music industry for some time, having released singles like "Body", "Yan Yan", "Don't Hype Me", "My Lady", and "Mr Money" among other singles. But he broke into prominence when Olamide, who he credits as having a pivotal role in his success and also the owner of YBNL Nation, got exposed to the artiste and recorded a verse on Asake's "Omo Ope" which was an unreleased track as at the time. Not long after, Asake got signed under YBNL which comes with a distribution partnership with Empire and the song was released to the public 19 January 2022. As a follow-up to the released single, he consequently released an Extended Play titled "Ololade Asake" on 17 February 2022 with four tracks; "Baba God", "Trabaye", "Sungba" and the already released "Omo Ope", All songs and video was plugged by Olaitan. The songwriter has been on an unprecedented run in 2022. Aside from the previously mentioned tracks, Asake also released another track titled "Palazzo" with DJ Spinall, which had listeners from all around the world as well as featuring on the track "Bandana" from his label mate Fireboy's album *Playboy*.

## Reception and performance

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Pulse Nigeria* | 8.8/10 |
| *AfroCritik* | 7/10 |

The album which has been in high anticipation amongst fans, considering his impressive run since he got signed officially into the music industry has fueled the project to achieve some feats and records within and outside Nigeria. 'Mr. Money With The Vibe' set a new record on Apple Music after becoming the African album with the most first day streams as well as the most opening three-day streams. This debut album also became the first African album to have all its tracks occupy the top 10 spots on Apple Music Nigeria Top 100 since the project release 8 September up until 15 September 2022 when Wizkid's "Bad to Me" dropped and claimed the number one spot. In less than 48 hours, "Organise", a track from the album reclaimed the number one spot and continued the run with eight other tracks in the top 10 chart. It also recorded the biggest debut week for any album on Audiomack since TurnTable Charts began tracking in July 2020.

Upon the album release, it reached Number One on the Top Albums Chart in 31 countries worldwide, including Nigeria, the UK and Ireland. Songs from *Mr. Money with the Vibe* album reached the Daily Top 100 in 60 countries worldwide, including 26 where they reached the top 10. Songs off the album also reached Number One in 14 countries worldwide.

*Mr. Money with the Vibe* scored a debut on the UK Albums Chart entering at number 22. This followed its impressive first week in the United Kingdom which makes it the first Nigerian album to debut on the chart. This project also peaked at number one in 26 countries on Apple Music Album Chart including 6 European countries.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Ahmed Ololade, except where noted

*Mr. Money with the Vibe* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Dull" |  | 1:40 |
| 2. | "Terminator" |  | 2:36 |
| 3. | "Organize" |  | 2:04 |
| 4. | "Peace Be Unto You (PBUY)" |  | 2:33 |
| 5. | "Dupe" |  | 2:43 |
| 6. | "Muse" |  | 1:57 |
| 7. | "Joha" |  | 2:28 |
| 8. | "Nzaza" |  | 3:04 |
| 9. | "Ototo" |  | 2:37 |
| 10. | "Reason" (featuring Russ) |  | 2:12 |
| 11. | "Sunmomi" |  | 2:49 |
| 12. | "Sungba (Remix)" (featuring Burna Boy) |  | 3:30 |
| Total length: | | | 30:14 |

## Charts

Chart performance for *Mr. Money with the Vibe*
| Chart (2022) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Nigerian Albums (*TurnTable*) | 1 |
| Nigerian Street-Pop Albums (*TurnTable*) | 1 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 22 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 66 |

## Certifications

Certifications for "Mr. Money with the Vibe"
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Mr. Money with the Vibe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Asake | |
| Released | 7 September 2022 (2022-09-07) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 30:14 |
| Language |  |
| Label |  |
| Producer | Magicsticks |
| Asake chronology | |
| *Ololade Asake*
(2022) ***Mr. Money with the Vibe***
(2022) *Work of Art*
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Mr. Money with the Vibe* | |
| 1. "Sungba (Remix)"
Released: 27 March 2022 2. "Peace Be Unto You"
Released: 17 June 2022 3. "Terminator"
Released: 16 August 2022 | |
|  | |


title: Mr Galloway Goes to Washington

abstract: Mr Galloway Goes to Washington: the Brit who set Congress straight about Iraq is a 2005 book by British politician George Galloway. The book concerned the actions of the United States in invading Iraq, the fallout and Galloway's 2005 appearance before the US senate.

text:
# Mr Galloway Goes to Washington

***Mr Galloway Goes to Washington: the Brit who set Congress straight about Iraq*** is a 2005 book by British politician George Galloway. The book concerned the actions of the United States in invading Iraq, the fallout and Galloway's 2005 appearance before the US senate.

## Background

Galloway was a fierce opponent of the Invasion of Iraq, and was expelled from the Labour Party over a number of controversial comments. He subsequently became a leading member of the Respect Party and won the Bethnal Green and Bow constituency in the 2005 United Kingdom general election. The Republican Party (US)-controlled Senate made a number of allegations that Galloway received personal benefits from Saddam Hussein. Galloway comparatively answers the allegations in the Senate committee. The book was published by The New Press.

## InfoBox

Mr Galloway Goes to Washington: the Brit who set Congress straight about Iraq
| Paperback edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | George Galloway MP |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Invasion of Iraq, British politics, American politics, Foreign relations |
| Published | London |
| Publisher | New Press |
| Publication date | 2005 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Pages | 132 |
| ISBN | 159558062X |
| Dewey Decimal | 956.704431 |


title: Mrčići

abstract: Mrčići is a village in the municipality of Kosjerić, western Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 297 people.

text:
# Mrčići

**Mrčići** is a village in the municipality of Kosjerić, western Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 297 people.

44°05′N 19°53′E / 44.083°N 19.883°E / 44.083; 19.883

## InfoBox

| Mrčići | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Mrčići | |
| Coordinates: 44°05′N 19°53′E / 44.083°N 19.883°E / 44.083; 19.883 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Zlatibor District |
| Municipality | Kosjerić |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 297 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Mrčić

abstract: Mrčić is a village in the municipality of Valjevo, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 192 people.

text:
# Mrčić

**Mrčić** is a village in the municipality of Valjevo, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 192 people.

44°5′N 19°53′E / 44.083°N 19.883°E / 44.083; 19.883

## InfoBox

| Mrčić | |
| --- | --- |
| Village (Selo) | |
| Mrčić | |
| Coordinates: 44°5′N 19°53′E / 44.083°N 19.883°E / 44.083; 19.883 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Kolubara District |
| Municipality | Valjevo |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 192 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Wolgastsee

abstract: Wolgastsee is a lake in Usedom, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. At an elevation of -0.6 m, its surface area is 0.47 km⁲.

text:
# Wolgastsee

**Wolgastsee** is a lake in Usedom, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. At an elevation of -0.6 m, its surface area is 0.47 km2.

* Nixdorf, B.; et al. (2004), "Wolgastsee", *Dokumentation von Zustand und Entwicklung der wichtigsten Seen Deutschlands* (in German), Berlin: Umweltbundesamt, p. 317

## InfoBox

| Wolgastsee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Wolgastsee | |
| Location | Usedom, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern |
| Coordinates | 53°55′1″N 14°10′36″E / 53.91694°N 14.17667°E / 53.91694; 14.17667 |
| Basin countries | Germany |
|  | |
| Surface area | 47 ha (120 acres) |
| Average depth | 4.1 m (13 ft) |
| Max. depth | 7.5 m (25 ft) |
| Surface elevation | −0.6 m (−2.0 ft) |


abstract: Mozambique competed at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July.

text:
# Mozambique at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships

**Mozambique** competed at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July.

## Swimming

Mozambique entered three swimmers.

Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Erico Cuna | 50 m freestyle | 24.60 | 84 | did not advance | | | |
| | 50 m butterfly | 25.40 | 61 | did not advance | | | |
| Igor Mogne | 200 m freestyle | 1:52.19 | 48 | did not advance | | | |
| | 400 m freestyle | 3:54.90 | 29 |  | did not advance | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Domingas Munhemeze | 50 m freestyle | 30.98 | 87 | did not advance | | | |
| | 50 m butterfly | 34.53 | 61 | did not advance | | | |

## InfoBox

| Mozambique at the<br>2019 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Mozambique | |
| FINA code | MOZ |
| National federation | Federação Moçambicana de Natação |
| in Gwangju, South Korea | |
| Competitors | 3 in 1 sport |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| World Aquatics Championships appearances | |
|  | |


title: Woolbeding

abstract: Woolbeding is a village and ecclesiastical parish in the District of Chichester in West Sussex, England, 1 mile (1.6 km) north-west of Midhurst and north of the River Rother and A272 road. The civil parish of Woolbeding with Redford has a land area of 1,801 acres (729 ha). The 2001 census recorded 158 people living in 70 households, of whom 83 were economically active.

text:
# Woolbeding

**Woolbeding** is a village and ecclesiastical parish in the District of Chichester in West Sussex, England, 1 mile (1.6 km) north-west of Midhurst and north of the River Rother and A272 road.

The civil parish of **Woolbeding with Redford** has a land area of 1,801 acres (729 ha). The 2001 census recorded 158 people living in 70 households, of whom 83 were economically active.

## History

Woolbeding was listed in the Domesday Book (1086) in the ancient hundred of Easebourne as having 24 households: 14 villagers, 5 smallholders and five slaves; with woodland, ploughing land, meadows, a mill and church, it had a value to the lord of the manor of £6.

Woolbeding Bridge across the River Rother is a medieval one, with three arches and two cutwaters.

The large 18th century country house, Woolbeding House, is a Grade I listed building. It was the home of the late Simon Sainsbury of the Sainsbury supermarket family.

The National Trust owns the Woolbeding Estate, which includes Woolbeding and Pound Commons which are Sites of Special Scientific Interest.

Telegraph Hill, 1 mile (1.6 km) from Woolbeding, was the site of a station on the semaphore line from London to Portsmouth which operated from 1822 to 1847. It was previously called "Holder" or "Older" Hill.

In 1861, the parish's area was 2,253 acres (912 ha), with a population of 338.

## Parish church

All Hallows parish church is a Grade I listed building. The oldest parts of the church are Saxon. The tower is small, with eight short pinnacles in a vaguely medieval style. It was built in 1728 but it has lancet windows that look like re-used Saxon or Norman ones. The present chancel is Gothic Revival and was built in 1870 but the nave has tall Anglo-Saxon proportions, with plain pilasters from ground to roof, and a blocked doorway. There are more pilasters on the north wall, including a truncated one with traces of a filled-in window above it. The quoins are of large stones. These features suggest a Saxon date for the main body of the church.

Inside the church is a wall monument to Lady Dame Margaret Mill, wife of Sir Richard Mill of Woolbeding, daughter of Robert Knollys, Esq., of "Grove Place, Co. Southampton", died 1744, aged 56. The coat of arms shown is *Per fesse Argent and Sable, a pale, and three bears salient, two and one, counterchanged, muzzled and chained Or*, impaling *Gules, on a chevron Argent three roses of the field, a canton Argent* (recte: *Ermine* ).

Next to a wall that separates the churchyard from the grounds of the manor house is a miniature mausoleum with Tuscan columns and square pilasters, with a frieze of military trophies such as pikes, rifles, cannon, battleaxes, drums and a helmet. There is a line of ancient yew trees near the church.

## Woolbeding poets

The English Romantic poet Charlotte Turner Smith lived at Woolbeding House in the mid-1780s.

Two poets grew up in the parish, each the son of a Rector of All Hallows parish, but in different centuries: Thomas Otway (1652-1685) and Francis William Bourdillon (1852-1921); whose father was Rector from 1855 to 1875.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Woolbeding | |
| --- | --- |
| All Hallows Church | |
| WoolbedingLocation within West Sussex | |
| Area | 7.29 km2 (2.81 sq mi) |
| Population | 147. 2011 Census |
| Density | 22/km2 (57/sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | SU872228 |
| London | 44 miles (71 km) NE |
| Civil parish | * Woolbeding with Redford |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Midhurst |
| Postcode district | GU29 |
| Dialling code | 01730 |
|  | |
| Police | Sussex |
| Fire | West Sussex |
| Ambulance | South East Coast |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Les Sinton

abstract: Leslie Wanford Sinton was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Gateshead as an outside right.

text:
# Les Sinton

**Leslie Wanford Sinton** was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Gateshead as an outside right.

## InfoBox

Les Sinton
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Leslie Wanford Sinton | | |
| Date of birth | (1915-12-30)30 December 1915 | | |
| Place of birth | Newcastle upon Tyne, England | | |
| Position(s) | Outside right | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1937–1938 | Brentford | 0 | (0) |
| 1938 | Gateshead | 3 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Wesley Seminary

abstract: Wesley Seminary is an evangelical Christian theological seminary that was founded by the Wesleyan Church denomination and Indiana Wesleyan University (IWU). Wesley Seminary is located on Indiana Wesleyan University's main campus in Marion, Indiana.

text:
# Wesley Seminary

**Wesley Seminary** is an evangelical Christian theological seminary that was founded by the Wesleyan Church denomination and Indiana Wesleyan University (IWU). Wesley Seminary is located on Indiana Wesleyan University's main campus in Marion, Indiana.

## History

In 2008, IWU administrators and the board of trustees endorsed the concept of the seminary and set aside funding for the potential program. On April 3, 2009 the board of trustees unanimously approved the proposal after the seminary was accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. The seminary opened for the fall 2009 semester. On June 20, 2012 Wesley Seminary was admitted as an Associate Member of the Association of Theological Schools. On October 2, 2009, during IWU's Homecoming Chapel, university president Dr. Henry Smith announced that the board of trustees had officially voted to name the seminary Wesley Seminary at Indiana Wesleyan University and had chosen Dr. Wayne Schmidt to be the seminary's first Vice President.

Wesley Seminary has completed construction of its seminary on the IWU campus in Marion, Indiana in part through a donation from the Green family, owners of the Hobby Lobby corporation. On April 12, 2012, the cornerstone for the new $7 million Wesley Seminary building was laid and the facility was completed in 2013. Wesley Seminary is the first officially affiliated seminary in the history of the Wesleyan Church, which does not currently require pastors to hold a seminary degree for ordination. Currently, only about 15 percent of Wesleyan pastors have seminary degrees. Denominational leaders hope the creation of Wesley Seminary will double that number. Wesley Seminary ranks in size within the top 10 percent of the Association of Theological Schools’ accredited seminaries. Wesley Seminary currently employs 11 full-time faculty, 10 administrative staff members, and 3 executive administrators.

Wesley Seminary launched a Doctor of Ministry program in 2016. The first cohort began in June, when students traveled to Atlanta to learn about the foundations of urban, rural, and suburban leadership from nationally acclaimed pastors and Christian leaders. Subsequent cohorts in 2017 and 2018 focused on preaching and spiritual formation, respectively.

In June 2016, Wesley Seminary Vice President Wayne Schmidt accepted the position of General Superintendent of the Wesleyan Church. As a result, Jo Anne Lyon was named Interim Vice President of Wesley Seminary. In May 2017, Associate Professor of Congregational Formation Rev. Colleen Derr was appointed President of Wesley Seminary and sits on the Executive Council of Indiana Wesleyan University as an Executive Vice President.

## Accreditation

Wesley Seminary is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. It also received accreditation from the Association of Theological Schools in 2014.

## Academics

The seminary offers a Master of Divinity degree program, along with other graduate theology degrees, offered in on-site and online formats.

* Master of Divinity (M.Div.)
* Master of Arts in Ministry (M.A.) with six specialization options
* Master of Practical Theology
* Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.) with three specializations

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

Wesley Seminary at Indiana Wesleyan University
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2009 |
| Affiliation | Wesleyan Church |
| President | Colleen Derr |
| Dean | Abson Joseph |
| Academic staff | 14 |
| Administrative staff | 5 |
| Students | 535 |
| Location | Marion, IN, USA<br>40°31′00″N 85°40′10″W / 40.516545°N 85.669430°W / 40.516545; -85.669430 |
| Website | seminary.indwes.edu |


title: West Boulevard

abstract: West Boulevard is a neighborhood on the West Side of Cleveland, Ohio. It borders the suburbs of Brooklyn and Linndale to the south, Interstate 90 and the neighborhoods of Cudell and Detroit–Shoreway to the north, Stockyards to the east, and Jefferson to the west. Its name is derived "from the West Blvd. thoroughfare which runs north-south through the district’s center." The principal portion of the neighborhood was incorporated into Cleveland in 1902 as part of Linndale. One year later, Cleveland annexed the majority of the land as what is now known as the West Boulevard neighborhood. West Boulevard has been historically home to a mixed population of Hungarians, Czechs, and Germans, and in recent years, it has also been home to a growing Hispanic community. As of 2019, the neighborhood had an estimated foreign-born population of 18.5%, with most being immigrants from Latin America and Vietnam. Notable neighborhood attractions include the St. Ignatius of Antioch Catholic Church, completed in 1903, and Ray's MTB Indoor Park, the world's first multi-terrain indoor bike park.

text:
# West Boulevard

**West Boulevard** is a neighborhood on the West Side of Cleveland, Ohio. It borders the suburbs of Brooklyn and Linndale to the south, Interstate 90 and the neighborhoods of Cudell and Detroit–Shoreway to the north, Stockyards to the east, and Jefferson to the west. Its name is derived "from the West Blvd. thoroughfare which runs north-south through the district’s center."

The principal portion of the neighborhood was incorporated into Cleveland in 1902 as part of Linndale. One year later, Cleveland annexed the majority of the land as what is now known as the West Boulevard neighborhood.

West Boulevard has been historically home to a mixed population of Hungarians, Czechs, and Germans, and in recent years, it has also been home to a growing Hispanic community. As of 2019, the neighborhood had an estimated foreign-born population of 18.5%, with most being immigrants from Latin America (especially El Salvador and Mexico) and Vietnam.

Notable neighborhood attractions include the **St. Ignatius of Antioch Catholic Church**, completed in 1903, and Ray's MTB Indoor Park, the world's first multi-terrain indoor bike park.

41°27′32″N 81°45′18″W / 41.459°N 81.755°W / 41.459; -81.755

## InfoBox

| West Boulevard | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Cleveland | |
| Lorain Station Historic District in West Boulevard | |
|  | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| County | Cuyahoga County |
| City | Cleveland |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 19,737 |
| Demographics | |
| White | 55.5% |
| Black | 23.8% |
| Hispanic (of any race) | 27.5% |
| Asian and Pacific Islander | 3.2% |
| Mixed and Other | 17.5% |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 216 |
| Median income | 33,784 |
| Source: 2020 U.S. Census | |


title: Mirante

abstract: Mirante is a municipality in the state of Bahia in Brazil. The population is 8,447 in an area of 1173 km⁲.

text:
# Mirante

**Mirante** is a municipality in the state of Bahia in Brazil. The population is 8,447 (2020 est.) in an area of 1173 km2.

## InfoBox

| Mirante | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Location in Bahia state | |
| MiranteLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 14°14′31″S 40°46′22″W / 14.24194°S 40.77278°W / -14.24194; -40.77278 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Northeast |
| State | Bahia |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,173 km2 (453 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 8,447 |
| Density | 7.2/km2 (19/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Westerwälder Dom

abstract: Westerwälder Dom is the common name of the church St. Bonifatius in Wirges in the Westerwald region, Germany. It was built in Gothic revival style from 1885 to 1887. It has been called Westerwälder Dom from 1902.

text:
# Westerwälder Dom

**Westerwälder Dom** is the common name of the church **St. Bonifatius** in Wirges in the Westerwald region, Germany. It was built in Gothic revival style from 1885 to 1887. It has been called Westerwälder Dom from 1902.

## History

The church is the third church building in Wirges, all dedicated to St. Boniface. The congregation outgrew every former building. When a new building was planned, alternatives were to build it on the graveyard, expanding the old church, or to build a new church on a larger property in the west of town. In 1878, when the bishop of Limburg was banned, the *Kirchenvorstand* commissioned an expansion of the church without waiting for consent from the diocese, and works for started, intending to use the expansion as a first stage for a rebuilding. The tower was demolished as unsafe, against protests from the population who wanted to protect it as an "unersetzliches Kunstwerk" (irreplaceable work of art).

In 1883, Baumeister Büchling was requested to supply plans for a completely new building. After the Limburg office was working again, they commissioned architect Max Meckel from Frankfurt to supply an alternative design for a Gothic revival church with three naves. The old church was demolished, leaving only the columns of the central nave. The new church was connected to the expansion building and the new tower. It was consecrated on 20 August 1887 by Bishop Karl Klein, who promoted Meckel to cathedral builder (*Diözesanbaumeister*) at the same time.

## Literature

* Kath. Kirchengemeinde St. Bonifatius Wirges: *Festbuch anlässlich der 100-Jahrfeier der Pfarrkirche St. Bonifatius Wirges*. Wirges, 1987.
* Kath. Kirchengemeinde St. Bonifatius Wirges: *St. Bonifatius Wirges*. Wirges, 1989.

## InfoBox

| Westerwälder Dom | |
| --- | --- |
| Westerwälder Dom St. Bonifatius | |
| Westerwälder DomWesterwälder Dom | |
| 50°28′22″N 7°48′04″E / 50.4729°N 7.8012°E / 50.4729; 7.8012 | |
| Location | Wirges, Rhineland-Palatine |
| Country | Germany |
| Denomination | Catholic |
| Website | st-bonifatius-wirges.bistumlimburg.de |
| History | |
| Status | Parish church |
| Dedication | St. Boniface |
| Consecrated | 1887 (1887) |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Active |
| Architect(s) | Max Meckel |
| Administration | |
| Province | Cologne |
| Diocese | Limburg |


title: Westerway, Tasmania

abstract: Westerway is a rural locality in the local government areas (LGA) of Central Highlands and Derwent Valley in the Central and South-east LGA regions of Tasmania. The locality is about 29 kilometres (18 mi) north-west of the town of New Norfolk. The 2016 census has a population of 225 for the state suburb of Westerway.

text:
# Westerway, Tasmania

**Westerway** is a rural locality in the local government areas (LGA) of Central Highlands and Derwent Valley in the Central and South-east LGA regions of Tasmania. The locality is about 29 kilometres (18 mi) north-west of the town of New Norfolk. The 2016 census has a population of 225 for the state suburb of Westerway.

## History

Westerway was originally known as Russell or Russelldale and was named after surgeon J J Russell, one of the party who discovered a set of waterfalls 3 km from Fenton Forest. (These are not the present day Russell Falls.) The Derwent Valley Railway line reached the town in 1909. Russell Post Office opened on 1 October 1910 and was renamed *Westerway* in 1919.

Due to confusion between the town of Russell and Russell Falls further up the road, the town's name was changed in 1919 to Westerway. It was named by, and after, W H Westerway (1851–1930), the main resident of the town who was responsible for many developments in the area. He built an accommodation house and store where Coniston siding is now, owned the Coffee Palace at Glenora and started a livery business driving tourists to Russell Falls.

Westerway School opened in 1920 with thirty-six students. From 1920 to 1960 there was a bakery and, from 1947 to 1970, a police station. At the time of the 1934 bushfires, the original Westerway Hall became a temporary hospital and in 1939 a recruitment office for enlistees. That hall was pulled down and rebuilt in 1940. The present hall replaced the 1940 hall after it burnt down.

Westerway railway station was important as it was the starting point for the pack horse journey to the long abandoned Adamsfield osmiridium mine. As the timber industry became more important to the area, a sawmill was built and the number of timber mills in the area increased and the train line was used to transport logs to Boyer and Hobart. The Derwent Valley Railway was, until recently, used by tourists to visit the area.

Westerway was gazetted as a locality in 1959.

## Geography

The Tyenna River flows through from west to east.

## Road infrastructure

Route B91 (Gordon River Road) passes through from east to west. Route C608 (Ellendale Road) starts at an intersection with B91 and runs north-west until it exits.

## InfoBox

| Westerway<br>Tasmania | |
| --- | --- |
| Westerway | |
| Coordinates | 42°41′S 146°47′E / 42.683°S 146.783°E / -42.683; 146.783 |
| Population | 225 (2016 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 7140 |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Central Highlands, Derwent Valley |
| Region | Central, South-east |
| State electorate(s) | Lyons |
| Federal division(s) | Lyons |
| **Localities around Westerway:**  Fentonbury Fentonbury, Meadowbank Meadowbank  National Park, Fentonbury Westerway Glenora, Bushy Park, Meadowbank  National Park, Styx Styx, Uxbridge Uxbridge | |


title: Whale Island, Hampshire

abstract: Whale Island is a small island in Portsmouth Harbour, close by Portsea Island. It is home to HMS Excellent, the oldest shore training establishment within the Royal Navy, and the location of the Navy Command Headquarters. The island is linked to Portsea Island and thence to the mainland by road bridges.

text:
# Whale Island, Hampshire

class=notpageimage|Whale Island shown within Hampshire

**Whale Island** is a small island in Portsmouth Harbour, close by Portsea Island. It is home to HMS *Excellent*, the oldest shore training establishment within the Royal Navy, and the location of the Navy Command Headquarters. The island is linked to Portsea Island and thence to the mainland by road bridges.

## Early history

Ordnance Survey maps of Portsmouth Harbour from 1862 show Whale Island as a narrow strip: its east-to-west dimensions were similar to present times, but north to south it measured only tens of yards. To its northwest was Little Whale Island. Modern Whale Island is predominantly reclaimed land, using the deposits dredged from Portsmouth harbour during the 19th century, increasing the land area by about 125%. It was constructed with the help of the many prisoners taken in the Napoleonic Wars.

## Expansion

During 1867 a viaduct was constructed from the north wall of the dockyard to the south-east corner of Big Whale Island which allowed spoil to be moved from dredging the docks (part of the expansion of HMNB Portsmouth), reclaiming the land between Big Whale Island and Little Whale Island, forming the basis of the island as it is today.

The railway which ran on the viaduct was extended around the island to help with the distribution of the spoil and much of the track is still present today, buried under the roads. Manual construction work was mostly undertaken by convicts; a favourable assignment because of the extra food.

By 1885 the island had five rifle ranges, but three of these were soon decommissioned to make room for the Gun Drill Battery and Drill Ground (today this is the Summer Parade Ground).

Photos on display in Whale Island Quarterdeck (constructed 1888) show that a footbridge to Stamshaw, Portsea Island, was added sometime before 1898 (incorporating a swing-bridge). A small road-bridge now joins the islands at the same point.

From September 1916, the island was home to the Anti-Aircraft Experimental Section.

Before World War II Whale Island was home to a zoo which gave a home to several animals presented to British representatives by friendly countries.

## Ceremony

The gun carriage that carries the coffin in British state funerals is maintained on Whale Island.

## Visiting

HMS *Excellent* is an active naval base so it is not open to the general public, but there are occasional open days and prospective visitors are advised to contact the base.

50°49′N 1°06′W / 50.817°N 1.100°W / 50.817; -1.100


title: Minor campaigns of 1815

text:
# Minor campaigns of 1815

On 1 March 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte escaped from his imprisonment on the isle of Elba, and launched a bid to recover his empire. A confederation of European powers pledged to stop him. During the period known as the Hundred Days Napoleon chose to confront the armies of Prince Blücher and the Duke of Wellington in what has become known as the Waterloo Campaign. He was decisively defeated by the two allied armies at the Battle of Waterloo, which then marched on Paris forcing Napoleon to abdicate for the second time. However Russia, Austria and some of the minor German states also fielded armies against him and all of them also invaded France. Of these other armies the ones engaged in the largest campaigns and saw the most fighting were two Austrian armies: The Army of the Upper Rhine and the Army of Italy.

The Battle of Waterloo, followed as it was by the advance of the armies of Blücher and Wellington upon Paris, was so decisive in its effects, and so comprehensive in its results, that the great object of the War — the destruction of the power of Napoleon Bonaparte and the restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty under King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 — was attained while the armies of the Upper Rhine and of Italy were but commencing their invasion of the French territory. Had the successes attendant upon the exertions of Blücher and Wellington assumed a less decisive character, and, more especially, had reverses taken the place of those successes; the operations of the Armies advancing from the Rhine and across the Alps would have acquired an immense importance in the history of the war: but the brilliant course of events in the north of France materially diminished the interest excited by the military transactions in other parts of France. The operations of the Confederation armies which invaded France along her eastern and south eastern frontier; afford a clear proof that amongst the more immediate consequences of the decisive Battle of Waterloo and speedy capture of Paris, was their having been the means of averting the more general and protracted warfare which would probably have taken place on these frontiers, had a different result in Belgium emboldened the French to act with vigour and effect a stronger defence of these parts of France.

## French deployments

Upon assumption of the throne, Napoleon found that he was left with little by the Bourbons and that the state of the Army was 56,000 troops of which 46,000 were ready to campaign. By the end of May the total armed forces available to Napoleon had reached 198,000 with 66,000 more in depots training up but not yet ready for deployment.

By the end of May Napoleon had deployed his forces as follows:

The preceding corps were to be formed into *L'Armée du Nord* (the "Army of the North") and led by Napoleon Bonaparte would participate in the Waterloo Campaign. For the defence of France, Bonaparte deployed his remaining forces within France observing France's enemies, foreign and domestic, intending to delay the former and suppress the latter. By June they were organised as follows:

More troops guarded the south east frontier from Basel to Nice, and covered Lyons:

* VII Corps*Armée des Alpes* (Suchet); based at Lyon, this army was charged with the defence of Lyon and to observe the Austro-Sardinian army of Frimont, with a strength of 42–46 guns and 13,000–23,500 men
* I Corps of Observation – *Armée du Jura* (Lecourbe); based at Belfort, this army was to observe any Austrian movement through Switzerland and also observe the Swiss army of General Bachmann. Its composition in June was 38 guns, and 5,392–8,400 men
* II Corps of Observation – *Armée du Var* (Brune): based at Toulon, with a strength of 10,000 men.

There were two other major deployments:

## Upper Rhine frontier

### Coalition order of battle

#### Army of the Upper Rhine (Austo-German Army)

The Austrian military contingent was divided into three armies. This was the largest of these armies, commanded by Field Marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg. Its target was Paris. This Austrian contingent was joined by those of the following nations of the German Confederation: Kingdom of Bavaria, Kingdom of Württemberg, Grand Duchy of Baden, Grand Duchy of Hesse (Hessen-Darmstadt), Free City of Frankfurt, Principality of Reuss Elder Line and the Principality of Reuss Junior Line. Besides these there were contingents of Fulda and Isenburg. These were recruited by the Austrians from German territories that were in the process of losing their independence by being annexed to other countries at the Congress of Vienna. Finally, these were joined by the contingents of the Kingdom of Saxony, Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen and the Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen. Its composition in June was:

| Corps | Commander | Men | Battalions | Squadrons | Batteries |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| I Corps | Master General of the Ordnance, Count Colloredo | 24,400 | 86 | 16 | 8 |
| II Corps | General Prince Hohenzollern-Hechingen | 34,360 | 36 | 86 | 11 |
| III Corps | Field Marshal the Crown Prince of Württemberg | 43,814 | 44 | 32 | 9 |
| IV Corps (Bavarian Army) | Field Marshal Prince Wrede | 67,040 | 46 | 66 | 16 |
| Austrian Reserve Corps | General der Kavallerie Archduke Österreich-Este | 44,800 | 38 | 86 | 10 |
| Blockade Corps |  | 33,314 | 38 | 8 | 6 |
| Saxon Corps |  | 16,774 | 18 | 10 | 6 |
| **Totals** |  | 264,492 | 246 | 844 | 66 |

#### Swiss army

This army was composed entirely of Swiss. The Swiss General Niklaus Franz von Bachmann commanded this army. This force was to observe any French forces that operated near its borders. Its composition in July was:

* I Division – Colonel von Gady
* II Division – Colonel Fuessly
* III Division – Colonel d'Affry
* Reserve Division – Colonel-Quartermaster Finsler

Total 37,000

### Planning

According to the general plan of operations projected by Prince Schwarzenberg, this army was to cross the Rhine in two columns. The right column, consisting of the III Corps, under Field Marshal the Crown Prince of Württemberg; and of the IV Corps, of the Bavarian Army, under Field Marshal Prince Wrede, was to cross the Rhine between Germersheim and Mannheim. The Left Column, consisting of the I Corps, under the Master General of the Ordnance, Count Colloredo, and of the II Corps, under General Prince Hohenzollern-Hechingen together with the Austrian Reserve Corps; the whole being commanded by General the Archduke Ferdinand, was to cross the Rhine between Basel and Rheinfelden. The column formed by the right wing was to be supported by the Russian Army, under Field Marshal Count Barclay de Tolly, which was expected to be collected at Kaiserslautern by 1 July. The object of the operations, in the first instance, was the concentration of the Army of the Upper Rhine and the Russian Army at Nancy.

### Start of the campaign

As soon as Prince Schwarzenberg was made acquainted with the commencement of hostilities in what is now Belgium, he gave his orders for the advance of his Army. The IV (Bavarian) Corps was directed immediately to cross the Sarre: and, by turning through the Vosges Mountains, to cut off the French V Corps under General Rapp, collected in the environs of Strasbourg, from its base of operations; and to intercept its communications with the interior of France.

A Russian Corps, under General Count Lambert, forming the advanced guard of the army of Count Barclay de Tolly, was attached to the IV (Bavarian) Corps of Prince Wrede; who was to employ it principally in keeping up the communication with the North German Corps under Prussian General von Hacke.

### Austrian right wing

#### Austrian IV Corps

On 19 June, the Bavarian Army crossed the Rhine at Mannheim and Oppenheim, and advanced towards the Sarre river. On 20 June there were some minor skirmishes between advanced posts near Landau and Dahn. On 23 June, the Austrian army having approached the Sarre, proceeded, in two columns, to take possession of the passages across the river at Saarbrücken and Sarreguemines.

The right column, under Lieutenant General Count Beckers, attacked Saarbrücken, where it was opposed by the French General Meriage. The Bavarians carried the suburb and the bridge, and penetrated into the town along with the retiring French; of whom they made four officers and seventy men prisoners, and killed and wounded one hundred men: suffering a loss, on their own part, of three officers and from fifty to sixty men killed and wounded. Count Beckers occupied the town, posted his division on the heights towards Forbach: and detached patrols along the road to Metz, as far as St. Avold; and to the right along the Sarre, as far as Saarlouis.

The left column, consisting of the First Infantry Division, under Lieutenant General Baron von Ragliovich and of the First Cavalry Division, under Prince Charles of Bavaria, advanced against Sarreguemines; at which point the French had constructed a *tête-de-pont* on the right bank of the river. After some resistance, this was taken possession of by the Bavarians; whereupon Baron von Ragliovich marched through the town, and took up a position on the opposite Heights, commanding the roads leading to Bouquenom and Lunéville.

The Fourth Infantry Division, under Lieutenant General Baron Zollern, advanced towards the Fortress of Bitche; which, however, the French commandant, General Kreutzer, refused to surrender.

The Russian corps, under Count Lambert, attached to the right wing of Prince Wrede's Army, advanced as far as Ottweiler and Ramstein.

##### Prince Wrede halts at Nancy

On 24 June, Prince Wrede occupied Bouquenom; and detached the cavalry division under Prince Charles towards Phalsbourg, to observe it. His second, third, and fourth divisions, and the reserve, were collected at Sarreguemines. The Russian troops under Count Lambert occupied Saarbrück, having previously detached the cavalry, under Lieutenant General Czernitscheff, as far as St. Avold.

On 26 June, Prince Wrede Headquarters were at Morhenge; and, on 27 June, his advanced posts penetrated as far as Nancy, where he established his headquarters on 28 June. From St. Dieuze Wrede detached units to the left, in order to discover the march of General Rapp; who, however, was still on the Rhine, and whose retreat had thus become cut off by the occupation of Nancy.

Prince Wrede halted at Nancy, to await the arrival of the Austrian and Russian corps. Upon his right Lieutenant General Czernitscheff crossed the Moselle, on 29 June, within sight of Metz; and carried by storm, on 3 July, the town of Châlons-sur-Marne. The garrison of this place had promised to make no resistance, and yet fired upon the Russian advanced guard; whereupon the cavalry immediately dismounted, scaled the ramparts, broke open the gates, sabred a part of the garrison, made the remainder prisoners, including the French General Rigault, and pillaged the town.

After remaining four days in the vicinity of Nancy and Lunéville, Prince Wrede received an order from Prince Schwarzenberg to move at once upon Paris, with the IV (Bavarian) Corps; which was destined to become the advanced guard of the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine. This order was given in consequence of the desire expressed by the Duke of Wellington and Prince Blücher; that the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine should afford immediate support to their operations in front of Paris. On 5 July the main body of the Bavarian Army reached Châlons; in the vicinity of which it remained during 6 June. On this day, its advanced posts communicated, by Épernay, with the Prussian Army. On 7 July Prince Wrede received intelligence of the Convention of Paris, and at the same time, directions to move towards the Loire. On 8 July Lieutenant General Czernitscheff fell in with the French between Talus-Saint-Prix and Montmirail; and drove them across the Morin, towards the Seine. Previously to the arrival of the IV (Bavarian) Corps at Château-Thierry; the French garrison had abandoned the place, leaving behind it several pieces of artillery, with ammunition. On 10 July, the Bavarian Army took up a position between the Seine and the Marne; and Prince Wrede's Headquarters were at La Ferté-sous-Jouarre.

#### Austrian III Corps

On 22 June, a portion of the Austrian III Corps, under the Crown Prince of Württemberg. took possession of the entrenchments of Germersheim, on the left bank of the Rhine. Lieutenant Field Marshal Count Wallmoden was posted, with ten battalions and four squadrons, to observe and blockade of the Fortress of Landau, and the Queich Line. The main body of the corps stood between Bruchsal and Philippsburg. On 23 June the corps crossed the Rhine at Germersheim, and passed the Line of the Queich without opposition.

The Crown Prince was directed to proceed by Wissembourg and Haguenau with a view to complete, in conjunction with the IV (Bavarian) Corps, the plan of intercepting the retreat of General Rapp.

On 24 June, the III Corps advanced to Bergzabern and Niederotterbach, engaged the French at both locations, and drove them back. Count Wallmoden left a small detachment to observe Landau, and advanced, with the remainder of his force, as far as Rheinzabern. On 25 June, the Crown Prince ordered the advance towards the Lines of Wissembourg, in two columns. The first column assembled at Bergzabern, and the second moved forward by Niederotterbach. Count Wallmoden was directed to advance upon Lauterburg. The Crown Prince advanced his Corps still further along the Haguenau road. His advanced guard pushed on to Ingolsheim, and the main body of the III Corps reached the Lines of Wissembourg; which the French abandoned in the night, and fell back upon the Forest of Haguenau, occupying the large village of Surbourg. On 26 June, the Crown Prince attacked and defeated the French at the last mentioned place, with his right column; whilst the left column, under Count Wallmoden, was equally successful in an attack which it made upon the French General Rothenburg, posted, with 6,000 infantry and a regiment of cavalry, at Seltz. On the following day, General Rapp fell back upon the Defile of Brumath; but this he quit in the night, and took up a favourable position in the rear of the Souffel, near Strasbourg. His force comprised twenty four battalions of infantry, four regiments of cavalry, and numerous artillery, and amounted to nearly 24,000 men.

The Crown Prince of Württemberg engaged General Rapp's Army of the Rhine on 28 June at the Battle of La Suffel, but despite outnumbering the French two to one, the Austrian forces were repelled. Rapp, however, withdrew into the Fortress of Strasbourg shortly after the action, Austrian numbers telling. The loss of the III Corps on this occasion amounted to 75 officers, and 2,050 men, killed and wounded, while that of the French was about 3,000 men.

### Austrian left wing

The Austrian I and II corps and the Reserve Corps, forming the left wing of the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine, crossed this river at Rheinfelden and Basel in the night of 25 June. On 26 June the I Corps, under Count Colloredo, was directed upon Belfort and Montbéliard; and, on the same day, the Austrian invested the Fortress of Huningue. The advanced guard of the Austrian I Corps fought a skirmish with a French detachment of 3,000 men belonging to the VIII Corps (also known as *Armée du Jura*) of General Lecourbe, and forced it to withdraw as far as Dannemarie. On 28 June the Austrian I Corps attacked the French near Chavannes, between Dannemarie and Belfort, when the French force, amounting to 8,000 infantry and 500 cavalry, was driven back upon Belfort. Major General Von Scheither of the I Corps was detached against Montbéliard, a town fortified and defended by a citadel. After having maintained a most destructive fire against the place, the Austrian troops carried it by storm; with a loss however, of 25 officers and 1,000 men, killed and wounded.

### General suspension of hostilities

The III Corps remained in front of Strasbourg until 4 July when it was relieved by the arrival of the Austrian II Corps, under Prince Hohenzollern from the vicinity of Colmar. At this last point the advanced guard of the Austrian Reserve Corps, under Lieutenant Field Marshal Stutterheim, moved upon Remiremont, and the main body upon St. Marie aux Mines. The Austrian Reserve Corps itself reached Raon l'Etape; whence it subsequently moved (on 10 July) to Neufchâteau. The III Corps, under the Crown Prince of Württemberg, marched into the vicinity of Molsheim.

On 7 July, Württemberg reached Lunéville, but instead of proceeding to its original destination of Nancy, on 9 July the III Corps took the road to Neufchâteau, advancing in columns; one via Bayon and the other via Rambervillers. These two columns continued their advance, the first by Vaucouleurs, Joinville, Brienne le Château, Troyes, and Auxerre; and the other, by Neufchâteau, Chaumont, Bar-sur-Aube, Vendeuvre-sur-Barse, Bar-sur-Seine, and Châtillon: at which points (Auxerre and Châtillon) they halted on 18 July. On 21 July, the corps entered into cantonments between Montbard and Tonnerre.

With the exception of a few sorties of little consequence, General Rapp remained very quiet in the Fortress of Strasbourg. The news of the capture of Paris by the British and Prussian troops led to a Suspension of Hostilities which was concluded on 24 July and extended to the Fortress of Strasbourg, Landau, La Petite-Pierre, Huningue, Sélestat, Lichtenberg, Phalsbourg, Neuf-Brisach and Belfort.

## Italian frontier

### Coalition order of battle

#### Army of Upper Italy (Austro-Sardinian Army)

This was the second largest of Austria's contingents. Its target was Lyon. General Johann Maria Philipp Frimont commanded this army. Its composition in June was:

Total 50,000.

#### Austrian Army (Army of Naples)

General Bianchi commanded the Austrian Army of Naples. This was the smaller of Austria's military contingents, and it had already defeated Murat's army in the Neapolitan War. Its objective in the current campaign was the capture of Marseilles and Toulon. It was not composed of Neapolitans as the army's name may suggest and as one author has supposed. There was however a Sardinian force in this area forming the garrison of Nice under Lieutenant-General Giovanni Pietro Luigi Cacherano d'Osasco, which may have been where this misunderstanding has arisen. The Army of Naples composition in June was:

Total 23,000

### French order of battle

The French Army of the Var (II Corps of Observation).

Based at Toulon and commanded by Marshal Guillaume Marie Anne Brune. This army was charged with the suppression of any potential royalist uprisings and to observe Bianchi's 'Army of Naples'. Its composition in June was:

* 24th Infantry Division;
* 25th Infantry Division;
* 14th Chasseurs à Cheval Cavalry Regiment
* 22 guns;

Total 5,500–6,116 men.

### Start of the campaign

The Austrian Army of Italy, composed of Austrian and Sardinian troops, and amounting to 60,000 men, was under the command of General Baron Frimont. It was destined to act against the French Army of the Alps, under Marshal Suchet, posted in the vicinity of Chambéry and Grenoble. It is uncertain what size of force under Suchet, it having been estimated from 13,000 to 20,000 men; but the Corps of Observation on the Var, in the vicinity of Antibes and Toulon, under Marshal Brune, amounted to 10,000 and was not occupied with any Enemy in its front.

Baron Frimont's' Army was divided into two Corps: the I Corps under Lieutenant Field Marshal Radivojevich, was to advance by the Valais towards Lyon; and the other, the II Corps under Lieutenant Field Marshal Count Bubna which was in Piedmont, was to penetrate into the south of France through Savoy.

#### French abandon the passes of the Jura

Marshal Suchet had received orders from Napoleon to commence operations on 14 June and by rapid marches to secure the mountain passes in the Valais and in Savoy (then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia), in order to close them to the Austrians. On 15 June, his troops advanced at all points for the purpose of gaining the frontier from Montmeilian as far as Geneva, which he invested. Thence he proposed to obtain possession of the important passes of Meillerie and St. Maurice and in this way to check the advance of the Austrian columns from the Valais. At Meillerie, the French were met and driven back by the advanced guard of the Austrian right column on 21 June. By means of forced marches the whole of this column, which Baron Frimont himself accompanied, reached the Arve on 27 June. The left column, under Count Bubna, crossed Mount Cenis on 24 and 25 June. On 28 June, the column was sharply opposed by the French at Conflans; however, the Austrians succeeded in gaining possession of it.

To secure the passage of the river Arve, on 27 June the advanced guard of the right column moved to Bonneville on its left bank but the French, who had already fortified this place, maintained a stout resistance. In the meantime however, the Austrians gained possession of the passage at Carrouge; by which means the French were placed under the necessity of evacuating Bonneville, and abandoning the valley of the Arve. The Austrian column now passed Geneva, and drove the French from the heights of Grand Saconex and from St. Genix. On 29 June, this part of the Austrian army moved towards the Jura and, on 1 July, it made its dispositions for attacking the redoubts and entrenchments which the French had thrown up to defend the passes. The most vigorous assault was made upon the Pass of Les Rousses, but the Austrians were driven back. Reserves were then brought up and the French, having quit their entrenchments to meet the latter, provided a good opportunity for a flank attack upon them with cavalry and artillery. The pass was captured by the Austrians and the French were compelled to abandon both it and the other passes of the Jura. The Austrian advance guard pursued the French and reached Saint-Claude in the evening, on the road leading to the left from Gex; and St. Laurent, in the original direction of the attack, beyond Les Rousses.

#### Fort l'Ecluse surrendered to the Austrians

In the meantime, the Austrian Reserve Corps under *Feldmarschalleutnant* (Major-general) Meerville, was directed to advance and to throw back the French upon the Rhone. The latter, in retreating, destroyed the bridge of Seyselle and, by holding the Fort l'Ecluse, closed the road from Geneva to Lyon. A redoubt had been constructed in front of the fort which completely commanded the approach. It was stormed and carried by the Hungarian 'Fürst Esterhazy' Infantry Regiment (IR.32). The fort itself was now turned by the Reserve Corps along the left bank of the Rhône, with the design of forcing the passage at the Perte du Rhône. Here the French had constructed a *tête-de-pont*; which, however, they were forced to abandon in consequence of a movement made by the I Corps under *Feldmarschalleutnant* Radivojevich. On retiring, the French destroyed the very beautiful stone bridge then existing and thus rendered it necessary for the Austrians to construct temporary bridges over the extremely narrow space between the rocks which confine the stream at this remarkable spot. The advanced guard of the Reserve Corps, under General Count Hardegg, first crossed the Rhône and found the French posted at Charix, in rear of Châtillon, on the road to Nantua. Count Hardegg immediately ordered an attack and after encountering an obstinate resistance, forced the French to retire.

The troops of the Austrian I Corps which, in the meantime, were left in front of the Fort l'Ecluse, had commenced a bombardment and this, after twenty-six hours duration, considerably damaged the fort. A powder magazine exploded, which caused a general conflagration; to escape which the garrison rushed out, and surrendered at discretion to the Austrians: thus, in three days, the high road from Geneva to Lyon was opened to the Army of Italy.

#### Surrender of Lyon

On 3 July, General Bogdan, with the advanced guard of the Austrian I Corps, having been reinforced by Lieutenant Field Marshal Radivojevich, attacked the French at Oyonnax, beyond St. Claude, where the French General Maransin had taken up a favourable position with a force of 2,000 men. The Austrians turned Maransin's left flank, and forced the French to retire. The I Corps reached Bourg-en-Bresse on 9 July.

On 10, July a detachment, under Major General von Pflüger, was pushed on to Mâcon on the Saône and gained possession of the *tête-de-pont* constructed there, and of the place itself.

On 7 July, the II Corps, under Count Bubna, reached Echelles. A detachment, consisting principally of Sardinian troops under Lieutenant General Count Latour, had been directed to observe Grenoble, in front of which its advanced guard had arrived on 4 July. On 6 July the suburbs were attacked, and the communication between Grenoble and Lyon was cut off. The garrison, consisting of eight battalions of the National Guard, offered to capitulate on 9 July, on the condition of being permitted to return to their homes. That a vigorous defence might have been maintained was evident from the fact of the Austrians found in the place fifty four guns and eight mortars, and large quantities of provisions.

Count Bubna's II Corps and the Reserve Corps, by simultaneous movements, assembled together in front of Lyon on 9 July. An armistice was solicited by the garrison on 11 July, and granted upon condition that Lyon and the entrenched camp should be evacuated and that the French VII Corps (Marshal Suchet's) retire behind the Loire, keeping Suchet's advanced posts within a stipulated line of demarcation.

#### General armistice

On 9 July, the Sardinian Lieutenant-General d'Osasco, who had been detached to Nice, concluded an armistice with Marshal Brune, who commanded the *Armée du Var*, in front of the Maritime Alps.

Having secured possession of the line of the Rhône as far down as its confluence with the Isère, and also of that part of the Saône between Mâcon and Lyon, the Army of Italy now proceeded towards the upper line of the latter river, leaving the II Corps under Count Bubna at Lyon, in front of Marshal Suchet. The I Corps marched upon Chalon-sur-Saône, in order to gain the *tête-de-pont* at that point. At this time, the French *Armée du Jura* under General Lecourbe was at Salins, between Dole and Pontarlier. As Besançon had not yet been invested, Baron Frimont detached a part of the Reserve Corps under General Hecht, to Salins, whilst General Folseis detached from the I Corps towards Dole. The advanced guard of the I Corps had arrived in front of the *tête-de-pont* at Châlons and had completed its dispositions for attack when the place surrendered. By the advance, at the same time, of Hecht upon Salina and of Folseist from Dole upon Besançon, the retreat of the French General Lapane was completely cut off. This led to a convention which stipulated the dissolution of the National Guard, the surrender of all the officers, and the abandonment of one of the forts of Salins to the Austrians.

On 20 July, the I Corps advanced from Chalon-sur-Saône as far as Autun. Besançon having in the meantime been occupied by the Austrian troops of the Army of the Upper Rhine, a junction was effected with the latter by the Army of Italy by Dijon; and thus terminated all hostilities on that side of France.

## Other campaigns

The Russians followed the northern wing of the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine into France and towards Paris while to its north the German Corps helped elements of the armies of Blücher and Wellington subdue some of the French frontier forts which did not immediately surrender to Coalition forces.

### Russian army

#### Russian order of battle

Field Marshal Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly commanded the First Russian Army. In June it consisted of the following:

* III Army Corps – General Dokhturov
* IV Army Corps – General Raevsky
* V Army Corps – General Sacken
* VI Army Corps – General Langeron
* VII Army Corps – General Sabaneev
* Reserve Grenadier Corps – General Yermolov
* II Reserve Cavalry Corps – General Wintzingerode
* Artillery Reserve – Colonel Bogoslavsky

Total 200,000

#### Campaign

The main body of the First Russian Army, commanded by Field Marshal Count Barclay de Tolly and amounting to 167,950 men, crossed Germany rapidly in three main columns. The right column, commanded by General Doctorov, advanced by way of Kalisz, Torgau, Leipzig, Erfurt, Hanau, Frankfurt, and Hochheim am Main, towards Mainz. The central column, commanded by General Baron Sacken, advanced through Breslau, Dresden, Zwickau, Baireuth, Nuremberg, Aschaffenburg, Dieburg, and Gross Gerau, towards Oppenheim. The left column, commanded by General Count Langeron, proceeded through Prague, Aube, Adelsheim, Neckar, and Heidelberg, towards Mannheim. The vanguards of the columns had reached the Middle Rhine when hostilities were on the point of breaking out upon the Belgian frontier. The Russians crossed the Rhine at Mannheim, on 25 June and followed the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine. The greater portion of it reached Paris and its vicinity by the middle of July.

### German Corps

The German Corps (or the North German Federal Army) was part of the Prussian Army above, but was to act independently much further south. It was composed of contingents from the following nations of the German Confederation: Electorate of Hessen, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Duchy of Oldenburg (state), Duchy of Saxe-Gotha, Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg, Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau, Duchy of Anhalt-Kothen, Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Principality of Waldeck (state), Principality of Lippe and the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe.

Fearing that Napoleon was going to strike him first, Blücher ordered this army to march north to join the rest of his own army. The Prussian General Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf initially commanded this army before he fell ill on 18 June and was replaced temporarily by the Hessen-Kassel General von Engelhardt (who was in command of the Hessen division) and then by Lieutenant General Karl Georg Albrecht Ernst von Hake. Its composition in June was:

* Hessen-Kassel Division (Three Hessian infantry brigades, cavalry brigade and two artillery batteries), commanded by General Engelhardt
* Thuringian Brigade (12 battalions of infantry), commanded by Major General Egloffstein (Weimar)

Total 25,000

The German Corps, which was composed of contingent forces supplied by the small principalities of north Germany was assembled, in the middle of April, in the vicinity of Koblenz. It amounted to 26,200 men, divided into thirty battalions of infantry, twelve squadrons of cavalry, and two and a half batteries of artillery and was placed under the command of General Count Kleist von Nollendorf. Later, it crossed the Rhine at Koblenz and Neuwied, and took up a position on the Moselle and the Sarre; its right communicating with the Prussian II Corps (Pirch I), and its Left with the Austrian IV (Bavarian) Corps (Prince Wrede) at Zweibrücken. Its advanced posts extended along the French frontier from Arlon to Mertzig. Its headquarters was at Trier, on the Moselle.

It remained in this position until 16 June when its commander, General von Engelhard (in the absence of Count Kleist who was ill), advanced from Trier to Arlon which it reached on 19 June. Here it remained until 21 June, when it received an order from Prince Blücher to move into France by Bastogne and Neufchâteau and to gain possession of the fortresses of Sedan and Bouillon. On 22 June, the Corps commenced its march, in two columns: the first by Neufchâteau, toward Sedan, the other by Recogne, toward Bouillon. Sedan capitulated on 25 June after a few days' bombardment. An attempt was made to take Bouillon by a *coup de main*, but its garrison was strong enough to frustrate this project. The place was not considered of sufficient importance to render a regular siege expedient, and it was therefore simply invested from 25 June until 21 August, when a battalion of the Netherlands Reserve Army under Lieutenant-general baron Tindal took over (Like the German Corps, the Netherlands Reserve Army did not take part in the early actions of the Waterloo Campaign).

On 28 June, Lieutenant General von Hacke, who had been appointed to the command of the German Corps, directed the advance guard to move upon Charleville, which lies under the guns of the Fortress of Mézières, and to carry the place by storm. The capture was successfully made by some Hessian battalions and tended greatly to facilitate the siege of Mézières. Mobile columns were detached to observe the Fortresses of Montmédy, Laon, and Rheims. The last named place was taken by capitulation on 8 July and the garrison, amounting to 4,000 men, retired behind the Loire.

Lieutenant General von Hake finding that, notwithstanding his bombardment of Mézières which he commenced on 27 June, his summons to surrender was unheeded by the commandant, General Lemoine, undertook a regular siege of the place and opened trenches on 2 August. On 13 August the French garrison gave up the town and retired into the citadel, which surrendered on 1 September.

The efforts of the German Corps were now directed upon the fortress of Montmédy, around which it had succeeded in placing twelve batteries in position by 13 September. After an obstinate resistance, the garrison concluded a convention on 20 September by which it was to retire, with arms and baggage, behind the Loire. After the capture of Montmédy, the German Corps went into cantonments in the department of the Ardennes whence it returned home in the month of November.

### British Mediterranean contingent

This was Great Britain's smaller military expedition. It was composed of British troops from the garrison of Genoa under General Sir Hudson Lowe. The troops were transported and supported by the Royal Navy's Mediterranean Fleet commanded by Lord Exmouth. The British landed at Marseilles to support a French Royalist uprising that had expelled Marshal Brune's garrison. The British expeditionary force landed before Marshal Brune was able advance from Toulon with reinforcements from the *Armée du Var*. The National Guard of Marseilles, reinforced by 4,000 British soldiers, marines, and seamen marched out to meet this advance. Faced by this force Brune retrograded to Toulon and then surrendered the city to the Coalition forces.

### La Vendée

Army of the West,*Armée de l'Ouest* (also known as the Army of the Vendée and the Army of the Loire) – originally formed as the Corps of Observation of the Vendée. This army was formed to suppress the Royalist revolt in the Vendée region of France which was up in revolt at Napoleon Bonaparte's return. It was commanded by General Jean Maximilien Lamarque.

The total planned strength was 10,000 to 12,000 men, but the highest estimate of total strength is 6,000 men.

Provence and Brittany which were known to contain many royalist sympathisers did not rise in open revolt, but the La Vendée did. The Vendée Royalists successfully took Bressuire and Cholet before they were defeated by General Lamarque at the Battle of Rocheserviere on 20 June. They signed the Treaty of Cholet six days later on 26 June.

## Other mobilisations

For mobilisations that did not take an active part in operations, or were just planned mobilisations, see the article "Military mobilisation during the Hundred Days".

1. Siborne 1895, pp. 764, 779, 780.
2. Chesney 1868, p. 34.
3. Chesney 1868, p. 35.
4. Beck 1911, p. 371.
5. Chandler 1981, p. 180.
6. *Armée du Rhin* men
7. Chalfont 1979, p. 205.
8. Chandler 1981, p. 181.
9. Armée des Alpes guns
10. Armée des Alpes men
11. *Armée du Jura*: men
12. Siborne 1895, pp. 775, 779.
13. Beck 1911, p. 371 for commanders and the number of men.
14. Andersson 2009 for where the armies were cantoned.
15. Siborne 1895, p. 767.
16. Although Siborne estimated the number at 264,492, David Chandler estimated the number 232,000 (Chandler 1981, p. 27).
17. Chapuisat 1921, table 2.
18. Chandler 1981, p. 30.
19. Siborne 1895, pp. 767, 768.
20. Siborne 1895, p. 768.
21. McGuigan 2009, § Siege Train.
22. Siborne 1895, pp. 768, 769.
23. Siborne 1895, p. 769.
24. Siborne 1895, p. 770.
25. Siborne 1895, pp. 770, 771.
26. Siborne 1895, p. 771.
27. The "line of the Queich" was of some age as it is also mentioned by Sir Edward Guest in "Wars of the Eighteenth Century Vol IV (1783–1795)" pub 1862, section "1793: Wars of the German Frontier", p. 158
28. Siborne 1895, pp. 771, 772.
29. Surburg www.clash-of-steel.co.uk
30. Siborne 1895, p. 772.
31. Siborne 1895, pp. 773, 774.
32. Siborne 1895, pp. 772, 773.
33. Siborne 1895, p. 773.
34. Siborne 1895, p. 774.
35. Plotho 1818, pp. 74, 75 (Appendix).
36. Chandler 1981, p. 27.
37. Schom 1992, p. 19.
38. Plotho 1818, pp. 76, 77 (Appendix).
39. Pappas 2008.
40. Vaudoncourt 1826, Book I, Chapter I, p. 110.
41. Houssaye 2005, p.
42. Army of the Var, men:
43. Siborne 1895, p. 775.
44. Siborne 1895, pp. 775, 776.
45. Siborne 1895, p. 776.
46. Siborne 1895, pp. 776, 777.
47. Siborne 1895, p. 777.
48. Siborne 1895, pp. 777, 778.
49. Siborne 1895, p. 778.
50. Siborne 1895, p. 779.
51. Siborne 1895, pp. 778, 779.
52. Plotho 1818, pp. pp. 56–62 (Appendix (chapter XII)).
53. Mikaberidze 2002.
54. Siborne 1895, pp. 51, 52, 774.
55. Plotho 1818, p. 54.
56. Hofschröer 1999, p. 182.
57. Hofschröer 1999, pp. 179, 182.
58. Pierer 1857, p. 605, 2nd column.
59. Plotho 1818, Appendix (Chapter XII) p. 56.
60. Hofschröer & Embleton 2014, p. 42.
61. Siborne 1895, p. 765.
62. Siborne 1895, pp. 765, 766.
63. McGuigan 2009, § Netherlands Corps.
64. Anonymous 1838, p. .
65. Parkinson 1934, pp. 416–418.
66. Muret, p. 435.
67. Gildea 2008, pp. 112, 113.
68. Philp & Hambridge 2015.
* Andersson, M. (2009). "100 Days: § Napoleon's reaction". *Napoleonic Wars website*. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
* Anonymous (1838). *Geschichte des Feldzugs von 1815 in den Niederlanden und Frankreich als Beitrag zur Kriegsgeschichte der neuern Kriege. \[…\] Part II* (in German). Berlin, Posen and Bromberg: Ernst Siegfried Mittler.
* Barbero, Alessandro (2006). *The Battle: a new history of Waterloo*. Walker & Company. ISBN 0-8027-1453-6.
* Beck, Archibald Frank (1911). "Waterloo Campaign, 1815". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 371–381.
* Chalfont, Arthur Gwynne Jones, ed. (1979). *Waterloo: Battle of Three Armies*. London: Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN 0-2839-8235-7.
* Chandler, David (1981) \[1980\]. *Waterloo: The Hundred Days*. Osprey Publishing.
* Chapuisat, Édouard (1921). *Der Weg zur Neutralität und Unabhängigkeit 1814 und 1815* (in German). Bern: Oberkriegskommissariat.
* Chesney, Charles Cornwallis (1868). *Waterloo lectures: a study of the campaign of 1815*. London: Longmans Green and Company.
* Gildea, Robert (2008). *Children of the Revolution: The French, 1799–1914* (reprint ed.). Penguin UK. pp. 112, 113. ISBN 978-0-14-191852-5.
* Glover, Michael (1973). *Wellington as Military Commander*. London: Sphere Books.
* Parkinson, C. (1934). "CHAPTER XII - Algiers". *Edward Pellew*. London: Northcote. pp. 416–418.
* Gurwood, ed. (1838). *The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington*. Vol. 12. London: John Murray.
* Hofschröer, Peter (2006). *1815 The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, his German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras*. Vol. 1. London: Greenhill Books.
* Hofschröer, Peter (1999). *1815: The Waterloo Campaign: The German victory, from Waterloo to the fall of Napoleon*. Vol. 2. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-368-4.
* Hofschröer, Peter; Embleton, Gerry (2014). *The Prussian Army of the Lower Rhine 1815*. Osprey Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-78200-619-0.
* Houssaye, Henri (2005). *Napoleon and the Campaign of 1815: Waterloo*. Naval & Military Press.
* McGuigan, Ron (2009) \[2001\]. "Anglo-Allied Army in Flanders and France – 1815: Subsequent Changes in Command and Organization". *The Napoleon Series*. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
* Mikaberidze, Alexander (2002). "Russian Generals of the Napoleonic Wars: General Ivan Vasilievich Sabaneev". *The Napoleon Series*. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
* Pappas, Dale (July 2008). "Joachim Murat and the Kingdom of Naples: 1808 – 1815". *The Napoleon Series*. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
* Philp, Mark; Hambridge, Katherine; et al. (2015). "The Treaty of Cholet and the Pacification of the Vendée". University of Warwick online exhibition.
* Pierer, H.A. (1857). "Russisch-Deutscher Krieg gegen Frankreich 1812-1815". *Pierer's Universal-Lexikon* (in German). Vol. 14. p. 605, 2nd column.
* Plotho, Carl von (1818). *Der Krieg des verbündeten Europa gegen Frankreich im Jahre 1815* (in German). Berlin: Bei Karl Friedrich Umelang.
* Raa, F.J.G. ten (1980) \[1900\]. *De uniformen van de Nederlandsche zee—en landmacht hier te lande en in de kolonien...* (in Dutch). Historical Section of the Royal Netherlands Army. OCLC 768909746. OL 3849493M.
* Schom, Alan (1992). *One Hundred Days: Napoleon's Road to Waterloo*. New York: Atheneum.
* Sørensen, Carl (1871). *Kampen om Norge i Aarene 1813 og 1814 (Battle for Norway in the years 1813 and 1814)* (in Danish). Vol. 2. Copenhagen.
* Vaudoncourt, Guillaume de (1826). *Histoire des Campagnes de 1814 et 1815 en France* (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: A. de Gastel.
* Wellesley, Arthur, ed. (1862). *Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington*. United Services. Vol. 10. London: John Murray.
* Zins, Ronald (2003). *1815: L'armée des Alpes et Les Cent-Jours à Lyon*. Reyrieux: H. Cardon.

Attribution

## Further reading

* Labarre de Raillicourt, Dominique (1963). *Les généraux des Cents jours et du gouvernement provisoire (mars-juillet 1815) Dictionnaire biographique, promotions, bibliographies et armorial* (in French). Paris: Chez l'auteur.
* Six, Georges (1934). *Dictionnaire biographique des généraux & amiraux Français de la Révolution et de l'Empire (1792–1814) (Two volumes)* (in French). Paris, Librairie Saffroy.

## InfoBox

| Minor campaigns of 1815 | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the War of the Seventh Coalition | |
| <br>Strategic situation in Western Europe in June 1815 | |
| Date 18 June – 7 July 1815<br>(2 weeks and 5 days)  Location France  Result  Defeat and occupation of France | |
| Belligerents | |
| France | **Seventh Coalition**:<br>Austria<br>Russia<br>Sardinia<br>Switzerland<br>Liechtenstein<br>French royalists |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph Mortier (*Imperial guard at Paris*)<br>Jean Rapp (*Armée du Rhin*) <br>Suchet, Duc d'Albuféra (*Armée des Alpes*)<br>Claude Lecourbe (*Armée du Jura*)<br>Guillaume Brune *Armée du Var*<br><br>Charles Decaen and Bertrand, comte Clausel (Armies of the Pyrenees east and west)<br>Jean Lamarque (*Armée de l'Ouest* — Vendée and Loire) | Prince of Schwarzenberg (Upper Rhine), Duke of Casalanza (Upper Italy), Johann Frimont (Naples)<br>Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly (Russia)<br>von Hake |


title: Wharfedale (company)

abstract: Wharfedale is a British audio equipment brand, best known for loudspeakers. It is currently part of the International Audio Group. Wharfedale also used to brand televisions, DVD players, set-top boxes and Hi-Fi players. Since 2008, they have only manufactured and sold audio equipment.

text:
# Wharfedale (company)

**Wharfedale** is a British audio equipment brand, best known for loudspeakers. It is currently part of the International Audio Group.

Wharfedale also used to brand televisions, DVD players, set-top boxes and Hi-Fi players. Since 2008, they have only manufactured and sold audio equipment.

## History

**Wharfedale Wireless Works** was founded in 1932 by Gilbert Briggs, and became one of Britain's leading manufacturers of audiophile equipment, particularly loudspeakers. In addition to winning awards by groups such as the Bradford Radio Society, in mass public testing at Carnegie Hall Wharfedale speakers proved indistinguishable from live music. Innovations introduced by Wharfedale under Briggs included such basics as the two-way loudspeaker and the ceramic magnet. In the 1950s and 1960s, Wharfedale became famous for its technique of eliminating cabinet resonances by using a double cabinet, with the space between the inner and outer shells filled with sand. Purchasers of the loudspeaker systems would receive the appropriate quantity of sand which had been shipped from Wharfedale in England. (Wharfedale in Yorkshire is the site of numerous sand quarries). Briggs sold the company to the Rank Organisation in 1958, and it has been through several owners since then.

## Manufacturing

The original manufacturing site was located in Idle, a district of Bradford, West Yorkshire. The current manufacturing site is in Ji'an in China for assembly.

Wharfedale's research and development is located at the IAG UK HQ, in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, UK led by Peter Comeau and uses the IAG manufacturing facility in Jian, Jiang-Xi province, China.

The IAG Group factory covers an area of approximately 400,000 square metres. It operates in a ‘raw-material to finished goods’ manufacturing remit, combining with international research and development expertise.

Their inward investment extends to R&D facilities located in Huntingdon, Cambridge, as well as Yokohama, Japan and China’s technology capital, Shenzhen.

## Return to UK manufacturing

In February, 2023, Wharfedale announced their first UK-made loudspeaker in over 40 years - the Wharfedale Dovedale.

Dovedale is built in the home of British Hi-Fi at Wharfedale’s UK headquarters in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire. Incorporating key manufacturing, assembly and finishing processes for specially selected products in addition to the R&D function already located there. A 9,000ft2 production facility has been added to the existing building, including a new anechoic chamber, making a total of 25,000ft2 of office, lab and manufacturing space. It is here that Dovedale is manufactured by loudspeaker experts.

Wharfedale is officially accredited by the 'Made In Britain' organisation, a not-for-profit organisation supporting British manufacturers with the official trademarks. They work with other UK trade bodies, relevant UK government departments and media channels, to promote high quality employment, responsible business, and sustainable economic growth.

## InfoBox

Wharfedale
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Electronics |
| Founded | 1932 |
| Headquarters | Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom |
| Products | Audio visual equipment (currently) |
| Owner | IAG Group |
| Parent | International Audio Group |
| Website | wharfedale.co.uk |


title: Mirza Sarajlija

abstract: Mirza Sarajlija is a Slovenian professional basketball player who plays for Hamar of the Úrvalsdeild karla.

text:
# Mirza Sarajlija

**Mirza Sarajlija** (born 19 June 1991) is a Slovenian professional basketball player who plays for Hamar of the Úrvalsdeild karla.

## Professional career

Sarajlija began his career with Union Olimpija as a junior. He made his senior team debut in the 2007–08 season, winning the Slovenian national league and cup that year.

Sarajlija made his Euroleague debut on November 27, 2008, versus Alba Berlin, scoring 13 points and 3 rebounds with only 17 years. He averaged 6.5 points, 1.7 rebounds and 1.2 assists per game in his first season of Euroleague play.

In July 2009, Sarajlija left Olimpija and moved to Krka. However, he did not pass the medical tests for the club and was released.

In September 2009, Sarajlija signed a three-year contract with Bosna. He played there only one season before moving to Mornar from Montenegro.

On November 7, 2012, Sarajlija returned to his homeland and signed with LTH Castings Mercator. In February 2013, he signed with Tamiš from Serbia. He joined KK Šentjur for the 2016–17 season.

In October 2017, he signed with KK Jazine of the Croatian League.

On December 19, 2018, he signed with KK Rogaška.

Season 2019-20 he started in Russian Super League 1 for Temp-SUMZ-UGMK Revda, but left team in December 2019. In 10 games he averaged 9.3ppg, 3.5rpg and 3.6apg. On January 18, 2020, Sarajlija joined Greek 2nd division Koroivos.

In June 2020, Sarajlija signed with Úrvalsdeild karla club Stjarnan. During the regular season, he averaged 14.2 points, 3.4 assists and 4.1 rebounds per game while shooting 36.4% from the three point line. In game 2 of Stjarnan's first round playoff series against Grindavík, Sarajlija suffered a meniscus tear in his right knee, effectively ending his season.

In July 2021, Sarajlija signed with 1. deild karla club Fjölnir.

In 2022, Sarajlija signed with Hamar of the 1. deild karla.

## Club career statistics

Legend
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FG% | Field-goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field-goal percentage | FT% | Free-throw percentage |
| RPG | Rebounds per game | APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game |
| BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game | PIR | Performance Index Rating |
| **Bold** | Career high |

### Euroleague

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG | PIR |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008–09 | Union Olimpija | 6 | 0 | 19.7 | .343 | .278 | .769 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.5 | .0 | 6.5 |  |

## InfoBox

Mirza Sarajlija
| Hamar | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Point guard |
| League | Úrvalsdeild karla |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1991-06-19) 19 June 1991<br>Ljubljana, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Nationality | Slovenian |
| Listed height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Listed weight | 77 kg (170 lb) |
| Career information | |
| Playing career | 2007–present |
| Career history | |
| 2007–2009 | Union Olimpija |
| 2009–2010 | Bosna |
| 2010–2012 | Mornar |
| 2012–2013 | LTH Castings Mercator |
| 2013 | Tamiš |
| 2013–2015 | Vllaznia Shkodër |
| 2015 | Kutaisi |
| 2015–2016 | Ulcinj |
| 2016–2017 | Šentjur |
| 2017–2018 | Jazine |
| 2018–2019 | Rogaška |
| 2019 | Temp-SUMZ-UGMK |
| 2020 | Koroivos |
| 2020–2021 | Stjarnan |
| 2021–2022 | Fjölnir |
| 2022–present | Hamar |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Mirosław Pękala

abstract: Mirosław Mieczysław Pękala is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. His playing career lasted 11 years during which time he played for Śląsk Wrocław and Lechia Gdańsk.

text:
# Mirosław Pękala

**Mirosław Mieczysław Pękala** (born 15 October 1961) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. His playing career lasted 11 years during which time he played for Śląsk Wrocław and Lechia Gdańsk.

## Career

Born in Kłodzko, Pękala started playing football for his local team Nysa Kłodzko. He eventually joined Piast Nowa Ruda, being transferred to Śląsk Wrocław at the age of 15.

He made his league debut for Śląsk in August 1977 against Ruch Chorzów at the age of 15, being the youngest ever player to have played for the team. After shining in his early years, his high amount of playing time and early exposure to alcohol abuse took its toll on Pękala's development. During his time with Śląsk he was involved in a night of drinking when he and three other players partied in a T-34 tank outside of a Soviet cemetery. In the winter of 1984 Pękala was involved in a hit and run driving accident, eventually surrendering himself to the authorities. Eventually Śląsk had had enough of the player and his antics and he was transferred to Lechia Gdańsk in early 1985. In total for Śląsk Pękala made 137 league appearances in the I liga.

Pękala made his Lechia debut on 23 March 1985 against ŁKS Łódź. After his initial troubles at Śląsk, Pękala initially had a more structured life and stayed away from alcohol when he joined the club. However Pękala returned to his lifestyle outside of football. One event that took place during his time with Lechia was that a player was sent to find Pękala after a night of drinking, eventually finding him in the 54th house they checked. Despite his antics frustrating the club and management, the manager at the time Wojciech Łazarek saw his importance for the team, with Łazarek saying he'd prefer one Pękala over an additional three players on the pitch. Eventually his drinking habits led to his retirement from football in 1988 at the age of 27, having made 114 appearances and scored 14 goals in all competitions for Lechia.

## International career

It is reported that Pękala made nearly 100 appearances for the Polish international youth teams. He made his senior international debut on 25 January 1981 against Japan. In total, he earned six caps for Poland, four of those coming against Japan during an international team tour of the country in 1981, with the other two games coming against Bulgaria and Finland. His only international goal came against Japan.

## Honours

**Poland U18**

## InfoBox

Mirosław Pękala
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Mirosław Mieczysław Pękala | | |
| Date of birth | (1961-10-15) 15 October 1961 | | |
| Place of birth | Kłodzko, Poland | | |
| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Nysa Kłodzko | | |
|  | Piast Nowa Ruda | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1977–1984 | Śląsk Wrocław | 137 | (24) |
| 1985–1988 | Lechia Gdańsk | 106 | (14) |
| Total |  | **243** | **(38)** |
| International career | | | |
|  | Poland U18 |  |  |
|  | Poland U20 |  |  |
| 1981–1987 | Poland | 6 | (1) |
| Medal record      Men's football  Representing  Poland  UEFA European Under-18 Championship  **Runner-up** 1980 East Germany | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Mirosław Pawlak

abstract: Mirosław Antoni Pawlak is a Polish politician. He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, getting 6684 votes in 33 Kielce district as a candidate from the Polish People's Party list. He was also a member of Sejm 1993-1997, Sejm 1997-2001, and Sejm 2001-2005.

text:
# Mirosław Pawlak

**Mirosław Antoni Pawlak** (born 2 April 1942 in Zielonki, Jędrzejów County) is a Polish politician. He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, getting 6684 votes in 33 Kielce district as a candidate from the Polish People's Party list.

He was also a member of Sejm 1993-1997, Sejm 1997-2001, and Sejm 2001-2005.

## InfoBox

| Mirosław Pawlak | |
| --- | --- |
| =Mirosław Pawlak | |
|  | |
| Member of the Sejm | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>25 September 2005 | |
| Constituency | 33 – Kielce |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 2 April 1942 (1942-04-02) (age 82) |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Political party | Polish People's Party |
|  | |


title: Mirosław Rybaczewski

abstract: Mirosław Rybaczewski is a Polish former volleyball player, a member of the Poland national team from 1973 to 1980. During his career, he won the titles of the 1976 Olympic Champion and the 1974 World Champion.

text:
# Mirosław Rybaczewski

**Mirosław Rybaczewski** (born 8 July 1952) is a Polish former volleyball player, a member of the Poland national team from 1973 to 1980. During his career, he won the titles of the 1976 Olympic Champion and the 1974 World Champion.

## Personal life

His daughter, Anna was also a volleyball player.

## Honours

### Club

* **CEV Cup**
* **Domestic**
    + **1972–73**  Polish Championship, with AZS Olsztyn
    + **1975–76**  Polish Championship, with AZS Olsztyn
    + **1977–78**  Polish Championship, with AZS Olsztyn
    + **1981–82**  Polish Cup, with AZS Olsztyn

### Youth national team

## InfoBox

| Mirosław Rybaczewski | |
| --- | --- |
| Rybaczewski in 2021 | |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1952-07-08) 8 July 1952
Warsaw, Poland |
| Coaching information | |
| Previous teams coached  Years Teams  1986–1988 Legia Warsaw | |
| Career | |
| Years Teams  1972–1982
1982–1986 AZS Olsztyn
US Mulhouse | |
| National team | |
| 1973–1980  Poland (167) | |
| Honours      Men's volleyball  Representing  Poland  Olympic Games  1976 Montreal   FIVB World Championship  1974 Mexico   CEV European Championship  1975 Yugoslavia | |


title: Mirama–Kabale High Voltage Power Line

abstract: The Mirama–Kabale High Voltage Power Line is a high voltage electricity power line, connecting the high voltage substation in the town of Mirama Hills, in the Western Region to another high voltage substation in te city of Kabale, also in the Western Region of Uganda.

text:
# Mirama–Kabale High Voltage Power Line

The **Mirama–Kabale High Voltage Power Line** is a high voltage electricity power line, connecting the high voltage substation in the town of Mirama Hills, in the Western Region to another high voltage substation in te city of Kabale, also in the Western Region of Uganda.

## Location

The 132 kilo Volt power line starts at the Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL) 132kV substation at Mirama Hills, in Ntungamo District, at the international border with Rwanda. From there it travels westwards to the town of Rushenyi, Ntungamo District, a road distance of approximately 47 kilometres (29 mi).

From Rushenyi, the power line takes a general southwesterly direction and travels to Kabale, in Kabale District, a distance of approximately 47.2 kilometres (29 mi), from Rushenyi. The power line does not follow the road all the time as is slightly shorter, measuring a total of 85 kilometres (53 mi).

## Overview

The power line was developed as part of plans to improve grid power delivery and reliability to the districts in the Kigezi sub-region and to deliver high voltage electricity to Kabale, the largest city in Kigezi. The other consideration is to evacuate power generated by Kikagati Hydroelectric Power Station (16 megawatts) and Nshungyezi Hydroelectric Power Station (39 megawatts) and transmit it to Kabale for industrial, commercial and domestic use. A loan obtained from the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB), was used in funding the construction of this power line, including a 132/33kV substations at Mirama Hills, and Kabale. In addition, funded by that same loan, is the construction of 531.08 kilometres (330 mi) medium voltage (33kV and 11kV) distribution lines and 584.54 kilometres (363 mi) low voltage (415V and 214V) lines. Also, a total of 377 transformers (25kVA, 50kVA, 100kVA & 200kVA) will be installed, together with 14,185 last-mile customer connections.

## Construction and funding

Work on this power transmission line began in 2014. In 2015, the Islamic Development Bank agreed to lend the government of Uganda US$83,750,000 to build this power line and Opuyo–Moroto High Voltage Power Line. As of June 2019, procurement of a contractor for the Mirama–Kabale Transmission Line was ongoing.

00°15′26″N 30°06′58″E / 0.25722°N 30.11611°E / 0.25722; 30.11611

## InfoBox

| Mirama–Kabale High Voltage Power Line Line | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Uganda |
| Coordinates | 01°02′59″S 30°27′29″E / 1.04972°S 30.45806°E / -1.04972; 30.45806 |
| General direction | East to West |
| From | Mirama Hills, Uganda |
| Passes through | Rushenyi |
| To | Kabale, Uganda |
| Ownership information | |
| Owner | Government of Uganda |
| Partners | Islamic Development Bank |
| Operator | Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited |
| Construction information | |
| Construction started | 2021 Expected |
| Expected | Commissioning 2024 Anticipated |
| Technical information | |
| Type of current | AC |
| Total length | 85 km (53 mi) |
| AC voltage | 132kV |
| No. of circuits | 2 |