title: Principle of restricted choice

abstract: The principle of restricted choice is a guideline used in card games such as contract bridge to intuit hidden information. It may be stated as "The play of a card which may have been selected as a choice of equal plays increases the chance that the player started with a holding in which his choice was restricted." Crucially, it helps play "in situations which used to be thought of as guesswork." For example, South leads a low spade, West plays a low one, North plays the queen, East wins with the king. The ace and king are equivalent cards; East's play of the king decreases the probability East holds the ace – and increases the probability West holds the ace. The principle helps other players infer the locations of unobserved equivalent cards such as that spade ace after observing the king. The increase or decrease in probability is an example of Bayesian updating as evidence accumulates and particular applications of restricted choice are similar to the Monty Hall problem. In many of those situations the rule derived from the principle is to play for split honors. After observing one equivalent card, that is, one should continue play as if two equivalents were split between the opposing players, so that there was no choice about which one to play. Whoever played the first one doesn't have the other one. When the number of equivalent cards is greater than two, the principle is complicated because their equivalence may not be manifest. When one partner holds ♣Q and ♣10, say, and the other holds ♣J, it is usually true that those three cards are equivalent but the one who holds two of them does not know it. Restricted choice is always introduced in terms of two touching cards – consecutive ranks in the same suit, such as ♥QJ or ♦KQ – where equivalence is manifest. If there is no reason to prefer a specific card, a player holding two or more equivalent cards should sometimes randomize their order of play. The probability calculations in coverage of restricted choice often take uniform randomization for granted but that is problematic. The principle of restricted choice even applies to an opponent's choice of an opening lead from equivalent suits. See Kelsey & Glauert (1980).

text:
# Principle of restricted choice

The **principle of restricted choice** is a guideline used in card games such as contract bridge to intuit hidden information. It may be stated as "The play of a card which may have been selected as a choice of equal plays increases the chance that the player started with a holding in which his choice was restricted." Crucially, it helps play "in situations which used to be thought of as guesswork."

For example, South leads a low spade, West plays a low one, North plays the queen, East wins with the king. The ace and king are equivalent cards; East's play of the king decreases the probability East holds the ace  and increases the probability West holds the ace. The principle helps other players infer the locations of unobserved equivalent cards such as that spade ace after observing the king. The increase or decrease in probability is an example of Bayesian updating as evidence accumulates and particular applications of restricted choice are similar to the Monty Hall problem.

In many of those situations the rule derived from the principle is to *play for split honors*. After observing one equivalent card, that is, one should continue play as if two equivalents were split between the opposing players, so that there was no choice about which one to play. Whoever played the first one doesn't have the other one.

When the number of equivalent cards is greater than two, the principle is complicated because their equivalence may not be manifest. When one partner holds Q and 10, say, and the other holds J, it is usually true that those three cards are equivalent but the one who holds two of them does not know it. Restricted choice is always introduced in terms of two touching cards  consecutive ranks in the same suit, such as QJ or KQ  where equivalence is manifest.

If there is no reason to prefer a specific card (for example to signal to partner), a player holding two or more equivalent cards should sometimes randomize their order of play (see the note on Nash equilibrium). The probability calculations in coverage of restricted choice often take uniform randomization for granted but that is problematic.

The principle of restricted choice even applies to an opponent's choice of an opening lead from equivalent suits. See Kelsey & Glauert (1980).

## Example

| AJ1096 |
| --- |
|  |
| 8754 |

| 2-2 Split | | 3-1 Split | | 4-0 Split | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Table 1
Possible West and East Holdings of KQ32
| West | East | West | East | West | East |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| KQ | 32 | KQ3 | 2 | KQ32 |  |
| K3 | Q2 | KQ2 | 3 |  | KQ32 |
| K2 | Q3 | K32 | Q |  |  |
| Q3 | K2 | **Q32** | **K** |  |  |
| Q2 | K3 | K | Q32 |  |  |
| **32** | **KQ** | Q | K32 |  |  |
|  |  | 3 | KQ2 |  |  |
|  |  | 2 | KQ3 |  |  |

Consider the suit combination represented at left. There are four spade cards 8754 in the South (closed hand) and five AJ1096 in the North (dummy, visible to all players). West and East hold the remaining four spades KQ32 in their two closed hands.

Prior to play, 16 different West and East spade holdings or "lies" are possible from the perspective of South. These are listed in Table 1, ordered first by "split" from equal to unequal numbers of cards, then by West's holding from strongest to weakest.

South leads a small spade, West plays the 2 (or 3), dummy North plays the J, and East wins with the K. Later, after winning a side-suit trick, South leads another small spade and West follows low with the 3 (or 2). At this point, with North and East yet to play, the location of only the Q has not been established. South is at a decision point and knows that only two of the original 16 lies remain possible (bolded in Table 1), for West has played both low cards and East the king. At first glance, it may seem that the odds are now even, 1:1, so that South should expect to do equally well with either of the two possible continuations. However, the principle of restricted choice tells us that while both lies of the cards are possible, the probabilities are 2:1 in favour of assuming West holds Q32 and to therefore play the ten.

If East had KQ, he could equally well have played the queen instead of the king. Thus some deals with original lie 32 and KQ would not reach this stage; some would instead reach the parallel stage with K alone missing, South having observed 32 and Q. In contrast, every deal with original lie Q32 and K would reach this stage, for East played the king perforce (without choice, or by "restricted choice").

If East would win the first trick with the king or queen *uniformly at random* from KQ, then that original lie 32 and KQ would reach this stage half the time and would take the other fork in the road half the time. Thus on the actual sequence of play, the odds are not even but one-half to one, or 1:2. East would retain queen from original KQ about one-third of the time and retain no spades from original K about two-thirds of the time. The principle of restricted choice posits that to finesse by playing the 10 is nearly twice as likely to succeed.

Importantly, this assumes that the defenders have no signaling system, so that the play by west of (say) the 3 followed by the 2 does not signal a doubleton. During the course of many equivalent deals, East with KQ should in theory win the first trick with the king or queen uniformly at random; that is, half each without any pattern.

### Further accuracy

*A priori*, four outstanding cards "split" as shown in the first two columns of Table 2 below. For example, three cards are together and the fourth is alone, a "3-1 split" with probability 49.74%. To understand the "number of specific lies" refer to the preceding list of all lies in Table 1.

| Split | Probability
of Split | Number of
specific lies | Probability of
a specific lie |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
Table 2
Split Probabilities of Four Cards
| 2-2 | 40.70% | 6 | 6.78% |
| 3-1 | 49.74% | 8 | 6.22% |
| 4-0 | 9.57% | 2 | 4.78% |

The last column gives the *a priori* probability of any specific original holding such as 32 and KQ; that one is represented by row one covering the 2–2 split. The other lie featured in our example play of the spade suit, Q32 and K, is represented by row two covering the 3–1 split.

Thus the table shows that the *a priori* odds on these two specific lies were not even but slightly in favor of the former, about 6.78 to 6.22 for KQ against K.

What are the odds *a posteriori*, at the moment of truth in our example play of the spade suit? If East does with KQ win the first trick uniformly at random with the king or the queen  and with K win the first trick with the king, having no choice  the posterior odds are 3.39 to 6.22, a little more than 1:2, in percentage terms a little more than 35% for KQ. To play the ace A from North on the second round should win about 35% while to finesse again with the ten 10 wins about 65%.

The principle of restricted choice is general but this specific probability calculation does suppose East would win with the king from KQ precisely half the time (which is best). If East would win with the king from KQ more or less than half the time, then South wins more or less than 35% by playing the ace. Indeed, if East would win with the king 92% of the time (=6.22/6.78), then South wins 50% by playing the ace and 50% by repeating the finesse. If that is true, however, South wins almost 100% by repeating the finesse after East wins with the queen  for the queen from *that East* player almost denies the king.

## Mathematical theory

The principle of restricted choice is an application of Bayes' theorem on conditional probability. In the following: *Kp* represents the condition that the King is played by East in the first trick; *KQ* represents the condition that East holds KQ and; *K* represents the condition that East holds K.

The two conditions are as follows:

$\begin{aligned}P(KQ\mid Kp)&={\frac {P(Kp\mid KQ)P(KQ)}{P(Kp)}\\P(K\mid Kp)&={\frac {P(Kp\mid K)P(K)}{P(Kp)}\\\end{aligned}}}$

We assume that when East holds KQ, he plays each 50% of the time and when he holds the K alone, he must play the K. This is represented by the following:

$\begin{aligned}P(Kp\mid KQ)&=0.5\\P(Kp\mid K)&=1\\\end{aligned}$

Further, based on the play to trick 1, only two of the original 16 (i.e., *a priori*) possible holdings shown in Table 1 above remain available for East, each equally possible.

$\begin{aligned}P(K)\approx P(KQ)\\\end{aligned}$

Solving, we find (*posteriori*) that...

$\begin{aligned}\ P(K\mid Kp)\approx 2\*P(KQ\mid Kp)\end{aligned}$

In conclusion, we can say that "after East has played the K on the first round, the probability that East started with the singleton K is twice as probable as that he started with the KQ."

The first two equations are Bayes' theorem, the rest is simple algebra.

Increases and decreases in the probabilities of original lies of the opposing cards, as the play of the hand proceeds, are examples of Bayesian updating as evidence accumulates.

1. Frey, Richard L.; Truscott, Alan F., eds. (1964). *The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge* (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. p. 457. LCCN 64023817. All subsequent editions of the Encyclopedia (up to the 7th in 2011) retain this definition. The original article was written by Jeff Rubens as is indicated by his initials at the end of the article in the 1st edition; the entire article remains the same through all seven editions of the Encyclopedia.
2. That is *should* in the sense of Nash equilibrium. The Nash theory implies that opponents are able to observe any patterns and to take advantage of them. The lesson is well-known among bridge experts and its application to plays such as this one is accepted. Concerning the ace-king example of the lead paragraph, Rubens (1964, 457) assumes "East would play his equal honors with equal frequency ... It can be demonstrated that this is, in fact, East's best strategy." See also mixed strategy in suit combinations

## Further reading

* Kelsey, Hugh; Glauert, Michael (1980). *Bridge Odds for Practical Players*. Master Bridge Series. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd in association with Peter Crawley. pp. 92–116. ISBN 0-575-02799-1.
* Frey, Richard L.; Truscott, Alan F., eds. (1964). *The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge* (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. p. 381-385. LCCN 64023817. The article on Restricted Choice was originated by Jeff Rubens in the first *Encyclopedia* (1964 edition). In it and subsequent editions (e.g. on page 381 of the 6th edition), Rubens states that Reese in his book *Master Play* "unified" the "underlying principles ... first discussed by Alan Truscott in the *Contract Bridge Journal*"; he does not give a date for the Truscott article.
* Reese, Terence (1958). *The Expert Game*. London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. ISBN 0-575-02799-1. Republished in the USA as *Master Play*. Waltham MA: George Coffin. 1960.


title: Vivente rege

abstract: Vivente rege is a form of monarchical election, where the monarch's successor, usually of the same dynasty, is elected before the death of the incumbent. It was an important element of politics in the Kingdom of Poland during the period when the king was elected by the nobility. Some monarchs attempted to push through the elections of their chosen heirs during their lives. The szlachta resisted these attempts, on the grounds that this form of succession would lead to absolute monarchy.

text:
# Vivente rege

***Vivente rege*** (Latin: "with the king (still) living") is a form of monarchical election, where the monarch's successor, usually of the same dynasty, is elected before the death of the incumbent. It was an important element of politics in the Kingdom of Poland during the period when the king was elected by the nobility (the *szlachta*). Some monarchs attempted to push through the elections of their chosen heirs during their lives. The *szlachta* resisted these attempts, on the grounds that this form of succession would lead to absolute monarchy.


title: Mills Archive

abstract: The Mills Archive was established in 2002 to preserve and protect records of milling heritage and to make them freely available to the public. It is governed by the Mills Archive Trust, which is a charity. It is a nationally accredited archive service and is based at Watlington House, Reading, Berkshire, England. The archive contains a wealth of photos, documents and artefacts; more than 3 million items, an online catalogue with more than 90,000 records and a specialist library with 6,000 books and journals.

text:
# Mills Archive

The **Mills Archive** was established in 2002 to preserve and protect records of milling heritage and to make them freely available to the public. It is governed by the Mills Archive Trust, which is a charity. It is a nationally accredited archive service and is based at Watlington House, Reading, Berkshire, England. The archive contains a wealth of photos, documents and artefacts; more than 3 million items, an online catalogue with more than 90,000 records and a specialist library with 6,000 books and journals.

## History

The Mills Archive Trust was established in 2002. A grant of £50,000 from the Heritage Lottery Fund enabled the Archive to launch its internet catalogue in 2003. Other early supporters of the trust included the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB), and the Hampshire Mills Group, which donated £200.

The Archive was set up in response to an expressed need to preserve and where possible integrate the various threatened sources of information on the windmills and watermills of the UK and the rest of the world. It was hoped to prevent material being lost on the death of a molinologist by creating a suitable repository.

The Chairman Dr Ron Cookson was awarded an MBE in the 2012 Birthday Honours for Services to Heritage.

Originally a charitable trust (Reg no 1091534), the trust became a foundation-style charitable incorporated organisation (Reg no 1155828) in February 2014. In November 2016, the Archive was awarded the status of a Nationally Accredited Archive Service.

## Aims

The Archive aims to focus on (but not be totally restricted to) traditional mills and milling, and seeks to acquire relevant historical and contemporary documentary and illustrative material and small artefacts. The main initial priority is records relating to UK mills, millers and millwrights, chiefly during the 18th–21st centuries, but the Archive plans to extend its coverage worldwide.

"Traditional mills" include mills, similar structures and industrial processes that are or were powered by wind, water, muscle or other power sources, but not the massive modern industrial mills used for steel production and similar large-scale industrial enterprises. "Milling" includes millwrighting and the place of the mill in social and economic as well as technological and architectural history.

## Collections and services

The Mills Archive was originally set up to care for four historically important Foundation Collections: those belonging to the SPAB, Mildred Cookson, Ken Major and Alan Stoyel. Since its establishment it has been given more than 250 further collections, both large and small.

The Archive currently holds more than 3,000,000 items, most of which can be freely inspected by appointment at the Research Centre at Watlington House. Its catalogue is free to use, contains some 80,000 records and is rapidly expanding. The Archive also maintains a library containing more than 3,000 books on mills, in various languages. Most have been added to the online library catalogue. Apart from its wide use as a source of information about mills and their machinery in archival documents, books and journals, the Mills Archive has become a focus for family history researchers.

More information can be found on the Archive's main website.

## InfoBox

The Mills Archive Trust
|
|  |
| Formation | 2002 |
| Type | Educational Charity, Archive |
| Legal status | Registered Charity |
| Purpose | The preservation of documents related to wind and water power, from mills to turbines |
| Headquarters | 44 Watlington St, Reading RG1 4RJ |
| Region served | Global with an emphasis on the United Kingdom |
| Chairman | Dr Ron Cookson MBE |
| Director | Elizabeth Bartram |
| Staff | 4 |
| Volunteers | 20 |
| Website | https://new.millsarchive.org/ |


title: Gilbert Horal

abstract: Gilbert Horal or Erail was the 12th Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1193 to 1200.

text:
# Gilbert Horal

**Gilbert Horal** or **Erail** (died December 1200) was the 12th Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1193 to 1200.

## Personal details

Gilbert Horal was born an Aragonese (from the Kingdom of Aragon in modern-day Spain), and entered the Templars at a young age. He stayed in the provinces of Provence and Aragon, where he took part in the battles of the Reconquista on the Iberian Peninsula, and became Grand Master of the province until 1190. Then he became the Grand Preceptor of France, and in 1193, after the death of Robert de Sablé, he became Grand Master of the Order. In 1194, Pope Celestine III gave the Templars more privileges.

Horal was known for wanting peace between the Christians and the Muslims, committing himself to making sure that Christians respected the treaty of Jaffa. Some disagreed and thought that this showed treason and collusion with the enemy.

During his leadership, the quarrel between the Templars and Hospitaliers increased. The two orders engaged in combat against each other over the possessions of castles. The arbitration of Pope Innocent III was in favor of the Hospitaliers because the Pope could not forgive the Templars for making the agreements that they had with Malek-Adel, brother of Saladin.

Another of Gilbert Horal's accomplishments was that he took the time to organize and consolidate the possessions of the Templars in France and Apulia. In Spain, the Templars took an active part in the Reconquista, and in 1196 were given the fortress of Alfambra by Alfonso II of Aragon as a reward for their efforts in the battles. He died in 1200, shortly before the beginning of the Fourth Crusade.

### Sources

* Marillier, Bernard (2000). *Armorial des Maîtres de l'Ordre du Temple*. Collection "Sinople". Pardès. ISBN 978-2-8671-4222-2.
* Roy, J. J. E. (1999) \[First published 1848\]. *Histoire des Templiers*. Pardès. ISBN 978-2-8671-4188-1.

## InfoBox

| Gilbert Horal | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of arms of Gilbert Horal | |
|  | |
| 12th Grand Master of the Knights Templar | |
| **In office**
1193–1200 | |
| Preceded by | Robert IV of Sablé |
| Succeeded by | Philippe du Plessis |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown
Kingdom of Aragon |
| Died | December 1200 |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Knights Templar |
| Rank | Grand Master |
| Battles/wars | Reconquista |
|  | |


title: Prohor of Pčinja

abstract: Venerable Prohor of Pčinja, also known as Saint Prohor Pčinjski, was a Christian monk and contemporary of St. Gavril of Lesnovo and St. John of Rila who lived in the eleventh century Bulgaria and after its conquest in the Byzantine Empire. Prohor Pcinjski was born into a Bulgarian family in the Ovče Pole area, then in the First Bulgarian Empire, today in North Macedonia. According to tradition, the young ascetic Prohor was shown in a vision a place near the Pčinja River where he would be a hermit. For many years, nobody disturbed him, until one day a hunter chasing a deer came across the saint, who was in prayer. The hunter engaged the monk in conversation, which went on for hours. As he prepared to take his leave, the hunter asked for the saint's blessing, upon which St. Prohor foretold that greatness awaited him. The hunter, Romanos Diogenes, became Byzantine emperor in 1068. The emperor sought out the prophetic hermit but found his grave instead. The church of the St. Prohor Pčinjski Monastery was built by the generosity of the emperor, as a sign of his thanksgiving to God and the saint. There is an icon in the monastery church that shows St. Prohor's encounter with Emperor Romanos Diogenes. Also shown are wild animals approaching him without fear such as a deer. Hermits before Prohor of Pčenja, John of Rila, Joachim of Osogovo, Peter of Koriša and those after them have exerted an influence both social and cultural on the people of the Balkan Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

text:
# Prohor of Pčinja

Venerable **Prohor of Pčinja**, also known as **Saint Prohor Pčinjski**, was a Christian monk and contemporary of St. Gavril of Lesnovo and St. John of Rila who lived in the eleventh century Bulgaria and after its conquest in the Byzantine Empire.

Prohor Pcinjski was born into a Bulgarian family in the Ovče Pole area, then in the First Bulgarian Empire, today in North Macedonia. According to tradition, the young ascetic Prohor was shown in a vision a place near the Pčinja River where he would be a hermit. For many years, nobody disturbed him, until one day a hunter chasing a deer came across the saint, who was in prayer. The hunter engaged the monk in conversation, which went on for hours. As he prepared to take his leave, the hunter asked for the saint's blessing, upon which St. Prohor foretold that greatness awaited him. The hunter, Romanos Diogenes, became Byzantine emperor in 1068. The emperor sought out the prophetic hermit but found his grave instead. The church of the St. Prohor Pčinjski Monastery was built by the generosity of the emperor, as a sign of his thanksgiving to God and the saint. There is an icon in the monastery church that shows St. Prohor's encounter with Emperor Romanos Diogenes. Also shown are wild animals approaching him without fear such as a deer.

Hermits before Prohor of Pčenja, John of Rila, Joachim of Osogovo, Peter of Koriša and those after them have exerted an influence both social and cultural on the people of the Balkan Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

## InfoBox

| Saint Prohor of Pčinja<br> | |
| --- | --- |
| A fresco depicting Prohor of Pčinja | |
| Born | ca. 1000 |
| Died | 1067 |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Feast | 15 January/1 November |


title: Neal Dahlen

abstract: Neal Dahlen is a retired American football administrator, who worked for San Francisco 49ers (1979–1996), and the Denver Broncos (1996–2003), and was general manager of the Broncos from 1999 to January 2002. Dahlen's seven Super Bowl rings are tied with Tom Brady for the second most in NFL history. He earned five with the 49ers, and two during his time at the Broncos. Dahlen attended Capuchino High School in San Bruno, California. He then played quarterback at San Jose State University, where he graduated from in 1963. He then coached baseball and football at Hillsdale High School in San Mateo, as well as at the College of San Mateo. Dahlen started working part-time for the 49ers in 1979, and earned increasing administrative responsibilities. He moved to Denver in 1996 to become director of player personnel, and later was named general manager in 1999. Ted Sundquist replaced him in early 2002, and Dahlen became the team's director of football administration until he retired the following year.

text:
# Neal Dahlen

**Neal Dahlen** (born 1940) is a retired American football administrator, who worked for San Francisco 49ers (1979–1996), and the Denver Broncos (1996–2003), and was general manager of the Broncos from 1999 to January 2002.

Dahlen's seven Super Bowl rings are tied with Tom Brady for the second most in NFL history (only Bill Belichick has more). He earned five with the 49ers, and two during his time at the Broncos.

Dahlen attended Capuchino High School in San Bruno, California. He then played quarterback at San Jose State University, where he graduated from in 1963 (and earned a master's in 1964). He then coached baseball and football at Hillsdale High School in San Mateo, as well as at the College of San Mateo.

Dahlen started working part-time for the 49ers in 1979, and earned increasing administrative responsibilities. He moved to Denver in 1996 to become director of player personnel, and later was named general manager in 1999. Ted Sundquist replaced him in early 2002, and Dahlen became the team's director of football administration until he retired the following year.

1. FitzGerald, Tom (July 15, 2019). "Ex-49ers exec Neal Dahlen has more Super Bowl rings than anyone but Bill Belichick". *San Francisco Chronicle*. Retrieved February 9, 2021. Dahlen, 79, retired in 2003.
2. Farmer, Sam (February 1, 2018). "Neal Dahlen, 77, has 77 cents in his pocket — and seven Super Bowl rings". *Los Angeles Times*. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
3. (January 29, 2002) Broncos name Sundquist as GM, create position for Dahlen Archived October 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, *Associated Press*, Retrieved December 2, 2010 ("The Denver Broncos hired Ted Sundquist as general manager Monday and made former GM Neal Dahlen the team's director of football administration.")
4. (January 29, 2002). Broncos' GM has AFA ties/ Denver promotes alum Sundquist, *The Gazette (Colorado Springs)*, Retrieved December 2, 2010 ("He replaces Neal Dahlen, general manager since 1999, who becomes the team's director of football administration.")
5. (February 3, 2008). Rings not everything to Fleming, *Deseret News*, Retrieved December 2, 2010
6. (August 23, 1998). Broncos' Dahlen succeeds like clockwork: Lucky 7th ring perfect fit for player-personnel guru Archived October 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, *The Denver Post*, Retrieved December 2, 2010
7. (August 4, 1999). Vikings perplexed by vanishing rookie Archived November 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, *USA Today*, Retrieved December 2, 2010 ("But when it comes to NFL jewelry, \[Neal\] Dahlen can top anyone in the league. Dahlen has more Super Bowl rings -- seven -- than anyone in history.")
8. Durkin, Jimmy (August 11, 2016). "Former San Jose State quarterback is lord of Super Bowl rings". *Mercury News*. San Jose, California. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2016. Dahlen grew up in San Bruno and went to Capuchino High before going to San Jose State.
9. Denver Broncos 2002 Media Guide Archived July 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, p.36 (2002), Retrieved December 2, 2010
10. (June 17, 2003). Ringmaster Archived October 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, *San Mateo County Times*, Retrieved December 2, 2010
11. (March 6, 1996). PERSONNEL EXPERT LEAVES 49ERS TO JOIN BRONCO Archived October 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, *Rocky Mountain News*, Retrieved December 2, 1996

## InfoBox

| Neal Dahlen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1940 (age 8384) |


title: Nkumpi River

abstract: The Nkumpi River is a smallish river in central Limpopo Province, South Africa. It flows southeastwards and is a tributary of the Olifants River, joining the left bank in the river's central basin.

text:
# Nkumpi River

The **Nkumpi River** is a smallish river in central Limpopo Province, South Africa. It flows southeastwards and is a tributary of the Olifants River, joining the left bank in the river's central basin.

## Sources

Source coordinates: 24°18′18″S 29°19′10″E / 24.3049°S 29.3195°E / -24.3049; 29.3195

## InfoBox

| Nkumpi River | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location of the Nkumpi River's mouth | |
| Location | |
| Country | South Africa |
| State | Limpopo Province |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Olifants River |
| location | Limpopo Province |
| coordinates | 24°33′41″S 29°32′06″E / 24.56139°S 29.53500°E / -24.56139; 29.53500 |


title: Paris–Rouen (cycle race)

abstract: Paris–Rouen was the first cycle race covering a distance between two cities. It was held between the cities of Paris and Rouen on 7 November 1869. The winner of the inaugural race was an Englishman living in Paris, James Moore, who rode the 123 kilometres dividing both cities in 10 hours and 40 minutes, including time spent walking his bicycle up the steeper hills. The event was organized by the fortnightly cycling magazine Le Vélocipède Illustré and the Olivier brothers, owners of a bicycle manufacturer company called The Michaux Company. They were delighted with the success of short races held in Parc de Saint Cloud, Paris and on 7 November they promoted a race between Paris and Rouen, covering a distance of 123 kilometres. The first prize was one thousand gold francs and a bicycle. The rules of the race said that the riders were not to be pulled by a dog or use sails. A total of 120 riders, including two women, participated in the race but just 32 finished within 24 hours. James Moore won, finishing 15 minutes ahead of Castera and Bobillier. The first woman, referred to as Miss America, finishing in 29th position - 12 hours and 10 minutes after Moore. The race was not held after the outbreak of Franco-Prussian War in 1870, but it later returned as an amateur race. The centenary was commemorated on 12 May 1969, and was won by Régis Delepine, who received the same prize as James Moore, one thousand gold francs equivalent to 50 Louis.

text:
# Paris–Rouen (cycle race)

**Paris–Rouen** was the first cycle race covering a distance between two cities. It was held between the cities of Paris and Rouen on 7 November 1869. The winner of the inaugural race was an Englishman living in Paris, James Moore, who rode the 123 kilometres dividing both cities in 10 hours and 40 minutes, including time spent walking his bicycle up the steeper hills.

The event was organized by the fortnightly cycling magazine Le Vélocipède Illustré and the Olivier brothers, owners of a bicycle manufacturer company called *The Michaux Company*. They were delighted with the success of short races held in Parc de Saint Cloud, Paris and on 7 November they promoted a race between Paris and Rouen, covering a distance of 123 kilometres. The first prize was one thousand gold francs and a bicycle. The rules of the race said that the riders were not *to be pulled by a dog or use sails*.

A total of 120 riders, including two women, participated in the race but just 32 finished within 24 hours. James Moore won, finishing 15 minutes ahead of Castera and Bobillier. The first woman, referred to as *Miss America*, finishing in 29th position - 12 hours and 10 minutes after Moore.

The race was not held after the outbreak of Franco-Prussian War in 1870, but it later returned as an amateur race. The centenary was commemorated on 12 May 1969, and was won by Régis Delepine, who received the same prize as James Moore, one thousand gold francs equivalent to 50 Louis.

## General Standings

### 07-11-1869: Paris–Rouen, 123 km

|  | Cyclist | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | James Moore (GBR) | 10h 45' |
| 2 | Jean-Eugène-André Castéra (FRA) | 15' |
| 3 | Jean Bobillier (FRA) | s.t. |
| 4 | Henri Pascaud (FRA) | 1h 15' |
| 5 | Félix-Gaston Biot (FRA) | 1h 39' |
| 6 | Georges Cantellauve (FRA) | 2h 54' |
| 7 | Edouard-Charles Bon (FRA) | 3h 05' |
| 8 | John Thomas "Leon Lamberte" Johnson (GBR) | 3h 40' |
| 9 | Joseph Meunier (FRA) | 3h 50' |
| 10 | Hinton Shand (GBR) | 4h 33' |
| 11 | Eugène Meyer (FRA) | 4h 43' |
| 12 | Louis Tribout (FRA) | 4h 45' |
| 13 | A.E. Guillot (FRA) | 5h 07' |
| 14 | François Stoeckel (FRA) | 5h 11' |
| 15 | Rémy Lamon (FRA) | 6h 44' |
| 16 | Servoz (FRA) | 6h 50' |
| 17 | Henri "R.R. - Raoul Richard" Pagis (FRA) | 7h 10' |
| 18 | Delage (FRA) | 7h 20' |
| 19 | Gustave Obrecht (FRA) | 7h 25' |
| 20 | Victor Leroy d'Étiolles (FRA) | 7h 30' |
| 21 | Venant (FRA) | 7h 35' |
| 22 | Pierre Wolff (FRA) | 7h 45' |
| 23 | Daubel (FRA) | 7h 48' |
| 24 | Rocan (FRA) | 7h 53' |
| 25 | Duval (FRA) | s.t. |
| 26 | J. Château (FRA) | 8h 20' |
| 27 | Tricycle Tissier (FRA) | 9h 20' |
| 28 | Ludovic Constanceau (FRA) | 10h 30' |
| 29 | James "Pedro" Trémau (FRA) | 11h 50' |
| 30 | Elisabeth Sarti "Miss America" (FRA) | 12h 10' |
| 31 | Rowley Benbow Turner (GBR) | s.t. |
| 32 | Emile Taboureau (FRA) | s.t. |
| 33 | Ch. Châtelain (FRA) | 12h 35' |
| 34 | Eugène Fortin (FRA) | 14h 20' |
| 35 | Prosper Martin (FRA) | s.t. |
|


title: Ingali

abstract: Ingali is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Chikodi taluk of Belgaum district in Karnataka.

text:
# Ingali

**Ingali**  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Chikodi taluk of Belgaum district in Karnataka.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Ingali had a population of 7920 with 4140 males and 3780 females.

## InfoBox

| Ingali desai | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| IngaliLocation in Karnataka, IndiaIngaliIngali (India) | |
| Coordinates: 16°25′N 74°35′E / 16.42°N 74.58°E / 16.42; 74.58 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Belgaum |
| Talukas | Chikodi |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 10,558 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Kannada |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Telephone code | 08338 |
| Vehicle registration | KA23 |
| Nearest city | Chikkodi (31 KM), Miraj (33 KM), Sangli (50 KM) |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Bangalore |


title: Vizol Koso

abstract: Vizol Vitso-n Koso was an Indian politician from Nagaland who served as the 4th Chief Minister of Nagaland twice from February 1974 until March 1975 and November 1977 until April 1980. He became the Chief Minister of Nagaland as part of the United Democratic Front (Nagaland).

text:
# Vizol Koso

**Vizol Vitso-n Koso** (16 November 1914 – 3 March 2008) was an Indian politician from Nagaland who served as the 4th Chief Minister of Nagaland twice from February 1974 until March 1975 and November 1977 until April 1980. He became the Chief Minister of Nagaland as part of the United Democratic Front (Nagaland).

## Early life

Vizol was born on 16 November 1914 to a Southern Angami family from Viswema. He did his initial education from Mission High School, Kohima. He completed his matriculation from Government High School in Shillong. In 1951 he graduated from St. Edmund's College, Shillong.

During the Second World War, Koso joined the Royal Indian Air Force and served as a pilot until 1946. After the war, he served as a private teacher in John High School, Viswema. Koso was one of the founding members of the Kohima Science College, Jotsoma in 1961.

## Naga nationalism

From 1953 to 1956, Vizol served as the Principal of the Naga National High School, Kohima. In 1956 and 1957 Vizol was imprisoned twice on political grounds. He served as the Vice President of the Naga People's Convention from 1957 to 1960. In 1964, Koso nominated Muivah for the general secretary of Naga National Council at Tuzol Sokha, a forested area near Viswema village.

Koso was elected a member of the first Nagaland Assembly in February 1964 from the Southern Angami II Assembly constituency constituency as a Naga National Democratic Party candidate (later became the Nagaland People's Council) and later became the leader of the Opposition till it resigned en bloc after a ceasefire agreement was signed in September 1964. He did not contest the second state elections in 1969.

## Peace initiatives

In 1966, Koso was part of the five member-Nagaland Peace Commission formed in Kohima as an initiative of the Nagaland Baptist Church Council. It passed a resolution asking government authorities and public to strengthen peace work in Nagaland. Along with Vizol Koso, Nabakrushna Choudhuri, Lakshmi N. Menon, Mayangnokcha Ao, and Nivukha were part of the commission. They met the Naga underground leaders at Chedema.

## Political career

### First term as Chief Minister (1974–75)

He was re-elected in 1974 from the Southern Angami II constituency, and was unanimously chosen as the leader of United Democratic Front party and was appointed the Chief Minister of Nagaland. The government later collapsed due to defections. Following political instability, President’s rule was imposed in the state on March 22, 1975.

### Second term as Chief Minister (1977–80)

Koso was again re-elected uncontested to the Nagaland Assembly in 1977 and became the Chief Minister for the second time but it again collapsed in 1980.

## Post Chief Ministership

In the subsequent general elections in 1982 and 1987, Koso failed to get elected.

In the 1989 elections, he kept out of the fray but led the newly formed Nagaland People's Council, the new name of Naga National Democratic Party, currently as Naga People's Front (NPF), as the party Chairman. He contested the 1989 Lok Sabha election, but lost to Congress candidate Shikiho Sema. Koso was a member of the Rajya Sabha from 1992 to 1998 and also a member of the Parliamentary Committee on Communication, Energy, Gas, Afforestation and Eco-development.

Koso was the founding member of the Nagaland State Branch of the Indian Red Cross Society in 1982, and served as its Chairman till he resigned in 2004, on health grounds. He was known to lead a life of simplicity, honesty and peace loving, which he showed in his way of living to be emulated by others.

## Death

Koso died on 3 March 2008 at 07:10 Indian Standard Time (UTC+05:30), at his personal residence in Daklane Ward, Kohima after a prolonged illness and his remains were laid to rest at Viswema.

## Personal life

Koso married Razoulhou-ü in 1948. Together the couple had two daughters and four sons.

## InfoBox

| Vizol Koso | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 4th Chief Minister of Nagaland | |
| **In office**
25 November 1977  18 April 1980 | |
| Preceded by | President's rule |
| Succeeded by | S. C. Jamir |
| **In office**
26 February 1974  10 March 1975 | |
| Preceded by | Hokishe Sema |
| Succeeded by | John Bosco Jasokie |
| Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha | |
| **In office**
3 April 1992  2 April 1998 | |
| Preceded by | Khyomo Lotha |
| Succeeded by | Chubatoshi Apok Jamir |
| Constituency | Nagaland |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Vizol Vitso-n Koso
(1914-11-16)16 November 1914
Viswema, Naga Hills District, Assam Province, British India
*(Now in Kohima District, Nagaland, India)* |
| Died | 3 March 2008(2008-03-03) (aged 93)
Kohima, Nagaland, India |
| Resting place | Viswema Baptist Church (Old location) |
| Political party | United Democratic Front (Nagaland) |
| Spouse | Razoulhou-ü Koso (m. 1948) |
| Children | 6 |
| Education | St. Edmund's College, Shillong (B.A.) |
|  | |


title: Prashant Vaidya

abstract: Prashant Vaidya is a former Indian cricketer. He played domestic cricket for Bengal and played four One Day Internationals for India in 1995 and 1996. At that time he was considered to be the fastest bowler in India. He was a part of the Indian squad which won the 1995 Asia Cup. He was instrumental in developing the Vidarbha Cricket Association coaching academy.

text:
# Prashant Vaidya

**Prashant Vaidya** (born 23 September 1967) is a former Indian cricketer. He played domestic cricket for Bengal and played four One Day Internationals for India in 1995 and 1996. At that time he was considered to be the fastest bowler in India. He was a part of the Indian squad which won the 1995 Asia Cup.

He was instrumental in developing the Vidarbha Cricket Association coaching academy.

## InfoBox

Prashant Vaidya
| Cricket information | |
| --- | --- |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast-medium |
| Medal record      Men's Cricket  Representing  India  ACC Asia Cup  **Winner** 1995 United Arab Emirates | |
| Source: CricInfo, 6 March 2006 | |


title: Mills (given name)

abstract:
Mills is a male given name which may refer to:
  - Mills Darden (1799–1857), alleged to have been one of the largest men in history
  - Mills Gardner (1830–1910), American attorney, politician and U.S. Representative from Ohio
  - Mills E. Godwin, Jr. (1914–1999), American politician and 60th and 62nd Governor of Virginia
  - Mills Lane (1937–2022), American judge and star of the TV show Judge Mills Lane, boxer and boxing referee
  - Mills Lane (banker) (1912–1989), American banker, uncle of the above
  - Mills Watson, American actor

text:
# Mills (given name)

**Mills** is a male given name which may refer to:

* Mills Darden (1799–1857), alleged to have been one of the largest men in history
* Mills Gardner (1830–1910), American attorney, politician and U.S. Representative from Ohio
* Mills E. Godwin, Jr. (1914–1999), American politician and 60th and 62nd Governor of Virginia
* Mills Lane (1937–2022), American judge and star of the TV show *Judge Mills Lane*, boxer and boxing referee
* Mills Lane (banker) (1912–1989), American banker, uncle of the above
* Mills Watson (born 1940), American actor


title: Prunus occidentalis

abstract: Prunus occidentalis is a plant in the family Rosaceae of the order Rosales.

text:
# Prunus occidentalis

***Prunus occidentalis*** is a plant in the family Rosaceae of the order Rosales.

## Common names

Its Spanish common names include **almendrón**. Its English common name is the **western cherry laurel**.

## Distribution and habitat

The plant can be found in the Caribbean, Central America and northern South America. It is commonly found in Puerto Rico and particularly in the Toro Negro State Forest. It has been introduced to Trinidad and Tobago.

## InfoBox

| *Prunus occidentalis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Prunus* |
| Species: | ***P. occidentalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prunus occidentalis***
Sw. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cerasus occidentalis* (Sw.) Dum. Cours. * *Laurocerasus occidentalis* (Sw.) M. Roem. * *Lauro-cerasus occidentalis* (Sw.) M. Roem. | |


title: Prosena

abstract: Prosena is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Prosena

***Prosena*** is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Prosena* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Prosena siberita* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Dexiinae |
| Tribe: | Dexiini |
| Genus: | *Prosena*
Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Stomoxys siberita*
Fabricius, 1775 | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Nazook

abstract: Nazook is the name of a rolled Armenian pastry made from flour, butter, sugar, sour cream, yeast, vanilla extract and eggs, with a filling (khoriz) often made with nuts, and especially walnuts. Nazook is sometimes referred to as gata. There is also a variation where lemon juice and cranberries are used.

text:
# Nazook

**Nazook** (also spelled **nazuk** or **nazouk**, Armenian *Նազուկ*) is the name of a rolled Armenian pastry made from flour, butter, sugar, sour cream, yeast, vanilla extract and eggs, with a filling (khoriz) often made with nuts, and especially walnuts. Nazook is sometimes referred to as gata.

There is also a variation where lemon juice and cranberries are used.

## InfoBox

Nazook
| Nazook | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Pastry |
| Place of origin | Armenia |
| Main ingredients | Spices, sugar, flour, eggs, butter, and nuts, |
|  | |


abstract: The Noojin House is a historic house in Gadsden, Alabama. The house was built in 1926 and substantially renovated and expanded in 1940–41 in French Eclectic style. The two-story three-bay original façade has a centered entrance covered by a copper awning. To the left (west) of the entrance is a two-story arched window. The recessed 1940s one-and-a-half-story addition is further to the left, with a porch under a gable roof with three dormers flanked by a porte-cochère connecting to a garage. A 1980s addition enclosed the rear porch into a grand room with views of the city and the Coosa River. Also on the property are the ruins of a building that housed the Bellevue Hotel from 1889 to 1895, the Jones Female College from 1895 to 1897, and the Mineral Spring Hotel from 1901 to 1912. After the building burned in 1912, the site was still used as a community gathering site until the house was built in 1926. The foundation and other stone and brick walls remain; four stone columns along the house's driveway are believed to be constructed from the hotel's rubble. The house was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 2008 and the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.

text:
# Noojin House and Bellevue-Mineral Springs Hotel Site

The **Noojin House** (also known as the **Noojin–Robinson House**, the **Bellevue-Mineral Springs Hotel Site**, and the **Jones Female College Site**) is a historic house in Gadsden, Alabama. The house was built in 1926 and substantially renovated and expanded in 1940–41 in French Eclectic style. The two-story three-bay original façade has a centered entrance covered by a copper awning. To the left (west) of the entrance is a two-story arched window. The recessed 1940s one-and-a-half-story addition is further to the left, with a porch under a gable roof with three dormers flanked by a porte-cochère connecting to a garage. A 1980s addition enclosed the rear porch into a grand room with views of the city and the Coosa River.

Also on the property are the ruins of a building that housed the Bellevue Hotel from 1889 to 1895, the Jones Female College from 1895 to 1897, and the Mineral Spring Hotel from 1901 to 1912. After the building burned in 1912, the site was still used as a community gathering site until the house was built in 1926. The foundation and other stone and brick walls remain; four stone columns along the house's driveway are believed to be constructed from the hotel's rubble.

The house was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 2008 and the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Noojin House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 326 Bellevue Dr., Gadsden, Alabama |
| Coordinates | 34°01′49″N 86°01′16″W / 34.03028°N 86.02111°W / 34.03028; -86.02111 |
| Built | 1926 (1926) |
| NRHP reference No. | 100008433 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | June 27, 2023 |
| Designated ARLH | May 22, 2008 |


title: Prohylus phanthasma

abstract: Prohylus phanthasma is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Prohylus. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 1990.

text:
# Prohylus phanthasma

***Prohylus phanthasma*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus ***Prohylus***. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 1990.

## InfoBox

| *Prohylus phanthasma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Prohylus*** |
| Species: | ***P. phanthasma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prohylus phanthasma***<br>Martins & Galileo, 1990 | |
|


title: Paris–Ruhr

abstract: The Paris–Ruhr was an express train that linked Paris in France, with Dortmund in Germany. The train was named after its two termini, Paris in the west and the Ruhr district in the east. For most of its life, it was a Trans Europ Express (TEE).

text:
# Paris–Ruhr

The ***Paris–Ruhr*** was an express train that linked Paris in France, with Dortmund in Germany. The train was named after its two termini, Paris in the west and the Ruhr district in the east. For most of its life, it was a Trans Europ Express (TEE).

## F-Zug

The *Paris–Ruhr* was launched on 23 May 1954 as a single-class express train with train numbers FT 168 westbound and FT 185 eastbound. The schedule was designed to allow a traveller to attend a meeting in Paris in the afternoon and have dinner on his way back just after leaving Paris. This concept meant a departure from Dortmund as early as 5:30 in the morning and not arriving back in Dortmund until 00:45 (12:45 a.m.). Times from Cologne and the Belgian industrial cities in Wallonia were more convenient, with westbound departure between 7:00 and 10:15, returning from Paris between 7:30 p.m and 11:00 p.m. The service was operated by Deutsche Bundesbahn, originally using Class VT 08 diesel multiple units.

## Trans Europ Express

On 2 June 1957, the *Paris–Ruhr* was one of the initial Trans Europ Express (TEE) services. The rolling stock was given TEE signage on front but the use of VT 08 continued because the German TEE trainsets planned for it were not available in time. The timetable remained nearly unchanged as well. On 23 December 1957, the VT 08 were replaced by first-class DB Class VT 11.5 trainsets that were purpose-built for the TEE network. On 29 May 1960, the "mirror" of the *Paris–Ruhr*, the *Parsifal* was extended to Hamburg. In order to level-out the kilometer fees the French rolling stock used in the *Parsifal* was reallocated to the *Paris–Ruhr* and vice versa, so the extra kilometers in Germany were ridden by German trains without the need to pay kilometer fees for foreign tracks. As a result, the *Paris–Ruhr* was operated by French RGP-825 DMUs from 29 May 1960 until 30 May 1965.

Electrification in Germany proceeded and at the beginning of 1965 electric locomotives and TEE coaches were delivered. The rolling stock of the *TEE Helvetia* was replaced by electric-locomotive-hauled trains and its VT 11.5s were reallocated to the *Paris–Ruhr*. After completion of electrification in Belgium, the *Paris-Ruhr* was changed to an electric-locomotive-hauled train as well, on 1 June 1969. On 3 June 1973, the service was renamed the *TEE Molière*.

## Works cited

* Centre for publicrelations UIC (1972). *TEE* (in Dutch). Paris: Union International des Chemins de Fer.
* Hajt, Jörg (2001). *Das grosse TEE Buch* (in German). Bonn/Königswinter: Heel Verlag. ISBN 3-89365-948-X.
* Mertens, Maurice; Malaspina, Jean-Pierre (2007). *La Légende des Trans Europ Express* (in French). Vannes: LR Presse. ISBN 978-29-036514-5-9.
* Goette, Peter (2008). *TEE-Züge in Deutschland* (in German). Freiburg: EK-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-88255-698-8.

## InfoBox

Paris–Ruhr
| Overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Service type | Fernschnellzug (F)
(1954–57)
Trans Europ Express (TEE)
(1957–73) |
| Status | Discontinued |
| Locale | France
Belgium
Germany |
| First service | 23 May 1954 (1954-05-23) |
| Last service | 1 June 1973 (1973-06-01) |
| Successor | *TEE Molière* |
| Former operator(s) | Deutsche Bundesbahn
SNCF |
| Route | |
| Termini | Paris
Dortmund |
| Distance travelled | 609 km |
| Service frequency | Daily |
| On-board services | |
| Catering facilities | Restaurant car |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) |
| Electrification | 25 kV 50 Hz (France)
3000  DC (Belgium)
15 kV 16,7 Hz (Germany) |
| Route map | |


title: International Biographical Centre

abstract: The International Biographical Centre was a publisher owned by Melrose Press Ltd that specializes in producing biographical publications, such as the Dictionary of International Biography, Great Men and Women of Science and other vanity awards. It is situated in Ely, Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom. Government consumer advocates have described it as a "scam" or as "pretty tacky". Its use to support the granting of a US O-1 visa has been described by US employer Oracle Corporation as purchasing "vanity accolades" to use as "phony credentials", with a warning that "visa fraud is a serious crime" with severe penalties. In 2007, referring to the International Biographical Centre, the American Biographical Institute and Marquis Who's Who, Jan Margosian, consumer information coordinator for the Oregon Department of Justice, warned consumers to be wary and called the companies "pretty tacky", adding "I don't know why they would put you in there if they weren't hoping to get you to buy the book.. "You truly have to look at how they are marketing and what the spin is. It's something you might want to watch out for."

text:
# International Biographical Centre

The **International Biographical Centre** was a publisher owned by Melrose Press Ltd that specializes in producing biographical publications, such as the ***Dictionary of International Biography***, *Great Men and Women of Science* and other vanity awards. It is situated in Ely, Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom.

Government consumer advocates have described it as a "scam" or as "pretty tacky". Its use to support the granting of a US O-1 visa (for  *individuals with an extraordinary ability*) has been described by US employer Oracle Corporation as purchasing "vanity accolades" to use as "phony credentials", with a warning that "visa fraud is a serious crime" with severe penalties.

In 2007, referring to the International Biographical Centre, the American Biographical Institute and Marquis Who's Who, Jan Margosian, consumer information coordinator for the Oregon Department of Justice, warned consumers to be wary and called the companies "pretty tacky", adding "I don't know why they would put you in there if they weren't hoping to get you to buy the book.. "You truly have to look at how they are marketing and what the spin is. It's something you might want to watch out for."

## Activity

When it was still in business, the International Biographical Centre created "awards" and offered them widely. In 2004, an award was said to cost the recipient US$495 or £295, but in 2010 the cost could be as high as $395 for a Commemorative Medal or US$440 for a laminated certificate.

The Department of Commerce of the Government of Western Australia classified the Centre's offers as a scam and said:

"The material promoting the International Biographical Centre creates a false impression about the credentials of the organisation. It also wrongly implies that the receiver of the letter has been picked through a special research process considering their work and qualifications."

It quoted blog users who describe the publications as a "Who’s Who of gullible people".

## Biographical reference books

* *2000 Outstanding Europeans of the 21st Century*
* *2000 Outstanding Intellectuals of the 20th Century*
* *2000 Outstanding Intellectuals of the 21st Century*
* *2000 Outstanding Scientists - 2010*
* *The Cambridge Blue Book*
* *Dictionary of International Biography*
* *Great Men and Women of Science*
* *International Who's Who in Music*
* *Men of achievement*
* *Outstanding People of the 20th Century*
* *Outstanding People of the 21st Century*
* *Outstanding Scientists of the 21st Century*
* *Who’s Who in the 21st Century*
* *World Who's Who of Women*

## InfoBox

International Biographical Centre
| Status | Dissolved - See External Links Below |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | England |
| Headquarters location | St Thomas' Place, Ely, Cambridgeshire |
| Owner(s) | Melrose Press Ltd. |
| Official website | internationalbiographicalcentre.com |


title: Vizore

abstract: Vizore is a settlement to the northeast of Nova Cerkev in the Municipality of Vojnik in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

text:
# Vizore

**Vizore** (pronounced \[ˈʋiːzɔɾɛ\] or \[ʋiˈzoːɾɛ\]) is a settlement to the northeast of Nova Cerkev in the Municipality of Vojnik in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

## InfoBox

| Vizore | |
| --- | --- |
| VizoreLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°19′2.88″N 15°16′10.02″E / 46.3174667°N 15.2694500°E / 46.3174667; 15.2694500 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Styria |
| Statistical region | Savinja |
| Municipality | Vojnik |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.86 km2 (0.33 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 303.2 m (994.8 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 133 |
|  | |


title: Weirdo Magnet

abstract: Weirdo Magnet is a 1996 studio album by Buck 65, re-released by Warner Music Canada in 2002.

text:
# Weirdo Magnet

***Weirdo Magnet*** is a 1996 studio album by Buck 65, re-released by Warner Music Canada in 2002.

## Track listing

A 2-disc promo for the album had titles for the track:

Disc 1:

1. "Throw II"- 1:26
2. "Shopping for Shoes"- 3:54
3. "Taster's Choice"- 3:11
4. "Cat Piss"- 3:12
5. "Thought So"- 3:57
6. "Boogie n' Frenzy"- 4:16
7. "Amber Valletta"- 2:18
8. "Chin Music '96"- 3:10
9. "Stranded Without Pants"- 1:27
10. "Beatles Break"- 4:06
11. "Company"- 1:23
12. "Who You Frontin' For?"- 3:53
13. "Maintenance"- 3:43
14. "Plus Signs and Positivity"- 2:57
15. "Urine Trouble"- 2:20
16. "Shalom Harlow"- :44
17. "Kiss My Ass"- 3:39
18. "Fuckin' Chicks, Huh?"- 2:53
19. "Your Pissin' Me Off"- 4:35
20. "Shout It Out"- 4:05

Disc 2:

1. "Come Home"- 1:17
2. "Year Zero"- 1:58
3. "You Know the Science"- 3:21
4. "Baron Karza"- 5:15
5. "In a Bad Way"- 3:02
6. "Wildlife, Pt. 1"- 2:38
7. "Chillwack"- 3:13
8. "PR221"- :36
9. "The Basement Show"- 3:35
10. "State of the Art"- 2:12
11. "Wildlife, Pt. 2"- 2:56
12. "Style #386"- 2:15
13. "Providence"- 3:13
14. "The Back of My Hand"- 1:27
15. "Male Model"- 3:32
16. "Wildlife, Pt. 3"- 3:37
17. "Speak of the Devil"- :37
18. "Swung at a Bad Pitch"- 4:49
19. "This is a Joke"- 2:31

**Warner Release**

1. "Track 01" - 2:10
2. "Track 02" - 1:44
3. "Track 03" - 2:15
4. "Track 04" - 2:59
5. "Track 05" - 3:28
6. "Track 06" - 2:55
7. "Track 07" - 2:52
8. "Track 08" - 1:12
9. "Track 09" - 2:02
10. "Track 10" - 1:01
11. "Track 11" - 1:52
12. "Track 12" - 2:16
13. "Track 13" - 1:16
14. "Track 14" - 2:03
15. "Track 15" - 4:35
16. "Track 16" - 1:47
17. "Track 17" - 2:33
18. "Track 18" - 1:10
19. "Track 19" - 3:34
20. "Track 20" - 0:54
21. "Track 21" - 3:27
22. "Track 22" - 0:54
23. "Track 23" - 2:11

* *Note:* The CD release of the album is titled as above, however a review by Buck 65 references titles of some tracks, including "Track 10" as "The Zyzygy".

## InfoBox

| Weirdo Magnet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Buck 65 | |
| Released | 1996 |
| Recorded | ? |
| Genre | Alternative hip hop |
| Length | 50:57 |
| Label | Independent/Metaforensics |
| Producer | Buck 65 |
| Buck 65 chronology | |
| *Sebutonedef
*
(1996) ***Weirdo Magnet***
(1996) *Language Arts*
(1996) | |


title: Province of Canary Islands

abstract: The Province of Canary Islands is the name of the former province formed by the Canary Islands. This province had its capital in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. After the provincial division in 1927, this province was composed of the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife that encompassed the western islands of the Canaries, while the province of Las Palmas covered the eastern islands.

text:
# Province of Canary Islands

The **Province of Canary Islands** (in Spanish: *Provincia de Canarias*) is the name of the former province formed by the Canary Islands. This province had its capital in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. After the provincial division in 1927, this province was composed of the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife that encompassed the western islands of the Canaries, while the province of Las Palmas covered the eastern islands.

## History

On November 30, 1833 the province of the Canary Islands was created, which the Cadiz Constitution of 1812 established with its capital in Santa Cruz de Tenerife. However, there arose a rivalry with the island of Gran Canaria, due to the fact that the capital was established on the island of Tenerife, although so far, the city exercised for three centuries as de facto capital of the Canary Islands was the city of San Cristóbal de La Laguna located in Tenerife.

In 1912, there was created *Ley de Cabildos* (The Law of Town Halls) to try to satisfy both sides. This did not please those who asked for the provincial division, especially from Gran Canaria, and those who advocated regional autonomy, mostly from Tenerife.

In 1927, during the dictatorship of General Primo de Rivera until then province of the Canary Islands was divided into two: the eastern half would result in the Province of Las Palmas, leaving the western called since then with the name of Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. From here, the capital of the archipelago would be shared between the cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, which is how it remains today.

It is the only province that has been divided from the project, raising the number of provinces from 49 to the 50 that currently exist in Spain.

## InfoBox

| Canary Islands Province Provincia de Canarias | |
| --- | --- |
| Province | |
|  | |
| Map of Spain with Province of Canary Islands highlighted | |
| Country | Spain |
| Capital | Santa Cruz de Tenerife |
| Area | |
| Total | 7,447 km2 (2,875 sq mi) |
| Rank | Ranked |
| Elevation
(Teide) | 3,718 m (12,198 ft) |
| Rank | Ranked |
| Official language(s) | Spanish |
| Parliament | Cortes Generales |


title: Progress Chapter 165: Diamond Dust

abstract: The Progress Chapter 165: Diamond Dust was a professional wrestling event produced by Progress Wrestling. It took place on March 7, 2024, in London, England at The Dome.

text:
# Progress Chapter 165: Diamond Dust

The **Progress Chapter 165: Diamond Dust** was a professional wrestling event produced by Progress Wrestling. It took place on March 7, 2024, in London, England at The Dome.

## Production

### Storylines

The event included matches that each resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by Progress' creative writers, while storylines were produced on Progress' events airing on the Demand PROGRESS streaming service.

### Event

The event started with the tag team confrontation between Dominatus Regnum (Bullit and Nick Riley) and Cheeky Little Buggers (Alexxis Falcon and Charles Crowley), solded with the victory of the latter team who secured the first and only successful defense of the PROGRESS Tag Team Championship in that respective reign. In the second bout, Pro-Wrestling: EVE's Nina Samuels defeated Emersyn Jayne in singles competition. Next up, Pro Wrestling Noah's GHC Heavyweight Champion El Hijo de Dr. Wagner Jr. defeated Kid Lykos II in a non-title bout. The third match saw Masato Tanaka picking up a victory over Luke Jacobs in singles action. The fourth bout saw Connor Mills outmatching Noah rookie in excursion Taishi Ozawa. Next up, Sunshine Machine (Chuck Mambo and TK Cooper) defeated Kieron Lacey and Mark Trew in tag team competition. In the semi main event, TNT Extreme Wrestling's Tate Mayfairs defeated Galeno del Mal.

The main event saw Kid Lykos defeating Lio Rush to secure the first successful defense of the PROGRESS World Championship in that respective reign.

## Results

| No. | Results | Stipulations | Times |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Cheeky Little Buggers (Alexxis Falcon and Charles Crowley) (c) defeated Dominatus Regnum (Bullit and Nick Riley) | Tag team match for the PROGRESS Tag Team Championship | 10:41 |
| 2 | Nina Samuels defeated Emersyn Jayne | Singles match | 9:58 |
| 3 | El Hijo de Dr. Wagner Jr. defeated Kid Lykos II | Singles match | 9:36 |
| 4 | Masato Tanaka defeated Luke Jacobs | Singles match | 10:22 |
| 5 | Connor Mills defeated Taishi Ozawa | Singles match | 8:05 |
| 6 | Sunshine Machine (Chuck Mambo and TK Cooper) defeated Kieron Lacey and Mark Trew | Tag team match | 9:31 |
| 7 | Tate Mayfairs defeated Galeno del Mal | Singles match | 10:40 |
| 8 | Kid Lykos (c) defeated Lio Rush | Singles match for the PROGRESS World Championship | 17:51 |
| (c)  – the champion(s) heading into the match | | | |

## InfoBox

| Progress Chapter 165: Diamond Dust | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster of the event | |
| Promotion | Progress Wrestling |
| Date | March 7, 2024 |
| City | London, England |
| Venue | The Dome |
| Event chronology | |
| **Previous**
Chapter 164: For The Love Of Progress 2 **Next**
Chapter 166: Freedom Walks Again | |


title: Zébra

abstract: Zébra is a village in Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Gboguhé, Daloa Department, Haut-Sassandra Region, Sassandra-Marahoué District. Zébra was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

text:
# Zébra

**Zébra** is a village in Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Gboguhé, Daloa Department, Haut-Sassandra Region, Sassandra-Marahoué District.

Zébra was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

## InfoBox

| Zébra | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ZébraLocation in Ivory Coast | |
| Coordinates: 6°55′N 6°32′W / 6.917°N 6.533°W / 6.917; -6.533 | |
| Country | Ivory Coast |
| District | Sassandra-Marahoué |
| Region | Haut-Sassandra |
| Department | Daloa |
| Sub-prefecture | Gboguhé |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |


title: Proletarian parties in Japan, 1925–1932

abstract: The proletarian parties were a group of left-wing political parties in Japan. Several proletarian parties were launched after enactment of the Universal Manhood Suffrage Law in 1925.

text:
# Proletarian parties in Japan, 1925–1932

The **proletarian parties** were a group of left-wing political parties in Japan. Several proletarian parties were launched after enactment of the Universal Manhood Suffrage Law in 1925.

## Early history (1925-27)

### Three major parties

Three major proletarian parties emerged during 1926, all closely linked to trade unions active in Japan. The tension and divisions between individual trade unions were largely replicated in divisions between the three major proletarian parties.

* The pro-communist trade union *Hyōgikai* (Council of Labour Unions of Japan) backed the Labour-Farmer Party (労働農民党, *Rōdōnōmintō)*. The Labour-Farmer Party was considered to be the most left-wing of the three parties and existed until 1928, when it was banned by the imperial government.
* The Japan Labour Union League, a moderate trade union, backed the similarly-named Japan Labour-Farmer Party (日本労農党, *Nihonrōnōtō*). The Japan Labour-Farmer Party occupied a centrist position among the three parties.
* The moderate *Sodomei* trade union centre backed the Social Democratic Party (社会民衆党, *Shakai Minshū-tō*). The Social Democratic Party was the most relatively right-wing of the three parties.

### Other early proletarian parties

All three of these parties were constructed on the notion of a worker–peasant class alliance. In addition to these parties, there was also a party called the Japan Farmers Party that differentiated themselves by declaring themselves a party 'by farmers, for farmers', rather than presenting themselves as an urban worker-rural peasant alliance. Additionally, there were also some local proletarian parties.

Additionally, a party called the "Farmer-Labour Party" (not to be confused with the similarly-named Labour-Farmer Party or Japan Labour-Farmer Party) was founded in December 1925, but banned after only two hours of existence after being accused of being a communist outfit.

## Electoral performance (1927-28)

### 1927 preferectural elections

The proletarian parties took part in the 1927 prefectural assembly elections, and their participation was closely watched. Together they had launched 216 candidates, out of whom 28 were elected (representing 1.9% of the elected assembly members).

The Labour-Farmer Party garnered most of its vote from rural areas, whilst the Social Democratic Party and the regional proletarian parties got most of their votes from urban areas. The Labour-Farmer Party won 13 seats, the Japan Farmers Party four seats, the Social Democratic Party three seats, the Japan Labour-Farmers Party three seats and different local proletarian parties five seats.

### 1928 national election

In the 1928 national Diet election, roughly half of the urban votes for proletarian parties went to the Social Democratic Party whilst roughly half of the rural votes for the proletarian parties went to the Labour-Farmer Party. The proletarian parties managed to win eight seats in the Diet. Overall, the election result was disappointing for the proletarian parties. Many of their prominent leaders failed to get elected.

There are different possible explanations to the limited success of proletarian parties in 1928. They lacked the lavish electoral campaign budgets of the established parties. Nor were their leaders, with a few notable exceptions, very well known. Moreover, socialist ideas and movements were treated with a great deal of suspicion by many Japanese voters, limited the appeal of the proletarian parties.

Furthermore, the electoral campaigns of the proletarian parties suffered from direct sabotage by state authorities. Police wound disperse electoral meetings, or arrest campaign workers arbitrarily.

Considering the fact that each constituency elected 3 to 5 parliamentarians, the fierce competition *between* the different proletarian parties often resulted in none of them getting elected. Noticing the lack of coordination as an inherent weakness of the proletarian parties, the Social Democratic Party took the initiative to form a joint parliamentary committee.

## Creation of new parties and setbacks (1928-35)

In July 1928, the Proletarian Masses Party was formed, by one former Labour-Farmer Party faction. In December 1928 the Japan Labour-Farmer Party, the Proletarian Masses Party, the Japan Farmers Party and four regional political parties merged, forming the Japan Masses Party.

### Oyama Ikuo and the Labour-Farmer Masses Party

In 1929, Labour-Farmer Party leader Oyama Ikuo faced criticism from a former associate, Mizutani Chozaburo, for being too open towards a merger with the centrist sectors of the socialist movement. Mizutani founded the Labour-Farmer Masses Party in January 1929 and saw its appeal largely confined to Kyoto. In response, Oyama and his followers founded the *New Labour-Farmer Party in November 1929*.

Mizutani's new party helped form an alliance of left-wing parties called the United Proletarian Party Front in 1929. The party then merged with the *Tokyo Proletarian Party*, forming the National Conference for a United Proletarian Party which in turn merged with other parties on July 20, 1930, founding the *Zenkoku Taishūtō*.

### 1930 national election and decline

The 1930 Diet election was a further set-back for the proletarian parties, only winning five seats; two from the Japan Masses Party (Asahara Kenzo and Matsutani Yojiro), two from the Social Democratic Party (Nishio and Katayama) and Oyama Ikuo from the New Labour-Farmer Party.

The Social Democratic Party later merged with the *National Labour-Farmer Masses Party* in July 1932, forming the Shakai Taishūtō.

## Approach to imperialism

The proletarian parties mostly condemned the 1931 Mukden Incident and the resulting Japanese invasion. However, they did so in varying degrees. The Social Democratic Party was more candid in its condemnations of the Incident. Notably, the main backer of the Social Democratic Party, *Sodomei*, did not oppose the Incident.


title: Paratilapia sp. nov. 'Fiamanga'

abstract: Paratilapia sp. nov. 'Fiamanga is a species of fish in the family Cichlidae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitat is rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Paratilapia sp. nov. 'Fiamanga'

***Paratilapia* sp. nov. 'Fiamanga** is a species of fish in the family Cichlidae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitat is rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Paratilapia* sp. nov. 'Fiamanga' | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Subfamily: | Paratilapiinae |
| Genus: | *Paratilapia* |
| Species: | ***P.* sp. nov. 'Fiamanga'** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paratilapia* sp. nov. 'Fiamanga'**
 | |
|


title: Void (band)

abstract: Void was an American hardcore punk band formed in Columbia, Maryland, in 1980. The group was a pioneering force in the thriving Washington, D.C., hardcore scene during the early 1980s, successfully combining elements of punk with heavy metal in a style that was accepted by the scene's otherwise exclusive community. Void's punk metal fusion sound was marked by guitarist Bubba Dupree's innovative guitar work and the "unhinged" vocals of John Weiffenbach, which resonated in the band's chaotic but popular live performances. Like many of their contemporaries, Void had a short-lived recording career, limited to the split album Faith/Void Split with the Faith on Dischord Records. However, they have enjoyed an enduring cult following among hardcore aficionados.

text:
# Void (band)

**Void** was an American hardcore punk band formed in Columbia, Maryland, in 1980. The group was a pioneering force in the thriving Washington, D.C., hardcore scene during the early 1980s, successfully combining elements of punk with heavy metal in a style that was accepted by the scene's otherwise exclusive community. Void's punk metal fusion sound was marked by guitarist Bubba Dupree's innovative guitar work and the "unhinged" vocals of John Weiffenbach, which resonated in the band's chaotic but popular live performances. Like many of their contemporaries, Void had a short-lived recording career, limited to the split album *Faith/Void Split* with the Faith on Dischord Records. However, they have enjoyed an enduring cult following among hardcore aficionados.

## History

Inspired by punk rock bands the Teen Idles and Minor Threat, Void—a name which referred to Black Sabbath's song "Into the Void"—was formed in 1979, and consisted of an interracial lineup unique to the era, featuring high school students Jon "Bubba" Dupree (lead guitar), John Weiffenbach (vocals), Chris Stover (bass), and Sean Finnegan (drums). The group soon began associating with scenesters Ian MacKaye, Henry Rollins, and Bert Queiroz, who introduced Void to artists of the flourishing underground music scene in Washington, D.C. By late 1980, Void was embraced by the generally exclusive D.C. punk community, even though the band was not native to the city, being in closer proximity to Baltimore's scene. Dupree, while reflecting on the band's acceptance, considered Void "the outcast rednecks" who did not initially reflect upon the hardcore style associated with contemporary groups.

Void first performed in D.C. at a Wilson Center hardcore festival organized by Bad Brains, where the group was one of 15 bands present. The band was notorious for its live act, which thrived off Weiffenbach's chaotic stage persona and his manic vocals. Additionally, Void's sound was marked by alternating blasts of power chords and shrieking feedback within brief but upbeat songs, creating a higher degree of intensity than most of their contemporaries. In 1981, Void entered the studio for the first time, cutting demos titled "Condensed Flesh" at record producer Don Zientara's Inner Ear Studios. Songs from the session and additional studio time later in the year later surfaced on the *Condensed Flesh* EP in 1992. Shortly thereafter, Ian MacKaye signed Void to his co-owned label Dischord Records, and the group made their debut in January 1982 on the compilation album *Flex Your Head*, which featured the three songs "Dehumanized", "Authority", and "My Rules".

In mid-1982, Void began touring across the Northeast, most notably at the CBGB music club, and introduced characteristics of heavy metal into their music, which became influential in originating punk metal fusion. Initially, this blend arose organically, and was further explored on the split album *Faith/Void Split* with fellow D.C. band the Faith in September 1982. The split album is hailed as one of the earliest examples of hardcore-metal crossover, and Void's frantic musical approach is often considered particularly influential. Music critic Doug Mosurock described Void's side of the album as "quintessential American hardcore", also noting that "Very few bands could match the aggression, intensity, and amateur/weirdo vibes on display within Void's dozen tracks from the split". Dischord Records first reissued *Faith/Void Split* in 1985 and digitally remastered it in 2008.

With Finnegan insisting the band needed multi-track facilities, Void choose not to resign with Dischord, and instead made a deal with Touch and Go Records in mid-1983. The group recorded an album's worth of material; however, the band members were drifting in different musical directions including glam rock, hip hop, and hard rock. Void strayed further apart because of their gigs becoming increasingly manic, and by late 1983 the group disbanded after the members graduated from high school. Corey Rusk, the owner of Touch and Go, was uninterested in releasing the album of a dissolved band while in the midst of securing a big deal with the Butthole Surfers. Although members of Void were adamant about leaving the botched album unreleased, hardcore aficionados heavily bootlegged it onto cassette tapes titled *Potions for Bad Dreams*. Bands such as White Zombie and the Melvins have claimed *Potions for Bad Dreams* shaped their own musical styles.

Dupree was the only member of Void to continue his music career after the band, guesting with Soundgarden, Moby, and Dave Grohl in the 1990s and 2000s. In 2021 he joined 3rd Secret. In 2011, Dischord Records released the compilation album *Sessions 1981-83*, which featured studio outtakes, previously-unreleased tracks, and live recordings between 1981 and 1983. Finnegan died of a heart attack in 2008.

## Discography

### Studio albums

* *Faith/Void Split* (Dischord, 1982)
* *Potion for Bad Dreams* (recorded 1983; unreleased, subsequently bootlegged)

### Demos

* *Condensed Flesh* 7-inch EP (Eye 95, 1992)

### Compilation albums

* "Dehumanized", "Authority" and "My Rules" on *Flex Your Head* LP/CD (Dischord, 1982)
* "Get Out of My Way" on *Bouncing Babies* LP (Fountain of Youth, 1984)
* "Get Out of My Way" on *Lost & Found* 7-inch (Lost & Found, 1990)
* "Who Are You" on *Punk Anderson's Favourites* bootleg 2×CD (Starving Missile, 1994)
* "Dehumanized", "Black, Jewish and Poor" and "Authority" (take 1 and 2)" on *20 Years of Dischord* 3×CD (Dischord, 2002)
* "Who Are You/Time to Die" on the *American Hardcore* Soundtrack (Rhino Entertainment, 2006)
* "Sessions 1981-83" (Dischord, 2011)

## InfoBox

| Void | |
| --- | --- |
| Lead vocalist John Weiffenbach | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Columbia, Maryland |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1979 (1979)–1984 (1984) |
| Labels | Dischord |
|  | |
| Past members | * John Weiffenbach * Jon "Bubba" Dupree * Chris Stover * Sean Finnegan |


title: Pricetown, Pennsylvania

abstract: Pricetown is a village in Ruscombmanor Township, Pennsylvania, United States, in Berks County. It is 10 miles from downtown Reading at the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 12 and Pennsylvania Route 662, and is served by the Oley Valley School District.

text:
# Pricetown, Pennsylvania

**Pricetown** is a village in Ruscombmanor Township, Pennsylvania, United States, in Berks County. It is 10 miles from downtown Reading at the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 12 and Pennsylvania Route 662, and is served by the Oley Valley School District.

## InfoBox

| Pricetown, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| St. John's UCC in Pricetown in June 2015 | |
| PricetownPricetown | |
| Coordinates: 40°25′36″N 75°49′19″W / 40.42667°N 75.82194°W / 40.42667; -75.82194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Berks |
| Township | Ruscombmanor |
| Elevation | 837 ft (255 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 19522 |
| Area code(s) | 610 and 484 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1184412 |


title: Wells lifeboat disaster

abstract: The Wells lifeboat disaster occurred in 1880 when the RNLI lifeboat Eliza Adams, based at Wells-next-the-Sea in the English county of Norfolk, attempted to go to the aid of the stricken brig Ocean Queen in heavy seas and was lost along with 11 of its 13 crew. The Wells lifeboat was an open boat propelled by a combination of oars and sail, based at the old lifeboat house on the quay at the head of Wells Harbour. Because of the strong tides in the mile long channel that connects the quay with the harbour mouth, it was common for the lifeboat to use the services of a steam tug to be towed to sea. On 29 October 1880, gales were lashing the north coast of Norfolk. The Ocean Queen, of 171 tons and built in Sunderland in 1838, was on passage from Southampton to Seaham when she was caught in the storm and sought shelter at Wells. At 1:00pm, the Wells lifeboat launched to the aid of another brig, the Sharon Rose, which had run ashore on the beach at nearby Holkham. Seven sailors were rescued from the vessel and the lifeboat returned safely to Wells. However, on arrival back to the quay, the Ocean Queen was seen close to the harbour entrance, flying a distress flag. After changing 8 of her 13 crew, the Eliza Adams was again towed to sea. By this stage the Ocean Queen had been driven ashore on the nearby sands. The lifeboat reached the brig, but was unable to help and so set sail to return to port. In so doing, a heavy wave broke over the lifeboat and it capsized. Eleven of the 13 crew drowned, leaving 10 widows and 27 children without a father. One crew member, William Bell, managed to stay with the boat until it righted itself. Another, Thomas Kew, was washed ashore alive. A memorial to the members of the Wells lifeboat crew who lost their lives stands adjacent to the old lifeboat house. The Grade II listed building is used jointly as the Harbour Masters Office and a Maritime Museum. The crew of the Ocean Queen remained aboard their vessel, and were able to walk ashore once the storm had abated and the tide receded. Since 1895, the current Wells-next-the-Sea Lifeboat Station, housing both an all-weather lifeboat and an inshore rescue boat is located at the harbour entrance.

text:
# Wells lifeboat disaster

The **Wells lifeboat disaster** occurred in 1880 when the RNLI lifeboat *Eliza Adams*, based at Wells-next-the-Sea in the English county of Norfolk, attempted to go to the aid of the stricken brig *Ocean Queen* in heavy seas and was lost along with 11 of its 13 crew.

The Wells lifeboat was an open boat propelled by a combination of oars and sail, based at the old lifeboat house on the quay at the head of Wells Harbour. Because of the strong tides in the mile long channel that connects the quay with the harbour mouth, it was common for the lifeboat to use the services of a steam tug to be towed to sea.

On 29 October 1880, gales were lashing the north coast of Norfolk. The *Ocean Queen*, of 171 tons and built in Sunderland in 1838, was on passage from Southampton to Seaham when she was caught in the storm and sought shelter at Wells. At 1:00pm, the Wells lifeboat launched to the aid of another brig, the *Sharon Rose*, which had run ashore on the beach at nearby Holkham. Seven sailors were rescued from the vessel and the lifeboat returned safely to Wells. However, on arrival back to the quay, the *Ocean Queen* was seen close to the harbour entrance, flying a distress flag.

After changing 8 of her 13 crew, the *Eliza Adams* was again towed to sea. By this stage the *Ocean Queen* had been driven ashore on the nearby sands. The lifeboat reached the brig, but was unable to help and so set sail to return to port. In so doing, a heavy wave broke over the lifeboat and it capsized.

Eleven of the 13 crew drowned, leaving 10 widows and 27 children without a father. One crew member, William Bell, managed to stay with the boat until it righted itself. Another, Thomas Kew, was washed ashore alive. A memorial to the members of the Wells lifeboat crew who lost their lives stands adjacent to the old lifeboat house. The Grade II listed building is used jointly as the Harbour Masters Office and a Maritime Museum.

The crew of the *Ocean Queen* remained aboard their vessel, and were able to walk ashore once the storm had abated and the tide receded.

Since 1895, the current Wells-next-the-Sea Lifeboat Station, housing both an all-weather lifeboat and an inshore rescue boat is located at the harbour entrance.


title: Province of Cape Breton Island

abstract:
Province of Cape Breton Island is a political movement which calls for the re-establishment of the Province of Cape Breton Island to be governed separately from the Province of Nova Scotia. Cape Breton was governed as a separate colony between 1784 and 1820, when it was merged with Nova Scotia. There have been other movements for the re-establishment of the Province of Cape Breton Island before this one but the most recent commenced in February 2000 when a meeting in Baddeck led by Scott MacLean of Sydney, Nova Scotia, was attended by about 200 Cape Bretoners seeking to form their own province or invoking some form of political change in response to an economy in crisis on the island. A subsequent meeting was held on Remembrance Day, November 11, 2000, in Sydney with about 300 attending including local officials and politicians e.g. Gerald Sampson, Kenzie MacNeil, Fraser Morrison, and Danny Hanson. The meetings also drew the attention of Senators Bernard Boudreau and Lowell Murray who raised the matter on the floor of the Canadian Senate with no decision or action being taken. The movement continued throughout 2000 and 2001 with Cape Breton University hosting a series of meetings. CBU's initiative set forth that one of the initial steps in the process of greater independence and self-reliance for Cape Breton Island is to look at the jurisdictional power held within CBI's Municipal Governments and find ways to augment and leverage it for economic growth. To that end the Cape Breton Island Branch of the North Atlantic Island Program [NAIP(CBI)], hosted by the Community Economic Development (CED) Institute, held meetings at Cape Breton University over the year focusing on the relationship between jurisdictional authority and self-reliant economic development. The meetings were attended by local leaders and politicians including; Wendy MacDonald, Vince MacLean, Dr. Gertrude MacIntyre, Director, CED Institute, Mayor Billy Joe MacLean, Donnie Rowe, John R MacDonald, Craig Pollett, Bill Stirling, Scott Dawe, and John Whalley.
During 2001–2002 discussions and meetings on the topic of Cape Breton Island's governance continued and the Cape Breton Regional Municipality led by Mayor John Morgan commissioned Memorial University of Newfoundland to independently study the governance and economic crisis on Cape Breton Island for problem identification and a possible solution set. The study by Dr. Wade Locke and Dr. Stephen Tomblin was completed October 21, 2003. The study found that the depopulation and de-economization of Cape Breton Island would continue if the status quo was maintained. The study indicated that Cape Breton Island is paying the Province of Nova Scotia based on the 2002 fiscal year an excess of $12 million annually in taxation versus the expenditures it receives in return from Nova Scotia. In May 2005 a further study supporting governance and economic issues on Cape Breton Island was completed by Dr. Paul Hobson, Dr. David Cameron and Dr. Wade Locke, entitled "A Question of Balance—An Assessment of the State of Local Government in Nova Scotia", Union of Nova Scotia Municipalities Report, May 24, 2005. In response to the findings of these studies Mayor John Morgan and Cape Breton Regional Municipality commenced discussions and negotiations with the Province of Nova Scotia which after failure by Nova Scotia to recognize CBRM's complaints resulted in the filing of a lawsuit by CBRM against the Province of Nova Scotia for what it claims are arbitrary and capricious fiscal improprieties—to the tune of $12 million per year. In November 2006 the popular support for the movement was rekindled by Mark Macneill of Mabou, Nova Scotia, who responded to federal House of Commons' Québécois nation motion recognizing "that the Québécois form a nation within a united Canada" by advocating that Cape Breton Island is also irrefutably a distinct society and as such should be recognized as a province within a province with a devolutionary view to re-establishing the island as its own independent province and as the 11th province within Canada. Prominent members of the community have come out in support of the movement including former Mayor John W. Morgan, Kenzie MacNeil, Anna Curtis-Steele, Brian Joseph, PhD. (Harvard) and many others. In 2019, Nova Scotians for Equalization Fairness did a poll where out of 1000 Cape Bretoners surveyed, 500 were in favour of separating from the province and forming the 11th Canadian Province of Cape Breton out of dissatisfaction with the provincial government's treatment of the Island.

text:
# Province of Cape Breton Island

**Province of Cape Breton Island** is a political movement which calls for the re-establishment of the Province of Cape Breton Island to be governed separately from the Province of Nova Scotia.

Cape Breton was governed as a separate colony between 1784 and 1820, when it was merged with Nova Scotia. There have been other movements for the re-establishment of the Province of Cape Breton Island before this one but the most recent commenced in February 2000 when a meeting in Baddeck led by Scott MacLean of Sydney, Nova Scotia, was attended by about 200 Cape Bretoners seeking to form their own province or invoking some form of political change in response to an economy in crisis on the island. A subsequent meeting was held on Remembrance Day, November 11, 2000, in Sydney with about 300 attending including local officials and politicians e.g. Gerald Sampson, Kenzie MacNeil, Fraser Morrison, and Danny Hanson. The meetings also drew the attention of Senators Bernard Boudreau and Lowell Murray who raised the matter on the floor of the Canadian Senate with no decision or action being taken.

The movement continued throughout 2000 and 2001 with Cape Breton University hosting a series of meetings. CBU's initiative set forth that one of the initial steps in the process of greater independence and self-reliance for Cape Breton Island is to look at the jurisdictional power held within CBI's Municipal Governments and find ways to augment and leverage it for economic growth. To that end the Cape Breton Island Branch of the North Atlantic Island Program \[NAIP(CBI)\], hosted by the Community Economic Development (CED) Institute, held meetings at Cape Breton University over the year focusing on the relationship between jurisdictional authority and self-reliant economic development. The meetings were attended by local leaders and politicians including; Wendy MacDonald, Vince MacLean, Dr. Gertrude MacIntyre, Director, CED Institute, Mayor Billy Joe MacLean, Donnie Rowe, John R MacDonald, Craig Pollett, Bill Stirling, Scott Dawe, and John Whalley. During 2001–2002 discussions and meetings on the topic of Cape Breton Island's governance continued and the Cape Breton Regional Municipality led by Mayor John Morgan commissioned Memorial University of Newfoundland to independently study the governance and economic crisis on Cape Breton Island for problem identification and a possible solution set. The study by Dr. Wade Locke and Dr. Stephen Tomblin was completed October 21, 2003. The study found that the depopulation and de-economization of Cape Breton Island would continue if the status quo was maintained. The study indicated that Cape Breton Island is paying the Province of Nova Scotia based on the 2002 fiscal year an excess of $12 million annually in taxation versus the expenditures it receives in return from Nova Scotia.

In May 2005 a further study supporting governance and economic issues on Cape Breton Island was completed by Dr. Paul Hobson (Department of Economics, Acadia University), Dr. David Cameron (Department of Political Science, Dalhousie University) and Dr. Wade Locke (formerly of Memorial University), entitled "A Question of Balance—An Assessment of the State of Local Government in Nova Scotia", Union of Nova Scotia Municipalities Report, May 24, 2005.

In response to the findings of these studies Mayor John Morgan and Cape Breton Regional Municipality (Cape Breton Island's largest municipal government) commenced discussions and negotiations with the Province of Nova Scotia which after failure by Nova Scotia to recognize CBRM's complaints resulted in the filing of a lawsuit by CBRM against the Province of Nova Scotia for what it claims are arbitrary and capricious fiscal improprieties—to the tune of $12 million per year.

In November 2006 the popular support for the movement was rekindled by Mark Macneill of Mabou, Nova Scotia, who responded to federal House of Commons' Québécois nation motion recognizing "that the Québécois form a nation within a united Canada" by advocating that Cape Breton Island is also irrefutably a distinct society and as such should be recognized as a province within a province with a devolutionary view to re-establishing the island as its own independent province and as the 11th province within Canada. Prominent members of the community have come out in support of the movement including former Mayor John W. Morgan, Kenzie MacNeil, Anna Curtis-Steele, Brian Joseph, PhD. (Harvard) and many others.

In 2019, Nova Scotians for Equalization Fairness did a poll where out of 1000 Cape Bretoners surveyed, 500 were in favour of separating from the province and forming the 11th Canadian Province of Cape Breton out of dissatisfaction with the provincial government's treatment of the Island.

1. "Cape Breton separation revisited - CBC News". 4 November 2012. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
2. "Sorry - we can't find that page". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
3. Archived 12 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine
4. Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
5. "Governance Study Report" (PDF). 3 February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
6. "A Question of Balance – An Assessment of the State of Local Government in Nova Scotia" (PDF). 3 February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
7. "Poll shows nearly half of Cape Bretoners want to separate from N.S." 19 December 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2023.