title: Freel Farm Mound Site

abstract: The Freel Farm Mound Site (40AN22) is an archaeological site and burial mound of the Late Woodland period located on the Oak Ridge Reservation in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The site was excavated in 1934 as part of the Norris Basin Survey by the Tennessee Valley Authority using labor from the Civil Works Administration under the supervision of T.M.N. Lewis. Important finds of the excavation include 17 burials and a few artifacts. The artifacts and records from the fieldwork are held by the McClung Museum in Knoxville, Tennessee.

text:
# Freel Farm Mound Site

The **Freel Farm Mound Site** (40AN22) (formerly 7AN22) is an archaeological site and burial mound of the Late Woodland period located on the Oak Ridge Reservation in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The site was excavated in 1934 as part of the Norris Basin Survey by the Tennessee Valley Authority using labor from the Civil Works Administration under the supervision of T.M.N. Lewis. Important finds of the excavation include 17 burials and a few artifacts. The artifacts and records from the fieldwork are held by the McClung Museum in Knoxville, Tennessee.

## Site Description

The Freel Farm Mound is located on the U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation. The site is currently inundated by Melton Hill Lake. At the time of excavation the mound was located on the William Freel farm 2 miles southeast of Scarboro, Tennessee. The site was located 1200 feet from the western side of the Clinch River in a wide valley with ridges to the east and west in a prominently wooded knoll. During the excavation the mound resided on land that had been owned by the Freel family for over 135 years. The field surrounding the mound had been traditionally farmed; however the mound itself had never been disturbed. Webb described the mound as covered with undergrowth and having eight large trees growing from it. The largest tree was a white oak that measured 23 inches in diameter. The roots from the trees had extensively penetrated the mound. A part of the mound on the western side had been removed to create a dirt road.

The mound was circular shaped with a diameter of 40 feet and a height of eight feet above the original ground surface at its midpoint. It was created from hard-packed yellow clay with small specs of charcoal inside. The mound had one indication of a grave excavation below the original forest ground level near the center of the mound. In this grave was "Burial No. 17", the body had been covered by large stones.

The stone pile was stacked to form a circular shape that measured 16 feet and 4 inches in diameter and rose above the original ground surface approximately 1 foot. "Burial No. 17" and the stone circle made up the original increment of the construction site. The earth on top of the stones was added as additional bodies were interred into the mound.

The mound is associated with the Late Woodland period and was likely created between 500 and 1000 CE. The basis of this assessment is related to the burial practices of the individuals within the mound. The differences in the mortuary treatment of individuals at Freel Farm mound indicate a non-egalitarian society had formed.

## Recent History of the Site

Freel Farm mound was excavated in 1934 due to its location in the Norris reservoir basin project area. In the 1930s as Norris Dam was being constructed the Tennessee Valley Authority sponsored an archaeological survey of the Norris basin. The survey had three key goals; the discovery of all prehistoric sites within the basin, the excavation of all sites found, the recovery and preservation of all information and material of archaeological value. The survey found 23 sites of prehistoric significance. Freel Farm mound was the 22nd site. The location of the mound was actually downstream of Norris Dam and would not have been affected by the collecting waters, but was excavated due to its proximity to the basin.

The Tennessee Valley Authority, along with the Civil Works Administration, and the Federal Relief Administration hired T.M.N. Lewis to oversee the archaeological survey. Lewis served as a district supervisor on the excavation of the site and A.P. Taylor served as the field supervisor.

In the 1960s the construction of the Melton Hill Dam to the south of Oak Ridge, Tennessee caused the water levels along the Clinch River to rise permanently submerging the Freel Farm mound.

## Excavation

The mound was staked into 5-foot squares, along the cardinal directions. The northeastern stake was designated as the zero stake. The squares were designated southward by integers and westward by decimals. Stratification was not discernable and there was no evidence of intrusion. Care was taken to maintain vertical profiles every five feet and to keep a clean floor in the trench going down to the hardpan.

The excavation revealed no evidence of midden material. Also no potsherds were found in the mound. There was no evidence on the site of any structures and very little information that would give any information as to who built the mound. The burials and the stacked stone circle were the outstanding features discovered in the mound. It was also determined during the excavation that the yellow clay used to cover the mound was clean and brought in to cover the bodies laid on the surface.

### Burials

17 burials were found within the mound. Webb numbered the burials in the order in which they were found.

Burial No. 1: Fully flexed adult. The preservation of material is poor. A piece of drilled conch shell was found near the neck of the skeleton.

Burial No. 2: Partially flexed adult on the ground floor.

Burial No. 3: Poorly preserved partially flexed adult on the ground floor.

Burial No. 4: Eleven inches below the mound surface a poorly preserved partially flexed skeleton.

Burial No. 5: Greatly decayed bones on the ground surface.

Burial No. 6 and Burial No. 7: Portions of three bodies, two adults and one child. Poor preservation of the bones was due to the action of the roots of the trees.

Burial No. 8: Poorly preserved portion of a skull and the lower limbs of a fully flexed adult found 22 inches above the ground floor.

Burial No. 9: Found just below the mound surface was a nearly disintegrated adult. A flint spear point was also found.

Burial No. 10: A crushed skull found 10 inches above the ground floor beneath the base of a tree.

Burial No. 11: Poorly preserved skull, clavicle, and rib of an adult found 20 inches above ground floor.

Burial No. 12: Poorly preserved adult found 18 inches above the ground floor.

Burial No. 13: A bundle burial not in anatomical order.

Burial No. 14: Poorly preserved and partially disturbed adult found 15 inches above the ground floor. Some of the remains are not in anatomical order. A rock was placed over the leg bones.

Burial No. 15: A bundle burial not in anatomical order.

Burial No. 16: Crushed skull on the ground floor. Found near a perforated shell bead.

Burial No. 17: The best preserved and the original skeleton that was placed in the mound. This skeleton was the only one in good enough condition to be studied and measured by W.D. Funkhouser, a physical anthropologist from the University of Kentucky. Funkhouser took the measurements Burial No. 17 and compared them with measurements from other individuals found during the Norris Basin Survey.

## Selected Books, Monographs, and Papers

Administration, U. D. (2006). Findings of No Significant Impact and Final Environmental Assessment for the Y-12 Potable Water System Upgrade. Oak Ridge, TN: U.S. Department of Energy.

Webb, W. S. (1938). Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 118: An Archaeological Survey of the Norris Basin in Eastern Tennessee. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Fielder, G. F. (1974). Archaeological Survey with Emphasis on Prehistoric Sites of the Oak Ridge Reservation Oak Ridge Tennessee. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

DuVall, G. D. (1994). An Archaeological Reconnaissance and Evaluation of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Reservation, Anderson and Roane Counties, Tennessee. Nashville: DuVall & Associates, Inc. Cultural Resources and Environmental Services.

Funkhouser, W. (1938). A Study of the Physical Anthropology and Pathology of the Osteological Material From the Norris Basin. In W. S. Webb, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 118: An Archaeological Survey of the Norris Basin in Eastern Tennessee. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

## InfoBox

Freel Farm Mound Site
(40 AN 22)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within Tennessee today | |
| Location | Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Anderson County, Tennessee,  USA |
| Region | Anderson County, Tennessee |
| Coordinates | 35°58′24″N 84°13′06″W / 35.97333°N 84.21833°W / 35.97333; -84.21833 |
| History | |
| Cultures | Late Woodland Culture |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1934 |
| Archaeologists | William S. Webb, T.M.N. Lewis, A.P. Taylor |
| Architecture | |
| Architectural styles | burial mound |
| Responsible body: Tennessee Valley Authority, Civil Works Administration, Federal Relief Administration | |


title: Patterson function

abstract:
The Patterson function is used to solve the phase problem in X-ray crystallography. It was introduced in 1935 by Arthur Lindo Patterson while he was a visiting researcher in the laboratory of Bertram Eugene Warren at MIT. The Patterson function is defined as P = ∑ h, k, ℓ ∈ Z | F h, k, ℓ | 2 e − 2 π i. It is essentially the Fourier transform of the intensities rather than the structure factors. The Patterson function is also equivalent to the electron density convolved with its inverse:
  - P = ρ ∗ ρ. Furthermore, a Patterson map of N points will have N(N − 1) peaks, excluding the central (origin) peak and any overlap. The peaks' positions in the Patterson function are the interatomic distance vectors and the peak heights are proportional to the product of the number of electrons in the atoms concerned. Because for each vector between atoms i and j there is an oppositely oriented vector of the same length, the Patterson function always has centrosymmetry.

text:
# Patterson function

The **Patterson function** is used to solve the phase problem in X-ray crystallography. It was introduced in 1935 by Arthur Lindo Patterson while he was a visiting researcher in the laboratory of Bertram Eugene Warren at MIT.

The Patterson function is defined as

$P(u,v,w)=\sum \_{h,k,\ell \in \mathbb {Z} }\left|F\_{h,k,\ell }\right|^{2}\\;e^{-2\pi i(hu+kv+\ell w)}.$

It is essentially the Fourier transform of the intensities rather than the structure factors. The Patterson function is also equivalent to the electron density convolved with its inverse:

$$P\left({\vec {u}\right)=\rho \left({\vec {r}\right)\*\rho \left(-{\vec {r}\right).}}}$$

Furthermore, a Patterson map of *N* points will have *N*(*N* − 1) peaks, excluding the central (origin) peak and any overlap.

The peaks' positions in the Patterson function are the interatomic distance vectors and the peak heights are proportional to the product of the number of electrons in the atoms concerned.

Because for each vector between atoms *i* and *j* there is an oppositely oriented vector of the same length (between atoms *j* and *i*), the Patterson function always has centrosymmetry.

## One-dimensional example

Consider the series of delta functions given by

$$f(x)=\delta (x)+3\delta (x-2)+\delta (x-5)+3\delta (x-8)+5\delta (x-10).\\,$$

The Patterson function is given by the following series of delta functions and unit step functions

$$\begin{aligned}P(u)={}&5\delta (u+10)+18\delta (u+8)+9\delta (u+6)+6\delta (u+5)+6\delta (u+3)\\\&+18\delta (u+2)+45\delta (u)+18\delta (u-2)+6\delta (u-3)+6\delta (u-5)\\\&+9\delta (u-6)+18\delta (u-8)+5\delta (u-10).\end{aligned}$$


abstract: The United States Post Office in Norman, Oklahoma, at 207 E. Gray St., was built in 1933 in Classical Revival style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 as United States Post Office—Norman. It was deemed "an outstanding example of a federally designed Classical Revival style government building". It later became the Norman Schools Professional Development Center.

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# United States Post Office (Norman, Oklahoma)

The **United States Post Office** in Norman, Oklahoma, at 207 E. Gray St., was built in 1933 in Classical Revival style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 as **United States Post Office—Norman**.

It was deemed "an outstanding example of a federally designed Classical Revival style government building".

It later became the **Norman Schools Professional Development Center**.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| United States Post Office--Norman | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 207 E. Gray St., Norman, Oklahoma |
| Coordinates | 35°13′22″N 97°26′32″W / 35.22278°N 97.44222°W / 35.22278; -97.44222 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1933 |
| Built by | Christy-Dolph Construction Co. |
| Architect | James Wetmore |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 00001573 |
| Added to NRHP | December 28, 2000 |


title: Santa Cruz Xitla

abstract: Santa Cruz Xitla is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of km⁲. It is part of the Miahuatlán District in the south of the Sierra Sur Region. As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 3,933. Municipal president Pedro Modesto Santos died of COVID-19 in September 2020. He was the eighth municipal president in Oaxaca to die of the virus.

text:
# Santa Cruz Xitla

**Santa Cruz Xitla** is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of km2. It is part of the Miahuatlán District in the south of the Sierra Sur Region.

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 3,933.

Municipal president Pedro Modesto Santos died of COVID-19 in September 2020. He was the eighth municipal president in Oaxaca to die of the virus.

## InfoBox

| Santa Cruz Xitla | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
| Santa Cruz XitlaLocation in Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 16°19′N 96°40′W / 16.317°N 96.667°W / 16.317; -96.667 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Oaxaca |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central Standard Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (Central Daylight Time) |


title: Pasquale Tola

abstract: Pasquale Tola was an Italian judge, politician and historian. Issue of an ancient and noble Sardinian family, he studied in Sassari, where he obtained a degree in theology and law and also followed courses in philosophy and fine arts. In 1848 he was part of the ministerial working group in Sardinia. He was in favour of the abolition of feudalism in Sardinia. He wrote many works on historical-political topics, particularly about Sardinia, and there is extensive literary coverage of him. Tola was also an encyclopedian, and authored a Dictionary of Sardinian Biography in 1837–38. He was then chancellor of the University of Sassari. Later he worked in the judiciary at the courts of appeal in Nice and Genoa. He was a member of the Sardinian parliament in Turin from 1848, and then the national one. In Sassari the Piazza Tola in the historical centre is named after him. In Rome, Via Pasquale Tola is located in a central area near the Via Appia, while in Cagliari the Via Pasquale Tola is located near the central Via P. Paoli and the Via Dante.

text:
# Pasquale Tola

**Pasquale Tola** (30 November 1800 in Sassari – 25 August 1874 in Genoa) was an Italian judge, politician and historian.

Issue of an ancient and noble Sardinian family, he studied in Sassari, where he obtained a degree in theology and law and also followed courses in philosophy and fine arts. In 1848 he was part of the ministerial working group in Sardinia. He was in favour of the abolition of feudalism in Sardinia. He wrote many works on historical-political topics, particularly about Sardinia, and there is extensive literary coverage of him. Tola was also an encyclopedian, and authored a Dictionary of Sardinian Biography in 1837–38. He was then chancellor of the University of Sassari. Later he worked in the judiciary at the courts of appeal in Nice and Genoa. He was a member of the Sardinian parliament in Turin from 1848, and then the national one.

In Sassari the Piazza Tola in the historical centre is named after him. In Rome, Via Pasquale Tola is located in a central area near the Via Appia, while in Cagliari the Via Pasquale Tola is located near the central Via P. Paoli and the Via Dante.

## Works

* Pasquale Tola, *Dizionario biografico degli uomini illustri di Sardegna, ossia Storia della vita pubblica e privata di tutti i sardi che si distinsero per opere, azioni, talenti, virtù e delitti, opera del cav. don Pasquale Tola*. (3 voll.), Torino : Tipografia Chirio e Mina, 1837–1838. Vol. II , Vol III
* Pasquale Tola, *Codice diplomatico di Sardegna con altri documenti storici, raccolto, ordinato ed illustrato dal cav. Don Pasquale Tola*. (2 voll.) Torino : Chirio e Mina, 1845
* Pasquale Tola, *Codice degli statuti della repubblica di Sassari, Edito e illustrato dal cav. Don Pasquale Tola*. Cagliari, A. Timon, 1850

## Bibliography

* Vittorio Finzi, *Pasquale Tola nella vita e nelle opere : notizie biobibliografiche* , Sassari : Tip. ditta Giacomo Chiarella, 1911


title: María de Echarri

abstract: María de Echarri y Martínez was a Spanish catholic propagandist and columnist, advocate of feminist causes.

text:
# María de Echarri

**María de Echarri y Martínez** (9 September 1878 – 1955) was a Spanish catholic propagandist and columnist, advocate of feminist causes.

## Biography

Born 9 September 1878 in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, she was teacher by profession. She was a publicist associated to the "Acción Católica de la Mujer", in addition to being an advocate of the working woman from a Catholic perspective. She became one of the first female city councillors of Madrid in 1924. In 1927 she became one of the 13 women represented in the National Assembly of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, in office from 10 October 1927 to 15 February 1930. She died in San Sebastián in 1955.

She was a recipient of the *Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice* medal.

### Citations

### Bibliography

Media related to María de Echarri at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| María de Echarri | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait published in 1917 | |
|  | |
| Madrid municipal councillor | |
| Member of the National Assembly | |
| **In office**
15 October 1927  10 February 1930 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 9 September 1878
San Lorenzo de El Escorial |
| Died | 1955
San Sebastián |
|  | |


title: GO 58 Floating dock

abstract: GO 58 is a Floating dry dock of the Marina Militare.

text:
# GO 58 Floating dock

***GO 58*** is a Floating dry dock of the Marina Militare.

* Ships Marina Militare website

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Italy | |
| Name | *GO 58* |
| Builder | Cantiere Navale Navalmare Srl Muggiano (La Spezia) |
| Launched | 1996 |
| Commissioned | 1996 |
| In service | 1 |
| Homeport | Augusta |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Floating dry dock |
| Length | * \- 105.00 m (344 ft 6 in) LOA * \- working length = 95.00 m (311 ft 8 in) |
| Beam | * \- 23.0 m (75 ft 6 in) * \- working beam = 17.5 m (57 ft 5 in) |
| Draught | 8.6 m (28 ft 3 in) (max)Error: has synonymous parameter (help) |
| Draft | 10.1 m (33 ft 2 in) (max)Error: has synonymous parameter (help) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Notes | lifting capability 2.000  (1.968 long tons) |


title: Fíachu Finnolach

abstract: Fiacha Finnolach, son of Feradach Finnfechtnach, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He took power after killing his predecessor, Fíatach Finn. He ruled for fifteen, seventeen, or twenty-seven years, depending on the source consulted, after which he, and the freemen of Ireland, were killed in an uprising of aithech-tuatha or "subject peoples", led, according to the Lebor Gabála Érenn and the Annals of the Four Masters, by Elim mac Conrach, or by Cairbre Cinnchait according to Geoffrey Keating. His wife Eithne, daughter of the king of Alba (Scotland), who was pregnant, fled home to Alba, where she gave birth to Fíachu's son, Tuathal Techtmar, who would ultimately return to Ireland to claim the throne. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of the Roman emperor Nerva (AD 96–98). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to AD 28–55, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to AD 39–56.

text:
# Fíachu Finnolach

**Fiacha Finnolach**, son of Feradach Finnfechtnach, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He took power after killing his predecessor, Fíatach Finn. He ruled for fifteen, seventeen, or twenty-seven years, depending on the source consulted, after which he, and the freemen of Ireland, were killed in an uprising of *aithech-tuatha* or "subject peoples", led, according to the *Lebor Gabála Érenn* and the *Annals of the Four Masters*, by Elim mac Conrach, or by Cairbre Cinnchait according to Geoffrey Keating. His wife Eithne, daughter of the king of Alba (Scotland), who was pregnant, fled home to Alba, where she gave birth to Fíachu's son, Tuathal Techtmar, who would ultimately return to Ireland to claim the throne. The *Lebor Gabála Érenn* synchronises his reign with that of the Roman emperor Nerva (AD 96–98). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's *Foras Feasa ar Éirinn* dates his reign to AD 28–55, that of the *Annals of the Four Masters* to AD 39–56.


title: Piazza Maggiore

abstract: Piazza Maggiore is a central square in Bologna, region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy, largely preserving its 15th century layout. The Northwest corner opens into Piazza del Nettuno with its Fontana del Nettuno, while the Northeast corner opens into the narrower Piazza Re Enzo, running along the flanks of the Palazzo Re Enzo that merges with the Palazzo del Podestà. Flanking the Piazza del Nettuno is the Biblioteca Salaborsa.

text:
# Piazza Maggiore

**Piazza Maggiore** (*Piâza Mażåur* in the Bolognese language) is a central square in Bologna, region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy, largely preserving its 15th century layout. The Northwest corner opens into Piazza del Nettuno with its Fontana del Nettuno, while the Northeast corner opens into the narrower Piazza Re Enzo, running along the flanks of the Palazzo Re Enzo that merges with the Palazzo del Podestà. Flanking the Piazza del Nettuno is the Biblioteca Salaborsa.

## Layout

The square is surrounded by major administrative and religious buildings in the history of Bologna, including:

44°29′37.77″N 11°20′33.83″E / 44.4938250°N 11.3427306°E / 44.4938250; 11.3427306

## InfoBox

Piazza Maggiore
| Picture of Neptune's statue with Basilica San Petronio in the background | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Bologna, Italy |
| History | |
| Founded | 12-15th century |
| Periods | Middle Age |


title: Piano Quartet No. 2 (Mozart)

abstract: Mozart's Piano Quartet No. 2 in E-flat major, K. 493, was written after Franz Anton Hoffmeister released Mozart from the obligation of writing three piano quartets.

text:
# Piano Quartet No. 2 (Mozart)

Mozart's **Piano Quartet No. 2** in E-flat major, K. 493, was written after Franz Anton Hoffmeister released Mozart from the obligation of writing three piano quartets.

## Composition and reception

Mozart received a commission for three quartets in 1785 from the publisher Franz Anton Hoffmeister. Hoffmeister thought the G minor Quartet (K. 478) was too difficult and that the public would not buy it, so he released Mozart from the obligation of completing the set. Nine months later, Mozart composed this quartet anyway, completing it on 3 June 1786.

## Movements

The work is in three movements:

1. Allegro, common time
2. Larghetto, 3/8, A-flat major
3. Allegretto, cut time

## Editions and versions

The C. F. Peters Edition set of parts has rehearsal letters throughout the whole work; the Eulenburg Edition study score has measure numbers but no rehearsal letters, the same goes for Bärenreiter.

## Discography

Before CDs, almost all repeats were ignored to bring the whole piece at about 24 minutes in duration, thus allowing it to fit on one side of a phonograph record; the other side could then have the K. 478 at about 22 minutes (with repeats also ignored). Following all repeats brings the piece to about 29 to 30 minutes.

Alfred Brendel has recorded this work with members of the Alban Berg Quartett (without second violinist Gerhard Schulz); the Angel Records disc includes Brendel and the quartet playing the Piano Concerto in A major, K. 414.

However, it is far more common to pair this Quartet with the K. 478 Quartet; to give two examples: the Hyperion CD with Paul Lewis and the Leopold String Trio, and the Naxos recording by the Menuhin Festival Piano Quartet. The CBS Masterworks recording with Yo-Yo Ma, Jaime Laredo, Isaac Stern and Emanuel Ax, in addition to the two Quartets, also includes the Kegelstatt Trio, K. 498.

The quartet was recorded a number of times on period instruments with the Piano Quartet in G minor. Notable recordings of the two piano quartets include:

* Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965). *Mozart: A Documentary Biography*. Stanford: Stanford University Press. OCLC 8991008.
* Solomon, Maynard (1995). *Mozart: a life*. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-019046-9. solomon maynard mozart.

## InfoBox

| Piano Quartet in E-flat major | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 2 | |
| Chamber music by W. A. Mozart | |
| The composer in 1782, unfinished portrait by Joseph Lange | |
| Catalogue | K. 493 |
| Composed | 1786 (1786) |
| Movements | three |
| Scoring | * violin * viola * cello * piano. |


title: Piano Quartet No. 2 (Mendelssohn)

text:
# Piano Quartet No. 2 (Mendelssohn)

Felix Mendelssohn's Piano Quartet No. 2 in F minor, Op. 2, for piano, violin, viola and cello was published in 1823, a year after his first Piano Quartet No. 1 in C minor, Op. 1. This work was dedicated to Carl Friedrich Zelter, who became Mendelssohn's composition and music tutor starting at the age of eight years old. Zelter would take Mendelssohn on trips to go see Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who was also an important figure in Mendelssohn's life when it came to the composition of his earliest pieces between the years 1821-1825. Mendelssohn's three piano quartets were the first piano quartets he composed and published. He composed the second quartet at the age of only 14 years.

## Historical Context

When Mendelssohn was eight years old, his parents got him a music tutor: Carl Friedrich Zelter. Zelter was Mendelssohn's composition and music theory tutor and personality wise: he was always described as "rough-tongued, "" coarse," and conservative but always kept his mindset neutral when he would teach Felix. He was so impressed by Felix that he would write letters to Goethe about him and he would end up taking Felix on a trip to Weimar, the first time in 1820, to meet Goethe. In one of Zelter's letters to Goethe he mentioned how it was extremely rare for a Jewish person to go into music professionally. But, this did not change his views on Mendelssohn as a student, if anything, it encouraged him to get Mendelssohn out in the world because of how impressive it would be. When Felix went to Weimar, he played the piano for Goethe for two hours, performing works by composers such as Bach, improvisations, and some of Felix's own compositions. Once Goethe saw for himself what Zelter was talking about, he kept Felix there for sixteen days to work with him and Felix would end up taking more trips to see Goethe, with Zelter, throughout his teen-hood. Overall, the relationship between Mendelssohn and Zelter was very strong because of the type of influence that Zelter had on him and Mendelssohn would later create his own beginning works. Thus Mendelssohn dedicated the Piano Quartet No. 2 in F minor to Zelter.

## Analysis

A typical performance lasts just under half an hour. The work has four movements:

1. Allegro molto (F minor)
2. Adagio (D-flat major)
3. Intermezzo: Allegro moderato (F minor)
4. Finale: Allegro molto vivace (F minor)

### I. Allegro molto

The second theme has similar musical elements from the first theme and development. Mendelssohn does this by using chromatic third relations to build up a series of modulations in ascending half or whole steps by going through a pattern of V and I. While the development goes through a harmonic exploration, the recapitulation has a thematic recurrence, which was a popular thing to do within the 19th century. Lastly, the coda is in two parts (the second half is marked Più allergro).

### II. Adagio

Mendelssohn continues to explore the music, harmonically and in the development section. It begins in A-flat Major. Then in a ascending motion, he modulates through a series of foreign keys.

### III. Intermezzo

The movement is in 6/8 meter and the rhythm of the movement lacks variety and is very repetitive.

### IV. Finale

In similarity to the first and second movements, this movement has a lot of ascending modulations throughout the piece. For the most part, the piano part dominates majority of the piece.

## Reception

There are two early reviews of his Piano Quartet No. 2 in F minor, Op. 2. The first one was written in November, 1825 by a critic using the pseudonym "BAMZ" and states that Mendelssohn was very talented, but he is too focused on form and not focused enough on the "material." This could mean he was too focused on the structure of the piece than the musicality of the piece itself. The second review was written sometime in 1828 by a critic using the pseudonym "LAMZ." It states that the piano quartet is the most successful example of this genre and it is "subdued, but always alive."

1. Filosa, Albert (1971). *The Early Symphonies and Chamber Music of Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy*. UMI Dissertation Information Service.
2. Kupferberg, Herbert (1972). *The Mendelssohns: Three Generations of Genius*. Charles Scribner's Sons New York. ISBN 0684126818.
3. Werner, Eric (1963). *Mendelssohn: a New Image of the Composer and His Age*. The Free Press of Glencoe. ISBN 9780313203022.


title: Phou Khao Khouay

abstract: Phou Khao Khouay National Park is a protected area in Laos. It is located 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Vientiane. It covers an area of 1920 km⁲, extending into Xaisomboun Province, Vientiane Prefecture, Vientiane Province, and Bolikhamsai Province. It was established on 29 October 1993 as Phou Khao Khouay National Biodiversity Conservation Area, and redesignated a national park in 2021. It includes a large stretch of mountain range with sandstone cliffs, river gorges and three large rivers with tributaries which flow into the Mekong River. It has mountainous topography with elevation varying from 200 m – 1761 m. The area emerged from "uplifting and exposure of the underlying sedimentary complex". Sandstones are also seen spread in layers. Extensive flat uplands with sandstones with hardly any soil cover are also part of the topography of the park. The park has monsoonal climate with recorded annual rainfall of 1,936.1 mm. The mean annual temperature is 26.6 °C with recorded the mean maximum of 31.6 °C and the mean minimum temperature of 21.5 °C. The forests are evergreen, Shorea mixed deciduous forest, dry dipterocarp and pine type; particularly coniferous forest, of monospecific stands of Pinus latteri, Fokienia hodgsinsii, bamboo, and fire-climax grasslands. Animals found in the park include elephants, tigers, bears, 13 pairs of white-cheeked gibbons, langurs, reptiles, amphibians and birds. Sightings of the green peafowl have been reported near Ban Nakhay and Ban Nakhan Thoung, although it was generally once considered extinct in Laos. Conservation management has increased its population.

text:
# Phou Khao Khouay

**Phou Khao Khouay National Park** is a protected area in Laos. It is located 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Vientiane. It covers an area of 1920 km2, extending into Xaisomboun Province, Vientiane Prefecture, Vientiane Province, and Bolikhamsai Province. It was established on 29 October 1993 as Phou Khao Khouay National Biodiversity Conservation Area (or Phou Khao Khouay National Protected Area), and redesignated a national park in 2021. It includes a large stretch of mountain range with sandstone cliffs, river gorges and three large rivers with tributaries which flow into the Mekong River.

It has mountainous topography with elevation varying from 200 m – 1761 m. The area emerged from "uplifting and exposure of the underlying sedimentary (Indosinias schist-clay-sandstone) complex". Sandstones are also seen spread in layers. Extensive flat uplands with sandstones with hardly any soil cover are also part of the topography of the park.

The park has monsoonal climate with recorded annual rainfall of 1,936.1 mm (with higher reaches recording more rainfall). The mean annual temperature is 26.6 °C with recorded the mean maximum of 31.6 °C and the mean minimum temperature of 21.5 °C.

The forests are evergreen, *Shorea* mixed deciduous forest, dry dipterocarp and pine type; particularly coniferous forest, of monospecific stands of *Pinus latteri*, *Fokienia hodgsinsii*, bamboo, and fire-climax grasslands.

Animals found in the park include elephants, tigers, bears, 13 pairs of white-cheeked gibbons, langurs, reptiles, amphibians and birds. Sightings of the green peafowl have been reported near Ban Nakhay and Ban Nakhan Thoung, although it was generally once considered extinct in Laos. Conservation management has increased its population.

## InfoBox

| Phou Khao Khouay National Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Phou Khao Khuay National Park | |
| IUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources) | |
|  | |
| Location of Phou Khao Khouay in Laos | |
| Location | Xaisomboun, Vientiane, and Bolikhamsai provinces, Laos |
| Nearest city | Vientiane |
| Coordinates | 18°22′55″N 103°5′59″E / 18.38194°N 103.09972°E / 18.38194; 103.09972 |
| Area | 1,920 km2 (740 sq mi) |
| Designation | National |
| Designated | 1993 National Biodiversity Conservation Area; 2021 National Park |
| Governing body | Department of Forestry (DOF), Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) |


title: Phou Khao Khouay leaf-nosed bat

abstract: The Phou Khao Khouay leaf-nosed bat is a species of bat found in Laos and Vietnam. It was described as a new species in 2006. It is considered vulnerable to extinction by the IUCN.

text:
# Phou Khao Khouay leaf-nosed bat

The **Phou Khao Khouay leaf-nosed bat** (***Hipposideros khaokhouayensis***) is a species of bat found in Laos and Vietnam. It was described as a new species in 2006. It is considered vulnerable to extinction by the IUCN.

## Taxonomy and etymology

The Phou Khao Khouay leaf-nosed bat was described as a new species in 2006, based on specimens collected in central Laos in 1997 and 1998. The authors of the 2006 paper placed it in the *bicolor* species group of the genus *Hipposideros*. Its species name "*khaokhouayensis*" is a Neo-Latin derivative of Phou Khao Khouay, the conservation area where this species was discovered. The authors selected this name "to bring attention to the potential importance of the National Biodiversity Conservation Areas network for preserving natural areas in Lao PDR, as they contain highly distinctive ecosystems, hosting many endemic species such as this one." Its closest relative is the Laotian roundleaf bat; the two species have a genetic distance of 3.914.12%.

## Description

When it was first encountered, researchers thought that it was the Laotian roundleaf bat, *Hipposideros rotalis*, as the two species are similar in appearance. The bats they found, however, were echolocating at a frequency 20 kHz above that of *H. rotalis*, utilizing frequencies of 8791 kHz. In addition to its echolocation, the Phou Khao Khouay leaf-nosed bat has a smaller nose-leaf than *H. rotalis*. Its forearm is 45.5–48.5 mm (1.79–1.91 in) long; its tail is 35–37.5 mm (1.38–1.48 in) long; its ear is 24.4–25.2 mm (0.96–0.99 in) long. It weighs 7.7–9.6 g (0.27–0.34 oz), making it a moderate-sized species of the *bicolor* species group. The fur on its back is long and brown; individual hairs are tricolored, with white bases, dark brown middles, and light brown tips. Fur on its belly is lighter in color than the fur on its back. Its ears are long and broad with blunt tips; they are brown in color.

## Biology

Not much is known about its biology or reproduction. While females have been encountered in February, May, and June, no pregnant females have been observed. One female captured in May and another captured in June were lactating, though. This species has a pair of pubic nipples in addition to its pair of thoracic nipples, a feature found in all species of the following families: Craseonycteridae, Rhinopomatidae, Megadermatidae, Rhinolophidae, and Hipposideridae. The function of the pubic nipples could be to allow the pups to cling more securely to their mothers before they are able to fly. Pubic nipples could also function in feeding the pup.

## Range and habitat

This species was first discovered in Phou Khao Khouay National Biodiversity Conservation Area. It has been captured at elevations ranging from 180–400 m (590–1,310 ft) above sea level. It has also been found near Vang Vieng, also in central Laos. It has been documented in both disturbed and intact evergreen forests. In 2008, the species was also captured in the mangrove habitat of Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve in Vietnam.

## Conservation

It is currently evaluated as vulnerable by the IUCN. It meets the criteria for this designation because its extent of occurrence is likely less than 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi), it has been documented in only two locations, and its habitat is experiencing a decline in extent and quality. Even though it occurs in a protected conservation area in Laos, its habitat is still threatened due to lax enforcement of conservation laws. Phou Khao Khouay habitat is threatened by deforestation and the construction of roads and buildings.

## InfoBox

| Phou Khao Khouay leaf-nosed bat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Hipposideridae |
| Genus: | *Hipposideros* |
| Species: | ***H. khaokhouayensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hipposideros khaokhouayensis***
Guillén-Servent & Francis, 2006 | |
|
|  | |
| Range of the Phou Khao Khouay leaf-nosed bat | |


title: Phou Khao Kham

abstract: Phou Khao Kham, was a Royal Lao Government military offensive operation of the Laotian Civil War designed to clear Communist forces off Routes 13 and 7 north of the administrative capital of Vientiane. Its end objective was the capture of the forward fighter base at Muang Soui on the Plain of Jars. Although it succeeded in taking the air base, it failed to remove a concentration of Communist troops at the Sala Phou Khoun intersection of Routes 7 and 13.

text:
# Phou Khao Kham

**Phou Khao Kham** (**Gold Mountain**), (5 August – 25 September 1971) was a Royal Lao Government military offensive operation of the Laotian Civil War designed to clear Communist forces off Routes 13 and 7 north of the administrative capital of Vientiane. Its end objective was the capture of the forward fighter base at Muang Soui on the Plain of Jars. Although it succeeded in taking the air base, it failed to remove a concentration of Communist troops at the Sala Phou Khoun intersection of Routes 7 and 13.

## Overview

The French loss of the First Indochina War led to the establishment of the independent Kingdom of Laos by the 1954 Geneva Agreements. While Laotian neutrality called for a ban on foreign military forces save for a French advisory mission. However, North Vietnamese troops had settled in northeastern Laos to support a Lao communist insurrection. The Laotian Civil War was the result.

## Background

Although the administrative capital of Vientiane had suffered through the Battle of Vientiane and several subsequent coups, there had been only one early military operation in Military Region 5Operation Triangle in July 1964. However, beginning 5 August 1971, there would be another.

## Phou Khao Khouai

The new offensive, code named Phou Khao Khouai ("White Buffalo Mountain") began at Moung Kassy on Route 13 on 5 August 1971, on the sole road between Vientiane and Luang Prabang. Two Royalist battalions, *Bataillon Commando 206* (BC 206), and *Bataillon Infanterie 6* (BI 6) were detailed for the attack, along with a commando company from the Military Region 5 Commandos. Their objective was a highway sweep north on Route 13, leading to capture of the forward fighter base at Muang Soui on the branching Route 7.

Moving north from Moung Kassy on 5 August 1971, the Royalist column crept through the rain for the following fortnight, meeting only sporadic Communist opposition. It came to a halt against the defended Routes 7/13 intersection at Sala Phou Khoun. Unable to force entry into the mouth of Route 7, the Royalist column veered off Route 13 to parallel Route 7 to its south. The flanking movement penetrated 15 kilometers before being balked by a Pathet Lao battalion. Phou Khao Khouai stalled there for about a month, until mid-September.

## Phou Khao Kham

The stalled offensive force was removed from the ridge where it had encamped, and leapfrogged over the foe to be landed at a vacant Auto Defense de Choc (ADC) site, Xieng Dat. They were refurbished for three days in preparation of a heliborne assault on Muang Soui; in the process, the operation was renamed *Phou Khao Kham* (meaning Gold Mountain).

On 24 September 1971, 62 Commando Raiders from Military Region 2 (MR 2) were picked up by two 21st Special Operations Squadron (21st SOS) helicopters. The Raiders were inserted in locations six kilometers both southwest and southeast of Muang Soui. Covered by U.S. A-1 Skyraiders, the Raiders moved from the hills into town. By dark, they had occupied it.

Early 25 September, six copters from the 21st SOS began lifting soldiers from BI 6 onto Muang Soui's runway. They landed under an umbrella of both U.S. and Royal Lao Air Force (RLAF) tactical air power. Both RLAF and Air America helicopters carried in BC 206 and the commando company. By noon, sporadic Communist mortar and light machine gun fire died off as they retreated northwards.

## Result

The Royal Lao Government recaptured and held the forward tactical aircraft base at Muang Soui.

Operation Maharat
Operation Maharat II

* Anthony, Victor B. and Richard R. Sexton (1993). *The War in Northern Laos*. Command for Air Force History. OCLC 232549943.
* Castle, Timothy N. (1993). *At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975*. ISBN 0-231-07977-X.
* Conboy, Kenneth and James Morrison (1995). *Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos*. Paladin Press. ISBN 978-1-58160-535-8.
* Dommen, Arthur J., Chapter 1. Historical Setting. Savada, Andrea Matles, ed. (1995). *Laos a country study*. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 0-84440-832-8.

## InfoBox

| Phou Khai Kham | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Laotian Civil War; Vietnam War | |
| Date 5 August  21 September 1971  Location Sala Phou Khoun and Muang Soui in northern Laos  Result  Royalists take Muang Soui, do not take Sala Phou Khoun | |
| Belligerents | |
| Kingdom of Laos
**Supported by**
United States | Pathet Lao
**Supported by**
North Vietnam

Soviet Union
People's Republic of China |
| Units involved | |
| *Bataillon Commando 206*
*Bataillon Infanterie 6*
Commando Raiders
21st Special Operations Squadron
Royal Lao Air Force
U.S. Air Force A-1 Skyraiders | At least one battalion |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | Unknown |


title: GV Yishun

abstract: GV Yishun, formerly Yishun 10, is Asia's first multiplex.

text:
# GV Yishun

**GV Yishun**, formerly **Yishun 10**, is Asia's first multiplex.

## Background

First opened on 28 May 1992 by Philip Yeo, the then chairman of Economic Development Board. It is operated by Golden Village, one of Singapore's leading cinema operators. As the name suggests, it has ten halls. The multiplex is located adjacent to Northpoint City, which is linked to Yishun MRT station via an underpass.

The last day of movie screenings at Yishun 10 was 11 August 2010 to undergo a three-month renovation from 12 August 2010 to upgrade the multiplex. In November 2010, the renovation had been completed and multiplex was renamed **GV Yishun**, which was Golden Village first "green" cinema complex.

## InfoBox

GV Yishun
| GV YishunLocation within Singapore | |
| --- | --- |
| Former names | Yishun 10 |
| Address | 51 Yishun Central 1, Singapore 768794 |
| Location | Yishun, Singapore |
| Coordinates | 1°25′47.6″N 103°50′11.1″E / 1.429889°N 103.836417°E / 1.429889; 103.836417 |
| Public transit | **NS13**  Yishun |
| Owner | Golden Village |
| Operator | Golden Village |
| Type | multiplex |
| Capacity | 2552 |
| Construction | |
| Built | December 1990 |
| Opened | 28 May 1992 (1992-05-28) |
| Renovated | August 2010 – November 2010 |
| Construction cost | $37 million |
| Architect | Geoff Malone |
| Builder | Sembawang Construction |
| Website | |
| www.gv.com.sg | |


title: GWR 388 class

abstract: The GWR 388 class was a large class of 310 0-6-0 goods locomotives built by the Great Western Railway. They are sometimes referred to as the Armstrong Goods or Armstrong Standard Goods to differentiate from the Gooch Goods and Dean Goods classes, both of which were also large classes of standard goods locomotives.

text:
# GWR 388 class

The **GWR 388 class** was a large class of 310 0-6-0 goods locomotives built by the Great Western Railway. They are sometimes referred to as the **Armstrong Goods** or **Armstrong Standard Goods** to differentiate from the *Gooch Goods* and *Dean Goods* classes, both of which were also large classes of standard goods locomotives.

## Use

Despite their description as goods engines, for many years they were also used on passenger trains; the class that principally replaced them was Churchward's mixed-traffic 2-6-0s, the 4300 Class of 1919-21. They were used throughout the GWR system where the gauge permitted; principally in the Northern Division to start with.

## War service

While the service overseas of Dean's 2301 Class during two world wars is well known, the service of the 388 Class in World War I is less often documented. Six of the class were sent to Serbia in 1916, two of them returning in 1921; and 16 of them were shipped to Salonika in 1917, though the first batch of eight was lost at sea. After the war four of them entered the stock of the Ottoman Railway; another four were returned to the GWR in 1921.

## Numbering

The 388 class were built in several batches between 1866 and 1876; many locomotives were given numbers from recently withdrawn locomotives, so they do not run in a continuous series, or even in order of construction.

In the following table the "Works Number" is a sequential number allocated by the builder, the "Locomotive number" is the number carried on the locomotive for identification.

Table of orders and numbers
| Year | Quantity | Lot No. | Works Nos. | Locomotive numbers | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1866-67 | 19 | 9th Goods | 79–97 | 388–406 |  |
| 1867 | 16 | 10th Goods | 98–113 | 407–412, 419–428 |  |
| 1867 | 5 | 1st Renewals | 114–118 | 1012–1014, 1064–1065 | 1064/65 renumbered 1088/98 in September 1868; then 238 and 37 in July 1870 |
| 1867 | 10 | 11th Goods | 119–128 | 429–438 |  |
| 1868 | 10 | 15th | 135–144 | 445–454 |  |
| 1868 | 5 | 16th | 145–149 | 370–371, 426–428 | 426–429 renumbered 26, 42, 1066 in February 1868; 1066 renumbered 1090 in September 1868; then 38 in July 1870. |
| 1868 | 5 | 17th | 150–154 | 1091–1095 | renumbered 41, 43, 44, 46, 50 in July 1870 |
| 1870 | 30 | 21st | 215–244 | 491–496, 1168, 498–500, 1169–1171, 497, 501–516 | 1168–1171 renumbered 1082–85 in July 1870. |
| 1870 | 30 | 23rd | 251–280 | 1086–1099, 1100–1105, 593–602 |  |
| 1870-71 | 20 | 24th | 281–300 | 1106–1115, 603–612 |  |
| 1871-72 | 30 | 26th | 321–350 | 657–676, 24, 31, 48, 51, 52, 116, 298, 300, 415, 416 |  |
| 1872 | 40 | 28th | 252–391 | 677–716 |  |
| 1873 | 30 | 31st | 432–461 | 776–805 |  |
| 1873-74 | 20 | 35th | 483–502 | 874–893 |  |
| 1875-76 | 20 | 41st | 623–642 | 21–23, 25, 27, 29, 32, 39, 53, 117, 1186–1195 |  |
| 1876 | 20 | 42nd | 643–662 | 1196–1215 |  |

## Broad gauge

Twenty locomotives were converted to 7 ft 14 in (2,140 mm) broad gauge from 1884 and reconverted to standard gauge in 1892.

## Accidents and incidents

On 11th November 1890, No. 1100 was struck by a broad gauge boat train from Plymouth at Norton Fitzwarren.

## Withdrawal

There were numerous withdrawals from around 1920. After 1930 the few remainders were at Oxley, Stourbidge and Wellington, and the last was withdrawn in 1934. Like all Armstrong locomotives, none were preserved.

* Allcock, N. J.; Davies, F. K.; le Fleming, H. M.; Maskelyne, J. N.; Reed, P. J. T.; Tabor, F. J. White, D. E. (ed.). *The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, part one: Preliminary Survey*. Kenilworth: RCTS.
* Reed, P.J.T. (February 1953). White, D.E. (ed.). *The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, Part 2: Broad Gauge*. Kenilworth: The Railway Correspondence and Travel Society. ISBN 0-901115-32-0. OCLC 650490992.
* Tabor, F.J. (February 1956). White, D.E. (ed.). *The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, part four: Six-wheeled Tender Engines*. Kenilworth: The Railway Correspondence and Travel Society.
* Casserley, H.C.; Johnston, S.C. (1966). *Locomotives at the Grouping: Great Western Railway*. Shepperton: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 0-7110-0555-9.
* Russell, J.H. (1975). *A Pictorial Record of Great Western Engines, Volume 1*. Oxford: Oxford Publishing Company. ISBN 0-86093-398-9.
* Waters, Laurence (1999). *The Great Western Broad Gauge*. Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 0-7110-2634-3.

## InfoBox

| Armstrong Goods | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Designer Joseph Armstrong  Builder GWR Swindon Works  Order number Lots 9th Goods, 10th Goods, 1st Renewals, 11th Goods, 15, 16, 17, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28, 31, 35, 41, 42  Serial number 79–128, 135–154, 215–144, 251–300, 321–350, 352–391, 432–461, 483–502, 623–662  Build date 1866–1876 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 0-6-0  UIC C n2  Gauge 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
and 7 ft 14 in (2,140 mm)  Driver dia. 5 ft 0 in (1,524 mm)  Wheelbase 15 ft 8 in (4.78 m)  Boiler GWR Standard Goods  Cylinder size 17 in × 24 in (432 mm × 610 mm)
dia × stroke | |
| Career  Operators Great Western Railway  Class 388 Class | |


title: Philoteris

abstract: Philoteris was a village in ancient Egypt located in the Faiyum Oasis. It was founded c. 280s BC by Pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, who named it for his sister, Philotera. At the time of its founding, approximately 800 inhabitants were Ancient Egyptians, while 400 were Ancient Greeks. In 2017, the first Egyptian–Greek gymnasium from the Hellenistic period was found in the ruins of Philoteris by the German Archaeological Institute (DAI). The structure had a hall for meetings, a dining hall, courtyard, 200-metre (660 ft) race track, and gardens in what was "an ideal layout for a center of Greek learning." Contemporaneously, the gymnasium was only for males under 31; "women, slaves, freedmen, tradesmen, male prostitutes, drunkards and madmen were excluded." One of DAI's archaeological scholars in Egypt, Professor Cornelia Römer, told Deutsche Welle that "the gymnasium of [Philoteris] clearly shows the impact of Greek life in Egypt, not only in Alexandria, but also in the countryside". In the 21st century, the Egyptian settlement of Madinat Watfa was on the site of Philoteris' ruins, 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Cairo.

text:
# Philoteris

**Philoteris** was a village in ancient Egypt located in the Faiyum Oasis. It was founded c.280s BC by Pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, who named it for his sister, Philotera. At the time of its founding, approximately 800 inhabitants were Ancient Egyptians, while 400 were Ancient Greeks.

In 2017, the first Egyptian–Greek gymnasium from the Hellenistic period was found in the ruins of Philoteris by the German Archaeological Institute (DAI). The structure had a hall for meetings, a dining hall, courtyard, 200-metre (660 ft) race track, and gardens in what was "an ideal layout for a center of Greek learning." Contemporaneously, the gymnasium was only for males under 31; "women, slaves, freedmen, tradesmen, male prostitutes, drunkards and madmen were excluded." One of DAI's archaeological scholars in Egypt, Professor Cornelia Römer, told Deutsche Welle that "the gymnasium of \[Philoteris\] clearly shows the impact of Greek life in Egypt, not only in Alexandria, but also in the countryside".

In the 21st century, the Egyptian settlement of Madinat Watfa was on the site of Philoteris' ruins, 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Cairo.

## InfoBox

| Philoteris | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Ptolemaic Kingdom |
| Founded | c.280s BC |
| Population | |
| Estimate (founding) | 1,200 |


title: Pica (typography)

abstract:
The pica is a typographic unit of measure corresponding to approximately 1⁄6 of an inch, or from 1⁄68 to 1⁄73 of a foot. One pica is further divided into 12 points. In printing, three pica measures are used:
  - The French pica of 12 Didot points generally is: 12 × 0.376 = 4.512 mm (0.1776 in).
  - The American pica of 0.16604 inches (4.217 mm). It was established by the United States Type Founders' Association in 1886. In TeX one pica is 400⁄2,409 of an inch.
  - The contemporary computer PostScript pica is exactly 1⁄6 of an inch or 1⁄72 of a foot, i.e. 4.23 mm or 0.16 in. Publishing applications such as Adobe InDesign and QuarkXPress represent pica measurements with whole-number picas left of a lower-case p, followed by the points number, for example: 5p6 represents 5 picas and 6 points, or 51⁄2 picas. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) defined by the World Wide Web Consortium use pc as the abbreviation for pica, and pt for point. The pica is also used in measuring the font capacity and is applied in the process of copyfitting. The font length is measured there by the number of characters per pica (cpp). As books are most often printed with proportional fonts, cpp of a given font is usually a fractional number. For example, an 11-point font may have 2.4 cpp, thus a 5-inch (30-pica) line of a usual octavo-sized book page would contain around 72 characters. There have existed copyfitting tables for a number of typefaces, and typefoundries often provided the number of characters per pica for each type in their specimen catalogs. Similar tables exist as well with which one can estimate the number of characters per pica knowing the lower-case alphabet length. The typographic pica should not be confused with the Pica font of the typewriters, which means a font where 10 typed characters make up a line one inch long.

text:
# Pica (typography)

The **pica** is a typographic unit of measure corresponding to approximately 16 of an inch, or from 168 to 173 of a foot. One pica is further divided into 12 points.

In printing, three pica measures are used:

* The **French pica** of 12 Didot points (also called cicero) generally is: 12 × 0.376 = 4.512 mm (0.1776 in).
* The **American pica** of 0.16604 inches (4.217 mm). It was established by the United States Type Founders' Association in 1886. In TeX one pica is 4002,409 of an inch.
* The contemporary **computer PostScript pica** is exactly 16 of an inch or 172 of a foot, i.e. 4.23 mm or 0.16 in.

Publishing applications such as Adobe InDesign and QuarkXPress represent pica measurements with whole-number picas left of a lower-case *p*, followed by the points number, for example: 5p6 represents 5 picas and 6 points, or 512 picas.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) defined by the World Wide Web Consortium use **pc** as the abbreviation for pica (16 of an inch), and **pt** for point (172 of an inch).

The pica is also used in measuring the font capacity and is applied in the process of **copyfitting**. The font length is measured there by the number of *characters per pica* (**cpp**). As books are most often printed with proportional fonts, cpp of a given font is usually a fractional number. For example, an 11-point font (like Helvetica) may have 2.4 cpp, thus a 5-inch (30-pica) line of a usual octavo-sized (6×8 in) book page would contain around 72 characters (including spaces).

There have existed copyfitting tables for a number of typefaces, and typefoundries often provided the number of characters per pica for each type in their specimen catalogs. Similar tables exist as well with which one can estimate the number of characters per pica knowing the lower-case alphabet length.

The typographic pica should not be confused with the *Pica* font of the typewriters, which means a font where 10 typed characters make up a line one inch long.

## InfoBox

| Pica | |
| --- | --- |
| A ruler showing **Pica** scale (on the top) and Agate scale (on the bottom) | |
| General information | |
| Unit system | Typographic unit |
| Unit of | Length |
| Conversions | |
| 1 pica *in ...* | *... is equal to ...* |
|  | |
| typographic units | 12 points |
| imperial/US units | 1/6 in |
| metric (SI) units | 4.2333 mm |


title: Fältmarskalk

abstract: Fältmarskalk was a Swedish military rank equivalent to present day NATO OF-10. Sometimes written as generalfältmarskalk. The rank of field marshal – as the highest in the Swedish Army – existed from the end of the 16th century up to 1824. The rank has not been used in Sweden since 1972; previously and for a long time, it had been used only in wartime. Sweden has had a total of 77 field marshals. Riksmarskalk was earlier the most senior military officer in Sweden, but is now the senior courtier of the Royal Court.

text:
# Fältmarskalk

**Fältmarskalk** (field marshal) was a Swedish military rank equivalent to present day NATO OF-10. Sometimes written as **generalfältmarskalk** (General Field Marshal, or German equivalent *Generalfeldmarschall*).

The rank of field marshal – as the highest in the Swedish Army – existed from the end of the 16th century up to 1824. The rank has not been used in Sweden since 1972; previously and for a long time, it had been used only in wartime. Sweden has had a total of 77 field marshals.

**Riksmarskalk** (Marshal of the Realm) was earlier the most senior military officer in Sweden (still second to the Monarch), but is now the senior courtier of the Royal Court.

## InfoBox

| Field marshal
fältmarskalk | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Sweden |
| Service branch | Swedish Army |
| Rank group | Field marshal |
| NATO rank code | OF-10 |
| Non-NATO rank | O-11 |
| Formation | 16th century |
| Abolished | 1972 |
| Next higher rank | None |
| Next lower rank | General
Admiral |


title: Picrasma excelsa

abstract: Picrasma excelsa is a species of Picrasma in the family Simaroubaceae. It is found in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Venezuela. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Picrasma excelsa

***Picrasma excelsa*** is a species of *Picrasma* in the family Simaroubaceae. It is found in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Venezuela. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Picrasma excelsa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Simaroubaceae |
| Genus: | *Picrasma* |
| Species: | ***P. excelsa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Picrasma excelsa***
(Sw.) Planch. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Aeschrion antillana* (Eggers) Small
*Aeschrion excelsa* (Sw.) Kuntze
*Aeschrion excelsa* var. *microcarpa* Krug & Urb.
*Muenteria excelsa* (Sw.) Walp.
*Picraena excelsa* (Sw.) Lindl.
*Picrasma antillana* (Eggers) Urb.
*Quassia excelsa* Sw.
*Quassia pentandra* Stokes
*Quassia polygama* Linds.
*Rhus antillana* Eggers
*Simarouba excelsa* (Sw.) DC. | |


title: Picrasma crenata

abstract: Picrasma crenata, the pau-amargo, pau-tenente or tenente-josé, is a tree species in the family Simaroubaceae, native to Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. In Brazil, it grows in the Atlantic Forest in the regions of Nordeste, Sudeste and Sul.

text:
# Picrasma crenata

***Picrasma crenata***, the ***pau-amargo***, ***pau-tenente*** or ***tenente-josé***, is a tree species in the family Simaroubaceae, native to Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. In Brazil, it grows in the Atlantic Forest in the regions of Nordeste (in Bahia state), Sudeste (in Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states) and Sul (in Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states).

## InfoBox

| *Picrasma crenata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Simaroubaceae |
| Genus: | *Picrasma* |
| Species: | ***P. crenata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Picrasma crenata***<br>(Vell.) Engl. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Aeschrion crenata*  Vell. * *Picraena palo-amargo*  Speg. * *Picrasma palo-amargo*  Speg. * *Thevetia pinnata*  Vell. | |


title: Multi-attribute auction

abstract: A multi-attribute auction is a type of auction in which the bids have multiple parts. Multi-attribute auctions allow agents to sell and purchase goods and services, taking into account more attributes than just price.

text:
# Multi-attribute auction

A **multi-attribute auction** is a type of auction in which the bids have multiple parts. Multi-attribute auctions allow agents to sell and purchase goods and services, taking into account more attributes than just price (e.g. service time, tolerances, qualities, etc.).

## History

The earliest research paper about a multi-attribute auction appeared in a 1994 discussion on construction contracts. In 1997, they were discussed in the context of long-term electricity contracts.

## Attributes

The structural elements of a bid are called designated *attributes*. Attributes may be verifiable, unverifiable, or auctioneer-provided. If bids include a single quality, such as price, the auction is referred to as a *single-attribute auction*. Generally, bids are prices in English auctions, and confirmations in Dutch and Japanese auctions. In Brazilian auctions, they refer to the numbers of units being traded.

A scoring, or utility function, is essential for multi-attribute auctions, as it calculates a single number from multiple attributes, making bids that vary in multiple ways comparable. This scoring function is announced by the auctioneer to the bidders before the start of the auction.


title: Nishi-Izumi Station

abstract: Nishi-Izumi Station is a passenger railway station located in Izumi, Kagoshima, Japan.is a passenger railway station located in the city of Izumi, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. It is served by the It is operated by third-sector railway company Hisatsu Orange Railway.

text:
# Nishi-Izumi Station

**Nishi-Izumi Station** (西出水駅, *Nishi-Izumi-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in Izumi, Kagoshima, Japan.is a passenger railway station located in the city of Izumi, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. It is served by the It is operated by third-sector railway company Hisatsu Orange Railway.

## Lines

The station is served by the Hisatsu Orange Railway Line that follows the former coastal route of the JR Kyushu Kagoshima Main Line connecting Yatsushiro and Sendai. It is located 68.3 km from the starting point of the line at Yatsushiro.

## Station layout

The station consists of one island platform at street level. It has a reinforced concrete station building with a level crossing.

### Platforms

| **1** | Hisatsu Orange Railway | for Akune and Sendai |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Hisatsu Orange Railway | for Izumi, Minamata, and Yatsushiro |

## Adjacent stations

|  |  | Service |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hisatsu Orange Railway Line | | | | |
| Izumi | | - | Takaono | |

## History

The station opened as **Takemoto Station** (武本駅, *Takemoto-eki*) on October 15, 1923, on the Japanese Government Railways Sendai Line, which was incorporated into the Kagoshima Main Line on 17 October 1927. With the privatization of the Japan National Railways on 1 April 1987, the station was transferred to JR Kyushu. On 13 March 2004, with the opening of the Kyushu Shinkansen, the station was transferred to the Hisatsu Orange Railway. The station name was changed to the present one on July 11, 1928.

## Passenger statistics

The average daily passenger traffic in fiscal 2019 was 439 people.

## Surrounding area

* Izumi Chuo High School
* Kagoshima Prefectural Izumi High School
* Kagoshima Prefectural Izumi Technical High School
* Izumi City Nishi-Izumi Elementary School

## InfoBox

| Nishi-Izumi Station
西出水駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Nishi-Izumi Station in 2012 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Nishiizumicho, Izumi-shi, Kagoshima-ken 899-0213
Japan |
| Coordinates | 32°04′31″N 130°20′21″E / 32.0753°N 130.3392°E / 32.0753; 130.3392 |
| Operated by | Hisatsu Orange Railway |
| Line(s) | Hisatsu Orange Railway Line |
| Distance | 68.3 km from Yatsushiro |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At-grade |
| Other information | |
| Station code | OR17 |
| Website | Official website (in Japanese) |
| History | |
| Opened | October 15, 1923 (1923-10-15) |
| Previous names | Takemoto (until 1928) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2019 | 439 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Nishi-Izumi StationLocation within Kagoshima PrefectureNishi-Izumi StationNishi-Izumi Station (Japan) | |


title: Pets and the LGBTQ community

text:
# Pets and the LGBTQ community

Pet ownership carries significance within the LGBTQ community. In recent years, there has been more academic attention placed on "the intersections of human and animal lives in the context of LGBT communities".

## Background

In the United States, LGBTQ adults were more likely to own pets than heterosexual adults in 2007, and child-free LGBTQ households are more likely to own pets than child-free heterosexual households.

## Cats and lesbian feminism

Cats have been used as a "lazy visual shorthand" within popular culture to "\[signify\] clichés about effeminate gay men and lonely lesbian women". The urban myth that lesbians are likely to have cats at home took hold within early lesbian feminism; cats were said to exhibit "spirited feline self-sufficiency" which made them "an essential accoutrement to all lesbian's lives, providing a mirror to their owners' challenge to the hetero-patriarchal social order". On the other hand, some took the view that pet ownership was oppressive, and took objection to a form of lesbian feminism that "\[fought\] against the oppression of women, whilst remaining silent on the oppression of animals."

## Pets as emotional support

Gay and bisexual men may be more likely to look to pets as means of support, as they are more likely to live alone and less likely to have children than heterosexual men. Among older LGBTQ populations, pets may have a positive impact on a person's mental health and feeling of social support. A 1999 study shows that gay men with HIV/AIDS were less likely to be depressed if they had a pet. A 2019 study shows that pet ownership may act as a net stressor on gay and bisexual men with prostate cancer.


title: Santa Cruz Yachts

abstract: Santa Cruz Yachts was a U.S.-based yacht design and manufacturing company. The offices and production facilities were located in Santa Cruz, California before being moved to Greencove Springs, Florida.

text:
# Santa Cruz Yachts

**Santa Cruz Yachts** was a U.S.-based yacht design and manufacturing company. The offices and production facilities were located in Santa Cruz, California before being moved to Greencove Springs, Florida.

## History

Santa Cruz Yachts, founded by Bill Lee, has a 35-year history of designing and building sailing yachts. The emphasis has been on ultra-light high performance racing designs generally offering amenities for long-distance voyages. Santa Cruz Yachts has produced award-winning designs and these boats have performed well in racing including long-distance ocean racing.

In 1977 the 66-foot (20 m) Merlin was considered unseaworthy by critics, however, the boat proved to be capable of 28 knots (52 km/h) surfing, and won the 1977 Transpacific Yacht Race from California to Hawaii in record time with an average speed of 11 knots (20 km/h) over 2,250 miles. In 1981 Merlin again won the Transpac, but this time seven of the top ten finishes were the Santa Cruz 50, a scaled down production version of Merlin. A 50-foot (15 m) Santa Cruz yacht weighs about 16,000 pounds with half of that weight in the ballast of the keel; this is very light compared to the 30,000 pounds normally associated with a 50-foot (15 m) boat.

## Santa Cruz today

The Santa Cruz line has matured into a niche market of large, fast, and comfortable boats; however all this comes with a substantial price tag. Santa Cruz boats are made to order so the roughly $600,000 base price of a Santa Cruz 52 can climb to well over $1 million; even ten-year-old Santa Cruz 52's are fetching a half million dollars. The newer Santa Cruz 53 with a base price of about $850,000 is substantially a more luxiourious and heavier adaptation of the 52.

A technique used to make these boats ultra-light is balsa wood cored hulls. A criticism is that the boats need to be reefed in relatively lower winds, when heading to the wind. Proponents argue that the Santa Cruz more than makes up for this deficiency in the downwind leg of a race.

Santa Cruz has recently begun manufacturing a 61-foot (19 m) power boat named the Coastal Flyer, which sells for about $750,000. It is designed to look like a 1930s launch, but is packed with modern electronics and jet drive propulsion.

Recently Santa Cruz Yachts has changed owners and has gone through a renovation period to bring the brand back. Within the last year Santa Cruz has designed a new boat, the SC37. It has received good responses in both the Newport Boat Show 2008 and the Annapolis Boat 2008. Santa Cruz is going to be in the process soon to start designing the SC47. The designer that Santa Cruz is working with now is Tim Kernan.

## Awards

* Sailing World's Boat of the Year, 1996, for the Santa Cruz 52

## Models

**NOTE: PHRF rating shown is the Northern California Base Rate full keel standard mast unless otherwise described**


title: United States v. Bormes

abstract: United States v. Bormes, 568 U.S. 6 (2012), is a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States holding that the Little Tucker Act, which provides jurisdiction to federal courts for certain claims brought against the federal government, does not apply to lawsuits brought under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). The Court characterized the Little Tucker Act as merely "gap-filling" and, therefore, superseded when a statute authorizing a claim for damages set forth its own specific enforcement procedures, as did the FCRA. Otherwise, the Court believed, the Little Tucker Act would broadly impose a waiver of sovereign immunity under detailed statutes that did not provide for it. The Court directed the lower court to address on remand whether the FCRA itself authorized a claim for damages against the government for violating its provisions.

text:
# United States v. Bormes

***United States v. Bormes***, 568 U.S. 6 (2012), is a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States holding that the Little Tucker Act, which provides jurisdiction to federal courts for certain claims brought against the federal government, does not apply to lawsuits brought under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA).

The Court characterized the Little Tucker Act as merely "gap-filling" and, therefore, superseded when a statute authorizing a claim for damages set forth its own specific enforcement procedures, as did the FCRA. Otherwise, the Court believed, the Little Tucker Act would broadly impose a waiver of sovereign immunity under detailed statutes that did not provide for it. The Court directed the lower court to address on remand whether the FCRA itself authorized a claim for damages against the government for violating its provisions.

## Background

The issue came before the Court in the context of a lawsuit brought against the U.S. federal government by an attorney, James X. Bormes, who alleged that, after he paid a federal court filing fee online, he received a receipt that violated a provision of the FCRA by including more of his credit card information than was permitted. Bormes filed a putative class action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, claiming jurisdiction under both the FCRA and the Little Tucker Act.

The district court dismissed the suit, holding that the FCRA did not waive the federal government's sovereign immunity so as to permit it to be sued under that statute. Bormes appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, claiming jurisdiction under the Little Tucker Act; the federal government moved to transfer the suit to the Seventh Circuit on the basis that the Little Tucker Act did not apply. The Federal Circuit denied the government's motion and vacated the district court's decision, ruling that the Little Tucker Act constituted a waiver of sovereign immunity that was applicable to a claim for damages under the FCRA.

## Opinion of the Court

> JUSTICE SCALIA: Isn't it really -- doesn't the question come down to as you're putting it whether -- whether the Tucker Act eliminates for all other statutes the presumption against liability on the part of the United States?
>
> MR. SRINIVASAN: It does. I think it does. And I think that's quite a breathtaking proposition, and not one that Congress would have intended by virtue of the Tucker Act...
>
> Oral Argument, Tr: 19:19-20:2.

In a unanimous opinion by Justice Antonin Scalia, the Court vacated the Federal Circuit's decision and ruled that the Little Tucker Act had no applicability to claims brought under the FCRA. Reviewing the history of the Little Tucker Act and its mid-19th century predecessor, and the history of the Court of Claims, the Court observed that the purpose of the Little Tucker Act was to provide judicial remedies for claims against the federal government that were authorized by statute but did not provide a method for enforcement. As such, it is purely a "gap-filling" statute.

The Court, therefore, ruled that the Little Tucker Act's general provisions do not apply when another statute itself sets forth the specific conditions by which that statute is to be enforced, as the FCRA does. The Court wrote that "\[t\]o hold otherwise—to permit plaintiffs to remedy the absence of a waiver of sovereign immunity in specific, detailed statutes by pleading general Tucker Act jurisdiction—would transform the sovereign-immunity landscape." Whether a suit for damages could be brought against the federal government under the FCRA was a question that only the FCRA itself could answer, and the Court left that for the Seventh Circuit to address on remand.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| United States v. Bormes | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued October 2, 2012
Decided November 13, 2012 | |
| Full case name | *United States v. James X. Bormes* |
| Docket no. | 11-192 |
| Citations | 568 U.S. 6 (*more*)133 S. Ct. 12; 184 L. Ed. 2d 317; 2012 U.S. LEXIS 8705; 81 U.S.L.W. 4007 |
| Argument | Oral argument |
| Case history | |
| Prior | Motion to dismiss granted, 638 F. Supp. 2d 958 (N.D. Ill. 2009); vacated, 626 F. 3d 574, 578 (Fed. Cir. 2010); cert. granted, 565 U.S. 1153 (2012). |
| Holding | |
| The Little Tucker Act does not waive the sovereign immunity of the United States with respect to damages actions for violations of the Fair Credit Reporting Act. Federal Circuit vacated and remanded. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice John Roberts  Associate Justices Antonin Scalia **·**  Anthony Kennedy
Clarence Thomas **·**  Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Stephen Breyer **·**  Samuel Alito
Sonia Sotomayor **·**  Elena Kagan | |
| Case opinion | |
| Majority | Scalia, joined by *unanimous* |
| Laws applied | |
| 28 U.S.C. § 1346(a)(2) (Little Tucker Act); 15 U.S.C. § 1681 *et seq.* (Fair Credit Reporting Act) | |


title: Patrick A. Lee

abstract: Patrick A. Lee is a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). After spending ten years with the Theoretical Physics Department at Bell Laboratories, Lee joined MIT in 1982. He has contributed to the field of "mesoscopic physics," or the study of small devices at low temperatures. He has also made important contributions to the theory of disordered electronic systems, among them the concept of universal conductance fluctuations. He was awarded the 2005 Dirac Medal of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics as well as the Oliver Buckley Prize of the American Physical Society. He is currently researching high temperature superconductors.

text:
# Patrick A. Lee

**Patrick A. Lee** (born 8 September 1946, British Hong Kong) is a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

After spending ten years with the Theoretical Physics Department at Bell Laboratories, Lee joined MIT in 1982. He has contributed to the field of "mesoscopic physics," or the study of small devices at low temperatures. He has also made important contributions to the theory of disordered electronic systems, among them the concept of universal conductance fluctuations. He was awarded the 2005 Dirac Medal of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics as well as the Oliver Buckley Prize of the American Physical Society. He is currently researching high temperature superconductors.

## Awards

## Publications

## InfoBox

| Patrick A. Lee | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1946-08-09) August 9, 1946
Hong Kong |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| Known for | Universal Conductance Fluctuations
Quantum spin liquid |
| Awards | Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize (1991) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Physics |
| Institutions |  |
| Doctoral advisor | Marlan Scully |
| Doctoral students | Charles L. Kane |
|  | |


title: Paul O. Løkke

abstract: Paul Olsen Løkke was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician for the Labour and Social Democratic Labour parties. He was born in Vågå. He joined his first trade union in 1906, and in the city of Tønsberg he was a board member of the local Union of Iron and Metalworkers from 1908 to 1912 and local Labour Party leader from 1910 to 1913. He ran for Parliament in Tønsberg in 1912, but was not elected. He was the editor-in-chief of the Larvik newspaper Nybrott and the Hamar newspaper Demokraten before taking over Vestfold Arbeiderblad in 1920. When his Labour Party split in 1921, Løkke joined the more right-wing Social Democratic Labour Party. He chaired the party chapter in Tønsberg fra 1923 to 1925. He edited Buskerud Social-Demokrat from 1921 to 1923 and Vestfold Social-Demokrat from 1923 to 1925. He died in 1937.

text:
# Paul O. Løkke

**Paul Olsen Løkke** (12 December 1879 – 1937) was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician for the Labour and Social Democratic Labour parties.

He was born in Vågå. He joined his first trade union in 1906, and in the city of Tønsberg he was a board member of the local Union of Iron and Metalworkers from 1908 to 1912 and local Labour Party leader from 1910 to 1913. He ran for Parliament in Tønsberg in 1912, but was not elected.

He was the editor-in-chief of the Larvik newspaper *Nybrott* and the Hamar newspaper *Demokraten* before taking over *Vestfold Arbeiderblad* in 1920. When his Labour Party split in 1921, Løkke joined the more right-wing Social Democratic Labour Party. He chaired the party chapter in Tønsberg fra 1923 to 1925. He edited *Buskerud Social-Demokrat* from 1921 to 1923 and *Vestfold Social-Demokrat* from 1923 to 1925. He died in 1937.


title: Paul O. Müller

abstract: Paul O. Müller was an Austrian theoretical nuclear physicist who worked in the German Uranverein. He was drafted into the German armed forces and died on the Russian Front in World War II.

text:
# Paul O. Müller

**Paul O. Müller** (born 18 April 1915 in Graz; died 9 March 1942 at Pechenkino near Sukhinichi) was an Austrian theoretical nuclear physicist who worked in the German *Uranverein*. He was drafted into the German armed forces and died on the Russian Front in World War II.

## Education

Müller undertook graduate studies at the University of Graz. He received his doctorate in Graz on 25 February 1939, under Erwin Schrödinger.

## Career

After 1939, Müller and Karl-Heinz Höcker collaborated with Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker at the *Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik* (KWIP, after World War II reorganized and renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics), in Berlin-Dahlem, on the theory behind the *Uranmaschine* (uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor).

Many at the KWIP and those working on the *Uranmaschine* had the classification of *unabkömmlich* (*uk*, indispensable) and were exempt from being drafted into armed service. Both Müller and his colleague Höcker had the classification *uk*, but their fates were quite different. As the war raged on, the demand for men to provide armed service resulted in Höcker and Müller being drafted in late 1940 or early 1941. Not even Kurt Diebner, managing director of the KWIP, could stop the call-up. Höcker was returned to the KWIP in 1942 due to poor health; Müller had died at the Russian front. It was not until 1944 that Werner Osenberg, head of the planning board at the *Reichsforschungsrat* (RFR, Reich Research Council), was able to initiate calling back 5000 engineers and scientists from the front to work on research categorized as *kriegsentscheidend* (decisive for the war effort). By the end of the war, the number recalled had reached 15,000. Many of the scientists called for military service were at institutes under the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft (Kaiser Wilhelm Society).

## Internal reports

The following reports were published in *Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte* (*Research Reports in Nuclear Physics*), an internal publication of the German *Uranverein*. The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies. The reports were confiscated under the Allied Operation Alsos and sent to the United States Atomic Energy Commission for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics.

* P. O. Müller *Der Wirkungsquerschnitt der Uranspaltung* G-7 (December 1939)
* Paul Müller *Die Energiegewinnung aus dem Uranspaltungsprozess durch schnelle Neutronen* G-49 (1941)
* Paul Müller *Eine Bedingung für die Verwendbarkeit von Uran als Sprengstoff* G-50 (May 1940)
* Paul Müller *Die Neutronenabsorption in Kugelschalen aus Uran* G-51 (April 25, 1940)
* Paul Müller *Über die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Uranmaschine* G-52 (September 30, 1940)
* Paul Müller *Berechnung der Energieerzeugung in der Uranmaschine. III Schweres Wasser* G-53 (April 29, 1940)
* Carl-Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Paul Müller, and Karl-Heinz Höcker *Berechnung der Energieerzeugung in der Uranmaschine* G-60 (February 26, 1940)

## Bibliography

* Bernstein, Jeremy *Hitler’s Uranium Club: The Secret Recording’s at Farm Hall* (Copernicus, 2001) ISBN 0-387-95089-3
* Hentschel, Klaus (Editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (Editorial Assistant and Translator) *Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources* (Birkhäuser, 1996)
* Macrakis, Kristie *Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany* (Oxford, 1993) ISBN 0-19-507010-0
* Walker, Mark *German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–1949* (Cambridge, 1993) ISBN 0-521-43804-7


title: Paul O. Williams

abstract: Paul O. Williams was an American science fiction writer and haiku poet. Williams won multiple awards including the John W. Campbell Award and the Museum of Haiku Literature Award; and was professor emeritus of English at Principia College in Elsah, Illinois and president of the Haiku Society of America.

text:
# Paul O. Williams

**Paul O. Williams** (January 17, 1935 – June 2, 2009) was an American science fiction writer and haiku poet. Williams won multiple awards including the John W. Campbell Award and the Museum of Haiku Literature Award; and was professor emeritus of English at Principia College in Elsah, Illinois and president of the Haiku Society of America.

## Life

His most notable science fiction works are a series of novels, the Pelbar Cycle, set in North America about a thousand years after a "time of fire", in which the world was nearly totally depopulated. The novels track a gradual reconnection of the human cultures which developed. Much of the action takes place in the communities of the Pelbar, along the Upper Mississippi River — in the general vicinity of Elsah. Several cultures, including the matriarchal Pelbar, join together in the Heart River Federation. Others, especially the tyrannical Tantal and slave-raiding Tusco, fall apart after suffering defeats. The predominant characters are change agents: Tor, Jestak, Stel and his wife Ahroe Westrun. All are Pelbar except for Tor who is Shumai. Williams won the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer in Science Fiction in 1983. Williams was a professor at Duke University and Principia College, and a longtime contributor to *The Christian Science Monitor*.

He is also known as a writer of haiku, senryū, and tanka, and wrote a number of essays on the haiku form in English. In a 1975 essay, he coined the term "Tontoism" to refer to the practice of writing haiku with missing articles ("the", "a", or "an"), which he claimed made the haiku sound like the stunted English of the Indian sidekick, Tonto, in the *Lone Ranger* radio and television series. In 2001, his best essays were collected in *The Nick of Time: Essays on Haiku Aesthetics*, edited by Lee Gurga and Michael Dylan Welch. Williams was the president of the Haiku Society of America (1999) and vice president of the Tanka Society of America (2000). In 1989 he won the Museum of Haiku Literature Award from the Haiku Society of America with this poem written for Nick Virgilio shortly after Nick's death:

> gone from the woods
> the bird I knew
> by song alone

Williams died from an aortic dissection on June 2, 2009.

## Selected works

The Pelbar Cycle * *The Breaking of Northwall* (1981)
* *The Ends of the Circle* (1981)
* *The Dome in the Forest* (1981)
* *The Fall of the Shell* (1982)
* *An Ambush of Shadows* (1983)
* *Song of the Axe* (1984)
* *The Sword of Forbearance* (1985)

(The Pelbar Cycle was republished in 2005–2006 by the University of Nebraska Press.) Gorboduc Series * *The Gifts of the Gorboduc Vandal* (1989)
* *The Man from Far Cloud* (2004)

Haiku, senryū, tanka, and other poetry books * *The Edge of the Woods: 55 Haiku* (1968; haiku)
* *Tracks on the River* (1982; haiku)
* *Growing in the Rain* (1991; longer poetry)
* *Outside Robins Sing: Selected Haiku* July 1999. Brooks Books 56 pages. ISBN 0-913719-98-6
* *The Nick of Time: Essays on Haiku Aesthetics* by Paul O. Williams, Press Here, 2001, ISBN 1-878798-23-5 (winner of the Haiku Society of America's 2002 Merit Award for Best Criticism)
* *These Audacious Maples* (2007; tanka)
* *The Day of Strawberries*, edited by Paul O. Williams (San Francisco: Two Autumns Press, 2004) — the companion chapbook to the Haiku Poets of Northern California’s fifteenth annual Two Autumns poetry reading series
* Paul's Shiki Monthly Kukai Entries

Other published works

## InfoBox

| Paul O. Williams | |
| --- | --- |
| Williams reading from his book of cat haiku at the Yuki Teikei Holiday Party in 2006 | |
| Born | (1935-01-17)January 17, 1935 |
| Died | June 2, 2009(2009-06-02) (aged 74) |
| Occupation | Writer |
| Nationality | American |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Notable awards | John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer (1983) |


title: Paul O. Zelinsky

abstract: Paul Oser Zelinsky is an American illustrator and writer who illustrated children's picture books. He won the 1998 Caldecott Medal for U.S. picture book illustration, for Rapunzel. His most popular work is Wheels On the Bus, a best-selling movable book. Zelinsky had been runner-up for the Caldecott Medal in 1985, 1987, and 1995, the latter for Swamp Angel by Anne Isaacs. Twenty years later, they were joint runners-up for the Phoenix Picture Book Award from the Children's Literature Association, which annually recognizes the best picture book that did not win a major award 20 years earlier. "Books are considered not only for the quality of their illustrations, but for the way pictures and text work together."

text:
# Paul O. Zelinsky

**Paul Oser Zelinsky** (born 1953) is an American illustrator and writer who illustrated children's picture books. He won the 1998 Caldecott Medal for U.S. picture book illustration, for *Rapunzel*. His most popular work is *Wheels On the Bus*, a best-selling movable book.

Zelinsky had been runner-up for the Caldecott Medal in 1985, 1987, and 1995, the latter for *Swamp Angel* by Anne Isaacs (Dutton, 1994). Twenty years later, they were joint runners-up for the Phoenix Picture Book Award from the Children's Literature Association, which annually recognizes the best picture book that did not win a major award 20 years earlier. "Books are considered not only for the quality of their illustrations, but for the way pictures and text work together."

## Biography

### Early life

Paul O. Zelinsky was born in Evanston, Illinois, and grew up in Wilmette. As a child, he spent much of his time drawing. With his friends, he would make up imaginary worlds, and draw them. When he was only four, he submitted work to *Highlights* magazine, and this is when his artwork was first showcased. Influential early childhood books included *The Color Kittens*, and *The Tawny Scrawny Lion*. About his memories of childhood reading, Zelinsky has said: "Feelings come to me as a sort of flavor. I know that when I call up my earliest memories, what I remember seeing and hearing is accompanied by a flavor-like sense of what it felt like to be *there* and see *that*." (This phenomenon is known as synesthesia.) In later childhood, his favorite authors were William Pène du Bois, and Robert Lawson. He especially loved the books *The Twenty-One Balloons*, by du Bois, and *The Fabulous Flight* by Lawson.

### Career

At New Trier High School, Zelinsky was interested in natural history as well as architecture and saw himself following one of those paths for a career. However, he went to study at Yale. He took a class taught by Maurice Sendak on the history and art of children's books, and it inspired him to a career in the area. Zelinsky went to graduate school at the Tyler School of Art in Philadelphia and Rome. The Renaissance and Italian art always fascinated him, and this time in his life influenced this love as well. His career in children's books began in 1978 with the illustrations for Avi's *Emily Upham's Revenge*. Since then, he has continued to illustrate others' work, as well as creating his own books. He won the 1998 Caldecott Medal for his illustrated retelling of *Rapunzel*, and three Caldecott Honors (for *Hansel and Gretel* (1985), *Rumpelstiltskin* (1987), and *Swamp Angel* (1995)). His most popular book is *Wheels On the Bus*, which has sold millions.

## Artistic style

Zelinsky does not have a recognizable style, suiting his artwork and techniques to the particular nature of the book to be illustrated. According to Linnea Lannon in a *Detroit Free Press* profile of the artist, "what has raised Zelinsky into the first rank of children's book illustrators is not just the pictures but the way they integrate with text." Zelinsky says, "I want the pictures to speak in the same voice as the words. This desire has led me to try various kinds of drawings in different books. I have used quite a wide stretch of styles, and I'm fortunate to have been asked to illustrate such a range of stories." *Wheels On the Bus* and *Knick-Knack Paddywhack!* are engineered books with moving parts. Zelinsky is not a paper engineer himself, Rodger Smith engineered *Wheels On the Bus* and Andrew Baron *Knick-Knack Paddywhack!*.

## Books

As writer and illustrator * *The Maid and the Mouse and the Odd-Shaped House: A Story in Rhyme* (1981) – adapted from a school exercise
* *The Lion and the Stoat* (Greenwillow Books, 1984) – based in part on natural history by Pliny the Elder LCCN 83-16326
* *Rumpelstiltskin*, retold (1986) – Brothers Grimm
* *Wheels On the Bus*, paper engineer Rodger Smith (Dutton, 1990) – adapted from the children's folk song OCLC 22582572; "A Book with Parts that Move" — Cover OCLC 850027738
* *Rapunzel*, retold (1997) – from the Brothers Grimm (1812)
* *Knick-Knack Paddywhack!*, paper engineer Andrew Baron (Dutton, 2002) – adapted from the nursery rhyme "This Old Man"; "A Moving Parts Book Adapted from the Counting Song" — Cover OCLC 865205168

As illustrator

## Further reading


title: Picramnia antidesma

abstract: Picramnia antidesma is a species of plant in the Picramniaceae family, native to Mexico, Central America, and the Greater Antilles. In his posthumously published work Hortus Americanus, surgeon and naturalist Henry Barham credits an "old negro woman," Majoe, with using the plant as a treatment for yaws and venereal disease. Barham describes seeing the plant growing near St. Jago de la Vega in Jamaica and its use among enslaved people in the area.

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# Picramnia antidesma

***Picramnia antidesma*** (also known as **Chilillo**, **Majoe bitters**, or **Macary bitters**) is a species of plant in the Picramniaceae family, native to Mexico, Central America, and the Greater Antilles.

In his posthumously published work *Hortus Americanus*, surgeon and naturalist Henry Barham credits an "old negro woman," **Majoe**, with using the plant as a treatment for yaws and venereal disease. Barham describes seeing the plant growing near St. Jago de la Vega in Jamaica and its use among enslaved people in the area.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Picramnia antidesma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Picramniales |
| Family: | Picramniaceae |
| Genus: | *Picramnia* |
| Species: | ***P. antidesma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Picramnia antidesma***
Sw. | |
|