title: Politics of Norway

abstract: The politics of Norway take place in the framework of a parliamentary, representative democratic constitutional monarchy. Executive power is exercised by the Council of State, the cabinet, led by the prime minister of Norway. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the legislature, the Storting, elected within a multi-party system. The judiciary is independent of the executive branch and the legislature. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Norway a "full democracy" in 2022. According to the V-Dem Democracy indices Norway was 2023 the second most electoral democratic country in the world. Reporters Without Borders ranked Norway 1st in the world in the 2019 Press Freedom Index. Freedom House's 2020 Freedom in the World report classified Norway as "free", scoring maximum points in the categories of "political rights" and "civil liberties".

text:
# Politics of Norway

The **politics of Norway** take place in the framework of a parliamentary, representative democratic constitutional monarchy. Executive power is exercised by the Council of State, the cabinet, led by the prime minister of Norway. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the legislature, the Storting, elected within a multi-party system. The judiciary is independent of the executive branch and the legislature.

The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Norway a "full democracy" in 2022. According to the V-Dem Democracy indices Norway was 2023 the second most electoral democratic country in the world. Reporters Without Borders ranked Norway 1st in the world in the 2019 Press Freedom Index. Freedom House's 2020 Freedom in the World report classified Norway as "free", scoring maximum points in the categories of "political rights" and "civil liberties".

## Constitutional development

The Norwegian constitution, signed by the Eidsvoll assembly on 17 May 1814, transformed Norway from being an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy. The 1814 constitution granted rights such as freedom of speech (§100) and rule of law (§§ 96, 97, 99). Important amendments include:

* 4 November 1814: Constitution reenacted in order to form a personal union with the king of Sweden
* 1851: Constitutional prohibition against admission of Jews lifted (see *Jew clause*)
* 1884: Parliamentarism has evolved since 1884 and entails that the cabinet must not have the parliament against it (an absence of mistrust, but an express of support is not necessary), and that the appointment by the King is a formality when there is a clear parliamentary majority. This parliamentary rule has the status of constitutional custom. All new laws are passed and all new governments are therefore formed *de jure* by the King, although not *de facto*. After elections resulting in no clear majority, the King appoints the new government de facto
* 1887: Prohibition against monastic orders lifted
* 1898: Universal male suffrage established
* 1905: Union with Sweden dissolved
* 1913: Universal suffrage established
* 1956: Religious freedom formalised and prohibition against Jesuits lifted (see *Jesuit clause*)
* 2004: New provision on freedom of expression, replacing the old § 100
* 2007: Removed the old system of division of Stortinget into the Odelsting and Lagting (took effect after the 2009 general election). Changes to the Court of Impeachment. Parliamentary system now part of the Constitution (previously this was only a constitutional custom) (new § 15)

## Executive branch

Main office-holders
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| King | Harald V |  | 17 January 1991 |
| Prime Minister | Jonas Gahr Støre | Labour Party | 14 October 2021 |

Norway is a constitutional monarchy, where the king has a mainly symbolic power. The royal house is a branch of the princely family of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, and the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in Germany. The functions of the king, Harald V, are mainly ceremonial, but he has influence as the symbol of national unity. Although the constitution of 1814 grants important executive powers to the king, these are always exercised by the Council of State in the name of the king (King's Council, or cabinet). The king is also High Protector of the Church of Norway (the state church), Grand Master of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav, and symbolically Supreme Commander of the Norwegian armed forces.

The Council of State is formally convened by the reigning monarch. The Council of State consists of the prime minister and his or her council, formally appointed by the king. Parliamentarism has evolved since 1884 and entails that the cabinet must not have the parliament against it, and that the appointment by the king is a formality. The council must have the confidence of the Norwegian legislative body, known as the Storting. In practice, the monarch will ask the leader of a parliamentary block that has a majority in the Storting to form a government. After elections resulting in no clear majority to any party or coalition, the leader of the party most likely to be able to form a government is appointed prime minister. Since World War II, most non-socialist governments have been coalitions, and Labour Party governments have often relied on the support of other parties to retain the necessary parliamentary votes.

The executive branch is divided into the following ministries:

### Governments 1935–1981

The Labour Party has been the largest party in Parliament ever since the election of 1927 up to the recent 2017 election. Labour formed their first brief minority government in 1928 which lasted for 18 days only. After the 1936 election the Labour Party formed a new minority government, which had to go into exile 1940–1945 because of the German occupation of Norway. After a brief trans-party government following the German capitulation in 1945, Labour gained a majority of the seats in parliament in the first post-war election of 1945.

Norway was ruled by Labour governments from 1945 to 1981, except for three periods (1963, 1965–1971, and 1972–1973). The Labour Party had a single party majority in the Storting from 1945 to 1961. Since then no party has single-handedly formed a majority government, hence minority and coalition governments have been the rule. After the centre-right Willoch government lost its parliamentary majority in the election of 1985, there were no majority governments in Norway until the second Stoltenberg government was formed after the 2005 election.

### Governments 1981–2005

From 1981 to 1997, governments alternated between minority Labour governments and Conservative-led centre-right governments. The centre-right governments gained power in three out of four elections during this period (1981, 1985, 1989), whereas Labour toppled those governments twice between elections (1986, 1990) and stayed in power after one election (1993). Elections take place in September and governments change in October of election years.

Conservative leader Kåre Willoch formed a minority government after the election of 1981. In 1983, midway between elections, this government was expanded to a majority three-party coalition of the Conservatives, the Centre Party and the Christian Democrats. In the election of 1985 the coalition lost its majority but stayed in office until 1986, when it stepped down after losing a parliamentary vote on petrol taxes.

Labour leader Gro Harlem Brundtland served three periods as Prime Minister. First briefly from February 1981 until the election the same year, then from May 1986 to the election of 1989, and last from November 1990 until October 1996 when she decided to step out of domestic politics. Brundtland strongly influenced Norwegian politics and society during this period and was nicknamed the "national mother".

After the election of 1989 a centre-right coalition was formed with the same three parties as in 1983–1986, this time headed by Conservative leader Jan P. Syse. This coalition governed from 1989 to November 1990 when it collapsed from inside over the issue of Norwegian membership in the European Economic Area.

When Brundtland resigned in 1996, Labour leader Thorbjørn Jagland formed a new Labour government that stayed in office until October 1997 when he, after the September 1997 election, declared that his government would step down because the Labour Party failed to win at least 36.9% of the national vote – the percentage Labour had won in the 1993 election.

A three-party minority coalition of the Centre, Christian Democratic, and Liberal parties, headed by Christian Democrat Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik, moved into office in October 1997. That government fell in March 2000 over the issue of proposed natural gas plants, opposed by Bondevik due to their impact on climate change.

The Labour Party's Jens Stoltenberg, a Brundtland protégé, took over in a minority Labour government but lost power in the September 2001 election when Labour posted its worst performance since World War I.

Bondevik once again became Prime Minister in 2001, this time as head of a minority coalition of the Conservatives, Christian Democrats and Liberals, a coalition dependent on support from the Progress Party. This coalition government was the first to stay in office for a complete four-year election period since Per Borten's coalition government of 1965–1969.

### Cabinet 2005–2013

A coalition between the Labour Party, Socialist Left Party, and Centre Party, took over from 17 October 2005 after the 2005 general election, where this coalition obtained a majority of 87 out of 169 seats in the Storting. Jens Stoltenberg became Prime Minister and formed a cabinet known as Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet.

This was a historical coalition in several aspects. It was the first time the Socialist Left sat in cabinet, the first time the Labour Party sat in a coalition government since the 1945 four-month post-war trans-party government (otherwise in government alone), and the first time the Centre Party sat in government along with socialist parties (otherwise in coalition with conservative and other centre parties).

In the 2009 general election the coalition parties kept the majority in the Storting by winning 86 out of 169 seats. Stoltenberg's second cabinet thus continued. There have been several reshuffles in the cabinet during its existence.

### Cabinet 2013–2021

In the 2013 election, the incumbent red–green coalition government obtained 72 seats and lost its majority. The election ended with a victory for the four opposition non-socialist parties, winning a total of 96 seats out of 169 (85 needed for a majority). Following convention, Stoltenberg's government resigned and handed over power in October 2013. The Labour Party, however, remained the largest party in parliament with 30.8% of the popular vote. The Progress Party also lost ground, but nevertheless participates in the new cabinet led by Conservative Prime Minister Erna Solberg. Among the smaller parties, the centrist Liberal Party and Christian Peoples Party hold the balance of power. Both campaigned on a change in government. On 30 September the two smaller parties announced that they would support a minority coalition of the Conservative and Progress parties, but they would not take seats in the cabinet themselves. The new Erna Solberg government was re-elected in 2017. In January 2020, right-wing Progress Party left the government. Prime Minister Erna Solberg continued with a minority government consisting of three coalition partners — her own Conservatives, the centrist Liberal Party and the Christian Democrats.

### Current cabinet

In the 2021 election, the incumbent Solberg cabinet lost its majority. Jonas Gahr Støre of the Labour Party formed a minority coalition government with the Centre Party. The government relies on the support of the Socialist Left Party in order to secure a majority. On 14 October 2021, Jonas Gahr Støre, the leader of Norway's center-left Labor Party, was sworn in as new Prime Minister of Norway. His center-left minority government included ten women and nine men.

*See also the category Norwegian politicians and list of Norwegian governments.*

## Legislative branch

Norway has a unicameral parliament, the Storting ("Great Council"), with members elected by popular vote for a four-year term (during which it may not be dissolved) by proportional representation in multi-member constituencies. Voting rights are granted in the year a person turns 18.

The Storting currently has 169 members (increased from 165, effective from the elections of 12 September 2005). The members are elected from the 19 counties for four-year terms according to a system of proportional representation. Until 2009, the Storting divided itself into two chambers, the *Odelsting* and the *Lagting* for the sole purpose of voting on legislation. Laws were proposed by the government through a member of the Council of State or by a member of the Odelsting and decided on by the Odelsting and Lagting, in case of repeated disagreement by the joint Storting. In practice, the Lagting rarely disagreed and mainly just rubber-stamped the Odelsting's decision. In February 2007, the Storting passed a constitutional amendment to repeal the division, which abolished the Lagting for the 2009 general election, thereby establishing a fully unicameral system.

## Political parties and elections

Elections are to be held every four years on the second Monday of September.

## Judicial branch

The Norwegian legal system is a mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; the Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations.

The regular courts include the Supreme Court (*Høyesterett*) with 18 permanent judges and a president, courts of appeal (court of second instance in most cases), city and county courts (court of first instance in most cases), and conciliation councils (court of first instance in most civil-code cases). Judges attached to the regular courts are appointed by the King in council after nomination by the Ministry of Justice.

The special High Court of the Realm (*Riksrett*) hears impeachment cases against members of the government, parliament, or Supreme Court. Following an amendment to the Norwegian constitution in February 2007, impeachment cases are heard by the five highest ranking Supreme Court justices and six lay members in one of the Supreme Court courtrooms The High Court of the Realm had generally lost most of its significance after 1884, and this institution has been passive ever since 1927. The new system is meant to restore the *Riksrett* to its earlier significance.

## Impeachment

Impeachment may be brought against Members of the Council of State, or of the Supreme Court or of the Storting, for criminal offenses which they may have committed in their official capacity. Indictments are raised by the Storting and judged by five Supreme Court justices and six lay judges.

## Administrative divisions

The mainland of Norway is divided into 11 counties (*fylker*, singular *fylke*): Agder, Innlandet, Møre og Romsdal, Nordland, Oslo, Rogaland, Vestfold og Telemark, Troms og Finnmark, Trøndelag, Vestland, and Viken. This was reduced in 2020 from 18. In addition are the island group Svalbard and the island Jan Mayen.

Counties and municipalities have local autonomy, but this autonomy is circumscribed by national controls. Counties and municipalities are subject to the oversight of a governor (*statsforvalter*) appointed by the King in the Council of State. One governor exercises authority in both Oslo and the adjacent county of Viken. Each county has a directly elected county assembly, led by a mayor, which decides upon matters falling within purview of the counties (upper secondary and vocational education, some culture, transport and social services). There is also a governor (*sysselmester*) on Svalbard, who is under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and not the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development as the other counties.

The counties are divided into 356 municipalities (*kommuner*, singular *kommune*) as of 2020. The municipalities are led by directly elected assemblies, which elect a board of aldermen and a mayor. Some municipalities, most notably Oslo, have a parliamentary system of government, where the city council elects a city government that is responsible for executive functions. Some municipalities are also divided into municipal districts or city districts (again, Oslo is one of these) responsible for certain welfare and culture services. These districts are also headed by political assemblies, in some cases elected directly by the citizens. The municipalities deal with a wide range of planning issues and welfare services, and are mostly free to engage in activities which are not explicitly restricted by law. Lately, the functions of the counties and municipalities have been the subject of debates, and changes may take place in the near future.

## Dependent areas

Norway has three dependent areas, all in or near Antarctica: Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean, Queen Maud Land in Antarctica, and Peter I Island off West Antarctica. The Norwegian Act of 27 February 1930 declares these areas are subject to Norwegian sovereignty as dependencies.

An attempt to annex East Greenland ended in defeat at the Hague Tribunal in 1933.

## International organization participation

AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, International IDEA, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, International Maritime Organization, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, Zangger Committee.

## InfoBox

| Politics of Norway
*Norges politiske system* (Norwegian Bokmål)
*Noregs politiske system* (Norwegian Nynorsk) | |
| --- | --- |
| Coat of arms of Norway | |
| Polity type | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
| Constitution | Constitution of Norway |
| Legislative branch | |
| Name | Storting |
| Type | Unicameral |
| Meeting place | Storting building |
| Presiding officer | Masud Gharahkhani, President of the Storting |
| Executive branch | |
| Head of state | |
| Title | Monarch |
| Currently | Harald V |
| Appointer | Hereditary |
| Head of government | |
| Title | Prime Minister |
| Currently | Jonas Gahr Støre |
| Appointer | Monarch |
| Cabinet | |
| Name | Council of State |
| Current cabinet | Støre's Cabinet |
| Leader | Prime Minister |
| Appointer | Monarch |
| Headquarters | Government Quarter |
| Ministries | 17 |
| Judicial branch | |
| Name | Judiciary of Norway |
| Supreme Court | |
| Chief judge | Toril Marie Øie |


title: Marienberg Rural LLG

abstract: Marienberg Rural LLG is a local-level government (LLG) of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. The Marienberg languages are spoken in this LLG, as well as various Lower Sepik-Ramu languages and the isolate Tayap.

text:
# Marienberg Rural LLG

**Marienberg Rural LLG** (also **Marienberg Hills Rural LLG**) is a local-level government (LLG) of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. The Marienberg languages are spoken in this LLG, as well as various Lower Sepik-Ramu languages and the isolate Tayap.

## Wards

## InfoBox

| Marienberg Rural LLG | |
| --- | --- |
| Marienberg Rural LLGLocation within Papua New Guinea | |
| Coordinates: 3°57′44″S 144°13′51″E / 3.962219°S 144.230859°E / -3.962219; 144.230859 (Marienberg Stn) | |
| Country | Papua New Guinea |
| Province | East Sepik Province |
| Time zone | UTC+10 (AEST) |


title: William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle

abstract: William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle played a conspicuous part in the reign of Henry III of England, notably in the Mad Parliament of 1258. William married twice. His first wife was Christina, daughter and co-heiress of Alan, Lord of Galloway. Her mother was one of the co-heiresses of the Earldom of Chester on the death of the last Earl in 1237. He claimed that, as a Palatine, it could not be divided, and his wife should get it as the oldest co-heir. He got the title, but the court decided that the lands should be divided, but this wife died in 1239 without issue. However, he and his wife quitclaimed the earldom to Henry III in 1241 in exchange for modest lands elsewhere. In 1241, on the death of his father, William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle, he inherited his lands, including honours associated with Cockermouth Castle in Cumberland, and Skipton Castle in Craven, Skipsea Castle in Holderness, both in Yorkshire. He joined Henry III in campaigns in Poitou and Wales in 1242 and 1245, but not in Wales in 1257 because he was ill. He held local offices in Cumberland, including justice of the forest for Cumberland in 1251, and sheriff of Cumberland in 1255 and keeper of Carlisle Castle, an office he held until his death. Two years after the death of his first wife, he remarried in 1248 to Isabella de Redvers (1237–1293), daughter of Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon and Lord of the Isle of Wight. William de Forz died at Amiens in 1260. His widow Isabella, on the death of her brother Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon in 1262, inherited his lands and called herself Countess of Devon and Aumale. She had six children, all of whom pre-deceased her, including Thomas who died unmarried in 1269, and Avelina who married Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster in 1269, but died childless in 1274 aged 15.

text:
# William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle

**William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle** (died 1260) (Latinised as *de Fortibus*, sometimes spelt **Deforce**) played a conspicuous part in the reign of Henry III of England, notably in the Mad Parliament of 1258.

William married twice. His first wife was Christina (died 1246), daughter and co-heiress of Alan, Lord of Galloway. Her mother was one of the co-heiresses of the Earldom of Chester on the death of the last Earl in 1237. He claimed that, as a Palatine, it could not be divided, and his wife should get it as the oldest co-heir. He got the title, but the court decided that the lands should be divided, but this wife died in 1239 without issue. However, he and his wife quitclaimed the earldom to Henry III in 1241 in exchange for modest lands elsewhere.

In 1241, on the death of his father, William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle, he inherited his lands, including honours associated with Cockermouth Castle in Cumberland, and Skipton Castle in Craven, Skipsea Castle in Holderness, both in Yorkshire. He joined Henry III in campaigns in Poitou and Wales in 1242 and 1245, but not in Wales in 1257 because he was ill. He held local offices in Cumberland, including justice of the forest for Cumberland in 1251, and sheriff of Cumberland in 1255 and keeper of Carlisle Castle, an office he held until his death.

Two years after the death of his first wife, he remarried in 1248 to Isabella de Redvers (1237–1293), daughter of Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon and Lord of the Isle of Wight.

William de Forz died at Amiens in 1260. His widow Isabella, on the death of her brother Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon in 1262, inherited his lands and called herself Countess of Devon and Aumale. She had six children, all of whom pre-deceased her, including Thomas who died unmarried in 1269, and Avelina who married Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster in 1269, but died childless in 1274 aged 15.

## Sources

* "Forz \[Fortibus\], William de, count of Aumale". *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29480. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
* "Patrick Delaforce Family History Research Chapter 38". www.art-science.com. Retrieved 12 March 2008.


title: Micronema

abstract: Micronema is a genus of sheatfishes native to the Southeast Asian region. Species of the genus Phalacronotus were formerly placed in this genus.

text:
# Micronema

***Micronema*** is a genus of sheatfishes native to the Southeast Asian region.

Species of the genus Phalacronotus were formerly placed in this genus.

## Species

There are currently three recognized species in this genus:

1. Bleeker, P. 1858. *De visschen van den Indischen Archipel. Beschreven en toegelicht. Siluri.* Acta Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl. v. 4: i-xii + 1-370.
2. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus *Micronema*". *FishBase*. February 2012 version.
3. Synonyms of *Phalacronotus bleekeri* (Günther, 1864)

## InfoBox

| *Micronema* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Siluridae |
| Genus: | *Micronema*
Bleeker, 1857 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Silurus hexapterus*
Bleeker 1851 | |
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Northeast of Seoul

abstract: Northeast of Seoul is a 1972 American action-thriller film directed by David Lowell Rich. It stars Anita Ekberg and John Ireland, with music by Alan Heyman.

text:
# Northeast of Seoul

***Northeast of Seoul*** is a 1972 American action-thriller film directed by David Lowell Rich. It stars Anita Ekberg and John Ireland, with music by Alan Heyman.

## Plot

## Cast

* Anita Ekberg as Katherine
* John Ireland as Flanaghan
* Victor Buono as Portman
* Yung-Kyoon Sin as Captain Lee
* Chi-He Choi as Miss Kim
* Oh-Sang Kwon as Smim
* Invan Stansby as South African
* Jae-Daf Go as Manchurian
* Young-Sun Kak as Moh
* Sam Chae as Chae Sakamon
* Yong-Nam Jioe as Kang

## InfoBox

| Northeast of Seoul | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | David Lowell Rich |
| Written by | Antonio Santean |
| Produced by | Paul C. Ross |
| Starring | Anita Ekberg
John Ireland
Victor Buono |
| Cinematography | Herb V. Theiss |
| Edited by | David Rawlins |
| Music by | Alan Heyman |
| Production
company | Hap Dong Film Production |
| Distributed by | Emerson Film Enterprises
Cannon Films |
| Release date | * 1972 (1972) |
| Running time | 84 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Eulecanium cerasorum

abstract: Eulecanium cerasorum, the calico scale, is a species of scale insect. It can be identified by its white and brown color on its outer circular shell which will continuously darken over age. It is approximately one quarter of an inch in diameter. The Calico Scale is a pest to many trees in the United States, including dogwoods, honey locust, magnolias, maples, sweetgums and fruit trees. This pest typically attacks the branches which stresses the trees. Mature females produce honeydew, which promotes the growth of mold around the tree. The nymph migrates along a tree branch, then settles down and creates a circular hardened shell or cap to be its protective coat against predators and pesticides. The typical female is known to lay around 4500 eggs inside its cap.

text:
# Eulecanium cerasorum

***Eulecanium cerasorum***, the **calico scale**, is a species of scale insect. It can be identified by its white and brown color on its outer circular shell which will continuously darken over age. It is approximately one quarter of an inch in diameter. The Calico Scale is a pest to many trees in the United States, including dogwoods, honey locust, magnolias, maples, sweetgums and fruit trees. This pest typically attacks the branches which stresses the trees. Mature females produce honeydew, which promotes the growth of mold around the tree.

The nymph migrates along a tree branch, then settles down and creates a circular hardened shell or cap to be its protective coat against predators and pesticides. The typical female is known to lay around 4500 eggs inside its cap.

## InfoBox

| *Eulecanium cerasorum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Sternorrhyncha |
| Family: | Coccidae |
| Genus: | *Eulecanium* |
| Species: | ***E. cerasorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eulecanium cerasorum***<br>(Cockerell, 1900) | |
|


title: God's Outlaw (1919 film)

abstract: God's Outlaw is a lost 1919 American silent Western comedy film directed by Christy Cabanne. It stars Francis X. Bushman, Beverly Bayne, and Helen Dunbar, and was released on July 7, 1919.

text:
# God's Outlaw (1919 film)

***God's Outlaw*** is a lost 1919 American silent Western comedy film directed by Christy Cabanne. It stars Francis X. Bushman, Beverly Bayne, and Helen Dunbar, and was released on July 7, 1919.

## Plot

## Cast

## InfoBox

| God's Outlaw | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Christy Cabanne |
| Written by | Christy Cabanne |
| Starring | Francis X. Bushman
Beverly Bayne
Helen Dunbar |
| Cinematography | William E. Fildew |
| Production
company | Metro Pictures |
| Release date | * July 7, 1919 (1919-07-07) (*US*) |
| Running time | 5 reels |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Grant Richards (actor)

abstract: Grant Richards was an American actor and voice actor, who appeared mainly in movies in the late 1930s through to the late 1950s.

text:
# Grant Richards (actor)

**Grant Richards** (born **Irwin Jaffe**, December 21, 1911 – July 4, 1963) was an American actor and voice actor, who appeared mainly in movies in the late 1930s through to the late 1950s.

## Career

In 1937, he became the first actor in the Federal Theatre Project to gain a film contract, signing with the Major Pictures company.

His films include *On Such a Night* (1937) and *Guns, Girls, and Gangsters* (1959). Richards made three guest appearances on *Perry Mason*: as Jerry Haywood in the 1958 episodes "The Case of the Haunted Husband," and as Captain Kennedy in "The Case of the Sardonic Sargeant"; followed by the role of murder victim George Sherwin in the 1961 episode, "The Case of the Missing Melody". He also appeared in several episodes of ABC's *The Untouchables*.

In 1958, he played the gunfighter and saloon owner Luke Short in an episode of western series, *The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp*. In 1962 he played Keeler, a crooked gambler, in The Rifleman episode “Tinhorn”.

## Personal life and death

During the 1940s, Richards was briefly married to actresses Joan Valerie–with whom he had one daughter–and Jean Stevens, both marriages ending in divorce.

On July 4, 1963, Richards died of leukemia in Hollywood.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1936 | *Hopalong Cassidy Returns* | Bob Claiborne |  |
| 1937 | *Night of Mystery* | Philo Vance |  |
| | *On Such a Night* | Nicky Last |  |
| | *Love on Toast* | Clark 'Sandy' Sanford |  |
| 1938 | *My Old Kentucky Home* | Larry Blair |  |
| | *Under the Big Top* | Pablo Le Grande |  |
| 1939 | *Risky Business* | Jack Norman |  |
| | *Inside Information* | Charles Bixby |  |
| 1940 | *Isle of Destiny* | Lt. George Allerton |  |
| 1942 | *Just Off Broadway* | John F. McGonagle - Asst. District Attorney |  |
| 1959 | *Guns Girls and Gangsters* | Joe Darren |  |
| | *Inside the Mafia* | Johnny Lucero |  |
| | *The Four Skulls of Jonathan Drake* | Police Lt. Jeff Rowan |  |
| 1960 | *Oklahoma Territory* | Bigelow |  |
| | *Twelve Hours to Kill* | Detective Lt. Jim Carnevan |  |
| | *The Music Box Kid* | Chesty Miller |  |
| 1961 | *You Have to Run Fast* | 'Big Jim' Craven |  |
| | *Secret of Deep Harbor* | Rick Correll |  |

## InfoBox

| Grant Richards | |
| --- | --- |
| Richards in *Isle of Destiny* (1940) | |
| Born | Irwin Jaffe
(1911-12-12)December 12, 1911 |
| Died | July 4, 1963(1963-07-04) (aged 51)/
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Film/TV actor |
| Years active | 1936–1963 |
| Spouse(s) | Joan Valerie (? – 1943)
Jean Stevens (? – 1945) |


title: James Bevan (diplomat)

abstract: Sir James David Bevan KCMG is the former Chief Executive of the Environment Agency and a former British diplomat.

text:
# James Bevan (diplomat)

**Sir James David Bevan** KCMG (born 13 July 1959) is the former Chief Executive of the Environment Agency and a former British diplomat.

## Early life

Bevan was born on 13 July 1959. He was educated at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe and Sussex University.

## Career

He joined the British Diplomatic Service in 1982 and served in Kinshasa, Brussels, Paris, and Washington, as well as various posts in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. He was a visiting fellow at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard (2006–07) and the Chief Operating Officer of the FCO (2007–11). He was the UK's High Commissioner to India from 2011-15.

Bevan became Chief Executive of the Environment Agency in 2015. The Environment Agency's stated aims include confronting climate change, promoting sustainable growth, enhancing the nation's resilience to flooding and drought, and protecting the environment. He has been outspoken on the need to tackle the climate emergency and its consequences, and on the benefits for business and wider society of doing so successfully.

In a speech in 2020, Bevan called for reforms to inherited EU law, including reform of the Water Framework Directive, arguing that its standards were overly strict and did not reflect the actual quality of waterways. Environmental advocates were angered by the proposed reforms, arguing they represented an unacceptable relaxing of standards needed to ensure clean waterways in the country.

He said in 2021 during the annual conference of the Association of British Insurers that extreme flooding in UK indicates urgent need for change if humanity is to survive. He was succeeded by Phillip Duffy in 2023.

## Personal life

Sir James is married with three daughters.

## Honours

Bevan was appointed CMG in 2006 and knighted KCMG in 2012.

## InfoBox

| SirJames BevanKCMG | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former Chief Executive of the Environment Agency | |
| **In office**
2015–2023 | |
| Preceded by | Paul Leinster |
| Succeeded by | Philip Duffy |
| High Commissioner of the United Kingdom to India | |
| **In office**
2011–2015 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Preceded by | Richard Stagg |
| Succeeded by | Dominic Asquith |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1959-07-13) 13 July 1959 |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe |
| Alma mater | Sussex University |
| Occupation | Diplomat |
|  | |


title: Pojo, Cochabamba

abstract: Pojo is a village in the Cochabamba Department in central Bolivia. It is the seat of Pojo Municipality, the second municipal section of Carrasco Province. At the time of census 2001 it had a population of 706.

text:
# Pojo, Cochabamba

**Pojo** is a village in the Cochabamba Department in central Bolivia. It is the seat of Pojo Municipality, the second municipal section of Carrasco Province. At the time of census 2001 it had a population of 706.

## InfoBox

| Pojo | |
| --- | --- |
| PojoLocation of Pojo within Bolivia | |
| Coordinates: 17°45′0″S 64°49′0″W / 17.75000°S 64.81667°W / -17.75000; -64.81667 | |
| Country | Bolivia |
| Department | Cochabamba Department |
| Province | Carrasco Province |
| Municipality | Pojo Municipality |
| Canton | Pojo Canton |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 706 |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (BOT) |


abstract: The Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland, popularly referred to as the Marine Institute (MI) or simply Marine, is a post-secondary ocean and marine polytechnic located in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is affiliated with Memorial University of Newfoundland. The Marine Institute contains unique facilities such as two full ships bridge simulators and the world's largest flume tank. It offers degrees, diplomas, certifications and industry training for the maritime sector.

text:
# Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland

The **Fisheries and** **Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland**, popularly referred to as the **Marine Institute (MI)** or simply **Marine**, is a post-secondary ocean and marine polytechnic located in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is affiliated with Memorial University of Newfoundland.

The Marine Institute contains unique facilities such as two full ships bridge simulators and the world's largest flume tank. It offers degrees, diplomas, certifications and industry training for the maritime sector.

## History

In 1964, Newfoundland Premier Joey Smallwood opened the College of Fisheries, Navigation, Marine Engineering and Electronics, at the former Parade St. campus of Memorial University College (now Memorial University of Newfoundland). The Fisheries College, as it was then known colloquially, was moved in 1985 to its current Ridge Road building and renamed to the Institute of Fisheries and Marine Technology.

1992 saw the name change again, as the institution became affiliated with Memorial University as The Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland.

## Campus

Marine's main campus is located on Ridge Road, overlooking the city of St. John's. Satellite facilities include the Offshore Safety and Survival Centre (OSSC) training centre in Foxtrap, the Safety and Emergency Response Training Centre (SERT) in Stephenville, harbour-side facilities at pier 25 in St. John's and Holyrood, and ships of up to 130 feet (40 m) in length.

## Academia

Marine is academically organized into three primary structures: the School of Fisheries, the School of Maritime Studies, and the School of Ocean Technology

### School of Fisheries

The School of Fisheries focuses on the use, sustainability and management of aquatic resources and the marine environment; primarily, aquaculture, harvesting, food processing and safety. It encompasses the Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Resources (CSAR) and the Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development (CASD).

### School of Maritime Studies

The School of Maritime Studies focuses on the marine transport industry and its related fields; primarily, ship operations and vessel design. It encompasses the Offshore Safety and Survival Centre (OSSC) and the Centre for Marine Simulation (CMS).

### School of Ocean Technology

The School of Ocean Technology was established in May 2007 with a $1 million investment from the government of Newfoundland and Labrador. The school focuses on technologies that enable safe, efficient, and effective activity in ocean industries. This includes ocean instrumentation and equipment, marine information and communication technologies, ocean mapping and underwater technology. The school will also provide education and training as well as industrial outreach for the Ocean Technology sector.

47°35′11.19″N 52°44′10.04″W / 47.5864417°N 52.7361222°W / 47.5864417; -52.7361222

## InfoBox

The Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | *Ad Excellentiam Nitere* (Latin) |
| Motto in English | "Strive for Excellence" |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1964 |
| Affiliation | CICan |
| Director | Paul Brett |
| Location | St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada |
| Campus | Urban 220 acres (89 ha) |
| Colours | blue   & teal |
| Website | www.mi.mun.ca |


title: Mariya Mykolenko

abstract: Mariya Mykolenko is a Ukrainian athlete. She competed in the women's 400 metres hurdles event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Mariya Mykolenko

**Mariya Mykolenko** (born 4 April 1994) is a Ukrainian athlete. She competed in the women's 400 metres hurdles event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Mariya Mykolenko
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Ukrainian |
| Born | (1994-04-04) 4 April 1994 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | 400 metres hurdles |
| Medal record      Women's athletics  Representing  Ukraine  Military World Games  2019 Wuhan 4×400 m relay | |


title: Michelle Stennett

abstract: Michelle Stennett is a former Democratic Idaho State Senator for District 26 (Ketchum) from 2010 to 2022. She was elected to the Idaho Senate in 2010, succeeding her late husband Clint Stennett. Stennett currently serves as senate minority leader. Stennett announced on February 7, 2022 that she would not seek re-election.

text:
# Michelle Stennett

**Michelle Stennett** (born November 2, 1960) is a former Democratic Idaho State Senator for District 26 (Ketchum) from 2010 to 2022. She was elected to the Idaho Senate in 2010, succeeding her late husband Clint Stennett. Stennett currently serves as senate minority leader. Stennett announced on February 7, 2022 that she would not seek re-election.

## Early life and education

Stennett was born in Sacramento, California, and earned her degrees in Latin languages and international studies from the University of Oregon.

## Senate appointment and career

Stennett served as the acting state senator for the 25th District in 2010 due to her husband's declining health; he died in October 2010. The following month she was elected to the seat with 7,113 votes (57.9%) against Republican Jim Donoval and Constitution Party candidate Randall K. Patterson. Redistricted to new Senate District 26, Stennett ran unopposed in the May 15, 2012 Democratic primary with 806 votes with no opposition for the November 6, 2012 general election.

## Committees

Stennett currently serves on the following committees:

* Resources & Environment
* State Affairs

She also previously served on the following committees:

* Finance Appropriations
* Finance
* Health & Welfare

## InfoBox

| Michelle Stennett | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minority Leader of the Idaho Senate | |
| **In office**
December 1, 2012  December 1, 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Edgar Malepeai |
| Succeeded by | Melissa Wintrow |
| Idaho State Senator | |
| **In office**
October 26, 2010  November 30, 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Clint Stennett |
| Succeeded by | Ron Taylor |
| Constituency | 25th district (2010–2012)
26th district (2012–2022) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1960-11-02) November 2, 1960
Sacramento, California, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Clint Stennett (died 2010) |
| Education | University of Oregon (BA) |
| Website | Official website |
|  | |


title: Eugene Pandala

abstract: Eugene Pandala is an Indian architect, known for building with values of environmental sustainability.

text:
# Eugene Pandala

**Eugene Pandala** is an Indian architect, known for building with values of environmental sustainability.

## Education and career

Pandala completed his Bachelor's in Architecture from College of Engineering Trivandrum. Pandala studied for a Masters in Urban Design at the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi. He had his Fellowship in Heritage Conservation at University of York and at Fort Brockhurst English Heritage Training Centre in the U.K. He was the founding head of the second school of Architecture in Kerala (1985) located at Kollam where he spent time educating and researching on traditional building technologies of India.

Pandala while studying at Delhi School of Planning and Architecture met the legendary architect Hassan Fathy, and was inspired to build with mud. As a nature lover, and cultural heritage conservation activist, he designs buildings with natural materials, landscapes with biodiversity conservation, and native vegetation, preferring interesting organic forms. Pandala built his first mud house in Kollam in 1996, comprising 2,500 sq. ft. of building, bringing him to the public's attention.

His unique Architecture style paved way to many awards, and recognition. In 2011, Lalit Kala Academy awarded him the first Laurie Baker award (The Hindu The Sunday, 30 January 2011). The Designer of the year Award given by *Inside Outside* design magazine in 2007 (Kerala artist retreat bags best eco-friendly design award Business Standard Sunday, 25 March 2012) was for eco friendly design. His heritage Conservation project in East Fort Trivandrum was chosen for a commendation award by *Inside Outside* magazine in 2004. In 1999 for one of his residential building built with mud "Bodhi", Pandala was given, a Commendation award, by J.K. Foundations, Architect of the year award.

Fort Cochin Heritage conservation project, Trivandrum East Fort Conservation projects, is often cited as good examples of Kerala heritage conservation initiatives. This was led by Eugene Pandala's conservation team enabling the State Government to win the PATA award. Sustainable architecture/Green buildings is a field where Pandala has excelled. His Tsunami rehabilitation project for Malayala Manorama and buildings for hospitality industries receives wide acclaim due to its interwoven complicity with nature.

He was a keynote speaker at the 361 degree conference 2016 held at Nehru centre in Mumbai.

In March 2016, British council hosted Pandala for their Great Talk Series in Mumbai and at Pune.

The need for Affordable Sustainable housing for the masses were debated in Shashwat - a publication of the green certification wing of Government of India. 'Griha'

## Notable projects

Earth resort, Banasura Hill Resort, Wayanad, Kerala \- 20,000 sq ft, 31 room resort.

The Raviz, Kollam, Kerala \- 94 room resort.

Revathy Kala Mandir, Trivandrum, Kerala \- A Film Academy.

BODHI was built in 1996. This mud house is an example of sustainable architecture using natural materials and was extremely comfortable and environment friendly.

OWIYUM - A work and living space for Indian & German artist at Marayoor, Keeping the built foot print as small as possible and not effecting the ecosystem strictly.

Pazasi Raja's Tomb – a tribute to the great king of the bygone era of Kerala.

Sarai at Toria, Madhya Pradesh. A uniquely designed accommodation is situated on a riverside site, near Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, India.

## InfoBox

| Eugene N. Pandala | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1954-03-19) 19 March 1954<br>Kollam, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater | College of Engineering Trivandrum, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Website | eugenepandala.com |


title: Rambynas

abstract: Rambynas is a hill on the right bank of the Neman River in Rambynas Regional Park, Pagėgiai Municipality, western Lithuania. The current hill, about 46 metres (151 ft) above sea level and about 40 metres (130 ft) above the Neman, is a remnant of the larger hill that was destroyed by erosion. The hill was known as sacred among locals and played a role in the ceremonies of pagan Lithuanians. It is featured in many local legends and is protected by the state as a mythological object. A large stone at the top of the hill, known as the altar stone, was destroyed by a miller in 1811. Rambynas became popular with Prussian Lithuanians at the end of the 19th century who organized various events, most notably celebrations of the Saint Jonas' Festivals or Rasos, on the hill. They rebuilt the altar in 1928. The hill is popular with Lithuanian neo-pagans and hosts the annual celebrations of the summer solstice on 23 June.

text:
# Rambynas

**Rambynas** is a hill on the right bank of the Neman River in Rambynas Regional Park, Pagėgiai Municipality, western Lithuania. The current hill, about 46 metres (151 ft) above sea level and about 40 metres (130 ft) above the Neman, is a remnant of the larger hill that was destroyed by erosion. The hill was known as sacred among locals and played a role in the ceremonies of pagan Lithuanians. It is featured in many local legends and is protected by the state as a mythological object. A large stone at the top of the hill, known as the altar stone, was destroyed by a miller in 1811. Rambynas became popular with Prussian Lithuanians at the end of the 19th century who organized various events, most notably celebrations of the Saint Jonas' Festivals or Rasos (summer solstice), on the hill. They rebuilt the altar in 1928. The hill is popular with Lithuanian neo-pagans and hosts the annual celebrations of the summer solstice on 23 June.

## Geography

The hill is located between the villages of Bitėnai and Bardinai on the right bank of the Neman River. The nearest towns are Pagėgiai and Vilkyškiai. The river serves as the border between Lithuania and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. Rambynas is located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of Neman (previously Ragnit, Ragainė) and east of Sovetsk (previously Tilsit, Tilžė).

Geographically, it is part of the 35-kilometre (22 mi) long moraine ridge known as Vilkyškiai ridge formed during the last glacial period. A large landslide 400 metres (1,300 ft) in length and 27 metres (89 ft) in width occurred on 12 September 1835. Smaller landslides occurred on 21 July 1878 (about 115 metres (377 ft) in length) and in summer 1926. Today, only its northern slope survives. The remaining hill measures 270 metres (890 ft) in length and up to 60 metres (200 ft) in width. It rises about 46 metres (151 ft) above sea level and about 40 metres (130 ft) above the Neman.

## History

### Early history

The hill and the surrounding area was long inhabited as evidenced by two socketed axes from the Bronze Age (1100–850 BC) found on Rambynas. Historians believe that the hill was the location of Ramigė, a fort of the Skalvians, one of the Baltic tribes. In 1275, the fort was attacked and destroyed by the Teutonic Order. The vogt of Sambia first attacked Ragnit (Neman), then crossed the river, and captured Ramigė. That signified Teutonic conquest of Skalvia. However, an exploratory excavation of about 150-square-metre (1,600 sq ft) area in 2002 by Valdemaras Šimėnas found no significant cultural layer.

The name Rambynas (as *Rambyn*) was mentioned in 1385 and 1394 in the *Die Littauischen Wegeberichte*, a report of military routes into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania prepared by the Teutonic Order. The report also mentioned a sacred forest to the east of the hill. The 1422 Treaty of Melno established the border between Teutonic Order and Lithuania. The hill remained on the Teutonic side, later part of Prussia inhabited by a large Lithuanian-speaking minority (Prussian Lithuanians).

While the region officially converted to Christianity, old pagan beliefs persisted. In 1595, cartographer Caspar Hennenberger published an explanation to his map of Prussia. He mentioned that Rambynas was considered a sacred place and that women had to be clean and well dressed if they wanted to climb the hill or they would become ill. Georg Christoph Pisanski wrote in 1769 that locals performed pagan rituals on the hill despite prohibitions from the Christian priests. In 1867, Otto Glagau, a journalist from Berlin, visited Rambynas and wrote that newlyweds would climb the hill and would leave small sacrifices. The most extensive description of the hill and its legends was provided by Eduard Gisevius, a Lithuanian-language teacher in Tilsit. In 1838, he published *Scenes from Lithuanian People's Lives* (*Szenen aus dem Volksleben der Litauer*). He also described a 600-year-old three-trunk linden tree that grew near the hill and was worshiped as goddess of fate Laima's tree.

### Resurgence

Gisevius' stories popularized Rambynas among Prussian Lithuanians. In 1881 or 1884, Vidūnas began organizing Saint Jonas' Festival (also known as Rasos) on the hill. However, it was a private property and thus it was difficult to host larger and more frequent events. Therefore, Birutė Society purchased a plot of land in 1896 and the same year organized a larger festival on the hill. However, Birutė lacked financial strength to pay the purchase price and the plot was transferred to Wilhelm Gaigalat. Two other plots were owned by the Garden Beautification Society in Tilsit and by the Tilsit Landkreis. In 1910, Prussian Lithuanians established a society that collected money to buy the entire hill and charged 10 pfennigs for the admission to the hill. There were plans to build a monument to poet Kristijonas Donelaitis on Rambynas, but they were not realized due to World War I.

After the Klaipėda Revolt in 1923, Klaipėda Region (including Rambynas) became part of Lithuania. The hill became a frequently visited location and developed into a kind of resort. The nearby village of Bitėnai had three restaurants. Celebrations of the Saint Jonas' Festivals became grand affairs attended by many dignitaries. For example, in 1929, the celebrations were attended by a delegation from the League of Nations; its head even swore an improvised oath in the name of pagan thunder god Perkūnas. In 1928, Martynas Jankus built an altar and started keeping a guestbook, which is known as the Eternal Book of Rambynas. After World War II, authorities of the Lithuanian SSR allowed to resume the celebration of the Saint Jonas' Festivals in 1957. They even built a cement stage for events (it was demolished in 2010). German writer Johannes Bobrowski described old time celebrations on Rambynas in his 1966 novel *Litauische Claviere*.

### Protected area

The first preserves in Lithuania were established in September 1960. Among the 89 preserves established on that date, there was a landscape preserve of Rambynas covering 2,798 hectares (6,910 acres). In September 1992, Lithuania established 30 regional parks, including the Rambynas Regional Park with initial area of 4,520 hectares (11,200 acres). The landscape preserve was reduced to 396 hectares (980 acres) and became an integral part of the park. However, the directory of the park was established only in 2001. The same year, Rambynas (area of 5.65 hectares (14.0 acres)) was added to the cultural object registry as a mythological object. The new directory with funding from Phare strengthened the eroded slopes, installed paths and staircases for visitors, conducted environmental and archaeological research. In 2007–2013, the park built further paths, viewing platforms, information stands, etc. A barn of a pre-war restaurant, owned by Gustavas Volbergas, was reconstructed into a visitor center.

## Altar

At the top of the hill, there was a large stone known as the altar stone. It was first mentioned by Georg Christoph Pisanski in 1769. According to an 1867 description by Otto Glagau, the stone had a flat top and measured about 15 cubits (approximately 10 metres (33 ft)) in diameter. The taller side measured 2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in) and the lower 1.6 metres (5 ft 3 in). According to Eduard Gisevius, the stone had carvings of a sword, human hand and feet, animal footprints, and something that resembled a Greek temple. This information is dubious as Gisevius wrote many years after the destruction of the stone and no other account mentioned the markings.

The stone was broken up in 1811 by a German miller named Schwartz from the Bardehnen (Bardinai) village to make a millstone. As he could not find local help, he had to hire three German workers from Tilsit (Sovetsk). According to local legends, the workers were injured and the miller soon died. The circumstances of his demise vary: he lost his mill in a storm in 1818 and died in an accident working in another mill; he lost his business and became an alcoholic; he was found crushed and strangled by the millstone.

In 1928, to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Act of Independence of Lithuania, Martynas Jankus and Juozas Adomaitis decided to build the altar on Rambynas and carve Columns of Gediminas into the top stone. In 1939, Klaipėda Region was annexed by Nazi Germany and the altar was demolished. The altar, designed to burn fire, was re-built during the Soviet era (exact circumstances are not known). In 2010–2011, Pagėgiai Municipality cleaned up Rambynas' territory, strengthened the eroded slopes, and improved the sightseeing platform. At the same time, the altar was demolished and replaced by an abstract sculptural composition by sculptor Regimantas Midvikis. It is meant to symbolize the Prussian trinityPotrimpo, Perkūnas, and Peckols – and includes a small metal altar for sacred fire.

## Eternal Book

In 1928, for the 10th anniversary of the Act of Independence of Lithuania, Martynas Jankus decided to create a guestbook for those who visited Rambynas. Signing in the book became an integral part of the tradition during the interwar celebrations of Saint Jonas' Festival. The book, known as the Eternal Book of Rambynas, is one of the largest in Lithuania. It measures 61.5 by 44 centimetres (24.2 in × 17.3 in) and is 10 centimetres (3.9 in) thick. It weighs 18.5 kilograms (41 lb) and is accompanied by a wooden case that weights another 10 kilograms (22 lb). The covers are wood upholstered with leather and metal corners and close with two buckles. The second page is a portrait of Grand Duke Vytautas by Adomas Varnas. The first comment was left by Vydūnas. The visitors left notes and comments in Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Russian, German, Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian, Japanese, Hindi. The Japanese comments were left by Yotaro Sugimura, Assistant Secretary-General of the League of Nations.

The last entry was made on 16 March 1939, four days before the German ultimatum to Lithuania. Jankus took the book to Kaunas where it was kept by polkovnik Juozas Šarauskas. In 1963, it was transferred to the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania where is it kept in the rare manuscript section. In 2002, a copy was made by Dalia Marija Šaulauskaitė and is kept at the Martynas Jankus Museum in Bitėnai. Museum visitors are free to sign in the book. The copy has 1,000 pages and at 22.5 kilograms (50 lb) is heavier than the original.

## Legends

### Lithuanian mythology

The sacred hill is surrounded by many legends and stories. According to one of them, the altar stone was put on Rambynas by thunder god Perkūnas who also buried a treasure of gold and silver harrow under the stone. Perkūnas then chose the hill and his home. Another story has it that the altar stone was brought by giant Rambynas, one of three sons of Nemunas, who offered it as a sacrifice to Perkūnas. The hill became a temple attended by priests (krivis) and priestess (vaidilutė). They were driven away by the Teutonic Order, but laumės cursed the stone – while the stone stood, good fortune would bless the region; if the stone was damaged, bad fortunes would follow.

### Napoleon's treasure

There are many local stories and legends about a treasure supposedly buried on or near Rambynas by the retreating French Grande Armée after the unsuccessful invasion of Russia in 1812. The X Corps commanded by General Jacques MacDonald retreated from Riga via Tilsit where he spent five days. Stories circulated that in 1920, when Klaipėda Region was administered as a mandate of the League of Nations by the French, a group of Frenchmen dug up some boxes at a local cemetery. In 1930, a detailed map was purportedly discovered that showed where the treasure was buried. This inspired several expeditions in the 1930s in attempts of finding it. Another attempt was organized in summer 1974 by Soviet authorities. According to various stories, it was a direct order from Moscow. The area of excavations was guarded by Soviet troops and involved two visitors from East Germany. In July 2003, Lithuanian newspapers published a story that a treasure was found near Rambynas, but it was quickly debunked as an embellishment of a previous April Fools' Day joke. The various attempts at finding the treasure damaged the hill, local cemeteries, and several other local archaeological and cultural objects.

55°5′15″N 22°1′16″E / 55.08750°N 22.02111°E / 55.08750; 22.02111


title: AUV-150

abstract:
AUV - 150 is an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) being developed by Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI) scientists in Durgapur in the Indian state of West Bengal. The project is sponsored by the Ministry of Earth Sciences and has technical assistance from IIT-Kharagpur. The vehicle was built with the intent of coastal security like mine counter-measures, coastal monitoring and reconnaissance. AUV 150 can be used to study aquatic life, for mapping of sea-floor and minerals along with monitoring of environmental parameters, such as current, temperature, depth and salinity. It can also be useful in cable and pipeline surveys.
It is built to operate 150 metres under the sea and have cruising speed of up to four knots.

text:
# AUV-150

AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) - 150 is an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) being developed by Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI) scientists in Durgapur in the Indian state of West Bengal. The project is sponsored by the Ministry of Earth Sciences and has technical assistance from IIT-Kharagpur.

The vehicle was built with the intent of coastal security like mine counter-measures, coastal monitoring and reconnaissance. AUV 150 can be used to study aquatic life, for mapping of sea-floor and minerals along with monitoring of environmental parameters, such as current, temperature, depth and salinity. It can also be useful in cable and pipeline surveys. It is built to operate 150 metres under the sea and have cruising speed of up to four knots.

## Description

### Structure

AUV-150 is cylindrical-shaped with streamlined fairing to reduce hydrodynamic drag. It is embedded with advanced power, propulsion, navigation, and control systems. The UUV includes a pressurized cabin which is necessary for the diving and flotation system to work properly; this also helps to increase its sealing power against water leakage into the cabin. The AUV 150 weighs 490 kg, is 4.8 metres long and has a diameter of 50 cm.

### Control system

The AUV is autonomous, that is automatic and self-controlled. It has an onboard computer that can be pre-programmed to dive to preset depths, move along preset trajectories, and return to the base after completing the assigned tasks. A remote control option is provided in order to perform special tasks.

### Propulsion

It is propelled by water-jet propulsion which comprises thrusters for generating motion in different directions to control surge, sway, heave, pitch, and yaw, while preventing the vehicle from rolling. Two arrays of cross-fins have also been fixed at the two ends to provide additional stability to the AUV.

The autonomous vehicle is equipped with a number of navigational equipment to locates its own geographical position Such as inertial navigation system, depth sonar, altimeter, doppler velocity log, global positioning system through ultra-short baseline system and forward looking sonar to facilitate obstacle evasion and safe passage.

### Payload

It is equipped with an underwater video camera that can send wireless video pictures from underwater to a monitor above water surface along with side scan sonar. The submarine is equipped with CTD or conductivity-temperature-depth recorder and several sensors that can measure orientation, current and speed.

### Communication

For smooth communication and distant intervention, the vehicle is equipped with hybrid communication system: it uses radio frequency while on surface and acoustic under water.

### Power

The vehicle uses a Lithium polymer battery and can operate up to depths of 150 metres at speeds of 2-4 knots.

## Test trial

A full-scale prototype of AUV- 150 was put to sheltered freshwater test in January 2010 under tight security. It was brought in a truck from Durgapur in West Bengal under secrecy inside a container up to Kulamavu reservoir at Idukki in Kerala and the vehicle was later taken to the middle of the reservoir on a boat. The choice fell on Idukki Since Kulamavu has a centre associated with Indian Navy and the reservoir being very deep. The biggest arch dam of Asia, Idukki reservoir is located about 250 km from Kerala's capital Thiruvananthapuram, and its lake covers an area of 60 km2. The preliminary test was conducted for seven to eight days and the results was reported to be very satisfactory. The final leg of the still-water trials was conducted in the reservoir between September and October 2010.

## Sea trial

The first series of sea trials of AUV-150 was commenced from 13 July 2011 off the Chennai coast. From July 13 to July 16 the diving depth of the AUV-150 was increased in stages, it reached consecutive depths of 35,79m 79.86m and 119.95m and finally on 17 July 2011 Auv-150 reached the specified depth of 150 m. Despite extreme rough sea environments (Sea-state of 4), the sea trial was satisfactory. Although minor problem was faced in recording video frames.

### Books sources

### Web sources

1. "AUV System Spec Sheet". auvac.org. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
2. "AUV-150". Naval Drones. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
3. "Autonomous Underwater Vehicle". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
4. "AUV-150 - An indigenous submarine launched". Geospatial Today. Archived from the original on 28 February 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
5. "Sea trials of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle to be conducted this month-end". Goiit. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
6. "DRDO ready to demonstrate indigenous AUV". SPS Naval Forces. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
7. "AUV (vehículo autónomo submarino)". Kimerius. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
8. "India readies Autonomous Underwater Vehicl". Gizmowatch. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.

### News sources

1. "Sea trials of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle scheduled for January-end". *The Hindu*. 3 January 2011. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
2. "Sea trials of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle to be conducted this month-end". *The Hindu*. 2 January 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
3. "India-made stealth submarine to be tested next month". *The Times of India*. 20 February 2010. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
4. "ആളില്ലാ അന്തര്‍വാഹിനി ഇടുക്കി ഡാമില് പരീക്ഷിച്ചു". *Mathrubhumi*. 17 February 2010. Archived from the original on 28 April 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2013.

## InfoBox

| External image | |
| --- | --- |
| Autonomous Underwater Vehicle-150 | |
| AUV-150 Test Trial | |


title: Marine Isotope Stage 13

abstract: Marine Isotope Stage 13 or MIS 13 is a Marine isotope stage in the geologic temperature record, in Britain covering the Cromerian interglacial period between ~524,000 and 474,000 years ago. It is split into three substages, MIS 13a MIS 13b, and MIS 13c. Some records indicate that MIS 13a was an unstable warm peak with a cold split in the middle at MIS 13.12 - separating warm MIS 13.11 and 13.13. This interglacial follows the relatively warm glacial period associated with Marine Isotope Stage 14, and is followed by the relatively cold glacial period associated with MIS 12.

text:
# Marine Isotope Stage 13

**Marine Isotope Stage 13** or **MIS 13** is a Marine isotope stage in the geologic temperature record, in Britain covering the Cromerian interglacial period between ~524,000 and 474,000 years ago. It is split into three substages, MIS 13a MIS 13b, and MIS 13c. Some records indicate that MIS 13a was an unstable warm peak with a cold split in the middle at MIS 13.12 - separating warm MIS 13.11 and 13.13. This interglacial follows the relatively warm glacial period associated with Marine Isotope Stage 14, and is followed by the relatively cold glacial period associated with MIS 12.

## Sites

**Britain**

High Lodge, Suffolk

Waverley Wood, Warwickshire

Happisburgh 1, Norfolk

Boxgrove, West Sussex

## Ecology

### Flora

Early domination of birch, pine, and spruce. Mixed-oak forests follow (predominantly Alder, Oak, Hornbeam, and Hazel).

### Fauna

**Mammals**

| Binomial | Common name | Direction |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Erinaceus sp. | Hedgehog | ? |
| Sorex minutus | Pygmy shrew | ? |
| Sorex runtonensis † |  | ? |
| Sorex savini † |  | ? |
| Neomys sp. | Water shrew | ? |
| Talpa europaea | Common mole | ? |
| Talpa minor † | Pygmy mole | ? |
| Homo sp. | Hominid | ? |
| Lepus timidus | Mountain hare | ? |
| Oryctolagus cuniculus | Common European rabbit | ? |
| Plecotus auritus | Long-eared bat | ? |
| Myotis mystacinus | Whiskered bat | ? |
| Myotis bechsteini | Bechstein's bat | ? |
| Scuirus sp. | Squirrel | ? |
| Canis lupus | Wolf | ? |
| Ursus deningeri † | Bear | ? |


title: Mount Shirakami

abstract: Mount Shirakami is a 721.4 meter high mountain in Sasayama, Hyōgo, Japan. Another name is Tanba-Fuji, literally, "Mount Fuji in Tanba Province". This mountain is one of the Hyōgo 50 mountains, and Kinki 100 mountains.

text:
# Mount Shirakami

**Mount Shirakami** (白髪山, *Shirakami-yama*) is a 721.4 meter high mountain in Sasayama, Hyōgo, Japan. Another name is Tanba-Fuji, literally, "Mount Fuji in Tanba Province". This mountain is one of the Hyōgo 50 mountains, and Kinki 100 mountains.

## Outline

Mount Shirakami is one of the most famous mountains in Tamba Highland, well known for its good shape like the famous Mount Fuji. This mountain is an independent mountain in this area, and visitors can enjoy the almost 360-degree panorama view from the top. This mountain is the source of Mukogawa River.

## Religion and History

Mount Shirakami was an object of worship of the people in this area with Mount Matsuo. This mountain is located near an old route from Osaka to Tajima Province, or Kyoto to Harima Province, so the good-shape of the mountain has attracted many people in the history. After the Battle of Ichi-no-Tani in the 12th century, a legend said that one of a wife of the lost samurai of Heike, lived on the foot of the mountain and a found her husband.

## Access

## InfoBox

| Mount Shirakami | |
| --- | --- |
| 白髪山 | |
| A View of Mt. Shirakami from Sumiyama | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 721.8 m (2,368 ft) |
| Coordinates | 35°2′N 135°8′E / 35.033°N 135.133°E / 35.033; 135.133 |
| Naming | |
| Language of name | Japanese |
| Pronunciation | Japanese: \[ɕiɾakamijama\] |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Himeji, Hyōgo in Japan |
| Parent range | Tamba Highland |
| Geology | |
| Mountain type | Ruins |


title: Maritime Operations Centre

abstract:
The Maritime Operations Centre is a Bermuda government agency to provide support for maritime operations. It is located in St. George's and operates under the Department of Marine and Port Services. It is composed of the following departments:
  - Rescue Coordination Centre
  - Vessel Traffic Coastal Radar Surveillance
  - Coast Radio Station
  - 406 MHz Beacon Registry
  - Long Range Identification and Tracking
  - Ship Security Alerting System
  - Seaport Security and the ISPS Code

text:
# Maritime Operations Centre

The **Maritime Operations Centre** is a Bermuda government agency to provide support for maritime operations. It is located in St. George's and operates under the Department of Marine and Port Services.

It is composed of the following departments:

* Rescue Coordination Centre
* Vessel Traffic Coastal Radar Surveillance
* Coast Radio Station (Weather radio, call-sign: ZBR)
* 406 MHz Beacon Registry
* Long Range Identification and Tracking
* Ship Security Alerting System
* Seaport Security and the ISPS Code


title: Michaelis Ranch

abstract:
The Michaelis Ranch is a historic cattle ranch located near Kyle, Texas, United States. The ranch was founded by Max G. Michaelis Sr. in the late 1890s, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
The ranch was known in the early 20th century as one of the largest producers of donkeys in the United States, and became famous in the 1930s for introducing Charolais cattle to the United States. The ranch was also home to Helen Michaelis, the first woman inducted into the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame.

text:
# Michaelis Ranch

The **Michaelis Ranch** is a historic cattle ranch located near Kyle, Texas, United States. The ranch was founded by Max G. Michaelis Sr. in the late 1890s, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The ranch was known in the early 20th century as one of the largest producers of donkeys in the United States, and became famous in the 1930s for introducing Charolais cattle to the United States. The ranch was also home to Helen Michaelis, the first woman inducted into the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Michaelis, M.G., Ranch | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Michaelis, M.G., RanchMichaelis, M.G., Ranch | |
| Location | 3600 RM 150 West,<br>Kyle, Texas |
| Coordinates | 30°1′42″N 97°55′24″W / 30.02833°N 97.92333°W / 30.02833; -97.92333 (Michaelis, M.G., Ranch) |
| Area | 288 acres (117 ha) |
| Built | 1898 (1898) |
| Architectural style | Queen Anne |
| MPS | Rural Properties of Hays County, Texas MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 02001212 |
| Added to NRHP | March 7, 2003 |


title: Northern Border Regional Commission

abstract: The Northern Border Regional Commission is an American federal-state partnership for community and economic development in counties near the Canada–United States border.

text:
# Northern Border Regional Commission

The **Northern Border Regional Commission** is an American federal-state partnership for community and economic development in counties near the Canada–United States border.

## History

The Northern Border Commission (NBC) was created as part of the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008. As of 2021, the NBC has been reauthorized twice.

## Governance

Modeled off the Appalachian Regional Commission, the NBC is led by a federal co-chair and the respective state governors. The federal co-chair nominated by the president of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate. One of the governors is designated a state co-chair.

### Federal co-chair

Chris Saunders was confirmed by the Senate on March 24, 2022, and began service on April 11, 2022.

List of federal co-chairs:

## Service area

The service area consists of upstate New York, most of Maine and New Hampshire, and all of Vermont.

## InfoBox

Northern Border Regional Commission
| The seal of the Northern Border Regional Commission | |
| --- | --- |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 2008 |
| Jurisdiction | Federal government of the United States |
| Headquarters | Concord, New Hampshire |
| Agency executive | * Chris Saunders, Federal Co-Chair |
| Website | www.nbrc.gov |


title: Otobi

abstract: Otobi is a Bangladesh-based furniture manufacturer and retailer. The company was established in 1975 by Nitun Kundu. Its Managing Director is Animesh Kundu who is the son of Nitun Kundu. Otobi manufactures both Home and Office furniture. Otobi sells its product locally in Bangladesh and exports to India too in a small volume. In mid 2006, Engr. Sabbir Hasan Nasir joined the company as CEO. Bidyut Kumar Basu was made the CEO of the company in 2015. Mr. Sudipta Goswami took over as Chief Executive Officer in 2018 and currently, Mr Arfin Ali, FCA holds the CEO position. At present, the Senior Operational Managements of OTOBI Ltd are as follows: Managing Director: Animesh Kundu CEO: Md Arfin Ali, FCA Head of Business: Ahammed Shukairy Head of Plants: Engr. Md Rubel Rana, ME, BUET Head of I&D: Engr. Mizanur Rahman Otobi is also the parent company of Quantum Power Systems Ltd.

text:
# Otobi

**Otobi** is a Bangladesh-based furniture manufacturer and retailer. The company was established in 1975 by Nitun Kundu. Its Managing Director is Animesh Kundu who is the son of Nitun Kundu. Otobi manufactures both Home and Office furniture. Otobi sells its product locally in Bangladesh and exports to India too in a small volume.

In mid 2006, Engr. Sabbir Hasan Nasir joined the company as CEO. Bidyut Kumar Basu was made the CEO of the company in 2015. Mr. Sudipta Goswami took over as Chief Executive Officer in 2018 and currently, Mr Arfin Ali, FCA holds the CEO position.

At present, the Senior Operational Managements of OTOBI Ltd are as follows:

**Managing Director:** Animesh Kundu

**CEO:** Md Arfin Ali, FCA

**Head of Business:** Ahammed Shukairy

**Head of Plants:** Engr. Md Rubel Rana, ME, BUET

**Head of I&D**: Engr. Mizanur Rahman

Otobi is also the parent company of Quantum Power Systems Ltd.

## InfoBox

Arfin.bd
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Furniture |
| Founded | 1975 |
| Headquarters | Dhaka |
| Key people | Nitun Kundu |
| Products | Furniture |
| Number of employees | 1500 |
| Website | www.otobi.com |


title: God of Rock

abstract: God of Rock is a video game developed by Modus Studios Brazil and published by Modus Games. It combines gameplay from rhythm games and fighting games.

text:
# God of Rock

***God of Rock*** is a video game developed by Modus Studios Brazil and published by Modus Games. It combines gameplay from rhythm games and fighting games.

## Gameplay

Players control combatants in tournaments, as in fighting games. Instead of complex moves that must be memorized, players must time their inputs according to music, as in rhythm games. If both players' inputs are perfectly timed, they block each others' attacks. They can also do special moves, which allow them to heal themselves or alter their opponent's music. These special attacks can be countered with one's own special moves. The rhythm component becomes more difficult as time goes on. *God of Rock* has online multiplayer.

## Development

Modus Games released it for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and 5, Windows, and Xbox One and Series X/S on April 18, 2023.

## Reception

*God of Rock* received mixed reviews on Metacritic. Though intrigued by the idea of combing the two genres, *PC Gamer* said that it would be difficult to do well, and *God of Rock*'s implementation is "mostly frustrating or uninteresting". *Push Square* enjoyed the additional strategy of the special moves, which they likened to the *Street Fighter* or *Mortal Kombat* series. They said the single player can eventually easy and recommended the game for its online multiplayer. Though *TouchArcade* praised the effort put into the game, they felt the fusion of genres did not work well enough and found mobile devices' small displays to make reading upcoming notes difficult. *Shacknews* said they had trouble with keyboard inputs and crashes on Windows, and they disliked how *God of Rock* did not have accessibility features that let you increase the size of the interface. They concluded that it could be a good game with more polish.

*God of Rock* was nominated for Best Fighting Game by The Game Awards in 2023.

## InfoBox

| God of Rock | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Modus Studios Brazil |
| Publisher(s) | Modus Games |
| Platform(s) |  |
| Release | * WW: April 18, 2023 |
| Genre(s) | Rhythm, fighting |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Mario Prassinos

abstract: Mario Prassinos was a French modernist painter, printmaker, illustrator, stage designer, and writer of Greek-Italian descent.

text:
# Mario Prassinos

**Mario Prassinos** (30 July 1916 – 23 October 1985) was a French modernist painter, printmaker, illustrator, stage designer, and writer of Greek-Italian descent.

## Life and work

Prassinos was born in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey) in 1916, the son of Victorine and Lysandre Prassinos. In 1922, at the age of six, he immigrated to France with his family, who had escaped the brutal persecution of Greeks and other ethnic minorities by the Ottoman government. Prassinos became a naturalized French citizen in 1949.

He attended the Sorbonne in Paris beginning in 1932 and briefly trained in the studio of the French painter Clement Serveau (1886–1972).

Through his father's literary interests Prassinos became acquainted with Surrealism, meeting Paul Eluard, André Breton, Salvador Dalí, Man Ray. Max Ernst, Marcel Duchamp and others in 1934, and decided to become an artist. From 1932 to 1936 he worked in a Surrealist style, introducing procedures of automatism and formal ambiguities that he retained in his later work.

His first exhibition took place in 1938 at the Galerie Billiet-Pierre Vorms in Paris. That same year he married Yolande Borelly (1915-2015). His daughter Catherine Prassinos was born in 1946.

Prassinos volunteered for military service in 1940, was seriously wounded and later received the Croix de Guerre (Cross of War). He also worked with the French Resistance during World War II, helping Allied soldiers escape Nazi-occupied France.

During the period 1942 to 1950 he met Raymond Queneau and Albert Camus and produced work for Editions Gallimard.

Prassinos' work is found in major art museums in Europe and North America, including the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam; Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris; Kunsthalle Bremen, Germany; Victoria and Albert Museum, London; Museum of Modern Art, New York; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Art Institute of Chicago, and others.

Prassinos died at his home in Eygalières, France, on 23 October 1985. After his death, a donation of 800 of the artist's works was made to the French state. The "Donation Mario Prassinos" collection is housed in the Chapel of Notre-Dame de Pitié (also called Notre-Dame des Sept Douleurs) in Saint Remy de Provence, France.

His sister Gisèle Prassinos (1920-2015) is a noted surrealist writer.

## Solo exhibitions

* 1938 Galerie Billiet-Pierre Vorms, Paris
* 1944 Galerie de la Pleiade N.R.F., Paris
* 1948 Galerie Billiet-Caputo, Paris
* 1950 Perspectives Gallery, New York
* 1952 Galerie Apollo, Brussels
* 1953 Galerie de France, Paris (and 1955, 1957, 1960, 1964, 1966, 1972, 1976)
* 1956 Galerie la Demeure, Paris (and 1961, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1971, 1974)
* 1958 Galleria Blu, Milan
* 1960 Auckland City Art Gallery, Auckland, New Zealand
* 1961 Haaken Gallery, Oslo; Chateau Grimaldi, Antibes, France
* 1962 Galerie Spinazzola, Aix-en-Provence, France
* 1963 Arnhem Museum of Modern Art, Arnheim, Netherlands; Haarlem Museum, Haarlem, Netherlands
* 1963 La Chaux-de-Fonds Museum, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
* 1964 Colette Ryter Gallery, Zurich (and 1967, 1971, 1973)
* 1965 New Museum of Fine Arts, Le Havre, France
* 1966 Merlin Gallery, Athens
* 1968 Cantini Museum, Marseilles, France
* 1970 Chicago Arts Club, Chicago
* 1970 Musée Réattu, Arles, France
* 1971 Galerie Noella Gest, Saint-Remy-de-Provence, France
* 1972 Ateneo, Madrid
* 1973 Athens Art Gallery, Athens (and 1978)
* 1974 Le Couvent Royal de Saint Maximin, Fondation Royaumont, Abbaye de Senanque, Abbaye de Montmajour, Arles, France
* 1979 French Institute, Athens
* 1980 Galeries Nationales du Grand Palais, Paris
* 1983 Presence Contemporaine, Aix-en-Provence, France
* 1984 Le Musee Departemental de la Tapisserie, Aubusson, France; French Institute, Athens; Grand Magister Palace, Rhodes, Greece; Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki, Greece; Medusa Art Gallery, Athens (and 2007)
* 1986 Inauguration of the donation of Mario Prassinos to the French State, and then annual exhibitions, Saint-Remy-de-Provence, France
* 1987 OMAC, La Malmaison, Cannes, France
* 1988 Musee des Beaux-Arts d'Ixelles, Brussels; Musee Jean-Lurcat et de la tapisserie contemporaine, Angers, France
* 1989 Galerie Inard, Paris
* 1991 Pavillon des Arts, Paris
* 1991 Titanium Gallery, Athens
* 1995 Galerie Thessa Herold, Paris (and 1997)
* 1996 Espace 13, Aix-en-Provence, France
* 1998 Musee Toulouse-Lautrec, Albi, France
* 1998 Musee de l'Hospice Saint-Roch, Issoudun, France
* 1999 Musée Réattu, Arles, France
* 2000 Galerie Etats d'Art, Paris (and 2005)
* 2001 Kydonieos Foundation, Andros, Greece
* 2005 Galerie Andre Dimanche, Marseilles, France
* 2006 Galerie La Hune-Brenner, Paris
* 2009 Chapelle des penitents noirs, Aubagne, France
* 2011 Medusa Art Gallery, Athens

* *Prassinos, Arbres et bouquets*, préface de Myriam Prévot, Galerie de France, Paris, 1960.
* Jean-Louis Ferrier, *Prassinos*, Le Musée de Poche, Paris, Éditions Georges Fall, 1962.
* *Mario Prassinos, peintures et dessins récents*, textes de Mario Prassinos, Raymond Queneau, François Nourissier, René Char, Albert Camus, Marc Alyn, Jean-Louis Ferrier, Pierre Seghers, Jean Boissieu, Jean-Jacques Lévêque, Jean Lescure, Pierre Cabanne, Gisèle Prassinos et Pierre Emmanuel, Paris, Galerie Nationale du Grand Palais, 1980.
* *Prassinos*, textes de Jean-Louis Ferrier, Gisèle Prassinos et Mario Prassinos, entretien avec Mario Prassinos, Aix-en-Provence, Présence contemporaine, 1983, 144 p. (ISBN 2-904013-04-0).
* *Mario Prassinos*, Levallois-Perret, Les amis de Valentin Brû \[Raymond Queneau\], n° 28–29, 1984 \[Raymond Queneau et Mario Prassinos\].
* Hélène Parmelin, *Les Peintres de Jean Vilar : Calder, Chastel, Gischia, Jacno, Lagrange, Manessier, Pignon, Prassinos et Singier*, Fondation Jean Vilar, Avignon, 1984.
* *La donation Mario Prassinos (catalogue raisonné)*, Catherine Prassinos et Thierry Rye, préface de Pierre Cabanne, Saint-Rémy de Provence, FMP Donation Mario Prassinos, 1990, 158 p. (ISBN 2-9504357-0-X).
* Lydia Harambourg, *Mario Prassinos*, dans *L'École de Paris 1945–1965, Dictionnaire des peintres*, Neuchâtel, Ides et Calendes, 1993, (ISBN 2-8258-0048-1).
* *Correspondance d'Henri Parisot avec Mario et Gisèle Prassinos, 1933–1938*, Prassinos Catherine, Rye Thierry (éd.), Joelle Losfeld, 2003, 212 p. (ISBN 2-84412-162-4).
* *Monographie Mario Prassinos*, peinture et dessin, préface de François Nourissier, Catherine Prassinos (expert de l'Union Française des Experts, UFE) et Thierry Rye (éd.), Actes Sud, 2005, 342 p. (ISBN 2-7427-4366-9).

## InfoBox

| Mario Prassinos | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 30 July 1916
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire (Turkey) |
| Died | 23 October 1985(1985-10-23) (aged 69)
Eygalières, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Education | Lycee Condorcet, Paris; Ecole des Langues Orientales, Paris; Sorbonne, Paris |
| Known for | Painting, printmaking, book illustration, sculpture |
| Movement | Surrealism, School of Paris, Abstract art, Figurative art, Portraiture, Landscape art |
| Awards | Croix de Guerre, France Chevalier de Ordre national la Légion d'honneur, France, 1966
Officier des Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, France, 1980 |


title: Wim de Vries Lentsch

abstract: Willem "Wim" de Vries Lentsch, Jr. was a sailor from the Netherlands, who represented his native country at the 1948 Summer Olympics in Torbay. De Vries Lentsch Jr., as helmsman on the Dutch Swallow St. Margrite, took the 11th place with crew Flip Keegstra. In the 1952 Olympics De Vries Lentsch returned as helmsman of the Dutch 5.5 Metre De Ruyter, with crew members Flip Keegstra and Piet Jan van der Giessen. There he took the 13th place. Wim de Vries Lentsch is the son of Willem de Vries Lentsch.

text:
# Wim de Vries Lentsch

**Willem "Wim" de Vries Lentsch, Jr.** (20 June 1914, Amsterdam – 27 January 2007, Amsterdam) was a sailor from the Netherlands, who represented his native country at the 1948 Summer Olympics in Torbay. De Vries Lentsch Jr., as helmsman on the Dutch Swallow *St. Margrite*, took the 11th place with crew Flip Keegstra. In the 1952 Olympics De Vries Lentsch returned as helmsman of the Dutch 5.5 Metre *De Ruyter*, with crew members Flip Keegstra and Piet Jan van der Giessen. There he took the 13th place.

Wim de Vries Lentsch is the son of Willem de Vries Lentsch.

## Sources

* "Wim de Vries Lentsch Bio, Stats, and Results". *Olympic Sports*. Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
* "DE KEUZEWEDSTRIJDEN VOOR DE OLYMPISCHE SPELEN" (Evening ed.). Nieuwsblad van Friesland : Hepkema's courant. 1946-06-25. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
* "Bronzen medailles voor Bob Maas en Koos de Jong" (in Dutch) (Dag ed.). Het vrĳe volk : democratisch-socialistisch dagblad. 1948-08-13. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
* "The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London 1948" (PDF). 1951. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
* "OLYMPISCHE ZEILPLOEG" (Morning ed.). De vrije pers : ochtendbulletin. 1952-06-20. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
* "The Officiel Report of the Organizing Committee for the games of the XV Olympiad Helsinki 1952" (PDF). 1955. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2014-01-26.

## InfoBox

Wim de Vries Lentsch
| Willem de Vries Lentsch (1952) | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Willem de Vries Lentsch, Jr. |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Born | (1919-05-31)31 May 1919
Nieuwendam |
| Died | 27 January 2007(2007-01-27) (aged 87)
Amsterdam |
|  | |
| Sailing career | |
| Class(es) | Swallow; 5.5 Metre |
|  | |
| Updated on 2014-01-04 | |


title: Marián Kurty

abstract: Marián Kurty is a former Slovak football midfielder.

text:
# Marián Kurty

**Marián Kurty** (born 13 May 1983 in Bardejov) is a former Slovak football midfielder.

## Career

Talented Kurty started his professional career at BSC Bardejov. In 2001, he joined Slovak club MŠK SCP Ružomberok. After termination of the contract in Ružomberok, he moved to FK Dukla Banská Bystrica. For chronic back problems, still untied contract with FK Dukla Banská Bystrica. Persistent health problems had the effect of ending his career.

## Honours

### Slovakia

Slovakia U20 Slovakia U19

## InfoBox

Marián Kurty
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Marián Kurty | | |
| Date of birth | (1983-05-13) 13 May 1983 | | |
| Place of birth | Bardejov, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| ?–2001 | Bardejov | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2001–2005 | Ružomberok | 91 | (9) |
| 2006 | Banská Bystrica |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2002 | Slovakia U-19 |  |  |
| 2003 | Slovakia U-20 |  |  |
| 2003 | Slovakia | 1 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2021-2022 | Partizán Bardejov (assistant) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 14 July 2011 | | | |


title: Michaelis cabinet (Prussia)

abstract: The Michaelis Cabinet formed the Prussian State Ministry appointed by King William II from July 14, 1917, to November 1, 1917. Shortly after taking office, a major cabinet reshuffle took place on August 6, 1917.

text:
# Michaelis cabinet (Prussia)

The **Michaelis Cabinet** formed the Prussian State Ministry appointed by King William II from July 14, 1917, to November 1, 1917. Shortly after taking office, a major cabinet reshuffle took place on August 6, 1917.

## Cabinet members

| Portfolio | Minister | Tookoffice | Leftoffice | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Minister President | Georg Michaelis | July 14, 1917 | November 1, 1917 |  | N/A |
| Deputy Prime Minister | Paul von Breitenbach | July 14, 1917 | November 1, 1917 |  | N/A |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg | July 14, 1917 | November 1, 1917 |  | FVP |
| Minister of Finance | August Lentze | July 14, 1917 | August 6, 1917 |  | N/A |
| | Oskar Hergt | August 6, 1917 | November 1, 1917 |  | DRP |
| Minister of Spiritual, Educational and Medical Affairs | August von Trott zu Solz | July 14, 1917 | August 6, 1917 |  | N/A |
| | Friedrich Schmidt-Ott | August 6, 1917 | November 1, 1917 |  | N/A |
| Minister of Justice | Max von Beseler | July 14, 1917 | August 6, 1917 |  | N/A |
| | Peter Spahn | August 6, 1917 | November 1, 1917 |  | Centre |
| Minister of Trade and Commerce | Reinhold von Sydow | July 14, 1917 | November 1, 1917 |  | N/A |
| Minister of Public Works | Paul von Breitenbach | July 14, 1917 | November 1, 1917 |  | N/A |
| Minister of Interior Affairs | Friedrich Wilhelm von Loebell | July 14, 1917 | August 6, 1917 |  | N/A |
| | Bill Drews | August 6, 1917 | November 1, 1917 |  | N/A |
| Minister of War | Hermann von Stein | July 14, 1917 | November 1, 1917 |  | N/A |
| Minister of Agriculture, Domains and Forestry | Clemens von Schorlemer-Lieser | July 14, 1917 | August 6, 1917 |  | N/A |
| | Paul von Eisenhart-Rothe | August 6, 1917 | November 1, 1917 |  | N/A |

## InfoBox

| Michaelis Cabinet | |
| --- | --- |
|
Cabinet of the Kingdom of Prussia | |
| 1917–1917 | |
| Minister President Michaelis | |
| Date formed | July 14, 1917 |
| Date dissolved | November 1, 1917
(3 months, 2 weeks and 4 days) |
| People and organisations | |
| King | William II |
| Minister President | Georg Michaelis |
| Deputy Prime Minister | Paul von Breitenbach |
| History | |
| Predecessor | Bethmann Hollweg cabinet |
| Successor | Hertling cabinet |


# Northern Mariana Islands at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships

The Northern Mariana Islands competed at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, Hungary from 14 July to 30 July.

## Swimming

Northern Mariana Islands has received a Universality invitation from FINA to send a maximum of four swimmers (two men and two women) to the World Championships.

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| David Roberto | Men's 100 m freestyle | 1:01.18 | 108 | did not advance | | | |
| | Men's 100 m butterfly | 1:06.80 | 71 | did not advance | | | |
| Christian Villacrusis | Men's 50 m freestyle | 26.61 | 107 | did not advance | | | |
| | Men's 100 m breaststroke | 1:16.70 | 72 | did not advance | | | |
| Victoria Chentsova | Women's 400 m freestyle | 4:47.15 | 36 |  | | did not advance | |
| | Women's 100 m backstroke | 1:14.32 | 55 | did not advance | | | |
| Jin Ju Thompson | Women's 100 m freestyle | 1:12.07 | 76 | did not advance | | | |
| | Women's 200 m freestyle | 2:36.47 | 52 | did not advance | | | |

## InfoBox

| Northern Mariana Islands at the<br>2017 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands | |
| FINA code | NMI |
| National federation | Northern Mariana Islands Swimming Federation |
| in Budapest, Hungary | |
| Competitors | 4 in 1 sport |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| World Aquatics Championships appearances | |
|  | |


title: Otto, Duke of Burgundy

abstract: Otto of Burgundy was Duke of Burgundy from 956 to his death. Otto was a son of Hugh the Great, duke of the Franks, and his wife Hedwig of Saxony, a sister of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. He was a brother of King Hugh Capet of France. He became duke through his wife Liutgarde, daughter of Gilbert, who held most of the counties of Burgundy. He had no known descendants. His brother, Henry I, Duke of Burgundy, succeeded him as Duke of Burgundy.

text:
# Otto, Duke of Burgundy

**Otto of Burgundy** (944 – 22 February 965) was Duke of Burgundy from 956 to his death.

Otto was a son of Hugh the Great, duke of the Franks, and his wife Hedwig of Saxony, a sister of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. He was a brother of King Hugh Capet of France.

He became duke through his wife Liutgarde, daughter of Gilbert, who held most of the counties of Burgundy. He had no known descendants.

His brother, Henry I, Duke of Burgundy, succeeded him as Duke of Burgundy.

| Preceded by
**Gilbert, Duke of Burgundy
(father-in-law)** | **Duke of Burgundy** | Succeeded by
**Henry I, Duke of Burgundy
(brother)** |
| --- | --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Otto of Burgundy | |
| --- | --- |
| Duke of Burgundy | |
| Reign | 956 – 22 February 965 |
| Predecessor | Gilbert, Duke of Burgundy |
| Successor | Henry I, Duke of Burgundy |
|  | |
| Born | 944
Paris |
| Died | 22 February 965 |
| Spouse | Liutgarde |
| House | Robertians |
| Father | Hugh the Great |
| Mother | Hedwig of Saxony |