title: List of Lalaloopsy episodes

abstract: Lalaloopsy is a children's television series based on the Lalaloopsy dolls from MGA Entertainment. The series was ordered on February 11, 2013 for a spring 2013 premiere. It premiered on Nickelodeon on March 29, 2013 and ended on September 14, 2015, with a total of 52 episodes over the course of 2 seasons.

text:
# List of Lalaloopsy episodes

*Lalaloopsy* is a children's television series based on the Lalaloopsy dolls from MGA Entertainment. The series was ordered on February 11, 2013 for a spring 2013 premiere. It premiered on Nickelodeon on March 29, 2013 and ended on September 14, 2015, with a total of 52 episodes over the course of 2 seasons.

## Series overview

| Season | Episodes | | Originally aired | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | First aired | Last aired |
|  | 26 | | March 29, 2013 (2013-03-29) | January 25, 2014 (2014-01-25) |
|  | 26 | | June 7, 2014 (2014-06-07) | September 14, 2015 (2015-09-14) |

## Episodes

### Season 1 (2013–14)

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code | U.S. viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | "Batter Up" | Melissa Suber | Dean Stefan | March 29, 2013 (2013-03-29) | 104 | 1.65 |
| The Lalaloopsies try to break the record of tallest stack of pancakes ever and, at the same time, Forest and his pet beaver tap trees for syrup. | | | | | | | |
| 2 | 2 | "Princess Parade" | Melissa Suber | Corey Powell | April 1, 2013 (2013-04-01) | 102 | 1.12 |
| Jewel and Tippy host a princess party and teach their friends how to be princesses. Then, Jewel and Tippy go to Crumbs' house to make giant dessert-themed parade floats so that they can show off their tiaras and new princess skills. | | | | | | | |
| 3 | 3 | "Spotitis" | Melissa Suber | David Grubstick | April 2, 2013 (2013-04-02) | 103 | 1.35 |
| Rosy has to find a cure for a mysterious ailment that spreads through Lalaloopsy Land that covers everyone in colorful spots. Also, Peanut teaches a pet elephant how to walk on stilts. | | | | | | | |
| 4 | 4 | "Dot's Moon Mission" | Melissa Suber | Carin Greenberg | April 3, 2013 (2013-04-03) | 101 | 1.33 |
| Dot wants to go to the Moon but the plans are in shambles when the rocketship breaks down and, seeing how upset she is, the other Lalaloopsies fail multiple times to build the Moon in Lalaloopsy Land. | | | | | | | |
| 5 | 5 | "The Big Sheep Sleep" | Melissa Suber | Carin Greenberg | April 8, 2013 (2013-04-08) | 106 | 1.31 |
| Pillow has trouble napping so she borrows Little Bah Peep's sheep to count. But with so many sheep in the house, things get chaotic. Pillow and the other Lalaloopsies must collect the sheep that are running away before Little Bah Peep finds out. | | | | | | | |
| 6 | 6 | "March of the April Fools" | Melissa Suber | Jeff Goode | April 9, 2013 (2013-04-09) | 107 | 1.27 |
| On April Fool's Day, Peanut tries to prank the Lalaloopsies in 24 hours. Meanwhile, Jewel (who dislikes Peanut's pranks because she always gets messy) hires Spot to spy on Peanut so that she can be prepared for any mess that comes this way; and Misty works on the magic trick. | | | | | | | |
| 7 | 7 | "Saved by the Gift" | Melissa Suber | Joseph Purdy | April 10, 2013 (2013-04-10) | 105 | 1.19 |
| Spot gives Jewel an art piece but Jewel herself isn't very fond of it, so she attempts to give it away to the Lalaloopsies. However, the art piece comes in handy when Marina gets lost at sea in Lalaloopsy Land. | | | | | | | |
| 8 | 8 | "In a Jam" | Melissa Suber | Gabe Pulliam | May 3, 2013 (2013-05-03) | 113 | 1.02 |
| When a cold front tries to freeze Berry's berry crop, Mittens becomes snowed in so Ace rescues Mittens with the help of Sunny. | | | | | | | |
| 9 | 9 | "Flight Plan" | Melissa Suber | Kris Marvin Hughes | May 20, 2013 (2013-05-20) | 110 | 1.31 |
| Pix E is chosen the "shooting star" of Jewel's sparkle and shine party but is afraid of heights (and she takes lessons). Meanwhile, Mouse wants to help Crumbs bake cupcakes for the party but isn't very skilled. | | | | | | | |
| 10 | 10 | "Tower of Treasure" | Melissa Suber | Joseph Purdy | May 21, 2013 (2013-05-21) | 109 | 1.24 |
| Marina surprises Patch by cleaning his house but she accidentally tosses his lucky shovel away, so they go on a treasure hunt to find it while Dot and Bea fly kites at the same time. | | | | | | | |
| 11 | 11 | "Pickles Delivers" | Melissa Suber | David Grubstick | May 22, 2013 (2013-05-22) | 108 | 1.27 |
| Pickles is trying to make the biggest delivery ever but can't (because of twisting the ankle), so three of the pets help her deliver the 50 pickle burgers to the "air show" contest. | | | | | | | |
| 12 | 12 | "A Tree Grows in Lalaloopsy Land" | Melissa Suber | Dean Stefan | May 23, 2013 (2013-05-23) | 111 | 1.37 |
| After Blossom grows a "marshmallow tree" for Sprinkles, the other Lalaloopsies want to grow their own trees but she knows "not anything grows", so Peanut teaches Squirt to perform the "extravaganza". | | | | | | | |
| 13 | 13 | "Ace in the Hole" | Melissa Suber | Joseph Purdy | July 15, 2013 (2013-07-15) | TBA | N/A |
| Tippy hires Ace to improve upon her broken gramophone for her big ballet recital so Ace borrows parts from his other friends' things to fix it. However, all of the devices end up doing weird things and, during the hottest day of the year, Ember and the pet dalmatian spread water through Lalaloopsy Land to cool everyone and everything down. | | | | | | | |
| 14 | 14 | "A Hobby for Bea" | Melissa Suber | Kris Marvin Hughes | July 16, 2013 (2013-07-16) | TBA | N/A |
| Bea finds out that she doesn't have a hobby. With the help of Spot, she tries everyone else's hobbies to find out the one thing she's really good at. In the meantime, the cocoa mug on top of Mittens' house has toppled over and cocoa is leaking through the roof. | | | | | | | |
| 15 | 15 | "Dyna-mic Duo" | Melissa Suber | Kevin Monk | July 17, 2013 (2013-07-17) | 116 | N/A |
| Dyna Might finds out that she doesn't have a sidekick and she auditions the Lalaloopsies to find the perfect partner. Meanwhile, Jewel preps Cat for the big sidekick audition and goes a little overboard. | | | | | | | |
| 16 | 16 | "A Little Goes a Long Way" | Melissa Suber | David Grubstick | July 18, 2013 (2013-07-18) | TBA | N/A |
| Jewel babysits a few Littles while Mittens teaches Spot and Peanut how to ride a sled. However, trouble ensues when Trinket gets lost at the snowy mountains with the pet and get trapped inside a cave on Lalaloopsy Land. | | | | | | | |
| 17 | 17 | "Rosy's Day Off" | Melissa Suber | David Grubstick | July 22, 2013 (2013-07-22) | 117 | N/A |
| Rosy works so hard to take care of everyone else, so Blossom, Spot and Peanut take Rosy on a relaxing nature walk for a day off. Meanwhile, Charlotte's Invisible Pet goes missing and Crumbs tries to help find it. | | | | | | | |
| 18 | 18 | "Sleepless in Lalaloopsy Land" | Melissa Suber | David Grubstick | July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23) | 118 | N/A |
| Pillow catches younger sister Blanket Featherbed sleepwalking, so she comes up with ways to help Pillow get back to bed. Meanwhile, Bea is preparing for a school day with the Littles and practices with the pets. | | | | | | | |
| 19 | 19 | "Don't Fence Me In" | Melissa Suber | *Story by*: Melody Fox and Carla Robinson
*Teleplay by*: Jeff Goode | July 24, 2013 (2013-07-24) | 119 | N/A |
| Spot does some artwork on Sunny's fence but the Lalaloopsies don't understand Spot's interpretive way of seeing them. They ask Spot to do a straight forward portrait of each of them. Peanut and Elephant rehearse for a water act using their cannon. | | | | | | | |
| 20 | 20 | "Blossom's Rare Plant" | Melissa Suber | Joseph Purdy | August 26, 2013 (2013-08-26) | 120 | N/A |
| Blossom finds a rare "Unadia" plant that lives only for one day but doesn't bloom, so she recruits the Lalaloopsies to help Blossom. Peanut is practicing a new act called The Swinging Flinging Ring which requires a partner, but every time she gets a volunteer, they end up needing to help Blossom with her Unadia plant instead. | | | | | | | |
| 21 | 21 | "Now You See Him, Now You Don't" | Melissa Suber | *Story by*: Jeff Goode
*Teleplay by*: David Grubstick | August 27, 2013 (2013-08-27) | TBA | N/A |
| Misty Mysterious' magic trick goes wrong and the pet disappears, so Rabbit must find the red ball for Misty's magic trick all over Lalaloopsy Land. Jewel tries to make Specs' party "fancier" but the ball keeps breaking the layers. | | | | | | | |
| 22 | 22 | "Dot and the Starcatcher" | Melissa Suber | Kris Marvin Hughes | August 28, 2013 (2013-08-28) | 122 | N/A |
| Dot Starlight works to catch a falling star. However, once she has it, realizes she wants to share its beautify with everyone else, so with the Lalaloopsies' help, she sends it back up to the sky where everyone can enjoy its glow.
Meanwhile, Berry gets a cold and refuses to go on an annual camping trip with Sunny. Jewel steps in for Berry, but she has a hard time figuring out how to *rough it*. | | | | | | | |
| 23 | 23 | "Stuck on You" | Melissa Suber | Dean Stefan | August 29, 2013 (2013-08-29) | 123 | N/A |
| Misty volunteers Forest and Jewel's for the brand-new trick. However, when Jewel and Forest's hands get stuck together inside of Misty's magical box, they must find a way to work together in order to come apart. Meanwhile Crumbs tries to make pretzels for Jewel's Princess Ball. | | | | | | | |
| 24 | 24 | "Holly's Joyful Holiday" | Melissa Suber | Carin Greenberg | December 6, 2013 (2013-12-06) | TBA | 1.21 |
| On Joyful Holiday, Holly finds a fast way to deliver all of the gifts to the other Lalaloopsies. | | | | | | | |
| 25 | 25 | "Criss Cross Crisis" | Melissa Suber | *Story by*: Corey Powell
*Teleplay by*: Carin Greenberg | January 11, 2014 (2014-01-11) | TBA | 0.56 |
| In the Button Harvest Festival, everyone's roles get mixed up while Jewel's pet cat accidentally mixes up the tin-canphone wires at the same time. Meanwhile, Jewel has to get the golden button when it accidentally rolls to the pond. | | | | | | | |
| 26 | 26 | "Mablenut Muffin Mission" | Melissa Suber | Jeff Goode | January 25, 2014 (2014-01-25) | 126 | 0.69 |
| On Sunny's birthday, Berry wants Crumbs to get a special rare ingredient for Sunny's surprise muffins. | | | | | | | |

### Season 2 (2014–15)

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 27 | 1 | "Jewel's Jewel Chest" | Melissa Suber | David Grubstick | June 7, 2014 (2014-06-07) |
| Jewel, Marina and Patch head out on a sea voyage to retrieve Jewel's "jewel" chest. Dot and Peanut fly in the hot air balloon to find the perfect spot to place a windsock in order to observe an oncoming windstorm. | | | | | | |
| 28 | 2 | "Balancing Act" | Melissa Suber | Jeff Goode | June 14, 2014 (2014-06-14) |
| Peanut gives Rosy a bike but she must overcome the fear of riding it. Peanut and Prairie work together to create a circus rodeo while Elephant and Cactus take a ride with the hot air balloon. | | | | | | |
| 29 | 3 | "Nighty Knight" | Melissa Suber | Dean Stefan | June 21, 2014 (2014-06-21) |
| Sir Battlescarred needs to find the Fear-Fighting Amulet in the Cave of Impenetrable Darkness in order to get rid of his fears. In the meantime, Jewel searches all over Lalaloopsy Land for a unique necklace to wear for a portrait that Spot will paint. | | | | | | |
| 30 | 4 | "Life of the Parties" | Melissa Suber | Jeff Goode | June 28, 2014 (2014-06-28) |
| Mari Golden Petals goes overboard with the plans for Pillow's, Mittens' and Prairie's parties, when she realizes that she's planned them all on the same day. Ace and Peanut try to have a go-cart race using food and condiments as fuel. | | | | | | |
| 31 | 5 | "By the Book" | Melissa Suber | David Grubstick | July 21, 2014 (2014-07-21) |
| Bea tries to reenact a Wild West adventure she read about in a book. | | | | | | |
| 32 | 6 | "Princess Spaghetti Day" | Melissa Suber | Jeff Goode | July 23, 2014 (2014-07-23) |
| Spot and Pepper decide to have a Spaghetti Day. Spot invites Jewel, but Jewel is preparing for a visit from the French duchess Suzette La Sweet. | | | | | | |
| 33 | 7 | "Wishful Thinking" | Melissa Suber | Jeff Goode | July 25, 2014 (2014-07-25) |
| Candle celebrates the birthday every day, and she likes to share them with everyone else. However, when she's unable to guess Dot's birthday wish, Candle tries hard to make it the best birthday ever; when Dyna Might loses the birthday gift from Candle, Ace tries to help her find it by making some improvements to the goggles. | | | | | | |
| 34 | 8 | "Misty's Magic Hero" | Melissa Suber | David Grubstick | August 2, 2014 (2014-08-02) |
| Misty tries to find a new magic trick for Jewel's Princess Jamboree from the magic hero, Star Magic Spells. When the Princess Club elections are here, Jewel (for the first time ever) is running against an opponent, Suzette; and Tippy chooses between her two best friends to be elected as president of the club. | | | | | | |
| 35 | 9 | "Spot's New Masterpiece" | Melissa Suber | Dean Stefan | August 9, 2014 (2014-08-09) |
| Spot sculpts a sculpture out of white clay (coming to life and naming the Squiggles), who tries to be exactly like the Lalaloopsies so they may like Spot. Meanwhile, Forest tries to tap an untappable tree to get syrup from him. | | | | | | |
| 36 | 10 | "Spot Draws the Line (also known as *Quick on the Draw*)" | Melissa Suber | Steven Darancette | August 16, 2014 (2014-08-16) |
| Spot draws a doll called Trace E. Doodles out of chalk, and enters the magical world of chalk drawings with Spot. | | | | | | |
| 37 | 11 | "Trunk Show" | Melissa Suber | Kris Marvin Hughes | August 23, 2014 (2014-08-23) |
| When Peanut loses her voice and can't help her pet elephant do his tightrope act in his show, she asks Pillow to be the new ringmaster. Marina teaches Whale how to tie a knot for a big boat trip with Rosy and Jewel. | | | | | | |
| 38 | 12 | "Mango's Mainland Holiday" | Melissa Suber | Steven Darancette | August 30, 2014 (2014-08-30) |
| Patch has found a message in a coconut (leading to an island) and he meets Mango Tiki Wiki and her pet pineapple bird. He invites Mango to Lalaloopsy Land to meet the Lalaloopsies but they all act mean to Mango, so Bea tries to have a relaxing picnic day for herself. | | | | | | |
| 39 | 13 | "Knick Knack Knock Knock" | Melissa Suber | Steven Darancette | October 4, 2014 (2014-10-04) |
| Specs searches for a Ghost Dog, so Bea follows Specs into a scary house by meeting the shy *Scraps Stitched 'n Sewn*. | | | | | | |
| 40 | 14 | "The Case of the Missing Pickles" | Melissa Suber | *Story by*: Carin Greenberg
*Teleplay by*: Kevin Monk | October 11, 2014 (2014-10-11) |
| When Pickles discovers that all of the pickles are gone on the day of the pickle pudding premiere, she and Hot Dog most play detective to find out who stole the pickles. Meanwhile, Tippy and Ember work on safety precautions. | | | | | | |
| 41 | 15 | "So Near and Yet So Far" | Melissa Suber | Kevin Monk | October 18, 2014 (2014-10-18) |
| Dot and the Lalaloopsies meet a friend from space named Haley Galaxy and the pet alien and they need their help getting back home. Ace tries have a fun playdate for his monkey and his friends. | | | | | | |
| 42 | 16 | "Eight Legged Friend" | Melissa Suber | Jymn Magon | October 25, 2014 (2014-10-25) |
| Jewel has to take care of a spider for a week and be friends with her, but Cat feels left out. Forest takes Trinket, Specs and Scribbles to a timber ranger camp out. | | | | | | |
| 43 | 17 | "Belly Laugh" | Melissa Suber | Steven Darancette | November 1, 2014 (2014-11-01) |
| When Forest's stomach begins to giggle, Rosy moves in with him to find a cure but acts really annoying. Peanut thinks that Elephant is laughing at what she does, so she creates an act about it. | | | | | | |
| 44 | 18 | "Cherry on Top" | Melissa Suber | *Story by*: Vivien Mejía
*Teleplay by*: Steven Darancette | December 6, 2014 (2014-12-06) |
| Crumbs discovers that Blossom has hired another baker to bake a cake for the birthday (the Cherry Crisp Crust), so Blossom has to rid the weeds for the earth day birthday party on Lalaloopsy Land. | | | | | | |
| 45 | 19 | "Winter's Wonderful Ice and Snow Show" | Melissa Suber | *Story by*: Bryan Thompson
*Teleplay by*: Kevin Monk | December 27, 2014 (2014-12-27) |
| Winter invites Spot, Pickles and Mittens to ice skate in the "ice-and-snow" show edition. | | | | | | |
| 46 | 20 | "Peppyball" | Melissa Suber | Steven Darancette | February 16, 2015 (2015-02-16) |
| Peppy Pom Poms invents a new sport (called the Peppyball) so she can have something big to cheer for. Meanwhile, Crumbs tries to make souffle rise at the same time. | | | | | | |
| 47 | 21 | "Out on a Limb" | Melissa Suber | Dean Stefan | June 6, 2015 (2015-06-06) |
| When Mittens, Peanut and Forest get stuck up a tree, Ember and Dyna Might compete but fail to rescue them, so Spot tries to learn good in Beaver's wood chopping class. | | | | | | |
| 48 | 22 | "Pet Peeve" | Melissa Suber | David Grubstick | June 6, 2015 (2015-06-06) |
| When Ace builds Forest a wood-chopping machine, Beaver feels unneeded and wanders off searching for someone else who needs him. | | | | | | |
| 49 | 23 | "Blossom's Amazing Amazies" | Melissa Suber | Dean Stefan | July 13, 2015 (2015-07-13) |
| Blossom finds rare flowers and uses them to help the Lalaloopsies grow gardens in their inhospitable climates. Peppy supports Misty's magic act with the cheers. | | | | | | |
| 50 | 24 | "Two Pirates Are Better Than One" | Melissa Suber | Dean Stefan | July 15, 2015 (2015-07-15) |
| Patch meets Peggy Seven Seas. | | | | | | |
| 51 | 25 | "No Laughing Matter" | Melissa Suber | Steven Darancette | July 17, 2015 (2015-07-17) |
| Peanut attempts to pull a prank on Dyna Might but it backfires (inadvertently putting Sprinkle's mouse in danger) and, feeling sorry, Peanut decides to end the work as Lalaloopsy Land's funny circus act. | | | | | | |
| 52 | 26 | "A Little Change of Place" | Melissa Suber | Kevin Monk | September 14, 2015 (2015-09-14) |
| Trinket and Squirt trade places for 24 hours. | | | | | | |


title: Powabyke

abstract: Powabyke is a British importer of electric bicycles. Founded in 1999, the company was selling over 1,500 bikes per year by 2005 through a network of around 300 dealers including bike shops and motor accessory retailers. It has also branched out into golf carts. Powabyke bikes and trikes are driven by a hub-mounted electric motor in the front or rear wheel, powered by a removable rechargeable battery. The environmental impact of the battery is minimised through offering a refurbishment scheme. Powabyke supports Park & Charge, who are launching an initiative to offer "park and charge" facilities for electric vehicles across the UK. In August 2013 Powabyke was taken over by long term employees Frank Curran and Keith Palmer. They straight away set about improving the specifications of the Xbykes by increasing the battery capacity to a 10amp pack as well as tidying up and improving the electrics which brought about the introduction of the MK3 range of XBykes complete with brushless motor. Powabyke added more products to its range with the conv-e conversion kit, as well as the reintroduction of the newly updated Powatryke with brushless motor and Lithium battery as standard. In September 2014 Powabyke launched the Xplorer, a full suspension, 26" wheel folding electric mountain bike.

text:
# Powabyke

**Powabyke** is a British importer of electric bicycles. Founded in 1999, the company was selling over 1,500 bikes per year by 2005 through a network of around 300 dealers including bike shops and motor accessory retailers. It has also branched out into golf carts.

Powabyke bikes and trikes are driven by a hub-mounted electric motor in the front or rear wheel, powered by a removable rechargeable battery. The environmental impact of the battery is minimised through offering a refurbishment scheme.

Powabyke supports Park & Charge, who are launching an initiative to offer "park and charge" facilities for electric vehicles across the UK.

In August 2013 Powabyke was taken over by long term employees Frank Curran and Keith Palmer. They straight away set about improving the specifications of the Xbykes by increasing the battery capacity to a 10amp pack as well as tidying up and improving the electrics which brought about the introduction of the MK3 range of XBykes complete with brushless motor. Powabyke added more products to its range with the conv-e conversion kit (allowing a regular push bike to be converted to electric), as well as the reintroduction of the newly updated Powatryke with brushless motor and Lithium battery as standard. In September 2014 Powabyke launched the Xplorer, a full suspension, 26" wheel folding electric mountain bike.

* Smith, Philip (13 March 2005). "Enterprise Network: Peddling electric bicycles". *Sunday Telegraph*. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
* Stewart, Tom (15 March 2005). "Put your feet up for an electricycling journey". *The Independent*. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
* "Crisis fuels search for alternatives". *BBC Scotland*. 13 September 2000. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
* Grossman, Wendy (21 Jul 2003). "Starting out". *Daily Telegraph*. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
* Sutton, Mark (20 February 2009). "BRAND SPOTLIGHT: Powabyke". *BikeBiz*. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
* Sprey, Karen (13 May 2009). "Powabyke tackles record breaking 1655-mile trek". *GizMag*. Retrieved 2009-06-07.

## InfoBox

Powabyke
| Industry | Importer of Vehicles |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1999 (1999) |
| Headquarters | Temple Cloud, Bristol, United Kingdom |
| Key people | * + Frank Curran     + Keith Palmer |
| Website | www.powabyke.com |


title: F. E. Riddle

abstract: Finis E. Riddle, known better as F. E. Riddle, was a frontier lawyer and Oklahoma Supreme Court Justice.

text:
# F. E. Riddle

**Finis E. Riddle** (born 1870), known better as **F. E. Riddle**, was a frontier lawyer and Oklahoma Supreme Court Justice.

## Early life

Riddle was born in Lynchburg, Tennessee, in Moore County, to Martin Van Buren and Theresa (née Tucker) Riddle, and raised in Tennessee until he enrolled in school at National Normal University in Lebanon, Ohio. It is unclear whether Riddle graduated from NNU, but evidently the school did not have a curriculum in law. Later, Riddle studied law under Judge Samuel A. Billingsley, and was admitted to the Tennessee bar in 1894.

## Career

Riddle decided his future would be made in the West, and moved to that part of Indian Territory containing the town now known as Chickasha, Oklahoma. He established a private practice of lawyers that was retained on most of the important legal cases that appeared before the territorial courts before the state of Oklahoma was organized. In 1904, Riddle became eligible to present cases before the United States Supreme Court.

In April 1914, Riddle was appointed to the Oklahoma Supreme Court by Governor Lee Cruce to complete the unexpired term of the recently deceased Chief Justice Samuel W. Hayes, whose term was scheduled to expire in January 1915. He accepted, even though he continued to live in Chickasha while he served. During the eight months following his appointment, he reportedly wrote eighty opinions, a number never exceeded by an Oklahoma justice in such a short time. Riddle served as chief counsel in the impeachment trial of Governor Jack C. Walton and chief counsel for Lt. Governor Martin E. Trapp in a suit to determine whether Trapp could succeed himself after replacing Walton. Riddle's effort was successful.

The Riddles moved to Tulsa after he resigned from the Supreme Court in 1919. He spent the rest of his career as the junior partner of Linn & Riddle.

## Personal life

Riddle married Letitia Cloud, the daughter of a rancher who lived in Gainesville, Texas, in 1896. They had one child, daughter Frances Alee Riddle, who was born in 1900. Frances was noted for her equestrian skills and won a blue ribbon at the Oklahoma State Fair in 1914.

1. Douglas, Clarence B. *The History of Tulsa, Oklahoma*. Volume III. S. J. Clarke Publishing Co. Chicago-Tulsa (1921) p.490-1 Available on Google Books. Accessed May 20, 2020.
2. "National Normal University." Ohio History Central. Accessed June 15, 2020.
3. Thoburn, Joseph B. *A Standard History of Oklahoma*. Vol. III. The American Historical Society. Chicago and New York. (1916) p.1078 Available on Google Books. Accessed May 13, 2020.
4. Geist, Susan. Transcribed from Joseph B. Thoburn and Muriel H. Wright. *Oklahoma: A Story of the State and Its People.* Vol. IV. (1929) Accessed May 20, 2020.
5. Harlow, Victor Emmanuel. *Makers of Government in Oklahoma*. (1916) p. 804. Accessed May 13, 2025. Available on Google Books.

## InfoBox

| F. E. Riddle | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1870-07-13)July 13, 1870<br>Lynchburg, Moore County, Tennessee |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | Finis E. Riddle |
| Occupation(s) | Attorney, judge |
| Years active | Associate Justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court; Chief Justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court in 1914 |
| Notable work | Served as chief counsel for Gov. Jack C. Walton and Lt. Gov. Martin Trapp in their impeachment trials. |


title: Romina Cifuentes

abstract: Romina Cifuentes is an Ecuadorian sprinter. She competed in the women's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics.

text:
# Romina Cifuentes

**Romina Cifuentes** (born 8 February 1999) is an Ecuadorian sprinter. She competed in the women's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics.

## InfoBox

Romina Cifuentes
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Ecuadorian |
| Born | (1999-02-08) 8 February 1999 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sprinting |
| Event | 4 × 100 metres |


title: Extracellular digestion

abstract:
Extracellular phototropic digestion is a process in which saprobionts feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food. The enzymes catalyze the digestion of the food ie diffusion, transport, osmotrophy or phagocytosis. Since digestion occurs outside the cell, it is said to be extracellular. It takes place either in the lumen of the digestive system, in a gastric cavity or other digestive organ, or completely outside the body. During extracellular digestion, food is broken down outside the cell either mechanically or with acid
by special molecules called enzymes. Then the newly broken down nutrients can be absorbed by the cells nearby. Humans use extracellular digestion when they eat. Their teeth grind the food up, enzymes and acid in the stomach liquefy it, and additional enzymes in the small intestine break the food down into parts their cells can use.
Extracellular digestion is a form of digestion found in all saprobiontic annelids, crustaceans, arthropods, lichens and chordates, including vertebrates.

text:
# Extracellular digestion

**Extracellular phototropic digestion** is a process in which saprobionts feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food. The enzymes catalyze the digestion of the food ie diffusion, transport, osmotrophy or phagocytosis. Since digestion occurs outside the cell, it is said to be extracellular. It takes place either in the lumen of the digestive system, in a gastric cavity or other digestive organ, or completely outside the body. During extracellular digestion, food is broken down outside the cell either mechanically or with acid by special molecules called enzymes. Then the newly broken down nutrients can be absorbed by the cells nearby. Humans use extracellular digestion when they eat. Their teeth grind the food up, enzymes and acid in the stomach liquefy it, and additional enzymes in the small intestine break the food down into parts their cells can use. Extracellular digestion is a form of digestion found in all saprobiontic annelids, crustaceans, arthropods, lichens and chordates, including vertebrates.

## In fungi

Fungi are heterotrophic organisms. Heterotrophic nutrition means that fungi utilize extracellular sources of organic energy, organic material or organic matter, for their maintenance, growth and reproduction. Energy is derived from the breakdown of the chemical bond between carbon and either carbon or other components of compounds such as a phosphate ion. The extracellular sources of energy may be simple sugars, polypeptides or more complex carbohydrate.

Fungi can only absorb small molecules through their walls. For fungi to gain their energy needs, they find and absorb organic molecules appropriate to their needs, either immediately or following some form of enzyme diminution outside the thallus. The small molecules are then absorbed, used directly or reconstituted (transformed) into organic molecules within the cell.

When a skeletonized leaf is seen in the litter, it is because recalcitrant materials remain and digestion is continuing. The fungi that utilize a variety of energy sources usually absorb the simplest compounds first, then the more complex. For instance, the formation of cellulose is repressed by high concentrations of glucose in the cytoplasm. On depletion of primary sources of glucose, enzymes to degrade more complex molecules such as cellulose and starch, are then released. Thus soluble sugars and amino acids are removed first from a leaf released from a tree. Starch is then broken down and absorbed. Subsequently, pectin and cellulose are digested. Finally, waxes are degraded and lignin oxidized. The staggering of energy acquisition results in the efficient utilization of available energy.

## Detection of digestive enzymes in fungi

The regulation of nutrient acquisition appears to be controlled by general phenomena. Only a small group of enzymes, mostly hydrolases, can be detected in the culture filtrate of well-fed fungi. This suggests that specific inducers control the manufacture and release of enzymes for degradation. The most common complex carbohydrate available in the environment is cellulose. In the absence of glucose, detection of cellulose, for instance, induces the expression of celluloses. As a consequence, fungi specifically target the breakdown of the cellulose in their environment, and do not waste energy on the unnecessary formation of enzymes for degradation of molecules that may not be present. Fungi have an efficient process to gain energy.

Because of the huge range of potential food sources, fungi have evolved enzymes suitable for the environments in which they are usually found. The range of enzymes, though wide in many species, is not sufficient for survival in all environments. Fungi require other competitive attributes to ensure continued survival.

The opposite is also true. Some fungi have highly specific metabolic capabilities which enable occupation of specific habitats, utilizing molecules which are unavailable to other fungi. Further, utilization of a common and abundant substrate has led many fungi to evolve a range of highly specific degradative enzymes. Among the fungi are species that are generalist in their nutrient requirements, some that have specific nutrient requirements, and many that are in between.

## Excretion of digestive enzymes

Enzymes are manufactured close to the hyphal tip. Some are packaged in vesicles associated with the Golgi and then delivered to the hyphal tip. The contents are released at the tip. Some enzymes are actively excreted through the plasma membrane, where they diffuse through or act in the cell wall. Note that the enzymes released from the hyphal tip require an aqueous environment for release and subsequent degradative activity.

### Absorption of digested products

The molecules absorbed through the plasma membrane tend to be smaller than 5,000 Da, so only simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and other small molecules can be taken up following digestion. The molecules are taken up in solution. In some cases, the molecules are processed by enzymes located within the cell wall. For instance, sucrose inverters have been localized in walls of yeasts. Glucose appears to be the sugar preferred by most fungi. Uptake of other sugars is repressed when glucose is available. Similarly, ammonium, glutamine and asparagine regulate the uptake of nitrogen compounds, and cysteine of sulphur compounds.

## Joint intracellular and extracellular digestion in cnidarians

In hydra and other cnidarians, the food is caught by the tentacles and ingested through the mouth into the single large digestive cavity, the gastrovascular cavity. Enzymes are secreted from the cells bordering this cavity and poured on the food for extracellular digestion. Small particles of the partially digested food are engulfed into the vacuoles of the digestive cells for intracellular digestion. Any undigested and un-absorbed food is finally thrown out of the mouth.

## Invert digestive systems are bags and tubes

Single-celled organisms as well as sponges digest their food intracellularly. Other multi-cellular organisms digest their food extracellularly, within a digestive cavity. In this case the digestive enzymes are released into a cavity that is continuous with the animal's external environment. In cnidarians and in flatworms such as planarians, the digestive cavity, called a gastrovascular cavity, has only one opening that serves as both mouth and anus. There is no specialization within this type of digestive system because every cell is exposed to all stages of food digestion.

Specializing occurs when the digestive tract or alimentary canal has a separate mouth and anus so that transport of food is one-way. The most primitive digestive tract is seen in nematodes (phylum Nematode), where it is simply a tubular gut lined by an epithelial membrane. Earthworms (phylum Annelids) have a digestive tract specialized in different regions for the ingestion, storage, fragmentation, digestion and absorption of food. All more complex animal groups, including all vertebrates, show similar specializations.

The ingested food may be stored in a specialized region of the digestive tract or subjected to physical fragmentation. This fragmentation may occur through the chewing action of teeth (in the mouth of many vertebrates) or the grinding action of pebbles (in the gizzard of earthworms and birds). Chemical digestion then occurs, breaking down the larger food molecules of polysaccharides and disaccharides, fats, and proteins into their smallest sub-units.

Chemical digestion involves hydrolysis reactions that liberate the sub unit molecules—primarily monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids—from the food. These products of chemical digestion pass through the epithelial lining of the gut into the blood, in a process known as absorption. Any molecules in the food that are not absorbed cannot be used by the animal. These waste products are excreted, or defecated from the anus.

## Extracellular digestion in other animals

### Annelids

The echiuran gut is long and highly convoluted, and there is no gut in pogonophoran adults. Among other annelids, the gut is linear and unsegmented, with a mouth opening on the peristomium and an anus opening at the posterior end of the animal (pygidium). Food is moved through the gut by cilia and/or by muscular contractions. Digestion is primarily extracellular, although some species show an intracellular component as well.

### Arthropods

The arthropod digestive system is divisible into three areas: the fore gut, mid gut, and hind gut. All free-living species exhibit a distinct and separate mouth and anus, and in all species, food must be moved through the digestive tract by muscular activity rather than cilia activity since the lumen of the fore gut and hind gut is lined with cuticle. Digestion is generally extracellular. Nutrients are distributed to the tissues through the hemal system.

### Molluscs

Most molluscs have a complete digestive system with a separate mouth and anus. The mouth leads into a short esophagus which leads to a stomach. Associated with the stomach are one or more digestive glands or digestive caeca. Digestive enzymes are secreted into the lumen of these glands. Additional extracellular digestion takes place in the stomach. In cephalopods, digestion is entirely extracellular. In the most other mollusks, the terminal stages of digestion are completed intracellularly, within the tissue of the digestive glands. The absorbed nutrients enter the circulatory system for distribution throughout the body or are stored in the digestive glands for later use. Undigested waste pass through an intestine and out through the anus. Other aspects of food collection and processing have already been discussed where appropriate for each group.

### Humans

The initial components of the gastrointestinal tract are the mouth and the pharynx, which is the common passage of the oral and nasal cavities. The pharynx leads to the esophagus, a muscular tube that delivers food to the stomach, where some preliminary digestion occurs; here, the digestion is ***extracellular*.**

From the stomach, food passes to the small intestine, where a battery of digestive enzymes continue the digestive process. The products of digestion are absorbed across the wall of the intestine into the bloodstream. What remains is emptied into the large intestine, where some of the remaining water and minerals are absorbed; here the digestion is intracellular.


title: External wall insulation

abstract: An external wall insulation system is a thermally insulated, protective, and decorative exterior cladding procedure involving the use of expanded polystyrene, mineral wool, polyurethane foam or phenolic foam, topped off with a reinforced cement based, mineral or synthetic finish and plaster. The thickness of thermal insulation is dependent on whatever type is required in order to create a partition with a heat transmission factor of U=0.25-0.3 W/m2K. When calculating the actual insulation requirements, consideration must be given to current Building Regulation standards. Consideration must also be given to exposure and durability, and whether the structure might be subjected to vandalism etc. In many older properties, special attention is required for concrete beams or lintels which act as thermal bridges providing poor insulation.

text:
# External wall insulation

An **external wall insulation** system (or EWIS) is a thermally insulated, protective, and decorative exterior cladding procedure involving the use of expanded polystyrene, mineral wool, polyurethane foam or phenolic foam, topped off with a reinforced cement based, mineral or synthetic finish and plaster.

The thickness of thermal insulation is dependent on whatever type is required in order to create a partition with a heat transmission factor of U=0.25-0.3 W/m2K. When calculating the actual insulation requirements, consideration must be given to current Building Regulation standards. Consideration must also be given to exposure and durability, and whether the structure might be subjected to vandalism etc. In many older properties, special attention is required for concrete beams or lintels which act as thermal bridges providing poor insulation.

## Types

External wall insulation systems generally comprise firstly an insulation layer (an element which helps to achieve the requisite thermal performance); and secondly,a protected weatherproof finish (usually a render, although brick slips, tiles, and decorative boards can also be used). Insulating render can also be an advantage in certain locations. Choice of types and sizes will depend on the substrate and design exposure requirements.

Dry finishes are usually fixed to the substrate by means of timber battens independently fixed to the substrate.

Any system selected and installed, should be certified by a notified body.

### Traditional finishes

A selection of traditional finishes is currently utilised within the external wall insulation industry. Dry-dash render is a traditional render application commonly used. By this method, dry dashing aggregate is thrown onto the wet render to create a natural aggregate finish. Available in a wide variety of colours, sizes and textures, the practice is relatively cheap. Manufactured aggregates such as ceramics and glass can be used for more specialised projects, but the costs will be greater than for projects using natural aggregates.

Scratch plaster render is a coloured cementitious render scratched while the surface is still workable, but after the initial setting has taken place. The surface of the render is removed by the action of the scratching tool, and approximately 2 to 3 millimetres (0.079 to 0.118 in) of render are removed exposing the open matrix of the aggregate mix. The true colour of the render is exposed with a light even texture.

Roughcast render consists of a top-coat render and aggregate mix thrown onto a backing coat in a slurry form, the aggregate being totally encapsulated within the cementitious slurry. The aggregate may be any hard stone of an equal graded size to suit the particular application and creates a “lumpy texture” finish. This method is traditionally widely used in Scotland.

An innovation is the inclusion of silicone water-proofers in pre-blended and pre-packed proprietary renders. This development increases the specification and capabilities of polymer renders, particularly for exposed or coastal areas. It is applied in the conventional manner and is now readily available in all the usual colours.

Tyrolean finishes are sprayed cementitious mixes, pre-coloured and applied by a hand-held machine. This finish is widely used throughout the UK as an economical, easily applied colourful finish for all forms of building type. It has medium-term durability under average conditions.

Smooth/painted finishes consist of masonry paint, and are applied to a good rendered surface to give a smooth coloured effect, free of the imperfections that the more natural aggregate finishes can sometimes deliver. A very wide selection of light colours are available.

Textured coatings are applied by roller or trowel to an approximate thickness of 1.5 to 3 millimetres (0.059 to 0.118 in), and are usually acrylic or silicone-based for waterproofing and long term durability. They produce an even, flat-textured, finish.

Acrylic variants are easily applied, and are considered “high performance” finishes. Some cheaper variants might result in the loss opacity of surface brightness over a relatively short life span. High quality acrylics can provide a longer term durability, colour stability, and crack resistance compared to polymer cement finishes. Acrylic variants are available in a very wide range of colours.

Silicone variants are more resistant to marine environments than acrylics, as they have superior water resistance, but they can be more costly, and come in a smaller range of colours.

Brick slips are a thin facing applied over an insulant to provide a traditional “brick” wall finish. Slips can either be manufactured by extrusion or cut from real bricks.

Brick slips cut from real clay bricks boast the advantage of looking exactly like a brick wall when installed. Real brick slips cut from reclaimed bricks, when used with external cladding systems are used significantly in restoration and renovation works where the brick is no longer available to buy new. Brick slips can also be laid in various patterns, these are known in the industry as bond patterns.

Specialist waterproof coloured pointing mortars are used to complete the effect. Commercially available brick slip systems have been developed to include support for the brick slip finish, certified by BBA/BRE. The brick slips usually have a size of about 210-240 x 50-71 x 20 mm (length x height x width).

Simulated brick renders can also be replicated in coloured polymer to a high standard. Two coloured layers of polymer-modified external cementitious render are applied in 3 to 4 millimetres (0.12 to 0.16 in) layers onto a coloured backing. The “brick” pattern is cut into the top layer, exposing an under-layer of differing colour representing the cement joints.

Simulated stone renders are made from coloured polymer. Two coloured layers of polymer-modified external cementitious render are applied in 3 to 4 millimetres (0.12 to 0.16 in) layers onto a specified backing. The “stone” pattern is cut into the top layer exposing an under-layer of differing colour to represent the cement joints.

Terracotta tiles are usually of clay burnt material imported from Europe. These proprietary systems are secured by a system of extruded aluminium rail systems fixed securely to the substrate with insulation material inserted within the void. Special pressed metal profiles and cills are added to make them waterproof.

Timber boards, aluminium or PVC “sidings” can be installed over insulation to provide additional alternatives to the traditional render and applied finishes. The boards are usually of shiplap profile, and either cedar or treated softwood. Aluminium or PVC systems are also available as alternatives.

Traditional tile hanging finishes can be applied onto conventional timber support structures and insulated with the required type and thickness of insulation. Suitable consideration has to be given to ventilation passages to avoid interstitial condensation.

## Reducing carbon emissions

With the UK aiming to reduce its carbon emissions by 80% by the year 2050, the British government has offered up to £6,000 cashback to homeowners who install EWI at their solid wall property. South Wales, where the housing stock is in particular need of being updated to become energy efficient, has seen a surge in applications for this scheme.

External wall insulation is a great and confirmed way to reduce energy usage needed to heat up the building. Installing it is a part of and eco home or carbon neutral home idea.

## Product requirements

Particular product requirements need to be met such as the external wall insulation product reaching a particular u-value in order to make the building sufficiently thermally insulated and therefore be used for a green deal project.

## Dampness

The application of External Wall Insulation can help to deal with rain penetration problems through solid walls by blocking wind-driven rain. However, it can also make the problem worse if poor detailing (e.g. around eaves) allows water to pass behind the external wall insulation where it can become trapped. A high standard of design and installation should therefore be insisted upon. The dangers of not adequately designing and specifying these systems is dealt with in a research paper written by Joe Malone and published in the CIOB's Construction, Research and Innovation Journal (Volume 4, Issue 4, Dec 2013 The Risky Business of Covering Up)

External Wall Insulation should only be applied to walls that do not suffer from pre-existing dampness problems. The Energy Saving Trust give the following advice.

*"The main damp issue to be avoided with external wall insulation is rising damp. If you already have a problem with this, then it will have to be fixed before the insulation is fitted, otherwise you run the risk of trapping the damp inside the wall structure and so making the problem worse."*

## Further reading

* National Building Specification Section M21 Insulation with rendered finish
* BSI British Standards and Code of Practice
* BRE Report 135: EWI, Fire performance for multi-storey buildings
* BRE Report 262: Thermal insulation avoiding the risks
* External Wall Insulation Explained. INCA Insulated Render and Cladding Association
* Technical Drawings: Weber UK EWI Systems
* *The Complete Guide to External Wall Insulation* by C J Pearson
* CIOB's Construction, Research & Innovation Journal: "The Risky Business of Covering Up" by Joe Malone
* A Guide to External Wall Insulation (2018). Retrieved November 28, 2018, from Gaffney & Guinan


title: FIBT World Championships 1954

abstract: The FIBT World Championships 1954 took place in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy for the fourth time after previously hosting in 1937 (Two-man), 1939 (Four-man), and 1950.

text:
# FIBT World Championships 1954

The **FIBT World Championships 1954** took place in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy for the fourth time after previously hosting in 1937 (Two-man), 1939 (Four-man), and 1950.

## Two man bobsleigh

| Pos | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Italy (Guglielmo Scheibmeier, Andrea Zambelli) |  |
| Silver | Italy (Italo Petrelli, Luigi Figoli) |  |
| Bronze | United States (Stanley Benham, James Bickford) |  |

Italy earned their first championship medals since World War II.

## Four man bobsleigh

| Pos | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Switzerland (Fritz Feierabend, Harry Warburton, Gottfried Diener, Heinrich Angst) |  |
| Silver | West Germany (Hans Rösch, Michael Pössinger, Dix Terne, Sylvester Wackerle) |  |
| Bronze | West Germany (Theo Kitt, Josef Grün, Klaus Koppenberger, Lorenz Niebert) |  |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Italy (ITA) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | Switzerland (SUI) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 3 | West Germany (FRG) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | United States (USA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (4 entries) | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |

## InfoBox

| 1954 World Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy |
|


title: FIBT World Championships 1950

abstract: The FIBT World Championships 1950 took place in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy for the third time after hosting the event previously in 1937 (Two-man) and 1939 (Four-man).

text:
# FIBT World Championships 1950

The **FIBT World Championships 1950** took place in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy for the third time after hosting the event previously in 1937 (Two-man) and 1939 (Four-man).

## Two man bobsleigh

| Pos | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Switzerland (Fritz Feierabend, Stephan Waser) |  |
| Silver | United States (Stanley Benham, Patrick Martin) |  |
| Bronze | United States (Frederick Fortune, William d'Amico) |  |

## Four man bobsleigh

| Pos | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | United States (Stanley Benham, Patrick Martin, James Atkinson, William d'Amico) |  |
| Silver | Switzerland (Fritz Feierabend, Albert Madörin, Romi Spada, Stephen Waser) |  |
| Bronze | Switzerland (Franz Kapus, Franz Stöckli, Hans Bolli, Heinrich Angst) |  |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Switzerland (SUI) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| | United States (USA) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Totals (2 entries) | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |

## InfoBox

| 1950 World Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy |
|


title: FIBT World Championships 1951

abstract: The FIBT World Championships 1951 took place in Alpe d'Huez, France. Germany returned to the FIBT World Championships for the first time since World War II, albeit as the separate countries of East Germany and West Germany.

text:
# FIBT World Championships 1951

The **FIBT World Championships 1951** took place in Alpe d'Huez, France. Germany returned to the FIBT World Championships for the first time since World War II, albeit as the separate countries of East Germany and West Germany.

## Two man bobsleigh

| Pos | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | West Germany (Anderl Ostler, Lorenz Niebert) |  |
| Silver | United States (Stanley Benham, Patrick Martin) |  |
| Bronze | Switzerland (Felix Endrich, Werner Spring) |  |

## Four man bobsleigh

| Pos | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | West Germany (Anderl Ostler, Xavier Leitl, Michael Pössinger, Lorenz Niebert) |  |
| Silver | United States (Stanley Benham, Patrick Martin, James Atkinson, Gary Sheffield) |  |
| Bronze | Switzerland (Franz Kapus, Franz Stöckli, Hans Bolli, Heinrich Angst) |  |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | West Germany (FRG) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | United States (USA) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 3 | Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Totals (3 entries) | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |

## InfoBox

| 1951 World Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Alpe d'Huez, France |
|


title: P. F. Pithawala

abstract: P. F. Pithawala was an actor who appeared in several movies made by Bombay Talkies in the 1930s and 1940s.

text:
# P. F. Pithawala

**P. F. Pithawala** was an actor who appeared in several movies made by Bombay Talkies in the 1930s and 1940s.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Character |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1935 | *Jawani Ki Hawa* |  |
| 1936 | *Achhut Kanya* | Mohan |
| 1936 | *Janmabhoomi* | Sanatan |
| 1937 | *Izzat* |  |
| 1937 | *Savitri* |  |
| 1937 | *Jeevan Prabhat* |  |
| 1939 | *Kangan* |  |
| 1939 | *Navjeevan* |  |
| 1939 | *Durga* |  |
| 1940 | *Bandhan* |  |
| 1941 | *Naya Sansar* |  |
| 1941 | *Anjaan* | Ramnath |
| 1943 | *Kismet* | Unnamed (Rani's father) |


title: Padua family

abstract: The Padua family, also known as the Lydia family, is a mid-sized family of asteroids of more than a thousand members. The family is at least 25 million years old. Its members were previously associated to 110 Lydia, and are predominantly X-type asteroids with an albedo of approximately 0.1. Together with the Agnia family, the Padua family is the only other family to have most of its members in a nonlinear secular resonance configuration with more than 75% of its members in a z1 librating state. The Paduan (Lydian) asteroids are located in the outer part of the central asteroid belt having a semi-major axis of approximately 2.75. The family's namesake is the asteroid 363 Padua, while 110 Lydia is now a suspected interloper, despite having the same spectral type.

text:
# Padua family

The **Padua family** (FIN: 507), also known as the **Lydia family**, is a mid-sized family of asteroids of more than a thousand members.

The family is at least 25 million years old. Its members were previously associated to 110 Lydia, and are predominantly X-type asteroids with an albedo of approximately 0.1. Together with the Agnia family, the Padua family is the only other family to have most of its members in a nonlinear secular resonance configuration with more than 75% of its members in a z1 librating state.

The Paduan (Lydian) asteroids are located in the outer part of the central asteroid belt having a semi-major axis of approximately 2.75. The family's namesake is the asteroid 363 Padua, while 110 Lydia is now a suspected interloper, despite having the same spectral type.

## Members

Some prominent members with known spectral type. A list of all Paduan asteroids is given at the "Small Bodies Data Ferret".

| Name | Type | Diameter | Albedo | Catalog | Refs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 110 Lydia | X | 86 | 0.1808 | list | JPL **·** MPC **·** LCDB |
| 363 Padua | X | 88 | 0.057 | list | JPL **·** MPC **·** LCDB |
| 1517 Beograd | X | 36 | 0.0448 | list | JPL **·** MPC **·** LCDB |
| 1766 Slipher | C | 20 | 0.057 | list | JPL **·** MPC **·** LCDB |
| 2306 Bauschinger | X | 21 | 0.0526 | list | JPL **·** MPC **·** LCDB |
| 2560 Siegma | Xc | 20 | 0.057 | list | JPL **·** MPC **·** LCDB |
| 3020 Naudts | Sl | 16 | 0.057 | list | JPL **·** MPC **·** LCDB |
| 3670 Northcott | X | 19 | 0.045 | list | JPL **·** MPC **·** |
| 5087 Emelʹyanov | X | 13 | 0.057 | list | JPL **·** MPC **·** LCDB |
| 5103 Diviš | X | 12 | 0.074 | list | JPL **·** MPC **·** |
| 8450 Egorov | C | 11 | 0.058 | list | JPL **·** MPC **·** |
| 12281 Chaumont | X | 16 | 0.032 | list | JPL **·** MPC **·** |
| Diameter and albedo figures taken from the LCDB, or, if not available, from JPL's SBDB. Also see category. | | | | | |

## Lydia former namesake and potential interloper

In previous works (Zappala et al. 1995), this family was named Lydia after 110 Lydia, which is an X-type asteroid in the SMASS classification (Tholen: M-type). While Lydia is still a member of the now-called Padua family (Nesvorny 2005, AstDyS), it has been suspected that it might be an interloper in its "own" family despite its matching spectral type (Carruba 2009; Mothe-Diniz et al. 2005).

Also, the asteroid 308 Polyxo was formerly considered the family's largest member. This T-type asteroid is no-longer considered a family member and is categorized as a background asteroid on AstDyS.


abstract: The women's halfpipe competition of the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships 2011 was held at Park City Mountain Resort, Park City, Utah, United States on February 5.

text:
# FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships 2011 – Women's halfpipe

The **women's halfpipe** competition of the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships 2011 was held at Park City Mountain Resort, Park City, Utah, United States on February 5 (qualifying and finals).

## Qualification

The following are the results of the qualification.

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Run 1 | Run 2 | Best | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 10 | Jen Hudak | United States | 44.30 | 42.90 | 44.30 | **Q** |
| 2 | 9 | Brita Sigourney | United States | 43.00 | 19.20 | 43.00 | **Q** |
| 3 | 12 | Keltie Hansen | Canada | 37.40 | 42.70 | 42.70 | **Q** |
| 4 | 1 | Rosalind Groenewoud | Canada | 41.40 | 37.60 | 41.40 | **Q** |
| 5 | 11 | Devin Logan | United States | 37.60 | 41.10 | 41.10 | **Q** |
| 6 | 18 | Sarah Burke | Canada | 39.00 | 37.00 | 39.00 | **Q** |
| 7 | 3 | Katrien Aerts | Belgium | 34.60 | 35.90 | 35.90 | **Q** |
| 8 | 19 | Emi Matsuura | Japan | 31.80 | 31.90 | 31.90 | **Q** |
| 9 | 21 | Emma Lonsdale | United Kingdom | 31.80 | 30.50 | 31.80 | **Q** |
| 10 | 15 | Anais Caradeux | France | 28.80 | 31.30 | 31.30 | **Q** |
| 11 | 20 | Mirjam Jaeger | Switzerland | 30.10 | 24.90 | 30.10 | **Q** |
| 12 | 17 | Manami Mitsuboshi | Japan | 18.90 | 28.40 | 28.40 | **Q** |
| 13 | 4 | Tiril Sjaastad Christensen | Norway | 27.80 | 14.20 | 27.80 |  |
| 14 | 24 | Katie Summerhayes | United Kingdom | 26.00 | 14.60 | 26.00 |  |
| 15 | 14 | Jessica Cumming | United States | 24.00 | 23.00 | 24.00 |  |
| 16 | 7 | Daniela Bauer | Austria | 21.90 | 22.10 | 22.10 |  |
| 17 | 23 | Nina Rusten Andersen | Norway | 17.20 | 20.40 | 20.40 |  |
| 18 | 5 | Katia Griffiths | Spain | 19.80 | 7.10 | 19.80 |  |
| 19 | 25 | Rose Battersby | New Zealand | 3.00 | 3.70 | 3.70 |  |
|  | 2 | Virginie Faivre | Switzerland |  |  | DNS |  |
|  | 22 | Grete Eliassen | Norway |  |  | DNS |  |
|  | 26 | Reyes Santa-Olalla | Spain |  |  | DNS |  |

## Final

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Run 1 | Run 2 | Best | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1 | Rosalind Groenewoud | Canada | 43.90 | **44.70** | 44.70 |  |
|  | 10 | Jen Hudak | United States | 24.80 | **42.10** | 42.10 |  |
|  | 12 | Keltie Hansen | Canada | **38.80** | 32.0 | 38.80 |  |
| 4 | 18 | Sarah Burke | Canada | 37.0 | **38.3** | 38.3 |  |
| 5 | 11 | Devin Logan | United States | 19.80 | **35.80** | 35.80 |  |
| 6 | 9 | Brita Sigourney | United States | **35.10** | 19.50 | 35.10 |  |
| 7 | 20 | Mirjam Jaeger | Switzerland | 33.30 | **34.20** | 34.20 |  |
| 8 | 3 | Katrien Aerts | Belgium | **30.80** | 29.40 | 30.80 |  |
| 9 | 19 | Emi Matsuura | Japan | 28.90 | 30.20 | 30.20 |  |
| 10 | 17 | Manami Mitsuboshi | Japan | **29.50** | 16.60 | 29.50 |  |
| 11 | 21 | Emma Lonsdale | United Kingdom | 27.70 | **28.70** | 28.70 |  |
| 12 | 15 | Anais Caradeux | France | DNS | DNS | DNS |  |


title: PTS-GFL superfamily

abstract:
The phosphotransferases system (PTS-GFL) superfamily is a superfamily of phosphotransferase enzymes that facilitate the transport of glucose, glucitol (G), fructose (F) and lactose (L). Classification has been established through phylogenic analysis and bioinformatics. The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) transports and phosphorylates its sugar substrates in a single energy-coupled step. This transport process is dependent on several cytoplasmic phosphoryl transfer proteins - Enzyme I (I), HPr, Enzyme IIA (IIA), and Enzyme IIB (IIB)) as well as the integral membrane sugar permease (IIC). The PTS Enzyme II complexes are derived from independently evolving 4 PTS Enzyme II complex superfamilies, that include the (1) Glucose (Glc),(2) Mannose (Man), (3) Ascorbate-Galactitol (Asc-Gat) and (4) Dihydroxyacetone (Dha) superfamilies. The four families that make up the PTS-GFL superfamily include:
  - 4.A.1 – The PTS Glucose-Glucoside (Glc) Family
  - 4.A.2 – The PTS Fructose-Mannitol (Fru) Family
  - 4.A.3 – The PTS Lactose-N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose-β-glucoside (Lac) Family
  - 4.A.4 – The PTS Glucitol (Gut) Family

text:
# PTS-GFL superfamily

The **phosphotransferases system** (**PTS-GFL**) **superfamily** is a superfamily of phosphotransferase enzymes that facilitate the transport of glucose, glucitol (**G**), fructose (**F**) and lactose (**L**). Classification has been established through phylogenic analysis and bioinformatics.

The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) transports and phosphorylates its sugar substrates in a single energy-coupled step. This transport process is dependent on several cytoplasmic phosphoryl transfer proteins - Enzyme I (I), HPr, Enzyme IIA (IIA), and Enzyme IIB (IIB)) as well as the integral membrane sugar permease (IIC). The PTS Enzyme II complexes are derived from independently evolving 4 PTS Enzyme II complex superfamilies, that include the (1) Glucose (Glc),(2) Mannose (Man), (3) Ascorbate-Galactitol (Asc-Gat) and (4) Dihydroxyacetone (Dha) superfamilies.

The four families that make up the PTS-GFL superfamily include:

## Further reading


title: Eyzahut

abstract: Eyzahut is a commune in the Drôme department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France. It is a rather touristic spot of the area in the summer, thanks to the natural scenery surrounding it and infrastructures built in the 1970s.

text:
# Eyzahut

**Eyzahut** (French pronunciation: \[eza.y\]) is a commune in the Drôme department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France. It is a rather touristic spot of the area in the summer, thanks to the natural scenery surrounding it and infrastructures built in the 1970s (public swimming pool, tennis court).

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 52 |  |
| 1975 | 47 | −1.43% |
| 1982 | 78 | +7.50% |
| 1990 | 86 | +1.23% |
| 1999 | 111 | +2.88% |
| 2009 | 131 | +1.67% |
| 2014 | 135 | +0.60% |
| 2020 | 151 | +1.88% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Eyzahut | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A general view of Eyzahut | |
| Location of Eyzahut | |
| EyzahutEyzahut | |
| Coordinates: 44°33′57″N 5°00′45″E / 44.5658°N 5.0125°E / 44.5658; 5.0125 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Drôme |
| Arrondissement | Nyons |
| Canton | Dieulefit |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Fabienne Simian |
| Area**1** | 6.66 km2 (2.57 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 152 |
| Density | 23/km2 (59/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 26131 /26160 |
| Elevation | 285–872 m (935–2,861 ft) |
| Website | http://www.eyzahut.fr/ |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Palaeoctopus

abstract: Palaeoctopus is an extinct genus of octopuses that lived during the Late Cretaceous. It contains one valid species, P. newboldi, which has been found in Lebanon.

text:
# Palaeoctopus

***Palaeoctopus*** is an extinct genus of octopuses that lived during the Late Cretaceous. It contains one valid species, ***P. newboldi***, which has been found in Lebanon.

## Taxonomy

*Calais newboldi* was named by Henry B. Woodward in 1896 for a nearly-complete specimen from the Sahel Alma lagerstätte of Lebanon. However, that genus name was preoccupied by the beetle *Calais*. Woodward named *Palaeoctopus* as a replacement later the same year. Embrik Strand proposed the alternate replacement name *Calaita* in 1928.

*Beloteuthis libanotica* was named by Adolf Naef in 1922 for a supposed teudopsid gladius from Sahel Alma. It was moved to a new genus, *Parateudopsis*, by Theo Engeser and Joachim Reitner in 1986. The specimen was eventually reidentified as an isolated gladius vestige of *P. newboldi*.

A second species, *P. pelagicus*, was named by Dirk Fuchs and colleagues in 2008 for an alleged gladius vestige from the Vallecillo lagerstätte of Mexico. It was subsequently revealed to be a gular plate from a coelacanth, possibly a juvenile *Megalocoelacanthus*.

## InfoBox

| *Palaeoctopus*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Holotype of *Palaeoctopus newboldi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Order: | Octopoda |
| Family: | Palaeoctopodidae |
| Genus: | *Palaeoctopus*
Woodward, 1896b |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Palaeoctopus newboldi***
(Woodward, 1896a) | |
| Synonyms | |
| Genus synonymy   Species synonymy * + *Calais newboldi*
Woodward, 1896a     + *Calaita newboldi*
(Woodward, 1896a)     + *Beloteuthis libanotica*
Naef, 1922     + *Parateudopsis libanotica*
(Naef, 1922) | |


title: Palaeocuma

abstract: Palaeocuma hessi is an extinct species of cumacean, the only species in the genus Palaeocuma, and one of very few fossil cumaceans ever discovered. It lived in the Callovian age in France.

text:
# Palaeocuma

***Palaeocuma hessi*** is an extinct species of cumacean, the only species in the genus ***Palaeocuma***, and one of very few fossil cumaceans ever discovered. It lived in the Callovian age (Middle Jurassic) in France.

## InfoBox

| *Palaeocuma*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Cumacea |
| Genus: | *Palaeocuma* |
| Species: | ***P. hessi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Palaeocuma hessi***
Bachmayer, 1960 | |
|


title: Pact of San José de Flores

abstract: The Pact of San José de Flores was a treaty signed between the Argentine Confederation and the State of Buenos Aires on November 11, 1859, on the aftermath of the Battle of Cepeda. It established guidelines for the entry of the latter into the Confederation, and Buenos Aires' acceptance of the Argentine Constitution of 1853.

text:
# Pact of San José de Flores

The **Pact of San José de Flores** (*Pacto Unión San José de Flores*, or *Pacto de Unión Nacional*) was a treaty signed between the Argentine Confederation and the State of Buenos Aires on November 11, 1859, on the aftermath of the Battle of Cepeda. It established guidelines for the entry of the latter into the Confederation, and Buenos Aires' acceptance of the Argentine Constitution of 1853.

## Overview

### Background

The Argentine Confederation, consisting of thirteen provinces in the interior, and the State of Buenos Aires, formed by the Province of Buenos Aires had divided what today is Argentina since the 1852 Battle of Caseros removed the paramount Governor of Buenos Aires, Juan Manuel de Rosas (who had wielded the sum of public power since 1835, thereby keeping the nation tenuously united). The division was caused by the refusal of Buenos Aires to endorse the San Nicolás Agreement of 1853 or to recognize the Constitution of Argentina, promulgated that year.

The most contentious issue remained the Buenos Aires Customs, which remained under the control of the city government and was the chief source of public revenue. Nations with which the Confederation maintained foreign relations, moreover, kept all embassies in Buenos Aires (rather than in the capital, Paraná).

The Buenos Aires government also enjoyed numerous alliances in the hinterland, including that of Santiago del Estero Province (led by Manuel Taboada), as well as among powerful Liberal Party governors in Salta, Corrientes, Tucumán and San Juan. The 1858 assassination of San Juan's Federalist governor, Nazario Benavídez, by Liberals inflamed tensions between the Confederation and the State of Buenos Aires. Relations deteriorated further with the signing of a free trade agreement between the Port of Rosario (the chief Confederate port) and the Port of Montevideo to the detriment of Buenos Aires. The election of Valentín Alsina as Governor of Buenos Aires made hostilities imminent, culminating in the Battle of Cepeda of October 23, 1859.

Buenos Aires forces, led by General Bartolomé Mitre, were defeated by those led by the President of the Confederacy, Justo José de Urquiza. Ordered to subjugate Buenos Aires separatists by force, Urquiza instead invited the defeated to a round of negotiations. The son of the President of Paraguay, General Francisco Solano López, had attempted to prevent the Battle of Cepeda, persuaded Governor Alsina to accept Urquiza's offer, and a meeting place was soon arranged in the village of San José de Flores (west of the capital), by Buenos Aires emissaries Juan Bautista Peña (Minister of the Economy) and jurist Carlos Tejedor.

### Negotiations

Buenos Aires was represented by Peña, Tejedor and Antonio Cruz Obligado. The Confederation was represented by Senate Vice President Tomás Guido, Urquiza, San Luis Province Governor Juan Esteban Pedernera (who had played a decisive military role at Cepeda), and Jujuy Province Governor Daniel Aráoz.

The negotiations were guarded by Urquiza's forces, despite objections to this by Buenos Aires delegates. Urquiza, furthermore, demanded the resignation of Buenos Aires Governor Alsina and his cabinet. Faced with the threat of invasion, Alsina's government resigned, and he was replaced by Vice Governor Felipe Llavallol.

Following an impasse, General López succeeded in restarting talks on November 9, and on November 11, the Pact of National Union was signed.

### Treaty and terms

The final text closely followed President Urquiza's stipulations, though with a number of concessions toward Buenos Aires. The principal terms were:

* Buenos Aires was declared part of the Argentine Confederation.
* The city government would convene a provincial convention to review and propose amendments to the National Constitution.
* Any amendments would be discussed by a National Constitutional Convention, meeting in Santa Fe, with the participation of all provinces.
* The territory of Buenos Aires could not be divided without the consent of the Provincial Legislature. This was prescient because of the Constitutional stipulation that the nation's capital was the city of Buenos Aires as a federal district; the creation of such as district would by definition separate it from the surrounding province.
* Buenos Aires would forfeit any diplomatic relations.
* The Province of Buenos Aires would retain all public properties and buildings, with the exception of the Customs, which would be nationalized.
* Blanket amnesty would be declared for all participants in the past disputes, and for any actions pursuant to those disputes.
* The occupying Argentine Army would withdraw from the Province of Buenos Aires.

### Aftermath

The constitutional convention ultimately met on September 14, 1860, and approved the amendments outlined in the treaty on September 23. Elections on March 6, 1860, resulted in victory for the incumbent Federalist Party, electing Santiago Derqui (who had administered San Juan Province following the Benavídez assassination, and whom Urquiza trusted) and General Pedernera. The influence of the new governor of Buenos Aires, Bartolomé Mitre, on the Derqui presidency was strong, and Mitre obtained numerous important bills from Derqui, including an extension on the province's customs house concession and measures benefiting the Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires, whose currency was authorized for use as legal tender at the customs house (thereby controlling much of the nation's foreign trade). These concessions would strain Derqui's relations with Urquiza, who had been returned as governor of Entre Ríos, though the enactment of the new constitution on October 8 temporarily placated ongoing tensions.

This impasse continued until, on November 16, Domingo Sarmiento organized a revolt in his native San Juan Province, leading to Governor José Antonio Virasoro's murder and renewed hostilities. The insurrection spread to neighboring Córdoba Province, which the president (who was from Córdoba) attempted to quell by personally assuming the governor's post.

The absence of the president from the nation's capital led to Mitre's abrogation of the Pact of San José de Flores and -inevitably- to renewed civil war. These hostilities culminated in the September 17, 1861, Battle of Pavón, and the victory on the part of Mitre and Buenos Aires over Urquiza's national forces. President Derqui resigned, and the national government was taken by Mitre who, despite victory, reaffirmed his commitment to the 1860 constitutional amendments and was to be elected the first president of the reunited Argentine Republic on September 4, 1862.

* *Historical Dictionary of Argentina*. London: Scarecrow Press, 1978.
* "El Convenio de Unión o Pacto de San José de Flores (noviembre de 1859)" (in Spanish). Universidad del CEMA.

## InfoBox

Pact of San José de Flores
| Stamp commemorating the centennial of the 1859 Pact of San José de Flores | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | November 11, 1859 (1859-11-11) |
| Location | Flores, Buenos Aires |
| Also known as | *Pacto Unión San José de Flores*
*Pacto de Unión Nacional* |
| Participants | **State of Buenos Aires**: Juan Bautista Peña and Carlos Tejedor
**Argentine Confederation**: Tomás Guido, Daniel Aráoz, and Juan Esteban Pedernera
**Mediator**: Francisco Solano López (Paraguay). |
| Outcome | Province of Buenos Aires readmitted into the Argentine Confederation. Agreement proved tentative until the 1861 Battle of Pavón affirmed Buenos Aires' position. |


abstract: Nevis Township is a township in Hubbard County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 875 at the 2000 census. Nevis Township may be named after Ben Nevis, in Scotland.

text:
# Nevis Township, Hubbard County, Minnesota

**Nevis Township** is a township in Hubbard County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 875 at the 2000 census.

Nevis Township may be named after Ben Nevis, in Scotland.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 33.5 square miles (86.7 km2), of which 27.8 square miles (71.9 km2) is land and 5.7 square miles (14.8 km2) (17.08%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 875 people, 368 households, and 277 families residing in the township. The population density was 31.5 inhabitants per square mile (12.2/km2). There were 828 housing units at an average density of 29.8 per square mile (11.5/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.60% White, 0.57% African American, 0.46% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.69% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.91% of the population.

There were 368 households, out of which 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.3% were married couples living together, 3.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.7% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.69.

In the township the population was spread out, with 20.5% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 19.8% from 25 to 44, 33.8% from 45 to 64, and 20.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.9 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $40,804, and the median income for a family was $45,625. Males had a median income of $29,000 versus $17,813 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,315. About 2.6% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Nevis Township, Minnesota | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Nevis Township, MinnesotaLocation within the state of MinnesotaNevis Township, MinnesotaNevis Township, Minnesota (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 46°56′44″N 94°51′29″W / 46.94556°N 94.85806°W / 46.94556; -94.85806 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | Hubbard |
| Area | |
| Total | 33.5 sq mi (86.7 km2) |
| Land | 27.8 sq mi (71.9 km2) |
| Water | 5.7 sq mi (14.8 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,440 ft (439 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 875 |
| Density | 31.5/sq mi (12.2/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 56467 |
| Area code | 218 |
| FIPS code | 27-45358 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0665086 |


title: Margaret Meek Spencer

abstract: Margaret Meek or Margaret Meek Spencer was an influential British educationalist in the field of literacy.

text:
# Margaret Meek Spencer

**Margaret Meek** or **Margaret Meek Spencer** (14 January 1925 – 4 May 2020) was an influential British educationalist in the field of literacy.

## Life

Meek was born in Leven, Fife to Robert and Elisabeth Meek. She studied English Literature and Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh before becoming a teacher. Her specialism became the teaching of reading and during her academic career she wrote and lectured about the ways that children learn reading skills. She taught at the Institute of Education, University of London from 1968 until retirement in 1990, when she became Emeritus Reader in Education.

## Early life and career

At the age of 10, Meek and her family moved to Dunfermline. After her studies at Edinburgh Meek took a job at Haberdashers’ Aske's school for girls (in Acton, London) where she taught English from 1950 until 1954. On leaving that role, she moved to the University of Leeds as a research assistant for the educationist Roy Niblett, then on to the University of Bristol where she worked in teacher education. She married Patrick Spencer in 1960, but wrote as "Margaret Meek". It was at the School of Education, London University where she started to tutor and lecture students who have become prominent figures in the field of children's literature. The UK Children's Laureate from 2007 to 2009, Michael Rosen states that she supervised his postgraduate work and continued that support through her life. She was also the editor of "The School Librarian" where she reviewed the work of children's authors, for example, David Almond's book *The True Tale of the Monster Billy Dean*.

## Books

* *The Cool Web* (1978)
* *Learning to Read* (1982), *ISBN 9780099423058*
* *On Being Literate* (1971), *ISBN 9780370311906*
* *How Texts Teach* *What Readers Learn* (1988), *ISBN 9780903355230*

. Language and Literacy in the Primary School (1988) with Colin Mills. Routledge/Falmer

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Margaret Meek | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1925-01-14)14 January 1925<br>Leven, Fife, Scotland, UK |
| Died | 4 May 2020(2020-05-04) (aged 95) |
| Nationality | British |


title: Xenicopoda

abstract: Xenicopoda helenae is a species of beetle of the Staphylinidae family, Anthophagini tribe. It is the only species of genus Xenicopoda. The species is present in California.

text:
# Xenicopoda

***Xenicopoda helenae*** is a species of beetle of the Staphylinidae family, Anthophagini tribe. It is the only species of genus ***Xenicopoda***. The species is present in California.

## InfoBox

| *Xenicopoda* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Staphylinidae |
| Subfamily: | Omaliinae |
| Tribe: | Anthophagini |
| Genus: | *Xenicopoda*
Moore & Legner, 1971 |
| Species: | ***X. helenae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xenicopoda helenae***
Moore & Legner, 1971 | |
|


# List of King George V Playing Fields in London

| London | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Location | Formal name | Local name (if any) | National Grid Reference | Dates | | External links |
| | | | | Purchase | Opening | |
| Bermondsey | King George's Field | All Saints' Churchyard | TQ 352 793 |  |  | "King George's Field, Southwark". London Gardens Online. |
| Camberwell | Addington Square Garden |  | TQ 325 775 |  |  | "Addington Square Garden, Southwark". London Gardens Online. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. |
| City of London | King George's Field | n/a | TQ 336 809 |  |  |  |
| Croydon | King Georges Field | n/a | TQ 329 670 |  |  | London Borough of Croydon |
| Custom House | King George V Park | n/a | TQ 416 813 |  |  | London Borough of Newham, Find your local park |
| Dagenham | King George V Memorial Field | n/a | TQ 492 836 | 1904 |  | "Revamp for King George V Field" |
| Enfield | King George V Playing Fields | King G's or Southbury Playing Fields | TQ 340 970 |  |  |  |
| Enfield (Edmonton) | King George V Playing Fields | Delhi Field or Delhi Gardens | TQ 337 948 |  |  | "Parks & Gardens UK ref 7876" |
| Ham, London | King George's Field | n/a | TQ 169 728 |  |  |  |
| Hanwell | King George V Playing Field | King George's Playground,
Hanwell Heath,
Poors Piece (former) | TQ 1532 7987 |  |  |  |
| Havering | King Georges Playing Fields | Mawney Park | TQ 499 896 |  |  |  |
| Lower Morden | King George’s Playing Field | n/a | TQ 241 668 |  |  | Parks in Merton (PDF) |
| Monken Hadley | King George's Fields | n/a | TQ 249 969 |  |  | image |
| Penge | King George's Field | Betts Park | TQ 347 695 | 1937 |  | Betts Park |
| Sidcup | King George's Field | King George's Recreation Ground | TQ 4604 7253 |  |  | London Borough of Bexley |
| Southall | King George's Playing Field | n/a | TQ128 822 |  |  | "Parks & Gardens UK ref 9379" |
| Tolworth | King George's Field | Corinthian Casuals Football Club | TQ 193 651 |  | 1953 | UK Running Track Directory |
| Tottenham | Markfield Park | (opened as Markfield Recreation Ground King George's Field) | TQ 3410 8866 |  | 1938 | Friends of Markfield Park |
| Totteridge | King George V Playing Fields | n/a | TQ 2509 9518 |  |  |  |
| Worcester Park | Salisbury Road |  | TQ 214 650 |  |  |  |


title: Powa Technologies

abstract:
Powa Technologies was a UK-based technology company, known for its commerce, mobile commerce and e-commerce services.
The company’s flagship product was the mobile application PowaTag. In February 2016, investment company Wellington Management appointed professional services firm Deloitte as administrators of Powa Technologies.

text:
# Powa Technologies

**Powa Technologies** was a UK-based technology company, known for its commerce, mobile commerce and e-commerce services. The company’s flagship product was the mobile application *PowaTag*. In February 2016, investment company Wellington Management appointed professional services firm Deloitte as administrators of Powa Technologies.

## History

Powa was founded in 2007 by British entrepreneur Dan Wagner. The company received the largest Series A funding round for a technology start-up at the time, collecting $76 million in August 2013. The investment attracted the attention of David Cameron.

In June 2014, Powa Technologies acquired Hong Kong business MPayMe and its ZNAP technology. Following the acquisition, Wagner suggested that Powa had an enterprise value of $2.6 billion.

In 2015, they announced that their planned LSE £1.6 billion float would be put on hold until the following year. By early 2016, the company had run into financial difficulties, missing payments to staff and third parties. Its Hong Kong office had failed to pay its employees wages on time and to its ex-employees within 7 days, with some employees having to seek help from the Labor Department. On 28 January 2016, Alessandro Gadotti became CEO of PowaTag in the effort of restructuring the business. During the administration, he also served as interim CEO for the Group, supporting the process and the sale of the companies in the group. On 19 February 2016, Powa Technologies was placed into administration, and on 23 February 2016, Powa Technologies made 74 of its London-based staff redundant. On 24 February 2016, Powa Technologies filed for bankruptcy and laid off most of their employees. The investment company Wellington Management appointed professional services firm Deloitte as administrators of PowaTag.

### Revelations of false valuation

*Business Insider* revealed that most of Powa's 'contracts' had in fact only been non-binding letters of intent; and on 2 March 2016, Sky News revealed that two of Powa's core businesses, PowaWeb and PowaTag, had been sold. Under separate deals, PowaTag was sold to a private consortium led by former Powa Technologies director Ben White, while PowaWeb was sold in a buyout backed by Greenlight Digital, a UK-based digital group whose interests include Greenlight Commerce Platform and OneHydra for SEO.

After the collapse of the business, a series of articles by the Financial Times called into question several of the claims that had previously been made. Powa's self-proclaimed 2014 valuation of $2.6 billion was investigated, and it was concluded that $106 million (£75 million) was a more accurate figure. The claimed "10-year strategic alliance with ‘limitless’ potential” deal with China UnionPay that Dan Wagner personally described in a quote to the BBC as “Why did China UnionPay decide to partner with a little British technology company? We’ve trumped ApplePay and the rest of the world here...” was found to be unknown to China UnionPay who had their lawyers request that Powa stop making the false claims and the majority of the partners upon which the investment and consequent valuation had been based, were found to be just Letters of Intent at best.

## ZNAP

*ZNAP* was a mobile business platform developed by Hong Kong–based company MPayMe, a business technology company founded in 2010. ZNAP supported Internet (online shopping), mobile shopping (via mobile handsets), print (magazines, newspapers), outdoor ads (posters, bus shelters), television, and app-to-app. Basic features included electronic vouchers/coupons, real-time loyalty programme management, alongside secure/efficient mobile payments. The ZNAP mobile app was available for Apple iOS, Google Android, and BlackBerry OS supported devices.

In May 2014, ZNAP was acquired by Powa for US$75 million in an all share deal. ZNAP product and customers merged with Powa Technologies PowaTag division.

## PowaTag

**PowaTag** was a mobile payment enabling technology and mobile application by Powa Technologies. PowaTag was launched at a March 2014 event in New York by Powa CEO Dan Wagner. At the time of launch, more than 240 retailers were reported to have signed to use the service, but later reports revealed that most of the companies had only written non-binding letters of intent.

### Features

With the app, users could make purchases using a smartphone, with payment and delivery details tied to a specific device. The app incorporated elements of QR code detection, audio recognition, and beacon technology. Audio watermarks in the form of inaudible tones embedded within radio, commercials, or live broadcast events were detectable by the app, taking users to a mobile commerce store where a purchase could be made.

## InfoBox

Powa Technologies
|
|  |
| Founder | Dan Wagner |
| Headquarters | Heron Tower, Bishopsgate, London, United Kingdom |
| Products |  |
| Website | www.powa.com |


title: Pact of Madrid

abstract: The Pact of Madrid, signed on 23 September 1953 by Francoist Spain and the United States, was a significant effort to break the international isolation of Spain after World War II, together with the Concordat of 1953. This development came at a time when other victorious Allies of World War II and much of the rest of the world remained hostile to a fascist regime sympathetic to the cause of the Axis powers and established with the Axis assistance. The 1953 accord took the form of three separate executive agreements that pledged the United States to furnish economic and military aid to Spain. The United States, in turn, was to be permitted to construct and to utilize air and naval bases on Spanish territory. The US Joint Chiefs of Staff saw these bases and the resulting military alliance with Spain as a necessary military option to allow an orderly retreat of its troops from Central Europe in case of Soviet attack on Western Europe. Although not a full-fledged military alliance, the pact did result in a substantial United States contribution to the improvement of Spain's defense capabilities. During the initial United States fiscal years 1954 to 1961 phase, military aid amounted to US$500 million, in the form of grants. Between 1962 and 1982, a further US$1.238 billion of aid in the form of loans and grants was provided. During the period 1983 to 1986, United States military aid, entirely in the form of sales under concessional credit terms, averaged US$400 million annually, but it declined to slightly more than US$100 million annually in 1987 and in 1988. The military credits were scheduled to be phased out in the fiscal year 1989, in keeping with Spain's growing self-sufficiency in national defense. More than 200 officers and NCOs of the Spanish Armed Forces received specialized training in the United States each year under a parallel program.

text:
# Pact of Madrid

The **Pact of Madrid**, signed on 23 September 1953 by Francoist Spain and the United States, was a significant effort to break the international isolation of Spain after World War II, together with the Concordat of 1953. This development came at a time when other victorious Allies of World War II and much of the rest of the world remained hostile (for the 1946 United Nations condemnation of the Francoist regime, see Spanish Question) to a fascist regime sympathetic to the cause of the Axis powers and established with the Axis assistance.

The 1953 accord took the form of three separate executive agreements that pledged the United States to furnish economic and military aid to Spain. The United States, in turn, was to be permitted to construct and to utilize air and naval bases on Spanish territory (Naval Station Rota, Morón Air Base, Torrejón Air Base and Zaragoza Air Base). The US Joint Chiefs of Staff saw these bases and the resulting military alliance with Spain as a necessary military option to allow an orderly retreat of its troops from Central Europe in case of Soviet attack on Western Europe.

Although not a full-fledged military alliance, the pact did result in a substantial United States contribution to the improvement of Spain's defense capabilities. During the initial United States fiscal years 1954 to 1961 phase, military aid amounted to US$500 million, in the form of grants. Between 1962 and 1982, a further US$1.238 billion of aid in the form of loans (US$727 million) and grants (US$511 million) was provided. During the period 1983 to 1986, United States military aid, entirely in the form of sales under concessional credit terms, averaged US$400 million annually, but it declined to slightly more than US$100 million annually in 1987 and in 1988. The military credits were scheduled to be phased out in the fiscal year 1989, in keeping with Spain's growing self-sufficiency in national defense. More than 200 officers and NCOs of the Spanish Armed Forces received specialized training in the United States each year under a parallel program.


abstract: Heidelberg Township is a township in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The township was erected in 1750 and encompassed the land grant known as Digges' Choice, a warrant granted to John Digges in 1727 by the colonial-era Province of Maryland, prior to the time the Mason-Dixon line fixed the final boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania. The population of Heidelberg Township was 3,027 at the 2020 census. The township consisted of 9,030 acres and extended as far west as the borough (town) of McSherrystown. The township included the borough (town) of Hanover until Hanover was made a borough in 1815. When Adams County was formed from western York County in 1800, the portion of Heidelberg Township that was included in York County was subsequently renamed Conewago Township. In 1860, the western half of Heidelberg Township including the area around Hanover was split off to form Penn Township. Although residents of this township have a Hanover address, the children attend Spring Grove School District.

text:
# Heidelberg Township, York County, Pennsylvania

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1850 | 1,616 |  |  |
| 1860 | 1,758 |  | 8.8% |
| 1870 | 2,266 |  | 28.9% |
| 1880 | 916 |  | −59.6% |
| 1890 | 954 |  | 4.1% |
| 1900 | 1,013 |  | 6.2% |
| 1910 | 985 |  | −2.8% |
| 1920 | 982 |  | −0.3% |
| 1930 | 1,000 |  | 1.8% |
| 1940 | 1,040 |  | 4.0% |
| 1950 | 1,138 |  | 9.4% |
| 1990 | 2,622 |  |  |
| 2000 | 2,970 |  | 13.3% |
| 2010 | 3,078 |  | 3.6% |
| 2020 | 3,027 |  | −1.7% |
| 2021 (est.) | 3,029 |  | 0.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

**Heidelberg Township** is a township in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The township was erected in 1750 and encompassed the land grant known as Digges' Choice, a warrant granted to John Digges in 1727 by the colonial-era Province of Maryland, prior to the time the Mason-Dixon line fixed the final boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania. The population of Heidelberg Township was 3,027 at the 2020 census.

The township consisted of 9,030 acres and extended as far west as the borough (town) of McSherrystown. The township included the borough (town) of Hanover until Hanover was made a borough in 1815. When Adams County was formed from western York County in 1800, the portion of Heidelberg Township that was included in York County was subsequently renamed Conewago Township.

In 1860, the western half of Heidelberg Township including the area around Hanover was split off to form Penn Township. Although residents of this township have a Hanover address, the children attend Spring Grove School District.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 15.0 square miles (39 km2), of which 14.5 square miles (38 km2) is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2), or 3.41%, is water.

## Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 2,970 people, 1,082 households, and 871 families residing in the township. The population density was 205.4 inhabitants per square mile (79.3/km2). There were 1,104 housing units at an average density of 76.4 per square mile (29.5/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.91% White, 0.47% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.27% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.64% of the population.

There were 1,082 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.3% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.5% were non-families. 15.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the township, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.5 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $51,976, and the median income for a family was $56,763. Males had a median income of $38,429 versus $23,225 for females. The per capita income for the township was $23,506. About 2.3% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.2% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over.

39°50′00″N 76°54′59″W / 39.83333°N 76.91639°W / 39.83333; -76.91639

## InfoBox

| Heidelberg Township,
York County,
Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Bair's Mennonite Meetinghouse | |
| Location in York County and the state of Pennsylvania. | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | York |
| Settled | 1738 |
| Incorporated | 1750 |
| Government | |
| Type | Board of Supervisors |
| Area | |
| Total | 14.55 sq mi (37.69 km2) |
| Land | 14.02 sq mi (36.30 km2) |
| Water | 0.54 sq mi (1.39 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,027 |
| Estimate (2021) | 3,029 |
| Density | 219.46/sq mi (84.74/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 717 |
| FIPS code | 42-133-33624 |