title: Miami Inferno

abstract: The Miami Inferno was a professional indoor football team which was a member of the Ultimate Indoor Football League (UIFL). Based in Coral Gables, Florida, the Inferno played some of their home games at the BankUnited Center on the campus of the University of Miami. They were the latest indoor/arena football team to play in the Miami area after the Miami Hooters Florida Bobcats of the Arena Football League, who played from 1993 to 2001. Cade Kretuer, son of Chad Kreuter was made back up QB prior to the start of the 2014 season. The Inferno were owned by Chad and Amber Dittman. The UIFL suspended the Miami Inferno on July 12, 2014. All remaining games of the 2014 season were forfeited.

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# Miami Inferno

The **Miami Inferno** was a professional indoor football team which was a member of the Ultimate Indoor Football League (UIFL). Based in Coral Gables, Florida, the Inferno played some of their home games at the BankUnited Center on the campus of the University of Miami. They were the latest indoor/arena football team to play in the Miami area after the Miami Hooters Florida Bobcats of the Arena Football League, who played from 1993 to 2001. Cade Kretuer, son of Chad Kreuter was made back up QB prior to the start of the 2014 season. The Inferno were owned by Chad and Amber Dittman. The UIFL suspended the Miami Inferno on July 12, 2014. All remaining games of the 2014 season were forfeited.

## Head coaches

| Name | Term | Regular season | | | | Playoffs | | Awards |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | W | L | T | Win% | W | L | |
| Pete Taylor | 2014 | 4 | 1 | 0 | .800 | 0 | 0 |  |

## Season-by-season results

| **League Champions** | **Conference Champions** | **Division Champions** | **Wild Card Berth** | **League Leader** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| Season | Team | League | Conference | Division | Regular season | | | | Postseason results |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | Finish | Wins | Losses | Ties | |
| 2014 | 2014 | UIFL |  |  | 2nd | 4 | 1 |  |  |
| Totals | | | | | | **4** | **1** |  | **All-time regular season record (2014)** | | |
| | **0** | **0** | - | **All-time postseason record (2014)** | | |
| | **4** | **1** |  | **All-time regular season and postseason record (2014)** | | |
| |

## InfoBox

| Miami Inferno | |
| --- | --- |
| **Established 2013**
**Folded 2014**
**Played** in Coral Gables, Florida
at the BankUnited Center | |
|  | |
|  | |
| League/conference affiliations | |
| Ultimate Indoor Football League (2014) | |
| **Current uniform** | |
|  | |
| Team colors | Navy, Orange, White |
| Mascot | Torch |
| Personnel | |
| Owner(s) | Chad Dittman
Amber Dittman |
| General manager | Harold Cole |
| Head coach | Pete Taylor |
| Team history | |
| * **Miami Inferno** (2014) | |
| Championships | |
| **League championships (0)**
 | |
| **Conference championships (0)**
 | |
| **Division championships (0)**
 | |
| Home arena(s) | |
|  | |


title: Miami International Autodrome

abstract: The Miami International Autodrome is a purpose-built temporary circuit around Hard Rock Stadium and its private facilities in the Miami suburb of Miami Gardens, Florida, United States. The track is 3.363 mi (5.412 km) long and features 19 corners with an average in a Formula One car of around 139 mph (224 km/h) in qualifying. The track was designed by Formula One track designers, Apex Circuit Design, for the Miami Grand Prix, which was added to the Formula One calendar for the 2022 World Championship.

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# Miami International Autodrome

The **Miami International Autodrome** is a purpose-built temporary circuit around Hard Rock Stadium and its private facilities in the Miami suburb of Miami Gardens, Florida, United States. The track is 3.363 mi (5.412 km) long and features 19 corners with an average in a Formula One car of around 139 mph (224 km/h) in qualifying. The track was designed by Formula One track designers, Apex Circuit Design, for the Miami Grand Prix, which was added to the Formula One calendar for the 2022 World Championship.

## History

The track had been proposed as early as October 2019 with an initial design at the venue, with up to 75 circuit designs having been considered, and 36 being simulated. The stadium's owner, Stephen Ross, had been attempting to attract Formula One for several years before the initial design was published. Organizers for the Grand Prix at Hard Rock Stadium had an agreement in principle to host a race from 2021, but this was delayed. Miami Gardens commissioners had initially voted against the track's creation, but this was reversed on April 14, 2021. On September 2, 2021, the track was officially named as the "Miami International Autodrome".

## Circuit

The circuit is on the private grounds of Hard Rock Stadium, and uses new and existing roads within. The permanent asphalt pathways of the circuit are integrated into the Hard Rock Stadium parking areas. The circuit is a temporary circuit, and does not use any public streets that are located around Hard Rock Stadium, though it does cross public roads. Each year and a few weeks before the race weekend, the circuit and its safety features are assembled just for the race weekend. After the race weekend, the circuit is dismantled and Hard Rock Stadium grounds are converted back to normal.

## Events

Current Future Former

## Lap records

As of May 2024, the fastest official race lap records at the Miami International Autodrome are listed as:

| Category | Time | Driver | Vehicle | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Grand Prix Circuit: 3.363 miles (5.412 km) (2022–present) | | | | |
| Formula One | **1:29.708** | Max Verstappen | Red Bull Racing RB19 | 2023 Miami Grand Prix |
| Formula Regional | **1:56.406** | Abbi Pulling | Tatuus F3 T-318 | 2022 Miami W Series round |
| Porsche Carrera Cup | **1:56.693** | Riley Dickinson | Porsche 911 (992) GT3 Cup | 2023 Miami Porsche Carrera Cup North America round |
| Formula 4 | **1:59.322** | Bianca Bustamante | Tatuus F4-T421 | 2024 Miami F1 Academy round |
|

## InfoBox

Miami International Autodrome
|
 | |
| --- | --- |
| Grand Prix Circuit (2022–present) | |
| Location | Hard Rock Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida, U.S. |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (UTC−4 DST) |
| Coordinates | 25°57′29″N 80°14′20″W / 25.95806°N 80.23889°W / 25.95806; -80.23889 |
| Capacity | 65,000 |
| FIA Grade | 1 |
| Broke ground | 2021 (2021) |
| Opened | May 7, 2022 (2022-05-07) |
| Architect | Apex Circuit Design |
| Major events | **Current:**
**Formula One**
*Miami Grand Prix* (2022–present)
**Future:**
**Ferrari Challenge North America** (2025) |
| Grand Prix Circuit (2022–present) | |
| Surface | Asphalt |
| Length | 3.363 miles (5.412 km) |
| Turns | 19 |
| Race lap record | 1:29.708 ( Max Verstappen, Red Bull Racing RB19, 2023, F1) |


title: Miami International Auto Show

abstract: The Miami International Auto Show is an American auto show which has been held annually in Miami Beach, Florida since 1971. Although the exact date varies, it often falls between the final week of October and the first week of December. The event showcases upcoming automobiles, such as trucks, SUVs, and cars. The show also may allow attendees to test drive new vehicles. The event lasts 10 days and has an average of 650,000 visitors annually, making it one of the highest-attended auto shows in the United States. The show is the first-scheduled of the "A-sized category" automobile shows in the United States. In 2017, the Miami International Auto Show was cancelled due to Hurricane Irma.

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# Miami International Auto Show

The **Miami International Auto Show** (known as the **South Florida Auto Show** until 2012) is an American auto show which has been held annually in Miami Beach, Florida since 1971. Although the exact date varies, it often falls between the final week of October and the first week of December. The event showcases upcoming automobiles, such as trucks, SUVs, and cars. The show also may allow attendees to test drive new vehicles.

The event lasts 10 days and has an average of 650,000 visitors annually, making it one of the highest-attended auto shows in the United States. The show is the first-scheduled of the "A-sized category" automobile shows in the United States.

In 2017, the Miami International Auto Show was cancelled due to Hurricane Irma.

## Debuts

The following vehicles have had their worldwide or North American debut at the auto show:

### 1990s

### 2000s


title: Michael Cohen (physicist)

abstract: Michael Cohen was an American condensed matter physicist and professor emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania. He worked on theoretical understanding of liquid helium, ferroelectrics, and biological membranes using quantum mechanics. He was a fellow of the American Physical Society and co-founder and Honorary Trustee of the Aspen Center for Physics (ACP), described as a "utopia for physicists."

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# Michael Cohen (physicist)

**Michael Cohen** (May 9, 1930-June 30, 2024) was an American condensed matter physicist and professor emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania. He worked on theoretical understanding of liquid helium, ferroelectrics, and biological membranes using quantum mechanics.

He was a fellow of the American Physical Society and co-founder and Honorary Trustee of the Aspen Center for Physics (ACP), described as a "utopia for physicists."

## Life

Michael Cohen was born in Manhattan, New York City in 1930.

Cohen earned his Bachelor of Science degree at Cornell University in 1951. Under the supervision of Richard Feynman, with whom he published papers on the physics of liquid helium, Cohen earned his Ph.D. at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1956. Cohen held postdoctoral positions at Caltech and the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton with J. Robert Oppenheimer before joining the faculty in the department of physics at the University of Pennsylvania. Among the Ph.D. candidates whom Cohen supervised is the physicist Mark G. Kuzyk. He also worked as a member of Penn’s faculty senate.

Cohen organized problem-solving seminars for graduate students preparing for the Ph.D. qualifying exam. For this work he referred to himself as “the department’s Stanley Kaplan.”

In 1960, the American Physical Society appointed him a fellow.

In 1962, Cohen worked with colleagues George Stranahan and Robert W. Craig to establish and raise funds for the Aspen Center for Physics to foster collaborative research among physicists from different sub-fields, independent of any one university or institution. Together they generated initial support from the U.S. Office of Naval Research and the Needmor Fund to finance the center's first building. A historical retrospective of the ACP, written upon its fiftieth anniversary, suggested that Cohen's role in the center's establishment was that he "found the talent" – that is, drew in the physicists – for its early scientific programs. In 1963 he recruited Hans Bethe into the institute.

He became emeritus professor in 1998.

He died in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania in 2024.

## Books

In 2011, Cohen completed a textbook entitled, *Classical Mechanics: a Critical Introduction*, in collaboration with fellow physicist Larry Gladney, who prepared the solutions manual.

## Mountain climbing

Cohen was also mountain climber. In 1963, with two other climbers, he completed the first ascent of the north face of Capitol Peak. Also two rock-climbing routes near Aspen, Colorado are named after him: Cohen's Crown and Cohen's Last Problem.

## InfoBox

| Michael Cohen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1930-05-09)May 9, 1930
New York City, United States |
| Died | June 30, 2024(2024-06-30) (aged 94)
Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Education | Cornell University (B.S.)
Caltech (PhD) |
| Honours | Fellow of the American Physical Society |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Condensed matter physics |
| Institutions | University of Pennsylvania
Aspen Center for Physics (co-founder) |
| Thesis | *The Energy Spectrum of the Excitations in Liquid Helium* (1956) |
| Doctoral advisor | Richard Feynman |
|  | |


title: Michael Hampton (punk musician)

abstract: Michael Hampton is a guitarist in the Washington, D.C., hardcore punk scene.

text:
# Michael Hampton (punk musician)

**Michael Hampton** is a guitarist in the Washington, D.C., hardcore punk scene.

## Biography

His first notable effort was playing guitar in The Extorts in early 1980. There are a few live recordings and a demo tape as evidence of their existence. After The Extorts broke up, Hampton and Henry Garfield (later to become Henry Rollins) formed a new group called S.O.A. (State of Alert) and they released a 7" on Dischord records. When S.O.A. split up, Henry Garfield changed his surname to Rollins and moved to Los Angeles as singer of Black Flag.

Hampton then joined fellow D.C. punks Alec MacKaye (brother of Ian MacKaye), Eddie Janney, Chris Bald and Ivor Hanson and formed The Faith who released two recordings on the Dischord label - a split LP with VOID and the Subject to Change 12". This group broke up in 1983. Hampton soon joined Ian Mackaye, Ivor Hanson and Chris Bald in another D.C. group called Embrace. Along with Rites of Spring, Embrace is credited as a seminal emo group, however Ian Mackaye found the term "emocore" disgusting and did not accept the label. A posthumously released album appeared on Dischord in 1987, after they had split up.

Hampton then joined a short lived project called One Last Wish, composed of three ex members of Rites of Spring. This band lasted only a matter of months, but they had recorded one demo which was released some years later on Dischord.

Concurrent with One Last Wish, Hampton was involved in another project with Simon Jacobson called The Snakes. This group was primarily a recording project, and rarely played live. The Snakes released two albums on Dischord.

In 1990 Hampton teamed up with Ivor Hanson and Bert Queiroz to form Manifesto who were influenced by the English music of the time. They released one album and one 7" to critical acclaim in the UK, but records sales did not follow and soon Hampton's itchy feet made him leave. He has spent the years after producing soundtrack music for many TV programmes, video games and films.

Hampton lately performs in a band called Paco along with fellow members Dominique Durand, Andy Chase and Gary Maurer. This group released an album in May 2004 called *This Is Where We Live* on Unfiltered Records.

## InfoBox

| Michael Hampton | |
| --- | --- |
| Hampton performing with the Faith in 1982 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Guitar |
| Years active | 1980–present |
| Labels | Dischord |
| Formerly of |  |


title: Michael James Nelson

abstract: Michael James Nelson is an American comedy writer and performer who has appeared on various national TV commercials and television shows on Music Television, CBS, and the television show Pretty Wicked on The Oxygen Network. He also was a writer on Betty White's Off Their Rockers on NBC, multiple seasons of the MTV Movie & TV Awards, and various other television shows. In 2017, Michael appeared on the People's Choice Awards as Dwayne "The Insurance Adjuster" Johnson in a comedy sketch where both he and Dwayne Johnson lost the "Favorite Dwayne Johnson" Award to an actual rock.

text:
# Michael James Nelson

**Michael James Nelson** (born June 12, 1979 in Winter Park, Florida, USA) is an American comedy writer and performer who has appeared on various national TV commercials and television shows on Music Television, CBS, and the television show *Pretty Wicked* on The Oxygen Network. He also was a writer on Betty White's Off Their Rockers on NBC, multiple seasons of the MTV Movie & TV Awards, and various other television shows. In 2017, Michael appeared on the People's Choice Awards as Dwayne "The Insurance Adjuster" Johnson in a comedy sketch where both he and Dwayne Johnson lost the "Favorite Dwayne Johnson" Award to an actual rock.

## Biography

Nelson is from Winter Park, Florida but spent most of his childhood in neighboring Maitland, Florida. He attended both Edgewater High School and Winter Park High School, and graduated from The Creative Writing Program at Florida State University in 2003. While attending college, Nelson was a newscaster and talk show host on the university's radio station WVFS. He was also a senior staff writer at the FSView creator and host of the variety sketch comedy show "That Show With Those Guys".

Nelson has performed stand-up comedy at The Comedy Store in Los Angeles as well as the Comedy Cellar in New York City and many other comedy clubs. Nelson has frequently been featured on the website of Funny or Die and has appeared in their exclusive sketches with Matthew Morrison, Don Cheadle, Ray Romano, Cedric the Entertainer, George Lopez, Joe Mantegna, Chace Crawford, Rebecca Mader, Haley Joel Osment, Cheech Marin, Oliver Hudson, Larenz Tate and many more. Nelson has studied improvisational comedy at The Groundlings and Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in Hollywood. Nelson is currently performing stand-up comedy and writing for various television shows.

## InfoBox

| Michael James Nelson | |
| --- | --- |
| Michael James Nelson at a Netflix red carpet event in Los Angeles, CA (June 1st, 2018) | |
| Born | (1979-06-12) June 12, 1979
Winter Park, Florida |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Comedian
Writer
Producer |
| Years active | 2003–present |


abstract: On January 12, 1898, the Ohio General Assembly met in joint convention to elect a United States Senator. The incumbent, Mark Hanna, had been appointed by Governor Asa Bushnell on March 5, 1897, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Sherman to become Secretary of State to President William McKinley. Hanna's appointment was only good until the legislature met and made its own choice. The legislature elected Hanna over his fellow Republican, Cleveland Mayor Robert McKisson, both for the remainder of Sherman's original term and for a full six-year term to conclude in 1905. Hanna, a wealthy industrialist, had successfully managed McKinley's 1896 presidential campaign. The Ohio Republican Party was bitterly divided between the faction led by McKinley, Hanna and Sherman, and one led by Ohio's other senator, Joseph B. Foraker. Bushnell was a Foraker ally, and it was only under pressure from McKinley and others that he agreed to appoint Hanna to fill Sherman's Senate seat. After Hanna gained the appointment, Republican legislators kept their majority in the November 1897 election, apparently ensuring Hanna's election once the new body met in January 1898. However, before the legislative session, the Democrats allied with a number of Republicans, mostly from the Foraker faction, hoping to take control of the legislature and defeat Hanna. The coalition was successful in taking control of both houses of the legislature; with the Senate election to be held just over a week later, intense politicking took place. Some lawmakers went into hiding for fear they would be pressured by the other side. The coalition decided on McKisson as their candidate the day before the balloting began. Three Republican state representatives who had voted with the Democrats to organize the legislature switched sides and voted for Hanna, who triumphed with a bare majority in both the short and long term elections. Bribery was alleged; legislative leaders complained to the United States Senate, which took no action against Hanna. McKisson lost a re-election bid as mayor in 1899; Hanna remained a powerful figure in the Senate until his death in 1904.

text:
# 1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio

On January 12, 1898, the Ohio General Assembly met in joint convention to elect a United States Senator. The incumbent, Mark Hanna, had been appointed by Governor Asa Bushnell on March 5, 1897, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Sherman to become Secretary of State to President (and former Ohio governor) William McKinley. Hanna's appointment was only good until the legislature met and made its own choice. The legislature elected Hanna over his fellow Republican, Cleveland Mayor Robert McKisson, both for the remainder of Sherman's original term (expiring in 1899) and for a full six-year term to conclude in 1905.

Hanna, a wealthy industrialist, had successfully managed McKinley's 1896 presidential campaign. The Ohio Republican Party was bitterly divided between the faction led by McKinley, Hanna and Sherman, and one led by Ohio's other senator, Joseph B. Foraker. Bushnell was a Foraker ally, and it was only under pressure from McKinley and others that he agreed to appoint Hanna to fill Sherman's Senate seat. After Hanna gained the appointment, Republican legislators kept their majority in the November 1897 election, apparently ensuring Hanna's election once the new body met in January 1898. However, before the legislative session, the Democrats allied with a number of Republicans, mostly from the Foraker faction, hoping to take control of the legislature and defeat Hanna.

The coalition was successful in taking control of both houses of the legislature; with the Senate election to be held just over a week later, intense politicking took place. Some lawmakers went into hiding for fear they would be pressured by the other side. The coalition decided on McKisson as their candidate the day before the balloting began. Three Republican state representatives who had voted with the Democrats to organize the legislature switched sides and voted for Hanna, who triumphed with a bare majority in both the short and long term elections. Bribery was alleged; legislative leaders complained to the United States Senate, which took no action against Hanna. McKisson lost a re-election bid as mayor in 1899; Hanna remained a powerful figure in the Senate until his death in 1904.

## Background and appointment of Hanna

The members of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, in drafting the Constitution, empowered state legislatures, not the people, to choose United States Senators. Federal law prescribed that the senatorial election was to take place beginning on the second Tuesday after the legislature which would be in place when the senatorial term expired first met and chose officers. On the designated day, balloting for senator would take place in each of the two chambers of the legislature. If a majority of each house voted for the same candidate, then at the joint convention held the following day at noon, the candidate would be declared elected. Otherwise, there would be a roll-call vote of all legislators, with a majority of those present needed to elect. If a vacancy occurred when the legislature was not in session, the governor could make a temporary appointment to serve until lawmakers convened.

Beginning in about 1888, there were rival factions seeking control of the Republican Party of Ohio. In 1896, one faction was led by Senator John Sherman, former governor William McKinley, and McKinley's political manager, Cleveland industrialist Mark Hanna. The other grouping was led by former governor Joseph Foraker, who had the support of Ohio's current governor, Asa S. Bushnell. A truce was reached for the 1896 election campaign whereby McKinley's supporters would vote for Foraker in the Ohio Legislature's January 1896 senatorial election, while Foraker would support McKinley's presidential ambitions. Foraker was elected and in June, the senator-elect placed McKinley's name in nomination at the 1896 Republican National Convention. In the November election, McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan to win the presidency; Hanna served as his campaign manager and chief fundraiser. The industrialist raised millions for McKinley's campaign but was bitterly attacked by Democratic newspapers for allegedly trying to buy the presidency, with McKinley as his easily dominated agent. In the 1896 election, the issue of the nation's monetary standard was a major issue, with McKinley advocating the gold standard, while Bryan favored "free silver", that is, to inflate the money supply by accepting all silver presented to the government and returning the bullion to the depositor in the form of coin, even though the silver in a dollar coin was worth only about half that.

After the election, McKinley offered Hanna the post of Postmaster General, which he turned down, hoping to become a senator if Sherman (whose term was to expire in 1899) was appointed to the Cabinet. McKinley did not believe the rumors, which proved accurate, that the 73-year-old Sherman's mental faculties were failing, and offered him the position of Secretary of State on January 4, 1897. Sherman's acceptance meant that, once he resigned, one of Ohio's Senate seats would be in the gift of Bushnell, with the appointee to serve until the legislature reconvened in January 1898.

Foraker was astonished when he learned that Hanna was seeking the Senate seat, not knowing that the industrialist had political ambitions. He felt that Hanna's campaign activities did not qualify him for legislative service. Hanna and his allies applied considerable pressure on the governor, though initially McKinley did not participate.

Bushnell did not want to appoint Hanna, and offered the seat to Congressman Theodore Burton, a member of neither faction, who turned it down. Historian Wilbur Jones speculates that the seat was refused because of Burton's unwillingness to alienate Hanna's supporters, an action which might sacrifice a career in the House of Representatives for the sake of a few months in the Senate. The governor considered other options, such as arranging to get the position himself or calling a special session of the legislature and have them elect a new senator. However, Bushnell eventually decided that appointing someone else was not worth risking the wrath of the new presidential administration, and of Hanna (who was chairman of the Republican National Committee). In late February 1897, McKinley sent a personal emissary, his old friend Judge William R. Day, to Bushnell, and the governor yielded. Hanna was given his commission by Governor Bushnell in the lobby of Washington's Arlington Hotel on the morning of March 5, 1897.

Hanna's associates alleged that Bushnell had delayed the appointment of Hanna so that Foraker could be Ohio's senior senator. Herbert Croly, in his biography of Hanna, agreed, and McKinley biographer H. Wayne Morgan also states that Bushnell delayed Hanna's commission for this reason. Hanna biographer William Horner considers this motive possible. In his memoirs, Foraker denied this, stating that Sherman had not resigned from the Senate until the afternoon of March 4, 1897 (the date on which the president and Congress were sworn in) so that Sherman could formally introduce Foraker to the Senate. Sherman, according to Foraker, was also unwilling to resign until he had been confirmed as Secretary of State, which took place on the afternoon of March 4. Foraker noted that he had been senator-elect since his selection by the legislature in January 1896 "and there was no vacancy for which Mr. Hanna could be qualified, except only that to be created by the retirement of Mr. Sherman, and Mr. Sherman refused to retire until I was sworn and in my seat".

## 1897 state legislative campaign

Hanna obtained endorsement for election as senator by the 1897 Republican state convention during June in Toledo, and by local conventions in 84 of Ohio's 88 counties. Republicans expressed little opposition to Hanna's candidacy for senator prior to the November state elections, at which Ohioans elected a governor, other statewide officials, and a legislature. There was much national interest in the legislative campaign, which was seen as a rematch of 1896 and a forerunner of the 1900 presidential campaign, and as a referendum on Mark Hanna. President McKinley both campaigned on Hanna's behalf in Ohio and recruited speakers for him; for the Democrats, Bryan was the leading orator. Democrats hoped that by gaining a majority in the legislature and frustrating Hanna's election bid, they could claim a reversal of the voters' verdict in the 1896 presidential race, and exact revenge on the man who had helped orchestrate their defeat. While the question of whether Hanna should continue in the Senate was central to the campaign, also discussed was whether McKinley's policies, including the Dingley Tariff, had brought prosperity, as well as the issue of free silver versus the gold standard. The Democrats, as was their custom, did not endorse a specific candidate for Senate, but Cincinnati publisher John R. McLean was widely spoken of as the party's rival for Hanna's seat until strategists decided that his wealth and business background did not provide adequate contrast to Hanna, and McLean was forced into the background.

During the campaign, William Randolph Hearst's *New York Journal* renewed the savage attacks on Hanna which had marked the 1896 presidential campaign; Hanna was depicted as a bloated plutocrat, frequently trampling a skull marked "Labor" and dominating a shrunken, childlike McKinley. Foraker was not prominent in support of Hanna; he did endorse his junior colleague in mid-September, and made several speeches soon after the announcement, but thereafter maintained a public silence which would continue until after the vote for senator by the newly elected legislature in January 1898.

Hanna made speeches across the state, much to the curiosity of Ohioans, who had heard a great deal about him for his activities on behalf of McKinley, but who did not know him well. He had rarely been called upon to make public addresses. McKinley recommended his personal technique of thoroughly laying out a speech in advance, but Hanna found it did not work well for him. Instead, he preferred to compose a brief introduction and then speak extemporaneously, not always even being certain of what topics he would address. According to his biographer, Herbert Croly, the informality of Hanna's speeches won over many in his audience, and he became known as a very effective public speaker. According to Philip Warken in his thesis on the 1898 Senate election, "The campaign probably worked to Hanna's advantage. The shadowy figure in the background took on shape and form, the candidate's public appearances tending to break down \[Davenport's\] popular but distorted image of him." When Democrats attacked Hanna, who had considerable financial interests in industry, as a "labor crusher", he gave speeches inviting listeners to ask his workers whether they were well treated. Subsequently, several union leaders and workmen's committees confirmed that they had no complaint against Hanna.

In the November election, 62 Republicans and 47 Democrats were elected to the Ohio House of Representatives, while in the Ohio Senate there were 18 Democrats, 17 Republicans, and 1 Independent Republican elected. This meant a majority of 15 for the Republicans on joint ballot, ample, it was thought, to secure Hanna's election.

## Senate election

### Political turmoil

The first public inkling that there might still be a serious contest for Hanna's Senate seat came the day after the November vote, when Governor Bushnell declared that the party's majority in the legislature was sufficient to elect a Republican as senator, but refrained from mentioning Hanna by name. Newspapers took note of the fact that while Bushnell had won a second term by 28,000 votes in the election, the balloting for the legislature had gone Republican by only 9,000. Soon after the election, a number of Republicans announced that they intended to ally with the Democrats and defeat Hanna.

Croly lists Bushnell, Cleveland Mayor Robert McKisson, and former Republican state chairman Charles L. Kurtz as among those involved in what he called a conspiracy against Hanna. Kurtz had been defeated in his re-election bid to the chairmanship by Hanna forces at the 1897 Republican state convention, while McKisson had unsuccessfully sought Hanna's support in his first election run in 1895, and according to Hanna biographer William T. Horner, held a grudge as a result. Hanna had also opposed his re-election in the municipal elections held in early 1897, speaking highly of McKisson's opponent to a reporter, and asking the reporter whether it was true that McKisson had secured renomination as mayor through fraud. Despite poor treatment by the Hanna campaign—McKisson had been relegated to obscure rallies, except when called upon to introduce the candidate at a huge Cleveland event, and the Hanna supporters had sought to remove McKisson men from election positions—McKisson had publicly supported Hanna for senator, making several speeches on the night before election day urging Republicans to vote the straight party ticket. Nevertheless, sample ballots were sent to Cleveland voters, telling them how best to cast their ballots so as to minimize Hanna's chances, and Warken speculated that these had to come from McKisson, as the only person with motive and opportunity.

Charles Dick, then Hanna's aide and later his successor as senator, recounted, "The opposition developed immediately after the election. I might say the plotting, so far as the bolters were concerned, began before the election ... The fifteen majority melted away." According to Horner, "as men elected to the Ohio legislature who were pledged to support Hanna continued to turn up opposing him ... the chances of Hanna retaining his seat began to look rather grim". Kurtz disavowed the Toledo convention's endorsement of Hanna, describing the gathering as controlled by the senator's paid agents. He stated his case against Hanna: "The returns of the recent election show that he is not wanted by the party. The days of Mr. Hanna's bossism are over. The people here are against him, and that settles it."

Several of the men who opposed Hanna came from Cleveland and elsewhere in Cuyahoga County, where Mayor McKisson was influential. The situation in Cincinnati's Hamilton County (home to Foraker) was complicated by the fact that the Republican legislators from there had run on a fusion ticket with the Democrats in order to defeat the local Republican bosses. These men were "Silver Republicans", as was the Independent Republican elected from Cincinnati, supporting "free silver" in opposition to McKinley, and had not pledged during the campaign to vote for Hanna if elected.

Foraker was not actively involved in the controversy, and in the sole interview he gave, said he was doing his best to keep out of it. Nevertheless, most of Hanna's Republican opponents were from Foraker's wing of the party. Ohio's senior senator did, however, state his belief that Hanna would have a difficult time being elected. When asked by Hanna supporters to intercede with the insurgents, Foraker responded, "I will not antagonize lifetime friends for Hanna," and that Hanna was "not honorable enough" to go to Bushnell and Kurtz and work out a solution.

The new legislature convened in Columbus on Monday, January 3, 1898. In the state House of Representatives, nine anti-Hanna Republicans aligned with the Democrats, electing one of the nine as Speaker. In the state Senate, an anti-Hanna Republican did not initially attend, allowing the Democrats to organize the chamber and elect one of their own as president of the body. The various legislative offices were divided between the Democrats and the insurgent Republicans. Democratic forces in the Ohio Senate were boosted when the absent Republican appeared and voted with them. A margin of three in the House and two in the Senate translated into a likely margin of five against Hanna on the senatorial vote, meaning that three legislators would have to switch sides for him to retain his position.

### Contest in Columbus

After the combine's success in the legislature, the Hanna-controlled Republican state committee called on local activists to come to Columbus. A rally took place on the day of Governor Bushnell's second inauguration, and many in the streets booed him. Much of the indignation focused on Bushnell as the only statewide official linked with the insurgents. Meetings were held across the state and petitions circulated, for the most part supporting Hanna and denouncing Bushnell, Kurtz, and McKisson. Croly described the scene in the days leading up to the vote for senator:

> Columbus came to resemble a mediaeval city given over to an angry feud between armed partisans. Everybody was worked up to a high pitch of excitement and resentment. Blows were exchanged in the hotels and on the streets. There were threats of assassination. Timid men feared to go out after dark. Certain members of the Legislature were supplied with body-guards. Many of them never left their rooms. Detectives and spies, who were trying to track down various stories of bribery and corruption, were scattered everywhere.

Hanna's forces went to great lengths to pick up the votes he needed for his election. According to Croly, they received word that state Representative John Griffith of Union County was under constant guard at the Great Southern Hotel, but was considering switching to Hanna's side. Hanna operatives aided his escape, and he was kept with his wife at Hanna headquarters at the Neil House until the vote. However, Warken related that Griffith "seemed to align himself with the group that talked to him last", repeatedly changing his position and eventually supporting Hanna. Hanna supporters sought to persuade other coalition Republicans to return to the fold—by one account, a Cleveland Republican tearfully refused, stating that if he voted for Hanna, McKisson would cut him off as a supplier of brick pavers to the city. President McKinley did his best to help Hanna, sending a letter to one Republican whose vote was doubtful, delivered by a soldier.

On January 9, newspapers printed allegations that Hanna had arranged to bribe John Otis, one of the Silver Republicans from Cincinnati. Otis alleged that he was offered $10,000 and was actually paid $1,750. The individual said to have offered the money, a New Yorker named Henry H. Boyce, had met with Hanna adviser Estes Rathbone at least twice. Boyce denied trying to bribe Otis, though he did admit to giving a retainer payment to Otis's lawyer, and fled the state when the matter became public. Hanna denied any involvement. His opponents hoped that the incident would preface his defeat, while his supporters feared the story would prompt a public outcry. Croly and Horner agree that the allegations had little impact on public opinion.

The legislative leaders had not settled on a candidate to stand against Hanna, and discussions continued until January 10, a day before the houses would vote. Democrats had tentatively agreed to vote for a Republican for senator, but were unwilling to consider a supporter of the gold standard. They considered giving a "complimentary" vote (that is, to honor the recipient) to Cincinnati publisher John R. McLean, a Democrat, before switching to a Republican. There being no requirement that the same person be elected for both the short and long Senate terms, Democrats also tried to negotiate for one of their party to be elected at least for the short term expiring in 1899. Under the latter scenario, Governor Bushnell was proposed in the long term election, but Bushnell was unwilling to support silver. At last, McKisson was decided on by the insurgents for both the short and long terms. The plan was announced on January 10, together with a statement from McKisson, which he soon disavowed: that though he would if elected remain in name a Republican, he would support the 1896 pro-silver "Chicago Platform" of Bryan and his Democrats.

Ultimately, the contest came down to the votes of two Cincinnati Silver Republicans. The Hanna campaign at last secured the votes of both men; Croly related that one of them, Charles F. Droste, had initially sought to advance the candidacy of a free silver Republican, Col. Jeptha Garrard of Cincinnati, and when it was clear that no one else supported Garrard, agreed to give Hanna his vote. Warken deemed the combine's failure to support Garrard "the greatest blunder of the anti-Hanna coalition. If they had pushed the Colonel's candidacy they might have secured the support of the free silver men among the Cincinnati fusionists". After the vote, McKisson rejected such criticisms: the combine would never have held together to vote for a silver-supporting candidate. A contemporary account calls the men's decision to support Hanna "unexplained", and that "each of these Cincinnati members had been offered the Senatorship if he would withdraw from Mr. Hanna. Whether this offer could have been made good or not is doubtful".

The balloting in the separate chambers of the legislature took place on January 11, 1898. In the Ohio House, Hanna received 56 votes to 49 for McKisson, with Columbus Congressman John J. Lentz, state Representative Aquila Wiley and former congressman Adoniram J. Warner receiving one each. The vote was the same for the short and the long term. Hanna's 56 votes were all from Republicans; McKisson received the ballots of 43 Democrats and six Republicans. The other three votes were cast by Democrats unwilling to support a Republican. One Democratic representative was absent due to illness on both days of the voting. In the Senate, there were identical votes for short and long term. McKisson received the votes of 18 Democrats and one Republican, while Hanna won the vote of 16 Republicans and the one Independent Republican. The split between the two houses meant that there would be a roll-call vote of the two houses in joint convention the following day. Nevertheless, if Hanna held all 73 votes cast for him, he would be elected.

According to Alfred Henry Lewis of Hearst's *Journal*, writing on January 12, "The opposition to Hanna was utterly disorganized by the history of yesterday, and practically speaking, went into joint session today somewhat like a routed army might take up some battle it could not avoid." The 73 men pledged to Hanna went to the State House together under the protection of Hanna adherents. Croly related: "Armed guards were stationed at every important point. The State House was filled with desperate and determined men." In the joint convention, held in the House Chamber, the journals of the two houses were read, detailing the tallies from the previous day. The clerks of the two houses then called the rolls. The only votes to change were those which had gone to Warner and Wiley; both were switched to McKisson. Representative Aquila Wiley was the last person to vote; with Hanna having already received the 73 ballots he needed for election, Wiley maintained his vote for Lentz. The final tally, both for the short and long term was Hanna 73, McKisson 70, and Lentz 1. Before the joint convention adjourned, Hanna appeared before it, thanking the legislators for his election. He stated, "I doubly thank you because under the circumstances it comes to me as an assurance of your confidence".

## Aftermath

Newspaper reaction to the result was generally along partisan lines. The *Cincinnati Commercial Tribune*, a Republican paper, stated of Hanna, "And this is the man against whom has been waged a war than which political history furnishes none more venomous, vicious, and relentlessly vituperative. It is a disgraceful story, known of all men." *The Blade*, another Republican paper, agreed, writing, "The fight against Mr. Hanna was the most malignantly traitorous contest ever waged in the political annals of Ohio." *The Cincinnati Enquirer*, a Silver Democratic paper, argued, "The Republican contingent which stuck to the last against Hanna has made a record which the victorious faction might well envy ... Their fight was ... against the chairman of the national committee and all its forces and resources; against the president of the United States, with his tremendous party influence and more influential patronage. Against all this they have cut down the man who a year ago was, next to the president, the leading Republican of the United States, to a pitiful majority of one in his ambition to be elected to the Senate, and that obtained under circumstances not creditable to him. They chased him so hard that he dare not stop to have the gravest charges investigated." Hearst's New York *Journal* noted, "And so it is to be 'Senator Hanna' for seven years. Well, the senatorship can add nothing to its holder's power for evil. As long as Hanna has his money he can control senatorships, whether he occupies them or not. Perhaps it is best to have him in the open."

McKisson "had recognized that to lose the fight meant political death". In June 1898, McKisson and his Cuyahoga County delegation were excluded from the Republican state convention in favor of a Hanna-backed delegation. Hanna forces had lost at the county level, but, alleging irregularities, had met and sent a rival delegation. McKisson ran for a third term as mayor in 1899. He survived a bitter battle in the Republican primary, but was defeated in the general election, leading to a decade of dominance by the Democrats in Cleveland. McKisson returned to his career as an attorney, continuing to practice law in Cleveland until his death in 1915 at age 52.

Both houses of the legislature voted to form committees to investigate alleged bribery in the result, though most Republicans abstained from voting on the resolutions. The House committee investigation ended inconclusively. The Ohio Senate committee declined to allow Hanna's attorney to participate in the proceedings. Relying on legal advice, Hanna refused to testify and asked supporters not to cooperate. The state Senate committee reported that an attempt to bribe Otis had been made by an unknown agent of Hanna; three Hanna aides, including Charles Dick, were implicated. The report was sent to the US Senate in May 1898, which referred it to the Committee on Privileges and Elections. The Republican majority of the committee reported in February 1899 that while it accepted that an attempt had been made to bribe Otis, the matter had been known before the vote, Otis had voted for McKisson anyway, and that there was no evidence linking Hanna to the attempt. The report did mildly admonish Hanna and his associates for not cooperating with the Ohio Senate committee. Democrats on the Privileges and Elections Committee urged further investigation, but the US Senate ordered the committee's report to be printed, and took no further action. Hanna remained a power in the Senate until his death in 1904.

The extent to which money or patronage affected the outcome of the election is unclear. Congressman Burton stated, "I never saw any evidence of the use of money in Columbus and don't believe that any money was used corruptly." In an interview after Hanna's death, James Rudolph Garfield, son of the late president and floor leader of the Hanna forces in the Ohio Senate, recalled that the senator "had been asked to shut his eyes to some things. But he declined to do it." However, Garfield also noted, "I have never been sure as to what some of the men who called themselves Senator Hanna's friends really did do." Croly believed that Hanna did not personally authorize bribes of legislators, but concedes that Hanna's supporters "may have been willing to spend money in Mr. Hanna's interest and without his knowledge." The biographer suggested, "If Mr. Hanna had himself planned to purchase the vote of John C. Otis, it is reasonable to believe that the business would have been better managed." Horner believes it impossible to ascertain if corruption took place, but if Hanna bribed legislators, it was because it was a common practice on both sides. He notes of Hanna, "his career as a senator continued, but accusations of wrongdoing remain a part of his legacy well over a century later." Public dismay at what was seen as a corrupt means of choosing federal lawmakers was a major factor in the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913, which took the privilege of electing senators out of state legislators' hands and gave it to the people.

**Citations**

1. Bybee, p. 510.
2. Willoughby, pp. 557–559.
3. Election laws.
4. Horner, pp. 75–77, 82.
5. Horner, p. 216.
6. Stanley Jones, pp. 108–110.
7. Morgan, pp. 174, 186.
8. Horner, pp. 193–204.
9. Horner, p. 127.
10. Phillips, pp. 48–52.
11. Williams, pp. 35–39.
12. Leech, pp. 99–100.
13. Rhodes, p. 31.
14. Horner, pp. 218–221.
15. Walters, pp. 132–133.
16. Morgan, p. 192.
17. Wilbur Jones, pp. 10–12.
18. Leech, pp. 100–101.
19. Horner, p. 219.
20. Croly, pp. 240–241.
21. Morgan, pp. 192–193.
22. Foraker, pp. 505–506.
23. Horner, p. 221.
24. Warken, pp. 18, 48.
25. Horner, pp. 221–222.
26. Croly, pp. 248–249.
27. Warken, pp. 22–23.
28. Warken, pp. 40–41.
29. Horner, pp. 110–113, 220, 226.
30. Walters, p. 139.
31. Croly, pp. 244–247.
32. Warken, p. 22.
33. Wolff, pp. 146–147.
34. Appletons, p. 606.
35. Croly, p. 250.
36. Croly, pp. 250–252.
37. Outlook 1-15-1898.
38. Horner, pp. 223–224.
39. Warken, pp. 12–13.
40. Warken, pp. 31–34.
41. Horner, p. 230.
42. Free Lance 11-13-1897.
43. Croly, pp. 252–254.
44. Walters, pp. 139–140.
45. Legislature, p. 3.
46. Croly, p. 254.
47. Warken, p. 67.
48. Warken, pp. 63–64.
49. Croly, p. 256.
50. Croly, p. 257.
51. Warken, pp. 75–76.
52. Horner, pp. 225–226.
53. Croly, p. 259.
54. Outlook 1-22-1898.
55. Croly, pp. 259–262.
56. Horner, p. 227.
57. Warken, p. 94.
58. Croly, p. 255.
59. Gould, p. 11.
60. Croly, pp. 258–259.
61. Warken, p. 52.
62. Legislature, pp. 36–37.
63. Horner, p. 231, quoting Lewis 1898, p. 1.
64. Legislature, pp. 37–39.
65. Legislature, p. 42.
66. Public Opinion 1-20-1898.
67. Warken, p. 81.
68. The Public 6-25-1898.
69. Croly, p. 294.
70. *Encyclopedia of Cleveland History*.
71. Croly, p. 460.
72. Hanna case.
73. Horner, p. 228.
74. Horner, p. 229.
75. Horner, pp. 229–230.
76. Croly, p. 264.
77. Croly, pp. 263–264.
78. Horner, pp. 228–229.
79. Horner, p. 233.
80. Bybee, pp. 538–540.

### Bibliography

**Books**

* Croly, Herbert (1912). *Marcus Alonzo Hanna: His Life and Work*. New York: The Macmillan Company. OCLC 715683.
* Foraker, Joseph Benson (1917). *Notes of a Busy Life*. Vol. 1. Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd Company.
* Gould, Lewis L. (1980). *The Presidency of William McKinley*. American Presidency. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0206-3.
* Horner, William T. (2010). *Ohio's Kingmaker: Mark Hanna, Man and Myth*. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1894-9.
* Jones, Stanley L. (1964). *The Presidential Election of 1896*. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. OCLC 445683.
* Leech, Margaret (1959). *In the Days of McKinley*. New York: Harper and Brothers. OCLC 456809.
* Morgan, H. Wayne (2003). *William McKinley and His America* (revised ed.). Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87338-765-1.
* Phillips, Kevin (2003). *William McKinley*. New York: Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-6953-2.
* Rhodes, James Ford (1922). *The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations, 1897–1909*. New York: The Macmillan Company. OCLC 457006.
* Walters, Everett (1948). *Joseph Benson Foraker: An Uncompromising Republican*. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio History Press.
* Williams, R. Hal (2010). *Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan and the Remarkable Election of 1896*. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1721-0.
* Willoughby, Westel Woodbury (1910). *The Constitutional Law of the United States*. Vol. 1. New York: Baker, Voorhis & Company.
* *Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events*. Vol. 3. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1899.
* *Journal of the \[Ohio\] House of Representatives*. Norwalk, Ohio: The Laning Printing Company. 1898.

**Other sources**

* Bybee, Jay S. (Winter 1997). "Ulysses at the Mast: Democracy, Federalism, and the Sirens' Song of the Seventeenth Amendment". *Northwestern University Law Review*. **91** (2). Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University: 500–572. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
* Jones, Wilbur Devereux (January 1957). "Marcus A. Hanna and Theodore F. Burton". *Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly*. **60** (1). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Historical Society: 10–19. Archived from the original on January 11, 2004. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
* Lewis, Alfred Henry (January 13, 1898). "Hanna senator for another seven years". *New York Journal*. p. 1.
* Warken, Philip W. (1960). *The First Election of Marcus A. Hanna to the United States Senate* (Thesis). Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University.
* Wolff, Gerald W. (Summer–Autumn 1970). "Mark Hanna's goal: American harmony". *Ohio History*. **79** (3 and 4). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Historical Society: 138–151.
* "McKisson, Robert Erastus". *Encyclopedia of Cleveland History*. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
* "Is Hanna to be retired?". *The Free Lance (Fredericksburg, Va.)*. November 13, 1897. p. 2. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
* "The Ohio Imbroglio". *The Outlook*. **58** (3). New York: The Outlook Company: 160–161. January 15, 1898. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
* "The Week". *The Outlook*. **58** (4). New York: The Outlook Company: 208–209. January 22, 1898. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
* "News". *The Public*. **1** (12). Chicago: The Public Publishing Company: 9–10. June 25, 1898. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
* "Mr. Hanna's election to the Senate". *Public Opinion*. **24** (3). New York: The Public Opinion Company: 69–71. January 20, 1898. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
* "The Election case of Marcus A. Hanna of Ohio (1899)". United States Senate. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
* "Election laws". United States Senate. Retrieved July 24, 2012.

## InfoBox

1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Mark Hanna** Robert McKisson John J. Lentz  Party Republican Republican Democratic  Leg. vote **73** 70 1  Percentage **50.69%** 48.61% 0.69% | |
| ---  **U.S. senator before election**<br>Mark Hanna<br>Republican **Elected U.S. Senator** <br>Mark Hanna<br>Republican | |


title: North Adams strike

abstract: The North Adams strike was a strike in 1870 by shoe workers of the Order of the Knights of St. Crispin, against Calvin T. Sampson's Shoe factory, in North Adams, Massachusetts. The strike itself was broken when the factory superintendent, George W. Chase, fired the Irish workers, replacing them with newly employed seventy-five Chinese men from California. Bringing national attention to North Adams, the event started a nation-wide trend of bringing in scab labor and helped perpetuate the concept of immigrants coming to the United States to steal jobs, which led to much hostility towards Chinese immigrants across the nation.

text:
# North Adams strike

The **North Adams strike** (also called North Adams Scandal) was a strike in 1870 by shoe workers of the Order of the Knights of St. Crispin, against Calvin T. Sampson's Shoe factory, in North Adams, Massachusetts. The strike itself was broken when the factory superintendent, George W. Chase, fired the Irish workers, replacing them with newly employed seventy-five Chinese men from California. Bringing national attention to North Adams, the event started a nation-wide trend of bringing in scab labor and helped perpetuate the concept of immigrants coming to the United States to steal jobs, which led to much hostility towards Chinese immigrants across the nation.

## Legacy

The incident sparked widespread working-class protest across the country, shaped legislative debate in Congress, and helped make Chinese immigration a sustained national issue. Twelve years later, the United States passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, barring most Chinese immigrants from entering the country. The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first major anti-immigration law in American history.

## Sources

* Anthony W. Lee (2008). *A Shoemaker's Story: Being Chiefly about French Canadian Immigrants, Enterprising Photographers, Rascal Yankees, and Chinese Cobblers in a Nineteenth-Century Factory Town*. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691133256.

## InfoBox

| North Adams strike | |
| --- | --- |
| "Chase's Chinamen"— Chinese workers | |
| Date | 1870 |
| Location | North Adams, Massachusetts
42°42′7.44″N 73°6′49.97″W / 42.7020667°N 73.1138806°W / 42.7020667; -73.1138806 |
| Goals | Eight-hour day |
| Methods | Strikes, Protest, Demonstrations |
| Resulted in | Chinese immigrants brought in from California, replacing union workers for more competitive wages |
| Parties | |
|  | |
| Lead figures | |
| *Non-centralized leadership*
Calvin T. Sampson George W. Chase
 | |
| Casualties and losses | |
|  | |


title: Uruguay at the 1999 Pan American Games

abstract: The 13th Pan American Games were held in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada from July 23 to August 8, 1999.

text:
# Uruguay at the 1999 Pan American Games

The **13th Pan American Games** were held in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada from July 23 to August 8, 1999.

## Medals

### Silver

##### Roller sports

### Bronze

##### Athletics

##### Cycling

##### Karate

## Results by event

### Athletics

### Basketball

#### Men's team competition

* **Team roster**

### Canoeing

### Cycling

### Equestrian

### Fencing

### Football

Uruguay participated with an under-23 selection of amateur players of OFI.

#### Men's team competition

* **Team roster**

### Gymnastics

### Handball

#### Men's team competition

* **Team roster**

#### Women's Team Competition

* **Team roster**

### Judo

### Karate

### Roller Sports

### Rowing

### Sailing

### Shooting

### Swimming

### Tennis

### Triathlon

### Weightlifting

### Wrestling

## InfoBox

| Uruguay at the
1999 Pan American Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | URU |
| NOC | Uruguayan Olympic Committee |
| Website | www.cou.org.uy |
| in Winnipeg
23 July – 8 August 1999 | |
| Competitors | 123 in 21 sports |
| Medals
Ranked 20th | Gold 0 Silver 1 Bronze 3 Total 4 |
| Pan American Games appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Muhammad Rais

abstract: Muhammad Rais is an Indonesian convicted in May 2004 for involvement in the 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing, which killed 12 people and wounded over 150. He is a member of Jemaah Islamiyah and the brother-in-law of Noordin Mohammed Top. He attended the Al-Mukmin Islamic school which was founded by Abu Bakar Bashir, and while training in Afghanistan was responsible for relaying messages between Bashir and Osama bin Laden. Rais transported the explosives used in the blast from various towns in Sumatra to the Indonesian capital Jakarta on the island of Java, where they were used in the bomb. He was responsible for recruiting the suicide bomber, and he drafted his best friend from his Islamic boarding school in Ngruki, Asmar Latin Sani. Rais was arrested in the month before the bombing. He was sentenced to seven years in prison for his role. During his trial, Rais said "We saw the Marriott attack as a message from Osama bin Laden."

text:
# Muhammad Rais

**Muhammad Rais** is an Indonesian convicted in May 2004 for involvement in the 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing, which killed 12 people and wounded over 150. He is a member of Jemaah Islamiyah and the brother-in-law of Noordin Mohammed Top. He attended the Al-Mukmin Islamic school which was founded by Abu Bakar Bashir, and while training in Afghanistan was responsible for relaying messages between Bashir and Osama bin Laden.

Rais transported the explosives used in the blast from various towns in Sumatra to the Indonesian capital Jakarta on the island of Java, where they were used in the bomb. He was responsible for recruiting the suicide bomber, and he drafted his best friend from his Islamic boarding school in Ngruki, Asmar Latin Sani. Rais was arrested in the month before the bombing.

He was sentenced to seven years in prison for his role. During his trial, Rais said "We saw the Marriott attack as a message from Osama bin Laden."


title: Queens Park, Bedford

abstract: Queens Park is an electoral ward and area of Bedford, England, west of the town centre. The community was established in the 1890s and has been described as Bedford's first industrial suburb. Nowadays, it is diverse and multicultural with many specialist shops and businesses including international supermarkets and delis. Places of worship include an Anglican church, two mosques and one of the largest Sikh temples in the United Kingdom.

text:
# Queens Park, Bedford

**Queens Park** is an electoral ward and area of Bedford, England, west of the town centre. The community was established in the 1890s and has been described as Bedford's first industrial suburb. Nowadays, it is diverse and multicultural with many specialist shops and businesses including international supermarkets and delis. Places of worship include an Anglican church, two mosques and one of the largest Sikh temples in the United Kingdom.

## History

The land in Queens Park was farmed as early as the 11th century, and occupied by tenant farmers. The only evidence of primitive settlements is the discovery of flint at Honey Hills. Early settlements and dwellings included; Provendor Farm, Prebend Farm, and the Farm House & cottages at Bedford Ford End (until the 1950s) now Fernleigh Close. Gallows existed up to 1802 at the sharp bend on the Bromham Road.

One of the earliest developments west of the Midland Railway line was the building of a gasworks off Ford End Road in 1864. The works expanded in the first half of the twentieth century and three gas holders formed a prominent visual feature of the area. The earliest was likely Edwardian but significantly altered by 1960; the other two were constructed in 1926 and 1938. Much of the site was cleared after the conversion from town gas to North Sea natural gas in the 1970s. The gas holders continued in use into the 2000s but became redundant and were demolished in 2018.

In 1887 advertisements appeared in the *Bedfordshire Times and Independent* for auctions of plots of land for the Queen's Park Building Estate, so named to mark the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. In 1890 William Henry Allen bought twenty acres immediately west of the Midland Railway line to relocate his business, W H Allen, Son and Company from Lambeth in London. Four years later the company opened the "Queen's Engineering Works". Over the years, the company manufactured centrifugal pumps, steam and diesel engines, industrial fans and gas turbines. Equipment was installed in pumping stations, sewage works, power stations and used in marine applications; much was exported. Around 2,500 persons were employed at the works in the 1950s. The works closed in 2000, after one hundred and six years in operation.

John Parish White established the "Pyghtle Works" in 1896 on land bought from and adjoining W H Allen. The business initially made architectural joinery, but soon diversified into making furniture designed by among others Baillie Scott and C. F. A. Voysey, as well as garden furniture to the designs of C. H. B. Quennell. The works closed in 1960 and the land reverted to W H Allen.

Queens Park was home to Bedford Town Football Club from 1911 to 1982 with the exception of the First World War years. The ground came to be known as "The Eyrie" owing to the club's nickname of "The Eagles". Greyhound racing took place at the stadium from the late 1960s until the ground's closure. The stadium was demolished in 1983 and the site taken over by freeholder, Charles Wells Ltd, for the Eagle Brewery. After Bedford Town FC was reformed in the early 1990s home matches were for a brief spell played on a public park pitch in the area.

## Demography

Queens Park has hosted many communities migrating to the Bedford area over the 20th century, firstly Irish and Italian families, followed by Asians, Africans, and most recently, people from Eastern Europe.

## Governance

Queens Park is an unparished area, with all community services under the direct control of Bedford Borough Council. Queens Park elects three councillors to Bedford Borough Council. In the election held on 4 May 2023, all three councillors elected represented the Labour Party. The ward boundaries are Biddenham to the north, the River Great Ouse to the south, the Midland Main Line railway line to the east, and Great Denham and Bedford Golf Club to the west.

## Economy

Ford End Road acts as the "high street" for the area, and includes independent supermarkets, deli's, takeaway restaurants, and a Tesco Express store. Further shops and businesses are located on Iddesleigh Road, including convenience stores and Queens Park post office. Today, Queens Park is an established area of Bedford.

The 'Eagle Brewery' on Havelock Street was established by Charles Wells Ltd and opened by Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester on 18 May 1976. Marston's acquired the brewery in May 2017. In November 2022, it was announced that the brewery would be sold to Spanish-based brewer S A Damm. All 67 employees would be retained.

## Education

There are three primary schools in Queens Park - Queens Park Academy which is situated over two sites on Chestnut Avenue and Marlborough Road, Westfield School on Chester Road, and St Joseph's and St Gregory's Roman Catholic Primary School which is also on Chester Road. For older children the area is in the catchment for Biddenham International School which is located just to the north of Queens Park.

Enterprise House (located on Old Ford End Road) is a small adult education centre operated by Bedford College. The centre offers a range of part-time courses for the Queens Park community, covering a range of subjects from child care and computing to English language skills and maths.

## Religious sites

* All Saints Church (Church of England), located on Iddesleigh Road
* A hall on Howard Avenue was opened for worship by the Moravian Church in 1895. The adjoining church building was added in 1911
* Serbian Orthodox Church services are also held at Bedford Moravian Church
* The Jamia Masjid Gulshani Baghdad Mosque, located on Westbourne Road opened in 2001
* The Jamia Masjid Hanfia Ghousia Mosque located on Ford End Road
* The Guru Nanak Gurdwara (Sikh Temple), also on Ford End Road opened in April 2007

## Community facilities

The main open space in Queens Park is located along the riverside as well as the Allen Park Recreation Ground. There is also a provision of allotments located on the western edge of the area. Queens Park Community Centre is situated on Marlborough Road.

Vehicular access to Queens Park from Bedford town centre is across the nineteen-span Ford End Road railway bridge, constructed in 1894. The bridge has only a single path for pedestrians but a separate footbridge of metallic construction was erected alongside in 1972. One of the spans of the road bridge was reconstructed in 2018 to accommodate overhead wires for the electrification of the Midland Mainline railway. A planning document described the road bridge as "narrow and unpleasant" and criticised the footbridge as "narrow and boxing in pedestrians". The report suggested the construction of a new road bridge while retaining the existing bridge for pedestrians and cyclists.

Queens Park is served by bus route no.8 Bedford bus stationGreat Denham. The roadway is restricted to buses and cyclists at the point Old Ford End Road meets Greenkeepers Road with access controlled by retractable bollards.

## InfoBox

| Queens Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Guru Nanak Gurdwara in Queens Park | |
| Queens ParkLocation within Bedfordshire | |
| Population | 9,800 <br>(2021 Census. Ward) |
| OS grid reference | TL034495 |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | BEDFORD |
| Postcode district | MK40 |
| Dialling code | 01234 |
|  | |
| Police | Bedfordshire |
| Fire | Bedfordshire and Luton |
| Ambulance | East of England |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Michael Hishikushitja

abstract: Michael Ndapamapedu Hishikushitja was a Namibian parliamentarian. Hishikushitja was born and grew up in Onamunama, close to the Angolan border in the Ohangwena Region of Namibia. In the 1970s he attended school at St Mary Mission School in Odibo, where he later also worked as teacher until it was closed in 1979. He spied for the People's Liberation Army of Namibia, the armed wing of SWAPO, and assisted people wanting to cross the border to Angola. In 1979 he took up a position as an English teacher in Engela for the Council of Churches in Namibia. When his political involvement became known to the South African administration, he was forced to move to Windhoek. The Anglican Church sent him into British exile where he completed a master's degree in education. After Namibian independence Michael Hishikushitja was elected Regional Councillor of the Oshikango Constituency, a position he held until he died. When the National Council of Namibia was formed in 1993, he was one of the Regional Councillors to be elected to serve. He was vice chairperson of the first National Council, and SWAPO Chief Whip of the second. He also was a member of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, and the chairperson of the Standing Committee on Constitutional and Legal Affairs. Hishikushitja was married with two daughters. He died from a heart attack shortly before his 48th birthday. Sam Nujoma, then President of the Republic of Namibia, spoke at his funeral, calling him "one of [Namibia's] most active and effective young Parliamentarians."

text:
# Michael Hishikushitja

**Michael Ndapamapedu Hishikushitja** (22 November 1953 – 27 September 2001) was a Namibian parliamentarian.

Hishikushitja was born and grew up in Onamunama, close to the Angolan border in the Ohangwena Region of Namibia. In the 1970s he attended school at St Mary Mission School in Odibo, where he later also worked as teacher until it was closed in 1979. He spied for the People's Liberation Army of Namibia, the armed wing of SWAPO, and assisted people wanting to cross the border to Angola.

In 1979 he took up a position as an English teacher in Engela for the Council of Churches in Namibia. When his political involvement became known to the South African administration, he was forced to move to Windhoek. The Anglican Church sent him into British exile where he completed a master's degree in education.

After Namibian independence Michael Hishikushitja was elected Regional Councillor of the Oshikango Constituency, a position he held until he died. When the National Council of Namibia was formed in 1993, he was one of the Regional Councillors to be elected to serve. He was vice chairperson of the first National Council, and SWAPO Chief Whip of the second. He also was a member of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, and the chairperson of the Standing Committee on Constitutional and Legal Affairs.

Hishikushitja was married with two daughters. He died from a heart attack shortly before his 48th birthday. Sam Nujoma, then President of the Republic of Namibia, spoke at his funeral, calling him "one of \[Namibia's\] most active and effective young Parliamentarians."


title: Nephelolychnis velata

abstract: Nephelolychnis velata is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1933. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

text:
# Nephelolychnis velata

***Nephelolychnis velata*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1933. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## InfoBox

| *Nephelolychnis velata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Nephelolychnis* |
| Species: | ***N. velata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nephelolychnis velata***<br>Meyrick, 1933 | |
|


title: List of Iowa Hawkeyes football seasons

abstract: This is a list of seasons completed by the Iowa Hawkeyes football program since the team's inception in 1889. The list documents season-by-season records, and conference records from 1892 to 1896 and 1900 to the present. The Hawkeyes began playing football as a club sport in 1872, and began playing intramural games against other colleges in 1882, but it was not until 1889 when Iowa challenged Iowa College to an interscholastic varsity football game. Since then, the Hawkeyes have played over 1,200 games, including 30 bowl games. Historically, Iowa has seen moderate success. The Hawkeyes won the Western Interstate University Football Association championship in 1896 and the Big Ten Conference football championship in 1900 – the school's first year as a member of the Big Ten Conference – but did not win another in the Big Ten until 1921. Iowa's coach at that time was Howard Jones. Under his direction, the Hawkeyes won conference championships in 1921 and 1922, and recorded a school-record 20-game winning streak from 1920 to 1923. However, the Hawkeyes' success on the field dipped once again. Debt on Iowa's new football stadium – Iowa Stadium – grew yearly, and the Hawkeyes finished in the bottom three of the Big Ten every year except 1933 from 1930 to 1938. Then, in 1939, Iowa surprisingly finished the season 6–1–1, tripling the win total from the last two seasons combined. The team was nicknamed the "Ironmen," and is generally thought to be one of the greatest teams in school history. They were led by Heisman winner Nile Kinnick, who died in 1943 during a World War II training flight. 29 years later, in 1972, Iowa Stadium was renamed as "Kinnick Stadium" in his honor. Following the 1939 season, the Hawkeyes slipped into another "down period." From 1940 to 1955, Iowa recorded 11 losing seasons, and their best finish in the Big Ten was fourth. But in 1952, the Hawkeyes upset Ohio State in Forest Evashevski's first season as coach. Three years later, in 1956, the Hawkeyes won the Big Ten championship with a 9–1 record. Under Evashevski, Iowa won two more conference championships in 1958 and 1960, posting 8–1–1 and 8–1 records respectively. In 1958, the Hawkeyes were awarded the Grantland Rice Trophy as national champions of the Football Writers Association of America. Soon thereafter, however, Evashevski became athletic director, and the football program suffered. The team posted a winning record in 1961 under new head coach Jerry Burns, but it was Iowa's last winning season until 1981. From 1961 to 1978, the Hawkeyes had four head coaches. Not one of them had a team that finished better than fourth in the Big Ten. In 1979, Hayden Fry was hired as Iowa's 24th head coach. In 1981, he took the Hawkeyes to their first Rose Bowl since 1958. Iowa won the Big Ten championship three times under Fry, and played in the Rose Bowl in each of those seasons. Following his tenure at Iowa, which ended after the 1998 season, Kirk Ferentz was hired as his successor. Ferentz has won Big Ten championships twice at Iowa, in 2002 and 2004.

text:
# List of Iowa Hawkeyes football seasons

This is a list of **seasons completed by the Iowa Hawkeyes football program** since the team's inception in 1889. The list documents season-by-season records, and conference records from 1892 to 1896 and 1900 to the present. The Hawkeyes began playing football as a club sport in 1872, and began playing intramural games against other colleges in 1882, but it was not until 1889 when Iowa challenged Iowa College to an interscholastic varsity football game. Since then, the Hawkeyes have played over 1,200 games, including 30 bowl games.

Historically, Iowa has seen moderate success. The Hawkeyes won the Western Interstate University Football Association championship in 1896 and the Big Ten Conference football championship in 1900 – the school's first year as a member of the Big Ten Conference – but did not win another in the Big Ten until 1921. Iowa's coach at that time was Howard Jones. Under his direction, the Hawkeyes won conference championships in 1921 and 1922, and recorded a school-record 20-game winning streak from 1920 to 1923. However, the Hawkeyes' success on the field dipped once again. Debt on Iowa's new football stadium – Iowa Stadium – grew yearly, and the Hawkeyes finished in the bottom three of the Big Ten every year except 1933 from 1930 to 1938. Then, in 1939, Iowa surprisingly finished the season 6–1–1, tripling the win total from the last two seasons combined. The team was nicknamed the "Ironmen," and is generally thought to be one of the greatest teams in school history. They were led by Heisman winner Nile Kinnick, who died in 1943 during a World War II training flight. 29 years later, in 1972, Iowa Stadium was renamed as "Kinnick Stadium" in his honor.

Following the 1939 season, the Hawkeyes slipped into another "down period." From 1940 to 1955, Iowa recorded 11 losing seasons, and their best finish in the Big Ten was fourth. But in 1952, the Hawkeyes upset Ohio State in Forest Evashevski's first season as coach. Three years later, in 1956, the Hawkeyes won the Big Ten championship with a 9–1 record. Under Evashevski, Iowa won two more conference championships in 1958 and 1960, posting 8–1–1 and 8–1 records respectively. In 1958, the Hawkeyes were awarded the Grantland Rice Trophy as national champions of the Football Writers Association of America. Soon thereafter, however, Evashevski became athletic director, and the football program suffered. The team posted a winning record in 1961 under new head coach Jerry Burns, but it was Iowa's last winning season until 1981. From 1961 to 1978, the Hawkeyes had four head coaches. Not one of them had a team that finished better than fourth in the Big Ten.

In 1979, Hayden Fry was hired as Iowa's 24th head coach. In 1981, he took the Hawkeyes to their first Rose Bowl since 1958. Iowa won the Big Ten championship three times under Fry, and played in the Rose Bowl in each of those seasons. Following his tenure at Iowa, which ended after the 1998 season, Kirk Ferentz was hired as his successor. Ferentz has won Big Ten championships twice at Iowa, in 2002 and 2004.

## Seasons

| Year | Coach | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs | Coaches# | AP° |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Independent** (1889–1891) | | | | | | | | |
| 1889 | No coach | 0–1 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1890 | No coach | 1–1 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1891 | No coach | 3–2 |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Edwin A. Dalton** *(Western Interstate University Football Association)* (1892) | | | | | | | | |
| 1892 | Edwin A. Dalton | 3–2–1 | 0–2–1 | 4th |  |  |  |
| **Ben Donnelly** *(Western Interstate University Football Association)* (1893) | | | | | | | | |
| 1893 | Ben Donnelly | 3–4 | 1–2 | T–3rd |  |  |  |
| **Roger Sherman** *(Western Interstate University Football Association)* (1894) | | | | | | | | |
| 1894 | Roger Sherman | 4–4–1 | 1–2 | T–3rd |  |  |  |
| 1895 | No coach | 4–4–1 | 1–2 | T–3rd |  |  |  |
| **Alfred E. Bull** *(Western Interstate University Football Association)* (1896) | | | | | | | | |
| 1896 | Alfred E. Bull | 7–1–1 | 2–0–1 | 1st |  |  |  |
| **Otto Wagonhurst** *(Western Interstate University Football Association)* (1897) | | | | | | | | |
| 1897 | Otto Wagonhurst | 4–4 | 0–2 | T–3rd |  |  |  |
| **Alden Knipe** *(Independent)* (1898–1899) | | | | | | | | |
| 1898 | Alden Knipe | 3–4–2 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1899 | Alden Knipe | 8–0–1 |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Alden Knipe** *(Western Conference)* (1900–1902) | | | | | | | | |
| 1900 | Alden Knipe | 7–0–1 | 2–0–1 | T–1st |  |  |  |
| 1901 | Alden Knipe | 6–3 | 0–3 | 9th |  |  |  |
| 1902 | Alden Knipe | 5–4 | 0–3 | 7th |  |  |  |
| **John Chalmers** *(Western Conference)* (1903–1905) | | | | | | | | |
| 1903 | John Chalmers | 9–2 | 1–1 | 5th |  |  |  |
| 1904 | John Chalmers | 7–4 | 0–3 | T–7th |  |  |  |
| 1905 | John Chalmers | 8–2 | 0–2 | T–7th |  |  |  |
| **Mark Catlin Sr.** *(Western Conference)* (1906–1908) | | | | | | | | |
| 1906 | Mark Catlin Sr. | 2–3 | 0–1 | 6th |  |  |  |
| **Mark Catlin Sr.** *(Western Conference / MVIAA)* (1907–1908) | | | | | | | | |
| 1907 | Mark Catlin Sr. | 3–2 | 1–1 / 1–0 | 4th / T–1st |  |  |  |
| 1908 | Mark Catlin Sr. | 2–5 | 0–1 / 0–4–0 | 6th / 7th |  |  |  |
| **John G. Griffith** *(Western Conference / MVIAA)* (1909) | | | | | | | | |
| 1909 | John G. Griffith | 2–4–1 | 0–1 / 1–3–1 | 7th / 4th |  |  |  |
| **Jesse Hawley** *(Western Conference / MVIAA)* (1910) | | | | | | | | |
| 1910 | Jesse Hawley | 5–2 | 1–1 / 3–1 | 4th / 2nd |  |  |  |
| **Jesse Hawley** *(Western Conference)* (1911–1915) | | | | | | | | |
| 1911 | Jesse Hawley | 3–4 | 2–2 | 5th |  |  |  |
| 1912 | Jesse Hawley | 4–3 | 1–3 | 7th |  |  |  |
| 1913 | Jesse Hawley | 5–2 | 2–1 | T–2nd |  |  |  |
| 1914 | Jesse Hawley | 4–3 | 1–2 | 7th |  |  |  |
| 1915 | Jesse Hawley | 3–4 | 1–2 | 7th |  |  |  |
| **Howard Jones** *(Western Conference)* (1916–1923) | | | | | | | | |
| 1916 | Howard Jones | 4–3 | 1–2 | 6th |  |  |  |
| 1917 | Howard Jones | 3–5 | 0–2 | T–9th |  |  |  |
| 1918 | Howard Jones | 6–2–1 | 2–1 | T–4th |  |  |  |
| 1919 | Howard Jones | 5–2 | 2–2 | 6th |  |  |  |
| 1920 | Howard Jones | 5–2 | 3–2 | 5th |  |  |  |
| 1921 | Howard Jones | 7–0 | 5–0 | 1st |  |  |  |
| 1922 | Howard Jones | 7–0 | 5–0 | T–1st |  |  |  |
| 1923 | Howard Jones | 5–3 | 3–3 | T–5th |  |  |  |
| **Burt Ingwersen** *(Big Ten Conference)* (1924–1931) | | | | | | | | |
| 1924 | Burt Ingwersen | 6–1–1 | 3–1–1 | T–2nd |  |  |  |
| 1925 | Burt Ingwersen | 5–3 | 2–2 | T–4th |  |  |  |
| 1926 | Burt Ingwersen | 3–5 | 0–5 | T–9th |  |  |  |
| 1927 | Burt Ingwersen | 4–4 | 1–4 | T–9th |  |  |  |
| 1928 | Burt Ingwersen | 6–2 | 3–2 | T–4th |  |  |  |
| 1929 | Burt Ingwersen | 4–2–2 | 2–2–2 | 5th |  |  |  |
| 1930 | Burt Ingwersen | 4–4 | 0–1 | T–9th |  |  |  |
| 1931 | Burt Ingwersen | 1–6–1 | 0–3–1 | 9th |  |  |  |
| **Ossie Solem** *(Big Ten Conference)* (1932–1936) | | | | | | | | |
| 1932 | Ossie Solem | 1–7 | 0–5 | 10th |  |  |  |
| 1933 | Ossie Solem | 5–3 | 3–2 | T–5th |  |  |  |
| 1934 | Ossie Solem | 2–5–1 | 1–3–1 | T–8th |  |  |  |
| 1935 | Ossie Solem | 4–2–2 | 1–2–2 | 8th |  |  |  |
| 1936 | Ossie Solem | 3–4–1 | 0–4–1 | 8th |  |  |  |
| **Irl Tubbs** *(Big Ten Conference)* (1937–1938) | | | | | | | | |
| 1937 | Irl Tubbs | 1–7 | 0–5 | 10th |  |  |  |
| 1938 | Irl Tubbs | 1–6–1 | 1–3–1 | 8th |  |  |  |
| **Eddie Anderson** *(Big Ten Conference)* (1939–1942) | | | | | | | | |
| 1939 | Eddie Anderson | 6–1–1 | 4–1–1 | 2nd |  |  | 9 |
| 1940 | Eddie Anderson | 4–4 | 2–3 | T–6th |  |  |  |
| 1941 | Eddie Anderson | 3–5 | 2–4 | 6th |  |  |  |
| 1942 | Eddie Anderson | 6–4 | 3–3 | T–5th |  |  |  |
| **Slip Madigan** *(Big Ten Conference)* (1943–1944) | | | | | | | | |
| 1943 | Slip Madigan | 1–6–1 | 0–4–1 | 9th |  |  |  |
| 1944 | Slip Madigan | 1–7 | 0–6 | 9th |  |  |  |
| **Clem Crowe** *(Big Ten Conference)* (1945) | | | | | | | | |
| 1945 | Clem Crowe | 2–7 | 1–5 | T–8th |  |  |  |
| **Eddie Anderson** *(Big Ten Conference)* (1946–1949) | | | | | | | | |
| 1946 | Eddie Anderson | 5–4 | 3–3 | 4th |  |  |  |
| 1947 | Eddie Anderson | 3–5–1 | 2–3–1 | T–6th |  |  |  |
| 1948 | Eddie Anderson | 4–5 | 2–4 | T–5th |  |  |  |
| 1949 | Eddie Anderson | 4–5 | 3–3 | T–5th |  |  |  |
| **Leonard Raffensperger** *(Big Ten Conference)* (1950–1951) | | | | | | | | |
| 1950 | Leonard Raffensperger | 3–5–1 | 2–4 | 6th |  |  |  |
| 1951 | Leonard Raffensperger | 2–5–2 | 0–5–1 | 9th |  |  |  |
| **Forest Evashevski** *(Big Ten Conference)* (1952–1960) | | | | | | | | |
| 1952 | Forest Evashevski | 2–7 | 2–5 | T–6th |  |  |  |
| 1953 | Forest Evashevski | 5–3–1 | 3–3 | T–5th |  | 10 | 9 |
| 1954 | Forest Evashevski | 5–4 | 4–3 | 5th |  |  |  |
| 1955 | Forest Evashevski | 3–5–1 | 2–3–1 | 7th |  | 19 |  |
| 1956 | Forest Evashevski | 9–1 | 5–1 | 1st | **W** Rose | 3 | 3 |
| 1957 | Forest Evashevski | 7–1–1 | 4–1–1 | 3rd |  | 5 | 6 |
| 1958 | Forest Evashevski | 8–1–1 | 5–1 | 1st | **W** Rose | 2 | 2 |
| 1959 | Forest Evashevski | 5–4 | 3–3 | 6th |  |  |  |
| 1960 | Forest Evashevski | 8–1 | 5–1 | T–1st |  | 2 | 3 |
| **Jerry Burns** *(Big Ten Conference)* (1961–1965) | | | | | | | | |
| 1961 | Jerry Burns | 5–4 | 2–4 | T–7th |  |  |  |
| 1962 | Jerry Burns | 4–5 | 3–3 | T–5th |  |  |  |
| 1963 | Jerry Burns | 3–3–2 | 2–3–1 | 8th |  |  |  |
| 1964 | Jerry Burns | 3–6 | 1–5 | T–9th |  |  |  |
| 1965 | Jerry Burns | 1–9 | 0–7 | 10th |  |  |  |
| **Ray Nagel** *(Big Ten Conference)* (1966–1970) | | | | | | | | |
| 1966 | Ray Nagel | 2–8 | 1–6 | 10th |  |  |  |
| 1967 | Ray Nagel | 1–8–1 | 0–6–1 | T–9th |  |  |  |
| 1968 | Ray Nagel | 5–5 | 4–3 | T–5th |  |  |  |
| 1969 | Ray Nagel | 5–5 | 3–4 | T–5th |  |  |  |
| 1970 | Ray Nagel | 3–6–1 | 3–3–1 | 4th |  |  |  |
| **Frank Lauterbur** *(Big Ten Conference)* (1971–1973) | | | | | | | | |
| 1971 | Frank Lauterbur | 1–10 | 1–8 | 10th |  |  |  |
| 1972 | Frank Lauterbur | 3–7–1 | 2–6–1 | 8th |  |  |  |
| 1973 | Frank Lauterbur | 0–11 | 0–8 | T–9th |  |  |  |
| **Bob Commings** *(Big Ten Conference)* (1974–1978) | | | | | | | | |
| 1974 | Bob Commings | 3–8 | 2–6 | T–7th |  |  |  |
| 1975 | Bob Commings | 3–8 | 3–5 | T–7th |  |  |  |
| 1976 | Bob Commings | 5–6 | 3–5 | T–7th |  |  |  |
| 1977 | Bob Commings | 5–6 | 3–5 | T–6th |  |  |  |
| 1978 | Bob Commings | 2–9 | 2–6 | 8th |  |  |  |
| **Hayden Fry** *(Big Ten Conference)* (1979–1998) | | | | | | | | |
| 1979 | Hayden Fry | 5–6 | 4–4 | 5th |  |  |  |
| 1980 | Hayden Fry | 4–7 | 4–4 | 4th |  |  |  |
| 1981 | Hayden Fry | 8–4 | 6–2 | T–1st | **L** Rose | 15 | 18 |
| 1982 | Hayden Fry | 8–4 | 6–2 | 3rd | **W** Peach |  |  |
| 1983 | Hayden Fry | 9–3 | 7–2 | 3rd | **L** Gator | 14 | 14 |
| 1984 | Hayden Fry | 8–4–1 | 5–3–1 | T–4th | **W** Freedom | 15 | 16 |
| 1985 | Hayden Fry | 10–2 | 7–1 | 1st | **L** Rose | 9 | 10 |
| 1986 | Hayden Fry | 9–3 | 5–3 | T–3rd | **W** Holiday | 15 | 16 |
| 1987 | Hayden Fry | 10–3 | 6–2 | T–2nd | **W** Holiday | 16 | 16 |
| 1988 | Hayden Fry | 6–4–3 | 4–1–3 | 4th | **L** Peach |  |  |
| 1989 | Hayden Fry | 5–6 | 3–5 | T–6th |  |  |  |
| 1990 | Hayden Fry | 8–4 | 6–2 | T–1st | **L** Rose | 16 | 18 |
| 1991 | Hayden Fry | 10–1–1 | 7–1 | 2nd | **T** Holiday | 10 | 10 |
| 1992 | Hayden Fry | 5–7 | 4–4 | 5th |  |  |  |
| 1993 | Hayden Fry | 6–6 | 3–5 | 8th | **L** Alamo |  |  |
| 1994 | Hayden Fry | 5–5–1 | 3–4–1 | 7th |  |  |  |
| 1995 | Hayden Fry | 8–4 | 4–4 | 6th | **W** Sun | 22 | 25 |
| 1996 | Hayden Fry | 9–3 | 6–2 | T–3rd | **W** Alamo | 18 | 18 |
| 1997 | Hayden Fry | 7–5 | 4–4 | T–6th | **L** Sun |  |  |
| 1998 | Hayden Fry | 3–8 | 2–6 | T–7th |  |  |  |
| **Kirk Ferentz** *(Big Ten Conference)* (1999–present) | | | | | | | | |
| 1999 | Kirk Ferentz | 1–10 | 0–8 | 11th |  |  |  |
| 2000 | Kirk Ferentz | 3–9 | 3–5 | 8th |  |  |  |
| 2001 | Kirk Ferentz | 7–5 | 4–4 | T–4th | **W** Alamo |  |  |
| 2002 | Kirk Ferentz | 11–2 | 8–0 | T–1st | **L** Orange | 8 | 8 |
| 2003 | Kirk Ferentz | 10–3 | 5–3 | T–4th | **W** Outback | 8 | 8 |
| 2004 | Kirk Ferentz | 10–2 | 7–1 | T–1st | **W** Capital One | 8 | 8 |
| 2005 | Kirk Ferentz | 7–5 | 5–3 | T–3rd | **L** Outback |  |  |
| 2006 | Kirk Ferentz | 6–7 | 2–6 | T–8th | **L** Alamo |  |  |
| 2007 | Kirk Ferentz | 6–6 | 4–4 | T–5th |  |  |  |
| 2008 | Kirk Ferentz | 9–4 | 5–3 | T–4th | **W** Outback | 20 | 20 |
| 2009 | Kirk Ferentz | 11–2 | 6–2 | T–2nd | **W** Orange | 7 | 7 |
| 2010 | Kirk Ferentz | 8–5 | 4–4 | T–4th | **W** Insight |  |  |
| 2011 | Kirk Ferentz | 7–6 | 4–4 | 4th (Legends) | **L** Insight |  |  |
| 2012 | Kirk Ferentz | 4–8 | 2–6 | T–5th (Legends) |  |  |  |
| 2013 | Kirk Ferentz | 8–5 | 5–3 | T–2nd (Legends) | **L** Outback |  |  |
| 2014 | Kirk Ferentz | 7–6 | 4–4 | 4th (West) | **L** TaxSlayer |  |  |
| 2015 | Kirk Ferentz | 12–2 | 8–0 | 1st (West) | **L** Rose | 10 | 9 |
| 2016 | Kirk Ferentz | 8–5 | 6–3 | T–2nd (West) | **L** Outback |  |  |
| 2017 | Kirk Ferentz | 8–5 | 4–5 | T–3rd (West) | **W** Pinstripe |  |  |
| 2018 | Kirk Ferentz | 9–4 | 5–4 | T–2nd (West) | **W** Outback |  | 25 |
| 2019 | Kirk Ferentz | 10–3 | 6–3 | 3rd (West) | **W** Holiday | 15 | 15 |
| 2020 | Kirk Ferentz | 6–2 | 6–2 | 2nd (West) | **CX** Music City | 15 | 16 |
| 2021 | Kirk Ferentz | 10–4 | 7–2 | 1st (West) | **L** Citrus | 23 | 23 |
| 2022 | Kirk Ferentz | 8–5 | 5–4 | T–2nd (West) | **W** Music City |  |  |
| 2023 | Kirk Ferentz | 10–4 | 7–2 | 1st (West) | **L** Citrus | 22 | 24 |
| 2024 | Kirk Ferentz | 1–0 | 0–0 |  |  |  |  |
| **Total:** | | 694–576–39 |  | | | | | | |
| National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | |

1. "2018 Iowa Football Media Guide" (PDF). University of Iowa Athletics. August 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2018.


title: Winsel Creek

abstract: Winsel Creek is a stream in Crawford and Franklin Counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Spring Creek in Franklin County. The stream headwaters arise in northern Crawford County just west of Sullivan. The stream flows northeast past the north side of Sullivan and crosses under I-44 north of Oak Grove then turns to the northwest and crosses under I-44 again. The stream meanders to the northwest to its confluence with Spring Creek. Windsel derives its name from a local pioneer citizen named Windsell.

text:
# Winsel Creek

**Winsel Creek** (also called **Windsell Creek**) is a stream in Crawford and Franklin Counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Spring Creek in Franklin County.

The stream headwaters arise in northern Crawford County just west of Sullivan (at 38°11′57″N 91°11′10″W / 38.19917°N 91.18611°W / 38.19917; -91.18611). The stream flows northeast past the north side of Sullivan and crosses under I-44 north of Oak Grove then turns to the northwest and crosses under I-44 again. The stream meanders to the northwest to its confluence with Spring Creek (at 38°16′36″N 91°11′19″W / 38.27676°N 91.18853°W / 38.27676; -91.18853).

Windsel derives its name from a local pioneer citizen named Windsell.


title: Needle drop (DJing)

abstract: The needle drop is a technique used in hip hop deejaying. The DJ sets a record spinning, then drops the stylus on the turntable at the exact point where they want playback to begin without previously cuing up the record. Since there is no time wasted in cuing, the needle drop allows faster movements by the DJ. The needle drop method was developed in the 1970s by Grand Wizzard Theodore at around the same time that he and Grandmaster Flash were pioneering scratching.

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# Needle drop (DJing)

The **needle drop** is a technique used in hip hop deejaying. The DJ sets a record spinning, then drops the stylus on the turntable at the exact point where they want playback to begin without previously cuing up the record. Since there is no time wasted in cuing, the needle drop allows faster movements by the DJ. The needle drop method was developed in the 1970s by Grand Wizzard Theodore at around the same time that he and Grandmaster Flash were pioneering scratching.

## Sticker method

In the sticker method of locating the sample or break, a DJ uses a colored "dot" label to mark the sample to be used. Marking a record involves several steps. The first step is to locate the desired sample. The second step is much more critical; the sample is located, then the record is brought about an inch or two backwards from the beginning of the sample. The dot is carefully placed up against the stylus (needle) and a feather touch is applied to keep the label in place. Too hard of an application may lead to the needle being misplaced on the record, slipping to the next several grooves, an undesired result. After the needle is removed from the dot, the label can be pressed into place more permanently. If the DJ ever wishes to remove the dot, residue can be removed from the record with a record cleaner solution.


title: Nor.Ca. Men's Handball Championship

abstract: The Nor.Ca. Men's Handball Championship is the official competition for men's national handball teams of North America and Caribbean. In addition to crowning the Nor.Ca. champions, the tournament also served as a qualifying tournament for the Pan American Handball Championship. Starting from the 2020 edition the tournament is a qualifying event for the IHF World Men's Handball Championship

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# Nor.Ca. Men's Handball Championship

The **Nor.Ca. Men's Handball Championship** is the official competition for men's national handball teams of North America and Caribbean. In addition to crowning the Nor.Ca. champions, the tournament also served as a qualifying tournament for the Pan American Handball Championship. Starting from the 2020 edition the tournament is a qualifying event for the IHF World Men's Handball Championship

## Summary

| Year | Host |  | Final | | |  | Third place match | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Champion | Score | Runner-up | | Third place | Score | Fourth place |
| 2014
*Details* |
Mexico City | | **
Greenland** | Round-robin |
Cuba | |
United States | Round-robin |
Mexico |
| 2018
*Details* |
Mexico City | | **
Cuba** | Round-robin |
Canada | |
Puerto Rico | Round-robin |
Mexico |
| 2020
*Details* |  | | Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in North America | | | | Not played | | |
| 2022
*Details* |
Mexico City | | **
United States** | **33–26** |
Greenland | |
Cuba | 35–30 |
Mexico |
| 2024
*Details* |
Mexico City | | **
Cuba** | **36–21** |
Mexico | |
Greenland | 29–25 |
United States |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Cuba | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 2 | Greenland | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 3 | United States | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | Canada | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Mexico | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 6 | Puerto Rico | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 |

## Participating nations

| Nation |
2014 |
2018 |
2022 |
2024 | Years |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Canada |  | **2nd** |  | 5th | **2** |
| Cuba | **2nd** | **1st** | **3rd** | **1st** | **4** |
| Dominican Republic |  | 6th |  |  | **1** |
| Greenland | **1st** |  | **2nd** | **3rd** | **3** |
| Mexico | 4th | 4th | 4th | **2nd** | **4** |
| Puerto Rico | 5th | **3rd** |  | 6th | **3** |
| United States | **3rd** | 5th | **1st** | 4th | **4** |
| Total | 5 | 6 | 4 | 6 |  |


abstract: The 1917 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 28th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887. Boherlahan were the defending champions. Boherlahan won the championship after a 2–02 to 1–01 defeat of Toomevara in the final. It was their third championship title overall and their third title in succession.

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# 1917 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship

The **1917 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship** was the 28th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.

Boherlahan were the defending champions.

Boherlahan won the championship after a 2–02 to 1–01 defeat of Toomevara in the final. It was their third championship title overall and their third title in succession.

## InfoBox

1917 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
| Champions | Boherlahan (3rd title)<br>Johnny Leahy (captain) |
| --- | --- |
| Runners-up | Toomevara |
| 1916 (Previous) (Next) 1918 | |


title: Muromi Station

abstract: .mw-parser-output.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output.infobox.navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-header,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-above,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-title,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-image,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva.mw-parser-output.infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os.mw-parser-output.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive.mw-parser-output.infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}} Muromi Station is a train station located in Sawara-ku, Fukuoka. The station symbol is three wavy blue lines, representing Muromi River.

text:
# Muromi Station

**Muromi Station** (室見駅, *Muromi-eki*) is a train station located in Sawara-ku, Fukuoka. The station symbol is three wavy blue lines, representing Muromi River.

## Lines

## Platforms

| **1** | Kūkō Line | for Tenjin, Hakata, Fukuokakūkō and Kaizuka |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Kūkō Line | for Meinohama, Chikuzen-Maebaru and Karatsu |

## Vicinity

* Muromi Post Office
* Muromi River
* Muromi Kindergarten
* Fukuoka Expressway - Route 1
* Fukuoka Elementary School
* Muromi Wings Dormitory

## History

33°34′52″N 130°20′24″E / 33.5812°N 130.3400°E / 33.5812; 130.3400

## InfoBox

| K02
Muromi Station
室見駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Fukuoka City Subway station | |
| Entrance No.1, Muromi Station | |
| General information | |
| Location | 5-chōme Muromi, Sawara, Fukuoka, Fukuoka
（福岡市早良区室見5丁目）
Japan |
| Operated by | Fukuoka City Subway |
| Line(s) | Kūkō Line |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Station code | K02 |
| History | |
| Opened | 26 July 1981 (1981-07-26) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2006 | 7,360 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Fukuoka City Subway Following station  MeinohamaK01Terminus  Kūkō Line  FujisakiK03towards Fukuokakūkō | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  K02
Muromi StationLocation within Fukuoka city | |