title: MLB at Rickwood Field

abstract: MLB at Rickwood Field: A Tribute to the Negro Leagues was a Major League Baseball (MLB) specialty game played between the National League (NL) West's San Francisco Giants and the NL Central's St. Louis Cardinals on June 20, 2024. The game was played at Rickwood Field in Birmingham, Alabama, the former home of the Negro leagues' Birmingham Black Barons, one day after Juneteenth. This was the first regular-season Major League Baseball (MLB) game played in the state of Alabama. The Cardinals won 6–5.

text:
# MLB at Rickwood Field

**MLB at Rickwood Field: A Tribute to the Negro Leagues** was a Major League Baseball (MLB) specialty game played between the National League (NL) West's San Francisco Giants and the NL Central's St. Louis Cardinals on June 20, 2024. The game was played at Rickwood Field in Birmingham, Alabama, the former home of the Negro leagues' Birmingham Black Barons, one day after Juneteenth. This was the first regular-season Major League Baseball (MLB) game played in the state of Alabama. The Cardinals won 6–5.

## Background

On June 13, 2023, initial reports revealed that the Giants would play in a Field of Dreams style game, celebrating Willie Mays in Alabama. Due to construction at the MLB at Field of Dreams site, games in 2023 and 2024 were unable to happen. However, MLB decided to shift their marketing into a game to honor Willie Mays, the Negro Leagues, and Juneteenth. The official name for the game was unveiled as *MLB at Rickwood Field: A Tribute to the Negro Leagues* on August 4, 2023. All living Negro League players were invited to the game (157 total), and 60 were confirmed to attend.

### Uniforms

On June 20, 2023, MLB released a statement indicating that "On-field personnel for both teams will wear period uniforms highlighting the Negro Leagues histories of both St. Louis and San Francisco."

On February 28, 2024, MLB released a teaser poster preview video for the Rickwood Field game. The poster specified the Giants are planning on wearing the San Francisco Sea Lions uniforms and the Cardinals to wear St. Louis Stars uniforms to pay homage to the cities histories of the Negro Leagues.

On June 12, 2024, despite San Francisco being the designated away team and St. Louis being the designated home team, MLB revealed that the Giants will wear their cream home Sea Lions uniform while St. Louis will wear their road grays. The Giants and Cardinals both wore a "Mays 24" memorial patch on their uniforms during the game. The Giants' uniforms included a "throwback" logo for Chevrolet, the team's uniform advertising sponsor, on the sleeve.

### Renovations to Rickwood Field

In October 2022, MLB executives met with Rickwood Field Chairman and Executive Director, Gerald Watkins to discuss mock-up designs of how to set the ballpark up, how to reconfigure the clubhouses and dugouts, where to put medical areas, how to revamp the concessions and where to build the broadcast center.

Preparatory renovations of the park were scheduled to begin in 2023. Jerry Brewer of *The Washington Post* wrote, "MLB is tasked with performing tasteful cosmetic surgery on a ballpark known for its old and minimalist charm."

By 2024, Rickwood Field underwent $5 million in renovations which included a new playing surface, a new padded wall that is 10 feet (3.0 m) deeper than the original, and shifting the entire field to the left by 5 feet (1.5 m) to make the field more symmetrical. Other renovations include new dugouts, a modern batter's eye in center field, a digital scoreboard, netting along the foul lines and accessibility upgrades. Tahoma 31 bermuda grass, and temporary light towers were also installed during the renovation.

### Willie Mays' death

On June 17, 2024, Willie Mays made a public statement to the *San Francisco Chronicle* that he would not be able to attend the game later that week on June 20. Mays died the following day, at the age of 93 of heart failure. MLB commissioner, Rob Manfred released a statement after Mays' death: "Thursday's game at historic Rickwood Field was designed to be a celebration of Willie Mays and his peers. With sadness in our hearts, it will now also serve as a national remembrance of an American who will forever remain on the short list of the most impactful individuals our great game has ever known." On the day of the game, the ballpark groundskeepers painted the number 24 behind home plate, paying homage to Mays.

### LaMonte Wade Jr. appeal

On June 18, Giants first baseman and leadoff hitter, LaMonte Wade Jr.'s appeal to play in the June 20th game was denied by MLB. Wade strained his hamstring on May 27th in a game against the Phillies and was scheduled to miss at least 4 weeks. Since Wade is one of the prominent Black players in MLB and one of three in the Giants' clubhouse, along with pitchers Spencer Bivens and Jordan Hicks, he made it his goal to return for the Rickwood Field game. Giants manager, Bob Melvin indicated the Giants tried to get MLB to reverse its decision, but ultimately was unsuccessful. Melvin said the Giants would prioritize adding him to the roster, even if he were only cleared to be the designated hitter. With the San Francisco Giants able to add a player and carry 27 players on the active roster for Thursday’s Rickwood Field game, the team added utility player Tyler Fitzgerald. That move confirmed the fact that Wade would not play in the Rickwood game. Instead Wade, one of three African American players on the Giants’ roster, remained on the injured list with a hamstring strain. Wade instead brought out the lineup card during the pregame home plate meeting.

### Umpires

Thursday's game at Rickwood was umpired by an all-Black crew for the first time in MLB history. Adrian Johnson served as the crew chief and first-base ump, while Alan Porter called balls and strikes. Malachi Moore oversaw second base and C.B. Bucknor was in charge of third base. Jeremie Rehak managed the replays. MLB has employed just 11 Black umpires in AL/NL history; the five that worked Thursday's game were the only black umpires active that day.

## Rosters

| San Francisco Sea Lions Roster | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Starting Pitchers** |  | **Bullpen** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders**
**Designated Hitters** |  | **Manager** **Coaches** |

| St. Louis Stars Roster | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Starting Pitchers** |  | **Bullpen** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders** **Designated Hitters** |  | **Manager** **Coaches** |

## Pregame

### Jon Batiste

Musical artist Jon Batiste strummed a guitar while dancing on a wooden stage near home plate to kick off the pregame ceremonies with his band which included Brittney Spencer, Willie Jones, and C.S. Armstrong. They sang the national anthem and played a mix of instruments to pay homage to the period. Four F-35A fighter jets from the Alabama National Guard's 187th Fighter Wing performed a flyover during the anthem.

### Negro League' Players Ceremony

Fans stood as the Cardinals and Giants led former Negro Leaguers were helped to the field for a pregame ceremony. They sat along the first and third base lines as Batiste and company finished their performance. Next, a video of the late, great Willie Mays played on the video board. Then Mays' son, Michael, came out onto the field alongside Barry Bonds and Ken Griffey Jr. Mays, shouted to the Rickwood Field crowd, "Birmingham, I've been telling y'all if there's any way on earth my father could come down here, that he would," Mays said in a short speech. "Well he found another way. He already stands at your feet. Let him hear you, he's listening." The crowd then erupted in a standing ovation and began to chant "Will-ie! Will-ie!" Chicago Cubs and Wrigley Field PA announcer Jeremiah Paprocki was the PA announcer for the game.

### Ceremonial first pitch

99-year old WWII veteran, former Black Baron and Cardinal, Bill Greason threw out the ceremonial first pitch. Greason played with Mays on the Black Barons and lived across the street from Martin Luther King Jr. and is the oldest living Negro league ballplayer.

## Game

### Scheduling

The game was the first MLB regular season game in the state of Alabama. It was played on a Thursday and was the first game of a three-game series followed by an off-day and two games at Busch Stadium in St. Louis on Saturday and Sunday.

### Lineups

### Recap

In the first inning, San Francisco batter Matt Chapman grounded out to Brandon Crawford, a longtime Giants shortstop who was playing his first game of his professional career at third base for the Cardinals, with whom he had signed before the season. In the bottom half of the first, The Cardinals kicked off the scoring when Nolan Gorman hit a sacrifice fly to plate Masyn Winn. The next batter, Brendan Donovan, hit a two run homer to right field.

In the top of the third, Giants center fielder Heliot Ramos responded with a three run opposite field home run just over the right field wall. In the bottom half of the inning, Gorman hit another sac–fly to score Winn, then Alec Burleson scored on a wild pitch from Giants reliever Randy Rodríguez.

In the top of the fifth inning, to commemorate the 70th anniversary of 'The Catch', Fox replicated a 1954 broadcast by making the video feed black and white, making the microphone audio scratchy, adding a projector sound in the background, and using identical angles to the 1954 World Series broadcast. The inning showed a split screen of the pitcher and runner at first, as well as 1950s-style camera angles for a ground ball Heliot Ramos hit that resulted in a double play. In the bottom half of the fifth, Brendan Donovan singled to center to score Alec Burleson.

In between the fifth and the sixth innings, MLB held a brief ceremony for their Stand Up to Cancer program, aimed to raise awareness and find cures for cancer patients. In the top half of the sixth inning, Wilmer Flores singled to center to score Matt Chapman and move Jorge Soler to third. Two batters later, Nick Ahmed hit a sac-fly to left to score Soler to make the score 6–5. The bullpens dealt throughout the rest of the game, including Adam Kloffenstein making his Major League Baseball debut, and Ryan Helsley shut the door on the Giants to earn the save. Cardinals left fielder Brendan Donovan, who grew up in Enterprise, Alabama, led the Cardinals offense, going three-for-four with a home run and three RBIs. Andre Pallante earned himself the win, and Keaton Winn was credited with the loss.

### Line score

June 20, 2024 6:30 p.m. CDT (7:30 p.m. EDT) at Rickwood Field
| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **San Francisco** | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 11 | 0 |
| **St. Louis** | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | × | 6 | 7 | 0 |
| **WP:** Andre Pallante (3–3)   **LP:** Keaton Winn (3–8)   **Sv:** Ryan Helsley (25)
**Home runs:**
SF: Heliot Ramos (10)
STL: Brendan Donovan (7)
**Attendance:** 8,332
**Umpires:** Alan Porter, Adrian Johnson, Malachi Moore
C. B. Bucknor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Box score

## MiLB at Rickwood Field

MiLB at Rickwood Field: A Tribute to the Negro Leagues
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9     **Montgomery Biscuits** 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 9 0  Birmingham Barons 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 5 15 0 | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | June 18, 2024 |
| Venue | Rickwood Field |
| City | Birmingham, Alabama |
| Managers |  |
| Attendance | 7,866 |
| Ceremonial first pitch | 6:15 CST |
| Television | MLB Network |
| TV announcers | Rich Waltz (play-by-play)
Chris Young (analyst)
Roy Wood Jr. (reporter) |

Along with the June 20 game between the Giants and Cardinals, the Montgomery Biscuits (Tampa Bay Rays affiliate) and the Birmingham Barons (Chicago White Sox affiliate) of Minor League Baseball's Double-A Southern League played a game at Rickwood Field on June 18.The visiting Biscuits wore Montgomery Gray Sox road uniforms while the home Barons wore Birmingham Black Barons home uniforms.

In the top of the 7th inning, Rich Waltz passed along the news that all-time great Willie Mays passed away at the age of 93. The fans in the stadium found out about Mays' passing as the Rickwood Field PA announcer addressed the crowd in between the 7th and 8th inning. The fans gave Mays a standing ovation shortly after to honor his life and legacy.

African-American Rays top 10 prospect and Biscuits center fielder, Chandler Simpson tweaked his calf trying to make a play in the bottom of the seventh inning and had exited the game with the team trainer. He then found out about the passing of Mays. Postgame, Simpson stated, “He was definitely here in spirit throughout the whole game... But everybody gave thanks, and then everybody was appreciative of him and all the greats that came before me.” The Grey Sox beat the Black Barons by a score of 6–5.

1. Martin, Angela (June 13, 2023). "MLB announces Giants-Cardinals to clash in historic game at Rickwood Field". NBC Sports Bay Area. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
2. Adler, David (June 20, 2023). "Cardinals, Giants to play at oldest professional ballpark in '24". *MLB.com*. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
3. Garrison, Greg (August 3, 2023). "Major League Baseball announces branding for Rickwood Field game". *AL.com*. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
4. Foster, Jason (May 30, 2024). "Here's all you need to know about the 2024 MLB game at Rickwood Field". *MLB.com*. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
5. "Rickwood Field to host MLB, MiLB games in 2024". *MiLB.com*. June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
6. Batchelor, Brett (February 28, 2024). "MLB releases promo video ahead of 'A Tribute to the Negro Leagues' game this summer at Rickwood Field". *WBRC*. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
7. Schofield, Mark (June 12, 2024). "Giants and Cardinals to wear Negro League uniforms for MLB at Rickwood Field". *SB Nation*. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
8. Thosar, Deesha (June 20, 2024). "Willie Mays' presence felt everywhere at Rickwood Field as Cardinals edge Giants". *Fox Sports*. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
9. Segrest, Doug (September 26, 2023). "Rickwood Field is Going Big League". *Doing More Today*. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
10. Brewer, Jerry (August 27, 2023). "Birmingham's Rickwood Field is the best kind of monument: A real one". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
11. Webeck, Evan (June 18, 2024). "MLB denies SF Giants' appeal for LaMonte Wade Jr. to participate in Rickwood Classic". *The Mercury News*. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
12. "The 2024 MLB Rickwood Field Game". *Legacy Turf Farms*. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
13. "Hall of Famer Willie Mays will not be in attendance for Negro League tribute game at Rickwood Field". *Associated Press*. June 17, 2024. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
14. Shea, John (June 18, 2024). "Willie Mays, San Francisco Giants legend and MLB all-time great, is dead". *San Francisco Chronicle*. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
15. Feinsand, Mark \[@Feinsand\] (June 18, 2024). "MLB has released the following from Commissioner Rob Manfred on the passing of Hall of Famer Willie Mays at age 93" (Tweet). Retrieved June 18, 2024  via Twitter.
16. Baggarly, Andrew (June 20, 2024). "Preparing the field at Rickwood. Say hey". . Retrieved June 20, 2024.
17. Webeck, Evan (June 20, 2024). "Giants add Tyler Fitzgerald to active roster for Rickwood Field game". *San Francisco Chronicle*. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
18. Anderson, R.J. (June 19, 2024). "Rickwood Field game to make MLB history with first all-Black umpiring crew, per report". *CBS Sports*. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
19. Moses, Nigell (June 20, 2024). "Jon Batiste performs at MLB tribute game". *4WWL*. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
20. Ritchie, Matthew (June 20, 2024). "The best moments from a historic, poignant night at Rickwood Field". *mlb.com*. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
21. Paprocki, Jeremiah (June 20, 2024). "The Voice of MLB At Rickwood Field: A Tribute to the Negro Leagues between the San Francisco Giants and St. Louis Cardinals". . Retrieved June 20, 2024.
22. Vaughan, Charles (June 20, 2024). "Bill Greason to throw out first pitch at Rickwood Field game at age 99". *Yellowhammer News*. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
23. Andres, Patrick (June 20, 2023). "MLB to Honor Willie Mays With Special 2024 Juneteenth Game at Historic Ballpark". *Sports Illustrated*. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
24. Axisa, Mike (June 20, 2023). "Giants and Cardinals to play 2024 game at Alabama's Rickwood Field, MLB will include Willie Mays tribute". *CBS Sports*. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
25. "St. Louis Cardinals vs. San Francisco Giants, at Rickwood Field, June 20, 2024". *Baseball-Reference.com*. June 20, 2024.
26. "St. Louis Cardinals vs. San Francisco Giants, at Rickwood Field, June 20, 2024". *Baseball-Reference.com*. June 20, 2024.
27. "Brandon Crawford Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More". *Baseball-Reference.com*. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
28. "Donovan homers, Cardinals beat Giants 6-5 in game at Rickwood Field honoring Mays and Negro Leagues". *ESPN*. Associated Press. June 20, 2024. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
29. Sam, Dykstra (June 19, 2024). "Simpson electrifies during MiLB at Rickwood Field". *MiLB.com*. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
30. Stumbaugh, Julia (June 12, 2024). "Giants, Cardinals to Wear Negro League Throwback Uniforms for Rickwood Field MLB Game". *Bleacher Report*. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
31. "AL: Willie Mays Death/Rickwood Field Crowd Reacts". *KTBS*. June 19, 2024. Retrieved June 19, 2024.

## InfoBox

MLB at Rickwood Field: A Tribute to the Negro Leagues
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9     San Francisco Giants 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 11 0  **St. Louis Cardinals** 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 × 6 7 0 | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | June 20, 2024 |
| Venue | Rickwood Field |
| City | Birmingham, Alabama |
| Managers |  |
| Umpires | HP: Alan Porter
1B: Adrian Johnson
2B: Malachi Moore
3B: C. B. Bucknor |
| Attendance | 8,332 |
| Time of game | 6:30 p.m. CDT |
| Ceremonial first pitch | Bill Greason |
| Television | Fox |
| TV announcers | Joe Davis (play-by-play)
John Smoltz (analyst)
Ken Rosenthal (reporter)
Tom Verducci (reporter) |


title: Līga Liepiņa

abstract: Līga Liepiņa is a Latvian actress.

text:
# Līga Liepiņa

**Līga Liepiņa** (born August 1, 1946) is a Latvian actress.

## Biography

Liepiņa was born in Naukšēni. Her father was a forest worker, her mother worked in a kindergarten. She finished school in 1964, the People's studio of the actor at the Riga Cinema studio in 1970 and the faculty of theatre at the Latvian Music Academy in 1974.

After her studies, Liepiņa was part of the group of the State Theater of the Youth from 1971 to 1976. Since 1977 she was an actress at the National Theatre of Latvia.

## Films

Her first film was *Four White Shirts* (*Elpojiet dzili* or *Cetri balti krekli*) directed by Rolands Kalniņš, from 1967. There she had the role of Bella. However, the film was forbidden by Soviet censorship. Liepiņa became famous by playing the role of Emma Karkls in the film *U bogatoj gospozhi* (*"У богатой госпожи"*) by Leonīds Leimanis in 1969 after a novel by Andrejs Upīts. She had roles in more than 20 films.

Liepiņa is a part of the National Theatre of Latvia until now.

## Web sources

## InfoBox

| Līga Liepiņa | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | August 1, 1946<br>Naukšēni, Latvian SSR |
| Nationality | Latvian |
| Occupation | Actress |


title: Tyndareus

abstract: In Greek mythology, Tyndareus was a Spartan king.

text:
# Tyndareus

In Greek mythology, **Tyndareus** (/tɪnˈdɛriəs/; Ancient Greek: Τυνδάρεος, *Tundáreos*; Attic: Τυνδάρεως, *Tundáreōs*; \[tyndáreɔːs\]) was a Spartan king.

## Family

Tyndareus was the son of Oebalus (or Perieres) and Gorgophone (or Bateia). He married the Aetolian princess, Leda, by whom he became the father of Castor, Clytemnestra, Timandra, Phoebe and Philonoe, and the stepfather of Helen of Troy and Pollux.

## Mythology

### Early years

Tyndareus had a brother named Hippocoon, who seized power and exiled Tyndareus. He was reinstated by Heracles, who killed Hippocoon and his sons. Tyndareus’ other brother was Icarius, the father of Penelope.

Tyndareus’ wife Leda was seduced by Zeus, who disguised himself as a swan. She laid two eggs, each producing two children; Castor and Pollux, and Helen of Troy and Clytemnestra.

When Thyestes seized control in Mycenae, two exiled princes, Agamemnon and Menelaus came to Sparta, where they were received as guests and lived for a number of years. The princes eventually married Tyndareus' daughters, Clytemnestra and Helen respectively.

### Curse of the goddess

According to Stesichorus, while sacrificing to the gods Tyndareus forgot to honor Aphrodite and thus the goddess was angered and made his daughters twice and thrice wed and deserters of their husbands. As Hesiod also says:

### Helen and the Trojan War

Helen was the most beautiful woman in the world, and when it was time for her to marry, many Greek kings and princes came to seek her hand or sent emissaries to do so on their behalf. Among the contenders were Odysseus, Ajax the Great, Diomedes, Idomeneus, and both Menelaus and Agamemnon. All but Odysseus brought many and rich gifts with them. Helen's favourite was Menelaus who, according to some sources, did not come in person but was represented by his brother Agamemnon, who chose to support his brother's case, and himself married Helen's half-sister Clytemnestra instead.

Tyndareus would accept none of the gifts, nor would he send any of the suitors away for fear of offending them and giving grounds for a quarrel. Odysseus promised to solve the problem in a satisfactory manner if Tyndareus would support him in his courting of Penelope, the daughter of Icarius. Tyndareus readily agreed and Odysseus proposed that, before the decision was made, all the suitors should swear a most solemn oath to defend the chosen husband against whoever should quarrel with the chosen one. This stratagem succeeded and Helen and Menelaus were married. Eventually, Tyndareus resigned in favour of his son-in-law and Menelaus became king.

Some years later, Paris, a Trojan prince came to Sparta to marry Helen, whom he had been promised by Aphrodite. Helen left with him – either willingly because she had fallen in love with him, or because he kidnapped her, depending on the source – leaving behind Menelaus and Hermione, their nine-year-old daughter. Menelaus attempted to retrieve Helen by calling on all her former suitors to fulfil their oaths, leading to the Trojan War.

### Afterwards

According to Euripides's *Orestes*, Tyndareus was still alive at the time of Menelaus’ return, and was trying to secure the death penalty for his grandson Orestes due to the latter's murder of his own mother who was also Tyndareus’ daughter, Clytemnestra, but according to other accounts he had died prior to the Trojan War. In some versions of the myth, Tyndareus was one of the dead men resurrected by Asclepius to live again.

## InfoBox

| Tyndareus | |
| --- | --- |
| King of Sparta | |
| Vase depicting the Dioskuri (either side) with Tyndareus (white beard) and Leda | |
| Legendary King of Sparta | |
| Predecessor | Hippocoon |
| Successor | Menelaus |
|  | |
| Born | Greece |
| Died | Greece |
| Buried | Therapne, Sparta |
| Wife | Leda |
| Issue | Castor
Clytemnestra
Timandra
Phoebe
Philonoe
Helen of Troy (stepdaughter)
Pollux (stepson) |
| Father | Oebalus or Perieres |
| Mother | Gorgophone |


title: Type C5 ship

abstract:
The Type C5 ship is a United States Maritime Administration (MARAD) designation for World War II breakbulk cargo and later a container ship for containerization shipments. The first type C5-class ship was a class of ships constructed and produced in the United States during World War II. The World War II C5-class ship was dry bulk cargo ship built by Bethlehem Steel in Sparrows Point, Maryland. Bethlehem Steel built eight ships in this bulk cargo class and four orders were canceled. The C5-class ship has a 24,250 DWT and was 560 feet (170 m) long. The C5 was mainly used as iron ore carriers. The C5 was needed to replace other ships that sank during World War II. First in her class was SS Venore, USMC #1982, delivered on 20 July 1945. The Type C5-class ship designed to fill the need to move iron ore from Santa Cruz, Chile, to Sparrows Point, Maryland, through the Panama Canal, a round-trip of 8,700 nautical miles.
Post World War II, four ships were given C5 class type C5-S-78a, these were roll-on/roll-off container ship built by Ingalls Shipbuilding, Inc. of Pascagoula, Mississippi and operated by the Moore-McCormack Lines. The C5-S-78a had a deadweight tonnage of 16,000 tons.

text:
# Type C5 ship

The **Type C5 ship** is a United States Maritime Administration (MARAD) designation for World War II breakbulk cargo and later a container ship for containerization shipments. The first type C5-class ship was a class of ships constructed and produced in the United States during World War II. The World War II C5-class ship was dry bulk cargo ship built by Bethlehem Steel in Sparrows Point, Maryland. Bethlehem Steel built eight ships in this bulk cargo class and four orders were canceled. The C5-class ship has a 24,250 DWT and was 560 feet (170 m) long. The C5 was mainly used as iron ore carriers. The C5 was needed to replace other ships that sank during World War II. First in her class was SS *Venore*, USMC #1982, delivered on 20 July 1945. The Type C5-class ship designed to fill the need to move iron ore from Santa Cruz, Chile, to Sparrows Point, Maryland, through the Panama Canal, a round-trip of 8,700 nautical miles (16,100 km; 10,000 mi). Post World War II, four ships were given C5 class type C5-S-78a, these were roll-on/roll-off container ship built by Ingalls Shipbuilding, Inc. of Pascagoula, Mississippi and operated by the Moore-McCormack Lines. The C5-S-78a had a deadweight tonnage of 16,000 tons.

## Ships in class

### Ordered during World War II

* **C5-S AX1** C5 iron ore carriers, 1948.
    + *Venore*, USMC #1982, Hull 4411, scrapped 1970
    + *Marore*, USMC #1983, Hull 4412, scrapped 1970
    + *Lebore*, USMC #1984, Hull 4413, converted to container ship 1966, scrapped 1972
    + *Feltore*, USMC #1985, Hull 4414, converted to container ship 1967, scrapped 1971
    + *Chilore*, Hull 4445, scrapped 1970
    + *Santore*, Hull 4446, scrapped 1970
    + *Cubore*, Hull 4457, scrapped 1980
    + *Baltore*, Hull 4458, converted to barge in 1981

### Post World War II

* **C5-S-78a** container ship 1968
    + SS *Curtiss* (T-AVB-4) laid down on 1 April 1968 at Ingalls Shipbuilding, Inc. of Pascagoula, Mississippi as SS *Mormacksky*, Maritime Commission type C5-S-78a.
    + SS *Mormacstar*, a Maritime Administration, roll-on/roll-off container ship. renamed: SS *Red Jacket*, SS *American Rapid*, SS *Rapid*, *Cape Nome*, and SS *Cape Nome* (AK-1014), 3 April 2002, laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, James River Group.
    + SS *Mormacsea* 1969 roll-on/roll-off container ship, renamed *Defiance* in 1978, renamed *American Rover* in 1982, renamed *Rover* in 1983 and scrapped in 1993 at Alang, India.
    + SS *Mormacsun* 1970 roll-on/roll-off container ship, renamed SS *Young America* in 1970, renamed SS *Wright* (T-AVB-3) in 1986, in active service.

### Conversions

* **C5-S-37e conversions**
* Some C3-S-37a cargo ships were modified in the 1970s to a new C5-S-37e design by the Todd Shipyards Corp., Galveston, Texas. C3-class ships was lengthened by 97.5 feet (29.7 m) to be a class C5.
    + *James Lykes* 1960, scrapped in 1995.
    + *Joseph Lykes* 1960, scrapped in 1996.
    + *Zoella Lykes* 1960, scrapped 1995 at Alang.
    + *John Lykes* 1960, scrapped 1995 at Alang.
    + *Thompson Lykes* 1960, rebuilt into a barge in 1994.

* **C5-S-75a** built by Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., Newport News, Virginia for the American Mail Line of Seattle, Washington as break bulk cargo or container ship, with 21,600 shp (16,100 kW) at 15,950 tons, 21.0 knots (38.9 km/h; 24.2 mph). The largest general cargo liners in 1969.
    + *Alaskan Mail* 1968, renamed *Cape Girardeau* (AK-2039) 1978, scrapped September 2023.
    + *Indian Mail* renamed *Cape Gibson* (AK-5051), scrapped October 2020
    + *Korean Mail* built 1969, scrapped 1995.
    + *Hong Kong Mail* built 1968, renamed SS *Wilson* in 1978, scrapped June 2008.
    + *American Mail* (1969) later renamed SS *Cleveland*, scrapped 2009

## InfoBox

| SS *Curtiss*, a type C5-S-78a-class ship | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Builders | Bethlehem Steel, Sparrows Point, Maryland |
| Planned | 12 |
| Completed | 8 |
| General characteristics C5 class | |
| Type | Dry bulk cargo ship |
| Tonnage | 24,250 DWT |
| Length | 583 ft (178 m) oa |
| Beam | 78 ft (24 m) |
| Draft | 34 ft (10 m) |
| Installed power | 11,000 shp (8,200 kW) |
| Propulsion | Steam turbines |
| Speed | 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) |
| Range | 12,000 nmi (22,000 km; 14,000 mi) |
| Capacity | * Cargo: 420,284 cu ft (11,901.1 m3) * Fuel oil, forward, full 5,719 bbl * Fuel oil, aft, full 7,894 bbl |
| Crew | 63 |


title: Type C8-class ship

abstract: Type C8-class ships are a type of Heavy Lift Barge Carrier. Type C8 ships were the 8th type of ship designed by the United States Maritime Commission (MARCOM) in the late 1960s. As done with the Type C1 ships and Type C2 ships, MARCOM circulated preliminary plans for comment. The design presented was not specific to any service or trade route. Type C8 ships measuring 876 feet (267 m) from stem to stern, and designed to make 16.2 knots.

text:
# Type C8-class ship

**Type C8-class ships** are a type of Heavy Lift Barge Carrier. Type C8 ships were the 8th type of ship designed by the United States Maritime Commission (MARCOM) in the late 1960s. As done with the Type C1 ships and Type C2 ships, MARCOM circulated preliminary plans for comment. The design presented was not specific to any service or trade route. Type C8 ships measuring 876 feet (267 m) from stem to stern, and designed to make 16.2 knots (30.0 km/h; 18.6 mph).

## Design

The Type C8 ships are a type of Heavy Lighter aboard ship. The lighter aboard ship or *LASH* is a system for loading barges or (lighters) onto a large vessel for transport. At the destination, the barge are unloaded and the vessel is then free to move on to the next shipment. Barges and lighters are usually unpowered floating platforms for inland waterways that are separated from the open seas. Barge and lighters are typically towed or pushed around harbors, canals or rivers by tugboats. The carrier ships are also known as LASH carriers, barge carriers, kangaroo ships and lighter transport ships. Barges are load into the ship from the rear-stern of the ship. Two barge-lighters weighing up to 1,000 metric tons placed onto an underwater platform. The ship raises the platform up to the deck. On the deck are special rails to move the lighters down the length of the ship to their holding spot. The ship as a loading power to lift with a force of more than 2,000 Mp.

## MARAD Design C8-S-81b

In the late 1960s, shipbuilding engineer Jerome L. Goldman designed the first LASH ships the Acadia Forest and the Atlantic Forest. Avondale shipyard start construction in 1969 of the second LASH ships the C8-S-81b. The eleven C8-S-81b LASH ships were of identical design and built from 1970 to 1973. The 11 ships were used by two shipping lines Prudential Grace Line in New York and Pacific Far East Line in San Francisco. The price for each ship was $21.3 million.

## Ships in type

## US Navy Cape M Class Heavy Lift Barge Carrier

C8-S-82a were used by the US Navy and called seabee LASH, (Lighter aboard ship).

## Lash Lighter Basin

In San Francisco, California is Lash Lighter Basin, located by Heron's Head Park in San Francisco Bay. The Lash Lighter Basin at Bayview–Hunters Point, San Francisco is a protected port that is used by C8-class ships for loading and unloading lighter-barges. Barges from the Stockton Deepwater Shipping Channel, Sacramento Deep Water Ship Channel and Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta are taken to Lash Lighter Basin. The Lash Lighter Basin is located at 37°44′19.8″N 122°22′18.9″W / 37.738833°N 122.371917°W / 37.738833; -122.371917.

## Notable incident

* On May 21, 2001, the SS Cape Mohican (T-AKR 5065) was participating in an exercise at Chilpo Beach, just north of Pohang, South Korea. While in the harbor, heavy winds caused her to drag anchor approximately 150 feet and run aground on rocks, causing damage to her hull and internal tanks. This damage required salvage work and emergency dry-docking along with 1500 tons of steel to make her seaworthy again

## Type C9 ships

In 1980 Avondale Industries built two 41,500 DWT Type C9-S-81f barge carriers: the SS *Edward Rutledge* (now SS *Spirit* and the SS *Edward Rutledge* (Now SS *Reliance*). In 1974-75 Avondale Industries built nine 41,000 DWT C9-S-81d barge carriers, some used by the US Navy. C9-S-81d examples are the SS Delta Norte and the SS Delta Mar built in 1971. In 1980-83 Avondale Industries also built three C9-M-132b, but these are 32,800 DWT container ships built for the American President Line: *President Washington* (now M/V *Manoa*), *President Lincoln* (now M/V *Mahimahi*) and *President Monroe* (now M/V *Mokihana*).

## Design C8-S-81b ships

| MARAD Design C8-S-81b | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | IMO-Nr. | shipping company | construction number | completion | Later names and fate |
| *Lash Italia* | 7026912 | Prudential Grace Line | 1184 | 1970 | Scrapped 1987 |
| *Lash Turkiye* | 7034335 | Prudential Grace Line | 1185 | 1971 | 1978 *Delta Caribe*, 1987 *Cape Florida* (T-AK-5071) |
| *Lash Espana* | 7050248 | Prudential Grace Line | 1186 | 1971 | 1976 *Austral Lightning*, 1985 *Cape Fear* (T-AK 5061), July 2006 National Defense Reserve Fleet in Suisun Bay |
| *Thomas E. Cuffe* | 7105471 | Pacific Far East Line | 1187 | 1971 | 978 conversion to C8-S-F81e container ship, 1979 President Hoover, 1993 Lihue |
| *Golden Bear* | 7114185 | Pacific Far East Line | 1188 | 1971 | 1977 conversion to C8-S-F81e container ship, 1979 President Grant, 1996 Chief Gadao, 2006 Chief, demolition in Chittagong from May 31, 2006 |
| *Pacific Bear* | ? | Pacific Far East Line | 1189 | 1971 | 1977 1977 conversion to C8-S-F81e container ship American Trader, 1986 President Harrison, scrapped 1996 |
| *Japan Bear* | 7125316 | Pacific Far East Line | 1190 | 1972 | 1978 Conversion to the C8-S-F81e container ship President Tyler, 1996 Ewa, demolition 2006 |
| *China Bear* | 7207645 | Pacific Far East Line | 1191 | 1972 | 1975 Austral Rainbow, 2000 Ustral, scrapped in Alang from August 16, 2000 |
| *Lash Atlantico* | 7207633 | Prudential Grace Line | 1192 | 1973 | Scrapped 1996 |
| *Lash Pacifico* | 7216995 | Prudential Grace Line | 1193 | 1973 | 1989 *American Kestrel*, Scrapped 1995 |
| *Philippine Bear* | 7225714 | Pacific Far East Line | 1194 | 1973 | 1975 *Austral Moon*, 1984 *American Veteran*, Scrapped 1995 |

## Design C8-S-82a ships

| MARAD Design C8-S-82a for Lykes Brothers Steamship Company | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | IMO-Nr. | construction number | completion | Later names and fate |
| *Doctor Lykes* | 7223314 | 18 | 1972 | 1986 RRF *Cape Mendocino* (AKR-5064) |
| *Almeria Lykes* | 7205958 | 19 | 1972 | 1986 RRF *Cape May* (TAKR 5063) |
| *Tillie Lykes* | 7223314 | 20 | 1973 | 1986 RRF *Cape Mohican* (T-AKR 5065) |

## InfoBox

Type C8
| SS *Cape May* (T-AKR-5063) at C8-S-82a type ship | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Builders | Avondale Shipyard
GD's Fore River Shipyard
Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard |
| Built | 1968–1979 |
| Completed | 26 |
| Lost | none |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Heavy Lift Barge Carrier: C8-S-81b, C8-S-81d, C8-S-82a, C8-S-85d |
| Displacement | 20,574 to - 29,820 deadweight tons. |
| Length | 876 ft (267 m) |
| Beam | 106 ft (32 m) |
| Draft | 40 ft (12 m) |
| Installed power | steam turbines 22,109 HP to 32,000 hp |
| Speed | 16.2 knots (30.0 km/h; 18.6 mph) |
| Crew | 34 when operational |


title: Tuxtepec District

abstract: Tuxtepec District is located in the north of the Papaloapan Region of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

text:
# Tuxtepec District

**Tuxtepec District** is located in the north of the Papaloapan Region of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico.

## Municipalities

The district includes the following municipalities:

## InfoBox

| Tuxtepec District | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Oaxaca regions and districts: Papaloapan to the Northeast | |
| Coordinates: 18°6′N 96°7′W / 18.100°N 96.117°W / 18.100; -96.117 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Oaxaca |


title: MT63

abstract: MT63 is a digital radio modulation mode for transmission in high-noise situations. It was developed by Pawel Jalocha, call sign SP9VRC, primarily for keyboard-to-keyboard conversations on HF amateur radio bands.

text:
# MT63

**MT63** is a digital radio modulation mode for transmission in high-noise situations. It was developed by Pawel Jalocha, call sign SP9VRC, primarily for keyboard-to-keyboard conversations on HF amateur radio bands.

## Description

MT63 distributes the encoding of each character over a long time period, and over several tones. This code and symbol spreading implementation is key to its robustness under less than ideal conditions. The MT63 mode is very tolerant of mistuning; most software will handle 120 Hz tuning offsets under normal conditions.

| Mode | Symbol rate | Typing speed | Duty cycle | Modulation | Bandwidth | ITU designation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| MT63-500 | 5 baud | 5.0 cps (50 wpm) | 80% | 64 × 2-PSK | 500 Hz | 500HJ2DEN |
| MT63-1000 | 10 baud | 10.0 cps (100 wpm) | 80% | 64 × 2-PSK | 1000 Hz | 1K00J2DEN |
| MT63-2000 | 20 baud | 20.0 cps (200 wpm) | 80% | 64 × 2-PSK | 2000 Hz | 2K00J2DEN |

## Latency

MT63 can use either a short or long interleaver. The long interleaver makes the mode more robust against interference, at the cost of increasing latency.

| Mode | ECC mode | Latency (sec) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| MT63 500 Hz | short | 12.8 |
| MT63 1K | short | 6.4 |
| MT63 1K | long | 12.8 |
| MT63 2K | short | 3.2 |
| MT63 2K | long | 6.4 |
| PSK31 | - | \<1 |

## Media

MT63 was used on shortwave by the VOA Radiogram until 2017, but the software used to encode the text was not using the Varicode that MT63 used in its original design.

Modern software that supports MT63, such as Fldigi, uses *base128*, essentially the same as ASCII.

MT63 has been promoted as a modulation format for time signal stations, but this system does not use Varicode.


title: M-106 (Michigan highway)

abstract: M-106 is a state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan in and near the city of Jackson. M-106 travels in a southwest-to-northeast direction from Jackson to Gregory at a junction with M-36 just a few miles northwest of Hell. The highway was first designated in 1928 running north out of downtown Jackson. It connected U.S. Highway 12 (US 12) to the state prison and Bunkerhill Road. A pair of changes in the early 1930s resulted in the extension eastward to Gregory. From the 1960s until the early years of the 21st century, a section of M-106 in downtown Jackson was routed along one-way streets.

text:
# M-106 (Michigan highway)

**M-106** is a state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan in and near the city of Jackson. M-106 travels in a southwest-to-northeast direction from Jackson to Gregory at a junction with M-36 just a few miles northwest of Hell. The highway was first designated in 1928 running north out of downtown Jackson. It connected U.S. Highway 12 (US 12) to the state prison and Bunkerhill Road. A pair of changes in the early 1930s resulted in the extension eastward to Gregory. From the 1960s until the early years of the 21st century, a section of M-106 in downtown Jackson was routed along one-way streets.

## Route description

M-106 starts in downtown Jackson at the corner of Cooper Street and Michigan Avenue. Michigan Avenue runs east–west carrying Business Loop Interstate 94 (BL I-94), Business US 127 (Bus. US 127) and M-50, and Cooper Street runs northwesterly from here carrying M-106. The highway passes through residential neighborhoods immediately north of downtown, and turns due north near Jackson Catholic Middle School and the historic Michigan State Prison. Continuing a few miles north through an interchange with I-94 and US 127, M-106 runs north out of town. Cooper Street continues out of town, and the trunkline runs by the State Prison of Southern Michigan.

North of the current prison, the highway curves to the northwest following Bunkerhill Road. Through this area, M-106 runs through farm fields and forests. The highway turns onto Plum Orchard Road near Batteese Lake and runs east into the community of Munith. M-106 merges onto Territorial Road east of the town before crossing the county line into Ingham County. South of Stockbridge, M-106 merges with M-52 and the two run concurrently into that community. M-106 turns east in the downtown area and continues along Morton Road into Livingston County. The highway ends at a junction with M-36 in Gregory.

M-106 is maintained by MDOT like other state highways in Michigan. As a part of these maintenance responsibilities, the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction. These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic, which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway. MDOT's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M-106 were the 15,474 vehicles daily south of I-94; the lowest counts were the 1,550 vehicles per day in near the M-36 junction. The only section of M-106 has been listed on the National Highway System (NHS) is between M-50 and I-94 in Jackson. The NHS is a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.

## History

M-106 was first designated in 1928 on a route that ran from US 12 (Michigan Avenue) along Cooper Street to Bunkerhill Road, a total of 4+12 miles (7.2 km). This highway was extended north to Stockbridge in late 1930 or early 1931. A further realignment of M-36 resulted in the extension of M-106 to Gregory. Cooper Street in Jackson was converted to one-way, southbound traffic in 1967. A northbound routing along Milwaukee Street was established. The south end of southbound M-106 was trimmed back to end at BL I-94/Bus. US 127/M-50. Two-way traffic was restored in 2004. M-106 was shifted to run only along Cooper Street (formerly Milwaukee Street), and Francis Street (formerly Cooper Street) is left as an unsigned trunkline.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jackson | Jackson | 0.000 | 0.000 |
BL I-94 / Bus. US 127 / M-50 (Michigan Avenue) |  |
| | Blackman Township | 1.638–
1.645 | 2.636–
2.647 | I-94 / US 127 Chicago, Detroit, Lansing | Exit 139 on I-94/US 127 |
| Ingham | Stockbridge | 20.620 | 33.185 |
M-52 south Adrian | Southern end of M-52 concurrency |
| | | 21.438 | 34.501 |
M-52 north Owosso | Northern end of M-52 concurrency |
| Livingston | Unadilla Township | 26.925 | 43.332 |
D-32 east Hell | Western terminus of D-32 |
| | Gregory | 27.041 | 43.518 | M-36 Mason, Pinckney |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/M-106 (Michigan highway)KML is from Wikidata * M-106 at Michigan Highways

## InfoBox

| M-106 | |
| --- | --- |
| M-106 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDOT | |
| Length | 27.041 mi (43.518 km) |
| Existed | 1928–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end |
BL I-94 / Bus. US 127 / M-50 in Jackson |
| Major intersections |  |
| North end | M-36 in Gregory |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| Counties | Jackson, Ingham, Livingston |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| M-105   M-107 | |


title: M-104 (Michigan highway)

abstract: M-104 is a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan in the Western Michigan region of the state. It runs from Ferrysburg to Nunica in Ottawa County, passing through Spring Lake. The highway serves as a connector between Interstate 96 (I-96) and US Highway 31 (US 31), helping connect Grand Haven with the Grand Rapids metro area. A related Connector 104 runs between the M-104 and US 31 in Ferrysburg. During the 1920s and 1930s, a different highway bore the M-104 designation. The current highway was previously a section of US 16 until 1940 when that designation was shifted to a road going from Nunica to Muskegon; the orphaned highway was redesignated M-104 at the same time. Since then, two routing changes have caused short segments to be transferred to local control and removed from the highway.

text:
# M-104 (Michigan highway)

**M-104** is a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan in the Western Michigan region of the state. It runs from Ferrysburg to Nunica in Ottawa County, passing through Spring Lake. The highway serves as a connector between Interstate 96 (I-96) and US Highway 31 (US 31), helping connect Grand Haven with the Grand Rapids metro area. A related **Connector 104** runs between the M-104 and US 31 in Ferrysburg. During the 1920s and 1930s, a different highway bore the M-104 designation. The current highway was previously a section of US 16 until 1940 when that designation was shifted to a road going from Nunica to Muskegon; the orphaned highway was redesignated M-104 at the same time. Since then, two routing changes have caused short segments to be transferred to local control and removed from the highway.

## Route description

The western terminus of M-104 is at US 31 in Ferrysburg at the north end of the drawbridge spanning the Grand River north of Grand Haven. The highway runs along Savidge Street and crosses a bridge over the channel that connect the river with Spring Lake. On the opposite shore, the trunkline continues along Savidge Street, running between the river to its south and the lake to its north. M-104 crosses the central business area of the village of Spring Lake. East of downtown, the highway transitions to follow Cleveland Street which continues due east to Nunica. The landscape becomes more rural east of Spring Lake where the highway crosses terrain with a mix of open fields and woods. There are various businesses and homes that line the roadway. The eastern terminus of M-104 is located at the exit 9 interchange along I-96 just west of Nunica.

Like other state highways in Michigan, M-104 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). In 2011, the department's traffic surveys showed that on average, 20,663 vehicles used the highway daily in near the western terminus in Ferrysburg and 8,018 vehicles did so each day near the eastern terminus near Nunica, the highest and lowest counts along the highway, respectively. No section of M-104 is listed on the National Highway System, a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.

## History

### Previous designation

From 1927 until 1939, the first M-104 followed a gravel road from M-47 (now M-52) at Pittsburg, through Laingsburg, to DeWitt, and the current M-104 was originally part of US 16.

### Current designation

In 1940, a rerouting of US 16 eliminated M-126 between Nunica and Muskegon; the previous routing of US 16 between Nunica and Ferrysburg was redesignated M-104 at this time. This highway designation was truncated on November 25, 1961, after the I-96/US 16 freeway opened, and the section of M-104 between the freeway and the old US 16 routing was transferred to local control. Another short segment of the highway was bypassed when a new bridge was built between Spring Lake and Ferrysburg in 1965.

## Major intersections

The entire highway is in Ottawa County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ferrysburg | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 31 / LMCT Grand Haven, Holland, Muskegon | Exit 104 on US 31; indirect access to northbound US 31 via Pine and Third streets |
| Crockery Township | 6.494 | 10.451 | M-231 (120th Avenue) | Provides westbound exit and eastbound entrance for I-96 |
| | 7.101 | 11.428 |
I-96 east Grand Rapids | Exit 9 on I-96; westbound entrance from and eastbound exit to I-96; roadway continues east as Cleveland Street |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

| Connector 104 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Ferrysburg |
| Length | 0.326 mi (525 m) |

**Connector 104** is an unsigned trunkline in Ferrysburg that runs north along Pine Street and west along 3rd Street to connect exit 104B on US 31 to M-104. According to MDOT, 14,231 vehicles used the trunkline on average each day.

Template:Attached KML/M-104 (Michigan highway)KML is from Wikidata * M-104 at Michigan Highways

## InfoBox

| M-104 | |
| --- | --- |
| M-104 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDOT | |
| Length | 7.101 mi (11.428 km) |
| Existed | 1940–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | US 31 at Ferrysburg |
| East end | I-96 near Nunica |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| Counties | Ottawa |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| M-103   M-105 | |


title: M. Amjad Hossain

abstract: M. Amjad Hossain is an orthopedic surgeon and a fighter during the Bangladesh Liberation War. He was awarded the Independence Award in 2021. He is known nationally and internationally for his works. Professor Dr. M. Amjad Hossain is a leading orthopedic surgeon in Bangladesh, specializing in orthopedics and trauma.

text:
# M. Amjad Hossain

**M. Amjad Hossain** (born 1953) is an orthopedic surgeon and a fighter during the Bangladesh Liberation War. He was awarded the Independence Award (Swadhinata Padak) in 2021. He is known nationally and internationally for his works. Professor Dr. M. Amjad Hossain is a leading orthopedic surgeon in Bangladesh, specializing in orthopedics and trauma.

## Participation in Liberation war

Hossain took part in the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. During the war, he sustained an injury on his femur and underwent treatment at Indian military hospitals.

## Education and career

Hossain earned his MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) degree and went on to pursue his MS (Master of Surgery) in Orthopaedics. He further enhanced his expertise by becoming an AO Fellow in Germany, indicating advanced training in trauma surgery from the Association for the Study of Internal Fixation.

Hossain served as Professor and Head of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery at Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Currently, he holds the position of Chief Consultant and Head of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery at Labaid Specialized Hospital in Dhanmondi, Dhaka.

Hossain is recognized for his contributions to total hip and knee arthroplasty, helping patients with severe joint pain regain mobility and independence.

1. "Best Orthopedic, Hip & Knee Surgeon in Bangladesh". 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2024-06-11.

## InfoBox

| M. Amjad Hossain | |
| --- | --- |
| আমজাদ হোসেন | |
| Born | 1953 (age 7071)<br>Sukdebpur, Dinajpur District, East Bengal, Dominion of Pakistan |
| Education |  |
| Occupation | Orthopedic surgeon |
| Awards | Independence Day Award 2021 |


title: MV Empire Bede

abstract: Empire Bede was a 6,959 GRT cargo ship which was built by G M Harland & Wolff Ltd, Glasgow in 1942 for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She had a short career, being damaged by a torpedo and then sunk by gunfire on 18 August 1942.

text:
# MV Empire Bede

class=notpageimage|Location of the sinking of *Empire Bede* off Cuba.

***Empire Bede*** was a 6,959 GRT cargo ship which was built by G M Harland & Wolff Ltd, Glasgow in 1942 for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She had a short career, being damaged by a torpedo and then sunk by gunfire on 18 August 1942.

## Description

*Empire Bede* was built by Harland & Wolff Ltd, Glasgow. She was yard number 1049. *Empire Bede* was launched on 6 January 1942 and completed on 31 March. She was 432 feet 7 inches (131.85 m) long, with a beam of 56 feet 3 inches (17.15 m) and a depth of 34 feet 3 inches (10.44 m). Her GRT was 6,959 with a NRT of 4,201.

## Career

*Empire Bede* had a short career, she was a member of two convoys.

OS 25

Convoy OS 25 departed Liverpool on 12 April 1942 and arrived at Freetown, Sierra Leone on 29 April. *Empire Bede* was carrying a cargo of ammunition, guns, stores and tanks.

After leaving the convoy off Freetown, *Empire Bede* delivered her cargo to Aden and Port Said, Egypt. She then sailed to Port Sudan where a load of cotton was taken aboard. *Empire Bede* sailed to Cape Town and then departed for New York. On 1 August she picked up 25 survivors from the Clan Line ship SS *Clan Macnaughton*, which had been torpedoed and sunk by *U-155*. They were landed at Port of Spain, Trinidad on 5 August.

TAW 13

Convoy TAW 13 departed from Trinidad on 12 August 1942 and arrived at Key West, Florida on 23 August. *Empire Bede* carried the Vice-Commodore. The convoy headed for the Panama Canal at 5 knots (9.3 km/h) to rendezvous with other ships that were to join the convoy there. At 04:00 British Double Summer Time (06:00 German time) on 12 August, *Empire Bede* was struck by a torpedo fired by U-553, under the command of Kapitänleutnant Karl Thurmann. Two crew were killed. Her position was 19°35′N 76°25′W / 19.583°N 76.417°W / 19.583; -76.417. The other 35 crew, six DEMS gunners and two signalmen were picked up by HMS *Pimpernel*, which later sank *Empire Bede* by gunfire at 19°41′N 76°50′W / 19.683°N 76.833°W / 19.683; -76.833. The rescued crew were landed at Santiago de Cuba. Those lost on *Empire Bede* are commemorated at the Tower Hill Memorial, London.

## Official Numbers and Code Letters

Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. *Empire Bede* had the UK Official Number 1687091 and the Code Letters BCVC.

## Propulsion

*Empire Bede* was propelled by a four-stroke Single Cycle, Single Action diesel engine which had six cylinders of 29+38 inches (750 mm) diameter by 59+316 inches (1,503 mm) stroke. It was built by Harland & Wolff. The engine could propel the ship at a speed of 14 knots (26 km/h).

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | *Empire Bede* |
| Owner | Ministry of War Transport |
| Operator | Hain Steamship Co Ltd |
| Port of registry | Glasgow |
| Builder | Harland & Wolff Ltd, Glasgow |
| Yard number | 1094 |
| Launched | 6 January 1942 |
| Completed | 31 March 1942 |
| Identification |  |
| Fate | Sunk, 18 August 1942 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage |  |
| Length | 432 ft 7 in (131.85 m) |
| Beam | 56 ft 3 in (17.15 m) |
| Depth | 34 ft 3 in (10.44 m) |
| Propulsion | One 4SCSA oil engine, 490 hp (370 kW) |
| Speed | 14 knots (26 km/h) |
| Crew | 37, plus 6 DEMS gunners and 2 signalmen |


title: M. P. Radhakrishnan

abstract: M. P. Radhakrishnan was an Indian career banker who served as the eighteenth Chairman of State Bank of India.

text:
# M. P. Radhakrishnan

**M. P. Radhakrishnan** was an Indian career banker who served as the eighteenth Chairman of State Bank of India.

## Career

He joined the State Bank of India as a probationary officer in September 1964 and served in a number of roles until finally becoming the Chairman of State Bank of India in 1998.

He served as the eighteenth Chairman of State Bank of India from 1 December 1998 until 31 January 1999. He was succeeded by G. G. Vaidya after his retirement in 1999.

## InfoBox

| M. P. Radhakrishnan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 18th Chairman of State Bank of India | |
| Preceded by | M. S. Verma |
| Succeeded by | G. G. Vaidya |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Indian |
|  | |


title: 1979 NCAA Skiing Championships

abstract: The 1979 NCAA Skiing Championships were contested at the Steamboat Ski Resort on Mount Werner near Steamboat Springs, Colorado, at the 26th annual NCAA-sanctioned ski tournament to determine the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate alpine, cross-country skiing, and ski jumping in the United States. Seven-time defending champions Colorado, coached by Tim Hinderman, once again claimed the team national championship, finishing 23 points ahead of Utah in the standings. This was the tenth title for the Buffaloes.

text:
# 1979 NCAA Skiing Championships

The **1979 NCAA Skiing Championships** were contested at the Steamboat Ski Resort on Mount Werner near Steamboat Springs, Colorado, at the 26th annual NCAA-sanctioned ski tournament to determine the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate alpine, cross-country skiing, and ski jumping in the United States.

Seven-time defending champions Colorado, coached by Tim Hinderman, once again claimed the team national championship, finishing 23 points ahead of Utah in the standings. This was the tenth title for the Buffaloes.

## Venue

Steamboat Springsclass=notpageimage|1979 NCAA Skiing Championships site

This year's NCAA skiing championships were contested at the Steamboat Ski Resort at Mount Werner in Steamboat Springs, Colorado.

These were the eighth championships held in the state of Colorado (1956, 1959, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1975, and 1977) and the third at Steamboat Springs (1968 and 1969).

## Team scoring

| Rank | Team | Points |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Colorado** **(H)** | **153** |
|  | Utah | 130 |
|  | Vermont | 123 |
| 4 | Wyoming | 99 |
| 5 | Dartmouth | 74 |
| 6 | Middlebury | 62 |
| 7 | Northern Michigan | 60 |
| 8 | Montana State | 35 |
| 9 | New Hampshire | 33 |
| 10 | Williams | 19 |
| 11 | New Mexico | 10 |
| 12 | Michigan Tech | 9 |
| 13 | Minnesota–Duluth | 3 |

## InfoBox

1979 NCAA Skiing Championships
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament information | |
| Sport | College skiing |
| Location | Steamboat Springs, Colorado |
| Administrator | NCAA |
| Host(s) | University of Colorado Boulder |
| Venue(s) | Steamboat Ski Resort |
| Teams | 13 |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Colorado (10th title) |
| 1st runners-up | Utah |
| 2nd runners-up | Vermont |
|  | |


title: Pegeen (film)

abstract: Pegeen is a 1920 American silent drama film based on the 1915 novel of the same name by Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd. It was produced by Vitagraph Studios and directed by David Smith. It stars Bessie Love in the title role.

text:
# Pegeen (film)

***Pegeen*** is a 1920 American silent drama film based on the 1915 novel of the same name by Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd. It was produced by Vitagraph Studios and directed by David Smith. It stars Bessie Love in the title role.

## Plot

Recently widowed Danny O'Neil (Stanley) has the belief that his wife will return to him by way of fire, and sets fire to buildings around town in hope that she will return to him. For her safety, his daughter Pegeen (Love) is sent to live with neighbor. When her father is to be arrested, Pegeen's friend Ezra (McGuire) helps hide her father, who dies shortly thereafter.

## Cast

## Reception

Reviews for the film were mixed. Its "worst criticism" is that "it is not a thriller, nor a spectacle. Neither is it a heavy digest of a weighty social or economic problem. It is just a simple story of every day people, told in simple, direct continuity, intelligently and coherently."

Scenes involving a hanging and a shoot-out were recommended for removal when showing the film to family audiences.

## InfoBox

| Pegeen | |
| --- | --- |
| Still with Bessie Love and Charles Spere | |
| Directed by | David Smith |
| Screenplay by | William B. Laub |
| Based on | *Pegeen* (novel)
by Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd |
| Starring | Bessie Love |
| Cinematography | Charles R. Seeling |
| Production
company | Vitagraph Studios |
| Release date | * January 11, 1920 (1920-01-11) (U.S.) |
| Running time | 5 reels |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Vinay Choudhary

abstract: Vinay Choudhary is an Indian cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Punjab in the 2013–14 Ranji Trophy on 14 December 2013.

text:
# Vinay Choudhary

**Vinay Choudhary** (born 4 September 1993) is an Indian cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Punjab in the 2013–14 Ranji Trophy on 14 December 2013.

## InfoBox

Vinay Choudhary
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1993-09-04) 4 September 1993<br>Amritsar, Punjab, India |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Bowling | Slow left arm orthodox |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2013–14 | Punjab |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 9 October 2016 | |


title: Opposition House

abstract: Opposition House is an historic double house in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The two story hip-roofed wood-frame house was built in 1807 by Judge Francis Dana, who was seeking to prevent the laying of Harvard Street across his estate, making it a kind of spite house. Dana's efforts were unsuccessful; the road was routed around this house, which he had sited along the intended route. The house was moved to its present location in the 1860s. It is the oldest surviving house on Dana Hill. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

text:
# Opposition House

**Opposition House** is an historic double house in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The two story hip-roofed wood-frame house was built in 1807 by Judge Francis Dana, who was seeking to prevent the laying of Harvard Street across his estate, making it a kind of spite house. Dana's efforts were unsuccessful; the road was routed around this house, which he had sited along the intended route. The house was moved to its present location in the 1860s. It is the oldest surviving house on Dana Hill.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Opposition House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 2–4 Hancock Place,<br>Cambridge, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°22′10″N 71°06′25″W / 42.369514°N 71.1068103°W / 42.369514; -71.1068103 |
| Built | 1807 |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| MPS | Cambridge MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 82001969 |
| Added to NRHP | April 13, 1982 |


title: Moon Safari (band)

abstract: Moon Safari is a Swedish progressive rock band formed in Skellefteå in 2003. It gained recognition after it recorded a demo tape that caught the attention of keyboardist Tomas Bodin of The Flower Kings. Their genre is predominantly symphonic rock, though their music incorporates many different styles. Common characteristics of their sound include intricate vocal harmonization, acoustic or smoothly electric instrumentals, and pervasive tonal structures in the major and minor modes.

text:
# Moon Safari (band)

**Moon Safari** is a Swedish progressive rock band formed in Skellefteå in 2003. It gained recognition after it recorded a demo tape that caught the attention of keyboardist Tomas Bodin of The Flower Kings. Their genre is predominantly symphonic rock, though their music incorporates many different styles. Common characteristics of their sound include intricate vocal harmonization, acoustic or smoothly electric instrumentals, and pervasive tonal structures in the major and minor modes.

## History

Moon Safari formed in 2003. The first line-up was formed of keyboardist and singer Simon Åkesson, guitarist and singer Petter Sandström, bassist Johan Westerlund, guitarist Anthon Johansson, and drummer Tobias Lundgren, lasting until 2005. They released four studio albums, recorded and mixed by the group and released on their own label, Blomljud Records. Their first, *A Doorway to Summer* (2005) was produced by Tomas Bodin, the keyboardist of fellow Swedish progressive rock band The Flower Kings. It evokes themes of summer, the sun, and light in general as a comforting and hopeful concept. In their double album *Blomljud* (2008), Swedish for "Flower Sound", themes of flowers and nature prevail throughout, with science fiction themes also playing a key role.

*Lover's End* (2010) juxtaposes the story of a painful breakup with themes of nascent love, illustrating and accentuating emotions commonly associated with the stages before, during, and after a romantic relationship. Their EP *Lover's End Pt. III: Skellefteå Serenade* (2012) functions as a continuation of the breakup story described in *Lover's End*, with an additional emphasis on the powerful feelings associated with one's hometown. It also develops and reprises themes from the songs *Lover's End Pt. I* and *Lover's End Pt. II*.

Their first live album *The Gettysburg Address* (2012) was recorded at a performance in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and features songs from their first three studio albums. Their fourth studio album, *Himlabacken Vol. 1* (2013), Swedish for "Heaven Hill", is about the band's childhoods, growing up, and responsibilities of adulthood.

On 11 July 2017, Simon Åkesson announced he was leaving the group via Facebook, but rejoined later the same year.

On 31 August 2023, the group announced that their fifth studio album, *Himlabacken Vol. 2*, would be released on 8 December of that year.

## Musical style

The musical style of Moon Safari is characterised by a symphonic rock sound with five-part vocal harmonies, something that the group struggled with at first until Simon taught the band how to perform them as each one could sing. Lundgren later said the harmonies soon became second nature. Simon Åkesson and Petter Sandström each perform lead vocals, with both of their voices often providing solo vocal melodies. However, all six members contribute to the vocal aspect of their music. Many of their melodies are sung as full vocal harmonies, and a number of their songs feature a capella sections. Major keys comprise the majority of their music, with minor keys often featured only in specific sections of their songs. They list their influences as The Beatles, and notable progressive rock bands Genesis, Marillion, IQ, and Yes, among others.

## Awards

Moon Safari won the 9th annual Independent Music Awards Vox Pop vote for best Eclectic Album "In the Countryside". The Classic Rock Society awarded them the 2012 title of "best track" for their song *Lover's End Pt. III: Skellefteå Serenade*

## Personnel

Current members * Petter Sandström - lead vocals, acoustic guitar, harmonica (2003–present)
* Johan Westerlund - bass, backing and occasional lead vocals (2003–present)
* Simon Åkesson - lead vocals, keyboards, synthesizers (2003–2017, 2017-present)
* Pontus Åkesson - guitars, backing and occasional lead vocals (2005–present)
* Sebastian Åkesson - keyboards, percussion, backing vocals (2008–present; studio only since 2024)
* Mikael Israelsson - drums, percussion, keyboards, backing vocals (2015–present)

Former members * Anthon Johansson - guitars, backing vocals (2003–2005)
* Tobias Lundgren - drums, percussion, backing vocals (2003–2015)
* Tomas Bodin - keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals (2017)

Timeline

## Discography

Studio albums * *A Doorway to Summer* (2005)
* *Blomljud* (2008)
* *Lover's End* (2010)
* *Himlabacken Vol. 1* (2013)
* *Himlabacken Vol. 2* (2023)

EPs * *Lover's End Pt. III: Skellefteå Serenade* (2012)

Live albums * *The Gettysburg Address* (2012)
* *Live in Mexico* (2014)

## InfoBox

| Moon Safari | |
| --- | --- |
| Moon Safari in May 2009 at Rites of Spring Festival (Rosfest) | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Skellefteå, Sweden |
| Genres | Progressive rock |
| Years active | 2003–present |
| Labels | Blomljud |
|  | |
| Members | Simon Åkesson
Petter Sandström
Johan Westerlund
Pontus Åkesson
Sebastian Åkesson
Mikael Israelsson |
|  | |
| Past members | Anthon Johansson
Tobias Lundgren
Tomas Bodin |
|  | |
| Website | www.moonsafari.se |


title: Richard Potter (businessman)

abstract: Richard Potter was a Victorian era English barrister and businessman investor, later chairman of the Great Western Railway.

text:
# Richard Potter (businessman)

**Richard Potter** (23 July 1817 – 11 January 1892) was a Victorian era English barrister and businessman investor, later chairman of the Great Western Railway.

## Background

Potter was the son of Richard Potter, the radical non-conformist Liberal Party MP for Wigan, and founding member of the *Little Circle*. His uncle was Thomas Potter, the first Lord Mayor of Manchester. His father and uncle were successful businessmen, and investors in John Edward Taylor's new *Manchester Guardian* newspaper. Their second formation of the *Little Circle* resulted in pressure being brought to eventually pass the Reform Act 1832.

## Early life

Richard Potter was born on 23 July 1817 in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, the son of Richard Potter and Mary Seddon. Brought up a Unitarian, his father held the seat of Wigan until 1839, replaced by the Radical party's William Ewart. He then moved the family to Gloucester, where he unsuccessfully lost the contest to represent the constituency to Maurice Berkeley, 1st Baron FitzHardinge. Richard Potter Snr died in July 1842.

## Business career

Called to the bar in 1840, Potter invested in timber import business Price & Co. in Gloucester, which was a major import dock in the southwest of England.

### Price & Co.

From 1849 Price & Co. became involved in supplying timber to William Eassie, who was supplying railway sleepers to the Gloucester and Dean Forest Railway. Eassie's company diversified after the railway boom period, supplying windows and doors, as well as prefabricated wooden huts to the gold prospectors in Australia.

With the outbreak of the Crimean War in 1854, the Government wanted to provide shelter as winter advanced. Potter suggested sending out similar prefabricated wooden huts to Eassie, to which Price & Co. secured an order for 500 huts from the British Army, a similar number to those supplied by a contractor in Portsmouth. Eassie's team designed huts to accommodate 20 to 30 men lying feet to feet, with a 4 feet (1.2 m) passage down the centre. The finally produced huts were 28 feet (8.5 m) long by 16 feet (4.9 m) wide, with a single door and window at one end and two sliding windows at the other end.

Potter then travelled to France and obtained an order from Emperor Napoleon III for a further 1,850 huts to a slightly modified design. French Army soldiers arrived in Gloucester Docks in December 1854 to learn how to erect the huts. Supply was delayed by the need to transfer the resultant packs from broad gauge to standard gauge tracks, with the last packs shipped from Southampton Docks in January 1855.

After finishing the French project, Isambard Kingdom Brunel approached Price & Co. about producing a hospital, as had been agreed between the Government and Florence Nightingale. Brunel designed a unit ward to house 50 patients, 90 feet (27 m) long by 40 feet (12 m) wide, divided into two wards, with toilets and stores. Brunel then designed the 1,000 patient Renkioi Hospital, using 60 of the Price & Co. units. After Eassie Snr had seen the awful state of construction of the British Army huts at Balaklava, he sent his son to supervise the construction of the hospital. Construction was being finalised when hostilities ceased in April 1856.

In August 1855, the Price & Co./Eassie partnership received a further order from the Government for an improved design of barrack hut. Between September and October 1855, over 6,800 tons of hut kits were shipped direct from Gloucester Docks to Balaklava, to avoid the delay in rail travel to Southampton.

## Railways

In 1849, Potter joined the board of the Great Western Railway. An unpopular character, Potter resigned from the GWR board for the first time in 1856.

In 1860 he became the first chairman of the Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company, and an investor and director of the West Midland Railway (WMR). When the WMR amalgamated with the GWR in 1863, Potter returned to the GWR Board, quickly elected as chairman. During his period in office he consolidated the GWR stocks, and introduced a superannuation fund for the entire workforce. Potter resigned for a second time in 1865 because the work was preventing attention to his private affairs.

The passing of the British North America Act, 1867 included the provision for an Intercolonial Railway to link with the Grand Trunk Railway at Rivière-du-Loup. In 1869, as part of his investment in the Grand Trunk Railway and its proposed recovery after the American Civil War, he lived in Boston. He also lived in New York for a period in 1874.

## Politics

In 1864, Potter was canvassed as a potential parliamentary candidate for Pembroke Boroughs.

## Family

Potter married Laurencina Heyworth, daughter of Liverpool merchant Lawrence Heyworth and his wife Elizabeth (née Aked), on 13 August 1844 at St. Mary the Virgin church in West Derby, Lancashire. The couple had ten children:

Almost all of Potter's children, in-laws, and grandchildren became well-known.

|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | **Richard Potter** | | | | | |  | | Lawrencina Potter | | | | | |  | |  | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Catherine Courtney | | | | | |  | | Leonard Courtney | | | | | |  | | Theresa Cripps | | | | | |  | | Charles Cripps | | | | | |  | | Marian Cripps | | | | | |  | | Margaret Hobhouse | | | | | |  | | Henry Hobhouse | | | | | |  | | Beatrice Webb | | | | | |  | | Sidney Webb | | | | | |
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|  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | Stafford Cripps | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | | Stephen Hobhouse | | | | | |  | | Arthur Hobhouse | | | | | |  | |  | |  | |  | |  | |
| || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Standish House and The Argoed, Penalt

The family initially lived at Hempsted, Gloucestershire. From 1853, Potter leased Standish House and the surrounding 30 acres (12 ha) of grounds, located in Standish, Gloucestershire, from James Dutton, 3rd Baron Sherborne. The Potter family moved into the house, and the couple's later three daughters and their son were born there.

Potter developed the gardens along managed Victorian era principles, building extensive heated greenhouses to allow the family to eat well. It eventually provided a ready supply of grapes, plus a dedicated mushroom house and watercress beds. A drilled spring provided a steady year round stream, which was landscaped to provide a pond by construction of a brickwall dam. Beneath the dam there was an ice store, allowing year roud supplies of ice.

In 1865, Potter bought, The Argoed, a 17th-century house at Penallt, Monmouthshire.

## Death

In 1882, Lawrencina died and the remaining family members moved out of Standish House. Richard moving to Box House in Minchinhampton, where he died on 1 January 1892.


title: Richton, Mississippi

abstract: Richton is a town in Perry County, Mississippi, United States. It is part of the Hattiesburg, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,068 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Richton, Mississippi

**Richton** is a town in Perry County, Mississippi, United States. It is part of the Hattiesburg, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,068 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.3 square miles (6.0 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 1,250 |  |  |
| 1920 | 1,363 |  | 9.0% |
| 1930 | 950 |  | −30.3% |
| 1940 | 936 |  | −1.5% |
| 1950 | 1,158 |  | 23.7% |
| 1960 | 1,089 |  | −6.0% |
| 1970 | 1,110 |  | 1.9% |
| 1980 | 1,205 |  | 8.6% |
| 1990 | 1,034 |  | −14.2% |
| 2000 | 1,038 |  | 0.4% |
| 2010 | 1,068 |  | 2.9% |
| 2020 | 920 |  | −13.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2020 census

Richton racial composition
| Race | Num. | Perc. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 608 | 66.09% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 265 | 28.8% |
| Asian | 2 | 0.22% |
| Other/Mixed | 29 | 3.15% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 16 | 1.74% |

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 920 people, 345 households, and 205 families residing in the town.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,038 people, 397 households, and 258 families residing in the town. The population density was 452.6 inhabitants per square mile (174.7/km2). There were 497 housing units at an average density of 216.7 per square mile (83.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 76.01% White, 21.19% African American, 0.67% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.48% Pacific Islander, 0.48% from other races, and 0.96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.96% of the population.

There were 397 households, out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.6% were married couples living together, 18.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 20.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 75.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 68.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $23,365, and the median income for a family was $33,250. Males had a median income of $34,250 versus $16,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,425. About 22.3% of families and 31.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 47.7% of those under age 18 and 26.5% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

The Town of Richton is served by the Richton School District.

The county is in the zone for Jones College.

## Strategic Petroleum Reserve

The United States Department of Energy has selected Richton as a possible site for the expansion of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.

## Notable people

1. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
2. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
3. "Explore Census Data". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
4. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
5. "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Perry County, MS" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 27, 2024. \- Text list
6. "Profile". Jones College. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
7. *Expanding the Nation's Strategic Petroleum Reserve*
8. "Mississippi Stories: Glenda Grubbs". July 7, 2021.
9. "Harvey Murphy Stats". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
10. Kemp, Jacob (September 29, 2016). "Brothers & teammates: Watts twins find success at Petal". *Hattiesburg American*. Retrieved October 3, 2024.

## InfoBox

| Richton, Mississippi | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location of Richton, Mississippi | |
| Richton, MississippiLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 31°20′58″N 88°56′19″W / 31.34944°N 88.93861°W / 31.34944; -88.93861 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| County | Perry |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.29 sq mi (5.94 km2) |
| Land | 2.29 sq mi (5.94 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 174 ft (53 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 920 |
| Density | 401.05/sq mi (154.86/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 39476 |
| Area code | 601 |
| FIPS code | 28-62480 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0676647 |


title: Richton-Perry County Airport

abstract: Richton-Perry County Airport is a city-owned, public-use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) south of the central business district of Richton, a city in Perry County, Mississippi, United States. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.

text:
# Richton-Perry County Airport

**Richton-Perry County Airport** (FAA LID: **M59**) is a city-owned, public-use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) south of the central business district of Richton, a city in Perry County, Mississippi, United States. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a *general aviation* facility.

## Facilities and aircraft

Richton-Perry County Airport covers an area of 55 acres (22 ha) at an elevation of 167 feet (51 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 18/36 with an asphalt surface measuring 3,000 by 60 feet (914 x 18 m).

For the 12-month period ending May 3, 2023, the airport had 1,067 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 20 per week. At that time there were three single-engine aircraft based at this airport.

In March 2015, the runway received $250,000 renovation and resurfacing.

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for M59 PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. Effective November 30, 2023.
2. "Appendix A: List of NPIAS Airports with 5-Year Forecast Activity and Development Cost". *National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS) Reports*. Federal Aviation Administration. October 4, 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-10-27.

## InfoBox

| Richton-Perry County Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | City of Richton |
| Serves | Richton, Mississippi |
| Elevation AMSL | 167 ft / 51 m |
| Coordinates | 31°19′03″N 088°56′06″W / 31.31750°N 88.93500°W / 31.31750; -88.93500 |
| Map | |
| **M59**Location of airport in Mississippi**M59****M59** (the United States) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  18/36 3,000 914 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2023) | |
| Aircraft operations (year ending 5/3/2023) 1,067  Based aircraft 3 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Ha Tsuen Shi

abstract: Ha Tsuen Shi is a village Ha Tsuen, Yuen Long District, Hong Kong.

text:
# Ha Tsuen Shi

**Ha Tsuen Shi** (Chinese: 厦村市) is a village Ha Tsuen, Yuen Long District, Hong Kong.

## Administration

Ha Tsuen Shi is a recognized village under the New Territories Small House Policy. For electoral purposes, Ha Tsuen Shi is part of the Ha Tsuen constituency.

## History

At the time of the 1911 census, the population of Ha Tsuen Shi was 178. The number of males was 120.

## Features

* Tang Ancestral Hall (鄧氏宗祠), also known as Yau Kung Tong (友恭堂), was constructed by the Tang Clan of Ha Tsuen to commemorate their two founding ancestors, Tang Hung-chi and Tang Hung-wai, for establishing the village settlements in Ha Tsuen. Construction of the Ancestral Hall began in 1749 and was completed in 1750. It is a declared monument.
* Yau Kung School (友恭學校), a declared monument
* Gate Tower of Ha Tsuen Shi. It was one of the gate towers built for the protection of the Ha Tsuen Shi market. Called the East Gate of the market, it is the only surviving old gate tower of the market. It is a Grade II historic building
* Kwan Tai Temple, a Grade II historic building

22°26′50″N 113°59′34″E / 22.447125°N 113.992639°E / 22.447125; 113.992639


title: Richard Pell

abstract: Richard Pell is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s, and coached in the 2000s and 2010s. He played at club level for Wakefield Trinity, Doncaster, and Hunslet, as a prop, and coached at club level for Lock Lane ARLFC, Castleford Tigers, Wakefield Trinity (Under-18s), and Gateshead Thunder, he was a Commercial Manager at The Coca-Cola Company, Head of Talent Identification at Huddersfield Giants, Director of Rugby at Castleford RUFC, and since 2013 is the General Manager at Castleford Tigers.

text:
# Richard Pell

**Richard Pell** (17 October 1966) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s, and coached in the 2000s and 2010s. He played at club level for Wakefield Trinity, Doncaster (two spells), and Hunslet, as a prop, and coached at club level for Lock Lane ARLFC (in Castleford), Castleford Tigers (Under-18s, and Assistant Reserve Grade Coach under Chris Chester), Wakefield Trinity (Under-18s), and Gateshead Thunder, he was a Commercial Manager at The Coca-Cola Company, Head of Talent Identification at Huddersfield Giants, Director of Rugby at Castleford RUFC, and since 2013 is the General Manager at Castleford Tigers.

## Background

Richard Pell's birth was registered in Pontefract district, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.

## Playing career

### Club career

Richard Pell made his début for Wakefield Trinity during April 1985.

## Genealogical information

Richard Pell is the older brother of Elizabeth Jane Pell (birth registered during third ¼ 1968 (age 5556) in Pontefract district).

## InfoBox

Richard Pell
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Richard John Pell |
| Born | (1966-10-17) 17 October 1966<br>Pontefract district, England |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Prop |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1985–85 Wakefield Trinity 1 0 0 0 0  1991–94 Doncaster       1994–96 Hunslet       1997 Doncaster       Total 1 0 0 0 0 | |
| Coaching information | |
| Club  **Years** **Team** **Gms** **W** **D** **L** **W%**  201011 Gateshead Thunder | |


title: Richard Pellengahr

abstract: Richard Pellengahr was a German general (Generalleutnant) in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.

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# Richard Pellengahr

**Richard Pellengahr** (19 August 1883 – 9 October 1964) was a German general (Generalleutnant) in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.

## Awards

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) \[1986\]. *Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile* \[*The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches*\] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.

## InfoBox

| Richard Pellengahr | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 19 August 1883
Wiedenbrück |
| Died | 9 October 1964(1964-10-09) (aged 81)
Bielefeld |
| Allegiance | German Empire
Weimar Republic
Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Army |
| Rank | Generalleutnant |
| Commands | 196th Infantry Division |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |


title: Halli Reid

abstract: Halli Reid is the first woman to swim across Lake Erie, which she completed around August 9, 1993 at the age of 24, swimming from Long Point, Ontario, to Freeport Beach in North East, Pennsylvania, in 17 hours. Around 200 people greeted her as she first came ashore at Freeport Beach. It is estimated she was the fourth person to make the swim. Recalling the swim years later, she said one of her primary obstacles to completing it was a feeling of serious pain in her shoulder, and she stated to a reporter, "I would never, ever do it again". Her brother Clint stayed close in an escort boat for her safety. In acknowledgement of her accomplishment, a park in Freeport Beach, at the foot of Route 89 in North East Township in Pennsylvania, was renamed "Halli Reid Park" with a plaque designating it as such, and 9 August was designated "Halli Reid Day" by the mayor of North East, where Reid is from. Reid, who had worked as a YMCA swim coach, and at times as a lifeguard at the beach since the ninth grade, said she trained for the swim for about two years. At only 5' 2", and 120 pounds, doctors were concerned she would not complete the swim due to the cold, as she did not gain any additional weight during the first year of her training. However, she was able to gain an additional twenty pounds in her second year of preparation. Water temperature in early August usually range in the mid-70F range and slightly upward, but at night with winds the temperature could have been closer to mid-70's or lower. She was a mid-twenties college graduate at the time of the swim, and was also working part time at her family's lumber yard.

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# Halli Reid

**Halli Reid** is the first woman to swim across Lake Erie, which she completed around August 9, 1993 at the age of 24, swimming from Long Point, Ontario, to Freeport Beach in North East, Pennsylvania, in 17 hours. Around 200 people greeted her as she first came ashore at Freeport Beach. It is estimated she was the fourth person to make the swim. Recalling the swim years later, she said one of her primary obstacles to completing it was a feeling of serious pain in her shoulder, and she stated to a reporter, "I would never, ever do it again". Her brother Clint stayed close in an escort boat for her safety. In acknowledgement of her accomplishment, a park in Freeport Beach, at the foot of Route 89 in North East Township in Pennsylvania, was renamed "Halli Reid Park" with a plaque designating it as such, and 9 August was designated "Halli Reid Day" by the mayor of North East, where Reid is from. Reid, who had worked as a YMCA swim coach, and at times as a lifeguard at the beach since the ninth grade, said she trained for the swim for about two years. At only 5' 2", and 120 pounds, doctors were concerned she would not complete the swim due to the cold, as she did not gain any additional weight during the first year of her training. However, she was able to gain an additional twenty pounds in her second year of preparation. Water temperature in early August usually range in the mid-70F range and slightly upward, but at night with winds the temperature could have been closer to mid-70's or lower. She was a mid-twenties college graduate at the time of the swim, and was also working part time at her family's lumber yard.

## Distance and time

Reid took seventeen hours to swim a distance she estimated at 24.3 miles (39.1 km), though a direct line from the two points would have been closer to 21 miles. Current and drifting off course likely accounted for the extra few miles. She wore no wetsuit, just a bathing suit and a coating of grease. High winds in the middle of the night made the swim a difficult effort, and for around two hours during the night she swam making relatively little progress with waves frequently striking her in the face. She left the Canadian shore about 5:45 pm Sunday, and arrived at Freeport Beach in the town of North East, Pennsylvania at 10:28 am Monday. Local coverage stated she was coached by Brent Peters. Her statements to the press indicated she did not plan to do the swim again.

Reid was inspired to reach her goal after seeing Bob North and Harvey Snell swim across Lake Erie four years earlier, and also hoped to become the first woman to finish the swim.

On August 8, 2005, Sara McClure, also of North East, Pennsylvania, did the swim in 15:2:19, breaking Halli's record by close to two hours. Press coverage cited a distance of 23.7 miles. Two previous women had been credited with completing the swim since Halli Reid, Paula Stephanson, and Paula Jongerden. Halli's swim was recognized by the Lake Erie Open Water Swimming Association.


title: Halictus hotoni

abstract: Halictus hotoni, Hoton's metallic-furrow bee, is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae native to southern Africa and introduced to Australia. It was initially identified as the Emerald metallic-furrow bee It was described by Joseph Vachal in 1903.

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# Halictus hotoni

***Halictus hotoni***, **Hoton's metallic-furrow bee**, is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae native to southern Africa and introduced to Australia. It was initially identified as the Emerald metallic-furrow bee (*Halictus smaragdulus*) It was described by Joseph Vachal in 1903.

## Taxonomy

It is treated by some as *Seladonia hotoni*, while others place *Seladonia* as a subgenus of Halictus.

## Description

It is metallic green and similar in size to the Australian native bee, *Lipotriches flavoviridis*, 6 to 8 mm long.

## Invasive species

Hoton's metallic-furrow bee is native to southern Africa but has spread to Australia. It was originally identified as *Halictus* (*Seladonia*) *smaragdulus*, but an assessment of mitochondrial DNA and comparison of morphology identified the bees found in Australia as *Halictus hotoni*.

Because introduced bees may compete with native animals, disrupt plant pollination and transmit parasites and pathogens, scientists are concerned about the arrival of metallic-furrow bees in Australia. It was discovered by chance in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales (NSW), in late 2004. Although a recent introduction – which hadn’t been observed in past surveys, it was already well established. Bioclimatic models suggest it will spread across much of southern Australia. It is not known how Hoton's metallic-furrow bee entered Australia.

### Impacts

Little is known about the impacts of metallic-furrow bees in Australia and funding for research has been reportedly negligible. However, experts claim that the metallic-furrow bees could have serious impacts due to its long seasonal activity, apparent preference for introduced plants and high relative abundance, being the second most common bee trapped in some places.

Potential environmental impacts include:

* Competing with native fauna for food resources and nest sites. At least 14 species of bee – 13 of which are native, are potentially threatened by Hoton's metallic-furrow bee.
* Transmitting parasites and pathogens to native plants and animals;
* Disrupting native plant pollination.
* Increasing the spread of invasive plants by pollinating them. The metallic-furrow bees has been noted to prefer introduced plants including *Galenia pubescens*, which is a declared noxious weed in some parts of NSW.

Potential economic and social impacts include costs associated with increased weed spread and the spread of parasites and pathogens to commercial bee hives.

### Biosecurity

Currently there are no response plans for metallic-furrow bees in Australia. Experts warn that by the time the impacts of metallic-furrow bees become obvious it could be too late for eradication or containment. Scientists advise that it would be 'prudent to prevent further introductions' and are calling for national risk assessments, pathway analyses and contingency plans to reduce the risks of further incursions.

## InfoBox

| *Halictus hotoni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Halictidae |
| Tribe: | Halictini |
| Genus: | *Halictus* |
| Subgenus: | *Halictus (Seladonia)* |
| Species: | ***H. hotoni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Halictus hotoni***<br>Vachal, 1903 | |
|


title: Rigbie House

abstract: Rigbie House, also known as "Phillip's Purchase", is a historic home located at Berkley, Harford County, Maryland. It is a 1+1⁄2-story, frame and stone structure built about 1781. It was one of a series of forest outposts fortified against the Indians and representing Lord Baltimore’s claim of 1632 to land extending north to the 40th parallel. In April 1781, it was the place where the Marquis de Lafayette’s officers quelled a mutiny that might have prevented his army of New England troops, who had been headed homeward, from turning south again to join General Greene and General Washington at Yorktown, in which case that battle might never have been fought. Phillip's Purchase was a tract of land inherited by Colonel Nathaniel Rigbie in 1708. He moved to the area, originally consisting of approximately 2,000 acres, in 1730 with his wife Cassandra Coale. They built the Rigbie House in 1732. The land covered much of what is now Berkley, Maryland and Darlington, Maryland. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

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# Rigbie House

**Rigbie House**, also known as "Phillip's Purchase", is a historic home located at Berkley, Harford County, Maryland. It is a 1+12-story, frame and stone structure built about 1781. It was one of a series of forest outposts fortified against the Indians and representing Lord Baltimore’s claim of 1632 to land extending north to the 40th parallel. In April 1781, it was the place where the Marquis de Lafayette’s officers quelled a mutiny that might have prevented his army of New England troops, who had been headed homeward, from turning south again to join General Greene and General Washington at Yorktown, in which case that battle might never have been fought.

*Phillip's Purchase* was a tract of land inherited by Colonel Nathaniel Rigbie in 1708. He moved to the area, originally consisting of approximately 2,000 acres, in 1730 with his wife Cassandra Coale. They built the Rigbie House in 1732. The land covered much of what is now Berkley, Maryland and Darlington, Maryland.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

* Beims, Constance R., Christine P. Tolbert (2003). *A Journey Through Berkley Maryland: a tapestry of black and white lives woven together over 200 years at a rural crossroads*. Baltimore: Gateway Press, Inc. ISBN 0974122602

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Rigbie House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Rigbie House in 2011 | |
|  | |
| Location | Castleton Road (MD 623), Berkley, Maryland |
| Coordinates | 39°39′37″N 76°12′12″W / 39.66028°N 76.20333°W / 39.66028; -76.20333 |
| Area | 18 acres (7.3 ha) |
| Built | 1781 (1781) |
| NRHP reference No. | 73000925 |
| Added to NRHP | August 14, 1973 |