title: Expedition 25

abstract: Expedition 25 was the 25th long-duration mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Expedition 25 began with the Soyuz TMA-18 undocking on 25 September 2010. Three new crewmembers arrived aboard the ISS 10 October 2010 on Soyuz TMA-01M to join Douglas Wheelock, Fyodor Yurchikhin and Shannon Walker, and formed the full six member crew of Expedition 25. NASA astronaut Doug Wheelock accepted command of Expedition 25 on 22 September 2010, taking over from Russia's Aleksandr Skvortsov. The departure of Wheelock, Walker and Yurchikhin on 25 November 2010 marked the official end of Expedition 25. During Expedition 25 Progress M-08M spacecraft visited the ISS, docking with the space station on 30 October 2010 bringing 2.5 tons of cargo supplies. Space shuttle Discovery on STS-133 mission was scheduled to arrive at the ISS on 3 November 2010 but was rescheduled for launch on 3 February 2011. The 10th anniversary of human life, work and research on the ISS fell during Expedition 25. On 2 November 2000, Expedition 1 commander William Shepherd and flight engineers Sergei Krikalev and Yuri Gidzenko became the first residents of the space station. Expedition 25 ended on 26 November.

text:
# Expedition 25

**Expedition 25** was the 25th long-duration mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Expedition 25 began with the Soyuz TMA-18 undocking on 25 September 2010. Three new crewmembers (Scott Kelly, Alexander Kaleri and Oleg Skripochka) arrived aboard the ISS 10 October 2010 on Soyuz TMA-01M to join Douglas Wheelock, Fyodor Yurchikhin and Shannon Walker, and formed the full six member crew of Expedition 25. NASA astronaut Doug Wheelock accepted command of Expedition 25 on 22 September 2010, taking over from Russia's Aleksandr Skvortsov. The departure of Wheelock, Walker and Yurchikhin on 25 November 2010 marked the official end of Expedition 25.

During Expedition 25 Progress M-08M spacecraft visited the ISS, docking with the space station on 30 October 2010 bringing 2.5 tons of cargo supplies. Space shuttle Discovery on STS-133 mission was scheduled to arrive at the ISS on 3 November 2010 but was rescheduled for launch on 3 February 2011. The 10th anniversary of human life, work and research on the ISS fell during Expedition 25. On 2 November 2000, Expedition 1 commander William Shepherd and flight engineers Sergei Krikalev and Yuri Gidzenko became the first residents of the space station. Expedition 25 ended on 26 November.

## Crew

| Position | First part
(September 2010) | Second part
(October 2010
to November 2010) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Commander | Douglas H. Wheelock, NASA
Second spaceflight | |
| Flight Engineer 1 | Shannon Walker, NASA
First spaceflight | |
| Flight Engineer 2 | Fyodor Yurchikhin, RSA
Third spaceflight | |
| Flight Engineer 3 |  | Scott J. Kelly, NASA
Third spaceflight |
| Flight Engineer 4 |  | Aleksandr Kaleri, RSA
Fifth spaceflight |
| Flight Engineer 5 |  | Oleg Skripochka, RSA
First spaceflight |
|

SourceNASA

## Backup crew

## Preflight preparations

At the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, Expedition 25 Soyuz Commander Alexander Kaleri, NASA Flight Engineer Scott Kelly and Russian Flight Engineer Oleg Skripochka participated in a variety of activities from 26 September to 4 October 2010 as they prepared for their launch on 8 October 2010 (7 October 2010 U.S. Eastern time) in their Soyuz TMA-01M spacecraft to the International Space Station. The footage includes the crew's arrival in Baikonur, their suited and unsuited fit checks in their Soyuz spacecraft, the raising of flags outside their Cosmonaut Hotel crew quarters and other traditional activities. The Soyuz TMA-01M spacecraft was mated to its booster in a processing facility for its rollout to the launch pad in Baikonur 5 October 2010.

The Soyuz TMA-01M spacecraft and booster rocket were moved to Launch Complex 5 (Complex 17P32-5) at Baikonur Cosmodrome on a rail-car 5 October 2010 for final preparations prior to launch.

## Experiments

Russian Federal Space Agency revealed that during Expedition 25 and 26, 504 sessions of 41 experiments (34 experiments from previous Expeditions and seven new experiments) are planned to be implemented. The new experiments include, Molniya-Gamma, Sprut-2, UHF-radiometry, SLS, VIRU, Test and Colon Crystal.

Experiments to be carried out include:

| Field | Experiment | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Life science | Sonocard, Pilot, Vzaimodeystviye, Tipologia, Pneumocard, Sprut-2, Biorisk | The Biorisk experiment aims to study the effects of microbial bacteria and fungus on structural materials used in spacecraft construction. |
| Geophysical research | Relaxation, Uragan, Impulse, Vsplesk, Shadow-Beacon, Molniya-Gamma | The Molniya-Gamma experiment measures gamma rays and optical radiation during terrestrial lightning and thunder conditions to study terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and upper-atmospheric lightning. |
| Remote sensing | MW-radiometry, Rusalka, Zeiner, Econ | The Rusalka experiment is a test of procedures for remote determination of Methane and Carbon Dioxide content in the Earth's atmosphere. |
| Space biotechnology | Lactolen, Biotrek, Biodegradatsia, Zhinseng-2, Structure, Constanta |  |
| Technical research | Vektor-T, Izgib, Identification, Veterok, SLS, Sreda-MKS, Contur, VIRU, Bar, Test, RadioSkaf |  |
| Contract activities | EXPOSE-R | Expose-R experiment is a European Space Agency (ESA) experiment designed to expose organic material to the extreme environment of space. |
| Study of cosmic rays | BTN-Neutron, Matryoshka-R |  |
| Educational and humanitarian projects | MAI-75, Colon Crystal |  |
| Space technology and material science | Crystallizator, Plasma crystal |  |

## Mission highlights

### Progress M-05M undocking

The Russian resupply spacecraft Progress M-05M, which came to the station in May 2010, was undocked on 25 October 2010 to make room for another resupply spacecraft – Progress M-08M.

### Progress M-08M

Progress M-08M spacecraft delivered about 2.5 tons of cargo supplies including water, air, fuel and hardware for the Russian Molniya-Gamma and Coulomb Crystal experiments to the station.

The Soyuz-U carrier rocket with Progress M-08M, identified by NASA as Progress 40 or 40P, was launched from the Baikonur's Gagarin's launch pad at 15:11:50 UTC on 27 October 2010. After three days of autonomous flight, at 16:36 UTC on 30 October 2010 Progress M-08M docked with the Pirs module nadir port. A problem during Progress' approach to the space station forced cosmonauts on the station to intervene. During station-keeping as part of the rendezvous operations, flight controllers in Moscow instructed cosmonaut Alexander Kaleri to activate the TORU manual docking equipment and take over the piloting tasks from the Progress' autonomous KURS system. The switch to manual mode was decided at range of 194 m. Kaleri worked inside the space station's Zvezda module to fly Progress M-08M remotely using television views and a pair of joysticks and guided it to the successful docking.

## Spacewalks

| **Mission** | **Spacewalkers** | **Start (UTC)** | **End (UTC)** | **Duration** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Expedition 25
EVA 1
 | Fyodor Yurchikhin
Oleg Skripochka | 15 November 2010
14:55 | 15 November 2010
21:22 | 6 hours and 27 minutes |
| | Yurchikhin and Skripochka installed a portable multipurpose workstation in Plane IV in the Zvezda large diameter and installed struts between Poisk module and Zvezda module and Poisk module and Zarya module. They performed an experiment called Test, which was aimed at verifying the existence of micro organisms or contamination underneath insulation on the Russian segment of the ISS. Yurchikhin and Skripochka photographed and installed the protective cover and disconnected and removed the Plasma Pulse Injector Science hardware from the portable multipurpose workstation in Plane II of the Zvezda. They cleaned the Kontur science hardware (ROKVISS) with dry towels and then disconnected and then removed it. Yurchikhin and Skripochka also installed the protective cover and disconnected and removed the Expose-R scientific experiment from the portable multipurpose workstation in Plane II of the Zvezda module. The Kontur experiment studied remote object control capability for robotic arms and the Expose-R experiment is a European Space Agency experiment designed to expose organic material to the extreme environment of space. Yurchikhin and Skripochka installed an oft hand-rail on Pirs docking module and installed the SKK #1-M2 cassette on Poisk module. The cosmonauts also removed a television camera from the Rassvet module; however, they were unsuccessful in relocating the camera due to interference with insulation where it was to be installed. | | | |
|

denotes spacewalks performed from the *Pirs* docking compartment in Russian Orlan suits.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

## InfoBox

Expedition 25
| Promotional Poster | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Long-duration expedition |
|  | |
|  | |
| Expedition | |
| Space station | International Space Station |
| Began | 25 September 2010, 02:02 (2010-09-25UTC02:02Z) UTC |
| Ended | 26 November 2010, 04:46 (2010-11-26UTC04:47Z) UTC |
| Arrived aboard | Soyuz TMA-19
Soyuz TMA-01M |
| Departed aboard | Soyuz TMA-19
Soyuz TMA-01M |
|  | |
|  | |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 6 |
| Members | **Expedition 24/25**:
Douglas H. Wheelock
Shannon Walker
Fyodor Yurchikhin

**Expedition 25/26**:
Scott J. Kelly
Aleksandr Kaleri
Oleg Skripochka |
| EVAs | 1 |
| EVA duration | 6 hours, 27 minutes |
|  | |
|
Expedition 25 mission patch

(l-r) Skripochka, Kaleri, Kelly, Wheelock, Walker and YurchikhinISS expeditions | |


title: Expedition 24

abstract: Expedition 24 was the 24th long-duration mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Expedition 24 initially had two planned spacewalks, one Russian and one American Extra-vehicular Activity (EVA). The U.S. EVA was re-planned and a second U.S. EVA was added.

text:
# Expedition 24

**Expedition 24** was the 24th long-duration mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Expedition 24 initially had two planned spacewalks, one Russian and one American Extra-vehicular Activity (EVA). The U.S. EVA was re-planned and a second U.S. EVA was added.

## Crew

| Position | First part
(June 2010) | Second part
(June 2010
to September 2010) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Commander | Aleksandr Skvortsov, RSA
First spaceflight | |
| Flight Engineer 1 | Mikhail Korniyenko, RSA
First spaceflight | |
| Flight Engineer 2 | Tracy Caldwell Dyson, NASA
Second spaceflight | |
| Flight Engineer 3 |  | Fyodor Yurchikhin, RSA
Third spaceflight |
| Flight Engineer 4 |  | Shannon Walker, NASA
First spaceflight |
| Flight Engineer 5 |  | Douglas H. Wheelock, NASA
Second spaceflight |
|

SourceNASA

### Backup crew

## Incidents

### Ammonia pump module

On 31 July 2010, the Expedition 24 crew was awoken by an alarm on the station. The alarm was caused by a cooling pump that had failed and caused a Remote Power Controller to trip and cut power to some of the International Space Station (ISS). Astronauts Tracy Caldwell Dyson and Doug Wheelock performed some steps to assist ground controllers in re-powering some of the station components such as two main power buses and one Control Moment Gyroscope. After the steps had been completed Capcomm James Kelly told the crew they could go back to bed as all the work required by the crew on the ISS was complete. A short time later, another alarm sounded and awoke the crew, when the ground attempted to restart the pump module.

### Docking ring

A failure in the docking ring on the Mini-Research Module 2 (MRM2) Poisk, caused a delay in the planned landing of the Soyuz TMA-18 spacecraft. Soyuz TMA-18 was originally planned to undock and land on 24 September 2010, but instead undocked less than 24 hours later on 25 September 2010. The failure is believed to be due to a faulty indication from a micro-switch on the hatch between the Soyuz and MRM2. A drive gear, which is related to the docking mechanism was also found to have two broken teeth, and is believed to be related to the problem as well.

## Spacewalks

Three spacewalks, one in Orlan space suits and two in U.S. Extravehicular Mobility Units (EMUs) were originally planned for Expedition 24. However, additional spacewalking tasks were added to remove and replace a failed ammonia pump module.

| **Mission** | **Spacewalkers** | **Start (UTC)** | **End (UTC)** | **Duration** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Expedition 24
EVA 1
 | Mikhail Korniyenko
Fyodor Yurchikhin | 27 July 2010
04:11 | 27 July 2010
10:53 | 6 hours 42 minutes |
| | Korniyrnko and Yurchikhin ran three data cables between Rassvet and the Zvezda module, routing them along the Zarya module. The pair then installed cables between Rassvet and Zarya. They next moved on to relocate a camera already on Rassvet's exterior, from the zenith or space-facing side to the nadir or Earth-facing side. As their final task, Yurchikhin and Kornienko replaced a camera used for docking European Automated Transfer Vehicles to the station. | | | |
| Expedition 24
EVA 2
 | Douglas Wheelock
Tracy Caldwell Dyson | 7 August 2010
11:19 | 7 August 2010
19:22 | 8 hours 3 minutes |
| | Wheelock and Caldwell Dyson disconnected electrical and fluid connectors. The spacewalkers did not complete all of the planned tasks due to a quick disconnect that got stuck and would not release. The pair had to complete a "bake-out" in order to ensure there was no ammonia on their suits before re-entering the Space Station. | | | |
| Expedition 24
EVA 3
 | Douglas Wheelock
Tracy Caldwell Dyson | 11 August 2010
12:27 | 11 August 2010
19:53 | 7 hours 26 minutes |
| | Wheelock successfully closed the quick disconnect valve for the fourth and final fluid connector for the failed pump, and detached the final fluid line from the failed pump. Caldwell Dyson demated five electrical and data cables while Wheelock broke torque and removed four bolts from the old pump. The pump was extracted from the truss through the use of a grapple bar and installed on a payload bracket on the Mobile Base System on the station's truss. Caldwell Dyson then prepared the spare pump for future installation, disconnecting three of five electrical cables and reconfiguring insulation. | | | |
| Expedition 24
EVA 4
 | Douglas Wheelock
Tracy Caldwell Dyson | 16 August 2010
10:20 | 16 August 2010
17:40 | 7 hours 20 minutes |
| | Wheelock removed the spare pump module from an external stowage platform. The pump module was successfully installed on the S1 Truss after Wheelock attached four bolts and Caldwell Dyson mated five electrical connectors. | | | |

denotes spacewalks performed from the *Pirs* docking compartment in Russian Orlan suits.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

## InfoBox

Expedition 24
| Promotional Poster | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Long-duration expedition |
|  | |
|  | |
| Expedition | |
| Space station | International Space Station |
| Began | 2 June 2010, 00:04 (2010-06-02UTC00:04Z) UTC |
| Ended | 25 September 2010, 02:02 (2010-09-25UTC02:03Z) UTC |
| Arrived aboard | Soyuz TMA-18
Soyuz TMA-19 |
| Departed aboard | Soyuz TMA-18
Soyuz TMA-19 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 6 |
| Members | **Expedition 23/24**:
Aleksandr Skvortsov
Mikhail Korniyenko
Tracy Caldwell Dyson

**Expedition 24/25**:
Fyodor Yurchikhin
Shannon Walker
Douglas H. Wheelock |
|  | |
|
Expedition 24 mission patch

(l-r) Wheelock, Caldwell Dyson, Skvortsov, Korniyenko, Walker and YurchikhinISS expeditions | |


title: FCMOV

abstract: FCMOV is a floating point conditional move opcode of the Intel x86 architecture, first introduced in Pentium Pro processors. It copies the contents of one of the floating point stack register, depending on the contents of EFLAGS integer flag register, to the ST(0) register. There are 8 variants of the instruction selected by the condition codes that need be set for the instruction to perform the move. Similar to the CMOV instruction, FCMOV allows some conditional operations to be performed without the usual branching overhead. However, it has a higher latency than conditional branch instructions. Therefore, it is most useful for simple yet unpredictable comparison or conditional operations, where it can provide substantial performance gains. The instruction is usually used with the FCOMI instruction or the FCOM-FSTSW-SAHF idiom to set the relevant condition codes based on the result of a floating point comparison.

text:
# FCMOV

**FCMOV** is a floating point conditional move opcode of the Intel x86 architecture, first introduced in Pentium Pro processors. It copies the contents of one of the floating point stack register, depending on the contents of EFLAGS integer flag register, to the ST(0) (top of stack) register. There are 8 variants of the instruction selected by the condition codes that need be set for the instruction to perform the move.

Similar to the CMOV instruction, FCMOV allows some conditional operations to be performed without the usual branching overhead. However, it has a higher latency than conditional branch instructions. Therefore, it is most useful for simple yet unpredictable comparison or conditional operations, where it can provide substantial performance gains.

The instruction is usually used with the FCOMI instruction or the FCOM-FSTSW-SAHF idiom to set the relevant condition codes based on the result of a floating point comparison.

## Variants

This table shows the variants of the FCMOV instructions. The first operand is always the ST(0) register (equivalently, the top of the floating point stack). The Opcode column indicates a two-byte sequence where the second byte is a base value indicating the number of the floating point stack register to use for the second operand. Add the desired number to complete the corresponding opcode value.

| Opcode | Mnemonic | Meaning | Condition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| DA C0+i | FCMOVB | Move if below | Carry flag set |
| DA C8+i | FCMOVE | Move if equal | Zero flag set |
| DA D0+i | FCMOVBE | Move if below or equal | Carry flag or Zero flag set |
| DA D8+i | FCMOVU | Move if unordered | Parity flag set |
| DB C0+i | FCMOVNB | Move if not below | Carry flag cleared |
| DB C8+i | FCMOVNE | Move if not equal | Zero flag cleared |
| DB D0+i | FCMOVNBE | Move if not below or equal | Carry flag and Zero flag cleared |
| DB D8+i | FCMOVNU | Move if not unordered | Parity flag cleared |
|


title: FCM (chemotherapy)

abstract:
FCM, or FMC in the context of chemotherapy is an acronym for a chemotherapy regimen that is used in the treatment of indolent B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In combination with Rituximab, this regimen is called R-FCM or R-FMC, or FCM-R, FMC-R. The [R]-FCM regimen contains
  - Rituximab - anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that can kill both normal and malignant CD20-bearing B cells;
  - Fludarabine  - an antimetabolite;
  - Cyclophosphamide  - an alkylating antineoplastic agent from the oxazafosforine group;
  - Mitoxantrone  - a synthetic anthracycline analogue (anthraquinone) that can intercalate DNA, thereby preventing cell division.

text:
# FCM (chemotherapy)

**FCM**, or **FMC** in the context of chemotherapy is an acronym for a chemotherapy regimen that is used in the treatment of indolent B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In combination with Rituximab, this regimen is called **R-FCM** or **R-FMC**, or **FCM-R**, **FMC-R**.

The \[R\]-FCM regimen contains

1. Rituximab \- anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that can kill both normal and malignant CD20-bearing B cells;
2. Fludarabine \- an antimetabolite;
3. Cyclophosphamide \- an alkylating antineoplastic agent from the oxazafosforine group;
4. Mitoxantrone \- a synthetic anthracycline analogue (anthraquinone) that can intercalate DNA, thereby preventing cell division.

## Clinical use

The addition of monoclonal antibodies like rituximab to chemotherapy regimens has increased treatment outcomes for patients with indolent B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia. R-FCM regimens were recommended prior to the discovery of targeted therapies, such as Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors and Bcl-2 inhibitors, but trials have shown the superiority of targeted therapies in terms of survival and side effect profiles. R-FCM can be considered in resource-limited settings without access to targeted therapies. R-FCM should not be considered in patients with a 17p deletion, a TP53 mutations, and in patients with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV), as R-FCM is less effective than targeted therapies.

## Dosing regimen

The recommended dosing schedule for R-FCM is based on patient weight and general fitness. Each cycle lasts 28 days for a maximum of 6 cycles.

| Drug | Dose | Mode | Days |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rituximab | 375 mg/m2 | IV infusion | Day 0 |
| Fludarabine | 25 mg/m2 | IV infusion over 30 min | Days 1-3 |
| Cyclophosphamide | 250 mg/m2 | IV infusion over 4 hours | Days 1-3 |
| Mitoxantrone | 8 mg/m2 | IV infusion over 30 min | Day 1 |
|


title: Ezechiel de Decker

abstract: Ezechiel de Decker was a Dutch surveyor and teacher of mathematics.

text:
# Ezechiel de Decker

**Ezechiel de Decker** (c. 1603-c. 1647) was a Dutch surveyor and teacher of mathematics.

## Tables of logarithms

In 1625, De Decker entered a contract with Adriaan Vlacq for the publication of several translations of books by John Napier, Edmund Gunter and Henry Briggs. A first book was published in 1626, with several translations done by Vlacq. A second book was made of the logarithms of the first 10000 numbers from Briggs' Arithmetica logarithmica published in 1624. The logarithms were shortened to 10 places. In 1627, De Decker's "Tweede deel" was published and it contained the logarithms of all numbers from 1 to 100000, to 10 places. Only very few copies of this book are known and its publication was apparently stopped or delayed. In 1628, Vlacq's Arithmetica logarithmica was published and contained exactly the tables published in 1627.

## Publications

* Ezechiel de Decker: *Eerste Deel van de Nieuwe Telkonst*, 1626
* Ezechiel de Decker: *Nieuwe Telkonst*, 1626
* Ezechiel de Decker: *Tweede Deel van de Nieuwe Tel-konst*, 1627 (partial facsimile published in 1964)


title: PK-23 Malakand-I

abstract: PK-23 Malakand-I is a constituency for the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

text:
# PK-23 Malakand-I

**PK-23 Malakand-I** (پی کے-23 ملاکنڈ-1) is a constituency for the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

## InfoBox

| PK-23 Malakand-I | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency<br>for the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly | |
|  | |
| Region | Thana Baizai, Swat Rani Zai Tehsils and Agra UC of Utman Khel Tehsil of Malakand District |
| Current constituency | |
| Party | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf |
| Member(s) | Shakeel Ahmad |
| Created from | PK-99 Malakand-II (before 2018) PK-18 Malakand-I (2018–2022) |


title: Extra special group

abstract: In group theory, a branch of abstract algebra, extraspecial groups are analogues of the Heisenberg group over finite fields whose size is a prime. For each prime p and positive integer n there are exactly two extraspecial groups of order p1+2n. Extraspecial groups often occur in centralizers of involutions. The ordinary character theory of extraspecial groups is well understood.

text:
# Extra special group

In group theory, a branch of abstract algebra, **extraspecial groups** are analogues of the Heisenberg group over finite fields whose size is a prime. For each prime *p* and positive integer *n* there are exactly two (up to isomorphism) extraspecial groups of order *p*1+2*n*. Extraspecial groups often occur in centralizers of involutions. The ordinary character theory of extraspecial groups is well understood.

## Definition

Recall that a finite group is called a *p*-group if its order is a power of a prime *p*.

A *p*-group *G* is called **extraspecial** if its center *Z* is cyclic of order *p*, and the quotient *G*/*Z* is a non-trivial elementary abelian *p*-group.

Extraspecial groups of order *p*1+2*n* are often denoted by the symbol *p*1+2*n*. For example, 21+24 stands for an extraspecial group of order 225.

## Classification

Every extraspecial *p*-group has order *p*1+2*n* for some positive integer *n*, and conversely for each such number there are exactly two extraspecial groups up to isomorphism. A central product of two extraspecial *p*-groups is extraspecial, and every extraspecial group can be written as a central product of extraspecial groups of order *p*3. This reduces the classification of extraspecial groups to that of extraspecial groups of order *p*3. The classification is often presented differently in the two cases *p* odd and *p* = 2, but a uniform presentation is also possible.

### *p* odd

There are two extraspecial groups of order *p*3, which for *p* odd are given by

* The group of triangular 3x3 matrices over the field with *p* elements, with 1's on the diagonal. This group has exponent *p* for *p* odd (but exponent 4 if *p* = 2).
* The semidirect product of a cyclic group of order *p*2 by a cyclic group of order *p* acting non-trivially on it. This group has exponent *p*2.

If *n* is a positive integer there are two extraspecial groups of order *p*1+2*n*, which for *p* odd are given by

* The central product of *n* extraspecial groups of order *p*3, all of exponent *p*. This extraspecial group also has exponent *p*.
* The central product of *n* extraspecial groups of order *p*3, at least one of exponent *p*2. This extraspecial group has exponent *p*2.

The two extraspecial groups of order *p*1+2*n* are most easily distinguished by the fact that one has all elements of order at most *p* and the other has elements of order *p*2.

### *p* = 2

There are two extraspecial groups of order 8 = *2*3, which are given by

* The dihedral group *D*8 of order 8, which can also be given by either of the two constructions in the section above for *p* = 2 (for *p* odd they give different groups, but for *p* = 2 they give the same group). This group has 2 elements of order 4.
* The quaternion group *Q*8 of order 8, which has 6 elements of order 4.

If *n* is a positive integer there are two extraspecial groups of order *2*1+2*n*, which are given by

* The central product of *n* extraspecial groups of order 8, an odd number of which are quaternion groups. The corresponding quadratic form (see below) has Arf invariant 1.
* The central product of *n* extraspecial groups of order 8, an even number of which are quaternion groups. The corresponding quadratic form (see below) has Arf invariant 0.

The two extraspecial groups *G* of order *2*1+2*n* are most easily distinguished as follows. If *Z* is the center, then *G*/*Z* is a vector space over the field with 2 elements. It has a quadratic form *q*, where *q* is 1 if the lift of an element has order 4 in *G*, and 0 otherwise. Then the Arf invariant of this quadratic form can be used to distinguish the two extraspecial groups. Equivalently, one can distinguish the groups by counting the number of elements of order 4.

### All *p*

A uniform presentation of the extraspecial groups of order *p*1+2*n* can be given as follows. Define the two groups:

* $M(p)=\langle a,b,c:a^{p}=b^{p}=1,c^{p}=1,ba=abc,ca=ac,cb=bc\rangle $
* $N(p)=\langle a,b,c:a^{p}=b^{p}=c,c^{p}=1,ba=abc,ca=ac,cb=bc\rangle $

*M*(*p*) and *N*(*p*) are non-isomorphic extraspecial groups of order *p*3 with center of order *p* generated by *c*. The two non-isomorphic extraspecial groups of order *p*1+2*n* are the central products of either *n* copies of *M*(*p*) or *n*−1 copies of *M*(*p*) and 1 copy of *N*(*p*). This is a special case of a classification of *p*-groups with cyclic centers and simple derived subgroups given in (Newman 1960).

## Character theory

If *G* is an extraspecial group of order *p*1+2*n*, then its irreducible complex representations are given as follows:

* There are exactly *p*2*n* irreducible representations of dimension 1. The center *Z* acts trivially, and the representations just correspond to the representations of the abelian group *G*/*Z*.
* There are exactly *p*  1 irreducible representations of dimension *p**n*. There is one of these for each non-trivial character χ of the center, on which the center acts as multiplication by χ. The character values are given by *p**n*χ on *Z*, and 0 for elements not in *Z*.
* If a nonabelian *p*-group *G* has less than *p*2  *p* nonlinear irreducible characters of minimal degree, it is extraspecial.

## Examples

It is quite common for the centralizer of an involution in a finite simple group to contain a normal extraspecial subgroup. For example, the centralizer of an involution of type 2B in the monster group has structure 21+24.Co1, which means that it has a normal extraspecial subgroup of order 21+24, and the quotient is one of the Conway groups.

## Generalizations

Groups whose center, derived subgroup, and Frattini subgroup are all equal are called **special groups**. Infinite special groups whose derived subgroup has order *p* are also called extraspecial groups. The classification of countably infinite extraspecial groups is very similar to the finite case, (Newman 1960), but for larger cardinalities even basic properties of the groups depend on delicate issues of set theory, some of which are exposed in (Shelah & Steprāns 1987). The nilpotent groups whose center is cyclic and derived subgroup has order *p* and whose conjugacy classes are at most countably infinite are classified in (Newman 1960). Finite groups whose derived subgroup has order *p* are classified in (Blackburn 1999).

* Blackburn, Simon R. (1999), "Groups of prime power order with derived subgroup of prime order", *Journal of Algebra*, **219** (2): 625–657, doi:10.1006/jabr.1998.7909, ISSN 0021-8693, MR 1706841
* Gorenstein, D. (1980), *Finite Groups*, New York: Chelsea, ISBN 978-0-8284-0301-6, MR 0569209
* Newman, M. F. (1960), "On a class of nilpotent groups", *Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society*, Third Series, **10**: 365–375, doi:10.1112/plms/s3-10.1.365, ISSN 0024-6115, MR 0120278
* Shelah, Saharon; Steprāns, Juris (1987), "Extraspecial p-groups", *Annals of Pure and Applied Logic*, **34** (1): 87–97, doi:10.1016/0168-0072(87)90041-8, ISSN 0168-0072, MR 0887554


title: Paceco

abstract: Paceco is a town and comune in Western Sicily, Italy, administratively part of the province of Trapani, located nearby the Trapani city area, a distance of 5 kilometres (3 mi). Paceco is a small rural centre: among its agricultural products there are melons, cereals, olives, grapes, and cheese dairy products. In Paceco are also present some sheep-breedings. The centre was founded in 1607 by the marquis Placido Fardella. The town is however named after his wife, Teresa Paceco of Vigliena. Conceived in conformity with a meditated urban scheme, Paceco's installation is a mesh perfectly orthogonal with some rectangular isolated, very recurrent in the inhabited places of the 17th century. Local sights include the Cathedral Church, consecrated to the SS. Crucifix, built in 1623 and placed in the main piazza of the centre. Recently the Church has been entirely restored in order to make it regain the original beauty. In addition, there are the churches of Porto Salvo, Santo Padre, and Santa Lucia. The city is connected via bus services from the neighbouring city of Trapani.

text:
# Paceco

**Paceco** (Sicilian: ***Paceca***) is a town and *comune* in Western Sicily, Italy, administratively part of the province of Trapani, located nearby the Trapani city area, a distance of 5 kilometres (3 mi).

Paceco is a small rural centre: among its agricultural products there are melons, cereals, olives, grapes, and cheese dairy products. In Paceco are also present some sheep-breedings.

The centre was founded in 1607 by the marquis Placido Fardella. The town is however named after his wife, Teresa Paceco of Vigliena. Conceived in conformity with a meditated urban scheme, Paceco's installation is a mesh perfectly orthogonal with some rectangular isolated (ippodomea plan), very recurrent in the inhabited places of the 17th century.

Local sights include the Cathedral Church, consecrated to the SS. Crucifix, built in 1623 and placed in the main *piazza* of the centre. Recently the Church has been entirely restored in order to make it regain the original beauty. In addition, there are the churches of Porto Salvo, Santo Padre, and Santa Lucia.

The city is connected via bus services from the neighbouring city of Trapani.

## InfoBox

| Paceco | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Città di Paceco | |
|  | |
| Location of Paceco | |
| PacecoLocation of Paceco in ItalyPacecoPaceco (Sicily) | |
| Coordinates: 37°59′N 12°33′E / 37.983°N 12.550°E / 37.983; 12.550 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Sicily |
| Province | Trapani (TP) |
| *Frazioni* | Dattilo, Nubia |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Giuseppe Scarcella |
| Area | |
| Total | 58 km2 (22 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 36 m (118 ft) |
| Population (10 June 2018) | |
| Total | 11,307 |
| Density | 190/km2 (500/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Pacecoti |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 91027 |
| Dialing code | 0923 |
| Patron saint | St. Catherine of Alexandria |
| Saint day | November 25 |
| Website | Official website |


title: External vertebral venous plexuses

abstract:
The external vertebral venous plexuses consist of anterior and posterior plexuses which anastomose freely with each other. They are most prominent in the cervical region where they form anastomoses with the vertebral, occipital, and deep cervical veins.
  - The anterior external vertebral venous plexuses are situated anteriorly to the vertebral bodies. They communicate with the basivertebral and intervertebral veins, and receive tributaries from the vertebral bodies.
  - The posterior external vertebral venous plexuses are situated posterior to the vertebral laminae, around and the spinous, transverse, and articular processes. They form anastomoses with the internal vertebral venous plexuses, and drain to vertebral veins, posterior intercostal veins, and lumbar veins.

text:
# External vertebral venous plexuses

The **external vertebral venous plexuses** (**extraspinal veins**) consist of anterior and posterior plexuses which anastomose freely with each other. They are most prominent in the cervical region where they form anastomoses with the vertebral, occipital, and deep cervical veins.

## InfoBox

| External vertebral venous plexuses | |
| --- | --- |
| Transverse section of a thoracic vertebra, showing the vertebral venous plexuses. | |
| Median sagittal section of two thoracic vertebrae, showing the vertebral venous plexuses. | |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *plexus venosi vertebrales externi* |
| TA98 | A12.3.07.019<br>A12.3.07.020 |
| TA2 | 4951, 4952 |
| FMA | 12851 |
| Anatomical terminology | |


title: Pacora District

abstract: Pacora District is one of twelve districts of the province Lambayeque in Peru.

text:
# Pacora District

**Pacora District** is one of twelve districts of the province Lambayeque in Peru.

6°25′14″S 79°56′32″W / 6.4206°S 79.9422°W / -6.4206; -79.9422

## InfoBox

| Pacora | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Lambayeque |
| Province | Lambayeque |
| Capital | Pacora |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Felix Gil Mayanga |
| Area | |
| Total | 87.79 km2 (33.90 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 53 m (174 ft) |
| Population (2005 census) | |
| Total | 7,095 |
| Density | 81/km2 (210/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |
| UBIGEO | 140309 |


title: FIBT World Championships 1937

abstract: The FIBT World Championships 1937 took place in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (Two-man) and in St. Moritz, Switzerland (Four-man). St. Moritz hosted the four-man event previously in 1931 and 1935.

text:
# FIBT World Championships 1937

The **FIBT World Championships 1937** took place in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (Two-man) and in St. Moritz, Switzerland (Four-man). St. Moritz hosted the four-man event previously in 1931 and 1935.

## Two man bobsleigh

| Pos | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | United Kingdom (Frederick McEvoy, Byran Black) |  |
| Silver | Italy (Uberto Gillarduzzi, Sisto Gillarduzzi) |  |
| Bronze | Switzerland (Reto Capadrutt, Hans Aichele) |  |

## Four man bobsleigh

| Pos | Team | Time |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | United Kingdom (Frederick McEvoy, David Looker, Charles Green, Byran Black) |  |
| Silver | Germany (Gerhard Fischer, Lohfeld, H. Fischer, Rolf Thielecke) |  |
| Bronze | United States (Donald Fox, Tippi Gray, Bill Dupree, James Bickford) |  |

The American team became the first non-Europeans to medal at the championships.

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Great Britain (GBR) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | Germany (GER) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Italy (ITA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | United States (USA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (5 entries) | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |

## InfoBox

| 1937 World Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy<br>St. Moritz, Switzerland |
|


title: FISA Improvements Act

abstract: The FISA Improvements Act is a proposed act by Senator Dianne Feinstein, Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee. Prompted by the disclosure of NSA surveillance by Edward Snowden, it would establish the surveillance program as legal, but impose some limitations on availability of the data. Opponents say the bill would codify warrantless access to many communications of American citizens for use by domestic law enforcement.

text:
# FISA Improvements Act

The **FISA Improvements Act** is a proposed act by Senator Dianne Feinstein, Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee. Prompted by the disclosure of NSA surveillance by Edward Snowden, it would establish the surveillance program as legal, but impose some limitations on availability of the data. Opponents say the bill would codify warrantless access to many communications of American citizens for use by domestic law enforcement.

## Overview

In the wake of the Snowden disclosures, President Obama and many lawmakers believed that restoration of public trust would require legislative changes. More than 20 bills have been written with the goal of reining in government surveillance powers.

On October 28, 2013, Senator Dianne Feinstein, long described as a staunch defender of the National Security Agency (NSA), announced that a "total review of all intelligence programs is necessary".

A bill was introduced by Feinstein on October 31, 2013. Amendments were offered and rejected. The same day it was introduced, the bill passed the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence by a vote of 11-4. The committee's report on the bill was published on November 12.

Feinstein issued a press release saying that the bill would impose restrictions on how data is collected, including prohibiting bulk collection of the content of communications, and place a limit of five years on retention of the data. It would make unauthorized access to data obtained under the FISA orders punishable by ten years in prison. The bill would make the FISA court require "reasonable articulable suspicion" of association with international terrorism before records are reviewed. It also would set limits on the number of people with access to the data, and set limits on the number of "hops" (contact intermediaries) that can be searched. It would require the NSA to make an annual report of the number of queries made and the number of FBI investigations or probable cause orders issued. The bill would also require intelligence agencies to report violations of law to Congress, require a review once per by the Attorney General of collection procedures, and permit the FISA court to invite independent amicus curiae perspectives on cases. It would require Senate confirmation of appointments of the NSA director and NSA Inspector General.

MSNBC reported that the bill "purports to ban the NSA's controversial bulk collection of communications records under Section 215 of the Patriot Act" but "basically allows the NSA to continue bulk collection." Feinstein defended data collection in her press release, saying that "The threats we face—from terrorism, proliferation and cyber attack, among others—are real, and they will continue. Intelligence is necessary to protect our national and economic security, as well as to stop attacks against our friends and allies around the world."

## Response

### Senate Intelligence Committee

The Senate Intelligence Committee report recommended the bill, saying that the program was "an effective counterterrorism tool" and "was determined by the Department of Justice in two Administrations and by at least fifteen different judges serving on the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) to be lawful." While noting that the committee had encountered inadvertent violations of the law, the majority reported "It remains the case that, through seven years of oversight of this metadata program under Section 215, the Committee has not identified a single case in which a government official engaged in a willful effort to circumvent or violate Section 215 in the conduct of the bulk telephone metadata program." The committee endorsed measures to codify and enhance privacy protections, saying these measures "could not have been enacted absent the declassification of lawful intelligence activities that were, until recently, properly classified, as to do so would have revealed the programs to our adversaries and thereby compromised their effectiveness." However, it condemned the disclosures and said that the leaks "have not exposed government wrongdoing."

In a minority view attached to the report, Senators Ron Wyden, Mark Udall, and Martin Heinrich wrote "this bill would codify the government's authority to collect the phone records of huge numbers of law-abiding Americans, and also to conduct warrantless searches for individual Americans' phone calls and emails. We respectfully but firmly disagree with this approach." Feinstein's response in the report was that the bill "does not provide any new legislative authority with which the government may acquire call records or any other information under Section 215--in fact, it narrows the existing authority for it."

### Interest groups

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) urged opposition, calling the bill a "dream come true for the NSA". The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) called the bill a "fake fix" that would "permanently entrench" current surveillance practices.

The ACLU and EFF were among fifty-four "civil liberties and public interest groups" that authored a coalition letter to Congressional leadership urging them to oppose the act.

### Media

One area of concern raised by *The Guardian*, crediting blogger Marcy Wheeler, regards a "backdoor search provision" which could allow domestic U.S. law enforcement agencies warrantless access to the data. A FISA court document declassified in 2011 and a leak by Edward Snowden previously published by the newspaper indicated that generally searches of the database for "U. S. Persons" was not permitted, but contained a provision that:

"While the FAA 702 minimization procedures approved on 3 October 2011 now allow for use of certain United States person names and identifiers as query terms when reviewing collected FAA 702 data, analysts may NOT/NOT \[not repeat not\] implement any USP \[US persons\] queries until an effective oversight process has been developed by NSA and agreed to by DOJ/ODNI \[Office of the Director of National Intelligence\]."

According to *The Guardian*, Section 6 of the Act "blesses" such a procedure, permitting intelligence agencies to search "the contents of communications" collected overseas for U.S. persons provided that the purpose pertained to "foreign intelligence information". The provision was also criticized by Senator Ron Wyden, who said that the bill "would give intelligence agencies wide latitude to conduct warrantless searches for American phone calls and emails", instead supporting the USA Freedom Act by Senators Patrick Leahy and F. James Sensenbrenner that would require a search warrant to obtain the information. Sensenbrenner called Feinstein's bill an effort "for the first time in our country's history to allow unrestrained spying on the American people."

## InfoBox

FISA Improvements Act
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Long title | A bill to consolidate the congressional oversight provisions of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 and for other purposes. |
| Announced in | the 113th United States Congress |
| Sponsored by | Dianne Feinstein |
| Number of co-sponsors | 0 |
| Legislative history | |
|  | |


title: FIR transfer function

text:
# FIR transfer function

Transfer function filter utilizes the transfer function and the Convolution theorem to produce a filter. In this article, an example of such a filter using finite impulse response is discussed and an application of the filter into real world data is shown.

## FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Linear filters

In digital signal processing, an FIR filter is a time-continuous filter that is invariant with time. This means that the filter does not depend on the specific point of time, but rather depends on the time duration. The specification of this filter uses a transfer function having a frequency response that will only pass the desired frequencies of the input. This type of filter is non-recursive, which means that the output can be completely derived from a combination of the input without any recursive values of the output. This means that there is no feedback loop that feeds the new output the values of previous outputs. This is an advantage over recursive filters such as IIR filter (Infinite Impulse Response) in applications that require a linear phase response because it will pass the input without phase distortion.

## Mathematical model

Let the output function be $y(t)$ and the input is $x(t)$. The convolution of the input with a transfer function $h(t)$ provides a filtered output. The mathematical model of this type of filter is:

$$y(t)=\int \_{0}^{T}x(t-\tau )\\,h(\tau )\\,d\tau $$

h( $\tau $) is a transfer function of an impulse response to the input. The convolution allows the filter to only be activated when the input recorded a signal at the same time value. This filter returns the input values (x(t)) if k falls into the support region of function h. This is the reason why this filter is called finite response. If k is outside of the support region, the impulse response is zero which makes output zero. The central idea of this h( $\tau $) function can be thought of as a quotient of two functions.

According to Huang (1981) Using this mathematical model, there are four methods of designing non-recursive linear filters with various concurrent filter designs:

1. Window design method
2. Frequency Sampling method
3. Conventional linear programming
4. Iterative linear programming

## Single-sided Linear Filter

### Input function

Define the input signal:

$$y(t)=\sin(t)+rand({\begin{bmatrix}1&200\end{bmatrix})}$$

$rand({\begin{bmatrix}1&200\end{bmatrix})}$ adds a random number from 1 to 200 to the sinusoidal function which serves to distort the data.

### Single-sided filter

Use an exponential function as the impulse response for the support region of positive values.

$$h(t)={\begin{cases}0,&\forall &-\infty &\leq &t&\leq 0\\e^{-t},\quad &\forall &0&\leq &t&\leq +\infty \end{cases}}$$

The frequency response of this filter resembles a low-pass filter as in the lower frequency.

## Double-sided filter

Let the input signal to be the same as the single-sided function. Use an exponential function as the impulse response for the support region of positive values as before. In this double-sided filter, also implement another exponential function. The opposite in signs of the powers of the exponent is to maintain the non-infinite results when computing the exponential functions.

$h(t)={\begin{cases}e^{t},&\forall &-\infty &\leq &t&\leq 0\\e^{-t},&\forall &0&\leq &t&\leq +\infty \end{cases}}$

Examine this filter in its frequency domain, we see that the magnitude response is the same trend as the single sided filter. However, the frequencies that can be passed are smaller than those of the single-sided filter. This resulted in a smoother output. The significant of this consequence is that the double-sided filters types of linear filters are better being a filter.

## FIR Transfer function Linear filter Application

Linear filter performs better when it is a double-sided filter. This requires the data to be known in advance which makes it a challenge for these filters to function well in situations where signals cannot be known ahead of time such as radio signal processing. However, this means that linear filters are extremely useful in filtering pre-loaded data. In addition, because of its non-recursive nature which preserves the phase angles of the input, linear filters are usually used in image processing, video processing, data processing or pattern detection. Some examples are image enhancement, restoration and pre-whitening for spectral analysis. Additionally, linear non-recursive filters are always stable and usually produce a purely real output which makes them more favorable. They are also computationally easy which usually creates a big advantage for using this FIR linear filter.


title: Padma Narayan Chaudhary

abstract: Padma Narayan Chaudhary (Tharu) is a Nepali politician and a member of the House of Representatives of the Federal parliament of Nepal. He was elected from Nepali Congress under the proportional representation system. Following his election to parliament, he was appointed the coordinator for the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock in the shadow cabinet of the main opposition Nepali Congress. In the 2013 Constituent Assembly election, he was elected from Siraha-1 constituency under the first-past-the-post system. He had previously won the 1991 and 1994 parliamentary elections from the same constituency but lost in the 1999 and 2008 elections.

text:
# Padma Narayan Chaudhary

**Padma Narayan Chaudhary (Tharu)** (born 1948) is a Nepali politician and a member of the House of Representatives of the Federal parliament of Nepal. He was elected from Nepali Congress under the proportional representation system. Following his election to parliament, he was appointed the coordinator for the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock in the shadow cabinet of the main opposition Nepali Congress.

In the 2013 Constituent Assembly election, he was elected from Siraha-1 constituency under the first-past-the-post system. He had previously won the 1991 and 1994 parliamentary elections from the same constituency but lost in the 1999 and 2008 elections.

## InfoBox

| Padma Narayan Chaudhary | |
| --- | --- |
| पद्म नारायण चौधरी | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Pratinidhi Sabha for
Nepali Congress party list | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
4 March 2018 | |
| Member of Constituent Assembly | |
| **In office**
21 January 2014  14 October 2017 | |
| Preceded by | Laxman Mahato |
| Succeeded by | Pradeep Giri |
| Constituency | Siraha 1 |
| Member of Parliament, Pratinidhi Sabha | |
| **In office**
May 1991  May 1999 | |
| Preceded by | *Constituency established* |
| Succeeded by | Ram Chandra Yadav |
| Constituency | Siraha 1 |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1947-11-16) 16 November 1947 |
| Nationality | Nepali |
| Political party | Nepali Congress |
|  | |


title: P. Folsom

abstract: P. Folsom was the head coach of the University of Maine's football team in 1895 and compiled a 1–4 record.

text:
# P. Folsom

**P. Folsom** was the head coach of the University of Maine's football team in 1895 and compiled a 1–4 record.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Maine Black Bears** *(Maine Intercollegiate Athletic Association)* (1895) | | | | | | | | |
| 1895 | Maine | 1–4 | 0–4 |  |  |
| **Maine:** | | 1–4 | 0–4 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 1–4 |  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

P. Folsom
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| --- | --- |
| 1895 | Maine |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 1–4 |
|  | |


title: Padraig Reynolds

abstract: Padraig Reynolds is a writer and director, known for his horror films Open 24 Hours, Dark Light, The Devil's Dolls and Rites of Spring.

text:
# Padraig Reynolds

**Padraig Reynolds** is a writer and director, known for his horror films *Open 24 Hours*, *Dark Light*, *The Devil's Dolls* and *Rites of Spring*.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Director | Writer | Producer | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004 | *Green Arrow Fan Film* | Yes | Yes | Yes | Co-directed and produced |
| 2007 | *The Election* | Yes | Yes | No | Short film |
| 2007 | *Buried Alive* | No | Yes | No | Miniseries, episodes 1 and 2 |
| 2011 | *Rites of Spring* | Yes | Yes | No |  |
| 2016 | *The Devil's Dolls* | Yes | Yes | No |  |
| 2018 | *Open 24 Hours* | Yes | Yes | No |  |
| 2019 | *Dark Light* | Yes | Yes | No |
| TBA | *Rites of Spring 2* | Yes | Yes | No |  |
| TBA | *Starvation Heights* | Yes | Yes | No | Based on the true crime book by Gregg Olsen |
|


abstract: The women's aerials competition of the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships 2011 was held at Deer Valley, United States on February 3 and 4, 2011.

text:
# FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships 2011 – Women's aerials

The **women's aerials** competition of the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships 2011 was held at Deer Valley, United States on February 3 and 4, 2011 (qualifications and finals).

## Qualification

The following are the results of the qualification.

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Jump 1 | Jump 2 | Total | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 10 | Emily Cook | United States | 97.64 | 84.10 | 181.74 | **Q** |
| 2 | 1 | Xu Mengtao | China | 83.36 | 87.41 | 170.77 | **Q** |
| 3 | 11 | Ashley Caldwell | United States | 82.66 | 83.47 | 166.13 | **Q** |
| 4 | 17 | Kong Fanyu | China | 83.37 | 78.59 | 161.96 | **Q** |
| 5 | 15 | Hanna Huskova | Belarus | 80.32 | 78.30 | 158.62 | **Q** |
| 6 | 8 | Zhao Shanshan | China | 76.12 | 81.58 | 157.70 | **Q** |
| 7 | 7 | Tanja Schärer | Switzerland | 77.33 | 76.70 | 154.03 | **Q** |
| 8 | 16 | Crystal Lee | Canada | 71.97 | 76.12 | 148.09 | **Q** |
| 9 | 3 | Olha Volkova | Ukraine | 78.90 | 65.78 | 144.68 | **Q** |
| 10 | 18 | Laura Peel | Australia | 74.82 | 65.91 | 140.73 | **Q** |
| 11 | 2 | Cheng Shuang | China | 52.34 | 87.06 | 139.40 | **Q** |
| 12 | 12 | Olga Polyuk | Ukraine | 66.78 | 72.21 | 138.99 | **Q** |
| 13 | 20 | Sarah Ainsworth | United Kingdom | 65.97 | 55.59 | 121.56 |  |
| 14 | 9 | Nadiya Didenko | Ukraine | 44.41 | 77.01 | 121.42 |  |
| 15 | 13 | Sabrina Guerin | Canada | 32.44 | 78.01 | 110.45 |  |
|  | 5 | Alla Tsuper | Belarus |  |  | DNS |  |

## Final

The following are the results of the final.

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 2 | Cheng Shuang | China | 188.40 |
|  | 1 | Xu Mengtao | China | 188.23 |
|  | 3 | Olha Volkova | Ukraine | 178.59 |
| 4 | 11 | Ashley Caldwell | United States | 173.73 |
| 5 | 17 | Kong Fanyu | China | 168.80 |
| 6 | 8 | Zhao Shanshan | China | 161.05 |
| 7 | 10 | Emily Cook | United States | 159.15 |
| 8 | 12 | Olga Polyuk | Ukraine | 157.33 |
| 9 | 15 | Hanna Huskova | Belarus | 152.99 |
| 10 | 16 | Crystal Lee | Canada | 143.36 |
| 11 | 18 | Laura Peel | Australia | 142.19 |
| 12 | 7 | Tanja Schärer | Switzerland | 118.80 |


title: Post pounder

abstract: A post pounder, post driver, post rammer, post knocker or fence driver is a tool used for driving fence posts and similar items into land surfaces. It consists of a heavy steel pipe which is closed at one end and has handles welded onto the sides. It is normally used by one person, but larger versions may require two.

text:
# Post pounder

A **post pounder**, **post driver**, **post rammer**, **post knocker** or **fence driver** is a tool used for driving fence posts and similar items into land surfaces. It consists of a heavy steel pipe which is closed at one end and has handles welded onto the sides. It is normally used by one person, but larger versions may require two.

## History

An early type was developed in 1933 by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation to aid the installation of fencing along roads and highways.

## Operation

The open end is put over the top of the post to be driven, then the tool is lifted and dropped repeatedly onto the top of the post. The closed end strikes the top of the post, driving it into the ground. Unlike a maul it can be used easily on tall posts, such as those used for deer fencing. Because the tube guides the striking force consistently in line with the post and strikes it across its full width, a post pounder usually damages the top of the post less than a maul. It is not suitable for posts which will be shorter than the length of the tool, or for posts which do not fit easily into the tube because of bulges or curves, or their over-large diameter. The tool is difficult to use on slanting posts.

The post pounder can also be used to remove t-posts. To do so, put the closed end of the post pounder on the ground about 6 inches from the t-post. It should be on the side of the post with the knobs. Push back on the t-post away from the pounder, then push the top of the pounder so the rim sets beneath the lowest knob possible on the t-post. With the pounder lodged beneath the t-post knob, pull the t-post back to the starting position and it will lift up a few inches. Repeat process until t-post can be removed.

## Safety and Precautions

Single-person post pounders tend to be around 20 pounds (9 kg), but weight varies with model types. The diameter depends on the size of the post to be pounded. They can be dangerous to handle, especially if the lower edge of the pounder catches on the top of the post, when it can pivot towards the user and strike them on the head.

Hearing protection and a hard hat are often recommended.


title: Neosolieria nasuta

abstract: Neosolieria nasuta is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Neosolieria nasuta

***Neosolieria nasuta*** is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Neosolieria nasuta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Dexiinae |
| Tribe: | Voriini |
| Genus: | *Neosolieria* |
| Species: | ***N. nasuta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neosolieria nasuta***<br>Townsend, 1927 | |
|


title: Meera Menon

abstract: Meera Menon is an Indian–American director, writer, and editor. Her feature directorial debut, Farah Goes Bang, screened at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2013 and was awarded the inaugural Nora Ephron Prize by Tribeca and Vogue. She currently resides in Los Angeles.

text:
# Meera Menon

**Meera Menon** is an Indian–American director, writer, and editor. Her feature directorial debut, *Farah Goes Bang*, screened at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2013 and was awarded the inaugural Nora Ephron Prize by Tribeca and *Vogue*. She currently resides in Los Angeles.

## Early life

Menon‘s family is from Kerala, India. Menon cited her father Vijayan, a film producer and a founder of Tara Arts, an English cultural ambassador for South India that showcases musicals and films, as her earliest inspiration for filmmaking, using his camera to shoot films at a young age with her next-door neighbour. Menon says while her parents encouraged her to pursue the arts, her father advised her to look at it as a hobby.

Because of this way of thinking about film, Menon did not seriously consider filmmaking as a career until she attended Columbia University, and took classes that were taught by professional filmmakers. Menon received a BA in English and Art History from Columbia, but while she was there, she began directing films and discovered a passion for the craft. She went on to receive an MFA from the USC School of Cinematic Arts.

## Career

In 2009, Menon wrote and directed the short film *Mark in Argentina*, a story about a governor searching for his mistress in Argentina. However, it wasn't until Menon released her feature-length debut that she started to get a great deal of recognition from the media.

Menon's first full-length feature film, *Farah Goes Bang,* was described by Jennifer Mills as one that, "explores many genres: the road movie, the sexual coming of age movie, the political film, the buddy movie." Menon co-wrote the film with Laura Goode, who also acted as a producer. Not only did Menon win the Nora Ephron Prize for *Farah Goes Bang*, but the film also won awards at the Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival and CAAMFest.

In 2015, Menon directed the female-driven Wall Street drama *Equity*. The film premiered in Competition at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival.

In 2016, Menon also wrote and directed the short film *The Press Conference* for Refinery29's ShatterBox Anthology, a series of 12 shorts written and directed by women. The short premiered on Refinery29's website on 23 September 2016.

She had also worked as a director on the TV series *The Magicians* for an episode in the third, and two in the fourth season.

According to *Syfy* in 2022, Menon will direct a film based on Naomi Novik's best-selling YA fantasy *A Deadly Education*, in development by Mandeville Films as part of a series bought by Universal Hollywood.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Directors | Writers | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | *Mark in Argentina* | Yes | Yes |  |
| 2013 | *Farah Goes Bang* | Yes | Yes | * Nominated – Best Director, Winter Film Awards * Nominated – Best Film, Winter Film Awards * Nominated – Best Narrative Feature, Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival * Nora Ephron Prize, Tribeca Film Festival * Best Feature, San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival |
| 2016 | *Equity* | Yes | No |  |
| | *The Press Conference* | Yes | Yes |  |

**TV series**

| Year | Title | Directors | Writers | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | *Blood Drive* | Yes | No | 2 episodes |
| | *Fear the Walking Dead* | Yes | No | episode: "This Land Is Your Land" |
| 2018 | *Titans* | Yes | No | episode: "Together" |
| | *GLOW* | Yes | No | episode: "The Good Twin" |
| | *The Man in the High Castle* | Yes | No | episode: "History Ends" |
| | *The Magicians* | Yes | No | 4 episodes |
| 2019 | *The Punisher* | Yes | No | episode: "The Abyss" |
| | *The Walking Dead* | Yes | No | episode: "Bounty" |
| | *The Terror: Infamy* | Yes | No | episode: "My Perfect World" |
| | *You* | Yes | No | episode: "Farewell, My Bunny" |
| | *Outlander* | Yes | No | 2 episodes |
| 2020 | *Dirty John* | Yes | No | episode: "The Turtle and the Alligator" |
| 2021 | *For All Mankind* | Yes | No | 2 episodes |
| 2022 | *Ms. Marvel* | Yes | No | 2 episodes |
| 2022 | *Westworld (Season 4)* | Yes | No | episode: "Metanoia" |

## InfoBox

| Meera Menon | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Park Ridge, NJ |
| Occupations | * Director * Writer * Editor |
| Years active | 2009–present |
| Relatives | Vijayan Menon (film producer) |


title: Neunkirchen am Brand

abstract: Neunkirchen am Brand is a municipality in the district of Forchheim in Bavaria in Germany.

text:
# Neunkirchen am Brand

**Neunkirchen am Brand** is a municipality in the district of Forchheim in Bavaria in Germany.

## History

Important dates are the founding of the Canons Regular of Saint Augustine monastery, Neunkirchen am Brand monastery, in 1314 and the conferment of the status as market town in 1410. In 1803 Neunkirchen along with the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg became part of Bavaria. Between 1886 and 1963 Neunkirchen was located near a train route from Erlangen to Eschenau.

After the Second World War, refugees settled in Neunkirchen and after the establishment of Siemens AG in Erlangen the town experienced a dramatic increase in inhabitants. Numerous suburbs were built around the traditional center of the town.

Neunkirchen is also the home of a number of industrial and trade companies. The largest industrial employer is the axles factory, the *Neunkirchener Achsenfabrik (NAF)*.

## Districts

There are the following districts (pop. statistics as of December 31, 2006):

* Neunkirchen (5995 inhabitants)
* Baad (85 inhabitants)
* Ebersbach (250 inhabitants)
* Ermreuth (921 inhabitants)
* Großenbuch (575 inhabitants)
* Rödlas (149 inhabitants)
* Rosenbach (261 inhabitants)
* Gleisenhof (near Ermreuth) and Wellucken (7 inhabitants)

Furthermore, there the farms Vogelhof, Erleinhof and Saarmühle.

## Sights and culture

The town is marked by well preserved gates, the former Neunkirchen am Brand Monastery, countless timbered houses and a Middle Age warehouse known as a *Zehntscheune*. In the district of Großenbuch, the Kugler family operates a restaurant that has existed in that location since the 1500s.

### Buildings

In the district of Ermreuth, the former synagogue was restored as a venue for various events. Worth seeing in this districts are also the church and the castle.

### Regular events

* On Good Friday, there is a famous and in this form very rare procession of holy figures
* On every second Saturday before St. Anna (July 26), everyone is invited to the local fair. Local clubs present themselves with their own stands and on a stage.
* The Neunkirchen church anniversary (Kirchweih or Kerwa) takes place on the weekend of the first Sunday in October.
* A Christmas market at St.-Michaels Church is always on the third weekend of Advent.

## Twin towns

## InfoBox

| Neunkirchen am Brand | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Center of Neunkirchen with timbered houses and the old deanery near St.-Michaels Church (right side of the image) | |
|  | |
| Location of Neunkirchen am Brand within Forchheim district | |
| Neunkirchen am Brand Neunkirchen am Brand | |
| Coordinates: 49°37′N 11°08′E / 49.617°N 11.133°E / 49.617; 11.133 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Bavaria |
| Admin. region | Oberfranken |
| District | Forchheim |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202026) | Martin Walz (CSU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 26.37 km2 (10.18 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 317 m (1,040 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31) | |
| Total | 8,141 |
| Density | 310/km2 (800/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 91077 |
| Dialling codes | 09134 |
| Vehicle registration | FO |
| Website | www.neunkirchen-am-brand.de |


title: Heikant, Alphen-Chaam

abstract: Heikant is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of Alphen-Chaam, about 2 km northeast of Chaam. Heikant is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Chaam. It was first mentioned in 1685 as aen den Heycant, and means "on the edge of the heath". Heikant was home to 252 people in 1840. Nowadays, it consists of about 80 house. The Roman Catholic Church of the parish of Chaam used to be in this hamlet, but it was moved to the village of Chaam in 1842.

text:
# Heikant, Alphen-Chaam

**Heikant** is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of Alphen-Chaam, about 2 km northeast of Chaam.

Heikant is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Chaam. It was first mentioned in 1685 as aen den Heycant, and means "on the edge of the heath".

Heikant was home to 252 people in 1840. Nowadays, it consists of about 80 house. The Roman Catholic Church of the parish of Chaam used to be in this hamlet, but it was moved to the village of Chaam in 1842.

1. "Postcode 4861 in Chaam". *Postcode bij adres* (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 April 2022.
2. *VUGA's Alfabetische Plaatsnamengids van Nederland* (13th edition), VUGA, 1997.
3. *ANWB Topografische Atlas Nederland*, Topografische Dienst and ANWB, 2005.
4. "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". *Central Bureau of Statistics*. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
5. "Heikant - (geografische naam)". *Etymologiebank* (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 April 2022.
6. "Heikant (Chaam)". *Plaatsengids* (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 April 2022.

## InfoBox

| Heikant | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| Farm in Heikant | |
| HeikantLocation in the province of North Brabant in the NetherlandsHeikantHeikant (Netherlands) | |
| Coordinates: 51°30′57″N 4°52′20″E / 51.51583°N 4.87222°E / 51.51583; 4.87222 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | North Brabant |
| Municipality | Alphen-Chaam |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 4861 |
| Dialing code | 0161 |


title: Wuzhou Wu

abstract: Wuzhou Wu is a Southern Wu Chinese language spoken in and around Jinhua in Zhejiang province. It is at best only poorly intelligible with Taihu Wu. Wuzhou Wu is named after the ancient Wuzhou County that existed in modern-day Jinhua.

text:
# Wuzhou Wu

**Wuzhou Wu** (婺州話 or 務州片) is a Southern Wu Chinese language spoken in and around Jinhua in Zhejiang province. It is at best only poorly intelligible with Taihu Wu. Wuzhou Wu is named after the ancient Wuzhou County that existed in modern-day Jinhua.

## Dialects

Jinhua is the chief and representative dialect of Wuzhou.

## InfoBox

| Wuzhou Wu | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | People's Republic of China |
| Region | Zhejiang |
| Native speakers | (4 million cited 1987) |
| Language family | Sino-Tibetan |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | *None* (`mis`) |
| ISO 639-6 | `wzou` |
| *Glottolog* | `wuzh1238` |
| Linguasphere | `79-AAA-df` |


title: P.S. Higher Secondary School

abstract: P.S. Higher Secondary School(Main) is a government-aided school in Mylapore, Chennai. It follows the Tamil Nadu State Board Curriculum. The school offers education for students from the 6th grade till 12th grade. The primary school of this institution is located in North Mylapore. It offers groups such as commerce, biology and computer science for students of the 11th and 12th grade.

text:
# P.S. Higher Secondary School

**P.S. Higher Secondary School**(Main) is a government-aided school in Mylapore, Chennai. It follows the Tamil Nadu State Board Curriculum. The school offers education for students from the 6th grade till 12th grade. The primary school (grades 1-5) of this institution is located in North Mylapore. It offers groups such as commerce, biology and computer science for students of the 11th and 12th grade.

## History

The school started in 1905 in three rented premises, Sarada Vilas and Krishna Vilas in the Mada Streets of Mylapore and a choultry in Ramakrishna Mutt Road. In 1928, it moved into its new buildings on Brodie's Road, set in 36 grounds P.S. Charities had acquired in 1919. Shortly after moving in, the trust leased 80 grounds adjoining the school from Kapaleeswarar Temple to serve as playgrounds. In 1978, the school became a higher secondary school. The school is named as P.S. Higher Secondary School, after its founder, Pennathur Subramania Iyer.

## Alumni


title: Life imprisonment in Albania

abstract: In Albania, life imprisonment is a legal penalty for men over 18 who commit certain crimes. It is the severest punishment available under Albanian law. Parole may only be granted after the prisoner has served 25 years, and only if the prisoner is found unlikely to re-offend and has displayed perfect behavior while in prison. Otherwise, an inmate shall not be released, and will remain in prison for the rest of their lives. Albania is one of the few countries in Europe that imposes life sentences without possibility of parole. Only men may receive life; the maximum sentence for women is 30 years' imprisonment. Prisoners who committed their crimes when below the age of 18 may be sentenced to a maximum of 20 years. Crimes that carry possible life sentences include murder, terrorism, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and serious violent crimes resulting in death.

text:
# Life imprisonment in Albania

In Albania, life imprisonment is a legal penalty for men over 18 who commit certain crimes. It is the severest punishment available under Albanian law. Parole may only be granted after the prisoner has served 25 years (or 35 years in extreme cases), and only if the prisoner is found unlikely to re-offend and has displayed perfect behavior while in prison. Otherwise, an inmate shall not be released, and will remain in prison for the rest of their lives. Albania is one of the few countries in Europe that imposes life sentences without possibility of parole. Only men may receive life; the maximum sentence for women is 30 years' imprisonment. Prisoners who committed their crimes when below the age of 18 may be sentenced to a maximum of 20 years.

Crimes that carry possible life sentences include murder, terrorism, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and serious violent crimes (e.g., robbery) resulting in death.


title: Marapurani Katha

abstract: Marapurani Katha is a 1967 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by V. Ramachandra Rao in his debut. A remake of the Tamil film Kai Kodutha Deivam (1964), it stars Krishna and Vanisri. The film was released on 27 July 1967.

text:
# Marapurani Katha

***Marapurani Katha*** (transl.Unforgettable Story) is a 1967 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by V. Ramachandra Rao in his debut. A remake of the Tamil film *Kai Kodutha Deivam* (1964), it stars Krishna and Vanisri. The film was released on 27 July 1967.

## Plot

## Cast

## Production

The producers initially wanted to cast N. T. Rama Rao, Jaggayya and Savitri in the main roles, with V. Madhusudhana Rao as director. These plans were eventually dropped due to increasing production costs, so they instead cast Krishna, Vanisri and Chandra Mohan, with V. Ramachandra Rao making his directorial debut.

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by T. Chalapathi Rao.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Uliki Uliki Chilipi Navvulolike Papa" | Kodakandla Appalacharya | B. Vasantha, Chorus |  |
| 2. | "Hello Nilu Nilu Naa Kosam" | C. Narayana Reddy | P. Susheela, T. R. Jayadev |  |
| 3. | "Ganga Yamuna Tarangalato" | Kosaraju | Ghantasala |  |
| 4. | "Kalyaname Vaibogame" | Aarudra | P. Susheela |  |
| 5. | "Nootikokka Manase Kovela" | Aarudra | Ghantasala |  |

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Marapurani Katha | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | V. Ramachandra Rao |
| Screenplay by | V. Ramachandra Rao |
| Based on | *Kai Kodutha Deivam*
by K. S. Gopalakrishnan |
| Produced by | Sundarlal Nahatha
Doondi |
| Starring | Krishna
Vanisri |
| Cinematography | S. Venkat Ratnam |
| Edited by | N. S. Prakasam |
| Music by | T. Chalapathi Rao |
| Production
company | Sri Productions |
| Release date | * 27 July 1967 (1967-07-27) |
| Running time | 178 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Telugu |


abstract: The U.S. Post Office in Nyack, New York, is located on South Broadway in the center of the village. It serves the 10960 ZIP Code, which covers South Nyack and Upper Nyack in addition to the village. It was built in 1932 in the Classical Revival architectural style, a mode rarely used for American post offices between the wars. In the front lobby are several murals depicting scenes from local history. In 1988 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in 2004 it was renamed to honor three victims of the 1981 Brinks robbery.

text:
# United States Post Office (Nyack, New York)

The **U.S. Post Office** in Nyack, New York, is located on South Broadway in the center of the village. It serves the 10960 ZIP Code, which covers South Nyack and Upper Nyack in addition to the village.

It was built in 1932 in the Classical Revival architectural style, a mode rarely used for American post offices between the wars. In the front lobby are several murals depicting scenes from local history. In 1988 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in 2004 it was renamed to honor three victims of the 1981 Brinks robbery.

## Building

The post office is situated near the northwest corner of the intersection of Broadway and Hudson Avenue. The neighborhood is a mix of commercial, residential and institutional properties. A row of three-story brick buildings faces it from the south side of Hudson. A house is located on the north side of its driveway.

It is a one-story building of buff-colored brick in Flemish bond on a raised limestone-clad basement. The east (front) elevation is a central pavilion five bays wide with single-bay wings on either end. Limestone is also used for its quoins and window trim, including recessed panels above and below each one. A cornice of that material with blocks and parapet marks the roofline. "UNITED STATES POST OFFICE NYACK NEW YORK 10960" is set in gilded metallic letters on the frieze.

The three-bay side wings have similar limestone decorations save the cornice and recessed panels. The four-bay rear ends in a loading dock.

A set of stairs with neoclassical bronze railings and low stone walls with claw-footed tripod lamps leads up to the centrally located main entrance. They lead to a single metal and glass door, with transom of similar material, recessed between two fluted Doric pilasters with a full Doric entablature. After passing through a wooden vestibule and small foyer, they open onto a lobby floored with terrazzo in a checkerboard pattern and grey-veined white marble wainscoting to a height of seven feet (2.3 m) on the plaster walls, which have a decorative cornice.

On all sides but the west, there are murals by Jacob Getlar Smith of scenes from local history: Native Americans watching Henry Hudson sailing upriver in the *Halve Maen*, Dutch settlers building a log cabin and John André meeting Benedict Arnold. The north and east murals have decorative grilles as well. Two original circular bronze-and-glass customer tables remain.

## History

The first post office in the Nyacks was established as part of a store at a landing now in Upper Nyack, in 1835. When the Erie Railroad was completed through the area in 1870, it was put within commuting distance of New York City, and grew as residents who had previously come for the summer built large houses overlooking the Hudson River to the east and lived there year-round.

Congress authorized a permanent post office for the village in 1910, but it was never built. In 1926 it was reauthorized and, as the Great Depression started, construction finally began in 1931. It was opened the following year.

It was designed under the leadership of James Wetmore, then Acting Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department. Wetmore was primarily a lawyer, and the actual artistic direction of the Treasury at the time was set by Louis A. Simon, who became Supervising Architect himself in 1935. The choice of a building so firmly in the Classical Revival style is an unusual one for the time. After World War I, the Treasury, which oversaw the design and construction of post offices and many other government buildings, began preferring the newer Colonial Revival style for its post offices, particularly those in small towns like Nyack. Neoclassical touches were often combined with modernist forms for post offices in larger cities (such as Troy's).

Smith's murals were added in 1936. He had planned for them to cover all walls and be complemented by a series of smaller panels above the tellers' booths. If those were ever completed and installed, they have since been removed. The interior has been altered only by the addition of modern heating systems and lockboxes. On the outside, a new door has replaced the original double bronze doors and a wheelchair ramp has been installed across the front of the building to comply with wheelchair accessibility requirements.

In 2004 Senator Charles Schumer and Representative Eliot Engel secured passage of legislation officially renaming it the "Edward J. O'Grady, Jr., Waverly Brown, Peter Paige Post Office Building"— in memory of two local police officers and a security guard killed by members of the Black Liberation Army during the 1981 Brinks robbery at nearby Nanuet Mall. A ceremony was held in May of that year, at which relatives of the deceased spoke.

1. Gobrecht, Larry (July 1986). "National Register of Historic Places nomination, US Post Office-Nyack". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
2. "Ceremony to Officially Rename Nyack Post Office in Slain Officers' Honor Will Be Held May 1". Office of Sen. Charles Schumer. 26 April 2004. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| U.S. Post Office | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| East elevation, 2009 | |
|  | |
| Interactive map showing the location for U.S. Post Office-Nyack | |
| Location | Nyack, NY |
| Nearest city | White Plains |
| Coordinates | 41°5′19″N 73°55′9″W / 41.08861°N 73.91917°W / 41.08861; -73.91917 |
| Built | 1932 |
| Architect | James Wetmore |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival |
| MPS | US Post Offices in New York State, 1858-1943, TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 88002387 |
| Added to NRHP | 1988 |


abstract: The United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch is a standing subcommittee within the House Appropriations Committee. The United States House Committee on Appropriations has joint jurisdiction with the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations over all appropriations bills in the United States Congress. Each committee has 12 matching subcommittees, each of which is tasked with working on one of the twelve annual regular appropriations bills. This subcommittee has jurisdiction over the budget for the United States Congress. It is currently chaired by Republican Mark Amodei of Nevada, and its ranking member is Democrat Adriano Espaillat of New York.

text:
# United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch

The **United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch** is a standing subcommittee within the House Appropriations Committee. The United States House Committee on Appropriations has joint jurisdiction with the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations over all appropriations bills in the United States Congress. Each committee has 12 matching subcommittees, each of which is tasked with working on one of the twelve annual regular appropriations bills. This subcommittee has jurisdiction over the budget for the United States Congress.

It is currently chaired by Republican Mark Amodei of Nevada, and its ranking member is Democrat Adriano Espaillat of New York.

## Appropriations process

Traditionally, after a federal budget for the upcoming fiscal year has been passed, the appropriations subcommittees receive information about what the budget sets as their spending ceilings. This is called "302(b) allocations" after section 302(b) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. That amount is separated into smaller amounts for each of the twelve Subcommittees. The federal budget does not become law and is not signed by the President. Instead, it is a guide for the House and the Senate in making appropriations and tax decisions. However, no budget is required and each chamber has procedures in place for what to do without one. The House and Senate now consider appropriations bills simultaneously, although originally the House went first. The House Committee on Appropriations usually reports the appropriations bills in May and June and the Senate in June. Any differences between appropriations bills passed by the House and the Senate are resolved in the fall.

## Appropriations bills

An appropriations bill is a bill that appropriates (gives to, sets aside for) money to specific federal government departments, agencies, and programs. The money provides funding for operations, personnel, equipment, and activities. Regular appropriations bills are passed annually, with the funding they provide covering one fiscal year. The *fiscal year* is the accounting period of the federal government, which runs from October 1 to September 30 of the following year.

There are three types of appropriations bills: regular appropriations bills, continuing resolutions, and supplemental appropriations bills. Regular appropriations bills are the twelve standard bills that cover the funding for the federal government for one fiscal year and that are supposed to be enacted into law by October 1. If Congress has not enacted the regular appropriations bills by the time, it can pass a continuing resolution, which continues the pre-existing appropriations at the same levels as the previous fiscal year (or with minor modifications) for a set amount of time. The third type of appropriations bills are supplemental appropriations bills, which add additional funding above and beyond what was originally appropriated at the beginning of the fiscal year. Supplemental appropriations bills can be used for things like disaster relief.

Appropriations bills are one part of a larger United States budget and spending process. They are preceded in that process by the president's budget proposal, congressional budget resolutions, and the 302(b) allocation. Article One of the United States Constitution, section 9, clause 7, states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law..." This is what gives Congress the power to make these appropriations. The President, however, still has the power to veto appropriations bills.

## Members, 118th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| *Ex officio* | |
|  |  |

## Historical membership rosters

### 115th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| *Ex officio* | |
|  |  |

### 116th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| *Ex officio* | |
|  |  |

### 117th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| *Ex officio* | |
|  |  |


title: Marcel Toth

abstract: Marcel Toth is an Austrian footballer who plays for First Vienna.

text:
# Marcel Toth

**Marcel Toth** (born 14 June 1989) is an Austrian footballer who plays for First Vienna.

## InfoBox

Marcel Toth
| Toth in 2017 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1989-06-14) 14 June 1989 | | |
| Place of birth | Vienna, Austria | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | First Vienna | | |
| Number | 25 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1995–2002 | SC Neusiedl am See 1919 | | |
| 2002–2006 | AKA Burgenland | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2006–2008 | SC Neusiedl am See 1919 | 44 | (11) |
| 2008–2011 | SK Rapid Wien II | 16 | (0) |
| 2010–2011 | First Vienna (loan) | 36 | (1) |
| 2011–2012 | First Vienna | 25 | (2) |
| 2012–2016 | SV Horn | 72 | (3) |
| 2017 | First Vienna | 9 | (1) |
| 2017–2020 | SV Horn | 81 | (12) |
| 2020– | First Vienna | 36 | (4) |
| International career | | | |
| 2006 | Austria U18 | 1 | (0) |
| 2007 | Austria U19 | 4 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20 June 2023 | | | |


title: Marcella Lindh

abstract: Marcella Lindh was the stage name of an American soprano singer who was Rose Jacobson Jellinek in private life.

text:
# Marcella Lindh

**Marcella Lindh** (May 19, 1867 – July 30, 1966) was the stage name of an American soprano singer who was **Rose Jacobson Jellinek** in private life.

## Early life

Rose Jacobson was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan, the daughter of Johanna Cohen Jacobson and Solomon E. Jacobson. Her parents were both born in Mecklenburg, Germany. She trained as a singer in Berlin.

## Career

Marcella Lindh was the first soprano to sing with the John Philip Sousa Band, joining when the band formed in 1892 and staying into 1894. She sang with the Sousa band at the St. Louis World's Fair in the autumn of 1893. A Pennsylvania newspaper during this time praised her voice as "one of the few incomparable soprano voices of the generation...cultivated to such a nicety of perfection, as makes it a charm to the cultivated ear."

She sang with Hinrich's Grand Opera in Boston in the spring of 1893. She performed in a series of Wagner operas in German with the New York Symphony under Walter Damrosch, at the Boston Theatre and at the Metropolitan Opera House. Soon after, she moved to Budapest (in Austria-Hungary) with her husband and young son. She taught voice at a conservatory there, and continued performing. During World War I she was "an official visitor for the American Red Cross mission in Hungary."

Marcella Lindh returned to the United States in 1920, and again in widowhood during World War II. She lived in Detroit, Michigan in her later years.

## Personal life

Rose Jacobson married Markus Erwin Marcel Jellinek, a theatre manager and publisher from Budapest. Their son, E. Morton Jellinek, became a noted expert on alcoholism. They also had a daughter, Edna. Marcella Lindh was widowed when her husband died in 1939, in Budapest. She died in 1966, aged 99 years, in a Michigan nursing home.


title: Manuel Bobadilla

abstract: Manuel Bobadilla González is a Cuban retired footballer.

text:
# Manuel Bobadilla

**Manuel Bobadilla González** (born 27 June 1970) is a Cuban retired footballer.

## Club career

Regarded as the best Cuban player at the end of the 1990s, Bobadilla played his entire career for local side Ciudad La Habana, except for half a season in Germany with Bonner SC, when then Cuban leader Fidel Castro approved for the whole Cuban team to join the German 4th level side for part of the 1998/99 season. After retiring from football in 2001 due to coach Miguel Company ruling him out for the national team, he returned to play for Ciudad la Habana in the 2005 season.

## International career

He made his international debut for Cuba in 1995 and has earned a total of 57 caps, scoring 11 goals. He represented his country in 13 FIFA World Cup qualification matches (1 goal) and played at the 1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup.

His final international was an August 2001 Gold Cup qualification play-off match against Panama.

### International goals

*Scores and results list Cuba's goal tally first.*

| Number | Date | Location | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 27 May 1995 | Estadio Quisqueya, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | Puerto Rico |  | 9-0 | 1995 Caribbean Cup qualification |
| 2 | 27 May 1995 | Estadio Quisqueya, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | Puerto Rico |  | 9-0 | 1995 Caribbean Cup qualification |
| 3 | 30 July 1995 | Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands | Cayman Islands | 1-0 | 3-0 | 1995 Caribbean Cup |
| 4 | 22 September 1996 | Estadio Rommel Fernández, Panama City, Panama | Panama | 3-1 | 3-1 | 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 5 | 5 May 1999 | National Stadium, Devonshire, Bermuda | Cayman Islands |  | 4-1 | 1999 Caribbean Cup qualification |
| 6 | 5 May 1999 | National Stadium, Devonshire, Bermuda | Cayman Islands |  | 4-1 | 1999 Caribbean Cup qualification |
| 7 | 10 October 1999 | Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles, United States | El Salvador | 1-0 | 3-1 | 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup qualification |
| 8 | 4 April 2001 | Uitvlugt Community Centre, Uitvlugt, Guyana | Dominica | 3-1 | 3-1 | 2001 Caribbean Cup |
| 9 | 10 June 2001 | National Stadium, Kingston, Jamaica | Jamaica | 1-3 | 1-4 | Friendly match |

## InfoBox

Manuel Bobadilla
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Manuel Bobadilla González | | |
| Date of birth | (1970-06-27) June 27, 1970 | | |
| Place of birth | Havana, Cuba | | |
| Position(s) | Attacking Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1990–2001 | Ciudad La Habana |  |  |
| 1998–1999 | Bonner SC (loan) | 2 | (0) |
| 2005 | Ciudad La Habana |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1995–2001 | Cuba | 57 | (11) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 1 January 2018 | | | |


title: Manuel Blanco Ramos

abstract: Manuel María Blanco Ramos known as Manuel Blanco was a Spanish friar and botanist.

text:
# Manuel Blanco Ramos

**Manuel María Blanco Ramos** known as **Manuel Blanco** (1779 – 1845) was a Spanish friar and botanist.

## Biography

Born in Navianos de Alba, Castilla y León, Spain, Blanco was a member of the Augustinian order of friars. His first assignment was in Angat in the province of Bulacan in the Philippines. He subsequently had a variety different assignments.

Towards the end of his life, he became the delegate of his order in Manila, traveling throughout the archipelago. He is the author of one of the first comprehensive flora of the Philippines, *Flora de Filipinas. Según el sistema de Linneo* (Flora of the Philippines according to the system of Linnaeus) which followed after the work done by Georg Joseph Kamel. The first two editions (Manila, 1837 and 1845) were unillustrated. Celestine Fernandez Villar (1838-1907), together with others including Antonio Llanos, published an illustrated posthumous edition from 1877 to 1883, printed by C. Verdaguer of Barcelona.

Blanco died in Manila in 1845. The botanist Carl Ludwig Blume (1789-1862) named the genus Blancoa of the family Palmae in his honor.

The standard author abbreviation Blanco is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

## Books

* *Flora de Filipinas. Según el sistema sexual de Linneo*, Manila: 1837.
* *Flora de Filipinas. Según el sistema sexual de Linneo... Segunda impression &c.*, Manila: 1845.
* *Flora de Filipinas, según el sistema sexual de Linneo. Adicionada con el manuscrito inédito del. fr. Ignacio Mercado, las obras del fr. Antonio Llanos, y de un apéndice con todas las nuevas investigaciones botanicas referentes al archipiélago Filifino \[sic\]. Gran edicion.*, Manila: 1877-1883

## Bibliography