# Management features new to Windows Vista

Windows Vista contains a range of new technologies and features that are intended to help network administrators and power users better manage their systems. Notable changes include a complete replacement of both the Windows Setup and the Windows startup processes, completely rewritten deployment mechanisms, new diagnostic and health monitoring tools such as random access memory diagnostic program, support for per-application Remote Desktop sessions, a completely new Task Scheduler, and a range of new Group Policy settings covering many of the features new to Windows Vista. Subsystem for UNIX Applications, which provides a POSIX-compatible environment is also introduced.

## Setup

The setup process for Windows Vista has been completely rewritten and is now image-based instead of being sector-based as previous versions of Windows were. The Windows Preinstallation Environment (WinPE) has been updated to host the entire setup process in a graphical environment (as opposed to text-based environments of previous versions of Windows), which allows the use of input devices other than the keyboard throughout the entire setup process. The new interface resembles Windows Vista itself, with features such as ClearType fonts and Windows Aero visual effects. Prior to copying the setup image to disk, users can create, format, and graphically resize disk partitions. The new image-based setup also reduces the duration of the installation procedure when contrasted with Windows XP; Microsoft estimates that Windows Vista can install in as few as 20 minutes despite being more than three times the size of its predecessor.

Windows XP only supported loading storage drivers from floppy diskettes during initialization of the setup process; Windows Vista supports loading drivers for SATA, SCSI, and RAID controllers from any external source in addition to floppy diskettes prior to its installation.

At the end of the setup process, Windows Vista can also automatically download and apply security and device-driver updates from Windows Update. Previous versions of Windows could only configure updates to be installed after the operating system installation.

## System recovery

The new *Windows Recovery Environment* (*WinRE*) detects and repairs various operating system problems; it presents a set of options dedicated to diagnostics including Startup Repair, System Restore, Backup and Restore, Windows Memory Diagnostics Tool, Command Prompt, and options specific to original equipment manufacturers. WinRE is accessible by pressing `F8` during operating system boot or by booting from a Windows installation source such as optical media.

### Startup Repair

*Startup Repair* (formerly *System Recovery Troubleshooter Wizard*) is a diagnostic feature designed to repair systems that cannot boot due to operating system corruption, incompatible drivers, or damaged hardware; it scans for corruption of operating system components such as Boot Configuration Data and the Windows Registry and also checks boot sectors, file system metadata, Master Boot Records, and partition tables for errors and whether the root cause for failure originated during an installation of Windows. Microsoft designed *Startup Repair* to repair over eighty percent of issues that users may experience. Windows Vista Service Pack 1 enhances Startup Repair to replace additional system files during the repair process that may be damaged or missing due to corruption.

## Component Based Servicing

*Package Manager*, part of the Windows Vista servicing stack, replaces the previous *Package Installer* (`Update.exe`) and *Update Installer* (`Hotfix.exe`). Microsoft delivers updates for Windows Vista as files and resources only. Package Manager, Windows Update, and the Control Panel item to turn Windows features on and off, all use the Windows Vista servicing stack. Package Manager can also install updates to an offline Windows image, including updates, boot-critical device drivers, and language packs.

Windows Vista introduced Component-Based Servicing (CBS) as an architecture for installation and servicing.

## Deployment

The deployment of Windows Vista uses a hardware-independent image, the Windows Imaging Format (WIM). The image file contains the necessary bits of the operating system, and its contents are copied *as is* to the target system. Other system specific software, such as device drivers and other applications, are installed and configured afterwards. This reduces the time taken for installation of Windows Vista.

Corporations can author their own image files (using the WIM format) which might include all the applications that the organization wants to deploy. Also multiple images can be kept in a single image file, to target multiple scenarios. This ability is used by Microsoft to include all editions of Windows Vista on the same disc, and install the proper version based on the provided product key. In addition, initial configuration, such as locale settings, account names, etc. can be supplied in *XML Answer Files* to automate installation.

Microsoft provides a tool called ImageX to support creation of custom images, and edit images after they have been created. It can also be used to generate an image from a running installation, including all data and applications, for backup purposes. WIM images can also be controlled using the *Windows System Image Manager*, which can be used to edit images and to create XML Answer Files for unattended installations. Sysprep is also included as part of Windows Vista, and is HAL-independent.

Also included in Windows Vista is an improved version of the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard now known as Windows Easy Transfer which allows settings to be inherited from previous installations. User State Migration Tool allows migrating user accounts during large automated deployments.

ClickOnce is a deployment technology for "smart client" applications that enables self-updating Windows-based applications that can be installed and run with minimal user interaction, and in a fashion that does not require administrator access.

The *ActiveX Installer Service* is an optional component included with the Business, Enterprise and Ultimate editions that provides a method for network administrators in a domain to authorize the installation and upgrade of specific ActiveX controls while operating as a standard user. ActiveX components that have been listed in Group Policy can be installed without a User Account Control consent dialog being displayed.

## Event logging and reporting

Windows Vista includes a number of self-diagnostic features which help identify various problems and, if possible, suggest corrective actions. The *event logging* subsystem in Windows Vista also has been completely overhauled and rewritten around XML to allow applications to more precisely log events. Event Viewer has also been rewritten to take advantage of these new features. There are a large number of different types of event logs that can be monitored including Administrative, Operational, Analytic, and Debug log types. For instance, selecting the *Application Logs* node in the *Scope* pane reveals numerous new subcategorized event logs, including many labeled as diagnostic logs. Event logs can now be configured to be automatically forwarded to other systems running Windows Vista or Windows Server 2008. Event logs can also be remotely viewed from other computers or multiple event logs can be centrally logged and managed from a single computer. Event logs can be filtered by one or more criteria, and custom views can be created for one or more events. Such categorizing and advanced filtering allows viewing logs related only to a certain subsystem or an issue with only a certain component. Events can also be directly associated with tasks, via the redesigned *Event Viewer*.

## Windows Error Reporting

Windows Error Reporting has been improved significantly in Windows Vista. Most importantly a new set of public APIs have been created for reporting failures other than application crashes and hangs. Developers can create custom reports and customize the reporting user interface. The new APIs are documented in MSDN. The architecture of Windows Error Reporting has been revamped with a focus on reliability and user experience. WER can now report errors even when the process is in a very bad state for example if the process has encountered stack exhaustions, PEB/TEB corruptions, heap corruptions etc. In Windows XP, the process terminated silently without generating an error report in these conditions.

A new feature called Problem Reports and Solutions has also been added. It is a Control Panel applet that keeps a record of all system and application errors and issues, as well as presents probable solutions to problems.

## Diagnostics and performance

Windows Vista introduces major diagnostic capabilities, which include new feature additions for monitoring performance and for reporting issues:

* A new *Performance Information and Tools* Control Panel applet includes details and features related to performance.
* A new Resource Monitor includes System Stability Reports that graph daily events such as application crashes and hangs, device driver and hardware issues, software installations, and system crashes on a System Stability Chart so that users can view system performance over time. Generic details on the chart are signified by an information sign; errors are denoted by a red hazard symbol and potential issues are denoted by a yellow caution symbol. System Stability Reports assign a daily System Reliability Index, with a value of 10.0 indicating no problems; if an issue occurs, the daily value of a system will decrease, but it will gradually increase with each subsequent day where no issue has occurred. Users can view the history of System Stability Reports. The Resource Monitor uses system statistics from the Reliability Analysis Component (RAC).
* A *Program Compatibility Assistant* automatically detects known application compatibility issues (such as conflicts with User Account Control) and presents options for problem resolution; the Program Compatibility Wizard that allows for manually changing compatibility settings is still available.
* Client performance degradation such as application or driver interference with power transitions, increased boot, hibernation, or resume times, and reduced system performance due to system visual settings are monitored and reported to the user with options for problem resolution.
* Disk Diagnostics detect impending hard disk drive failures and prompt the user to perform backups, and to repair or replace the hard disk drive after Windows Vista detects a hard disk problem.
* Memory Diagnostics (comprising the Windows Memory Diagnostics Tool) check for issues caused by random access memory modules.
* Network Diagnostics, part of an extensible Network Diagnostics Framework, check for network connection problems and repair most of them automatically; options for resolution are presented when a problem is not repaired automatically. With the release of Service Pack 1, Network Diagnostics can also solve the most common file sharing problems.
* Resource Exhaustion Prevention can detect when memory is low and determine which applications are causing this. A memory leak diagnostic can provide information about application that may have memory leaks.
* Performance Monitor includes several new performance counters and various tools for tuning and monitoring system performance and resources. It shows the activities of the CPU, disk I/O, network, memory and other resources in the "Resource View". It supports new graph types, the selection of multiple counters, the retrieval of counter values from a point on the graph, the saving of graphed counter values to a log file, and the option to have a line graph continuously scroll in the graph window instead of wrapping-around on itself.
    + When run from an elevated command prompt, the `perfmon /report` command and parameter produce a comprehensive *System Diagnostics Report* complete with details such as hard disk throughout and Wi-Fi performance.
* When users attach an external storage device with potential file system errors, the user will be prompted to scan for and fix the file system corruption (*Do you want to scan and fix Removable Disk?*).
* When Windows is rebooted after an unexpected shutdown (such as those caused by a blue screen of death), the user is informed that the shutdown was unexpected (*Windows has recovered from an unexpected shutdown*) and is provided an option to report the incident to Microsoft for problem analysis and resolution.
* Task Manager presents more detailed system information and monitoring. Memory consumption is now displayed as a percentage value instead of as separate commit charge values. A *Services* page displays all services, with descriptions, names, process IDs, groups, and statuses, and there are *Go To Process*, *Start Service*, and *Stop Service* context menu options. The following changes were also made to Task Manager pages:
    + The *Applications* page includes a new *Create Dump File* context menu option
    + The *Performance* page includes an option to open the new Resource Monitor, and now shows memory usage (in addition to page file usage) and system uptime
    + The *Processes* page includes new *Command Line*, *Description*, *Data Execution Prevention*, *Image Path Name*, and *Virtualization* column options
    + The *Processes* page also includes new *Open File Location* and *Properties* context menu options
* Unresponsive application windows receive visual treatment — they are superimposed with window frosting — to indicate the application has ceased to respond.
* Windows Vista contains diagnostic tracing hooks around plug and play operations; because of this users can, for example, view devices that have failed to start, or view unsuccessful plug and play operations such as failed ejections of removable storage devices, with information about the application path, process id, and veto time of the application that caused the ejection to fail.
* Windows Vista introduces a new help and support architecture and interface based on the Assistance Platform client and MAML; the new architecture is not backward-compatible with previous versions of Windows.

## Remote management

Remote Desktop Protocol 6.0 incorporates support for application-level remoting, improved security (TLS 1.0), support for connections via an SSL gateway, improved remoting of devices, support for .NET remoting including support for remoting of Windows Presentation Foundation applications, WMI scripting, 32-bit color support, dual-monitor support, Network Level Authentication and more.

Remote Assistance, which helps in troubleshooting remotely, is now a full-fledged standalone application and does not use the Help and Support Center or Windows Messenger. It is now based on the Windows Desktop Sharing API. Two administrators can connect to a remote computer simultaneously. Also, a session automatically reconnects after restarting the computer. It also supports session pausing, built-in diagnostics, and XML-based logging. It has been reworked to use less bandwidth for low-speed connections. NAT traversals are also supported, so a session can be established even if the user is behind a NAT device. Remote Assistance is configurable using Group Policy and supports command-line switches so that custom shortcuts can be deployed.

Windows Vista also includes Windows Remote Management (WinRM), which is Microsoft's implementation of WS-Management standard which allows remote computers to be easily managed through a SOAP-based web service. WinRM allows obtaining data (including WMI and other management information) from local and remote computers running Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 (if WinRM is installed on those computers), Windows Server 2008 and all WS-Management protocol implementations on other operating systems. Using WinRM scripting objects along with compatible command-line tools (WinRM or WinRS), allows administrators to remotely run management scripts. A WinRM session is authenticated to minimize security risks.

## System tools

* New /B switch in CHKDSK for NTFS volumes which clears marked bad sectors on a volume and reevaluates them.
* Windows System Assessment Tool, a built-in benchmarking tool, analyzes the different subsystems (graphics, memory, etc.), produces a Windows Experience Index (formerly Windows Performance Rating) and uses the results to allow for comparison to other Windows Vista systems, and for software optimizations. The optimizations can be made by both Windows and third-party software.
* Windows Backup (code-named SafeDocs) allows automatic backup of files, recovery of specific files and folders, recovery of specific file types, or recovery of all files. With Windows Vista Business, Enterprise or Ultimate, the entire disk can be backed up to a Complete PC Backup and Restore image and restored when required. Complete PC Restore can be initiated from within Windows Vista, or from the Windows Vista installation disc in the event that Windows cannot start up normally from the hard disk. Backups are created in Virtual PC format and therefore can be mounted using Microsoft Virtual PC. The Backup and Restore Center gives users the ability to schedule periodic backups of files on their computer, as well as recovery from previous backups.
* Windows Update has been revised, and now runs completely as a control panel application, not as a web application as in prior versions of Windows.
* System Restore is now based on Shadow Copy technology instead of a file-based filter and is therefore more proactive at creating useful restore points. Restore points are now "volume-level", meaning that performing a restore will capture the state of an entire system at a point in time. These can also be restored using the Windows Recovery Environment when booting from the Windows Vista DVD, and an "undo" restore point can be created prior to a restore, in case a user wishes to return to the pre-restored state.
* System File Checker is integrated with Windows Resource Protection which protects registry keys and folders too besides critical system files. Using `sfc.exe`, specific folder paths can be checked, including the Windows folder and the boot folder. Also, scans can be performed against an offline Windows installation folder to replace corrupt files, in case the Windows installation is not bootable. For performing offline scans, System File Checker must be run from another working installation of Windows Vista or a later operating system or from the Windows setup DVD which gives access to the Windows Recovery Environment.
* System Configuration (MSConfig) allows configuring various switches for Windows Boot Manager and Boot Configuration Data. It can also launch a variety of tools, such as system information, network diagnostics etc. and enable or disable User Account Control.
* Windows Installer 4.0 (MSI 4.0) includes support for features such as User Account Control, Restart Manager, and Multilingual User Interface.
* Problem Reports and Solutions is a new control panel user interface for Windows Error Reporting which allows users to see previously sent problems and any solutions or additional information that is available.
* Windows Task Manager has a new "Services" tab which gives access to the list of all Windows services, and offers the ability to start and stop any service as well as enable/disable the UAC file and registry virtualization of a process. Additionally, file properties, the full path and command line of started processes, and DEP status of processes can be viewed. It also allows creating a dump file which can be useful for debugging.
* Disk Defragmenter can be configured to automatically defragment the hard drive on a regular basis. It features cancellable, low I/O priority, shadow copy-aware defragmentation. It can also defragment the NTFS Master File Table (MFT). The user interface has been simplified, with the color graph, progress indicator and other information such as file system, free space etc., being removed entirely. Chunks of data over 64MB in size will not be defragmented; Microsoft has stated that this is because there is no discernible performance benefit in doing so. The defragmenter is not based on an MMC snap-in. The command line utility `defrag.exe` offers more control over the defragmentation process. This utility can be used to defragment specific volumes and to just analyze volumes as the defragmenter would in Windows XP. Windows Vista Service Pack 1 adds back the ability to specify which volumes are to be defragmented to the GUI.
* The Disk Management console has been improved to allow the creation and the resizing of disk volumes without any data loss. Partitions (volumes) can be resized before starting Windows Vista setup or after installation.
* Group Policy settings let administrators set ACLs for the volume interface for disks, CD or DVD drives, tape and floppy disk drives, USB flash drives and other portable devices.

## Management Console

Windows Vista includes Microsoft Management Console 3.0 (MMC), which introduced several enhancements, including support for writing .NET snap-ins using Windows Forms and running multiple tasks in parallel. In addition, snap-ins present their UI in a different thread than that in which the operation runs, thus keeping the snap-in responsive, even while doing a computationally intensive task.

The new MMC interface includes support for better graphics and as well as featuring a *task pane* that shows actions available for a snap-in, when it is selected. Task Scheduler and Windows Firewall are also thoroughly configurable through the management console.

*Print Management* enables centralized installation and management of all printers in an organization. It allows installation of network-attached printers to a group of clients simultaneously, and provides continually updated status information for the printers and print servers. It also supports finding printers needing operator attention by filtering the display of printers based on error conditions, such as out-of-paper, and can also send e-mail notifications or run scripts when a printer encounters the error condition.

## Group Policy

Windows Vista introduces a new XML based file format, `ADMX` as a replacement for now legacy `ADM` files to manage Group Policy settings, as well as a new `ADML` file format for Administrative Templates. Windows Vista additionally introduces a Central Store for ADMX files; Group Policy tools use ADMX files in the Central Store, and these files are replicated to all domain controllers in a domain.

Windows Vista includes over 2400 options for Group Policy, many of which relate to its new features, and which allow administrators to specify configuration for connected groups of computers, especially in a . Windows Vista supports Multiple Local Group Policy Objects which allows setting different levels of Local Group Policy for individual users. A new XML based policy definition file format, known as ADMX has been introduced. ADMX files contain the configuration settings for individual Group Policy Objects (GPO). For domain based GPOs, the ADMX files can be centrally stored, and all computers on the domain will retrieve them to configure themselves, using the File Replication Service, which is used to replicate files on a configured system from a remote location. The Group Policy service is no longer attached with the Winlogon service, rather it runs as a service on its own. Group Policy event messages are now logged in the system event log. Group Policy uses *Network Location Awareness* to refresh the policy configuration as soon as a network configuration change is detected.

New categories for policy settings include power management, device installations, security settings, Internet Explorer settings, and printer settings, among others. Group Policy settings also need to be used, to enable two way communication filtering in the Windows Firewall, which by default enables only incoming data filtering. Printer settings can be used to install printers based on the network location. Whenever the user connects to a different network, the available printers are updated for the new network. Group Policy settings specify which printer is available on which network. Also, printer settings can be used to allow standard users to install printers. Group Policy can also be used for specifying quality of service (QoS) settings. Device installation settings can be used to prevent users from connecting external storage devices, as a means to prevent data theft.

Windows Vista improves Folder Redirection by introducing the ability to independently redirect up to 10 user profile sub-folders to a network location. Up to Windows XP, only the *Application Data*, *Desktop*, *My Documents*, *My Pictures*, and *Start Menu* folders can be redirected to a file server. There is also a Management Console snap-in in Windows Vista to allow users to configure Folder Redirection for clients running Windows Vista, Windows XP, and Windows 2000.

## Task Scheduler

The redesigned Task Scheduler is now based on Management Console and can be used to automate management and configuration tasks. It already has a number of preconfigured system-level tasks scheduled to run at various times. In addition to time-based triggers, Task Scheduler also supports calendar and event-based triggers, such as starting a task when a particular event is logged to the *event log*, or even only when multiple events have occurred. Also, several tasks that are triggered by the same event can be configured to run either simultaneously or in a pre-determined chained sequence of a series of actions, instead of having to create multiple scheduled tasks. Tasks can also be configured to run based on system status such as being idle for a pre-configured amount of time, on startup, logoff, or only during or for a specified time. Tasks can be triggered by an XPath expression for filtering events from the *Windows Event Log*. Tasks can also be delayed for a specified time after the triggering event has occurred, or repeat until some other event occurs. Actions that need to be done if a task fails can also be configured. There are several actions defined across various categories of applications and components. Task Scheduler keeps a history log of all execution details of all the tasks. Other features of Task Scheduler include:

* Several new actions: A task can be scheduled to send an e-mail, show a message box, start an executable, or fire a COM handler when it is triggered.
* Task Scheduler schema: Task Scheduler allows creating and managing tasks through XML-formatted documents.
* New security features, including using *Credential Manager* to store passwords for tasks on workgroup computers and using Active Directory for task credentials on domain-joined computers so that they cannot be retrieved easily. Also, scheduled tasks are executed in their own session, instead of the same session as system services or the current user.
* Ability to wake up a machine remotely or using BIOS timer from sleep or hibernation to execute a scheduled task or run a previously scheduled task after a machine gets turned on.
* Ability to attach *tasks* to *events* directly from the Event Viewer.
* The Task Scheduler 2.0 API is now fully available to VBScript, JScript, PowerShell and other scripting languages.

## Command-line tools

Several new command-line tools are included in Windows Vista. Several existing tools have also been updated and some of the tools from the Windows Resource Kit are now built-in into the operating system.

* auditpol  Configure, create, back up and restore audit policies on any computer in the organization from the command line with verbose logging. Replaces `auditusr.exe`.
* bcdedit  Create, delete, and reorder the bootloader (boot.ini is no longer used).
* bitsadmin  BITS administration utility.
* chglogon  Enable or disable session logins.
* chgport  List or change COM port mappings for DOS application compatibility.
* chgusr  Change install mode.
* choice  Allows users to select one item from a list of choices and returns the index of the selected choice.
* clip  Redirects output of command line tools to the Windows clipboard. This text output can then be pasted into other programs.
* cmdkey  Creates, displays, and deletes stored user names and passwords from *Credentials Manager*.
* diskpart  Expanded to support hard disks with the GUID Partition Table, USB media, and a new "shrink" command has been added which facilitates shrinking a pre-existing NTFS partition.
* diskraid  Launches the Diskraid application.
* dispdiag  Display diagnostics.
* expand  Updated version of `expand.exe` that allows extracting `.MSU` files. MSU is a self-contained update format known as a 'Microsoft Update Standalone Installer'. MSU files use Intra-Package Delta (IPD) compression technology. IPD technology reduces the download size of an MSU file but still delivers a self-contained package that contains the updated files.
* forfiles  Selects a file (or set of files) and executes a command on that file. This is helpful for batch jobs.
* icacls  Updated version of cacls. Displays or modifies access control lists (ACLs) and DACLs of files and directories. It can also backup and restore them and set mandatory labels of an object for interaction with Mandatory Integrity Control.
* iscsicli  Microsoft iSCSI Initiator.
* mklink  create, modify and delete junctions, hard links, and symbolic links.
* muiunattend  Multilingual User Interface unattend actions.
* netcfg  WinPE network installer.
* ocsetup  Windows optional component setup.
* pkgmgr  Windows package manager.
* pnpunattend  Audit system, unattended online driver install.
* pnputil  Microsoft PnP Utility.
* query  Query {Process|Session|TermServer|User}
* quser  Display information about users logged on to the system.
* robocopy  the next version of xcopy with additional features. Compared to the freely available TechNet Magazine version, (XP026), the Windows Vista version additionally supports /EFSRAW switch to copy encrypted files without decrypting them and /SL switch to copy symbolic links instead of their target.
* rpcping  Pings a server using RPC.
* setx  Creates or modifies environment variables in the user or system environment. Can set variables based on arguments, registry keys or file input.
* sxstrace  WinSxS tracing utility.
* takeown  Allows administrators to *take ownership* of a file for which access is denied.
* timeout  Accepts a timeout parameter to wait for the specified time period (in seconds) or until any key is pressed. It also accepts a parameter to ignore the key press.
* tracerpt  Microsoft TraceRpt.
* waitfor  Sends, or waits for, a signal on a system. When /S is not specified, the signal will be broadcast to all the systems in a domain. If /S is specified, then the signal will be sent only to the specified system.
* wbadmin  Backup command-line tool.
* wecutil  *Windows Event* collector utility.
* wevtutil  *Windows Event* command line utility.
* where  Displays the location of files that match the search pattern. By default, the search is done along the current directory and in the paths specified by the `PATH` environment variable.
* whoami  Can be used to get user name and group information along with the respective Security Identifiers (SID), privileges, logon identifier (logon ID) for the current user (access token) on the local system. i.e. the current logged on user. If no switch is specified, the tool displays the user name in NTLM format (domain\username).
* winrm.cmd  Windows Remote Management command line utility.
* winrs  Windows Remote Shell (WinRS) allows establishing secure *Windows Remote Management* sessions to multiple remote computers from a single console.
* winsat  Windows System Assessment Tool command line.

Services for UNIX has been renamed *Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications*, and is included with the Enterprise and Ultimate editions of Windows Vista. Network File System (NFSv3) client support is also included. However, the utilities and SDK are required to be downloaded separately. Also, the server components from the SFU product line (namely Server for NFS, User Name Mapping, Server for NIS, Password Synchronization etc.) are not included.

## Scripting

Windows Vista supports scripting and automation capabilities using **Windows PowerShell**, an object-oriented command-line shell, released by Microsoft, but not included with the operating system. Also, WMI classes expose all controllable features of the operating system, and can be accessed from scripting languages. 13 new WMI providers are included. In addition, DHTML coupled with scripting languages or even PowerShell can be used to create desktop gadgets; gadgets can also be created for configuration of various aspects of the system.


title: Mansoor Ali Khan (politician)

abstract: Mansoor Ali Khan was an Indian politician and is Member of Parliament of India. He was a member of the 13th Lok Sabha representing the Saharanpur constituency of Uttar Pradesh. He comes from an old aristocratic family.

text:
# Mansoor Ali Khan (politician)

**Mansoor Ali Khan** was an Indian politician and is Member of Parliament of India. He was a member of the 13th Lok Sabha representing the Saharanpur constituency of Uttar Pradesh. He comes from an old aristocratic family.

## Early life and education

Khan was born in Mussoorie in the (then) state of Uttar Pradesh (Mussoorie is now a part of Uttarakhand). He attended the National Institute of Technology, Srinagar and attained Bachelor of Engineering degree. Khan worked as an Engineer and Agriculturist prior to joining politics.

## Political career

Khan has been active in politics since 1980s. However, as Member of Parliament, he has served only one term. Prior to this, he was also a member of the Zila Parishad.

## Posts held

| # | From | To | Position | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | 1999 | 2004 | Member, 13th Lok Sabha | - |
| 02 | 1999 | 2000 | Member, Committee on Defence | - |
|

## InfoBox

| Mansoor Ali Khan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, 13 Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**
Oct 1  Feb 2004 | |
| Preceded by | Nakli Singh |
| Succeeded by | Rasheed Masood |
| Constituency | Saharanpur |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1941-08-14) 14 August 1941
Mussoorie, Dehradun District, (Uttarakhand) |
| Citizenship | India |
| Nationality | India |
| Political party | BSP |
| Spouse | Tehmina Khan |
| Children | 3 sons |
| Parents | * Wadud Ali Khan (father) * Sultan Jehan Begum (mother) |
| Residence(s) | Saharanpur and New Delhi |
| Alma mater | National Institute of Technology, Srinagar |
| Profession |  |
| Committees | Member of one committee |
|  | |


title: Manolito y su Trabuco

abstract: Manolito y su Trabuco is a salsa and timba group out of Camaguey and Havana, Cuba. It is named for founding member, pianist Manolito Simonet. Trabuco literally means a firearm from the times of the Independence War of 1895 and figuratively refers to anything forceful or strong.

text:
# Manolito y su Trabuco

**Manolito y su Trabuco** is a salsa and timba group out of Camaguey and Havana, Cuba. It is named for founding member, pianist Manolito Simonet. *Trabuco* literally means a firearm from the times of the Independence War of 1895 and figuratively refers to anything forceful or strong (Vaughan 2012: Kindle 345).

## History

On February 26, 1993, after spending at least six years as musical director of Maravilla de Florida, Manolito Simonet departed along with most of the group's members, added a horn section, synthesizer and kick drum, and started playing timba under the name Manolito y su Trabuco.

In 1996 United States based Bembe Records released Manolito's first CD *Directo al corazón* in North America. This was the first of Bembe's "Salsa cubana" series, an attempt to market the new Cuban popular music as salsa. For the most part however, acceptance of timba in the salsa market has been limited. In 1997, during the height of timba's popularity, the Buena Vista Social Club released its first CD. In response to that record's international success, older-style Cuban music became quite popular. There is little evidence that the BVSC's success affected the sale of timba records though. Because of the band's arrangements, Manolito y su Trabuco is one of the few timba bands that has experienced noteworthy cross-over into the salsa market. Manolito's exceptionally creative use of multiple contrapuntal *moñas* (horn guajeos) is a rarity in timba, but common in salsa.

Manolito y su Trabuco's front line has included some of the best singers of the era, including Rosendo "El Gallo" Díaz, Sixto "El Indio" Llorente, and Carlos Kalunga. Manolito's 1990s recordings feature one of the most renowned synthesizer players, Osiris Martínez, and the prolific composer, singer Ricardo Amaray. El Trabuco is one of the largest timba bands, a "super-charangón," as it is called, with violin, cello, two trumpets, two trombones, flute, and synthesizer, as well as the standard piano, bass, drums, congas and güiro. Many of Trabuco's biggest hits result from Amaray's R&B influences, filtered through Simonet's strong Cuban aesthetic and arranging abilities. Like Issac Delgado, Manolito made CDs that mixed the aggressive hardcore timba he played in concert with various other styles designed to appeal to foreign buyers. For example, he has recorded cumbias in an effort to target Mexican and South American audiences.

## Discography

* (1995) *Directo al corazón.* (Straight to the heart)
* (1996) *Contra todos los prognósticos.* (Against all odds)
* *Concierto Eurotropical.*
* (1998) *Marcando La Distancia.*
* (2000) *Para que baile en Cuba.*
* (2001) *Se rompieron los termómetros.*
* (2004) *Locos por mi Habana.*
* (2007) *Hablando en serio.*
* (2008) *Control*.
* (2010) *Trabuco una vez más.*
* (2013) *Sin freno.*
* (2015) *No Puedo Parar.*
* (2017) *Nueva Estrellas de Areito.*
* (2018) *A Puro Corazón.*
* (2018) *La Vida Cambió.*
* (2020) *Clásicos del Trabuco Vol. 1.'*
* (2023) *Trabuco*

## Sources

* Moore, Kevin (2010). *Beyond Salsa Piano; The Cuban Timba Piano Revolution. v. 5 Introduction to Timba*. ISBN 978-1-4505-4559-4
* Moore, Kevin (2013). "Manolito y su Trabuco" *Timba.com.*
* Vaughan, Umi (2012). *Rebel Dance, Renegade Stance:Timba Music and Black Identity in Cuba* The University of Michigan Press. Kindle Edition.


title: Manorama Pandey

abstract: Manorama Pandey is an Indian politician. She was a Member of Parliament, representing Bihar in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India's Parliament as a member of the Indian National Congress.

text:
# Manorama Pandey

**Manorama Pandey** is an Indian politician . She was a Member of Parliament, representing Bihar in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India's Parliament as a member of the Indian National Congress.

## InfoBox

| Manorama Pandey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha | |
| **In office**
1958–1970 ,1972–1978 | |
| Constituency | Bihar |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1932-05-31)31 May 1932
Buxar |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Residence | New Delhi |
|  | |


title: Manorama Thampuratti

abstract:
Manorama Thampuratti was an 18th-century Sanskrit scholar. She belonged to Kizhakke Kovilakam of Kottakkal, a branch of the Zamorin dynasty of Kozhikode. Being a member of the royal family, she was fortunate to get a traditional Sanskrit education, which was not common for women at that time. She mastered the language and so got access to the treasure of knowledge on various sastras at a young age.
She composed several verses in Sanskrit and was known all over Kerala as a gifted poet. However, except for few shlokas, not much is available of her work. She was also the contemporary of Sree Karthika Tirunal Balarama Varma Maharaja of Travancore (1724–98), who had the title 'Dharma Raja', meaning 'the king of righteousness'. During the time when Malabar was invaded by Tipu Sultan of Mysore, she stayed in exile at Travancore. It was during her exile at Travancore that the king completed the treatise on dramaturgy, viz. Balarama Bharatam, and Manorama Thampuratty offered her comments and suggestions, leading to its fruitful completion. Her correspondence with king Karthika Tirunal is of historic importance.

text:
# Manorama Thampuratti

**Manorama Thampuratti** was an 18th-century Sanskrit scholar. She belonged to Kizhakke Kovilakam of Kottakkal, a branch of the Zamorin dynasty of Kozhikode. Being a member of the royal family, she was fortunate to get a traditional Sanskrit education, which was not common for women at that time. She mastered the language and so got access to the treasure of knowledge on various *sastras* at a young age. She composed several verses in Sanskrit and was known all over Kerala as a gifted poet. However, except for few shlokas, not much is available of her work.

She was also the contemporary of (Dharma Raja) Sree Karthika Tirunal Balarama Varma Maharaja of Travancore (1724–98), who had the title 'Dharma Raja', meaning 'the king of righteousness'. During the time when Malabar was invaded by Tipu Sultan of Mysore, she stayed in exile at Travancore. It was during her exile at Travancore that the king completed the treatise on dramaturgy, viz. *Balarama Bharatam*, and Manorama Thampuratty offered her comments and suggestions, leading to its fruitful completion. Her correspondence with king Karthika Tirunal is of historic importance.


abstract: Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve, Count of Samsø was a Danish Admiral in the Royal Danish-Norwegian Navy and Governor of Iceland. He was an acknowledged illegitimate son of King Christian V of Denmark and his officially acknowledged royal mistress Sophie Amalie Moth.

text:
# Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve, Count of Samsø

**Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve, Count of Samsø** (1678 – December 1719) was a Danish Admiral in the Royal Danish-Norwegian Navy and Governor of Iceland. He was an acknowledged illegitimate son of King Christian V of Denmark and his officially acknowledged royal mistress Sophie Amalie Moth.

## Life

When Gyldenløve was 6 years old, his father appointed him Governor of Iceland, then a Danish possession, a position that he held until his death, although he never visited the country.

Although Frederick IV of Denmark strongly distrusted nobility, his half-brother, Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve became Lieutenant General Admiral of the Danish Fleet in 1697, ultimately going on to become Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. He is also recognized as the founder of the Royal Danish Naval Academy.

By the outbreak of the Great Northern War General-Admiral Gyldenløve and the fleet were ready for the confrontation, but to no avail. The allied fleets of Sweden, Britain and the Dutch Republic sailed into the Øresund, and, since they severely outnumbered the Danish fleet (61 ships of the line against 21), prevented the Danish fleet from interdicting the Swedish troop transports. Under the cover of these combined fleets, Charles XII of Sweden put troops ashore and bombarded Copenhagen, thus ending the early Danish participation in the Great Northern War.

By 1709, when the war resumed, Gyldenløve had risen in the organization. Under his command, late in the autumn of 1712 the North Squadron joined with the Baltic fleet. Lord High Admiral Gyldenløve had gathered the fleet to support the siege of Stralsund. This fleet attacked the Swedish fleet while they were offloading transports on 29 September; Gyldenløve's fleet fired 80 transport ships, making it impossible for Sweden to relieve Stralsund. This represented a notable victory. The fleet played a continued role in the siege of Stralsund, ultimately resulting in the loss of the city and the flight of Charles XII to Sweden.

## Ancestry

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve | |
| --- | --- |
| Count of Samsø | |
| Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve, son of Christian V.
The Portrait Collection at Frederiksborg Palace. | |
| Count of Samsøe | |
| Reign | 1698—1719 |
| Predecessor | Sophie Amalie Moth |
| Successor | Christian Danneskiold-Samsøe |
|  | |
| Born | (1678-06-24)24 June 1678
Brattingsborg, Samsø, Denmark |
| Died | 8 December 1719(1719-12-08) (aged 41)
Køge Bugt |
| Buried | Brattingsborg, Samsø, Denmark |
| Noble family | Danneskiold-Samsøe |
| Father | Christian V of Denmark |
| Mother | Sophie Amalie Moth |
| Occupation | Admiral in the Royal Danish Navy
Governor of Iceland |


title: Undulambia electrale

abstract: Undulambia electralis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Panama.

text:
# Undulambia electrale

***Undulambia electralis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Panama.

## InfoBox

| *Undulambia electrale* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Undulambia* |
| Species: | ***U. electrale*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Undulambia electrale***<br>(Dyar, 1914) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oligostigma electrale* Dyar, 1914 | |


title: Undulambia grisealis

abstract: Undulambia grisealis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1906. It is found in Jamaica.

text:
# Undulambia grisealis

***Undulambia grisealis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1906. It is found in Jamaica.

## InfoBox

| *Undulambia grisealis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Undulambia* |
| Species: | ***U. grisealis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Undulambia grisealis***<br>(Hampson, 1906) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Oligostigma grisealis* Hampson, 1906 | |


title: Manton railway station

abstract: Manton railway station or Manton Junction is a former railway station which served the villages of Manton and Wing in the county of Rutland.

text:
# Manton railway station

**Manton railway station** or **Manton Junction** is a former railway station which served the villages of Manton and Wing in the county of Rutland.

## History

Opened in 1848 by the Syston and Peterborough Railway, the station was situated off the road connecting the two villages and was just over one mile (1.6 km) from each, or just over one-half mile (0.8 km) by the public footpaths that were soon established. It was one of only a handful of stations in the small county of Rutland; only Oakham is still open.

It served as the railhead for Uppingham, just over three and a half miles (6 km) away, and remained so for many journeys even after Uppingham gained its own station in the form of the LNWR branch line from Seaton.

In 1879 Manton became a junction when the Nottingham direct line of the Midland Railway was opened. This provided the Midland Railway with a new main line to Nottingham.

Post-World War II, Manton was the sole calling point between Nottingham Midland and Kettering for "The Robin Hood", a named express service which operated from 1959 to 1962 between Nottingham and London St Pancras.

The station closed in 1966 and the station buildings are now used as a small industrial area. The signal box controlling the nearby junction is still operational.

The Oakham–Kettering line closed to passengers in 1967 but reopened in 2009 with currently two trains in each direction. The line remains important for freight and is occasionally used as a diversionary route for main-line passenger trains.

## Accidents

On 1 February 1853 a late running goods train detached a wagon at Manton. A passenger train collided with it in dense fog.

On 28 January 1889, Thomas Shillcock was cleaning a set of points near the tunnel mouth. To avoid a passing train he stepped onto the other line where he was struck by another train emerging from the tunnel. He was killed immediately.

On 24 May 1924, an explosion at the tunnel mouth led to the deaths of John Cockerill and William Hibbert, and injured Richard Shillaker, George Buckby and Thomas Shillcock (grandson of Thomas Shillcock, killed in 1889). A full account of the accident has been research and published. The centenary was marked with a ceremony at Manton Junction signal box and a plaque is being erected on the tunnel.

## Stationmasters

* William Ward until 1861 (afterwards station master at Stamford)
* Henry Prime 1861 - 1864 (formerly station master at Ketton)
* J. Orton from 1864
* John Herbert until 1875 (afterwards station master at Hassop)
* Alexander McCall 1875 - 1876 (formerly station master at Melbourne, afterwards station master at Finchley Road)
* George Allen 1876 - 1877
* William Mee 1877 - 1882 (afterwards station master at Olney)
* William Glisbey 1882 - 1908
* Henry E. Haines 1908 - 1921 (formerly station master at Helpston)
* William Slater 1921 - 1928 (formerly station master at Oakley, afterwards station master at Olney)
* A. Alexander until 1946 (formerly station master at Frisby-on-the-Wreake)
* R.C.T. Wilson until 1950 (afterwards station master at Shefford)
* C.J.B. Wakefield until 1966

**Former Services**

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Oakham |  | Midland Railway
Leicester to Peterborough |  | Luffenham |
| |  | Midland Railway
Nottingham direct line of the Midland Railway |  | Harringworth |

52°37′35″N 0°41′44″W / 52.6265°N 0.6956°W / 52.6265; -0.6956

## InfoBox

| Manton | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Manton, Rutland
England |
| Grid reference | SK883040 |
| Platforms | 4 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Pre-grouping | Midland Railway |
| Post-grouping | London, Midland and Scottish Railway
London Midland Region of British Railways |
| Key dates | |
| 20 March 1848 | Opened as Manton for Uppingham |
| 1 December 1879 | Kettering branch opened to passengers. |
| 1 October 1934 | Renamed Manton |
| 6 June 1966 | Closed. |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ulysses syndrome

abstract: Ulysses syndrome is an atypical set of depressive, anxious, dissociative, and somatoform symptoms that results from being exposed to extreme levels of stress unique to the process of modern migration. Rather than a mental disorder, this syndrome is a natural reaction to toxic levels of stress seen in migrants who are otherwise in normal mental health.

text:
# Ulysses syndrome

**Ulysses syndrome** (**immigrant syndrome of chronic and multiple stress**) is an atypical set of depressive, anxious, dissociative, and somatoform symptoms that results from being exposed to extreme levels of stress unique to the process of modern migration. Rather than a mental disorder, this syndrome is a natural reaction to toxic levels of stress seen in migrants who are otherwise in normal mental health.

## Signs and symptoms

The Ulysses syndrome has both physical and psychological symptoms. These include migraines, insomnia, recurrent worrying, tension, nervousness, irritability, disorientation, fear, fatigue, sadness, gastric pain, bone pain, low self-esteem, increased tobacco and alcohol consumption, and decreased productivity. A lack of social support or access to appropriate medical care may aggravate these symptoms. In some occasions, patients with Ulysses syndrome are mistakenly diagnosed with another medical condition which can further impede recovery.

## Causes

Migration in the 21st century has occurred in the context of unprecedented volatility, conflict, and suffering. There are currently more forcibly displaced individuals in the world than at any other time in history, including 22.5 million refugees, 40.3 million internally displaced peoples, and 2.8 million asylum-seekers in 2016. Forced migration has profound impacts on individuals and families as their lives change suddenly and dramatically. Experiences of modern migrants include the separation of families, dissolution of communities by conflict and disaster, exposure to exploitation, and violence. Migrants remain in prolonged periods of displacement with a median time of four years in exile.

Migrants often face multiple forms of uniquely intense stressors, such as the death of loved ones, lack of jobs and social support, difficulties in the migratory process, and loss of status and identity. Because many migrants lack access to healthcare in the receiving country, they are often unable to receive appropriate care and continually re-experience the mental trauma of these losses. The cumulative effect may create stress levels so intense that they exceed individuals' adaptive capacities and lead to a failure of the acculturation process. This aggravates other symptoms, including depression, anxiety, headaches, and pain.

Extreme stressors that put individuals at risk for Ulysses syndrome, called "Ulysses stressors", can broadly be characterized into four categories:

* **Forced loneliness:**
    + Separation from family and homeland, especially if the immigrant left his or her spouse and children behind
    + Social and cultural isolation due to lack of language proficiency or familiar cultural and religious institutions
    + Racial discrimination and prejudice in the receiving country
* **Failure of migratory goals:**
    + Sense of failure of original reasons for emigration
    + Pressure to earn enough money to support family back in the home country
    + Lack of opportunities to acquire appropriate legal documentation, obtain work permits, and secure non-exploitative quality jobs
    + Poor access to housing and health services,
* **Dangers of the journey**:
    + Crowded rafts and boats without life jackets
    + Fear of arrest and deportation
    + Physical and sexual abuse
* **Struggle to survive**:
    + Difficulties procuring basic necessities such as food, water, and shelter

Middle-aged and elderly adults are typically more strongly affected than younger people are because they experience a larger loss of status and social mobility, have fewer encounters with people outside of the community through school or work, and are less likely to be exposed to the receiving country's mainstream culture. Moreover, older immigrants typically have greater difficulty learning the receiving country's language, which may substantially impair their ability to understand and interact with the new culture.

## Diagnosis

Ulysses syndrome is not a mental disorder, but rather a normal stress response by a healthy individual to an extreme situation that overwhelms the normal psychological mechanisms for coping. By definition, this syndrome cannot be diagnosed if another mental disorder is present. There is currently no DSM-5 criteria for this syndrome.

Although often falsely recognized as acute stress disorder, depression, adjustment disorder, or other mental disorders, Ulysses syndrome differs from these pathologies in important ways:

* Acute stress disorder: Ulysses syndrome is brought about by chronic exposure to toxic stress, whereas the symptoms of acute stress disorder by definition are limited to one month.
* Depression: Although depressed mood is common, Ulysses syndrome does not include many other cardinal symptoms of depression such as apathy or thoughts of death. Immigrants, unlike people suffering from depression, have the motivation to go forward and struggle in order to reunite with their families and have a better life, despite their current difficulties, and do not lose their interests. Rather, they try to maintain their social and professional activities.
* Adjustment disorder: One of the central diagnostic criteria for adjustment disorder is distress that is out of proportion to the severity or intensity of the stressor or stressors. On the other hand, Ulysses syndrome is an appropriate response that manifests as anxiety, insomnia, sadness, etc., precisely due to the extreme nature of the stressors. Moreover, deterioration of social and occupational functioning, which is often present in adjustment disorder, does not occur in Ulysses syndrome.
* Post-traumatic stress disorder: Both PTSD and Ulysses syndrome stem from a response to fear. However, disturbing thoughts or feelings about traumatic events as well as distress and avoidance of trauma-related cues do not occur in Ulysses syndrome, but does in PTSD, whereas stressors such as social isolation, lack of opportunities, discrimination, and prejudice are common for Ulysses syndrome and not for PTSD.

Although clinically distinct from mental health disorders, Ulysses syndrome exists on a spectrum between normal and disease. It can be understood as the extreme limit of normal mental functioning that can still be considered non-pathological. However, an individual with Ulysses syndrome is at greater risk of disease and indeed, at a certain point the stressors may become too intense such that a true clinical mental disorder such as depression or PTSD can develop.

## Treatment

Because Ulysses syndrome is a stress response rather than a mental disorder, the natural response for an individual is to return to his or her normal state of health once the stressors are eliminated. Dr. Achotegui, who first described Ulysses syndrome, makes the analogy to a stalk of bamboo that bends in the wind. Just like bamboo will bend but not break, those who are exposed to Ulysses stressors are brought to the brink of mental instability and are made more vulnerable to mental disorders, but do not have a disorder yet. When the wind subsides, the bamboo will spring back to its normal state, just as those who face these stressors will return to their normal selves if and when the stressors resolve.

Preventive measures that may help reduce Ulysses syndrome generally revolve around building mental resilience, such as finding closure after losing loved ones, embracing changes in identity as an opportunity for growth, talking with others who have undergone similar experiences, re-evaluating expectations to be more realistic, and learning to live in the present rather than dwell too deeply in nostalgia.

One proposed therapy leverages the ability of community health workers CHWs) to connect with hard to reach populations such as displaced migrants. CHWs better understand the local culture and traditions and may, with the appropriate training, be able to engage affected individuals more effectively. For instance, CHWs can often better advocate for migrant rights and connect migrant populations to the resources necessary to facilitate integration and build community, all of which helps reduce the extreme stressors that lead to Ulysses syndrome.

## History

Dr. Joseba Achotegui from the Universitat de Barcelona coined the term *Ulysses syndrome* in 2002. It was named after the ancient Greek hero, Odysseus (Ulysses in Latin), who suffered involuntary migration and travelled for 10 years through the Mediterranean to come back home from the decade-long Trojan War. The hardships of his journey are compared to the ones of contemporary migrants, who must struggle with intensely stressful, novel situations in isolation and with little help. Scarcity of their resources makes it impossible to cope with and successfully adapt to the unfamiliar environment of the receiving country, which in turn leads to experiencing a range of detrimental symptoms.

There are accounts that cited the Canadian Mercer Rang as the originator of the term. However, Rang described a different condition in 1972, one that is characterized by ill or side effects of extensive diagnostic investigations because of a false-positive result of laboratory screening. Here, the patient is likened to Ulysses as he embarks on a journey that brings more suffering than he had to begin with.

## Alternative use of *Ulysses syndrome*

The term *Ulysses syndrome* has alternatively been used to refer to the psychological and physical sequelae of misdiagnosis due to a false positive result. For instance, a patient who complains of low risk chest pain may be referred for further cardiac work-up by an overcautious physician. These tests in turn may give a positive result due to high sensitivity, which subjects the patient to further testing that ultimately proves to be unnecessary. Victims of this condition experience the stress of being diagnosed with a condition they do not have as well as the physical trauma of invasive testing.

There is currently no consensus on the definitive use of the term “Ulysses syndrome”. Nevertheless, Ulysses syndrome as it is used to describe the effects of chronic extreme stress in migrant populations is more in line with the definition of a syndrome as used in the medical field, i.e. a set of signs and symptoms that constitute a disease. Moreover, because migrants who experience chronic stress and fear are frequently incorrectly diagnosed with depression or anxiety, it encapsulates the alternative definition of this condition.

## InfoBox

| Ulysses syndrome | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Odysseus (Ulysses in Latin) | |
| Specialty | Psychiatry |


title: Ulysses pact

abstract: A Ulysses pact or Ulysses contract is a freely made decision that is designed and intended to bind oneself in the future. The term is used in medicine, especially in reference to advance directives, where there is some controversy over whether a decision made by a person in one state of health should be considered binding upon that person when they are in a markedly different, usually worse, state of health. The term refers to the pact that Ulysses made with his men as they approached the Sirens. Ulysses wanted to hear the Sirens' song although he knew that doing so would render him incapable of rational thought. He put wax in his men's ears so that they could not hear and had them tie him to the mast so that he could not jump into the sea. He ordered them not to change course under any circumstances and to keep their swords upon him and to attack him if he should break free of his bonds. Upon hearing the Sirens' song, Ulysses was driven temporarily insane and struggled with all of his might to break free so that he might join the Sirens, which would have meant his death. His men, however, kept their promise, and they refused to release him.

text:
# Ulysses pact

A **Ulysses pact** or **Ulysses contract** is a freely made decision that is designed and intended to bind oneself in the future. The term is used in medicine, especially in reference to advance directives (also known as living wills), where there is some controversy over whether a decision made by a person in one state of health should be considered binding upon that person when they are in a markedly different, usually worse, state of health.

The term refers to the pact that Ulysses (Greek name Ὀδυσσεύς, *Odysseus*) made with his men as they approached the Sirens. Ulysses wanted to hear the Sirens' song although he knew that doing so would render him incapable of rational thought. He put wax in his men's ears so that they could not hear and had them tie him to the mast so that he could not jump into the sea. He ordered them not to change course under any circumstances and to keep their swords upon him and to attack him if he should break free of his bonds.

Upon hearing the Sirens' song, Ulysses was driven temporarily insane and struggled with all of his might to break free so that he might join the Sirens, which would have meant his death. His men, however, kept their promise, and they refused to release him.

## Psychiatric context

Psychiatric advance directives are sometimes referred to as *Ulysses pacts* or *Ulysses contracts*, where there is a legal agreement designed to override a present request from a legally incompetent patient in favor of a past request made by that previously competent patient. An example of when Ulysses contracts are invoked is when people with schizophrenia stop taking their medication at perceived remission times.

## Technological context

In the wake of the Snowden revelations, digital technology companies and commentators have had to consider the situation of a technology provider being ordered by a government to act in a way that they feel morally opposed to. One example is that Apple, as part of the FBI–Apple encryption dispute, decided to engineer the iPhone in a way that made it impossible for them to read the data on it, which has been described as "a digital Ulysses pact". A related example is that of a warrant canary, which Cory Doctorow describes as being a Ulysses pact (albeit a "weak" one, since the issuer of the canary can fail or be forced not to kill the canary), as is binary transparency (applying the idea of certificate transparency to binary executable files), which he describes as a "much stronger, more effective Ulysses pact", since a public append-only log is harder to censor.

## Policy context

Ulysses clauses in public policy are provisions that discourage or prevent future changes. For example, in the state of California initiatives generally include a Ulysses clause to prevent amendments.

## Bibliography

* Radden, Jennifer (1994). "Second thoughts: Revoking decisions over one's own future". *Philosophy and Phenomenological Research*. **54** (4). International Phenomenological Society: 787–801. doi:10.2307/2108410. JSTOR 2108410.
* Feinberg, Joel (1986). *Harm to self: The moral limits of the criminal law*. Vol. 3. New York: Oxford University Press.
* Fried, Charles (1970). *An Anatomy of Values: Problems of Personal and Social Choice*. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-33248-5.
* Schelling, Thomas C (1984). *Choice and Consequence*. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-12770-6.


title: Manila worm snake

abstract: The Manila worm snake is a species of snake in the Gerrhopilidae family. It is sometimes placed in the genus Malayotyphlops.

text:
# Manila worm snake

The **Manila worm snake** (***Gerrhopilus manilae***) is a species of snake in the Gerrhopilidae family. It is sometimes placed in the genus Malayotyphlops.

## InfoBox

| Manila worm snake | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Gerrhopilidae |
| Genus: | *Gerrhopilus* |
| Species: | ***G. manilae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gerrhopilus manilae***<br>(Taylor, 1919) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Typhlops manilae* * *Malayotyphlops manilae* | |


title: Unhappy China

abstract: Unhappy China: The Great Time, Grand Vision and Our Challenges is a book written by Song Qiang, Huang Jisu, Song Xiaojun, Wang Xiaodong and Liu Yang and published in March 2009. The book, a follow-up to China Can Say No, encourages China to become a hegemon rather than getting cast aside. The book was a bestseller, selling over 100,000 copies in the month after publication.

text:
# Unhappy China

***Unhappy China: The Great Time, Grand Vision and Our Challenges*** (Chinese: 中国不高兴：大时代、大目标及我们的内忧外患; pinyin: *Zhōngguó bù gāoxìng: Dà shídài, dà mùbiāo jí wǒmen de nèiyōu wàihuàn*) is a book written by Song Qiang, Huang Jisu, Song Xiaojun, Wang Xiaodong and Liu Yang and published in March 2009. The book, a follow-up to *China Can Say No*, encourages China to become a hegemon rather than getting cast aside.

The book was a bestseller, selling over 100,000 copies in the month after publication.

## Content

Generally, the book describes China as a country which should not be satisfied with a subsidiary position in the global order. *Unhappy China* depicts the country as manufacturing cheap products for the benefit of western countries which are ungrateful and which unfairly blame China for various global issues, including pollution and claims of neo-colonization in Africa.


title: Port of Philadelphia

abstract: The Port of Philadelphia is located on the Delaware River in Philadelphia in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Generally the term applies to the publicly owned marine terminals located within Philadelphia city limits along the west bank of the river. These terminals are managed by the Philadelphia Regional Port Authority, PhilaPort, an agency of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The term is sometimes used for Delaware River port complex to collectively refer to the ports and energy facilities along the river in the tri-state PA-NJ-DE Delaware Valley region. They include the Port of Salem, the Port of Wilmington, the Port of Chester, the Port of Paulsboro, the Port of Philadelphia, and the Port of Camden. Combined they create one of the largest shipping areas of the United States. In 2016, 2,427 ships arrived at Delaware River port facilities: Fruit ships were counted at 577, petroleum at 474, and containerized cargo at 431.

text:
# Port of Philadelphia

The **Port of Philadelphia** is located on the Delaware River in Philadelphia in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.

Generally the term applies to the publicly owned marine terminals located within Philadelphia city limits along the west bank of the river. These terminals are managed by the **Philadelphia Regional Port Authority,** **PhilaPort**, an agency of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The term is sometimes used for Delaware River port complex to collectively refer to the ports and energy facilities along the river in the tri-state PA-NJ-DE Delaware Valley region. They include the Port of Salem, the Port of Wilmington, the Port of Chester, the Port of Paulsboro, the Port of Philadelphia, and the Port of Camden. Combined they create one of the largest shipping areas of the United States. In 2016, 2,427 ships arrived at Delaware River port facilities: Fruit ships were counted at 577, petroleum at 474, and containerized cargo at 431.

## *PhilaPort* (The Philadelphia Regional Port Authority)

The **Philadelphia Regional Port Authority**, commonly known as **PhilaPort**, and referred to as **The Port of Philadelphia**, is an independent agency of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania charged with the management, maintenance, marketing, and promotion of port facilities along the Delaware River in Pennsylvania, as well as strategic planning throughout the port district. PhilaPort works with its terminal operators to improve its facilities and to market those facilities to prospective port users around the world. Port cargoes and the activities they generate are responsible for thousands of direct and indirect jobs in the Philadelphia area and throughout Pennsylvania.

On May 22, 2017, The Philadelphia Regional Port Authority (PRPA) announced that it was rebranding as *PhilaPort (The Port of Philadelphia)* effective immediately. The name ‘PhilaPort’ was decided on to distinguish The Port of Philadelphia from the many other regional authorities.

## Terminals

The Port consists of a series of marine terminals, each with specialized capabilities.

3km
2miles 7 6 5 4 3  2  1Port of Philadelphia terminal locations
1 Packer Avenue Marine Terminal
2 Tioga Marine Terminal
3 Pier 82
4 Pier 84
5 Philadelphia Forest Products Center-Piers 78/80
6 Philadelphia Forest Products Center-Piers 38/40
7 Philadelphia Automobile Processing Facility * **Packer Avenue Marine Terminal:** This facility handles containers, steel products, frozen meat, fruit, heavy lift cargo, project cargo, and paper on 6 berths plus 1 Ro/Ro berth at a depth of MLW of 45 feet (14 meters). The 160-acre (1 km2) facility features 90,000-square-foot (8,361 m2) of dry storage and 2,200,000-cubic-foot (62,297 m3) of refrigerated storage with 2,500 reefer plugs.
* **Tioga Marine Terminal:** This facility handles containers, specialized forest products, over-dimensional cargo, palletized cargo, project cargo, break-bulk cargo, and steel on 6 berths at a depth of MLW of 36 to 41 feet (11 to 12 meters). The 116-acre (0 km2) facility features 734,500-square-foot (68,237 m2) of dry storage, of which 90,000-square-foot (8,361 m2) is refrigerated storage with 116 reefer plugs.
* **Pier 82:** This facility handles fruits and vegetables, break-bulk cargo, project cargo, and paper on 2 berths at a depth of MLW of 32 feet (9.8 meters). The 13.3-acre (0 km2) facility features 130,000-square-foot (12,077 m2) of dry, temperature-controlled storage.
* **Pier 84:** This facility is dedicated exclusively to cocoa beans and other cocoa products on 1 berth at a depth of MLW of 32 feet (9.8 meters). The 13.9-acre (0 km2) facility features 540,000-square-foot (50,168 m2) of dry storage.
* **Philadelphia Forest Products Center:** This facility at piers 38, 40, 78, and 80 handles newsprint, coated paper, wood pulp, other forest products, other break-bulk, and semi-bulk products on 2 berths plus 2 Ro/Ro berths at a depth of MLW of 32 feet (9.8 meters). The 44.4-acre (0 km2) facility features 1,143,000-square-foot (106,188 m2) of dry storage.
* **Philadelphia Automobile Processing Facility:** This facility handles automobiles, project cargo, trucks, and heavy equipment just offshore with immediate access to Packer Avenue Marine Terminal and Pier 96. The 84.2-acre (0 km2) facility features an auto-washing and auto service building.

## Shipyard

Hog Island was once the largest shipyard in the nation. In 1917, as part of the World War I effort, the U.S. government contracted American International Shipbuilding to build ships and a shipyard at Hog Island. At the time Hog Island was the largest shipyard in the world, with 50 slipways. The first ship, named SS *Quistconck* for the Lenape name for the site, was christened August 5, 1918, by Edith Bolling Wilson, wife of U.S. president Woodrow Wilson.

The Philly Shipyard is a private company operating on what was once the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard.

## Development in the 2000s

Delaware River Main Channel DeepeningA project to deepen the Delaware River's 103-mile main shipping channel from 40 to 45 feet began in 2010 and was completed in 2017. The $392 million project was funded by the Federal Government and local-match sponsor PhilaPort (using Commonwealth of Pennsylvania general funds). Infrastructure UpgradeA $300 million Port Development Plan was announced by the Commonwealth in November 2016, which will expand and improve cargo operations throughout the Port's busiest areas. As part of the $300 million Port Development Plan, the first two of five giant cranes capable of unloading the largest container ships arrived in March 2018 from China, where they were manufactured. Southport Marine Terminal

An expansion of port facilities at Philadelphia Naval Yard.

New LeadershipIn August 2016 PhilaPort's Board of Directors hired Jeff Theobald, a maritime industry professional with more than 40 years of experience in terminal operations and shipping logistics, as its new executive director and CEO, to further professionalize the port's operations.

## History

The Port of Philadelphia was established more than 300 years ago during the colonial period, and was for a time the busiest port in both that period and the earliest years of the new republic, finally being eclipsed by the Port of New York. In much of the 20th Century, the Port was overseen by the city's Department of Wharves, Docks, and Ferries, which was replaced by the quasi-public Philadelphia Port Corporation in 1964.

In 1989, following the lead of other municipal ports that made overtures to their respective state governments for capital and operating support, the Port of Philadelphia moved from city to state control, with a new agency, the Philadelphia Regional Port Authority, established by the State Legislature's Act 50 of 1989 to run the Port. The Port of Philadelphia has always been a landlord port, with private companies being given leases to run the Port's facilities, with capital and marketing support provided by the Commonwealth and PRPA.

### Philadelphia Cruise Terminal

The Philadelphia Cruise Terminal was located at 5100 South Broad Street within the former Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. The Delaware River Port Authority began operating the terminal in 1998 in Building 3, a landmarked 1874 Navy Yard building. Following the September 11 attacks the Philadelphia terminal accommodated some of the ships that had been diverted from New York. Its peak year was 2006 when it handled 36 cruises. By 2011 the schedule had dwindled to just two cruises. The DRPA decided to close the terminal rather than invest additional operating costs or capital improvements. Its demise was attributed to a combination of the economic downturn, increasing size of cruise ships, and six hours needed to navigate the Delaware River before entering open ocean.

federal court, presided over by judge Anita Brody, ruled down on June 14, rejected Penn Warehouse's financial demands and ordered the ship to be removed in 90 days until September 12, 2024 from Pier 82.

39°55′6.1″N 75°8′11.8″W / 39.918361°N 75.136611°W / 39.918361; -75.136611

## InfoBox

| Port of Philadelphia | |
| --- | --- |
| The Port of Philadelphia in February 2016 with Center City Philadelphia in the upper left background | |
| Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Location | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Details | |
| Operated by | Philadelphia Regional Port Authority |
| Owned by | Pennsylvania |
| Statistics | |
| Draft depth | 45 feet |
| Air draft | 188 feet, restricted by Delaware Memorial Bridge
143 feet, restricted by Benjamin Franklin Bridge |
| **Website**
philaport.com | |


title: Leticia Userralde

abstract: Leticia Socorro Userralde Gordillo is a Mexican politician from the National Action Party. From 2003 to 2006 she served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the State of Mexico.

text:
# Leticia Userralde

**Leticia Socorro Userralde Gordillo** (born 28 January 1961) is a Mexican politician from the National Action Party. From 2003 to 2006 she served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the State of Mexico.

## InfoBox

| Leticia Userralde | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1961-01-28) 28 January 1961<br>State of Mexico, Mexico |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Political party | PAN |


title: Etymology of Assam

abstract: Though the precise Etymology of Assam, a state in India is unclear—there is general agreement that it is related to the Ahom people. Whatever the source of the English name, Assam is itself an anglicization.

text:
# Etymology of Assam

Though the precise Etymology of Assam, a state in India is unclearthere is general agreement that it is related to the Ahom people. Whatever the source of the English name, *Assam* is itself an anglicization.

## Scholarly views

John Peter Wade (1805) called the Ahom kingdom, that commenced on the Konder Chokey, "Kingdom of Assam". Some have speculated that the Bodo word "Ha-com" meaning low land was Sanskritised to 'Asama', dating its origin to at least first millennium common era. While some believe the name Asama is a Sanskrit originated word which means unparalleled because of its unequal terrain with hills interspersed with valleys

Banikanta Kakati quotes Grierson in Linguistic Survey of India that "While the Shan called themselves Tai, they came to be referred to as *Āsām*, *Āsam* and sometimes as *Acam* by the indigenous people of the country. The modern Assamese word *Āhom* by which the Tai people are known is derived from *Āsām* or *Āsam*. The epithet applied to the Shan conquerors was subsequently transferred to the country over which they ruled and thus the name Kāmarūpa was replaced by Āsām, which ultimately took the Sanskritized form *Asama*, meaning "unequalled, peerless or uneven" Satyendranath Sarma repeats this derivation while quoting Kakati. Colin Masica too endorses this view.

Satyendra Nath Sarma writes "Assamese is the easternmost Indo-Aryan language of India, spoken by nearly eight millions of people inhabiting mostly the Brahmaputra valley of Assam. The word Assamese is an English formation built on the same principle as Simhalese or Canarese etc. It is based on the English word Assam by which the British rulers referred to the tract covered by the Brahmaputra valley and its adjoining areas. But the people call their country Asama and their language Asamiya".

## Early names

### Kamarupa

The earliest epigraphic mention of the Assam region comes from Samudragupta's Allahabad stone pillar from the fourth century CE, where it is called *Kamarupa*. The pillar lists the frontier kingdoms (*pratyanta nripati*) and lists Kamarupa (Western Assam) along with Davaka, a region in the central Assam (undivided Nagaon district). Therefore, during the fourth century, the eastern boundary of the Kamarupa did not extend beyond west Assam. The *Kalika Purana* (10th century) and the *Yogini Tantra* (16th/17th century) refer to Kamarupa as a kingdom from Karatoya in the west to Dikkaravasini in the east. Dikkaravasini is identified with present-day Sadiya. The copper-plate inscription from Vaidyadeva calls Kamarupa a *mandala* within his own kingdom. Later epigraphic sources from Assam call the kingdom *Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa*. In the early twelfth century, epigraphic sources from the Pala dynasty mention Kamarupa as a *mandala* of the kingdom they ruled. The invasion of western Assam by Allauddin Hussein of Gaur up to Barnadi river in 1498 is recorded in coins from the early sixteenth century, declaring Hussein as the conqueror of *Kamru* (Kamrup) (and not *Assam*). The Kamarupa kings called themselves the *Maharajadhiraja* of Pragjyotisha. One of the kings Vaidyadeva, referred to Pragjyotisha as a *bhukti* and Kamarupa as a *mandala* (a smaller division, possibly within Pragjyotisha).

## Asam and variations

Assam, Asam and other variations started appearing in relatively recent times, and their uses cannot be attributed to any period earlier than the sixteenth century, and is associated with the Shan invaders. The names appeared primarily in three different scripts: the Assamese, Persian and the Roman scripts. The sixteenth century is the period when Srimanta Sankardeva established his Ekasarana Dharma. This was accompanied by a profusive production in literature. At the same time, Vishwa Singha established the Koch kingdom in the west and the Ahom kingdom saw both a rapid expansion in territory and an increasing Hindu and Assamese influence in its court under Suhungmung. This increased prominence of the Ahom kingdom brought it to the attention of those outside the Brahmaputra valley.

| Name | Source | Period | Refer to |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Asama* | Bhagavata of Sankadeva | early 16th century | Ahom community |
| *Asama* | Darrangraj Vamshavali | 16th century | Ahom community |
| *Asham* | Ain-i-Akbari | late 16th century | Ahom kingdom |
| *Āsām*, *Āsam*, *Asam* | *Sankar-carit* | 17th century | Ahom community |
| *Assam* | Joh van Leenen | 1661 | Ahom kingdom |
| *Aſem* | John Baptiste Tavernier | 1678 | Ahom kingdom |
| *Acham* | A Geographical Account of Countries around Bay of Bengal | c1679 | Ahom kingdom |
| *Acamakshara* | CP grant of Rajeswar Singha | 1764 | Ahom script |
| *Asamkshara* | CP grant of Lakshmi Singha | 1773 | Ahom script |
| *Assam* | "A Geographical Sketch of Assam" | 1805 | Ahom kingdom |
| *Assam* | Treaty of Yandabo | 1826 | North East India (Minus Tripura and Manipur) |
|

### Local forms

Locally, Vaishnavite writers and biographers used different forms of the name indiscriminately (e.g. Āsām, Āsam, Asam) to refer to the Ahom community. The earliest mention of *Asama* is found in the Assamese Bhagavat of Sankardeva, which was composed in early sixteenth century. The relevant stanza is (in iTrans):

*kiraTa kachhaari khaachi gaaro miri*
*yavana ka~Nka govaala |*
*asama maluka dhobaa ye turuka*
*kubaacha mlechchha chaNDaala ||*

The Ahoms were called *Asam* in the eighteenth century *Darrangraj Vamshavali* of Suryya Khari Daibajna; variously as *Āsām*, *Āsam*, and *Asam* in the seventeenth century *Shankar-carit* of Daityari Thakur; and *Acam* in *Kamrupar Buranji*. According to a count provided by (Bhuyan 1930), the *Kamrupar Buranji* names the country some thirty times, of which *Āsām* was used three times, *Ācam* was used three times, and *Ācām* was used for the rest, though in other Buranjis other spellings are also seen. Furthermore, Bhuyan mentions that though both "" (*s*) and "" (*c*) have been used in the name, it is likely that it was pronounced mostly with s.

The name *asama* (as well as *acam*, *asam*, *asam*, *asam*) was used in the form *asamakshara* to denote the Ahom script in Sanskrit-Ahom bilingual copper plate grants of the Ahom kings.

Local Forms in the Buranjis
| Local Form | In Kamrupar Buranji |
| --- | --- |
| আচাম | 24 |
| আসাম | 3 |
| আচম | 3 |
| অসম | 0 |
| অচম | 0 |
| ৱচম | 0 |

### Mughal forms

As opposed to the local uses, where *Asam* and similar formations were used to denote the Ahom community, external sources used variations of *Asam* to denote the kingdom ruled by the Ahoms. The Ain-I-Akbari of the sixteenth century uses the form *Asham* (آشام) to denote the Ahom kingdom. The official chronicler of Mir Jumla also calls the place "Asam".

### European forms

The earliest Europeans who came in contact with Assam (and who had the opportunity to write the name in the Latin script), were travelers who went to Bengal and adventurers who accompanied military expeditions against the Ahom kingdom; these groups used variations of the name *Asam* to denote the kingdom. In a map of "Kingdom of Bengale", drawn by Joh. van Leenen around 1661 and published around 1662, Assam was clearly named and correctly identified. One of the first unambiguous references comes from Thomas Bowrey in 1663 about Mir Jumla's death: "They lost the best of Nabobs, the Kingdome of Acham, and, by consequence, many large privileges". Though Bowrey wrote his manuscript in the 17th century, the manuscript itself was published for the first time in the 20th century. On the other hand, Jean-Baptiste Tavernier's *Travels in India*, published in 1676 uses the spelling "Assem" for Assam in the French original (*Aſem* in the English translation, published in 1678). Thus the earliest English use of the name was "Aſem", with a Long s.

Colonialists then followed these travelers and adventurers. Both Grierson and Gait agree that the British used *Asam* before finally settling on *Assam*. In various documents of the British East India Company relating to the last few Ahom kings, the name of country was mentioned as *Assam*. The 1826 Treaty of Yandabo, marking the conquest of the Ahom kingdom at the hands of the British, uses *Assam* to denote the area under the erstwhile Ahoms and its protectorates (Darrang Koch, Jaintias, Kacharis and some hill areas in the present Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland).

After the British took control of the region, the name *Assam* was extended to the province that was then much larger than the Ahom kingdom. It then included, Garo Hills and Lushai Hills (Mizoram). Since that time, the boundaries of Assam have been repeatedly redrawn, though the name *Assam* remained. Today, the political boundary of Assam contains roughly the historical Ahom Kingdom and its protectorates, the Kachari kingdom, Koch Hajo and a part of the Jaintia Kingdom.

## Modern name Assam

According to Grierson (1967), the English word *Assamese* parallels other demonyms (*Chinese*, *Sinhalese*, *Nepalese*, etc.), building on *Assam*, an Anglicization of the Sanskrit word *Asama* that itself refers to the Brahmaputra Valley. Other writers (most notably Banikanta Kakati and S N Sarma) have repeated this claim. Gait (1906) has mentioned that the British used *Asam* before finally settling on *Assam*; though Grierson claims that the form *Assam* is English, *The Assam Tribune* has reported the finding of a Dutch map drawn around 1661 with a label *Assam*.

## Theories on etymology

The precise etymology of the name *Assam* or *Asam* (অসম) is not known, though many explanations have been put forward. Among the different theories, two attribute the name to the terrain of the region while three attribute it to the Shan invaders of the 13th century.

### Ha-com: from Bodo

One of the earliest theories published was provided by Baden-Powell in 1896, when he proposed that the name could possibly derive from the Bodo *Ha-com*, meaning "low or level country". He rejected the possibility that the name *Assam* (*Asam*) could be derived from *Aham* (Ahom). Subsequent writers like P. C. Choudhury and R N Mosahary lend credence to this theory. So, if Ha-Com is the source of Sanskrit Asama, then it traces its origin from very early times, long before any Ahom invasion.

### Asama: from Sanskrit

Two different meanings of the Sanskrit word *Asama* have been used to explain the name: one meaning "uneven" (terrain) and the other "unequaled".

Gait (1906) reports that according to some people, the name "Assam" is derived from the Sanskrit *asama*, meaning "uneven" which describes the terrain of the region in contrast to the flat plains of Samatata, though he rejects this explanation on the grounds that the word was never used before the advent of the Ahoms and that the Vamshavali of the Darrang kings used it to refer to the Ahom *community* and not to the land.

The second theory Gait reported is that *Asama*, meaning "unequal" or "peerless", was a name the local people gave the undefeated Ahoms, according to a tradition that the Ahoms themselves believed in. Gait rejects this notion as well, noting that the local tribal people would not have given a Sanskrit name to the invaders.

Though Gait rejects both these explanations, he nevertheless asserts that the name is somehow associated with the Ahoms. George Grierson, Banikanta Kakati, and Dimbeswar Neog, also reject the Sanskrit origin of the name. Satyendra Nath Sharma accepts Banikanta Kakati's view *in toto*.

Though both explanations have been rejected in the academic literature, the notion that the name *Assam* has a Sanskrit origin continues to hold sway in popular perceptions, due mainly to two standard dictionaries of Assamese: *Hemkox* and *Chandrakanta Abhidhan*. The *Hemkox* forwards the second theory, associating the name to the meaning "unequaled".

### A-Sham: from the name *Sham*

Gait reports that some associated the name with the Shan who are called *Syam* by the Assamese, an explanation which he found not convincing. nevertheless Grierson has accepted that the 13th century natives of Assam called the Shan (Sham) invaders by this name. Dimbeswar Neog notes that the Indic prefix *a*\- does not necessarily mean an antonym in Assamese and it could just be a synonym (e.g. *kumari*/*akumari*, *bihane*/*abihane*), a feature that is also seen in Sanskrit (*sur*/*asur*); therefore, *Asham* could mean the same as *Sham*, and the name could be derived as *Sham* (শাম) \> *Āshām* (আশাম) \> *Āsam* (আসম) \> *Asam* (অসম). Amalendu Guha, too derives it from *Sham*; but instead of using an Indo-Aryan rule, derives it from the Bodo form, *Ha-Sham*, meaning the land of the *Sham* people. Masica too believes that *Assam* derives from an earlier attested form of *asam*, *acam* which in turn is from a Burmese corruption of the name *Shan/Shyam*.

### A-cham: from Tai

(Kakati 1953) derives the name from a Tai root, *cham* (defeated), with an Indic prefix for negation, *a-*, so that *a-cham* would mean undefeated.

* Baden-Powell, B. H. (1896). *The Indian Village Community*. London: Longman, Greens and Co.
* Bhuyan, S. K. (1930). "Prokaxokor Patoni (Publisher's Preface)". In Bhuyan, S. K. (ed.). *Kamrupar Buranji* (in Assamese). Assam: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
* Bora, Mahendra (1981). *The Evolution of Assamese Script*. Jorhat, Assam: Assam Sahitya Sabha.
* Barua, Hem Chandra (2006), "অসম" \[asama\], in Barua, Debananda (ed.), *Hemkosha* (in Assamese) (12th ed.), Guwahati: Hemkosh Prakashan
* Choudhury, Pratap Chandra (1966). *The History of the Civilisation of the People of Assam to the 12th Century*. Gauhati: Dept. of Historical and Antiquarian Studies in Assam. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
* Gait, Edward A (1906), *A History of Assam*, Calcutta, ISBN 9780404168193`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Grierson, George A. (1967) \[1903\]. "Assamese". *Linguistic Survey of India*. Vol. V, *Indo-Aryan family. Eastern group*. New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass. pp. 393–398.
* Guha, Amalendu (December 1983), "The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228-1714)", *Social Scientist*, **11** (12): 3–34, doi:10.2307/3516963, JSTOR 3516963
* Kakati, Banikanta (1941), *Assamese, Its Formation and Development*, Gauhati: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies
* Kakati, Banikanta (1953), "The Assamese Language", in Kakati, Banikanta (ed.), *Aspects of Early Assamese Literature*, Gauhati: Gauhati University, pp. 1–16
* Masica, Colin P. (1993), *Indo-Aryan Languages*, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521299442
* Liu, Lydia H. (2004). *The Clash of Empires: the invention of China in modern world making*. Harvard University Press.
* Neog, Dimbeswar (1962), *New Light on History of Asamiya Literature*, Gauhati`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Neog, Maheshwar (1980). *Early History of the Vaishnava Faith and Movement in Assam*. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.
* Prabhakara, M. S. (2006). "In the name of changing names". *Frontline*. **23** (11).
* Saleh, Wahid (27 September 2008), "What's in a name" (PDF), *The Assam Tribune*, Guwahati, Assam
* Sarma, Satyendra Nath (1976), *Assamese Literature*, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz
* Shafer, Robert (1954), *Ethnography of Ancient India*, Harrassowitz
* Sharma, Benudhar, ed. (1972), *An Account of Assam*, Gauhati: Assam Jyoti
* Sharma, Mukunda Madhava (1978), *Inscriptions of Ancient Assam*, Gauhati: Gauhati University
* Sircar, D. C. (1971), *Studies In The Geography Of Ancient And Medieval India* (2nd ed.), New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass, ISBN 9788120806900
* Taher, M (2001), "Assam: An Introduction", in Bhagawati, A K (ed.), *Geography of Assam*, New Delhi: Rajesh Publications, pp. 1–17
* Tavernier, John Baptiste (1678), "Of the Kingdom of Aʃem", *The six voyages of John Baptista Tavernier*, Phillips, John (tr), London: Printed for R.L and M.P, pp. 187–188


title: Murex surinamensis

abstract: Murex surinamensis is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the rock snails or murex snails.

text:
# Murex surinamensis

***Murex surinamensis*** is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the rock snails or murex snails.

## InfoBox

| *Murex surinamensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Murex* |
| Species: | ***M. surinamensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Murex surinamensis***<br>Okutani, 1982 | |
|


title: Rolf Milser

abstract: Rolf Milser is a retired German weightlifter. He competed at the 1972, 1976 and 1984 Olympics, missing the 1980 Games due to their boycott by West Germany, and won the gold medal in the heavyweight I class in 1984. Milser won two world titles and set two world records in the clean & jerk, in 1976 and 1979. He also won a European title in 1979.

text:
# Rolf Milser

**Rolf Milser** (born 28 June 1951) is a retired German weightlifter. He competed at the 1972, 1976 and 1984 Olympics, missing the 1980 Games due to their boycott by West Germany, and won the gold medal in the heavyweight I class in 1984. Milser won two world titles (in 1978 and 1984, combined with the Olympics) and set two world records in the clean & jerk, in 1976 and 1979. He also won a European title in 1979.

## InfoBox

Rolf Milser
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 28 June 1951 (1951-06-28) (age 73)<br>Bernburg, East Germany |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Weight | 82–98 kg (181–216 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Weightlifting |
| Club | VfL Duisburg-Süd |
| Medal record      Representing  West Germany  Olympic Games  1984 Los Angeles -100 kg  World championships  1974 Manila -82.5 kg  1977 Stuttgart -90 kg  1978 Gettysburg -90 kg  1979 Thessaloniki -90 kg  1984 Los Angeles -100 kg | |


abstract: European Universities Taekwondo Championships were the first organised in 2009 and are organised every two years. The European Universities Taekwondo Championships are coordinated by the European University Sports Association along with the 18 other sports on the program of the European universities championships.

text:
# European Universities Taekwondo Championships

**European Universities Taekwondo Championships** were the first organised in 2009 and are organised every two years.

The European Universities Taekwondo Championships are coordinated by the European University Sports Association along with the 18 other sports on the program of the European universities championships.

## Summary

| Edition | Year | Date | Location | Number of | | | Champions | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Countries | Universities | Athletes | | |
| 1 | 2009 | December 10–12 | Braga, Portugal | 6 | 31 | 101 | Polytechnic University of Madrid |  |
| 2 | 2011 | December 13–15 | Braga, Portugal | 16 | 40 |  | Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism |  |
| 3 | 2013 | November 22–24 | Moscow, Russia | 13 | 48 | 130 | Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism |  |
| 4 | 2015 | November 10–13 | Opatija, Croatia | 16 | 48 | 150 | University of Minho |  |
| 5 | 2017 | July 25–30 | Coimbra, Portugal | 14 | 83 | 157 | University of Minho |  |
| 6 | 2019 | August 1–3 | Zagreb, Croatia | 18 | 119 |  | National University of Ukraine on Physical Education and Sport |  |

1. "Magazine | EUSA". *www.eusa.eu*. Retrieved 2019-08-15.
2. "1st European Universities Taekwondo Championship | EUSA". *www.eusa.eu*. Retrieved 2019-08-15.
3. "2nd European Universities Taekwondo Championship | EUSA". *www.eusa.eu*. Retrieved 2019-08-15.
4. "3rd European Universities Taekwondo Championship | EUSA". *www.eusa.eu*. Retrieved 2019-08-15.
5. "European Universities Taekwondo Championship | EUSA". *www.eusa.eu*. Retrieved 2019-08-15.
6. "Results | EUSA". *taekwondo2017.eusa.eu*. Retrieved 2019-08-15.