title: Moccasin Bend

abstract: Moccasin Bend Archeological District is an archeological site in Chattanooga, Tennessee, that is part of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park unit. The National Park Service refers to it as one of the "most unique units found in the entire National Park Service." The area contains remnants of 12,000 years of continuous human habitation and serves as an area with unique cultural significance. For many years, there was little recognition of the historical significance of the area, and years of industrial development occurred on and around sites of archeological importance. After decades of campaigning by concerned citizens, private organizations, local officials, the Friends of Moccasin Bend National Park, and finally a state representative, the area was officially recognized as a National Archeological District in 2003. Moccasin Bend is currently undergoing a process of renovation and restoration that will allow the area to fulfill the National Park Service's mission of preserving "natural and cultural resources" for the "enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations." The 956-acre (387 ha) area is located directly across the Tennessee River from Lookout Mountain, site of an American Civil War battle. The archeological district is significant due to the prevalence of historic artifacts found within some of the most historically important Native American sites in the United States. Moccasin Bend was a part of the Trail of Tears and also played a vital role in the American Civil War.

text:
# Moccasin Bend

**Moccasin Bend Archeological District** is an archeological site in Chattanooga, Tennessee, that is part of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park unit. The National Park Service refers to it as one of the "most unique units found in the entire National Park Service." The area contains remnants of 12,000 years of continuous human habitation and serves as an area with unique cultural significance. For many years, there was little recognition of the historical significance of the area, and years of industrial development occurred on and around sites of archeological importance. After decades of campaigning by concerned citizens, private organizations, local officials, the Friends of Moccasin Bend National Park, and finally a state representative, the area was officially recognized as a National Archeological District in 2003. Moccasin Bend is currently undergoing a process of renovation and restoration that will allow the area to fulfill the National Park Service's mission of preserving "natural and cultural resources" for the "enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations."

The 956-acre (387 ha) area is located directly across the Tennessee River from Lookout Mountain, site of an American Civil War battle. The archeological district is significant due to the prevalence of historic artifacts found within some of the most historically important Native American sites in the United States. Moccasin Bend was a part of the Trail of Tears and also played a vital role in the American Civil War.

## Moccasin Bend National Archeological District

In 2003, with the help of U.S. Representative Zach Wamp, the Friends of Moccasin Bend, and community leaders, the Moccasin Bend National Archeological District was created as part of the Chickamauga National Military Park. This designation made Moccasin Bend the first and only National Archeological District in the entire National Park Service. The area of land known as Moccasin Bend is a 1,000 acre peninsula sitting on the edge of the Tennessee River. Most of the land on the peninsula became the property of the federal government, excluding the already existing facilities mentioned previously. This created a rather fragmented park with distinct and diverse parts. The core area of the District resides on the southern tip of the Bend. This area includes Civil War resources and important American Indian sites. Upon its adoption into the National Park Service, various projects began intended to survey the landscape, investigate sites of archeological significance, stabilize at risk areas, and explore potential opportunities to develop the land as a park. The Friends of Moccasin Bend, alongside the National Park Service, sought to implement such amenities as an interpretive center. Plans for this interpretive center are currently in the works.

Just as the creation of the park was relatively slow going, so has been the process of developing the Bend's park aspects. The fragmented nature of the park and its history of industrial and commercial use has made the transition into a thriving area of cultural and historical significance a challenge. In order to move forward with some of the proposed plans for development, there are areas of land that need to be acquired from their current landowners. This has proved to be a difficult task. Despite these challenges, efforts are still being made to continue progress at Moccasin Bend and strive towards the goal of a unique experience through facilitated preservation, protection, and interpretation of the area. These efforts are largely spearheaded by the Friends of Moccasin Bend. While the Friends of Moccasin Bend and the National Park Service work with the city to move forward on the proposed plans, there are currently some limited recreational opportunities and amenities.

### Current Amenities

While areas of the park continue to be developed, there are a few key areas that are currently accessible to the public and allow a glimpse into the unique landscape of Moccasin Bend. The National Archeological District includes a 10.5 acre meadow that has been designated the future site of an interpretive center. The area is located on Hamm Road, a crucial gateway that runs through Moccasin Bend. It is surrounded by industrial tracts of land and is not connected to any other NPS-owned areas. This site, unlike most other tracts of land within the National Archeological District, is unlikely to contain archeological resources. This feature made it the desired location for the pending interpretive center, which would include development such as a parking lot and restrooms. This site will serve as a vital access point for public visitors.

The Blue Blazes Trail is a 1.5 mile hiking trail located within the National Archeological District. This trail existed before the Bend's designation as part of a National Park. Prior to the federal governments acquisition of this land, the Blue Blazes Trail, established by members of the Sierra Club, was under city/county management. The trail is low lying and contains numerous wetlands, with numerous muddy patches throughout. Although efforts are being made to make walking through the muddy patches possible. Currently there are no interpretive signs along this trail, but there are numerous areas of historical significance nearby, including the site where multiple Paleo-era projectile points were found. There is public access to the trails through the trailhead, adjacent to a gravel lot.

Brown's Ferry Federal Road is a 98-acre tract of land owned by the National Park Service. The area was the former site of Moccasin Bend Speedway and also contains portions of land that were part of the John Brown Reservation. The site is now home to a 1.2 mile roundtrip hike that traverses over a part of the tract that was used during the Trail of Tears. Additionally, this road was used to transport Union supplies during the Civil War in 1863. This trail is marked by interpretive signs explaining some of the historical and cultural significance of the route. This trail is also open to the public and can be accessed through a parking lot located on Moccasin Bend Road.

### Sites of Significance

Moccasin Bend, as per its designation as a National Historic Landmark and its place on the National Register of Historic Places contains a plethora of sites with archeological, cultural, and historical significance. The primary significance of this area falls within the context of American Indian history and American Civil War history. The 12,000 years of human inhabitation have left a number of rare artifacts that contribute to this sites importance. The primary archeological site at Moccasin Bend is Hampton Place. This area contains two Late Mississippian towns that were perhaps visited by Spanish explorers, as revealed through the presence of Spanish artifacts. Prior to the Bend's designation as a National Archeological District, Hampton Place was heavily looted and vandalized, leaving little visible evidence of the once prominent archeological complex. Another important site within Moccasin Bend is the Mallards Dozen Site, an area that contains remnants of Middle Woodland civilization. Most of the archeological evidence contributing to this knowledge is not currently visible. However, portions of the site are accessible via the Blue Blazes Trail.

The Vulcan Site includes remains from the Archaic and Woodland periods. This includes a Late Archaic period house that is dated to 1335 B.C.. considered to be one of the earliest family houses in the southeastern United States. Parts of the Vulcan Site are included in the Blue Blazes Trail as well as on the Moccasin Bend Golf Course. As with the other sites, the archeological site is not currently visible. The Woodland Mound Complex is located on the southern tip of Moccasin Bend and is within the confines of the Moccasin Bend Mental Health Institute. These mounds are attributed to burial practices of the Late Woodland period. Because of the mounds' proximity to the mental health facility, access is limited.

As indicated by the presence of Brown's Ferry Federal Road, John Brown, who operated Brown's Ferry, the site of a historic Civil War Battle, Moccasin Bend was the site of his homestead. While this contributes to the historical significance of Moccasin Bend, few remnants remain of John Brown's inhabitance on Moccasin Bend. There are a number of other Civil War sites located on the southern tip of Stringers Ridge. These sites were occupied by the Union Army during 1863. The historic roads that mark this period of time are still usable today, and multiple sites can be observed from Stringers Ridge.

## Friends of Moccasin Bend National Park

This organization was established in 1994 to serve as an advocacy group for the adoption of Moccasin Bend into the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park. The organization was instrumental in leading to the creation of the park and continues to be actively involved in the park's management and policies. At the time of its creation, the plans for Moccasin Bend's future were still very much up for debate. After the idea had been shut down for decades, the Friends of Moccasin Bend revitalized the idea of adding Moccasin Bend to the Chickamauga Chattanooga National Military Park. They conducted an economic impact report of making the area part of the National Park Service and concluded that it would have a positive economic impact on the city. The Friends continued to be advocates for establishing the area as part of a National Park. They reached out to state representatives and helped build support from the community.

In 2001, U.S. Representative Zach Wamp proposed HR 980, which called for the creation of Moccasin Bend National Archeological District as part of the Chickamauga National Military Park. The bill was finally passed in 2003. In 2004, the Archeological District was officially established after the state and local government donated 672 acres of public land to the federal government (the boundaries of the park excluded already existing facilities: Moccasin Bend Mental Health Institute, Moccasin Bend Golf Course, the WDEF radio tower, the Hamilton County firing range, and a model airplane facility). The Friends of Moccasin Bend National Park were instrumental in this process.

The organization, established a decade prior to the area's designation as a National Archeological District, remained active until 2017. According to their now decommissioned website, they worked alongside the National Park Service to develop "outstanding visitor experiences at one of America's newest national park areas." In addition, they supported the National Park Service in its endeavors towards "preservation, protection, and interpretation of the cultural, historical, and natural resources of the Moccasin Bend National Archeological District..."The Friends of Moccasin Bend, a non-profit organization, served as the grass roots organizers, fund raisers, and overall advocates for the park. They ensured that the park was not lost in the shuffle of federal government bureaucracy, and continues to move forward as the valuable asset that it is to Chattanooga.

After the Moccasin Bend National Archeological District officially became part of the NPS General Management Plan, Friends of Moccasin Bend merged with the already existing Friends of the Park group that had formed in 1986 for the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, and in 2018 became National Park Partners: Chickamauga - Chattanooga - Moccasin Bend. National Park Partners worked with the National Park Service to launch a capital campaign Forever Moccasin Bend for the new visitor and interpretive center on Hamm Road. This campaign was successful, planning for the construction of the center is currently underway.

In 2023, the State of Tennessee announced plans to use Cares Act funding to build a new mental health hospital on Moccasin Bend to replace the aging Moccasin Bend State Mental Health Institute. The announcement stirred public outcry against new construction within the National Historic Landmark Boundary, and prompted National Park Partners to launch a second phase of their Forever Moccasin Bend campaign. This phase has been dubbed "Save the Bend, Again" in reference to slogans used by Friends of Moccasin Bend and other groups during previous efforts to preserve Moccasin Bend. Several former members of Friends of Moccasin Bend have also stepped forward to speak out against the new construction.

## History

### Paleo-Indian to Mississippian Periods (10500 BC – AD 1630)

Native Americans used this land as a place for a home as long as 12,000 years ago. During the Paleo-Indian Period (10500–8000 BC), Moccasin Bend served as a home for Paleo-Indians. These people evidently had a highly mobile hunting and gathering way of life. The artifact markers for this period include a variety of fluted, semi-fluted, and un-fluted lanceolate projectile points. The Paleo-Indian period corresponds to the end of the Pleistocene Era.

During the Woodland Period (700 BC – 1000 AD,) there were major changes evolving with the needs of the Indian people. The use of bow and arrows became the primary way of hunting and pottery became widely popular throughout the Indian tribes. From the Woodland Period, artifacts have been found on Moccasin Bend.

During the Mississippian Period (AD 1000–1630), the American Indians resided on Moccasin Bend in large villages enclosed by corn fields and other agricultural necessities. The Mississippian Period was also the time of interaction with the Spanish to the area, starting with Hernando de Soto's march through the area in 1540. Moccasin Bend was very important area of land at this time.

### American Indian and European contact to American colonial settlement and forced removal periods (AD 1513–1860)

Early interactions between American-Indians of the Mississippian Period and European explorers such as Hernando de Soto were especially destructive for American-Indian populations. The establishment of French and British trading networks in these early settlements introduced firearms to Indians, which altered their economy. Indian communities began to emphasize hunting for hides as an economic resource, as hides were of great value to French and British settlers. During this time, Cherokee Indians only lightly used Moccasin Bend.

Another historical site across Moccasin Bend, possibly constructed in 1805, was the USA Federal Road, used to connect Georgia with Tennessee to the north by transiting through the Cherokee Nation. In 1838, the Cherokee Indians were forced out of their national area by the U.S. Government. Moccasin Bend was not part of the Cherokee Nation in 1838 but was crossed by two departing parties on the Trail of Tears.

### Civil War (1861–1865)

Moccasin Bend also played a major role in the Civil War. The Union forces took control of west and middle Tennessee, leaving one important place they had not yet conquered. They took that in the Chattanooga Campaign. "According to Civil War historian, James McPherson, Chattanooga had great strategic value, for the only railroads linking the eastern and western parts of the Confederacy converged there in a gap carved through the Cumberland Mountains by the Tennessee River. Union forces could divide the eastern portion by penetrating into Georgia via Chattanooga."

### Post–Civil War 19th century and early 20th century (1866–1925)

After the Civil War, some farmers who had been dislocated returned to the land and re-established agricultural practices. Most of the land continued to be used for agriculture, but it was divided and sold to various farmers and individuals. In 1898, some individuals promoted a plan of creating a canal that ran across the Bend. The plan was eventually dropped because of its extremely high cost. In the early part of the 20th century, Moccasin Bend was investigated by numerous archeologists. They discovered a number of burial mounds and other artifacts. At this point in time, citizens in Chattanooga were only beginning to understand the impressive cultural and historical significance of the land.

### Early preservation efforts in 20th century (1926–1960)

Prior to World War II, citizens of Lookout Mountain petitioned to have the city of Chattanooga purchase Moccasin Bend to be "as a park and pleasure resort for all the people of Chattanooga and Hamilton County." This was the first of many attempts to create a park on the land. However, the Great Depression and World War II soon directed attention elsewhere and the push for the creation of the park went on a temporary hiatus.

In 1944, the Chattanooga Chamber of Commerce established the Moccasin Bend Memorial Park Association for the purpose of developing a park that would be dedicated to military service men and women. Despite widespread support for the creation of this park, even going so far as to gain the approval of Governor Browning in 1951, the money necessary for the acquisition of land on Moccasin Bend was cut from the budget by Browning's successor, which effectively put a halt on the memorial park project. As the memorial park project died out, government officials and business leaders advocated for a plethora of other ideas. Some wanted the land to be used for a mental health facility. Others wanted the land to be used for industrial development. The *Chattanooga Times* supported the creation of both a mental health facility and a park. In 1957, as pressures to industrialize mounted, the Moccasin Bend Association was formed to promote preservation of the land. However, it appeared that most people at the time supported a broader, multiple use plan for the land. With this information in mind, Charles Dunn, superintendent of the Chickamauga Chattanooga National Military Park, presented his opinion that the federal government should seek to acquire the land and make it a National Park. However, the National Park Service believed that recent developments on the land detracted from the scenic and recreational value of the land that had originally led the NPS to be interested in the Bend. In 1960 a large chunk of the land was sold to Chattanooga and Hamilton County. This transaction meant that almost all of the land on the Bend was under public control. This was, according to a Chattanooga Times article, the end to the 25 year controversy over Moccasin Bend.

### Later preservation efforts in 20th century (1961–1993)

In 1961, the Moccasin Bend Mental Health Institute was officially opened for service after approximately three years of construction. This development was a step backward for those who wished to preserve the land for its recreation uses. To combat this, in that same year the Moccasin Bend Association revived efforts to involve the National Park Service in the management of the land. As advocates for the creation of a park who opposed industrialization and development on the land sought out the NPS's assistance with increased urgency, the park superintendent at the time, John Cook, dismissed their claims, arguing that the Bend "has lost its historical significance and part of its natural beauty," which decreased its value as an asset for the National Park. His belief was that the land on Moccasin Bend was the responsibility of local individuals and governments.

As the chances of the National Park Services becoming involved in the area diminished, numerous development projects came to light. One particularly destructive project was the large scale dredging that took place at the future site of Chattanooga State Technical College. During this project, archaeologists found a number of important artifacts that indicated the historic presence of Indian civilization on the land for thousands of years. Prominent supporters of the land attempted to use this as an opportunity to legitimize the land's national importance, but to no avail. The NPS remained uninterested in the matter. In 1965 Moccasin Bend Golf Course was created. At the same time, the local government prepared to purchase some of the last remaining land that was available for industrial development. Various ideas were proposed as to how the land should be used, but development was frequently obstructed by continual discoveries of American Indian remains. These frequent discoveries led some people, particularly archeologists, to believe that Moccasin Bend needed to be placed on the National Register of Historic Places.

As conflicting views came to a head, the city and county governments, in partnership with the Lyndhurst Foundation, created the Moccasin Bend Task Force in 1982. The Moccasin Bend Task Force teamed up with the Chattanooga Regional Anthropological Association. These two groups both represented unique views, centered on a conflict between historical conservation versus preservation. They each recognized the cultural importance of the land and overall opposed industrial developments. The Anthropological Association was extremely active in excavation and archeology. The Task Force was concerned with the extent of archeological work being done and eventually asked for all artifacts found at Moccasin Bend to be returned. Meanwhile, Moccasin Bend had been nominated to become designated as a National Historic Landmark. This was approved in 1986. Three years later, the blue blazes trail was established. Once the land was officially designated as having historic and cultural significance, involved parties began the task of outlining how the land should be monitored, protected, and preserved. In 1994, the Friends of Moccasin Bend National Park organization was established, marking a new era in efforts to protect and restore Moccasin Bend.

## Non-National Park landscape features

After a tumultuous past regarding the best use of the land on Moccasin Bend, there are currently a wide range of activities and institutions that exist within the confines of Moccasin Bend. The area that is a part of the National Park Unit is technically part of the Northshore area of Chattanooga, but is disconnected from the heart of downtown. Much of the industries that entered the area during the second half of the twentieth century continue to operate. Manufacturers Road and Hamm Road, the central avenues leading to Moccasin Bend, are full of industry. A common complaint about Moccasin Bend as a recreation area is that its access is limited by the uninviting, polluted roadways that must be traveled to reach the park.

Aside from the plethora of industries in the area, the land on Moccasin Bend is used for a number of other amenities. The Moccasin Bend Mental Health Institute was established in 1961 and continues to be in operation, although some park advocates hope for the mental health facility to be phased out. Additionally, the Moccasin Bend Golf Course, also established in the 1960s, remains in use to this day, and contributes to the fragmented nature of the park.

### Moccasin Bend Mental Health Institute

Moccasin Bend is the site of the Moccasin Bend Mental Health Institute, a psychiatric hospital established in 1961 by the Tennessee State Legislature. Local architect Mario Bianculli, considered "Chattanooga's First Modernist," designed the majority of the institution's five buildings. According to preliminary research done by the National Park Service, three of the five buildings at the facility appear to be unused. Some of the landscape around the perimeter of the facility is part of a federal government easement that runs the entire length of the riverbank upon which Moccasin Mental Health Institute is located. There are a number of American Indian mounds on part of the hospital property. However, because of hospital security measures, there is little to no public access to these sites.

### Moccasin Bend Golf Course

The golf course is currently owned by Hamilton County and the City of Chattanooga and is managed by HMS Golf. It is an approximately 160 acre area of land, south of the Moccasin Bend Wastewater Treatment Facility and north of the Blue Blazes Trail. The National Park Service maintains a shoreline easement along the western boundary of the golf course. The creation of the course altered some of the landscape, and erosion is evident in a few areas. Moccasin Bend Golf Course contains an area that is part of the Vulcan site, an important archaeological area. This fact must be considered in future management of the property.

The Moccasin Bend Wastewater Treatment Facility is in very close proximity to the golf course and is a 184-acre tract of land. This was developed in 1961 and remains in constant use today.

### Other features

Due to the extensive delay in creating a National Park and protecting the land, there are an assortment of buildings, industries, and developed features within Moccasin Bend. The county firing range for law enforcement training is currently located on Moccasin Bend Road. The firing range includes a number of buildings and other structures. The area where the firing range is located sits within the 750 acre area of land that was donate by the city to the National Park Service. The Friends of Moccasin Bend National Park and other community advocates are currently in the process of convincing the city to relocate the firing range, allowing the National Park to establish a more continuous tract of land. There is currently one private residence along Moccasin Bend Road, and it is surrounded by the NPS-owned property. Also surrounded by NPS-owned property sit the WDEF radio towers. These radio towers are currently in operation.

eology, 1984

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Moccasin Bend National Archeological District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark District | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Moccasin Bend, viewed from Lookout Mountain | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Chattanooga, Tennessee |
| Coordinates | 35°2′9″N 85°20′12″W / 35.03583°N 85.33667°W / 35.03583; -85.33667 |
| Area | 956 acres (387 ha) |
| NRHP reference No. | 86003510 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | September 8, 1986 |
| Designated NHLD | September 9, 1996 |


title: Who Controls the Internet?

abstract: Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World is a 2006 book by Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu that offers an assessment of the struggle to control the Internet. Starting with a discussion of the early vision of a borderless global community, the authors present some of the most prominent individuals, ideas and movements that have played key roles in developing the Internet. As law professors at Harvard and Columbia, respectively, Goldsmith and Wu assert the important role of government in maintaining Internet law and order while debunking the claims of techno-utopianism that have been espoused by theorists such as Thomas Friedman. Goldsmith and Wu conclude that the importance of governmental coercion on the Internet has been seriously underestimated, writing that "the failure to understand the many faces and facets of territorial governmental coercion is fatal to globalization theory as understood today, and central to understanding the future of the Internet" (184).

text:
# Who Controls the Internet?

***Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World*** is a 2006 book by Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu that offers an assessment of the struggle to control the Internet. Starting with a discussion of the early vision of a borderless global community, the authors present some of the most prominent individuals, ideas and movements that have played key roles in developing the Internet. As law professors at Harvard and Columbia, respectively, Goldsmith and Wu assert the important role of government in maintaining Internet law and order while debunking the claims of techno-utopianism that have been espoused by theorists such as Thomas Friedman.

Goldsmith and Wu conclude that the importance of governmental coercion on the Internet has been seriously underestimated, writing that "the failure to understand the many faces and facets of territorial governmental coercion is fatal to globalization theory as understood today, and central to understanding the future of the Internet" (184).

## Overview

### Part One: The Internet Revolution

The authors discuss the early days of the Internet through the 1990s, when Julian Dibbell and John Perry Barlow articulated a vision of free Internet that gained wide currency in the public imagination. The Electronic Frontier Foundation worked to protect the Internet from regulation in the belief that a free online community might unite people and eliminate the need for government. Jon Postel was the ultimate authority over Internet domain names.

Goldsmith and Wu describe key changes in control over the Internet that occurred in the 1990s, beginning with consolidation of power by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) in the 1990s. A DoD subcontractor called Network Solutions, Inc., became the ultimate authority over Internet naming conventions in 1991. Although Postel remained functionally in control for a few more years, "the transfer of partial authority to Network Solutions was a crucial turning point in Internet history. For the first time, administration of part of the Internet's naming system would be in the hands of a for-profit company" (35).

In 1995, Network Solutions began charging individuals to register domain names. This brought the company, which had a monopoly on issuing domain names, large profits. When the International Ad Hoc Committee, set up by the Internet Society, released an "Internet Constitution" in 1997, they met with hostility from the U.S. government and were ultimately thwarted (41–43).

Jon Postel met an even more direct response when he attempted to retake control over the root naming and numbering system in 1998. Hours after Postel asked eight regional operators for root control over the Internet, he received threats of legal and economic repercussions from federal agent Ira Magaziner. Network Solutions has retained final authority over Internet domain names ever since (44–46).

### Part Two: Government Strikes Back

No longer an international phenomenon, the Internet has become quite different for its users in different countries. One reason for differentiation across nations is that users want information presented in their local language and context. Advertisers likewise to present information to interested audiences, which tend to be geographically specific (58–63).

Goldsmith and Wu also describe how governments began to pressure or control local intermediaries in order to restrict Internet content. Examples include:

* Yahoo's forced restrictions on the sale of Nazi paraphernalia in France (1–8)
* Google de-listing Operation Clambake in response to a DMCA filing by the Church of Scientology (75)
* Google de-listing websites devoted to hate speech and Nazi materials in France and Germany (75)
* Saudi Arabia's direct filters, imposed on its ISPs, of websites containing pornography, gambling, interfaith dialogue, and discussions about how to circumvent filtering (74)
* Elimination of online cigarette sales in the U.S. by threatening credit card companies that facilitated it (76)
* Neutralization of websites through the seizure of domain names in the U.S. (78)
* Direct arrest of individuals involved, e.g., in the case of child pornography in the U.S., U.K., and Canada; and in the case of antisemitism in Norway (79–80)
* The neutralization of HavenCo due to pressure from government on businesses not to cooperate (84-85)
* Chinese censorship, including complete blocks on many websites from outside China (92–95), targeted and sometimes automated censorship of internal dissent (95–104), and direct arrests of dissidents who contribute to the Internet (87–92).

The authors also describe the U.S. battle between the RIAA and file-sharing services such as Napster and Kazaa. They note the ironies of Kazaa's position: partly in defiance of U.S. law, but partly reliant on it to maintain order internally (117–118). Goldsmith and Wu describe the emergence of Apple's iTunes Store as a legal alternative, made preferable by government enforcement of laws against peer-to-peer file-sharing (118–121). They compare the small number of persistent underground file-sharers to groups of Chinese dissidents talking in obscure code, arguing that these groups do not pose a major threat to the interests of business and government: "Ironically, then the most rebellious filesharing programmers can become handmaidens of the government's will. What secretive darknets do is zone the music world, dividing music consumers on the basis of free time and computer ability" (123).

### Part Three: Vice, Virtues, the Future

The authors present eBay as a case study in the usefulness of governments in protecting commerce. They describe how the eBay community, during its small beginning phase, relied on goodwill, public ratings, and mediation to navigate disputes among customers (130–132). As the site grew larger, so did the number of malicious users (132–136). Eventually the site was forced to turn to governments for real law enforcement (136–139). Now, eBay works closely with law enforcements systems in the countries where it operates (143–145).

According to the authors, eBay, the case of an Australian libel lawsuit against a U.S. publisher (147–148), and Microsoft's acquiescence to European Union (EU) regulation of its Passport service (173–177) are examples of how the bordered Internet seeks to protect citizens from harm. They argue that as a communications medium, the Internet is not unlike other technologies that have come before and therefore the Internet is not likely to displace territorial government. Rather, it is more likely, the authors speculate, that cultural and political differences may be leading us into a technological Cold War where the U.S., EU and China develop their own competitive Internet platforms.

## Reviews

* This is a book that needed to be written. I like what it contributes to the debate on internet governance. But I do not like what is likely to be its political impact on that debate. … The triumphalism of this book is premature. … –In *The New Cyber-Conservatism: A review of Goldsmith and Wu's 'Who Controls the Internet?*, by Milton Mueller, Syracuse University
* In the 1990s the Internet was greeted as the New New Thing: It would erase national borders, give rise to communal societies that invented their own rules, undermine the power of governments. In this splendidly argued book, Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu explain why these early assumptions were mostly wrong: The Internet turns out to illustrate the enduring importance of Old Old Things, such as law and national power and business logic. By turns provocative and colorful, this is an essential read for anyone who cares about the relationship between technology and globalization. –Sebastian Mallaby, Editorial Writer and Columnist, *The Washington Post*


title: Widjojo Nitisastro

abstract: Widjojo Nitisastro was an Indonesian economist, who was known as the main architect of the Indonesian economy during the New Order regime of President Suharto, serving as Minister for National Development (1971–1983) and Coordinating Minister for Economy, Finance and Industry (1973–1983). He was one of Indonesia's best-known and most respected economic policy-makers, both within Indonesia and overseas. He joined the Indonesian Student Army during the Indonesian National Revolution and fought in Surabaya. After the end of the revolution, he taught at a junior high school, before, attending and later graduating from the University of Indonesia. He would go on to become a professor at the university. In the late 1960s, after the fall of President Sukarno, he became one of Indonesia's most important economic policy-makers under the New Order regime of President Suharto. He was generally considered to be the foremost member of the well-known 'Berkeley Mafia' group of economists. He died in Jakarta, Indonesia, aged 84.

text:
# Widjojo Nitisastro

**Widjojo Nitisastro** (23 September 1927  9 March 2012) was an Indonesian economist, who was known as the main architect of the Indonesian economy during the New Order regime of President Suharto, serving as Minister for National Development (1971–1983) and Coordinating Minister for Economy, Finance and Industry (1973–1983). He was one of Indonesia's best-known and most respected economic policy-makers, both within Indonesia and overseas.

He joined the Indonesian Student Army during the Indonesian National Revolution and fought in Surabaya. After the end of the revolution, he taught at a junior high school, before, attending and later graduating from the University of Indonesia. He would go on to become a professor at the university.

In the late 1960s, after the fall of President Sukarno, he became one of Indonesia's most important economic policy-makers under the New Order regime of President Suharto. He was generally considered to be the foremost member of the well-known 'Berkeley Mafia' group of economists.

He died in Jakarta, Indonesia, aged 84.

## Early life, military service, and education

### Early life and military service

Widjojo Nitisastro was born in Malang Residency, on 23 September 1927, and grew up in Surabaya. He came from a retired elementary school superintendent's family. His father was an activist with the Greater Indonesia Party (Parindra). In 1945, when the Indonesian National Revolution erupted, Widjojo joined the Indonesian Student Army (TRIP). In the Revolution, he almost died somewhere between the Ngaglik and Gunung Sari areas of Surabaya.

### Education

#### University of Indonesia

After the end of the revolution, Widjojo taught at a junior high school for 3 years. He then continued his higher education at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Indonesia (UI), specializing in the field of demography. While still a student, he, together with Canadian demographer Nathan Keyfiz, wrote a book entitled "The Problem of Indonesian Population and Development." The foreword was written by former Vice President Mohammad Hatta, who wrote, "An Indonesian son with his knowledge of the problems of his homeland, has been able to work with Canadian statisticians. Processing his solid thoughts and putting them into a weighty book." Widjojo eventually graduated with the Cum Laude predicate. He would later be appointed by the Dean of the Faculty of Economics (and future Minister of Research), Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, as the Director of the Institute for Economic and Community Research. Widjojo Nitisastro later became a full professor of economics at the University of Indonesia in Jakarta at the age of 34 in 1962.

#### University of California, Berkeley

Shortly after, Widjojo continued his doctoral studies at the University of California, Berkeley. He worked on a dissertation entitled “Migration, Population Growth, and Economic Development: A Study of the Economic Consequences of Alternative Patterns of Inter-Island Migration.” There, Widjojo met several other economic students, including future ministers Mohammad Sadli, Subroto, Ali Wardhana, and Emil Salim. This group would later become known as the Berkeley Mafia, a group of technocrats who are considered to have instilled neoliberalism in economics for the sake of American interests in Indonesia.

After completing his studies, Widjojo returned to Indonesia.

## Career

### Professor at the University of Indonesia

When he returned, Indonesia was under the guided democracy period of President Sukarno. Under this policy, the Indonesian economy leaned towards economic socialism/communism. The economic situation in Indonesia at that time was chaotic, with high inflation rates and high prices. Widjojo expressed his opinion to the government to change the paradigm of the Indonesian economy. During his inauguration as a professor of economics at the University of Indonesia on August 10, 1963, Widjojo read a speech entitled "Economic Analysis and Development Planning." He suggested that economic analysis should be included in government policymaking, as well as a combination of market mechanisms and government intervention instead of allowing the market to be too free or otherwise making the government too powerful. However, his suggestions were not heard by the government.

### "Berkeley Mafia"

In 1966, General Suharto took over power in Indonesia from President Sukarno through the Supersemar order. Although he did not become president for the next two years, Suharto began to build the foundations of the government that would later be referred to as the New Order regime. In August 1966, Suharto held a military seminar, which was attended by Widjojo and a number of his colleagues.

In the seminar, the economists presented their ideas and policy recommendations to Suharto. Suharto was impressed by their idea and asked them to work as a Team of Experts in Economics and Finance. This appointment marked the beginning of Widjojo's career. Other members of the group, all senior Indonesian economists, were generally regarded to include Professor Ali Wardhana, Professor Moh. Sadli, Professor Emil Salim, and Professor Subroto. Later, in 1970, he and several other economists who graduated from the University of California, Berkeley were accused of being the Berkeley Mafia formed by the CIA to instill economic liberalism in Indonesia.

### Political career

#### Minister for National Development Planning

In 1971, Widjojo was appointed State Minister for National Development Planning, a position he held until the early 1980s. As minister, he and his colleagues in the 'Berkeley mafia' used a neo-Keynesian approach to balance the state budget, control the money supply, re-establish the position of financial institutions, and open the door as wide as possible for foreign investors.

While leading the ministry, Widjojo made an economic plan that was contained in the Five-Year Development Plan. Economist Mudrajad Kuncoro, who is a professor of Economics at Gadjah Mada University, in his column in the *Gatra* magazine, said that the focus of the Five-Year Development Plan was macroeconomics. In the New Order, the Minister for National Development Planning became a crucial institution because it held the key to development at both the central and regional levels. The system worked as it adheres to centralized planning, both in terms of policy and funding. With this flow, regional development is more prominent because both planning and implementation are “centralized.”

#### Other positions

During his career in government, Widjojo was the head of many Indonesian delegations to numerous international meetings such as the Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI), the Paris Club, and World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) meetings. He was also a member of the South Commission (headed by President Julius Nyerere) as well as numerous other international committees). Widjojo also served as Coordinating Minister for Economy, Finance, and Industry from 1973 until 1983. In 2008, the Faculty of Economics at the University of Indonesia awarded Widjojo its most prestigious award, the Wirakarya Adhitama, for a lifetime of dedication and extraordinary achievements.

### Post-New Order

After the fall of Suharto in 1998, Vice President B. J. Habibie became president. Habibie and Widjojo had two conflicting views on economics, and Widjojo's role in the Indonesian economy was not as strong as it used to be under Habibie. However, during the Abdurrahman Wahid administration, he was trusted to lead the Indonesian Economic Team at the Paris Club meeting in mid-April 2000 to discuss rescheduling the repayment of Indonesia's debt for the period April 2000 – March 2002 amounting to US$ 5.9 billion.

## Retirement

After retirement, Widjojo lived quietly in Jakarta. He did not publish widely during his period in government preferring to work directly with his colleagues and President Suharto. In 2010 a collection of some of his main reports and speeches during his period as an adviser was published as *Pengalaman Pembangunan Indonesia* (The Indonesian Development Experience). In the collection, he discussed a wide range of issues relating to economic policy in Indonesia during the period 1965-1997 as well as providing details of the way the government responded to several key economic crises in the 1970s. This book was published in English in 2011 as *The Indonesian Development Experience: A Collection of Writings and Speeches*. The English-language version was launched at the Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia, on 23 September 2011.

## Death

Widjojo died on 9 March 2012 in Jakarta. His funeral service was held the same day at the Sunda Kelapa mosque in Menteng, Jakarta. His role as a major policy-maker in Indonesia was recognised at an official ceremony in the Planning Bureau (*Bappenas*) following the service. In paying tribute to Widjojo's legacy, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said that Widjojo had been a leading architect of 'New Order' economic policies and that many of his ideas had formed the cornerstone of economic policy in Indonesia. After lying in state for a few hours in Bappenas to provide an opportunity for mourners, including President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, to pay their respects, Widjojo was buried at Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery in South Jakarta at a ceremony led by Vice President Boediono.

## Later recognition

In October 2012, Widjojo was recognised as the "father of Indonesian demography" during a seminar at the 62nd anniversary of the Economics Faculty, University of Indonesia. Professor Subroto, an economics professor and a colleague of Widjojo in government, said that through his work Widjojo had placed the Indonesian people at the heart of development policy in Indonesia. The seminar was organised by the Institute of Demography within the Economics Faculty at the university.

1. Emil Salim, 'Emil Salim', in Thee Kian Wie (ed), *Recollections: The Indonesian Economy, 1950s - 1960s*, 2003, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. ISBN 981-230-174-7, p. 209.
2. "Profil - Widjojo Nitisastro". *merdeka.com*. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
3. Harry Baskara, 'World figures champion Indonesia's top leader with integrity', *The Jakarta Post*, 4 October 2009.
4. Irfani, Faisal. "Kejayaan dan Kejatuhan Ekonomi Orde Baru Ala Widjojo Nitisastro". *tirto.id* (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-09-30.
5. Arsitek Ekonomi Orba yang Masih Cemerlang. Tokoh Indonesia.
6. Moh. Arsjad Anwar, Aris Ananta, Ari Kuncoro (eds), *Tributes for Widjojo Nitisatro by Friends from 27 Foreign Countries*, 2007, Penerbit Buku Kompas, Jakarta, p. xvii.
7. Random, David (1970). "The Berkeley Mafia and the Indonesian Massacre" (PDF). `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
8. Ananta, Aris. "Widjojo Nitisastro and changes to development paradigms". *The Jakarta Post*. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
9. "Celebrating Indonesia: 50 Years with the Ford Foundation" (PDF). *Ford Foundation*. 2003.
10. Wibowo, Eko Ari (14 January 2010). "Boediono Bela Widjojo Nitisastro Soal Tuduhan Mafia Berkeley". *www.tempointeraktif.com*. Archived from the original on 19 June 2011.
11. He was appointed as State Minister for National Development Planning assisting the president in a cabinet reshuffle announced on 9 September 1971. He simultaneously held the position of chair, National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas). See Ready Susanto, *Mari mengenal kabinet Indonesia* \[Let's know the cabinet of Indonesia\], Lazuardi Buku Utama, Jakarta, 2011.
12. He held this post from 29 March 1978 to 19 March 1983 while also continuing in his position as chair, National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas). See Ready Susanto, op. cit.
13. *The Jakarta Post*, 3 November 2008
14. 'Prof. Dr. Widjojo Nitisastro', in Moh. Arsjad Anwar, Aris Ananta, Ari Kuncoro (eds), *Tributes for Widjojo Nitisastro by Friends from 27 Foreign Countries*, 2007, Penerbit Buku Kompas, Jakarta.
15. Moh. Arsjad Anwar, Aris Ananta, Ari Kuncoro (eds), *Kesan Para Sahabat tentang Widjojo Nitisastro* (Testimonials of Friends about Widjojo Nitisastro), 2007, Penerbit Buku Kompas, Jakarta, and Moh. Arsjad Anwar, Aris Ananta, Ari Kuncoro (eds), *Tributes for Widjojo Nitisatro by Friends from 27 Foreign Countries*, 2007, Penerbit Buku Kompas, Jakarta.
16. Widjojo Nitisastro, *Pengalaman Pembangunan Indonesia: Kumpulan Tulisan dan Uraian Widjojo Nitisastro* (The Indonesian Development Experience: A Collection of the Writings of Widjojo Nitisastro), 2010, Kompas Penerbit Buku, Jakarta.
17. Aris Ananta, 'Widjojo Nitisastro and changes to development paradigms', *The Jakarta Post*, 31 January 2010 .
18. Peter McCawley, 'Review article: Widjojo Nitisastro and Indonesian development', *Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies*, 41(1), April 2011, pp. 87-103.
19. A book review of the English-language version is at Harry Bhaskara, 'Footprints of a New Order economic czar', *The Jakarta Post,*, 23 October 2011.
20. Elly Burhaini, 'New Order economist Widjojo lauded', *The Jakarta Post*, 15 October 2012.
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## InfoBox

| Widjojo Nitisastro | |
| --- | --- |
| Widjojo Nitisastro in 1977 | |
|  | |
| 2nd Coordinating Minister for Economics, Finance, and Industry of Indonesia | |
| **In office**
29 March 1973  19 March 1983 | |
| President | Suharto |
| Preceded by | Hamengkubuwono IX |
| Succeeded by | Ali Wardhana |
| Head of National Development Planning Agency | |
| **In office**
8 June 1967  19 March 1983 | |
| President | Suharto |
| Preceded by | Ruslan Abdulgani |
| Succeeded by | J. B. Sumarlin |
| Minister of State for Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform | |
| **In office**
9 September 1971  28 March 1973 | |
| President | Suharto |
| Preceded by | Ruslan Abdulgani |
| Succeeded by | J. B. Sumarlin |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1927-09-23)23 September 1927
Malang, East Java, Dutch East Indies |
| Died | 9 March 2012(2012-03-09) (aged 84)
Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Resting place | Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery |
| Nationality | Indonesian |
| Political party | Golkar |
| Spouse | Siti Sudarsih |
| Children | 2 |
| Education | University of Indonesia
University of California, Berkeley |
| Occupation | Economist |
|  | |


title: Mohammad Usman (Indian politician)

abstract: Mohammed Usman is an Indian politician and was a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly he represented Deoband Assembly constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the Janata Party in office June 1977 to February 1980.

text:
# Mohammad Usman (Indian politician)

**Mohammed Usman** is an Indian politician and was a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly he represented Deoband Assembly constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the Janata Party in office June 1977 to February 1980.

## InfoBox

| Mohammed Usman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**<br>1977–1980 | |
| Constituency | Deoband |
|  | |
|  | |


title: William Baker (fashion designer)

abstract: William Baker is a fashion designer, fashion journalist, stylist, author and theatre director, best known for his past work with musician Kylie Minogue. Baker attended the Manchester Grammar School, from where he went on to study theology at King's College London. He was the inspiration for Manchester indie band The Man From Delmonte's song "Pink". While studying he worked as a sales assistant for Vivienne Westwood where he met the singer Kylie Minogue and her photographer Katerina Jebb.

text:
# William Baker (fashion designer)

**William Baker** (born 1973) is a fashion designer, fashion journalist, stylist, author and theatre director, best known for his past work with musician Kylie Minogue.

Baker attended the Manchester Grammar School, from where he went on to study theology at King's College London. He was the inspiration for Manchester indie band The Man From Delmonte's song "Pink". While studying he worked as a sales assistant for Vivienne Westwood where he met the singer Kylie Minogue and her photographer Katerina Jebb.

## Other work

In 2007, he made his debut as a theatre director with a West End revival of *Rent* dubbed *Rent Remixed* which received poor reviews. When asked beforehand how he was going to handle the change in direction, he claimed he said; "I'm approaching it in the same way I would approach a Kylie show or tour".

He has also worked with the musical acts Garbage, Tricky, Björk, Tori Amos, Reef and Jamiroquai on album and single covers, and music videos.

He collaborated with Jay Kay of Jamiroquai on the costume and set design for both the *A Funk Odyssey* album cover and tour.

Baker worked as stylist for Britney Spears on her 2009 *The Circus Starring Britney Spears* tour.

He has also been credited as director of British pop singer Leona Lewis' critically acclaimed debut tour The Labyrinth, which was filmed in the London O2 Arena for a DVD/CD release.

## InfoBox

| William Baker | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1973 (age 5051) |
| Education | King's College London |
| Occupation(s) | Fashion designer, fashion journalist, stylist |
| Known for | Styling Kylie Minogue |


title: William Baker Faville

abstract:
William Baker Faville (1866–1946) was an American architect. He was born in California, did some growing up in western New York State, studied Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He met Walter Danforth Bliss, with whom he later partnered, and they both then worked for McKim, Mead & White. He returned to the west coast and stayed. A number of his works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Works he is associated with include:
  - San Rafael Improvement Club, 1800 5th Ave., San Rafael, CA, designed to serve as the Victrola Pavilion in the 1915 San Francisco exposition, relocated and repurposed in 1916. NRHP-listed.
  - Oakland Hotel, 260 13th St., Oakland, CA,, NRHP-listed
  - Oakland Public Library (1900–01), 659 14th St., Oakland, CA,, NRHP-listed
  - Rialto Building, 116 New Montgomery St., San Francisco, CA, NRHP-listed
  - Southern Pacific Railroad Company's Sacramento Depot, 5th and I Sts., Sacramento, CA, NRHP-listed
  - US Post Office-Willows Main, 315 W. Sycamore St., Willows, CA, NRHP-listed
  - Woman's Athletic Club of San Francisco, 640 Sutter St., San Francisco, CA, NRHP-listed
  - The second Saint Francis Hotel, 301–345 Powell Street on Union Square in San Francisco, destroyed in 1906 earthquake
  - The third Saint Francis Hotel (1906).
  - Matson Building (1924), 215 Market Street, San Francisco, California

text:
# William Baker Faville

**William Baker Faville** (1866–1946) was an American architect.

He was born in California, did some growing up in western New York State, studied Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He met Walter Danforth Bliss, with whom he later partnered, and they both then worked for McKim, Mead & White. He returned to the west coast and stayed.

A number of his works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

Works he is associated with include:


title: William Bakewell

abstract: William Robertson Bakewell was an American actor. He achieved his greatest fame as one of the leading juvenile performers of the late 1920s and early 1930s.

text:
# William Bakewell

**William Robertson Bakewell** (May 2, 1908 – April 15, 1993) was an American actor. He achieved his greatest fame as one of the leading juvenile performers of the late 1920s and early 1930s.

## Early years

Bakewell was a native of Los Angeles, where he attended the Harvard School for Boys and Page Military Academy.

## Career

Bakewell began his film career as an extra in the silent movie *Fighting Blood* (1924) and appeared in some 170 films and television shows. He had supporting roles at the end of the silent era and reached the peak of his career around 1930. He is perhaps best remembered for playing German soldier Albert Kropp in *All Quiet on the Western Front* (1930) and Rodney Jordan, Joan Crawford's brother, in *Dance, Fools, Dance* (1931). He also co-starred in *Gold Diggers of Broadway* (1929).

In 1933, Bakewell contributed to the founding of the Screen Actors Guild, and was the 44th of the original 50 members. He never achieved stardom after the Depression years, although he became familiar in dozens of films, including his short appearance as a mounted soldier in *Gone with the Wind* (1939) whom Scarlett O'Hara asks when the Yankee soldiers are coming to Atlanta.

During World War II, Bakewell served in the U.S. Army with the rank of second lieutenant. He was stationed at the 73rd Evacuation Hospital and at the Radio Section of the Special Service Division as the post intelligence officer. He also worked under the department that handled distribution of recorded programs to overseas station circuits.

He starred in the Columbia Pictures serial *Hop Harrigan* (1946), where he played a top Air Corps pilot. He also portrayed Major Tobias Norton and a Keelboat Race Master of Ceremonies in the phenomenally popular Disney series *Davy Crockett* (1954-1955).

In the 1960s, he guest-starred in numerous sitcoms, including *Guestward, Ho!*, *The Tab Hunter Show*, *Pete and Gladys*, *Bringing Up Buddy*, *Mister Ed*, *Leave It to Beaver*, *The Jack Benny Program*, *Petticoat Junction*, and *Hazel*. He also was cast in episodes of *Peter Gunn*, *Sea Hunt*, *Wagon Train*, *The Roaring 20s*, *The Virginian*, *Arrest and Trial*, and *87th Precinct*. He played the Virginia statesman George Wythe in the episode "George Mason" in the 1965 NBC documentary series *Profiles in Courage*. His last film appearance was in *The Strongest Man in the World* (1975). He spent most of the last half of his life as a successful realtor in California.

Bakewell served on the board of the Motion Picture & Television Fund for four decades.

## Book

Bakewell's autobiography, *Hollywood Be Thy Name: Random Recollections of a Movie Veteran from Silents to Talkies to TV*, which chronicled his long screen career, was published in 1991.

## Death

On April 15, 1993, Bakewell died of leukemia in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 84.

## Partial filmography

## Further reading

* William Bakewell (1991), *Hollywood Be Thy Name: Random Recollections of a Movie Veteran From Silents to Talkies to TV* (ISBN 0-8108-2388-8)

## InfoBox

| William Bakewell | |
| --- | --- |
| Bakewell in *The Fabulous Dorseys* (1947) | |
| Born | William Robertson Bakewell
(1908-05-02)May 2, 1908
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Died | April 15, 1993(1993-04-15) (aged 84)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Other names | Billy Bakewell |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1923–1975 |
| Spouses | *   Jennifer Holt  (m. 1946; div. 1948) *   Diane Griffith (m. 1954) |
| Children | 2 |


title: William Baker (priest)

abstract:
The Venerable William Arthur Baker was an eminent Anglican priest in the 20th century. Baker was born in 1870, educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, and ordained in 1895. He was Assistant Chaplain at King William's College in the Isle of Man and then Curate of St Mary, Ely. After this he held incumbencies at Hapton, Bourn and Handsworth. He was Archdeacon of Sheffield from 1938 to 1943.
He died on 14 December 1950.

text:
# William Baker (priest)

The Venerable  **William Arthur Baker**  was an eminent Anglican priest in the 20th century.

Baker was born in 1870, educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, and ordained in 1895. He was Assistant Chaplain at King William's College in the Isle of Man and then Curate of St Mary, Ely. After this he held incumbencies at Hapton, Bourn and Handsworth. He was Archdeacon of Sheffield from 1938 to 1943. He died on 14 December 1950.


title: Willamette Leadership Academy

abstract: Willamette Leadership Academy (WLA) is a public charter military academy in Lane County, Oregon, United States. WLA prepares students to become leaders and to live fulfilled lives as respectful and responsible citizens.

text:
# Willamette Leadership Academy

**Willamette Leadership Academy (WLA)** is a public charter military academy in Lane County, Oregon, United States. WLA prepares students to become leaders and to live fulfilled lives as respectful and responsible citizens.

## History and Academics

The Willamette Leadership Academy is a 501 c 3 non-profit organization. WLA is accredited through the NAAS and Oregon Dept of Education. All teachers are highly qualified and certified.

PYCO originally opened Willamette Leadership Academy but as of 2021, WLA is independent of PYCO. In 2012, the charter was taken up by Springfield Public Schools and all grades moved to the former Goshen Elementary building in Eugene. In 2013, grades 6–8 split off, and the newly created Battalion 2 moved into the old Mohawk Elementary building in Springfield. In 2021, both battalions merged once again into the Goshen building. WLA no longer owns the Mohawk location.

Willamette Leadership Academy currently serves multiple counties with students attending from Drain to Lebanon and Walterville to Veneta. WLA employs approximately 40 staff members.

WLA is located at 34020 B Street, Eugene, OR 97405.

## Staff

At WLA, there are many staff members dedicated to keeping the education environment a good one. Unlike most schools, WLA employs staff members known as **Staff NCOs**. An NCO stands for Non-Commissioned Officer in the military. All NCOs at WLA are former or current members of at least one branch of the United States Armed Forces. By cadets (students), they are referred to as "MSG" (Master Sergeant), "1SG" (First Sergeant, "SGM" (Sergeant Major), etc.

The teachers who teach academic classes are known as **Officers**. By cadets, they are referred to as sir or ma'am. Their ranks include Second Lieutenant (2LT), First Lieutenant (1LT), Captain (CPT), Major (MAJ), Lieutenant Colonel (LTC), Colonel (COL), and General (GEN).

There are also Special Education teachers who are known as **WOs** (Warrant Officers). These are ranks that fall somewhere in between NCO ranks and Officer ranks.

The current principal of WLA is **Colonel Kate Klontz**. The School's administration team on campus includes the following staff members: General Nunez, LTC Migliaccio, CSM Brainard, and Master Gunnery Sergeant.

## Cadet Ranks

The following is a list of cadet ranks in order of lowest to highest.

* **Cadet** (**CDT**). This is the rank that every student who joins the school starts as.
* **Private** (**PVT**). This is a rank that is normally achieved upon completion of WLA's Basic Training which takes place in the first week of the school year.
* **Private First Class** (**PFC**). After approximately 3 months of having the rank of PVT, a cadet becomes eligible for promotion to PFC. The cadet must also show that they deserve the rank and the responsibilities that go alongside the new rank.
* **Specialist** (**SPC**). This rank is the last cadet rank before a cadet becomes a cadet NCO. A specialist has to take a test to prove that they know the program well enough to adhere to the rules and to correct other cadets when they step out of line. Additionally, in order to get Specialist you need to have all passing grades, pass a D&C (Drill and Ceremony) test, pass a PT (Physical Training) test, and have held at least 2 weeks of a leadership position.
* **Corporal** (**CPL**). CPL is a hard rank to achieve, and being promoted to this rank is a great honor and comes with a lot of responsibility. This is the first rank of cadet NCOs. When you reach this rank, you receive a tan cover (hat) in place of the green one required of almost all cadets. CPLs are given more freedom and responsibilities. Being a CPL means you are the eyes and ears of the adult NCOs.
* **Sergeant** (**SGT**). The rank above CPL. It's a lot like CPL, but you get a few more freedoms and responsibilities. In order to be promoted to this rank, you must undergo what is called a "Sergeant Board". You are asked questions to decide if you would make a good sergeant.
* **Staff Sergeant** (**SSGT**). A step up from Sergeant. There is usually only one Staff Sergeant at any given time, which means that the cadet is the highest-ranking cadet on post (on school grounds).
* **Sergeant First Class** (**SFC**). There have been very few SFCs in the history of WLA, and it is a very hard rank to achieve.

## Staff Ranks

The following is a list of staff ranks in order of lowest to highest, starting with NCO ranks.

* **Master Sergeant** (**MSG**)
* **First Sergeant** (**1SG**)
* **Sergeant Major** (**SGM**)
* **Command Sergeant Major** (**CSM**)

Additionally, there is one staff member on post who has a marine rank called **"Master Gunnery Sergeant"**. This is the equivalent of SGM

WO Ranks:

* **WO** (**Warrant Officer**)
* **CWO2** (**Chief Warrant Officer 2**)
* **CWO3** (**Chief Warrant Officer 3**)
* **CWO4** (**Chief Warrant Officer 4**)
* **CWO5** (**Chief Warrant Officer 5**)

Officer Ranks:

* **2LT** (**Second Lieutenant**)
* **1LT** (**First Lieutenant**)
* **CPT** (**Captain**)
* **MAJ** (**Major**)
* **LTC** (**Lieutenant Colonel**)
* **COL** (**Colonel**)
* **GEN** (**General**)

## Cadet Uniform

**BDUs** (Battle Dress Uniform - basic everyday uniform)

* Olive Drab Green (OD Green) Blouse and pants
* Green cover if Specialist and below, tan cover if Corporal and above, or red beret if in Color Guard
* White calf-length socks with no logos
* Black military-style combat boots
* White Crew-neck T-shirts with no logos
* Black belt with black buckle

**Class A's** (Dress Uniform - mostly for award ceremonies)

* Black slacks
* Dress shoes or polished black boots
* White blouse
* Name Tag
* Black socks
* White crew-neck T-shirt
* Grey beret in specialist and under, tan beret if corporal and above, or red beret if in Color Guard.
* Black belt with bronze buckle

**Cadets also have black mesh or clear plastic backpacks**

Earned additions to uniform:

* Red epaulette (Class A's) - earned through Color Guard
* Ranks (Both Uniforms) - earned based on merit
* Ribbons (Class A's) - earned based on achievements
* Color Guard and Rifle Team Patches - earned through Color Guard
* Military badge - earned through signing on with a branch of the military

Optional additions to uniform:

* WLA Sweatshirt - only when cold outside
* Field Jacket - only when cold outside
* WLA T-shirt - BDUs only

## Staff Uniform

* BDU Uniform with adjustments
    + Black cover; 1SG and above NCOs may also wear their campaign hat
* Class A Uniform with adjustments
    + Black cover or campaign hat
    + Black sweatshirt over Class A blouse

## Abbreviations of the Academy

* A's - Class A uniform
* ACP - Academic Career Plan
* AP - Academic Probation
* BC - Battalion Commander
* BCCA - Battalion Commander Corrective Action
* BDU - Battle Dress Uniform
* BG - Brigadier General
* BN - Battalion
* CA - Corrective Action
* CCA - Company Corrective Action
* CC - Corps Commander
* CDR - Commander
* CG - Color Guard
* Co - Company
* CO - Commanding Officer
* DP - Director of Programs
* DFR - Dropped from Rolls
* ED - Executive Director
* FTX - Field Training Exercise
* HQ - Headquarters (Main Office)
* IEP - Individual Education Plan
* ISS - In-School Suspension
* IT - Individual Physical Training (Intensive Training)
* Plt - Platoon
* PT - Physical Training (Physical Education)
* Regs - Regulations
* Sqd - Squad
* ISO - Isolation

## Terminology

* Authority - Power to influence or command thought or behavior.
* BCCA - A disciplinary hearing in front of the BC and either CSM or Master Gunnery Sergeant to determine the corrective action to be taken for severe and/or inappropriate behavior.
* Chain of Command - An official hierarchy of authority that dictates who is in charge of whom and of whom permission must be asked.
* Colors - Flags, banners, and symbols of membership in the WLA community, also refers to the United States National Flag and the Oregon State Flag that are raised and lowered each school day. Colors are raised at 0800 (8 am) and lowered at 1530 (3:30 pm) most days and 1430 (2:30 pm) on Wednesdays.
* Company - A unit of Cadets and command staff.
* Military Bearing - The mental attitude one projects through language, behavior, and physical bearing.
* Subordinate - A person lower in the chain of command.
* Superior - A person higher in the chain of command
* Drop - An order given indicating to do push-ups.
* Knock 'Em Out - Get corrective action done.
* Lock It Up - Silence.
* Make a Hole - Get out of the way.
* Move Out - Get going and move with a purpose.
* On-Point - The best, example/model, on the top.

## Standing Orders

* Respect and military carriage is always required.
* **NO** food or drink will be consumed by Cadets except during lunch and/or nutritional breaks. This includes the bus(es). Cadets are not allowed gum, candy, chips, or food that can be classified as "junk food" as per ODE guidelines except with a medical note or accommodation plan stating it is necessary.
* Cadets will always remain in their designated area. Cadets found outside designated areas without a hall pass will be considered AWOL.
* All Cadets will report to and depart from the Academy in uniform. Mixing of the duty uniform of the day with other clothing is prohibited unless authorized by the BC, CSM, or Master Gunnery Sergeant. Civilian attire will be authorized only if a request is made in writing from the parent or guardian **48 hours** in advance and approved by the CO and/or 1SG. Written requests must be submitted to HQ and the BC must be notified. The final authority for this decision will rest with the BC.
* Chain of Command will be used and enforced unless it is in the event of a life or property-threatening emergency which requires immediate attention of the closest staff member.
* Cadets will always conduct themselves according to the WLA Cadet Handbook. Cadets are held to these standards 24 hours a day, seven days a week - in and out of uniform.
* **HORSEPLAY** \- Mock fighting, throwing any object not in an athletic event or specifically authorized, making physical contact without consent, chasing, running outside of PT is **PROHIBITED** and subject to action under regulations. **THIS RULE IS SIMPLE - If you think it may be horseplay: DON"T DO IT!**
* Profanity is **PROHIBITED**

## Leadership

WLA incorporates putting many students into leadership roles to boost their skills and learn leadership skills to help them out in the future. Student Leadership consists of the following roles: **Squad Leader** (**SL**), **Platoon Leader** (**PL**), **Assistant Platoon Leader** (**APL**), **Guidon**, **student NCOs** (**Tan covers**), and then staff.

## Awards/Ribbons

* **Outstanding Cadet of the Year** \- Awarded to the cadet who shows the overall values of the school and is dedicated to accomplishing the mission.
* **Valedictorian** \- Awarded to the senior who graduates with the highest GPA.
* **Salutatorian** \- Awarded to the senior who graduates with the second highest GPA.
* **Attendance** \- Awarded to cadets with the highest attendance rate for the school year.
* **Academic** \- Awarded to the cadets who show commitment and improvement academically.
* **Leadership** \- To the cadet who demonstrates the concepts of leadership.
* **Citizenship** \- To the cadet whose outstanding effort to understand, conform, and apply the WLA value system.

## InfoBox

| Willamette Leadership Academy, 6-12 grade | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 34020 B St
Eugene, Lane County, Oregon 97405
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Military |
| School district | Springfield School District |
| Principal | Kate Klontz |
| Grades | 6-12 |
| Number of students | 300 |
| Mascot | Knights |
| Website | willametteleadershipacademy.net |


title: Mixed Quintet

abstract: Mixed Quintet is an album by American jazz violinist Leroy Jenkins, recorded in 1979 for the Italian Black Saint label. Regarding the album's title, Jenkins stated: "I called it mixed... because the quintet contains brass, reeds and strings, a mixture of instruments. I wanted to emphasize that this is different than the regular jazz quintet of a rhythm section and two front men." Concerning the music, he commented that it "isn't dependent on changes, it's dependent on direction. Where it came from and where it's going. Some people would call that open-ended, but it's not. We usually don't repeat the same heads, but we often work in a structure of theme / improvisation / theme / improvisation. So you know where you are coming from, and where you've got to go, and you've got a little time to make the ascent, the descent, or whatever is called for."

text:
# Mixed Quintet

***Mixed Quintet*** is an album by American jazz violinist Leroy Jenkins, recorded in 1979 for the Italian Black Saint label.

Regarding the album's title, Jenkins stated: "I called it mixed... because the quintet contains brass, reeds and strings, a mixture of instruments. I wanted to emphasize that this is different than the regular jazz quintet of a rhythm section and two front men." Concerning the music, he commented that it "isn't dependent on changes, it's dependent on direction. Where it came from and where it's going. Some people would call that open-ended, but it's not. We usually don't repeat the same heads, but we often work in a structure of theme / improvisation / theme / improvisation. So you know where you are coming from, and where you've got to go, and you've got a little time to make the ascent, the descent, or whatever is called for."

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz & Blues Album Guide* |  |

The AllMusic review by Dean McFarlane stated: "Exploring the jazz language and improvisation in such an oblique manner, the recording bears many similarities to the work of avant-garde jazz composer Anthony Braxton. An interesting recording yet by no means a representation of the ecstatic peaks Leroy Jenkins was capable of achieving as a free jazz soloist".

The authors of *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* awarded the album 3½ stars, calling it "a foretaste of the classical configurations that were to come," and commented: "Some of the titles might sound restrainedly formal... but none... is a merely abstract etude or exercise, and all of them have Jenkins's trademark blend of intense expression and admirable control." They praised the wind players, calling them "masters in their own right," and singled out Ehrlich as "revelatory, a player as strongly rooted in classic jazz as he is in European art music."

## Track listing

*All compositions by Leroy Jenkins* 1. "Shapes, Textures, Rhythms, Moods of Sound" – 19:17
2. "Quintet No. 3" – 18:09

* Recorded at CI Studios in New York City on March 22 & 23, 1979

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Mixed Quintet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Leroy Jenkins | |
| Released | 1979 |
| Recorded | March 22–23, 1979 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 37:26 |
| Label | Black Saint |
| Producer | Leroy Jenkins |
| Leroy Jenkins chronology | |
| *Space Minds, New Worlds, Survival of America*
(1979) ***Mixed Quintet***
(1979) *Straight Ahead/Free at Last*
(1979) | |


title: Mixed Relations

abstract: Mixed Relations were an Australian band formed by Bart Willoughby. They played a mixture of reggae rock, pop, and jazz. Mixed Relations toured Aboriginal communities, Australian cities, Pacific Islands, New Zealand, United States, Europe, Canada,and Hong Kong. Their track, "Aboriginal Woman", was listed at No. 89 on the Triple J Hottest 100, 1993.

text:
# Mixed Relations

**Mixed Relations** were an Australian band formed by Bart Willoughby. They played a mixture of reggae rock, pop, and jazz. Mixed Relations toured Aboriginal communities, Australian cities, Pacific Islands, New Zealand, United States, Europe, Canada ,and Hong Kong. Their track, "Aboriginal Woman", was listed at No. 89 on the Triple J Hottest 100, 1993.

## History

Mixed Relations was a reggae rock group formed in Sydney by Bart Willoughby on percussion, lead vocals, guitar and didgeridoo in late 1988. Willoughby had been a member of No Fixed Address, Coloured Stone and Yothu Yindi. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, felt that Mixed Relations played "an infectious and funky hybrid of reggae, pop, rock and jazz. The band established a solid live reputation." Their debut performance was at the Aboriginal Music Festival, Darwin, in December 1988.

In August 1991 the group toured Europe and Canada. Kaarin Davies-Cassin of *Green Left Weekly* described their sound, which "blends syncopation and counterpoint harmony, weaving traditional Australian rhythms and melodic form with traditional and Western instruments."

In October 1992 Mixed Relations issued their debut extended play, *Take It or Leave It*, on Red Eye Records. Alongside Willoughby the group included Murray Cook (not the one from the Wiggles) on keyboards and bass guitar (ex-Warumpi Band, Happening Thang), Leroy Cummings on guitar, Alvin Duffin on drums and percussion (ex-Mantaka), Brenda Gifford on saxophone, piano and backing vocals, Alice Haines on vocals and percussion, Vanessa Lucas on bass guitar, violin and backing vocals (ex-Tall Tales & True). They followed with their single, "Aboriginal Woman" (February 1993), and their debut album, *Love*, appeared in April. *The Canberra Times*' Nic Haygarth opined that the album was "a concoction of joyous sounds urban and outback, indigenous and electric, with the spirit of Aboriginal culture at its core."

Willoughby explained his stylistic philosophy to Haygarth, "There are people who came from radio to black and white television, and people who came from black and white television to colour, and there are people born to go from colour to virtual reality. We are the ones that remember the change from black and white to colour. And now you've got no corroboree rock, but a black and white sort of thing. I had to find some way to change from No Fixed Address. Mixed Relations allows me to work with whoever I want and play whatever I want. This style is like the middle where I am."

"Aboriginal Woman", was listed at No. 89 on Triple J's listener's poll: Hottest 100 for 1993. In November 1993 Willoughby was presented with the best indigenous performer award at the Australian Music Awards.

Other musicians in Mixed Relations included Megan Briansky on keyboards and vocals, Sharon Carpenter on percussion and vocals, and Suzanne Irvin on keyboards. The group disbanded in 1995 when Willoughby returned to his Pitjantjatjara community as a music teacher. From 1997 he worked as a solo artist and in 2008 he reformed No Fixed Address.

Alice Haines departed the band in 1992 to play the part of Rosie in the national touring production of *Bran Nue Dae*. She subsequently starred in the film *Serenades*, in the female lead role of Jila, her own stage musical show *Alice* in 2001 and releasing a solo album *Matter of Time* in 2005. After the disbandment of Mixed Relations Murray Cook joined Mental As Anything. Selwn Burns played with No Fixed Address, Coloured Stone and Blackfire. Vanessa Lucas was a short-term member of Tall Tales and True. Brenda Gifford, a music teacher, later recalled her time with Mixed Relations, "It was a really great experience, I got to see Australia – urban, regional, remote, traditional. And we got to see a bit of the world."

## Discography

### Albums

* *Love* (April 1993)

### Extended plays

### Singles

* "Aboriginal Woman" (1993)

General * Bebbington, Warren, ed. (1997). *The Oxford Companion to Australian Music*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553432-8.
* McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Whammo Homepage". *Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop*. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 3 October 2013. Note: Archived \[on-line\] copy has limited functionality.

Specific

## InfoBox

| Mixed Relations | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Genres | Reggae rock |
| Years active | 1988 (1988)–1995 (1995) |
| Labels | Red Eye |
|  | |
| Past members |  |


title: Mixed Race (album)

abstract: Mixed Race is Tricky's eighth studio album, released on 27 September 2010. It is his second album released through Domino Records, following 2008's Knowle West Boy. Mixed Race was recorded in Paris, where Tricky currently lives, and has been described by Domino Records as "his most passionate album to date". Tricky himself has described it as "the most uptempo album I've done". Musically, the album takes influence from UK, Jamaican, US, North African and French music. Guest artists include Franky Riley, Terry Lynn, Bobby Gillespie, Gavin Brooksbank, Hakim Hamadouche, Blackman, and Tricky's youngest brother Marlon Thaws. "Murder Weapon" was released as the first single on 30 August 2010 and charted in France #76.

text:
# Mixed Race (album)

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 64/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Clash* | 7/10 |
| *Drowned in Sound* | 7/10 |
| *MSN Music* (Expert Witness) | A− |
| *musicOMH* |  |
| *Pitchfork* | 5.0/10 |
|  |  |
| *Tiny Mix Tapes* |  |
| *Uncut* |  |
| *Under the Radar* | 8.5/10 |

***Mixed Race*** is Tricky's eighth studio album, released on 27 September 2010. It is his second album released through Domino Records, following 2008's *Knowle West Boy*.

*Mixed Race* was recorded in Paris, where Tricky currently lives, and has been described by Domino Records as "his most passionate album to date". Tricky himself has described it as "the most uptempo album I've done". Musically, the album takes influence from UK, Jamaican, US, North African and French music. Guest artists include Franky Riley, Terry Lynn, Bobby Gillespie, Gavin Brooksbank, Hakim Hamadouche, Blackman, and Tricky's youngest brother Marlon Thaws.

"Murder Weapon" was released as the first single on 30 August 2010 and charted in France #76.

## Track listing

All tracks written by Adrian Thaws (except 'Murder Weapons' written by Noel Phillips); additional writing credits noted per track.

1. "Every Day"
2. "UK Jamaican" *(Adrian Thaws / Thomas Bangalter / Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo / Antony Hegarty / Tekomin Williams)*
3. "Early Bird"
4. "Ghetto Stars"
5. "Hakim"
6. "Come to Me"
7. "Murder Weapon"
8. "Time to Dance"
9. "Really Real"
10. "Bristol to London"
11. "Friend Went to Jail" (iTunes and Japanese edition bonus track)

## InfoBox

| Mixed Race | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Tricky | |
| Released | 27 September 2010 |
| Recorded | 2010; Paris, France |
| Genre | Trip hop, electronica |
| Length | 29:23
31:36 (with bonus track) |
| Label | Domino |
| Producer | Tricky |
| Tricky chronology | |
| *Knowle West Boy*
(2008) ***Mixed Race***
(2010) *False Idols*
(2013) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Mixed Race* | |
| 1. "Murder Weapon"
Released: 30 August 2010 | |
|  | |


title: William A. Hickey

abstract: William Augustine Hickey was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Providence in Rhode Island from 1921 until his death in 1933.

text:
# William A. Hickey

| Styles of
**William Augustine Hickey** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | The Most Reverend |
| Spoken style | Your Excellency |
| Religious style | Monsignor |
| Posthumous style | none |

**William Augustine Hickey** (May 13, 1869  October 4, 1933) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Providence in Rhode Island from 1921 until his death in 1933.

## Biography

### Early life

Hickey was born on May 13, 1869, in Worcester, Massachusetts, to William and Margaret (née Troy) Hickey. His father served in both the Union Army and the Union Navy during the American Civil War. Hickey attended the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, then went to France to study at St. Sulpice Seminary in Issy-les-Moulineaux. Upon his return to Massachusetts, Hickey attended St. John's Seminary in Boston.

### Priesthood

Hickey was ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of Worcester by Archbishop John Williams on December 22, 1893. He then held several pastoral roles in Worcester County.

From 1903 to 1917, Hickey served as a pastor in Gilbertville, Massachusetts, where he would preach in four different languages (English, French, Polish, and Lithuanian) every Sunday. He was then transferred to St. John's Parish in Clinton, Massachusetts, where he built a parochial school and parish hall. U.S. Senator David I. Walsh made these comments about Hickey:

> Father Hickey has...been a soldier camping in the homes of the sick and the poor under the white banner of the Church, fighting for salvation; has battled for Christ in the trenches of humanity. Not a day has passed over his head since our boys first left Clinton that he has not prayed for his people.

### Coadjutor Bishop and Bishop of Providence

On January 16, 1919, Hickey was appointed coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of Providence and titular bishop of Claudiopolis in Isauria by Pope Benedict XV. Hickey received his episcopal consecration on April 10, 1919, from Bishop Thomas Beaven, with Bishops Louis Walsh and Daniel Feehan serving as co-consecrators, in the Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul in Providence. He was immediately appointed as apostolic administrator for the diocese by the incumbent Bishop Matthew Harkins., Hickey automatically became the third Bishop of Providence on Harkin's death on May 25, 1921.

#### Language controversy

In 1923, Hickey started an initiative to upgrade and build new high schools in the diocese. The diocese soon unveiled plans to upgrade Mount Saint Charles Academy, a secondary school in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. The academy had been teaching classes in French to accommodate the later French Canadian Catholic population in the town. However, it soon became clear that Hickey intended for the classes in the renovated school to be English only. Parishioners became angry that they were being forced to pay for this policy. Elphege Daignault, a Woonsocket lawyer, became a protest leader. In one swipe at Hickey, he labeled Irish-American clergy as “national assassins". In 1924, the dissidents founded the newspaper *La Sentinelle*, to express their opposition. The dissidents were now called Sentinellists.

Daignault and the Sentinellists first appealed Hickey's plans to Archbishop Pietro Fumasoni-Biondi, the apostolic delegate, or Vatican representative, to the United States. When that appeal failed, Daignault sued the diocese in state court in Rhode Island. The Rhode Island Supreme Court eventually ruled that it had no jurisdiction in church affairs. By this point, the controversy had gained publicity in French Canadian communities in the United States and Canada. The Sentinellists finally sent a delegation to Vatican City to appeal directly to Pope Pius XI, but he refused to see them.

In 1927, Hickey excommunicated Daignault and other Sentinellists and placed *La Sentinelle* on the *Index Librorum Prohibitorum*., prohibiting Catholics from reading it. Eventually Daignault and the others recanted their opposition to Hickey and he lifted their excommunications.

Hickey died in Providence on October 4, 1933, from a heart attack at age 64.

## Episcopal succession

## InfoBox

| His Excellency, The Most Reverend
William Augustine Hickey | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Providence
titular bishop of Claudiopolis | |
| See | Diocese of Providence |
| Predecessor | Matthew Harkins |
| Successor | Francis Patrick Keough |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | December 22, 1893
by John Joseph Williams |
| Consecration | April 10, 1919
by Thomas Daniel Beaven |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1869-05-13)May 13, 1869
Worcester, Massachusetts, US |
| Died | October 4, 1933(1933-10-04) (aged 64)
Providence, Rhode Island, US |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Education | College of the Holy Cross
St. Sulpice Seminary
St. John's Seminary |


title: William Arrowsmith

abstract: William Ayres Arrowsmith was an American classicist, academic, and translator.

text:
# William Arrowsmith

**William Ayres Arrowsmith** (April 13, 1924 – February 21, 1992) was an American classicist, academic, and translator.

## Life

Born in Orange, New Jersey, the son of Walter Weed Arrowsmith and Dorothy (Ayres) Arrowsmith, William grew up in Wellesley, Massachusetts. He went to schools in Massachusetts and Florida, then The Hill School received a A.B. *summa cum laude* and Phi Beta Kappa and a Ph.D. from Princeton University, and also earned bachelor's and master's degrees from Oxford University. Arrowsmith was a Rhodes Scholar while at Oxford and later received Wilson, Guggenheim and Rockefeller fellowships. He was awarded ten honorary degrees.

Arrowsmith is remembered for his translations of Petronius's *Satyricon* (1959) and Aristophanes' plays *The Birds* (1961) and *The Clouds* (1962), as well as Euripides' *Alcestis, Cyclops, Heracles, Orestes, Hecuba*, and *The Bacchae*, and other classical and contemporary works. He was the general editor of the 33-volume *The Greek Tragedy in New Translations* (Oxford, 1973) and of Nietzsche's *Unmodern Observations* (Yale, 1989). Arrowsmith also translated modern works, including *The Storm and Other Things* (Norton, 1985) by Eugenio Montale, the Nobel laureate Italian poet; *Hard Labor* (Grossman, 1976) by Cesare Pavese, for which he won the U.S. National Book Award in category Translation (a split award); and *Six Modern Italian Novellas* (Pocket Books, 1964). He is known for his writings on Italian film director Michelangelo Antonioni. A prolific writer and editor, he founded and edited *The Hudson Review* and later *Arion* and served on the editorial board of *Delos*, *Mosaic*, *American Poetry Review* and *Pequod*.

An academic for most of his life, Arrowsmith served as chairman of the Classics Department at the University of Texas as well as a professor at Boston University, Princeton University, MIT, Yale, Johns Hopkins University, NYU, and Emory University. He gained notoriety with his attacks on graduate education in the humanities in the 1960s, particularly in a Phi Beta Kappa lecture on "The Shame of the Graduate Schools: A Plea for a New American Scholar" published in Harper's Magazine in 1966. He blamed "the hideous jungle of academic bureaucracy" for making the humanities irrelevant to modern life and sacrificing education to trivial research, "the cult of the fact" and career training. Later he served on a National Endowment for the Humanities panel that issued a report in 1984 voicing similar views. He was also on the board of the American Association for Higher Education and the International Council on the Future of the University.

Arrowsmith died after suffering a heart attack at his home in Brookline, Massachusetts at age 67. An extensive tribute to Arrowsmith appeared in *Arion*.

## Works

* Erich Segal, ed. (1968). "Euripides' Theater of Ideas". *Euripides: a collection of critical essays*. Prentice-Hall.
* Aeschylus, Euripides (1959). "Cyclops". In David Grene (ed.). *The complete Greek tragedies*. University of Chicago Press.
* Aristophanes (1969). William Arrowsmith (ed.). *Three comedies: The birds; The clouds, The wasps*. Translated by William Arrowsmith; Douglass Parker. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06153-2.
* Petronius Arbiter (1959). *Satyricon*. Translated, with an introd. by William Arrowsmith. University Of Michigan Press.
* Eurípides (1992). William Arrowsmith; Herbert Golder (eds.). *Iphigeneia at Aulis*. Translators W. S. Merwin, George E. Dimock. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-507709-4.

## InfoBox

| William Arrowsmith | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | William Ayres Arrowsmith
April 13, 1924
Orange, New Jersey, US |
| Died | February 21, 1992 (1992-02-22) (aged 67)
Brookline, Massachusetts, US |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | * Princeton University (undergraduate and doctorate degrees) * Oxford University (bachelor's and master's degrees) |
| Occupation(s) | classicist, academic, and translator |
| Employers | * Chairman of the Classics Department at the University of Texas * Professor at Boston University, Princeton University, MIT, Yale, Johns Hopkins University, NYU, and Emory University |
| Known for | his classical and contemporary translations |
| Notable work | * Translation of Petronius's Satyricon (1959) * Translation of Aristophanes' plays The Birds (1961) * Translation of The Clouds (1962) * Translation of Euripides' Alcestis, Cyclops, Heracles, Orestes, Hecuba, and The Bacchae |
| Awards | * Rhodes Scholar * Wilson, Guggenheim and Rockefeller fellowships * Ten honorary degrees |


title: Mochimune Station

abstract: Mochimune Station is a railway station in Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Mochimune Station

**Mochimune Station** (用宗駅, *Mochimune-eki*) is a railway station in Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).

## Lines

Mochimune Station is served by the Tōkaidō Main Line, and is located 186.6 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Tokyo Station.

## Station layout

The station has an island platform serving Track 2 and Track 3, and a side platform serving the seldom-used Track 1. The platforms are connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station building has automated ticket machines, TOICA automated turnstiles and a staffed ticket office.

### Platforms

| **1** | Tōkaidō Main Line | auxiliary platform |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Tōkaidō Main Line | For Fujieda, Yaizu, Shimada, Hamamatsu |
| **3** | Tōkaidō Main Line | For Shizuoka, Numazu |

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Central Japan Railway Company | | | | |
| Tōkaidō Main Line | | | | |
| Commuter Rapid: Does not stop at this station | | | | |
| Rapid: Does not stop at this station | | | | |
| Abekawa |  | Local |  | Yaizu |

## History

A signal box was established at the site of present-day Mochimune Station on December 21, 1902. It was rebuilt as a station for both passenger and freight services on November 1, 1909. Regularly scheduled freight service was discontinued in 1974.

Station numbering was introduced to the section of the Tōkaidō Line operated JR Central in March 2018; Mochimune Station was assigned station number CA19.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 1,537 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

* Mochimune Fishing Port
* Mochimune Beach
* Site of Mochimune Castle

* Yoshikawa, Fumio. *Tokaido-sen 130-nen no ayumi*. Grand-Prix Publishing (2002) ISBN 4-87687-234-1.(in Japanese)

## InfoBox

| CA19
Mochimune Station
用宗駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| JR Mochimune Station in June 2019 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 4-1 Mochimune-Shiroyama, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka-ken
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°55′17″N 138°21′32″E / 34.92139°N 138.35889°E / 34.92139; 138.35889 |
| Operated by | JR Central |
| Line(s) | Tokaido Main Line |
| Distance | 186.6 kilometers from Tokyo |
| Platforms | 1 island + 1 side platform |
| Other information | |
| Status | Staffed |
| Station code | CA19 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | November 1, 1909 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2017 | 1,537 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Mochimune StationLocation within Shizuoka PrefectureMochimune StationMochimune Station (Japan) | |


title: William A. Mott

abstract: William Albert Mott was a lawyer and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Restigouche County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1892 to 1903. He was born in Campbellton, New Brunswick, the son of William Mott, and was educated in Dalhousie. He was called to the bar in 1888 and entered practice in partnership with John McAlister. He was mayor of Campbellton in 1892. In 1894, Mott married Harriet E. Henderson. He served as consul for Norway and Sweden.

text:
# William A. Mott

**William Albert Mott** (November 29, 1864  December 1, 1911) was a lawyer and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He represented Restigouche County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1892 to 1903.

He was born in Campbellton, New Brunswick, the son of William Mott, and was educated in Dalhousie. He was called to the bar in 1888 and entered practice in partnership with John McAlister. He was mayor of Campbellton in 1892. In 1894, Mott married Harriet E. Henderson. He served as consul for Norway and Sweden.

1. New Brunswick provincial archives