title: RAF Digby

abstract: Royal Air Force Digby otherwise known as RAF Digby is a Royal Air Force station located near Scopwick and 11.6 mi (18.7 km) south east of Lincoln, in Lincolnshire, England. The station is home to the tri-service Joint Service Signals Organisation, part of the Joint Forces Intelligence Group of Joint Forces Command. Other units include the RAF Aerial Erector School, No. 54 Signals Unit and No. 591 Signals Unit. Formerly an RAF training and fighter airfield, it is one of the country's older Royal Air Force stations, predated only by RAF Northolt, which is the oldest and predates the Royal Air Force by three years, having opened in 1915. Flying at Digby ceased in 1953.

text:
# RAF Digby

**Royal Air Force Digby** otherwise known as **RAF Digby** is a Royal Air Force station located near Scopwick and 11.6 mi (18.7 km) south east of Lincoln, in Lincolnshire, England. The station is home to the tri-service Joint Service Signals Organisation, part of the Joint Forces Intelligence Group of Joint Forces Command. Other units include the RAF Aerial Erector School, No. 54 Signals Unit and No. 591 Signals Unit.

Formerly an RAF training and fighter airfield, it is one of the country's older Royal Air Force stations, predated only by RAF Northolt, which is the oldest and predates the Royal Air Force by three years, having opened in 1915. Flying at Digby ceased in 1953.

## History

### First World War

There are dated photographs that show that the airfield was already in use for flying training by Royal Naval pilots in the summer of 1917, although no documents supporting this have ever been found. The photographs show contemporary hangars, sheds and aircraft already in place around grassed runways and uniformed Royal Naval trainee pilots from the HMS Daedalus facility at Cranwell receiving instruction. What is on record is the minutes of a conference held at the Scopwick airfield in November 1917 that confirmed its suitability for conversion to a training depot station in its own right. On 12 January 1918 the War Office issued the authority notice for the site to be formally taken over under the Defence of the Realm Regulations.

Early accommodation for personnel was under canvas and the first pilots arrived on 28 March 1918, commanded by Major John H D’Albiac a former Royal Marines aviator. The party left Royal Flying Corps Portholme Meadow aerodrome in Huntingdonshire and moved to Scopwick, bringing Handley Page bombers with them. RAF Scopwick aerodrome was deemed officially open with their arrival, although the newly established Royal Air Force did not formally come into existence until four days later on 1 April 1918. D’Albiac was appointed as RAF Scopwick's first commanding officer. A works report dated November 1918 shows that all building works had been completed. Designated as No. 59 Training Depot Station RAF, its initial establishment of 10 x Handley Page 0/100s, 18 x FE2EB/DS and 30 x Avro 504Ks indicates that it was a night bomber training unit. The only action seen by RAF Scopwick during World War I was when a German Zeppelin attempted a bombing raid, with its bombs missing the station and falling in a nearby field.

### Between the wars

In April 1920 No. 59 TDS handed over to No. 3 Flying Training School RAF whose first commander was Squadron Leader A T Harris, later to become known as Air Marshal 'Bomber' Harris. Five months later the name of the station changed from Scopwick to RAF Digby, after several instances of aircraft spares being delivered in error to RAF Shotwick in North Wales. The role of the station also switched from training bomber pilots to training fighter pilots. In April 1922 the school was disbanded and the station placed on care and maintenance, when the RAF contracted further after the end of the war.

The closure was short-lived and in June 1924 No. 2 Flying Training School RAF arrived from RAF Duxford. The school flew Avro 504s, Bristol Fighters, and Sopwith Snipes and specialised in training novice pilots to fly in fighter-type aircraft, rather than the usual practice of learning on basic trainers and later converting to fighters. The school was commanded by Wing Commander Sidney 'Crasher' Smith DSO AFC, so named because of his habit of landing his aircraft rather more robustly than they were designed for; including three aircraft in a single day. Smith returned to Digby five years later as a Group Captain, for a second stint as station commander. Smith's replacement as station commander was an officer due for greater things, Wing Commander Arthur Tedder later became Lord Tedder and Marshal of the Royal Air Force. In 1934 the station was commanded by Group Captain T Leigh-Mallory, who was later to become Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory and one of the most notable commanders in Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain.

Between 1929 and 1936 the appearance of the station changed dramatically and most of the original wooden 1917/1918 hangars, barrack blocks and offices were demolished and replaced with substantial brick structures. The seven original hangars were replaced by two new ones, although a planned third hangar was first delayed and eventually never built. Most of the domestic barrack blocks, officers' mess, station headquarters, squadron offices and married quarters built at this time still stand and remain in use. The No. 12 Group RAF Lima Sector Operations bunker, now the station museum, was constructed at a cost in 1936 of £5,000.

The following year saw a major change to the station's function. On 7 September 1937 No. 2 Flying Training School relocated to RAF Brize Norton, and Digby was handed to No. 12 Group Fighter Command as an operational fighter station intended to provide fighter cover for the cities of Lincoln, Nottingham and Leicester. Two months later there were already two squadrons of fighters at Digby, No. 73 Squadron RAF flying Gloster Gladiators and No. 46 Squadron RAF equipped with Gloster Gauntlets. In 1938 both squadrons were re-equipped with Hawker Hurricanes and joined by another Hurricane squadron No. 504 Squadron RAF, an auxiliary squadron from Nottingham.

### Second World War

RAF Digby entered the war with some of its squadrons operating from nearby satellite fields under its control at RAF Coleby Grange and RAF Wellingore. The first squadron scrambled from Digby was No. 46 Squadron on 3 September; told there was an incoming German raid they found nothing and returned.

October 1939 saw a number of arrivals at the station. On 10 October No. 611 Squadron RAF flying Supermarine Spitfires and No. 229 Squadron RAF operating Bristol Blenheims arrived at Digby. Initially, No. 611 Squadron flew affiliation exercises with the other two squadrons and with other new arrivals No. 44 Squadron RAF and No. 144 Squadron RAF, who were both equipped with Hampden light bombers. At the end of October a Bristol Blenheim fighter and escort Squadron arrived, No. 29 Squadron RAF. With the squadron came the soon-to-be-famous officer Guy Gibson, who would be awarded a Victoria Cross as the commander of the Dambusters. It was Gibson's second tour at Digby as he had learned to fly at the station while attending No. 2 FTS in 1936. Gibson was still based at Digby in 1940 when he was married in Penarth, South Wales.

As 1939 came to a close King George VI made the first of three formal visits to RAF Digby. In addition to inspecting No. 46 Squadron, he presented decorations to fighter pilots from Digby and several neighbouring stations. The recipients included Guy Gibson who received his first DFC.

For six weeks in May and June 1940 the station was home to No. 222 Squadron RAF on a rotational rest and recuperation break from fighting the Battle of Britain from RAF Duxford. The squadron's most famous flight commander was the legless fighter ace Flight Lieutenant Douglas Bader. With the station's complement of pilots expanding nearby Wellingore Hall was requisitioned as a second officers' mess.

In late August 1940 a single German Junkers Ju 88 bomber appeared suddenly out of the mist and dropped its load of bombs on the station, all of them missing the runways and buildings to explode harmlessly on open ground. In February 1941 the first of the Canadian fighter squadrons arrived at Digby. No. 1 (Canadian) Squadron and No. 2 (Canadian) Squadron immediately renumbered as No. 401 Squadron RCAF and No. 402 Squadron RCAF respectively; both squadrons were equipped with Hurricanes. The Canadian Digby wing was formed on 24 April 1941 when the station received three further squadrons, No. 409 Squadron RCAF flying Boulton Paul Defiants, No. 411 Squadron RCAF and No. 412 Squadron RCAF both flying Supermarine Spitfires.

RAF Digby received several German bomber raids during 1941 and extensive damage was suffered. It was decided to relocate the 12 Group Sector Operations Centre away from further danger and it moved to a luxurious setting in the west wing of Blankney Hall where it stayed for the remainder of the war. Several RAF squadrons arrived to serve alongside the Canadians during 1941; No. 92 Squadron RAF and No. 609 Squadron RAF both arrived from RAF Biggin Hill on rotational rest and recuperation leave. There were now so many airmen at RAF Digby that even the two officers' messes could not accommodate them all. Several squadrons commandeered the nearby Ashby Hall as their officers' mess and the hall remained in this role until the end of the war when it fell into disrepair and its estate was broken up.

American-born pilot and poet John Gillespie Magee flying for the Canadian air force was killed at the age of 19 on 11 December 1941 while stationed at RAF Digby with No. 412 (Fighter) Squadron RCAF. Magee took off in a Spitfire from the satellite field at RAF Wellingore and, while descending through cloud over Roxholm village just south of Digby, was involved in a mid-air collision with an Airspeed Oxford climbing out of RAF Cranwell. Magee is buried at the war graves section of Scopwick churchyard along with 49 other aviators from local airfields and five German aircrew. On his grave are inscribed the first and last lines from his poem High Flight:

"Oh! I have slipped the surly bonds of Earth – Put out my hand and touched the Face of God."

UK bomb-disposal teams were having continuing problems rendering safe with German 2 kg (4.4 lb) Butterfly bombs because no examples had been safely dismantled to learn the best process. This was because butterfly bombs were specifically designed to detonate if they were disturbed in any way. Whilst dealing with eight butterfly bombs which had fallen on RAF Harlaxton and failed to explode, Flight Sergeant Hanford of RAF Bomb Disposal (based at RAF Digby) noticed that the arming rods on the bombs had not fully unscrewed themselves i.e. the fuzes were not fully armed. Hanford carefully screwed the arming rods back into the fuze pockets by hand, thereby enabling the bomb disposal scientists to safely dismantle the fuze mechanisms, learn how they worked and develop counter-measures. Highly useful information in the form of diagrams and detailed explanations were then distributed to bomb disposal technicians for instructional purposes. Hanford was later awarded the British Empire Medal for this feat of extreme bravery.

Airfield guarding duties during the war were covered initially by a variety of Army units and later by several squadrons the RAF Regiment. In February 1941, Digby was guarded by B Company of the Royal Welch Fusiliers. From the middle of 1941 until 1942 Digby was guarded by D Company of the 70th Battalion Royal Welch Fusiliers.

### RCAF Digby

On 16 September 1942 control of Digby formally passed to Canada and the station was renamed Royal Canadian Air Force Station Digby under the command of Group Captain McNab RCAF. In February 1943 the first de Havilland Mosquitos arrived at Digby and were allocated to No. 410 Squadron.

During early 1944 Digby was a hive of activity with all of the resident squadrons and several visiting squadrons, including several Czech and Belgian squadrons, taken up with training for D-day invasion support. When the invasion took place all of the squadrons relocated to captured airfields in France and Digby became an almost deserted 'ghost town'. All that remained were No. 116 Squadron RAF flying a small number of Airspeed Oxfords in an anti-aircraft training role and two squadrons flying elderly Blenheims for radar calibration off the east coast.

In May 1945 control of the station was handed back by the Canadians and it again became RAF Digby, although the new station badge showed the autumn gold maple leaf to permanently acknowledge its history as a Canadian facility for three years. By the time the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945, RAF Digby had been the wartime home to 30 RAF squadrons, 13 Canadian squadrons, 4 Polish squadrons, 2 Belgian squadrons and 1 Czech squadron. Those airmen had flown Hurricane, Spitfire, Defiant, Blenheim, Beaufighter, Mosquito, Mustang, Wellington, Oxford and Anson aircraft. The station had also hosted the full range of visiting RAF heavy bombers and their crews, as well as no fewer than 30 USAAF B-17Gs on a foggy night in November 1944.

### Post-war

Following the end of World War II Digby increasingly took on a non-flying role for RAF Technical Training Command. In 1948 the Secretarial Branch Training School relocated from RAF Hereford and the Equipment Officers' School was established at Digby. Between 1948 and 1950 Digby also became home to the No.1 Initial Officer Training unit, the Aircrew Education Unit, the Aircrew Transit Unit and the Instructional Leadership Course. In 1951 No. 2 Aircrew Grading School for both potential pilots and ancillary aircrew was established at Digby using a wide range of elderly aircraft.

The station badge was awarded in July 1952 and depicts a white crane superimposed over a maple leaf. The station's motto *Icarus Renatus* means *Icarus Reborn* and relates to the short period when the station was under 'care and maintenance' and then re-activated.

Flying ceased at Digby when all units and training schools were disbanded or relocated during January 1953 and the station was placed on care and maintenance until October 1954 when building works commenced in preparation for the establishment of the proposed signals units. No. 399 Signals Unit arrived in January 1955 and declared itself fully operational on 15 February, located in No. 2 hangar (now the station gymnasium). The second, No. 591 Signals Unit arrived in July 1955 and set up operations in hangar No. 1 (North).

In September 1959 the Wireless Operators' School and the Aerial Erectors' School were established at Digby to begin training their respective students. The station continued to expand its scope of operations steadily from the 1970s and into the new millennium. British Army elements arrived in 1994 and were later joined by the Royal Navy. The addition of US detachments signalled the start of yet another era in the history of Digby. On 1 September 1998 399 Signals Unit merged with the newly arrived Special Signals Support Unit from Loughborough to form the Joint Service Signal Unit (Digby).

No. 54 Signals Unit was established in 2014 and provides processing, exploitation, and dissemination of all UK air-derived electronic surveillance data. The unit forms part of No. 1 Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance Wing which has its headquarters at RAF Waddington.

## Based units

Notable units based at RAF Digby.

### Royal Air Force

**No. 1 Group (Air Combat)**

**No. 2 Group (Air Combat Support)**

**No. 22 Group (Training)**

* The Defence College of Technical Training (DCTT)
    + The Defence School of Communications and Information Systems (DSCIS)
* Air Training Corps
    + Central & East Region
        - Headquarters Trent Wing

**Other**

* Sector Operations Room Museum

### Strategic Command

**Defence Intelligence**

## Role and operations

### Joint Service Signals Organisation

The Joint Service Signals Organisation is part of Joint Forces Intelligence Group branch of Defence Intelligence. It provides direct support to strategic decision making and operations and is made up of personnel from all three services. The JSSO also conducts research into new communications systems and techniques in order to provide operational support to static and deployed units of the armed forces.

Joint Service Signal Unit (Digby) is one of several Joint Service Signal Units (JSSU) within the JSSO and provides specialist communications information systems to the British Armed Forces.

### No. 591 Signals Unit

No. 591 Signals Unit (591 SU) is a communications and electronic security monitoring organisation providing services to the RAF. The unit was established on 1 June 1952 at RAF Wythall. It moved to Digby in 1955 and was transferred to Strike Command in July 2000 when it became an Air Combat Support Unit (ACSU) of the RAF Air Warfare Centre. No. 591 SU predominately carry out their activities on deployed operations.

### Aerial Erector School

The RAF Aerial Erector School AES is an element of No. 1 Radio School at RAF Cosford and provides training to personnel of the Armed Forces and civilians.

### Air Training Corps

Trent Wing Air Training Corps manages staff and cadets stretching across 31 ATC squadrons in Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire.

### Museum

RAF Digby is also home to the Sector Operations Room Museum which was opened by Air Chief Marshal Sir John Allison on 30 May 1997. The museum is funded by donations and is normally open to the public from 11.00am on Sundays from 1st Sunday in May to 1st Sunday in October, or by special arrangement.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore (1984) *Action Stations: Wartime Military Airfields of Lincolnshire and the East Midlands v. 2* ISBN 978-0850594843
* Morris, Richard (1994). *Guy Gibson*. London: Viking, Penguin Group.
* Rennison, John P. (2003) *Digby Diary: A History of RAF Digby in Lincolnshire, 1917–1953*

## InfoBox

| RAF Digby | |
| --- | --- |
| Near Scopwick, Lincolnshire in England | |
| Replica Spitfire as gate guardian | |
| *Icarus renatus*<br>(Latin for 'Icarus reborn') | |
| RAF DigbyShown within Lincolnshire | |
| Coordinates | 53°05′27″N 000°26′03″W / 53.09083°N 0.43417°W / 53.09083; -0.43417 |
| Type | Joint signals intelligence station |
| Area | 171 hectares |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Ministry of Defence |
| Operator | Royal Air Force and Joint Forces Command |
| Website | Official website |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1918 (1918) |
| In use | 1918–present |
| Airfield information | |
| Elevation | 61 metres (200 ft) AMSL |
| Runways  Direction Length and surface  ~~NE/SW~~ 1,800 metres (5,906 ft) ~~Grass~~  ~~NW/SE~~ 1,280 metres (4,199 ft) ~~Grass~~  ~~W/E~~ 880 metres (2,887 ft) ~~Grass~~ | |
| Flying ceased in January 1953. Airfield no longer in use. | |


# Gomoa Central (Ghana parliament constituency)

Naana Eyiah is a member of parliament for the constituency. She was elected on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party (Ghana)|New Patriotic Party (NPP) and won a majority of 14,178 votes to become the MP. She succeeded Rachel Florence Appoh who had represented the constituency in the same year on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress (NDC) with minority votes of 12,858.

## Members of Parliament

| Period | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 - 2016 | Rachel N. A. Appoh | National Democratic Congress |  |
| 2016 - Date | Naana Eyiah | New Patriotic Party |

## Boundaries

The seat is within the Gomoaman Traditional area and shares boundaries with Gomoa East and Gomoa West Districts and Agona West Municipal all in the Central Region of Ghana.

## InfoBox

| Gomoa central | |
| --- | --- |
| constituency<br>for the Parliament of Ghana | |
|  | |
| District | Gomoa Central District |
| Region | Central Region of Ghana |
| Current constituency | |
| Created | 2016 |
| Party | New Patriotic Party (Ghana) |
| MP | Naana Eyiah Quansah |


title: Gorobani

abstract: Gorobani is a village in the commune of Parakou in the Borgou Department of central-eastern Benin. It is located west of Parakou city centre.

text:
# Gorobani

**Gorobani**  is a village in the commune of Parakou in the Borgou Department of central-eastern Benin. It is located west of Parakou city centre.

## InfoBox

| Gorobani | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| GorobaniLocation in Benin | |
| Coordinates: 9°21′N 2°34′E / 9.350°N 2.567°E / 9.350; 2.567 | |
| Country | Benin |
| Department | Borgou Department |
| Commune | Parakou |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |


title: Goro mine

abstract: The Goro mine is a large nickel mine in the south of New Caledonia, near the township of Yaté, Prony Bay, in the South Province. It was owned by the Brazilian company Vale, who, after failing to sell it to Melbourne-based New Century Mining in June 2020 sold it to Prony Resources New Caledonia consortium in April 2021. The large mine and plant was opened at Goro in 2010 although it has had frequent problems and stoppages.

text:
# Goro mine

The **Goro mine** is a large nickel mine in the south of New Caledonia, near the township of Yaté, Prony Bay, in the South Province. It was owned by the Brazilian company Vale, who, after failing to sell it to Melbourne-based New Century Mining in June 2020 sold it to Prony Resources New Caledonia consortium in April 2021. The large mine and plant was opened at Goro in 2010 although it has had frequent problems and stoppages.

## Details

Goro is one of the largest nickel reserves in New Caledonia, which has 25% of world nickel reserves. Goro has estimated reserves of 370 million tonnes of ore grading 1.6% nickel. The 370 million tonnes of ore contains 5.92 million tonnes of nickel metal.

The Goro mine is targeted to produce about 40,000 tonnes of nickel per year, and also some cobalt from saprolite deposits. It was designed by the Canadian company Inco, and completed by the Brazilian company Vale after it purchased Inco. Ore comes from a huge open cut mine on the Plaine des Lacs. Nickel and cobalt are delivered by conveyor to Prony Bay. The processed high grade nickel oxide is then shipped to Vale's refinery in Dalian, China. Vale held a 69% share and a joint company called Sumic Nickel Netherlands, Japan's Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. Ltd., and Mitsui Co. Ltd., held a 21% share. The three provinces of New Caledonia held the remaining 10%.

## Difficulties

The US$6 billion mine and nickel processing plant has had a chequered history. It is in a remote location with an indigenous Kanak population who were largely engaged in fishing and agriculture, with limited mining, prior to the plant. It was opposed by many of the indigenous residents for some years, led by the Rheebu Nuu committee, and sabotage at the construction site caused significant delays. Rheebu Nuu used the Declaration of 2002 and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of 2007 in order to claim land rights (as material and immaterial property) and compensation payments. A turnaround in negotiations occurred in 2008. Rheebu Nuu and Vale signed a “Pact for Sustainable Development of the Big South” in March 2008 that managed the question of royalties. Rheebu Nuu then stopped legal measures against Vale Inco and accepted a discharging of highly dilute acid in the southern Caledonian lagoon. The project was always supported by the mining friendly Southern Province.

The plant uses a high-pressure-acid-leach (HPAL) technology, deemed expensive and prone to problems. It opened in 2010 after substantial delays and an acid spill in April of that year. Sulfuric acid is made and stored on site to leach nickel out of the ores; waste material is stored and clean effluent is emitted through a long pipe into the sea. In 2012 the whole facility was out of action for six months following spills. Environmental groups and local people feared effluent emissions could damage the fragile lagoon system offshore, vital for local livelihoods and also a UNESCO World Heritage site. Their fears were again confirmed in May 2014 when 100,000 litres of effluent ended up in a creek. At this time the plant was shut down after arson attacks by local Melanesian youths, causing $20–30 million of damage. A joint mission by the provincial government and the environmental authority are investigating the extent of pollution and plant performance.

On 2016, a loan from the French Government was made to help the mine overcome their sustained losses since its opening. Vale announced its desire to sell the operation to New Century Mining in June 2020, but the company was unable generate the required funding for the acquisition, and its board elected not to pursue the acquisition.

## Tesla

In 2021 the mine contracted to supply nickel to Tesla, Inc., up to third of its production over the next five years. Sustainable development is a goal of Tesla.

In an interview the President of the Government of New Caledonia, said “New Caledonia, in its way of exploiting its ore, is perceived as a country which contributes to the fight against global warming,” “We have very high production costs in New Caledonia, it is true, but we respect human rights, respect the rights of local people and respect the environment.”

## InfoBox

Goro mine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Goro mine | |
| South Province | |
| Country | New Caledonia |
| Coordinates | 22°20′10″S 166°54′43″E / 22.336°S 166.912°E / -22.336; 166.912 |
| Production | |
| Products | Nickel cobalt |
| History | |
| Opened | 2010 |
| Owner | |
| Company | Prony Resources New Caledonia consortium |
| Website | https://pronyresources.com/en/ |


title: Gone (JR JR song)

abstract: "Gone" is a song by American indie pop band JR JR from their self-titled third album, JR JR in 2015. The song was written by the duo, along with Dan Nigro. The music video for the song was released on August 19, 2015.

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# Gone (JR JR song)

"**Gone**" is a song by American indie pop band JR JR from their self-titled third album, *JR JR* in 2015. The song was written by the duo, along with Dan Nigro. The music video for the song was released on August 19, 2015.

## Music video

The music video begins with short clips of people who seem to be bothered, when their lower halves detach from their upper halves and run around, before they are seen dancing, walking, and enjoying themselves around a city. It also features a quick cameo of the band on a newspaper under a headline. The song ends with the duo on a television in an 8-bit animation style and some legs running towards the camera.

## Use in media

The song featured in the trailer and soundtrack of the movie *Sausage Party*, as well as in the 2016 movie *Bad Moms*.

The song was also used in a 2020 Chase Bank TV advertisement, and also appeared in a Kinder Joy TV commercial the same year.

## Charts

## InfoBox

| "Gone" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by JR JR | |
| from the album  *JR JR* | |
| Released | 2015 |
| Genre | Indie pop |
| Length | 3:47 |
| Label | Warner Bros. |
| Songwriter(s) | * Joshua Epstein * Mike Higgins * Dan Nigro * Daniel Zott |
| Producer(s) | * JR JR * Ben West |


title: Radiation proctitis

abstract: Radiation proctitis or radiation proctopathy is a condition characterized by damage to the rectum after exposure to x-rays or other ionizing radiation as a part of radiation therapy. Radiation proctopathy may occur as acute inflammation called "acute radiation proctitis" or with chronic changes characterized by radiation associated vascular ectasiae (RAVE) and chronic radiation proctopathy. Radiation proctitis most commonly occurs after pelvic radiation treatment for cancers such as cervical cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and rectal cancer. RAVE and chronic radiation proctopathy involves the lower intestine, primarily the sigmoid colon and the rectum, and was previously called chronic radiation proctitis, pelvic radiation disease and radiation enteropathy.

text:
# Radiation proctitis

**Radiation proctitis** or **radiation proctopathy** is a condition characterized by damage to the rectum after exposure to x-rays or other ionizing radiation as a part of radiation therapy. Radiation proctopathy may occur as acute inflammation called **"acute radiation proctitis"** (and the related radiation colitis) or with chronic changes characterized by **radiation associated vascular ectasiae (RAVE) and chronic radiation proctopathy**. Radiation proctitis most commonly occurs after pelvic radiation treatment for cancers such as cervical cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and rectal cancer. RAVE and chronic radiation proctopathy involves the lower intestine, primarily the sigmoid colon and the rectum, and was previously called chronic radiation proctitis, pelvic radiation disease and radiation enteropathy.

## Signs and symptoms

Acute radiation proctopathy often causes pelvic pain, diarrhea, urgency, and the urge to defecate despite having an empty colon (tenesmus). Hematochezia and fecal incontinence may occur, but are less common. Chronic radiation damage to the rectum (\>3 months) may cause rectal bleeding, incontinence, or a change in bowel habits secondary. Severe cases may lead to with strictures or fistulae formation. Chronic radiation proctopathy can present at a median time of 8-12 months following radiation therapy.

## Histopathology

Acute radiation proctopathy occurs due to direct damage of the lining (epithelium) of the colon. Rectal biopsies of acute radiation proctopathy show superficial depletion of epithelial cells and acute inflammatory cells located in the lamina propria. By contrast, rectal biopsies of RAVE and chronic radiation proctopathy demonstrates ischemic endarteritis of the submucosal arterioles, submucosal fibrosis, and neovascularization.

## Diagnosis

Where chronic radiation proctopathy or RAVE is suspected, a thorough evaluation of symptoms is essential. Evaluation should include an assessment of risk factors for alternate causes of proctitis, such as C. difficile colitis, NSAID use, and travel history. Symptoms such as diarrhea and painful defecation need to be systematically investigated and the underlying causes each carefully treated. Testing for parasitic infections (amebiasis, giardiasis) and sexually transmitted infections (Neisseria gonorrhoeae and herpes simplex virus) should be considered. The location of radiation treatment is important, as radiation directed at regions of the body other than the pelvis (eg brain, chest, etc) should *not* prompt consideration of radiation proctopathy.

Endoscopy is the mainstay of diagnosis for radiation damage to the rectum, with either colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy. RAVE is usually recognized by the macroscopic appearances on endoscopy characterized by vascular ectasias. Mucosal biopsy may aid in ruling out alternate causes of proctitis, but is not routinely necessary and may increase the risk of fistulae development. Telangiectasias are characteristic and prone to bleeding. Additional endoscopic findings may include pallor (pale appearance), edema, and friability of the mucosa.

### Classification

Radiation proctitis can occur a few weeks after treatment, or after several months or years:

* *Acute radiation proctitis* — symptoms occur in the first 3 months after therapy. These symptoms include diarrhea and the urgent need to defecate.
* *Radiation associated vascular ectasias (RAVE) and chronic radiation proctopathy* — previously known as "chronic radiation proctitis" occur 3-6 months after the initial exposure. RAVE is characterized by rectal bleeding, chronic blood loss and anemia. Chronic radiation proctopathy is characterized by urgency, change in stool caliber and consistency and increased mucus. Severe cases may present with fistulas and strictures which are rare.

## Treatment

Several methods have been studied in attempts to lessen the effects of radiation proctitis. Acute radiation proctitis usually resolves without treatment after several months. When treatment is necessary, symptoms often improve with hydration, anti-diarrheal agents, and discontinuation of radiation. Butyrate enemas may also be effective.

In contrast, RAVE and chronic radiation proctopathy usually is not self-limited and often requires additional therapies. These include sucralfate, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, corticosteroids, metronidazole, argon plasma coagulation, radiofrequency ablation and formalin irrigation. The average number of treatment sessions with argon plasma coagulation to achieve control of bleeding ranges from 1 to 2.7 sessions.

In rare cases that do not respond to medical therapy and endoscopic treatment, surgery may be required. Overall, less than 10 percent of individuals with radiation proctopathy require surgery. In addition, complications such as obstruction and fistulae may require surgery.

## Epidemiology

Up to 30 percent of individuals who receive pelvic radiation therapy for cancer may develop radiation proctopathy.

## InfoBox

| Radiation proctitis | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Radiation proctopathy, Radiation associated vascular ectasias (RAVE) |
|  | |
| Endoscopic image of radiation associated vascular ectasias (RAVE) before and after therapy with argon plasma coagulation. | |
| Specialty | Gastroenterology |
| Symptoms | Pelvic pain, tenesmus, diarrhea, urgency, hematochezia |
| Complications | Anemia, perforation, fistulae |
| Types | Acute (\<3 months after radiation) and Chronic (\>3 months after radiation) |
| Causes | Pelvic radiation for cancer |
| Diagnostic method | Colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy |
| Differential diagnosis | Infectious proctitis, inflammatory bowel disease |
| Treatment | Endoscopy with argon plasma coagulation, bipolar electrocautery, radiofrequency ablation |


title: Radiation portal monitor

abstract: Radiation Portal Monitors (RPMs) are passive radiation detection devices used for the screening of individuals, vehicles, cargo or other vectors for detection of illicit sources such as at borders or secure facilities. Fear of terrorist attacks with radiological weapons spurred RPM deployment for cargo scanning since 9/11, particularly in the United States.

text:
# Radiation portal monitor

**Radiation Portal Monitors** (**RPM**s) are passive radiation detection devices used for the screening of individuals, vehicles, cargo or other vectors for detection of illicit sources such as at borders or secure facilities. Fear of terrorist attacks with radiological weapons spurred RPM deployment for cargo scanning since 9/11, particularly in the United States.

## Application

RPMs were originally developed for screening individuals and vehicles at secure facilities such as weapons laboratories. They were deployed at scrap metal facilities to detect radiation sources mixed among scrap that could contaminate a facility and result in a costly clean up.  As part of the effort to thwart nuclear smuggling after the breakup of the Soviet Union, RPMs were deployed around that territory, and later around many other European and Asian countries, by the US Department of Energy (DOE) National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) Second Line of Defense Program (SLD) starting in the late 1990s. After the attack of 9/11, the US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) started the Radiation Portal Monitor Program (RPMP) to deploy RPMs around all US borders (land, sea and air).

## Detected radiation

Radiation Portal Monitor (RPM) was designed to detect traces of radiation emitted from an object passing through a RPM. Gamma radiation is detected, and in some cases complemented by neutron detection when sensitivity for nuclear material is desired.

## Technology

### PVT (gamma ray detection)

First generation RPMs often rely on PVT scintillators for gamma counting. They provide limited information on energy of detected photons, and as a result, they were criticized for their inability to distinguish gamma rays originating from nuclear sources from gamma rays originating from a large variety of benign cargo types that naturally emit radioactivity, including cat litter, granite, porcelain, stoneware, bananas etc. Those Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials, called NORMs account for 99% of nuisance alarms. It is worth noting that bananas have erroneously been reported as the source of radiation alarms; they are not. Most produce contains potassium-40, but packing density of fruits and vegetables is too low to produce a significant signal. PVT does have the ability to provide some energy discrimination, which can be exploited to limit nuisance alarms from NORM.

### NaI(Tl) (gamma ray detection)

In attempt to reduce the high nuisance alarm rates of first generation RPMs, the Advanced Spectroscopic Portal (ASP) program was called into life. Some of the portal monitors evaluated for this purposes are based on NaI(Tl) scintillating crystals. These devices, having better energy resolution than PVT, were supposed to reduce nuisance alarm rates by distinguishing threats from benign sources on the basis of the detected gamma radiation spectra. ASPs based on NaI(Tl) had a cost several times that of first generation RPMs. To date, NaI(Tl) based ASPs have not been able to demonstrate significantly better performance than PVT based RPMs.

The ASP program was canceled in 2011 after continued problems, including a high rate of false positives and difficulty maintaining stable operation.

### HPGe (gamma ray detection)

In the scope of the ASP program, high purity germanium (HPGe) based portal monitors were evaluated. HPGe, having significantly better energy resolution than NaI(Tl), allows rather precise measurement of the isotopes contributing to gamma ray spectra. However, due to very high costs and major constraints such as cryo-cooling requirements, US government support for HPGe based portal monitors was dropped.

### 3He (thermal neutron detection)

RPMs geared for interception of nuclear threats usually incorporate a neutron detection technology. The vast majority of all neutron detectors deployed in RPMs to date relies on He-3 tubes surrounded by neutron moderators. Since the end of 2009, however, the global He-3 supply crisis has made this technology unavailable. The search for alternative neutron detection technologies has yielded satisfactory results.

### 4He (fast neutron detection)

The latest technology being deployed at ports uses pressurized natural helium to directly detect fast neutrons, without the need for bulky neutron moderators. Utilizing recoil nuclei following neutron scatter events, natural helium glows (scintillates), allowing photomultipliers (e.g. SiPMs) to produce an electrical signal. Introducing moderators and lithium-6 to capture thermalized neutrons further increases the detection capabilities of natural helium, at the expense of losing the initial information of the neutrons (such as energy) and reducing sensitivity to shielded neutron-emitting materials.

## Radiological threats

RPMs are deployed with the aim to intercept radiological threats as well as to deter malicious groups from deploying such threats.

### Radiological dispersal devices

Radiological dispersal devices (RDDs) are weapons of mass disruption rather than weapons of mass destruction. "Dirty bombs" are examples of RDDs. As the name suggests, an RDD aims at dispersing radioactive material over an area, causing high cleanup costs, psychological, and economic damage. Nevertheless, direct human losses caused by RDDs are low and not attributed to the radiological aspect. RDDs are easily fabricated and components readily obtainable. RDDs are comparatively easy to detect with RPMs due to their high level of radioactivity. RDDs emit gamma radiation as well as sometimes, depending on what isotopes are used, neutrons.

### Nuclear devices

Improvised nuclear devices (INDs) and nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction. They are difficult to acquire, manufacture, refurbish, and handle. While INDs can be constructed to emit only low amounts of radiation making them difficult to detect with RPMs, all INDs emit some amounts of gamma and neutron radiation.

## Alarms

Gamma radiation as well as neutron radiation can cause RPMs to trigger an alarm procedure. Alarms caused by statistical fluctuations of detection rates are referred to as false alarms. Alarms caused by benign radioactive sources are referred to as nuisance alarms. Causes of nuisance alarms can be broken up into several large categories:

## Deployment

This article relates primarily to RPMs deployed for screening trucks at ports of entry. Over 1400 RPMs are deployed at US borders and a similar number at foreign locations for the purpose of interdicting illicit radiological and nuclear material. The US deployments cover all land border vehicles, all seaport containerized cargo, and all mail and express courier facilities. Efforts are also being made to deploy similar measures to other cross border vectors including:

* Pedestrian radiation portal monitoring
* Air freight radiation portal monitoring
* Crane based radiation portal monitoring
* Air luggage radiation portal monitoring
* Railway radiation portal monitoring

RPMs are also deployed at civilian and military nuclear facilities to prevent theft of radiological materials. Steel mills often use RPMs to screen incoming scrap metal to avoid radioactive sources illegally disposed in this way. Garbage incineration plants often monitor incoming material to avoid contamination.


title: Goniaea furcifera

abstract: Goniaea furcifera is a species of grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1870.

text:
# Goniaea furcifera

***Goniaea furcifera*** is a species of grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1870.

## Synonyms

The following are synonyms for this species:

* *Goniaea minipes* Sjöstedt, 1920
* *Goniaea tristis* (Sjöstedt, 1921)

## InfoBox

| *Goniaea furcifera* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Genus: | *Goniaea* |
| Species: | ***G. furcifera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Goniaea furcifera***<br>Walker, 1870 | |
|


title: Gordon Hookey

abstract: Gordon Hookey is an Australian aboriginal artist from the Waanyi people. He has a Bachelor of Fine Arts (1992) and lives in Brisbane, Australia. He is primarily known as a painter but his practice also involves sculpture, installation, drawing, photography, and to a lesser extent, animation. Hookey is a core member of the Brisbane-based Indigenous collective proppaNOW. Hookey has been exhibited in the Sydney Biennale with Paranoia Annoy Ya. He had an exhibition called Ruddock's Wheel, which made fun of a comment by Philip Ruddock who said that aborigines had not used the wheel. In 2018 Gordon Hookey was interviewed in a digital story and oral history for the State Library of Queensland's James C Sourris AM Collection. In the interview Hookey talks to Bruce McLean, Curator of Indigenous Australian Art at the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art about his life, his inspirations and the meanings of his works. His work is part of numerous museum collections among which the Aboriginal Art Museum Utrecht, in the Netherlands. On the occasion of the closure of the museum, the Amsterdam based art platform Framer Framed organised the exhibition In the future everything will be as certain as it used to be (2017) where his work was shown.

text:
# Gordon Hookey

**Gordon Hookey** (born 1961 in Cloncurry) is an Australian aboriginal artist from the Waanyi people. He has a Bachelor of Fine Arts (1992) and lives in Brisbane, Australia. He is primarily known as a painter but his practice also involves sculpture, installation, drawing, photography, and to a lesser extent, animation.

Hookey is a core member of the Brisbane-based Indigenous collective proppaNOW.

Hookey has been exhibited in the Sydney Biennale with *Paranoia Annoy Ya*. He had an exhibition called *Ruddock's Wheel*, which made fun of a comment by Philip Ruddock who said that aborigines had not used the wheel.

In 2018 Gordon Hookey was interviewed in a digital story and oral history for the State Library of Queensland's James C Sourris AM Collection. In the interview Hookey talks to Bruce McLean, Curator of Indigenous Australian Art at the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art about his life, his inspirations and the meanings of his works.

His work is part of numerous museum collections among which the Aboriginal Art Museum Utrecht, in the Netherlands. On the occasion of the closure of the museum, the Amsterdam based art platform Framer Framed organised the exhibition *In the future everything will be as certain as it used to be* (2017) where his work was shown.


title: Gordon Holmes (American football)

abstract: Gordon Forrest "Sherlock" Holmes was a college football player.

text:
# Gordon Holmes (American football)

**Gordon Forrest "Sherlock" Holmes** (c. 1905 – August 8, 1963) was a college football player.

## College football

Holmes was an All-Southern center for Wallace Wade's Alabama Crimson Tide football teams of the University of Alabama, a member of the first Southern team to win a Rose Bowl. He got a case of appendicitis en route to the second one while in El Paso, and was left there with the idea of Babe Pearce filling in for Holmes. Holmes let his doctors know he would catch the next train to Pasadena. The team's roster lists him as from Springville, Alabama.

He died on August 8, 1963.

## InfoBox

Gordon Holmes
| Alabama Crimson Tide | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Center |
| Class | Graduate |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | c. 1905
Springville, Alabama, U.S. |
| Died: | August 8, 1963(1963-08-08) (aged 57–58)
Fairfield, Alabama, U.S. |
| Career history | |
| College | Alabama (19241926) |
| Bowl games |  |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Gordon Holmes (suffragette)

abstract: Gordon Holmes was a British stockbroker, suffragette, trade unionist, and author. From the end of World War I until her retirement in the 1940s she was one of the most successful City financiers of her generation, well-known both for her entrepreneurial acumen and for her advocacy for women in business. Though she was sometimes credited as the United Kingdom's "first woman stockbroker" during her lifetime, she was preceded by Amy Bell by at least 20 years.

text:
# Gordon Holmes (suffragette)

**Gordon Holmes** (30 September 1884 – 21 November 1951) was a British stockbroker, suffragette, trade unionist, and author. From the end of World War I until her retirement in the 1940s she was one of the most successful City financiers of her generation, well-known both for her entrepreneurial acumen and for her advocacy for women in business.

Though she was sometimes credited as the United Kingdom's "first woman stockbroker" during her lifetime, she was preceded by Amy Bell by at least 20 years.

## Early life

Beatrice Gordon Holmes was born on 30 September 1884 with her fraternal twin in London. She, her twin, two other brothers, and her parents lived in a small flat at 266 City Road. In her autobiography, she described her "modest outlook on life" as originating "partly due to poverty, and partly due to the impact and crushing effect of being the only girl among three brothers and a father all brought up in the masculine tradition... Those were the days, the 1880s and 90s, when men were not merely the masters of their own households, but the tyrants of their own households." They moved to a house in Kew when Holmes was nine months old – even briefly employing a household staff of a butler and maid – but were forced to return to their old flat on City Road three years later due to the family's constant financial difficulties. The family remained in the area through Holmes' childhood, as their father had an office on City Road; by the time of the 1901 census the family had moved a few doors down the road to No. 314.

While Homes' childhood was largely one of relative poverty, both sides of the family had histories of wealth. Her father, William Gordon Holmes, was a Dublin-born ear and throat specialist who began his career as a ship's doctor, and who worked for a time as an assistant to Morell Mackenzie. Holmes claimed that her father was descended from a noble Irish family which had been granted Ardee Castle by Oliver Cromwell in the 15th century, but "the entail was cut in my father's childhood, and with it went the last meagre remnant of property and unearned income."

Holmes' South African mother, Maria Thérèse Coqui, was born in Natal. Her Boer mother, Anna, was a member of the prominent van Breda family, while Maria's German-born father, Adolph Coqui, was a successful merchant and financier who had emigrated to Natal sometime around 1840; as well as his many colonial business interests (such as sitting on the board of the Natal Central Railway Company), he also served on the colony's Legislative Council in the 1850s. They moved to London around 1860, just before two of Adolph's companies—the Cotton Plantation Company of Natal and the Natal Investment Company—collapsed during the economic crash of 1866; Adolph personally lost £60,000 was left debilitated by a stroke on the same day. Anna spent the next "four or five" years traveling the world with her "invalid husband" until the family's cash savings of £5,000 were exhausted, whereupon she tried (and failed) to make a living running a boarding house out of the family's large home on Bedford Street in Bloomsbury, before she and her husband returned to South Africa again for good in the 1890s. Holmes claimed that the bulk of Adolph's surviving post-crash assets were lost when Anna (who possessed an "abysmal ignorance of business") burned his financial records during a stay in Ceylon, after becoming tired of carrying them around in a heavy iron lockbox.

William Gordon Holmes had an intense dislike of actual medical practice, and greatly preferred to focus on research – Holmes described him as a man with "academic brains, morose disposition, and violent temper," who "disliked almost everything and everyone, but he liked cats." He was an amateur carpenter of limited skill—he died after breaking his hip when a ladder he had built collapsed—and a miser, refusing to send Holmes to school until she was 11 because of the cost. She was a talented pupil, but most of her early education was delivered at home by her mother. However, her father was also an "inveterate" reader, and Holmes credited his subscription to *Harper's Magazine* – and his love for American fiction—for partly seeding her lifelong interest in both literature and the United States.

The circumstances of her upbringing left Holmes "shy, gauche, unsocial"; she described herself as, "a tomboy, vigorous and vital of lung and limb," although it took her until adulthood to find pride in her "powerful and characterful hands", "very large" and "unsightly mouth", and "impressive presence," which were the subjects of frequent criticism from her mother, siblings, and others. After leaving school in 1903, Holmes borrowed four guineas from her father so she could take a shorthand and typing course at a local college – she never paid him back. When she was 23 she also received lessons in mathematics and science for two years, "equivalent to a university education," from an uncle who was a "brilliant amateur scientist." Many years later Holmes discovered he was living in destitution in Vancouver, and she attempted to "pay back" by getting a London publisher to print his autobiography; despite a good review in the *Times Literary Supplement,* it was not successful.

At some point in her teens Holmes wrote a novel, *From One Man's Hand To Another*, which was eventually published in 1907 by T. Fisher Unwin as part of its "First Novel Library" series. Holmes used her grandmother's maiden name for her pen name, "G. H. Breda". Inspired by Olive Schreiner's 1883 feminist novel *The Story Of An African Farm*, the plot involves the "Bohemian occupants" of a London artist's studio. It received a mediocre review in the 4 May 1907 issue of *The Aethenaeum:* the "original" setting and "strange" cast of characters were "by no means deficient in charm" - and there was evidence that "the writer should do better work hereafter" – but nevertheless the characters often have "extraordinary misunderstandings with regards to matter of fact," and the heroine's "transcendent mental endowments and power of fascination for the opposite sex we are compelled, in the absence of confirmatory evidence, to take mainly on trust." Holmes never published any other fiction, though she would write occasional newspaper columns about her professional experiences in later life.

## Career

### Finance

In 1903, 19-year-old Holmes landed her first job, as a business secretary – though she was fired within two weeks for being "incompetent". She quickly found a new job earning £1 per week as a typist in the newly opened London offices of Odense Aegforretning, a Danish firm exporting eggs to the UK. Her boss was Mr Ravens, "a quiet Danish gentleman – hard as steel under his exterior," whom Holmes called her, "first and lifelong business friend." Over the following eight years she developed a number of new business skills, but Ravens never paid her more than £2 per week. In 1911, she used her savings to pay for a second-class cabin for herself and her mother on the RMS Baltic, for a month-long holiday to the US – the first of many trips to the country she would make throughout her life. She began seeking a new job with higher pay on her return, but found it difficult to be taken seriously as a woman seeking a well-remunerated professional career.

Holmes eventually joined Irish-Canadian stockbroker William Thorold's merchant bank – Canadian and General Trust, Ltd – on Lombard Street as a secretary, being paid a starting salary of £2 5s. As she had no experience of finance, Thorold gave her a copy of *Stocks & Shares* by Hartley Withers to read over the weekend before her first day – later writing, "and with that book I began my financial career." Holmes and Thorold had a volatile working relationship; while she admired Thorold's "erratic brilliance" as a broker – "about the most brilliant mind I ever met" – and intellectually thrived under his exacting mentorship, he was also considered "the most difficult man in the City to work for ... a cold-blooded, completely selfish egocentric streaked with sentimentality," with "a temper he never attempted to control." His firm had a notoriously high staff turnover rate; Holmes claimed, "The first 5 1/2 \[years\] were among the most stimulating of my business life, and the other 3 years were plain unmitigated hell." During her first few months at the firm Holmes overhauled its record-keeping system, and quickly established herself as Thorold's indispensable right-hand woman; however, he still told Holmes that "women are incapable of understanding financial matters," and that "your only limitations are the limitations of the female mind" – statements which Holmes took great pleasure in repeating to journalists in later years, aware that it reflected badly on (the then-retired) Thorold.

When the First World War began in 1914, Thorold returned to Canada and almost all the male employees – from the directors downwards – enlisted, leaving Holmes behind as the most senior member of staff. The business thrived under her stewardship, brokering "hundred of thousands of pounds" of war bonds, and by 1918 the men who returned from the front found their salaries were higher than when they left. Holmes later referred to this period as, "the romantic years, the golden years, in which everything was new and fascinating – and terrifying." She found little trouble working as a woman in the City in this period, although she was "only too well aware of how unusual it all was"; since she avoided her birth name, Beatrice, and preferred to be known as "Gordon Holmes" professionally and socially, men often expressed shock on first meeting her or hearing her voice over the phone.

Holmes kept Thorold informed of her activities throughout the war, and the firm's success – without his direct influence – caused him to become even more emotionally erratic; when he returned to London in 1917 he berated Holmes for what he perceived as poor decision-making, but at the same time also acquiesced to her request to more than double her pay from "under £4 per week" to £500 per year. Their working relationship never regained stability after the war. In 1918, Holmes collapsed at work while suffering from both appendicitis "and the enormous pressure of working with Thorold's personality, standing between him and his staff ... who had worked with me with very great loyalty while I had been in sole charge." During the argument that resulted, Holmes quit, to deny Thorold the satisfaction of firing her, however, her persistent anxieties about struggling to find a new job and falling back into poverty meant that she returned to work for him, "bitterly," after only a few months. By 1919 Holmes was earning £1,000 per year, but was still deeply unhappy.

Holmes had maintained a friendship with her former employer Mr Ravens, and he suggested that Holmes found her own firm with Thorold's company secretary, Richard Sefton Turner, who had also become a personal friend. When she protested that she would need at least £10,000 in starting capital, Ravens offered £5,000 from his own retirement savings, and introduced them to other financiers in the City who provided the rest. They resigned simultaneously in 1921, and opened their new firm, National Securities Corporation, Ltd, in a small two-room office on West Street with two typists as staff. Before they left, Holmes and Turner had offered to buy Thorold out for £5,000, arguing that his firm's value was mostly down to their influence; he refused. His firm never recovered, however, and in 1928 he was forced to sell to them for only £1,000 and retire to North America. The new venture was a success – by 1929 Holmes and Turner had a staff of 140, and they were mostly untroubled by the crash that led to the Great Depression. By 1930 Holmes was reportedly earning as much as £5,000 per year (roughly equivalent to £330,000 in 2020), making her one of the wealthiest self-made women of the era. Turner and Holmes considered opening a New York City branch around 1925, but decided to focus on European interests instead in large part because "Wall Street ran on a very different and much tougher, rougher moral code than London – in fact, it seemed to us no moral code at all."

Women were not allowed to become members of the London Stock Exchange (LSE) until 1973, and most of the UK's regional stock exchanges similarly barred women until well into the 20th century. However, at least as far back as Amy Bell in 1886, some female stockbrokers had evaded this issue by relying upon male exchange members as intermediaries for trades, often informally. Alternatively, many stockbrokers worked in what were known as "outside houses" – bona fide trading firms which specialized in products (like government and municipal bonds) which were unregulated by the LSE. In 1936, in the wake the Great Depression, the Board of Trade convened an inquiry chaired by Archibald Bodkin to investigate regulatory oversight of the brokering of shares and stocks, including the activities of outside houses; Holmes and Turner's firm was the largest in the City at the time, and Holmes was the only woman called to give evidence in front of the committee. She specifically appeared to "represent the women's interests" as much as in her capacity as a stockbroker, and urged the committee not to recommend that all outside houses be forced to join stock exchanges which only allowed men as members:

> At the appropriate moment when we were before the committee I interposed: “If it is the intention to recommend that all finance houses should join a Stock Exchange, I have been asked to request that this Committee stipulate that all Stock Exchanges shall admit women. Otherwise you put me out of business, and other women like me, because at the present time the London Stock Exchange does not admit women, and a recent survey shows that no other Stock Exchange in this Country admits women either.” The Vice-Chairman of the London Stock Exchange rose to his feet and said: “The London Stock Exchange is a private Club. If women want that sort of club, let them form one of their own.” But the courteous Chairman, Sir Archibald Bodkin, replied to me: “Your point is well made, and we will see that it is given due consideration in our recommendations.”

The Bodkin Committee's recommendations were subsequently brought into law by Parliament through the Prevention of Fraud (Investments) Act of 1939, including the regulation of outside houses via a new professional member organisation – instead of a stock exchange. The Association of Stock and Share Dealers (ASSD) was founded in 1938 in anticipation of the reforms, with Turner as its chairman and Holmes also on the board. Holmes later claimed that "by the accident of my presence from the start on the formation body, \[the ASSD\] was the first financial organization in the country officially to open the doors of finance to women on exactly the same terms as men." By the mid-1930s, Holmes was one of the most well-known and recognizable people in London finance:

> \[Holmes\] was a woman of commanding stature, tall, erect, and stately. More of a personage than a person, her dynamism was immediately obvious. Her height and very presence made her a conspicuous figure wherever she went and one could almost say that people made way before her ... In the City of London she was a well-known figure, habitually dressed in a cream tailored suit, cream stockings and shoes, with gaily coloured hat and blouse, the latter adorned with a long string of matching beads. As she walked through the city streets, she was spoken of by all and sundry as "that remarkable woman in the white suit".

Holmes also had the distinction of becoming the first woman to sit on the board of a Hungarian bank, after several of the directors of Budapest's City Savings Bank had visited London in order to secure permission to deal in securities on the LSE in 1927 and sought out British directors as part of the process. Some of the bank's directors were Jewish, which Holmes admits in her autobiography she was ignorant of until it was pointed out to her – and that she also missed the wider political context of "the writing on the wall, anti-Semitism" until nearly the outbreak of World War II. Her firm was involved in a number of state investments in countries across Europe, including Germany, in the build-up to the war, which she made no apologies for; she argued that the deals she facilitated were a morally necessary part of the process of rebuilding the continent after the previous war, and that the rise of Hitler and outbreak of another conflict was "foreseen as impossible to most of us ... And we were not criminals for thinking so and acting so. We were not even fools. We were just human beings, making no claims to be crystal-gazers."

During the late-1930s, as war approached and Jews were increasingly barred from public and professional life in countries within the Nazi sphere of influence (including Hungary), Holmes and Turner insisted that "if the Jewish staff had to be dismissed in accordance with those horrible lawless laws it should be only at the fifty-ninth minute of the eleventh hour," and "every possible compensation in pensions, bonuses, and salaries should be devised and given them." They were particularly worried about the bank's managing director, and offered him and his wife £1,000 to flee to London or New York City; he refused, believing that the sudden departure of someone with his profile would inspire panic, causing a bank run that would bring down the Hungarian financial system. Holmes found the "comparative indifference" of the Christian directors towards the situation striking, while the other Jewish board members were "heartbroken", and similarly unwilling to leave out of a sense of national duty; their eventual fates during the war are unknown.

### Activism & political beliefs

In 1904, Holmes became a founding committee member of the Association of Shorthand Writers and Typists (ASWT), a union for clerical workers which would eventually merge into APEX in 1940 (and which in turn merged into GMB in 1989). "It is always hard to get human beings to organize," Holmes later wrote, "and harder still when the human beings are young women from 'nice homes' who regard organization as synonymous with trade-unionism, then hardly respectable." Among their first members was the playwright Elizabeth Baker, whose play *Chains* depicted contemporary working class clerical life.

Holmes became a suffragette around the same time she joined the ASWT, and sold copies of *The Suffragette* on the streets of Westminster. She believed that the women's suffrage movement, "helped to make the women of my generation. It gave us pride of sex, helped to stop the everlasting apology within us for being women, taught us to value ourselves and our abilities, and taught us to fight for those valuations in terms of pay and responsibility, public and private." She was a great admirer of Emmeline Pankhurst in particular, and anonymously gifted the suffragette leader a recurring "small sum" of money every six months from 1924 until Pankhurst's death in 1928.

In 1923, she was invited to become a founding member of the Greater London branch of the Federation of Soroptimists – an international organisation intended to be a female counterpart to the men-only Rotary Club movement. In her autobiography, she wrote that she was "very interested and impressed to note how many women directors of business houses there were. Names I had known and had taken for granted were men’s names, were now revealed to be women’s. I noticed with admiration that many of these women had large staffs and handled their staffs admirably. If I had ever had a tendency after my successful years in the City to regard myself as something unique, joining the Soroptimists stopped it."

After joining the Soroptimists Holmes found herself dealing with "publicity" for the first time in her life, something which she had previously "shunned like the plague". A journalist reported on the first speech Holmes gave to a Soroptimist meeting in 1924, leading to her briefly becoming an object of media fascination as photographers and journalists doorstepped her at home and at work. Her comments on controversial women's rights issues of the day were often reported across the UK from the mid-1920s onwards – such as approving of typists wearing short sleeves in offices, defending the education system from the charge that it was failing to teach girls essential workplace skills, refuting the belief that suffragism had suppressed wages in many sectors by increasing the supply of labour, and arguing for more women in Parliament. In 1925 she appeared on the early national radio station 2LO to speak about her life as a stockbroker, and she occasionally wrote columns about her professional experiences and insights which were syndicated in many of the UK's regional newspapers. She was well-known enough that some of her more bullish statements - such as "The modern flapper from fifteen to twenty-five does not know what an inferiority complex is", "Why should not a girl do as well as Lord Leverhulme?", or "There is no champagne like success" - would appear in newspapers which reported notable quotes. She eventually learned to enjoy media attention instead of finding it embarrassing, especially during a business trip through South and North America in 1925 which left her "feeling like the Prince of Wales." In her later years, she would give speeches to audiences of younger women in business about how it had given her "a swollen head – but that is not always a bad thing for a business or professional woman."

Holmes had been an avid traveller since her first voyage to the US in 1911, and began to feature Soroptimist work – including networking with other businesswomen – on her trips. Her reputation landed her the nicknames "The General" and "Miss John D. Rockefeller" among her Wall Street peers; she also bore a striking resemblance to Eleanor Roosevelt (who was born only a few days after Holmes in 1884), and was often mistaken for the First Lady. The idealised view of the US that she had developed as a child tempered somewhat as she grew older, especially due to her perception of its business culture as overly aggressive, though she still loved the country and occasionally considered emigrating there. From the late-1920s until the early years of World War II, Holmes went on multiple foreign trips per year, preferring women chauffeurs wherever possible to drive her around. She visited much of the Americas, Middle East, Europe, and even (in 1935) the Soviet Union. She had little interest in the specifics of political or economic ideologies, and preferred pragmatism over dogma:

> I don’t believe that capitalism is in itself right or wrong. Like other systems of economics, medicine, education, or what not, capitalism may be the best available system at a given moment, or the worst. Other newer methods may be tried, found better, and the older methods scrapped – or the new methods may not be found all that was hoped, and the older systems are returned to while continued experimentation goes on for better ways. There is not necessarily any fundamental Q.E.D. in systems, theories, methods. There is no finality, economic or otherwise, in human affairs, or, if there is, we are too ignorant in our present state of development to know it.

She was repeatedly critical of high British tax rates from the 1930s onwards, claiming that "the fastest method of converting to socialism, faster than all the preachers and lecturers could do, is to give half of the money you earn to the government." However, while she was skeptical of the New Deal as a policy response to the Great Depression, she nevertheless endorsed temporarily higher rates of income tax in the UK in order to fund "an orgy of public and private spending" that would make it the "best-housed, best-fed, best-clothed, best-educated, best-travelled, and best-amused country in the world" after World War II ended. She believed that the welfare system should be generous enough so that the unemployed had "enough to live on, not merely exist on," and that it was "better to waste money power than work power," especially where it could prevent poverty-related health issues.

Holmes had drifted away from the women's suffrage movement around 1912 after becoming more interested in her new career in finance, while the Soroptimists – whose "rotarian membership" was limited to only the wealthiest women of the time – did not represent a "solid cross-section" of society. However, in July 1936 her interest in feminist activism was rekindled after being invited to speak in Paris at a conference of the International Federation of Business and Professional Women, an organisation which advocated for the rights of working women of all classes. Established in Geneva in 1930, it traced its origins to the Business and Professional Women's Foundation (BPW), established in the US in 1919 by a number of American women's rights activists led by Kentucky lawyer Lena Madesin Phillips – who was also the International Federation's president. Holmes, surrounded by a "magnificent regiment of women" from across Europe, the Americas, and Australia at the July 1936 event, described feeling like "Rip Van Winkle" – "To me as an old Suffragette it was thrilling, \[and\] gave me a feeling of unexpectedly finding an astonishing sequel to a story in which my generation had played a part."

Holmes extended her stay in Paris by two weeks in order to advise the International Federation on its financial matters, and was subsequently invited to sit on its board as finance chairman; she also developed a close working relationship with Phillips, whom Holmes considered to be "one of the great American leaders." Holmes attended the International Federation's July 1937 conference in Atlantic City, and visited Hyde Park to meet with Eleanor Roosevelt. When Holmes returned to London in 1936 she began organising to establish a national British branch of the International Federation, using her personal and business relationships to build support and attract donations. Lawyer and BPW activist Zonola Longstreth (who at the time was the youngest person ever to pass the Arkansas bar, aged 19) traveled to the UK in 1938 and spent several weeks overseeing the creation of three London clubs for women in business. Longstreth's trip culminated in a meeting on 12 November 1938 of around 40 prominent British businesswomen at the Washington Hotel in London, where the National Federation of Business and Professional Women’s Clubs of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (now known as Business & Professional Women UK) was officially formed; hundreds of regional affiliate clubs followed over the next few years. Holmes was elected its founding president, serving in that role until 1947. In her first speech to its members, she said:

> Our faith is that business and professional women have something new to contribute. The trained woman as a class is just 30 years old. She comes as an outsider ... She represents a new source of power, an unexplored field of thought. She brings what the world has been waiting for, an entirely new perspective on old problems.

During the summer of 1938, Holmes travelled with Phillips to Budapest for the final pre-WWII conference of the International Federation (though a smaller event would still take place in 1939 in Trondheim). On the way home they stopped in Vienna, where they met with the leader of the Austrian affiliate, Marianne Beth, a "non-Aryan" who had been barred from her work as a psychologist by the Nazi regime after Anschluss – the Federation would eventually assist her and her family in escaping to the US and Canada. Holmes was also fond of Czechoslovakian senator and feminist Františka Plamíková – "Plam" – who sat on the International Federation's board as a vice-president, but Holmes and other members were unable to convince her not to return to Prague after the outbreak of war; Holmes was deeply upset at her execution by the Nazis in 1942. Holmes continued to travel to the US throughout WWII, although much less frequently; she was particularly moved by a dinner held in Los Angeles in July 1941 for refugee members that the Federation has assisted in escaping to the US.

In the post-war years Holmes was known as "G.H." to younger members of BPW UK, who were fond of her positive attitude. Dorothy V. Hall's 1964 history of BPW UK, *Making Things Happen*, takes its title from Holmes reportedly being fond of saying that, "all things will happen in time, but we can make them happen sooner." Holmes remained in work until the late-1940s, retiring due to long-term health issues. She had suffered a severe bout of phlebitis in 1931 which nearly killed her, and over the following years her mobility decreased such that by the time she was writing her autobiography in 1944 she struggled to walk further than half a mile at a time.

## Personal life and legacy

Holmes went by "Gordon Holmes" throughout her life – including as the authorial name for her autobiography, *In Love With Life: A Pioneer Career Woman's Story*, published in 1944. She never married, nor had children.

Richard Hillebrand Morgan—son of prominent Ceylonese lawyer and judge Sir Richard Francis Morgan—was her uncle by marriage.

Her autobiography was dedicated to her long-time friend and companion Helen Boyle, the pioneering psychologist and mental health campaigner. Holmes met Boyle in 1918 while recovering from appendicitis in Brighton; she would later write that, "I felt she was the most remarkable person I had ever met in my life, and that I adored her ... And there began in 1918 a close friendship that has lasted ever since, has had no ups or downs, and has been, above all other things in my fortunate life, the fortunate thing I have been most profoundly grateful for." Holmes used her financial expertise to assist Boyle in raising funds to establish The Lady Chichester Hospital in 1920, the first British hospital dedicated to the treatment of nervous disorders, and sat on its board as honorary financial adviser. She maintained an interest in medical provision for the rest of her life – especially mental healthcare provision for women – and sat on a number of other health boards.

Holmes' other closest friendship was with theatrical producer Lilian Baylis. They first met when Holmes was 12 – Baylis had just moved to London from South Africa, after having been romantically involved with Holmes' maternal uncle, Jack Coqui, in Johannesburg. They became friends after meeting again as adults several years later, with Baylis (or "Lil") introducing Holmes to the worlds of theatre, opera, and ballet. Baylis reportedly used to quip that, "you know, dear, if I had married your Uncle Jack, you would be my niece!"

She was also friends with the journalist Raymond Gram Swing, and met with him every time she visited New York City during the 1930s. She claimed that he believed he had accidentally failed to stop the outbreak of World War I in the summer of 1914 after he was asked by the German government to convey a peace offer to the British, but failed to accurately represent its terms.

Holmes was 55 when her mother Maria died, and for almost all of that time they lived together. Holmes wrote that Maria was "entirely dependent" on her – "emotionally as well as financially" – and was intensely jealous of anyone whom Holmes expressed affection towards. Holmes wrote: "To daughters in my position, however, or likely to drift into that position through fear of hurting a much-loved parent, I would say, 'Don't allow any person to use you as an outlet for their worst qualities of possessiveness, jealousy, selfishness, even under the true guise of fond love. Somehow break away before such emotional domination becomes so rooted – in both – that part of you feels crippled, and part of her is a monstrous growth.'" It was only once she had established herself professionally in her early-30s that she felt that she was able to develop her own independent tastes and personality, including taking an interest in fashion for the first time. However, she never fully shed the shyness she developed as a child, and remained uncomfortable in leadership positions.

While Holmes never practised any formal religion – and "detested Church" – she nevertheless claimed to have, "an intense respect, deference, reverence, for the deeply spiritual personality." She professed an admiration for "the austere God of the Old Testament," and agreed with H. G. Wells' interpretation of him in *The Outline of History* as a "Righteous Dealer, whose promises were kept, who failed not the humblest creditor, and called to account every spurious act."

Her favourite painting was *Chemin de la Machine, Louveciennes* by Alfred Sisley. Her favourite novel as a child was Olive Schreiner's *The Story of an African Farm*, while her favourite authors as an adult were George Gissing and Anthony Trollope. In 1948, she paid for and donated a bronze sculpture of a smiling baby by Dora Gordine to the maternity wing of Holloway Prison, after being told that "there was nothing beautiful" there. Though it was eventually moved into a storage room and forgotten, *Happy Baby* was rediscovered in 2009 and is now considered an important work in Gordine's oeuvre.

When she died at her home in Chiswick on 21 November 1951, she left behind an estate worth £26,880 – the equivalent of more than £850,000 in 2020. Her obituary in *The Times* declared that, with her death, "the City loses a prominent figure and the women's movement an inspiring leader."

## InfoBox

| Gordon Holmes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1884-09-30)30 September 1884<br>London |
| Died | 21 November 1951(1951-11-21) (aged 67)<br>London |
| Occupations | * Stockbroker * Author * Trade Unionist |


title: Radical 25

abstract: Radical 25 or radical divination (卜部) is one of the 23 Kangxi radicals composed of two strokes. In the Kangxi Dictionary, there are 45 characters to be found under this radical. 卜 is also the 9th indexing component in the Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components predominantly adopted by Simplified Chinese dictionaries published in mainland China. ⺊ is the only associated indexing component affiliated to the principal indexing component 卜. In addition, 卜 is also the simplified form of 蔔 meaning "radish" or "carrot".

text:
# Radical 25

**Radical 25** or **radical divination** (卜部) is one of the 23 Kangxi radicals (214 radicals total) composed of two strokes.

In the *Kangxi Dictionary*, there are 45 characters (out of 49,030) to be found under this radical.

is also the 9th indexing component in the *Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components* predominantly adopted by Simplified Chinese dictionaries published in mainland China.  is the only associated indexing component affiliated to the principal indexing component .

In addition,  is also the simplified form of  meaning "radish" or "carrot".

## Evolution

## Derived characters

| Strokes | Characters |
| --- | --- |
| +0 |  |
| +2 |  |
| +3 | SC (= -\> ) |
| +5 | SC (= -\> ) |
| +6 |  |
| +7 | SC/HK (= -\> ) |
| +9 |  |

## Literature

* Fazzioli, Edoardo (1987). *Chinese calligraphy : from pictograph to ideogram : the history of 214 essential Chinese/Japanese characters*. calligraphy by Rebecca Hon Ko. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 0-89659-774-1.
* Lunde, Ken (Jan 5, 2009). "Appendix J: Japanese Character Sets" (PDF). *CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing* (Second ed.). Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| (U+535C) "divination" | |
| Pronunciations | |
| Pinyin: |  |
| Bopomofo: | ㄅㄨˇ |
| Wade–Giles: | pu3 |
| Cantonese Yale: | būk |
| Jyutping: | buk1 |
| Pe̍h-ōe-jī: | poh (col.)
pok (lit.) |
| Japanese Kana: | ボク boku (on'yomi)
うらな-う urana-u (kun'yomi) |
| Sino-Korean: | 복 bok |
| Names | |
| Japanese name(s): | 卜の/ぼくのと bokunoto
占い/うらない uranai
/と to |
| Hangul: | 점 cheom |
| Stroke order animation | |
|  | |


title: Radical 21

abstract: Radical 21 or radical spoon (匕部) meaning "spoon" is one of the 23 Kangxi radicals composed of two strokes. In the Kangxi Dictionary, there are 19 characters to be found under this radical. 匕 is also the 15th indexing component in the Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components predominantly adopted by Simplified Chinese dictionaries published in mainland China.

text:
# Radical 21

**Radical 21** or **radical spoon** (匕部) meaning **"spoon"** is one of the 23 Kangxi radicals (214 radicals total) composed of two strokes.

In the *Kangxi Dictionary*, there are 19 characters (out of 49,030) to be found under this radical.

is also the 15th indexing component in the *Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components* predominantly adopted by Simplified Chinese dictionaries published in mainland China.

## Evolution

## Derived characters

| Strokes | Characters |
| --- | --- |
| +0 | Kangxi/SC/HK/JP/KO/TW |
| +2 | Kangxi/SC/JP/KO/HK/TW |
| +3 |  |
| +9 |  |

## Variant forms

as a component of Chinese characters takes different forms in different printing typefaces or different Chinese characters. In the *Kangxi Dictionary*, current standard Simplified Chinese, Hong Kong Traditional Chinese, and Japanese, the second stroke of  is a left-falling stroke. In Taiwan Traditional Chinese, the Standard Form of National Characters prescribes the second stroke of  is horizontal,  with a left-falling second stroke is also widely used.

The nuance of this character applies to both printing and handwriting forms.

| 2nd stroke left-falling | | 2nd stroke horizontal |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | |  |
|  |  |  |
| Kangxi Dict.
Simp. Chinese | Hong Kong
Macau
Japanese
Korean | Taiwan |

## Literature

* Fazzioli, Edoardo (1987). *Chinese calligraphy : from pictograph to ideogram : the history of 214 essential Chinese/Japanese characters*. calligraphy by Rebecca Hon Ko. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 0-89659-774-1.
* Lunde, Ken (Jan 5, 2009). "Appendix J: Japanese Character Sets" (PDF). *CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing* (Second ed.). Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| (U+5315) "spoon" | |
| Pronunciations | |
| Pinyin: |  |
| Bopomofo: | ㄅㄧˇ |
| Gwoyeu Romatzyh: | bii |
| Wade–Giles: | pi3 |
| Cantonese Yale: | bei6 |
| Jyutping: | bei2 bei6 |
| Pe̍h-ōe-jī: |  |
| Japanese Kana: | ヒ hi (on'yomi)
さじ saji (kun'yomi) |
| Sino-Korean: | 비 bi |
| Names | |
| Japanese name(s): | 匕のヒ/さじのひ sajinohi |
| Hangul: | 비수 bisu |
| Stroke order animation | |
|  | |


title: Goodyear Theatre

abstract: Goodyear Theatre is a 30-minute dramatic television anthology series telecast on NBC from October 14, 1957, to September 12, 1960,

text:
# Goodyear Theatre

***Goodyear Theatre*** (also known as ***Award Theatre*** and ***Golden Years of Television***) is a 30-minute dramatic television anthology series telecast on NBC from October 14, 1957, to September 12, 1960,

## Cast

Actors appearing in the series included:

## Episodes

Partial List of Episodes of *Goodyear Theatre*
| Date | Episode |
| --- | --- |
| October 14, 1957 | "Lost and Found" |
| November 11, 1957 | "Voice in the Fog" |
| January 6, 1958 | "The Victim" |
| February 17, 1958 | "White Flag" |
| March 17, 1958 | "The Seventh Letter" |
| April 28, 1958 | "The Giant Step" |
| June 9, 1958 | "Disappearance" |
| September 29, 1958 | "The Chain and the River" |
| November 24, 1958 | "Guy in Ward 4" |
| March 2, 1959 | "A Good Name" |
| April 17, 1959 | "I Remember Cavair" |
| September 29, 1959 | "Hello, Charlie" |
| April 11, 1960 | "Author at Work" |

## Production

Fifty-five episodes were made. The live show was directed by many notable directors, including Don Taylor, Arthur Hiller (3 episodes, 1958–59) and Robert Ellis Miller (3 episodes, 1958–59). It followed *Goodyear Television Playhouse* (1951). Dayton Productions, a subsidiary of Four Star Productions, produced the show, which alternated with *Alcoa Theatre*.

## Critical response

Episodes of *Goodyear Theatre* reviewed in *The New York Times* included the following:

* September 29, 1958: The episode was called "an unconvincing story", and the review said, "It made for a drab and pointless thirty minutes of television."
* November 24, 1958: The review said that "a facile and unsatisfactory conclusion" marred what might otherwise have been "an interesting drama".
* April 11, 1960: The review summarized the episode as "an unsubstantial and only faintly amusing suspense story".

## Promotion

In the spring of 1959, a joint effort between the producers of *Goodyear Theatre* and the publishers of *Practical English* magazine involved approximately 500,000 high school students in a study based on the program's April 17, 1959, episode. An issue of the magazine that contained the complete script of "I Remember Cavair" went to teachers prior to the broadcast to enable students to read the script and perform it in their classes. After the program was presented on TV, students were to evaluate that performance and compare it with their own.

## InfoBox

| *Goodyear Theatre* | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | ***Award Theatre***
***Golden Years of Television*** |
| Genre | Anthology |
| Directed by | Lewis Allen
Robert Florey
Tay Garnett
Peter Godfrey
Walter Grauman
David Greene
Paul Henreid
Arthur Hiller
Lamont Johnson

Sidney Lanfield
Ray Milland
Robert Ellis Miller
Boris Sagal
Don Taylor |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 3 |
| No. of episodes | 114 |
| Production | |
| Producers | James Fonda
Jules Goldstone
Winston O'Keefe
William Sackheim |
| Running time | 30 mins. |
| Original release | |
| Network | NBC |
| Release | September 30, 1957 (1957-09-30)
May 23, 1960 (1960-05-23) |
| Related | |
| *Goodyear Television Playhouse* | |


title: Gordon Melluish

abstract: Gordon Melluish was an English cricketer. He played four matches for Essex in 1926.

text:
# Gordon Melluish

**Gordon Melluish** (25 August 1906  14 April 1977) was an English cricketer. He played four matches for Essex in 1926.

## InfoBox

Gordon Melluish
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Gordon Christopher Melluish |
| Born | (1906-08-25)25 August 1906
Marylebone, London, England |
| Died | 14 April 1977(1977-04-14) (aged 70)
Little Bushey, Hertfordshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Role | Bowler |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1926 | Essex |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC  Matches 4  Runs scored 18  Batting average   100s/50s   Top score   Balls bowled   Wickets 3  Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 21 July 2013 | |


title: Radim Kořínek

abstract: Radim Kořínek is a Czech former competitive cyclist. He was born in Olomouc. He took part in two Olympics: the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, as well as the 2004 Olympics in Athens. He was in Olpran racing team and then he went to Česká spořitelna MTB team in which he had most of his achievements. Other hobbies include hockey, tennis, and skiing. His nickname is Rades. His coach was Karel Martínek. After ending his competitive career, he founded his own bike shop and is still around cycling.

text:
# Radim Kořínek

**Radim Kořínek** (born 1 December 1973) is a Czech former competitive cyclist. He was born in Olomouc. He took part in two Olympics: the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, as well as the 2004 Olympics in Athens.

He was in Olpran racing team and then he went to Česká spořitelna MTB team in which he had most of his achievements. Other hobbies include hockey, tennis, and skiing. His nickname is Rades. His coach was Karel Martínek. After ending his competitive career, he founded his own bike shop and is still around cycling.

## Achievements and titles

* 1998: MČR, MTB, cross country, 1st place
* 1999: MM Slovakia, MTB, cross country, 2nd place
* 1999: MS, Are (Šweden), MTB, cross country, 34th place
* 2000: Olympic Games, Sydney (Australia), Cross Country Mountain Bike, 29th place
* 2000: MČR, MTB, relay race, 1st place, with Kateřina Neumann and David Kašek
* 2002: MČR, MTB, bike marathon, 1st place
* 2002: MS, Kaprun (Austria), MTB, cross country, 27th place
* 2003: MČR, Zadov, MTB, cross country, 3rd place
* 2004: Olympic Games, Athens (Greece), Cross Country Mountain Bike, 22nd place
* Many times he was Czech Republic Champion.