title: Marsha Norman

abstract: Marsha Norman is an American playwright, screenwriter, and novelist. She received the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for her play 'night, Mother. She wrote the book and lyrics for such Broadway musicals as The Secret Garden, for which she won a Tony Award and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical, and The Red Shoes, as well as the libretto for the musical The Color Purple and the book for the musical The Bridges of Madison County. She was co-chair of the playwriting department at The Juilliard School until stepping down in 2020.

text:
# Marsha Norman

**Marsha Norman** (born September 21, 1947) is an American playwright, screenwriter, and novelist. She received the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for her play *'night, Mother*. She wrote the book and lyrics for such Broadway musicals as *The Secret Garden*, for which she won a Tony Award and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical, and *The Red Shoes*, as well as the libretto for the musical *The Color Purple* and the book for the musical *The Bridges of Madison County*. She was co-chair of the playwriting department at The Juilliard School until stepping down in 2020.

## Biography

### Early years

Norman was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the oldest of four children of Billie and Bertha Williams. As a child, she read and played the piano. She later began attending productions by the newly founded Actors Theatre of Louisville. She received a bachelor's degree from Agnes Scott College and a master's degree from the University of Louisville. She worked as a journalist for *The Louisville Times* newspaper, and also wrote for Kentucky Educational Television. She taught young children and adolescents in mental institutions and hospitals. These were perhaps her biggest influence on her writing, especially a 13-year-old girl who influenced her play *Getting Out*. She also taught English at the J. Graham Brown School and Prestonia Elementary School in Louisville.

### Career

Norman's first play *Getting Out* was produced at the Actors Theatre of Louisville and then Off-Broadway in 1979. The play concerns a young woman just paroled after an eight-year prison sentence for robbery, kidnapping and manslaughter. It reflects Norman's experience working with disturbed adolescents at Kentucky's Central State Hospital.

Norman's success with *Getting Out* led her to move to New York City where she continued to write for the Actors Theatre of Louisville. Her full-length play, *Circus Valentine* was produced at the Humana Festival in 1978. The play concerns a travelling circus and its star attraction, Siamese twins. Her next play, *'night, Mother*, became her best-known work, given its Broadway success and its star-powered film version. The play brought Norman a great deal of recognition, dealing frankly with the subject of suicide, and won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, the Susan Smith Blackburn Prize, the Hull-Warriner, the Drama Desk Award, and the 1986 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. However, her follow-up play, *Traveller in the Dark* received scathing reviews from the New York critics, some of whom were as blunt to say she could not have written it. According to an interview in *The New York Times*, "Ms. Norman stayed away from the theater and turned to screenplays, including a 1986 movie adaptation of '*night, Mother* that starred Sissy Spacek and Anne Bancroft and failed to impress critics. She was in high demand in Hollywood, though not always for films that she liked, or that studios would approve."

Norman wrote the book and lyrics for the musical *The Secret Garden*, an adaptation of the Frances Hodgson Burnett novel *The Secret Garden*, and won the Tony Award for Best Book in 1991. Her work in musical theatre continued with the book and lyrics for the musical *The Red Shoes*, which failed on Broadway in 1993. Her one-act play, *Trudy Blue*, was produced off-Broadway in 1999. That play revolved around a woman who is mistakenly told that she has two months to live. She also wrote the libretto for the musical version of *The Color Purple* which opened on Broadway in 2005, receiving a Tony Award nomination for Best Book of a Musical.

Norman and composer Jason Robert Brown made a symphonic adaptation of the children's novel *The Trumpet of the Swan*, which premiered at the Kennedy Center in 2008. Norman has since written the libretto for the musical adaptation of the film *The Bridges of Madison County*, with a score by Brown. The musical premiered at the Williamstown Theatre Festival on August 1, 2013, and ran briefly on Broadway from February 20, 2014.

#### Television and film

Norman's scripts for television and film include the film version of *'night, Mother*. She has written the television films *Face of a Stranger* (1991), *A Cooler Climate* (1999), *Custody of the Heart* (2000), and *The Audrey Hepburn Story* (2000). She has written screenplays for episodes of the HBO series *In Treatment*.

#### Other

Norman has served on the faculty of the Juilliard School in New York City as Co-Director of Juilliard's Lila Acheson Wallace American Playwrights Program, and was Vice-President of the Dramatists Guild of America. She was honored at the 2011 William Inge Festival for Distinguished Achievement in the American Theatre. She will leave Juilliard at the end of the 2019–2020 academic year.

## Bibliography

*Note: plays or musicals unless otherwise indicated*

## InfoBox

| Marsha Norman | |
| --- | --- |
| Norman at the Inge Festival, 2011 | |
| Born | (1947-09-21) September 21, 1947
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Occupation | Playwright, screenwriter, novelist |
| Education | Agnes Scott College (BA)
University of Louisville (MA) |
| Period | 1977–present |
| Notable awards | Pulitzer Prize for Drama (1983), Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical (1991) |
| Spouse | Tim Dykman (1987–1996)
Dann Byck (1978–1986)
Michael Norman (1969–1974) |


title: Marsha Richmond

abstract: Marsha Richmond is a professor at Wayne State University where she is known for her work on history of women in science. In 2020 she was elected as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

text:
# Marsha Richmond

**Marsha Richmond** is a professor at Wayne State University where she is known for her work on history of women in science. In 2020 she was elected as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

## Work

Richmond joined Wayne State University in 1994 and as of 2024 continues to work there as a professor. During her time at Wayne State, she focused on research for the entry of women into science between 1900 and 1940. Richmond has studied genetics as well as a focus on Darwin with evolution. Her work allowed us further insight into history of men and women studying biology that occurred within the 1900s. Also an author, Richmond's newest project is titled “Women in Science: The Case of Genetics, 1900-1940” and offers an international comparison of the experiences of women who worked in genetics from 1900 (with the rediscovery of Mendel's work) until the 1940s.

## Awards

In 2010, she received The Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize from the History of Science Society for her work on “The ‘Domestication’ of Heredity." In 2020, she was elected the 2020 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).


title: Marsha Platt

abstract: Marsha Platt is an American Democratic politician from North Grafton, Massachusetts. She represented the 9th Worcester district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1993 to 1995.

text:
# Marsha Platt

**Marsha Platt** is an American Democratic politician from North Grafton, Massachusetts. She represented the 9th Worcester district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1993 to 1995.

## InfoBox

| Marsha Platt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives | |
| Preceded by | John R. Driscoll |
| Succeeded by | George N. Peterson Jr. |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Marple Township, Pennsylvania

abstract: Marple Township is a township in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. It contains the census designated place of Broomall. The population was estimated at 23,743 as of 2015. ZIP codes include mainly 19008, as well as 19064 and 19063. The township is run by Marple Township board of commissioners.

text:
# Marple Township, Pennsylvania

**Marple Township** is a township in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. It contains the census designated place of Broomall. The population was estimated at 23,743 as of 2015. ZIP codes include mainly 19008, as well as 19064 and 19063. The township is run by Marple Township board of commissioners.

## History

The Delaware County area was first settled by Quakers who came to Pennsylvania by the Delaware River on September 29, 1683. The ship they used was called the *Endeavor.* Marple Township was originally settled in 1684 and was recognized as a township in the same year. The original spelling of the township was Marpool, but the spelling was changed to Marple in the Thomas Holme map of 1687. The Marpool spelling may have been an error.

One of the settlers who arrived on the *Endeavor* was Thomas Massey. He obtained a 300-acre plantation in the township from William Penn. The house he built on the land is still preserved today, as well as some of its surrounding gardens. Another historical family known as the Van Leers built several historical sites and lived in the area. Dr. Bernardhus Van Leer owned the nearby Van Leer House and his family built the nearby Van Leer Cabin.

In 1948 Marple Township got its first police station. Before, there was no local branch, no patrols of the police, and only a county sheriff. Crimes were mostly settled between victims and perpetrators themselves.

Marple became a first-class township in 1961.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 10.5 square miles (27.2 km2), of which 10.2 square miles (26.4 km2) is land and 0.3 square mile (0.8 km2; 2.95%) is water.

The community of Broomall is located in, but is not coterminous with, Marple Township—the township also includes part of the ZIP codes of Springfield and Media. Other villages include Larchmont (also in Newtown Township) and Lawrence Park.

Waterways in Marple Township include Crum Creek, Darby Creek, Hotland Run, Springton Lake and Trout Run.

### Adjacent municipalities

### Climate

Marple Township straddles the boundary between a hot-summer humid continental climate (*Dfa*) and a humid subtropical climate (*Cfa*). The average monthly temperature in Broomall ranges from 31.9 °F in January to 77.1 °F in July.  The hardiness zone is 7a and the annual average absolute minimum temperature in Broomall is 1.9 °F.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 23,428 people, down slightly from 23,737 people in 2000. The racial makeup of the township was 89.6% White, 2.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 7.0% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.3% of the population.

The 2000 census showed 8,623 households, and 6,415 families residing in the township. The population density was 2,326.1 inhabitants per square mile (898.1/km2). There were 8,797 housing units at an average density of 862.1 per square mile (332.9/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 92.60% White, 1.10% African American, 0.09% Native American, 5.51% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.66% of the population.

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 1,553 |  |  |
| 1940 | 2,170 |  | 39.7% |
| 1950 | 4,779 |  | 120.2% |
| 1960 | 19,722 |  | 312.7% |
| 1970 | 25,040 |  | 27.0% |
| 1980 | 23,642 |  | −5.6% |
| 1990 | 23,123 |  | −2.2% |
| 2000 | 23,737 |  | 2.7% |
| 2010 | 23,428 |  | −1.3% |
| 2020 | 24,214 |  | 3.4% |
|  | | | |

There were 8,623 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.1% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.6% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the township the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 22.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $59,577, and the median income for a family was $71,829. Males had a median income of $47,062 versus $32,304 for females. The per capita income for the township was $28,494. About 2.1% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.7% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Government

Marple Township is governed by a Board of Commissioners made up of representatives from each of the township's wards which meets for regular sessions. The current commissioners, by ward, are Joseph Rufo (R-1), Jan Ceton (R-2), Robert Fortebouno (R-3), John Lucas (R-4), John Longacre (R-5), Michael Molinaro (R-6), and Daniel Leefson (R-7). Rufo currently serves as the board's president.

## Politics

**Presidential elections results**
| Year | Republican | Democratic |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | **53.5%** *7,010* | 45.8% *6,008* |
| 2008 | **51.1%** *6,920* | 48.0% *6,503* |
|

Marple generally leans to the right on the political spectrum. In the 2008 general elections, the township voted Republican for every office except for the General Assembly representative from the 166th district.

Along with Aston, Bethel, Chadds Ford, Concord, Edgmont, Middletown, Newtown, Springfield, and Tinicum, Marple was one of the ten Delaware County municipalities to vote Republican in the 2008 presidential election. The county as a whole voted Democratic.

## Education

Marple Township lies within the Marple Newtown School District. The district has four elementary schools, one middle school, and one high school.

Delaware County Community College, a public, two-year community college, is also located in Marple Township; this campus has a Media mailing address.

The township is also served by the Marple Public Library.

## Parks

Marple Township has a system of eleven parks. They are maintained by the municipal government.

* Broomall Fields - contains Little League Baseball fields for Marple Little League
* Green Bank Farm - a large field with a walking and hiking trail
* Highland Avenue Park - a small park with a roller hockey rink, basketball court, and tennis backboard
* Kent Park - contains a playground area, a picnic area with barbecues, a gazebo with picnic benches, a stream, a paved walking trail, and tennis courts
* Malin Road Tot Lot - same features as Kent Park
* Marple Gardens - features a playground, picnic area with barbecues, basketball court, and a kids baseball / softball field which is used for Marple Tee-Ball
* New Ardmore Avenue Park - playground, picnic area with barbecues, basketball court, large fields, and creek
* Old Marple School Park - playground, picnic area, walking trail, and sledding hill
* South Marple Little League - tennis courts, roller hockey rink, and snack bar
* Thomas Fields - two Little League baseball fields, a Babe Ruth baseball field, two snack bars, a small playground, and trail to Kent Park
* Veteran's Memorial Park - large playground, walking trail, large field, entertainment gazebo, restrooms, and soda machines

## Transportation

As of 2021, there were 106.26 miles (171.01 km) of public roads in Marple Township, of which 25.81 miles (41.54 km) were maintained by Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and 80.45 miles (129.47 km) were maintained by the township.

Roads serving Marple Township include U.S. Route 1, which passes north–south through the southern part of the township along a freeway; Pennsylvania Route 3, which passes east–west through the northern part of the township along West Chester Pike; Pennsylvania Route 252, which passes north–south through the western part of the township along Newtown Street Road; Pennsylvania Route 320, which passes north–south through the township along Sproul Road; and Interstate 476, which passes north–south through the eastern part of the township along the Blue Route and has interchanges with US 1 and PA 3.

SEPTA provides Suburban Bus service to Marple Township along Route 104, which follows West Chester Pike through the township on its route between West Chester and 69th Street Transportation Center in Upper Darby; Route 107, which runs from the Lawrence Park Shopping Center in the township to 69th Street Transportation Center via the Springfield Mall; Route 112, which follows Media Line Road and West Chester Pike through the township on its route between Delaware County Community College and the 69th Street Transportation Center; Route 115, which offers weekday service along Media Line Road and West Chester Pike through the township on its route between Delaware Community College and the Darby Transportation Center in Darby and the Philadelphia International Airport; Route 118, which follows Newtown Street Road through the township on its route between Newtown Square and the Chester Transportation Center in Chester; Route 120, which follows West Chester Pike through the township on its route between Cheyney University and the 69th Street Transportation Center; and Route 126, which runs from the Lawrence Park Shopping Center in the township to 69th Street Transportation Center via Havertown.

## Notable people

* Bernardhus Van Leer (1687-1790), Early settler of the Province of Pennsylvania
* Samuel Van Leer (1747-1825), Captain in the Continental Army during the American Revolution
* John Bartram (1699-1777), American botanist, horticulturist, and explorer

## InfoBox

| Marple Township | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Seventeenth-century Thomas Massey House on Lawrence Road | |
|  | |
| Location in Delaware County and the state of Pennsylvania | |
| Location of Pennsylvania in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 39°58′30″N 75°21′29″W / 39.97500°N 75.35806°W / 39.97500; -75.35806 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Delaware |
| Area | |
| Total | 10.52 sq mi (27.24 km2) |
| Land | 10.20 sq mi (26.42 km2) |
| Water | 0.31 sq mi (0.81 km2) |
| Elevation | 361 ft (110 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 23,428 |
| Estimate (2016) | 23,780 |
| Density | 2,330.92/sq mi (899.96/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 19008, 19063, 19064 |
| Area code | 610 |
| FIPS code | 42-045-47616 |
| Website | www.marpletwp.com |


title: Venialbo

abstract: Venialbo is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 502 inhabitants.

text:
# Venialbo

**Venialbo** is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 502 inhabitants.

41°23′N 5°32′W / 41.383°N 5.533°W / 41.383; -5.533

## InfoBox

| Venialbo | |
| --- | --- |
| Top down: Right shore of Talanda creek and surroundings of the highway. | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Zamora |
| Municipality | Venialbo |
| Area | |
| Total | 41 km2 (16 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 429 |
| Density | 10/km2 (27/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | Official website |


title: Marstallmuseum

abstract: The Marstallmuseum in Munich is one of the most important museums for court carriages in the world. It is located in the South Wing of Nymphenburg Palace. On display is a vehicle park from the time of the Bavarian and Palatine electors and kings of the House of Wittelsbach. The collection gives an extensive overview of the development of the carriages from the end of the 17th century to the end of the 19th century with exhibits from Germany, France and England. There are forty royal and other representative coaches, barouches, sledges, litters and even a carousel.

text:
# Marstallmuseum

The **Marstallmuseum** (*museum in the former royal stables*) in Munich is one of the most important museums for court carriages in the world. It is located in the South Wing of Nymphenburg Palace. On display is a vehicle park from the time of the Bavarian and Palatine electors and kings of the House of Wittelsbach. The collection gives an extensive overview of the development of the carriages from the end of the 17th century to the end of the 19th century with exhibits from Germany, France and England. There are forty royal and other representative coaches, barouches, sledges, litters and even a carousel.

## History

The rich holdings of the Wittelsbach were already exhibited in the first half of the 19th century just like at the Viennese Court. At the end of the Monarchy in 1918, the vehicle stock was about 300, some of which were no longer fit for driving. Lastly, cars were also managed by Marstall.

After the end of the monarchy, the remaining high-quality exhibits were exhibited from 1923 in the former Court Riding School at Marstallplatz. This area east of the Munich Residenz was largely destroyed in 1944 by air raids. Already before 1941, the collection had been transferred to Nymphenburg Palace. Thus, today's Marstallmuseum is located in the rooms of the former court stables in the southern Building of Nymphenburg Palace. It was opened in 1952. In 1986, a refurbishment and new conception took place.

## Exhibition

Centrepieces are the splendid chariot of Elector Charles Albert (1726-1745), which he used on the occasion of his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor in 1742 and the two coronation carriages of King Maximilian I Joseph (1799-1825). Built for a private order of King Ludwig II (1864-1886), the five carriages and sledges came into the collection only after his death in 1886. The portrait gallery of his horses, which Ludwig II had made by the painter Friedrich Wilhelm Pfeiffer, is also represented. Less elaborate, but very elegant are the coaches from the time of the Prince Regent Luitpold (1886-1912). Since 2012, the newly restored Hercules sledge of the Bavarian Elector Max Emanuel (1679-1726) and the pompous litter of his first consort, the Austrian princess Maria Antonia have been put on display as well.

48°09′21″N 11°30′20″E / 48.1558°N 11.5055°E / 48.1558; 11.5055


title: Marqués de la Valdavia (Madrid Metro)

abstract: Marqués de la Valdavia is a station on Line 10 of the Madrid Metro, near the Calle del Marqués de la Valdavia, which was named for the politician Mariano Ossorio Arévalo, 3rd Marquess of Valdivia (1889–1969). It is located in fare Zone B1.

text:
# Marqués de la Valdavia (Madrid Metro)

**Marqués de la Valdavia** \[maɾˈkes ðe la βalˈdaβja\] is a station on Line 10 of the Madrid Metro, near the Calle del Marqués de la Valdavia, which was named for the politician Mariano Ossorio Arévalo, 3rd Marquess of Valdivia (1889–1969). It is located in fare Zone B1.

## InfoBox

| Marqués de la Valdavia | |
| --- | --- |
| Madrid Metro station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Alcobendas, Madrid<br>Spain |
| Coordinates | 40°32′28″N 3°38′15″W / 40.5410236°N 3.6373849°W / 40.5410236; -3.6373849 |
| Owned by | CRTM |
| Operated by | CRTM |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | B1 |
| History | |
| Opened | 26 April 2007 (2007-04-26) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Madrid Metro Following station  Manuel de Fallatowards Hospital Infanta Sofía  Line 10  La Moralejatowards Puerta del Sur | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Marqués de la ValdaviaLocation within Community of Madrid | |


title: Vascodigama

abstract: Vascodigama is a 2015 Indian Kannada satirical film written and directed by Madhu Chandra. The plot revolves around the extent to which education system in India holds practically among students, and that the revision of curriculum is obligatory for a healthy teacher-student connect, accentuating the argument that students should lead discerning and forbearing lives rather than being coerced to study only to acquire a degree. It stars Kishore in the lead role as Vascodigama, a Kannada lecturer emphasizing his students on the aforementioned point; and Parvathy Nair as Shanthi, an English lecturer in the same college,. Ashwin Vijaykumar and Suchendra Prasad feature in supporting roles. Ashwin Vijaykumar also produced the film under his production house Ashwin Creations. The cinematography was done by Karm Chawla, and was edited by Srikanth. The soundtrack was composed by Poornachandra Tejaswi, who collaborated with B. Ajaneesh Loknath to score the background music. The film was released on 23 October 2015 to positive reviews from critics, who acclaimed the theme of the film and the acting performance of Kishore.

text:
# Vascodigama

***Vascodigama*** is a 2015 Indian Kannada satirical film written and directed by Madhu Chandra. The plot revolves around the extent to which education system in India holds practically among students, and that the revision of curriculum is obligatory for a healthy teacher-student connect, accentuating the argument that students should lead discerning and forbearing lives rather than being coerced to study only to acquire a degree. It stars Kishore in the lead role as Vascodigama, a Kannada lecturer emphasizing his students on the aforementioned point; and Parvathy Nair as Shanthi, an English lecturer in the same college,. Ashwin Vijaykumar and Suchendra Prasad feature in supporting roles.

Ashwin Vijaykumar also produced the film under his production house Ashwin Creations. The cinematography was done by Karm Chawla, and was edited by Srikanth. The soundtrack was composed by Poornachandra Tejaswi, who collaborated with B. Ajaneesh Loknath to score the background music. The film was released on 23 October 2015 to positive reviews from critics, who acclaimed the theme of the film and the acting performance of Kishore.

## Cast

## Production

Madhu Chandra, who made his debut as a director with the 2012 Kannada film *Cyber Yugadol Nava Yuva Madhura Prema Kavyam*, announced of directing *Vascodigama* in early 2013. *The Times of India* carried a report that Komal was cast to play the role of a college lecturer and the film would be a comedy, carrying "a deeper message on the importance of education". Ashwin Vijaykumar, then recently graduated with an MBA degree, told *Bangalore Mirror* of his plans of having wanted to enter cinema for two years which materialized with *Vascodigama*. He produced the film also appearing in a supporting role as a student.

Kishore was cast in Komal's place as the male lead and Parvathy Nair, who had previously appeared in a Kannada film *Story Kathe* (2013), was cast opposite him as the female lead. Filming was done extensively in Sullia, in the Dakshina Kannada region of Karnataka for 95 days, before completion in March 2015. It was reported in July 2015 that a dancer Ajisha Shah, who had hitherto appeared in an item number in the 2014 Hindi film *Happy New Year*, filmed with *Vascodigama* for a dance sequence at Rockline Studio in Bangalore. Niranjan, who is well known for his role as Thiruna on the Tamil serial, Azhagu (TV series) makes his debut in this film.

## Soundtrack

| Vascodigama | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Poornachandra Tejaswi | |
| Released | 9 April 2015 |
| Genre | Feature film soundtrack |
| Length | 24:12 |
| Label | Lahari Music |

Poornachandra Tejaswi composed the film's soundtrack and B. Ajaneesh Loknath, the background score. Lyrics for the soundtrack was written by Madhu Chandra, Shivkumara Swamy and Yogaraj Bhat. The soundtrack album consists of six tracks. It was released officially on 9 April 2015 in Bangalore.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Sa Re Ga Ma" | Madhu Chandra | Vijay Prakash, Naveen Sajju, Arun M. C. | 4:39 |
| 2. | "20 20" | Madhu Chandra | Nagalinge Gowda, Bappi Blossom | 3:58 |
| 3. | "Hello" | Madhu Chandra, Shivkumara Swamy | Bappi Blossom, Naveen Sajju | 4:06 |
| 4. | "Once More" | Yogaraj Bhat | Poornachandra Tejaswi, Tippu | 4:27 |
| 5. | "Goli Hodi" | Madhu Chandra | Shankar Mahadevan, Naveen Sajju, Lawrence, Pancham | 4:32 |
| 6. | "Spider Man" | Madhu Chandra | Bappi Blossom | 2:30 |
| Total length: | | | | 24:12 |

## Critical reception

Upon theatrical release, the film received positive to mixed reviews from critics. They applauded the theme of the film and the acting performance of Kishore, and criticized the "over-the-top" features of his character.

Reviewing the film for *The New Indian Express*, A. Sharadhaa wrote, "A not so often-told tale on education gets a good rendering here. It’s also an example of how comedy can be an effective medium in raising awareness about education." and added, "Vascodigama might elicit some mixed reactions. Whether or not they agree with Madhuchandra’s point of view, this film, which also explores the rewards and challenges that come with a lecturer’s position, is sure to get parents and students thinking." She concluded writing praises of the acting performances and cinematography. Shyam Prasad S. of *Bangalore Mirror* rated the film three out of five, drew comparisons to the 2009 Hindi film *3 Idiots*, and wrote, "Unlike its message that asks students to spread their wings, the film confines itself to a restricted visual range." Commending on the acting performance of Kishore, he concluded writing, "The director manages to 'tell' his ideas but all the emotions that needed to be conveyed as part of the package are missing."

Shashiprasad S. M. of *Deccan Chronicle* rated the film three out of five as well, and wrote "Despite severe flaws, the film is a class apart when compared to the similar ones which are usually preachy and scratchy!". He added, "Vascodigama is likeable for the reason that it does an encouraging job through entertainment". However, S. Vishwanath of *Deccan Herald* felt the film was "above average", and "\[s\]illy and sloppy". He wrote, "In trying to achieve his utopian ideal, Madhuchandra lets loose madness which makes for a fun watch if one leaves sense and sensibilities back home."

## InfoBox

| Vascodigama | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Madhu Chandra |
| Written by | Madhu Chandra |
| Screenplay by | Madhu Chandra |
| Produced by | Ashwin Vijaykumar |
| Starring | Niranjan BS |
| Cinematography | Karm Chawla |
| Edited by | Srikanth |
| Music by | B. Ajaneesh Loknath |
| Production<br>company | Ashwin Creations |
| Distributed by | Jayanna Films |
| Release date | * 23 October 2015 (2015-10-23) |
| Running time | 139 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Kannada |


title: Mars Exploration Program

abstract: Mars Exploration Program (MEP) is a long-term effort to explore the planet Mars, funded and led by NASA. Formed in 1993, MEP has made use of orbital spacecraft, landers, and Mars rovers to explore the possibilities of life on Mars, as well as the planet's climate and natural resources. The program is managed by NASA's Science Mission Directorate by Doug McCuistion of the Planetary Science Division. As a result of 40% cuts to NASA's budget for fiscal year 2013, the Mars Program Planning Group (MPPG) was formed to help reformulate the MEP, bringing together leaders of NASA's technology, science, human operations, and science missions.

text:
# Mars Exploration Program

**Mars Exploration Program** (**MEP**) is a long-term effort to explore the planet Mars, funded and led by NASA. Formed in 1993, MEP has made use of orbital spacecraft, landers, and Mars rovers to explore the possibilities of life on Mars, as well as the planet's climate and natural resources. The program is managed by NASA's Science Mission Directorate by Doug McCuistion of the Planetary Science Division. As a result of 40% cuts to NASA's budget for fiscal year 2013, the Mars Program Planning Group (MPPG) was formed to help reformulate the MEP, bringing together leaders of NASA's technology, science, human operations, and science missions.

## Governance

First convening in October 1999, the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG) enables the scientific community to provide input for the planning and prioritizing of the Mars Exploration Program. Mars exploration missions, as do most NASA missions, can be fairly costly. For example, NASA's *Curiosity* rover (landed on Mars in Aug 2012) has a budget exceeding $2.5 billion. NASA also has goals of collaborating with the European Space Agency (ESA) in order to conduct a mission involving returning a sample of Mars soil to Earth, which would likely cost at least $5 billion and take ten years to complete.

### Objectives

Astrobiology, climatology, and geology have been common themes in Mars Exploration Program missions, such as Mars Exploration Rover (left) and Mars Science Laboratory (right)

According to NASA, there are four broad goals of the MEP, all having to do with understanding the potential for life on Mars.

* **Determine if life ever arose on Mars** – In order to understand Mars' habitability potential, it must be determined whether or not there ever was life on Mars, which begins with assessing the planet's suitability for life. The main strategy regarding the MEP, nicknamed "Follow the Water," is the general idea that where water is present, there is life (at least in instances on Earth). It is likely that if life ever did arise on Mars, there would need to be a supply of water that was present for a substantial amount of time. Therefore, a prominent goal of the MEP is to look for places where water is, was, or could possibly be, such as dried up riverbeds, under the planetary surface, and in Mars' polar ice caps. Aside from water, life also needs sources of energy to survive. The abundance of superoxides makes life on the surface of Mars very unlikely, which essentially rules out sunlight as a possible source of energy for life. Therefore, alternative sources of energy must be searched for, such as geothermal and chemical energy. These sources, which are both used by life forms on Earth, could be used by microscopic life forms living under the Mars' surface. Life on Mars can also be searched for by finding signatures of past and present life or biosignatures. Relative carbon abundance and the location and forms that it can be found in can inform where and how life may have developed. Also, the presence of carbonate minerals, along with the fact that Mars' atmosphere is made up largely of carbon dioxide, would tell scientists that water may have been on the planet long enough to foster the development of life.
* **Characterize the climate of Mars** – Another goal of the MEP is to characterize both the current and past climate of Mars, as well as factors that influence climate change on Mars. Currently what is known is that the climate is regulated by seasonal changes of Mars' ice caps, movement of dust by the atmosphere, and the exchange of water vapor between the surface and the atmosphere. To understand these climatic phenomena means helping scientists more effectively model Mars' past climate, which brings a higher degree of understanding of the dynamics of Mars.
* **Characterize the geology of Mars** – The geology of Mars is differentiable from that of Earth by, among other things, its extremely large volcanoes and lack of crust movement. A goal of the MEP is to understand these differences from Earth along with the way that wind, water, volcanoes, tectonics, cratering and other processes have shaped the surface of Mars. Rocks can help scientists describe the sequence of events in Mars' history, tell whether there was an abundance of water on the planet through identifying minerals that are formed only in water, and tell if Mars once had a magnetic field (which would point toward Mars at one point being a dynamic Earth-like planet).
* **Prepare for the human exploration of Mars** – A human mission to Mars presents a massive engineering challenge. With Mars' surface containing superoxides and lacking a magnetosphere and an ozone layer to protect from radiation from the Sun, scientists would have to thoroughly understand as much of Mars' dynamics as possible before any action can be taken toward the goal of putting humans on Mars.

### Challenges

Mars exploration missions have historically had some of the highest failure rates for NASA missions, which can be attributed to the immense engineering challenges of these missions as well as some bad luck, such as the America's Mars Polar Lander. With many of the goals of the MEP involving entry, descent, and landing of spacecraft (EDL) on the surface of Mars, factors like the planet's atmosphere, uneven surface terrain, and high cost of replicating Mars-like environments for testing come into play.

Compared to the Earth, the atmosphere of Mars is about 100 times thinner. As a result, if a landing craft were to descend into Mars' atmosphere, it would decelerate at a much lower altitude, and depending on the object's mass, may not have enough time to reach terminal velocity. In order to deploy super- or subsonic decelerators, velocity must be below a threshold or they will not be effective. Therefore, technologies must be developed so that a landing craft can be decelerated enough to allow adequate time for other necessary landing processes to be carried out before landing. Mars' atmosphere varies significantly over the course of a Mars year, which prevents engineers from being able to develop a system for EDL common among all missions. Frequently-occurring dust storms increase lower atmospheric temperature and lessen atmospheric density, which, coupled with the extremely variable elevations on Mars' surface, forces a conservative selection of a landing site in order to allow for sufficient craft deceleration. With Mars EDL sequences only lasting about 5–8 minutes, the associated systems must be unquestionably reliable. Ideally, this would be verified by data obtained by carrying out large-scale tests of various components of the EDL systems on Earth-based testing. However, the costs of reproducing environments in which this data would be relevant in terms of Mars' environment are considerably high, resulting in testing being purely ground-based or simulating results of tests involving technologies derived from past missions.

The surface of Mars is extremely uneven, containing rocks, mountainous terrain, and craters. For a landing craft, the ideal landing area would be flat and debris-free. Since this terrain is almost impossible to find on Mars, landing gear must be very stable and have enough ground clearance to prevent problems with tipping over and instability upon landing. In addition, the deceleration systems of these landers would need to include thrusters that are pointed at the ground. These thrusters must be designed so that they only need to be active for an extremely short amount of time; if they are active and pointed at rocky ground for more than a few milliseconds, they start to dig trenches, launch small rocks up into the landing gear, and cause destabilizing backpressure to be forced upon the lander.

Finding an adequate landing site means being able to estimate rock size from orbit. The technology to accurately determine rock size under 0.5 meters in diameter from orbit has not yet been developed, so instead rock size distribution is inferred from its relationship to thermal inertia, based on thermal response of the landing site measured by satellites currently orbiting Mars. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter also helps this cause in the sense that its cameras can see rocks larger than 0.5 m in diameter. Along with the possibility of the lander tipping over on sloped surfaces, large topographical features like hills, mesas, craters and trenches pose the problem of interference with ground sensors. Radar and Doppler radar can falsely measure altitude during descent and the algorithms that target the touchdown point of the lander can be "tricked" into releasing the lander too early or late if the craft passes over mesas or trenches while descending.

## History

### Background

While it was observed in ancient times by the Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, and others, it was not until the invention of the telescope in the 17th century that Mars was studied in depth. The first attempt at sending a probe to the surface of Mars, nicknamed "Marsnik 1," was by the USSR in 1960. The probe failed to reach Earth orbit, and the mission was ultimately unsuccessful. Failure to complete mission objectives has been common in missions designed to explore Mars; roughly two-thirds of all spacecraft destined for Mars have failed before any observation could begin. The Mars Exploration Program itself was formed officially in the wake of the failed Mars Observer in September 1992, which had been NASA's first Mars mission since the Viking 1 and Viking 2 projects in 1975. The spacecraft, which was based on a modified Earth-orbiting commercial communications satellite (i.e., SES's Astra 1A satellite), carried a payload of instruments designed to study the geology, geophysics, and climate of Mars from orbit. The mission ended in August 1993 when communications were lost three days before the spacecraft had been scheduled to enter orbit.

### 2000s

In the 2000s, NASA established the **Mars Scout Program** as a campaign under the Mars Exploration Program to send a series of small, low-cost robotic missions to Mars, competitively selected from innovative proposals by the scientific community with a budget cap of US$485 million. The first robotic spacecraft in this program was *Phoenix*, which utilized a lander originally manufactured for the canceled Mars Surveyor 2001 mission. *Phoenix* was one of four finalists selected out of 25 proposals. The four finalists were Phoenix, MARVEL, SCIM (Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars), and the ARES ("Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey") Mars airplane. SCIM was a sample return mission that would have used a free-return trajectory and aerogel to capture Mars dust and return it to Earth (see also: the *Stardust* mission). MARVEL was an orbiter that would have searched for volcanism as well as analyzed various components of the Mars atmosphere. The name is an acronym for *Mars Volcanic Emission and Life Scout*, and it was intended to detect gases from life if it was there. ARES was an aircraft concept for Mars to study the lower atmosphere and surface. On September 15, 2008, NASA announced that it had selected MAVEN for the second mission. This mission was budgeted at no more than US$475 million. After only two selections, the NASA Science Directorate announced in 2010 that Mars Scout would be incorporated into the Discovery program, which was re-scoped to allow Mars missions to be proposed. *InSight*, a Mars seismology and geology mission, was ultimately chosen as the twelfth Discovery program mission.

### 2010s

A significant budget cut of US$300 million to NASA's planetary science division occurred in FY2013, which prompted the cancellation of the agency's participation in ESA's ExoMars program, as well as a reevaluation of the Mars Exploration Program as a whole. In February 2012, the Mars Program Planning Group (MPPG) was convened in Washington, D.C. to discuss candidate mission concepts for the 2018 or 2020 launch window, in an initiative known as Mars Next Generation. The purpose of the MPPG was to develop foundations for a program-level architecture for robotic exploration of Mars that is consistent with the Obama administration's challenge of sending humans to Mars orbit in the decade of the 2030s, yet remain responsive to the primary scientific goals of the 2011 NRC Decadal Survey for Planetary Science. The MPPG used non-consensus, individual inputs of both NASA civil servant and contractor employees, with resulting decisions being the exclusive responsibility of NASA.

The immediate focus of the MPPG was on the collection of multiple mission concept options for the 2018 and 2020 Mars launch window. At a budget envelope of $700 million USD, including a launch vehicle, it was presumed that the mission would be limited to an orbiter. Near-term ideas were taken into consideration for early mission planning in the 2018-2024 timeframe, while mid- to longer-term ideas informed program-level architecture planning for 2026 and beyond. Strategies explored for such a mission included a sample-return mission where soil samples are placed in Mars orbit in the late 2020s or early 2030s, an in-situ soil analysis, and a study of Mars' surface and deep interior preceding a sample-return mission and/or crewed mission. Concept missions that were studied that fit the budget requirement of US$700 million to US$800 million included the Next Mars Orbiter (NeMO) to replace aging satellites' telecommunication services, and a stationary lander to investigate and select samples suitable for a later return to Earth. Prior to the findings of the MPPG, the House Appropriations Committee's Commerce-Justice-Science subcommittee approved a budget in April 2012 that reinstated US$150 million to the Planetary Science budget, with a caveat that a sample-return mission be mandated. The MPPG's final report was drafted in August 2012 and published in September. Ultimately endorsing a sample-return mission, the recommendation influenced NASA's FY2014 budget process.

## Missions

### List

| Mission | Patch | Vehicle | Launch | Orbital insertion/
Landing Date | Launch vehicle | Status | Duration |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mars Global Surveyor |  | *MGS* | November 7, 1996, 17:00 UTC | September 11, 1997 01:17 UTC | Delta II 7925 | Completed | 3,647 days |
| Mars Pathfinder |  | *Mars Pathfinder* | December 4, 1996 06:58 UTC | July 4, 1997 16:57 UTC | Delta II 7925 | Completed | 297 days |
| | *Sojourner* | | | | | |
| Mars Surveyor '98 |  | *Mars Climate Orbiter* | December 11, 1998, 18:45 UTC | September 23, 1999 09:00 UTC(failed) | Delta II 7425 | Failure | 286 days |
| | *Mars Polar Lander* | January 3, 1999, 20:21 UTC | December 3, 1999 20:15 UTC(failed) | Delta II 7425 | Failure | 334 days |
| 2001 Mars Odyssey |  | *Mars Odyssey* | April 7, 2001, 15:02 UTC | October 24, 2001 12:21 UTC | Delta II 7925-9.5 | Operational | 8,585 days |
| Mars Exploration Rover |  | *Spirit* | June 10, 2003, 17:58 UTC | January 4, 2004 04:35 UTC | Delta II 7925-9.5 | Completed | 2,695 days |
| |  | *Opportunity* | July 7, 2003, 03:18 UTC | January 25, 2004 05:05 UTC | Delta II 7925H-9.5 | Completed | 5,498 days |
| Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter |  | *MRO* | August 12, 2005, 11:43 UTC | March 10, 2006 21:24 UTC | Atlas V 401 (AV-007) | Operational | 6,994 days |
| Phoenix |  | *Phoenix* | August 4, 2007 09:26 UTC | May 25, 2008 23:53 UTC | Delta II 7925 | Completed | 457 days |
| Mars Science Laboratory |  | *Curiosity* | November 26, 2011, 15:02 UTC | August 6, 2012 05:17 UTC | Atlas V 541 (AV-028) | Operational | 4,334 days |
| MAVEN |  | *MAVEN* | November 18, 2013, 18:28 UTC | September 22, 2014 02:24 UTC | Atlas V 401 (AV-038) | Operational | 3,977 days |
| InSight |  | *InSight* | May 5, 2018, 11:05 UTC | November 26, 2018 19:52 UTC | Atlas V 401 (AV-078) | Completed | 2,143 days |
| Mars 2020 |

 | *Perseverance* | July 30, 2020, 11:50 UTC | February 18, 2021 20:55 UTC | Atlas V 541 (AV-088) | Operational | 1,328 days |
| | *Ingenuity* | | | | Completed | 1,026 days |
| Mars Exploration Ice Mapper |  | *I-MIM* | 2031 | 2032 | TBD | Proposed | N/A |

### Timeline

**Notes**

**Citations**

1. Shirley, Donna. "Mars Exploration Program Strategy: 1995–2020" (PDF). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
2. McCuistion, Doug. "Doug McCuistion, Director, NASA Mars Exploration Program". NASA. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
3. Hubbard, G. Scott (August 28, 2012). "A Next Decade Mars Program". *The Huffington Post*. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
4. Garvin, James. "About the Mars Program Planning Group". NASA. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
5. Leone, Dan. "Mars Science Lab Needs $44M More To Fly, NASA Audit Finds". Space News. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
6. de Selding, Peter. "Study: Mars Sample Return Would Take 10 Years, Cost $5 Billion-Plus". Space News. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
7. "The Mars Exploration Program's Science Theme". *Mars Exploration Program*. NASA. Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
8. "Goal 1: Determine if Life Ever Arose On Mars". *Mars Exploration Program*. NASA. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
9. "Goal 2: Characterize the Climate of Mars". *Mars Exploration Program*. NASA. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
10. "Goal 3: Characterize the Geology of Mars". *Mars Exploration Program*. NASA. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
11. "Goal 4: Prepare for the Human Exploration of Mars". *Mars Exploration program*. NASA. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
12. "A Chronology of Mars Exploration". NASA History Program Office. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
13. O'Neill, Ian (March 22, 2008). "The Mars Curse". Universe Today. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
14. Braun, Robert (2007). "Mars Exploration Entry, Descent and Landing Challenges" (PDF). *Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets*. **44** (2): 310–323. Bibcode:2007JSpRo..44..310B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.463.8773. doi:10.2514/1.25116. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 26, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
15. "Mars Exploration History". *Mars Exploration Program*. NASA. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
16. "Mars Observer". *Mars Exploration Program*. NASA. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
17. "Spaceflight Now | Breaking News | NASA selects four Mars Scout mission concepts for study". *spaceflightnow.com*. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
18. "NASA Selects 'MAVEN' Mission to Study Mars Atmosphere". NASA. September 15, 2008.
19. NASA Selects Proposals for Future Mars Missions and Studies
20. "NASA Delays Mars Scout Mission to 2013". NASA. December 21, 2007.
21. JPL.NASA.GOV: News Release
22. NASA's Scout Program Discontinued.
23. Scout Missions - Mars News
24. NASA SELECTS FIRST MARS SCOUT CONCEPTS FOR FURTHER STUDY (2001)
25. Southwest Research Institute proposal for Mars Scout orbiter mission selected for study by NASA
26. "ARES - A Proposed Mars Scout Mission". NASA. January 17, 2007. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010.
27. ARES Mars Aircraft youtube.com video of model and test flight
28. CHRONOS - A Journey Through Martian History
29. Mumma, Michael J. (February 20, 2009). "Strong Release of Methane on Mars in Northern Summer 2003" (PDF). *Science*. **323** (5917): 1041–1045. Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1041M. doi:10.1126/science.1165243. PMID 19150811. S2CID 25083438.
30. Neil F. Comins -**Discovering the Essential Universe** (2012) - Page 148
31. R. Haberle, et al. - The Pascal Discovery Mission: A Mars Climate Network Mission (2000)
32. Brown, Adrian. "MSL and the NASA Mars Exploration Program: Where we've been, where we're going". The Space Review. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
33. Morning Jr., Frank (February 14, 2012). "NASA Units Hope For 2018 Robotic Mars Mission". *Aviation Week*. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
34. "About the Mars Program Planning Group". Retrieved July 20, 2012.
35. Leone, Dan (February 24, 2012). "NASA Raids Outer Planets Budget To Fund Fast Start on Mars Reboot". *Space News*. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
36. Eric Hand (February 28, 2012). "Beset by budget cuts, US Mars scientists look to possible 2018 mission". *Nature*. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
37. Kate Taylor (April 16, 2012). "NASA calls for ideas for future Mars missions". *TG Daily*. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
38. "Science Strategy | NASA Solar System Exploration". *Solarsystem.nasa.gov*. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
39. Stephen Clark (September 27, 2012). "Sample return remains focus of NASA's Mars program". *Space Flight Now*. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
40. "Concepts for Future Mars Missions". *Astrobiology Magazine*. May 29, 2012. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
41. "NASA - Mars Program Planning Group Milestones". *Nasa.gov*. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
42. Dan Leone (October 3, 2012). "Mars Planning Group Endorses Sample Return". Space News. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
43. "Summary of the Final Report" (PDF). *Nasa.gov*. September 25, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
44. "NRC Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science (CAP+S)" (PDF). *Nasa.gov*. May 23, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2016.


title: Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume

abstract: Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.

text:
# Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume

**Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume** is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.

## Geography

The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, **La Fégrinière**, **Le Degré**,**La Thiboudière**, **La Guilminière**, **La Joasiére**,**La Dandière**, **La Héroudière**, **L'Être aux Roux**,**La Basserie**, **La Boscherie**, **La Briconnière**,**La Séramberie**, **L'Épierrière**,**L'Être Bisson** and **Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume**.

The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

There are 5 watercourses that run through the commune, The river Rouvre plus 4 streams, Guesnerie, Onfrairies, Vallees and the Maufy.

## History

* 1620: Georges Pierre is the vicar of this parish.
* 1622: Jean Le Corsonnois is curate and François Guérin "parish priest".
* 1622: "Mr Guillaume Lesage, squire, gentleman of la Bocherie and of the Rocher de Sainte-Honorine(la Guillaume)". His son is Jacques Lesage.

## Administration

Serge Clérembaux was mayor between 1971 and 2020. Pierre Madeline was elected mayor in 2020.

## Demography

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 373 |  |
| 1975 | 322 | −2.08% |
| 1982 | 320 | −0.09% |
| 1990 | 327 | +0.27% |
| 1999 | 330 | +0.10% |
| 2007 | 364 | +1.23% |
| 2012 | 353 | −0.61% |
| 2017 | 334 | −1.10% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## Notable buildings and places

## People linked with the commune

* Petrus Guérin du Rocher (1731–1792), a Jesuit priest, who was beatified by Pope Pius XI in October 1926.
* Hans-Joachim Klein, (1947 - 2022) a former German terrorist, who belonged to the Vienna commando in December 1975, was arrested at Sainte-Honorine in September 1998 where he had lived for several years. He was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment in Germany in January 2001 for the murder of an Iraqi security agent in 1975. He later benefitted from a pardon and returned to Sainte-Honorine-le-Guillaume. After his death he was buried here.

## Bibliography

Jean-François Miniac (preface by Alain Lambert), Les Grandes Affaires criminelles de l'Orne, Éditions de Borée, coll. « Les Grandes Affaires criminelles », Paris, 2008, 336 p. (ISBN 978-2-84494-814-4)

## InfoBox

| Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The Joasière chateau in Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume | |
| Location of Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume | |
| Sainte-Honorine-la-GuillaumeSainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume | |
| Coordinates: 48°46′54″N 0°22′41″W / 48.7817°N 0.3781°W / 48.7817; -0.3781 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Orne |
| Arrondissement | Argentan |
| Canton | Athis-Val de Rouvre |
| Intercommunality | Val d'Orne |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Pierre Madeline |
| Area**1** | 14.87 km2 (5.74 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 342 |
| Density | 23/km2 (60/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 61408 /61210 |
| Elevation | 124–276 m (407–906 ft)
(avg. 200 m or 660 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Raymond Ceulemans

abstract: Raymond Ceulemans is a Belgian billiards player who won 21 UMB three-cushion World Championship titles, more than any other player. Along with 48 European titles and 61 national titles. His nickname is "Mr 100". He was inducted into the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame in 2001, one of the first non-Americans to receive the honour. In October 2003, King Albert II of Belgium honoured Raymond Ceulemans by awarding him a knighthood (Ridderschap) in recognition of his lifetime achievements.

text:
# Raymond Ceulemans

Raymond Ceulemans
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Belgium | | |
| Men's Three-cushion billiards | | |
| UMB World Championship | | |
|  | Neuss 1963 | Three-cushion |
|  | Oostende 1964 | Three-cushion |
|  | Hilversum 1965 | Three-cushion |
|  | Buenos Aires 1966 | Three-cushion |
|  | Lima 1967 | Three-cushion |
|  | Düren 1968 | Three-cushion |
|  | Tokyo 1969 | Three-cushion |
|  | Las Vegas 1970 | Three-cushion |
|  | Groningen 1971 | Three-cushion |
|  | Buenos Aires 1972 | Three-cushion |
|  | Cairo 1973 | Three-cushion |
|  | La Paz 1975 | Three-cushion |
|  | Ostend 1976 | Three-cushion |
|  | Tokyo 1977 | Three-cushion |
|  | Las Vegas 1978 | Three-cushion |
|  | Lima 1979 | Three-cushion |
|  | Buenos Aires 1980 | Three-cushion |
|  | Aix-les-Bains 1983 | Three-cushion |
|  | Heeswijk-Dinther 1985 | Three-cushion |
|  | Tokyo 1990 | Three-cushion |
|  | Luxembourg 2001 | Three-cushion |
|  | Antwerp 1974 | Three-cushion |
|  | Tokyo 1991 | Three-cushion |
|  | Tokyo 1992 | Three-cushion |
|  | Krefeld 1984 | Three-cushion |
|  | Las Vegas 1986 | Three-cushion |
|  | Tokyo 1988 | Three-cushion |
|  | Tokyo 1989 | Three-cushion |
| World Cup | | |
|  | 1986 | Three-cushion |
|  | 1987 | Three-cushion |
| CEB European Championship | | |
|  | Kaatsheuvel 1962 | Three-cushion |
|  | Brussels 1963 | Three-cushion |
|  | Copenhagen 1964 | Three-cushion |
|  | Vienna 1965 | Three-cushion |
|  | Lisbon 1966 | Three-cushion |
|  | Angoulême 1967 | Three-cushion |
|  | Madrid 1968 | Three-cushion |
|  | The Hague 1969 | Three-cushion |
|  | Tournai 1970 | Three-cushion |
|  | Geel 1971 | Three-cushion |
|  | Dortmund 1972 | Three-cushion |
|  | Eeklo 1974 | Three-cushion |
|  | Rotterdam 1975 | Three-cushion |
|  | Valencia 1976 | Three-cushion |
|  | Lausanne 1977 | Three-cushion |
|  | Copenhagen 1978 | Three-cushion |
|  | Düren 1979 | Three-cushion |
|  | Helsingborg 1980 | Three-cushion |
|  | Vienna 1981 | Three-cushion |
|  | Porto 1982 | Three-cushion |
|  | Dunkirk 1983 | Three-cushion |
|  | Waalwijk 1987 | Three-cushion |
|  | Cairo 1992 | Three-cushion |
|  | Vejle 1988 | Three-cushion |
|  | Triest 1961 | Three-cushion |
|  | Amersfoort 1985 | Three-cushion |
|  | Dordrecht 1991 | Three-cushion |

**Raymond Ceulemans** (born 12 July 1937) is a Belgian billiards player who won 21 UMB three-cushion World Championship titles, more than any other player. Along with 48 European titles (23 in three-cushion) and 61 national titles. His nickname is "Mr 100". He was inducted into the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame in 2001, one of the first non-Americans to receive the honour.

In October 2003, King Albert II of Belgium honoured Raymond Ceulemans by awarding him a knighthood (*Ridderschap*) in recognition of his lifetime achievements.

## Early life

He was born in Lier, Belgium. By the age of 7, Ceulemans was playing billiards on the table in his father's café. He also liked to play association football at the local club. Although he was a good midfielder (in 1958 he was discovered by the club K. Beerschot V.A.C. but a transfer was never made) he stopped playing football and began to concentrate on billiards.

## Professional career

In 1961 at the age of 23 Ceulemans won his first Belgian three-cushion title. In 1962 he won his first CEB European Three-cushion Championship.

A year later he won his first world title at the UMB World Three-cushion Championship with averages of 1.159 and 1.307 points per inning. He went on to win the title 11 times in row. The winning streak came to end in 1974 when he lost to Nobuaki Kobayashi in finals. He was the first three-cushion player to reach levels of 1.500 and 2.000 average points per inning.

Ceulemans won the first Three-Cushion World Cup in Paris, France in 1986; two more titles followed in 1987 and 1990. In 1998 he tied the world record held by Junichi Komori of Japan during professional match play by scoring 28 points in a single inning. (The record was later broken.)

Ceulemans won the European three-cushion championship 23 times and defended it 19 times.

Ceulemans also won 21 UMB World three-cushion championships. Additionally he has prevailed in 16 title defenses.

At the age of 64 Ceulemans won his latest UMB world title in 2001 in Luxembourg where he defeated Marco Zanetti.

## International and national titles

* UMB World Three-cushion Championship: 1963–\>73, 1975–\>80, 1983, 1985, 1990, 2001 (21)
* UMB World One-cushion Championship: 1968, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1984 (6)
* UMB World Balkline 47/1 Championship: 1976
* UMB World Straight rail Championship: 1969
* UMB World Pentathlon Championship: 1965, 1972, 1974, 1975 (4)
* UMB Three-Cushion World Cup: 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990–2, 1990–4, 1991, 1992, 1993 (8)
* UMB Three-Cushion World Cup Overall Champion: 1986, 1987, 1990 (3)
* UMB Three-cushion Grand Prix: 1987, 1988–1, 1988–3, 1991, 1992, 1995 (6)
* CEB European Three-cushion Championship: 1962–\>72, 1974–\>83, 1987, 1992 (23)
* CEB European One-cushion Championship: 1963–\>1967, 1969, 1970, 1977–\>79, 1984–\>86 (13)
* CEB European Balkline 71/2 Championship: 1963, 1966, 1968, 1971, 1979 (5)
* CEB European Balkline 47/1 Championship: 1976
* CEB European Pentathlon Championship: 1973, 1979 (2)
* CEB European Pentathlon Championship (national teams): 1969, 1971, 1975, 1992 (4)
* CEB European Cup: 1967,1968, 1969, 1986 (4)
* CEB Grand Prix: 1987, 1988 (2)
* Belgian Three-cushion Championship: 1961, 1962, 1964–\>68, 1970–\>81, 1984, 1986, 1993, 1999, 2001 (24)
* Belgian Cup: 1992, 1994, 2001 (3)

## Other tournament titles

Next to the national, European and world titles, Ceulemans won other national and international tournaments, including

* International Simonis Cup: 9 victories
* Rotterdam Briljant Toernooi: 2 victories in 1991 and 1992
* Wetsteijn toernooi: 1 victory in 1991
* Boerinnekes Pentathlon Antwerp: 15 victories
* Schaal Van Laere tournament Gent: 20 victories

## Records

### UMB World Three-cushion Championship

* General Average (GA): 1963 (1,307), 1966 (1,345), 1973 (1,478), 1976 (1,500), 1978 (1,679), 1986 (1,745)
* Special Average (SA): 1963 (2,068), 1966 (2,500), 1986 (2,631)
* High Run (HR): 1974 (14), 1975 (15), 1980 (15)

### Three-Cushion World Cup

### CEB European Three-cushion Championship

* General Average (GA): 1963 (1,238), 1969 (1,538), 1971 (1,621), 1991 (1,808)
* Special Average (SA): 1964 (1,764), 1965 (1,818), 1965 (2,068), 1969 (2,222), 1972 (2,875)
* High Run (HR): 1964 (17), 1973 (20)

## Honours and awards

Media related to Raymond Ceulemans at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Raymond Ceulemans
Knight
| Raymond Ceulemans in 2011 | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1937-07-12) 12 July 1937<br>Lier, Belgium |
| Sport country | Belgium |
| Nickname | Mr. 100 |
| Professional | 1961–2001 |


title: Pemberton Meadows

abstract: Pemberton Meadows is an unincorporated community on the west shore of the Lillooet River in the Squamish-Lillooet region of southwestern British Columbia. On Pemberton Meadows Road, the locality is by road about 170 kilometres (110 mi) north of Vancouver, 49 kilometres (30 mi) north of Whistler, and 17 kilometres (11 mi) northwest of Pemberton.

text:
# Pemberton Meadows

**Pemberton Meadows** is an unincorporated community on the west shore of the Lillooet River in the Squamish-Lillooet region of southwestern British Columbia. On Pemberton Meadows Road, the locality is by road about 170 kilometres (110 mi) north of Vancouver, 49 kilometres (30 mi) north of Whistler, and 17 kilometres (11 mi) northwest of Pemberton.

## Name origin

During the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush, miners en route named the farmlands north of Port Pemberton as Pemberton or Lillooet Meadows. This delineation as northeast of present day Pemberton, later refined to northwest of the town. Joseph Despard Pemberton, who was a surveyor for the Hudson's Bay Company and Surveyor-General for the Colony of Vancouver Island in the 1850s, probably never visited the area.

## Agriculture

Rumours that a railway line would possibly extend up the Pemberton Valley revived interest in farmland. In 1890, speculators bought and resold 1,800 hectares (4,500 acres), but few owners became residents. Carl Abraham Hartzell, who settled in 1891, is remembered for raising pigs, plowing with oxen, and eccentric behaviour. In a plea for better roading, he stated in 1901 that an acre could produce 680 kilograms (1,500 lb) of grain or 12 tons of potatoes. Farther northwestward, at about 28 kilometres (17 mi) from Pemberton, Duncan Morrison settled in 1897. Around 1904, preemptions were made by James Ryan on the local creek named after him and by Arthur Keirstead about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Pemberton.

The Rockside, about 6 kilometres (4 mi) from Pemberton, was a natural obstacle. When Jack Ronayne and his brothers blasted a passage in 1906, their wagon was the first to reach the upper valley. At this time, James Punch settled locally.

Jack Ronayne also kept weather records for the government and was first to realize that the high livestock losses in the valley were due to goitre, which was treatable by administering iodine doses. Crops such as hay and potatoes, which had been grown mainly for local use, found new customers with the arrival of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway (PGE) construction crews in 1913. The establishment of the railway enabled crops, milk, and cream to be shipped out. Previously, sizeable farms were few. The formerly smaller subsistence operations soon planted greater acreages of wheat, oats and peas, and expanded dairy farming.

Founded in 1925, the Pemberton Valley Farmers Institute promoted advances in agriculture. Disease-free potato varieties became a speciality. During the 1930s, professionals from the Department of Agriculture were judging the exhibits at the fall fairs held at the Pemberton Meadows school.

In 1961, agriculture remained a principal activity in the general Pemberton area but had declined by the early 1980s. By the end of that decade, agriculture had all but disappeared as an employer.

The Pemberton Farmer's Institute continues to oversee the growing of certified virus-free seed potatoes.

The annual Slow Food Cycle Sunday is a 50-kilometre (31 mi) bicycle tour of Pemberton Meadows, which was founded in 2005 at Helmer's Organic Farm. This agri-tourism event provides cyclists with the opportunity to purchase or sample local produce at participating farms along the route.

Established in the Pemberton Valley in 2013, with the growing of Canada's first proprietary, patented hop called Sasquatch, Hops Connect expanded to multiple facilities and distribution centres to better serve the craft brewing industry across Canada.

## Forestry

Around 1905, the Perkins mill assisted many new settlers with materials for their homesteads. In 1907, Patrick G.Dermody arrived. He established a water-powered mill at the falls on Ryan Creek.

From the mid-1920s, logging and sawmill jobs were attracting new people. Mobile mills, powered by gasoline motors, were set up on farms. Pole and tie manufacturing rapidly expanded. Cut poles were dragged overland or rafted downriver to Mile 60 (east of Pemberton) for loading onto railway cars. In 1929, several flat-deck trucks were purchased to haul ties to the railway.

In 1950, Fleetwood Logging Co. introduced large scale logging. At a camp on the upper end of Lillooet Lake, the company hauled using A-frame logging structures supplemented by crawler tractors. Three loading yards existed near the train station.

By 1972, 100 logging trucks a day headed south from the timber leases in the upper Lillooet River region through to Squamish in the south. In 1973, the BC Forest Service built a new office in Pemberton, which closed and moved to Squamish in the 1990s.

In 1961, forestry was a principal activity in the general Pemberton area. By the early 1980s, forestry remained the largest employer. By 1991, only 13 per cent of total employment was in forestry.

## Community

On reopening, the post office relocated about 13 kilometres (8 mi) up the trail to Hartzell's property, who was postmaster 1904–1912. Damage from spring and fall floods and mosquito infestations shattered most dreams, causing many settlers to depart.

Christine Lanoville was the inaugural teacher when the Pemberton Meadows school opened in August 1915, but the schoolhouse was not completed until four months later. In 1929, a new school building was erected. In 1956, the replacement had two rooms, but the second room was used for only two years because enrolments declined.

Erected in 1925, the Boys' Club hall was as a venue for community dances. The upper valley hall, which replaced the former around 1932, collapsed under the weight of snow in the 1970s. In the 1930s, Joseph Prendergast opened a log cabin store with a barber's chair. He was the first licensed barber.

In 1951, the post office closed. That year, electricity came to the valley, which allowed movies to be shown in the Boys' Club hall. Jack Taillefer lived in Pemberton where he ran a garage. As the only electrician and plumber, wiring work in the valley became so plentiful that he sold the garage.

## Trails, roads, ferries, and bridges

The trail up the valley was in such poor condition in the early 1900s that Hartzell, Morrison, and others often used canoes. Prior to 1906, when the Ronayne brothers blasted the Rockslide, settlers to the northwest did not own wagons.

The approximate distances by road from Pemberton of the cross-river ferries were 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) for Dermody, 19 kilometres (12 mi) for Ronayne, and 25 kilometres (16 mi) for Crown Mountain. Dermody was an unspecified ferry, intermittently subsidized 1921–1933. Ronayne was a pontoon ferry, subsidized 1926–1934. Crown Mountain was a raft ferry, subsidized 1926–1945. These ferries likely operated for longer periods. The Ronayne one still existed in 1940. In the early 1950s, the capsizing of a raft ferry in which two occupants drowned may well have been the Crown Mountain one.

The gravelling and ditching of the valley road began in the early 1950s. About 2000, the road was paved.

## Floods

In 1912, government help was sought to address flooding. The blasting of river obstructions a few months later provided only partial relief.

In fall 1940, heavy rains breached inadequate dykes causing serious crop and livestock losses and property damage.

After years of petitioning, the Pemberton Dyking District was formed in 1947 to manage drainage and flood control in the Pemberton Valley. In a tri-partite agreement with federal and provincial governments, the organization dyked and straightened the Lillooet River lowering the level by 4.6 metres (15 ft). The project was carried out under the Prairie Farmer's Rehabilitation Act. The new land made available by the drainage project brought a rush of new settlers in the late 1940s–1950s. The project was only half completed before the 1948 floods, which inundated the lower valley farms.

The ongoing drainage program made abandoned farms viable and created new farmland from swamps.

In 1984, the next most significant flood caused extensive damage. In 2003, flooding impacted the southern end of the valley.

The flood risk from the Lillooet River was increased by the 2010 Capricorn Creek landslide, the largest in recorded Canadian history. The resulting sediment moving downstream has made the river shallower, reducing flow capacity and increasing vulnerability to floods.

## Notable persons

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Pemberton Meadows | |
| --- | --- |
| Pemberton MeadowsLocation of Pemberton Meadows in BC | |
| Coordinates: 50°26′29″N 122°55′04″W / 50.44139°N 122.91778°W / 50.44139; -122.91778 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | British Columbia |
| Region | Lillooet Country |
| Regional District | Squamish-Lillooet |
| Area code(s) | 250,236,778 |


title: Louis Lockwood

abstract:
Louis F. Lockwood was an architect in Minnesota. Several of his works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. He was a nephew of Henry Francis Lockwood (1811–1878), English architect. He partnered briefly in 1908 with architect Peter Linhoff. Works include:
  - Vienna and Earl Apartment Buildings (1907), 682-688 Holly Ave., St. Paul, MN, NRHP-listed
  - Kimball Prairie Village Hall (1908), Main St. and Hazel, Kimball, MN, NRHP-listed
  - Robert C. Dunn House, 708 S. 4th St., Princeton, MN, NRHP-listed
  - At least seven houses that are contributing buildings in the NRHP-listed West Summit Avenue Historic District:
    - T.D. Laughlin House (1905), 1135 Summit Avenue, Classical Revival style house, and carriage house
    - Mrs. B. Knuppe House (1899), 1381 Summit Avenue, American Foursquare house
    - Clarence H. Slocum House (1899), 1382 Summit Avenue, Craftsman style house
    - William David Stewart House (1907), 1410 Summit Avenue, Tudor Revival
    - John A. Swenson House (1900), 1411 Summit Avenue, American Foursquare
    - Arthur W. Wallace House (1906), 1515 Summit Avenue, Classical Revival
    - Mrs. Francis J. Connell House (1906), 1726 Summit Avenue, Classical Revival
  - At least five contributing buildings in NRHP-listed Historic Hill District:
    - C.A, Bettigen House (1900), 825 Goodrich Avenue, mix of Queen Anne and medieval revival modes
    - Dr. L.C. Bacon House (1898), 737 Fairmount Avenue, cubiform
    - Skea-Skaret House (1906), 808 Fairmount Avenue, Neo-classic/Georgian
    - J.R. Beggs House (1907), 922 Portland Avenue, square-plan, hipped roof
    - F. Whitman House (1903), 947 Portland Avenue, "typical of the transitional phase between the Queen Anne and the Medieval Revivals"

text:
# Louis Lockwood

**Louis F. Lockwood** (1864 – 1907) was an architect in Minnesota. Several of his works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

He was a nephew of Henry Francis Lockwood (1811–1878), English architect.

He partnered briefly in 1908 with architect Peter Linhoff.

Works include:

* Vienna and Earl Apartment Buildings (1907), 682-688 Holly Ave., St. Paul, MN (Lockwood, Louis F.), NRHP-listed
* Kimball Prairie Village Hall (1908), Main St. and Hazel, Kimball, MN (Lockwood, Louis), NRHP-listed
* Robert C. Dunn House, 708 S. 4th St., Princeton, MN (Lockwood, Louis), NRHP-listed
* At least seven houses that are contributing buildings in the NRHP-listed West Summit Avenue Historic District:
    + T.D. Laughlin House (1905), 1135 Summit Avenue, Classical Revival style house, and carriage house
    + Mrs. B. Knuppe House (1899), 1381 Summit Avenue, American Foursquare house
    + Clarence H. Slocum House (1899), 1382 Summit Avenue, Craftsman style house
    + William David Stewart House (1907), 1410 Summit Avenue, Tudor Revival
    + John A. Swenson House (1900), 1411 Summit Avenue, American Foursquare
    + Arthur W. Wallace House (1906), 1515 Summit Avenue, Classical Revival
    + Mrs. Francis J. Connell House (1906), 1726 Summit Avenue, Classical Revival
* At least five contributing buildings in NRHP-listed Historic Hill District:
    + C.A, Bettigen House (1900), 825 Goodrich Avenue, mix of Queen Anne and medieval revival modes
    + Dr. L.C. Bacon House (1898), 737 Fairmount Avenue, cubiform
    + Skea-Skaret House (1906), 808 Fairmount Avenue, Neo-classic/Georgian
    + J.R. Beggs House (1907), 922 Portland Avenue, square-plan, hipped roof (perhaps American Foursquare?)
    + F. Whitman House (1903), 947 Portland Avenue, "typical of the transitional phase between the Queen Anne and the Medieval Revivals"


title: Fordis C. Parker

abstract: Fordis Clifford Parker (1868-1945) was an American politician who served in both branches of the Massachusetts legislature, and in both branches of the city council, and as the 38th mayor of Springfield, Massachusetts.

text:
# Fordis C. Parker

**Fordis Clifford Parker** (1868-1945) was an American politician who served in both branches of the Massachusetts legislature, and in both branches of the city council, and as the 38th mayor of Springfield, Massachusetts.

1. City of Springfield (1922), *Municipal Register of the City of Springfield*, Springfield, Ma.: City of Springfield, p. 9
2. City of Springfield (1922), *Municipal Register of the City of Springfield*, Springfield, Ma.: City of Springfield, p. 908
3. Bridgman, Arthur Milnor (1905), *A Souvenir of Massachusetts legislators, Vol. XIV*, Stoughton, MA: A. M. Bridgman, p. 128
4. Bridgman, Arthur Milnor (1904), *A Souvenir of Massachusetts legislators, Vol. XIII*, Stoughton, MA: A. M. Bridgman, p. 149
5. Bridgman, Arthur Milnor (1907), *A Souvenir of Massachusetts legislators, Vol. XVI*, Stoughton, MA: A. M. Bridgman, p. 128
6. Copeland, Alfred Minott (1902), *"Our County and Its People": A History of Hampden County Massachusetts, Volume Two*, The Century Memorial Publishing Company, p. 107
7. Copeland, Alfred Minott (1902), *"Our County and Its People": A History of Hampden County Massachusetts, Volume Two*, The Century Memorial Publishing Company, p. 108
8. Copeland, Alfred Minott (1902), *"Our County and Its People": A History of Hampden County Massachusetts, Volume Two*, The Century Memorial Publishing Company, pp. 106–107
9. Copeland, Alfred Minott (1902), *"Our County and Its People": A History of Hampden County Massachusetts, Volume Two*, The Century Memorial Publishing Company, p. 106
10. Cutter, William Richard (1910), *Genealogical and Personal Memoirs Relating to the Families of the State of Massachusetts, Vol. II*, New York, NY: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, p. 733
11. "Fordis C. Parker". *The Boston Globe*. February 12, 1945. p. 16. Retrieved June 27, 2019.

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| Mayor Fordis Parker speaking about newest accomplishments of the city and an aerial view of Springfield, Fox Movietone News (1929) | |

## InfoBox

| Fordis C. Parker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 38th Mayor of
Springfield, Massachusetts | |
| **In office**
1925–1929 | |
| Preceded by | Edwin F. Leonard |
| Succeeded by | Dwight R. Winter |
| Member of the
Massachusetts Senate
First Hampden District | |
| **In office**
1905–1906 | |
| Preceded by | Henry F. Sampson |
| Succeeded by | William P. Hayes |
| Member of the
Massachusetts House of Representatives
Fourth Hampden District | |
| **In office**
1901–1904 | |
| Member of the
Springfield, Massachusetts
Board of Aldermen
Ward Five | |
| **In office**
1899–1900 | |
| Preceded by | Charles C. Lewis |
| Succeeded by | Henry H. Bosworth |
| President of the
Springfield, Massachusetts
Common Council | |
| **In office**
1898–1898 | |
| Preceded by | Frank W. Barker |
| Succeeded by | Fred O. Clapp |
| Member of the
Springfield, Massachusetts
Common Council
Ward Five | |
| **In office**
1898–1898 | |
| Member of the
Springfield, Massachusetts
Common Council
Ward Eight | |
| **In office**
1897–1897 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 3, 1868
Wales, Massachusetts |
| Died | February 10, 1945(1945-02-10) (aged 77)
Springfield, Massachusetts |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Nellie Frances Puffer |
|  | |


title: Mévoisins

abstract: Mévoisins is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. Its mayor is Christian Bellanger.

text:
# Mévoisins

**Mévoisins** (French pronunciation: \[mevwazɛ̃\]) is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. Its mayor is Christian Bellanger.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 245 |  |
| 1968 | 268 | +9.4% |
| 1975 | 320 | +19.4% |
| 1982 | 460 | +43.8% |
| 1990 | 533 | +15.9% |
| 1999 | 634 | +18.9% |
| 2008 | 643 | +1.4% |

## InfoBox

| Mévoisins | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Mévoisins | |
|  | |
| Location of Mévoisins | |
| MévoisinsMévoisins | |
| Coordinates: 48°33′04″N 1°35′33″E / 48.5511°N 1.5925°E / 48.5511; 1.5925 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Eure-et-Loir |
| Arrondissement | Chartres |
| Canton | Épernon |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Ann Grönborg |
| Area**1** | 4.28 km2 (1.65 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 619 |
| Density | 140/km2 (370/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 28249 /28130 |
| Elevation | 100–150 m (330–490 ft)
(avg. 150 m or 490 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: OR6X1

abstract: Olfactory receptor 6X1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR6X1 gene. Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.

text:
# OR6X1

**Olfactory receptor 6X1** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *OR6X1* gene.

Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| OR6X1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | OR6X1, OR11-270, olfactory receptor family 6 subfamily X member 1 | | |
| External IDs | MGI: 3030820; HomoloGene: 105185; GeneCards: OR6X1; OMA:OR6X1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001005188   NM\_146615   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001005188   NP\_666826   Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 123.75 – 123.75 Mb Chr 9: 40.09 – 40.1 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Watford City High School

abstract: Watford City High School is a public high school located in Watford City, North Dakota. Fall enrollment for the 2016–2017 school year was 549 students and is a part of the McKenzie County School District #1. The athletic teams are known as the Wolves. Athletic teams in the area not affiliated with Watford City High School have other mascots, such as the hockey teams' mascot, the Oilers, and the public legion baseball teams' mascot, the Walleye. This may change with the new Watford City Event Center and a proposed hockey facility. The new high school has officially opened as of February 16, 2016.

text:
# Watford City High School

**Watford City High School** is a public high school located in Watford City, North Dakota. Fall enrollment for the 2016–2017 school year was 549 students and is a part of the McKenzie County School District #1.

The athletic teams are known as the Wolves. Athletic teams in the area not affiliated with Watford City High School have other mascots, such as the hockey teams' mascot, the Oilers, and the public legion baseball teams' mascot, the Walleye. This may change with the new Watford City Event Center and a proposed hockey facility.

The new high school has officially opened as of February 16, 2016.

## Athletics

### Championships

47°48′06″N 103°16′46″W / 47.80167°N 103.27944°W / 47.80167; -103.27944

## InfoBox

| Watford City High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 2313 Wolves Den Parkway
Watford City, North Dakota 58854
USA | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1915 |
| School district | McKenzie County School District |
| Principal | Terry Vanderpan |
| Faculty | 24.00 (FTE) |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Number of students | 477 (2022–2023) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 19.88 |
| Color(s) |  |
| Mascot | Wolf |


title: Louisa Hope Stevenson

abstract: Louisa Hope Sinclair was an early female conservationist.

text:
# Louisa Hope Stevenson

**Louisa Hope Sinclair** (née **Stevenson**; 21 March 1864-13 Oct 1950) was an early female conservationist.

## Life

Stevenson was born on 21 March 1864, the fifth of six children of the Rev Dr Robert Horne Stevenson and his wife Frances Cadell, daughter and coheiress of Robert Cadell of Ratho. The family lived at 9 Oxford Terrace in the Learmonth district of west Edinburgh, close to Dean Bridge.

In October 1905 she married Alexander Garden Sinclair ARSA, a noted Scottish landscape and portrait artist.

In 1917 she became the first female office-holder of the prominent Edinburgh conservationist group the Cockburn Association, taking on the role of joint Honorary Secretary.

The Sinclairs lived at 18 Ann Street, Edinburgh where Alexander died after a long illness in 1930. The couple had no children. Louisa gifted at least two of Alexander’s paintings to national and local institutions.

In 1942 she donated a portrait called *The Satin Dress* to Kirkcaldy Art Gallery and she bequeathed an agricultural scene called the *Horses Harrowing* to the National Galleries of Scotland in her will.

Louisa died on the 13 October 1950 and is buried in her parents' family plot near the centre of the northern 19th-century extension of Dean Cemetery in western Edinburgh alongside her husband.

## Sources


title: Lotus Thompson

abstract: Lotus Thompson was an Australian actress of silent and sound films. Her film career began in Australia in 1921 and ended in California in 1949, during which time she appeared in 35 motion pictures. She died in California in 1963.

text:
# Lotus Thompson

**Lotus Thompson** (26 August 1904 – 19 May 1963) was an Australian actress of silent and sound films. Her film career began in Australia in 1921 and ended in California in 1949, during which time she appeared in 35 motion pictures. She died in California in 1963.

## Early life

Thompson was born in Charters Towers, Queensland, on 26 August 1904. As a child, the Australian youth showed talent in school and church theatricals. Thompson was considered a beautiful girl as a youth. When she was fifteen her admirers entered her in a beauty contest. She was awarded first prize by a unanimous vote of the judges. One of the judges was a young artist. He was asked his reason for selecting her. He remarked that he chose her not so much for the beauty of her eyes, head, or lovely complexion. Instead, he admired her legs most, as they were "the sort of limbs a Diana or Venus must have had at her age". The contest won for her the title as the most beautiful girl in Australia.

Her mother was encouraged to let her sign with a stock company as soon as her school days ended.

## Australian film career

Thompson made her film debut aged seventeen in the 1921 Australian film *Know Thy Child*. According to the *Sydney Truth* "She is not yet seventeen and possesses all the ' requisites of the successful artiste." Thompson's performance earned her good reviews and her appearance was much publicised.

She appeared in a Mother Goose pantomime then got a good role supporting Arthur Tauchert in *The Dinkum Bloke* (1923), directed by Raymond Longford. Longford was the leading Australian director of the 1920s and Tauchert one of the biggest stars.

She had a lead role in the comedy *Townies and Hayseeds*. It was directed by Beaumont Smith who used Thompson in *The Dingo*. Publicity referred to her as "Australia's loveliest girl."

Smith used her again in *Prehistoric Hayseeds* and *The Digger Earl*.

## American film career

Mother and daughter set out for Hollywood on 5 March 1924, arriving in San Francisco on 25 March 1924.

Lotus was picked by a director from Paramount Pictures from among a crowd of applicants.

She contacted fellow Australian Enid Bennett, who had married director Fred Niblo. She came second in a beauty contest and did some screen tests. Pictures of her legs appeared in the paper.

She got work at Hal Roach studios and in the Fox sunshine comedies including *The Folly of Vanity*.

## Disfigurement

On the afternoon of 1 February 1925, she attempted to disfigure her legs for life. She burned herself from the hips down with a preparation she thought was nitric acid. She had bought the acid at a drug store the previous evening. She told the clerk there she wanted to remove some warts.

Her reason for marring herself had to do with her inability to secure roles other than parts in comedy and as a chorus girl. Her ambition was to play drama, which she had done in her native country. In America, each director was the same in his remarks to Lotus, "Your legs are too marvelous to ignore. You must show your legs. Here, jump into this bathing suit." In the aftermath, she was satisfied that directors and the movie public would never want to look at her legs again.

Her mother and a girlfriend were eating when they heard Lotus screaming in the bathroom. "I've fixed them now", Lotus reportedly said. "They will never want to look at them again."

The actress was rushed to the Ferry-Dickey-Cass private hospital by two Los Angeles Police Department detectives. The attending physician believed the vial used by Lotus did not contain nitric acid. Instead, it had the reaction of catharides, which if used in enough quantity, would cause disfigurement. If it were indeed nitric acid, the doctor said that he considered it a weak solution. The degree of disfigurement would be known in a few days.

She told the press at the time:

> It's sickening. I wish I never had any legs. Drama is the ambition of my life. I played dramatic roles in Australia and I can play them here if they'll give me the chance. But they won't. They throw me into a bathing suit or a pair of tights. They say my figure is that of Venus. My legs are the shapeliest in films. Bah! I'm so sick of it all. I couldn't stand it any more so I decided to mar them so no one would want to look at them any more.

The day after, Miss Thompson received a bit of welcome news. Rudolph Valentino sent her a telegram promising her a part in his next film. He remarked about her irrational action, "I know nothing of your work, but anyone who has the courage to do as dramatic and insane a thing as you have done must have temperament and feeling."

Unfortunately, she did not have a chance to act with Valentino. He died the following year on 23 August 1926. However her rash act was carried in newspapers worldwide, and she received offers of bit roles from various casting directors. One of these was film executive Harry Rapf, who visited the young woman at her home as she was convalescing. He told her that she would have the opportunity to play in serious dramatic roles as soon as her legs healed.

In May 1925 an Australian paper ran an item which said the acid pouring did not occur and reports were a publicity stunt. However pictures of Lotus' bandaged legs appeared in the paper at the time.

## Later career

The incident did seem to get Thompson some roles. She was in some Westerns with Fred Humes, *The Yellow Back* and *The One-man Band*. She reportedly signed to Paramount Pictures who put her in *Rough House Rosie* with Clara Bow. She also appeared in *Casey at the Bat*.

In August 1926, Lotus had a supporting role in *The New Champion*, which dealt with a young blacksmith who had boxing ambitions.

In late 1926 she was listed as a possible WAMPAS Baby Star.

Other films included *Flashing Fangs* and *Song o' My Heart*. She had a part in Cecil B. de Mille's *Madame Sin*.

An August 1933 *Los Angeles Times* article made reference to Thompson among a list of actors who accepted $10 to $15 a day for bit roles in films. The piece noted that it was no reflection on the "former greats" that they accepted small roles. Instead it was noted that they always did their assignments well and "they keep the movie ball rolling." It was mentioned that the road back is a "tough one" and current stars may be out in a year or two.

## Final years

After ten years in retirement she appeared in *Woman in White*.

Lotus Thompson died in Burbank, California, on 19 May 1963.

## Personal life

Thompson was married twice. Her first marriage was to Edward Churchill, whom she married in 1929. The marriage ended in divorce in 1936, and she remarried the following year to Stanley Robinson. Neither of the marriages produced children.

## Partial filmography

### Other sources

* *Galveston, Texas Daily News*, 20 March 1927, Page 17.
* *Lincoln, Nebraska Star*, *Lotus Thompson Is Now Assured A Serious Role*, 3 February 1925, Page 1.
* *Los Angeles Times*, *Girl Drenches Legs With Acid*, 2 February 1925, Page A1.
* *Los Angeles Times*, *Acid Girl's Wish May Come True*, 3 February 1925, A10.
* *Syracuse, New York Herald*, *Just Couldn't Bear Her Own Shapely Beauty*, Sunday, 8 March 1925, Magazine Section.

## InfoBox

| Lotus Thompson | |
| --- | --- |
| Thompson featured in the *Sunday Times* newspaper in 1923 | |
| Born | 26 August 1904
Charters Towers, Queensland, Australia |
| Died | 19 May 1963 (aged 58)
Burbank, California, U.S. |
| Years active | 1921–1938, 1948–1949 |
| Spouses | *   Edward Churchill  (m. 1929; div. 1936) *   Stanley Robinson (m. 1937) |