title: William Laskin

abstract: William "Grit" Laskin is a Canadian luthier and musician, particularly notable for his high-quality instruments, acoustic guitar innovations and for his skill in the art of inlay. Larry Robinson, author of The Art Of Inlay, describes Laskin as "one of the most astonishing inlay artists in North America." His guitars have been exhibited as works of art by several museums.

text:
# William Laskin

**William "Grit" Laskin** (born August 23, 1953) is a Canadian luthier and musician, particularly notable for his high-quality instruments, acoustic guitar innovations (such as the "Laskin Armrest" and "Ribrest") and for his skill in the art of inlay. Larry Robinson, author of *The Art Of Inlay*, describes Laskin as "one of the most astonishing inlay artists in North America." His guitars have been exhibited as works of art by several museums.

## Career

As a musician, he has several solo albums, and is known as a member of Friends of Fiddler's Green. He accompanied Stan Rogers (sometimes under the epithet "The Masked Luthier of Dupont Street") both on recordings and on tour.

Laskin learned the trade through an apprenticeship with Jean Larrivée, beginning in 1971. He makes approximately 20 to 24 guitars per year and he has made guitars for many well-known artists such as: k.d. lang, Owen McBride, Margaret Christl, Paul Mills, Ben Mink, Garnet Rogers, and Stan Rogers, Claudia Schmidt, Lillebjorn Nilsen, and José Valle ('Chuscales').

He has written numerous books and articles, including *The World of Musical Instrument Makers: A Guided Tour*, which became the basis for the exhibit "Handmade for Music" at the Ontario Science Centre and various locations throughout Ontario in 1988 and 1989. Laskin is also one of the founders of the Association of Stringed Instrument Artisans and the Canadian Folk Music Awards.

## Awards and honours

## Works

### Solo albums

* *Unmasked* (1979)
* *Lila's Jig* (1987)
* *A Few Simple Words* (1995)
* *Earthly Concerns* (1998)

### Other albums

* *Between the Breaks...Live!* (1979) Stan Rogers
* *The Barley Grain for Me* (1998) Margaret Christl and Ian Robb with Grit Laskin

### Books

* Laskin, Grit; Pickell, Brian (1987). *The World of Musical Instrument Makers: A Guided Tour*. Oakville, Ontario: Mosaic Press. ISBN 978-0-88962-349-1. OCLC 16579105.
* Laskin, Grit (1996). *Angel Could Smell the Fire*. Oakville, Ontario: Mosaic Press. ISBN 978-0889626010. OCLC 16579105.
* Laskin, Grit (2003). *A Guitarmaker's Canvas: The Inlay Art of Grit Laskin*. Berkeley, CA: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-756-1. OCLC 52380931..
* Laskin, William "Grit" (2016). *Grand Complications: 50 Guitars + 50 Stories*. Vancouver, BC: Figure 1 Publishing. ISBN 978-1927958841.

## Literary Reference

A character in the Charles de Lint novel *Moonheart* owns a Grit Laskin guitar.

## InfoBox

| William LaskinCM, RCA | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1953-08-23) August 23, 1953<br>Hamilton, Ontario, Canada |
| Other names | Grit Laskin, *The Masked Luthier* |
| Occupation(s) | luthier, musician |
| Website | williamlaskin.com |


title: Monnett Moni

abstract: The Monnett Moni is a sport aircraft developed in the United States in the early 1980s and marketed for homebuilding. Designed by John Monnett, who coined the term "air recreation vehicle" to describe it, it is a single-seat motorglider with a low, cantilever wing and a V-tail. Construction is of metal throughout, and it is intended to be easy and inexpensive to build and fly. Like many sailplanes, the main undercarriage is a single monowheel, which in this case was mounted in a streamlined fairing beneath the fuselage and is not retractable, with a steerable tailwheel behind it. Builders are also given the option of constructing their example with fixed tricycle undercarriage. Power is provided by a small two-cylinder, horizontally opposed, air-cooled engine. Examples of the Moni are on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum, and the EAA AirVenture Museum.

text:
# Monnett Moni

The **Monnett Moni** is a sport aircraft developed in the United States in the early 1980s and marketed for homebuilding.

Designed by John Monnett, who coined the term "air recreation vehicle" to describe it, it is a single-seat motorglider with a low, cantilever wing and a V-tail. Construction is of metal throughout, and it is intended to be easy and inexpensive to build and fly. Like many sailplanes, the main undercarriage is a single monowheel, which in this case was mounted in a streamlined fairing beneath the fuselage and is not retractable, with a steerable tailwheel behind it. Builders are also given the option of constructing their example with fixed tricycle undercarriage. Power is provided by a small two-cylinder, horizontally opposed, air-cooled engine.

Examples of the Moni are on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum, and the EAA AirVenture Museum.

## Variants

The Sonex Xenos motorglider is an evolution of the Moni, and provided much of the design foundation for the Sonex line of aircraft.

The all-electric-powered Electric Aircraft Corporation ElectraFlyer-C is a modified Monnett Moni in taildragger configuration.

## Specifications (with tricycle gear)

*Data from*

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** One pilot
* **Length:** 14 ft 8 in (4.46 m)
* **Wingspan:** 27 ft 6 in (8.38 m)
* **Height:** 3 ft 6 in (1.07 m)
* **Wing area:** 75 sq ft (7.0 m2)
* **Empty weight:** 260 lb (118 kg)
* **Gross weight:** 500 lb (227 kg)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × IAME KFM 107 , 30 hp (22 kW)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 120 mph (193 km/h, 100 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 110 mph (177 km/h, 96 kn)
* **Range:** 320 mi (515 km, 280 nmi)
* **Service ceiling:** 12,500 ft (3,810 m)
* **Maximum glide ratio:** 20
* **Rate of climb:** 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s)
* **Rate of sink:** 167 ft/min (0.85 m/s)

## InfoBox

| Moni | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Monnett Moni on display in the National Air and Space Museum | |
| Role | Sport aircraft |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Monnett Experimental Aircraft Inc for homebuilding |
| Designer | John Monnett |
| First flight | July 24, 1981 |
| Number built | 380 kits sold between 1982 and 1986 |
| Variants | Electric Aircraft Corporation ElectraFlyer-C |


title: William I. Fletcher

abstract: William Isaac Fletcher was an American librarian, bibliographer, and indexer who served as the head librarian of Amherst College from 1883 to 1911 and the President of the American Library Association in 1891–92. In 1951, he was named by Library Journal to the Library Hall of Fame.

text:
# William I. Fletcher

**William Isaac Fletcher** (April 23, 1844 – June 15, 1917) was an American librarian, bibliographer, and indexer who served as the head librarian of Amherst College from 1883 to 1911 and the President of the American Library Association in 1891–92. In 1951, he was named by *Library Journal* to the Library Hall of Fame.

## Background

Born in Burlington, Vermont, Fletcher grew up in Winchester, Massachusetts. After working as the Winchester town librarian in his teens, he got a job at the Boston Athenaeum when he was 18, working there under William Frederick Poole for five years. After a decade and a half of working at several other libraries in Massachusetts and Connecticut, Fletcher was hired by Amherst in November 1883.

## Poole's Index to Periodical Literature

Fletcher served as the editor of four supplements (1893, 1897, 1903, and 1908) of the *Poole's Index to Periodical Literature* as well as of the 1893 and 1901 editions of the *ALA Index to General Literature*.

Fletcher married in 1869, and had two daughters and three sons.

* Bobinski, George S. "William Isaac Fletcher, an Early American Library Leader." *The Journal of Library History*, v5n2, Apr 1970, pgs. 101–118.
* "A Library Hall of Fame for the 75th Anniversary." *Library Journal*, v76, 15 Mar 1951, pgs. 466–472.

## InfoBox

| William I. Fletcher | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| President of the American Library Association | |
| **In office**
1892 | |
| Preceded by | Klas August Linderfelt |
| Succeeded by | Melvil Dewey |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | William Isaac Fletcher
(1844-04-23)April 23, 1844
Burlington, Vermont, United States |
| Died | June 15, 1917(1917-06-15) (aged 73) |
| Occupation | Librarian |
|  | |


abstract: William Elliott was an English-born lawyer, farmer and political figure in Upper Canada. He represented Essex in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1830 to 1834 as a Conservative. He received a land grant and a townlot in Sandwich. Elliott was called to the Upper Canada bar in 1803. He served as an officer in the Essex militia, later reaching the rank of colonel, and was also a captain in the Indian Department. He married Sophia Bouchette. Elliott was among those who lobbied for the creation of a Niagara and Detroit Rivers Rail Road, which received its charter in 1836.

text:
# William Elliott (Upper Canada politician)

**William Elliott** (1775  1867) was an English-born lawyer, farmer and political figure in Upper Canada. He represented Essex in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1830 to 1834 as a Conservative.

He received a land grant and a townlot in Sandwich. Elliott was called to the Upper Canada bar in 1803. He served as an officer in the Essex militia, later reaching the rank of colonel, and was also a captain in the Indian Department. He married Sophia Bouchette. Elliott was among those who lobbied for the creation of a Niagara and Detroit Rivers Rail Road, which received its charter in 1836.


title: Montmiral

abstract: Montmiral is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

text:
# Montmiral

**Montmiral** (French pronunciation: \[mɔ̃miʁal\]) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

## Economy

Unemployment in the rural commune is higher than the French national average with 8.1% of people aged between 15 and 64 in Montmiral being unemployed.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 506 |  |
| 1975 | 458 | −1.41% |
| 1982 | 437 | −0.67% |
| 1990 | 418 | −0.55% |
| 1999 | 441 | +0.60% |
| 2009 | 618 | +3.43% |
| 2014 | 643 | +0.80% |
| 2020 | 685 | +1.06% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Montmiral | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A general view of Montmiral | |
| Location of Montmiral | |
| MontmiralMontmiral | |
| Coordinates: 45°09′22″N 5°09′02″E / 45.1561°N 5.1506°E / 45.1561; 5.1506 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Drôme |
| Arrondissement | Valence |
| Canton | Drôme des collines |
| Intercommunality | CA Valence Romans Agglo |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jérôme Pouilly |
| Area**1** | 26.69 km2 (10.31 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 672 |
| Density | 25/km2 (65/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 26207 /26750 |
| Elevation | 240–548 m (787–1,798 ft)
(avg. 394 m or 1,293 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Mop bucket cart

abstract: A mop bucket cart is a wheeled bucket that allows its user to wring out a wet mop without getting the hands dirty. The cart has two buckets with the upper one usually clipped onto the lower. The upper bucket is used to place the wet mop for storage and press handle to wring out the mop. Water trickles down to another bucket below, which collects the waste water. In some carts, there are separate lower front bucket to collect waste water. The smaller lower rear bucket is filled with a floor cleaning solution. Wheels are usually present to allow the user to push the cart around using the wring handle bar to steer, allowing complete mobility. These carts are usually made of heavy duty plastic and usually found in institutional, commercial or industrial settings, but can be used in the home as a more convenient and less dirty tool for cleaning floors.

text:
# Mop bucket cart

A **mop bucket cart** (or **mop trolley**) is a wheeled bucket that allows its user to wring out a wet mop without getting the hands dirty. The cart has two buckets with the upper one usually clipped onto the lower.

The upper bucket is used to place the wet mop for storage and press handle to wring out the mop. Water trickles down to another bucket below, which collects the waste water. In some carts, there are separate lower front bucket to collect waste water. The smaller lower rear bucket is filled with a floor cleaning solution. Wheels are usually present to allow the user to push the cart around using the wring handle bar to steer, allowing complete mobility.

These carts are usually made of heavy duty plastic and usually found in institutional, commercial or industrial settings, but can be used in the home as a more convenient and less dirty tool for cleaning floors.


title: Monon Park Dancing Pavilion

abstract: Monon Park Dancing Pavilion is a historic dance hall building located at Cedar Lake, Lake County, Indiana. It was built in 1897, as a one-story, open air frame building supported by brick piers. The building measures 55 feet by 110 feet and has a massive gable on hip roof with deeply overhanging eaves. It displays some Stick / Eastlake movement design elements. The building was acquired in 1915 by the Moody Memorial Bible Church, who enclosed and enlarged the original structure. A restoration project was underway in 2013. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.

text:
# Monon Park Dancing Pavilion

**Monon Park Dancing Pavilion** is a historic dance hall building located at Cedar Lake, Lake County, Indiana. It was built in 1897, as a one-story, open air frame building supported by brick piers. The building measures 55 feet by 110 feet and has a massive gable on hip roof with deeply overhanging eaves. It displays some Stick / Eastlake movement design elements. The building was acquired in 1915 by the Moody Memorial Bible Church, who enclosed and enlarged the original structure. A restoration project was underway in 2013.

It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Monon Park Dancing Pavilion | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Monon Park Dancing Pavilion,, September 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | 13701 Lauerman St., Cedar Lake, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 41°22′7″N 87°26′22″W / 41.36861°N 87.43944°W / 41.36861; -87.43944 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1897 (1897) |
| Architect | Stiles and Stone |
| Architectural style | Stick/eastlake |
| NRHP reference No. | 00001540 |
| Added to NRHP | January 3, 2001 |


title: Moonstone: A Hard Days Knight

abstract: Moonstone: A Hard Days Knight is an action role-playing video game by Canadian independent developer Rob Anderson and published by Mindscape for the Amiga in 1991 and one year later converted to DOS with different sound and music. The title is a play on A Hard Day's Night. Moonstone's gameplay blends several different genres, allowing up to four players to participate in a basic turn based game with real time combat for any encounters. It is also notable as one of the goriest games of its time, with some particularly bloody fight and death scenes. Magazine advertisements for Moonstone purported 'nearly' a thousand frames of animation for two megabytes of monsters, and over 60 different painted backdrops.

text:
# Moonstone: A Hard Days Knight

***Moonstone: A Hard Days Knight*** is an action role-playing video game by Canadian independent developer Rob Anderson and published by Mindscape for the Amiga in 1991 and one year later converted to DOS with different sound and music. The title is a play on *A Hard Day's Night*.

*Moonstone's* gameplay blends several different genres, allowing up to four players to participate in a basic turn based game with real time combat for any encounters. It is also notable as one of the goriest games of its time, with some particularly bloody fight and death scenes.

Magazine advertisements for *Moonstone* purported 'nearly' a thousand frames of animation for two megabytes of monsters, and over 60 different painted backdrops.

## Development

In interview Todd Prescott discussed game's concept he stated the game was "a combination of Dungeons & Dragons and the board games, Talisman and Dark Tower." The game's combat was heavily influenced by the action game Barbarian.

## Gameplay

The player takes on the role of a chosen knight who is sent by druids to return the mystical 'moonstone' to Stonehenge. The game supports between one and four players at once, with the computer controlling any knights not controlled by human players as rival NPCs. Gameplay consists of two distinct modes: turn-based exploration and real-time combat.

In turn-based mode each player can move a limited distance on the game's world map and visit various locations. Players will mostly visit the many dolmens that are scattered across the map. These places represent areas guarded by monsters. Visiting these dolmens will trigger the second main gameplay mode: real-time combat. Players take control of their chosen knights and attempts to defeat the monsters using sword combat similar to *Barbarian: The Ultimate Warrior* or *Sword of Sodan*.

Defeating the monsters rewards the player with treasures from that location. Success will also result in gaining one experience point (XP). These then can be distributed in one of the three abilities: Strength, Constitution and Endurance. The required amount of XP needed to advance varies according to the number of human-controlled characters. This, combined with some powerful weapons that can be discovered or bought, can boost the player's combat abilities. However, the difficulty of the game increases to compensate.

The game's objective is to find the lair that holds one of the four keys. The player who gathers together all four keys (either by finding them or by stealing them from rivals) will have access to the Valley of the Gods at the center of the map. The knight will have to fight against the Guardian in order to win a 'moonstone'. The moonstone corresponds randomly to a lunar phase, and grants the knight more power during that phase. The moonstone must be returned to Stonehenge for the game to be completed.

After some days, a dragon will appear and make regular sweeps across the land. In the event that an unskilled player is unfortunate enough to encounter the dragon early on in the game, defeat is almost inevitable.

## Reception

When the game was released, it got quite positive reviews from some magazines while some reviewers did not like it at all. Moonstone was banned in Germany due to gameplay being conceived as extremely violent at the time and failed to find a distributor for the US market as well. These days the game has a large cult following among vintage gamers. The game is highly sought after as a collectible. The game was put on the German index by the BPjS.

*The One* gave the Amiga version of *Moonstone* an overall score of 82%, praising its graphics and sound effects, calling the introduction "wonderfully animated" and the game's sprites "beautifully animated", furthermore stating that *Moonstone* is "pleasing to the eye and the ear". *The One* criticises the hack-and-slash gameplay as somewhat repetitive, but praises the special combat moves, expressing "they open up a good deal more options than the slash 'em up fan is usually presented with".

## InfoBox

| Moonstone: A Hard Days Knight | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Rob Anderson |
| Publisher(s) | Mindscape |
| Programmer(s) | Rob Anderson
Kevin Hoare |
| Artist(s) | Rob Anderson
Dennis Turner |
| Composer(s) | Richard Joseph |
| Platform(s) | Amiga, DOS |
| Release | * EU: 1991 (Amiga) * EU: 1992 (DOS) |
| Genre(s) | Action role-playing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Montchal

abstract: Montchal is a commune in the Loire department in central France.

text:
# Montchal

**Montchal** (French pronunciation: \[mɔ̃ʃal\]) is a commune in the Loire department in central France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 493 |  |
| 1975 | 468 | −0.74% |
| 1982 | 470 | +0.06% |
| 1990 | 391 | −2.27% |
| 1999 | 425 | +0.93% |
| 2009 | 450 | +0.57% |
| 2014 | 503 | +2.25% |
| 2020 | 501 | −0.07% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Montchal | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
| Location of Montchal | |
| MontchalMontchal | |
| Coordinates: 45°49′36″N 4°18′55″E / 45.8267°N 4.3153°E / 45.8267; 4.3153 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Loire |
| Arrondissement | Montbrison |
| Canton | Feurs |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Christian Denis |
| Area**1** | 8.84 km2 (3.41 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 503 |
| Density | 57/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 42148 /42360 |
| Elevation | 512–782 m (1,680–2,566 ft)
(avg. 640 m or 2,100 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Montcenis

abstract: Montcenis is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Montcenis

**Montcenis** (French pronunciation: \[mɔ̃səni\]) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## Geography

The Bourbince river has its source in the commune.

## InfoBox

| Montcenis | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Town hall | |
|  | |
| Location of Montcenis | |
| MontcenisMontcenis | |
| Coordinates: 46°47′29″N 4°23′23″E / 46.7914°N 4.3897°E / 46.7914; 4.3897 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Saône-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Autun |
| Canton | Le Creusot-1 |
| Intercommunality | CU Creusot Montceau |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Thierry Buisson |
| Area**1** | 12.33 km2 (4.76 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,884 |
| Density | 150/km2 (400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 71309 /71710 |
| Elevation | 310–513 m (1,017–1,683 ft)
(avg. 420 m or 1,380 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Monte Guilarte

abstract: Monte Guilarte, also known as Monte del Guaraguao, is the fifth-highest peak in Puerto Rico at 1,199 meters (3,934 ft) above sea level. The mountain is located in the Cordillera Central, in the municipality of Adjuntas. It is so named after Captain Juan Guilarte de Salazar, a Spanish explorer and Conquistador, who was one of the first settlers of Puerto Rico. In 1513, Guilarte de Salazar led a column of 50 men to victory against 600 Taíno Indians in the southwest of the island. The mountain and its surroundings encompasses the Guilarte State Forest, located in Guilarte, Adjuntas, Puerto Rico.

text:
# Monte Guilarte

**Monte Guilarte**, also known as **Monte del Guaraguao**, is the fifth-highest peak in Puerto Rico at 1,199 meters (3,934 ft) above sea level. The mountain is located in the Cordillera Central, in the municipality of Adjuntas.

It is so named after Captain Juan Guilarte de Salazar, a Spanish explorer and Conquistador, who was one of the first settlers of Puerto Rico. In 1513, Guilarte de Salazar led a column of 50 men to victory against 600 Taíno Indians in the southwest of the island.

The mountain and its surroundings encompasses the Guilarte State Forest, located in Guilarte, Adjuntas, Puerto Rico.

## InfoBox

| Monte Guilarte | |
| --- | --- |
| Monte Guilarte with Garzas Lake in the foreground. | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,199 m (3,934 ft) |
| Coordinates | 18°09′33″N 66°46′37″W / 18.15917°N 66.77694°W / 18.15917; -66.77694 |
| Geography | |
| Monte GuilarteAdjuntas | |
| Parent range | Cordillera Central |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Hike |


title: Morag McLellan

abstract: Morag McLellan is a Scottish female field hockey player who plays for the Scotland women's national field hockey team. She has represented Scotland in few international competitions including the 2013 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship, 2010 Commonwealth Games, and 2014 Commonwealth Games.

text:
# Morag McLellan

**Morag McLellan** (born 2 July 1990) is a Scottish female field hockey player who plays for the Scotland women's national field hockey team. She has represented Scotland in few international competitions including the 2013 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship, 2010 Commonwealth Games, and 2014 Commonwealth Games.

## InfoBox

Morag McLellan
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1990-07-02) 2 July 1990 | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2010-2014 | Scotland |  |  |


title: Moot Hall, Mansfield

abstract: The Moot Hall is a former municipal building situated on one corner of the Market Place in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, England. The Grade II listed building now operates as shops at ground floor level.

text:
# Moot Hall, Mansfield

The **Moot Hall** is a former municipal building situated on one corner of the Market Place in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, England. The Grade II listed building now operates as shops at ground floor level.

## History

The first moot hall in Mansfield was a medieval structure which was rebuilt in the 16th century. It was demolished, after it again became dilapidated. The current building was commissioned by the Countess of Oxford, whose seat was at Welbeck Abbey, in the mid-18th century.

The building was designed in the neoclassical style, built in ashlar stone and was completed in 1752. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage of seven bays facing onto the Market Place. Originally it was open on the ground floor, so markets could be held, with large columns to support the structure on the upper floors. It was fenestrated by tall sash windows on the first floor and square sash windows on the second floor. The central section of three bays, which was slightly projected forward, was surmounted by a entablature carved with the letters "HCHOM" (Henrietta Cavendish Holles \[of\] Oxford & Mortimer) and the year (1752), and by a pediment with a gilded coat of arms of the Oxford family in the tympanum. The architectural historian, Nikolaus Pevsner, commented favourably on the "graceful pediment decorated in the Rococo taste". Internally, the principal room was the main assembly room which measured 48 feet (15 m) long by 17 feet (5.2 m) wide.

In February 1782, the moot hall was the venue for a lively debate, presided over by Lord George Manners-Sutton, on the proposals advocated by William Pitt for parliamentary reform including, specifically, the abolition of rotten and pocket boroughs. A further debate took place in the moot hall in February 1790 on the proposed repeal of the Test Acts, and another debate took place in June 1794 on the increasing threat from France and the need to defend the county of Nottinghamshire. A sum of £8,549 was pledged at the debate and the Nottinghamshire (South Nottinghamshire) Yeomanry Cavalry was formed in response.

After civic leaders found the moot hall was inadequate for their needs, a group of local businessmen decided to form "The Town Hall Company" to develop a new Town Hall on the southwest side of the Market Place in 1835. The moot hall was then converted for retail use and, in 1921, it was occupied by the local branch of Yorkshire Bank. By the early 21st century it was home of the local branch of Nationwide Building Society, and, after the building society also closed its branch, the ground floor was occupied by a local sweet shop known as "Carousel Candy", and offices.

## InfoBox

| Moot Hall, Mansfield | |
| --- | --- |
| Moot Hall, Mansfield | |
| Location | Market Place, Mansfield |
| Coordinates | 53°08′41″N 1°11′48″W / 53.1446°N 1.1966°W / 53.1446; -1.1966 |
| Built | 1752 |
| Architectural style(s) | Neoclassical style |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Official name | Former Moot Hall at north corner of Market Place |
| Designated | 19 December 1955 |
| Reference no. | 1207177 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Shown in Nottinghamshire | |


title: William Jethro Brown

abstract: William Jethro Brown, commonly referred to as Jethro Brown, was an Australian jurist and Professor of Law.

text:
# William Jethro Brown

**William Jethro Brown** (29 March 1868 – 27 May 1930), commonly referred to as **Jethro Brown**, was an Australian jurist and Professor of Law.

## Early life

Brown was the son of James Brown, a farmer, and his wife Sophia Jane, *née* Torr, and was born at Mintaro, South Australia. Brown was educated at Stanley Grammar School, Watervale, South Australia, and taught for a while at Moonta Mines State School. He then studied at St John's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1890 with a double first class in the law tripos. He was called to the bar of the Middle Temple in 1891 and elected Macmahon student at St John's College in 1892.

## Law career

In 1893 Brown was appointed professor of law and modern history at the University of Tasmania and held this position until 1900 (apart from 1898 when he acted as professor of law in the University of Sydney). In 1898 he published as a pamphlet *Why Federate*, which had been read before the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science. It was a crucial year for the cause of Federation, and Brown did good service in pointing out that the difficulties were mostly of a mechanical character. In 1899 appeared his thoughtful study *The New Democracy*, and in 1900 he left Australia to become professor of constitutional law and history at University College London. In the following year he was appointed professor of comparative law at the University College of Wales. He was examiner for the Cambridge law tripos 1902–1905, and for the University of London from 1905–1906. In 1906 he became professor of law at the University of Adelaide, holding the position for 10 years. His *The Austinian Theory of Law*, an edition with critical notes and excursus of lectures I, V and VI of Austin's *Jurisprudence* and of his *Essay on the Uses of the Study of Jurisprudence*, was published in 1906 and was reprinted several times. In 1912 he published *The Underlying Principles of Modern Legislation*, which was welcomed as a real contribution to political thought; a fifth edition appeared in April 1917. In this volume Brown points out that the likelihood of greatly increased state activity in the future throws a great responsibility on the teacher and the brains and character of the community; and that problems will arise that will demand enlightened statesmanship no less than reforming zeal. Brown did not attempt to set out his own views on the settlements of particular problems. The book was planned as a university textbook, and he held that the writer in a book of that kind "ought to be careful in expressing personal opinions about problems of which the precise solution is very debatable". Next appeared the volume *The Prevention and Control of Monopolies*, where he is more constructive, but always endeavours to hold the scales evenly. He was appointed president of the Industrial Court of South Australia in 1916 and showed great industry, courtesy and ability in carrying out his duties. His experiences as chairman of the sugar commission in 1912–14 and on other occasions as chairman of the price regulations commission, the foodstuffs commission, and the gas commission, enabled. him to gain much knowledge of the conditions in industry.

## Late life and legacy

Brown's health began to fail and in July 1927 he resigned his position. He died at Adelaide of pneumonia on 27 May 1930. Brown held the LLD. degree of the University of Cambridge, and received the degree of Litt. D. from the University of Dublin for his The New Democracy. Brown married Aimée Loth in 1900 who survived him with a son, the marriage was a dismal one. Brown also contributed a long essay "The Judicial Regulation of Industrial Conditions" to *Australia, Economic and Political Studies*, edited by Meredith Atkinson. He also wrote largely for the reviews, including the *Law Quarterly Review*, the *Hibbert Journal*, the *International Journal of Ethics*, the *Westminster Review*, the *Independent Review*, the *Juridical Review*, the *Columbia Law Review* and the *Yale Law Journal*.

His replacement was Coleman Phillipson (1875/1878?–1958), who occupied the chair from 1919 to 1925.

## Further reading

* Roe, Michael (1984). "William Jethro Brown: 1868–1930". *Nine Australian Progressives: Vitalism in Bourgeois Social Thought 1890–1960*. University of Queensland Press. pp. 22–56. ISBN 0702219746.


title: William Jessup

abstract: William Jessup was a Pennsylvania judge and father of the missionary Henry Harris Jessup. A member of the Republican party, he is best known for being the chairman of the platform committee that crafted and reported the political platform adopted by the 1860 Republican National Convention and accepted by Abraham Lincoln, the party's nominee. Jessup, Pennsylvania is named in his honor.

text:
# William Jessup

**William Jessup** (June 21, 1797 – September 11, 1868) was a Pennsylvania judge and father of the missionary Henry Harris Jessup. A member of the Republican party, he is best known for being the chairman of the platform committee that crafted and reported the political platform adopted by the 1860 Republican National Convention and accepted by Abraham Lincoln, the party's nominee. Jessup, Pennsylvania is named in his honor.

## Biography

William Jessup left his native home, Long Island, in early adulthood to study at Yale College, graduating in 1815. He moved in 1818 to Montrose, Pennsylvania, and made it his lifelong home. He read law with an established firm, and was admitted to the bar.

He married and fathered two sons, Henry Harris and Samuel Jessup, born in 1832 and 1833. In 1838 Jessup became the presiding judge of the Eleventh Judicial District of Pennsylvania, in which capacity he rode circuit from 1838 until 1851. In 1858, Jessup was the Vice President of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.

A staunch abolitionist, Jessup was named as one of the Pennsylvania delegates to the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago. Upon arrival, he was selected to chair the platform committee to write the party's statement of political principles. The platform adopted by Jessup's committee was approved by the convention by a unanimous vote. In November 1860, the Republican ticket of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin was elected to lead the new national administration, and soon thereafter, the Civil War broke out.

In 1861, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appointed Jessup to serve as a liaison with the White House, naming him as their emissary to a high-level conference in early 1861 on how to implement Lincoln's call for the enlistment of 75,000 members of the Northern state militias into the new Federal army. Liaison work like this led to Pennsylvania over-fulfilling its quota and the creation of the Pennsylvania Reserves. The retired judge died in September 1868, having seen the abolition of slavery and granting of citizenship to freedmen.

William Jessup is the 3x great-grandfather of American television writer Ted Jessup.

## InfoBox

| William Jessup | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | June 21, 1797 (1797-06-21)
Southampton, New York |
| Died | September 11, 1868 (1868-09-12) (aged 71)
Montrose, Pennsylvania |
| Occupation | Judge |
| Known for | 1860 Republican party platform |


title: Moraxellaceae

abstract: The Moraxellaceae are a family of Gammaproteobacteria, including a few pathogenic species. Others are harmless commensals of mammals and humans or occur in water or soil. The species are mesophilic or psychrotrophic (Psychrobacter). Moraxella catarrhalis and Acinetobacter baumannii are human pathogens, and Moraxella bovis is the cause of "pinkeye" of cattle.

text:
# Moraxellaceae

The **Moraxellaceae** are a family of Gammaproteobacteria, including a few pathogenic species. Others are harmless commensals of mammals and humans or occur in water or soil. The species are mesophilic or psychrotrophic (*Psychrobacter*).

*Moraxella catarrhalis* and *Acinetobacter baumannii* are human pathogens, and *Moraxella bovis* is the cause of "pinkeye" of cattle (infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis).

## InfoBox

| Moraxellaceae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Acinetobacter baumannii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Pseudomonadales |
| Family: | Moraxellaceae
Rossau et al. 1991 |
|
| Genus | |
| *Acinetobacter*
*Alkanindiges*
*Branhamella* (taxonomically invalid)
*Cavicella*
*Faucicola*
*Fluviicoccus*
*Moraxella*
*Paraperlucidibaca*
*Perlucidibaca*
*Psychrobacter* | |


title: Luminosity (disambiguation)

abstract:
Luminosity is the total amount of energy radiated by an object per unit time. Luminosity may also refer to:
  - Luminosity, the number of particles per unit area per unit time times the opacity of the target
  - Luminosity (yacht), an 107.6 meter hybrid yacht
  - Luminosity — Ignite the Night!, a former Cedar Point amusement park show that was shown from 2012 to 2017.
  - Luminosity function (astronomy), a function of the number of stars or galaxies per luminosity interval
  - Luminosity Gaming, an e-sports team

text:
# Luminosity (disambiguation)

**Luminosity** is the total amount of energy radiated by an object per unit time.

**Luminosity** may also refer to:

## Other uses

* Luminance a measure of light, spectrally weighted per the Luminous efficiency function.
* Luminous efficiency function, in colorimetry, the curve which defines the visual sensitivity of the human eye to light of different wavelengths. In the early 20th century this was briefly referred to as the luminosity function but that use was depreciated to avoid confusion with the term as used in astronomy.
* Luminous flux

### Games


title: Reverse video

abstract: Reverse video is a computer display technique whereby the background and text color values are inverted. On older computers, displays were usually designed to display text on a black background by default. For emphasis, the color scheme was swapped to bright background with dark text. Nowadays the two tend to be switched, since most computers today default to white as a background color. The opposite of reverse video is known as true video. Video is usually reversed by inverting the brightness values of the pixels of the involved region of the display. If there are 256 levels of brightness, encoded as 0 to 255, the 255 value becomes 0 and vice versa. A value of 1 becomes 254, 2 of 253, and so on: n is swapped for r - n, for r levels of brightness. This is occasionally called a ones' complement. If the source image is of middle brightness, reverse video can be difficult to see, 127 becomes 128 for example, which is only one level of brightness different. The computer displays where it was most commonly used were monochrome and only displayed two values so this issue seldom arose. Reverse video is commonly used in software programs as a visual aid to highlight a selection that has been made as an aid in preventing description errors, where an intended action is performed on an object that is not the one intended. It is more common in modern desktop environments to change the background to other colors such as blue, or to use a semi-transparent background to "highlight" the selected text. On a terminal understanding ANSI escape sequences, the reverse video function is activated using the escape sequence CSI 7 m.

text:
# Reverse video

**Reverse video** (or **invert video** or **inverse video** or **reverse screen**) is a computer display technique whereby the background and text color values are inverted. On older computers, displays were usually designed to display text on a black background by default. For emphasis, the color scheme was swapped to bright background with dark text. Nowadays the two tend to be switched, since most computers today default to white as a background color. The opposite of reverse video is known as *true video*.

Video is usually reversed by inverting the brightness values of the pixels of the involved region of the display. If there are 256 levels of brightness, encoded as 0 to 255, the 255 value becomes 0 and vice versa. A value of 1 becomes 254, 2 of 253, and so on: *n* is swapped for *r* \- *n*, for *r* levels of brightness. This is occasionally called a ones' complement. If the source image is of middle brightness, reverse video can be difficult to see, 127 becomes 128 for example, which is only one level of brightness different. The computer displays where it was most commonly used were monochrome and only displayed two values so this issue seldom arose.

Reverse video is commonly used in software programs as a visual aid to highlight a selection that has been made as an aid in preventing description errors, where an intended action is performed on an object that is not the one intended. It is more common in modern desktop environments to change the background to other colors such as blue, or to use a semi-transparent background to "highlight" the selected text.

On a terminal understanding ANSI escape sequences, the reverse video function is activated using the escape sequence **CSI 7 m** (which equals **SGR 7**).

## Accessibility

Reverse video is also sometimes used for accessibility reasons. When most computer displays were light-on-dark, it was found that users looking back and forth between a white paper and dark screen would experience eyestrain due to their pupils constantly dilating and contracting. Flicker was also an issue with early white-background displays. Today, people with visual impairments such as ocular toxocariasis may find it less tiring to the eyes to work with a predominantly black screen, since modern operating systems usually display a lot of white in a normal use. For the same, white-dominant reason, reverse video is an efficient way to read or write text in a dark environment, since the darkness of the screen may blend into the darkness of the environment.

A number of operating systems, graphical programs, and websites offer dark modes, which serves a similar purpose as what was originally true video and is now reverse video in modern systems.


title: Naso Falls

abstract: Naso no Shirataki is a waterfall located in Nikaho, Akita Prefecture, Japan. It became a nationally designated Place of Scenic Beauty in 1932. Although not selected as one of "Japan’s Top 100 Waterfalls", it was included in the listing of the "100 New Tourist Attractions of Japan" in a contest sponsored by the Mainichi Shinbun newspaper in 1950.

text:
# Naso Falls

**Naso no Shirataki** (奈曽の白滝, *Naso no Shirataki*) is a waterfall located in Nikaho, Akita Prefecture, Japan. It became a nationally designated Place of Scenic Beauty in 1932. Although not selected as one of "Japan’s Top 100 Waterfalls", it was included in the listing of the "100 New Tourist Attractions of Japan" in a contest sponsored by the Mainichi Shinbun newspaper in 1950.

## Overview

The falls are located within Chōkai Quasi-National Park at an altitude of 150 meters, on the upper reaches of the Naso River. The falls have a height of 26 metres (85 ft) and width of 11 metres (36 ft). The falls are located near a Shinto shrine, the Kinpo Jinja, which was founded in the early Heian period. It is connected to the shrine by a footpath.

Media related to Naso no Shirataki at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Naso no Shirataki Falls<br>奈曽の白滝 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Nikaho, Akita, Japan |
| Coordinates | 39°10′53.2″N 139°56′35.7″E / 39.181444°N 139.943250°E / 39.181444; 139.943250 |
| Total height | 26 m |
| Average width | 11 m |
| National Place of Scenic Beauty | |


abstract:
This is the calendar for any Old Style common year starting on Thursday, 25 March. The Old Style calendar ended the following March, on 24 March.
Examples: Julian year 1501, 1613 or 1714. A common year is a year with 365 days, in other words, not a leap year, which has 366. Previous year (common) Next year (common)
Previous year (leap) Next year (leap)

text:
# Old Style common year starting on Thursday

This is the calendar for any **Old Style common year starting on Thursday**, 25 March. The Old Style calendar ended the following March, on 24 March. Examples: Julian year 1501, 1613 or 1714 (see bottom tables).

A common year is a year with 365 days, in other words, not a leap year, which has 366.

```
Previous year (common)   Next year (common)
Previous year (leap)     Next year (leap)
```

| Millennium | Century | Old Style Year | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2nd Millennium**: | **15th century**: | 1406 | 1417 | 1423 | 1434 | 1445 | 1451 | 1462 | 1473 | 1479 | 1490 |
| | **16th century**: | 1501 | 1507 | 1518 | 1529 | 1535 | 1546 | 1557 | 1563 | 1574 | 1585 | 1591 |
| | **17th century**: | 1602 | 1613 | 1619 | 1630 | 1641 | 1647 | 1658 | 1669 | 1675 | 1686 | 1697 |
| | **18th century**: | 1703 | 1714 | 1725 | 1731 | 1742 | 1753 | 1759 | 1770 | 1781 | 1787 | 1798 |
| | **19th century**: | 1809 | 1815 | 1826 | 1837 | 1843 | 1854 | 1865 | 1871 | 1882 | 1893 | 1899 |


title: Zana Khan District

abstract: Zana Khan district is a mountainous district in Ghazni province, Afghanistan with more than 12,000 people living there. The district center is Dado. The district is within the heartland of the Andar tribe of Ghilji Pashtuns. Continuing drought is the main problem as in the whole province. It seriously affects agriculture, the main source of income. Health and education services need serious improvement. Zana Khan district is currently under occupation of the Taliban and has been since August 2017.

text:
# Zana Khan District

**Zana Khan district** is a mountainous district in Ghazni province, Afghanistan with more than 12,000 people living there (100% Pashtun). The district center is Dado.

The district is within the heartland of the Andar tribe of Ghilji Pashtuns. Continuing drought is the main problem as in the whole province. It seriously affects agriculture, the main source of income. Health and education services need serious improvement.

Zana Khan district is currently under occupation of the Taliban and has been since August 2017.

## Healthcare

## Politics & Governance

## Agriculture

Land condition in 2002 found 20% of arable land in use.

* Main crops: wheat, alfalfa, maize and barley.
* Animal husbandry: sheep, goats and cows.

## Education

## Infrastructure

## InfoBox

| Zana Khan زنه‌خان | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Zana KhanLocation within Afghanistan | |
| Coordinates: 33°41′N 68°40′E / 33.68°N 68.67°E / 33.68; 68.67 | |
| Country | Afghanistan |
| Province | Ghazni |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 12,230 |


title: Ojo del Sol

abstract: Ojo del Sol, also called The Fish House by local residents, is a home designed in 1993 by architect Eugene Tssui. The building was constructed between 1994 and 1995 in a residential neighborhood of Berkeley California. The home's name "Ojo Del Sol", Spanish for "Eye of the Sun", originates from the fifteen foot diameter eye-like window that faces south. According to the architect, the structure is based upon the world's most indestructible living creature, the tardigrade.

text:
# Ojo del Sol

**Ojo del Sol**, also called **The Fish House** by local residents, is a home designed in 1993 by architect Eugene Tssui. The building was constructed between 1994 and 1995 in a residential neighborhood of Berkeley California. The home's name "Ojo Del Sol", Spanish for "Eye of the Sun", originates from the fifteen foot diameter eye-like window that faces south. According to the architect, the structure is based upon the world's most indestructible living creature, the tardigrade.

## The building

### Design and construction

The building's design is centered around durability, ecology, and sustainability. The building is said to draw upon the physiology of the tardigrade, a creature known for its durability, for its structural strength. In addition, the walls are angled inward at 4 degrees to "create a compressive structure with a low center of gravity further aiding in resistance to lateral turnover forces produced by strong earthquakes." A variety of both standard and non-standard building materials were used including: Concrete, insulating concrete forms, hardwall (a type of gypsum plaster) structural plaster, stucco, non-toxic waterproofing, acrylic, marine fiberglass, douglas fir, recycled wood, and birch veneer plywood.

The house is designed to maintain a comfortable temperature with little power from the grid. "Water in the black tubes is heated by the sun throughout the day. At night the stored heat is radiated back into the interior of the house walls and provides radiant wall heat." For cooling, the house is set 1.5 meters into the ground, eliminating the need for air conditioning.

### Cost

The 2,200 square feet (200 m2) home was built in 1994-1995 for a cost of US$250,000 (equivalent to $499,900 in 2023).

## Style

The building style is Nature Inspired Architecture or Biomimetic architecture. Biomimetic elements include:

* The overall draws from the tardigrade, the four-bedroom, two-story Tsui House is elliptical in shape and has parabolic arches.
* The concrete forms create a concrete lattice structure which mimics the skeleton of the Cholla cactus.
* The solar-heating system is based on the bone and vein structure of two dinosaurs, the Dimetrodon and the Stegosaurus.
* The dimpled exterior surface enhances the aerodynamic efficiency by relieving wind friction like fish scales.

## InfoBox

| Ojo del Sol | |
| --- | --- |
| Location in Berkeley, CaliforniaOjo del Sol (California) | |
| Alternative names | * The Tsui House * The Fish House * Tai Yang Yen |
| Etymology | Ojo del Sol is Spanish for Eye of the Sun |
| General information | |
| Type | Single family dwelling |
| Architectural style | Biomimetic architecture |
| Address | 2747 Mathews Street, Berkeley, California |
| Country | USA |
| Coordinates | 37°51′22″N 122°17′8″W / 37.85611°N 122.28556°W / 37.85611; -122.28556 |
| Construction started | 1993 |
| Completed | 1995 |
| Cost | US$250,000 |
| Owner | Florence Tsui |
| Technical details | |
| Material |  |
| Floor area | 2,200 square feet (200 m2) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Eugene Tsui |
| Website | |
| http://www.tdrinc.com/tsuihs.html | |


title: Palma District

abstract: Palma District is a district of Cabo Delgado Province in northern Mozambique. It covers 3,576 km⁲ with 52,269 inhabitants (2015). Its principal town is Palma. The district borders Mtwara Region, Tanzania to the north.

text:
# Palma District

**Palma District** is a district of Cabo Delgado Province in northern Mozambique. It covers 3,576 km2 with 52,269 inhabitants (2015). Its principal town is Palma. The district borders Mtwara Region, Tanzania to the north.

10°47′S 40°29′E / 10.783°S 40.483°E / -10.783; 40.483

## InfoBox

| Palma District *Wilaya ya Palma* (Swahili) | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| District location in Mozambique | |
| Country | Mozambique |
| Province | Cabo Delgado Province |
| Capital | Palma |
| Area | |
| Total | 3,576 km2 (1,381 sq mi) |
| Population (2015) | |
| Total | 52,269 |
| Density | 15/km2 (38/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EAT) |


title: Panchrysia

abstract: Panchrysia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

text:
# Panchrysia

***Panchrysia*** is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Panchrysia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Panchrysia v-argenteum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Subtribe: | Euchalciina |
| Genus: | *Panchrysia*<br>Hübner, \[1821\] |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hexaureia* Beck, 1991 * *Tetrargentia* Beck, 1991 | |


title: Panchrol

abstract: Panchrol is a village and a gram panchayat in the Egra I CD block in the Egra subdivision of the Purba Medinipur district in the state of West Bengal, India.

text:
# Panchrol

**Panchrol** is a village and a gram panchayat in the Egra I CD block in the Egra subdivision of the Purba Medinipur district in the state of West Bengal, India.

## History

In the Egra copper plate inscription recovered at Panchrol, it is mentioned that Ekatakaksha was an administrative centre during the rule of Shashanka.

## Geography

8km
5miles AlangiriH PanchrolH PaikbheriH Haldi River KajlagarhR RamchandrapurR GangadharbarR Golara NijR PalparaR Kismat BajkulR Tethi BariR MadhabpurR PratapdighiR BhagabanpurR PatashpurR Hincha GeryaCT BenudiaCT  Amarshi KasbaCT  EgraM**Cities and towns in Egra subdivision of Purba Medinipur district**
M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre.
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

### Location

Panchrol is located at 21°49′59″N 87°27′10″E / 21.8331°N 87.4527°E / 21.8331; 87.4527.

### Urbanisation

96.96% of the population of Egra subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 3.04% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the lowest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Medinipur district.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Census of India, Panchrol had a total population of 5,615, of which 2913 (52%) were males and 2,702 (48%) were females. There were 543 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Panchrol was 4,425 (87.24% of the population over 6 years).

## Culture

David J. McCutchion mentions:

* The Sharabhuja temple as a large Chandni or dalan type with verandah on three or more sides, measuring 27’ 3" x 42’ 9", with terracotta and stucco work, belonging to the mid-19th century.
* The Madana Mohana temple belongs to the same category, measuring 24’ 3" x 39’ 7", largely plain, belonging to the mid-19th century.
* The Vrindavanjiu temple belongs to the same category, measuring 24’ 3" x 25" 3", with terracotta and stucco work, built in 1909.
* The Radha Vinoda temple is flat-roofed with smooth rekha superstructure, measuring 25" x 35’ 2", with rich stucco work, built possibly in 1816. The upper rekha deul has a porch with cornice and straight ridging.

## Healthcare

There is a primary health centre at Kasabagola, PO Panchrol (with 2 beds).

## InfoBox

| Panchrol | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| PanchrolLocation in West Bengal, IndiaPanchrolPanchrol (India) | |
| Coordinates: 21°49′59″N 87°27′10″E / 21.8331°N 87.4527°E / 21.8331; 87.4527 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| District | Purba Medinipur |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 5,615 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Bengali, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 721447 |
| Telephone/STD code | 03229 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Midnapore |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Egra |
| Website | purbamedinipur.gov.in |


title: Pandeleteinus submetallicus

abstract: Pandeleteinus submetallicus is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Pandeleteinus submetallicus

***Pandeleteinus submetallicus*** is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 7: Curculionoidea I*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26093-1.
* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 8: Curculionoidea II*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-25916-4.

## InfoBox

| *Pandeleteinus submetallicus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Genus: | *Pandeleteinus* |
| Species: | ***P. submetallicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pandeleteinus submetallicus***<br>(Schaeffer, 1908) | |
|


title: Pampa Award

abstract: The Pampa Award is a literary award in the Indian state of Karnataka. The award was established in 1987 by the government of Karnataka. It is the highest literary honor conferred by the Department of Kannada and Culture, Government of Karnataka State, and recognises works written in the Kannada language. The award is named after the first Kannada poet Adikavi Pampa. The award originally comprised a cash prize of ₹1 lakh (US$1,200), a shawl, a citation and a memento. The cash prize was increased to ₹3 lakh (US$3,600) in 2008. Prior to 1996, the awards were given for a best single work by a Kannada writer. Since then, the award has been given to writers for their lifetime contribution to the Kannada literature. The Pampa Prashasti is presented by the Chief Minister, during the Kadambotsava, a cultural festival held annually in Pampa's hometown of Banavasi in Uttara Kannada district. Since its inception in 1987, the award has been given to a more than 30 individuals. Kuvempu was the first recipient of the award who was honored for his work Sri Ramayana Darshanam (1949), a modern rendition of the Indian epic Ramayana. In 2015, Chandrashekhar Patil returned his award as a sign of protest against the assassination of the scholar M. M. Kalburgi. The most recent recipient is Na D'Souza, who was awarded in 2019 for his lifetime contribution.

text:
# Pampa Award

The **Pampa Award** (or **Pampa Prashasti**) is a literary award in the Indian state of Karnataka. The award was established in 1987 by the government of Karnataka. It is the highest literary honor conferred by the Department of Kannada and Culture, Government of Karnataka State, and recognises works written in the Kannada language (1 of the 22 official languages of India).

The award is named after the first Kannada poet Adikavi Pampa. The award originally comprised a cash prize of 1 lakh (US$1,200), a shawl, a citation and a memento. The cash prize was increased to 3 lakh (US$3,600) in 2008. Prior to 1996, the awards were given for a best single work by a Kannada writer. Since then, the award has been given to writers for their lifetime contribution to the Kannada literature. The Pampa Prashasti is presented by the Chief Minister, during the Kadambotsava, a cultural festival held annually in Pampa's hometown of Banavasi in Uttara Kannada district.

Since its inception in 1987, the award has been given to a more than 30 individuals. Kuvempu was the first recipient of the award who was honored for his work *Sri Ramayana Darshanam* (1949), a modern rendition of the Indian epic Ramayana. In 2015, Chandrashekhar Patil returned his award as a sign of protest against the assassination of the scholar M. M. Kalburgi. The most recent recipient is Na D'Souza, who was awarded in 2019 for his lifetime contribution.

## Recipients

| Year | Writer | Work | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1987 | Kuvempu | *Sri Ramayana Darshanam* |  |
| 1988 | T. N. Srikantaiah | *Bharathiya Kavya Meemaamse* |  |
| 1989 | K. Shivaram Karanth | *Mai Managala Sulliyali* |  |
| 1990 | S. S. Bhoosnurmath | *Shoonya Sampadaneya Paramarshe* |  |
| 1991 | P. T. Narasimhachar | *Shri Haricharitha* |  |
| 1992 | A. N. Murthy Rao | *Devaru* |  |
| 1993 | Gopalakrishna Adiga | *Suvarna Puthalli* |  |
| 1994 | Sediyapu Krishna Bhatta | *Vichara Prapancha* |  |
| 1995 | K. S. Narasimhaswamy | *Dundu Mallige* |  |
| 1996 | M. M. Kalburgi | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 1997 | G. S. Shivarudrappa | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 1998 | Javare Gowda | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 1999 | Chennaveera Kanavi | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2000 | L. Basavaraju | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2001 | Poornachandra Tejaswi | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2002 | M. Chidananda Murthy | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2003 | Chandrashekhara Kambara | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2004 | H. L. Nage Gowda | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2005 | S. L. Bhyrappa | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2006 | G. S. Amur | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2007 | Yashwant V. Chittal | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2008 | T. V. Venkatachala Sastry | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2009 | Chandrashekhar Patil | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2010 | Govindray H. Nayak | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2011 | Baraguru Ramachandrappa | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2012 | D. N. Shankara Bhat | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2013 | Kayyar Kinhanna Rai | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2014 | G. Venkatasubbiah | Kannada lexicography |  |
| 2015 | B. A. Sanadi | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2016 | Hampanā | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2017 | K. S. Nissar Ahmed | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2018 | S. Shettar | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2019 | Siddalingaiah | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2020 | C P Krishnakumar | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2021 | S.R.Ramaswamy | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2022 | Babu Krishnamurthy | Lifetime contribution |  |
| 2023 | Na D'Souza | Lifetime contribution |  |

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Pampa Prashasti
ಪಂಪ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ | |
| --- | --- |
| Civilian award for contributions to Kannada literature | |
| Awarded for | Highest literary award of
Karnataka |
| Sponsored by | Government of Karnataka |
| Reward(s) | 1 lakh (1987–2007)
3 lakh (2008–present) Present - 5 lakh |
| First awarded | 1987 |
| Last awarded | 2022 |
| Highlights | |
| Total awarded | 36 |
| First winner | Kuvempu |
| Last winner | Na D'Souza |
|


abstract: The Pan American Youth Athletics Championships is an Athletics event organized by the Association of Panamerican Athletics (APA) open for youth (U18) athletes from member and associate member associations. The inaugural competition took place in Cali, Colombia in 2015.

text:
# Pan American Youth Championships in Athletics

The **Pan American Youth Athletics Championships** is an Athletics event organized by the Association of Panamerican Athletics (APA) open for youth (U18) athletes from member and associate member associations. The inaugural competition took place in Cali, Colombia in 2015.

## Editions

|  | Year | City | Country | Date | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2015 | Cali | Colombia | May 30–31 | Estadio Pedro Grajales |
|

## Championships records

### Boys

| Event | Record | Athlete | Nationality | Date | Championships | Place | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 m | 10.51 (+1.9 m/s) | Marcelo Neves | Brazil | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| 200 m | 21.70 (-2.3 m/s) | Marcelo Neves | Brazil | 31 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| 400 m | 48.28 | Anthony Zambrano | Colombia | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| 800 m |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1500 m | 4:00.36 | Carlos Santiago Hernández | Colombia | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| 3000 m | 9:07.47 | José Zabala | Argentina | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| 110 m hurdles |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 400 m hurdles | 54.08 | Juan Duran | Colombia | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| High jump | 2.15 m | Jermaine Francis | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 31 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| Pole vault | 4.56 m | Natán Rivera | El Salvador | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| Long jump | 6.92 m | Juan Moreno |  | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| Triple jump | 13.98 (0.0 m/s) | Jhony Quintana | Colombia | 31 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| Shot put | 18.19 m | Luis Arley Cordoba | Colombia | 31 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| Discus throw | 50.54 m | Nilson Andres Rivas | Colombia | 31 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| Hammer throw | 67.46 m | Alejandro Medina | Paraguay | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| Javelin throw | 57.43 m | Juan Paredes |  | 31 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| 10000 m walk (track) | 49:47.48 | Marco Salinas | Ecuador | 31 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |

### Girls

| Event | Record | Athlete | Nationality | Date | Championships | Place | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 m | 11.88 (+1.5 m/s) | Ana Carolina Azevedo | Brazil | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| 200 m | 24.66 (-1.5 m/s) | Ana Carolina Azevedo | Brazil | 31 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| 400 m | 57.92 | Alexandra Alvarez | Ecuador | 31 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| 800 m | 2:11.08 | Johana Arrieta | Colombia | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| 1500 m | 4:37.20 | Micaela Levaggi | Argentina | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| 100 m hurdles | 14.25 (+1.4 m/s) | Dayanna Liseth Ramos | Colombia | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| 400 m hurdles | 1:03.40 | Genesis Caicedo | Ecuador | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| 2000 m steeplechase | 7:14.91 | Camila Parra | Colombia | 31 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| High jump | 1.64 m | María Fernanda Murillo | Colombia | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| | | Giuliana Di Bartolo | Costa Rica | | | | |
| Pole vault | 3.40 m | Yoli Gonzales |  | 31 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| | | Paula Arellano |  | | | | |
| Long jump | 4.86 m (+0.1 m/s) | Carolina Riascos |  | 31 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| Triple jump | 12.70 m (-0.2 m/s) | Leydi Marcela Cuesta | Colombia | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| Shot put |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Discus throw | 42.77 m | Ailen Armada | Argentina | 31 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| Hammer throw | 56.56 m | Araceli Nahuel | Argentina | 30 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |
| Javelin throw |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 5000 m walk (track) | 24:23.76 | Lina Geraldine Bolivar | Colombia | 31 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |

### Mixed

| Event | Record | Athlete | Nationality | Date | Championships | Place | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mixed 4 × 400 m relay | 3:35.35 | Johana Arrieta
Juan Duran
Damaris Palomeque
Anthony Zambrano | Colombia | 31 May 2015 | 2015 Championships | Cali, Colombia |  |


title: Paralaxita damajanti

abstract: Paralaxita damajanti, the Malay red harlequin, is an Indomalayan species in the butterfly family Riodinidae. It was described by Cajetan Felder and Rudolf Felder in 1860.

text:
# Paralaxita damajanti

***Paralaxita damajanti***, the **Malay red harlequin**, is an Indomalayan species in the butterfly family Riodinidae. It was described by Cajetan Felder and Rudolf Felder in 1860.

## Subspecies

* *P. d. damajanti* (Malaya, Borneo, Sumatra)
* *P. d. lola* (de Nicéville, 1894) (Borneo)
* *P. d. batuensis* (Talbot, 1932) (Batu Islands)
* *P. d. cyme* (Fruhstorfer, 1914) (Borneo to Sintang)
* *P. d. lasica* (Fruhstorfer, 1914) ("Bangka"?)
* *P. d. hewitsoni* (Röber, 1895) (southern Borneo)

## InfoBox

| *Paralaxita damajanti* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Specimens in Museum Wiesbaden | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Riodinidae |
| Genus: | *Paralaxita* |
| Species: | ***P. damajanti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paralaxita damajanti***<br>(Felder and Felder, 1860) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Abisara damajanti* C. & R. Felder, 1860 * *Laxita damajanti lola* de Nicéville, 1894 * *Laxita damajanti batuensis* Talbot, 1932 * *Laxita damajanti cyme* Fruhstorfer, 1914 * *Laxita damajanti lasica* Fruhstorfer, 1914 * *Taxila hewitsoni* Röber, 1895 | |


title: Paralaxita orphna

abstract: Paralaxita orphna is an Indomalayan butterfly species in the family Riodinidae. It was described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1836.

text:
# Paralaxita orphna

***Paralaxita orphna*** is an Indomalayan butterfly species in the family Riodinidae. It was described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1836.

## Subspecies

* *P. o. orphna* (Borneo, Pulau Laut, Palawan)
* *P. o. laocoon* (de Nicéville, 1894) (Burma to Peninsular Malaya)
* *P. o. panyasis* (Fruhstorfer, 1914) (Sumatra, Bangka)

## InfoBox

| *Paralaxita orphna* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Riodinidae |
| Genus: | *Paralaxita* |
| Species: | ***P. orphna*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paralaxita orphna***<br>(Boisduval, 1836) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Emesis orphna* Boisduval, 1836 * *Laxita nicevillei* Röber, 1895 * *Laxita laocoon* de Nicéville, 1894 * *Laxita lyncestis* de Nicéville, 1894 * *Laxita orphna panyasis* Fruhstorfer, 1914 | |


title: Paralaxita telesia

abstract: Paralaxita telesia, the common red harlequin, is a species in the butterfly family Riodinidae.

text:
# Paralaxita telesia

***Paralaxita telesia***, the **common red harlequin**, is a species in the butterfly family Riodinidae.

## Subspecies

* *P. t. lyclene* (de Nicéville, 1894) \- Peninsular Malaya, southern Thailand
* *P. t. boulleti* (Fruhstorfer, \[1914\]) – Thailand
* *P. t. lychnitis* (Fruhstorfer, 1904) \- north-eastern Sumatra
* *P. t. pistyrus* (Fruhstorfer, 1914) south-eastern Borneo

## Description

*Paralaxita telesia* has a wingspan of about 35–45 millimetres (1.4–1.8 in). In males both wings are mainly dark brown, with a crimson apex and a whitish large spot on the forewings. Underside is carmine with bands and spots of blue and black. The apex of the forewings is rufous. Hindwings are crossed near the outer margin by a band of light blue and a band of light yellow, each bordered with black.

## Distribution

This species can be found in the Peninsular Malaya, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Borneo and Sumatra.

## InfoBox

| *Paralaxita telesia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mounted specimen from Borneo | |
|  | |
| Underside | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Riodinidae |
| Subfamily: | Nemeobiinae |
| Genus: | *Paralaxita* |
| Species: | ***P. telesia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paralaxita telesia***<br>(Hewitson, 1861) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Taxila telesia* Hewitson, 1861 * *Laxita lyclene* de Nicéville, 1894 * *Laxita telesia ines* Fruhstorfer, 1904 * *Laxita telesia lychnitis* Fruhstorfer, 1904 * *Laxita telesia pistyrus* Fruhstorfer, 1914 | |


title: Pao cai

abstract: Pao cai, also romanized as Pao tsai, is a generic term for pickled, specifically fermented in brine, vegetables in Chinese. There are more than 11 varieties of pickled vegetables across China, but pao cai by itself usually refers to Sichuanese pao cai, primarily produced and consumed in southwestern China. A wide variety of vegetables, are placed with spices into a seasoned brine and kept shut. It is widely used as side dishes, appetizers, and condiments because of its crisp texture, special fragrance, and health benefits originating from its lactic acid fermentation. Sichuan pao cai is produced both domestically in locals' daily life and commercially in industry, and it is popular throughout China. Other names applied to pao cai include Sichuan pickle, Chinese sauerkraut, pickled cabbage.

text:
# Pao cai

***Pao cai*** (Chinese: 泡菜; pinyin: *pàocài*; Wade–Giles: *p'ao4 ts'ai4*; lit. 'soaked vegetables'), also romanized as ***Pao tsai***, is a generic term for pickled, specifically fermented in brine, vegetables in Chinese.

There are more than 11 varieties of pickled vegetables across China, but *pao cai* by itself usually refers to **Sichuanese pao cai** (Chinese: 四川泡菜), primarily produced and consumed in southwestern China. A wide variety of vegetables (including Chinese cabbage, cabbage, radish, mustard stems, long beans, peppers, daikon, carrots, and ginger), are placed with spices into a seasoned brine and kept shut. It is widely used as side dishes, appetizers, and condiments because of its crisp texture, special fragrance, and health benefits originating from its lactic acid fermentation. Sichuan pao cai is produced both domestically in locals' daily life and commercially in industry, and it is popular throughout China.

Other names applied to *pao cai* include **Sichuan pickle**, **Chinese sauerkraut**, **pickled cabbage**.

## History

Claims of the history of Sichuan pao cai date variously back to the Shang Dynasty, though such sources do not necessarily mention Sichuan specifically. Specific mention of Sichuan pao cai occurs in the Qing Dynasty, when locals are said to use pao cai as a dowry. The custom remains in some parts of Sichuan to this day, demonstrating the importance of pao cai in people's lives since ancient times.

In the history of the development of pao cai in China, Sichuan paocai has been widely recorded, whether it is the climate and soil suitable for growing raw vegetables for pao cai, the technology of pao cai production, the fermentation containers of pao cai (i.e. pao cai jar), the popularity of pao cai or the status in the pao cai industry.

## Production

The Sichuan pao cai is commonly made from fresh or salted vegetables like radish, carrot, and cowpea with anaerobic fermentation under ambient temperature based on the microbes present on the raw materials. The microbes are mainly lactic acid bacteria (LAB) which grows preferentially under the fermentation conditions. The raw materials are immersed in brine (a 6–8% salt concentration) seasoned by dressings like ginger, chili, Sichuan pepper, and garlic. Local people in Sichuan utilize aged pao cai brine for fermentation. If the aged brine is not spoilage or has no inappropriate odor, it is often reused for many years or even decades. The aged Sichuan pao cai brine can provide great amounts of lactic acid bacteria, which helps it to grow rapidly and become the dominant microorganisms.

The production of homemade Sichuan pao cai utilizes specially designed jars. The top of the jar is surrounded by an eave-like circle notch and the lid is upside down like a bowl at the top of the jar. The notch is filled with water to seal the jar and create an anaerobic environment for lactic acid bacteria. The gas produced by microbes during the process of fermentation inside the jar can escape the jar through dissolving in the water. Many local families in Sichuan have pao cai jars at home.

In industrial production, Sichuan pao cai is classified into three categories: fermented pickles, instant pickles, and other pickles. Fermented pickles are firstly soaked in salted water for fermentation and then add bittern or solution in it. The solid materials are less than 50% and will not separate from the liquid. Instant pickles will also be soaked in salted water in the first place. Then they are reshaped, desalted, dressed, packaged, and sterilized on the assembly line. The other pickles will choose many other materials like mushrooms, legumes, seaweed besides the traditional ingredients.

## Pao cai industry in Sichuan

China's pao cai industry has grown rapidly in recent years, with a market size of more than 40 billion yuan, pao cai enterprises are mainly concentrated in the Sichuan region, the output value of Sichuan pao cai reached 33 billion yuan in 2018, accounting for 70.21% of the national total output value, of which Meishan's output value of up to 16 billion yuan, accounting for 48.48% of the output value of Sichuan pao cai.

With the rapid growth of the industry scale, the accompanying environmental pollution problems have been intensified, especially the discharge of high salinity wastewater, which will deteriorate water quality, affect the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms, especially fish, and cause groundwater pollution and soil salinization. In turn, these affect the safety of drinking water and agricultural production in the watershed. The environmental problems faced by the industry development are the important constraints that inhibit the sustainable development of the Chinese pao cai industry.

## Health benefits

Sichuan pao cai has abundant fibers, vitamins, minerals, and small amounts of carbohydrates, which can help to achieve the balance of dietary nutrition. Because of the rich lactic acid bacteria in Sichuan pao cai, bacteria that cause intestinal diseases can be inhibited, leading to the microbiological balance in the intestines. In some Sichuan areas, the Sichuan pao cai brine is used to treat diarrhea, colds, and other diseases. Moreover, some types of lactic acid bacteria in Sichuan pao cai may help with oral health by affecting the oral microbiome. Also, the lactic acid bacteria separated from Sichuan pao cai can be made into drugs, significantly reducing the fat accumulation and thus resisting fat livers.

## Kimchi controversy

In Chinese, *kimchi* is translated as "Korean *pao cai*" or "Korean pickles" (simplified Chinese: 韩国泡菜; traditional Chinese: 韓國泡菜). However a misunderstanding over the translation of "pao cai" in Chinese media in 2020, has led to tensions between China and South Korea over the origins of kimchi, and is one of the soft power conflicts between the two countries. According to Dr Sojin Lim, the co-director of Institute of Korean Studies at the University of Central Lancashire, Korean kimchi is often called "pao cai" in China, but China has its own fermented vegetable dish that is also called as "pao cai", despite the two dishes being different.

Due to a Chinese linguistic idiosyncrasy of typically using the same word when referring to both Korean kimchi and Sichuanese "pao cai", on 7 November 2013, the Korean government announced that the new Chinese translation of the term *kimchi* would be 辛奇 (pinyin: *xīnqí*), which is a phono-semantic matching of Korean *kimchi* and can also mean "spicy and extraordinary". On 14 May 2014, since this term has still not become popular despite the promotion of the Korean government, the National Institute of the Korean Language announced that the translation would be reverted to "pao cai". On 22 July 2021, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Korea announced that the translation would once again be reverted to "xinqi".

## ISO 24220

On November 24, 2020, a global regulator issued an international standard for the pao cai industry which was developed under Chinese leadership and led by the Meishan Municipal Bureau of Market Supervision in Sichuan Province. The global regulator, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), set standardized definitions of the “categories” and “requirements” of pao cai, with the objectives of facilitating the international trade and distribution of pao cai by developing unified and explicit product quality and safety guarantees for the industry.

The ISO standard used the name, *pao cai,* in Mandarin for these fermented vegetables that are popular in the western Chinese province of Sichuan, and explicitly excluded kimchi in its definition by stating "the document does not apply to kimchi".

* *Zha cai* – Pickled mustard plant stem from Chongqing, China (another Sichuanese dish)
* *Suan cai* – Traditional Chinese pickled vegetables
* *Meigan cai* – Type of dry pickled Chinese mustard
* *Sauerkraut* – Finely sliced and fermented cabbage
* *Torshi* – Middle Eastern and Balkan pickled vegetables
* Pickling (East Asia) – Procedure of preserving food in brine or vinegar
* List of salads

## InfoBox

| Pao cai | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese | 泡菜 |
|  | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | pàocài |
|  | |
| Literal meaning | pickled vegetable |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin pàocài  Wade–Giles p'ao4 ts'ai4  Southern Min  Hokkien POJ phàu-chhài | |
|  | |


title: Parancylistes

abstract: Parancylistes pictus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Parancylistes. It was described by Breuning in 1957.

text:
# Parancylistes

***Parancylistes pictus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus ***Parancylistes***. It was described by Breuning in 1957.

## InfoBox

| *Parancylistes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Subfamily: | Lamiinae |
| Genus: | ***Parancylistes*** |
| Species: | ***P. pictus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Parancylistes pictus***<br>Breuning, 1957 | |
|


title: Papal ferula

abstract: The papal ferula is the pastoral staff used in the Catholic Church by the pope. It is a rod with a knob on top surmounted by a cross. It differs from a crosier, the staff carried by other Latin Church bishops, which is curved or bent at the top in the style of a shepherd's crook.

text:
# Papal ferula

*Ferula*
Pastoral staffPope John Paul II holding the *ferula* of Pope Paul VI, on 5 October 1997Pope Benedict XVI holding the 1877 *ferula* of Pius IX on 5 October 2008.

The **papal ferula** (/ˈfɛrələ/; Latin *ferula*, 'rod') is the pastoral staff used in the Catholic Church by the pope. It is a rod with a knob on top surmounted by a cross. It differs from a crosier, the staff carried by other Latin Church bishops, which is curved or bent at the top in the style of a shepherd's crook.

## History

### Early usage and dispute

Traditionally, the popes did not use any *ferula*, crosier, or pastoral staff as part of the papal liturgy. The use of a staff is not mentioned in descriptions of Papal Masses in the *Ordines Romani*. In the early days of the Church a pope would sometimes carry a crosier, but this practice disappeared by the time of Pope Innocent III. Innocent III noted in his *De Sacro altaris mysterio* (“Concerning the Sacred Mystery of the Altar,” I, 62): “The Roman Pontiff does not use the shepherd's staff.” The reason was that a crosier is often given by the metropolitan archbishop (or another bishop) to a newly elected bishop during his investiture or episcopal ordination. In contrast, the pope does not receive investiture from another bishop and is invested with the pallium during his coronation or the modern inauguration.

### Re-adoption

During the High Middle Ages, the popes once again began using a staff known as a *ferula* as part of their insignia. It signified temporal power and governance, which included "the power to mete out punishment and impose penances". The actual form of the staves from this period is not well known, but they were most probably staffs topped with a knob and surmounted by a single-barred cross. The staff was not a common liturgical item, and its use was limited to a few extraordinary celebrations proper to the pope, such as the opening of the Holy Door and the consecration of churches, during which the pope "took hold of the staff to knock on the door three times and to trace the Greek and Latin letters on the floor of the church".

### Modern usage

The pastoral staff carried by the popes since Pope Paul VI is a contemporary single-barred crucifix, designed by the Italian artist Lello Scorzelli in 1963 and carried and used in the same manner as a bishop uses his crosier. Paul VI had actually used three other *ferulas*, similar in style, with the other versions having a cross bar which was straight, or bent upward. Scorzelli's well-known version has the cross bar curving downward, much like the *paterissa* carried by bishops of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Paul VI first used this staff on 8 December 1965, at the closing of the Second Vatican Council. The Scorzelli staff was the one retained by his successors starting with Pope John Paul I. This *ferula* design is often associated with Pope John Paul II and is one of his identifying attributes in religious paintings and statuary.

On 25 March 1983, Pope John Paul II used the *ferula* of Leo XIII with three horizontal bars in the opening of the Holy Door during the Jubilee, the Holy Year of the Redemption. In 1990, Scorzelli made a replica of the Paul VI *ferula* for John Paul II, which was lighter than the previous one.

On 16 March 2008, at the Palm Sunday celebrations in Saint Peter's Square, Pope Benedict XVI used the *ferula* of Pius IX. This staff was used until 28 November 2009 at the First Vespers for Advent. A new *ferula* was given to Pope Benedict XVI as a gift of the *Circolo San Pietro* and, according to Monsignor Guido Marini, the Master of Apostolic Ceremonies and head of the Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff, it "can be considered to all intents and purposes the pastoral staff of Benedict XVI."

Pope Francis continued to use the *ferula* of Benedict XVI at the beginning of his pontificate. On 7 April 2013, at the Mass for the Possession of the Chair of the Bishop of Rome in the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome, Francis returned to using the 1965 *ferula* of Paul VI with the corpus on it, and has since alternated its use with the *ferula* of Benedict XVI.

## Further reading

* Bühren, Ralf van: *Kunst und Kirche im 20. Jahrhundert. Die Rezeption des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils* (Konziliengeschichte, Reihe B: Untersuchungen), Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh 2008 (ISBN 978-3-506-76388-4)


title: Parapolybia

abstract: Parapolybia is a genus of paper wasp of the Ropalidiini tribe in the sub-family Polistinae of the family Vespidae which contains five species which are found from Iran in the west to Melanesia in the east.

text:
# Parapolybia

***Parapolybia*** is a genus of paper wasp of the Ropalidiini tribe in the sub-family Polistinae of the family Vespidae which contains five species which are found from Iran in the west to Melanesia in the east.

## InfoBox

| *Parapolybia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Ropalidiini-Paper wasp (Polistinae) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Vespidae |
| Subfamily: | Polistinae |
| Tribe: | Ropalidiini |
| Genus: | *Parapolybia*
Saussure, 1854 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Parapolybia indica*
Saussure, 1854 | |
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Parigné-le-Pôlin

abstract: Parigné-le-Pôlin is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France.

text:
# Parigné-le-Pôlin

**Parigné-le-Pôlin** (French pronunciation: \[paʁiɲe  polɛ̃\]) is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France.

## InfoBox

| Parigné-le-Pôlin | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A general view of Parigné-le-Pôlin | |
| Location of Parigné-le-Pôlin | |
| Parigné-le-PôlinParigné-le-Pôlin | |
| Coordinates: 47°51′00″N 0°06′32″E / 47.850°N 0.109°E / 47.850; 0.109 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Sarthe |
| Arrondissement | La Flèche |
| Canton | La Suze-sur-Sarthe |
| Intercommunality | CC du Val de Sarthe |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Joël Leproux |
| Area**1** | 13.85 km2 (5.35 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,051 |
| Density | 76/km2 (200/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Parignéen, Parignéenne |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 72230 /72330 |
| Elevation | 37–113 m (121–371 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Parihar (clan)

abstract: The Parihar is a clan (gotra) mostly found in Gurjar, Rajput, Koli, and Meena caste groups of India.

text:
# Parihar (clan)

The **Parihar**  (also spelled as **Purihar** and **Padihar**) is a clan (gotra) mostly found in Gurjar, Rajput, Koli, and Meena caste groups of India.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Parihar<br>परिहार | |
| --- | --- |
| clan | |
| Location | Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana |
| Language | Hindi, Koli, Rajasthani, Braj Bhasa, Gujarati |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Surnames | Thakur, Rana, Singh |


title: Partha Sarthi Sen Sharma

abstract: Partha Sarthi Sen Sharma is an Indian Civil Servant and author. As a career bureaucrat he joined the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) in 1994.

text:
# Partha Sarthi Sen Sharma

**Partha Sarthi Sen Sharma** (born; 30 June 1970) is an Indian Civil Servant and author. As a career bureaucrat he joined the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) in 1994.

## Early life and education

Partha Sarthi was born in Malda, West Bengal in 30 June 1970. He has done his engineering from the Delhi College of Engineering (now Delhi Technical University).

## Career

He joined IAS in 1994. And as an author, Partha Sarthi Sen Sharma started contributing individual travel pieces to many publications like The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Pioneer etc. long ago but his first full length Travelogue book came out in 2011 as ‘A passage across Europe’ which has since been translated into Hindi as ‘Musafir Hun Yaaro’.

## Notable books

* *Love: Side by Side* (ISBN 8129137658)
* *Love in Lucknow* (ISBN 9390900689)
* *Andamanush Nicobarese -: An Island Travenovel* (ISBN 9355208677)
* *Every Mile a Memory* (ISBN 8129142309)
* *Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke* (ISBN 9351868044)

## InfoBox

| Partha Sarthi Sen Sharma | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1970-06-30) June 30, 1970<br>Malda, West Bengal, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Education | Bachelor of Technology |
| Alma mater | Delhi Technological University |
| Occupation | IAS officer |
| Years active | 1994–present |
| Employer | Government of India |
| Organization | Indian Administrative Service |


title: Parthan Mohan

abstract: Parthan Mohan is a Malayalam Film Director and Producer. He made his directorial debut in 2013, with the Malayalam Film ONE with Jagadeesh in the lead role and went onto to serve as Executive producer in the film John Paul Vaathil Thurakkunnu (2014) and later co-produced Olappeeppi (2016) & Crossroad (2017).

text:
# Parthan Mohan

**Parthan Mohan** (born 27 July) is a Malayalam Film Director and Producer. He made his directorial debut in 2013, with the Malayalam Film ONE with Jagadeesh in the lead role and went onto to serve as Executive producer in the film John Paul Vaathil Thurakkunnu (2014) and later co-produced Olappeeppi (2016) & *Crossroad* (2017).

## Early life

Born on July 27, 1986, at Trivandrum, Kerala in India into a family of teachers, Parthan finished his schooling from the nationally reputed Kendriya Vidyalaya, Pattom in Trivandrum in 2004. He went onto pursue his graduate studies at Mar Ivanios College, Trivandrum from where he finished his graduation in Visual and Mass Communication. He earned his bachelor's degree in Video Production & Mass Communication (BVMC) from the University of Kerala with top honours in 2007.

He also wrote and directed his first short film, ‘Memoirs’, during his campus days at Mar Ivanios, which went onto to participate in a number of Campus Short Film Festivals around South India.

Parthan went onto pursue film studies more earnestly, as he got inducted into the L V Prasad Film & TV Academy in Chennai, from where he finished a two-year full time Post Graduate Diploma course in Film Direction. In the course of his studies, he completed around ten projects, including four short fiction projects and a couple of documentary projects and a music video.

He went onto pursue his graduate studies at Mar Ivanios College, Trivandrum from where he earned his bachelor's degree in Video Production & Mass Communication (BVMC) from the University of Kerala with top honours in 2007. Parthan went onto graduate from the L V Prasad Film & TV Academy in Chennai, where he secured his Post Graduate Diploma in Film Direction. His Diploma Film at the academy, ‘Apratheekshitham’, won critical acclaim and was selected to International Film Festivals, such as the Mumbai International Film Festival 2010, ‘I’ve Seen Films’ International Film Festival at Milan, Italy and the ASIEXPO International Film Festival at Lyon, France.

## Career

Parthan made his debut in feature films, by directing the 2013 Experimental Horror Thriller ‘ONE’, starring Jagadeesh in Malayalam. The movie went onto earn good reviews from the critics and marked a rare new experience for film goers with its intricate use of the Classical Horror Elements and was noticed for its use of ‘Mise-en-Scene’.

He ventured into the Feature Film Production when he served as the executive producer in the Malayalam Feature Film, John Paul Vaathil Thurakkunnu released in July 2014.

During this period, Parthan has also been invited as guest faculty at media and business institutes of repute such as the Asian School of Business, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, All Saints College, Trivandrum & College of Architecture, Trivandrum and so on.

In 2016, Parthan served as Co-Producer in Olappeeppi, starring Biju Menon. The movie hit theatres across Kerala in late September 2016 and was welcome wholeheartedly by critics and viewers alike and went onto win two awards at the Kerala State Film Awards 2017.

In 2017, he finished produced ‘Mudra’, a 15-minute featurette for the Malayalam Anthology Film *Crossroad*, dealing with women. Mudra featured Isha Talwar & Anjali Nair in leading roles and portrayed the story of two classical dancers and their struggles.

He is right now writing and directing an upcoming feature film in Malayalam, scheduled for production in the mid-2019, which will be in the genre of a coming-of-age drama.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Director | Producer | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *One* | Yes |  |  |
| 2014 | *John Paul Vaathil Thurakkunnu* |  | Yes | Executive producer |
| 2016 | *Olappeeppi* |  | Yes | Co-producer |
| 2017 | *Crossroad* |  | Yes | Producer |
|

## InfoBox

| Parthan Mohan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, producer |
| Years active | 2013–present |


title: Partha Sen

abstract: Partha Sen is an Indian professor of economics, associated with the Delhi School of Economics. His research interests are International Trade, Macroeconomic Theory, and International Finance.

text:
# Partha Sen

**Partha Sen** (born 4 November 1951) is an Indian professor of economics, associated with the Delhi School of Economics. His research interests are International Trade, Macroeconomic Theory, and International Finance.

## Early life and education

Partha Sen was born on 4 November 1951. In 1972, he completed a Bachelor of Arts in Economics at the University of Delhi, and an Master of Arts in Economics in 1975. In 1979, he was awarded an MSocSci in Economics by the University of Birmingham. He received his PhD from the London School of Economics in 1984.

## Career

Upon receiving his MA, he became a lecturer at University of Delhi. He has also lectured in economics at the University of Bristol and the London School of Economics.

Between 1986 and 1989, he was an assistant professor at the University of Illinois. Between 1990 and 1996, he was a reader in economics at the Delhi School of Economics. Since 2001, he has been a professor of economics, first at the Indian Statistical Institute and at the Delhi School of Economics. For a brief period he was also a professor at the South Asian University.

His research interests are International Trade, Macroeconomic Theory, and International Finance. His current research focuses on capital flows, New Keynesian Macroeconomics, Non Competitive Trade Theory, and Environmental Economics with Capital Mobility.

He was the editor of the *Indian Economic Review* from 1997 to 2001 and the co-editor before that from 1994 to 1997. He has also been a member of the editorial board of *Arthaniti* since 2002.