title: SS Leasowe Castle

abstract: The British passenger steam liner SS Leasowe Castle was built between 1915 and 1917 at Cammell Laird shipyards in Birkenhead. The ship was originally to be called Vasilissa Sophia and destined for the National Steam Navigation Company of Greece. During construction though, the ship was commandeered by the British Government through the Liner Acquisition Scheme, to be run by the Union-Castle Line. She was finally launched on 5 April 1917 and named Leasowe Castle. Leasowe Castle was used as a troopship in World War I. On 20 April 1917 the ship was torpedoed and damaged by German submarine SM U-35, 90 nautical miles north west of Gibraltar. The wake of a torpedo was spotted by the crew approaching from the port side and the ship managed to turn to limit the damage. The torpedo hit the stern and destroyed the rudder. A second torpedo was fired and narrowly missed. The ship managed to reach Gibraltar under her own power for repairs. Soon after midnight on 27 May 1918 the ship was struck by a torpedo from German submarine SM UB-51 in the Mediterranean Sea, 104 nautical miles north west of Alexandria, Egypt. The ship was carrying 2,900 troops en route from Alexandria to Marseilles in France. After about 90 minutes Leasowe had sunk with the loss of 101 lives. Many men spent hours in the water. Survivors were returned to Egypt. Captain Edward John Holl went down with the ship after urging his officers to save the crew: "Do your utmost; they must be saved". The troops who died at sea in the Mediterranean in the First World War are commemorated by the Shatby Memorial, in the cemetery at Shatby in Alexandria.

text:
# SS Leasowe Castle

The British passenger steam liner **SS *Leasowe Castle*** was built between 1915 and 1917 at Cammell Laird shipyards in Birkenhead.

The ship was originally to be called *Vasilissa Sophia* and destined for the National Steam Navigation Company of Greece. During construction though, the ship was commandeered by the British Government through the Liner Acquisition Scheme, to be run by the Union-Castle Line. She was finally launched on 5 April 1917 and named *Leasowe Castle* (a 16th-century castle on the Wirral Peninsula in North West England).

*Leasowe Castle* was used as a troopship in World War I.

On 20 April 1917 the ship was torpedoed and damaged by German submarine SM *U-35*, 90 nautical miles (170 km; 100 mi) north west of Gibraltar. The wake of a torpedo was spotted by the crew approaching from the port side and the ship managed to turn to limit the damage. The torpedo hit the stern and destroyed the rudder. A second torpedo was fired and narrowly missed. The ship managed to reach Gibraltar under her own power for repairs.

Soon after midnight on 27 May 1918 the ship was struck by a torpedo from German submarine SM *UB-51* in the Mediterranean Sea, 104 nautical miles (193 km; 120 mi) north west of Alexandria, Egypt (31°30′N 27°56′E / 31.500°N 27.933°E / 31.500; 27.933). The ship was carrying 2,900 troops en route from Alexandria to Marseilles in France. After about 90 minutes *Leasowe* had sunk with the loss of 101 lives. Many men spent hours in the water. Survivors were returned to Egypt. Captain Edward John Holl went down with the ship after urging his officers to save the crew: "Do your utmost; they must be saved".

The troops who died at sea in the Mediterranean in the First World War (without a grave on land) are commemorated by the Shatby Memorial, in the cemetery at Shatby in Alexandria.

## InfoBox

| *Leasowe Castle* as a troopship during World War I | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | SS *Leasowe Castle* |
| Operator | Union-Castle Line |
| Builder | Cammell Laird, Birkenhead |
| Laid down | 16 March 1915 |
| Launched | 5 April 1917 |
| Out of service | 27 May 1918 |
| Fate | Sunk by SM *UB-51* |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Steamliner |
| Tonnage | 9,737 GRT |
| Length | 488 ft (149 m) |
| Beam | 58 ft (18 m) |
| Draught | 27.5 ft (8.4 m) |
| Installed power | 1,759 nhp |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) |
| Capacity | 3,000 |


title: Hill College, Tadubi

abstract: Hill College, Tadubi, established in 1978, is a general degree college in Tadubi, Senapati District, Manipur. It offers undergraduate courses in arts. It is affiliated to Manipur University.

text:
# Hill College, Tadubi

**Hill College, Tadubi**, established in 1978, is a general degree college in Tadubi, Senapati District, Manipur. It offers undergraduate courses in arts. It is affiliated to Manipur University.

## Accreditation

The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).

## InfoBox

Hill College, Tadubi
| Type | Undergraduate college |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1978 |
| Academic affiliations | Manipur University |
| Location | Tadubi, Senapati district, Manipur, India<br>25°28′37″N 94°07′48″E / 25.477°N 94.130°E / 25.477; 94.130 |
| Campus | Rural |
| Website | https://hillcollegetadubi.nic.in/ |


title: Hirvitalo

abstract: Hirvitalo is a social center in the Pispala's Tahmela district of Tampere, Finland. It houses the Center of Contemporary Art Pispala.

text:
# Hirvitalo

**Hirvitalo** (lit.'Moose House') is a social center in the Pispala's Tahmela district of Tampere, Finland. It houses the Center of Contemporary Art Pispala.

## What is there?

In Hirvitalo there are 3 gallery rooms, recording studio, a seriegraphy space and a shop. In the outbuildings there is a bicycle repairing space run by Pispala Pyörä Punx (Pispala Bike Punks).

## Foundation

Hirvitalo is run by Pispala's Cultural Association, which was founded in 2006. Its main aim is to invigorate the cultural life in Tampere and Pispala by offering free space for contemporary artists, and for the local people to organize happenings.

## Activities

Most visible activities are contemporary art exhibitions. Throughout the year also various events are organized. They have included poetry festivals, video screenings, study circles, performance art festivals, flamenco and drumming groups.

Hirvitalo has hosted many foreign artists' workshops and exhibitions.

The Pispala Cultural Association also participates in activities away from the actual building, such as eco-art installations, exhibitions, performances and other cultural happenings.

There are some nearby grounds of the house in which the Pispala Carnival happens and permaculture courses as well as outside events.

The house also helps with social inclusion agenda hosting meetings and employing artists and others in integration and training programs. This includes the Pispalan kumppanuus ry with 10 other associations, and the European Voluntary Service.

## Awards

* In 2012, TAMY (the student union of Tampere university) granted Hirvikatu the Vappulakki Award.
* In 2014, Hirvitalo won the Vuoden taideteko (Art project of the year) award, worth €3,000.

61°29′58″N 23°42′51″E / 61.49944°N 23.71417°E / 61.49944; 23.71417


title: SET iNews

abstract: SET iNews Channel is a Taiwanese 24-hour news channel, broadcasting predominantly in Mandarin, owned by Sanlih E-Television and launched in May 2011 as SET Finance, switching to its current name on 26 June 2017. It is a sister channel of SET News, launched in 1998. Compared to SET News, whose format is general news, SET iNews broadcasts more financial and slightly more international news. Nevertheless, both channels share resources, including reporters and presenters, and, until mid-2021, especially during off-peak hours, simulcast and/or repeated some programming premiered in the other network. This practice ended as part of SET iNews move to channel 48 on some operators: since August 2021 SET iNews starts its weekend live newscasts at 07:00 local time and canceled the simulcast of sister channel SET News weekend midnight newscast, replacing it since July 2021 with a repeat of its own 19:00 newscast. Both SET iNews and sister channel SET News are considered media outlets leaning towards the Pan-Green coalition.

text:
# SET iNews

**SET iNews Channel** (Chinese: 三立iNEWS; pinyin: *Sānlì iNEWS*) is a Taiwanese 24-hour news channel, broadcasting predominantly in Mandarin, owned by Sanlih E-Television and launched in May 2011 as SET Finance (Chinese: 三立財經台; pinyin: *Sānlì Cáijīng-tái*), switching to its current name on 26 June 2017. It is a sister channel of SET News, launched in 1998.

Compared to SET News, whose format is general news, SET iNews broadcasts more financial and slightly more international news. Nevertheless, both channels share resources, including reporters and presenters, and, until mid-2021, especially during off-peak hours (late night and early mornings, as well as weekends), simulcast and/or repeated some programming premiered in the other network. This practice ended as part of SET iNews move to channel 48 on some operators: since August 2021 SET iNews starts its weekend live newscasts at 07:00 local time (before that, it simulcast SET iNews from 07:00 to 09:00 local time, aired a repeat of a night talk show, and started live newscasts at 11:00) and canceled the simulcast of sister channel SET News weekend midnight newscast, replacing it since July 2021 with a repeat of its own 19:00 newscast.

Both SET iNews and sister channel SET News are considered media outlets leaning towards the Pan-Green coalition.

## Move to channel 48

On 26 May 2021, the National Communications Commission (NCC) announced SET iNews will move to Channel 48 in a number of cable systems, after filing an application in April 2020. SET iNews will have to reduce the simulcast of content from sister channel SET News from 20% to 10%, position itself as a network with a different focus, namely financial news and financial programmes—even comprehensive talk programs should be mainly of financial nature; and hire financial experts and scholars to join the ethics committee. By 2024, SET iNews will have to invest around 200 million TWD to supplement its workforce and improve its content. This change would allow SET iNews to reach 25% of cable TV subscribers.

## Programming

As of late August 2021, SET iNews operates on a 69-hour live newscast programming schedule per week: weekdays 07:00-10:00, 11:00-14:00, and 16:00-21:00 local time, and weekends 07:00-09:00, 12:00-14:00, and 17:00-20:00 local time. Night periods are programmed with recorded talk shows (weeknights from 21:00 to 01:00, weekends from 21:00 to 23:00); overnight repeats start at 01:00 on weekdays and at 00:00 on weekends, ending at 07:00 every day. The weekday noon newscast is repeated at 15:00 the same day. The weekend schedule when no live newscast airs is filled with prerecorded weekly journalistic programmes, some of them rerun in the 10:00 time slot on weekdays.

## InfoBox

SET iNews Channel
| Country | Taiwan |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Taiwan (cable TV)
Worldwide (online only) |
| Network | Sanlih E-Television |
| Headquarters | Taiwan |
| Ownership | |
| Sister channels | SET News |
| History | |
| Launched | 3 May 2011 (13 years, 155 days) (as SET Finance)
26 June 2017 (7 years, 101 days) (as SET iNews) |
| Former names | SET Finance (三立財經台, *Sānlì Cáijīng-tái*) |
| Links | |
| Website | setn.com |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Streaming media | |
| YouTube | Live streaming |
|  | |


title: SS Patrick H. Morrissey

abstract: SS Patrick H. Morrissey was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was originally named after Patrick H. Morrissey, a former head of the Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen. She was transferred to the British Ministry of War Transportation (MoWT) and renamed Samdee upon completion.

text:
# SS Patrick H. Morrissey

**SS *Patrick H. Morrissey*** was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was originally named after Patrick H. Morrissey, a former head of the Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen. She was transferred to the British Ministry of War Transportation (MoWT) and renamed *Samdee* upon completion.

## Construction

*Patrick H. Morrissey* was laid down on 23 October 1943, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 1507, by J.A. Jones Construction, Brunswick, Georgia; she was sponsored by Katherine M. Geraghty, daughter of Patrick H. Morrissey, and launched on 9 December 1943.

## History

She was allocated to Thos. & Jno. Brocklebank, Ltd., on 17 December 1943. On or about 18 April 1947, she was sold to Thos. & Jno. Brocklebank, Ltd. *Samdee* was scrapped in 1967.

## Bibliography

* "Jones Construction, Brunswick GA". www.ShipbuildingHistory.com. 13 October 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
* "Liberty Ships – World War II". Retrieved 31 October 2017.
* Maritime Administration. "Patrick H. Morrissey". *Ship History Database Vessel Status Card*. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
* Davies, James (May 2004). "Specifications (As-Built)" (PDF). p. 23. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
* "Liberty Ship Named for Morrissey". *The Pantagraph*. Bloomington, Illinois. 8 December 1943. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
* "SS *Patrick H. Morrissey*". Retrieved 5 November 2017.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Patrick H. Morrissey* |
| Namesake | Patrick H. Morrissey |
| Ordered | as type (EC2-S-C1) hull, MC hull 1507 |
| Builder | J.A. Jones Construction, Brunswick, Georgia |
| Cost | $1,474,585 |
| Yard number | 123 |
| Way number | 1 |
| Laid down | 23 October 1943 |
| Launched | 9 December 1943 |
| Sponsored by | Katherine M. Geraghty |
| Completed | 17 December 1943 |
| Fate | Transferred to the British Ministry of War Transport upon completion. |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | *Samdee* |
| Acquired | 17 December 1943 |
| Fate | Sold, 18 April 1947 |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | *Samdee* |
| Operator | Tho. & Jno. Brocklebank, Ltd. |
| Acquired | 18 April 1947 |
| Fate | Scrapped, 1967 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type |  |
| Tonnage |  |
| Displacement |  |
| Length | * 441 feet 6 inches (135 m) oa * 416 feet (127 m) pp * 427 feet (130 m) lwl |
| Beam | 57 feet (17 m) |
| Draft | 27 ft 9.25 in (8.4646 m) |
| Installed power | * 2 × Oil fired 450 °F (232 °C) boilers, operating at 220 psi (1,500 kPa) * 2,500 hp (1,900 kW) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 11.5 knots (21.3 km/h; 13.2 mph) |
| Capacity | * 562,608 cubic feet (15,931 m3) (grain) * 499,573 cubic feet (14,146 m3) (bale) |
| Complement |  |
| Armament |  |


title: Hisarçandır, Konyaaltı

abstract: Hisarçandır is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Konyaaltı, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 714 (2022).

text:
# Hisarçandır, Konyaaltı

**Hisarçandır** is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Konyaaltı, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 714 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Hisarçandır | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| HisarçandırLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 36°45′N 30°27′E / 36.750°N 30.450°E / 36.750; 30.450 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Antalya |
| District | Konyaaltı |
| Population (2022) | 714 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Hillside, New York

abstract: Hillside is a census-designated place (CDP) in Ulster County, New York, United States. The population was 860 at the 2020 census. It is located just south of the city of Kingston, and the Town of Ulster.

text:
# Hillside, New York

**Hillside** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Ulster County, New York, United States. The population was 860 at the 2020 census. It is located just south of the city of Kingston, and the Town of Ulster.

## Geography

Hillside is located at 41°55′5″N 74°2′7″W / 41.91806°N 74.03528°W / 41.91806; -74.03528 (41.9181, -74.0351).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.8 square miles (2.1 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 882 |  |  |
| 2010 | 877 |  | −0.6% |
| 2020 | 860 |  | −1.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

At the 2000 census there were 882 people, 336 households, and 276 families in the CDP. The population density was 1,048.8 inhabitants per square mile (404.9/km2). There were 344 housing units at an average density of 409.1 per square mile (158.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.24% White, 1.36% African American, 2.49% Asian, 0.23% from other races, and 0.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.81%.

Of the 336 households 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.7% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.6% were non-families. 16.1% of households were one person and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 2.90.

The age distribution was 25.3% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 18 to 24, 20.4% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females there were 103.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.9 males.

The median household income was $80,095 and the median family income was $88,061. Males had a median income of $67,361 versus $50,536 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $38,809. None of the families and 0.5% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 3.0% of those over 64.

## InfoBox

| Hillside, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| Location in Ulster County and the state of New York. | |
| Coordinates: 41°55′5″N 74°2′0″W / 41.91806°N 74.03333°W / 41.91806; -74.03333 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Ulster |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.82 sq mi (2.13 km2) |
| Land | 0.82 sq mi (2.12 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 318 ft (97 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 860 |
| Density | 1,050.06/sq mi (405.66/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 36-34786 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1852902 |


title: SS Shawnee

abstract: Shawnee was a passenger steam turbine-powered ship built in 1926-1927 by Newport News Ship Building & Drydock Co. of Newport News for Clyde Steamship Company, a subsidiary of Atlantic, Gulf & West Indies Steamship Lines with intention of operating between New York and southern ports of the United States. During the World War II the liner was requisitioned by the US Government, and served as the United States Army Transport from September 1942 to March 1946 in the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Pacific. Following the end of the war, the ship was sold to a Portuguese company and renamed City of Lisbon, and subsequently resold to Yugoslavia, becoming Partizanka operating with the shipping company Jugoslavenska Linijska Plovidba until 1949 when the steamer burned while in drydock and was declared a total loss.

text:
# SS Shawnee

***Shawnee*** was a passenger steam turbine-powered ship built in 1926-1927 by Newport News Ship Building & Drydock Co. of Newport News for Clyde Steamship Company, a subsidiary of Atlantic, Gulf & West Indies Steamship Lines (AGWI Lines) with intention of operating between New York and southern ports of the United States. During the World War II the liner was requisitioned by the US Government, and served as the United States Army Transport from September 1942 to March 1946 in the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Pacific. Following the end of the war, the ship was sold to a Portuguese company and renamed *City of Lisbon*, and subsequently resold to Yugoslavia, becoming *Partizanka* operating with the shipping company Jugoslavenska Linijska Plovidba until 1949 when the steamer burned while in drydock and was declared a total loss.

## Design and construction

Early in 1925 Clyde Steamship Co. inaugurated an ambitious shipbuilding program designed to augment their cargo and passenger carrying capabilities between New York, Carolinas and Florida. Overall, six new modern liners were ordered, starting with *Mohawk* and ending with *Shawnee*, for a total cost of approximately US$14,000,000. Four vessels of the program were similar to *Mohawk*, but the last two, future SS *Iroquois* and SS *Shawnee*, were bigger and more luxurious passenger liners. The contract for all these vessels was awarded to the Newport News Ship Building & Drydock Co. and *Shawnee* was laid down at the shipbuilder's yard in Newport News (yard number 307) on 15 May 1926 and launched on 18 April 1927, with Miss Eleanor Hoyt of New York, serving as the sponsor. The ship was primarily designed for passenger transportation and was built for speed being able to cover the distance between New York and Jacksonville in less than two days. The steamship had four passenger decks, with two of them being designed as glass-enclosed promenades. The vessel provided accommodations in single cabins and suites for 723 passengers, all of them being provided with private baths, running hot and cold water and electrical lights, with interior decorations designed and created by a nationally renowned interior designer Herbert R. Stone. An observatory and a library on the upper deck, a tea room, a dancing deck, a smoking lounge and a barber shop in addition to a spacious dining hall able to sit 250 people at once were also constructed to provide entertainment for the would be passengers. *Shawnee* had electric lights in suites and along the decks and was also equipped with wireless. The steamer had freight decks separated into ventilated watertight and fire-proof compartments, some of them chilled with refrigerating machinery for safe transportation of fruits and vegetables from southern states. Ample space was also specially designed and reserved for transportation of automobiles to ensure passengers could bring their autos with them. The liner was equipped with oil-burning machinery, and fuel and storage tanks of 7,920 barrels capacity.

As built, the ship was 394 feet 7 inches (120.27 m) long (between perpendiculars) and 62 feet 2 inches (18.95 m) abeam, and had a depth of 19 feet 4 inches (5.89 m). *Shawnee* was assessed at 6,209 GRT and 3,405 NRT and had loaded displacement of 8,500 long tons (8,636 t). The vessel had a steel hull with double bottom, and four oil-burning steam turbines, producing 8,500 shp of power, single reduction geared to two screw propellers, that moved the ship at up to 19.0 knots (21.9 mph; 35.2 km/h).

Following an inspection, the steamer was transferred to her owners on July 21 and departed for New York in the evening of the same day.

## Operational history

*Shawnee* and *Iroquois* operated schedules along the Atlantic coast of North America, from New York visiting as far north as Quebec, Montreal and Halifax with main service south to Florida and Galveston with occasional cruises into the Caribbean. On 13 September 1939 *Shawnee*, chartered by the government through United States Lines for one round trip voyage from New York to Bordeaux, was one of five ships along with *Acadia*, *Iroquois*, *Orizaba*, and *St. John* were used to evacuate stranded American citizens from France.

AGWI Lines delivered *Shawnee* in New Orleans on 18 December 1941 to the War Shipping Administration (WSA) but continued to operate the ship for the Army under a WSA agreement.

### U.S. Army Transport

On 20 September 1942 WSA allocated the ship to the United States Army which operated the ship as U.S. Army Transport (USAT) *Shawnee* under bareboat charter until returned to WSA on 4 March 1946 and control returned to the line on 14 June 1946.

Immediately after delivery in New Orleans the ship was converted for troop transport at Todd-Johnson Shipyards. On conversion *Shawnee* began transport between New Orleans and the Canal Zone, making four trips, the last one with 594 interned aliens. After a month undergoing repairs the ship began reinforcement in May 1942 of the Caribbean bases at San Juan, Jamaica, Trinidad and Panama. The next operation was from New Orleans to Panama, Arica and Callao. After passing through Panama the ship went to New York where the Army took over full operation on 20 September 1942 under a bareboat charter from WSA to formally become USAT *Shawnee*.

The ship underwent a major repairs until leaving in January 1943 for Oran which had been taken as an Allied port during the North African landings in November. With a return to Boston and then operating out of New York *Shawnee* operated in the North Atlantic to British ports and North Africa until early 1944.

After a stop in New Orleans the ship transited to the Pacific and ports in the South Pacific and Southwest Pacific (SWPA) areas of operations until return to San Francisco, the major Army Port of Embarkation for the Pacific in April. From there the ship made one trip to New Guinea with a return for repairs and then a round trip between Seattle and Honolulu. In July 1944 *Shawnee* went back to SWPA and became a part of the command's permanent local fleet with the SWPA identification number X-127. In SWPA the ship was used for support of operations from Australia into the island campaigns from New Guinea northward. At one point *Shawnee* was considered for use as an Army Hospital Ship because its passenger configuration had suitable large spaces for hospital operations. There are indications the ship was used locally as an ambulance transport, a troop transport that carried troops outbound and wounded on return, with one reference citing an official report of a voyage "aboard the Station Hospital USAT *Shawnee*" though the ship was never formally designated hospital ship by the Army or officially for immunity from attack. The ship visited many of the notable locations of that theater of war including Guadalcanal, though the battles there were over, Bougainville, and Leyte.

In early 1945 the ship was released from the SWPA fleet and was repaired at San Francisco leaving in May for Honolulu. From there the ship operated in the central Pacific with stops at Eniwetok and Ulithi and SWPA areas of Leyte, Manila, and Samar. In December 1945 the ship left from Hawaii for New York where return to WSA and AGWI Lines took place on 4 March 1946. The ship was then laid up in New York.

### *City of Lisbon* (March—September 1947)

The ship was sold by AGWI Lines in 1946, though Maritime Commission records show actual sale on 11 March 1947, to a Panama entity which re-flagged the ship to Panamana under the name *City of Lisbon*. Though Panamanian-flagged the ship was owned by a Portuguese company, the Iberian Star Line, and operated out of Portugal. On 28 May 1947 *City of Lisbon* was damaged in a collision with the cargo ship *Virgolin*. Though intended for scrapping the owners sold the ship to Yugoslavia.

### *Partizanka* (1947-1950)

In September 1947 the ship was bought by Jugoslavenska Linijska Plovidba and renamed *Partizanka* and converted at Rijeka to carry about 800 passengers. Portuguese sources note the diplomatic arrangements involved in Yugoslavia's acquisition of the ship.

The ship left Malta on 15 December 1947 for Australia stopping at Fremantle 9 January 1948 and arriving Sydney 15 January with 808 migrants including three babies born on the voyage. *Partizanka* left Australia bound for the Middle East and then operated out of Rijeka to South America for the remainder of 1948. The ship left Trieste in March 1949 with a second group of migrants of 18 nationalities for Australia arriving 6 April. The next day the ship departed for Split. While in drydock on 12 August 1949 the ship burned and declared a total loss.

Some of the immigrants to Australia were from the program "Employment of Scientific and Technical Enemy Aliens" which was aimed by Australia to recruit Germans.

## Footnotes

1. "Launched at Yard for Clyde S. S. Co". *Daily Press*. 19 April 1927. p. 12. Retrieved 7 January 2019  via Newspapers.com.
2. "*Shawnee* (2226696)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
3. *Merchant Vessels of the United States*. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. 1927–1928.
4. "On the Waterfront". *Daily Press*. 22 July 1927. p. 11. Retrieved 7 January 2019  via Newspapers.com.
5. Larsson, Björn. "Clyde-Mallory Lines". Maritime Timetable Images. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
6. Miller, William H. (2001). *Picture History of American Passenger Ships*. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN 0486409678. LCCN 00052379. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
7. Plowman, Peter (2006). *Australian Migrant Ships 1946 - 1977*. Dural, N.S.W., Australia: Rosenberg Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 1877058408. LCCN 2006445678. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
8. Swiggum, S.; Kohli, M. (November 13, 2009). "United States Lines". TheShipsList. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
9. Maritime Administration. "Shawnee". *Ship History Database Vessel Status Card*. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
10. Charles, Roland W. (1947). *Troopships of World War II* (PDF). Washington: The Army Transportation Association. p. 58. LCCN 47004779. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
11. Masterson, Dr. James R. (1949). *U. S. Army Transportation In The Southwest Pacific Area 1941-1947*. Washington, D. C.: Transportation Unit, Historical Division, Special Staff, U. S. Army. p. Appendix 30, p. 6.
12. Larson, Harold (1944). *Army Hospital Ships*. Washington, D. C.: Office of the Chief of Transportation, Army Service Forces, U. S. Army. pp. 12, 16, 36.
13. Masterson, Karen (2014). *The Malaria Project : The U.S. government's secret mission to find a miracle cure*. New York, New York: New American Library — Penguin Group. ISBN 9780451467324. LCCN 2014018351. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
14. Dunn, Peter (11 September 2018). "No. 1 Special Wireless Group Royal Canadian Corps Of Signals (RCCS) In Australia During WW2". Australia @ War. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
15. Carvalho, Jorge Santos (2012). *As relações Jugoslavo-Portuguesas*. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra / Coimbra University Press. pp. 38, 190. ISBN 978-9892601465.
16. Muenstermann, Ingrid (2015). *Some Personal Stories of German Immigration to Australia since 1945*. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1503503137.
17. "Progress of Construction". *Pacific Marine Review*. June 1927. p. 298.

## InfoBox

| *Iroquois* and *Shawnee* from the collection of Björn Larsson. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | * *Shawnee* (1927–1946) * *City of Lisbon* (March–September 1947) * *Partizanka* (1947–1949) |
| Namesake | Shawnee |
| Owner | * Clyde-Mallory Line (1927–1946) * Iberian Star Line (1946–1947) * Jugoslavenska Linijska Plovidba (1947–1949) |
| Builder | Newport News Ship Building & Drydock Co., Newport News |
| Yard number | 307 |
| Laid down | 15 May 1926 |
| Launched | 18 April 1927 |
| Sponsored by | Miss Eleanor Hoyt |
| Completed | 21 July 1927 |
| Maiden voyage | 27 July 1927 |
| Identification |  |
| Fate | Fire, 12 August 1949 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage |  |
| Length | * 407 ft 3 in (124.1 m) LOA * 394 ft 7 in (120.3 m) registered |
| Beam | 62 ft 2 in (18.9 m) |
| Depth | 19 ft 4 in (5.9 m) |
| Installed power | 2,246 Nhp, 8,500 shp |
| Propulsion | 4 x Newport News Ship Building & Drydock Co. steam turbines, single reduction geared to two screws |
| Speed | 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) |
| Capacity | 723 passengers |
| Crew | 174 |


title: Hiroaki Shiota

abstract: Hiroaki Shiota is a Japanese politician who is a member of the House of Councillors of Japan.

text:
# Hiroaki Shiota

**Hiroaki Shiota** is a Japanese politician who is a member of the House of Councillors of Japan.

## Biography

He graduated in 1984 from Akita University and has worked for Komei Shimbun. He holds several patents.

## InfoBox

| Hiroaki Shiota | |
| --- | --- |
| 塩田博昭 | |
|  | |
| Member of the House of Councillors | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
2019 | |
| Constituency | proportional block |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 19, 1962
Tokushima Prefecture |
| Political party | Komeito |
| Alma mater | Akita University |
|  | |


title: History of Kutch

abstract: The history of Kutch, (kachchh) a region in the extreme west of the western Indian state of Gujarat, can be traced back to prehistorical times. There are several sites related to Indus valley civilization in region and is mentioned in Hindu mythology. In historical times, Kutch is mentioned in Greek writings during Alexander. It was ruled by Menander I of Greco-Bactrian Kingdom which was overthrown by Indo-Scythians followed by Maurya Empire and Sakas. in the first century, it was under Western Satraps followed by Gupta Empire. By fifth century, Maitraka of Valabhi took over from which its close association with ruling clans of Gujarat started. Chavdas ruled the eastern and central parts by seventh century but then came under Chaulukyas by tenth century. After fall of Chaulukya, Vaghelas ruled the state. Following conquest of Sindh by Muslim rulers, Rajput Samma started moving southwards to Kutch and ruled western regions initially. By tenth century, they controlled significant area of Kutch and by thirteenth century they controlled whole of Kutch and adopted a new dynastic identity, Jadeja. For three centuries, Kutch was divided and ruled by three different branches of Jadeja brothers. In sixteenth century, Kutch was unified under one rule by Rao Khengarji I of these branches and his direct decedents ruled for two centuries and had good relationship with Gujarat Sultanate and Mughals. One of his descendants, Rayadhan II left three sons of whom two died and third son, Pragmalji I took over the state and founded the current lineage of rulers at the start of the seventeenth century. The decedents of other brothers founded states in Kathiawar. After turbulent periods and battles with armies of Sindh, the state was stabilized in the middle of eighteenth century by council known as Bar Bhayat ni Jamat who placed Rao as a titular head and ruled independently. The state accepted suzerainty of British East India Company in 1819 when Kutch was defeated in battle. The state was devastated by an earthquake in 1819. The state stabilized and flourished in business under subsequent rulers. Upon the independence of India in 1947, Kutch acceded unto the dominion of India and was constituted an independent commissionaire. It was created a state within the union of India in 1950. The state witnessed an earthquake in 1956. On 1 November 1956, Kutch State was merged with Bombay state, which in 1960 was divided into the new linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, with Kutch becoming part of Gujarat state as Kutch district. The district was affected by tropical cyclone in 1998 and the earthquake in 2001. The state saw rapid industrialization and growth in tourism in subsequent years.

text:
# History of Kutch

The **history of Kutch**, (kachchh) a region in the extreme west of the western Indian state of Gujarat, can be traced back to prehistorical times. There are several sites related to Indus valley civilization in region and is mentioned in Hindu mythology. In historical times, Kutch is mentioned in Greek writings during Alexander. It was ruled by Menander I of Greco-Bactrian Kingdom which was overthrown by Indo-Scythians followed by Maurya Empire and Sakas. in the first century, it was under Western Satraps followed by Gupta Empire. By fifth century, Maitraka of Valabhi took over from which its close association with ruling clans of Gujarat started. Chavdas ruled the eastern and central parts by seventh century but then came under Chaulukyas by tenth century. After fall of Chaulukya, Vaghelas ruled the state. Following conquest of Sindh by Muslim rulers, Rajput Samma started moving southwards to Kutch and ruled western regions initially. By tenth century, they controlled significant area of Kutch and by thirteenth century they controlled whole of Kutch and adopted a new dynastic identity, Jadeja.

For three centuries, Kutch was divided and ruled by three different branches of Jadeja brothers. In sixteenth century, Kutch was unified under one rule by Rao Khengarji I of these branches and his direct decedents ruled for two centuries and had good relationship with Gujarat Sultanate and Mughals. One of his descendants, Rayadhan II left three sons of whom two died and third son, Pragmalji I took over the state and founded the current lineage of rulers at the start of the seventeenth century. The decedents of other brothers founded states in Kathiawar. After turbulent periods and battles with armies of Sindh, the state was stabilized in the middle of eighteenth century by council known as Bar Bhayat ni Jamat who placed Rao as a titular head and ruled independently. The state accepted suzerainty of British East India Company in 1819 when Kutch was defeated in battle. The state was devastated by an earthquake in 1819. The state stabilized and flourished in business under subsequent rulers.

Upon the independence of India in 1947, Kutch acceded unto the dominion of India and was constituted an independent commissionaire. It was created a state within the union of India in 1950. The state witnessed an earthquake in 1956. On 1 November 1956, Kutch State was merged with Bombay state, which in 1960 was divided into the new linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, with Kutch becoming part of Gujarat state as Kutch district. The district was affected by tropical cyclone in 1998 and the earthquake in 2001. The state saw rapid industrialization and growth in tourism in subsequent years.

## Early history (Before 325 BCE)

There are more than 150 geographical sites of dinosaur fossils of different periods in Kutch.

Several sites along the rivers of Kutch providing evidence for occupation of Kutch during the Late Pleistocene; Middle Paleolithic and possibly Late Acheulean period. But there is an absence of lithic artifacts from Late Paleolithic in these Late Pleistocene deposits.

### Indus Valley civilization

The earliest human settlements can be traced back to the Early Harappan Period of Indus valley civilization, c. 3300–2600 BCE. Several sites belonging to this civilization are discovered in Kutch. Dholavira, locally known as Kotada Timba, is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites in India belonging to the civilization. It is located on the Khadir island in the northern part of the Kutch. The island is surrounded by water in the monsoon season. The Dholavira site is believed to have been inhabited between 2900 BCE and 1900 BCE, declining slowly after about 2100 BCE, briefly abandoned and then reoccupied, finally by villagers among its ruins, until about 1450. Other sites include Surkotada, Desalpar Gunthli, Pabumath, Kanmer and Shikarpur. More than 60 major Harappan sites are discovered around the Rann of Kutch.

## Early history (325 BCE – 640)

In early Hindu mythological narratives, the region is, under the name of *Kachchha* or tortoise or coast land, mentioned as a desert with few and wild people. So it remained till a holy man, losing himself in the forests on his way from the Narayan Sarovar in the extreme west, cleared the country by fire. From the ashes sprang crops of grass so rich that large numbers of pastoral tribes settled in Kutch.

The earliest historic notices of Kutch in foreign chronicles are in the works of Greek writers. In examining the eastern branch of the Indus River or Sindhu River, Alexander (325 BCE) came to a great lake, formed either by the spreading of the river or the flowing together of the neighbouring waters. The entrance was easier than the entrance of the western mouth, and, to ensure a regular supply of fresh water, wells were dug along the coast.Between 320 BCE to 142 BCE Kutch was a kingdom of samad tribe. After (142–124 BCE) Kutch was part of the kingdom of Menander I which was spread from Yamuna River to Saurashtra region. Around 120 BCE, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom was overthrown, and Indo-Scythians or Saka, passing south established themselves in Kutch and other parts of north Gujarat. Defeated by Gupta King Chandragupta II or Vikramaditya, about 56 BCE, they came back between twenty and thirty years later, and under Yeukaotschin founded a dynasty which in turn was, in the first century, overthrown by Indo-Parthians, mentioned as Parada in Sanskrit sources, whose power stretched from Sindh as far south as Bharuch.

In the first century, Pliny's (77 CE) Odambari are generally taken to have been the people of Kutch, and Ptolemy's (150 CE) town of Orbadari to the east of the Indus to have been their headquarters. Ptolemy knew the Gulf of Kutch as Kanthi, a name still applied to the strip of land along its north shore, and to the Kanthkot Fort near the south shore of the Ran. About a hundred years later (246 CE) the author of the Periplus speaks of the outer part of the gulf of Kutch as Barake, possibly Dwarka. Further in, he says, is the gulf of Eirinon (the Sanskrit *irina* or *Aranya*, 'a salt marsh', the modern Rann), divided into two parts, a greater and a less, both unexplored, dangerous to ships, shallow, and with violent eddies which refers to Greater and Little Rann of Kutch. The country along the coast of the gulf, which both he and Ptolemy call Surastrene (Saurashtra), was rich, yielding in abundance corn, rice, sesamum, butter, and cotton for ordinary manufacture, the people were tall and black, and they had many herds. Except perhaps at a port near Karachi where Ptolemy has a station of the Kanthi ships, the Greeks would seem to have had no direct trade with Kutch. The gulf of Kutch is spoken of as a place to be shunned, and all trade centred in Bharuch. Soon after the time of the author of the Periplus, Kutch was conquered by the Sah (140–380 CE), kings of Saurashtra, possibly of Western Satraps whose kingdom stretched from Tapi river to Sindh. Then probably after forming part of the Gupta Empire dominions, Kutch came about the end of the fifth century under the Maitrakas of Vallabhi. In the seventh century (about 640) Kutch was part of the province of Sindh. It is described by the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang as lying 267 miles (1600 *lis*) south-west of the capital of Sindh, at that time Aror near Bhakar on the Indus. He calls it *Otien-po-chi-lo* which possibly refers Adhyavakila or Pliny's Odambira. The circuit of the province is given at 833 miles (5000 *lis*) and that of the capital at five miles (30 lis). The capital's name is *Kie-tsi-shi-fa-lo*, perhaps Koteshwar.

## Rajput clans (640–1320)

The mention of Kutch is that early in the eighth century (about 714), on the death of Pramar of Telegu, Kutch was given to the Charans. According to Muslim historians the Kutch was part of dominion of the king of Alor. Soon after this the Kathis (associated with Ahir) would seem to have passed into Kutch from Sindh, and with their headquarters at Pavargadh (now near Manjal) were probably the ruling tribe, especially in the centre and south of the province. At this time Chavda dynasty ruled in the east, whose power by the help of the kings of Panchasar and Anhilwad Patan, probably increased in the eighth and ninth centuries. About 942, One of queens of Samantsinh, the last king of Chavda dynasty, fled with her year-old child to his father's house in Jaisalmer. This son Ahipat became a formidable outlaw and he was used to ravage dominions of Anhilwad Patan. He conquered more than 900 villages in Kutch and established Morgadh as its capital. He reigned for many years and was succeeded by his son Vikramsi. The lineage of succession was Vibhuraja, Takulji, Seshkaranji, Vaghji, Akheraja, Tejasi, Karamsinha. Takhansinha, Mokasinha, Punjaji. Punjaji lived in the reign of Alauddin Khalji around the end of thirteenth century.

In the tenth century, when, by the accession of Mularaja Chaulukya of Chaulukya dynasty, the Chavdas were ousted from Anhilwad Patan they retired to Kutch. Shortly afterwards (about 950), when pressed by the Chalukyas of Kalyan, Mularaja Chaulukya occupied Kanthkot. During this time the Arabs, beginning with raids on the Kathiawar and Gujarat coasts, had completed the conquest of Sindh. In the ninth century they had made settlements on the Kutch coast, and in the beginning of the tenth the province was considered part of Sindh. Al Biruni speaks of Kutch by its present name and notices that one branch of the Indus flows into the Sindh Sagar on the borders of Kutch. The chief references to Kutch in the writings of the Arab travellers of the tenth and eleventh centuries are connected with its pirates, who, with their headquarters at Kutch and Somnath, were, from the word *Baira*, a boat, known as Bawarij.

Early in the eleventh century (1023) Bhima I fled before Mahmud Ghazni to Kanthkot Fort. Like Mularaja he held the whole of Vagad region and two of his grants dispose of Kutch villages. About the close of the century the province was overrun by Singhar, the fourth Soomra dynasty prince of Sind. But his power did not last long as Kutch came under power of Jayasimha Siddharaja of Chaulukya dynasty (1094–1143). Not many years later, (about 1180), according to one version of Chaulukya history, in the fight between Prithviraj and Bhima II, Balla of Kutch with 3000 horse fought on Bhima's side. And in the thirteenth century, on succeeding to the power of the Chaulukyas, the Vaghela dynasty (1240 -1304) held supremacy in Kutch.

## Samma rule (1320–1365)

The Sindh tribe of Samma Rajputs are said to have begun to come into Kutch several centuries before, probably during Muslim rule in Sindh (712–1051). Early in the thirteenth century, at the time of Shams-ud-din Iltutmish's conquest of Sindh, other bands of Sammas seem to have retired into Kutch. According to local tradition the reason of the Sammas coming to Kutch was a quarrel among the sons of a Sindh Samma chief by name Lakha. On Lakha's death two of his younger sons, Mod and Manai plotted against the rightful successor, their elder brother Unad or Umar. Their plot failed and they were forced to fly to Kutch, where Mod's uncle Vagam, a Chavda chief, ruled in Patgadh on the Ran. Vagam received his nephews kindly. But after a short time they rose against him, took his fort, and put him to death. This outrage brought on the brothers the wrath of Vagam's over-lord the Vaghela of Gunthli. To please him the brothers promised to double Vagam's tribute, and agreed that one of them should remain hostage in Gunthli. Part of the tribute was a payment of fourteen cart-loads of grass. One year, under the grass, warriors were hid. Leaving their hiding place at night they took possession of the fort of Gunthli and drove the Vaghelas across the gulf into Kathiawar. After this success Mod ruled as chief of western Kutch. Sad who came next, was, about 1305, after a reign of fifteen years, succeeded by his son Phul, and he, about 1320, by Lakha Phulani. Meanwhile, according to the Muslim historians of Sindh, the Soomras whose headquarters were at Muhammad Tur, after being defeated by Alauddin Khalji about the close of the thirteenth century, so oppressed the Sammas, the ancient landholders, that they retired to Kutch. Shortly after another Muslim invasion took place, Muhammad Tur, the Soomra capital was destroyed, and the Soomras' wives and children were sent for protection to the Sammas of Kutch. On their arrival in Kutch the Sammas at first settled in the desert. After a time they begged the chiefs, who were Chavda Rajputs, to grant them a tract of land. This was agreed to, and on condition of making over the grass to the Chavda chief as tribute they were allowed to keep the grain. The story of their capture of Gunthli and their rise to power in Kutch is the same as that already given from Kutch traditions. The two accounts so far agree that the year 1320, when, according to Muslim accounts, the last bands of the Sammas arrived, is, according to Kutch tradition, the date of the accession of Lakha Phulani the hero of Kutch legend, who, ruling at Kapilkot (now Kera, Kutch), completed the conquest of Kutch, subdued the Kathis, and was slain about 1340 fighting in Kathiawar.

At the time of the Samma conquest Kutch is described as a land of deserts and hills. It would seem to have been thinly peopled by Kathis in the south and by Chavdas and Vaghelas in other parts. The Kathis were driven across the gulf, but the Chavdas remained and were consulted when any well or pond was to be dug.

Lakha Phulani was succeeded by his nephew Pura or Punvaro Gavani, who after a short reign was killed by the seventy two Jakhs. Pura left two younger brothers Detha and Setha, but as neither of them was fit to manage the state, Pura's widow sent to Sindh and brought over Lakha, the son of Jada. Jada was the son of Sandh, the son of Tamachi Samma who was the son of Jam Unad, the elder brother of Mod. Lakha's reign is said to have begun about 1350, and to have lasted for fifteen years. Some of the former Samma rulers of Kutch had spread their power to the south of Kathiawar. During Lakha's reign, according to the Hindu account from the fierce opposition of some of the Kathiawar tribes, but more probably driven back by Muhammad bin Tughluq, their territories were reduced to the peninsula of Kutch. A predecessor state known as the Kingdom of Kutch was founded around 1147 by Lakho Jadani. He was adopted by Jam Jada and hence known as Lakho Jadani. He ruled Eastern Cutch from 1147–1175 from a new capital, which he named Lakhiarviro (near present-day Nakhatrana) after his twin brother Lakhiar.

## Early Jadeja rule (1365–1500)

After their power was confined within Kutch limits, the ruling tribe came to be known as by new name, Jadejas, the children of Jada. Though considered new name, seems probable, though there is some evidence to support the view that the name is old, and that it was the conversion to Islam of the Thatta Sammas, the head of their tribe, that brought into importance the little known sub-division of Jadejas.

The Jadejas would seem to have been one of the Sindh tribes who, in the tenth century, were converted to the tenets of the Karmatians. When the leading branch of the Sammas adopted the orthodox form of Islam, the Jadejas seem to have kept to their old half-Hindu half-Muslim faith. The names of their rulers continue Hindu, while those of the Thatta Jams are Muslim; and Salahuddin (1393–1404), the first Samma convert to Islam, marked his reign by a fierce and successful attack on the rulers of Kutch. Lakha was, according to the traditions, about 1365, succeeded by his son Rata Rayadhan, called the *Rata* from the red scarf he used to tie round his turban. After an uneventful reign Rata Rayadhan died, leaving three sons, Dadarji, Othaji, Gajanji, and a fourth Hothiji by a different mother. The three full brothers divided the land into four parts, two for the eldest and one for each of the others, twelve villages being set apart for Hothiji the fourth son. Dadarji's chief town was Kanthkot in the east, Othaji's headquarters were Ajapur to the north-east of Bhuj not far from the Haba hills, and Gajanji lived at Bara near Tera in the west. Othaji is said to have ruled at Moti Virani and Ajapur about 1385. Dadarji's successors were Jihaji, Barach, Jadaji, Bhat, Ravaji, Lakha, Jihaji, and Dadar. Othaji's successors were Gahoji (1405), Vehanji (1430), Mulvaji (1450), Kanyoji (1470), Amarji (1490), Bhimji (1510), Hamirji (1525), and Aliyaji. Gajanji's successors were Hala, the founder of the Hala tribe, Rayadhan, Kubera, Hardhal, Haripal, Unad, Tamachi, Harbham, Hardhal, Lakhaji's who founded Kutch state, Moti Virani, and Jam Raval who founded Nawanagar State in 1539. Later his descendants branched out to form the states of Rajkot, Gondal Dhrol and Virpur. Lakhiarviro remained the capital of Cutch from its foundation in 1147 until the time of Jam Raval in 1548.

Early in the fifteenth century (1410), Muzaffar Shah I, the founder of the Gujarat Sultanate, defeated the chief of Kanthkot. In spite of this defeat, though nominally subject to Ahmedabad, Kutch remained independent till, in 1472, Mahmud Begada, going against them with only 300 cavalry, attacked and defeated a force of 4000 archers. The Kutchis submitted, and being asked by Mahmud what their religion was, said they were men of the desert, without teachers; the king promised to send them teachers, and many of the chiefs who went back with him to Junagadh embraced Islam.

## Cutch State (1538–1697)

| Rulers | Accession |
| --- | --- |
| Khengarji I | AD 1548 |
| Bharmalji I | AD 1585 |
| Bhojrajji | AD 1631 |
| Khengarji II | AD 1645 |
| Tamachi | AD 1654 |
| Rayadhan II | AD 1665 |

Khengarji I

In the beginning of the sixteenth century the Kutch chief did not have good relationship with the Arghun dynasty, the overthrowers of the Thatta Sammas. According to the Sindh historians on one occasion, about 1530, Shah Husain (1522 -1544) entered Kutch, and inflicted on the Rao a severe defeat. At this time the representatives of the three branches of the Jadeja family were Jam Dadarji, Jam Hamirji, and Jam Raval. Of these Jam Hamirji and Jam Raval were neighbours and rivals, and in 1537, Raval, by a solemn promise of friendship drawing Hamirji into his power, killed him. At the time of Jam Hamirji's death, Aliyaji, the eldest of his four sons, was on a visit to his sister, the wife of Mahmud Begada, the king of Ahmedabad and Gujarat Sultanate; and Khengarji the second son, was on a visit at Virawah in Parkar. The two youngest sons, Sahebji and Rayabji, were secretly carried off to Rapar in Vagad region; and Khengarji I, returning from Parkar, took them with him to Ahmedabad, where they were joined by a number of their family and followers. At an Ahmedabad hunting party, Khengar, though only a boy of fourteen, slew a tiger with his sword. Pleased with the boy's courage Begada promised to grant him any thing he might ask. Khengarji I asked the fiefdom of Morbi on the Rann in 1538 and Khengarji I was ennobled with the title of Rao. He also received military from Begada. From Morbi, Khengarji I kept constantly attacking the villages of Jam Dadarji, who was then on friendly terms with Jam Rawal. He also tried to get permission to settle in Rapar, and after an unsuccessful attempt, succeeded. He next, by the help of his relation the Hothi chief, tempted the Rapar chief out of his fort, and slaying both him and his sons took his possessions. After a fourteen years struggle, Khengarji I in 1548 drove Jam Rawal, his father's murderer, out of Kutch, and, acting with kindness to the chiefs, induced them to stay on their estates and established himself as ruler of Kutch. Jam Raval who ruled Kutch for two decades fled to Kathiawar, founded the town of Nawanagar State, and became independent. Settled as ruler of Kutch, Khengar determined to make Bhuj, a city established by his father Rao Hamirji in 1510, his capital. The country round had long been a haunt of robbers and marauders. After much difficulty they were driven out, and, his dependents agreeing to settle there, Khengarji I's capital was established. He is considered the founder of Cutch State who ruled from 1548 to 1585. Khengarji I also founded the port city of Mandvi.

Bharmalji I

Dying in 1585 Khengarji I was succeeded by Bharmal who ruled till 1631. During his reign the government of Gujarat passed from the Gujarat Sultanate to the Mughal Emperors. Under the Gujarat Sultanate, the Kutch chief remained to the last paying no regular tribute, but bound to serve with 5000 horse. When their power ceased Bharmal seems to have attempted to make himself independent, but after two defeats, in 1590 and 1591 Battle of Bhuchar Mori, agreeing to admit the supremacy of the Mughal Emperor Akbar, he was confirmed in his former position, and was only occasionally called on to pay tribute.

Of the state of Kutch at the close of the sixteenth century, the author of the Ain-i-Akbari (1583–1590) has left the following details,

> The greater part was composed of woods and untilled lands. Its horses, supposed to be of Arab blood, its camels, and its goats were remarkably good. Its men, once Jadavs, now named Jadejas, were tall, handsome, and long-bearded. The Muhammadan religion had for long prevailed. The military force of the country was 10,000 cavalry and 50,000 infantry. The capital was Bhuj (written Tahej) and there were two strong forts, Bara and Kanthkot.

In 1617 Bharmal went to Ahmedabad to pay his respects to the Mughal Emperor Jahangir, presenting him with 100 Kutch horses, 100 ashrafis and 2000 rupees. He is spoken of as one of the greatest Zamindars in Gujarat, who had always from 5000 to 6000 horse, and was able in time of war to double the number. Jahangir, much pleased with the old chief, gave him his own horse, a male and female elephant, a dagger, a sword with diamond mounted hilt, and four rings. At the same time, on the condition of giving pilgrims a passage to Mecca, he freed Kutch from tribute.

1631–1697

On his death in 1631 Bharmal was succeeded by Bhojraj, who, ruling till 1645, was succeeded by his nephew Khengarji II. Dying in 1654, Khengarji II was succeeded by Tamachi, and he by Rayadhanji II in 1662. These successions passed without a contest and during this period Kutch seems to have enjoyed unbroken peace. The only event of importance was, in 1659, the arrival of the prince Dara Shikoh, a fugitive from Aurangzeb. Tamachi at first received him kindly, but afterwards, turning against him, forced him to leave Kutch. Noghanji, Rayadhan's eldest son, died young, and during his father's lifetime.

## Cutch State (1698–1819)

| Regime | Rulers |
| --- | --- |
| 1698–1715 | Pragmalji I (b. 16... – d. 1715) |
| 1715–1719 | Godji I (b. 16... – d. 1718) |
| 1718–1752 | Deshalji I (b.1682 – d. 1752) |
| 1741–1752 | Lakhpatji (regent)(b. 1717 – d. 1761) |
| 1752–1760 | Lakhpatji (b. 1717 – d. 1761) |
| 1760–1778 | Godji II (b. 1734 – d. 1778) |
| 1778–1786 | Rayadhan III (1st time) (b. 1763 – d. 1813) |
| 1786–1801 | Prithvirajji (b. 1774 – d. 1801) |
| 1786 − 5 October 1813 | Fateh Muhammad (regent) |
| 5 October 1813 − 30 October 1813 | Rayadhan III (2nd time) |
| 30 October 1813 – 6 November 1814 | Husain Miyan (regent) |
| 6 November 1814 − 25 March 1819 | Bharmalji II (b. 1798 – d. 1846) |
| 25 March 1819 − 26 July 1860 | Deshalji II (b. 1814 – d. 1860) |
| 26 July 1860 − 19 December 1875 | Pragmalji II (b. 1839 – d. 1875) |
| 19 December 1875 − 15 January 1942 | Khengarji III (b. 1866 – d. 1942) |
| 15 January 1942 − 26 February 1948 | Vijayaraji (b. 1885 – d. 1948) |
| 26 February 1948 − 1 June 1948 | Madansinhji |

Pragmalji I and Godji I

Pragmalji, Rayadhan's third son, contrived the murder of his elder brother Ravaji. Both the brothers had left sons who were entitled to succeed; but as they were young, Pragmalji, on his father Rayadhan II's death in 1697, found no difficulty in seizing the throne. When Kanyoji, the son of Ravaji whom Pragmalji had murdered, became a man, he left no means untried to win back his birth-right. On assuming power in 1697 (Samvat 1754) Pragmalji had placed him in command of Morbi, on the southern shore of the Gulf of Kutch. From Morbi, Kanyoji tried unsuccessfully many a times to regain the throne of Kutch and later established Morbi State around 1698 which was later ruled by his decedents.

During this reign, Tamachi, the sixth in descent from Hala, driven from Halar, came to Pragmalji, who sent his son Godji with a strong force to restore him to throne of Halar. After a successful reign of eighteen years Pragmalji died in 1715. He was succeeded by his son Godji. he became king by minister Seth Surajmal. Of Godji's short reign of three years (1715–1718) the chief event was despoiling Haloji, the son of Pragmalji's eldest brother Noghanji, of his estate of Mundra. Haloji unable to resist retired to Abdasa, and there founded the towns of Kothara, Kotri, and Nagarchi. His descendants are known as Halani Jadejas.

Desalji I (1718–1752)

After death of Godji I in 1718, his son Deshalji I succeeded him. During his rule, Kutch has small revenues and Rao lived frugal and simple. His supremacy was acknowledged by his local chiefs due to mutual respect. As a province of the Mughal Empire, Kutch had, for more than a century and a quarter (1583–1718), been free from attack; and for a hundred years, under the arrangement sanctioned by the Emperor Jahangir, pilgrims had been sent to Mecca free of charge, and Kutch spared the payment of tribute. Soon after Deshji's accession in 1718, the Mughal governor, sent force under the command of a Pathan, Mozim Beg, who was convinced by the historical arrangement and the force was withdrawn. In 1721, Nawab Kesar Khan again attacked Kutch and he was defeated with heavy loss. The minister, Devkarn Sheth, who devised strategy in battle was given freehand and management of state who enriched the revenues and expanded state boundaries considerably.

Lakhpatji (1741–1752, 1752–1760)

The latter part of Deshalji's reign was disturbed by the violence and intrigues of his only son Lakhpatji. Freehanded and fond of show, he was denied the share of power and advised to decrease his expenses. He was killed by his minister Devkarn and trickily placed his father Deshalji and his officers in confinement. Lakhpatji began to rule as regent, receiving the submission of the commandants of all the forts in the province except Mandvi. In 1751, Rao Deshalji died at the age of seventy and was succeeded by Lakhapatji. He appointed Punja, Devkarn's son, as his minister.

Punja closely allied himself with Godji II, the Rao's only lawful son. At the age of sixteen, he demanded from his father a share in the management of the state as his father did with his grandfather Deshalji I. He was stirred by his mother and Punja. Godji was refused by his father and he retired to Mundra with his mother leaving Bhuj. Before moving to Mundra, Punja planned to ruin his rival minister Gordhan Mehta who was later executed under suspicion of treachery. When once Lakhapatji sent a force against Mundra. Godji fled to Morbi and returned with force and recaptured the town. Lakhpatji compromised with his son allowing him to keep Mundra, Godji agreed, and, in 1758, Punja retired to Anjar. In 1760, Lakhapatji died. During reign of Lakhpatji maritime business of Kutch flourished and it was during his regime the Kutch issued its own currency, Kutch kori, which remained valid even during British Raj till 1948, when they were abolished by independent India.

Godji II (1760–1778)

Godji II succeeded his father Lahaptji in 1760 on his death. He refused Punja, who helped him in the past, the post of minister who retired to Sindh. In 1762, Punja helped the Sindh ruler Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro to invade Cutch to fulfil his wish of marriage with sister of Rao. Cutch was defeated in the battle at Kutch and suffered heavy casualty. Upon securing post of minister through secret correspondence with the Rao, Punja made Kalhora to return to Sindh and convinced Rao about the marriage of his sister. Kalhora returned to Sindh but Rao never married his sister to him. After strengthening his army and forts, the Rao appointed Devchand, Punja's son as his minister. Kalhora again invaded the state but later compromised and married the daughter of the chief of Khakhar, the near kingsman of Rao.

In 1772, seven years after his return to Sindh, Ghulam Shah died, and was succeeded by his son Sarfaraz. About 1775, Sarfaraz Khan entered Cutch, took the route of Khavda and Sumrasar, intending to march to Bhuj, but the accounts of its strength frightened him, and leading the army to Chobari and Kanthkot Fort, he married the daughter of the Thakor, and levying fines at Adhoi and other places returned to Sindh.

At this time (1776–1786), in Sindh, the struggles between the Kalhoras and Talporas divided the country into two factions. Abdul Nabbi Khan, who succeeded in 1771, had appointed Mir Bijr his minister. On Mir Bijr's elevation to power, two Beluchis, who had assassinated his father, sought refuge in Kutch, and, as the Rao refused to give them up, the province was again invaded but was defeated by Cutch army led by Mirza Kurpa Beg. Soon after this Godji sickened, it was said of leropsy, and died at the age of forty-four. He left two sons, Rayadhan who succeeded and Prithvirajji. He had married one of his sisters to Damaji Gaekwad of Baroda State.

Rayadhanji III (1778–1786)

Rayadhan III succeeded his father, in 1778, at the early age of fifteen when the state was under disturbance and the revenues were exhausted due to battles. Under his mother's influence, he appointed Meghji as his minister who had managed the state under former rein.

After Devchand, the Rao appointed his Devchand's son Meghji Seth, jagirdar of Anjar, as his minister. Rayadhan was disliked due to his conducts and his minister Vagha Parekh tried to assassinate him but he escaped. Mandvi under Ramji Khavas, Anjar under Meghji Seth, and Mundra, Lakhpat, and several other towns under other leaders became independent. The Miyanas, gathering in large bodies, entrenched themselves at Baliari, and, sallying out, plundered on every side. Rayadhan III was deposed by the revolt of *Jamadar*s, the local army chiefs, led by Meghji Sheth of Anjar as he turned religious fanatic and forced people to submit to Islam.

Prithvirajji and Fateh Muhammad (1786–1801)

The chief actors, the Jamadars and Meghji Seth, raised Prithvirajji, Rayadhan's younger brother to the chiefship. Prithvirajji appointed a council of twelve members known as Bar Bhayat ni Jamat to rule the state. Initially the council was successful in restoring order in the state but soon disagreement followed. Later Fateh Muhammad was admitted a member of Jamat. He with support of Jadeja chiefs and with his popularity in troops, Fateh Muhammad put an end to the supremacy of Dosal Ven of Jamat who retired to Mundra and restored Prithvirajji to his proper position as the head of the state. Fateh Muhammad administered the state from 1786 to 1801 unified the Kutch and stabilised the order. The prosperity of the state grew and he became popular among the people. When Prithvirajji arrived at mature age, he forced Fateh Muhammad to retire with help of Hansraj who became minister. He retired under the agreement of fiefdom of the estates of Bhachau in 1801.

Rayadhanji III, second rein (1801–1813)

After death of Prithvirajji, Rayadhan III again seized the power from minister Hansraj. He was again placed under restraint by Hansraj in 1802. Following failed siege of Anjar with help of Askarn, follower of Fateh Muhammad, he had to retire to Mandvi. Hansraj released Rayadhan III with condition of making him minister.

Fateh Muhammad's administration (1804–1813)

When Rayadhan attacked Bhachau in 1804, Fateh Muhammad again overthrough him and assumed power in 1804. He attacked the local chief who refused to surrender and extracted money by force. Later he moved to Vagad region to establish order and raising revenues.

Fateh Muhammad negotiated with British agent James MacMurdo regarding piracy in Arabian Sea and bandits raiding from Vagad region. Kutch with other parts of north Gujarat suffered from locusts in 1811 and from a failure of rain in 1812. The state witnessed breaking of pestilence the next year. Fateh Muhammad died on 5 October 1813 followed by death of Rayadhan III on 30 October 1813.

Bharmalji II (1814–1819)

On the death of Fateh Muhammad, his two sons, Ibrahim Miyan and Husain Miyan, succeeded to him in Bar Bhayat ni Jamat, their councils being directed by their father's Chief Minister, Hansraj. The death of Rao Rayadhan caused further complications.

On 13 January 1814, Mansingji succeeded to the chiefship of Kutch with the title of Maharajadhiraj Mirza Maharao Bharmalji II on consideration of Bar Bhayat ni Jamat. The British Government agent Captain MacMurdo went from Morvi to Bhuj in 1814 for presenting its demands to Husain Miyan regarding end of piracy in Arabian sea and bandits in Vagad region. Rao Bharmal II took over the management of state and Chief Minister Hansraj was given in January 1815the feifdom of Anjar, Bha chau, Bhadargad and Kanthkot.

On 25 December 1815, the British force under Colonel East, together with the troops of Gaekwad of Baroda State, attacked Anjar when Rana Hansraj refused to surrender. They occupied the fort of Anjar followed by port of Tuna. The force moved towards Bhuj, encamping at Lakond on 3 January 1816. On 14 January 1816, the Rao Bharmal II agreed to the suzerainty of the British and Captain MacMurdo was appointed as the British Resident at Bhuj and Collector of Anjar. The Anjar District, however, remained under direct occupation of British forces for seven years till 25 December 1822, when it was territory reverted to Princely State of Cutch by way on agreement.

With support of some Jadeja chiefs, the British troops attacked Bhuj on 25 March 1819, and disposed Rao Bharmal II.

## Cutch State under British suzerainty (1819–1948)

Deshalji II (1819–1860)

The minor son of Rao Bharmalji, Deshalji II was chosen and succeeded on 19 April 1819. During his minority the affairs of the State were managed by Council of Regency, which was composed of Jadeja chiefs Diwan Rana Hansraj and headed by Captain MacMurdo. Cutch Agency was formed for the state affairs. There was an earthquake on 16 June 1819, caused the great loss of life and destruction of property. Anjar was restored to Cutch state in 1822. There was famine in 1823, 1825 and 1860. Deshalji although 18 years of age took the management of law in his own hands and defeated aggressor from Sindh. He appointed Seth Askaran son of Minister Rana Jasraj as his minister. His reign saw maritime trade with Africa, Oman and especially Zanzibar improve significantly. Slowly and steadily the industrialization in Kutch got a set back. Deshalji II died on 26 July 1860 and was succeeded by his son Pragmalji II in 1860.

Pragmalji II (1860–1875) and Khengarji III (1876–1942)

During later half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century state progressed under leadership of Pragmalji II and his successor Khengarji III. The educational, judiciary and administrative reforms, which were started by Pragmulji II, were carried further by Khengarji III, who also laid foundation of Cutch State Railway, Kandla port and many schools. Khengarji III was the longest ruling king of Cutch. Khengarji also served as Aide-De-Campe to Queen Victoria for some years. Under Diwans Seth Askaran and his Son diwan Ranmalji was elevated to status of 17-gun salute state. Pragmalji II constructed Prag Mahal starting 1865. The title of rulers was earlier Ja'am, which during British Raj changed to Maharao made hereditary from 1 Jan 1918.

Vijayaraji (1942–1947)

Khengarji III was succeeded by his son Vijayaraji in 1942 and ruled for few years till India became independent in 1947. During reign of Vijayaraji the Kutch High Court was instituted, village councils were elected and irrigation facilities were expanded greatly and agricultural development in the state during short span of six years of his rule. His furutistc minister Seth Rajmalji son of Diwan Seth Ranmalji took keen interest in irrigation matter and it was during his reign the Vijaysagar reservoir was built together with another 22 dams. Kutch became the third princely state after Hyderabad and Travancore to start its own bus transport services beginning in year 1945.

## Post-independence (1948–present)

On the Partition of India in 1947, the province of Sindh, including the port of Karachi, became part of Pakistan. The Indian Government constructed a modern port at Kandla in Kutch to serve as a port for western India in lieu of Karachi.

Kutch was one of the first princely states to accede to India upon its independence on 15 August 1947. Vijayraji was away for medical treatment at London, upon his order Madansinhji, on behalf of his father, signed the Instrument of Accession of Kutch, on 16 August 1947, in his capacity as attorney of Maharao of Kutch. Later, Madansinhji acceded the throne, upon death of his father Vijayaraji on 26 January 1948 and became the last Maharao of Kutch, for a short period of time till 4 May 1948, when the administration of the princely state was completely merged in to the Union of India. Upon merger the state was made a separate centrally administered Class-C state by the name Kutch State in 1948. On 1 June 1948, Chhotalal Khovshaldan Desai became first Chief Commissioner of Kutch State. He was succeeded by Sambhajirao Appasaheb Ghatge in 1952. He was in office till 31 October 1956. On 1 November 1956, Bombay State was re-organized under the States Reorganisation Act, absorbing various territories including Kutch State, which ceased to exist and became subdivision Kutch district. Following Mahagujarat Movement, Bombay State was reorganised on linguistic lines. The northern Gujarati-speaking areas of Bombay State were partitioned into the state of Gujarat including Kutch district. There was a dispute over the Kutch region with Pakistan and fighting broke out just months before the outbreak of the Second Kashmir War of 1965. Both India and Pakistan claimed the entire 3,500 sq mi (9,100 km<sup>2</sup>) of the land and an international tribunal was set up. It awarded 350 sq mi (910 km<sup>2</sup>) of the claimed land to Pakistan, and the rest to India. Upon death of his father Madansinhji, on 17 October 1991, Pragmulji III succeeded as the current titular head of the dynasty.

In 1998, a severe tropical cyclone hit Kandla port and other parts of Kutch. Tensions flared again during the Atlantique Incident as it came just weeks after the 1999 Kargil Conflict. The epicentre of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake was in Kutch which resulted in death of nearly 25,000 people and the great loss of property. It is followed by rapid industrialization and development of port, power, manufacturing industries and tourism sectors.

### Notes

### Bibliography


title: SV Röchling Völklingen

abstract: SV Röchling Völklingen is a German association football club that plays in Völklingen, part of the greater Saarbrücken, Saarland. The club draws its name from the Röchling family, owners of the Völklingen Ironworks steel factory, a former sponsor of the club which closed down in 1986.

text:
# SV Röchling Völklingen

**SV Röchling Völklingen** is a German association football club that plays in Völklingen, part of the greater Saarbrücken, Saarland.

The club draws its name from the Röchling family, owners of the Völklingen Ironworks steel factory, a former sponsor of the club which closed down in 1986.

## History

The club was founded as *FC Völklingen* on 26 April 1906 and renamed *SV Völklingen* in 1912 before folding in 1916 as a consequence of the fighting along the frontier with France in World War I. In 1919 the club was re-founded as *VfB Völklingen* and played in the Kreisliga Saar, before taking on its old name again later in the year. Like most organizations across Germany, including sports and football teams, *SVV* was dissolved after World War II at the direction of the occupying Allied authorities.

Reconstituted after the war as *SuSG Völklingen*, the club suffered through an unsuccessful 1947–48 season in the Oberliga Südwest, before playing for three seasons from 1949 to 1951 in the Ehrenliga Saarland, a rump football league established by the occupying French authorities as a manifestation in sport of a more general attempt to have the German state of Saarland join France or become a separate country. This affected a number of German clubs and resulted in Saarland being represented by separate teams in the Olympics and the 1954 World Cup. Renamed *SV Völklingen* in 1951 the team played the balance of the postwar period in the Amateurliga Saarland (III) until advancing to the 2nd Oberliga Südwest in 1961.

With the formation in 1963 of the Bundesliga, Germany's new top-flight professional league, and the related restructuring of the country's football leagues, *Völklingen* found itself in the Regionalliga Südwest (II). The team enjoyed its greatest successes in the early-1970s when it earned second-place finishes in the 1972 and 1973 seasons, but was unable to advance in two related attempts through the promotion rounds to the Bundesliga. The club also advanced to the quarter-finals of the 1975–76 German Cup before bowing out to Hertha BSC Berlin 2–1 in a replay. Through the latter part of the decade the club struggled to avoid relegation, but had already begun a descent that would take them as far down as the Landesliga Saarland-SW (VI) by 1994. *SV Völklingen* currently play in the Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar (V).

## Stadium

*Völklingen'*s Hermann Neuberger Stadium was built in 1912 and had a grandstand added in 1955. Its capacity was doubled to accommodate 16,000 spectators when the club joined the 2. Bundesliga in 1974, making it the fourth largest stadium in Saarland.

## Honours

The club's honours:

## Recent seasons

The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

| Season | Division | Tier | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999–2000 | Verbandsliga Saarland | V | 2nd |
| 2000–01 | Verbandsliga Saarland | | 2nd |
| 2001–02 | Verbandsliga Saarland | | 1st ↑ |
| 2002–03 | Oberliga Südwest | IV | 17th ↓ |
| 2003–04 | Verbandsliga Saarland | V | 5th |
| 2004–05 | Verbandsliga Saarland | | 4th |
| 2005–06 | Verbandsliga Saarland | | 2nd |
| 2006–07 | Verbandsliga Saarland | | 12th |
| 2007–08 | Verbandsliga Saarland | | 15th |
| 2008–09 | Verbandsliga Saarland | VI | 7th |
| 2009–10 | Saarlandliga | | 2nd |
| 2010–11 | Saarlandliga | | 1st ↑ |
| 2011–12 | Oberliga Südwest | V | 13th |
| 2012–13 | Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar | | 10th |
| 2013–14 | Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar | | 14th |
| 2014–15 | Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar | | 5th |
| 2015–16 | Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar | | 7th |
| 2016–17 | Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar | | 2nd ↑ |
| 2017–18 | Regionalliga Südwest | IV | 19th ↓ |
| 2018–19 | Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar | V | 2nd |
| 2019–20 | Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar | V | 12nd |
| 2020–21 | Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar | V | 7nd |

| Promoted | Relegated |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

SV Röchling Völklingen
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Sportverein Röchling Völklingen 06 e.V. |
| Founded | 1906 |
| Ground | Hermann-Neuberger-Stadion |
| Capacity | 12,000 |
| Manager | Tim Schwartz |
| League | Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar (V) |
| 2020–21 (Staffel Süd) | 7nd |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: SV Salamander Türkheim

abstract: The SV Salamander Türkheim is a German association football club from the town of Türkheim, Bavaria. The club spent almost its entire history as an amateur side in the leagues of the Schwaben football league system. Salamander's most notable moment came in 1979 when, after having won the Schwaben Cup and qualified for the first round of the German Cup, the team met Bonner SC and lost 4–0 in Bonn. In the same season, the side earned promotion to the tier-four Landesliga Bayern-Süd but lasted for only one season at this level and has remained within the leagues of Schwaben ever since.

text:
# SV Salamander Türkheim

The **SV Salamander Türkheim** is a German association football club from the town of Türkheim, Bavaria.

The club spent almost its entire history as an amateur side in the leagues of the Schwaben football league system. *Salamander's* most notable moment came in 1979 when, after having won the Schwaben Cup and qualified for the first round of the German Cup, the team met Bonner SC and lost 4–0 in Bonn.

In the same season, the side earned promotion to the tier-four Landesliga Bayern-Süd but lasted for only one season at this level and has remained within the leagues of Schwaben ever since.

## History

SV Türkheim was formed in 1920, after the First World War, and played its first game of football in August that year. After early difficulties to obtain a permanent home ground, the side merged with TV 1891 Türkheim in 1921, but the union was short-lived, with the two clubs splitting again in January 1923. In the same year, *SVT* entered league football in the form of the local C-Klasse, the lowest division in the region.

In the mid-1920s, the club's fortunes improved, making their third home ground in five years their temporary home and earning two promotions, to the B-Klasse in 1926 and the A-Klasse in 1929. Despite the success, the club was financially troubled but finally managed to find support in the form of the local Salamander shoe factory. For this reason, the club adopted the new name SV Salamander Türkheim in September 1930.

The club moved home grounds again in 1931, for the fourth time, now to the *Römerschanze*, but found itself suddenly disbanded in early 1933 when the Nazis took power and confiscated the club's financial assets and playing materials. The club's demise was however short-lived, being reinstated in April 1933. *SVT* won the local A-Klasse in 1937 and took out the local Memmingen area cup in the following year. With the outbreak of the Second World War, football became difficult and soon the club had to cease competing altogether.

After the war, the club remained in the A-Klasse until 1962, when it was finally relegated. It made a return to this level in 1964 and went even better in 1967, when promotion to the tier-five Bezirksliga Schwaben-Süd was achieved. Troubled by waterlogged pitches caused by the proximity of the Wertach, the club finally moved grounds once more, now to the *Wertachstadion*, which was opened in 1970. From there, the club entered its most successful era, reaching the final of the Schwaben Cup for the first time, where FC Augsburg proved to good, winning 3–1.

In the following years, the club finished runners-up in the Bezirksliga on two occasions, 1973 and 1976. On the wave of this success, *SVT* decided to build a 400-seater grand stand in 1976. In June 1979, the club reached the cup final for a second time, losing 3–5 to BSK Neugablonz but qualifying for the German Cup in the process. The side had to travel to fellow amateur side Bonner SC, where it lost 4–0. At the end of the 1979–80 season, the side stood at the top of the Bezirksliga table and earned promotion to the Landesliga, the club's greatest league success.

Salamander Türkheim's Landesliga experience was restricted to just one season. Just five wins in 34 games was not enough for survival and the club came 16th out of 18 teams and was promptly relegated, starting the decline of the side. Back in the Bezirksliga, *Salamander* suffered another relegation, returning to the A-Klasse.

The club briefly returned to the Bezirksliga in 1988, but could not establish itself and was relegated after two seasons again. A lack of quality players coming through from the club's own youth department and financial expanses caused, once again, by waterlogged pitches and the need for a drainage system have prevented the club from reaching former heights. After a number of years in the Kreisklasse, the club won its league in 2009 and earned promotion back to the Kreisliga, the former A-Klasse.

## Honours

The club's honours:

## Recent seasons

The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

| Season | Division | Tier | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2004–05 | Kreisklasse Südschwaben | IX | 4th |
| 2005–06 | Kreisklasse Südschwaben | | 12th |
| 2006–07 | Kreisklasse Mindelheim | | 7th |
| 2007–08 | Kreisklasse Mindelheim | | 10th |
| 2008–09 | Kreisklasse Mindelheim | X | 1st ↑ |
| 2009–10 | Kreisliga Schwaben-Mitte | IX | 11th |
| 2010–11 | Kreisliga Schwaben-Mitte | | 3rd |
| 2011–12 | Kreisliga Schwaben-Mitte | | 10th |
| 2012–13 | Kreisliga Schwaben-Mitte | VIII | 3rd |
| 2013–14 | Kreisliga Schwaben-Mitte | | 4th |
| 2014–15 | Kreisliga Schwaben-Mitte | | 11th |
| 2015–16 | Kreisliga Schwaben-Mitte | | 15th ↓ |
| 2016–17 | Kreisklasse | IX |  |

* With the introduction of the Bezirksoberligas in 1988 as the new fifth tier, below the Landesligas, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the establishment of the Regionalliga Bayern as the new fourth tier in Bavaria in 2012 the Bayernliga was split into a northern and a southern division, the number of Landesligas expanded from three to five and the Bezirksoberligas abolished. All leagues from the Bezirksligas onward were elevated one tier.

| Promoted | Relegated |
| --- | --- |

## DFB Cup appearance

SV Salamander Türkheim qualified for the first round of the German Cup just once:

| Season | Round | Date | Home | Away | Result | Attendance |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| DFB-Pokal 1979–80 | First round | 26 August 1979 | **Bonner SC** | SV Salamander Türkheim | 4–0 | 1,100 |

## InfoBox

SV Salamander Türkheim
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Sportverein Salamander Türkheim e.V. |
| Founded | 1920 |
| Ground | Wertachstadion |
| Manager | Florian Volpert |
| League | Kreisklasse (IX) |
| 2015–16 | Kreisliga Schwaben-Mitte (VIII), 15th (relegated) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |