title: Wilkinson Memorial Trail

abstract: The Wilkinson Memorial Trail is a public footpath in the Hudson Highlands region of the U.S. state of New York. It generally follows the Dutchess–Putnam county line along the latter's northwest corner, from the banks of the Hudson River near Breakneck Ridge to North Highland, just south of the county line in Philipstown. At 9.5 miles (15.3 km) in length it is the longest trail in the Hudson Highlands State Park system; although parts of the trail are on other public and private parcels in the area. It is rarely hiked in its entirety. Portions are used as part of common loop routes in the area, such as Breakneck Ridge near its west end and Fishkill Ridge at its east. Popular destinations served by the trail include Sugarloaf Mountain, a 900-foot (270 m) peak near the western end that offers panoramic views over the river and surrounding peaks, and Scofield Ridge, at 1,540 feet (470 m) not only the highest point along the trail but also in all of Putnam County, near the east end.

text:
# Wilkinson Memorial Trail

The **Wilkinson Memorial Trail** is a public footpath in the Hudson Highlands region of the U.S. state of New York. It generally follows the DutchessPutnam county line along the latter's northwest corner, from the banks of the Hudson River near Breakneck Ridge to North Highland, just south of the county line in Philipstown. At 9.5 miles (15.3 km) in length it is the longest trail in the Hudson Highlands State Park system; although parts of the trail are on other public and private parcels in the area.

It is rarely hiked in its entirety. Portions are used as part of common loop routes in the area, such as Breakneck Ridge near its west end and Fishkill Ridge at its east. Popular destinations served by the trail include Sugarloaf Mountain, a 900-foot (270 m) peak near the western end that offers panoramic views over the river and surrounding peaks, and Scofield Ridge, at 1,540 feet (470 m) not only the highest point along the trail but also in all of Putnam County, near the east end.

## Route

The western trailhead is located along New York State Route 9D in the town of Fishkill, just north of the county line. It is across from the parking lot for the nearby Breakneck Ridge trailhead and the short path to the Breakneck Ridge station, where trains on Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line stop on weekends, bringing many hikers to the trails in the vicinity. The trail uses yellow as its blaze color, either in the form of rectangular daubs of paint or circular plastic markers.

From Route 9D, just above sea level at the nearby Hudson River, the trail begins a gentle climb in a generally north-northeast direction along an old woods road, making a long switchback and then following a wide streambed more directly uphill. At a half-mile (800 m) from the trailhead, the red-blazed Breakneck Bypass Trail, a route to that mountain's summit which avoids the steep climb followed by the Breakneck Ridge Trail up the west face, branches off to the northeast.

Shortly after the junction an unofficial trail branches off to the northeast, allowing those who wish to follow it the opportunity to skip the impending ascent of Sugarloaf Mountain, sometimes called Sugarloaf North to distinguish it from Sugarloaf Hill, which also overlooks the Hudson roughly 10 miles (16 km) to the south near Garrison in Putnam County. After the fork the Wilkinson descends slightly, then begins to climb the steep south face of Sugarloaf. Tight switchbacks take the trail through narrow rock chutes in the nearly vertical slope.

After the climb, almost another half-mile, the trail reaches a viewpoint on the south end of Sugarloaf's summit plateau. To the south is a panoramic vista over the river, with Breakneck Ridge and Storm King Mountain on the other side predominating. Just below is Bannerman's Island, site of a former arsenal and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The trail passes over Sugarloaf's 900-foot (270 m) summit in the middle of a wooded area before reaching another viewpoint on the north end, looking toward Beacon Mountain, the city of Beacon and the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge that carries Interstate 84 over Newburgh Bay to Newburgh, also visible.

Afterwards the trail turns sharply. In contrast to the south face of Sugarloaf, the descent from the north side is gentler, following a long traverse southeast, east and then northeast down to roughly 620 feet (190 m) in the Wades Brook valley. It then begins to ascend gently alongside the brook, crossing it one mile (1.6 km) from the summit of Sugarloaf.

It then turns north and steepens into a 400-foot (120 m) ascent of an unnamed summit. After 0.3 mile (400 m), the trail levels out for about the same distance, then makes a 120-foot (37 m) climb to a 1,240-foot (380 m) summit, the highest elevation it reaches in Dutchess County. There is another viewpoint to the north and west similar to that from the north end of Sugarloaf.

A steep descent takes the trail off the summit and out of the state park. For the next mile it follows an easement over private land. Shortly after crossing the land boundary, the blue-blazed Notch Trail joins the Wilkinson at a three-way junction. The two trails run concurrently as they descend steadily over the next half-mile to Squirrel Hollow Brook, where they turn west abruptly, then cross.

Just after the crossing, the Wilkinson veers off to the northeast. It remains generally level, curving away from the brook over its next 0.3 mile then southeast back toward it. At the brook, it intersects another trail—the white-blazed Breakneck Ridge Trail. The two briefly merge, following a northeast heading. Just before re-entering the state park, they diverge again.

The Wilkinson Trail stays close to the brook, gently ascending as it follows the stream's headwaters northeast to the county line. A moderate ascent along the boundary continues in a northeast direction for 0.1 miles (160 m) until it turns more easterly and crosses into Putnam County for the first time. Shortly afterward, the red-blazed Casino Trail terminates at a junction on the northwest side.

The county line also brings the trail once again into private land, this time the property of the Lake Valhalla homeowners' association in the valley to the southeast, also listed on the National Register as a historic district. The trail veers to the southeast, then sharply back to the northwest as it climbs the first of Scofield Ridge's three summits. All reach 1,540 feet (470 m) in elevation, making the mountain Putnam County's highest. There are viewpoints at both ends of the first knob, allowing views over Lake Valhalla itself to the southeast and Fahnestock State Park beyond to the southeast; Beacon Mountain's two summits, including the 1,610-foot (490 m) South Beacon, highest peak in the Hudson Highlands, dominate the view from the other end. Similar views are available from the other knobs.

It takes approximately a mile for the trail to go over Scofield Ridge. Midway along the northernmost summit, it crosses back into Dutchess County. This tract of land is the Fishkill Ridge Conservation Area, owned and managed by the nonprofit Scenic Hudson. It takes a long switchback down the steep slope to the northeast, then back southwest, where a view opens up to the northwest. At the end of the next traverse, a short path leads to another overlook.

From there the trail continues its steep, switchbacked descent to the col between Scofield and Lambs Hill just to its north. At Dozer Junction, so named for the old bulldozer a short distance away, a blue-blazed connector trail leads uphill a short distance to the Fishkill Ridge Trail as the Wilkinson follows an old road to the east, which continues as the Fishkill Ridge Trail after a quarter-mile. The Wilkinson turns east-southeast and begins to descend, again entering private property.

A long switchback takes the trail back into Putnam County. It takes another long switchback as it follows the valley of an unnamed stream. At the bottom of this slope, it veers northeast again, alongside the conservation-area boundary as it briefly returns to Dutchess County, following the north side of a small pond on the county line. It then returns to Putnam County for its remaining quarter-mile descent to its eastern trailhead, at the gated end of Reservoir Road, a short distance from U.S. Route 9.

## History

The trail is named for Samuel Wilkinson, a dedicated trail builder and maintainer who later became president of the New York–New Jersey Trail Conference, whose volunteers maintain the trail.

41°26′52″N 73°58′49″W / 41.4478°N 73.9802°W / 41.4478; -73.9802

## InfoBox

| Wilkinson Memorial Trail | |
| --- | --- |
| Sign at western trailhead on NY 9D | |
| Length | 9.5 miles (15.3 km) |
| Trailheads | NY 9D (west),
Old Albany Post Road (east) |
| Use | Hiking |
| Elevation gain/loss | 2,150 feet (660 m) gain,
1,660 feet (510 m) loss. |
| Highest point | Scofield Ridge, 1,540 feet (470 m) |
| Lowest point | Western trailhead, 10 ft (3 m) |
| Season | All |
| Waymark | Yellow round plastic marker or rectangular paint blaze |
| Sights | Sugarloaf Mountain, Scofield Ridge |
| Surface | natural |
| Right of way | Old woods roads (some) |


title: Wilkinson Creek (Haw River tributary)

abstract: Wilkinson Creek is a 7.77 mi (12.50 km) long 2nd order tributary to the Haw River in Chatham County, North Carolina.

text:
# Wilkinson Creek (Haw River tributary)

**Wilkinson Creek** is a 7.77 mi (12.50 km) long 2nd order tributary to the Haw River in Chatham County, North Carolina.

## Course

Wilkinson Creek rises about 1 mile east of Terrells Mountain in Chatham County and then flows south to the Haw River upstream of Bynum.

## Watershed

Wilkinson Creek drains 9.09 square miles (23.5 km2) of area, receives about 47.4 in/year of precipitation, and has a wetness index of 392.39 and is about 77% forested.

## Additional maps

## InfoBox

| Wilkinson Creek
Tributary to Haw River | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location of Wilkinson Creek mouthWilkinson Creek (Haw River tributary) (the United States) | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| County | Chatham |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | divide between Wilkinson Creek and Neville Creek |
| location | about 1 mile east of Terrells Mountain |
| coordinates | 35°51′23″N 079°09′06″W / 35.85639°N 79.15167°W / 35.85639; -79.15167 |
| elevation | 580 ft (180 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Haw River |
| location | about 1 mile northwest of Bynum, North Carolina |
| coordinates | 35°46′57″N 079°09′46″W / 35.78250°N 79.16278°W / 35.78250; -79.16278 |
| elevation | 320 ft (98 m) |
| Length | 7.77 mi (12.50 km) |
| Basin size | 9.09 square miles (23.5 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Haw River |
| average | 11.34 cu ft/s (0.321 m3/s) at mouth with Haw River |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Haw RiverCape Fear RiverAtlantic Ocean |
| River system | Haw River |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | unnamed tributaries |
| right | unnamed tributaries |
| Bridges | Wilkinson Creek Lane, Gilmore Road, Lamont Norwood Road, Tobacco Road, Manns Chapel Road, Andrews Store Road, Hamlets Chapel Road |


title: Wilf Lewis

abstract: Wilfred Leslie "Wilf" Lewis was a former footballer, who played for Swansea Town, Huddersfield Town, Derby County and Yeovil and Petters United. He also played international football for Wales on six occasions.

text:
# Wilf Lewis

**Wilfred Leslie "Wilf" Lewis** (1 July 1903 – 1976) was a former footballer, who played for Swansea Town, Huddersfield Town, Derby County and Yeovil and Petters United. He also played international football for Wales on six occasions.

* Ian Thomas, Owen Thomas, Alan Hodgson, John Ward (2007). *99 Years and Counting: Stats and Stories*. Huddersfield Town A.F.C. ISBN 978-0955728105.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## InfoBox

Wilf Lewis
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Wilfred Leslie Lewis | | |
| Date of birth | 1 July 1903 (1903-07) | | |
| Place of birth | Swansea, Wales | | |
| Date of death | 1976 (aged 7273) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1925–1928 | Swansea Town | 65 | (43) |
| 1928–1930 | Huddersfield Town | 15 | (7) |
| 1930–1931 | Derby County | 8 | (3) |
| 1932–1933 | Yeovil and Petters United |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1927–1929 | Wales | 6 | (3) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Wilf Low

abstract: Wilfrid Lawson Low was a Scottish footballer who played as a centre-half for Aberdeen and Newcastle United. Low was nicknamed the "Laughing Cavalier", although opposition forwards may have disagreed with this as he was a typical hard defender of that time. He played 367 games for Newcastle scoring 8 goals. He also played for the Scotland national team, winning five caps between 1911 and 1920. Low remained with Newcastle after his playing retirement, firstly as a coach for the Swifts junior side, then latterly as the club's groundsman.

text:
# Wilf Low

**Wilfrid Lawson Low** (8 December 1884 – 30 April 1933) was a Scottish footballer who played as a centre-half for Aberdeen and Newcastle United.

Low was nicknamed the "Laughing Cavalier", although opposition forwards may have disagreed with this as he was a typical hard defender of that time. He played 367 games for Newcastle scoring 8 goals. He also played for the Scotland national team, winning five caps between 1911 and 1920.

Low remained with Newcastle after his playing retirement, firstly as a coach for the Swifts junior side, then latterly as the club's groundsman.

## Personal life

Low's brother Harry, nephew Willie and son Norman were also professional footballers. He served as a sergeant in the Royal Engineers at home during the First World War. He was killed in 1933 when a car knocked him over.

## Career statistics

### Club

### Appearances and goals by club, season and competition

| Club | Season | League | | | National Cup | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Aberdeen | 1904-05 | Scottish Division Two | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| | 1905-06 | Scottish Division One | 13 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
| | | 1906-07 | 29 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 31 | 0 |
| | | 1907-08 | 29 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 35 | 1 |
| | | 1908-09 | 32 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 34 | 2 |
| | Total | | 107 | 3 | 12 | 0 | 119 | 3 |
| Newcastle United | 1909-10 | First Division | 23 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 31 | 0 |
| | 1910-11 | | 31 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 39 | 1 |
| | 1911-12 | | 35 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 36 | 3 |
| | 1912-13 | | 31 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 39 | 2 |
| | 1913-14 | | 34 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 35 | 2 |
| | 1914-15 | | 35 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 42 | 0 |
| | 1915-16 | Official English football disrupted by the First World War | | | | | | |
| | | 1916-17 |
| | | 1917-18 |
| | | 1918-19 |
| | 1919-20 | First Division | 38 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 40 | 0 |
| | | 1920-21 | 34 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 38 | 0 |
| | | 1921-22 | 29 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 31 | 1 |
| | | 1922-23 | 24 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 26 | 0 |
| | | 1923-24 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| | Total | | 324 | 9 | 43 | 0 | 367 | 9 |
| Career total | | | 431 | 12 | 55 | 0 | 486 | 12 |

### International

Appearances and goals by national team and year
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Scotland | 1911 | 2 | 0 |
| | 1912 | 1 | 0 |
| | 1913 |  | |
| | 1914 |  | |
| | 1915 |  | |
| | 1916 |  | |
| | 1917 |  | |
| | 1918 |  | |
| | 1919 |  | |
| | 1920 | 2 | 0 |
| Total | | 5 | 0 |

## Honours

**Newcastle United**

## Resources

* A Complete Who's Who of Newcastle United, by Paul Joannou
* Haway The Lads, The Illustrated Story of Newcastle United, by Paul Joannou, Tommy Canning/Patrick Canning

## InfoBox

Wilf Low
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Wilfrid Lawson Low | | |
| Date of birth | (1884-12-08)8 December 1884 | | |
| Place of birth | Fraserburgh, Scotland | | |
| Date of death | 30 April 1933(1933-04-30) (aged 48) | | |
| Place of death | Newcastle upon Tyne, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre half | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Abergeldie |  |  |
|  | Montrose |  |  |
| 1904–1909 | Aberdeen | 107 | (3) |
| 1909–1924 | Newcastle United | 324 | (9) |
| Total |  | **431** | **(12)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1911–1920 | Scotland | 5 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Wildgärst

abstract: The Wildgärst is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, overlooking Lake Brienz in the Bernese Oberland. It lies north of the Schwarzhorn, on the range between Lake Brienz and the Grosse Scheidegg.

text:
# Wildgärst

The **Wildgärst** is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, overlooking Lake Brienz in the Bernese Oberland. It lies north of the Schwarzhorn, on the range between Lake Brienz and the Grosse Scheidegg.

## InfoBox

| Wildgärst | |
| --- | --- |
| The Wildgärst (centre background) from the east side | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,891 m (9,485 ft) |
| Prominence | 187 m (614 ft) |
| Parent peak | Schwarzhorn |
| Coordinates | 46°41′33.1″N 8°4′27.6″E / 46.692528°N 8.074333°E / 46.692528; 8.074333 |
| Geography | |
| WildgärstLocation in Switzerland | |
| Location | Bern, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Bernese Alps |


title: Mobile intensive care ambulance

abstract: Australian mobile intensive care ambulances (MICA) are well-equipped ambulances staffed by highly trained paramedics dispatched to emergency situations where patients require a higher level of care than a regular ambulance can provide.

text:
# Mobile intensive care ambulance

Australian **mobile intensive care ambulances** (MICA) are well-equipped ambulances staffed by highly trained paramedics dispatched to emergency situations where patients require a higher level of care than a regular ambulance can provide.

## MICA paramedics

MICA paramedics are extremely highly trained and experienced medical professionals. As with all Australian and New Zealand paramedics they hold either an advanced diploma of health science (paramedic) (which can be converted to a degree level by off-campus studies), or other recognised bachelor's degree, and then do extra study to the MICA level.

MICA paramedics must also complete a graduate diploma in emergency healthcare. This requires concurrent employment with ambulance services in a clinical role and at least two years post-qualification experience as a paramedic in the service. While also working as a paramedic the student must complete a year’s worth of course work on advance emergency health. Paramedics may also choose to complete a Masters in Emergency Health (paramedic). However, this focuses more on research, emergency services management and community health rather than frontline clinical care.

Working as a paramedic, whether it be MICA or ALS (advanced life support), can be extremely emotionally taxing.

## Equipment

During the course of a day's work, paramedics will go through a lot of medical supplies to treat a variety of injuries and illnesses. Standard equipment that paramedics use include:

MICA paramedics may also use:

## Vehicles

MICA paramedics crew a range of vehicles depending on their mission.

## Ambulance Victoria

In Victoria, MICA Paramedic teams are equipped with modified versions of the Mercedes Benz Sprinter. In the metropolitan area of Melbourne, the changes from the models used by advanced life support (ALS) paramedic Team are to accommodate equipment unique to MICA. In Regional Victoria, the same Mercedes Sprinter is used whether it be as a MICA or an ALS vehicle. Often an ALS and a MICA paramedic work as a rostered crew (PRU).

In addition to 2-paramedic crew MICA ambulance, a number of MICA single responder units (SRU) are located within central metropolitan areas and regional areas. MICA single responders are equipped with a range of vehicles including Holden Adventra 4WD wagons and Ford Territory vehicles.

In rural and regional settings, time sensitive patients are treated and transported either by advanced life support paramedics (ALS) and/or mobile intensive care paramedics with support by helicopter based MICA paramedics. MICA paramedics often are requested to support ALS paramedics when dealing with a sick patient as a 'back-up' crew.

CSO (Clinical Support Officer), who provide additional support to ALS crews, are also often MICA trained.

## Ambulance Services New South Wales

In addition to the primary response vehicles above, the NSW Service also operates specialised vehicles that have been designed to meet geographical and operational requirements, including:

Rescue trucksAmbulance rescue vehicles are equipped with a vast array of equipment including motorised hydraulic tools, air tools, hand held global positioning satellite units, fibre optic search scopes, portable atmospheric testing units, lighting and breathing apparatus. Rapid response vehiclesSeven Subaru Forrester AWD vehicles and two BMW motorbikes make up the current rapid response fleet. All vehicles have distinctive signage, high visibility warning lights and sirens. Subaru Forresters are also equipped with an advanced satellite navigation system. Over-snow vehiclesIts fleet of vehicles at Perisher Valley Station include a Haaglund all-terrain vehicle, a Kassborher oversnow vehicle, two Yamaha snowmobiles, a 4WD Quad Bike and trailer and a 4WD Mercedes. Mega lift trucksThese multi-purpose vehicles are used for a range of incidents including chemical, biological and radiological (CBR) incidents. Command and communications vehicleThis vehicle serves as a mobile command post for the management of incidents and major planned events. Wirelessly connected to the ambulance wide area network it offers video conferencing, SmartBoard and voice communications. The vehicle also provides remote dispatching capability with the system connected in real time to the central computer aided dispatching system.

https://web.archive.org/web/20070428083614/http://www.ambulance.nsw.gov.au/what/fleet.html

http://www.ambulance.vic.gov.au/

MOBILE INTENSIVE CARE AMBULANCE A SERVICE IN CRISIS Report on results of MICA Survey 2006. A report Prepared by Ambulance Employees Australia - Victoria


title: Whitton (singer-songwriter)

abstract: Jaime Whitton is an independent American singer-songwriter who performs under her mononym Whitton. She started her career in 2009, releasing a self-titled EP in 2010, and in 2011 debut album Rare Bird, which was mixed by producer-engineer Michael James and nominated for Best Pop Album by the Independent Music Awards.

text:
# Whitton (singer-songwriter)

**Jaime Whitton** is an independent American singer-songwriter who performs under her mononym **Whitton**. She started her career in 2009, releasing a self-titled EP in 2010, and in 2011 debut album *Rare Bird*, which was mixed by producer-engineer Michael James and nominated for Best Pop Album by the Independent Music Awards.

## Early life

Whitton, the youngest in a musical family of six children, was born and raised in Reno, Nevada, and began performing at age 6 with the international organization Sunshine Generation Children's Performing Group. She started her first band at age 17 called Jamie and the Blue Suits, and then moved to South Carolina to collaborate on two country folk albums with her sister. She later moved to Los Angeles and wrote the song "Apple Tree" which was prominently placed in the 2010 film *The 5th Quarter* starring Andie MacDowell and Aidan Quinn. The song was then released on her self-titled EP.

## Career

Since 2010, Whitton's music has been used in various feature films, television programs and commercials. In 2012, "I Fell in Love" (from *Whitton EP*) was used in a national Valentine's commercial as part of the *Crazy, Cupid, Love* promotional campaign for The CW's teen television series Gossip Girl. The same track is used by Swedish home shopping and e-commerce company Ellos, as well as by Delta Air Lines' in-flight entertainment, Munchkin Inc., a designer and manufacturer of infant and toddler products, and placement in MTV's reality-based, docudrama television series Catfish: The TV Show. The song "All I Want to Do" (from *Rare Bird*) was used in the comedy film *She Wants Me* with Hilary Duff and Charlie Sheen. "Monster" was used in the indie horror flick *Among Friends.* And a section of non-album track "Mercy" was featured in the independent romantic comedy film *Exit Strategy* with Big Boy and Kevin Hart. Additionally, Whitton was a guest vocalist on Showtime's drama series Dexter.

## Discography

### Studio albums

### EPs

## InfoBox

| Whitton | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Jaime Whitton |
| Origin | Los Angeles, CA, US |
| Genres | Acoustic, Pop |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter |
| Years active | 2009–present |
| Labels | Independent |
|  | |
| Website | whittonmusic.com |


title: Mumianwan station

abstract: Mumianwan station is a station of Line 3, Shenzhen Metro. It was opened on 28 December 2010. A study published in 2020 found that traffic in both directions from Mumianwan station tends to be congested during peak hours.

text:
# Mumianwan station

**Mumianwan station** (Chinese: 木棉湾站; lit. 'Kapok Bay station') is a station of Line 3, Shenzhen Metro (formerly known as the Longgang Line). It was opened on 28 December 2010.

A study published in 2020 found that traffic in both directions from Mumianwan station tends to be congested during peak hours.

## Station layout

| **3F
Platforms** | Platform **2** | Line 3 towards Futian Bonded Area (Buji) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left | |
| | Platform **1** | Line 3 towards Shuanglong (Dafen) |
| **2F
Concourse** | Lobby | Customer Service, Shops, Vending machines, ATMs |
| **G** | - | Exit |

## Exits

| Exit | | Destination |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Exit B | B1 | Shenhui Road (S), Longgang Boulevard (S), Mumian Road, Mumianwancun, Longgang Blvd No.1 Estate |
| | B2 | Shenhui Road (S), China Customs, Caixing Building, Maoye Calligraphy and Painting Market |
| Exit C | | Shenhui Road (N), Longgang Boulevard (N), Buji Township Apartment, A. Best, Central Garden, Haojing Mingyuan |
| Exit D | | Longgang Blvd (N), Jizheng Road, Zhongxing Road, Shenzhen Zhonghai Hospital, Buji Taxation Office, Dashiji Garden, Chengxin Huating, Buji Rainbow Department Store |

22°36′24″N 114°7′48″E / 22.60667°N 114.13000°E / 22.60667; 114.13000

## InfoBox

| Mumianwan
木棉湾 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong
China |
| Operated by | Shenzhen Metro Line 3 Operations |
| Line(s) | Line 3 |
| Platforms | 2 (1 island platform) |
| History | |
| Opened | 28 December 2010 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Shenzhen Metro Following station  Bujitowards Futian Bonded Area  Line 3  Dafentowards Shuanglong | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Mambo (software)

abstract: Mambo was a free software/open source content management system (CMS) for creating and managing websites through a simple web interface. Its last release was in 2008, by which time all of the developers had left for forks of the project, mainly Joomla and MiaCMS.

text:
# Mambo (software)

**Mambo** (formerly named **Mambo Open Source** or **MOS**) was a free software/open source content management system (CMS) for creating and managing websites through a simple web interface. Its last release was in 2008, by which time all of the developers had left for forks of the project, mainly Joomla and MiaCMS.

## Features

Mambo included features such as page caching to improve performance on busy sites, advanced templating techniques, and a fairly robust API. It could provide RSS feeds and automate many tasks, including web indexing of static pages.

Interface features included printable versions of pages, news flashes, blogs, forums, polls, calendars, website searching, language internationalization, and others.

## Timeline

* **2000**: Miro Construct Pty Ltd, registered in March 2000 in Melbourne, and headed up by CEO Peter Lamont and Junio Souza Martins, a former advertising executive, starts development of Mambo, a closed-source, proprietary content management system.
* **2001**: The company adopted a dual licensing policy, releasing Mambo Site Server under the GPL on SourceForge in April 2001.
* **May 2001**: The mamboserver.com domain name is registered.
* From this time until the middle of 2002, Miro was the only developer of Mambo, contributing bug-fixes and security patches but not really extending the code or adding to the feature sets.
* **2002**: Miro releases the commercial CMS called Mambo 2002.
* With version 3.0.x, the open source Mambo Site Server becomes "Mambo Open Source" (commonly referred to as "MOS").
* Robert Castley becomes Project Director of Mambo Open Source.
* By the end of 2002, Robert Castley had pulled together a volunteer team of developers.
* Mambo Open Source 4.0 is released.
* **2003**: Early in 2003, Miro hands off the responsibility of the code fully to the Open Source project Development Team.
* Miro concentrates on its commercial products and Mambo Open Source builds momentum under the leadership of Robert Castley.
* Miro released Mambo CMS, a commercial version of Mambo Open Source. Miro claims that Mambo CMS does not contain any source added to Mambo after it was made open source.
* Miro Construct Pty Ltd goes into voluntary liquidation in February 2003 and in August, Miro International Pty Ltd is formed. Source code for Mambo Open Source shows copyright 2000 - 2003 Miro Construct Pty Ltd.
* Mambo Open Source 4.5 released in December 2003. By this time, almost all of the original Miro code had disappeared during refactoring.
* **2004**: mamboforge.net starts in March, 2004.
* Linux Format awards Mambo "Best Free Software Project" of the Year.
* Linux User and Developer names it "Best Linux or Open Source Software".
* In late 2004, Mambo was targeted by legal threats concerning the intellectual property rights to certain pieces of code contained in the core. The problem was severe and cost money, man hours, and eventually the loss of some key community leaders. Miro came to the aid of Mambo, offering legal and corporate resources to protect the development team and preserve the program.
* Robert Castley resigns as Project Director and in November, Andrew Eddie takes on the role.
* **December 2004**: the Mambo Steering Committee was established with representatives from both Miro and the Mambo development team. This committee was designed to govern the Mambo project.
* **January 2005**: Andrew Eddie announces a joint venture between Mambo and Miro International Pty Ltd, with Miro proposing to offer financial support for the open source project, plus training, commercial support services, and developer certification.

At the end of January 2005 Junio Souza Martins abandons the project for personal reasons.

* **February 2005**: Discussions begin over the formation of a non-profit foundation for the Mambo project.
* **March 2005**: The name "Mambo Open Source" (which was commonly referred to as MOS) was changed to just "Mambo", causing concern in the community over apparent confusion this would cause between the open source, community-developed CMS and Miro's commercial offering, "Mambo CMS".
* **April 2005**: The commercial Mambo CMS is renamed "Jango".
* "Best Open Source Solution" and "Best of Show - Total Industry Solution" at LinuxWorld Boston.
* "Best Open Source Solution" at LinuxWorld San Francisco.
* **July 2005**: mambo-foundation.org domain is established.
* **August 2005**: Mambo Foundation, Inc is legally constituted on 8 August 2005. Miro CEO Peter Lamont appoints himself President of the Board of the new Foundation.
* 12 August: Robert Castley, who is an inaugural member of the Mambo Foundation Board of Regents, states: "The Foundation allows for everything to be placed outside of Miro incl. Domain Names, hosting etc. " and goes on to say that with him, the original founder of Mambo Open Source, and Andrew Eddie both being on the Board of the Mambo Foundation, Mambo would continue as a successful, open source project. He concluded his statement with,"So there you have it: two very key people in the overall success of Mambo are at the helm. Trust me, Mambo is in very, very safe hands!"
* A few days later, the entire team of core programmers publicly announced they had abandoned Mambo and shortly after this, Robert Castley steps down from the Board of Regents.
* The former core development team members regroup under the name "Open Source Matters" and the open source community at mamboserver.com fractures over allegations that the Mambo Foundation was formed without community input and with insufficient developer control. People express suspicion over the level of involvement by Miro International. By the end of August, the new project is named Joomla! and most of the former Mambo community has relocated to Open Source Matters. By the end of September, Open Source Matters Inc is a duly constituted non-profit corporation registered in New York.
* Joomla! positions itself as a "rebranding of Mambo" and releases its first fork of Mambo as Joomla 1.0 in September, 2005. The two code-bases are almost identical at this stage.
* Mambo forms a new core development team with Martin Brampton appointed as Core Development Team leader.
* Miro assigns all rights in the copyright of Mambo to the Mambo Foundation.
* **September 2005**: Neil Thompson joins the Core Development Team.
* **December 2005**: Miro International Pty Ltd is voluntarily deregistered as a company from 31 December 2005.
* **January 2006**: The rights to Miro International Pty Ltd are sold by Peter Lamont and a new business entity called Miro Software Solutions is created. Miro Software Solutions continues to develop Jango and other proprietary software under new ownership.
* **March 2006**: Mambo named "Best Open Source Software Solution" at LinuxWorld Australia.
* **April 2006**: Core developer team leader, Martin Brampton, resigns and leaves the project. Chad Auld takes over the role as Core Developer Team leader.
* **July 2006**: The Mambo Foundation websites become independent from Mambo Communities Pty Ltd.
* Following elections, the new Board of the Mambo Foundation takes office. The Mambo Foundation is now completely independent of any corporate interest.
* **April 2007**: Mambo 4.6.2 is released. This is a maintenance release for the 4.6.x branch and enables localisation of Mambo.
* **January 2008**: Mambo 4.5.6 is released. This is the final release of the Mambo 4.5 branch.
* **February 2008**: Chad Auld leaves the project.
* **March 2008**: John Messingham becomes Project Leader. Ozgur Cem Sen becomes core development team leader. Ozgur Cem Sen leaves the project shortly thereafter. Andrés Felipe Vargas Valencia is elected Team Leader.
* **April 2008**: Four former Mambo core developers fork Mambo and form MiaCMS.
* **May 2008**: Mambo 4.6.4 is released. Codename 'Sunrise', Mambo 4.6.4 is a security and maintenance release that fixes a number of serious security vulnerabilities.
* **June 2008**: Mambo 4.6.5 is released. Codename 'Jupiter', Mambo 4.6.5 is a security release that fixes a number of serious security vulnerabilities.
* **September 2008**: Core developer Neil Thompson leaves and joins the MiaCMS core development team. Mambo announces end of life for supporting PHP 4. All future releases will require PHP 5.2 or higher.
* **November 2011**: Andrés Felipe Vargas noted on the Mambo Foundation's mailing list that the next minor version update was planned to be 4.6.6, followed by a major version release of 4.7.

## InfoBox

Mambo
| Developer(s) | Mambo Foundation Inc. |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Final release | 4.6.5 / June 26, 2008 (2008-06-26) |
|  | |
| Written in | PHP |
| Operating system | Cross-platform, PHP-compatible -- Linux preferred |
| Type | Content management system |
| License | GNU General Public License v2 |
| Website | mambo-foundation.org |


title: WQZS

abstract: WQZS – branded QZ-93 – was a commercial oldies and classic rock radio station licensed to serve Meyersdale, Pennsylvania. Locally owned by Roger Wahl, the station served Somerset County, along with nearby Cumberland, Frostburg, and Oakland, Maryland, and was the regional affiliate for CBS News Radio. The founder of WQZS, Wahl also acted as both the station's operations manager and morning host, billed on-air as "The Commander". The station only operated via an analog transmission, with a Facebook page being its lone online presence.

text:
# WQZS

**WQZS** (93.3 FM) – branded *QZ-93* – was a commercial oldies and classic rock radio station licensed to serve Meyersdale, Pennsylvania. Locally owned by Roger Wahl, the station served Somerset County, along with nearby Cumberland, Frostburg, and Oakland, Maryland, and was the regional affiliate for CBS News Radio. The founder of WQZS, Wahl also acted as both the station's operations manager and morning host, billed on-air as "The Commander".

The station only operated via an analog transmission, with a Facebook page being its lone online presence.

## History

### Beginnings

The station was founded by Roger Wahl, a Somerset County native who worked in the Altoona radio market during the early and mid-1970s. He gave up working in radio to care for an ailing family member in the late 1970s, and returned to the Meyersdale area as a result. He was working as a regional sales manager for a Maryland beer distributor when he began planning WQZS. One of Wahl's customers on his account list owned a radio station, and the two men struck up a friendship which frequently included radio shop talk. One day, the conversation led to Wahl's client informing him of a window of new FM applications, including a drop-in frequency at 93.3 MHz in Meyersdale.

Wahl applied for a construction permit on August 8, 1988, but it was not until July 1990 that the FCC granted the application, turning away another applicant for the frequency. From a transmitter on Mount Davis, the state's highest point, WQZS began broadcasting on October 26, 1992, with an oldies format. The station operated with a staff of nine: three sales consultants, a receptionist, a news director, three announcers, and Wahl, taking the title of Station Director. WQZS has changed little since going on the air, having the same owner, format, and studio location at 128 Hunsrick Road in Summit Township, about 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Meyersdale and in the foothills of the Meyersdale Wind Energy Center.

Wahl was arrested in September 2019 amid accusations that he created a false dating profile for an 61 year-old woman known to him and wrote the profile to solicit men to sexually assault that subject, and of also placing a trail camera in the woman's bathroom without her knowledge or consent. The victim also obtained a protection from abuse order against Wahl. Wahl waived his right to a preliminary hearing in November 2019 and negotiated a guilty plea in Somerset County Court in June 2020.

In March 2020, Wahl filed an application to transfer control of WQZS to his daughter, Wendy Sipple, for $10. The FCC approved the transfer on June 1, 2020; after the guilty plea, it reversed its decision in a July 13 order, returning the application to pending status. Wahl was sentenced November 17, 2020, on felony charges of criminal use of a communications facility, misdemeanor charges of reckless endangerment, unlawful dissemination of an intimate image, tampering with evidence, and identity theft. He was sentenced to three years of restricted probation, with four months of electronic monitoring rather than incarceration due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and forbidden from broadcasting during his sentence.

On October 19, 2021, the FCC issued a hearing designation order beginning a proceeding to revoke WQZS's license as a result of his multiple misdemeanors; it also held the application to transfer WQZS to Sipple in abeyance. On August 2, 2022, the Administrative Law Judge overseeing the case terminated hearing proceedings deciding that Roger Wahl had failed to participate as required and effectively waived his right to a hearing. The license for WQZS expired on August 1, 2022, with its renewal application pending. A 180-page "Petition to Deny" the renewal was filed by another Meyersdale radio station, WHYU-FM, which would be rendered moot once the revocation and denial of transfer became final.

On April 12, 2023, the FCC's enforcement chief ordered WQZS’s license revocation. On April 14, 2023 an application for review was filed by Roger Wahl and his new attorney. WHYU-FM filed an opposition to that appeal.

On April 4, 2024, Wahl's AFR was formally denied, upholding the initial revocation order. WQZS was ordered to cease broadcasting immediately or risk forfeiture. The station ceased broadcasting later that same day.

## InfoBox

WQZS
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Somerset County (limited) |
| Frequency | 93.3 MHz |
| Branding | QZ-93 |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | English |
| Format | Defunct (was Oldies/Classic rock) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Roger Wahl * (Roger Wahl) |
| History | |
| First air date | October 26, 1992 (1992-10-26) |
| Last air date | April 4, 2024 (2024-04-04) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 57424 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 630 watts |
| HAAT | 294 meters (965 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 39°47′49″N 79°10′4″W / 39.79694°N 79.16778°W / 39.79694; -79.16778 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |


title: William Gainsborough

abstract: William Gainsborough was a medieval Bishop of Worcester. He was nominated on 22 October 1302 and consecrated on 28 October 1302. He died on 17 September 1307. He was a Franciscan and had been Minister Provincial in England from 1285-1292

text:
# William Gainsborough

**William Gainsborough** was a medieval Bishop of Worcester. He was nominated on 22 October 1302 and consecrated on 28 October 1302. He died on 17 September 1307.

He was a Franciscan and had been Minister Provincial (head of the order) in England from 1285-1292

## Citations

* Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). *Handbook of British Chronology* (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.

## InfoBox

| William Gainsborough | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Worcester | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Appointed | 22 October 1302 |
| Term ended | 17 September 1307 |
| Predecessor | John St German |
| Successor | Walter Reynolds |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 28 October 1302 |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 17 September 1307 |
| Denomination | Catholic |


title: William Marston House

abstract: The William Marston House is a historic house located in the Marstons Mills area of Barnstable, Massachusetts.

text:
# William Marston House

The **William Marston House** is a historic house located in the Marstons Mills area of Barnstable, Massachusetts.

## Description and history

The 2+12-story wood-frame house was built c. 1780 by Benjamin Marston, from the third generation of Marstons that gave the area its name. It has a five-bay facade and a large central chimney, with a centered entry framed by pilasters and topped by a transom window and entablature. The building underwent a major restoration in the 1960s.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 1987.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| William Marston House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 71 Cotuit Rd.,<br>Barnstable, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 41°39′8″N 70°24′53″W / 41.65222°N 70.41472°W / 41.65222; -70.41472 |
| Built | 1780 (1780) |
| Architectural style | Georgian |
| MPS | Barnstable MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 87000234 |
| Added to NRHP | March 13, 1987 |


title: William Martin, 1st Baron Martin

abstract: William Martin, 1st Baron Martin, Lord of Cemais and Barnstaple was an English noble. He fought in the wars in Wales, Gascony, Flanders and Scotland. He was a signatory of the Baron's Letter to Pope Boniface VIII in 1301.

text:
# William Martin, 1st Baron Martin

**William Martin, 1st Baron Martin**  (died 1324), Lord of Cemais and Barnstaple was an English noble. He fought in the wars in Wales, Gascony, Flanders and Scotland. He was a signatory of the Baron's Letter to Pope Boniface VIII in 1301.

## Biography

William was the eldest son of Nicholas Martin and Maud de Brain. He served in Wales, Gascony, Flanders in 1297 and in Scotland. William took part in the battle of Falkirk on 22 July 1298. He was a signatory of the Baron's Letter to Pope Boniface VIII in 1301.

He died in 1324 and was succeeded by his second son William. His eldest son Edmund pre-deceased him.

## Marriages and issue

William married firstly Eleanor, the widow of John de Mohun, she was a daughter of Reginald FitzPeter and Alice. They had the following children:

* Edmund Martin d.s.p married Margaret Hastings.
* William Martin d.s.p married Joan Hastings.
* Eleanor Martin married Philip Colombers of Nether Stowey on and heir to John de Columbers and Alice, daughter and co-heiress of Stephen de Penshurst and William de Hastings son of John\_Hastings,\_1st\_Baron\_Hastings and Isabel de Valence.
* Joan Martin married Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln and Nicholas d'Audley 1st Lord Audley.

William married secondly Amicia, widow of Henry de Pomeroy, she was a daughter of Geoffrey de Camville.

The Martin line ceased to exist after the death of Edmund and William, Eleanor died without issue, and the titles revered to the heirs of Joan Martin.

## Citations

* Cokayne, George Edward. The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, Vol. V (1893).


title: William Kingan

abstract: William Sinclair Kingan was a unionist politician in Northern Ireland. Kingan studied at Sunningdale School and Rugby School before working as a pork manufacturer. In 1924, he served as High Sheriff of Down. He joined the Ulster Unionist Party, and was elected to the Senate of Northern Ireland in 1940, serving until his death in 1946. Most notably, he served as a Deputy Speaker of the Senate in 1945.

text:
# William Kingan

**William Sinclair Kingan** (6 December 1876 – 1946) was a unionist politician in Northern Ireland.

Kingan studied at Sunningdale School and Rugby School before working as a pork manufacturer. In 1924, he served as High Sheriff of Down.

He joined the Ulster Unionist Party, and was elected to the Senate of Northern Ireland in 1940, serving until his death in 1946. Most notably, he served as a Deputy Speaker of the Senate in 1945.

1. John F. Harbinson, *The Ulster Unionist Party, 1882-1973*, p.207
2. "No. 130". *The Belfast Gazette*. 21 December 1923. p. 567.
3. Members of the Northern Ireland Senate, 1921-72, Northern Ireland Elections


title: William Kingsmill (died 1618)

abstract: William Kingsmill was an English landowner. He was a son of William Kingsmill and Bridget Raleigh, a daughter of George Raleigh. His home was at Sydmonton. He was Sheriff of Hampshire in 1601 and 1612. King James and Anne of Denmark stayed at Sydmonton Court in August 1603. Anne of Denmark stayed in August 1611. He died in January 1618.

text:
# William Kingsmill (died 1618)

**William Kingsmill** (died 1618) was an English landowner.

He was a son of William Kingsmill (died 1592) and Bridget Raleigh (died 1607), a daughter of George Raleigh.

His home was at Sydmonton. He was Sheriff of Hampshire in 1601 and 1612.

King James and Anne of Denmark stayed at Sydmonton Court in August 1603. Anne of Denmark stayed in August 1611.

He died in January 1618.

## Marriage and family

He married Anne Wilkes or Willes, daughter of William Willes of Middleton Cheney. Their children included:

Anne, Lady Kingsmill wrote to the Earl of Salisbury on 14 June 1608, thanking him for favours shown to herself and her son.


abstract: William Henderson McIntyre was a member of the New Zealand Legislative Council from 2 September 1921 to 1 September 1928; 2 September 1928 to 2 September 1935; 2 September 1935 to 1 September 1942; 10 September 1942 to 9 September 1949; 16 September 1949 to 26 October 1949, when he died. McIntyre was first appointed by the Reform Government, and finally by the First Labour Government. He served on several boards, including: the Buller Hospital Board for 33 years including 20 years as chairman; the Nelson Education Board for 31 years including 19 years as chairman; and the Westport Harbour Board from 1918 to 1921. He was elected to the Buller County Council in 1915 and was its chairman for four years. A Scottish-born coal miner, McIntyre arrived in New Zealand in 1904, and took an active role in mining union affairs. With his brother he set a record for the coal mined in one shift at the Millerton Mine. In 1935, McIntyre was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal. He died on 26 October 1949, and was buried at Orowaiti Cemetery, Westport.

text:
# William McIntyre (New Zealand politician)

**William Henderson McIntyre** (1881 – 26 October 1949) was a member of the New Zealand Legislative Council from 2 September 1921 to 1 September 1928; 2 September 1928 to 2 September 1935; 2 September 1935 to 1 September 1942; 10 September 1942 to 9 September 1949; 16 September 1949 to 26 October 1949, when he died. McIntyre was first appointed by the Reform Government, and finally by the First Labour Government.

He served on several boards, including: the Buller Hospital Board for 33 years including 20 years as chairman; the Nelson Education Board for 31 years including 19 years as chairman; and the Westport Harbour Board from 1918 to 1921. He was elected to the Buller County Council in 1915 and was its chairman for four years.

A Scottish-born coal miner, McIntyre arrived in New Zealand in 1904, and took an active role in mining union affairs. With his brother he set a record for the coal mined in one shift at the Millerton Mine.

In 1935, McIntyre was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal. He died on 26 October 1949, and was buried at Orowaiti Cemetery, Westport.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableWilliam McIntyre | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Legislative Council | |
| **In office**
2 September 1921  26 October 1949 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1881
Scotland |
| Died | 26 October 1949
New Zealand |
| Political party | Reform Party |
|  | |


title: William S. Beaton

abstract: William S. (Bill) Beaton was a Canadian politician, who was the 22nd mayor of the City of Sudbury, Ontario. He was elected to office in 1941 and was elected to office a record 11 times. An avid amateur athlete, Beaton was heavily involved in the city's amateur sporting events and as such the annual Beaton Classic was named in his honor. Beaton is credited the elimination of the city's streetcar system, and the construction of the Sudbury Arena. Beaton also ran as an Ontario Liberal Party candidate in Sudbury in the 1948 provincial election, but lost that election to Welland Gemmell. After a decade as mayor, Beaton was defeated in 1952 by Dan Jessup, a local businessmen.

text:
# William S. Beaton

**William S. (Bill) Beaton** (August 19, 1896 – April 1, 1956) was a Canadian politician, who was the 22nd mayor of the City of Sudbury, Ontario. He was elected to office in 1941 and was elected to office a record 11 times. An avid amateur athlete, Beaton was heavily involved in the city's amateur sporting events and as such the annual *Beaton Classic* was named in his honor.

Beaton is credited the elimination of the city's streetcar system, and the construction of the Sudbury Arena.

Beaton also ran as an Ontario Liberal Party candidate in Sudbury in the 1948 provincial election, but lost that election to Welland Gemmell.

After a decade as mayor, Beaton was defeated in 1952 by Dan Jessup, a local businessmen.

## The 1950 Municipal Election

The municipal election of 1950 represented the start of a key shift in the demographic of city council. It was in this election that citizens of Sudbury elected two women to serve as alderman for the first time in the city's history. They were Grace Hartman and Dr. Faustina Kelly Cook. Although Beaton was successful in this his eleventh election, this would mark the start of a turn of events that would lead to the end of the Beaton dynasty.

On an interesting side note, Beaton also ran against Peter Fenton, the Mayor of the City of Sudbury from 1930 to 1932.

City of Sudbury Election Results, 1950
| **Mayoral Contest** | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Candidate** | **Votes** | | | | |
| | **Adv. Polls** | **Fournier Ward** | **McCormick Ward** | **Ryan Ward** | **Total** |
| **BEATON** *(elected)* | 15 | 718 | 1579 | 2009 | **4321** |
| Whissell | 11 | 1705 | 748 | 1176 | **3640** |
| Fenton | 14 | 269 | 719 | 869 | **1871** |
| **Aldermanic Contest** | | | | | |
| **Fournier Ward** | | **McCormick Ward** | | **Ryan Ward** | |
| **Candidate** | **Votes** | **Candidate** | **Votes** | **Candidate** | **Votes** |
| **LAMOUREUX** *(elected)* | 1944 | **HARTMAN** *(elected)* | 2238 | **THOMPSON** *(elected)* | 2568 |
| **COOK** *(elected)* | 1434 | **BARLOW** *(elected)* | 1867 | **COE** *(elected)* | 1916 |
| **GODIN** *(elected)* | 1010 | **MONAGHAN** *(elected)* | 1219 | **ANDERSON** *(elected)* | 1553 |
| Campeau | 843 | Furchner | 1148 | McNeill | 1442 |
| Theriault | 748 | O'Neil | 529 | Germa | 1264 |
| | | Cler | 308 | Nesbit | 673 |
|

The view the full results *see: Sudbury municipal election, 1950*.

## Books

* Dorian, Charles (1961). *The First 75 Years, A Headline History of Sudbury, Canada*. Arthur H. Stockwell Limited, Ilfracombe, Devon.
* Wallace, C. M.; & Thomson, Ashley (Eds.) (1993). *Sudbury: Rail Town to Regional Capital* (3rd ed.). Dundram Press Limited. ISBN 978-1-55002-170-7.

## InfoBox

| William S. Beaton | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mayor of Sudbury, Ontario | |
| **In office**
1941–1951 | |
| Preceded by | W. J. Forest |
| Succeeded by | Dan Jessup |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | August 19, 1896
East Gwillimbury, Ontario |
| Died | April 1, 1956(1956-04-01) (aged 59)
Sudbury, Ontario |
|  | |


title: William R. Abercrombie

abstract: William R. Abercrombie was a career U.S. Army officer during the late 19th century.

text:
# William R. Abercrombie

**William R. Abercrombie** (August 17, 1857 – November 7, 1943) was a career U.S. Army officer during the late 19th century.

## Biography

William R. Abercrombie was born at Fort Ridgely on August 17, 1857. Raised in Long Island, New York, he was appointed a 2nd Lieutenant in the U.S. Army by President U.S. Grant in 1877 and was assigned to the 2nd Infantry. He proceeded to the Pacific coast to join the Nez Perce War. After the war he served in a number of assignments including the Indian Wars, Abercrombie participated in many expeditions in the Northwest and Alaska.

Abercrombie led the 1898 expedition seeking "an all-American route from coastal Alaska to the Klondike." The next year Abercrombie was responsible for constructing a military road to Eagle on the Yukon River.

He died in Spokane on November 7, 1943.

Fort Abercrombie in Kodiak, in the Territory of Alaska, was named in his honor.

## InfoBox

| William R. Abercrombie | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1857-08-17)August 17, 1857
Fort Ridgely, Minnesota Territory |
| Died | November 7, 1943(1943-11-07) (aged 86)
Spokane, Washington |
| Occupation | United States Army officer |


title: William R. Belknap School

abstract:
The Willam R. Belknap School is a former school building in the Belknap neighborhood of Louisville, Kentucky United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
It was designated as a local landmark by the Louisville Metro Landmarks Commission in 2001. The school takes its name from the developer of the surrounding neighborhood. In 1995, the Belknap neighborhood association took a geometric motif from the school building for its logo.

text:
# William R. Belknap School

The **Willam R. Belknap School** is a former school building in the Belknap neighborhood of Louisville, Kentucky United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was designated as a local landmark by the Louisville Metro Landmarks Commission in 2001.

The school takes its name from the developer of the surrounding neighborhood. In 1995, the Belknap neighborhood association took a geometric motif from the school building for its logo.

## Description

The building and its grounds originally took up an entire 2.15-acre (8,700 m2) city block. The building has about 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) of indoor space.

The Belknap School is a two-story building on a raised basement. The building has a central projecting entry bay and projecting end wings. The central projecting entrance contains double doors with a single transom. The panes have geometric mullions. This entrance is encased in a stone surround with an arched tympanum lined with exaggerated dentils. Within the tympanum is a central lamp with the words "LUX ET VERITAS, light and truth," above an open book with a fig branch. In the lintel is a band of exaggerated dentils. In the stone surround; the school name, WILLIAM R. BELKNAP SCHOOL, is located above the doors, flanked by applied decorative terra cotta motifs.

On the second floor is a pair of windows with vertical mullions in both sash, and crosshatch mullions in the upper portion of the upper sash. Flanking the windows are applied, terra cotta torch motifs. The inside walls of this projecting bay contain three stepped windows on the first level and paired windows on the second with the flanking torch motifs. The fenestration of the recessed façade plane which flanks the entrance bay consists of five basement-story windows and five windows on both the first and second floors.

The basement-story windows have six-over-six lights. A stone band divides the basement-story from the first floor. The first and second floor windows contain unusually patterned geometric lights. Pilasters rise from the sill of the first floor windows to the lintels of the second floor windows, with tapestry-like terra cotta panels on the pilasters between the second: floor windows. A stone band divides the second floor from the large parapet wall with a stone coping.

On the inside walls of each wing are three basement-story windows and two first and second floor windows with the same mullion patterns found on the recessed front façade windows. Applied tapestry-like panels are found on the second floor. The ends of the wings contain no fenestration and are the most decorative planes of the structure. The same tapestry-like panels found on the other façade planes are also located here, on both sides of a central, slightly recessed plane which contains banding and brickwork which comprise another tapestry-like design. The stone band which divides the basement-story from the first floor is interrupted by an elongated arch with a medallion containing an old city of Louisville emblem.

On every outside corner of the building at the parapet level is a band of exaggerated dentils with projecting ends. On the right side of the building is an entrance for the boys and on the left side is an entrance for the girls. The entrance is within a stone surround with the tapestry-like applied motifs on each side of the entrance. The name BOYS and GIRLS is located in the lintel. There are small paired windows above the entrance and another larger pair on the second level. The rest of the fenestration on the side walls of the building is the same as that found on the front. The windows on the rear of the building have nine-over-nine lights.

The polygonal smokestack contains some of the same decorative elements found on the school building. Every door knob on the interior is a bust of William R. Belknap. In 2000 a cellular antennae was added atop the smokestack, but was quickly altered to hide the antennae within the smokestack after neighbors complained.

It is not clear what material was used in the surrounds and applied motifs and banding on this building. It is terra cotta, stone or cement \- most likely a combination of all three. Assumptions were made as to the material used in the context of the description. If and when terra cotta was used, it is unglazed.

## Architecture

The Belknap School is an example in Louisville of the eclectic styles of the early twentieth century. The craftsmanship displayed in the terra cotta ornamentation on the building's exterior make it one of the city's finest examples of Sullivanesque detailing.

The Belknap School was designed in an eclectic style. The plan is typical of the new Elizabethan style schools of the period, but the decorative elements are both classical and Sullivanesque. The main entrance is an example of the combination of the decorative motifs. Exaggerated dentils line the arched panel above the double doors. This panel also contains a lamp, symbolic of enlightenment, hope, window and truth, an open book, symbolic of intellectual attainment, and a fig branch from the tree of knowledge. The remaining elements are stylized foliate patterns, typical of Sullivanesque detailing.

The projecting end wings of the building also contain geometric and foliate stylized panels, described in a 1916 article from *The Courier-Journal* as tapestries.

## History

The William R. Belknap School, named for William Richardson Belknap, was the last of seven schools built with a local bond issue from 1914 to 1916. J. Earl Henry was architect for schools and also designed Louisville Male High School and Brandeis Elementary School, both of which are also on the National Register of Historic Places.

Henry was in partnership with Brinton B. Davis before becoming school architect, and assisted Davis in the plans for the Broadway School. Henry is known particularly for his use of classical and mythical symbolism, as well as his ingenuous eclectic designs. The Belknap School remained a neighborhood school until 1978 when it was closed.

Jefferson County Public Schools sold the building to a private company which reopened the school building as office space in 1983. A portion was used by the Christian Academy of Louisville from 1994 to 1998. Vineyard Christian Church held services in the building in 2002 until 2006.

In 2006, the school building was converted into 20 condominium units. As a part of the plant, a new condo building was built on the school lot just south of the original building. The new building was built to roughly resemble the original building and have a similar footprint.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Belknap, Willam R., School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Front of the school | |
|  | |
| Location | 1800 Sils Ave., Louisville, Kentucky |
| Coordinates | 38°13′19″N 85°41′23″W / 38.22194°N 85.68972°W / 38.22194; -85.68972 |
| Built | 1916 |
| Architect | Earl J. Henry |
| Architectural style | Mixed (more than 2 styles from different periods) |
| NRHP reference No. | 82002706 |
| Added to NRHP | August 12, 1982 |


title: William P. Johnson

abstract: William Paul Johnson is the chief United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico.

text:
# William P. Johnson

**William Paul Johnson** (born February 16, 1959) is the chief United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico.

## Early life and education

Johnson was born in Roanoke, Virginia. He was an Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in the economics from Virginia Military Institute in 1981 and a Juris Doctor from Washington and Lee University in 1985. He went to Fort Sill to become an artillery officer and served in the United States Army Reserve from 1981 to 1990. He achieved the rank of captain. He was in private practice in Houston, Texas, from 1985 to 1986. He was in private practice in Roswell, New Mexico. from 1986 to 1995. He was a judge on the state Fifth Judicial District Court from 1995 to 2001.

### Federal judicial service

Johnson was nominated by President George W. Bush on September 4, 2001, to a seat vacated by John Edwards Conway. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 13, 2001, and received his commission on December 21, 2001. He became chief judge on February 7, 2018, after Christina Armijo assumed senior status.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| William Paul Johnson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
February 7, 2018 | |
| Preceded by | Christina Armijo |
| Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
December 21, 2001 | |
| Appointed by | George W. Bush |
| Preceded by | John Edwards Conway |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | William Paul Johnson
(1959-02-16) February 16, 1959
Roanoke, Virginia |
| Education | Virginia Military Institute (BA)
Washington and Lee University (JD) |
|  | |


title: William S. Schwartz

abstract: William Samuel Schwartz was an American artist who lived and worked in Chicago.

text:
# William S. Schwartz

**William Samuel Schwartz** (February 23, 1896  February 10, 1977) was an American artist who lived and worked in Chicago.

## Biography

Schwartz was born in Smorgon in Belarus (then in the Russian Empire) to Samuel Schwartz and Tauba Reznikoff. At the age of thirteen, he moved to the nearby city of Vilna to attend art school. Four years later, he emigrated to the United States and eventually enrolled in the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. After graduating, he put his art career on hold to concentrate on a budding career as an opera singer. When Schwartz returned to painting, he distinguished himself with dreamy, symbolist works and abstractions that tended to bewilder viewers. He also scandalized conservative audiences with numerous lithographs of nude women. During the Great Depression, Schwartz became an artist on the Federal Art Project payroll. Working under the supervision of Increase Robinson in Chicago, he painted Regionalist works showing the countryside and small-town American life. It was not until the early 1940s that Schwartz returned to painting the esoteric imagery for which he had become known. Greatly influenced by European surrealism, Schwartz painted strange biomorphic forms and apocalyptic scenes in many of his works.

He became a well-known figure in Chicago, mostly due to his memorable handlebar mustache and eccentric persona. He was also one of a group of prominent Chicago artists—including Ivan Albright, Malvin Albright, and Aaron Bohrod—that hung out at Riccardo's Restaurant and Gallery during the 1940s and 1950s. In his final years, Schwartz returned exclusively to painting abstracts; these paintings are considered among his best work. Schwartz began suffering from Alzheimer's disease around 1970 and died in Chicago on February 10, 1977.

The Art Institute of Chicago and the Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha have several of Schwartz's works in their permanent collections.

## Further reading

* Chapman, Manuel. *William S. Schwartz: A Study*. Chicago: L.M. Stein, 1930.
* Dreishpoon, Douglas. *The Paintings, Drawings, and Lithographs of William S. Schwartz (1896-1977)*. Exh. cat. New York: Hirschl and Adler Galleries, 1984.
* Cornacchia, Alex. *William S. Schwartz: Color and Coloratura*. Chicago: Madron Press, 2020.


title: William S. McNair

abstract: Major General William Sharp McNair was a U.S. Army general. During World War I, he commanded the artillery unit of the First Infantry Division and later the 151st Field Artillery Brigade.

text:
# William S. McNair

Major General **William Sharp McNair** (September 18, 1868 – April 6, 1936) was a U.S. Army general. During World War I, he commanded the artillery unit of the First Infantry Division and later the 151st Field Artillery Brigade.

## Early life

William Sharp McNair was born in September 18, 1868 in Tecumseh, Michigan. His father was also from Tecumseh and his mother from Bucyrus, Ohio. He entered the United States Military Academy and graduated number twenty-three of fifty-four in the class of 1890. He was commissioned in the Artillery Corps. His classmates there included Colden Ruggles, Fred W. Sladen, Frank M. Caldwell, Clint C. Hearn, Daniel W. Ketcham, Edgar Jadwin, Francis Marshall, Harry H. Bandholtz, Henry D. Todd Jr., William C. Davis, George G. Gatley, Herbert Deakyne and William J. Snow. All of these men would, like McNair himself, attain the rank of general officer.

## Military career

In 1896, McNair graduated from the Artillery School. He served in the China Relief Expedition, the Philippine–American War, and the Moro Expedition of 1903, for which he received his first Silver Star Citation. In 1916 and 1917, he served as brigadier general with the New York National Guard.

In France, he commanded the artillery of the First Infantry Division, and he later commanded the 151st Field Artillery Brigade. He participated in the Meuse-Argonne and the Sedan battles. He served as Chief of Artillery, first Army, and received the Distinguished Service Medal and another Silver Star.

From 1920 to 1922, he was Chief of Staff of the Department of Panama. His rank of brigadier general was restored in 1930, and when he retired on September 30, 1932, he was a major general.

## Personal life

On December 26, 1894, he married Louise Bestor Potts at Fort Barrancas, Florida and they had four children: Mary Louise McNair, Dorothy McNair, William Douglas McNair (USMA, class of 1918), and Norma B. McNair. In retirement, he lived in San Antonio, Texas. He was a Presbyterian. McNair died on April 6, 1936.

## Awards

He received the Army Distinguished Service Medal during World War I, with the medal's citation stating the following:

> The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General William Sharp McNair, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. Serving in turn as Commander of the 1st Field Artillery Brigade, 1st Division, and the 151st Field Artillery Brigade, 76th Division, as Chief of Artillery, 1st Army Corps, during the latter part of the Meuse-Argonne offensive and as Chief of Artillery of the 1st Army from 18 November 1918 until April 1919, by his marked ability, sound judgment, and thorough knowledge of artillery General McNair rendered conspicuous services in a position of great responsibility to the American Expeditionary Forces.

He received the Silver Star Citation for *gallantry in action during the Philippine Insurrection, 1899 to 1902.*

## InfoBox

| William Sharp McNair | |
| --- | --- |
| From 1923's *McNair, McNear, and McNeir Genealogies* | |
| Born | (1868-09-18)September 18, 1868
Tecumseh, Michigan, U.S. |
| Died | April 6, 1936(1936-04-06) (aged 67)
San Antonio, Texas, U.S. |
| Place of burial | Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1894-1932 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Unit | New York National Guard |
| Commands | 151st Field Artillery Brigade |
| Battles/wars | Philippine–American War, World War I |
| Awards | Silver Star Citation, Distinguished Service Medal |


title: William Theak

abstract: Air Vice-Marshal William Edward Theak, was a First World War pilot in the Royal Flying Corps and a senior officer in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War and the post war decade. In 1940, Theak was appointed as the chief signals officer at the headquarters of Bomber Command. In February 1944, he was promoted to air vice-marshal and given command of No. 60 (Signals) Group. After the war Theak was made the director-general of signals at the Air Ministry. In 1949 he took up post as the air officer administration at the headquarters of the Middle East Air Force. In 1951 he returned to Great Britain to serve as Air Officer Commanding No. 90 (Signals) Group. He retired in March 1954 and died the following year.

text:
# William Theak

Air Vice-Marshal **William Edward Theak**, CB, CBE (1898 – 28 January 1955) was a First World War pilot in the Royal Flying Corps and a senior officer in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War and the post war decade.

In 1940, Theak was appointed as the chief signals officer at the headquarters of Bomber Command. In February 1944, he was promoted to air vice-marshal and given command of No. 60 (Signals) Group.

After the war Theak was made the director-general of signals at the Air Ministry. In 1949 he took up post as the air officer administration at the headquarters of the Middle East Air Force. In 1951 he returned to Great Britain to serve as Air Officer Commanding No. 90 (Signals) Group. He retired in March 1954 and died the following year.

## InfoBox

| William Theak | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1898
Clapton, London, England |
| Died | 28 January 1955
Suffolk, England |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army (1917–18)
Royal Air Force (1918–54) |
| Years of service | 1917–1954 |
| Rank | Air vice-marshal |
| Service number | 765252 |
| Commands | No. 90 (Signals) Group (1951–54)
No. 60 (Signals) Group (1944–45)
No. 7 Squadron (1938–39) |
| Battles/wars | First World War
Second World War |
| Awards | Companion of the Order of the Bath
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Mentioned in dispatches (2) |


title: William Norris (Wellington cricketer)

abstract: William Edward "Red" Norris was a New Zealand cricketer. He played in five first-class matches for Wellington from 1940 to 1943. Norris played Hawke Cup cricket for Manawatu from 1926 to 1947, scoring 1242 runs at an average of 22.58 in 42 challenge matches. He captained Manawatu when they won the title from Taranaki in December 1934. He held the run-scoring record for his club, Palmerston, until 2020, with 7,018 runs.

text:
# William Norris (Wellington cricketer)

**William Edward** "**Red**" **Norris** (7 April 1908  17 October 1988) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played in five first-class matches for Wellington from 1940 to 1943.

Norris played Hawke Cup cricket for Manawatu from 1926 to 1947, scoring 1242 runs at an average of 22.58 in 42 challenge matches. He captained Manawatu when they won the title from Taranaki in December 1934. He held the run-scoring record for his club, Palmerston, until 2020, with 7,018 runs.

## InfoBox

William Norris
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | William Edward Norris |
| Born | (1908-04-07)7 April 1908
Palmerston North, New Zealand |
| Died | 17 October 1988(1988-10-17) (aged 80)
Palmerston North, New Zealand |
| Nickname | Red |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Role | Wicketkeeper-batsman |
| Source: Cricinfo, 27 October 2020 | |


title: William T. Elfe

abstract: William T. Elfe (1843–1897) was an American politician and judge who served in the South Carolina House of Representatives. He was Black and a "free-born Democrat". He signed the 1868 Constitution of South Carolina. He represented Charleston. February 10, 1880 he resigned. The South Carolina Historical Society has in their archives the "Simons, Siegling & Cappelmann records, 1857–1928" which contains papers related to Elfe.

text:
# William T. Elfe

**William T. Elfe** (1843–1897) was an American politician and judge who served in the South Carolina House of Representatives. He was Black and a "free-born Democrat". He signed the 1868 Constitution of South Carolina.

He represented Charleston. February 10, 1880 he resigned.

The South Carolina Historical Society has in their archives the "Simons, Siegling & Cappelmann records, 1857–1928" (box 13) which contains papers related to Elfe.


title: William Verity Jr.

abstract: Calvin William Verity Jr. was an American government official and steel industrialist who served as the 27th United States secretary of commerce between 1987 and 1989, under President Ronald Reagan.

text:
# William Verity Jr.

**Calvin William Verity Jr.** (January 26, 1917 – January 3, 2007) was an American government official and steel industrialist who served as the 27th United States secretary of commerce between 1987 and 1989, under President Ronald Reagan.

## Early life and education

He was born in Middletown, Ohio, on January 26, 1917, to Calvin William Verity and Elizabeth (O'Brien) Verity. He roomed with John F. Kennedy at Choate, a Connecticut boarding school, starting a friendship with the future president. He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics from Yale University.

## Career

After graduating from college, Verity tramped around the world and worked as maître d' at an upscale Manhattan restaurant. He also served in the United States Navy from 1942 to 1945. Verity worked for most of his career at Armco Steel, a corporation founded by his grandfather, George M. Verity. He started there in 1940 and retired from Armco in 1982.

### Secretary of Commerce

Between 1980 and 1981, Verity chaired the United States Chamber of Commerce. In 1981, he chaired Reagan's bipartisan task force on Private Sector Initiatives (PSI). In 1983, he was appointed a member of PSI's Advisory Council and later served on PSI's Board of Advisors. Between 1979 and 1984, he co-chaired the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Trade Economic Council, a private sector council of American and Soviet businessmen.

During Verity's time at the U.S. Department of Commerce, he established the Commerce Hall of Fame in 1988 to honor good department employees. In 1988, he also created the Office of Space Commerce to support the National Space Council. That office was an early version of the Office of Space Commercialization, an office created to promote the effective commercial use of outer space. According to Jonathan Chait of *The New Republic*, Verity kept a passage from Ayn Rand's novel *Atlas Shrugged* on his desk, including the line "How well you do your work . . . \[is\] the only measure of human value."

## Personal life

Verity's wife, the former Margaret Wymond Verity, known as Peggy, and they had two sons and a daughter together (Peggy Verity Power, Jonathan George Verity, and William Wymond Verity).

He died on January 3, 2007, a complications of pneumonia, in Beaufort, South Carolina, at the age of 89, twenty-three days before his 90th birthday. His wife, Peggy Verity, died on Wednesday, January 20, 1999, at age 81. He is interred in Woodside Cemetery, Middletown, Ohio.

## InfoBox

| William Verity | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 27th United States Secretary of Commerce | |
| **In office**
October 19, 1987  January 30, 1989 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan
George H. W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Malcolm Baldrige Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Robert Mosbacher |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Calvin William Verity Jr.
(1917-01-26)January 26, 1917
Middletown, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | January 3, 2007(2007-01-03) (aged 89)
Beaufort, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Peggy Wymond |
| Children | 3 |
| Education | Yale University (BA) |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | United States Navy |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
|  | |


title: William Peter

abstract: William Peter was a British diplomat and Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1832 to 1835. Peter was born at Harlyn, St Merryn, Cornwall, the son of Henry Peter and his wife Anna Maria. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, receiving BA in 1807 and MA in 1809. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn on 28 May 1813. After a few years in London, he returned to Cornwall where he was a J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant. He compiled a two-volume set of Speeches of Sir Samuel Romilly in the House of Commons, published in 1820. At the 1832 general election Peter was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bodmin, and held the seat until 1835 when he stood down. In 1840, he was living at Bruges when he received an appointment as HM Consul in Philadelphia USA. In the United States he married Sarah Ann Worthington King, daughter of Ohio Governor and U. S. Senator Thomas Worthington, and widow of Edward King a prominent Ohio politician and son of Minister to Great Britain Rufus King. She died in 1877 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Peter died in Philadelphia at the age of 64 and was buried in St Peter's Churchyard, Philadelphia. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1841.

text:
# William Peter

**William Peter** (22 March 1788 – 6 February 1853) was a British diplomat and Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1832 to 1835.

Peter was born at Harlyn, St Merryn, Cornwall, the son of Henry Peter and his wife Anna Maria. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, receiving BA in 1807 and MA in 1809. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn on 28 May 1813. After a few years in London, he returned to Cornwall where he was a J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant. He compiled a two-volume set of *Speeches of Sir Samuel Romilly in the House of Commons*, published in 1820.

At the 1832 general election Peter was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bodmin, and held the seat until 1835 when he stood down.

In 1840, he was living at Bruges when he received an appointment as HM Consul in Philadelphia USA. In the United States he married Sarah Ann Worthington King, daughter of Ohio Governor and U. S. Senator Thomas Worthington, and widow of Edward King a prominent Ohio politician and son of Minister to Great Britain Rufus King. She died in 1877 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Peter died in Philadelphia at the age of 64 and was buried in St Peter's Churchyard, Philadelphia.

He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1841.

*Hansard* 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by William Peter


title: William Winn

abstract: William David "Bill" Winn (1945–2006) was an American educational psychologist, and professor at the University of Washington College of Education, known for his work on how people learn from diagrams, and on how cognitive and constructivist theories of learning can help instructional designers select effective teaching strategies.

text:
# William Winn

**William David "Bill" Winn** (1945–2006) was an American educational psychologist, and professor at the University of Washington College of Education, known for his work on how people learn from diagrams, and on how cognitive and constructivist theories of learning can help instructional designers select effective teaching strategies.

## Biography

Specializing first in French and German languages and comparative literature, Winn earned a BA and MA from Oxford University and an MA from Indiana University. He earned a PhD from Indiana University (1972) in Instructional Systems Technology (minor educational psychology) for research on instructional message design. His doctoral dissertation was on the *Similarity of Hierarchically Organized Pairs of Pictures and Words as Reported by Field-Dependent and Field-Independent High-School Seniors*.

In 1972 Winn started his academic career as assistant professor in the Department of Pedagogy, Faculty of Education, at the Université de Sherbrooke. From 1974 to 1985, he was the academic coordinator of the Learning Technology Unit at the University of Calgary. Eventually, Winn was appointed professor at the University of Washington College of Education where he held appointments in curriculum and instruction, and cognitive studies. He was also director of the Learning Center at the Human Interface Technology Lab (HITLab), and adjunct professor in the College of Engineering, and the Music department.

Winn was the editor of *Educational Communication and Technology Journal*, and served on the editorial review boards of many other journals in the fields of educational psychology and educational technology.

## Work

Winn's areas of teaching and research included instructional theory, design of computer-based learning, instructional effects of illustrations, theories of visual perception applied to instructional materials design, computer interfaces, and the roles and effectiveness of virtual environments in education and training. This work extended cognitive theories of learning into systems dynamics models of cognition and cognitive neuroscience.

Winn collaborated broadly across disciplines and national boundaries, presenting papers in French, German and English. In addition to teaching, extensive graduate advising activities, and a prolific writing schedule, at the time of his death he was working on research with the Puget Sound Marine Environment Modeling Group, augmented reality and physical models of complex organic molecules, INFACT/PixelMath, and collaborating with PRISM and the Center for Environmental Visualization.

### Computer-based learning

Winn was very interested in computer-based learning for being a method that allows students to obtain information in formats that cannot be presented by teachers and because it gives the students control of the information. He acknowledged that computer-based learning follows a constructivist learning approach because students construct understandings for themselves by interacting with the material they encounter.

### Virtual environments

Winn also focused his research in constructing virtual learning environments which are computer created environments intended to simulate realistic experiences in order to help students understand concepts presented in those environments. For example, Winn explained “that the act of designing and creating environments that embody concepts and principles governing phenomena as diverse as wetlands ecology and medieval castles helps students master these topics with depth and clarity”. He also found that virtual learning has greater success for students who do poorly in school. However, teaching through virtual environments also has its weaknesses. Winn declared that this method of learning often result in misconceptions due to oversimplifying the interactions that occur in the natural environments which are simulated. Additionally, problems in the transfer of knowledge are seen in younger students who lack the ability to think abstractly. These children have a difficulty transferring what they learn in the virtual world to other areas in the real world.

### Learning oceanography from a computer compared to direct experience at sea

This is an example of one of the studies conducted by Winn in which he evaluated the difference of learning in a computer-based environment as opposed to learning through direct experience. In this study, two groups of college students learned oceanography. One group learned using a computer simulation of the ocean which included a three-dimensional (3D) model, and the other group learned by spending a day in a research vessel and used oceanographic tools. In his discussion of this study Winn makes reference to Kolb's experiential learning theory because it highlights the significance of direct experience with the environment, as well as the need for abstract concepts in order to learn and apply knowledge. According to Winn, the proper use of metaphors in simulations may allow students to learn abstract concepts better than they would in real experiences. This study took place in Seattle and was focused on the oceanography of the Puget Sound estuary system within Washington. There were 25 students in each group and both groups received a total of three lessons. Two of the lessons were taught by the same professors and covered the same material. For the third lesson the groups were separated to their different settings. One of the limitations of this study was that the students taking the “Virtual Puget Sound” (VPS) experience could only control some independent variables but not others, like for example they could not change the salinity of the water. The results of the study showed “no difference in overall learning between students who used the VPS simulation and those who studied the same material in the field”. However, the study found that students with less experience in water learned more from direct experience, while the simulated ocean experience helped students transfer the knowledge they obtained while working in the computer, to the material presented in class.

### Response to criticism

After reading Winn's article titled "Current trends in educational technology research: The study of learning environments" published in 2002, the educational psychologist Richard Mayer (2003) criticized Winn's article for dismissing controlled experiments and in this way dismissing an approach that would produce substantial evidence and enable researchers to make claims on the learning development of students. In response to Mayer's criticism, Winn confirmed that experimental research is important, and he proposed that researchers use a system that connects evidence from both experimental and non-experimental research when conducting their studies since each method produces different information. Controlled experimental research is useful for obtaining details about student learning, and non-experimental research allows the researcher to see how learning occurs in real settings.

### Non-experimental research method

As part of his response to Mayer's criticism, Winn articulates that a good non-experimental method for researchers to use is the “design experiment” which was described by Ann Brown in 1992. Winn prefers this type of experiment particularly because it conveys many features of open ended research methods. In a design experiment, the researcher tests his or her intervention in an educational setting such as a classroom, makes modifications depending on the data collected, and conducts the intervention until it produces good results. The data collected is in form of observations, results from tests, or any form of work that will show that the student has learned what is expected. Compared to a controlled experiment in which many variables are controlled, in the design experiment, modifications are made over time. Winn explained that a key difference between the two types of experiments is that “the controlled experiment adapts the setting to suit the intervention through experimental control, whereas the design experiment adapts the intervention to suit the setting through iteration”. Although Winn is in favor of design experiments he does note one of its weaknesses. This type of non-experimental research involves more time and skill than implementing experimental research. However, it can yield crucial evidence about the success of interventions and how students learn.

### Implications for educational technology

Winn made significant contributions to the field of educational technology as evident by his extensive research in this area. The following is a list of eight suggestions provided by Winn (2002) for those researchers who are also working in this field, or for future researchers. This list provides useful information on how practitioners can reduce factors that may disrupt research findings and thus assist in improving educational technology research.

1. Instructors should not use metaphors that may confuse students or prevent them from understanding concepts.
2. Computer learning environments yield greater results when conducted under a constructivist approach. Instructors should allow for mistakes and should not use virtual environments to teach basic facts.
3. Educational technology is not a sufficient method for teaching. Educators should implement activities and other methods of communication into their lessons.
4. Students must understand the task they have to accomplish and they require scaffolding to obtain their end goal.
5. Educators must implement social context in the technology driven learning environment, and acknowledge sharing and collaboration amongst students.
6. Educators should involve experts from the outside community in order to make their teaching effective.
7. Educators should promote that the students make changes to their learning environment, as this will allow educators to obtain information about student learning.
8. Educators, students, and researchers should work as a team since they all contribute to the improvement of educational technology research.

## Selected publications

* Winn, William D. "Content Structure and Cognition in Instructional Systems" (1978).

Articles, a selection:

* Winn, W.D. (1987). Charts, graphics and diagrams in educational materials. In D. Willows and H. Houghton (Eds.), *The Psychology of Illustration. Vol. 1. Basic Research*. New York: Springer, 152–198.
* Winn, W.D. (1990). A theoretical framework for research on learning from graphics. *International Journal of Educational Research, 14*, 553–564.
* Winn, W.D. (1991). Learning from maps and diagrams. *Educational Psychology Review, 3*, 211–247.
* Winn, W.D. (1993). An account for how people search for information in diagrams. *Contemporary Educational Psychology, 18*, 162–185.
* Winn, W.D. (1994). Contributions of perceptual and cognitive processes to the comprehension of graphics. W. Schnotz & R. Kulhavy (Eds.), *Comprehension of Graphics*. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 3-27.


title: William Thompson Bacon

abstract: William Thompson Bacon was an American minister, editor, and author.

text:
# William Thompson Bacon

**William Thompson Bacon** (August 24, 1812 – May 18, 1881) was an American minister, editor, and author.

## Early life and education

Bacon, son of Daniel and Rebecca (Thompson) Bacon, was born in Woodbury, Connecticut, on August 24, 1812.

He entered Yale College at the age of 21, after having spent several years in mercantile life, and graduated in 1837. After graduation, he studied theology in the Yale Divinity School for three years, and was ordained the pastor of the Congregational Church in Trumbull, Connecticut on December 28, 1842, which he resigned from on account of ill health, May 28, 1844.

## Career

In 1845-1846 he edited the *New Englander*, a quarterly magazine published in New Haven, and in the later year joined in establishing the *New Haven Morning Journal and Courier*, which he edited until 1849. For the next year or two he supplied the pulpit of the Congregational Church in South Britain, a parish of Southbury, Connecticut; and subsequently, in 1853-1854, supplied his old church in Trumbull, while residing in the family homestead in Woodbury. He also conducted a boarding and day school in Woodbury for some years. In 1866 he removed to Derby, Connecticut, and soon with a view of providing occupation for his sons became proprietor and editor of the *Derby Transcript*, a weekly paper, which he conducted with vigor. A great sufferer, for the most of his life from dyspepsia and erysipelas, he died after a week's illness, in Derby, May 18, 1881, aged nearly 69 years.

His literary tastes were already marked while in college. He was, if not the earliest to suggest, one of the most earnest supporters of the *Yale Literary Magazine*, of which he was one of the first board of editors. He published three volumes of poems, the last in 1880.

## Personal life

He was married August 7, 1839, to Elizabeth A., eldest daughter of Dr. Jonathan Knight, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery in Yale College, who survived him with five sons and two daughters. One daughter and one son died before him.

This article incorporates public domain material from the 1881 *Yale Obituary Record*.


title: Wilson Cooke

abstract: Wilson Cooke was an American politician, minister, and businessman. He was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives during the Reconstruction era, serving from 1868 until 1870. A historical marker in Greenville commemorates his life.

text:
# Wilson Cooke

**Wilson Cooke** (1819 – 1887) was an American politician, minister, and businessman. He was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives during the Reconstruction era, serving from 1868 until 1870. A historical marker in Greenville commemorates his life.

## Biography

Wilson Cooke was born in 1819, a slave. His father is thought to be Vardry McBee, and his mother was enslaved.

He was a Methodist, and he helped co-found the Greenville Methodist Church, a Black church in 1862. Cooke became a general store owner and had a tannery. He was a delegate at the 1868 South Carolina Constitutional Convention in Charleston. He represented Greenville County in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1868 to 1870.

Cooke was married to Magdalena Walker. His son William Wilson Cooke was an architect and educator, who worked for the U.S. government before establishing his own practice in Gary, Indiana.

## InfoBox

| Wilson Cooke | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| South Carolina House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
1868–1870 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1819 (1819)
Greenville, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | 1887(1887-00-00) (aged 67–68) |
| Spouse | Magdalena Walker |
| Children | William Wilson Cooke |
| Parent | Vardry McBee (father) |
|  | |


title: Wilson Commercial Historic District

abstract: The Willson Commercial Historic District encompasses the commercial and industrial heart of Wilson, Arkansas. Founded in 1886 as a company town by Robert Edward Lee Wilson, the city's growth was regulated and planned by the company until it was formally incorporated in 1950. This district encompasses the historic town square, commercial buildings, and the administrative and industrial buildings of the company's cotton gin and flour mill. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

text:
# Wilson Commercial Historic District

The **Willson Commercial Historic District** encompasses the commercial and industrial heart of Wilson, Arkansas. Founded in 1886 as a company town by Robert Edward Lee Wilson, the city's growth was regulated and planned by the company until it was formally incorporated in 1950. This district encompasses the historic town square, commercial buildings, and the administrative and industrial buildings of the company's cotton gin and flour mill.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Wilson Commercial Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Wilson Post Office | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by Union Ave., S. Jefferson, Madison, Adams & 2nd Sts., Wilson, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 35°34′7″N 90°2′35″W / 35.56861°N 90.04306°W / 35.56861; -90.04306 |
| Area | 19.2 acres (7.8 ha) |
| Built | 1912 (1912) |
| NRHP reference No. | 16000651 |
| Added to NRHP | September 23, 2016 |