title: Urusei Yatsura (film series)

abstract: Urusei Yatsura: Only You Rumiko Takahashi's Urusei Yatsura, a Japanese anime and manga series, has six films and ten OVA releases. During the television run of the series, four theatrical films were produced. Urusei Yatsura: Only You was directed by Mamoru Oshii and began showing in Japanese cinemas on February 11, 1983. Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer was also directed by Mamoru Oshii and was released on February 11, 1984. Urusei Yatsura 3: Remember My Love was directed by Kazuo Yamazaki and released on January 26, 1985. Urusei Yatsura 4: Lum the Forever was directed again by Kazuo Yamazaki and released on February 22, 1986. After the conclusion of the television series, two more films were produced. A year after the television series finished, Urusei Yatsura: The Final Chapter was directed by Satoshi Dezaki and was released on February 6, 1988 as a tenth anniversary celebration. It was shown as a double bill with a Maison Ikkoku film. The final film, Urusei Yatsura: Always My Darling was directed by Katsuhisa Yamada and was released on November 2, 1991. In North America, Beautiful Dreamer was released by Central Park Media. The remaining five films were released by AnimEigo in North America and MVM Films in the United Kingdom. After re-releasing Beautiful Dreamer in North America in 2018, Discotek Media acquired the rights to the other five films in 2020. On September 24, 1985, the special Ryoko's September Tea Party was released, consisting of a mixture of previously broadcast footage along with 15 minutes of new material. Almost a year later on September 15, 1986, Memorial Album was released, also mixing new and old footage. On July 18, 1987, the first OVA for the series Inaba the Dreammaker was released. It was followed by Raging Sherbet on December 2, 1988, and by Nagisa's Fiancé four days later on December 8, 1988. The Electric Household Guard was released on August 21, 1989 and followed by I Howl at the Moon on September 1, 1989. They were followed by Goat and Cheese on December 21, 1989 and Catch the Heart on December 27, 1989. Finally, Terror of Girly-Eyes Measles and Date with a Spirit were released on June 21, 1991. The OVA's were released in North America by AnimEigo who released them individually over 6 discs. AnimEigo produced dubs for the DVD releases. On December 23, 2008, a new special was shown for the first time at the It's a Rumic World exhibition of Rumiko Takahashi's works. Entitled The Obstacle Course Swim Meet, it was the first animated content for the series in 17 years. On January 29, 2010, a boxset was released featuring all of the recent Rumiko Takahashi specials from the Rumic World exhibition. Entitled It's a Rumic World, the boxset contains The Obstacle Course Swim meet as well as a figure of Lum. The OVAs are not true OVAs, however, as they were all released theatrically prior to being released on video.

text:
# Urusei Yatsura (film series)

Rumiko Takahashi's *Urusei Yatsura*, a Japanese anime and manga series, has six films and ten OVA releases. During the television run of the series, four theatrical films were produced. *Urusei Yatsura: Only You* was directed by Mamoru Oshii and began showing in Japanese cinemas on February 11, 1983. *Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer* was also directed by Mamoru Oshii and was released on February 11, 1984. *Urusei Yatsura 3: Remember My Love* was directed by Kazuo Yamazaki and released on January 26, 1985. *Urusei Yatsura 4: Lum the Forever* was directed again by Kazuo Yamazaki and released on February 22, 1986.

After the conclusion of the television series, two more films were produced. A year after the television series finished, *Urusei Yatsura: The Final Chapter* was directed by Satoshi Dezaki and was released on February 6, 1988 as a tenth anniversary celebration. It was shown as a double bill with a *Maison Ikkoku* film. The final film, *Urusei Yatsura: Always My Darling* was directed by Katsuhisa Yamada and was released on November 2, 1991. In North America, *Beautiful Dreamer* was released by Central Park Media. The remaining five films were released by AnimEigo in North America and MVM Films in the United Kingdom. After re-releasing *Beautiful Dreamer* in North America in 2018, Discotek Media acquired the rights to the other five films in 2020.

On September 24, 1985, the special *Ryoko's September Tea Party* was released, consisting of a mixture of previously broadcast footage along with 15 minutes of new material. Almost a year later on September 15, 1986, *Memorial Album* was released, also mixing new and old footage. On July 18, 1987, the first OVA for the series *Inaba the Dreammaker* was released. It was followed by *Raging Sherbet* on December 2, 1988, and by *Nagisa's Fiancé* four days later on December 8, 1988. *The Electric Household Guard* was released on August 21, 1989 and followed by *I Howl at the Moon* on September 1, 1989. They were followed by *Goat and Cheese* on December 21, 1989 and *Catch the Heart* on December 27, 1989. Finally, *Terror of Girly-Eyes Measles* and *Date with a Spirit* were released on June 21, 1991. The OVA's were released in North America by AnimEigo who released them individually over 6 discs. AnimEigo produced dubs for the DVD releases.

On December 23, 2008, a new special was shown for the first time at the *It's a Rumic World* exhibition of Rumiko Takahashi's works. Entitled *The Obstacle Course Swim Meet*, it was the first animated content for the series in 17 years. On January 29, 2010, a boxset was released featuring all of the recent Rumiko Takahashi specials from the Rumic World exhibition. Entitled *It's a Rumic World*, the boxset contains *The Obstacle Course Swim* meet as well as a figure of Lum. The OVAs are not true OVAs, however, as they were all released theatrically prior to being released on video.

## *Only You*

**Release date:** February 13, 1983, **dubbed** 2003.

***Urusei Yatsura: Only You*** (うる星やつら オンリー・ユー, *Urusei Yatsura Onrī Yū*) was released in 1983. The guest characters include **Elle**, another alien princess, who is in charge of Planet Elle.

6-year-old Ataru Moroboshi steps on Elle's shadow during an impromptu game of shadow-tag; in Elle's culture, this is viewed as a marriage proposal. Eleven years later, Elle returns to Earth in order to marry Ataru  by which time not only had he forgotten the events of his childhood, but he was also going out with Lum. The rest of the plot focuses on Lum's attempts to prevent the marriage.

The film was directed by Mamoru Oshii, who was mad at the many requests that the producer made of him to alter the film. Rumiko Takahashi considers this film her favorite and it is the most true to the original series.

A subtitled Laserdisc of the film was released by AnimEigo in North America on September 25, 1993.

### Additional cast

## *Beautiful Dreamer*

**Release date:** February 11, 1984, **dubbed** 1996.

***Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer*** (うる星やつら2 ビューティフル・ドリーマー, *Urusei Yatsura 2 Byūtifuru Dorīmā*) is the second *Urusei Yatsura* film.

Like its predecessor, *Beautiful Dreamer* borrows heavily from the Japanese fairy tale of Urashima Tarō. Writer/director Mamoru Oshii, unsatisfied with how the first film, *Only You*, had developed, rejected the idea of catering to audience expectations and decided to do the film his own way. This almost caused Takahashi to reject the script because it deviated so far from the original story.

Even though the film is generally well-loved by English-speaking fans, when it was first released in Japan the response was not as favorable. Criticism was especially given towards Oshii, generally from the fan community. As a result, Oshii quit working on the production of *Urusei Yatsura* and went on to do other more experimental projects. Despite this, the film has been referred to by most fans as the best film in the *Urusei Yatsura* series.

### Additional cast

## *Remember My Love*

**Release date:** January 26, 1985, **dubbed** 2003.

***Urusei Yatsura 3: Remember My Love*** (うる星やつら3 リメンバー・マイ・ラヴ, *Urusei Yatsura 3 Rimenbā Mai Ravu*) is the third *Urusei Yatsura* film. The guest characters are:

* **Ruu**, a mysterious boy bent on fixing Lum's life
* **Lahla**, Ruu's tutor, who tries to get things set straight

The third film finds Ataru transformed into a pink hippopotamus, which sends Lum chasing after the wicked magician responsible, with catastrophic results. With Lum gone, her friends decide that there is no reason to remain, and so Tomobiki slowly returns to normal. The highlight of the film is a high speed chase scene with an angry Lum flying after the mysterious Ruu through the city at night and into a hall of mirrors (and illusion). Ataru's true feelings for Lum are probably more obvious in this film than any of the others.

The film grossed ¥1.17 billion ($10.66 million) at the Japanese box office, becoming the year's eighth highest-grossing Japanese film. A subtitled Laserdisc was released by AnimEigo in North America on January 19, 1994. It is also notable for the anime debut of Bulma from the *Dragon Ball* franchise, which would later receive its anime premiere the following year.

### Additional cast

## *Lum the Forever*

**Release date:** February 22, 1986, **dubbed** 2004.

***Urusei Yatsura 4: Lum the Forever*** (うる星やつら4 ラム・ザ・フォーエバー, *Urusei Yatsura 4 Ramu za Fōebā*) is the fourth *Urusei Yatsura* film. Guest characters include Tarōzakura, the great cherry tree.

A horror film production comes to town, casting the cast of the series as extras in the production. But when the director orders the cutting down of a cursed great cherry tree called Tarōzakura, the remains of the tree curses Lum by way of removing her horns and powers. The quest to restore Lum's demon powers puts Ataru at odds with the spirit of the tree, who forces the cast of the slasher film to believe they are their roles as it seeks vengeance upon the film crew.

There was also released on 15 February 1986 a ***Making of Urusei Yatsura 4: Lum the Forever*** (メイキング・オブ・うる星やつら4 アニメ製作の実際) documentation about the film.

### Additional cast

## *The Final Chapter*

**Release date:** February 6, 1988, **dubbed** 2004.

***Urusei Yatsura: The Final Chapter*** (うる星やつら 完結篇, *Urusei Yatsura: Kanketsuhen*) is the fifth *Urusei Yatsura* film. Guest characters include:

* **Rupa**, Lum's fiancé
* **Carla**, is said to be Rupa's betrothed.

The fifth film is an animated adaptation of the final story of the manga and is also the official ending of the anime series, in which Lum and Ataru must repeat the game of tag played out in the first episode of the television series, or the Earth will be infested with mushrooms larger than buildings. Further, should Ataru lose, Lum will leave forever and everyone's memories will be changed so that they don't remember she, or her friends, were ever there. Finally, Lum refuses to allow Ataru to win unless he says to her those three words, "I love you", that he has steadfastly refused to say over the entire series. *Maison Ikkoku: The Final Chapter* was also released on the same date as this film.

### Additional cast

## *Always My Darling*

**Release date:** August 18, 1991, **dubbed** 2005.

***Urusei Yatsura: Always My Darling*** (うる星やつら いつだってマイ・ダーリン, *Urusei Yatsura Itsudatte Mai Dārin*) (alternately *Forever My Darling*) is the sixth *Urusei Yatsura* film and the tenth anniversary special. It is not the end of the anime series despite coming after *The Final Chapter*. The character designer and animation director for the film was Kumiko Takahashi. The regular theatrical release in Japan was the November 2, 1991 and it was shown on a double bill with the first *Ranma ½* feature, *Big Trouble in Nekonron, China*. Guest characters include **Lupika**, another alien princess.

Lupika, an alien princess, is in love with a tofu seller. To make him love her too (at least, announce his love. He obviously fears the social taboo of a tofu vendor marrying a princess), she needs to get a love potion, which is in a certain temple. Legend has it that the only person that can obtain this love potion is the most lecherous man in the universe. That man turns out to be Ataru Moroboshi. Lupika kidnaps Ataru to make him get the potion, and Lum and her friends go out to search for Ataru.

This film has been referred to by some fans as the worst of the series.

Due to this, this was the last animated released content for the franchise until 2008 release of the 10th OVA.

A subtitled Laserdisc was released by AnimEigo in North America on July 27, 1994.

### Additional cast

## OVA releases

*Urusei Yatsura* also has a number of direct-to-market video releases which include stories not covered in the TV series or films. However, they are not true OVAs as all of them were released in theaters prior to being released on video. All were released after the ending of the series, so popularity may have also been a factor in the continued release of new animation.

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Animation directed by | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Inaba the Dreammaker"
Transliteration: "Yume no Shikakenin, Inaba-kun Tōjō! Ramu no Mirai wa Dōnaruccha" (Japanese: 夢の仕掛人、因幡くん登場! ラムの未来はどうなるっちゃ) | *Directed by*: Tsuneo Tominaga
*Storyboarded by*: Setsuko Shibuichi & Tsuneo Tominaga | Kazumi Koide & Toshiaki Imaizumi | Yukari Kobayashi | 18 July 1987 (1987-07-18) |
| Shinobu, Ataru and Lum meet Inaba, a strange boy in a rabbit suit. Inaba (who seems to have a thing for Shinobu) leads them to the Room of Destiny, where they get to explore various futures. | | | | | | |
| 2 | "Raging Sherbet"
Transliteration: "Ikare Shābetto" (Japanese: 怒れシャーベット) | *Directed by*: Kenjirō Yoshida
*Storyboarded by*: Katsuhiko Nishijima | Machiko Kondō | Katsuhiko Nishijima | 2 December 1988 (1988-12-02) |
| 3 | "Nagisa's Fiancé"
Transliteration: "Nagisa no Fianse" (Japanese: 渚のフィアンセ) | *Directed by*: Yorifusa Yamaguchi
*Storyboarded by*: Setsuko Shibuichi | Rumiko Takahashi | Setsuko Shibuichi | 8 December 1988 (1988-12-08) |
| 4 | "The Electric Household Guard"
Transliteration: "Denki Jikake no Oniwaban" (Japanese: 電気仕掛けのお庭番) | *Directed by*: Kenjirō Yoshida
*Storyboarded by*: Iku Suzuki | Rumiko Takahashi | Yukari Kobayashi | 21 August 1989 (1989-08-21) |
| 5 | "I Howl at the Moon"
Transliteration: "Tsuki ni Hoeru" (Japanese: 月に吠える) | Tsuneo Tominaga | Machiko Kondō | Yukari Kobayashi | 2 September 1989 (1989-09-02) |
| 6 | "Goat and Cheese"
Transliteration: "Yagi-san to Chīzu" (Japanese: ヤギさんとチーズ) | Tensai Okamura | Tensai Okamura | Tensai Okamura | 21 December 1989 (1989-12-21) |
| 7 | "Catch the Heart"
Transliteration: "Hāto o Tsukame" (Japanese: ハートをつかめ) | Yū Kō | Tatsuhiko Urahata | Kenji Yoshioka | 27 December 1989 (1989-12-27) |
| 8 | "Terror of Girly-Eyes Measles"
Transliteration: "Otome Bashika no Kyōfu" (Japanese: 乙女ばしかの恐怖) | *Directed by*: Shigeto Makino
*Storyboarded by*: Yū Kō | Hidehiro Fujiwara | Atsushi Shigeta & Shin'ichi Imakuma | 21 June 1991 (1991-06-21) |
| 9 | "Date with a Spirit"
Transliteration: "Reikon to Dēto" (Japanese: 霊魂とデート) | Makoto Moriwaki | Tatsuhiko Urahata | Atsushi Shigeta | 21 June 1991 (1991-06-21) |
| 10 | "The Obstacle Course Swim Meet"
Transliteration: "Za Shōgaibutsu Suiei Taikai" (Japanese: THE 障害物水泳大会) | *Directed by*: Toru Kitahata
*Storyboarded by*: Yoshitomo Yonetani | Michiko Yokote | Tsukasa Dokite | 23 December 2008 (2008-12-23) |

**Sources:**

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Urusei Yatsura | |
| --- | --- |
| Artwork for the Japanese Blu-Ray *Urusei Yatsura* film series box set | |
| うる星やつら | |
| Genre |  |
| Anime film | |
| *Only You* | |
| Directed by | Mamoru Oshii |
| Written by | Tomoko Konparu |
| Music by | Katsu Hoshi |
| Studio | Studio Pierrot |
| Licensed by |  |
| Released | February 13, 1983 |
| Runtime | 101 minutes |
| Anime film | |
| *Beautiful Dreamer* | |
| Directed by | Mamoru Oshii |
| Written by | Mamoru Oshii |
| Music by | Masaru Hoshi |
| Studio | Studio Pierrot |
| Licensed by | * NA: Discotek Media |
| Released | February 11, 1984 |
| Runtime | 96 minutes |
| Anime film | |
| *Remember My Love* | |
| Directed by | Kazuo Yamazaki |
| Written by | Tomoko Konparu |
| Music by | Mickey Yoshino |
| Studio | Studio Deen |
| Licensed by | * NA: Discotek Media * UK: MVM Films |
| Released | January 26, 1985 |
| Runtime | 93 minutes |
| Anime film | |
| *Lum the Forever* | |
| Directed by | Kazuo Yamazaki |
| Written by | Toshiki Inoue |
| Music by | Bun Itakura |
| Studio | Studio Deen |
| Licensed by | * NA: Discotek Media * UK: MVM Films |
| Released | February 22, 1986 |
| Runtime | 94 minutes |
| Original video animation | |
| *Making of Urusei Yatsura 4: Lum the Forever* | |
| Directed by | Kazuo Yamazaki |
| Studio | Studio Deen |
| Licensed by | * NA: Discotek Media * UK: MVM Films |
| Released | February 15, 1986 |
| Runtime | 45 minutes |
| Anime film | |
| *The Final Chapter* | |
| Directed by | Satoshi Dezaki |
| Written by | Tomoko Konparu |
| Music by | Toshiyuki Omori |
| Studio | Magic Bus |
| Licensed by | * NA: Discotek Media * UK: MVM Films |
| Released | February 6, 1988 |
| Runtime | 86 minutes |
| Anime film | |
| *Always, My Darling* | |
| Directed by | Katsuhisa Yamada |
| Written by | Hideo Takayashiki |
| Music by | Mitsuru Kotaki |
| Studio | Madhouse |
| Licensed by | * NA: Discotek Media * UK: MVM Films |
| Released | August 18, 1991 |
| Runtime | 77 minutes |
| Original video animation | |
| Studio | * Magic Bus (#1–5) * Madhouse (#6–9) * Sunrise (#10) |
| Licensed by | * NA: Discotek Media (excluding OVA 10) |
| Released | July 18, 1987  December 23, 2008 |
| Episodes | 10 |


title: Marian Apartments (Griffin, Georgia)

abstract: The Marian Apartments in Griffin, Georgia, at 400 W. Poplar St., were built in 1919 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It was the first building in Griffin to rent out luxury apartments. The building was deemed significant "as an excellent example of an early 20th-century Renaissance Revival-style apartment building designed with luxury "flats" that incorporated modern amenities and were large enough for families. Designed to attract affluent tenants, the Marian incorporated sunrooms and balconies for fresh air and sunlight, white-tile bathrooms, modern kitchens, wood floors, electric lights, and steam heat. The apartments, designed by Atlanta architect Alexander F. N. Everett, are typical of apartments designed in Atlanta in the 191Os and 1920s." The building was designed by architect Alexander F.N. Everett in Renaissance Revival style.

text:
# Marian Apartments (Griffin, Georgia)

The **Marian Apartments** in Griffin, Georgia, at 400 W. Poplar St., were built in 1919 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

It was the first building in Griffin to rent out luxury apartments. The building was deemed significant "as an excellent example of an early 20th-century Renaissance Revival-style apartment building designed with luxury "flats" that incorporated modern amenities and were large enough for families. Designed to attract affluent tenants, the Marian incorporated sunrooms and balconies for fresh air and sunlight, white-tile bathrooms, modern kitchens, wood floors, electric lights, and steam heat. The apartments, designed by Atlanta architect Alexander F. N. Everett, are typical of apartments designed in Atlanta in the 191Os and 1920s."

The building was designed by architect Alexander F.N. Everett in Renaissance Revival style.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Marian Apartments | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 400 W. Poplar St., Griffin, Georgia |
| Coordinates | 33°14′44″N 84°16′09″W / 33.24556°N 84.26917°W / 33.24556; -84.26917 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1919 |
| Architect | Alexander F.N. Everett |
| Architectural style | Renaissance |
| NRHP reference No. | 07000936 |
| Added to NRHP | September 10, 2007 |


title: Herold, South Africa

abstract: Herold is a hamlet in George Municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is located at the northern end of Montagu Pass, halfway between George (city) and Oudtshoorn. Herold and Herolds Bay were both named for Tobias Johannes Herold, the Dutch Reformed minister at George from 1812 to 1823. The N9 national road runs to the north of the hamlet.

text:
# Herold, South Africa

**Herold** is a hamlet in George Municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is located at the northern end of Montagu Pass, halfway between George (city) and Oudtshoorn. Herold and Herolds Bay were both named for Tobias Johannes Herold, the Dutch Reformed minister at George from 1812 to 1823. The N9 national road runs to the north of the hamlet.

## School and church

In 1933 a local farmer donated land to the De Villiers congregation of the Dutch Reformed Mission Church. The local community then single-handedly established the United Reformed Church and the Franken Primary School on site. In 2020, the school had 330 learners that received instruction up to grade 9. In 2020 however, on the recommendation of consultants, Reverend David Elias announced that the school will be sold, a move to which many community members were opposed. The community also complained about actions which led to interruptions in the school's electricity, water and heat supply.

## InfoBox

| Herold | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| HeroldHerold | |
| Coordinates: 33°49′59″S 22°27′00″E / 33.833°S 22.45°E / -33.833; 22.45 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Western Cape |
| District | Garden Route |
| Municipality | George |
| Population | |
| Total | 1,669 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| PO box | 6615 |


title: First Florescu cabinet

text:
# First Florescu cabinet

The first cabinet of Ion Emanuel Florescu was the government of Romania from 4 April to 26 April 1876.

## Ministers

Cabinet ministers were:

* **President of the Council of Ministers**:

* **Minister of the Interior**:

* Gen. Ion Emanuel Florescu (4 April - 26 April 1876)
* **Minister of Foreign Affairs**:

* **Minister of Finance**:

* **Minister of Justice**:

* **Minister of War**:

* Gen. Ion Emanuel Florescu (4 April - 26 April 1876)
* **Minister of Religious Affairs and Public Instruction**:

* **Minister of Public Works**:


title: Przezwody, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Przezwody is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Proszowice, within Proszowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) east of Proszowice and 34 km (21 mi) north-east of the regional capital Kraków.

text:
# Przezwody, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

**Przezwody** \[pʂɛzˈvɔdɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Proszowice, within Proszowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) east of Proszowice and 34 km (21 mi) north-east of the regional capital Kraków.

## InfoBox

| Przezwody | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Przezwody | |
| Coordinates: 50°12′N 20°21′E / 50.200°N 20.350°E / 50.200; 20.350 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Proszowice |
| Gmina | Proszowice |


title: Panic selling

abstract: Panic selling is a large-scale selling of an investment that causes a sharp decline in prices. Specifically, an investor wants to sell an investment with little regard to the price obtained. The sale is problematic because the investor is reacting to emotion and fear, rather than evaluating the fundamentals. Today, most major stock exchanges use trading curbs to throttle panic selling, provide a cooling period for people to digest information, and restore some degree of normality to the market.

text:
# Panic selling

**Panic selling** is a large-scale selling of an investment that causes a sharp decline in prices. Specifically, an investor wants to sell an investment with little regard to the price obtained. The sale is problematic because the investor is reacting to emotion and fear, rather than evaluating the fundamentals.

Today, most major stock exchanges use trading curbs to throttle panic selling, provide a cooling period for people to digest information, and restore some degree of normality to the market.

## Causes

The panic is typically the "fear that the market for a particular industry, or in general, will decline, causing additional losses." Panic selling causes the market to be flooded with securities, properties or commodities that are being sold at lower prices, which further stumbles prices and induces even more selling. Here are common causes for the panic:

* High speculation in market (e.g. Dubai housing crash in 2009)
* Economic instability (e.g. financial crisis in 2008)
* Political issues

## Examples

### Stock market crash of 1929

After World War I, the United States experienced significant economic growth that was fueled by new technologies and improved production processes. Industrial production output increased 25% between the years 1927 and 1929. In late October 1929, the decline began in the market and led to panic selling as more investors were unwilling to risk additional losses. The market sharply declined and was followed by the Great Depression.

### Financial crisis of 2008

The mortgage crisis led to public concern over the ability of financial institutions to cover their exposures in the subprime loan market and credit default swaps. As more financial institutions such as Lehman Brothers and AIG reported their failures, the market instability deepened and more investors withdrew their investments. In October, the stock market crash occurred. Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 1,874 points or 18.1% during Black Week which began on October 6. In that same month, S&P 500 and the Nasdaq Composite reached their lowest level since 2003.

### Dubai housing crash of 2009

Dubai had a significant financial crisis in which its debt accumulated to $80 billion. The state-owned holding company, Dubai World, had liabilities of $60 billion. Its real estate subsidy was at risk to default on repayment of bonds, yet the Dubai government was unsuccessful to make a rescue package for the company. The debt problem of Dubai World triggered mass speculation in the property market. In the first quarter of 2009, house prices in Dubai fell 41%.

### Gold price plunge

Many people invest in gold primarily as a hedge against inflation in periods of economic uncertainty. During the second quarter of 2011, the gold price hiked 22.69% and reached its highest price, at $1907. On September 23, 2011, the gold price plunged $101.90, or 5.9%, in regular trading, which was the first $100 daily price drop since January 22, 1980. The gold price had reached its top, but the global economy was declining. Investors had a growing concern in the global economic decline, and fear were raised of potential price fall. Panic selling occurred in the gold market and caused the price to plunge.


title: Pantanodon

abstract: Pantanodon is a genus of poeciliids native to East Africa and Madagascar.

text:
# Pantanodon

***Pantanodon*** is a genus of poeciliids native to East Africa and Madagascar.

## Species

There are currently two recognized species in this genus:

## InfoBox

| *Pantanodon* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cyprinodontiformes |
| Family: | Poeciliidae |
| Subfamily: | Procatopodinae |
| Tribe: | Procatopodini |
| Genus: | *Pantanodon*
G. S. Myers, 1955 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pantanodon podoxys*
Myers 1955 | |


title: Papiernia, Ostrów Wielkopolski County

abstract: Papiernia is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Odolanów, within Ostrów Wielkopolski County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

text:
# Papiernia, Ostrów Wielkopolski County

**Papiernia** \[paˈpjɛrɲa\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Odolanów, within Ostrów Wielkopolski County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Papiernia | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Papiernia | |
| Coordinates: 51°34′39″N 17°46′05″E / 51.57750°N 17.76806°E / 51.57750; 17.76806 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Ostrów Wielkopolski |
| Gmina | Odolanów |


title: Paradysderina

abstract: Paradysderina is a genus of spiders in the family Oonopidae. It was first described in 2011 by Platnick & Dupérré. As of 2017, it contains 54 species from South America.

text:
# Paradysderina

***Paradysderina*** is a genus of spiders in the family Oonopidae. It was first described in 2011 by Platnick & Dupérré. As of 2017, it contains 54 species from South America.

## Species

*Paradysderina* comprises the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Paradysderina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Oonopidae |
| Genus: | *Paradysderina*
Dupérré |
|
| Type species | |
| *Paradysderina watrousi*
 | |
| Species | |
| 54, see text | |


title: Parafodina inscripta

abstract: Parafodina inscripta is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Arnold Pagenstecher in 1907. It is found in southwest Madagascar. It has an expansion of 25 mm.

text:
# Parafodina inscripta

***Parafodina inscripta*** is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Arnold Pagenstecher in 1907. It is found in southwest Madagascar.

It has an expansion of 25 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Parafodina inscripta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Calpinae |
| Genus: | *Parafodina* |
| Species: | ***P. inscripta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Parafodina inscripta***<br>(Pagenstecher, 1907 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bryophila inscripta* Pagenstecher, 1907 | |


title: Paraflabellina ischitana

abstract: Paraflabellina ischitana is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Flabellinidae.

text:
# Paraflabellina ischitana

***Paraflabellina ischitana*** is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Flabellinidae.

## Etymology

The name *ischitana* means from Ischia, the island from where this nudibranch was first named.

## Distribution

This species is found in Mediterranean waters around Spain in such locations as Costa Brava, and in the Tyrrhenian Sea, especially around Ischia (hence the species Latin name).

## Habitat

*Paraflabellina ischitana* usually can be found in shallow water, but it can also reach depths of 35 m.

## Description

This species can grow to a length of approximately 4 cm and is mostly purple-violet in colour. It has opaque white-tipped certa, rhinophores, and oral tentacles. The rhinophores are annulate. Due to the somewhat transparent skin of the ceras, the branches of the digestive gland are visible, and appear as red-orange.

## Similar species

*Paraflabellina ischitana* is often confused with *Flabellina affinis*, but can be distinguished as follows:

* *Paraflabellina ischitana*: the ceratal surface has no purple-violet colouration and is translucent;
* *Flabellina affinis*: the digestive gland is not visible as the area beneath the subapical white ring is opaque;

*Paraflabellina ischitana* is also similar to *Edmundsella pedata*, but they can be distinguished on the basis of their rhinophores:

* *Paraflabellina ischitana* has annulate rhinophore
* *Edmundsella pedata* has smooth or papillate rhinophores

## Biology

This nudibranch likely eats hydroids of the genus *Eudendrium* (*Eudendrium racemosum* and *Eudendrium glomeratum*) as its main food source.

Like other nudibranchs, this species is hermaphrodite. Mating occurs in late spring. The egg case is whitish or reddish, with thousands of eggs of about 70 microns. The nudibranch places the egg case on the branches of hydrozoa.

## Bibliography

* Egidio Trainito, Nudibranchi del Mediterraneo. Guida al riconoscimento dei molluschi opistobranchi, 2005ª ed., Milano, Il Castello, 2005, ISBN 88-8039-438-X.
* Gary R. McDonald, University of California Santa Cruz - Nudibranch Systematic Index, University of California Santa Cruz - Institute of Marine Sciences

## InfoBox

| *Paraflabellina ischitana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Heterobranchia
clade Euthyneura
clade Nudipleura
clade Nudibranchia
clade Dexiarchia
clade Cladobranchia

clade Aeolidida |
| Superfamily: | Flabellinoidea |
| Family: | Flabellinidae |
| Genus: | *Paraflabellina* |
| Species: | ***P. ischitana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paraflabellina ischitana***
Hirano & Thompson, 1990 | |
|


title: Paolo Valore

abstract: Paolo Valore is an Italian philosopher and academic who deals with metaphysics, general ontology and the ontological implications of formal theories. He is also interested in projects of artificial languages and auxiliary languages.

text:
# Paolo Valore

**Paolo Valore** (Milan, 10 June 1972) is an Italian philosopher and academic who deals with metaphysics, general ontology and the ontological implications of formal theories. He is also interested in projects of artificial languages and auxiliary languages.

## Studies and research

Graduated in Philosophy in 1997 at University of Milan, in 2000 he obtained his PhD with a study on  *Reference, representation and reality in Hilary Putnam* . After a year of specialization at King's College London, in 2002 he became researcher at the Department of Philosophy of the University of Milan, where he taught History of contemporary philosophy. His first production was mainly devoted to studies on nineteenth and twentieth century philosophy and the rehabilitation of a neo transcendentalist perspective especially in metaphysics. He participated in the founding group of magazine  *Problemata. Quaderni di Filosofia* , of which he was editor in chief.

Since 2004, when the faculty of Industrial Engineering of the Politecnico di Milano entrusted him with a course in "Truth and correspondence theory", his research has shifted to increasingly theoretical themes, linked to analytic philosophy, metaphysics and analytic ontology. In 2006 he organized and curated the project  *Topics on general and formal ontology* , which took shape in the homonymous volume. He then becomes professor aggregate of History of Contemporary Metaphysics at the University of Milan, of Theoretical Philosophy at the Polytechnic with courses dedicated to formal ontology and, in 2010–2011, of Philosophy of Social Objects (social ontology) at the Luigi Bocconi Commercial University in Milan.

In 2010 he founded with Massimo Rizzardini and Federico Gobbo the multilingual newspaper  *InKoj. Interlingvistikaj Kajeroj*, free access journal of "study and academic discussion on artificial languages", of which he is director. He was a member of the international research group EUROCORES (European Collaborative Research) funded by the European Science Foundation and since 2010 he is the head of the project "Classical Paradigms and Theoretical Foundations in Contemporary Research on Formal and Material Ontology ”for the EuroScholars USA (European Undergraduates Research Opportunities) program. In 2011 he worked in the United States, at the Philosophy Department of New York University, on his formal ontology research project for which he won a sponsorship Fulbright in the Fulbright Visiting Scholar category. He collaborates with the  *History of Philosophy Magazine* , is in the scientific committee of the magazines  *Materials of Aesthetics* ,  *Italian Review of Analytical Philosophy Junior*  and  *Multilingualism and Society*  and is director of the series of philosophy "Biblioteca di Problemata" (LED publisher of Milan) and "Ratio. Studies and texts of contemporary philosophy" (Polimetrica publisher of Monza).

## Main publications

### Monographs

* *Trascendentale e idea di ragione. Studio sulla fenomenologia banfiana*, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1999. ISBN 88-221-3282-3.
* *Rappresentazione, riferimento e realtà. Studio su Hilary Putnam*, Torino, Thélème, 2001. ISBN 88-87419-36-1.
* *L'inventario del mondo. Guida allo studio dell'ontologia*, Torino, Utet, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6008-214-5.
* *La sentenza di Isacco. Come dire la verità senza essere realisti*, Milano-Udine, Mimesis, 2012. ISBN 978-88-575-1231-0.
* *Fundamentals of Ontological Commitment*, Berlin, de Gruyter, 2016. ISBN 978-3-11-045845-9.

### Curated books

* Antonio Banfi, *Platone. Lezioni 1937-38* (a cura di Paolo Valore), Milano, Unicopli, 2000. ISBN 88-400-0623-0.
* Paolo Valore (a cura di), *Forma dat esse rei. Studi su razionalità e ontologia*, Milano, Led, 2003. ISBN 88-7916-215-2.
* Paolo Valore (a cura di), *Ars experientiam recte intelligendi. Saggi filosofici*, Monza, Polimetrica, 2004. ISBN 88-7699-009-7.
* Willard Van Orman Quine, *Da un punto di vista logico. Saggi logico-filosofici* (edizione italiana di *From a logical point of view* a cura di Paolo Valore, con presentazione di Giulio Giorello e Renato Pettoello), Milano, Raffaello Cortina, 2004. ISBN 88-7078-885-7.
* Paolo Valore (a cura di), *Topics on General and Formal Ontology*, Monza, Polimetrica, 2006. ISBN 978-88-7699-028-1 (ISBN 978-88-7699-029-8 come eBook).
* Paolo Valore (a cura di), *Materiali per lo studio dei linguaggi artificiali nel Novecento*, Milano, Cuem, 2006. ISBN 978-88-6001-092-6.
* Simona Chiodo e Paolo Valore (a cura di), *Questioni di metafisica contemporanea*, Milano, Il Castoro, 2007. ISBN 978-88-8033-394-4.
* Renato Pettoello e Paolo Valore (a cura di), *Willard Van Orman Quine*, Milano, Franco Angeli, 2009. ISBN 978-88-568-0720-2. Pubblicato contemporaneamente anche come numero monografico della *Rivista di storia della filosofia*, n. 1, 2009, per il centenario della nascita di Quine.
* Paolo Valore e Federico Gobbo (a cura di), *Artificial Languages. Themes in linguistics and philosophy*, Monaco di Baviera, Grin Verlag, 2010. ISBN 978-3-640-64607-4 (ISBN 978-3-640-64599-2 come eBook). Pubblicato anche, con il titolo *Interlinguistica e filosofia dei linguaggi artificiali*, come numero monografico per la prima uscita del giornale accademico multilingue *InKoj. Interlingvistikaj Kajeroj*.
* Paolo Valore (a cura di), *Multilingualism. Language, Power, and Knowledge*, Pisa, Edistudio, 2011. ISBN 978-88-7036-809-3.

### University lecture notes

* *La categoria di sostanza in Aristotele*, Milano, Cuem, 1999. ISBN 88-6001-658-4.
* *Introduzione al dibattito contemporaneo sulla distinzione tra analitico e sintetico*, Milano. Cuem, 2000. ISBN 88-6001-692-4.
* *Questioni di ontologia quineana*, Milano, Cusl, 2001. ISBN 88-8132-227-7.
* *La struttura logico-analitica dell'ontologia herbartiana*, Milano, Cusl, 2002. ISBN 88-8132-531-4. Nuova edizione corretta e aggiornata: 2008, ISBN 978-88-8132-555-9.
* *Laboratorio di ontologia analitica*, Milano, Cusl, 2003. ISBN 88-8132-266-8.
* *Verità e teoria della corrispondenza*, Milano, Cusl, 2004. ISBN 88-8132-345-1.
* *Philosophy of Social Objects*, Milano, Bocconi, 2011.

### Bibliographies

* *Ontologia*, Milano, Unicopli, 2004. ISBN 88-400-0986-8.
* *Verità*, Milano, Unicopli, 2005. ISBN 88-400-0937-X.

### Essays and articles

* "How to Consider the Twin Earth Experiment", in *Acme*, 57 (2004), pp. 307–311.
* "Idealizzazione della verità e coerentismo. Due perplessità sul realismo della 'seconda ingenuità'", in *Iride. Filosofia e discussione pubblica*, 41 (2004), pp. 220–226.
* "La 'posizione' esistenziale e il giudizio ipotetico nell'ontologia herbartiana: il caso degli oggetti inesistenti", in S. Poggi (a cura di), *Natura umana e individualità psichica. Scienza, filosofia e religione in Italia e Germania tra Ottocento e Novecento*, Milano, Unicopli, 2004, pp. 99–138. ISBN 978-88-400-0922-3
* "Sull'idea di una logica trascendentale", in *Chora. Laboratorio di attualità, scrittura e cultura filosofica*, n. 10, anno 4 (2005), pp. 18–20.
* "Alcune note sull'attualità dell'ontologia nella filosofia contemporanea più recente", in Paolo Valore (a cura di), *Forma dat esse rei...*, cit., pp. 7–11.
* "L'interpretazione semantica del trascendentale e l'ontologia del mondo reale in Giulio Preti", in Paolo Valore (a cura di), *Forma dat esse rei...*, cit., pp. 193–208.
* "Il mestiere antico e nuovo del filosofo", in *la Repubblica*, 28 febbraio 2004, p. XII (sezione Milano).
* "Lógica e Ontologia no confronto entre Bertrand Russell e Hugh MacColl acerca dos objectos inexistentes", in *Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia*, 63 (2007), pp. 415–429.
* "Fisica e geometria come modelli di lavoro per l'ontologia. Un'interpretazione del metodo delle relazioni”, in Paolo Valore (a cura di), *Ars experientiam...*, cit., pp. 157–169.
* "General and formal ontology", in Paolo Valore (a cura di), *Topics on...*, cit., pp. 11–13.
* "Some ontological remarks on The maxim of identification of indiscernibles", in Paolo Valore (a cura di), *Topics on...*, cit., pp. 67–76.
* Simona Chiodo e Paolo Valore, "Dall'epistolario di Giulio Preti ad Antonio Banfi", in Simona Chiodo e Gabriele Scaramuzza (a cura di), *Ad Antonio Banfi cinquant'anni dopo*, Milano, Unicopli, 2007, pp. 53–62. ISBN 978-88-400-1200-1.
* "Due tipi di parsimonia. Alcune considerazioni sul costruttivismo e il nominalismo ontologico", in Elio Franzini e Marcello La Matina (a cura di), *Nelson Goodman, la filosofia e i linguaggi*, Macerata, Quodlibet. 2008, pp. 157–168. ISBN 978-88-7462-179-8.
* "Cosa c'è che non va nell'idea di una lingua cosmica. Il caso del LINCOS di Freudenthal", in *Multilingusimo e Società*, 2010, pp. 67–76
* "Nothing is part of everything", in *Giornale di filosofia*, Ontologie/8 (2012): giornaledifilosofia.net

1. The journal can be consulted on the specific website of index.php / inkoj / index University of Milan.
2. Volume recensito da Massimo Dell'Utri sulla rivista *Iride. Filosofia e discussione pubblica*, n. 37, dicembre 2002, pp. 675-676.
3. Volume recensito da Giuliana Mancuso sulla rivista web *Secretum on line. Scienze, saperi, forme di cultura*, n. 13, 9 aprile 2009 e da Elena Marazzi sulla *Rivista di filosofia neoscolastica*, n. 1, 2010, pp. 209-211.
4. Volume recensito da Conrad Gesner Jr. sulla rivista *Belfagor. Rassegna di varia umanità*, n. 56, 2001, pp. 119-120.
5. Volume recensito da Matteo Bianchetti sulla rivista *Chora. Laboratorio di attualità, scrittura e cultura filosofica*, n. 10, 2005.
6. Volume recensito da: Valeria Giardino sulla *Rivista di filosofia*, n. 3, dicembre 2004, pp. 531-532; nell'articolo "Tra i cavalli alati e la realtà", su *Il manifesto* del 10 giugno 2004, p. 14; Luisa Morra in *L'indice dei libri del mese*, 2004; Francesco Armezzani su *SWIF* del febbraio 2005 Archived 2006-05-16 at the Wayback Machine.
7. Volume recensito dal professor Renato Corsetti sulla rivista *L'esperanto. Revuo de itala esperanto-federacio*, n. 2, 2007, pp. 17-18.
8. Volume recensito da Elena Marazzi sulla rivista web *Secretum on line. Scienze, saperi, forme di cultura*, n. 19, 28 maggio 2009.
9. Consultabile on line.
10. Si tratta di un eBook accessibile solo con password.
11. Si tratta di una replica critica all'articolo di Patrizia Valduga "Trentuno filosofi all'anagrafe", pubblicato su *la Repubblica* del 20 febbraio 2004, p. I (sezione Milano).

## InfoBox

| Paolo Valore | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1972-06-10)10 June 1972<br>Milan, Lombardy, Italy |
| Alma mater | University of Milan |
|  | |
| Era | 20th-/21st-century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| Main interests | metaphysics (ontology) general and the ontological implications of formal theories. Projects of artificial languages and auxiliary languages |
|  | |


title: Paralam

abstract: Paralam is a village in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India.

text:
# Paralam

**Paralam**  is a village in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Paralam had a population of 7189 with 3525 males and 3664 females.

Banks State Bank of India-Kodannur South India Bank -Ammadam

## InfoBox

| Paralam | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| ParalamLocation in Kerala, IndiaParalamParalam (India) | |
| Coordinates: 10°27′34″N 76°11′41″E / 10.4594000°N 76.194820°E / 10.4594000; 76.194820 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Thrissur |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 7,189 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 6805xx |
| Vehicle registration | KL-08-xx-xxxx |


title: Feige 55

abstract: Feige 55 is a hot white dwarf approximately 650 light-years away from the Sun in the constellation of Ursa Major. The star is likely a post-AGB star with relatively high luminosity for a standard white dwarf. It is also in a close binary system with orbital period of 1.4933 days.

text:
# Feige 55

**Feige 55** is a hot white dwarf approximately 650 light-years away from the Sun in the constellation of Ursa Major. The star is likely a post-AGB star with relatively high luminosity for a standard white dwarf. It is also in a close binary system with orbital period of 1.4933 days.

## InfoBox

Feige 55
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Ursa Major |
|
| Right ascension | 12h 04m 38.5357s |
| Declination | +60° 32 08.0865 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | +13.45 |
| Characteristics | |
|
| Spectral type | DAO+M5.5V |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −54.744±0.065 mas/yr
Dec.: −34.855±0.061 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 5.0141 ± 0.0419 mas |
| **Distance** | 650 ± 5 ly
(199 ± 2 pc) |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 0.486/0.3 |
| **Radius** | 0.0345/0.33? |
| **Luminosity** | 10.7/0.0079 |
| **Temperature** | 56,300/3000? |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| Gaia DR2 1582231699483080192, WD 1202+608, 2MASS J12043856+6032082 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Feigeana

abstract: Feigeana is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Roccellaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species Feigeana socotrana, first reported from Yemen in 1995. The genus name of Feigeana is in honour of Guido Benno Feige, a German botanist and also Professor of Botany in Essen. He also established the Botanical Garden of the University of Duisburg-Essen. The genus was circumscribed by Bruno A. Mies, Helge Thorsten Lumbsch and Anders Gunnar Tehler in Mycotaxon Vol.54 on page 156 in 1995.

text:
# Feigeana

***Feigeana*** is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Roccellaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single species ***Feigeana socotrana***, first reported from Yemen in 1995.

The genus name of *Feigeana* is in honour of Guido Benno Feige (1937 - 2007), a German botanist (Lichenology and Mycology) and also Professor of Botany in Essen. He also established the Botanical Garden of the University of Duisburg-Essen.

The genus was circumscribed by Bruno A. Mies, Helge Thorsten Lumbsch and Anders Gunnar Tehler in Mycotaxon Vol.54 on page 156 in 1995.

## InfoBox

| *Feigeana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Arthoniomycetes |
| Order: | Arthoniales |
| Family: | Roccellaceae |
| Genus: | *Feigeana*
Mies, Lumbsch & Tehler (1995) |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Feigeana socotrana***
Mies, Lumbsch & Tehler (1995) | |


abstract: The February 9–11, 2017 North American blizzard was a fast-moving but powerful blizzard that affected the Northeastern United States with winter weather in the time span of February 8–9. Forming as an Alberta clipper in the northern United States, the system initially produced light snowfall from the Midwest to the Ohio Valley as it tracked southeastwards. It eventually reached the East Coast of the United States and began to rapidly grow into a powerful nor'easter. Up to 18 inches (46 cm) of snow as well as blizzard conditions were recorded in some of the hardest hit areas before the system moved away from the coastline early on February 10. Prior to the blizzard, unprecedented and record-breaking warmth had enveloped the region, with record highs of above 60 °F (16 °C) recorded in several areas, including Central Park in New York City. Some were caught off guard by the warmth and had little time to prepare for the snowstorm, with some meteorologists calling the extreme weather changes "unprecedented".

text:
# February 9–11, 2017 North American blizzard

The **February 9–11, 2017 North American blizzard** was a fast-moving but powerful blizzard that affected the Northeastern United States with winter weather in the time span of February 8–9. Forming as an Alberta clipper in the northern United States, the system initially produced light snowfall from the Midwest to the Ohio Valley as it tracked southeastwards. It eventually reached the East Coast of the United States and began to rapidly grow into a powerful nor'easter. Up to 18 inches (46 cm) of snow as well as blizzard conditions were recorded in some of the hardest hit areas before the system moved away from the coastline early on February 10.

Prior to the blizzard, unprecedented and record-breaking warmth had enveloped the region, with record highs of above 60 °F (16 °C) recorded in several areas, including Central Park in New York City. Some were caught off guard by the warmth and had little time to prepare for the snowstorm, with some meteorologists calling the extreme weather changes "unprecedented".

## Meteorological history

On February 6, an Alberta clipper developed near the Canada–United States border and dove southeastwards. With relatively little moisture to supply it, initial snowfall totals in the Plains and Midwest were light, ranging from 1–3 inches (2.5–7.6 cm). The system quickly advanced eastwards through the heart of the country, and by 18:00 UTC on February 8, a surface low had developed over the ArkansasTennessee state border. This low would become the dominant low of the system as it continued towards the Northeastern United States, while also producing light to moderate snow across the Ohio Valley since there was enough cold air in place from a departing storm system. As the clipper system neared the tri-state area, it began to steadily intensify and produce more moderate and heavy snow while beginning to make the transition into a nor'easter.

By 09–12:00 UTC on February 9, the low had begun to move just offshore near the Delaware coastline. As very heavy snow bands (with snowfall rates of 2–4 inches (5.1–10.2 cm) in some spots) set up offshore, forecasters noted that the low was likely to rapidly deepen – or in meteorological terms, bomb out – due to the temperature contrast between the cold air to its north and moisture feeding into the storm from the warm waters of the Gulf Stream. Indeed, the storm had undergone this process, meeting the criteria for bombogenesis, with the central pressure dropping from 1,005 millibars (29.7 inHg) at 18:00 UTC on February 8 to 977 millibars (28.9 inHg) by 18:00 UTC on February 9 while it was offshore the New Jersey coastline. Snow slowly began to subside in areas such as eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey. The storm system was absorbed by another system forming off the coast of Greenland on February 11.

## Preparations and impact

On February 8, winter storm warnings were issued for much of the Northeast, including a blizzard warning for parts of Long Island. More than 2,400 flights were cancelled across the affected regions.

### New York

On February 8, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that schools in New York City would be closed the following day, due to the impending snowstorm. Advising residents to stay indoors and stay off the roads, Sanitation Commissioner Kathryn Garcia stated, "This will be a very dangerous storm. Luckily it’s not likely to last very long, only a few hours, but during the period of time that it’s coming down it’ll be extraordinarily difficult to drive. So I want to encourage everyone who can take mass transit to please do that." To also avoid a disaster that had happened the year before where several residents were trapped even after the snow subsided due to plows being unable to access certain roads, several smaller equipment and trucks were bought in order to plow the streets in the aftermath. About 2,300 salt spreaders and plows were prepared to plow the streets as of early February 9.

Regarding the sudden change from record-high temperatures to a snowstorm, Mayor Bill de Blasio cited that it was "unlike anything \[I've\] seen in my life. What almost feels like a summer day almost, now, and tomorrow a blizzard."

Slick roads were responsible for two jackknifed MTA buses early on February 9 in Manhattan, however no injuries were reported. In Long Island, a tractor trailer was involved in an accident with multiple vehicles. No injuries were reported. Blizzard-like conditions were also observed in areas mainly near the freeways such as Interstate 95.

One death was confirmed when a 59-year old doorman slipped and fell through a glass door in New York City on East 93rd Street, causing injuries to his face and neck. He was rushed to the hospital where he was pronounced dead.

### Connecticut

Interstate 95 was shut down in both directions on February 9 due to reports of several vehicles stuck on both sides of the road. The Connecticut State Police advised residents on Twitter to "please stay home if possible". Bradley International Airport also closed due to the snowstorm, as well as several transit services being temporarily suspended. Bradley International Airport realized their 4th snowiest calendar day on record with 15.5 inches (39 cm) of snow.

On Interstate 95, multiple sections were also closed due to one report of a jackknifed tractor trailer in West Haven early on February 9. The cause of the crash has not yet been determined. Another section was closed due to a three-vehicle accident on the southbound lanes of the Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge.

### Rhode Island

A state legislative meeting between Representatives and Senators was reportedly cancelled as well as all legislative meetings on February 9. Travel and parking bans were also put into place in many towns, including Providence, as well as the cancellations of most schools.

Blizzard conditions were recorded in at least four locations in Rhode Island, including Block Island, North Smithfield, Providence, and Westerly. The criteria for blizzard conditions are met when falling and/or blowing snow drops visibility to 0.25 mi (0.40 km) or less, and sustained winds reach at least 35 mph (56 km/h) for at least three hours.

### Massachusetts

Schools in Boston were closed because of the storms. Governor Charlie Baker announced on February 8 a two-hour delay for any non-emergency state employees, in order for crews to quickly treat roads and respond to any crashes that occur.

Blizzard conditions were recorded in at least eight locations in Massachusetts, including Beverly, Boston, Chatham, Hyannis, Marshfield, Martha's Vineyard, New Bedford, and Provincetown.

### New Jersey

Late on February 8, Governor Chris Christie announced that all state offices would be closed due to the snowstorm, advising workers to stay home. Many schools were also closed as well.

By mid-day on February 9, state police had informed news outlets that they had responded to around 145 crashes since midnight. A 45 mph (72 km/h) speed limit was implemented on the Garden State Parkway from exit 125 to the northern state line. Transit services were also suspended.

### Pennsylvania

In Philadelphia, a snow emergency was declared late on February 8, stating that all parked cars had to be moved off the affected areas. Snow across the Philadelphia metropolitan area was less than anticipated.

### Canada

In Atlantic Canada, accumulations of snow were reported between 10 and 30 centimetres (4 and 12 in) on February 9 and 10th with the maximum axis along Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Western Newfoundland.

## InfoBox

February 9–11, 2017 North American blizzard
| Category 1 "Notable" (RSI/NOAA: 2.154) | |
| --- | --- |
| The blizzard rapidly deepening just offshore of the Northeastern United States on February 9 | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Type | Extratropical cyclone
Winter storm
Bomb cyclone
Nor'easter
Blizzard |
| Formed | February 6, 2017 (2017-02-06) |
| Dissipated | February 11, 2017 (2017-02-11) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Highest winds |  |
| Highest gust | 70 mph (110 km/h) 2 mi (3 km) NE of Hyannis, Massachusetts |
| Lowest pressure | 969 mb (28.61 inHg) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Maximum snowfall
or ice accretion | 24.0 in (61 cm) near Cooper, Maine |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Fatalities | 1 death |
| Damage | Unknown |
| Power outages | 80,000+ |
| Areas affected | Central Plains, Midwest, Ohio Valley, Northeast (Mid-Atlantic states, especially the New England states), Atlantic Canada, Greenland |
| Part of the **2016–17 North American winter** | |


title: February Album Writing Month

abstract: February Album Writing Month or FAWM is an annual global songwriting challenge. The goal is to compose 14 original musical works during the month of February, roughly one song every other day. The website provides participants, called "fawmers," with weekly songwriting challenges and an online community, including ability to comment on others' work as well as forums for sharing ideas, forming collaborations, overcoming writer's block, or information on where local songwriting meetups. As of July 2023, fawmers have collectively written more than 250,000 songs.

text:
# February Album Writing Month

**February Album Writing Month** or **FAWM** is an annual global songwriting challenge. The goal is to compose 14 original musical works during the month of February, roughly one song every other day. The website provides participants, called "fawmers," with weekly songwriting challenges and an online community, including ability to comment on others' work as well as forums for sharing ideas, forming collaborations, overcoming writer's block, or information on where local songwriting meetups. As of July 2023, fawmers have collectively written more than 250,000 songs.

## History

FAWM began in February 2004 as a personal project of singer-songwriter Burr Settles, who was inspired after completing a short novel for NaNoWriMo. He recruited three friends to join him in attempting to compose 14 new songs during the month. Since all four so-called "fawmers" lived in different time zones, they used a blog to track their progress and encourage one another. Each of them met or surpassed the 14-song goal, with 66 songs total.

Due to expressed interest from songwriters who stumbled upon the FAWM 2004 archive, the challenge was opened up to the public in February 2005 at FAWM.ORG, where the challenge has remained since. Registered users may post demo recordings of their new songs to keep track of their progress and elicit feedback.

In 2008, because of a Leap Year (29 Days), the ante was upped to 14½ songs  the extra half-song being a songwriting collaboration. In the years since, collaborative songwriting has become a staple of the FAWM community.

From 2005 to 2010, the project also produced a compilation CD series, entitled *14 Songs In 28 Days*. Each album documents the corresponding year's FAWM event, and releases were met with critical praise from indie-music magazines such as Wonkavision and PopMatters.

## Genres

Fawmers compose music of all genres and styles, though the most prevalent are folk, indie rock, and singer-songwriter. In order to spur creativity and work outside of ruts, fawmers periodically create new "genres" and challenges, such as:

* **Strangle Disco** \- Dance music usually involving classical music samples
* **Crucio** \- A songwriting game similar to tag
* **Exquisite Corpse** \- A songwriting equivalent of the classic game, wherein one person writes 60 seconds of a song, then passes only the last ten seconds to the next person, who continues the song, and so on.
* **Morphing** \- A songwriting equivalent of the classic game Telephone. Each person in the songwriting chain must write a song based on the previous song, by changing half of it.
* **Explore the core** \- Recording several highly different versions of the same lyrics and chords.
* **Feasting** \- Writing and recording many songs in one session in a short space of time.
* **Auntie Sin** \- Someone writes the antithesis of the first song in the chain, then the next person writes a synthesis of the first two songs, then the next person writes the antithesis of the third song, then the next person writes a synthesis of songs three and four, and so on.
* **Skirmish** \- A title/prompt is announced and songwriters must immediately write a song in the space of the next hour.
* **Fake-It Challenge** \- Participants create a melody for a set of lyrics and accompanying chords (inspired by fake books).
* **Slothcore** \- Ambient music at a very slow tempo; in 2021, fawmers created and released on Bandcamp an album of slothcore music, with proceeds going to sloth conservation efforts.

FAWMers used to keep in contact with each other throughout the year at companion website, www.fawmers.com but it no longer exists. Instead, as of 2022 the fawm.org site is being used throughout the year, both for FAWM and for the summer challenge 50/90 (50 songs in 90 days). The site is wiped in between challenges, so as to get a fresh start each time.

Many fawmers are professional or semi-professional musicians whose FAWM-penned songs have received considerable attention.

A notable example is a three-way collaboration between Jefferson Pitcher, Christian Kiefer, and Matthew Gerken (of the band Nice Monster), who each wrote songs about 14 U.S. presidencies for FAWM 2006 (for a total of 42, saving the then-current President Bush for a later collaboration). The result, titled  *Of Great and Mortal Men: 43 Songs for 43 U.S. Presidencies*  was released as a triple-CD set during the 2008 election season to critical acclaim.

Another notable collaboration is the song "Walkthrough" by fawmers Debs and Errol written during FAWM 2009 and released on their 2012 album *Songs in the Key of Geek*. This geek rock song essentially outlines the steps to win the classic text-based computer game Zork set to ambient alternative rock music. It went viral on the Internet and enjoys a certain notoriety among computer game enthusiasts.

On November 17, 2020, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ridiculed the song "Cold Wind, Warm Breeze, Hot Girls, Cool Dudes" by fawmer Michael Gutierrez-May as part of its "Do Not Play" segment. The song was part of a skirmish (see above) during that year's FAWM, meant only as songwriting exercise, not necessarily intended for official public release. Fallon did not ask permission and has not released an apology, although the video of the segment has since been removed from YouTube.

The FAWM Challenge is popular among participants in other timed artistic challenges, such as NaNoWriMo, Songfight, 50 Songs in 90 Days, Sounds of the Weak, National Solo Album Month (NaSoAlMo) and Album-a-Day. FAWM was also the model inspiration for the RPM Challenge, which encourages its participants to record a 10-song album.

## InfoBox

February Album Writing Month (FAWM)
| URL | www.fawm.org |
| --- | --- |
| Launched | February 2004 (2004-02) |
| Current status | Active |


title: Paramount Resources

abstract: Paramount Resources Ltd. is a Canadian petroleum company, founded in 1976. The company is involved in the exploration, development, production, processing, transportation and marketing of natural gas and its byproducts and crude oil. The company was founded by Clay Riddell. In addition to its own name, Paramount has several subsidiaries with names resembling those of Hollywood companies, including Fox Drilling, Summit Resources, and Pixar Petroleum. It also retains significant investment in MGM Energy, which it spun off in 2007. In 2017, Paramount acquired Apache Canada Ltd. for C$459.5 million and merged with Trilogy Energy Corp which itself was originally spun-off from Paramount. In January 2023, Paramount divested assets in the Kaybob Region near Fox Creek, Alberta to Crescent Point Energy for net cash of C$370.0 million. Paramount reported an output of 96,393 barrels of oil equivalent per day (BOE/D) in its 2023 annual report, published in March 2024.

text:
# Paramount Resources

**Paramount Resources Ltd.** is a Canadian petroleum company, founded in 1976. The company is involved in the exploration, development, production, processing, transportation and marketing of natural gas and its byproducts and crude oil. The company was founded by Clay Riddell.

In addition to its own name, Paramount has several subsidiaries with names resembling those of Hollywood companies, including Fox Drilling, Summit Resources, and Pixar Petroleum. It also retains significant investment in MGM Energy, which it spun off in 2007.

In 2017, Paramount acquired Apache Canada Ltd. for C$459.5 million and merged with Trilogy Energy Corp which itself was originally spun-off from Paramount.

In January 2023, Paramount divested assets in the Kaybob Region near Fox Creek, Alberta to Crescent Point Energy for net cash of C$370.0 million.

Paramount reported an output of 96,393 barrels of oil equivalent per day (BOE/D) in its 2023 annual report, published in March 2024.

## InfoBox

Paramount Resources Ltd.
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | TSX: POU |
| Industry | Conventional Oil & Natural Gas |
| Founded | 1976 |
| Founder | Clayton H. Riddell |
| Headquarters | Calgary, Alberta, Canada |
| Key people | Jim Riddell (President and CEO)<br>Bernard Lee (Executive Vice President) |
| Revenue | C$1.80 billion |
| Net income | C$470.2 million |
| Total assets | C$4.34 billion |
| Number of employees | 455 |
| Website | www.paramountres.com |


title: Federica Galli

abstract: Federica Galli was an Italian figurative artist known for her etchings. Her work depicts the landscapes and architecture of the Po valley, the Alps, the Mediterranean coast, Milan, and Venice, with a particular focus on the trees occupying these environments.

text:
# Federica Galli

**Federica Galli** (15 August 1932 – 6 February 2009) was an Italian figurative artist known for her etchings. Her work depicts the landscapes and architecture of the Po valley, the Alps, the Mediterranean coast, Milan, and Venice, with a particular focus on the trees occupying these environments.

## Life and Training

Galli was born in Soresina, in the Lombardy region of Italy, in 1932. She married Giovanni Raimondi, a journalist, in 1946. In 1950, she attended the Brera Academy of fine arts in Milan, where she trained as a painter.

Galli was first drawn to etching when she visited an exhibition in Amsterdam in honour of the 350th anniversary of Rembrandt's birth. She was fascinated by his nuanced use of the technique that would form the basis for her own work. She created her first etching, *Il paese dell'Alberta*, in 1954. Galli's commitment to etching greatly increased in the later decades of her career, and in 1966 she decided to dedicate herself exclusively to the medium.

After her death in 2009, Galli's artistic legacy was left to the foundation in her name., where much of her work, as well as letters, books, and documentation of her numerous international connections to poets, writers, essayists, and journalists, are housed.

## Works

In her 50 years of activity, Galli made more than 900 etchings. Her work focuses on the landscapes and architecture of the Po valley, the Alps, the Mediterranean coast, Milan, and Venice. She is best known for her poetic interpretations of trees, for which she drew inspiration from a variety of sources, including history, literature, Milanese and Venetian culture, and botany.

In 1987, Galli was invited to display her work at the Cini Foundation in Venice, with a collection dedicated to the city. The following year, she exhibited at the Museo Civico del Palazzo Te in Mantua (1987), and at the Castello Sforzesco in Milan (1988). Galli was the first Italian female artist to be invited to exhibit in the imperial archives of the Forbidden City in China, via the Wang Fung Art Gallery, in 1995.

Her work can be found at the Museo Civico Ala Ponzone in Cremona, the Bertarelli Collection at the Castello Sforzesco in Milan, the Villa Reale in Monza, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, and at the National Museum of Women in the Arts in Washington DC. A catalogue raisonné of her etchings was published in 2000 by gallerist Oreste Bellinzona, curated by Marco Fragonara.

In honour of the 10-year anniversary of her death, Galli was added to the Famedio of the Monumental Cemetery of Milan

## Themes

### "La Signora Degli Alberi"

Galli is best known for her depiction of the trees that occupied her environment. Over the course of her career, she became known as “La Signora degli alberi” ("The Lady of the Trees"). In 1982 she developed a cycle of prints that took her to every region of Italy depict their typical trees. The series comprises almost 70 etchings, realised over the span of 30 years.

### Lombardy Farmhouses

Galli's Cremonese origins informed her representations of the rural architecture of Lombardy. The first farmhouses to appear in her etchings are ones she knew from her childhood. Her work later evolved to portray landscapes from across the Po Valley.

### Nature, Po Valley

Much of Galli's work is dedicated to nature. She surveyed most of Lombardy's forests and its countryside for sources of imagery.

### Scenes of Venice

In the first half of the 1980s, Galli made a cycle of etchings featuring scenes of Venice. She spent two years studying the city before starting the project, and two years working “*en plein air*,” producing 39 etchings.

### Postwar Milan

Galli arrived in Milan in 1954, at a time when the city still showed signs of bombings from World War II. Her work depicts both the ruins of the city and its reconstruction.

## Records

## Honors

* In 1971 she was awarded an Ambrogino d’Oro, the commune of Milan's highest honour
* In 1991 she was named a Cittadino Benemerito by the Associazione Benemeriti of the Commune and Province of Milan
* In 2010 she was awarded title of Benefactor of the city of Milan by the Mayor of Milan
* In 2011 she was included among Gianni Berengo Gardin’s portraits of the 214 most significant people in Italian modern history
* In 2018 her name was added to the Famedio of the Monumental Cemetery of Milan

1. "Acquaforte | Fondazione Federica Galli | Lombardia | Milano". *Fondazione Federica Galli*. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
2. "Museo Civico "Ala Ponzone"". *musei.comune.cremona.it*. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
3. "Raccolta delle Stampe: Achille Bertarelli". 2012-12-17. Archived from the original on 2012-12-17. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
4. "Villa Reale, Galli, Federica – Stampe e incisioni – Lombardia Beni Culturali". *www.lombardiabeniculturali.it*. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
5. "Personaggi celebri | Cimitero Monumentale Milano". *monumentale.comune.milano.it*. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
* Arensi, Flavio. *Federica Galli, l'incanto dello sguardo*, Torino: Allemandi & c., 2008.
* *Berger, Daniel and Dell'Acqua, Gian Alberto*. *Federica Galli,* with contributions from *Testori, Giovanni and Salamon, Harry.* Milan: Fabbri, 1990.
* Bo, Carlo. *Le cascine di Federica Galli*, Milan: Compagnia del Disegno, 1987.
* Cattaneo, Enrico and Grittini, Giuliano. *L'acquaforte.* with contributions from Luciano Prada, Corbetta: Edizioni d'Arte L'Incisione, 1990.
* De Micheli, Mario. *Federica Galli*, Milano: Galleria Trentadue, 1969.
* Frangi, Giuseppe and Frangi, Francesco. *Federica Galli e la pittura lombarda.* Preface by Mina Gregori. Milan: Compagnia del Disegno, 1984.
* Fragonara, Marco. *Federica Galli, Catalogo generale 1954-2003*, Milan: Oreste Bellinzona, 2003.
* Giacomoni, Sivia. "Parte prima," in *Alberi monumentali di Federica Galli.* Milan: Compagnia del Disegno, 1996.
* Giacomoni, Sivia. "Parte seconda," in *Alberi monumentali di Federica Galli.* Milan: Compagnia del Disegno, 1998.
* Landau, David. *Federica Galli: Acqueforti.* Milan: Compagnia del Disegno, 1982.
* Sala, Alberico. *Federica Galli. Acqueforti.* 2 vols. Milan: Galleria Trentadue, 1977–1979.
* Tassi, Roberto. *Trentanove vedute di Venezia.* Milan: Fondazione Cini, 1987.
* Testori, Giovanni. *Itinerario di Fedrica Galli.* Milan: Compagnia del Disegno, 1980.
* Uccello, Antonino. *Gli alberi di Federica Galli.* Caltanissetta: Salvatore Sciascia, 1965.


title: Favorskii reaction

abstract: The Favorskii reaction is an organic chemistry reaction between an alkyne and a carbonyl group, under basic conditions. The reaction was discovered in the early 1900s by the Russian chemist Alexei Yevgrafovich Favorskii. When the carbonyl is an aldehyde (R"=H), a rearrangement can occur to generate enone, although the secondary propargylic alcohol can be isolated in some cases. When this rearrangement is catalyzed by an acid, it is called Meyer–Schuster rearrangement. When the base is sodium metal the reaction is called Nef synthesis.

text:
# Favorskii reaction

The **Favorskii reaction** is an organic chemistry reaction between an alkyne and a carbonyl group, under basic conditions. The reaction was discovered in the early 1900s by the Russian chemist Alexei Yevgrafovich Favorskii.

When the carbonyl is an aldehyde (R"=H), a rearrangement can occur to generate enone, although the secondary propargylic alcohol can be isolated in some cases. When this rearrangement is catalyzed by an acid, it is called Meyer–Schuster rearrangement. When the base is sodium metal the reaction is called Nef synthesis.

## Reaction mechanism and scope

A metal acetylide is formed *in situ* when an alkyne is treated with a strong bases such as a hydroxide or an alkoxide:

1. HC≡CH + KOH  HC≡CK + H2O
2. RR'C=O + HC≡CK  RR'C(OK)C≡CH

The metal acetylide then reacts with an aldehyde or ketone to form a propargyl alcohol. When an -hydrogen is present (as is the case when the carbonyl is an aldehyde), it will tautomerize to the corresponding enone.

The applicable substrates that undergo a Favorskii reaction are limited when compared to the conventional reaction because using an excess of hydroxide base introduces aldol condensation as a more significant competing side reaction. Since enolates do not react with acetylene, the reaction can be often be a poor substitute for the conventional reaction, especially when reaction is used on aldehydes. Successful reactions with aldehydes often require special solvents to be used, such as DMSO or 1,2-dimethoxyethane with a trace amount of ethanol. Additionally, LiOH fails to form the necessary adduct with alkynes to initiate the reaction.

Hydroxide bases are inexpensive relative to generating an alkoxide or acetylide with reagents such as elemental lithium, sodium, or potassium. Additionally, the stringent reaction conditions used by most alternatives, such as excluding moisture and atmospheric oxygen, are less important, making the reaction easier to perform.

## Protecting group

This reaction is used to protect alkynes: the alkyne is either converted with acetone to a 2-hydroxyprop-2-yl-alkyne or a protected alkyne can be directly synthesized using the commercially available 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol as an alkyne source. The protective group can be removed by heating the compound in a solution of potassium hydroxide in propan-2-ol (a **retro-Favorskii reaction**).


title: Favositella

abstract: Favositella is an extinct genus of bryozoans from the Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian periods.

text:
# Favositella

***Favositella*** is an extinct genus of bryozoans from the Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian periods.

## Species

The following species are recognised:

## InfoBox

| *Favositella*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Favositella exserta* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Bryozoa |
| Class: | Stenolaemata |
| Order: | Cystoporida |
| Family: | Ceramoporidae |
| Genus: | *Favositella*
Etheridge & Foord, 1884 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Favosites interpunctus*
Quenstedt, 1878 | |
| Species | |
| See text. | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Dnestropora*  Astrova, 1965 | |


title: Pardalinops testudinaria

abstract: Pardalinops testudinaria, common name : the tortoise dove shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails.

text:
# Pardalinops testudinaria

***Pardalinops testudinaria***, common name : the **tortoise dove shell**, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails.

## Description

The shell size varies between 10 mm and 41 mm

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Red Sea, in the Indian Ocean off Tanzania; off the Philippines; in the Western Pacific Ocean and off Australia.

* Spry, J.F. (1961). *The sea shells of Dar es Salaam: Gastropods*. Tanganyika Notes and Records 56
* Vine, P. (1986). *Red Sea Invertebrates*. Immel Publishing, London. 224 pp
* Kilburn R.N. & Marais J.P. (2010) Columbellidae. pp. 60–104, in: Marais A.P. & Seccombe A.D. (eds), Identification guide to the seashells of South Africa. Volume 1. Groenkloof: Centre for Molluscan Studies. 376 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Pardalinops testudinaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Columbellidae |
| Genus: | *Pardalinops* |
| Species: | ***P. testudinaria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pardalinops testudinaria***<br>(Link, 1807) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Columbella anitis* Duclos, 1846 * *Columbella electroides* Reeve, 1858 * *Columbella fabula* G.B. Sowerby I, 1844 * *Columbella japonica* Reeve, 1858 * *Columbella lactescens* Souverbie, 1866 * *Columbella padonosta* Duclos, 1835 * *Columbella palmerina* Duclos, 1835 * *Columbella pardalina* Lamarck, 1822 * *Columbella pardalina subcribraria* Pilsbry, 1905 (suspected synonym) * *Columbella pardalina var. andamanica* G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1875 * *Columbella pardalina var. bifasciata* Hervier, 1900 * *Columbella pardalina var. crocea* Hervier, 1900 * *Columbella pardalina var. elongatula* Hervier, 1900 * *Columbella pardalina var. fulgurata* Hervier, 1900 * *Columbella pardalina var. lanc eolata* Hervier, 1900 * *Columbella pardalina var. laxa* Hervier, 1900 * *Columbella pardalina var. minor* Hervier, 1900 * *Columbella pardalina var. nigrescens* Hervier, 1900 * *Columbella pardalina var. picturata* Hervier, 1900 * *Columbella pardalina var. sublactescen* Hervier, 1900 * *Columbella pelotina* Duclos, 1835 * *Columbella picta* Reeve, 1859 * *Columbella quintilia* Duclos, 1848 * *Columbella sagena* Reeve, 1859 * *Columbella sulcata* Duclos, 1835 * *Columbella testudinaria* Link, 1807 * *Columbella tylerae* Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834 * *Columbella virginea* Duclos, 1835 * *Columbella vulpecula* G.B. Sowerby I, 1844 * *Columbella zopilla* Duclos, 1848 * *Pardalina testudinaria* (Link, 1807) * *Pyrene lacteoides* Habe & Kosuge, 1966 * *Pyrene subcrebraria* Pilsbry, 1905 * *Pyrene testudinaria* (Link, 1807) * *Pyrene testudinaria nigropardalis* Habe & Kosuge, 1966 * *Pyrene tylerae* (Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834) * *Pyrene vulpecula* (G. B. Sowerby I, 1844) | |


title: Xylaria longipes

abstract: Xylaria longipes, commonly known as dead moll's fingers, is a species of fungus in the family Xylariaceae.

text:
# Xylaria longipes

***Xylaria longipes***, commonly known as **dead moll's fingers**, is a species of fungus in the family Xylariaceae.

## Taxonomy

*Xylaria longipes* was first described by the German botanist and mycologist Theodor Rudolph Joseph Nitschke in the first volume of his *Pyrenomycetes Germanici*, published in 1867. He gave it the name by which it is currently known. *Xylaria* is from the Latin *xulon*, meaning "wood", and *aria*, meaning "pertaining to", while *longipes* is from *longus*, meaning "long", and *pes*, meaning "foot". The specific name is in reference to the long stem, which is one of the distinguishing features in contrast to *Xylaria polymorpha* (dead man's fingers). In 1958, the English mycologist and plant pathologist R. W. G. Dennis coined the binomial *Xylosphaera longipes*, resurrecting the Belgian botanist and politician Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier's 1822 genus *Xylosphaera*. However, the mycological databases MycoBank and Index Fungorum reject Dennis's name, preferring Nitscke's.

The variety *Xylaria longipes* var. *tropica* was described from Mexico in 1989 by Felipe San Martín González and Jack D. Rogers; this is listed on Index Fungorum as synonymous with the nominate variety, but is listed as taxonomically independent on MycoBank. The species is commonly known as "dead moll's fingers".

## Description

The species has a roughly club-shaped fruit body measuring from 2 to 8 centimetres (0.79 to 3.1 in) in height, and reaching a thickness of up to 2 centimetres (0.79 in). The top is rounded, while the stem can be fairly long (though is sometimes almost entirely lacking). The colour of the body's surface varies with age; younger specimens fairly gray or fairly brown, but they darken with age, becoming black. As the fruit body ages, the surface cracks and develops scales. *X. longipes* differs from the similar *Xylaria polymorpha* (dead man's fingers) by being somewhat more slender, by having a more distinct stalk, and by its smaller spores. While *X. longipes* has spores measuring 12 to 16 by 5 to 7 micrometres (μm), the spores of *X. polymorpha* measure 20 to 32 by 5 to 9 μm. The spindle-shaped spores of *X. longipes* have a smooth surface but for germ slits.

## Distribution and habitat

This fungus is known from Europe, Asia, and North America. It is a saprotroph, growing directly from dead wood from hardwoods, including both fallen branches and stumps. It causes soft rot in its host. In Europe, it favours the wood of sycamores, while collections in North America have favoured the wood of maples and beeches. The species can grow singly or in groups, and is more likely to grow singly than *X. polymorpha*.

## Uses

*Xylaria longipes* is inedible, but a 2008 study concluded that the species could improve wood for the purposes of making violins. A number of chemicals have been derived from the fungus, including the antifungal xylaramide, the antioxidant tyrosol, and a derivative of the antifungal compound sordarin, a chemical first isolated from *Sordaria araneosa*.

## InfoBox

| *Xylaria longipes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Xylariales |
| Family: | Xylariaceae |
| Genus: | *Xylaria* |
| Species: | ***X. longipes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xylaria longipes***<br>Nitschke 1867 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Xylosphaera longipes* (Nitschke) Dennis 1958 | |


abstract: Pakho Chau is a Cantopop singer-songwriter in Hong Kong. In 2007, he debuted with his first EP, Beginning. Here are the awards and nominations received by Pakho Chau.

text:
# List of awards and nominations received by Pakho Chau

Pakho Chau is a Cantopop singer-songwriter in Hong Kong. In 2007, he debuted with his first EP, *Beginning*. Here are the awards and nominations received by Pakho Chau.

## Film and television Awards

### Asian Film Awards

| Year | Awards | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | AFA Rising Star of Asia | Himself | Won |  |
|

### StarHub TVB Awards Awards

| Year | Awards | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | Favorite TVB Male Leading Actor | Lok Siu Fung | Nominated |  |
| | Favorite Male Character | | Nominated | |
| | Favorite TVB Soundtrack | 天網 | Nominated | |
|

### TVB Star Awards Malaysia

| Year | Awards | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | Favorite TVB Male Leading Actor | Lok Siu Fung | Nominated |  |
| | Favorite TVB Character | | Nominated | |
| | Favorite TVB Screen Couple | Shared with Benjamin Yuen and Priscilla Wong | Nominated | |
| | Favorite TVB Soundtrack | 天網 | Nominated | |
|

### TVB Anniversary Awards

| Year | Awards | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | Best Actor | Wing Ho Tin "Oppa" | Nominated |  |
| | Most Popular Male Character | | Won | |
| | Best Theme Song | 讓愛高飛 - "Let Love Fly High" | Won | |

## Music Awards

### MTV European Music Awards

| Year | Award | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | Best Greater China Act | Himself | Nominated |  |
|

### Commercial Radio Hong Kong Ultimate Song Chart Awards

The Ultimate Song Chart Awards Presentation (叱咤樂壇流行榜頒獎典禮) is a cantopop award ceremony hosted by Commercial Radio Hong Kong known as Ultimate 903 (FM 90.3). Unlike other cantopop award ceremonies, this one is judged based on the popularity of the song/artist on the actual radio show.

| Year | Award | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Best New Artist | Himself | Silver Award |  |
| 2011 | Top 10 Songs | 乞丐王子 | Won |  |
| 2012 | Best Male Artist | Himself | Bronze Award |  |
| 2014 | Top 10 Songs | Imperfect | Won |  |
| | Best Singer-songwriter | Himself | Gold Award |  |
| | | Best Male Artist | Silver Award |  |
| | | 2015 | Gold Award |  |
| | | 2016 | Bronze Award |  |
| | | Best Singer-songwriter | Bronze Award |  |
|

### RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards

The RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards Ceremony(zh:十大中文金曲頒獎音樂會) is held annually in Hong Kong since 1978. The awards are determined by Radio and Television Hong Kong based on the work of all Asian artists (mostly cantopop) for the previous year.

| Year | Award | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Best New Artist | Himself | Silver Award |  |
| 2009 | Top 10 Songs | 一事無成 | Won |  |
| 2011 | Best Improvement | Himself | Bronze Award |  |
| 2013 | Top 10 Songs | 無力挽回 | Won |  |
| 2014 | Best Improvement | Himself | Bronze Award |  |
| | Top 10 Singers | | Nominated |  |
| | Top 10 Songs | Imperfect | Nominated |  |
| | 我的宣言 My Vow | Nominated |  |
| | 2015 | 傳聞 | Won |  |
| | 自由意志 | Nominated |  |
| | 同行 | Nominated |  |
| | 異能 | Nominated |  |
| | Top 10 Singers | Himself | Won |  |
| 2016 | Top 10 Songs | 百年不合 | Won |  |
| | | 小白 | Nominated | |
| | | 相安無事 | Nominated | |
| | | 等不到 | Nominated | |
| | Top 10 Singers | Himself | Won | |
| | | 2017 | Won |  |
| | Top 10 Songs | 磨牙 | Nominated |  |
| | 原力 Power Your Life (ft. Jason Chan,Ken Hung, Alfred Hui) | Nominated |  |
| | Skynet | Won |  |
| | One Day | | Nominated |
| | One Step Closer | | Nominated |
| | Top 10 Singers | | Himself | Won |
|

### Metro Showbiz Hit Awards

The Metro Showbiz Hit Awards (zh:新城勁爆頒獎禮) is held in Hong Kong annually by Metro Showbiz radio station. It focus mostly in cantopop music.

| Year | Award | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | New Debut Male Artist | Himself | Won |  |
| 2008 | Song of the Year | 一事無成 (ft.Stephanie Cheng) | Won |  |
| 2009 | Best Original Song | Lovin' You | Won |  |
| 2010 | | 我不要被你記住 | Won |  |
| | Popular Singers of the Year | Himself | | Won |
| 2011 | | Best Singer-songwriter | Won |  |
| | Best Original Song | Smiley Face | Won |  |
| 2012 | Best Stage Performance | Himself | Won |  |
| | Male Artist of the Year | | Won |  |
| | 2013 | | Won |  |
| | Collaboration of the Year | | 天窗 (ft. Joey Yung) | Won |
| | Song of the Year | | 我的宣言 | Won |
| | 2014 | 傳聞 | Won |  |
| | Most Played Singer | Himself | | Won |
| | | Most Appreciated Digital Music Singer | | Won |
|

### Metro Radio Mandarin Music Awards

It was first awarded in 2002 and ended in 2015.

| Year | Award | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Best Original Song | 錯配 | Won |  |
| | Best Singer-songwriter | Himself | Won | |
| | | 2013 | Won |  |
| | Song of the Year | | 你還怕大雨嗎 | Won |
| | 2014 | 小孩 | Won |  |
| | Male Artist of the Year | Himself | | Won |
| | | 2015 | Won |  |
| | | | National Idol Award | Won |
| | Song of the Year | | 犯同樣的錯 | Won |
|

### Jade Solid Gold Best 10 Awards Presentation

### Jade Solid Gold Songs Selections

| Year | Award | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | First Round | 六天 | Won |  |
| | Second Round | 一事無成 (ft.Stephanie Cheng) | Won | |
| 2015 | First Round | 百年不合 | Won |  |
| | | 小白 | Nominated | |
| | Second Round | 相安無事 | Won |  |
| | 2017 | 天網 | Won |  |
| 2018 |  | 烏托邦 | Won |  |
| | | 男人背後 | Won | |
| 2019 | | 讓愛高飛 | Won | |
| | | 最後召集 | Won | |

### Yahoo! Asia Buzz Awards

Yahoo! Asia Buzz Awards was first held by Yahoo! Hong Kong in 2003. It was a ceremony which present awards to the artists who were popular in the end of the year.

| Year | Award | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | Male Newcomer | Himself | Won |  |
| 2008 | Collaboration of the Year | 一事無成 (ft. Stephanie Cheng) | Won |  |
| 2009 | Hit MV | Lovin' You | Won |  |
| 2010 | Popular Song | 我不要被你記住 | Won |  |
| 2011 | | Smiley Face | Won |  |
| | | Online Streamed Song | | Won |
| 2012 | Hot Song | 只有一事不成全你 | Won |  |
| | Hot MV | 斬立決 | Won | |
| | Most Picture Searched Singer | Himself | Won | |
| 2013 | | Hot Male Artist | Won |  |
| | Hot MV | 我的宣言 | | Won |
| | | Hot Song | | Won |
| | 2014 | 傳聞 | Won |  |
| | Hot Male Artist | Himself | | Won |
| | | 2015 | Won |  |
| | Hot Song | | 百年不合 | Won |
|

### QQ Music Awards

| Year | Award | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | Best Live Act | Himself | Won |  |
|

### Sina Music Awards

This award ceremony is the first Hong Kong fan-voted ceremony held by SINA and Hong Kong SINA in 2006, and it ended in 2013.

### RoadShow Music Awards

This award ceremony is organized by Hong Kong outdoor media provider RoadShow. Since 2006, it has been held in January of each year. It has been suspended since 2009.

| Year | Award | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Best Male Newcomer | Himself | Won |  |
|

### "King of Music" Global Chinese Music Awards

| Year | Award | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Best New Artist (HK) | Himself | Won |  |
| 2015 | Popular Singer (HK) | | Won |  |
|

### Children's Song Awards Presentation

This award ceremony was first founded in 1992 by TVB, it was the first ceremony for children's songs. It has been suspended since 2009.

| Year | Award | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Top 10 Children's Songs |  | Won |  |
| 2009 | | 數碼超能量 | Won |  |

### TVB8 Mandarin Music On Demand Awards Presentation

This award ceremony has suspended since 2016.

### Global Chinese Pop Chart

| Year | Award | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | Top 20 Songs | 同行 | Won |  |
| | Top 5 Popular Male Artist | Himself | Won | |

### AEG Music Channel Top 10 Concert Awards Presentation

| Year | Award | Work | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | Top 10 Concerts | One Step Closer Live | Won |  |
|

## InfoBox

Pakho Chau awards and nominations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Totals | |
| Wins | 91 |
| Nominations | 122 |
| Note  1. Certain award groups do not simply award one winner. They acknowledge several different recipients, have runners-up, and have third place. Since this is a specific recognition and is different from losing an award, runner-up mentions are considered wins in this award tally. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination. | |


title: Mennis

abstract: Mennis is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Mennis

***Mennis*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.

## InfoBox

| *Mennis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | ***Mennis*** |
|


title: Pseudatomoscelis seriatus

abstract: Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, the cotton fleahopper, is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, and South America.

text:
# Pseudatomoscelis seriatus

***Pseudatomoscelis seriatus***, the **cotton fleahopper**, is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, and South America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Pseudatomoscelis seriatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Miridae |
| Subfamily: | Phylinae |
| Tribe: | Phylini |
| Genus: | *Pseudatomoscelis* |
| Species: | ***P. seriatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudatomoscelis seriatus***<br>(Reuter, 1876) | |
|


title: Pseudathyma sibyllina

abstract: Pseudathyma sibyllina, the Sibylline false sergeant, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Nigeria. The habitat consists of forests.

text:
# Pseudathyma sibyllina

***Pseudathyma sibyllina***, the **Sibylline false sergeant**, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Nigeria. The habitat consists of forests.

## InfoBox

| Sibylline false sergeant | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudathyma* |
| Species: | ***P. sibyllina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudathyma sibyllina***<br>(Staudinger, 1890) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pseudacraea sibyllina* Staudinger, 1890 | |