title: Gabrielle Civil

abstract: Gabrielle Civil is an American performance artist, poet, and educator.

text:
# Gabrielle Civil

**Gabrielle Civil** is an American performance artist, poet, and educator.

## Background and education

Civil is originally from Detroit, Michigan. From 1991 to 1995 she attended the University of Michigan, from where she graduated with high honors in both Creative writing and Comparative Literature. Later Civil attended New York University for both her master's and her doctorate. She received her M.A. in comparative literature in 2000. Her dissertation, *From Body to Nation: Reading Black Women's Poetry in the United States, Haiti & Canada*, focused on the poetry of black women in the United States, Canada and Haiti. Civil's concentrations included Black Feminist Theory; African-American Literature; Experimental World Poetry.

## Career

Civil started her teaching career teaching summers at Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, in New York. She taught "strategies for embodied knowledge" through Language & Thinking 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006. Following her summers at Bard College, Civil taught "Women and Voice: Black Women and Performance" at Macalester College from 2005 to the winter of 2006. She then returned to Bard College, and taught for the Bard College Prison Initiative, "Language & Thinking, Eastern Maximum Security Correctional Facility," the summer of 2011. She taught at St. Catherine University in St. Paul, Minnesota, from 2000 to 2013 as a tenured professor in English, Women's studies, and Critical Studies of Race and Ethnicity. From 2013 to 2016, she was a tenured associate professor of performance at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio. She currently teaches as guest faculty in the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics at Naropa University in Boulder, Colorado.

As a curator, Civil worked on the following performance projects:

* "From the Hive presents Girls in their Bedrooms: installations, video & performance", with Ellen Marie Hinchcliffe, PoppyCock ArtSpace, Minneapolis, MN, May 2014
* "Call & Response", a dynamic of Black Women & Performance at Antioch College, organizer and curator of college and community performance art project featuring myself, Duriel E. Harris, Kenyatta A. C. Hinkle, Rosamond S. King, Wura-Natasha Ogunji, Miré Regulus and Awilda Rodríguez Lora, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, OH, July & August, 2014
* "Grief: an Experiment in Joy", MLK Art Intensive with Gabrielle Civil, Miré Regulus, Syniva Whitney and Nyx Zierhut, Pangea World Theater, Minneapolis, January 2016

## Works

Civil identifies as a black, feminist artist whose aim is "to open up space". She works solo and collaboratively and has premiered more than 40 performances in North America and abroad.

In *Performance Art: Futurism to the Present*, RoseLee Goldberg analyzes performance art and its significance to the developments made in modern art. She acknowledges that no definition can be encompassing of performance art if it were to be specific. "Performance has been considered as a way of bringing to life the many formal and conceptual ideas on which the making of art is based." There is a significance within current society to performance art and the cultural impact it has and how culture impacts the arts. "This latest account describes the huge increase in the number of twenty-first century artists around the globe turning to performance as a medium for articulating 'difference'—of their own cultures and ethnicities—and for entering the larger discourse of international culture in our highly mediated times."

### Selected works of performance art

Civil's works include:

* "Oration *(a ritual of ancestors)*"
* "Say My Name" (an action for 270 abducted Nigerian Girls)"
    + House of Wahala Auction, Houston, Texas, April 2017, AWP Conference, Washington, D.C., February 2017, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, NY, February 2017 La Pocha Nostra Intensive, Mérida, Mexico, January 2017, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN, December 2016 Culture / Shift, USDAC, St. Louis, MO., November 2016, Naropa University, Boulder, CO, October 2016 Women's Art Institute, St. Paul, MN, June 2015, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, April 2015 Antioch College, Call & Response, July 2014. Premiered at Girls in their Bedrooms, Minneapolis, MN, May 2014
* "Northern Oracle" (*a ritual of nest and flight*), activation of "Northern Oracle"
* ". . . hewn & forged . . . (Alchemical Activation against the Shadow Book)"
    + Location: Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics, Visiting Writer Series, Naropa University, Boulder, CO, October 2016; premiered at Salt Lake City Performance Art Festival, Featured Performer (along with Marilyn Arsem, Anna Kosarewska, Jorge Rojas), Salt Lake City, Utah, September–October., 2016
* "\_______ is the thing with feathers"
    + Description: Call & Response, a dynamic of black women and performance
    + Location: Antioch College, Yellow Springs, OH, August 2014
* "Fugue (Da, Montreal)"
    + Location: Hemispheric Institute on Politics & Performance Encuentro
* "MANIFEST! Choreographing Social Movements in the Americas"
    + Location: site-specific performance, Montreal, Canada, June 2014
* "Aide-mémoire (bedroom remix)"
    + Location: From the Hive presents Girls in their Bedrooms: installations & performance, PoppyCock ArtSpace, Minneapolis, MN, May 2014
* "and then. . . ." (featuring Nicolas Daily)
    + Location: Currencies performance event, Herndon Gallery, Antioch College, February 2014
* "Aide-mémoire"
    + Discussion: "Incorporating objects, music and movement, *Aide-Mémoire* playfully explores the creation and exchange of memory. In real time, the artist will erect her own diaspora memory theater, conduct photo-memory experiments, and inaugurate a memory gift economy with the audience. Inspired by classical *method of loci*, tourist souvenirs, Nuruddin Farah's novel *Gifts,* selfies and déjà vu, the work becomes a form of new jack memory diplomacy, a "non-paper" manifestation of mnemonics from flesh to camera flash."
    + Location: Herndon Gallery, Antioch College, January 2014, premiered at AFiRiPerFOMA Biennial, Harare, Zimbabwe, November 2013
* "Sucking Teeth" with Rosamond S. King
* "How to Get Started" (after John Cage)
    + Location: Antioch College, Student Orientation and reprised by demand at Community Potluck, Yellow Springs, OH, October 2013
* "Fugue (dissolution, Accra)", Yari Yari Ntoaso
    + Location: Accra, Ghana, May 2013
* "Fugue", a meditation on the 2010 Earthquake in Haiti, Pillsbury House Theater, Late Nite Series
    + Location: Minneapolis, MN, November 2012; premiered ArtQuake, Haiti Cultural Exchange, 5 Myles Gallery, Brooklyn NY, December 2011
* "\____ doesn't know\____ own beauty (or Vanishing Rooms)", performance collaboration with Moe Lionel
    + Description: inspired by the novel by Melvin Dixon
    + Location: Fish House Studio, St. Paul, MN, July 2012
* "\* a n e m o n e", Pleasure Rebel
    + Location: Bryant-Lake Bowl Theater, May 2012
* "*incur/inflict*"
    + Description: Symposium on Violence & Community
    + Location: Naropa University, Boulder, CO, May 2012
* "From the Hive" collaboration with Ellen Marie Hinchcliffe
    + Location: Bedlam TenFest, Minneapolis, MN, May 2011
* "dirt piece", performance Laboratorio, la Perrera Art Center
    + Location: Oaxaca, Mexico, January 2011
* "despedida (MN)"
    + Location: Obsidian Arts Gallery, Pillsbury House, Minneapolis, MN, May 2010
* "\<\<MN \<-\>MX\>\>"
    + Location: Low Lives 2, Juried Live Art Show On-Line, Transmitted from Obsidian Arts Gallery, Pillsbury House, Minneapolis, MN, April 2010
* "Instead"
    + Location: Association of Caribbean Women Writers & Scholars Conference, University of Louisiana, Baton Rouge, April 2010
* "BRUSH (MN)"
    + Location: Obsidian Arts Gallery, Pillsbury House, Minneapolis, MN, April 2010
* "Muño (MN)"
    + Location: Obsidian Arts Gallery, Pillsbury House, Minneapolis, MN, April 2010
* "despedida"
    + Location: Galería Interferencial, Mexico City, Mexico, November 2009
* "Tie Air (reconfigurations)"
    + Location: Teatro Casa Cruz de la Luna, San Germán, Puerto Rico, August 2009
* "In & Out of Place (México, DF)"
    + Location: Museo Ex Teresa Arte Actual, Mexico City, Mexico, June 2009
* "Muño (*fantasía de la negrita*)"
    + Location: Performagia Encuentro Internacional de Performance, Museo del Arte de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico, June 2009
* "Tie Air" (after my experience in La Congelada de Uva's *taller de performance* )
    + Location: Center for Independent Artists, Minneapolis, MN, March 2009
* "In and Out of Place (MLK & Obama)"
* "BRUSH"
    + Location: Pasagüero, Mexico City, Mexico, December 2008
* "Me Enojo Contigo"
    + Location: Parque Mexico, Mexico City, November 2008
* "Comedy & Other Work"
* "The Outsiders," performance collaboration with Ellen Marie Hinchcliffe
    + Bedlam Theater 10-Minute Play Festival, Minneapolis, MN May 2008
* "ghost / gesture"
    + Location: Jakarlo, Senegambia, The Gambia, West Africa, April 2007
* "displays (after Venus)"
* "heart on a sleeve"
    + Location: FIELD TRIPS, Chicago Field at Links Hall, Chicago, IL, May 2006
* "Spring Tour," "Spring Tour"
    + Description: solo performance
    + Location: "The Promise of Green: Resilience, Resistance and the Coming Season", Center for Independent Artists, Minneapolis, MN, March 2006
* "R S V P: work / play / process"
    + Description: two day performance event with the No. 1. Gold Collaborative
    + Center for Independent Artists, Minneapolis, MN, January 2006 (performer and main curator)
* "How's Work?" performance with Molly van Avery
    + Location: premiered at RSVP, Center for Independent Artists, Minneapolis, MN, January 2006
* "Unblown Breath"
    + Description: Honoring Our Ancestors Show (curated by Ellen Marie Hinchcliffe)
    + Location: Patrick's Cabaret, Minneapolis, MN, November 2004
* "Berlitz," Yari Yari Pamberi: Black Women Dissecting Globalization, Organization of Women Writers of Africa Conference
    + Location: New York, New York, October 2004
* "after *Hieroglyphics*"
    + Location: Center for Independent Artists, Minneapolis, MN, March 2004
* "Romance" from "after *Hieroglyphics*"
    + Location: Patrick's Cabaret, February 2004
* "Anacaona", *détras de la puerta china*
* "economy"
    + Location: Center for Independent Artists + Art-a-Whirl, Minneapolis, May 2003
* "whisper (the index of suns",
    + Location: Naked Stages series, Intermedia Arts, Minneapolis, MN, October 2002
* "The Secret Garden (Closet)"
    + Location: site specific performance installation @ *chez moi*, June 2002
* "Hyperbolic" with the No. 1. Gold Collaborative
    + Location: American Living Room Festival, HERE, New York, NY, August 2002
* "Art Training Letter (Love)"
    + Description: a performance rumination on intimacy and catastrophe after September 11
    + Location:from *Hieroglyphics,* Vulva Riot, Intermedia Arts, June 2002
* "Circulation"
* "infestation of gnats"
    + Location: from *Hieroglyphics* (a triptych), original solo performance at Red Eye Theatre, Minneapolis, MN, February 2002 (directed by Miré Regulus)
* "Art Training Letter (Love)" (a performance rumination on intimacy and catastrophe after September 11) from *Hieroglyphics*, "Many Voices: An Evening of Resistance, Ritual & Resilience after 9/11"
* "Chimerical", with the No. 1. Gold Collaborative
* "Body Dander, Dust"

## Themes and criticism

Civil's writings and performances investigate ephemerality and documentation, race, remembering, community-building, and inclusion. Her work is in constant conversation with artists working both today and in the past: she has stated that she is "haunted by the black women artists, dancers, performers, thinkers, whose body of work has been destroyed and lost to time." Civil frequently incorporates collaborative techniques, such as call-and-response, in her writing and performance: for example, the collaborative piece "Call & Response," convened at Antioch College in 2014 with Duriel E. Harris, Kenyatta A. C. Hinkle, Rosamond S. King, Wura-Natashi Ogunji, Miré Regulus, and Awilda Rodríguez Lora, resulted in numerous art projects and "experiments in joy." In her installation "Kinds of Performing Objects I've Been," Civil also collaborated with audiences for the work, interacting with gallery patrons, telling stories, and performing gift exchanges.

### Writing

* *Glints*. WinteRed Press. 2006.
* Civil, Gabrielle (January 1, 2017). *Swallow the fish: a memoir in performance art*. Civil Coping Mechanisms. ISBN 9781937865795. OCLC 973420542.
* *Experiments in Joy* (2019, #RECURRENT/Civil Coping Mechanisms) ISBN 978-1-948700-15-3

> From her artist's notes to performance outlines, she reveals the spaces an artist inhabits prior to presenting a finished piece before an audience. For anyone who has ever thought a performance artist just enters stage right and wings it, this memoir will prove you sorely mistaken. From initial inklings of ideas to concrete performance scripts, Civil's archives demonstrate the sheer time and dedication this art form begs of those who choose to wield it.
>
> Neyat Yohannes

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Gabrielle Civil | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Detroit, Michigan, US |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan |
| Occupation | Performance artist, teacher |
| Website | https://www.gabriellecivilartist.com/ |


title: Montenegrin Amateur Radio Pool

abstract: The Montenegrin Amateur Radio Pool (MARP) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Montenegro. MARP represents the interests of Montenegrin amateur radio operators before international telecommunications regulatory authorities. MARP is the national member society representing Montenegro in the International Amateur Radio Union.

text:
# Montenegrin Amateur Radio Pool

The **Montenegrin Amateur Radio Pool** (**MARP**) (in Montenegrin, **Mreža za Afirmaciju Radioamaterskog Pokreta**) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Montenegro.

MARP represents the interests of Montenegrin amateur radio operators before international telecommunications regulatory authorities. MARP is the national member society representing Montenegro in the International Amateur Radio Union.

## 13th World HST Championship

Between 21st and 25 September 2016, MARP was leading organizer of 13th IARU World HST Championship held in Herceg-Novi, Montenegro

HST Championship gathered 148 competitors from 25 countries in 3 continents.

## InfoBox

Montenegrin Amateur Radio Pool
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | MARP |
| Formation | 2008 |
| Type | Non-profit organization |
| Registration no. | 03026850 |
| Legal status | Active |
| Purpose | Amateur Radio |
| Location |  |
| Region served | Montenegro |
| Membership (2018) | 150 |
| Official language | Montenegrin |
| President | Tomašević Marko, 4O9TTT |
| IARU Liaison | Ranko Boca, 4O3A |
| Board of directors | Tomašević Marko (4O9TTT), Radman Andrija (4O1AR), Boca Ranko (4O3A), Grebović Željko (4O3Z), Žarković A. Jurica (4O7JAZ), Sekulović Marko (4O9VIP), Vulić Luka (4O9KOM) |
| Main organ | Assembly |
| Affiliations | International Amateur Radio Union |
| Staff (2018) | 10 |
| Website | http://www.marp.org.me/ |
| Remarks | 4O1HQ |


abstract: Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system is an international electric power transmission system centred in Quebec, Canada. The system pioneered the use of very high voltage 735-kilovolt (kV) alternating current (AC) power lines that link the population centres of Montreal and Quebec City to distant hydroelectric power stations like the Daniel-Johnson Dam and the James Bay Project in northwestern Quebec and the Churchill Falls Generating Station in Labrador. The system contains more than 34,187 kilometres (21,243 mi) of lines and 530 electrical substations. It is managed by Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie, a division of the crown corporation Hydro-Québec and is part of the Northeast Power Coordinating Council. It has 17 interconnectors with the systems in Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick, and the Northeastern United States, and features 6,025 megawatts (MW) of interconnector import capacity and 7,974 MW of interconnector export capacity. Major expansion of the network began with the commissioning of the 735 kV AC power line in November 1965, as there was a need for electricity transmission over vast distances from the north to southern Quebec. Much of Quebec's population is served by a few 735 kV power lines. This contributed to the severity of the power outage following the North American ice storm of 1998.

text:
# Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system

**Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system** (also known as the **Quebec interconnection**) is an international electric power transmission system centred in Quebec, Canada. The system pioneered the use of very high voltage 735-kilovolt (kV) alternating current (AC) power lines that link the population centres of Montreal and Quebec City to distant hydroelectric power stations like the Daniel-Johnson Dam and the James Bay Project in northwestern Quebec and the Churchill Falls Generating Station in Labrador (which is not part of the Quebec interconnection).

The system contains more than 34,187 kilometres (21,243 mi) of lines and 530 electrical substations. It is managed by Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie, a division of the crown corporation Hydro-Québec and is part of the Northeast Power Coordinating Council. It has 17 interconnectors with the systems in Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick, and the Northeastern United States, and features 6,025 megawatts (MW) of interconnector import capacity and 7,974 MW of interconnector export capacity.

Major expansion of the network began with the commissioning of the 735 kV AC power line in November 1965, as there was a need for electricity transmission over vast distances from the north to southern Quebec.

Much of Quebec's population is served by a few 735 kV power lines. This contributed to the severity of the power outage following the North American ice storm of 1998.

## History

The first hydroelectric stations in Quebec were built by private entrepreneurs in the late 19th century. In 1903 the first long distance high-voltage transmission line in North America was built, a 50 kV line connecting a Shawinigan powerstation to Montréal, 135 km (84 mi) away. In the first half of the 20th century, the market was dominated by regional monopolies, whose service was publicly criticised. In response, in 1944 the provincial government created Hydro-Quebec from the expropriated Montreal Light, Heat & Power.

In 1963 Hydro-Québec purchased the shares of nearly all remaining privately owned electrical utilities then operating in Quebec and undertook construction of the Manicouagan-Outardes hydroelectric complex. To transmit the complex's annual production of about 30 billion kWh over a distance of nearly 700 km (430 mi), Hydro-Québec had to innovate. Led by Jean-Jacques Archambault, it became the first utility in the world to transmit electricity at 735 kV, rather than 300–400 kV which was the world standard at that time. In 1962, Hydro-Québec proceeded with the construction of the first 735 kV power line in the world. The line, stretching from the Manic-Outardes dam to the Levis substation, was brought into service on 29 November 1965.

Over the next twenty years from 1965 to 1985, Quebec underwent a massive expansion of its 735 kV power grid and its hydroelectric generating capacity. Hydro-Québec Équipement, another division of Hydro-Québec, and Société d’énergie de la Baie James built these transmission lines, electrical substations, and generating stations. Constructing the transmission system for the La Grande Phase One, part of the James Bay Project, took 12,500 towers, 13 electrical substations, 10,000 kilometres (6,000 mi) of ground wire, and 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi) of electrical conductor at a cost of C$3.1 billion alone. In less than four decades, Hydro-Québec's generating capacity went from 3,000 MW in 1963 to nearly 33,000 MW in 2002, with 25,000 MW of that power sent to population centres on 735 kV power lines.

## Source of the electricity

Much of the electricity generated by Hydro-Québec Generation comes from hydroelectric dams located far from load centres such as Montreal. Of the 33,000 MW of electrical power generated, over 93% of that comes from hydroelectric dams and 85% of that generation capacity comes from three hydroelectric generation centers: James Bay, Manic-Outardes, and Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro's Churchill Falls.

James Bay

The James Bay Project encompasses the La Grande project, which is located on the La Grande River and on its tributaries, such as the Eastmain River, in northwestern Quebec. The La Grande project was built in two phases; the first phase lasted twelve years from 1973 to 1985 and the second phase lasted from 1985 to present time. In all, the nine hydroelectric dams there produce over 16,500 MW of electric power, with the Robert-Bourassa or La Grande-2 station generating over 5,600 MW alone. In total, the project cost over C$20 billion to construct.

Manic-Outardes power stations

The Manic-Outardes river area in the Côte-Nord or North Shore region consists of several hydroelectric facilities located on three principal rivers, from west to east: Betsiamites River, Rivière aux Outardes, and the Manicouagan River. A single plant named Sainte-Marguerite-3 is located to the east on the Sainte-Marguerite River (Sept-Îles). The facilities located in the region were constructed over a period of five decades, from 1956 to 2005. The total generation capacity from these power stations is 10,500 MW. A 21-MW hydroelectric power station, the Lac-Robertson generating station on the Lower North Shore, is not connected to the main Quebec grid.

Churchill Falls

Churchill Falls is a single underground generation station located on the Churchill River near the town of Churchill Falls and the Smallwood Reservoir in Newfoundland and Labrador. It was constructed over a period of five to six years from 1966 to 1971–72 by the Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation (CFLCo), though generators were installed after major construction was completed. The single generation facility cost C$946 million to construct and produced 5,225 MW of power initially after all eleven generating units were installed. A station upgrade in 1985 raised the generating capacity to over 5,400 MW. Hydro-Québec Generation owns a 34.2% interest in CFLCo, which is the same company that constructed the generating plant. However, Hydro-Québec has rights to most of the 5,400 MW of power the station produces under a 65-year power purchase agreement, expiring in 2041.

View of Churchill Falls, the electrical substation, and the three 735 kV lines that span the river gorge

## Electricity transmission system features

The system contains more than 34,187 kilometres (21,243 mi) of lines and 530 electrical substations. It is managed by Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie, a division of the crown corporation Hydro-Québec and is part of the Northeast Power Coordinating Council. It has 17 interconnectors with the systems in Ontario, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Northeastern United States and 6,025 MW of interconnector import capacity and 7,974 MW of interconnector export capacity. The system has transmission lines reaching to power generation facilities located more than 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) away from population centers. For this reason, TransÉnergie uses a voltage of AC 735 kV to transmit and distribute electrical power produced from Hydro-Québec's dams, although 315 kV is used as well. The total value of TransÉnergie's entire electricity transmission system is C$15.9 billion. For these reasons, Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie is considered to be a world leader in power transmission.

### AC 735 / 765 kV power lines

From 1965 onwards, the 735 kV power line became an integral part of Quebec's power transmission backbone. More than one-third of Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie's system consists of high voltage AC 735 / 765 kV power lines, totaling 11,422 kilometres (7,097 mi)<sup>\[A\]</sup> strung between 38 substations with equipment of that voltage. The first transmission system from 1965 is an IEEE Milestone.

The physical size of the Hydro-Québec's 735 kV transmission lines is unmatched in North America. Only two other utility companies in the same region, the New York Power Authority (NYPA) and American Electric Power (AEP) contain at least one 765 kV line in their power system. However, only AEP has a significant mileage of 765 kV power lines, with over 3,400 kilometres (2,100 mi) of 765 kV line traversing its broad transmission system; this system contains the most mileage in the United States under one electrical company. NYPA has only 219 kilometres (136 mi) of 765 kV line, all of it contained in a single direct interconnector with Hydro-Québec.

The 735 kV power line is said to lessen the environmental impact of power lines, as one single power line operating at this voltage carries the same amount of electric power as four 315 kV power lines, which would require a right-of-way wider than the 80.0–91.5 metres (262.5–300.2 ft) width required for a single 735 kV line. Each 735 kV line is capable of transmitting 2,000 MW of electric power at a distance of over 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) and the entire 735 kV grid can carry 25,000 MW of power. Power transmission losses over the 735 kV grid range from 4.5 to 8%, varying due to temperature and operating situations. The *Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec* named the 735 kV power line system as the technological innovation of the 20th century for Quebec.

In the wake of the 1998 ice storm the Levis De-Icer was installed and began testing in 2007 and 2008.

The Lévis substation.

#### Routes

Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie's 735 kV system consists of a set of six lines running from James Bay to Montreal and a set of four lines from Churchill Falls and the Manic-Outardes power stations to Quebec City. The South Shore region of Montreal and the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City contain 735 kV power line loops or rings.

James Bay

The James Bay hydroelectric dam complex contains several relatively short 735 kV power lines that send electricity to three principal substations, ordered from west to east: Radisson, Chissibi, and Lemoyne. From these substations, six 735 kV power lines traverse the vast expanses of taiga and boreal forest in clear-cut stretches of land; this shows up clearly in aerial photos. The terrain that the power lines cross is for the most part not mountainous, but smooth and replete with lakes. Generally, four of the lines runs together in two pairs and the other two run solo, although the two single lines sometimes do run in a pair. Two intermediate 735 kV power lines, one in the north and one in the south, connect all six power lines along their path to southern Quebec.

As the lines continue south, they diverge into two sets of three 735 kV transmission lines. The eastern set heads to Quebec City, where it connects with power lines from Churchill Falls and the 735 kV power line loops in the Saint Lawrence River region. The western set heads to Montreal, where it too forms a ring of 735 kV power lines around the city, linking to other power loops in the region. This section of Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie's power grid contains 7,400 km (4,600 mi) of 735 kV AC and 450 kV DC power line.

Manic-Outardes power stations / Churchill Falls

Electrical power generated from the Churchill Falls power station is sent to Montreal and the population centres of the Northeastern United States, more than 1,200 kilometres (700 mi) away. Starting from the generation station in Newfoundland and Labrador, the power lines span a distance of 1,800 metres (6,000 ft) over the Churchill River gorge and run generally south-southwest for 203 kilometres (126 mi) as three side-by-side power lines in a cleared right-of-way with a width of 216 metres (709 feet). As they head southwest through boreal forest, the lines generally traverse flat, smooth rolling hills.

After the lines cross the Quebec-Labrador border, also known as the Hydro-Québec point of delivery, the direction of the lines becomes due south, and they head to the Montagnais Substation, a substation accessible only by an airport adjacent to it. A lone 735 kV line stems off from the substation, heading to an open pit mine 142 kilometres (88 mi) the northwest. The terrain crossed by the power lines becomes hilly and mountainous south of the border. The lines reach over 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation before descending. The three lines continue heading south until they reach a substation on the North Shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. From there on, the three lines parallel the North Shore as the Gulf narrows to the southwest toward the Saint Lawrence River discharge mouth. The northernmost power line then diverges from the other two to connect with Manic-Outardes power stations located on and around the Rivière aux Outardes and the Manicouagan River.

As the lines near Quebec City, the northern power line rejoins the other two 735 kV power lines. The three lines, paralleled by another 735 kV power line some distance to the north, span over the Saint Lawrence River to the South Shore region, where the lines form loops encompassing part of the Saint Lawrence River and the south shore. The loops are also connected to the ring of 735 kV power lines around Montreal and power lines running south from James Bay.

### Electricity pylons

Quebec's transmission system contains a variety of electrical pylons depending on era and voltage level. Older pylon designs tend to consume more material than the newer pylons and the higher the voltage level, the larger the tower.

735 kV pylons

Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie uses several different types of electricity pylons to support their 735 kV power lines. All of them are single-circuit, meaning that each pylon carries one power line with three bundles of four electrical subconductors separated by spacers, with each bundle transmitting one phase of current.

The earliest type of tower used was a massive self-supporting delta pylon, or waist pylon, which consumed 21 tonnes of steel per kilometre of line. This type of pylon was used for the first 735 kV power line from the Manic-Outardes power stations to the load centre of Montreal. There are two significant variations of the delta pylon; one has longer side crossbars such that all three bundles of conductors are suspended on V-shaped insulators. The other has shorter side crossbars, such that the two outside bundles are hung on a vertical insulator string and only the middle bundle is hung with a V-shaped insulator.

Over the years, Hydro-Québec researchers engineered a new type of pylon, the V-guyed tower, which reduced materials consumption to 11.8 tonnes of steel per kilometre of power line. This type of tower also includes a variation with longer side crossbars, where all conductors are hung with a V-shaped insulator and one with shorter side crossbar, where only the middle bundle hangs from the insulator and the side bundles are strung on vertical insulator strings.

During the construction of the James Bay transmission system, the cross-rope suspension tower was invented. This type of tower features two guyed-tower legs similar to the V-guyed tower, but the two legs don't converge at the tower base. In the case of the cross-rope suspension tower, the tower legs are spread apart on two different foundations. In addition, the crossbar is replaced by a series of suspension cables with three vertical insulator strings to support the three bundles, which allows this design to consume only 6.3 tonnes of steel per kilometre of line. The design is also known as the Chainette (little necklace).

TransÉnergie uses two-level pylons for angle towers or structures on 735 kV power lines to change the direction of the line or switch the position of the conductor bundles. Delta pylons and three-leg guyed towers are also used as angle towers; they are referred to as "penguins" by Hydro-Québec linemen.

Pylons for other voltage levels

Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie uses a combination of double-circuit three-level pylons and single-circuit delta pylons to suspend electrical conductors of other voltages, such as 315 kV. The ±450 kV high-voltage direct current line in Hydro-Québec's power grid uses a T-shaped tower, lattice or pole, to support two bundles of three conductors on each side. The direct current power line sometimes uses two poles or a wider, pyramidal, self-supporting lattice structure for angle towers.

Other pylons

Hydro-Québec usually uses tall, large pylons to cross large bodies of water, like lakes and rivers. These towers are said to be prominent and the tallest pylon in Hydro-Québec's power grid is of this function. The tallest of these is located near the Tracy power station on the shore of the Saint Lawrence River, carrying a 735kV circuit between Lanoraie and Tracy. The pylon, the largest of its kind in Canada, is 174.6 metres (572.8 ft) tall, the same height as the Montreal Olympic Stadium, and slightly larger than the Washington Monument in the United States (555 feet (169.2 m)).

Pylon strength

The pylons and conductors are designed to handle 45 millimetres (1.8 inches) of ice accumulation without failure, since Hydro-Québec raised the standards in response to ice storms in Ottawa in December 1986 and Montreal in February 1961, which left 30 to 40 millimetres (1.2 to 1.6 inches) of ice. This has led to the belief that Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie's electrical pylons are "indestructible". Despite being more than three times higher than the Canadian standard of only 13 millimetres (0.51 inches) of ice tolerance, an ice storm in the late-1990s deposited up to 70 millimetres (2.8 inches) of ice.

### Interconnections

Across North America, electricity transmission systems are interconnected into wide area synchronous grids, or interconnections. Suppliers are legally required to follow reliability standards. In 2006, Quebec's transmission system was recognized by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) as a full interconnection because it is asynchronous with neighboring systems. Quebec will consequently be able to develop its own reliability standards, as needed, and these will apply in addition to the relevant North American standards. Besides the Quebec Interconnection, there are four other interconnections in North America: the Eastern Interconnection, the Western Interconnection, the Alaska Interconnection and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas.

Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie has the following interconnectors with systems in neighboring provinces and states:

* New York: two connections. Capacity is 1,100 MW import, 1,999 MW export.
* Ontario: eight connections. 1,970 MW import, 2,705 MW export.
* New England: three connections. 2,170 MW import, 2,275 MW export.
* New Brunswick: three connections. 785 MW import, 1,029 MW export.
* Newfoundland and Labrador: one connection. 5,500 MW import, 0 MW export.

The maximum simultaneous delivery (export) for the interconnector common to New York and Ontario is 325 MW.

### High voltage direct current (HVDC) 450 kV

In addition to the six 735 kV power lines that stem from the James Bay Project, a seventh power line was constructed as an 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) northward extension of an existing high-voltage direct current (HVDC) line connecting Quebec and New England. This power line expansion was completed in 1990. As a result, the direct current power line is unique because there are multiple static converter and inverter stations along the 1,480 kilometres (920 mi) long power line. It is also the first multiterminal HVDC line in the world. The ±450 kV power line can transmit about 2,000 MW of hydroelectric power to Montreal and the Northeastern United States.

#### Route

Beginning in the converter station next to the Radisson substation, the HVDC line heads south and roughly parallels the six 735 kV power lines some distance to the west. It traverses the same type of terrain as the other six lines; the land is replete with lakes, wetlands, and forested rolling hills. Gradually, the power line turns to the southeast, as it crosses under several 735 kV power lines.

After the six 735 kV wires split up into two groups of three power lines each, the HVDC line follows the eastern group, and the western set diverges away. The line remains overhead until it reaches the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River near Grondines, where the 450 kV HVDC line descends into an underwater tunnel traversing the river. The power line surfaces on the south shore near Lotbinière substation. After the river crossing, the line enters into the Nicolet terminal near Sainte-Eulalie, northeast of Drummondville. South of the terminal, the line heads south and after a relatively short distance, it enters the Des Cantons close to Sherbrooke.

Leaving the Des Cantons station, the power line crosses the Canada–US border and passes through the hilly Appalachian Mountains in the U.S. state of Vermont, reaching an elevation of about 650 metres (2,130 ft). The line then continues heading south-southeast and enters the state of New Hampshire, where it reaches the Comerford terminal near Monroe. Continuing southward into Massachusetts, the line reaches the Sandy Pond terminal outside of Boston in Ayer. The terminal is the southernmost extent of the HVDC line.

In December 2008, Hydro-Québec, along with American utilities Northeast Utilities and NSTAR, created a joint venture to build a new HVDC line from Windsor, Quebec to Deerfield, New Hampshire. Hydro-Québec will own the segment within Quebec, while the segment within the US will be owned by *Northern Pass Transmission LLC*, a partnership between Northeast Utilities (75%) and NSTAR (25%). Estimated to cost US$1.1 billion to build, it is projected that the line will either run in existing right-of-way adjacent to the HVDC line that runs through New Hampshire, or it will connect to a right-of-way in northern New Hampshire that will run through the White Mountains. This 180-to-190-mile (290 to 310 km) line, projected to carry 1,200 megawatts, will bring electricity to approximately one million homes.

### Other features

TransÉnergie uses series compensation to alter the way electricity behaves in power transmission lines, which improves the electricity transmission efficiency. This reduces the need to construct new power lines and increases the amount of electric power sent to population centres. Series compensation is based on capacitor technology. To maintain its transmission system performance, TransÉnergie sets aside funds for research and application of new technologies. In addition to power transmission technology, Hydro-Québec plans to offer high-speed internet over its transmission lines within a few years; the utility started testing internet over its lines in January 2004.

## Major disruptions

In spite of the transmission system's reputation and the fact Quebec escaped unscathed from the Northeast Blackout of 2003, the system has experienced damage and service interruptions from severe storms in the past. Examples include the 1982 and 1988 Quebec blackouts prior to the large 1989 and 1998 power interruptions.

### 1989 Geomagnetic storm

At 2:44 am EST on March 13, 1989, a severe geomagnetic storm, due to a coronal mass ejection from the Sun, struck Earth. Fluctuations within the magnetic field of the storm caused geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) to flow as direct current through Quebec's power lines, which are normally only conducting alternating current. The insulating nature of the Canadian Shield igneous rock directed the GICs to the power lines. The conductors then forwarded this current to sensitive electrical transformers, which require a certain voltage amplitude and frequency to function properly. Although most GICs are relatively feeble, the nature of those currents destabilized the voltage of the power grid and unbalanced current spikes erupted everywhere.

Accordingly, protective measures were taken in response. To save the transformers and other electrical equipment, the power grid was taken out of commission, as circuit breakers tripped all over Quebec and shut off the power. Within less than 90 seconds, this wave of breaking circuits left the entire transmission grid out of service. The collapsed power grid left six million people and the rest of Quebec without electricity for hours on a very cold night. Even though the blackout lasted around nine hours for most places, some locations were in the dark for days. This geomagnetic storm caused about C$10 million in damage to Hydro-Québec and tens of millions to the customers of the utility.

### 1998 ice storm

From January 4/5 to January 10, 1998, warm moist air from the south overriding cold air from the north produced an ice storm, leading to over 80 hours of freezing rain and drizzle. For days, a continuous shower of mostly freezing rain amounted to 70–110 millimetres (2.8–4.3 inches) of water equivalent of precipitation. Places like Montreal and the South Shore were especially hard hit, with 100 mm (3.9 in) of largely freezing rain falling. These heavy precipitation totals wreaked havoc on the regional power transmission system.

Physical damage

Five to six days of freezing rain and precipitation crippled the Hydro-Québec power grid in the Montreal and South Shore regions. In an area 100 by 250 kilometres (62 by 155 miles), some 116 transmission lines were out of commission, including several major 735 kV power lines and the Quebec–New England HVDC ±450 kV line.

Through successive waves of freezing precipitation, more than 75 millimetres (3.0 inches) of radial ice accumulated on the electrical conductors and the pylons themselves. This ice coating adds an additional weight of 15 to 20 kilograms per metre of conductor (10 to 20 lb/ft). Even though the electrical wires can withstand this extra weight, when combined with the effects of wind and precipitation, these conductors may break and fall. The pylons, designed to withstand only 45 millimetres (1.8 inches) of ice accretion, buckled and collapsed into twisted heaps of mangled steel. Cascading failures occurred on several transmission lines, where the collapse of one or more towers left a row of fallen pylons.

Of all the pylons damaged, some 150 were pylons supporting 735 kV lines, and 200 towers carrying 315 kV, 230 kV, or 120 kV power lines collapsed as well.<sup>\[B\]</sup> In a region bounded by Montreal between Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu and Granby, dubbed the "triangle of darkness", half of the overhead power grid was out of service. Quebec ordered myriad conductors, crossarms, and wire connections to repair the ones disabled by the storm in the electrical transmission and electric power distribution system. In all of Quebec, 24,000 poles, 4,000 transformers, and 1,000 electrical pylons were damaged or destroyed,<sup>\[B\]</sup> more than 3,000 km (2,000 mi) of downed electrical wires; this cost a total of C$800 million to repair.

Power outage

With over 100 transmission lines paralyzed by the ice, Quebec fell into a massive power outage in the cold Canadian winter. Even though power restoration initiated after the first blackouts, large numbers of Quebecers were in the dark. At the height of the blackout, some 1.4–1.5 million homes and customers, housing three to more than four million people, were in the dark. Private companies and other utilities from other parts of Canada and the United States were sent in to help Hydro-Québec undertake this massive restoration task, but these efforts were complicated by the widespread damage of the power grid. Blackouts in some areas lasted for 33 days, and 90% of those affected by the blackout had no power for more than seven days. Although power was fully restored to all locations in Quebec by February 8, 1998, it wasn't until mid-March that the power facilities were back in service. By then, much social and economic damage had occurred, such as ruined food and deaths resulting from lack of electric heating.

After the power outage was over, Hydro-Québec made numerous upgrades to its system in order to improve the power grid. Examples include the strengthening of electrical pylons and power poles, and increasing the power supply. This was done to enable the utility to restore power more rapidly in the case of a massive ice striking Quebec again. Hydro-Québec has stated that it is better-prepared to handle an ice storm with the same magnitude as the one of 1998.

### 2004 hydro tower bombing

In 2004, shortly before U.S. President George W. Bush's visit to Canada, a tower along the Quebec – New England Transmission HVDC circuit in the Eastern Townships near the Canada–US border was damaged by explosive charges detonated at its base. The CBC reported that a message, purportedly from the Résistance internationaliste and issued to the *La Presse* and *Le Journal de Montréal* newspapers and the CKAC radio station, stated that the attack had been carried out to "denounce the 'pillaging' of Quebec's resources by the United States."

## Criticism

The performance of Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie's power grid during the 1998 ice storm raised questions about the fundamental concept, vulnerability, and reliability of the grid. Critics noted that the power generation facilities were located approximately 1,000 km (600 mi) away from population centres and that there was a lack of local power stations around Montreal, which is served by only six 735 kV feeder lines; five of these lines form a loop called the "ring of power" around the city. When the ring failed on January 7, 1998, roughly 60% of Greater Montreal's power supply was offline. Hydro-Québec's large above-ground transmission and distribution system was considered to be exposed to natural disasters, although the cost of undergrounding the grid was prohibitive.

The technology utilized on Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie grid also came under fire from critics. It is claimed that this technology, used to improve performance, safety, and reliability, made people in Quebec over-dependent on the power grid for their energy needs, since electricity, especially hydroelectric power, makes up over 40% of Quebec's energy supply. This dependence, evidenced by the fact Ontario farmers had more backup generators than farmers in Quebec, can increase the severity of the consequences when the grid fails, as it did in January 1998.

**A.** **<sup>^</sup>**  Two figures are given for the length of the 735 kV system: 11,422 and 11,527 km (7,097 and 7,163 mi). **B.** ^ **<sup>a</sup>** **<sup>b</sup>**  Estimates on the total number of poles and pylons damaged / destroyed by the ice storm vary.  General * Hyman, Leonard S. (1988). *America's Electric Utilities: Past, Present and Future* (5 ed.). Public Utilities Reports. ISBN 978-0-910325-25-7.

Specific


title: Vincent P. Drnevich

abstract: Vincent Paul Drnevich is an American engineer and emeritus professor from Purdue University. He is known for his research contributions focused upon the engineering properties of soils and concrete. In honor of his contributions, he had been named a Fellow of American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society for Testing and Materials, National Society of Professional Engineers, and Indiana Society of Professional Engineers.

text:
# Vincent P. Drnevich

**Vincent Paul Drnevich** is an American engineer and emeritus professor from Purdue University. He is known for his research contributions focused upon the engineering properties of soils and concrete. In honor of his contributions, he had been named a Fellow of American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society for Testing and Materials, National Society of Professional Engineers, and Indiana Society of Professional Engineers.

## Engineering career

Vincent Drnevich received B.S. and M.S. degrees from the University of Notre Dame, and his Ph.D. degree from the University of Michigan. Following graduation, he taught for 24 years at the University of Kentucky, where he served as the department chair for the civil engineering department, along with one year as the acting Dean of Engineering. Afterwards from 1991 until 2000, he served as the school head for civil engineering at Purdue University.

In 2008, Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels appointed him to the Indiana Board of Registration for Professional Engineers, where he was elected chair in 2013.

## Awards and honors

He has received numerous awards, in addition to being named a Fellow from ASCE, ASTM, NSPE, and ISPE. The following are some of them:

* *Hogentogler Award* in 1979 & 2014 and *Woodland G. Shockley Award* in 1996 from ASTM.
* *George Wadlin Award* in 2002 from ASEE.
* *Harold T. Larson Award* in 1985 and the *James M. Robbins Award* in 1989 from Chi Epsilon.
* *Thomas A. Morris Engineering Leadership Award* in 2013 from ISPE.
* *Diplomate* of Geotechnical Engineering from the Academy of Geo-Professionals in 2009.
* In 2006, the Hardin-Drnevich-Huang Professorship in Geotechnical Engineering was established at the University of Kentucky, named partially in his name in recognition for his working in creating a nationally recognized program in geotechnical engineering at the university.

## InfoBox

| Vincent Paul Drnevich | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Pittsburgh, PA |
| Spouse | Roxanne M. (*nee Hosier*) |
|  | |
| Alma mater | Notre Dame (BS, MS)
University of Michigan (PhD) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Civil Engineering |
| Institutions | University of Kentucky
Purdue University |
| Thesis | *Effects Of Strain History On The Dynamic Properties Of Sand* (1967) |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Paul A. Varg

abstract: Paul A. Varg was an American historian. He was a leading scholar in the field of U.S. foreign relations. The historical subject of China was one of particular interest to Varg.

text:
# Paul A. Varg

**Paul A. Varg** (March 20, 1912 – February 23, 1994) was an American historian. He was a leading scholar in the field of U.S. foreign relations. The historical subject of China was one of particular interest to Varg.

## Biography

Varg was from Worcester, Massachusetts. He attended Clark University for his bachelor's and master's degrees. He received his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1947 with a dissertation on William Woodville Rockhill, under the influence of Harley F. MacNair. He served in the U.S. Navy during World War II. Varg began teaching at Ohio State University, rising to the rank of associate professor, and moved in 1958 to Michigan State University, where he remained for the rest of his career. He taught at the University of Stockholm in 1955–1956 as a visiting Fulbright scholar. From 1962 to 1969, he was the first Dean of the College of Arts and Letters at Michigan State. Varg served as president of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations in 1979. He retired in July 1981. He is remembered by an annual faculty award at Michigan State.

## Scholarly impact

## Bibliography

* *Open Door Diplomat: The Life of W.W. Rockhill* (University of Illinois Press, 1952).
* *Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China, 1890-1952* (Princeton University Press, 1958).
* *Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers* (Michigan State University Press, 1963).
* *The Closing of the Door: Sino-American Relations, 1936-1946* (Michigan State University Press, 1973).
* *United States Foreign Relations, 1820-1860* (Michigan State University Press, 1979).
* *New England and Foreign Relations, 1789-1850* (University Press of New England, 1982).
* *America, from Client State to World Power: Six Major Transitions in United States Foreign Relations* (University of Oklahoma Press, 1990).
* *Edward Everett: The Intellectual in the Turmoil of Politics* (Susquehanna University Press, 1992).


title: Friedman Unit

abstract: The Friedman Unit, or simply Friedman, is a tongue-in-cheek neologism. One Friedman Unit is equal to six months, specifically the "next six months", a period repeatedly declared by New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman to be the most critical of the then-ongoing Iraq War even though such pronouncements extended back over two and a half years.

text:
# Friedman Unit

The **Friedman Unit**, or simply **Friedman**, is a tongue-in-cheek neologism. One Friedman Unit is equal to six months, specifically the "next six months", a period repeatedly declared by *New York Times* columnist Thomas Friedman to be the most critical of the then-ongoing Iraq War even though such pronouncements extended back over two and a half years.

## History

The term is in reference to a May 16, 2006, article by Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) detailing the repeated use by columnist Thomas Friedman of "the next six months" as the period in which, according to Friedman, "we're going to find out... whether a decent outcome is possible" in the Iraq War. As documented by FAIR, Friedman had been making such six-month predictions for a period of two and a half years, on at least fourteen different occasions, starting with a column in the November 30, 2003, edition of *The New York Times*, in which he stated: "The next six months in Iraq—which will determine the prospects for democracy-building there—are the most important six months in U.S. foreign policy in a long, long time."

In tribute to Friedman's recurring prognostications, blogger Duncan Black (Atrios) coined the eponymous unit.

Similar predictions by others began to be judged by the new metric in the blogosphere. For example, Zalmay Khalizad, U.S. Ambassador to Iraq, had said in June 2005 that "the next nine months are critical", now interpreted as predicting that in 1.5 Friedman units the U.S. might have a better grasp on the situation.

In September, 2007, Friedman agreed not to call for any more FUs: "Stephen Colbert brings on Thomas Friedman, author of *The World is Flat*.... Colbert offers up the same six months (also known as a Friedman Unit or FU) that Friedman has spent the last four years claiming would be all we need to see "success in Iraq", but Friedman admits we're all out of FUs." However, in July, 2008, he again called for a delay in Barack Obama's plan to withdraw troops from Iraq, in effect adopting John McCain's position. Even after Barack Obama had designated the summer of 2010 as his goal for starting to bring American troops home from Iraq, with the end of 2010 as his deadline, in October 2008 Friedman was reported as calling for another Friedman unit, giving his opinion that, if elected, President Obama should let troops remain until 2011.

*A Way with Words* noted that Friedman had also been calling for more Friedman units in other contexts. This refers to his appearance on *The Daily Show* on June 12, 2006.

The term has been used in puns, for example, "Commander of the Friedman Unit," an article about the political hopes of Friedman for a third-party candidate in the U.S. presidential race of 2012.

## Impact

It is used in discussions of whether it's too soon to tell if the U.S. is making progress. It worked its way into commentary on the war and whether an interval was indeed critical.

Journalist Spencer Ackerman referred to the unit to measure the progress of American goals in other Middle Eastern countries, such as Afghanistan in 2009: "Ah, the Friedman unit, that beloved Internet tradition denoting the six-month increment many pundits believe will prove decisive in any war, only to be subject to an endless addition of ... Friedman units."

Ezra Klein invented another Friedman-based term: "Friedman's Choice ... states that our real choices in Iraq are 10 months or 10 years. Either we commit the resources to entirely rebuild the place over a decade, for which there is little support, or we tell everyone that we will be out within 10 months, or sooner, and we'll deal with the consequences from afar."


title: Patrick Lambie

abstract: Patrick Jonathan Lambie is a retired South African professional rugby union player who last played for Racing 92 in the French Top 14. He announced his retirement in January 2019 due to multiple concussions.

text:
# Patrick Lambie

**Patrick Jonathan Lambie** (born 17 October 1990) is a retired South African professional rugby union player who last played for Racing 92 in the French Top 14. He announced his retirement in January 2019 due to multiple concussions.

## Early life

Lambie attended school at Clifton Preparatory in Durban before attending Michaelhouse from 2004 to 2008. He played SA schools rugby in both grade 11 and matric (grade 12). He was head boy and captained both the rugby and cricket team in his final year at Michaelhouse. He also holds a British passport.

## Career

Lambie is capable of playing flyhalf, centre and fullback, and was the leading points scorer in the 2009 ABSA U21 Currie Cup despite only turning 19 later that year. He represented South Africa at the under-20 level when he was selected for the squad, and was utilized extensively as the first choice fullback during the 2010 U20 World Cup in Argentina.

Lambie joined the Sharks senior team set up in the 2010 Super 14 season, where his debut was spent in the fullback position. He was shifted to centre in the 2010 Currie Cup and due to injury was required to fill the flyhalf berth. Due to his natural talent and unwavering nerve he made the position his own and was integral in helping the Sharks reach Currie Cup success in 2010, including scoring two tries, three conversions and three penalties in the Sharks' 30–10 win over Western Province in the final of the tournament. He was awarded with the "Man-of-the-Match" award in the Currie Cup final. Lambie was also the second highest point scorer in the Currie Cup.

Lambie was called up to represent South Africa during their 2010 tour to Ireland and the United Kingdom. He made his début against Ireland on 6 November 2010, at flyhalf after Morné Steyn was substituted in the second half. He converted a try on his debut. He has also started against the Barbarians team for the Springboks at fullback, but this was not an official international match.

### School career

Lambie was not a prodigious rugby player during his Clifton Preparatory School years, but he came into his own while attending Michaelhouse school. He played in the highest level teams in all of the under-14, under-15 and under-16 age groups at Michaelhouse. He suffered an elbow injury in his 2006-year which sidelined him for most of the season. In 2007, Lambie made the Michaelhouse first team as fullback and went on to play for both KZN at Craven Week and S.A. Schools. In 2008, Lambie became headboy of Michaelhouse and was elected both first team rugby and cricket captain. In 2008, Lambie once again made the KZN Craven week and S.A. Schools sides. Lambie attained more than an 80% win rate with his two years of Michaelhouse's first team, and never lost in any sport to Hilton which is Michaelhouse's "rival" school. While Lambie played in the Michaelhouse first rugby team they were ranked in the top ten rugby schools in the country. Lambie was both the KZN cricket and KZN Craven Week captain, and was Michaelhouse's first Springbok rugby player in their 115-year history.

### 2009 season

Lambie had a successful season in 2009 for the Sharks under-21 team, even though he only turned 19 years old in October that year. Lambie played at the fullback position for the U21 Sharks. Lambie scored a personal haul of 192 points in the competition and ended the season as the U21 Currie Cup top points scorer. Lambie narrowly lost the U21 ABSA Currie Cup final against U21 Free State Cheetahs. He made one appearance for the Sharks senior side in the 2009 Currie Cup against the GWK Griquas at centre. Lambie made his debut in the last twenty minutes of the match.

### 2010 season

Lambie made his debut for the Sharks against The Highlanders at fullback on 18 March. His debut coincided with the end of the Sharks five game losing streak. He went on to start the next seven consecutive games (losing only one match against the champion Bulls which ended their five-match winning streak) for the Sharks and scoring two tries in the process. Lambie then played for the South African under-20 team in the 2010 IRB Junior World Championship in Argentina. He played fullback for all of the games and ended up as the tournaments second top scorer (behind Tyler Bleyendaal). South Africa ended third in the competition.

Lambie joined the Sharks for the start of the 2010 Currie Cup rugby competition. He started the campaign at fullback but moved to inside centre and finally flyhalf where he would remain for the rest of the campaign. Lambie scored 205 points in 16 games and ended up the second highest scorer (behind Willem de Waal) in the competition. He played in all sixteen of the Sharks' matches coming off the bench in just one of them. In 2010 he played 24 matches for the Sharks, winning 19 of them and scoring a total of 215 points in all competitions for the Sharks. Lambie was awarded Man-of-the-Match after the Currie Cup final in which he played his part in the Sharks' victory against the Western Province.

### 2011 season

Lambie started the 2011 Super Rugby season playing against the Cheetahs in a South African derby. Lambie converted a try and slotted three penalties, scoring eleven points in the process. Lambie's second match was against the Blues. He scored a try and converted four penalties and two tries scoring nineteen points in the process, he was awarded a Man-of-the-Match for his contribution. Although Lambie put in a perfect kicking performance in his fifth match of the season against the Chiefs the Sharks lost 15–9. Lambie broke his finger in the match and was sidelined for the next three matches, the only he had missed since his debut.

He came back strongly from his injury and propelled the Sharks from their dismal form, which included two losses after his departure, he then led them to 6th place on the Super Rugby log only nine points behind the Reds. He finished fourth on the point scorers chart with 193 points which included four tries in his first full season of Super Rugby. Lambie broke the Sharks record for most points scored in a season by an individual player. The Sharks made it to the Super Rugby playoffs, but lost to the Crusaders with Lambie kicking all the penalties and conversions. His success and brilliant play in the Super Rugby season earned him a place in the preliminary Springbok squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup.

He made two more appearances for the Springboks in 2011 during the Tri-nations and earned his first start on 30 July at fly-half against New Zealand. During the 2011 Rugby World Cup Lambie started in the fullback berth for all the group stage games and for the quarter-final match. Lambie had a try disallowed during the Springbok quarter final loss against the Australian team 11–9.

Lambie then returned to South Africa and played against the MTN Lions in the Currie Cup. He also played against the Blue Bulls in the semi-final and then eventually lost the Currie Cup final to the MTN Lions.

### 2012 season

#### Sharks games

The Sharks began the 2012 Super Rugby season campaign against their local rivals the Vodacom Bulls. They lost a closely contested match up 18–13 with Lambie converting a try and scoring two penalties. The next weekend the Sharks would suffer a 15–12 loss to the DHL Stormers with Lambie once again scoring the majority of his team's points. The Sharks would go on to beat the MTN Lions and Reds yet lose to the Waratahs. Lambie scored 39 points in these games. In the match against the Waratahs, Lambie injured his right hand which would put him out for 2 weeks and miss the matches against the Brumbies and Hurricanes. The Sharks then played another 6 games and won 4 of them mainly due to Lambie scoring 89 points in the five games he played, missing one match due to concussion. Lambie recovered from his concussion and returned to action against the Blues and scored 9 points in a tight match. Lambie and the Sharks put in a strong run towards the final of the Super Rugby tournament with Lambie winning the Man-of-the-Match award against the Highlanders. Lambie would suffer from injury again however and miss the playoff match against the Reds and the semi-final against the Stormers. He would however return to play against the Chiefs in the final of the tournament although he would have little impact as the Sharks lost 37–6 to a strong Chiefs side. Lambie played 13 games during the 2012 Super Rugby season, scoring 141 points as he averaged 11 points a game.

Lambie only played three matches during the 2012 Currie Cup Tournament for the Sharks due to his international commitments for the South African National team. Lambie played his first Currie Cup match against the Griquas in Kimberly. He set up 3 tries and scored 17 points as the Sharks continued their form going into the semi-final, Lambie was also awarded the Man-of-the-Match award for his performance. Lambie would then start for the Sharks against the Vodacom Blue Bulls in the semi-final and his form would continue as he scored 15 points from 5 penalties to once again win the Man-of-the-Match award and to send the Sharks to the final of the Currie Cup. The Sharks played the Western Province in the Currie Cup final. The Sharks would narrowly lose 25–18 in a closely knit match with Lambie scoring all 18 points in the game with 6 penalties. Lambie finished the Currie Cup campaign with 50 points in 3 games and was selected for the South African National Team's Northern Hemisphere tour at the end of the year.

#### Springbok matches

Lambie's all round play and his position of fifth on the super rugby point scorer's table got him selected for the Springbok squad for the 2012 England tour of South Africa. He took the pitch at half time with the score at 6–6 and helped the Springboks to a 22–17 victory over England. This was his twelfth cap. On 4 October 2014 Lambie scored the winning penalty against The All Blacks which ended their 22 match unbeaten run.

He was selected as Springbok reserve fullback for The Castle Rugby Championship 2012, but was kept warming the bench in favour of the regular full back, Zane Kirchner, during the two matches against Argentina in August 2012. On 6 October 2012 he played as reserve fullback (taking the field at the 64th minute into the game) versus New Zealand at the FNB Stadium, Soweto at the age of only 21.

He was selected as Springbok fly-half and goal kicker for the outgoing overseas tour to Britain and Ireland during November 2012, coincidentally scoring 11 points (3 penalties and one conversion) in each of the three tests giving him a grand total of 33 points on the tour.

Lambie was recognised for his consistent and exceptional play in the 2012 season by being nominated for SARU Player of the year.

## Retirement

Lambie announced his retirement from rugby on 19 January 2019 due to multiple concussions in his career.

## Honours

Sharks

## Accolades

* SARU Young Player of the Year 2011
* South African Team of the year 2012

## InfoBox

Patrick Lambie
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Patrick Jonathan Lambie |
| Date of birth | (1990-10-17) 17 October 1990 |
| Place of birth | Durban, South Africa |
| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 9+12 in) |
| Weight | 87 kg (13 st 10 lb; 192 lb) |
| School | Clifton School,
Michaelhouse |
| Notable relative(s) | Nic Labuschagne (grandfather)
Peter Brown
Gordon Brown |
| Occupation(s) | Rugby player |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Flyhalf / Fullback / Centre  **Current team** Racing 92  Youth career  2008 Sharks  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2009 Sharks Invitational XV  1  (5)  2009–2017 Sharks (Currie Cup)  30  (329)  2010–2017 Sharks  71  (746)  2017–2018 Racing 92  18  (60)  Correct as of 21 January 2019  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2008 South African Schools  1  (5)  2010–2016 South Africa *(tests)*  56  (153)  2010 South Africa *(tour)*  1  (0)  2010 South Africa Under-20  5  (75)  2013 Barbarians  3  (21)  2015 Springboks  1  (4)  2016 Springbok XV  1  (6)  Correct as of 6 April 2018 | |
| Medal record      Men's Rugby union  Representing  South Africa  Rugby World Cup  2015 England Squad | |


title: Norman Allan

abstract: Norman Thomas William Allan, was the Commissioner of the New South Wales Police Force, from 1962 to 1972.

text:
# Norman Allan

**Norman Thomas William Allan**, CMG, MVO, QPM (3 June 1909 – 28 January 1977) was the Commissioner of the New South Wales Police Force, from 1962 to 1972.

## Biography

A Protestant and Freemason, Allan joined the NSW Police Force in 1929, posted at Redfern. From 1932, he prosecuted at the Central Criminal Court, until transferred to headquarters in 1938. Allan attained the rank of inspector in 1948, then superintendent in 1956, and was assistant to three consecutive police commissioners: William John MacKayJames Frederick Scott, and Colin John Delaney.

In 1953, Allan was awarded the Coronation Medal, and in 1957 he earned the Queen's Police Medal for Distinguished Service and the Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal. He was also specially commended by the State Premier Robert Heffron for devotion to duty and exceptional skill and ability in connection with the conviction of Stephen Leslie Bradley for the murder of Graeme Thorne. Allan was acting deputy-commissioner in 1959 and became Chief Commissioner of Police on 28 February 1962. In July 1968, while negotiating with armed hostage-taker Wally Mellish at Glenfield, west of Sydney, he achieved national fame by arranging the forced marriage of the criminal to his female hostage, then supplying Mellish with an Armalite rifle and 200 bullets.

Known unofficially as "Norman the Foreman," Allan finished his tenure during the years when Sir Robert Askin was Premier of New South Wales. While Allan was Police Commissioner, illegal casinos flourished in Sydney, in full view of both police and the public. Yet very few police raids ever took place. The collective annual turnover of illegal casinos in Sydney in 1974 was estimated to be $600 million (or $3.8 billion in 2008 terms). This netted the operators an untaxed profit of $16 million ($95 million in 2008) after all costs and alleged bribes had been paid off. A close associate of prominent Sydney racing identity Perc Galea claimed that Police Commissioner Allan and his successor Frederick Hanson were paid $100,000 a year each in bribes.

One of the greatest challenges of Allan's tenure as commissioner was the Arantz scandal. Detective Sergeant Philip Arantz developed a computer program that gave accurate crime data. The new data showed that information previously published by the commissioner was misleading or incorrect. NSW Police refused to acknowledge the new data, which led Arantz to leak it to the press in November 1971. Following this, Arantz was forcibly admitted into hospital having been declared mentally ill by a police doctor. The police doctor later claimed that he had been coerced into doing so by senior police. In 1972 Arantz was sacked from the force. Allan at first denied that the new information was accurate, but he later conceded its validity in a report tabled to parliament in September 1972. Arantz was finally reinstated into the police force in 1989, after the NSW parliament brought in new reinstatement legislation.

In July 2008 Penguin published the book *Gentle Satan: Abe Saffron, My Father* by Alan Saffron, the only son of reputed Sydney crime czar Abe Saffron. The book contains allegations about Allan's supposed corrupt relationship with Saffron, claiming that Saffron regularly paid both Allan and Askin bribes of between A$5,000 and $10,000 per week each, that Allan was a frequent visitor to Saffron's office and home. Also included in the book is the allegation that Saffron paid for an overseas trip for Allan and an unnamed female companion.

## InfoBox

| Norman AllanCMG, MVO, QPM | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Commissioner of the New South Wales Police | |
| **In office**
28 February 1962  14 November 1972 | |
| Preceded by | Colin Delaney |
| Succeeded by | Frederick Hanson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1909-06-03)3 June 1909
Lithgow, New South Wales |
| Died | 28 January 1977(1977-01-28) (aged 67)
Manly, New South Wales |
|  | |


abstract: The Senate Finance Subcommittee on Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth is one of the six subcommittees within the Senate Committee on Finance, having been created on February 16, 2011, during the 111th Congress.

text:
# United States Senate Finance Subcommittee on Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth

The **Senate Finance Subcommittee on Fiscal Responsibility and Economic Growth** is one of the six subcommittees within the Senate Committee on Finance, having been created on February 16, 2011, during the 111th Congress.

## Members, 117th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| *Ex officio* | |
|  |  |


title: Moral evil

abstract: Moral evil is any morally negative event caused by the intentional action or inaction of an agent, such as a person. An example of a moral evil might be murder, war or any other evil event for which someone can be held responsible or culpable. This concept can be contrasted with natural evil, in which a bad event occurs naturally, without the intervention of an agent. The dividing line between natural and moral evil is not absolutely clear however, as some behaviours can be unintentional yet morally significant. The distinction of evil from 'bad' is complex. Evil is more than simply 'negative' or 'bad' as evil is on its own, and without reference to any other event, morally incorrect. The validity of 'moral evil' as a term, therefore, rests on the validity of morals in ethics. First impressions on morally evil actions dictate, how people see events, not only murders/death but the level of inhumane cruelty.

text:
# Moral evil

**Moral evil** is any morally negative event caused by the intentional action or inaction of an agent, such as a person. An example of a moral evil might be murder, war or any other evil event for which someone can be held responsible or culpable. This concept can be contrasted with natural evil, in which a bad event occurs naturally, without the intervention of an agent. The dividing line between natural and moral evil is not absolutely clear however, as some behaviours can be unintentional yet morally significant.

The distinction of evil from 'bad' is complex. Evil is more than simply 'negative' or 'bad' (i.e. undesired or inhibiting good) as evil is on its own, and without reference to any other event, morally incorrect. The validity of 'moral evil' as a term, therefore, rests on the validity of morals in ethics.

First impressions on morally evil actions dictate, how people see events, not only murders/death but the level of inhumane cruelty.

## Philosophers on moral evil

A philosopher named Christopher McMahon had a theory regarding moral evil which was questioning the idea that although murder is considered worse than an accidental death, preventing both deaths would be of equal value, despite the fact that murder is morally evil whereas accidental death is not.

He uses examples to demonstrate violations of moral evil and harm related to first impressions. The Holocaust is seen as morally worse than the Spanish influenza epidemic although the Holocaust had one third the number of deaths as the Spanish influenza epidemic.

More people died in the Spanish influenza but since the Holocaust was seen as more gruesome and inhumane it is considered morally evil in peoples point of views.


title: Sarah Preston

abstract: Sarah Preston is an English actress and writer, who is best known for playing Karen Newburn in Holby City, Amanda Parry in EastEnders and the "Make-up Woman" whose name no-one can remember in Extras with Ricky Gervais.

text:
# Sarah Preston

**Sarah Preston** (born in Middlesbrough) is an English actress and writer, who is best known for playing Karen Newburn in *Holby City*, Amanda Parry in *EastEnders* and the "Make-up Woman" whose name no-one can remember in *Extras* with Ricky Gervais.

## Early life

Sarah Preston is the daughter of Madge Preston and Arthur Ernest Preston and has one brother and one sister.

## Acting career

Sarah Preston started her career on stage at the age of five in her native Northeast of England. Some of her early acting experience was with Stockton Youth Theatre where she performed in acclaimed productions of *Hair*, *Jesus Christ Superstar* and *Sweet Charity* alongside Mark Benton and Marcus Bentley.

Sarah continued to be involved in many theatre and independent productions until she left for London where she trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) for three years and gained a diploma in acting.  Classmates included Andrew Lincoln and Stephen Mangan.

During her time at RADA, Sarah developed skills in stage fighting. She excelled in this, earning high qualifications and the coveted John Barton Prize. One of her first jobs after leaving RADA was in the feature film *The House of Angelo*.

Sarah's first major TV role was playing Karen Newburn in the BBC drama series, *Holby City*. She played the straight-talking, no-nonsense Ward Sister who clashes with ex-husband and cardiothoracic registrar Nick Jordan, played by Michael French. They battled throughout the first two series and their tempestuous relationship became one of the leading story-lines.

Other regular appearances include *EastEnders*, *In Deep* with Stephen Tompkinson, *Steel River Blues* and *Extras* with Ricky Gervais.

Sarah has guested in a number of other shows including *Vera* with Brenda Blethyn, *The Last Detective* alongside Peter Davison, *Where The Heart Is* and *Doctors*.

## Writing

Sarah Preston founded the TV and film production company, Bamboo Media Productions Limited.

### Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1995 | *The Glass Virgin* | Agnes Fairbairn | 3 episodes |
| | *Pie in the Sky* | Receptionist | Episode: Lemon Twist |
| | *Men of the World* | Laura | Episode: Stolen Kiss |
| 1997 | *The House of Angelo* | Meg |  |
| 1999 | *Tilly Trotter* | Mary Bentwood | Series 1, episodes 1 & 2 |
| 1999-2000 | *Holby City* | Karen Newburn | 24 episodes |
| 2000 | *Badger* | Amanda | Episode: The Last Flight |
| | *Doctors* | Celia Cobb | Episode: Looking After |
| 2001 | *Where The Heart Is* | Julia Joyce | Episode: The Ties That Bind |
| | *Murder in Mind* | Sandra | Episode: Vigilante |
| 2002 | *Out Done* | Sarah | Short film |
| 2003 | *In Deep* | Katy Gannon | Episodes: Men & Boys Parts 1 & 2 |
| 2004 | *Steel River Blues* | Belinda Moss | 2 episodes |
| | *Doctors* | Karen Rees | Episode: Passing By |
| 2005 | *Eva* | Rachel | Short film |
| | *EastEnders* | Amanda | 8 episodes |
| 2006 | *Extras* | Make-up woman | 3 episodes, series 2 |
| 2007 | *The Last Detective* | Kitty Sullivan | Episode: The Dead Peasants Society |
| 2011 | *Vera* | Jeannie Long | Episode: Telling Tales |
| | *Doctors* | Beth Wilde | Episode: Defying Gravity |
| | 2013 | Yvonne Turnham | Episode: Falling |
|

## InfoBox

| Sarah Preston | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Sarah Jane Preston<br>Middlesbrough, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (3 years) |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, writer |
| Years active | 1994–present |
| Known for | *Holby City*, *Extras*, *Steel River Blues*, *EastEnders* |


title: Vincent P. de Poix

abstract: Vincent Paul de Poix was a vice admiral in the United States Navy. He began his career as a naval aviator and fighting in World War II aboard USS Enterprise (CV-6). A graduate of the United States Naval Academy, he became the first captain of the newly commissioned USS Enterprise (CVN-65) in November 1961. He later participated in the Vietnam War, and commanded the United States Second Fleet. He was Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency from August 1972 to September 1974.

text:
# Vincent P. de Poix

**Vincent Paul de Poix** (August 13, 1916  February 3, 2015) was a vice admiral in the United States Navy. He began his career as a naval aviator and fighting in World War II aboard USS *Enterprise* (CV-6). A graduate of the United States Naval Academy, he became the first captain of the newly commissioned USS *Enterprise* (CVN-65) in November 1961. He later participated in the Vietnam War, and commanded the United States Second Fleet. He was Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency from August 1972 to September 1974.

## Early life

De Poix was born as Vincent Paul De Poix in Los Angeles, California, on August 13, 1916. De Poix's father was Elzear Paul de Poix and his mother was Grace L. (née Howard) de Poix.

De Poix attended Horace Greeley High School in Chappaqua, New York. De Poix attended Severn School, a prep school for U.S. Naval Academy, in Severna Park, Maryland.

## Education

De Poix attended Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. In 1939, De Poix graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, with distinction and ranked 26th in a class of 581.

De Poix was trained as a naval aviator at NAS Pensacola. In March 1944, he began ordnance engineering (aviation) instruction at the Naval Postgraduate School, Annapolis, Maryland. In August 1946, the admiral attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at Cambridge Massachusetts, and received a master of science degree in aeronautical engineering. In 1959-1960, he studied nuclear power operations, receiving certification in 1960. From 1963-64, the admiral attended the National War College, Washington, D.C.

## Career

After being commissioned an ensign on 1 June 1939, de Poix joined USS *Minneapolis* (CA-36); then, a year later, USS *Sicard* (DM-21). After naval aviator training, he was attached to the Advance Carrier Training Group at San Diego County, California. From June 1942 to August 1943, he served in the South Pacific; this time frame included tours with Fighter Squadron 6 (VF-6) on board USS *Enterprise* (CV-6) and USS *Saratoga* (CV-3), along with a shore based tour on Guadalcanal, and subsequent operations in the Solomon Islands campaign.

Subsequent assignments included a tour with the Aviation Fire Control Unit at the Naval Ordnance Test Station, Inyokern, California. From January 1948 to June 1950, he was commander of Fighter Squadron 172 (VF-172) based in Florida. From 1950 to 1952, he served with the Bureau of Ordnance Research and Development Division Aviation Ordnance Branch, Washington, D.C. From 1952, he served as aviation readiness and aviation ordnance officer for the commander-in-chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet. He served in leadership positions in the Naval Operation Office Guided Missiles Division until June 1957, when he assumed command of Air Development Squadron 4 (VX-4), Point Mugu, California.

In March 1959, he became commanding officer of the seaplane tender USS *Albemarle* (AV-5), which was followed by training with the Atomic Energy Commission Reactor Development Division Office of the Assistant Director for Naval Reactors.

In September 1960, he was ordered to duty as prospective commanding officer of the USS *Enterprise* (CVA(N)-65) (later redesignated CVN-65). Launched on 24 September 1960, she was at the time the largest naval warship ever constructed and was the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. When the vessel was commissioned on 25 November 1961, de Poix became her first captain.

In July 1963, he was detached for instruction at the National War College, Washington, D.C.

de Poix was assigned to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations in 1964, followed by a tour as assistant director for administration and management in Defense Research and Engineering, and as assistant director of operational test and evaluation.

In August 1966, he reported as commander Carrier Division 7, bound for Vietnam.

In September 1967, de Poix became assistant deputy chief of naval operations (Development), and then in February 1969, Deputy Director of Defense Research and Engineering (Administration, Evaluation and Management), Office of the Secretary of Defense. In August 1971, he assumed command of the Second Fleet.

## Defense Intelligence Agency

de Poix reported as deputy director of the Defense Intelligence Agency in July 1972, and became director the next month.

de Poix continued the reorganization of the Agency begun by his predecessor, General Donald V. Bennett. Streamlining the organization had become critical since severe manpower cutbacks had taken a major toll on the agency. DIA manpower had been cut by one third after Vietnam. By 1973, nearly all elements had been consolidated and realigned.

In September 1972, Secretary of State William Rogers said that the US and the Soviet Union were moving away from a world of containment to one of engagement. Yet even though relations warmed into a period of détente, the need for defense intelligence did not diminish. Such intelligence was an intrinsic component of military strength, and, as President Nixon reiterated in the spring of 1973, the US had to remain militarily strong if negotiations with communist nations were to be successful.

President Nixon met with much success in foreign affairs, but quite the reverse in domestic issues. While some of his diplomatic and military decisions—in the latter case, for example, over how and when to end American involvement in Indochina—were controversial, nothing so undermined Americans' confidence in the executive as the Watergate break-in and the President's complicity in the cover-up. As the intelligence community was tied into the executive branch, that distrust tainted the public's perception of that community. Furthermore, many Americans believed that the intelligence community had itself engaged in some improper—if not illegal—actions abroad (there were suspicions about CIA involvement in the September 1973 Chilean coup). This meant that de Poix faced the challenge of steering DIA through some hostile waters.

The fourth major Arab-Israeli conflict, the Yom Kippur or October War, commenced on 6 October 1973. The massive attacks launched by Syria and Egypt had caught the Israelis unprepared, and was seen as a major intelligence failure for both the United States and Israel.

In the post-Watergate controversy surrounding American intelligence activities, DIA and its director answered detractors by remaining focused on providing quality products to national policy makers. The agency's reputation grew as its products were increasingly perceived throughout the government as valuable to the decision-making process. The agency was able to do this even while suffering from a personnel shortage, something which was of major concern at the 1972 Williamsburg Conference. Conference participants considered DIA resource decrements, while emphasizing technology and an upgrade of the National Military Intelligence Center (NMIC). The general counsel function was also added.

The agency's analysts wrestled with varied and numerous issues between the summer of 1972, when de Poix came on board, and the fall of 1974. They studied Lebanon, China (to aid in the normalizing of relations), the formation of Sri Lanka, and, of course, Salvador Allende's regime in Chile. The Agency also had analysts dedicated to the task of resolving Vietnam POW/MIA issues. They faced the intelligence challenges associated with maintaining détente, establishing arms control agreements (such as the SALT II talks in 1974), and the Paris Peace Accords (Vietnam). Other issues of note were global energy concerns (such as the petroleum shortages that led to long gas lines), and troubles throughout Africa. These and other world events brought greater emphasis on DIA products by decision makers.

President Gerald Ford wanted continuity in foreign affairs, so he promised Congress in August 1974 he would continue to try to improve relations with the Soviet Union and China. Defense intelligence would continue to play a role in forming US policies and in negotiations. DIA and its director, de Poix, had managed not only to maintain continuity of operations during these critical years, but also improve DIA's performance.

One area of particular emphasis during de Poix's leadership at DIA was the upgrading of the agency's human intelligence capability, accomplished by enhancing the effectiveness of the Defense Attaché System.

## Post-military career

Subsequent to retirement from the Navy, de Poix was associated for ten years with Teledyne, Inc in positions as company president and group executive. de Poix died on February 3, 2015, at the age of 98.

## Filmography

## Awards, decorations and badges

**Military Decorations**

**Unit Awards**

**Badges**

|  | Naval Aviator Badge |
| --- | --- |
|  | Joint Staff Identification Badge |
|  | Defense Intelligence Agency Badge |

**National Non-Military Awards**

|  | Central Intelligence Agency Distinguished Intelligence Medal |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Vincent P. de Poix | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | August 13, 1916
Los Angeles County, California, U.S. |
| Died | February 3, 2015(2015-02-03) (aged 98)
Oregon, U.S. |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1939–1974 |
| Rank | Vice admiral |
| Commands | Commanding Officer, Fighter Squadron 172; Commanding Officer, Air Development Squadron Four; Commanding Officer, USS *Albemarle*; Commanding Officer, USS *Enterprise* (CVN-65); Commander, Carrier Division 7; Commander, Second Fleet;
Director, Defense Intelligence Agency |


title: Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)

abstract: Paul Atlee Walker Sr. served as Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission from November 3, 1947, to December 28, 1947 (Acting), and again from February 28, 1952, to April 17, 1953.

text:
# Paul A. Walker (FCC chairman)

**Paul Atlee Walker Sr.** (January 11, 1881  November 2, 1965) served as Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission from November 3, 1947, to December 28, 1947 (Acting), and again from February 28, 1952, to April 17, 1953.

## InfoBox

| Paul A. Walker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission | |
| **In office**
February 28, 1952  April 17, 1953 | |
| President | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Preceded by | Wayne Coy |
| Succeeded by | Rosel Hyde |
| Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission
Acting | |
| **In office**
November 3, 1947  December 28, 1947 | |
| President | Harry S. Truman |
| Preceded by | Charles Denney |
| Succeeded by | Wayne Coy |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Paul Atlee Walker
(1881-01-11)January 11, 1881 |
| Died | November 2, 1965(1965-11-02) (aged 84) |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: Worm pearlfish

abstract: The worm pearlfish is an eel-like fish in the family Carapidae.

text:
# Worm pearlfish

The **worm pearlfish** (*Encheliophis vermicularis*) is an eel-like fish in the family Carapidae.

## Description

The worm pearlfish is typically 15 cm long and is characterized by its long, slender body and lack of scales.

## Morphology

Worm pearlfish lack the pectoral or pelvic fins that are common characters of the family *Carapidae*. The upper half of its body is blackish-pinkish in color and its underside is silver. Its tail is black and tapered.

Compared to other members of the family *Carapidae*, the worm pearlfish has a relatively weak jaw. The maxillaries and premaxillaries in worm pearlfishes are joined by short connective fibers in the small mouth opening. Both the maxillaries and premaxillaries are connected to the fish's skin, which creates a small mouth opening. Worm pearlfishes’ mouths are smaller and weaker than mouths of pearlfishes in other genera because they feed on soft, unresisting food in a confined space, as opposed to swift-moving, unconstrained prey. Their upper jaw is lined with an outside row of strong, curved teeth, and an inner row of conical teeth. Worm pearlfishes’ lower jaws contain one row of 20 conical teeth or more. Teeth are arranged in a cardiform (comb-like) design – Parmentier suggests they are used in a saw-like fashion to cut into internal tissues of their hosts.

## Habitat and range

*E. vermicularis* lives in a marine, reef-based environment in a tropical climate. They are an epibenthic species – they live near to the bottom of the seafloor. They seek out shallow-water sea cucumbers around in inshore waters and coral reefs which range in depth from 0-30 meters.

They can be found in the Indo-Pacific, the Gulf of Aden, around the Philippines and Society Islands, and north to the Ryukyus to the eastern Pacific.

## Diet

The worm pearlfish is a parasite of holothurians, each host is normally home to a pair of these fishes. Species recorded as hosting the worm pearlfish include *Holothuria leucospilota*, *H. scabra*, *H. lubrica* and *Thelenota ananas*. The worm pearlfish is an uncommon species.

While other members of the family *Carpidae* can be commensal, the genus *Encheliophis* is obligately parasitic. Worm pearlfish, specifically, prefer the coelomic cavity of the genus *Holothuria* (sea cucumbers). In particular, worm pearlfish have been found to prefer the sea cucumber species *H. leucospilota,* though they have been found in the sea cucumber species *Holothuria atra* as well.

Worm pearlfish feed exclusively on the internal tissue of the host, entering through the anal region of the sea cucumber without causing the sea cucumber to release its Cuvierian tubules – a defense mechanism which entangles possible predators. The pearlfish appears to be chemotaxic (responsive to chemical gradients in water) and is attracted to chemicals the coelomic fluid and Cuvierian tubules, which leads it to the sea cucumber's anus. Because the other species worm pearlfish prey on, *H. atra*, lack Cuvierian tubules, worm pearlfish are most likely not only attracted by the Cuvierian tubules. The anus of the sea cucumber contracts upon tactile stimulation by the worm pearlfish, but once it needs to respire and relax the anus again, pearlfish is able to penetrate the anus headfirst. Once inside, the worm pearlfish eats the sea cucumber's internal tissues – mostly the gonads.

## Reproduction and life cycle

Not much is known about the sexual behavior of worm pearlfish. Sexually mature male-female pairs of worm pearlfish been found cohabiting in sea cucumbers, so worm pearlfish are thought to mate and spawn inside their hosts. Larvae may then be expelled by the normal expiration of the sea cucumber. Like all members of the family *Carapidae*, worm pearlfish are hatched as holoplanktonic – i.e. temporarily planktonic – larvae from planktonic elliptical eggs, but it is unclear if spawning is seasonal or sporadic.

## InfoBox

| Worm pearlfish | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Ophidiiformes |
| Family: | Carapidae |
| Genus: | *Encheliophis* |
| Species: | ***E. vermicularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Encheliophis vermicularis***
J. P. Müller, 1842 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Encheliophis jordani* Heller & Snodgrass, 1903 * *Encheliophiops hancocki* Reid, 1940 * *Encheliophis hancocki* (Reid, 1940) | |