title: National service in the United States

abstract: National service in the United States has a long tradition, extending to the founding of the country. National service takes multiple forms in the U.S., including community service, military service, and other forms.

text:
# National service in the United States

**National service in the United States** has a long tradition, extending to the founding of the country. National service takes multiple forms in the U.S., including community service, military service, and other forms.

## Military national service

Thomas Jefferson lobbied heavily to ban a professional, standing army, and pushed for the creation of a universal and classified militia system that obligated every physically capable male to render service. Though he failed to have such a clause written into the U.S. Constitution or Bill of Rights, Jefferson continued to push for a universal and classified militia until his death in 1826.

> But it proves more forcibly the necessity of obliging every citizen to be a soldier; this was the case with the Greeks and Romans, and must be that of every free State. Where there is no oppression there will be no pauper hirelings.
>
> Thomas Jefferson, in an 1813 letter to James Monroe

> We must train and classify the whole of our male citizens, and make military instruction a regular part of collegiate education. We can never be safe till this is done.
>
> Thomas Jefferson, June 18, 1813 in a letter to James Monroe

> The Greeks by their laws, and the Romans by the spirit of their people, took care to put into the hands of their rulers no such engine of oppression as a standing army. Their system was to make every man a soldier, and oblige him to repair to the standard of his country whenever that was reared. This made them invincible; and the same remedy will make us so.
>
> Thomas Jefferson, September 10, 1814 in a letter to Thomas Cooper

Led by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists believed that a professional, standing army under the control of the federal government was necessary.

> If we mean to be a commercial people, or even to be secure on our Atlantic side, we must endeavor, as soon as possible, to have a navy. To this purpose there must be dock-yards and arsenals; and for the defense of these, fortifications, and probably garrisons
>
> Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. 24

> ...To oblige the great body of the yeomanry and of the other classes of citizens to be under arms for the purpose of going through military exercises and evolutions, as often as might be necessary to acquire the degree of perfection which would entitle them to the character of a well-regulated militia, would be a real grievance to the people and a serious public inconvenience and loss. It would form an annual deduction from the productive labor of this country to an amount which, calculating upon the present numbers of the people, would not fall far short of a million pounds. To attempt a thing which would abridge the mass of labor and industry to so considerable extent would be unwise: and the experiment, if made, could not succeed, because it would not long be endured. Little more can reasonably be aimed at with respect to the people at large than to have them properly armed and equipped; and in order to see that this be not neglected, it will be necessary to assemble them once or twice in the course of a year. But through the scheme of disciplining the whole nation must be abandoned as mischievous or impracticable; yet it is a matter of the utmost importance that a well-digested plan should, as soon as possible, be adopted for the proper establishment of the militia. The attention of the government ought particularly to be directed to the formation of a select corps of moderate size, upon such principles as will really fit it for service in case of need. By thus circumscribing the plan, it will be possible to have an excellent body of well-trained militia ready to take the field whenever the defense of the state shall require it. This will not only lessen the call for military establishments, but if circumstances should at any time oblige the government to form an army of any magnitude that army can never be formidable to the liberties of the people while there is a large body of citizens, little if at all inferior to them in discipline and the use of arms, who stand ready to defend their own rights and those of their fellow citizens. This appears to me the only substitute that can be devised for a standing army, and the best possible security against it, if it should exist.
>
> Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, Federalist No. 29

> Let a regular army, fully equal to the resources of the country, be formed; and let it be entirely at the devotion of the federal government; still it would not be going too far to say, that the State governments, with the people on their side, would be able to repel the danger. The highest number to which, according to the best computation, a standing army can be carried in any country, does not exceed one hundredth of the whole number of souls; or one twenty-fifth part of the number able to bear arms. This proportion would not yield, in the United States, an army of more than twenty-five or thirty thousand men. To these would be opposed a militia amounting to near half a million of citizens with arms in their hands, officered by men chosen from among themselves, fighting for their common liberties, and united and conducted by governments possessing their affections and confidence. It may well be doubted, whether a militia thus circumstanced could ever be conquered by such a proportion of regular troops.
>
> James Madison, Federalist No. 46

The Federalists won the debate, in part because of circumstances beyond their control. The first of these circumstances was Shays' Rebellion. The uprising was triggered by veterans of the American Revolutionary War who were losing their farms to unscrupulous lenders and regressive taxes in Massachusetts that heavily burdened small farmers to repay the war debt from the very war they fought in. Individuals unable to pay were often thrown into debtors' prisons. The various local militias that comprised Shay's "Regulators" went from town to town, shutting down Debtor's Courts and tax collection. They were eventually defeated by 4,400 mercenaries hired by Governor James Bowdoin in cooperation with Boston financiers. The political spin from the incident was that militias could not be relied upon and controlled, despite the exceptional circumstances that caused some of the Massachusetts militiamen to rebel in the first place.

The second circumstance was the Battle of the Wabash (Fort Recovery, Ohio) in the Northwest Indian War in 1791. A force of 1,000 Miamis, Shawnees, Buckongahelas, and Delawares massacred a militia-heavy US Army under the control of General Arthur St. Clair. The Native Americans inflicted a 97% casualty rate on St. Clair's force, making it one of the worst losses in US military history. In response, President George Washington and Congress raised the Legion of the United States, a professional combined-arms brigade of cavalry, artillery, and infantry under the control of one of Washington's old subordinates, General "Mad" Anthony Wayne. The Legion defeated the Western Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, thus affirming the place for a federally controlled, standing army in the new country, ostensibly to fight Native Americans on the Frontier.

The door was closed on the issue with the Militia Act of 1792. The 1792 Act codified the responsibility of all Americans in providing for the Nation's defense and mandated that every physically capable male between the ages of 18 and 45 be available for military service. The 1792 Act did not classify the militia (set service requirements according to age, i.e., 18- to 21-year-olds perform active service, 21 years and up perform voluntary or contingency service), or make the provision for select units (active-duty units that might serve alongside the regular Army), or provide uniform and detailed regulation throughout the States. Lastly, it did not provide financial ways and means to bring a National Militia into being.

In essence, the Militia Act of 1792 was a compromise between all parties. The Federalists would not have to pay for the militia, which was always a concern. Also, many of the Anti-Federalists did not want the Federal Government meddling in the regulation of their states' militias. They regarded it as an improper extension of federal power.

Washington and Jefferson remained skeptical. Both wanted a classified or select militia, and they predicted the inadequate results of the 1792 Act. In 1805, Jefferson attempted to improve the system as President, but his efforts did not gain the support of Congress. In many states, the militias gradually devolved until existing almost exclusively on paper by the 1840s.

### The creation of the federal draft

During the War of 1812, President James Madison and United States Secretary of War James Monroe sought a military draft, but Congress vehemently opposed it. Conscription continued to remain the domain of the States through levies to form militias. The federal draft was first applied in the American Civil War, though on a very limited basis with only 2% of the Union Army being draftees. It was reinstated again for World War I with the Selective Service Act of 1917.

### Creation of the National Guard

After witnessing numerous problems with the Militia during the Spanish–American War, President Theodore Roosevelt's Secretary of War, Elihu Root, pushed for a reformation of the old Militia System into a dedicated National Guard Bureau within the United States Department of War. The resulting Militia Act of 1903 (also known as the Dick Act due to it sponsorship by Senator Charles Dick from Ohio), classified all American males between the ages of 17 and 45 as either part of the organized militia (the National Guard), or a member of the unorganized militia (all males within the age range who are not members of the National Guard).

On June 3, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed into law the National Defense Act of 1916. The 1916 Defense Act increased the size and scope of the National Guard and created the Junior ROTC and ROTC (Reserve Officer Training Corps) for high schools and college campuses.

### World War II

With the anticipation of war in Europe, Congress passed the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 (Burke–Wadsworth Act). The 1940 Selective Service Act was significant because it was the first time in US History that conscription was enacted in peacetime, in spite of opposition from religious groups. The Act also contained a provision allowing for conscientious objection. This clause was a distinct departure from the World War I era when many Conscientious Objectors were jailed. Under the 1940 Act, all males between the ages of 21 and 35 were required to register, with draftees being selected via lottery. Draftees were to serve for no more than 12 months, and their service was to be limited to the US or US territories only. The 1940 draft was not a popular program, but public sentiment changed with the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941. To further conscription during the War, the draft age was lowered to 18.

During World War II, US participation was invoked at virtually every level of American society. Over 16 million men and women served in uniform, over 12% of a population of 130 million. Additionally, over 400,000 gave their lives; the largest sacrifice in any American war with the exception of the Civil War.

### Post World War II: the question of universal military training

The downsizing of the US military after World War II, without proper regard to future threats, left America's forces ill-trained and poorly manned and equipped for the Korean War. Following World War II, US Army end strength dropped from 8 million in the spring of 1945 to 684,000 by 1 July 1947, a reduction of 89 divisions to 12. Over the next year it was reduced again from 12 to 10. Spurred by tremendous public pressure to "bring the boys home," Congress had little interest in considerations for future conflicts. Besides, with the advent of the nuclear era, it was believed that all future wars would be fought with airplanes and atom bombs. Demobilization, in turn, was conducted without much forethought to its effects on readiness. In Germany, as veteran American units were disintegrated, the remnants were rolled up into the ad hoc United States Constabulary. In Japan, the 1st Cavalry Division was at 25% manning its first year of occupation duty, with minimally trained teenagers as its only replacements. The Army had dropped its basic training requirement from 13 weeks to eight, and in November and December 1946 only four weeks were required. By 1950, the four divisions that remained in Japan were at 48.8% strength, with their combat service support units only at 25.9%. Lastly, of the three divisions sent to Korea in 1945 to prevent Soviet incursion there, two were deactivated and the third sent to Japan in 1948. These forces were further derelict in the absence of logistics and combat training. Between 1945 and 1950, the Army procured nothing except food, clothing, and medical supplies. No new weapons, vehicles, equipment, spare parts, or ammunition was thought necessary. Combat training was equally nonexistent.

> Immediately following the end of World War II, General Jacob Devers, Chief of Army Field Forces, suspended all unit live-fire training even though the Army had a well-developed, wartime tested series of live fire exercises for squads, platoons, and companies. His rationale, and that of his successor, General Mark Clark, was simple: safety. Safety was a greater concern to the Army's peacetime leaders than training readiness.

To offset the rapid disintegration of the Army, General George C. Marshall hoped President Harry S. Truman and Congress would enact Universal Military Training (UMT), requiring all young men to receive one year of military training so the Army could expediently ramp up in time of war. This never happened, but when Army end-strength fell to a dismal 538,000 soldiers in June 1948, Congress begrudgingly passed the Selective Service Act of 1948. Budget conflicts, though, resulted in adding only 100,000 new soldiers. Nuclear deterrence aside, The United States' occupation of Germany and Japan during this time was made possible by the absence of any insurgency, or a Soviet invasion.

General Marshall ordered the War Department to produce a Universal Military Service pamphlet in 1944. General Marshall's staff considered the pamphlet too controversial, so it was never disseminated. The pamphlet survived only in the archives at the Library of Congress.

Despite General Marshall's unsuccessful promotion of Universal Military Training immediately following World War II, he would get another opportunity when he became the 3rd Secretary of Defense in September 1950. In the summer of 1950, the initial actions of the Korean War (including Task Force Smith) painfully demonstrated the US military's lack of preparedness. In response, US military end-strength was increased from 1,460,000 to 3,250,000 by the summer of 1951. Though the immediate problem was addressed, Marshall sought a permanent solution for national defense, and pushed strenuously for UMT. President Truman had been considering such a program for several years. Their combined efforts resulted in the Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951.

The Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951 set the statutory terms of service for the military at a minimum of 8 years, lowered the draft age from 19 to 18½, increased active-duty service time from 21 to 24 months, and contained a provision obligating all young American males to UMT. There was one catch in the legislation though. The UMT clause had to be activated by further legislation for it to go into effect. Despite successive attempts over the next several years, such legislation was never passed.

President Eisenhower took office in 1953 and ended hostilities in the Korean War. The Army and Marine infantries decreased in size. Eisenhower's "New Look" defense policy shifted back to a reliance on airplanes and atom bombs, thus further decreasing the possibility of universal military service.

### The Vietnam War

The Vietnam War significantly reduced America's desire for conscription. The 'search and destroy' approach to counter-insurgency degraded the fighting to virtual attrition warfare. In turn, soldiers were placed in exceedingly difficult circumstances that maximized hazards and multiplied provocations for misconduct and breaks in discipline. Seeking to insulate future military operations from the ups and downs of American civilian control of the military, military leaders looked to examples like the Israeli 1967 Six-Day War as proof that all future conflicts would move so fast that there would be no time to train conscripts. Combined with the gaining influence of the Military-Industrial Complex, the country was gradually sold on the virtues of a technologically driven, professional military. In 1973, President Richard Nixon allowed the draft to expire, and the all-volunteer force was born.

In 1974, President Gerald Ford granted amnesty to all draft evaders, and terminated the Selective Service Act (started in 1917) with Proclamation 4360, March 25, 1975.

### The Selective Service System

President Jimmy Carter reinstated the Selective Service System with Proclamation 4771, July 2, 1980. According to current Selective Service regulations, all American males between the ages of 18 and 26 are eligible for service. Failure to register within 30 days of a person's 18th birthday may result in five years imprisonment or a $250,000 fine.

## Non-military national service

The Great Depression and World War II created the modern, American ethos for national service. First, the challenges of the Great Depression brought about large-scale, government-sponsored work programs to help rehabilitate the economy. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, Public Works Administration, Works Progress Administration, and other agencies provided employment opportunities for millions of unemployed Americans while they performed a type of National Service. The results of these programs created most of America's modern infrastructure.

Those Americans not involved in the fighting during World War II made direct contributions in other ways: rationing, price controls, purchasing war bonds, civil defense, and working in war industries. The War Production Board, War Manpower Commission, Office of Price Administration, Office of War Mobilization and other agencies were created to support the war effort.

### The early 1960s

In 1961, President John F. Kennedy established the Peace Corps to provide assistance to developing nations. President Kennedy stated, "The wisdom of this idea is that someday we'll bring it home to America." Since that time, over 235,000 Americans have worked in 141 countries.

In 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson created VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America), to assist in the War on Poverty. VISTA originally included the National Teacher Corps, the Job Corps, and the University Year of Action. The organization is now a part of AmeriCorps.

### The advent of the Corporation for National and Community Service

In 1988, social entrepreneurs Alan Khazei and Michael Brown formed City Year in Boston. City Year enlists high school and college graduates to perform a year of community service and tutoring in K-12 schools. City Year became the model for AmeriCorps.

In September 1993, President Bill Clinton signed the National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993, creating AmeriCorps and the Corporation for National and Community Service. AmeriCorps provides volunteers opportunities in non-profit organizations including JumpStart, Habitat for Humanity, and Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. Over two million Americans provide community service each year through AmeriCorps and its sister programs, Senior Corps, National Civilian Community Corps, Learn and Serve America, and the USA Freedom Corps under the direction of the Corporation for National and Community Service.

### Post 9/11

After 9/11, a variety of programs were initiated to encourage Americans to serve. President George W. Bush initiated the U.S.A. Freedom Corps within months of the attacks. On January 7, 2003, Senator Ernest F. Hollings (South Carolina) and Representative Charles Rangel (New York) introduced the Universal National Service Act of 2003 (S. 89 / H.R. 163). H.R. 163 failed in the United States House of Representatives by a vote of 2–402 on October 5, 2004. On February 14, 2006, Rangel introduced the Universal National Service Act of 2006 (H.R. 4752), but the bill never made it out of committee. On January 10, 2007, Rangel introduced the Universal National Service Act of 2007 (H.R. 393), but the bill never made it out of committee again. On September 10, 2007, Time Magazine published a full issue dedicated to promoting National Service, signaling the beginning of a new public debate on the issue.

In January 2008, various military, civic, education, and social justice leaders, including R. Sargent Shriver (founder of the Peace Corps), Alan Khazei and Michael Brown (founders of City Year), and Shirley Sagawa (1st Director of AmeriCorps), in conjunction with 106 private organizations, started the Service Nation Campaign. The stated goal of the campaign is to significantly increase voluntary national service in the United States.

On July 21, 2008, John McCain announced he would speak at the Service Nation Summit on service in a presidential candidate forum.

On January 1, 2016, Service Year Alliance was created through the merger of ServiceNation, the Franklin Project at the Aspen Institute, and the Service Year Exchange project of the National Conference on Citizenship. Its mission is to make a year of service a common opportunity and expectation for young Americans.

On 1 October 2016, Hillary Clinton announced in her campaign speech her plan for a "National Service Reserve", which would be a reserve corps for AmeriCorps, Peace Corps and other branches of the CNCS.

In the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries John Delaney proposed a mandatory year of national service for 18-year-olds, which would either consist of military service, community service, or a membership in the National Infrastructure Apprenticeship or Climate Corps. Other Democratic presidential candidates favored expansion of voluntary national service programs: Pete Buttigieg proposed expanded national service, Elizabeth Warren proposed a 10,000-member Civilian Conservation Corps, and Kirsten Gillibrand proposed free tuition for participants in national service programs.


title: National service

abstract: National service is the system of compulsory or voluntary government service, usually military service. Conscription is mandatory national service. The term national service comes from the United Kingdom's National Service Act 1939. The length and nature of national service depends on the country in question. In some instances, national service is compulsory, and citizens living abroad can be called back to their country of origin to complete it. In other cases, national service is voluntary. Many young people spend one or more years in such programmes. Compulsory military service typically requires all citizens to enroll for one or two years, usually at age 18. Most conscripting countries conscript only men, but Norway, Sweden, Israel, Eritrea, Morocco and North Korea conscript both men and women. Voluntary national service may require only three months of basic military training. The US equivalent is Selective Service. In the United States, voluntary enrollments at the Peace Corps and AmeriCorps are also known as national service.

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# National service

**National service** is the system of compulsory or voluntary government service, usually military service. Conscription is mandatory national service. The term *national service* comes from the United Kingdom's National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939.

The length and nature of national service depends on the country in question. In some instances, national service is compulsory, and citizens living abroad can be called back to their country of origin to complete it. In other cases, national service is voluntary.

Many young people spend one or more years in such programmes. Compulsory military service typically requires all citizens to enroll for one or two years, usually at age 18 (later for university-level students). Most conscripting countries conscript only men, but Norway, Sweden, Israel, Eritrea, Morocco and North Korea conscript both men and women.

Voluntary national service may require only three months of basic military training. The US equivalent is Selective Service. In the United States, voluntary enrollments at the Peace Corps and AmeriCorps are also known as national service.

## Historical arguments

Around 100 AD, Plutarch quoted an early case for national service made by a Roman general sometime around the 5th century BC:

> With the politic design of preventing intestine broils by employment abroad, and in the hope that when rich as well as poor, plebeians and patricians, should be mingled again in the same army and in the same camp, and engage in one common service for the public, it would mutually dispose them to reconciliation and friendship.

## By country


title: National sports team

abstract: A national sports team is a team that represents a nation, rather than a particular club or region, in an international sport. The term is most commonly associated with team sports, for example association football (soccer), curling, or basketball. However, it can be applied to groups of individuals representing a country where regular play is done by individuals, and individual scores are aggregated to a get a team result. Examples of this association are found in artistic gymnastics, archery, or figure Skating. National teams often compete at various levels and age groups, and have a number of different selection criteria based on national and their respective federations' rules. National teams are not always composed of the best available individual players. National teams, like other sporting teams, are often grouped by sex, age or other criteria. The most prestigious national teams are often the senior men's and women's teams. However, they may not be the most popular or successful. In most cases, a national sports team represents a single sovereign state, though there are some exceptions to the rule. In several sports, the British Isles divides along internal boundaries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are represented by separate national teams, while in the Olympic Games they combine to form a Great Britain team. The Ireland national rugby union team represents the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland in rugby union, and all-island teams are fielded in a number of other sports. Some Olympic teams represent dependent territories, including Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands and the Cook Islands. The Iroquois Nationals (men) and Haudenosaunee Nationals (women) lacrosse teams of the First Nations Lacrosse Association are the only teams representing any group of Indigenous people of the Americas that plays in an international level.

text:
# National sports team

A **national sports team** (commonly known as a **national team** or a **national side**) is a team that represents a nation, rather than a particular club or region, in an international sport.

The term is most commonly associated with team sports, for example association football (soccer), curling, or basketball. However, it can be applied to groups of individuals representing a country where regular play is done by individuals, and individual scores are aggregated to a get a team result. Examples of this association are found in artistic gymnastics, archery, or figure Skating.

National teams often compete at various levels and age groups, and have a number of different selection criteria based on national and their respective federations' rules. National teams are not always composed of the best available individual players.

National teams, like other sporting teams, are often grouped by sex, age or other criteria. The most prestigious national teams are often the senior men's and women's teams. However, they may not be the most popular or successful.

In most cases, a national sports team represents a single sovereign state, though there are some exceptions to the rule. In several sports, the British Isles divides along internal boundaries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are represented by separate national teams, while in the Olympic Games they combine to form a Great Britain team. The Ireland national rugby union team represents the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland in rugby union, and all-island teams are fielded in a number of other sports. Some Olympic teams represent dependent territories, including Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands and the Cook Islands. The Iroquois Nationals (men) and Haudenosaunee Nationals (women) lacrosse teams of the First Nations Lacrosse Association are the only teams representing any group of Indigenous people of the Americas that plays in an international level.

## Popularity and notability

The popularity and notability of a national team depend on a number of factors:

### Popularity and participation

Popularity of a national team also depends on the popularity of the sport in that country. In some countries a particular sport is very popular and may be a national sport but it does not always mean their national team is the most popular. Also, the national team's own league may be popular but the international competition it competes in is not. For example, the Papua New Guinea national rugby league team (PNGL) is extremely popular because the sport is popular in the country, even though the highest competition it competes in - the Rugby League World Cup \- is not. In this case, there are numerous reasons for the lack of popularity of the World cup in Papua New Guinea. One is that the country is relatively small, population 8 million, and the expense of travel around the world to follow their team is too great for most. Another reason is that, because 75% of the professionals in the PNGL are not national citizens and therefore only eligible to play for their home country's national team, the Papua New Guinea National Team is not as successful internationally. Therefore, because the national league is inner territorial and more accessible to residents of Papua New Guinea and because spectators feel more invested and closer to their national town clubs, explains why a country's national sport's National Team may not be the most popular team in said area.

The exact opposite may be true as well where the national team is more popular than its respective league. For example, the Korean National Handball League is not extremely popular because handball is not a popular sport in Korea. But the South Korean National Team is popular because it internationally wins medals in the Olympics or World Cup Events.

#### Demographics

A particular sport in a country may be more popular among certain groups. For example, a women's team may be more popular than a men's team if there is a greater participation in the sport.

### Popularity of the competition

The popularity of the international competition that a team participates in has the biggest influence on the popularity of national sports team. There is a certain amount of prestige which is associated with competing on the "world stage".

Competitions with the most teams involved offer the most international competition and are often most popular. The most popular multi-sport international competitions that include team sports include the Olympic Games, Asian Games are relatively open for participation. Other competitions that are specific to sports, such as the FIFA World Cup (Association football), Rugby World Cup (rugby union) and Cricket World Cup (cricket) allow many countries to qualify. For instance, the popularity of the Socceroos is heightened during the FIFA World Cup simply due to participation in a global event.

However, how even the competition is also matters. Even if there are a large number of participants, if a handful of teams dominate or if many of the teams are from countries where the sport lack sufficient depth to field a quality side, then the overall competition will not be taken seriously.

### Competitiveness or success of a team

The popularity of a national team can also be due to a team being successful even if the sport itself is not popular in a country.

### Strength of domestic competition

In many countries, the national team is the highest level of play available and as a result, it is often most popular with fans and spectators from that country.

In other countries, domestic competitions may be more competitive and offer a higher standard of play and reward.

## Individual selection and participation

Depending on the sport, nation, and era in question, membership on the national team may be earned through individual play (as is the case for an Olympic athletics team or a Davis Cup team), players may be selected by a managers and coaches appointed by a national sport association, or a team may have to win a national championship in order to receive the right to represent their nation (as in the World Curling Championships).

### Eligibility

Various rules are used to determine who is eligible to play for which national team.

#### Association football

Under FIFA regulations, a player primarily qualifies for a national team by "holding a permanent nationality that is not dependent on residence in a certain country"—i.e., being a passport-carrying citizen of said country.

If a player's single nationality enables him or her to play for more than one FIFA member, any of the following will be sufficient to establish eligibility for a specific association under that nationality:

1. Birth "on the territory governed by the relevant association."
2. The birth of a biological parent or grandparent in said territory.
3. Two years of continuous residence in said territory at the time of their first appearance.

However, FIFA allows associations that share a common nationality to make an agreement among themselves, subject to FIFA approval, by which the residency criterion is deleted completely or amended to require a longer time limit. The most notable example of this situation is the United Kingdom, which has four national associations on its territory (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales).

Players become permanently tied to a national association, with one exception to be outlined below, once they play in "an official competition of any category or any type of football". This includes any competition for national teams governed by FIFA, including qualifying matches for said competitions; international friendlies cannot tie players to a country under any circumstances.

Players who have more than one nationality, regardless of the method of acquisition, have slightly different eligibility requirements from those who have a single nationality, whether or not it is shared by multiple associations. In addition to holding the relevant nationality, any of the following will qualify a player to appear for said country:

1. Birth in that country.
2. Birth of a biological parent or grandparent in that country.
3. Five years of residence in that country after turning age 18.

This last rule is intended to prevent associations from naturalising players who lack birth or familial ties in that country, and immediately fielding them in international matches. FIFA will issue waivers to this last requirement if an association can show to FIFA's satisfaction that the player had significant ties to that country prior to naturalisation. A recent example of such a waiver is that of Gedion Zelalem, a German-born player of Ethiopian descent who has represented the U.S. at under-23 level. He emigrated with his father to the U.S. at age 9 in 2006, and left the country at age 16 to join Arsenal's youth academy. In 2014, he automatically became a U.S. citizen outside the normal naturalisation process when his father became a U.S. citizen, and the United States Soccer Federation applied for a waiver of the adult residency requirement, citing Zelalem's extended childhood residence in the U.S. He was approved to play for the U.S. several months later.

Separate from the above rules, a player who holds multiple nationalities may petition FIFA for a one-time change of nationality if they have never appeared in an official *senior* international match for any country, and holds the nationality of the second country prior to appearing for said country. The aforementioned Zelalem case falls within the scope of these rules, since he had played for Germany at youth level.

#### Basketball

FIBA's national team eligibility rules are broadly similar to those of FIFA. Holding nationality is mandatory (but not sufficient) for eligibility to represent a country. Players with multiple nationalities may choose to play for one of those countries at any age by making a written request to FIBA. However, if the player has yet to make a choice and one of those countries formally calls the player to international duty after they reach age 18, that player is required to make a choice at that time. As in association football, playing in an international friendly cannot tie a player to any country; only participation in an official FIBA competition is sufficient for this purpose.

Unlike association football, FIBA does not have a "grandparent rule" for most players. The method by which a player obtains citizenship is irrelevant to national team eligibility, as long as it has been legally acquired. The only use of the grandparent rule is to determine a player's eligibility to represent the national team of a country's dependent territory, with two notable examples being those of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands, both US insular areas with their own national federations, and whose native-born residents are US citizens by birth.

While the method by which a player becomes a citizen does not affect their eligibility for a national team, it can affect the player's ability to participate in a given FIBA competition. FIBA mandates that in official competitions, no national team can have more than one player on its roster who acquired citizenship by any means after reaching age 16. This also applies to individuals who had the right to a second nationality at birth (such as individuals born in Northern Ireland, who are generally born with UK citizenship but also have the right to citizenship in the Republic of Ireland from birth), but did not exercise that right until age 16 or later.

#### Cricket

The eligibility rules of the International Cricket Council provide three qualifying criteria for prospective national team players, all linked to the country governed by a specific national federation:

1. Birth.
2. Nationality, defined as holding a valid passport.
3. Three years of permanent residence.

Players can only be tied to a given national team by being named to that country's squad, either in the first XI or as a substitute (playing or non-playing), in an official ICC match—defined as a Test, ODI, or Twenty20 match that involves a national federation's senior side. Playing at under-19 level, or for a senior developmental team, does not bind an individual to that country.

Unlike many sports, which make changes of nationality difficult or impossible, cricket allows players to represent more than one country during their careers. However, a player is limited to representing two countries in their lifetime, and a three-year stand-down period is enforced—unless the player who has previously represented an ICC associate member is seeking to play for an ICC full member (i.e., a Test-playing nation), in which case there is no stand-down period. The player may represent their original country after representing the second country, but only after the full three-year stand-down period.

#### Rugby union

Unlike the situation in association football and basketball, in which holding nationality in a country is a requirement for representing that country, or cricket, in which nationality is one of several means by which a player can qualify for a national team, eligibility regulations in rugby union do not mention nationality at all. Players can qualify for a given country in one of four ways:

1. Birth in the country.
2. Having a parent or grandparent born in that country. Note that unlike FIFA, which defines "parent" and "grandparent" to include only blood relations, World Rugby replaces blood relations with adoptive relations if the player has been legally adopted under the laws of the relevant country. This replacement also applies if the player was not adopted, but one or both of the birth parents had been adopted.
3. Residing in the country for a set period of time prior to their first appearance for that country. The required period was most recently expanded from three years to five years effective 31 December 2020. The five-year rule affects players who moved to a new country after 31 December 2017 and cannot qualify by another method.
4. Completion of 10 years of cumulative residency in the country, regardless of whether any of the other criteria have been met. This particular criterion went into effect in May 2017.

This does not prevent a national union from requiring that its representative players hold that country's nationality. For example, since December 2016, the French Rugby Federation has required French nationality as a precondition for national team selection, with players who had represented France before the policy change exempt from said requirement.

Through 2021, if a player has ever played for one national team then they may not play for the team of a different nation at same or at the next-higher level of seniority. However, the addition of rugby sevens to the Olympics created a loophole due to the IOC's different eligibility criteria. Players who had been "captured" by one country but held the passport of another country could make a one-time change of allegiance to the second country under the following conditions:

* The player had not represented the capturing country for three years at the time of their first appearance for the second country. Special rules in place only for the 2016 Olympic qualifying process shortened this period to 18 months.
* The player represented their new country in four Olympic qualifying events. This included events in the World Rugby Sevens Series for men and World Rugby Women's Sevens Series in seasons immediately preceding the Summer Olympics, which double as Olympic qualifiers, plus regional Olympic qualifying tournaments.

Effective 1 January 2022, a change to the World Rugby eligibility rules will allow a one-time change of nationality for captured players that applies to both 15s and sevens, replacing the former provisions regarding change of nationality for Olympic sevens. Features of the new rules are:

* A 36-month "stand-down" period from any international rugby is enforced.
* The player must have a birthright connection to the new country—either by the player's own birth, or that of a parent or grandparent. (The rule that replaces biological parents with adoptive parents remains in force.)
* Also, the change of nationality must be approved by World Rugby.

As for the concept of "capturing"—i.e., being tied to a specific country—the criteria have evolved over the years. Under current World Rugby regulations, a player is captured once they play for one of three specific teams:

1. A union's 15-a-side senior national team.
2. A union's "next senior" 15-a-side national team. Each union may, but is not required to, designate one of its teams as the "next senior" team. This side is usually designated as an "A" national team, though a number of nations have special brand names for their "next senior" side, such as Argentina XV, England Saxons, Ireland Wolfhounds, or Junior All Blacks (New Zealand). Notably, many unions have not designated a "next senior" women's team. Prior to 1 January 2018, a union could designate its under-20 national side as its "next senior" team, but this is no longer allowed.
3. A union's senior national sevens team. No player can be captured by playing on a senior sevens team before turning 18 under any circumstances; before 2022, capture in this manner prior to age 20 was impossible unless the player participated in the Olympics or Rugby World Cup Sevens after turning 18.

Starting in 2022, players will be captured if they are members of any of the country's aforementioned sides after turning 18.

Note that unlike association football or basketball, players can be captured by appearing in international friendlies, such as the traditional mid-year and end-of-year Tests.

However, capture only occurs *when the opponent is also one of the above-mentioned sides*. This can sometimes cause apparently counterintuitive results. For example, Mike Haley has represented England twice—first for England Saxons against South Africa A in 2016, and then for a non-capped England XV against the Barbarians in 2017. However, neither match tied him to England, and he has remained eligible for selection to Ireland, for which he qualified by ancestry. Even though the 2016 match involved two national "A" sides, it did not qualify to capture Haley (or any other player on either team who had not previously been captured) because at the time, South Africa's designated "next senior" side was its U-20 national team. As for the 2017 match, WR classifies the Barbarians as a club team, putting them outside the scope of this regulation.

Various controversies have involved the participation of players whose eligibility has been challenged. One famous example was Grannygate. More recently, questions have been raised about the eligibility of two players who participated in the European qualifying process for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, one for Belgium and the other for Romania.

### Professionalism vs. amateurism

In some national teams, representatives play for the love of their sport and country. However, in others, individual players are paid to represent their country.

In some cases, players are either deliberately excluded or choose not to represent their national team on the basis of not being remunerated. This can affect the relative performance of a team.

In other cases, players may be contracted to a club, at home or abroad. As a result, their primary loyalty may be to their club rather than their country, especially if the competition that the national team is playing in does not offer the same prestige.

### Controversy

Communist countries were accused of having an advantage by having state-sponsored "full-time amateurs" because of their economic system. Their Olympic athletes were given everything they needed to live prosperously and train, but were not technically paid to do it because it was sponsored by the state. With the decline and fall of the Soviet Union and its influence, Western countries demanded to allow professionals to compete at the Olympics and the current status quo came into order.

## Footnotes

1. "The Most Popular Sports in the World". *WorldAtlas*. Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2019-07-12.
2. "KS3 History - BBC Bitesize". *www.bbc.com*. Archived from the original on 2019-07-12. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
3. "A History of Iroquois Nationals Lacrosse". *Iroquois Nationals Lacrosse*. 2014-07-04. Archived from the original on 2018-12-31. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
4. "Professional Team Sports | Encyclopedia.com". Archived from the original on 2019-08-13. Retrieved 2019-08-13.
5. "Harnessing Papua New Guinea's rugby league obsession". *www.lowyinstitute.org*. Archived from the original on 2019-07-12. Retrieved 2019-07-12.
6. "Regulation 8. Eligibility to play for national representative teams". World Rugby. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
7. "Stardom at last for Korea's desperate handball housewives". *Reuters*. 2008-01-30. Archived from the original on 2019-07-12. Retrieved 2019-07-12.
8. "Regulation III, Article 5: Principle". *FIFA Statutes* (PDF). FIFA. April 2016. p. 70. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 9, 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
9. "Regulation III, Article 6: Nationality entitling players to represent more than one association". *FIFA Statutes* (PDF). FIFA. April 2016. p. 70. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 9, 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
10. "Regulation III, Article 7: Acquisition of a new nationality". *FIFA Statutes* (PDF). FIFA. April 2016. p. 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 9, 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
11. Johnson, Daniel (2 October 2013). "Football, cricket, rugby league and rugby union - how England's teams compare for foreign-born talent". *Daily Telegraph*. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
12. "Gedion Zelalem currently ineligible but United States can get FIFA exception". *ESPNFC*. 27 January 2015. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
13. "Gedion Zelalem makes U.S. debut in under-20 friendly". *ESPNFC*. May 19, 2015. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
14. "Regulation III, Article 8: Change of association". *FIFA Statutes* (PDF). FIFA. April 2016. p. 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 9, 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
15. "Article 3-15: National Status of Players". *FIBA Internal Regulations, Book 3: Players and Officials* (PDF). FIBA. 17 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
16. "Article 3-17: National Status of Players". *FIBA Internal Regulations, Book 3: Players and Officials* (PDF). FIBA. 17 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
17. "Article 3-18: National Status of Players". *FIBA Internal Regulations, Book 3: Players and Officials* (PDF). FIBA. 17 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
18. "Article 3-26: National Status of Players". *FIBA Internal Regulations, Book 3: Players and Officials* (PDF). FIBA. 17 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
19. "Article 3-21: National Status of Players". *FIBA Internal Regulations, Book 3: Players and Officials* (PDF). FIBA. 17 June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
20. Article 2.1, *The International Cricket Council Player Eligibility Regulations*, 7 May 2018. Downloadable from the ICC here Archived 2019-12-06 at the Wayback Machine.
21. Article 2.2, *The International Cricket Council Player Eligibility Regulations*, 7 May 2018.
22. "Regulation 8 Explanatory Guidelines". World Rugby. 21 April 2016. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
23. "What are rugby's international eligibility rules?". *Rugby World*. 29 March 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
24. "France rugby team to stop selecting 'foreign' players, says Laporte". *BBC Sport*. 21 December 2016. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
25. "World Rugby approves birthright amendment for players to transfer unions" (Press release). World Rugby. 24 November 2021. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
26. "The Role of Sports in The Soviet Union - Guided History". *blogs.bu.edu*. Archived from the original on 2014-10-22. Retrieved 2020-12-23.
27. "Info" (PDF). *www.cia.gov*. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2021.
28. "Soviet Control of Sports Activities and Sports Propaganda" (PDF). CIA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2021.
29. "Soviet Sports as an Instrument of Political Propaganda" (PDF). CIA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2021.


abstract: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Pottawatomie County, Kansas. This is supposed to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pottawatomie County, Kansas, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map. There are 16 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.           This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.

text:
# National Register of Historic Places listings in Pottawatomie County, Kansas

This is a list of the **National Register of Historic Places listings in Pottawatomie County, Kansas**.

This is supposed to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pottawatomie County, Kansas, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 16 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

*This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted October 4, 2024.*

## Current listings

|  | Name on the Register | Image | Date listed | Location | City or town | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Cassius & Adelia Baker House |  | June 25, 2013
(#13000433) | 609 Elm Street
39°12′15″N 96°18′24″W / 39.20408°N 96.30679°W / 39.20408; -96.30679 (Cassius & Adelia Baker House) | Wamego |  |
| 2 | Coffey Site |  | April 11, 1977
(#77000594) | West of Spring Creek Rd. along the Big Blue River and Spring Creek
39°33′52″N 96°34′03″W / 39.564444°N 96.567500°W / 39.564444; -96.567500 (Coffey Site) | Olsburg |  |
| 3 | Dennis Quarry |  | January 14, 2004
(#03001393) | Along K-63 near the headwaters of Little Noxie Creek, southeast of Onaga
39°25′32″N 96°04′45″W / 39.4255°N 96.0792°W / 39.4255; -96.0792 (Dennis Quarry) | Lincoln Township |  |
| 4 | German Evangelical Church |  | January 5, 2018
(#100001949) | NE corner of 6th & State Sts.
39°23′31″N 96°24′37″W / 39.391885°N 96.410172°W / 39.391885; -96.410172 (German Evangelical Church) | Westmoreland |  |
| 5 | Joseph Heptig Barn |  | October 6, 2011
(#11000728) | 12115 Antons Rd.
39°16′24″N 96°26′03″W / 39.273333°N 96.434167°W / 39.273333; -96.434167 (Joseph Heptig Barn) | Flush | Agriculture-Related Resources of Kansas MPS |
| 6 | John McKimmons Barn |  | April 12, 2010
(#10000178) | Kansas Highway 99, 1/4 mile south of Westmoreland or 1/2 mile north of Hartwich Rd
39°23′00″N 96°24′21″W / 39.383208°N 96.405858°W / 39.383208; -96.405858 (John McKimmons Barn) | Westmoreland |  |
| 7 | Old Dutch Mill |  | January 8, 1973
(#73000773) | Wamego City Park
39°12′06″N 96°18′03″W / 39.201667°N 96.300833°W / 39.201667; -96.300833 (Old Dutch Mill) | Wamego |  |
| 8 | Pottawatomie County Courthouse |  | January 5, 2018
(#100001950) | 106 Main St.
39°23′35″N 96°24′56″W / 39.393071°N 96.415510°W / 39.393071; -96.415510 (Pottawatomie County Courthouse) | Westmoreland |  |
| 9 | Pottawatomie County Fair Pavilion |  | January 28, 2004
(#03001499) | E. 9th St.
39°29′50″N 96°10′04″W / 39.497183°N 96.167781°W / 39.497183; -96.167781 (Pottawatomie County Fair Pavilion) | Onaga |  |
| 10 | Pottawatomie Indian Pay Station |  | April 13, 1972
(#72000521) | East of city limits on Mission St., near St. Mary's College campus
39°11′30″N 96°03′42″W / 39.191667°N 96.061667°W / 39.191667; -96.061667 (Pottawatomie Indian Pay Station) | St. Marys |  |
| 11 | Scott Spring |  | September 25, 2013
(#13000762) | Address restricted
 | Westmoreland |  |
| 12 | Teske Farmstead |  | April 8, 2009
(#09000193) | 20795 Major Jenkins Road
39°30′28″N 96°14′20″W / 39.507778°N 96.238889°W / 39.507778; -96.238889 (Teske Farmstead) | Onaga | Agriculture-Related Resources of Kansas MPS |
| 13 | George and Virginia Trout House |  | January 8, 2014
(#13001043) | 615 Elm St.
39°12′16″N 96°18′23″W / 39.204443°N 96.306491°W / 39.204443; -96.306491 (George and Virginia Trout House) | Wamego |  |
| 14 | Vermillion Creek Archeological District |  | March 10, 1975
(#75000721) | Address restricted
 | Onaga |  |
| 15 | Vermillion Creek Crossing, Oregon Trail |  | March 10, 1975
(#75000720) | Northwest of Belvue
39°15′21″N 96°14′54″W / 39.255833°N 96.248333°W / 39.255833; -96.248333 (Vermillion Creek Crossing, Oregon Trail) | Belvue | A 20-acre (81,000 m2) property including a ford of the Oregon Trail across Vermillion Creek, and a cemetery |
| 16 | Vermillion Creek Tributary Stone Arch Bridge |  | October 22, 1986
(#86003354) | 5 miles (8.0 km) south and 1 mile (1.6 km) east of Onaga
39°25′10″N 96°08′45″W / 39.419444°N 96.145833°W / 39.419444; -96.145833 (Vermillion Creek Tributary Stone Arch Bridge) | Onaga |  |


title: National Development Party (Bahamas)

text:
# National Development Party (Bahamas)

The "National Development Party" (NDP) is a moderate political party in The Bahamas, currently without political representation.

## Party formation

The National Development Party (NDP) originated following a series of meetings between Mr. B. J. Moss and Dr. Andre’ Rollins in September 2008. Both men were motivated to form a new political party due to a belief that there existed no clear vision or plan for the development of the Bahamas being articulated by either of the established political parties.

Their view was that many of the problems besetting the nation and its impending growth, was clearly due to the emphasis on partisan politics, rather than nation building. Subsequently, the very precepts of the National Development Party, centers around nation building, which is the philosophical underpinning of this new political organization. This inspired the naming of the party the National Development Party.

Application for party's registration was officially done in October 2008. One of the primary philosophical beliefs was that the party needed to focus on the philosophy and not the cult of personality, and on political ideology instead of political idolatry. Hence, the decision was made to form an executive steering committee that would be responsible for the formative development of the party from its embryonic stages to a viable political organization.

Open house meetings commenced in early 2009, the party's steering committee was established shortly thereafter. The party then elected Dr. Andre Rollins to be the chairperson in October 2009. In August 2010, the party elected Mr. Renward Wells as chairperson of the executive steering committee. Mr. Wells would lead the executive steering committee until November 2010 when the National Development Party had its first National Convention. Mr. Renward Wells went on to be the party's first leader, winning at the polls; Mr. Lindon Nairn became the party's first Deputy Leader.

## 2010 Elizabeth By-Election

On January 13, 2010, The NDP announced its intention to run in the Elizabeth By-Election, which was forced due to the resignation of former Elizabeth Member of Parliament Malcom Adderly. In the press-release, the former chairman of the NDP Dr. Andre Rollins stated that the NDP would become the first party in the history of Bahamian politics to hold a constituency candidate primary and debate to select its Elizabeth candidate. This Primary and debate took place at the Joe Farrington Road Auditorium on Wednesday, January 27, 2010, and Dr. Rollins was voted to be the NDP's By-Election representative. On voting day, February 16, 2010, Rollins was determined to have received a total of 72 votes.


title: Nauwalde

abstract: Nauwalde is a village and a former municipality in the district of Meißen, in Saxony, Germany. Since 1 January 2013, it is part of the town Gröditz. The following villages belong to Nauwalde: Nieska, Schweinfurth and Spansberg.

text:
# Nauwalde

**Nauwalde** is a village and a former municipality in the district of Meißen, in Saxony, Germany. Since 1 January 2013, it is part of the town Gröditz.

The following villages belong to Nauwalde: Nieska, Schweinfurth and Spansberg.

## InfoBox

| Nauwalde | |
| --- | --- |
| Ortsteil of Gröditz | |
| Location of Nauwalde | |
| Nauwalde Nauwalde | |
| Coordinates: 51°25′N 13°25′E / 51.417°N 13.417°E / 51.417; 13.417 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saxony |
| District | Meißen |
| Town | Gröditz |
| Area | |
| Total | 20.35 km2 (7.86 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 92 m (302 ft) |
| Population (2011-12-31) | |
| Total | 1,025 |
| Density | 50/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 01609 |
| Dialling codes | 035263 |
| Vehicle registration | MEI, GRH, RG, RIE |


title: Nauvoo University

abstract: Nauvoo University was a private academic institution organized by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Nauvoo, Illinois. It began operating in 2009 and ceased operating the following year.

text:
# Nauvoo University

**Nauvoo University** was a private academic institution organized by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Nauvoo, Illinois. It began operating in 2009 and ceased operating the following year.

## University of Nauvoo (1841–45)

After the Mormons had been expelled from Missouri, they crossed into Illinois and settled in Nauvoo in 1839. They were granted a city charter from the Illinois state legislature in December 1840, which included authorization to found a university. The school was founded in 1841 as the University of the City of Nauvoo, or the University of Nauvoo.

The University of Nauvoo ended after the 1844 murder of Joseph Smith, when the interest of many church leaders moved toward westward migration. It served as the inspiration for the Nauvoo University of 2009.

## Nauvoo University (2009-2010)

Nauvoo University was intended to be a reorganization of its 1840s predecessor. It took its mission statement from Joseph Smith's comment on the old university:

> The University of the City of Nauvoo will enable us to teach our children wisdom—to instruct them in all knowledge, and learning, in the Arts, Sciences and Learned Professions. We hope to make this institution one of the great lights of the world, and by and through it, to diffuse that kind of knowledge which will be of practical utility, and for the public good, and also for private and individual happiness.

Like LDS Church-owned colleges, such as Brigham Young University (BYU), and other LDS-related colleges such as Southern Virginia University, Nauvoo University promoted the moral standards of the LDS Church.

### Board of trustees

The school drew interest from leaders and educators from the LDS community and the areas of Nauvoo, western Illinois, and southeastern Iowa. Its governing body was a 24-member Board of Trustees:

| Name | Significance | Residence |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dell K. Allen | Technology professor at BYU and Utah State University and inventor | Logan, Utah |
| Charles Bair | Executive Director of the Western Illinois Economic Development Authority | Carthage, Illinois |
| Dr. Susan Easton Black | Noted lecturer and Professor of Church History, BYU | Provo, Utah |
| William Fillmore | Past associate general counsel for BYU and Attorney, FillmoreSpencer LLC | Utah |
| J. Phil Harrop | Executive Director, John Stoddard Cancer Center. BS from BYU; MBA, MHA from Ohio State University | Des Moines, Iowa |
| Dr. Evan L. Ivie | Manager at Bell Labs, BYU professor, and past Director of BYU-Nauvoo | Nauvoo, Illinois |
| Michael A. Kennedy | President of the Joseph and Emma Smith Association | Alpine, Utah |
| David F. King | CPA, founding partner of King, King, Alleman & Jensen | Nauvoo, Illinois |
| Dr. Clive D. Moon | Research chemist, chemistry professor and businessman, Nauvoo, University |  |
| J. Samuel Park | Past president of the Nauvoo-Illinois Mission and Utah businessman | Salt Lake City, Utah |
| Hugh Pierce | Past mayor of Nauvoo, LDS Church leader and Nauvoo businessman | Nauvoo, Illinois |
| Dr. Anthony Piña | Dean at Sullivan University. BA and M.Ed. from BYU, Ed.D. from La Sierra University | Louisville, Kentucky |
| Vee Wilson | President of the Desert Valley Academy | Moapa, Nevada |

By January 2009, Harrop, having expressed concerns regarding the lack of operational and financial preparedness for opening the university in fall 2009, was no longer a member of the board of trustees. By July 2010, Black and Bell were no longer members of the board.

### First year and indefinite closure

The university opened in fall 2009, anticipating around students and employees as faculty, administration, and staff. It organized as a 501(c)(3) non-profit institution.

Chris Benedict, one of the first students at the University, won the U.S. Cyber Challenge in Washington D.C. in December 2009.

Among the members of Nauvoo University's faculty as of summer 2010 was Clayne Robison, former director of BYU's Opera Program. His wife, Vivien Robison, who had been a part-time faculty member at BYU and sang in the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, was also on the faculty. Evan L. Ivie, who has a Ph.D. from MIT and was a professor of Computer Science at BYU for several years, was another early faculty member. Ivie had been director of the BYU Nauvoo program from 2002 until it was discontinued in 2006. Nauvoo University expected more retired professors would to come to teach in the city and local church members would assist in its beginnings.

The University had 13 full-time and 6 part-time students the first year. Church leadership asked the organizers of the effort to close down the university at the end of the first year, which they did.


title: (I Like) The Way You Love Me

abstract: "(I Like) The Way You Love Me" is a song by American singer and recording artist Michael Jackson included on his posthumous album Michael, which was released in South Korea as a digital single on January 18, 2011, and released in Italian radio stations on July 8, 2011. The song previously appeared on The Ultimate Collection (2004) with the title "The Way You Love Me" as an unreleased track, with that version also appearing on the French edition of the compilation King of Pop. Shortly before Jackson's death, the song was re-arranged and more vocals were added. A clip of the song was remixed and released on the 2-disc deluxe edition of the Immortal album on November 21, 2011.

text:
# (I Like) The Way You Love Me

"**(I Like) The Way You Love Me**" is a song by American singer and recording artist Michael Jackson included on his posthumous album *Michael*, which was released in South Korea as a digital single on January 18, 2011, and released in Italian radio stations on July 8, 2011. The song previously appeared on *The Ultimate Collection* (2004) with the title "**The Way You Love Me**" as an unreleased track, with that version also appearing on the French edition of the compilation *King of Pop*. Shortly before Jackson's death, the song was re-arranged and more vocals were added. A clip of the song was remixed and released on the 2-disc deluxe edition of the *Immortal* album on November 21, 2011.

## Background and release

The song was originally written by Michael Jackson and Brad Buxer (uncredited) under the working title "Hanson" for the music group of the same name, although Jackson ended up keeping the song for himself. Work on the song began in mid-1998 and the song was considered for the *Invincible* album, but stayed unreleased in demo form until it was included on Michael's 2004 box set, *The Ultimate Collection*, with the title "The Way You Love Me".

The song, along with several demos from the *Invincible* sessions, was re-arranged in 2008. The new arrangement was produced by Theron "Neff-U" Feemster, as he mentioned, "Michael would express to me the importance of giving the world a gift. Giving them songs that would last forever. This song was released in its early stages of development. He wanted to revisit, nurture, and define the song more because MJ was a perfectionist at everything and nothing is ever done until he is smiling and dancing! It was like watching a flower grow and blossom in the spring."

## Composition

In this new version, a phone message was introduced at the beginning in which Jackson explains the composition of the song to longtime collaborator, Brad Buxer, and in which he sang the hook and described the drum arrangement of the track. The song has been re-arranged and more vocals have been added, and the treatment of "(I Like) The Way You Love Me" has created a counter-rhythm from a leftover bit of vocal play.

Compared with the 2004 version, the 2010 mix has different instrumentation, such as having a piano backing instead of a synthesizer. The song's structure is the same but Jackson's lead vocals return as the song fades out.

## Reception

The song received generally positive reviews from music critics. Leah Greenblatt of *Entertainment Weekly* called it a "sweet-toned swoon". Joe Vogel of *The Huffington Post* stated that the song was a "great new production by Neff-U", and "the new version retains all of the charm of the original while injecting some fresh elements, including new piano, bass, strings, and vocal effects." Jason Lipshutz, Gail Mitchell and Gary Graff from *Billboard* thought the song is "the simple sketch eventually led to this blissful love song with its layered vocals and gentle percussion". Michael Roffman of *Consequence of Sound* praised the track's "incredibly rich instrumentation" and called it "probably the greatest highlight of the album" and "one that felt the most natural, too". Kitty Empire in *The Observer* said this song was "a breezy bit of froth on which Jackson sounds genuinely carefree". Joe Pareles of *The New York Times* noted that the new instrumentation compared to the 2004 mix made the "creamy vocal harmonies even more reminiscent of the Beach Boys". Pareles also questioned whether the ending vocals of the song were digitally altered from the original chorus but stated that he preferred the new version, describing it as more "transparent and uncluttered, a little more lighthearted".

Negative review came from Dan Martin of *NME*, saying this song "covers boring mid-tempo R&B territory".

## Chart performance

The song was released as the fourth single from the album, *Michael*. It debuted on the Italian Airplay Chart on July 17, 2011 at number 86. It has not charted in any other major music charts.

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "(I Like) The Way You Love Me" (album version) | 4:33 |
| 2. | "(I Like) The Way You Love Me" (edit) | 4:17 |
| Total length: | | 8:50 |

## Personnel

* Written, composed, lead vocal, background vocals and beatbox by Michael Jackson
* Produced by Theron "Neff-U" Feemster and Michael Jackson
* Arrangement by Theron "Neff-U" Feemster
* Piano by Will Champlin
* Background vocals by Michael Durham Prince
* Engineered by Michael Prince, James Murray, Charlie Hanes and Tim Roberts
* Mixed by Serban Ghenea
* Guitar by Erick Donell Walls
* Bass by Thomas Drayton
* Drums by Joe Corcoran and James Porte
* Percussion by Paulinho da Costa
* Rhythm by Paulinho da Costa
* Programming by Theron "Neff-U" Feemster

## Release history

Release history for "(I Like) The Way You Love Me"
| Region | Date | Format |
| --- | --- | --- |
| South Korea | January 18, 2011 | Digital download |
| Italy | July 8, 2011 | Radio airplay |
| China | | July 27, 2011 |

## InfoBox

| "(I Like) The Way You Love Me" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Michael Jackson | |
| from the album  *Michael* | |
| Released | July 8, 2011 (2011-07-08) |
| Recorded | * 1998–1999 (original) * 2010 (rework) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | * 4:30 (*The Ultimate Collection* version) * 4:34 (*Michael* version) |
| Label | Epic |
| Songwriter(s) | Michael Jackson |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Michael Jackson singles chronology | |
| "All in Your Name"
(2011) "**(I Like) The Way You Love Me**"
(2011) "Immortal Megamix: Can You Feel It/Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough/Billie Jean/Black or White (Immortal Version)"
(2011) | |
|  | |
| Audio sample | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Lisa C. Soto

abstract: Lisa C Soto is a visual artist based in Los Angeles, California. The themes of her work are informed by both "her Caribbean heritage and her continuous movements between continents and islands." Soto's drawings, installations and sculptures embody the struggle between connections and disconnections. Supporting the belief that all things, seen and unseen are essentially linked. There is a conversation that includes a personal and a universal situation, an interplay between the micro and the macro. Questioning the endless conflicts, the creation of artificial differences, and the establishment of borders. While exploring the essence of the forces at work in the macrocosm. Shaping what those energies, frequencies, and vibrations might look like.

text:
# Lisa C. Soto

**Lisa C Soto** is a visual artist based in Los Angeles, California. The themes of her work are informed by both "her Caribbean heritage and her continuous movements between continents and islands." Soto's drawings, installations and sculptures embody the struggle between connections and disconnections. Supporting the belief that all things, seen and unseen are essentially linked. There is a conversation that includes a personal and a universal situation, an interplay between the micro and the macro. Questioning the endless conflicts, the creation of artificial differences, and the establishment of borders. While exploring the essence of the forces at work in the macrocosm. Shaping what those energies, frequencies, and vibrations might look like.

## Early life and education

Soto was born in Los Angeles, California and grew up in New York City and a small, traditional village in the South of Spain, across the waters from Morocco. She received her art education at the \[\[Amsterdams Instituut voor Schilderkunst\]\], in the Netherlands. Her Caribbean heritage (Puerto Rican) and continuous movement to different continents and countries have impacted her art by giving her a wide range of perspectives and experiences.

## Work and Reception

Soto's work draws largely on industrial materials such as wire, bullet shells, Mylar, hardware, wire mesh, and mirrors. For example, Soto's "NGC1003 & NGC1913" consists of a pair of suspended planes made from crocheted squares of wire while her "The Gravity of Our Locus" is produced from subwoofers, copper wire, bullet shells and caps, and copper bowls. She transforms these materials into works suggestive of cartographic lines, neurons, swarms, nests, and webs. Of her work "Relational Realities," Jeannette Ehlers writes that these networks are so complex "so complex that it is almost impossible to trace the different lines across the grid." Soto states that her works relate "to systems of communications and universal principles in order to question society's conflicts and violence, while highlighting its harmonious network."

Reviewing the exhibition, "Soul Recordings," Luis de Jesus compares Soto's works to her fellow artists. De Jesus claims that Soto presents "subtle, nuanced objects and images, while remaining just as strongly tethered to a set of meanings and contexts no less fraught with hard truths."

Genie Davis has written that Soto's sculpture, "The Gravity of our Locus," which was presented at Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions. "is a stunning fountain of violence that is as lovely as a waterfall and as devastating as the deaths and injury the bullet shells and caps represent. The copper is burnished, shimmers almost like water; the bowls are shaped like artful lily pads, the symmetry is perfect. But above all else, this large-scale sculptural sound installation echoes with loss."

In his review of "Hard Edged," an exhibition at the California African American Museum, Christopher Knight offers a description of Soto's work "NGC1003 & NGC1913." The work consists of a pair of suspended planes made from crocheted squares of wire, which are attached to a small motor hidden near the ceiling. Knight writes that "The motor makes the layered, floating quilts slightly jostle and shimmy, their animation evoking a living spirit — the spirit of historical family legacies that quilts so often embody."

## Exhibitions

Soto has participated in solo and group exhibitions in the Dominican Republic, Spain, Miami, New York, New Orleans, Berlin and Los Angeles. She has participated "in residencies, public art shows and received commissions in the U.S., Europe and the Caribbean"

* "Names Printed in Black", Lace Gallery, Los Angeles, CA (2018)
* " "Relational Undercurrents: Contemporary Art of the Caribbean Archipelago, Pacific Standard Time Los Angeles/Latin America," Museum of Latin American Art, Long Beach, CA (2017)
* "Material as Metaphor," Craft and Folk Art Museum, Los Angeles, CA (2017)
* "Perfect Day," Roberts & Tilton Gallery, Los Angeles, CA (2016)
* Hermitage Artist Retreat, Sarasota, Florida (2016)
* Hard Edged”, California African American Museum, Los Angeles, CA (2015)
* "Mi Tormenta", Tub Gallery Miami, Miami, FL (2014)
* “S,M,L,X:LA”, Museum of Architecture & Design, Los Angeles, CA (2014)
* “From voyeurism to wisdom”, Gallery 825, Los Angeles, CA (2014)
* “NEWSFEED: Anonymity & Social Media in African Revolutions and Beyond.” MoCADA Museum, Brooklyn, NY (2012)
* "Boomerang”, Perm Museum of Contemporary Art, Perm, Russia
* “Grenzenlos.Vielfältig.eins”, Berlin Art Projects, Berlin, Germany (2010)
* Quadriga prize, Berlin, Germany (2009)

## Videos and further reading

Interview: Palacio Magazine

Interview: Museum of Non Visible Art

Interview: The Conversation Pod Lisa C Soto shares details about her culture, travel, her art and more with Michael Shaw.

U.S. LATINX ARTS FUTURES SYMPOSIUM 2016 \- Lisa C Soto speaking at symposium created and led by the artist Teresita Fernandez hosted at the Ford Foundation.

The Making of "NGC 1003 & NGC 0913" - Lisa C Soto 2016 Video of crocheted wire installation in "Hard Edged" at California African American Museum (CAAM).

"Minister of Power" - Lisa C Soto 2015 Video of hanging sculpture at Tub Gallery, Miami, Florida. Solo show "Mi Tormenta".

"Interstellar, Gravitational, Subaquatic, Coral Dwellings" - Lisa C Soto 2014 Video of installation in Freeway Studies #2: Inside the Quad

“From Voyeurism to Wisdom” - Lisa C Soto 2014 Video of installation shown at Gallery 825, Los Angeles Art Association.

"Relational Realities" - Lisa C Soto 2014 Video of corner installation shown at group show "In 2040" at Jaus Gallery.

“LCDC 20414” - Lisa C Soto 2014 Video of moving installation at Tub Gallery, Miami, Florida. Solo show "Mi Tormenta".

"Ossified Cosmos" - Lisa C Soto 2014 Video of sculpture piece shown at Tub Gallery, Miami, Florida.

"Equalizing Extremes" - Lisa C Soto 2012 Video by Eric Minh Swenson of Lisa C Soto working in her studio.

## InfoBox

| Lisa C Soto | |
| --- | --- |
| Sculpture of Mylar, thread and graphite, 50" x 84", 2008 | |
| Born | Los Angeles |
| Website | http://www.lisacsoto.com/ |


title: Margaret J. Eppstein

abstract: Margaret Jean Eppstein is an American multidisciplinary scholar whose research involves the computational modeling of complex systems in various application domains. She is a professor emerita and research professor of computer science at the University of Vermont.

text:
# Margaret J. Eppstein

**Margaret Jean Eppstein** (also published as **Margaret J. E. Heinrich**) is an American multidisciplinary scholar whose research involves the computational modeling of complex systems in various application domains. She is a professor emerita and research professor of computer science at the University of Vermont.

## Education and career

Eppstein grew up in the countryside in Galesburg, Michigan, a small town outside Kalamazoo, Michigan, where her father worked as a research scientist at Upjohn. Her parents built one of the eight Frank Lloyd Wright-designed homes near Kalamazoo. After switching majors every year in the Honor's College at Michigan State University, she graduated in Zoology in 1978. She did graduate study in zoology in the early 1980s at the University of Washington and University of Vermont, before switching to computer science, in which she earned a master's degree at the University of Vermont in 1983. She continued at the University of Vermont as a lecturer in computer science, a position she held from 1983 to 2001.

While working at the University of Vermont, she entered graduate study in civil and environmental engineering there in 1993, and completed her Ph.D. in 1997, under the supervision of David E. Dougherty. On completing her Ph.D., she became a research assistant professor in computer science, a year later adding a secondary appointment as research assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering. She became a regular-rank assistant professor of computer science in 2002, and added a secondary appointment as assistant professor of biology in 2005.

She was founding director of the University of Vermont Complex Systems Center from 2006 until 2010, was tenured as associate professor in 2008, and promoted to full professor in 2014. She chaired the University of Vermont computer science department from 2012 until 2018, when she retired. She has continued to do research as professor emerita and research professor.

## Research

Eppstein's research involves the computational modeling of complex systems in various application domains. It has included studies of the foraging strategies of antlions,\[HH\] the use of ground-penetrating radar to measure soil moisture,\[ED\] the reconstruction of 3d structure from fluorescence,\[EHGS\]\[GZES\] the prediction of cascading failures in electric power transmission,\[EH\] and the popularity of plug-in hybrid vehicles.\[EGMR\]

Her work on fluorescence tomography\[GZES\] won the 2004 Sylvia Sorkin Greenfield Award of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. She has also won several other best paper awards for her publications.

## Selected publications


title: No Surprise (Theory of a Deadman song)

abstract: "No Surprise" is a song by Canadian hard rock group Theory of a Deadman. It was released in February 2005 as the lead single off their second album, Gasoline.

text:
# No Surprise (Theory of a Deadman song)

"**No Surprise**" is a song by Canadian hard rock group Theory of a Deadman. It was released in February 2005 as the lead single off their second album, *Gasoline*.

## Content

The song is about a girl who always runs off with guys besides her boyfriend. He says, "It ain't no surprise that bitch is leaving me."

## Music video

The video is about a girl waking up and finding a note that says "I'm leaving" from her boyfriend. She goes to trash his apartment, and in the end, she finds another note which says "be back with coffee love you." At this point he walks in and sees what she has done. The video then ends.

The video has been compared to Kelly Clarkson's "Since U Been Gone". This came as a surprise to the band, as they found it quite humorous and said the similarities were not intentional.

## Chart positions

| Chart (2005) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Rock Top 30 (*Radio & Records*) | 1 |
| US *Billboard* Hot Modern Rock Tracks | 24 |
| US *Billboard* Mainstream Rock Tracks | 8 |

## InfoBox

| "No Surprise" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Theory of a Deadman | |
| from the album  *Gasoline* | |
| Released | February 15, 2005 (2005-02-15) |
| Recorded | October 2004–January 2005 |
| Genre | Hard rock, blues rock |
| Length | 3:40 |
| Label |  |
| Composer(s) | * Tyler Connolly * Dave Brenner * Dean Back |
| Lyricist(s) | Tyler Connolly |
| Producer(s) | Howard Benson |
| Theory of a Deadman singles chronology | |
| "The Last Song"
(2003) "**No Surprise**"
(2005) "Say Goodbye"
(2005) | |


title: Q-expansion principle

abstract: In mathematics, the q-expansion principle states that a modular form f has coefficients in a module M if its q-expansion at enough cusps resembles the q-expansion of a modular form g with coefficients in M. It was introduced by Katz (1973, corollaries 1.6.2, 1.12.2).

text:
# Q-expansion principle

In mathematics, the ***q*-expansion principle** states that a modular form *f* has coefficients in a module *M* if its *q*-expansion at enough cusps resembles the *q*-expansion of a modular form *g* with coefficients in *M*. It was introduced by Katz (1973,corollaries 1.6.2, 1.12.2).

* Katz, Nicholas M. (1973), "p-adic properties of modular schemes and modular forms", *Modular functions of one variable, III (Proc. Internat. Summer School, Univ. Antwerp, Antwerp, 1972)*, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 350, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 69–190, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-37802-0\_3, ISBN 978-3-540-06483-1, MR 0447119


title: Muhammad Abdul Hafiz

abstract: Muhammad Abdul Hafiz is a judge of the High Court Division of Bangladesh Supreme Court.

text:
# Muhammad Abdul Hafiz

**Muhammad Abdul Hafiz** is a judge of the High Court Division of Bangladesh Supreme Court.

## Early life

Abdul Hafiz was born on 1 June 1967. He completed his bachelor's degree and master's at the University of Dhaka.

## Career

Abdul Hafiz joined the Dhaka District court in 1982.

In 1985, Abdul Hafiz became a lawyer of the High Court Division of Bangladesh Supreme Court.

Abdul Hafiz was appointed to the High Court Division as an additional judge on 27 April 2004.

On 27 April 2005, Abdul Hafiz was made a permanent judge of the High Court Division of Bangladesh Supreme Court.

Abdul Hafiz and Justice AKM Fazlur Rahman on 6 May 2010, granted bail to 11 accused in the Shamim Reza Rubel murder. On 7 July 2010, Abdul Hafiz and Justice Afzal Hossain Ahmed granted bail to 13 activists of Bangladesh Jatiyatabadi Chhatra Dal in case filled by activist of Bangladesh Chhatra League who alleged they were attacked by the accused in Madhur Canteen of the University of Dhaka. On the same day Justice Afzal Hossain Ahmed granted bail to eight members of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami.

On 8 June 2011, Abdul Hafiz and Justice Sheikh Rezowan Ali granted bail to Abdus Salam Pintu and Nasiruddin Ahmed Pintu, Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians, in two separate hearings that day.

On 28 August 2018, Abdul Hafiz and Justice Bhishmadev Chakrabortty granted bail to Amir Khasru Mahmud Chowdhury, politician of Bangladesh Nationalist Party. The same day they asked the government of Bangladesh to return the passport of the mayor of Sylhet, Ariful Haque Choudhury, back to him. On 4 October, Abdul Hafiz and Justice Kashefa Hussain granted bail to 11 politicians of Bangladesh Nationalist Party, Abdul Moyeen Khan, Amanullah Aman, Gayeshwar Chandra Roy, Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir, Mirza Abbas, Nazrul Islam Khan, and Ruhul Kuddus Talukder Dulu on sedition charges. On 22 October, Abdul Hafiz and Justice Mohi Uddin Shamim granted bail barrister Mainul Hosein in two separate defamation cases.

On 21 January 2019, Abdul Hafiz and Justice Mohi Uddin Shamim granted bail to two journalist accused in a Digital Security Act case filed by Upazila Nirbahi Officer of Batiaghata Upazila, Debashish Chowdhury. Hafiz and Justice Kashefa Hussain granted bail to former prime minister Khaleda Zia on 18 June 2019. On 26 November 2019, Abdul Hafiz and Justice Kazi Md Ejarul Haque Akondo extended the bail to former prime minister Khaleda Zia by one year in a defamation case filed by Bangladesh Jananetri Parishad.

Abdul Hafiz and Justice Muhammad Mahbub Ul Islam on 11 October 2020 granted bail to an accused in a Digital Security Act case for posting an offensive status about first president of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi.

Abdul Hafiz and Justice Mohammad Ali on 17 June 2021 granted bail to Nipun Roy Chowdhury, a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and daughter-in-law of Gayeshwar Roy, in three cases which were filed after a recording of her phone call was released. On 28 September 2021, Abdul Hafiz and Justice Mohammad Ali extended the bail granted to former prime minister Khaleda Zia by five years.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableMuhammad Abdul Hafiz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Justice of the High Court Division of Bangladesh | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>27 April 2004 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1957-06-01) 1 June 1957 |
| Nationality | Bangladeshi |
| Education | University of Dhaka |
| Profession | Judge |
|  | |


title: National Highway 04 (Nepal)

abstract: NH04 or Birtamod-Bhadrapur road is a short National Highway of Nepal, located in Jhapa District of Koshi Province. The total length of the highway is just 12.53 kilometres (7.79 mi). The road is fully black topped four lane National Highway. Highway NH04 was constructed as Feeder Road F001 / Feeder Road F1 with two lanes to provide connection between East West Highway at Birtamod and a bridge (Mechipul) across Mechi river at Chandragadhi. NH04 across the Mechipul connects with Indian Highway NH-327. The feeder road F01 upgraded to National Highway with four lanes in 2019–20.

text:
# National Highway 04 (Nepal)

**NH04** or **Birtamod-Bhadrapur road** is a short National Highway of Nepal, located in Jhapa District of Koshi Province. The total length of the highway is just 12.53 kilometres (7.79 mi). The road is fully black topped four lane National Highway.

Highway NH04 was constructed as Feeder Road **F001** / Feeder Road **F1** with two lanes to provide connection between East West Highway at Birtamod and a bridge (Mechipul) across Mechi river at Chandragadhi (Bhadrapur Municipality). NH04 across the Mechipul connects with Indian Highway NH-327. The feeder road F01 upgraded to National Highway with four lanes in 2019–20.

## InfoBox

| National Highway 04 | |
| --- | --- |
| राष्ट्रिय राजमार्ग ०४ | |
| Birtamod–Bhadrapur Highway | |
| NH04 in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MoPIT (Department of Roads) | |
| Length | 12.53 km (7.79 mi) |
| Status | Active |
| History | Black topped four lanes |
| Major junctions | |
| North end | Birtamod |
| Major intersections | Sainikmod |
| South end | Bhadrapur |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Provinces | Koshi Province |
| District | Jhapa District |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| NH03   NH05 | |


title: Merrellton, Alabama

abstract: Merrellton, also known as East and West Junction, Junction, and Merrelton, is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Alabama, United States. Merrellton is located on Alabama State Route 21, 16.6 mi (26.7 km) north of Anniston.

text:
# Merrellton, Alabama

**Merrellton**, also known as **East and West Junction**, **Junction**, and **Merrelton**, is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Alabama, United States.

Merrellton is located on Alabama State Route 21, 16.6 mi (26.7 km) north of Anniston.

## History

A post office was established in 1884 and was named Merrill, after the daughter of the postmistress, Adelia E. Frank. A school was established in the early 1900s. The post office closed in 1923, and the school closed in 1927.

In 1929, a tornado struck an African-American church which was used as a school, demolishing the building and killing five pupils.

Merrellton was a historic junction for two now-abandoned railway lines, the East & West Railroad and the Southern Railway. In 1996, the city of Jacksonville acquired from the Norfolk Southern Railway the track bed of the former Southern Railway which passed through Merrellton. The track bed was used to complete a portion of the Chief Ladiga Trail, Alabama's first rail trail.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Merrellton, Alabama | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Merrellton, AlabamaMerrellton, Alabama | |
| Coordinates: 33°51′48″N 85°44′31″W / 33.86333°N 85.74194°W / 33.86333; -85.74194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alabama |
| County | Calhoun |
| Elevation | 673 ft (205 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 160086 |


title: Mexborough Greyhound Stadium

abstract: Mexborough Greyhound Stadium also called the Dog Daisy Stadium was a greyhound racing stadium located in Mexborough, South Yorkshire.

text:
# Mexborough Greyhound Stadium

**Mexborough Greyhound Stadium** also called the **Dog Daisy Stadium** was a greyhound racing stadium located in Mexborough, South Yorkshire.

## Origins

The stadium was constructed on farmland north of the town of Mexborough and was accessed from tracks heading from Adwick Road (from the west) and Harlington Road (from the south). The stadium is believed to have been constructed during the 1930s and applied for a betting licence in 1935 under the Betting and Lotteries Act 1934.

## Greyhound racing

The racing was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club).

## Closure

The track closed during 1965 and was demolished to make way for housing.

## InfoBox

Mexborough Greyhound Stadium
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Mexborough, South Yorkshire |
| Coordinates | 53°30′08″N 1°16′41″W / 53.50222°N 1.27806°W / 53.50222; -1.27806 |
| Opened | c.1935 |
| Closed | 1965 |


title: Mexican dace

abstract: The Mexican dace, or Mexican chub, is an extinct species of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae. It was found only in Mexico, in the canals and streams of the Valley of Mexico. It is estimated to have become extinct circa 1983. The extinction of this species coincided with the drying of water bodies in the valley. This drying was a result of the increasing demands placed on the water resources of the valley by agriculture, as well as by the growth of Mexico City and its suburbs.

text:
# Mexican dace

The **Mexican dace** (***Evarra bustamantei***), or **Mexican chub**, is an extinct species of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae. It was found only in Mexico, in the canals and streams of the Valley of Mexico. It is estimated to have become extinct circa 1983. The extinction of this species coincided with the drying of water bodies in the valley. This drying was a result of the increasing demands placed on the water resources of the valley by agriculture, as well as by the growth of Mexico City and its suburbs.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| *Evarra bustamantei* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Extinct  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Genus: | *Evarra* |
| Species: | ***E. bustamantei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Evarra bustamantei***
Navarro, 1955 | |
|


title: Meza larea

abstract: Meza larea is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. They are in subfamily Hesperiinae and the tribe Aeromachini. These beautiful butterflies were found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Shaba), western Tanzania, Malawi and northern Zambia. The Meza larea have many predators including lizards, collectors and birds. These beautiful butterflies have a very long life compared to other butterflies. It is believed that the astounding colors of the Meza larea help camouflage them and help improve their chances of living longer. These particular butterflies are not symmetrical and have various coloring patterns that make them an astounding creature to come across.

text:
# Meza larea

***Meza larea*** is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. They are in subfamily Hesperiinae and the tribe Aeromachini. These beautiful butterflies were found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Shaba), western Tanzania, Malawi and northern Zambia.

The *Meza larea* have many predators including lizards, collectors and birds. These beautiful butterflies have a very long life compared to other butterflies. It is believed that the astounding colors of the *Meza larea* help camouflage them and help improve their chances of living longer. These particular butterflies are not symmetrical and have various coloring patterns that make them an astounding creature to come across.

## InfoBox

| *Meza larea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Figure 13 | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hesperiidae |
| Genus: | *Meza* |
| Species: | ***M. larea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Meza larea***<br>(Neave, 1910) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Parnara larea* Neave, 1910 * *Chapra mathias* ab. *hias* Strand, 1921 | |


title: Wayne Froman

abstract: Wayne Froman was an American actor who worked extensively in Australia, in particularly on radio. He also appeared on stage and in the film South West Pacific. He had worked as a comedian in New York when he arrived in Australia in late 1939 to appear in Ziegfeld Follies. In July 1945, he and a number of other actors were banned for three months from radio for broadcasting "objectionable matter".

text:
# Wayne Froman

**Wayne Froman** was an American actor who worked extensively in Australia, in particularly on radio. He also appeared on stage and in the film *South West Pacific*.

He had worked as a comedian in New York when he arrived in Australia in late 1939 to appear in *Ziegfeld Follies*.

In July 1945, he and a number of other actors were banned for three months from radio for broadcasting "objectionable matter".