title: Adícora

abstract: Adícora is a village located northeast coast of the Paraguaná Peninsula, in Venezuela, specifically in the Falcón Municipality and 24 kilometers south of the island of Aruba. The village is accessible by road or air. It is a shallow beach, protected by reefs, fresh water, more swell than western. In the town of Adícora are several inns, like residences for rental accommodation and diversity of restaurants. Because of strong winds there, it has become an international centre for kiteboarding and windsurfing practice. At the time, it was a port town, benefited by its geographical characteristics as a cape, in which an important commercial exchange took place with the Netherlands Antilles in the Caribbean, as well as with other islands, until much of the 20th century, on its coasts were docked various sailing boats, mainly Schooners, Sloops or Boats, as well as smaller fishing boats, the latter can still be seen on its coasts and continue to go to sea in search of fish such as Kingfisher, Dogfish, Snapper, Horse Mackerel, Manta Ray (Chucho), among others. It is an important tourist destination, whose vacationers choose the holidays of Easter, Carnival and the month of August mainly for its beaches, inns, restaurants and the cozyness of the town and its colonial-type houses, with fresh architecture, hallways, lots and tiled roofs, as well as large windows that allow the entry of the sea breeze, which allows those who visit it to relax and listen to the palms of the coconut trees and in the distance the sea, thanks to the natural breakwater that is located to the east of the cape and it is better known by the locals as "El Reventón".

text:
# Adícora

**Adícora** is a village located northeast coast of the Paraguaná Peninsula, in Venezuela, specifically in the Falcón Municipality and 24 kilometers south of the island of Aruba.

The village is accessible by road or air (by plane - to and from Adicora Airport - SVAR). It is a shallow beach, protected by reefs, fresh water, more swell than western. In the town of Adícora are several inns, like residences for rental accommodation and diversity of restaurants. Because of strong winds there, it has become an international centre for kiteboarding and windsurfing practice.

At the time, it was a port town, benefited by its geographical characteristics as a cape, in which an important commercial exchange took place with the Netherlands Antilles in the Caribbean, as well as with other islands, until much of the 20th century, on its coasts were docked various sailing boats, mainly Schooners, Sloops or Boats, as well as smaller fishing boats, the latter can still be seen on its coasts and continue to go to sea in search of fish such as Kingfisher, Dogfish (Small Shark Species), Snapper, Horse Mackerel, Manta Ray (Chucho), among others.

It is an important tourist destination, whose vacationers choose the holidays of Easter, Carnival and the month of August mainly for its beaches, inns, restaurants and the cozyness of the town and its colonial-type houses, with fresh architecture, hallways, lots and tiled roofs, as well as large windows that allow the entry of the sea breeze, which allows those who visit it to relax and listen to the palms of the coconut trees and in the distance the sea, thanks to the natural breakwater that is located to the east of the cape and it is better known by the locals as "El Reventón".

## Etymology

Adícora means "Jajatal", halophytic grass of brackish land. This indigenous voice originally was "jadícuar", has been going through "jatícora" for "jadícora" for "aríkula" until today "Adícora".

## Sports and culture

Adicora has constant wind and its conditions give the opportunity to locals and tourists to participate in wind-related sports like Kiteboarding and Windsurf. It constantly blows an average of 17 knots which is ideal for the sports practice. There are local schools taught by locals to tourists interested in learning. The sport has increased tourism and attendance in local inns, as well as investments in restaurants and sports academies.

There are other close beaches with great wind conditions for the Sports, like Matagorda. They offer better views and beautiful coasts, but the best wind is found in Adicora.

## Climate

Climate, warm and tropical (28 °C - 34 °C), its shallow warm waters. Northern Beaches offer *flat water*; South beaches are, chop, sailing and surfing swell of 8–10 feet, its winds "side-onshore" of East - Northwest constant throughout the year, the strongest during the months of February to September (6Bft hard) and milder during the months of October to January (4Bft + hard). May is the windiest month.

## InfoBox

| Adícora | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 11°56′N 69°48′W / 11.933°N 69.800°W / 11.933; -69.800 | |
| Country | Venezuela |


title: Yinpanolithus

abstract: Yinpanolithus is an extinct genus of trilobites in the family Trinucleidae. The genus lived during the later part of the Arenig stage of the Ordovician Period, a faunal stage which lasted from approximately 478 to 471 million years ago.

text:
# Yinpanolithus

***Yinpanolithus*** is an extinct genus of trilobites in the family Trinucleidae. The genus lived during the later part of the Arenig stage of the Ordovician Period, a faunal stage which lasted from approximately 478 to 471 million years ago.

## InfoBox

| *Yinpanolithus*
Temporal range: Late Arenig | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Trilobita |
| Order: | Asaphida |
| Family: | Trinucleidae |
| Genus: | *Yinpanolithus*
Lu & Chang, 1974 |
|


title: Queen's House Football Club

abstract: Queen's House was a 19th-century rugby football club that was notable for being one of the twenty-one founding members of the Rugby Football Union, as well as producing a number of international players in the sport's early international fixtures.

text:
# Queen's House Football Club

**Queen's House** was a 19th-century rugby football club that was notable for being one of the twenty-one founding members of the Rugby Football Union, as well as producing a number of international players in the sport's early international fixtures.

## History

Queen's House was established in 1867 through the co-operation of the brothers Rowland and Edward Hill and the families of Hewitt and Fry, who all lived in Greenwich. The club was named after the famous Queen's House in Greenwich where Rowland Hill was born. The team wore a white jersey with the blue crown. The club played football using a modified form of the Rugby School code. On 26 January 1871, they sent representation to a meeting of twenty-one London and suburban football clubs that followed Rugby School rules (Wasps were invited by failed to attend) assembled at the Pall Mall Restaurant in Regent Street. E.C. Holmes, captain of the Richmond Club assumed the presidency. It was resolved unanimously that the formation of a Rugby Football Society was desirable and thus the Rugby Football Union was formed. A president, a secretary and treasurer, and a committee of thirteen were elected, to whom was entrusted the drawing-up of the laws of the game upon the basis of the code in use at Rugby School. Although Queen's House was considered prominent enough to have been invited, they did not gain any of the thirteen places on the original committee.

The club was regarded at one time as one of the most formidable clubs in London, and perhaps the most difficult to beat. The London Scottish, a team with great success against all teams in the London area, in the five matches played against Queen's House were never able to snatch a victory and in fact Sidney Ellis of Queen's House was the first player to ever cross the London Scottish try-line. At its height the team comprised Cameron Hewitt playing back, Tom and Fred Fry as three-quarters, and Sidney Fry as a half-back. In the physically powerful forwards were Walter Hewitt, the international oarsman and his brother Malcolm, as well as the England international Sidney Ellis. Contemporary accounts describe the team as having "probably as strong a set of scrummagers as were ever got together. They did not go in for a fast or showy game, and were never great scorers, but their defence was wonderfully strong, and it is doubtful whether any team ever had a finer lot of tacklers."

In the short time the team was together, their greatest rivals were their neighbours, Blackheath FC, with whom they played the closest and most exciting matches.

### Disbandment

With the emigration of Cameron Hewitt and Fred and Sidney Fry to Canada in the early 1880s and the retirement of Tom Fry, the team lost its nucleus. Rather than risk the probability of a decadence it was decided to disband the club in the height of its prosperity.

## Notable players

A number of Queen's House players represented England:

* T. Fry (first capped 1880)
* Sidney Ellis (first capped 1880)
* W. Hewitt (first capped 1881)

1. Adrian Harvey, *Football: the first hundred years : the untold story*, p199 (Routledge), 2005
2. Marshall, Francis, *Football; the Rugby union game*, p342, (1892) (London Paris Melbourne, Cassell and company, limited)
3. Marshall, Francis, *Football; the Rugby union game*, p68, (1892) (London Paris Melbourne, Cassell and company, limited)
4. Marshall, Francis, *Football; the Rugby union game*, p344, (1892) (London Paris Melbourne, Cassell and company, limited)
5. Marshall, Francis, *Football; the Rugby union game*, p340, (1892) (London Paris Melbourne, Cassell and company, limited)

## InfoBox

Queen's House
| Full name | Queen's House Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Union | Rugby Football Union |
| Founded | 1867 |
| Disbanded | c. 1884 |
| Location | Greenwich, England |
| Ground(s) | in Greenwich and later Blackheath |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: HD 68402

abstract: HD 68402 is a solitary star located in the circumpolar constellation Volans. With an apparent magnitude of 9.09, it is invisible to the naked eye but can be seen with an amateur telescope. This star is located at a distance of 256 light years based on its parallax shift but is drifting away at a rate of 11.60 km/s. HD 68402 has a classification of G5 IV/V, which indicates that it is a G5 star with the characteristics of a subgiant and main-sequence star. Contrary to its classification, it is actually a G1 dwarf. At present it is slightly more massive than the Sun and has a similar radius to the latter. It radiates at 1.17 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,907 K, which gives it a yellow hue. At an age of 1 billion years HD 68402 has a projected rotational velocity of almost 3 km/s and is metal rich like most planetary hosts.

text:
# HD 68402

**HD 68402** is a solitary star located in the circumpolar constellation Volans. With an apparent magnitude of 9.09, it is invisible to the naked eye but can be seen with an amateur telescope. This star is located at a distance of 256 light years based on its parallax shift but is drifting away at a rate of 11.60 km/s.

HD 68402 has a classification of G5 IV/V, which indicates that it is a G5 star with the characteristics of a subgiant and main-sequence star. Contrary to its classification, it is actually a G1 dwarf. At present it is slightly more massive than the Sun and has a similar radius to the latter. It radiates at 1.17 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,907 , which gives it a yellow hue. At an age of 1 billion years HD 68402 has a projected rotational velocity of almost 3 km/s and is metal rich like most planetary hosts (1.94 times to be exact).

## Planetary system

In 2017, a superjovian planet was discovered using doppler spectroscopy data from HARPS and CORALIE. In 2023, the inclination and true mass of HD 68402 b were determined via astrometry.

The HD 68402 planetary system
| Companion
(in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis
(AU) | Orbital period
(years) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **b** | 7.9+1.7
−1.5 MJ | 2.239+0.11
−0.075 | 3.15+0.22
−0.14 | 0.225+0.15
−0.082 | 20.3+6.2
−4.1 or 159.7+4.1
−6.2 |  |

## InfoBox

HD 68402
| Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS) | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Volans |
|
| Right ascension | 08h 05m 23.69129s |
| Declination | −74° 24 37.4873 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 9.09 ± 0.02 |
| Characteristics | |
|
| Spectral type | G5 IV/V |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| B−V color index | +0.68 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | 11.60 ± 0.49 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −78.195 mas/yr
Dec.: +78.973 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 12.7204 ± 0.0101 mas |
| **Distance** | 256.4 ± 0.2 ly
(78.61 ± 0.06 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | +4.66 |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 1.12 ± 0.05 |
| **Radius** | 1.02 ± 0.05 |
| **Luminosity** | 1.17+0.06
−0.07 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.43 ± 0.04 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 5,907 ± 68 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | +0.29 ± 0.10 dex |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 2.9 ± 0.2 km/s |
| **Age** | 1 ± 0.9 Gyr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| CD−74° 392, CPD−74° 486, HD 68402, HIP 39589 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |
| **Exoplanet Archive** | data |


title: Meny

abstract: Meny is a Norwegian and Danish supermarket chain owned by NorgesGruppen and Dagrofa. The chain has historically only been active in Norway, where 187 stores operate under the brand. In 2015, 119 Meny stores opened in Denmark, which are rebranded SuperBest and Eurospar stores, brands owned by the Danish Dagrofa. The first Danish Meny stores opened in April 2015. The brand operates so called 'full-service' supermarkets, focusing on offering a large choice of fresh and/or high quality products as opposed to discount supermarkets that offer low prices. In Denmark Meny has 5,500 employees.

text:
# Meny

**Meny** (meaning "Menu") is a Norwegian and Danish supermarket chain owned by NorgesGruppen and Dagrofa (only the Danish stores, NorgesGruppen owns a 49% stake in Dagrofa). The chain has historically only been active in Norway, where 187 stores operate under the brand. In 2015, 119 Meny stores opened in Denmark, which are rebranded SuperBest and Eurospar stores, brands owned by the Danish Dagrofa. The first Danish Meny stores opened in April 2015.

The brand operates so called 'full-service' supermarkets, focusing on offering a large choice of fresh and/or high quality products as opposed to discount supermarkets that offer low prices.

In Denmark Meny has 5,500 employees.

## InfoBox

Meny
| Meny logo | |
| --- | --- |
| Meny supermarket in Snarøya, Norway | |
| Product type | Supermarket |
| Owner | NorgesGruppen |
| Country | Norway |
| Introduced | 1992 |
| Markets | Norway, Denmark |
| Website | Norway, Denmark |


title: Merle Armitage

abstract: Merle Armitage was an American set designer, tour manager, theater producer, opera producer, art collector, author, and book designer.

text:
# Merle Armitage

**Merle Armitage** (1893 - March 15, 1975) was an American set designer, tour manager, theater producer, opera producer, art collector, author, and book designer.

## Biography

Armitage was born in 1893 in Iowa.

Armitage became a theater set designer in New York City. He was the tour manager for the Scotti Grand Opera Company, the Russian Grand Opera Company, and The Beggars Opera. He co-founded the Los Angeles Grand Opera Association in 1924, and he was its manager until 1930. He managed the Los Angeles Philharmonic Auditorium, from 1933 to 1939. From 1933 to 1934 he was director of the Public Works of Art Project's Region 14, California south of Paso Robles.

Armitage was the editorial and art director of *Look* magazine, and he was the president of the American Institute of Graphic Arts in 1951. He designed and authored many books, including *Saints and Saint Makers*, *Operatic Masterpieces*, *Operations Santa Fe*, and *Burro Alley*. He authored two books about Igor Stravinsky and a book about George Gershwin, two men whose tours he managed.

Armitage was married four times, and he had a daughter, Chama. He died on March 15, 1975, in Yucca Valley, California, at age 82.

## Selected works

* Armitage, Merle (1958). *George Gershwin: Man and Legend*. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearco. OCLC 642004144.

## InfoBox

| Merle Armitage | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1893
Iowa, U.S. |
| Died | March 15, 1975
Yucca Valley, California, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | tour manager, set designer, opera producer, art collector, author, book designer |
| Children | 1 |


title: Paris Bourse crash of 1882

abstract: The Paris Bourse crash of 1882 was a stock market crash in France, and was the worst crisis in the French economy in the nineteenth century. The crash was triggered by the collapse of l'Union Générale in January. Around a quarter of the brokers on the bourse were on the brink of collapse. The closure of the exchange was prevented by a loan from the Banque de France which enabled sufficient liquidity to support settlement.

text:
# Paris Bourse crash of 1882

The **Paris Bourse crash of 1882** was a stock market crash in France, and was the worst crisis in the French economy in the nineteenth century. The crash was triggered by the collapse of l'Union Générale in January. Around a quarter of the brokers on the bourse were on the brink of collapse. The closure of the exchange was prevented by a loan from the Banque de France which enabled sufficient liquidity to support settlement.

## Causes

The stock price of l’Union Générale rose from 500 francs a share in 1879 to over 3,000 francs at its peak. Investors saw the booming market for new securities and jumped into the forward market. Speculators also printed counterfeit money; they renewed their forward contracts in hopes for a continuous rise in prices.

As the market grew, so did the demand for cash, and interest rates began to rise to the point where lenders began demanding a premium. This situation foretold that a collapse would occur when investors would repay their loans, not wanting to pay this premium or to incur refinancing debt at high interest rates. This could mean the bank would lose its primary revenue source, with the resultant stock overvaluation and share price decline. These events are very similar to the events leading up to the American 1929 boom. As this happened, the price of l'Union Générale began to deteriorate. The bank failed to repay it debts and to honor its clients’ accounts. It falsified public reports, to avoid the complete crash of its value and credit-worthiness. Between January 5, 1882 and January 14, 1882 the cash price of a share dropped from 3,040 to 800 francs.

## During

The crash led to a recession which lasted until the end of the decade. Immediately after the crash, the bank's founder attributed its downfall to conspiratorial aims of Jewish-German banks and Freemasons, intent on destroying banks which backed conservative, Catholic political agendas.

It is now generally accepted that there was no conspiracy to destroy the bank, but it remains unclear why the collapse of the bank was so devastating.

During the 1882 crash, 14 of 60 stock brokers appeared to be in imminent danger of failure and seven were completely bankrupt. The famous painter Paul Gauguin had been working as a stock broker until the crash; after that, he decided to dedicate himself to painting full-time.

1. Grant, Richard B. (December 1955), "The Jewish Question in Zola's L'Argent", *PMLA*, **70** (5): 955–967, JSTOR 459879


title: Outside Out

abstract: Outside Out is the first full-length feature film from Phish bassist Mike Gordon. It premiered in theaters in early 2001 and starred Jimi Stout, Col. Bruce Hampton, Ashley Scott Shamp, Gordon, and others. The film revolves around the life of confused teenager Rick, who begins taking guitar lessons from Hampton. Hampton's unorthodox style of teaching infuriates Rick's parents, who insists he attend military school. Rick later meets the guitarist of country music group "Ramble Dove" (Gordon), and the true bizarreness of the film begins to take shape. The movie features a mixture of abstract editing, psychedelic symbolic images, and music later featured on Gordon's companion album, Inside In.

text:
# Outside Out

***Outside Out*** is the first full-length feature film from Phish bassist Mike Gordon. It premiered in theaters in early 2001 and starred Jimi Stout, Col. Bruce Hampton, Ashley Scott Shamp, Gordon, and others.

The film revolves around the life of confused teenager Rick, who begins taking guitar lessons from Hampton. Hampton's unorthodox style of teaching infuriates Rick's parents, who insists he attend military school. Rick later meets the guitarist of country music group "Ramble Dove" (Gordon), and the true bizarreness of the film begins to take shape.

The movie features a mixture of abstract editing, psychedelic symbolic images, and music later featured on Gordon's companion album, *Inside In*.

## InfoBox

| Outside Out | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Mike Gordon |
| Produced by | Jeff Lawson |
| Starring | Mike Gordon
Bruce Hampton
Ashley Scott Shamp
Jimi Stout |
| Cinematography | Mike Gordon |
| Edited by | Mike Gordon |
| Release date | * 2001 (2001) |
| Language | English |


title: Aeroprakt A-28 Victor

abstract: The Aeroprakt A-28 Victor is a Ukrainian light aircraft, designed and produced by Aeroprakt of Kyiv. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

text:
# Aeroprakt A-28 Victor

The **Aeroprakt A-28 Victor** is a Ukrainian light aircraft, designed and produced by Aeroprakt of Kyiv. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

## Design and development

The design goals for the A-28 included twin engines for safety over hazardous terrain, a payload of 300 kg (660 lb) with four seats, 10 hours endurance, as well as good short and rough field capabilities. The resulting design features a cantilever low-wing, a four-seat enclosed cabin accessed through a hinged windshield, a T-tail, fixed conventional landing gear and twin engines in tractor configuration.

The aircraft has mixed construction, with the forward fuselage made from fibreglass and the tail cone of aluminium sheet. The wings and tail are all-aluminium, while the control surfaces are aluminium frames covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its 12 m (39.4 ft) span wing employs a TsAGI P-IIIA-15 airfoil, has an area of 13.4 m2 (144 sq ft) and mounts flaps. The standard engines fitted are two 80 hp (60 kW) Rotax 912 or two 100 hp (75 kW) Rotax 912S powerplants. The conventional landing gear fits wheel pants and features a steerable tailwheel.

The A-28 has an empty weight of 530 kg (1,170 lb) and a gross weight of 1,100 kg (2,400 lb), giving a useful load of 570 kg (1,260 lb).

## Operational history

One example was registered in 2001 in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration in the amateur-built category, but on 18 October 2004 it was deregistered and exported to Ukraine.

## Specifications (A-28 Victor)

*Data from* Bayerl

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** one
* **Capacity:** three passengers
* **Wingspan:** 12 m (39 ft 4 in)
* **Wing area:** 13.4 m2 (144 sq ft)
* **Airfoil:** TsAGI P-IIIA-15
* **Empty weight:** 530 kg (1,168 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 1,100 kg (2,425 lb)
* **Fuel capacity:** 180 litres (40 imp gal; 48 US gal)
* **Powerplant:** 2 × Rotax 912 four cylinder, liquid and air-cooled, four stroke aircraft engine, 60 kW (80 hp) each
* **Propellers:** 3-bladed composite

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 300 km/h (190 mph, 160 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 250 km/h (160 mph, 130 kn)
* **Stall speed:** 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kn)
* **Rate of climb:** 5 m/s (980 ft/min)
* **Wing loading:** 82.1 kg/m2 (16.8 lb/sq ft)

## InfoBox

| Aeroprakt A-28 Victor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Role | Light aircraft |
| National origin | Ukraine |
| Manufacturer | Aeroprakt |
| Status | In production (2011) |
| Number built | at least three |


title: R30: 30th Anniversary World Tour

abstract:
R30: 30th Anniversary World Tour is a live DVD by the Canadian rock band Rush, released on November 22, 2005 in Canada and the US, and November 28, 2005 in Europe. The DVD documents the band's R30: 30th Anniversary Tour, and was recorded on September 24, 2004 at the Festhalle Frankfurt, Germany. The DVD was released in both a standard and a deluxe set. The standard set includes a DVD of the concert, a second DVD of various interviews/extra live footage/easter eggs, and a booklet. The deluxe edition set includes all the items in the standard edition, as well as two CDs of the DVD content, two limited-edition Rush guitar picks, a souvenir backstage pass, and special slipcase packaging. The CD’s are only available in the deluxe edition set. The guitar picks have Alex Lifeson's and Geddy Lee's signatures printed on them, and come in three colors: red, yellow, and black. The colors of the picks are random in packages. To reduce overlap with the band's 2003 release Rush in Rio, eight songs were cut from both DVD versions: "Bravado", "YYZ", "The Trees", "One Little Victory", "Secret Touch", "Red Sector A", "La Villa Strangiato", and By-Tor and the Snow Dog". The audio CDs in the deluxe version present the shortened set-list as well. Five of the deleted songs were later released:
  - "Red Sector A" on the Snakes & Arrows Live DVD (2008)
  - "Secret Touch" on the DVD included with the two-disc version of the Retrospective III: 1989–2008 compilation (2009)
  - "One Little Victory" on the DVD included with the two-disc version of the Working Men compilation (2009)
  - "Bravado" and "YYZ" as bonus features for the home media release of the documentary film Rush: Beyond the Lighted Stage (2010) The R30 track "Der Trommler" is a drum solo by Neil Peart. The track "R30 Overture" is an instrumental medley of six early Rush songs, one from each of the first six studio albums, with flashes of the band's history appearing in the background at the concerts. The R30 releases also feature four songs from the band's 2004 "cover" EP Feedback. The tour ultimately featured at least one song from every one of their albums up until that point, except Caress of Steel and Presto. A Blu-ray version of R30, containing the complete concert, was released on December 8, 2009 in the US, and in late 2013 in Europe. The booklet includes the tour and show credits, as well as many photos of the band chronologically. At the end, a photo of all their albums are shown, which includes their live releases and some compilations albums. The souvenir backstage pass is a fuzzy sticker with paper on the back. From top to bottom, it reads: "rush [;] WORLD TOUR 2004 [;] R30 [;] all areas".

text:
# R30: 30th Anniversary World Tour

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *Mojo* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |

***R30: 30th Anniversary World Tour*** is a live DVD by the Canadian rock band Rush, released on November 22, 2005 in Canada and the US, and November 28, 2005 in Europe. The DVD documents the band's R30: 30th Anniversary Tour, and was recorded on September 24, 2004 at the Festhalle Frankfurt, Germany.

The DVD was released in both a standard and a deluxe set. The standard set includes a DVD of the concert, a second DVD of various interviews/extra live footage/easter eggs, and a booklet. The deluxe edition set includes all the items in the standard edition, as well as two CDs of the DVD content, two limited-edition Rush guitar picks, a souvenir backstage pass, and special slipcase packaging. The CD’s are only available in the deluxe edition set. The guitar picks have Alex Lifeson's and Geddy Lee's signatures printed on them, and come in three colors: red, yellow, and black. The colors of the picks are random in packages.

To reduce overlap with the band's 2003 release *Rush in Rio*, eight songs were cut from both DVD versions: "Bravado", "YYZ", "The Trees", "One Little Victory", "Secret Touch", "Red Sector A", "La Villa Strangiato", and By-Tor and the Snow Dog". The audio CDs in the deluxe version present the shortened set-list as well. Five of the deleted songs were later released:

The R30 track "Der Trommler" is a drum solo by Neil Peart. The track "R30 Overture" is an instrumental medley of six early Rush songs, one from each of the first six studio albums, with flashes of the band's history appearing in the background at the concerts. The R30 releases also feature four songs from the band's 2004 "cover" EP *Feedback*. The tour ultimately featured at least one song from every one of their albums up until that point, except *Caress of Steel* (beyond the snippet of "Bastille Day" as part of the R30 Overture) and *Presto*.

A Blu-ray version of *R30*, containing the complete concert, was released on December 8, 2009 in the US, and in late 2013 in Europe.

The booklet includes the tour and show credits, as well as many photos of the band chronologically. At the end, a photo of all their albums are shown, which includes their live releases and some compilations albums. The souvenir backstage pass is a fuzzy sticker with paper on the back. From top to bottom, it reads: "rush \[;\] WORLD TOUR 2004 \[;\] R30 \[;\] all areas".

## Track listing

### DVD disc 1

1. "R30 Overture" \- ("Finding My Way"/"Anthem"/"Bastille Day"/"A Passage to Bangkok"/"Cygnus X-1 Book I: The Voyage, Book II: Hemispheres - Prelude")
2. "The Spirit of Radio"
3. "Force Ten"
4. "Animate"
5. "Subdivisions"
6. "Earthshine"
7. "Red Barchetta"
8. "Roll the Bones"
9. "The Seeker"
10. "Tom Sawyer"
11. "Dreamline"
12. "Between the Wheels"
13. "Mystic Rhythms"
14. "Der Trommler" (Neil Peart's drum solo)
15. "Resist" (the acoustic arrangement first heard on *Rush in Rio*)
16. "Heart Full of Soul"
17. "2112" ("Overture"/"Temples of Syrinx"/"Grand Finale")
18. "Xanadu" (abbreviated version)
19. "Working Man"
20. "Summertime Blues"
21. "Crossroads"
22. "Limelight"

**Running Time:** 2 hours 10 minutes

### DVD disc 2

1. 1979: Interview with Geddy Lee at Ivor Wynne Stadium – Tour of the Hemispheres (10:00)
2. 1980: Interview at Le Studio recording studio in Quebec featuring all three members together, on the making of the *Permanent Waves* album (13:00)
3. 1990: Juno Awards Artist of the Decade interviews (1980s) featuring all three members separately (15:34)
4. 1994: CBC Television: Juno Awards news report - Induction of Rush into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame, presented by Tom Cochrane (17:33)
5. 2002: Interview with Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson for the release of the album *Vapor Trails* (12:51)
6. "Fly by Night" - Church Session Video (1975)
7. "Finding My Way" - from the band's appearance on *Don Kirshner's Rock Concert* (1975)
8. "In the Mood" - Same performance as above
9. "Circumstances"
10. "La Villa Strangiato"
11. "A Farewell to Kings" - Seneca College Theatre (1977)
12. "Xanadu" - Seneca College Theatre (1977)
13. "The Spirit of Radio" - sound check at Ivor Wynne Stadium (1979)
14. "Freewill" - Toronto Rocks festival performance (2003)
15. "Closer to the Heart" - Canadian Tsunami Disaster Fund charity telethon performance on CBC Television, with Ed Robertson of the Barenaked Ladies and Mike Smith in character as Bubbles of the Trailer Park Boys (2005)
16. 1988: Rush hits St. John's (Easter egg) - Interviews with Geddy Lee and fans prior to a Rush concert in St. John's
17. 1990: Alex's Interview for Artist of the Decade (1980s) (Easter egg) - Outtakes from Alex Lifeson's Artist of the Decade interview

**Running Time:** 2 hours 8 minutes

### CD disc 1

1. "R30 Overture" – ("Finding My Way", "Anthem", "Bastille Day", "A Passage to Bangkok", "Cygnus X-1", "Hemispheres") – 6:42
2. "The Spirit of Radio" – 5:05
3. "Force Ten" – 4:49
4. "Animate" – 5:49
5. "Subdivisions" – 6:09
6. "Earthshine" – 5:41
7. "Red Barchetta" – 6:49
8. "Roll the Bones" – 6:22
9. "The Seeker" – 3:27
10. "Tom Sawyer" – 5:00
11. "Dreamline" – 5:20

**Running Time:** 61:19

### CD disc 2

1. "Between the Wheels" – 6:17
2. "Mystic Rhythms" – 5:22
3. "Der Trommler" – 9:01
4. "Resist" – 4:33
5. "Heart Full of Soul" – 2:44
6. "2112" ("Overture"/"Temples of Syrinx"/"Grand Finale") – 8:24
7. "Xanadu" (abbreviated version) – 6:44
8. "Working Man" – 6:14
9. "Summertime Blues" – 3:41
10. "Crossroads" – 3:13
11. "Limelight" – 4:57

**Running Time:** 61:13

### Blu-Ray disc

1. "R30 Overture" – ("Finding My Way", "Anthem", "Bastille Day", "A Passage to Bangkok", "Cygnus X-1", "Hemispheres")
2. "The Spirit of Radio"
3. "Force Ten"
4. "Animate"
5. "Subdivisions"
6. "Earthshine"
7. "Red Barchetta"
8. "Roll the Bones"
9. "Bravado" (previously unreleased)
10. "YYZ" (previously unreleased)
11. "The Trees" (previously unreleased)
12. "The Seeker"
13. "One Little Victory" (previously unreleased)
14. "Tom Sawyer"
15. "Dreamline"
16. "Secret Touch" (previously unreleased)
17. "Between the Wheels"
18. "Mystic Rhythms"
19. "Red Sector A" (previously unreleased)
20. "Der Trommler"
21. "Resist"
22. "Heart Full of Soul"
23. "2112" ("Overture"/"Temples of Syrinx"/"Grand Finale")
24. "La Villa Strangiato" (previously unreleased)
25. "By-Tor and the Snow Dog" (previously unreleased)
26. "Xanadu" (abbreviated version)
27. "Working Man"
28. "Summertime Blues"
29. "Crossroads"
30. "Limelight"

Full concert running time: 182 minutes
plus the extra features of the second DVD (127 minutes)

## Personnel

* Geddy Lee – bass and acoustic guitars, keyboards, vocals
* Alex Lifeson – electric and acoustic guitars, bass pedal synth
* Neil Peart – drums, percussion

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canada (Music Canada) | 8× Platinum | 80,000^ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Gold | 25,000^ |
| United States (RIAA) | 5× Platinum | 500,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| R30: 30th Anniversary World Tour | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Video by Rush | |
| Released | November 22, 2005 |
| Recorded | September 24, 2004 |
| Venue | Festhalle Frankfurt (Frankfurt am Main) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 130:00 |
| Label | Anthem, Atlantic, Eagle Vision (for the Blu-ray edition) |
| Director | Pierre Lamoureux |
| Rush chronology | |
| *Feedback*
(2004) ***R30: 30th Anniversary World Tour***
(2005) *Gold*
(2006) | |


# Results breakdown of the 2003 Spanish local elections (Canary Islands)

This is the results breakdown of the local elections held in the Canary Islands on 25 May 2003. The following tables show detailed results in the autonomous community's most populous municipalities, sorted alphabetically.

## Overall

Councillor share for parties securing \>1.0% of councillors up for election.

CC (34.41%)  PSOE (32.83%)  PP (19.23%)  FNC (3.38%)  RA (1.13%)  Other (9.02%)

 Summary of the 25 May 2003 municipal election results in the Canary Islands
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Councillors | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Canarian Coalition (CC) | 283,701 | 30.76 | –1.90 | 458 | +15 |
| | Canarian Coalition (CC) | 281,527 | 30.52 | –1.86 | 448 | +14 |
| | Independent Herrenian Group (AHI) | 2,174 | 0.24 | –0.04 | 10 | +1 |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 259,027 | 28.08 | +2.13 | 437 | –6 |
| | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 254,317 | 27.57 | +1.62 | 430 | –13 |
| | Spanish Socialist Workers' PartyCanarian United Left (PSOE–IUC) | 4,710 | 0.51 | *New* | 7 | +7 |
|  | People's Party (PP) | 228,596 | 24.78 | –1.33 | 256 | +17 |
|  | Canarian Nationalist Federation (FNC) | 36,205 | 3.93 | +1.24 | 45 | +5 |
| | Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) | 13,951 | 1.51 | +0.31 | 11 | +9 |
| | Lanzarote Independents Party (PIL) | 11,721 | 1.27 | +0.12 | 27 | –2 |
| | Canarian Union–Canarian Nationalist Federation (UC–FNC) | 8,461 | 0.92 | *New* | 2 | +2 |
| | Independents of Fuerteventura (IF) | 2,072 | 0.22 | –0.12 | 5 | –4 |
|  | The Greens of the Canaries (Verdes) | 19,119 | 2.07 | +1.29 | 8 | +4 |
|  | Federal Group of Jinámar Valley–Citizens for Change Platform (AFV–CIUCA) | 10,026 | 1.09 | +0.79 | 5 | +4 |
|  | Canarian United Left (IUC) | 8,841 | 0.96 | –1.60 | 1 | –7 |
| | Canarian United Left (IUC) | 7,582 | 0.82 | –1.74 | 0 | –8 |
| | Canarian United LeftThe Greens of the Canaries (IUC–LVC) | 1,259 | 0.14 | *New* | 1 | +1 |
|  | Roque Aguayro (RA) | 8,606 | 0.93 | +0.13 | 15 | +4 |
|  | Rural Nationalist Bloc (BNR) | 3,893 | 0.42 | +0.09 | 5 | +1 |
|  | Canarian Popular Alternative (APCa) | 3,731 | 0.40 | *New* | 1 | +1 |
|  | Centre of Arona (CAN) | 3,514 | 0.38 | *New* | 6 | +6 |
|  | 25 May Citizens' Alternative (AC25M) | 3,022 | 0.33 | *New* | 5 | +5 |
|  | Independent Group of Santa Úrsula (AISU) | 2,969 | 0.32 | –0.21 | 9 | –2 |
|  | Reformist Canarian Centre (CCR) | 2,138 | 0.23 | *New* | 1 | +1 |
|  | Unity of the People (UP) | 1,949 | 0.21 | +0.05 | 1 | ±0 |
|  | Lanzarote Assembly–PdA–PCL (AC–PdA–PCL) | 1,459 | 0.16 | *New* | 2 | +2 |
|  | United Neighbors (VU) | 1,281 | 0.14 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Others | 32,940 | 3.57 |  | 76 | +4 |
| Blank ballots | | 11,392 | 1.24 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 922,409 | 100.00 |  | 1,331 | +54 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 922,409 | 99.42 | +0.06 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 5,349 | 0.58 | –0.06 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 927,758 | 63.82 | +2.53 | |
| Abstentions | | 526,001 | 36.18 | –2.53 | |
| Registered voters | | 1,453,759 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |

| Popular vote   CC  30.76%  PSOE  28.08%  PP  24.78%  FNC  3.93%  Verdes  2.07%  AFV–CIUCA  1.09%  Others  8.06%  Blank ballots  1.24% |
| --- |

## City control

The following table lists party control in the most populous municipalities, including provincial capitals (shown in **bold**). Gains for a party are displayed with the cell's background shaded in that party's colour.

| Municipality | Population | Previous control | | New control | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Arona | 52,572 |  | Canarian Coalition (CC) |  | Canarian Coalition (CC) |
| **Las Palmas de Gran Canaria** | 370,649 |  | People's Party (PP) |  | People's Party (PP) |
| San Cristóbal de La Laguna | 135,004 |  | Canarian Coalition (CC) |  | Canarian Coalition (CC) |
| **Santa Cruz de Tenerife** | 217,415 |  | Canarian Coalition (CC) |  | Canarian Coalition (CC) |
| Telde | 91,160 |  | Canarian Coalition (CC) |  | People's Party (PP) |

## Municipalities

### Arona

*Population: 52,572*

 Summary of the 25 May 2003 City Council of Arona election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Canarian Coalition (CC) | 4,201 | 26.18 | –3.02 | **7** | ±0 |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 3,993 | 24.89 | –8.30 | **7** | –1 |
|  | Centre of Arona (CAN) | 3,514 | 21.90 | *New* | **6** | +6 |
|  | People's Party (PP) | 2,710 | 16.89 | –1.25 | **4** | ±0 |
|  | Reformist Canarian Centre (CCR) | 1,022 | 6.37 | *New* | **1** | +1 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | The Greens of the Canaries (Verdes) | 422 | 2.63 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) | 65 | 0.41 | –1.51 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –11.71 | 0 | –2 |
| Blank ballots | | 118 | 0.74 | –0.18 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 16,045 |  | | 25 | +4 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 16,045 | 99.52 | +0.12 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 78 | 0.48 | –0.12 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 16,123 | 50.66 | +1.40 | |
| Abstentions | | 15,701 | 49.34 | –1.40 | |
| Registered voters | | 31,824 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |

### Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

*Population: 370,649*

 Summary of the 25 May 2003 City Council of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | People's Party (PP) | 84,204 | 46.24 | –11.30 | **15** | –4 |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 51,374 | 28.21 | +13.42 | **9** | +4 |
|  | Canarian Coalition–Commitment for Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (CC–CLP) | 26,377 | 14.48 | +0.59 | **5** | +1 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Canarian Union–Canarian Nationalist Federation (UC–FNC)1 | 6,796 | 3.73 | +3.05 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | The Greens of the Canaries (Verdes) | 4,166 | 2.29 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Canarian United Left (IUC) | 3,025 | 1.66 | –2.38 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | United Neighbors (VU) | 1,281 | 0.70 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Communist Party of the Canarian People (PCPC) | 578 | 0.32 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Canarian Popular Alternative (APCa) | 406 | 0.22 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Humanist Party (PH) | 328 | 0.18 | –0.24 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Pensionist Assembly of the Canaries (TPC) | 236 | 0.13 | –0.09 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Party of Gran Canaria (PGC) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –5.88 | 0 | –1 |
| Blank ballots | | 3,341 | 1.83 | +0.37 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 182,112 |  | | 29 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 182,112 | 99.45 | +0.10 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 1,014 | 0.55 | –0.10 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 183,126 | 61.47 | +6.84 | |
| Abstentions | | 114,807 | 38.53 | –6.84 | |
| Registered voters | | 297,933 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** * 1 Canarian Union–Canarian Nationalist Federation results are compared to Canarian Nationalist Party totals in the 1999 election. | | | | | | |

### San Cristóbal de La Laguna

*Population: 135,004*

 Summary of the 25 May 2003 City Council of San Cristóbal de La Laguna election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Canarian Coalition (CC) | 26,485 | 40.43 | +8.56 | **12** | +2 |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 24,395 | 37.24 | –2.95 | **11** | –2 |
|  | People's Party (PP) | 8,431 | 12.87 | –2.12 | **4** | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | The Greens of the Canaries (Verdes) | 1,430 | 2.18 | +0.15 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) | 1,137 | 1.74 | –3.11 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Canarian Socialist Action Movement (MASCA) | 839 | 1.28 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Canarian United Left (IUC) | 810 | 1.24 | –1.61 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Canarian Popular Alternative (APCa) | 581 | 0.89 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Canarian Management Assembly (AGC) | 276 | 0.42 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Tenerife Union (UTI) | 129 | 0.20 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Reformist Canarian Centre (CCR) | 121 | 0.18 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Humanist Party (PH) | 98 | 0.15 | –0.22 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | | 777 | 1.19 | –0.56 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 65,509 |  | | 27 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 65,509 | 99.48 | +0.19 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 340 | 0.52 | –0.19 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 65,849 | 55.17 | –1.75 | |
| Abstentions | | 53,507 | 44.83 | +1.75 | |
| Registered voters | | 119,356 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |

### Santa Cruz de Tenerife

*Population: 217,415*

 Summary of the 25 May 2003 City Council of Santa Cruz de Tenerife election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Canarian Coalition (CC) | 43,002 | 46.09 | –11.37 | **14** | –4 |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 17,475 | 18.73 | +5.30 | **5** | +1 |
|  | People's Party (PP) | 16,326 | 17.50 | +0.78 | **5** | ±0 |
|  | Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) | 8,785 | 9.41 | +6.08 | **3** | +3 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | The Greens of the Canaries (Verdes) | 2,494 | 2.67 | +1.12 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Canarian Popular Alternative (APCa) | 1,936 | 2.07 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Canarian United Left (IUC) | 1,559 | 1.67 | –2.06 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Reformist Canarian Centre (CCR) | 312 | 0.33 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | | 1,420 | 1.52 | –0.51 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 93,309 |  | | 27 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 93,309 | 99.51 | +0.18 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 455 | 0.49 | –0.18 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 93,764 | 51.32 | +2.22 | |
| Abstentions | | 88,926 | 48.68 | –2.22 | |
| Registered voters | | 182,690 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |

### Telde

*Population: 91,160*

 Summary of the 25 May 2003 City Council of Telde election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Canarian Coalition (CC) | 17,975 | 36.07 | –15.19 | **10** | –5 |
|  | People's Party (PP) | 14,446 | 28.99 | +1.86 | **8** | ±0 |
|  | Federal Group of Jinámar Valley–Citizens for Change Platform (AFV–CIUCA) | 10,026 | 20.12 | +14.17 | **5** | +4 |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 5,041 | 10.11 | +3.34 | **2** | +1 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | The Greens of the Canaries (Verdes) | 816 | 1.64 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Coalition for Telde (CT) | 496 | 1.00 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Canarian United Left (IUC) | 466 | 0.94 | –1.79 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Socialists of the Canaries (SDC) | 106 | 0.21 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | | 467 | 0.94 | +0.01 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 49,839 |  | | 25 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 49,839 | 99.51 | +0.36 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 243 | 0.49 | –0.36 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 50,082 | 68.89 | +5.06 | |
| Abstentions | | 22,617 | 31.11 | –5.06 | |
| Registered voters | | 72,699 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |

## Island Cabildos


title: Menya language

abstract: Menya is an Angan language of Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Menya language

**Menya** (Menyama, Menye) is an Angan language of Papua New Guinea.

## Classification

Menya is classified as an Angan language. Its closest relatives in terms of shared vocabulary are Kapau and Yagwoia at 69-75% and 50-58% respectively. As the Menya-speaking area is bordered on all sides by speakers of other Angan languages, much of the Menya grammar and vocabulary has remained intact and is consistent with other Angan languages. Most ethnographic evidence suggest that the Menya-speaking people do not think of themselves as culturally distinct from their neighbors, as they have no words for Menya identity and people.

## Status

Menya is used by the community by all age groups, although there is a growing bilingualism and use of Tok Pisin, and to a lesser extent, English. The Menya language is now being shaped by this bilingualism as shifts in vocabulary and grammar have become apparent. Nonetheless unlike other areas of New Guinea language attitudes towards Menya remain positive and the language is not endangered.

## Phonology

### Consonants

Consonant phonemes
|  | | Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nasal | |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Plosive | plain |  |  | t͡ʃ |  |  |  |
| | pre-nasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd̪ | ᶮd͡ʑ | ᵑɡ | ᶰɢ |  |
| Fricative | |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Approximant | |  |  |  |  |  |  |

### Vowels

|  | Front | Central | Back |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Close |  |  |  |
| Mid |  |  |  |
| Open |  |  | |

## InfoBox

| Menya | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Morobe Province |
| Native speakers | (20,000 cited 1998) |
| Language family | Trans–New Guinea |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `mcr` |
| *Glottolog* | `meny1245` |


title: Mohammad Tabrani

abstract: Mohammad Tabrani Soerjowitjirto was an Indonesian journalist and politician. He originated from the island of Madura and received journalistic education in Europe. In his early journalistic career, Tabrani was a major proponent of the Indonesian language as a national language. Later on, he became the editor of the Pemandangan newspaper and promoted the independence of Indonesia through parliamentary means.

text:
# Mohammad Tabrani

**Mohammad Tabrani Soerjowitjirto** (10 October 1904 – 12 January 1984) was an Indonesian journalist and politician. He originated from the island of Madura and received journalistic education in Europe. In his early journalistic career, Tabrani was a major proponent of the Indonesian language as a national language. Later on, he became the editor of the *Pemandangan* newspaper and promoted the independence of Indonesia through parliamentary means.

## Early life and education

Tabrani was born in Pamekasan, Madura, on 10 October 1904 and he began his education at a MULO in Surabaya, before continuing to an AMS in Bandung. He then enrolled at the civil servant school for native Indonesians (*Opleiding School Voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren*), still in Bandung. During this period, he was active in youth nationalist organizations such as the Jong Java.

## Career

Tabrani had begun to work as a journalist in Agus Salim's newspaper *Hindia Baroe*, where he was a senior journalist by 1926. At *Hindia Baroe*, Tabrani wrote an editorial on 10 January 1926, where he first proposed the term "*Bahasa Indonesia*" (Indonesian language) to refer to the common language used by people in the Indies. In another editorial titled "Bahasa Indonesia" published a month later on 11 February, he was more openly nationalistic:

> The Indonesian nation does not yet exist, then create it! The Indonesian language does not yet exist, then create it!

He later prepared and organized the First "Youth Congress" in 1926, which brought together several Indonesian youth organizations. Tabrani chaired the preparatory committee for the congress itself. During the congress in 30 April – 2 May 1926, the attendees agreed on the use of the Malay language as the national language following a proposal by Mohammad Yamin, but Tabrani opposed, calling for the language to referred to as the "Indonesian language and not the Malay language, despite containing Malay elements".

During the Second Youth Congress of 1928, which resulted in the Youth Pledge, Tabrani was absent, as he was travelling and studying in Europe. For some time, he also studied journalism in Berlin and Cologne, in addition to studying German stenography which he completed in 1929 at The Hague. To gain journalistic experience, he also worked at Dutch newspapers *Het Volk* and *De Telegraaf*. He remained in Europe until 1931. In 1929, while at The Hague, he published a book titled *Ons Wapen: den national Indonesische pers and hare organisatie*, which outlined plans to develop nationalist newspapers in Indonesia.

Tabrani organized a political party in September 1930, the *Partai Rakjat Indonesia* (Indonesian People's Party) which advocated collaboration with Dutch authorities and called for parliamentary pursuits of Indonesian independence, though it did not gain much traction. He also started a political magazine titled *Revue Politik*, before later on joining the newspaper *Pemandangan* as its editor. After the Soetardjo Petition of 1936 was submitted to the Volksraad, Tabrani (as *Pemandangan*'s editor at the time) was an enthusiastic supporter, and he successfully campaigned for the creation of a committee to implement the petition.

Tabrani then participated in the first congress of the Indonesian Journalists' Union (*Persatoean Djoernalis Indonesia*/Perdi) in 1934, when he spoke on "Journalism and the movement and the public interest." Tabrani was later elected as chairman of that organization in 1938, and reelected in 1939. During his presidency and time at *Pemandangan*, the Second World War erupted in Europe, and immediately after the Dutch capitulation the Dutch police banned *Pemandangan* for an article published on it. There was also a public affair with Volksraad member Mohammad Husni Thamrin, who questioned *Pemandangan*'s coverage of the war. Eventually, Tabrani resigned his Perdi presidency in 1940. In June 1940, Tabrani attacked Thamrin through an editorial, accusing Thamrin of not securing the release of Amir Sjarifuddin. Tabrani later entered service of the colonial government, heading the data section of the war propaganda department.

Following the Japanese invasion and the ensuing occupation, Tabrani for some time worked as an editor of the *Tjahaja* newspaper based in Bandung. He was at some point during the occupation imprisoned and was tortured, crippling his leg. After his release, he became chief editor of the Japanese-sponsored newspaper *Indonesia Merdeka*.

During the Indonesian National Revolution, Tabrani acted as secretary of the war and political prisoners committee. After Indonesia's independence, he for some time managed the PNI-owned *Suluh Indonesia* newspaper. In 1973, after some convincing from former Jakarta mayor Sudiro, he published his memoir of the First Youth Congress. He died on 12 January 1984.

## Legacy

Tabrani is often credited with the creation of the Indonesian language, and the Language Development Agency of the Ministry of Education of Culture proposed in 2019 that Tabrani be made a National Hero of Indonesia. His grave in the Tanah Kusir Cemetery in Jakarta is a memorial site dedicated to his work. On 10 November 2023, Joko Widodo awarded the title of National Hero to Tabrani.

1. *Tempo* 2008.
2. Maryanto 2019.
3. Joshua A. Fishman (2011). *The Earliest Stage of Language Planning: "The First Congress" Phenomenon*. Walter de Gruyter. p. 133. ISBN 9783110848984.
4. Government of Jakarta 2017.
5. Yamamoto 2014, p. 14.
6. Kahin 2003, p. 92.
7. Abeyasekere 1973, p. 93.
8. Yamamoto 2014, p. 13.
9. Horton 2018, p. 102.
10. Yamamoto 2014, p. 15.
11. Horton 2018, p. 103.
12. Horton 2018, p. 106.
13. Toer 2014, p. 253.
14. Indriani 2019.
15. Safitri, Eva. "Jokowi Resmi Beri Gelar Pahlawan Nasional ke 6 Tokoh". *detik.com*. Detik. Retrieved 10 November 2023.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Mohammad Tabrani | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1904-10-10)10 October 1904<br>Pamekasan, Dutch East Indies |
| Died | 12 January 1984(1984-01-12) (aged 79) |


title: Metropolitano

abstract: Metropolitano S.A. was a privately owned consortium formed in 1994 to take over concessions granted by the Argentine government as part of railway privatisation during the presidency of Carlos Menem for the operation of commuter rail services in the Buenos Aires Province. Metropolitano operated the San Martín, Roca and Belgrano Sur lines until 2007.

text:
# Metropolitano

**Metropolitano S.A.** was a privately owned consortium formed in 1994 to take over concessions granted by the Argentine government as part of railway privatisation during the presidency of Carlos Menem for the operation of commuter rail services in the Buenos Aires Province. Metropolitano operated the San Martín, Roca and Belgrano Sur lines until 2007.

## History

Passenger services on San Martín, Roca and Belgrano Sur lines had previously been run by state-owned company Ferrocarriles Argentinos since nationalisation of the railways in 1948 and then by FEMESA (a provisional company that operated metropolitan train services until the process of privatisation was carried out).

The services run by Metropolitano started from termini in or near the city centre and were operated out into Greater Buenos Aires by the following subsidiary companies named "Transportes Metropolitanos":

| Subsidiary | Line operated | Operation date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TMS | San Martín | 1/4/1994 - 7/1/2005 |
| TMR | Roca | 1/1/1995 - 22/5/2007 |
| TMB | Belgrano Sur | 1/5/1994 - 22/5/2007 |

In spite of these companies receiving large government subsidies, their services deteriorated to a point where Metropolitano was repeatedly reported by the users, causing the Government of Argentina to fine the company several times.

Finally, in 2004 the concession for the operation of Línea San Martín was revoked through National Decree N° 798.

A violent protest of users in Constitución station on 15 May 2007 led to the revocation of the contract of concession that same year through Decrees 591 and 592.

After the concession was revoked, the three railway lines were taken over by the consortium UGOFE, formed by private companies Ferrovías, Metrovías and Trenes de Buenos Aires.

## InfoBox

Metropolitano
|
|  |
|
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Rail transport |
| Predecessor | FEMESA |
| Founded | 1994 |
| Defunct | 2007 (2007) |
| Fate | Defunct |
| Successor | UGOFE |
| Headquarters | Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Area served | Buenos Aires Province |
| Services | Passenger transport |
| Subsidiaries | TMS, TMR, TMB |


title: Paris Bound

abstract: (For a similar sounding film of the same year see Paris ) Paris Bound is a 1927 play by Philip Barry. It was made into a film in 1929, directed by Edward H. Griffith and starring Ann Harding and Fredric March.

text:
# Paris Bound

(*For a similar sounding film of the same year see Paris (1929 film)*)

***Paris Bound*** is a 1927 play by Philip Barry. It was made into a film in 1929, directed by Edward H. Griffith and starring Ann Harding and Fredric March.

## Plot

Jim Hutton and Mary Archer are liberal-minded lovers content to remain faithful to each other in spirit only without need of a marriage certificate. However, they eventually do wed. Among the wedding guests is the young composer Richard Parrish, hardly disguising his admiration for the bride, and Noel Farley, whose passion is exceeded only by the pain of losing Jim to another woman. A child is born to them. When Jim goes off to Europe on a business trip, Mary declines to accompany him. Noel, who owns a villa at Antibes, lures Jim into a rendezvous. Meanwhile, Mary has an affair with Richard. Learning of Jim's rendezvous, she considers a Paris divorce so as to marry Richard. When Jim unexpectedly returns, he tells Mary of his affair with a French woman. Mary is devastated, for she would never believe that her husband would actually sleep with another woman. In the end their mutual love is confirmed, and they decide to adopt traditional marriage morals and remain monogamous.

## Cast

## Play production history

## InfoBox

| Paris Bound | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Edward H. Griffith |
| Written by | Philip Barry (play)
Horace Jackson (adaptation)
Frank Reicher (dialogue) |
| Produced by | Arthur Hopkins |
| Starring | Ann Harding |
| Cinematography | Norbert Brodine |
| Edited by | Helene Warne |
| Music by | Arthur Alexander
Josiah Zuro |
| Distributed by | Pathé Exchange |
| Release date | * August 3, 1929 (1929-08-03) |
| Running time | 73 minutes; 8 reels |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: PHOIBLE

abstract: PHOIBLE is a linguistic database accessible through its website and compiling phonological inventories from primary documents and tertiary databases into a single, easily searchable sample. The 2019 version 2.0 includes 3,020 inventories containing 3,183 segment types found in 2,186 distinct languages. It is edited by Steven Moran, Assistant Professor from the Institute of Biology at the University of Neuchâtel and Daniel McCloy, Researcher at the Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences at the University of Washington.

text:
# PHOIBLE

**PHOIBLE** (short for "Phonetics Information Base and Lexicon") is a linguistic database accessible through its website and compiling phonological inventories from primary documents and tertiary databases into a single, easily searchable sample. The 2019 version 2.0 includes 3,020 inventories containing 3,183 segment types found in 2,186 distinct languages. It is edited by Steven Moran, Assistant Professor from the Institute of Biology at the University of Neuchâtel and Daniel McCloy, Researcher at the Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences at the University of Washington.

## Principles of PHOIBLE

PHOIBLE attempts to be faithful to the description of languages in source documents (often called "doculects") and to encode all character data in a consistent representation in Unicode API.

Its data is published under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 licence (CC BY-SA 3.0).

## Organisation of the database

The website is very similar to those of Glottolog, WALS and APiCS.

Since the release of PHOIBLE 2.0 in 2019, the data is taken from the Cross-Linguistic Data Formats (CLDF) dataset of the Cross-Linguistic Linked Data (CLLD) project.

The languages are classified by family, geographical coordinates and world regions (Africa, North and South America, Australia, Eurasia and Papunesia).

The individual language pages include geographical information from Glottolog, with a link to its site with the glottocode of the language, and another with the ISO 639-3 code pointing to that of SIL. They also include links to one or more phoneme inventories, with associated bibliographic records for each source. Multiple entries are based on separate sources that disagree on the number and/or identity of phonemes in the language.

In addition to phoneme inventories, PHOIBLE includes distinctive feature data for each phoneme in each language. This system is loosely based on Hayes' *Introductory Phonology* with some additions from Moisik and Esling's *The 'whole larynx' approach to laryngeal features*, but may change as new languages are added.

A subset of 451 languages in PHOIBLE comes from the UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database, whose author, Ian Maddieson, is a contributor to the chapter on phonology in WALS.

## Bibliography

* Forkel, Robert (February 14, 2019). "PHOIBLE 2.0 released". *clld.org*. Cross-Linguistic Linked Data.
* Hayes, Bruce (2011). *Introductory Phonology* (PDF). Blackwell. ISBN 9781444360134.
* List, Johann-Mattis; Forkel, Robert; Greenhill, Simon J.; Rzymski, Christoph; Englisch, Johannes; Russell D., Russell D. (16 June 2022). "Lexibank, a public repository of standardized wordlists with computed phonological and lexical features" (PDF). *Scientific Data*. **9** (316). doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01432-0. ISSN 2052-4463. S2CID 239629792.
* Moisik, Scott R.; Esling, John H. (2011). *The 'whole larynx' approach to laryngeal features* (PDF). pp. 1406–1409.
* Moran, Steven (2012). *Phonetics Information Base and Lexicon* (PDF). University of Washington.


title: Redshark

abstract: Redshark is a Spanish heavy metal band, founded in 2012 which originated in Barcelona. The band is often referred to as the NWOTHM movement.

text:
# Redshark

**Redshark** is a Spanish heavy metal band, founded in 2012 which originated in Barcelona. The band is often referred to as the NWOTHM movement.

## History

## Musical style

Redshark's musical style has been described as heavy metal, power metal, NWOTHM, and, especially often, speed metal. In an interview, their vocalist Philip Graves stated:

> "Many many many influences… We love a lot of music genres. This EP is very influenced by US Power Metal bands like Metal Church, Savatage, Vicious Rumors, Lääz Rockit… Speed Metal bands like Exciter, Razor, first Helloween, first Running Wild… But each one of us listens so much music. For example I also like Death Metal, Black thrash, AOR, Disco, Disco Funk, Southern Rock… Javi is a very fan of 50s Rock ’n’ Roll, Synthwave, Stoner, Doom…, Pau also likes 90s Punk, Mark likes Modern Metal and Chris likes Black Metal or Sleazy… We aren’t closed minds for listening music though we play Speed/Power Metal."

## Discography

* 2016 - Rain of Destruciton (EP)
* 2019 - Evil Realm (EP)
* 2022 - Digital Race (LP)

## Members

### Current

* Philip Graves - Guitar (2012–Present)
* Javier Bono - Guitar (2013–present)
* Chris Carrest - Bass (2016–Present)
* Pau Correas Corretja - Vocals (2019–Present)
* Eric Martinez (aka Eric Killer) - Drums (2022–Present)

### Former

* Mark Striker - Drums (2012–2022),

## InfoBox

| Redshark | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Barcelona, Spain |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 2012–present |
| Labels | Listenable, Oxide |
|  | |
| Website | https://redsharkmetal.bandcamp.com |


title: Aerolínea de Antioquia

abstract: ADA S.A., operating as Aerolínea de Antioquia (ADA), was a regional airline headquartered at the Olaya Herrera Airport in Medellín, Colombia. It started operations in 1987. It ceased all operations on March 29, 2019. At its peak, the airline operated scheduled domestic services from Medellín to over 20 destinations. Its main base was in Olaya Herrera Airport.

text:
# Aerolínea de Antioquia

**ADA S.A.**, operating as **Aerolínea de Antioquia** (ADA), was a regional airline headquartered at the Olaya Herrera Airport in Medellín, Colombia. It started operations in 1987. It ceased all operations on March 29, 2019. At its peak, the airline operated scheduled domestic services from Medellín to over 20 destinations. Its main base was in Olaya Herrera Airport.

## History

The beginning of operations of Aerolínea de Antioquia dates back to 1987, when it was established for the executive charter service. In 1998, it began its transformation process by connecting Medellín with regional destinations.

At the start of its regular operation, ADA had 4 Twin Otter type aircraft that had been operated by ACES, and only covered short routes within the department of Antioquia. In March 2002, it acquired a Twin Otter fleet from ACES Colombia. It contracted with that company for the training of its crews and maintenance of its aircraft; ACES in turn contracted with ADA for the operation of some of its regional routes such as Caucasia, Puerto Berrío and Armenia until it ceased operations in 2003.

In 2003, ADA became a commercial air service company of the Regular Public Transport, in their Secondary Category. This new stage allowed the airline to access new routes. ADA transported players from Atlético Nacional to the Copa Libertadores and journalists to the World Cup in Brazil in 2014.

In 2006, ADA further consolidated its corporate social responsibility policy with the "Making the dream of flying come true" program. With it, hundreds of passengers from different municipalities of the country could travel by plane for the first time in their lives and enjoy a flight over their regions of origin. In 2012, ADA strengthened its services by adding the Dornier 328 to their fleet. In March 2019, ADA suspended its operations, due to financial losses of more than 400 million pesos.

## Destinations

Aerolínea de Antioquia served the following destinations (as of March 2019):

| City | Country | IATA | ICAO | Airport | Notes | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Acandí | Colombia | ACD | SKAD | Alcides Fernández Airport |  |  |
| Apartadó | Colombia | APO | SKLC | Antonio Roldán Betancourt Airport |  |  |
| Armenia | Colombia | AXM | SKAR | El Edén International Airport |  |  |
| Bahía Solano | Colombia | BSC | SKBS | José Celestino Mutis Airport |  |  |
| Barranquilla | Colombia | BAQ | SKBQ | Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport | Focus city |  |
| Cali | Colombia | CLO | SKCL | Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport |  |  |
| Caucasia | Colombia | CAQ | SKCU | Juan H. White Airport | Focus city |  |
| Corozal | Colombia | CZU | SKCZ | Las Brujas Airport |  |  |
| El Bagre | Colombia | EBG | SKEB | El Bagre Airport |  |  |
| Medellín | Colombia | EOH | SKMD | Enrique Olaya Herrera Airport | Hub |  |
| Montería | Colombia | MTR | SKMR | Los Garzones Airport |  |  |
| Pereira | Colombia | PEI | SKPE | Matecaña International Airport |  |  |
| Quibdó | Colombia | UIB | SKUI | El Caraño Airport | Focus city |  |
| Tolú | Colombia | TLU | SKTL | Golfo de Morrosquillo Airport |  |  |
|

## Fleet

### Final fleet

The Aerolínea de Antioquia fleet included the following aircraft (as of March 2019):

Eastern Airlines fleet
| Aircraft | In <br>service | Orders | Passengers | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dornier 328-110 | 3 |  | 32 | Purchased from VIP Ecuador |
| Dornier 328-120 | 1 |  | 32 | Purchased from SATENA |
| Total | 4 |  |  | |

### Former fleet

The airline previously operated the following aircraft:

## InfoBox

Aerolínea de Antioquia
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| IATA ICAO Call sign  - ANQ ANTIOQUIA | |
| Founded | 1987 (1987) |
| Ceased operations | March 29, 2019 (2019-03-29) |
| Hubs | Olaya Herrera Airport |
| Focus cities |  |
| Fleet size | 4 |
| Destinations | 14 |
| Headquarters | Olaya Herrera Airport, Medellín, Colombia |
| Website | www.ada-aero.com |


title: Yoon Sun-woo

abstract: Yoon Sun-woo is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his roles in the television series Moon Lovers: Scarlet Heart Ryeo (2016), Still 17 (2018), Home for Summer (2019) and Hot Stove League (2019–2020).

text:
# Yoon Sun-woo

**Yoon Sun-woo** (born **Yoon Min-soo**; 7 September 1985) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his roles in the television series *Moon Lovers: Scarlet Heart Ryeo* (2016), *Still 17* (2018), *Home for Summer* (2019) and *Hot Stove League* (2019–2020).

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | *The Circle* |  |
| 2010 | *Bang!* |  |
| 2013 | *Miracle in Cell No. 7* | Prosecutor |
| 2016 | *Upstanding Man* | Min-gyoo |

### Television series

| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | *Environment Sentai Genta Force* |  |  |  |
| 2010 | *Quiz of God* |  |  |  |
| 2011 | *Detectives in Trouble* |  |  |  |
| 2013 | *Shining Romance* |  |  |  |
| 2014 | *KBS Drama Special:*
"You're Pretty, Oh Man-bok" | Joon |  |  |
| | *Single-minded Dandelion* | Shin Tae-oh |  |  |
| 2016 | *Moon Lovers: Scarlet Heart Ryeo* | 9th Prince Wang Won |  |  |
| 2017 | *Reunited Worlds* | Sung Young-joon |  |  |
| 2018 | *Still 17* | Kim Hyung-tae |  |  |
| 2019 | *Liver or Die* | Yoo Heung-man |  |  |
| | *Home for Summer* | Joo Sang-Won |  |  |
| | *Hot Stove League* | Baek Yeong-soo |  |  |
| 2020 | *The World of the Married* | College student | Cameo (Ep. 16) |  |
| | *Men Are Men* | Seo Hyun-ju's ex-boyfriend | Cameo (Ep. 1, 2) |  |
| 2020-21 | *Awaken* | Moon Jae-woong |  |  |
| 2022 | *Good Job* | Kang Tae-joon |  |  |
| 2023–2024 | *The Third Marriage* | Wang Yo-han |  |  |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominated work | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | 33rd KBS Drama Awards | Excellence Award, Actor in a Daily Drama | *Home for Summer* | Nominated |
| 2020 | 28th SBS Drama Awards | Best Supporting Team | *Hot Stove League* | Won |
|

1. "Yoon Sun-woo Becomes Shin Hye-sun's Friend in "Thirty But Seventeen"". *HanCinema*. June 13, 2018. Archived from the original on March 31, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
2. Hong, C. (January 24, 2020). "Unique Characters And Match-Ups In "Stove League" That Bring The Office To Life". *Soompi*. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
3. Ahn Byung-gil (May 6, 2022). "윤선우 '굿잡' 출연" \[Yoon Seon-woo Appeared in ‘Good Job’\] (in Korean). Sports Kyunghyang. Archived from the original on May 6, 2022. Retrieved May 6, 2022  via Naver.
4. Yoon, Hyo-jeong (August 22, 2023). "오승아·윤선우 MBC '세 번째 결혼' 주인공...10월 첫방송" \[Oh Seung-ah and Yoon Seon-woo are the main characters of MBC's 'Third Marriage'... First broadcast in October\] (in Korean). News1. Retrieved September 28, 2023  via Naver.
5. Lee, Min-ji (January 1, 2021). "스토브리그' 작가, 남궁민 대상 소감에 "꿈꾸던 그 이상이었다"(전문)" \['Stove League' writer, Namgoong-min's grand prize "It was more than I dreamed of" (Full text)\] (in Korean). Newsen. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2022  via Naver.

## InfoBox

| Yoon Sun-woo | |
| --- | --- |
| Yoon in April 2019 | |
| Born | Yoon Min-soo
(1985-09-07) 7 September 1985
Seoul, South Korea |
| Other names | Yoon Seon-woo |
| Education | Kyonggi University |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 2003–present |
| Agent | 935 Entertainment |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 윤선우 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Yun Seon-u* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Yun Sŏnu* |
| Birth name | |
| Hangul | 윤민수 |
| Revised Romanization | *Yun Min-su* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Yun Minsu* |


title: R309 (South Africa)

abstract: The R309 is a Regional Route in South Africa that connects Postmasburg with the N8 between Groblershoop and Griekwastad.

text:
# R309 (South Africa)

The **R309** is a Regional Route in South Africa that connects Postmasburg with the N8 between Groblershoop and Griekwastad.

## InfoBox

| Regional route R309 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Length | 70 km (43 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| North end | R325 at Postmasburg |
| South end | N8 between Groblershoop and Griekwastad |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | South Africa |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| R308   R310 | |


title: Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth

abstract: Lambeth was a civil parish and metropolitan borough in south London, England. It was an ancient parish in the county of Surrey. The parish was included in the area of responsibility of the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1855 and became part of the County of London in 1889. The parish of Lambeth became a metropolitan borough in 1900, following the London Government Act 1899, with the parish vestry replaced by a borough council.

text:
# Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth

**Lambeth** was a civil parish and metropolitan borough in south London, England. It was an ancient parish in the county of Surrey. The parish was included in the area of responsibility of the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1855 and became part of the County of London in 1889. The parish of Lambeth became a metropolitan borough in 1900, following the London Government Act 1899, with the parish vestry replaced by a borough council.

## Geography

The ancient parish was divided into the six divisions of Bishop's Liberty, Prince's Liberty, Vauxhall Liberty, Marsh and Wall Liberty, Lambeth Dean and Stockwell Liberty.

It covered an area 4,015 acres (recorded in 1851 census) and was 7 miles (11.3 km) north to south, but only 2.75 miles (4.4 km) at its widest east to west. In addition to the historic riverside area of Lambeth, this included Kennington, Vauxhall, Stockwell, Brixton, the western part of Herne Hill, Tulse Hill and West Norwood.

As the population was increasing, in 1824 the ancient parish was subdivided into ecclesiastical districts of Brixton, Kennington, Lambeth Church, Waterloo Road and West Norwood. These districts were adopted for census reporting in 1841 with Lambeth Church and Waterloo Road further subdivided into first and second divisions.

In 1900 some irregular boundaries of the parish were tidied up:

* The Streatham exclave completely surrounded by Camberwell and Lambeth was transferred to Lambeth (population 3,453)
* The Camberwell/Lambeth boundary was tidied up with an exchange of population (approximately 6,000 each way) which had the effect of transferring Myatt's Fields Park to Lambeth

## Ecclesiastical parish

The ancient parish, dedicated to St Mary, was in the Diocese of Winchester until 1877, then the Diocese of Rochester until 1905, and then finally in the Diocese of Southwark. From 1824, as the population of Lambeth increased, a number of new parishes were formed:

* St John the Evangelist, Waterloo in 1824
* St Luke, West Norwood in 1824
* St Mark, Kennington in 1824
* St Matthew, Brixton in 1824
* Holy Trinity, Lambeth in 1841
* St Mary the Less, Lambeth in 1842
* St Michael, Stockwell in 1845
* St Andrew, Waterloo in 1846
* St Thomas, Waterloo in 1846
* All Saints, Waterloo in 1847
* St Barnabas, Kennington South in 1851
* St John the Evangelist, Angell Town Brixton in 1853
* Christ Church, North Brixton in 1856
* Holy Trinity, Tulse Hill in 1856
* St Peter, Vauxhall in 1861
* St Stephen, South Lambeth in 1861
* St Philip in 1864
* St Andrew, Stockwell Green in 1868
* St Saviour, Herne Hill Road in 1868
* St Anne, South Lambeth in 1869
* Emmanuel, Lambeth in 1869
* St Jude, Brixton in 1869
* St John, Kennington 1872
* All Saints, South Lambeth in 1874
* St James, Kennington in 1875
* St Saviour, Brixton Hill in 1876
* St Catherine, Loughborough Park in 1877
* St Paul, Ferndale Road in 1882
* St Matthias, Upper Tulse Hill in 1900
* St Anselm, Kennington Cross in 1901

In addition, as the population of neighbouring areas increased, parts of Lambeth parish were included in new parishes:

* St Paul, Herne Hill in 1845 *with parts of St Giles, Camberwell*
* St Agnes, Kennington Park in 1874 *with parts of St Mary, Newington*

## Political history

### Vestry

Under the Metropolis Management Act 1855 any parish that exceeded 2,000 ratepayers was to be divided into wards; as such the incorporated vestry of St Mary Lambeth was divided into eight wards (electing vestrymen): No. 1 or North Marsh (18), No. 2 or South Marsh (12), No. 3 or Bishop's (12), No. 4 or Prince's (15), No. 5 or Vauxhall (24), No. 6 or Stockwell (15), No. 7 or Brixton (15) and No. 8 or Norwood (9).

### Borough council

The borough council was established in 1900. The metropolitan borough was divided into nine wards for elections: Bishop's, Brixton, Herne Hill, Marsh, Norwood, Prince's, Stockwell, Tulse Hill and Vauxhall. The borough council was controlled by the Municipal Reform Party (allied to the Conservatives) until 1937, when the Labour Party gained power. Labour retained control until abolition in 1965.

### Parliament constituency

For elections to parliament, a borough constituency for Lambeth was established under the Reform Act 1832. Parliamentary boundaries were redrawn in 1885 with the parish divided into four constituencies:

In 1950 the borough's representation was reduced to three seats:

## Town hall

Lambeth Town Hall was built in Brixton in 1906 to 1908 to designs by Septimus Warwick and H. Austen Hall. It replaced the Old Town Hall in Kennington Road. The building is constructed of red brick and Portland stone, with a 41-metre high clock tower. Since 1965 it has formed the headquarters of the successor London Borough.

In the stairwell of the hall is a plaque erected by the Government of Ontario to commemorate the birthplace of John By, who helped create Bytown or Ottawa, Ontario (capital of Canada).

## Population and area

The area of the borough in 1901 was 4,080 acres (16.5 km2). By 1961 it had increased slightly to 4,089 acres (16.5 km2). The population of the metropolitan borough as recorded at each census was as follows:

**Lambeth Vestry 1801–1899**

| Year | 1801 | 1811 | 1821 | 1831 | 1841 | 1851 | 1861 | 1871 | 1881 | 1891 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 27,985 | 41,644 | 57,638 | 87,856 | 115,888 | 139,325 | 162,044 | 208,342 | 253,699 | 275,203 |

**Metropolitan Borough 19001961**

| Year | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1941 | 1951 | 1961 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 301,895 | 298,058 | 302,863 | 296,147 |  | 230,240 | 223,763 |

## Coat of arms

When the borough was created in 1900, the corporation adopted a seal which was used in place of a coat of arms. The device was derived from that of the borough's forerunner, Lambeth Vestry. At the base of the seal was a lamb, a play on the name "Lambeth", and a symbol long used to represent the parish. The two shields were those of the Diocese of Canterbury and the Duchy of Cornwall. The first referred to Lambeth Palace, residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The second was to show that the Duchy owned estates in the Kennington area of the borough. The design was completed by the cypher of Queen Victoria, and the year of the borough's founding. This device can still be seen in the circular hall of Lambeth Town Hall.

In 1922 the borough obtained an official grant of arms from the College of Arms. The lamb was moved to the crest, on top of the helm. It was transformed into a paschal lamb supporting a pennon of St George. As a number of other crests featured a paschal lamb, a silver and blue wave, for the River Thames, was added. The arms themselves retained references to the Duchy of Cornwall (the black border charged with *bezants* or gold discs) and the Archbishop of Canterbury (the mitre and crozier). The red cross in the first quarter was taken from the arms of the London County Council, showing that the borough was in the county. The fourth quarter contained a gold and blue chequered pattern, the arms of the de Warennes, Earls of Surrey. This was included to show that Lambeth lay in the county of Surrey until 1889. The ermine patterning in the other quarter was said to stand for "purity and honour".

The motto adopted was *Spectemur Agendo*, a motto common to several local authorities in England. Although this is generally rendered in English as *Judge us by our deeds*, the official translation in Lambeth has traditionally been the more ponderous *Let us be regarded according to our conduct.*

On 22 February 1966 the arms were transferred by royal licence to the London Borough of Lambeth. On registration at the College of Arms, two gold stars were added in the second and third quarters to depict the addition of Clapham and Streatham to Lambeth.

## Abolition

In 1965 the borough was amalgamated with the Streatham and Clapham parts of the Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth to form the new London Borough of Lambeth.

## Further reading

51°27′39″N 0°07′00″W / 51.4607°N 0.1166°W / 51.4607; -0.1166

## InfoBox

| Lambeth | |
| --- | --- |
| Lambeth Town Hall | |
|
*Lambeth within the County of London*
 | |
| History |  |
| Origin | Ancient parish |
| Created | 1900 |
| Abolished | 1965 |
| Succeeded by | London Borough of Lambeth |
|  | |
| Status | Metropolitan borough |
| Government | Lambeth Vestry (until 1900, reformed 1855)
Lambeth Borough Council (1900–1965) |
| HQ | St Mary's Church (until 1809)
Vestry Hall, Church Street (1809–1853)
Vestry Hall, Kennington Road (1853–1908)
Town Hall, Brixton Hill (1908–1965) |
| Motto | Spectemur Agendo
(Let us be regarded according to our conduct) |
|
*Coat of arms of the borough council*
 | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Map of borough boundary | |


title: Mojave (crater)

abstract: Mojave is a 58 km diameter impact crater in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 7.5° N and 33.0° W. It was named after the town of Mojave in southern California, U.S. The crater is located within the Martian Xanthe Terra region.

text:
# Mojave (crater)

**Mojave** is a 58 km diameter impact crater in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 7.5° N and 33.0° W. It was named after the town of Mojave in southern California, U.S.

The crater is located within the Martian Xanthe Terra region.

## Description

Mojave has alluvial fans that look remarkably similar to landforms in the Mojave Desert in the American southwest. Fans inside and around the outsides of the crater are closely similar to Earth's alluvial fans. As on Earth, the largest rocks are near the mouths of the fans. Because the channels start at ridge tops, it is believed they were formed by heavy downpours. Researchers have suggested that the rain may have been initiated by impacts.

Some parts of the crater display a high concentration of closely spaced pits. Pits show little or no evidence of rims or ejecta. The pits are so close to each other that adjacent pits often share the same wall. It is believed that the pits form from steam produced when the heat from the impact process interacts with ice in the ground.

The depth of Mojave is approximately 2,600 meters (1.63 miles). Based on its ratio of depth to diameter, researchers believe it is very young. It is not old enough to have accumulated much material and start to fill. Its relatively undegraded state helps scientists model impact processes on Mars. If one measures the diameter of a crater, the original depth can be estimated with various ratios. Because of this relationship, researchers have found that many Martian craters contain a great deal of material; much of it is believed to be ice deposited when the climate was different.

Mojave is a rayed crater, another indication of its youth, and is the largest such crater on Mars. Based on crater counts of its ejecta blanket, it is thought to be about 3 million years old. It is believed to be the most recent crater of its size on Mars, and has been identified as the probable source of the shergottite meteorites collected on Earth. However, the latter hypothesis is controversial.

## InfoBox

Mojave (crater)
| THEMIS daytime infrared image mosaic showing Mojave (center) and its surroundings. The outflow channel Tiu Valles snakes through the image south-north to the right of Mojave. | |
| --- | --- |
| Planet | Mars |
| Coordinates | 7°30′N 33°00′W / 7.5°N 33.0°W / 7.5; -33.0 |
| Quadrangle | Oxia Palus |
| Eponym | Mojave, California, USA |


title: Michael Crossley

abstract: Wing Commander Michael Nicholson Crossley, was a Royal Air Force flying ace who, during the Second World War, led No. 32 Squadron RAF in the Battle of Britain. Crossley shot down 20 enemy aircraft and shared in the destruction of two others with one 'probable' and one 'damaged'. All of his victories were scored in the Hawker Hurricane.

text:
# Michael Crossley

Wing Commander **Michael Nicholson Crossley**, DSO, OBE, DFC (20 May 1912 – 7 December 1987) was a Royal Air Force flying ace who, during the Second World War, led No. 32 Squadron RAF in the Battle of Britain. Crossley shot down 20 enemy aircraft and shared in the destruction of two others with one 'probable' and one 'damaged'. All of his victories were scored in the Hawker Hurricane.

## Early life

Born in Halford, Warwickshire on 29 May 1912, Crossley was educated at Eton College and the College of Aeronautical Engineering in Chelsea before he joined the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1936. Crossley was confirmed as a pilot officer on 25 November 1936. He was posted to No. 32 Squadron after training, promoted flying officer on 25 May 1938 and became a flight commander just before the outbreak of war, promoted acting flight lieutenant on 7 August 1939. His promotion to flight lieutenant was dated 25 May 1940.

## Second World War

Crossley first saw combat during the Battle for France, strafing German troop carrying transports at Ypenburg Airfield in the Netherlands. By the start of June he had claimed six enemy aircraft destroyed, including four Messerschmitt Bf 109s. As a result of his actions he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross on 21 June 1940 it was presented to him by HM King George VI in a special investiture held at Biggin Hill aerodrome. His citation reads:

> In June, 1940, this officer was the leader of two squadrons of fighters which were carrying out an offensive patrol in the Le Treport area. Flight Lieutenant Crossley sighted seventeen Heinkel 111's, and displayed outstanding initiative and courage in his method of attack. As a result of the engagement seven enemy bombers were destroyed. Flight Lieutenant Crossley himself destroyed two, and had to break off a further fight as his ammunition was expended. He had his first combat in May, 1940, when he succeeded in destroying a Messerschmitt 109. He has displayed exceptional skill and leadership and, since the middle of May, 1940, has destroyed seven enemy aircraft.

During the Battle of Britain, Crossley was promoted to squadron leader on 16 August after the departure of John "Baron" Worrall to Biggin Hill. Between 12 and 18 August he shot down another 10 aircraft and was credited with one shared. Crossley survived being shot down twice on 18 and 25 August. On 18 August 1940, known as The Hardest Day, Crossley and his Squadron were heavily engaged in the morning and afternoon battles. In the last raid of that day, he was shot down.

Crossley was awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 30 August 1940, his citation reads:

> This officer has led his section, flight and squadron with skill and courage and has flown almost continuously since the commencement of hostilities. Since May, he has participated in engagements against the enemy over Holland, Belgium and France, including patrols over Dunkirk and St. Valery during the evacuation operations. In August he destroyed two Junkers 88 over Portsmouth and assisted in the destruction of another over Croydon. During the latter engagement he encountered another Junkers 88 and, having expended all his ammunition, acted as above guard until two of his section finally destroyed it. The next day he destroyed three enemy aircraft. Squadron Leader Crossley has now destroyed a total of eighteen enemy aircraft and possibly another five. He has displayed rare qualities as a leader; his example of courage and tenacity of purpose have proved an inspiration to other members of his squadron.

Crossley was later mentioned in despatches on 1 January 1941. The squadron was withdrawn to rest in late August. Crossley remained with the unit until April 1941, when he was sent as test pilot for the British Air Commission in the USA. Promoted to wing commander on 1 September 1942, he returned to the UK in 1943, where he was made wing leader at RAF Detling. Soon after, Crossley's operational flying career ended when he contracted tuberculosis. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1946, before discharge from the RAF later that year. Crossley finally retired from the RAF Reserve of Officers on 29 May 1957.

After the war he emigrated to South Africa to farm; he died there in 1987.

Crossley was nicknamed "Red Knight" after he had commanded "Red Section" of No. 32 Squadron.

## Further reading

* Holmes, Tony. (1998). *Hurricane Aces 1939 – 1940*. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-8553-2597-5
* Shores & Williams. (1994) *Aces High*. Grub Street.
* Baker, E C R. (1962). "Fighter Aces of the R.A.F." William Kimber, 1962

## InfoBox

| Michael Nicholson Crossley | |
| --- | --- |
| Wing Commander Crossley standing in front of a Hawker Typhoon at RAF Gravesend, Kent | |
| Nickname(s) | Red Knight/Baron |
| Born | (1912-05-20)20 May 1912
Halford, Warwickshire, England |
| Died | 7 December 1987(1987-12-07) (aged 75)
White River, South Africa |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Air Force |
| Years of service | 1936–1945 |
| Rank | Wing Commander |
| Commands | No. 32 Squadron RAF |
| Battles/wars | Second World War |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Order
Officer of the Order of the British Empire
Distinguished Flying Cross
Mentioned in Despatches |


title: PEN Hong Kong

abstract: PEN Hong Kong is one of the 148 centers of PEN International. Founded in 2016, it is a multilingual society of Hong Kong–based writers, poets, publishers, editors, translators, journalists and academics, aimed at promoting literature and defending the freedom of expression in Hong Kong. The current president of PEN Hong Kong is Tammy Lai-Ming Ho. Other officers include Ilaria Maria Sala, William Nee and Edmund Cheng (Secretary).

text:
# PEN Hong Kong

**PEN Hong Kong** (Chinese: 香港筆會) is one of the 148 centers of PEN International. Founded in 2016, it is a multilingual society of Hong Kong–based writers, poets, publishers, editors, translators, journalists and academics, aimed at promoting literature and defending the freedom of expression in Hong Kong.

The current president of PEN Hong Kong is Tammy Lai-Ming Ho. Other officers include Ilaria Maria Sala (Vice President), William Nee (Vice President) and Edmund Cheng (Secretary).

## History

An English-language only PEN Hong Kong Center was founded in the 1980s by a number of Hong Kong–based expatriates. The organization was widely recognized for its work in the 1980s and 1990s providing assistance to writers who were Vietnamese refugees. The center went inactive after key members of the organization left the city.

In 2016, a number of prominent writers, journalists and academics came together to revive the Hong Kong Center, motivated in large part by the rapid erosion of press freedom, academic freedom, and the freedom of expression in general in Hong Kong. High-profile incidents such as the knife attack on Kevin Lau, the Causeway Bay Books disappearances, the University of Hong Kong pro-vice-chancellor selection controversy have bolstered the need for a bilingual platform to bring together the Chinese language and English language literary circles which for years have been segregated due to the differences in language and readership.

On 13 November 2016, PEN Hong Kong was officially launched at the Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong in conjunction with the Hong Kong International Literary Festival.

## Mission

The mission of PEN Hong Kong is to bring together individuals working in the field of the written word to celebrate and promote literature and creative expression. The organization is focused on defending the freedom of expression in Hong Kong and the rest of China.

## Publication

* *Hong Kong 20/20* (ISBN: 9789887792765)

## InfoBox

PEN Hong Kong
|
|  |
| Formation | 2016 |
| Type | Literary organization |
| Purpose | Promote literature and defend freedom of expression in Hong Kong and the rest of China |
| Headquarters | Hong Kong |
| Region served | Hong Kong, China |
| Official language | English, Chinese |
| President | Tammy Lai-Ming Ho |
| Key people | Tammy Lai-Ming Ho (president), William Nee (vice president), Ilaria Maria Sala (vice president) |
| Parent organization | PEN International |
| Website | penhongkong.org (no longer working) |


title: Recipe for Murder (film)

abstract: Recipe for Murder is a 52-minute Australian TV docudrama film released in May 2011. It recounts some of the history of a series of murders in post-World War II Sydney by women using thallium sulphate poisons. It was written and directed by Sonia Bible, produced by Susan Lambert and narrated by Dan Wyllie.

text:
# Recipe for Murder (film)

***Recipe for Murder*** is a 52-minute Australian TV docudrama film released in May 2011. It recounts some of the history of a series of murders in post-World War II Sydney by women using thallium sulphate poisons. It was written and directed by Sonia Bible, produced by Susan Lambert and narrated by Dan Wyllie.

## Subjects

The crimes of three murderesses, Yvonne Fletcher, Caroline Grills and Veronica Monty are examined in the context of a wave of dozens of thallium poisonings that took place in Sydney in the period 1947–1953. The events are related to post-war poverty and social stresses, and to the ready availability of thallium sulphate rat poisons which could be easily administered to humans in food and drink, being virtually tasteless and odourless. The three were convicted and imprisoned, but the documentary suggests that many more murders by other persons could have remained undetected. As a result of these events, the Australian states began to ban unrestricted availability of thallium in 1952.

## Cast

## Reception

The film won a Silver Hugo at the Chicago International Film Festival and screened to a large audience on the ABC in 2011. Writer/director Sonia Bible was also awarded a NSW Premier's History Award for 2011.


title: Aeminium

abstract: Aeminium was the ancient name of the city of Coimbra, Portugal. The Romans founded the civitas of Aeminium in this place at the time of Augustus, which came under the protection of nearby Conímbriga situated some 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the south. The Roman city was encircled by a wall, and followed an orthogonal plan, with the cardo maximus and decumanus maximus crossing at the forum. An aqueduct existed, the remains of which were incorporated into a latter medieval renovation. Locations for the theater and amphitheater were also proposed, but still unconfirmed by archeology. A triumphal arch is documented, but was destroyed in 1778. Also a necropolis was located to the east of the city. The Suebi razed the nearby township of Conímbriga in 468. Its inhabitants, who had meanwhile fled to Aeminium, kept the original name of their town. In modern Coimbra there are few remains from ancient Aeminium. The most important is the cryptoporticus, an underground gallery of arched corridors built in the 1st or 2nd century AD to support the forum of the city. Gaius Sevius Lupus was probably the architect. During the Middle Ages the bishop's palace, now turned into the Machado de Castro National Museum, was built over the forum; the cryptoporticus is located under it. The cryptoporticus can be visited through the museum.

text:
# Aeminium

**Aeminium** was the ancient name of the city of Coimbra, Portugal.

The Romans founded the civitas of Aeminium in this place at the time of Augustus, which came under the protection of nearby Conímbriga situated some 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the south.

The Roman city was encircled by a wall, and followed an orthogonal plan, with the *cardo maximus* and *decumanus maximus* crossing at the forum. An aqueduct existed, the remains of which were incorporated into a latter medieval renovation. Locations for the theater and amphitheater were also proposed, but still unconfirmed by archeology. A triumphal arch is documented, but was destroyed in 1778. Also a necropolis was located to the east of the city.

The Suebi razed the nearby township of Conímbriga in 468. Its inhabitants, who had meanwhile fled to Aeminium, kept the original name of their town.

In modern Coimbra there are few remains from ancient Aeminium. The most important is the *cryptoporticus*, an underground gallery of arched corridors built in the 1st or 2nd century AD to support the forum of the city. Gaius Sevius Lupus was probably the architect. During the Middle Ages the bishop's palace, now turned into the Machado de Castro National Museum, was built over the forum; the *cryptoporticus* is located under it. The *cryptoporticus* can be visited through the museum.

## InfoBox

Aeminium
| *Cryptoporticus* of the ancient forum of Aeminium, under the Machado de Castro National Museum | |
| --- | --- |
| Shown within Portugal | |
| Location | Coimbra |
| Region | Centro |
| Coordinates | 40°12′31″N 8°25′33″W / 40.208639°N 8.4256983°W / 40.208639; -8.4256983 |
| Type | Settlement |
| History | |
| Cultures | Roman |


title: NASA marijuana experiments hoax

abstract: The NASA marijuana experiments is a 2016–2018 internet hoax purporting to document NASA's payment of $18,000 to volunteers to conduct bed rest experiments where they were furnished with marijuana to smoke during the experiment. NASA confirms that bed rest experiments were conducted, but never involved marijuana. Facebook refuted the viral story as part of its efforts to combat fake news. The hoax may have been spun from a real 2014 news story by VICE columnist Andrew Iwanicki in which he documented his experience as a NASA bed-rest test subject.

text:
# NASA marijuana experiments hoax

The **NASA marijuana experiments** is a 2016–2018 internet hoax purporting to document NASA's payment of $18,000 to volunteers to conduct bed rest experiments where they were furnished with marijuana to smoke during the experiment. NASA confirms that bed rest experiments were conducted, but never involved marijuana. Facebook refuted the viral story as part of its efforts to combat fake news.

The hoax may have been spun from a real 2014 news story by *VICE* columnist Andrew Iwanicki in which he documented his experience as a NASA bed-rest test subject.