title: Muriel A. Howard

abstract: Muriel A. Howard is the former president of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU) in Washington, D.C., and served as the seventh president of Buffalo State College at the State University of New York (SUNY) system from 1996 to 2009. Prior to her presidency at Buffalo State College, she was the vice president for public services and urban affairs at the SUNY educational institution, the University at Buffalo, where she worked for 23 years. Howard was educated at public universities in New York State, as well as at Harvard University, where she graduated from the University's Institute of Management. Howard has been a leader and member of many corporate boards of directors; and councils and committees in higher education and city government. Further, she has been the recipient of many awards and honors throughout her career.

text:
# Muriel A. Howard

**Muriel A. Howard** (b. 1947/1948) (formerly Muriel A. Moore) is the former president of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU) in Washington, D.C., and served as the seventh president of Buffalo State College at the State University of New York (SUNY) system from 1996 to 2009. Prior to her presidency at Buffalo State College, she was the vice president for public services and urban affairs at the SUNY educational institution, the University at Buffalo, where she worked for 23 years. Howard was educated at public universities in New York State, as well as at Harvard University, where she graduated from the University's Institute of Management. Howard has been a leader and member of many corporate boards of directors; and councils and committees in higher education and city government. Further, she has been the recipient of many awards and honors throughout her career.

## Early life

Howard was born in Wilson, North Carolina, but lived some of her later childhood years and youth in Queens, New York. She moved to Buffalo, New York when she became a student at the University at Buffalo.

## Education and honorary degrees

She received her Bachelor of Arts in sociology from Richmond College, City University of New York; and her master's of education and doctorate in educational organization, administration, and policy from the University at Buffalo, She also graduated from Harvard University's Institute of Management.

Howard has received six honorary degrees, including, in part:

## Academic interests

Howard's professional and scholarly interests include the support of education; educational leadership; and the representation of women and minorities in both the academy and public service.

## Vice Presidency at the University at Buffalo

Howard held the highest post at the University prior to becoming President of Buffalo State College. She was a member of UB President Bill Greiner's administrative team.

Upon being named to her position as vice president for Public Service and Urban Affairs at UB, Howard had much to share regarding her vision for UB.

> In a December 2, 1992 *Buffalo News* article by Henry L. Davis, Howard is quoted, stating about UB upon her new appointment:
>
> We will be out there on the front lines talking to community leaders and putting together ways to help the community on issues that have to do with the future of Buffalo, whether it's health care, housing, human services, education or architecture. We have a lot of talent here, and we can apply it to public service. We want to engage the community in discussions that lead to real action. We want to begin to make a difference. If you tap the talent here in the right way, it will work and respond.

## Presidency at Buffalo State College

As the leader of Buffalo State College, Howard headed a campus of more than 11,000 students; approximately 1,700 faculty and staff; and a financial operation of more than $214 million. She is also the first woman to have led the college.

### Appointment

Former New York State Assembly Member Sam Hoyt graduated from the College and the college was in his district; he shared his perspective about Howard's appointment.

> Of Howard's appointment to the Buffalo State College presidency, Hoyt said of her in the December 12, 1995 city edition of *The Buffalo News*:
>
> I think she's a terrific choice \[to head Buffalo State College\]. Muriel Moore \[Howard\] has shown incredible leadership.

Howard (then-Moore) began her leadership at the college as Interim President.

### Leadership

Prior to coming to the college, Howard had little experience in interacting with faculty, however her organizational skills and ability to resolve conflicts were praised. Additionally, she was praised as a "tough administrator" who "knows the system" by former Buffalo Common Council President George K. Arthur; and it was said that she had the respect of students. The college had a reputation as a "tough place to manage," and was expected to have difficulty in attracting qualified candidates to the position of the presidency.

> Quoted in an April 24, 1996 article by Karen Brady in *The Buffalo News*, Howard stated about the College:
>
> I've found in Buffalo State an energetic, exciting and dedicated community. There is tremendous pride, determination and support in our faculty, staff, and students, as well as our alumni and community partners. It is inspiring to see so much potential here, and I am looking forward to being part of the college community and helping it pursue more fully its academic mission.

In her Inaugural Address, Howard focused on the diversity of the college as a strength.

> In 1996, Howard is quoted in a November 2, 1996 edition of the *Afro-American Red Star*, a requite from her Inaugural Address, stating:
>
> There is more in our diversity to hold us together than to pull us apart...We as a college and we as a society urgently need the strength of all of our people as we move toward the next century.

Within one month of assuming her leadership position at the college, Howard shared three short-term goals for strengthening it in an address to faculty. Those three goals included "increasing recruitment and retention of students; developing strategies to address the 1996-97 budget; \[and\] dealing with the 'institutional climate' that has emerged."

On the 125th anniversary of the college in 1996, Howard oversaw many events that celebrated the quasquicentennial event. On that day, there were proclamations issued by Buffalo Mayor Anthony Masiello as well as Erie County Executive Dennis Gorski. Celebrations included a cake in the shape of Rockwell Hall, a champagne toast, a big band, a chorale ensemble and additional wind ensembles, fireworks, tours of campus arts centers, exhibits, and a play area for kids.

### Challenges

During her tenure as interim president, Howard's main goal is "dealing directly with allegations of racial and sexual discrimination" at the college. Howard stated in February 1996 that the college had held 60 programs on racial and cultural diversity, and gender during the previous fall. The Institute for the Healing of Racism began a two-month forum in the Spring 1996 semester at the college; and closed hearings on sexual harassment and gender bias were being held within the College Senate's Committee on the Status of Women. Howard stated her belief of the College being "a real role model for the community."

In the period from 1996 to 1998, there were a number of deans and administrators who had been on leave through an arrangement with the previous college president, F.C. Richardson, and SUNY, and/or who had resigned to take other posts or due to retirement. In 1996, as a result of those on leave or because of resignations, there was only one permanent academic post that had remained filled at the college. At that time, there were five top leaders at the College who were either on leave or who had resigned to take other posts. Howard was in the process of considering applicants in order to fill open and/or interim positions during that time. One dean who left to take another position stated that it was a time in the college's history in which important leadership choices were to be made that would take the institution into the next century.

### Advanced telecommunications network

In 1997, through Buffalo Mayor Anthony Masiello's office and under the direction of Buffalo State College's Center for Applied Research in Interactive Technologies, CityNet, an advanced telecommunications network that links 14 educational and community sites in Buffalo was launched. For more than two years, Masiello and his team worked with NYNEX and Bell Atlantic to lay the foundation for the network, which is funded by Bell Atlantic for $1.9 million.

> Of the launching of the telecommunications network, Howard stated in a November 25, 1997 *Buffalo News* article by Karen Brady:
>
> We are delighted that, through CityNet, Buffalo State College has been able to join with the City of Buffalo to serve the educational needs of the people of New York State in new and exciting ways.

### International distance learning partnership

In 1998, Howard made a personal effort to expand the Nurturing Initiative and Achievements (NIA) in Students Mentor Program at the college by offering a distance learning program at San José, Costa Rica. Howard went to Costa Rica in order to inaugurate a network that connects San Jose's Lincoln School with the college, as well as Clarence Central, Grover Cleveland, and City Honors high schools.

### Revitalization of historic landmarks

Reported in a 1998 *Buffalo News* article was that Howard envisioned in 1995 that the Carriage House on the property of the President's Residence could be transformed into a guest house. The House had been used as servant's quarters after it was first built. The Junior League of Buffalo and Chase Pitkin contributed to the remodeling of the Carriage House, with the Junior League identifying it as its 1997 Decorator Show House. The Carriage House was built in 1912; and now serves as a guest house for visitors of the college, providing much lower rates for accommodation than hotels at which visitors would otherwise stay.

Howard participated in talks with the Buffalo Psychiatric Center, the Buffalo Mayor's Office, and others regarding usage expansion for the psychiatric center. Buffalo State College has occupied Buffalo Psychiatric Center lands since the 1960s; and phases of expansion have occurred in recent years that have revitalized and refurbished parts of the facility, including the Richardson Olmsted Complex, for different uses. One of the interests of the college was to use lands for expansion, and to build a new Burchfield Penney Art Center, a desire that was eventually achieved.

> Regarding the College's interests for joint use of the psychiatric center land, Howard stated in a June 10, 1999 article by Kevin Collison in *The Buffalo News*: I think the answer to the property is to bring together the public needs of education and also have space for clean private enterprise to bring dollars into the community.

### Campus bookstore controversy

During the Fall semester of 1998, controversy surrounding the campus bookstore contract was made public. Traditionally, Follett College Stores \- the largest college bookstore company in the country - held the bookstore contract at the college. Concern by college administration that many college textbooks were being sold beyond the list price prompted the submission of a new bookstore contract with Barnes & Noble by Howard to the state comptroller, Carl McCall. Barnes & Noble is the largest book retailer in the United States. As a result, - and due to the college already maintaining a contract with Follett - the executive board of the college's Faculty Student Association (FSA) voted to withhold $25,000 in discretionary funds during that semester, funds that are traditionally issued to the college president for discretionary purposes. This move by the FSA was unprecedented; however the aim of involvement by FSA was to obtain a judicious decision about the matter from the state comptroller. The bookstore contract for 1998 also included that a new building to house it would be constructed.

Howard ended up contracting with Barnes & Noble amid appeals to the state comptroller by two of three bidders for the bookstore contract. In a 1998 article by FSA President Michael Paluch that appeared in *The Buffalo News*, Paluch stated that, as a result of the change, "Textbook prices will be higher, student wages will be lower, and the college will get substantially less construction dollars for a new store from Barnes & Noble than from the Faculty-Student Association."

### Professional endeavors

In 1996, Howard spoke at a businesswomen's networking luncheon reception at the College that celebrated Women's History Month, and more specifically, Women's History Week.

In 1998, Howard attended the second conference of African-American college presidents, held in Washington, DC. *The Washington Post* article of June 14, 1998 by Peter S. Goodman stated that only 26 college presidents in the United States at the time were African-American, this number being reflective of the more than 1,800 colleges in America that are majority-white. The main purpose of the conference was to create dialogue about race in higher education and to increase the numbers of African-Americans holding top leadership posts in American academia.

### Tenure culmination

When Howard announced that she was leaving the college to take on the national role of leading the AASCU, an organization that advocates for and promotes the interests of 430 public colleges and universities, Hoyt stated that her crowning achievement at the college was likely the Burchfield Penney Arts Center. Former New York State Assembly Member Sam Hoyt stated that Howard raised the college's stature both in the state and the nation. He additionally stated that she would be difficult to replace, and that she would be sorely missed. Her leadership of the College provided increased stability for it, as well as increased student enrollment during her 13 years there. During her last year as president of the college, Howard's salary was reported to be $220,000.

## Presidency of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities

### Leadership

In 2009, it was announced that Howard would be leaving Buffalo State College to become the president of the AASCU in Washington, DC. From August 2009 to January 2018, she served in that capacity. She is the first African-American and first woman to be president of the organization.

In 2009, Howard was interviewed for an article that appeared in *The Chronicle of Higher Education* with regards to her appointment as president of the AASCU.

> In her interview by Sara Hebel in 2009 that was published in *The Chronicle of Higher Education*, Howard stated regarding her leadership style:
>
> I'm definitely a consensus builder, but I'm decisive. I enjoy working collegially with other people. I enjoy watching other people excel. I believe no one today should have to work for an institution that doesn't encourage professional development. Coaching and getting feedback on your work is critical, just like it is in the classroom. Someone needs to encourage you to try something for the first time, and someone needs to give you honest feedback. It's important to work with people on defining what really are your core values.

### Support for comprehensive immigration reform

As AASCU president, Howard has shown support for comprehensive immigration reform. She has stated support for the Pass the Dream Act, for enhancing H1-B Visas, and for streamlining green cards. She states that all of these actions will support students in America who are undocumented, and will help maintain American competitiveness, as well as keeping "talent...at home."

### Speeches

In 2013, Howard gave the keynote address at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Brockport's Annual Diversity Conference. The theme of the 2013 Conference was "Building Community through Diversity: Championing Access and Equity;" and Howard's speech was titled, "Community and the 21st Century Student." The focus of Howard's speech was on how public colleges and universities can achieve that objective.

> In her 2013 keynote speech given at SUNY Brockport, Howard is quoted, stating about students, schools, and diversity:
>
> I believe your students already understand that if they are to become successful leaders that they will have to engage constituencies of varied backgrounds. Diverse schools enrich the lives of all students and prepares them to be successful in a multicultural world.

### Retirement

Howard retired as president of AASCU in January 2018, and Dr. Mildred García was appointed president of AASCU.

## Community involvement

### As chair or member of organizational boards

Howard's community involvement included membership on the executive committee for the Buffalo Niagara Partnership, Niagara University Board of Directors, Buffalo Public Schools Foundation Board of Directors, and the King Urban Life Center Board of Directors. She also served on the corporate board of directors for the Farm Credit of Western New York, and the Fleet Bank Community Advisory Board. She continues to serve on the Merchants Insurance Company Board.

Active in the Buffalo Niagara Partnership, Howard advocated for improvement in the area's economy. Specifically, she stated that community projects such as building a new convention center may be completed, however the economy must improve in order for people to go to the convention center. Another concern of the group is that revitalization of the economy in the area must occur in addition to the completion of individual construction projects. Howard was also among leaders who supported the desire of younger leaders in having a stronger voice in community affairs, but was not successful in this regard due to the influence of the Old Guard.

She was a member of the State University of New York (SUNY) Advisory Council on Teacher Education, and served on the SUNY Board of Directors of the Center for Russia. She co-chaired the State University of New York Provost's Advisory Task Force on General Education, establishing guidelines for the institution of a general education curricula throughout the SUNY system, and was a member of the New York State Blue Ribbon Commission on Youth Leadership.

Howard was a member of the Erie Community College Board of Trustees search committee. She also served on the search committee for the Buffalo Public Schools Superintendent, and as co-chair for the City of Buffalo Mayoral Transition Team.

Howard is a former chair of the AASCU Board of Directors. She serves on the National Survey on Student Engagement Advisory Board, the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities Board of Directors, where she chairs the Communications and Public Relations Committee and the American Council on Education (ACE).

Howard is also a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority and The Links, Incorporated. The sorority includes college-educated women who are geared toward programs for the African-American community. The Links is a non-profit organization composed primarily of professional African-American women who are dedicated to the ideals of community service and friendship.

### As speaker at area events

Howard has been the keynote speaker at many events, including the 34th annual meeting of the fair housing agency, Housing Opportunities Made Equal, in 1997.

At the Buffalo Convention Center in 1998, Howard spoke at the eighth annual Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. breakfast, sponsored by the New Hope Missionary Baptist Church. Howard, in part, encouraged the 600 attendees of the breakfast to work toward achieving the ideals of King, as well as to strive to make a "racially harmonious world and a just society."

In 1998, Howard was the speaker for a meeting of the Women's Club of the University at Buffalo. In 1999, she chaired the United Way campaign for Buffalo and Erie County. She served on the board of directors of that organization, including as chair. She has also chaired the subcommittee on Youth Services and Education for the Erie County Executive's transition team.

## Awards and recognition

Howard received the Governor's New York State Division of Women Award for Excellence in Education; Citation Award from the National Conference for Community and Justice; American Jewish Committee Institute of Human Relations Award; and the University at Buffalo Graduate School of Education Distinguished Alumni Award. She also received the Staten Island College Distinguished Alumna Award; the Black Educators Association of Western New York Educator of the Year Award; and the Minority Bar Association of Western New York Award for Community Service.

Further, Howard received the SUNY at Buffalo, Newman Center, Catholic Campus Ministry, Distinguished Alumnus Award. She is a recipient of the SUNY Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Professional Service, and was a charter inductee in the Western New York Women's Hall of Fame. in 1997 at UB, she received the Bernice Poss Award from the Western New York Regional Committee of the American Council on Education/National Identification Program for the Advancement of Women in Higher Education.

Howard was listed in the *Buffalo News* 2001 Leadership Survey as the "Most Powerful Woman in Western New York." In April 2006, she received the Outstanding Alumni Community Leadership Medal from the University at Buffalo Alumni Association. She was also the recipient of the 2006 Athena Award. This award, sponsored by the Western New York Women's Fund and the Buffalo Niagara Partnership, honors women professionals who have attained and personify the highest levels of professional excellence, demonstrate support for the goals of women professionals, and provide significant and selfless assistance on their behalf.

Buffalo State College instituted the Muriel A. Howard All College Honors Program in 2013 in her honor.

## Personal life

Howard has lived near Washington, DC, in Inwood, West Virginia and Chevy Chase, Maryland, with her husband, Albert "Mickey" Howard.

## InfoBox

| Muriel A. Howard | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| President, Buffalo State College | |
| **In office**<br>1996–2009 | |
| Preceded by | F.C. Richardson |
| Succeeded by | Aaron Podolefsky |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Wilson, North Carolina |
| Spouse | Albert "Mickey" Howard |
| Alma mater | University at Buffalo, Richmond College |
| Profession | Higher education, Academic administration |
|  | |


title: Pinkenba railway station

abstract: Pinkenba railway station was a railway station on the Pinkenba railway line in the suburb of Pinkenba, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was originally the terminus station of the Pinkenba Line, just 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from the Brisbane central business district and 14.1 kilometres (8.8 mi) from Central station by rail. It opened in 1897 and was rebuilt in 1969, with a new station closer to the township of Pinkenba. The first station became a shunters' quarters. The line closed to all passenger traffic in 1993.

text:
# Pinkenba railway station

**Pinkenba railway station** was a railway station on the Pinkenba railway line in the suburb of Pinkenba, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was originally the terminus station of the Pinkenba Line, just 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from the Brisbane central business district and 14.1 kilometres (8.8 mi) from Central station by rail. It opened in 1897 and was rebuilt in 1969, with a new station closer to the township of Pinkenba. The first station became a shunters' quarters. The line closed to all passenger traffic in 1993.

## History

The Pinkenba line opened 1 April 1897. During World War I (1914 to 1918) and World War II (1939 to 1945), troop camps were located at Pinkenba and Meeandah because of deep berthing available to ships at Pinkenba, at the mouth of the Brisbane River. Passenger ships of the Orient Steam Navigation Company, later P&O, used the adjacent Pinkenba Wharf, and special trains ran from Brisbane to Pinkenba.

On 29 August 1906, a contract was let for refreshment rooms to be constructed at Pinkenba station, at a cost of 318. They operated until the new Pinkenba station opened in 1969.

In 1988, part of the line was electrified, but only as far as Eagle Farm station. Diesel-hauled trains operated an infrequent passenger services to Pinkenba. On 27 September 1993, all passenger services on the line were suspended by the Goss Labor government as part of a statewide rationalisation of the rail network, which involved the closing or suspension of services of under-utilised or unprofitable rail lines.

## Current status

In 2005, the 1969 Pinkenba station area became a rubbish recycling site, with large amounts of dirt dumped over the terminus siding. The 1969 station building remained until 2016, although badly damaged and used as a dumping ground, and the track that connected the station to the Pinkenba Line was removed. By 2017, the building had been demolished. Queensland Rail still owns the land.

The original 1897 station building was removed to a GrainCorp site. Circa 2001, the station building was cut in half and removed, pending the redevelopment of the site. The right-hand section went to a private home in Shore Street East, in Cleveland and the left-hand section was transferred by ferry to North Stradbroke Island, and serves as the ticket office for Stradbroke Ferries.

### Replacement bus service

The bus stop for the replacement Translink bus service (303) is immediately adjacent to the site of the former Pinkenba station, in Eagle Farm Road.

## InfoBox

| Pinkenba | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Eagle Farm Road, Pinkenba |
| Coordinates | 27°25′36″S 153°06′59″E / 27.4268°S 153.1163°E / -27.4268; 153.1163 |
| Owned by | Queensland Rail |
| Line(s) | Pinkenba Line |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Connections | Bus |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | 2 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 April 1897 |
| Closed | 27 September 1993 (1993-09-27) |
| Rebuilt | 1969 (New Second Station) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Queensland Rail Following station  Meeandahtowards Roma Street  Pinkenba Line  *Terminus* | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: The Nuba Relief, Rehabilitation and Development Organisation (NRRDO) is a Sudanese humanitarian organization, the "best-known development organisation" of the Nuba people. Established in 1993 with the involvement of Yousif Kuwa, the NRRDO provides the people of the Nuba Mountains with food, cooking oil, clothing and education. The NRRDO has its headquarters in Nairobi. NRRDO executive directors have included Neroun Phillip, Najwa Musa Konda and Ali Abdelrahman.

text:
# Nuba Relief, Rehabilitation and Development Organisation

The **Nuba Relief, Rehabilitation and Development Organisation** (NRRDO) is a Sudanese humanitarian organization, the "best-known development organisation" of the Nuba people. Established in 1993 with the involvement of Yousif Kuwa, the NRRDO provides the people of the Nuba Mountains with food, cooking oil, clothing and education.

The NRRDO has its headquarters in Nairobi. NRRDO executive directors have included Neroun Phillip, Najwa Musa Konda and Ali Abdelrahman.


abstract: The Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) was a communist organisation in India, which emerged from a split in the Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist-Leninist) in 1982.

text:
# Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Ajmer group)

| **UCCRI(ML)** |
| --- |
| **People**
T. Nagi Reddy
Moni Guha
Shamsher Singh Sheri
 |
| **Mass organisations**
Wahikar Union
 |
| **Predecessors**
APCCCR
RCUC(ML)
PCRC
 |
| **Splinter groups and**
**successor organisations**
Sohi faction
Ajmer faction
DV faction
CCRI
CPI(ML) Janashakti
 |
| **Related subjects**
Communism
MLMTT
 |
| **Communism Portal** |

The **Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Ajmer group)** was a communist organisation in India, which emerged from a split in the Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Harbhajan Sohi) in 1982.


title: Pennsylvania Railroad 1737

abstract: Pennsylvania Railroad 1737 was a 4-6-2 Pacific type K4 class steam locomotive built in 1914 as the first of its class and would haul heavier passenger trains that the smaller E class 4-4-2 Atlantics could not handle such as the PRR's flagship passenger train, the Broadway Limited. In the 1930s, as the PRR had increased passenger service time tables, the trains became longer and heavier than a single K4s could handle, necessitating double-heading with a second engine. The "Standard Railroad Of The World" made attempts to replace the 1737 and its classmates with larger, more powerful classes including: K5, S1, and the T1, none of which were successful; thus, the K4s continued hauling passenger trains until the Pennsylvania Railroad replaced steam locomotives with the increasingly-popular and less-costly diesel-electric locomotives in 1957.

text:
# Pennsylvania Railroad 1737

**Pennsylvania Railroad 1737** was a 4-6-2 *Pacific* type K4 class steam locomotive built in 1914 as the first of its class and would haul heavier passenger trains that the smaller E class 4-4-2 *Atlantics* could not handle such as the PRR's flagship passenger train, the *Broadway Limited*. In the 1930s, as the PRR had increased passenger service time tables, the trains became longer and heavier than a single K4s could handle, necessitating double-heading with a second engine. The "Standard Railroad Of The World" made attempts to replace the 1737 and its classmates with larger, more powerful classes including: K5, S1, and the T1, none of which were successful; thus, the K4s continued hauling passenger trains until the Pennsylvania Railroad replaced steam locomotives with the increasingly-popular and less-costly diesel-electric locomotives in 1957.

## Commuter service

The 1737 was no stranger to commuter service. The New York and Long Branch Railroad in South Amboy, New Jersey used the K4s to haul commuter trains. When the famous electric Pennsylvania Railroad class GG1 would bring the trains from New York City's Penn Station, the K4s would take over the train and make the run from the South Amboy station to Bay Head, New Jersey.

## Fate

No. 1737 was originally slated to be preserved as part of the PRR's Historical Collection at a roundhouse in Northumberland, Pennsylvania. However, by the late 1950s, No. 1737 had deteriorated to the point where the PRR deemed the locomotive in very poor condition to be preserved. Instead, the PRR quietly took another K-4, No. 3750, and renumbered it to represent No. 1737 while the real No. 1737 was broken up for scrap in 1960.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Railroad 1737 | |
| --- | --- |
| PRR No. 1737 builder's photo in May 1914 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Builder Altoona Works  Serial number 2825  Build date May 1914 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 4-6-2  Gauge 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm)  Leading dia. 36 in (914 mm)  Driver dia. 80 in (2,032 mm)  Trailing dia. 50 in (1,270 mm)  Wheelbase 13 ft 10 in (4.2 m) between driving axles  Length 83 ft 6 in (25.5 m)  Axle load 66,500 lb (30,200 kg; 30.2 t)  Adhesive weight 199,500 lb (90,500 kg; 90.5 t)  Loco weight 304,500 lb (138,100 kg; 138.1 t)  Tender weight 212,725 lb (96,490 kg; 96.490 t)  Total weight 517,225 lb (234,609 kg; 234.609 t)  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity 22 short tons (20 )  Water cap. 11,300 US gallons (43,000 L)  Firebox:   Grate area 69.89 sq ft (6.49 m2)  Boiler pressure 205 psi (1,413 kPa)  Heating surface 4,041 square feet (375 m2)  Cylinder size 27 in × 28 in (686 mm × 711 mm)  Valve gear Walschaert  Valve type Piston valves | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort 44,460 lbf (197,770 )  Factor of adh. 4.54 | |
| Career  Operators Pennsylvania Railroad  Class K4s  Numbers * PRR 1737  Delivered 1914  First run 1914  Retired 1957  Disposition Scrapped in 1960 | |


abstract: Pennsylvania Railroad, Connecting Railway Bridge is a stone arch bridge in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that carries Amtrak Northeast Corridor rail lines and SEPTA and NJT commuter rail lines over the Schuylkill River. It is located in Fairmount Park, just upstream from the Girard Avenue Bridge. It is also known as Pennsylvania Railroad, New York Division, Bridge No. 69. Other names include Connecting Railway Bridge, Connection Bridge, New York Connecting Bridge, New York Railroad Bridge, and Junction Railroad Bridge.

text:
# Pennsylvania Railroad, Connecting Railway Bridge

**Pennsylvania Railroad, Connecting Railway Bridge** is a stone arch bridge in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that carries Amtrak Northeast Corridor rail lines and SEPTA and NJT commuter rail lines over the Schuylkill River. It is located in Fairmount Park, just upstream from the Girard Avenue Bridge.

It is also known as *Pennsylvania Railroad, New York Division, Bridge No. 69*. Other names include *Connecting Railway Bridge*, *Connection Bridge*, *New York Connecting Bridge*, *New York Railroad Bridge*, and *Junction Railroad Bridge*.

## Initial bridge

The bridge was built in 1866 and 1867 by the Connecting Railway, a company affiliated with the Pennsylvania Railroad and formally purchased by the PRR in 1871. Its purpose was to connect the PRR's southern and northern lines, and to be part of an eventual direct PRR line from Washington, D.C., to New York City. Before the bridge's construction, PRR trains took a circuitous route between PRR's West Philadelphia and North Philadelphia Stations.

The bridge was probably designed by John A. Wilson, chief engineer of the Connecting Railway Company, who surveyed the route in 1863. Following Wilson's 1864 resignation, PRR First Vice-President George Brooke Roberts, an engineer, took over the project and saw it through to completion. (He later became president of the PRR.) Thomas Seabrook was the masonry contractor.

The bridge opened to traffic on 2 June 1867. The bridge was narrow, with only 2 tracks and an iron truss at mid-river. This was a 236-foot-3-inch (72 m) cast- and wrought-iron, arch-reinforced, double-intersection Whipple truss.

In 1873, PRR slightly reduced the truss's span by widening the stone piers at each end. Probably at the same time, PRR removed the truss's reinforcing arch. In 1897, PRR replaced the Whipple truss with a Pratt truss of the same length.

## Expanded bridge

Between 1912 and 1915, PRR more than doubled the width of the bridge to 5 tracks, and replaced the mid-river iron truss with two massive stone arches. Alexander C. Shand was the designer of what was essentially a new bridge, built to look like the original. Eyre, Shoemaker, Inc. was the masonry contractor. Reiter, Curtis & Hill built the reinforced concrete bridges over Lansdowne Drive and West Girard Avenue, and the viaduct curving around the Philadelphia Zoo.

## In art

The Connecting Railway Bridge, with its line of stone arches, was a frequent subject for painters. It appears in works by Carl Philipp Weber, Edmund Darch Lewis, Thomas Moran, and, most famously, *Max Schmitt in a Single Scull* (1871) by Thomas Eakins.

## Other images

## Further reading

* Schotter, Howard W. (1927). *The Growth and Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company ... 1846 to 1926*. Philadelphia: Press of Allen, Lane, and Scott.

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Railroad, Connecting Railway Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Pennsylvania Railroad, Connecting Railway Bridge from the southeast in 1999. | |
| Coordinates | 39°58′35″N 75°11′38″W / 39.97639°N 75.19389°W / 39.97639; -75.19389 |
| Carries | SEPTA Trenton Line and Chestnut Hill West Line, Amtrak Northeast Corridor, NJT Atlantic City Line |
| Crosses | Girard Avenue, Schuylkill River, Landsdowne Drive |
| Locale | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Other name(s) | Pennsylvania Railroad, New York Division, Bridge No. 69 |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Arch bridge |
| Material | Stone |
| Longest span | 103 feet (31 m) |
| History | |
| Designer | John A. Wilson (attributed)<br>George Brooke Roberts |
| Constructed by | Thomas Seabrook |
| Opened | 1867 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Furnaceface

abstract: Furnaceface was a Canadian punk indie rock band formed in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada which was active from 1989 to 2000. The group consisted of vocalist and guitarist Pat Banister, vocalist and bassist Slo' Tom Stewart, and drummer Dave Dudley. In 1993, Furnaceface won the Canadian Music Video Association Award for best independent video for "About to Drown" from Just Buy It., and another one a couple of years later for Best Editing for "How Happy Do You Want to Be?" from This Will Make You Happy.

text:
# Furnaceface

**Furnaceface** was a Canadian punk indie rock band formed in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada which was active from 1989 to 2000. The group consisted of vocalist and guitarist Pat Banister, vocalist and bassist Slo' Tom Stewart, and drummer Dave Dudley. In 1993, Furnaceface won the Canadian Music Video Association Award for best independent video for "About to Drown" from *Just Buy It.*, and another one a couple of years later for Best Editing for "How Happy Do You Want to Be?" from *This Will Make You Happy*.

## History

The band, formed in Ottawa in 1989, consisted of vocalist and guitarist Pat Banister, vocalist and bassist Slo' Tom Stewart and drummer Dave Dudley. Furnaceface evolved out of Fluid Waffle, which also included guitarist and vocalist Steve D'Annunzio. Furnaceface started playing shows late in 1989 and released their first single, "Sucked into Drugland," on Skull Duggery Records. After releasing this and the "New Pad" single, they toured across the U.S. and Canada. Their first full-length release was the *Let It Down* cassette, which was recorded by Andrew McKean, mixed by Marty Jones, and released in 1990. Jones recorded their second cassette in 1991, *Just Buy It.*, and went on to engineer all the Furnaceface releases. After the first national tour for "Just Buy It" Jones (as "Smarty Moans") joined the group as a fourth member playing keyboard and guitar. After the original cassette version of *Just Buy It.* was released, Furnaceface signed to Cargo Records to release a remixed (by Bob Wiseman of Blue Rodeo fame) and re-sequenced version of the album on CD and cassette.

Furnaceface also released their next two albums, *This Will Make You Happy* (1994) and *unsafe@anyspeed* (1996), with Cargo. Around the time of *Just Buy It.*'s re-release, Furnaceface decided to start a festival, called Furnacefest, to promote local bands as well as larger acts. In 1995, after two years of performing with the group, Marty Jones decided to leave the band to concentrate on being a producer and co-running Sound of One Hand Studios. After Cargo Canada folded, Furnaceface would release a fifth and final album in 1999 titled *And the Days are Short Again…* on their own label Upright Records, which had the single "Heartless" on it. Around 1999, Pat Banister moved to Vancouver to work as an art director in the film industry. In Banister's absence, Dave Dudley and Tom Stewart have joined with Blake Jacobs of Hot Piss to create Manpower, who perform occasionally around Ottawa. The last Furnaceface recording released to date was 2000's *Clobbering Time*, a compilation CD of songs from their out-of-print pre-*Days* releases, from two songs from *Let It Down* released on CD at last to their cover of the Jam's "But I'm Different Now," the B-side of the "Biff, Bang, Pow!" single.

Other area musicians, including Ian Tamblyn and Jim Bryson have also contributed as guest musicians. During a live performance in 1997, Stewart received burns due to an onstage pyrotechnic effect; the show was halted but the musician made a full recovery with no scarring. Tom also performs occasionally as a country & western singer, under the name "Slo' Tom". His band, called Slo' Tom & The Horseshit Heroes (Jim Bryson, Dave Dudley, Geoff Taylor and Graham Collins) released an album, *Liquor’s My Lover*. He has since released four more albums, backed by a different band, called the Handsome Devils: *Musta Been a Pretty Good Night* (2013), *I'm Sick* (2014), *Down in a Government Town* (2017) and *Doing Hard Time* (2024).

## Music

Their music includes everything from heavy riffs to classic pop as well as ska, punk, rockabilly, dance and 60's garage. Their lyrics can be humorous, as in "I’m Getting Fat," and "Too Many Nuts." They also have lyrics that comment on local and global issues such as "Nobody to Vote For," a commentary on the 1993 Canadian federal election, and "We Love You, Tipper Gore" about the Parents Music Resource Center and the censorship debate in the 1980s.

## Videos

In 1993, Furnaceface won the Canadian Music Video Association Award for best independent video for "About to Drown" from *Just Buy It.*, and another one a couple of years later for Best Editing for "This Will Make You Happy" (which Dave Dudley's daughter appears in) from *This Will Make You Happy*. The other videos they released were "I Don't Think," "She Thinks She's Fat," "If You Love Her (Would You Buy Her a Gun?)", "Slip & Stumble" (shot in the rough waves of various beaches in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico) "Biff, Bang, Pow!" (a cover of the Creation song), "Ode to Grant Hart" and "Heartless." They also made a video for "In Love with the Lie," but only released it in RealMedia format on their now-defunct official website.

## Discography

### Singles and EPs

* "Sucked into Drugland" 7" single (1990)
* "New Pad" 7" single (1990)
* "Nobody to Vote For" CD single (1993)
* "You Poison My Cup" 12" single (1995)
* "Overcome" 7" single (1995)
* "Biff, Bang, Pow!" 7" single (1997)

### Albums

* *Let it Down* cassette (1991)
* *Just Buy It.* (cassette, 1992; CD, 1993)
* *This Will Make You Happy* CD (1994)
* *unsafe@anyspeed* CD/cassette (1996)
* *And the Days Are Short Again...* CD (1999)

### Compilations

* *Clobbering Time* CD (compilation, 2000)

## InfoBox

| Furnaceface | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |
| Genres | Indie rock |
| Years active | 1989–1999 |
| Labels | Skull Duggery, Cargo Records |
|  | |
| Past members | Pat Banister
Martin Jones
Dave Dudley
Tom Stewart |
|  | |
| Website | http://eyevocal.ottawa-anime.org/furnaceface/ |


title: Nubbel

abstract: Nubbel is a name for a dressed straw doll that emerged around 1950 representing the scapegoat in the Rhenish carnival. The Nubbel, also called Zacheies in Cologne carnival, hangs above many pubs during the carnival season and is burned in a ceremony on Ash Wednesday night. The term Nubbel in Colognian was already used independently of the straw doll in the 18th century. It was used when people could not or did not want to give more information, e.g. "Nubbel's Chris" ("somebody"), "he is with the Nubbel", "that was the Nubbel".

text:
# Nubbel

**Nubbel** is a name for a dressed straw doll that emerged around 1950 representing the scapegoat in the Rhenish carnival. The Nubbel, also called Zacheies in Cologne carnival, hangs above many pubs during the carnival season and is burned in a ceremony on Ash Wednesday night.

The term Nubbel in Colognian was already used independently of the straw doll in the 18th century. It was used when people could not or did not want to give more information, e.g. "Nubbel's Chris" ("somebody"), "he is with the Nubbel" ("he is somewhere"), "that was the Nubbel" ("that was somebody").

## Burning the Nubbel

The burning of a figure at the end of Carnival has been historically verifiable in the Rhineland since the beginning of the 19th century. The Cologne author Ernst Weyden writes in his memoirs of the 1820s, when carnival events in Cologne were reorganized, that on Ash Wednesday "the carnival was carried to its grave": "With a solemn funeral procession, a doll was carried through the city on a bier and burned in a square." Weyden also points to an "old festive custom" that "has survived in southern Germany and even in Greece," and also claims to have seen a "pompous funeral celebration of Shrovetide" as a Shrovetide play in 1812 among the Napoleonic troops then stationed in Cologne.

The exact sequence of this tradition varies from city to city and from pub to pub. Normally, on Weiberfastnacht, the start of the street carnival, the Nubbel is placed on the facade of the pubs near the door. In a short parade around the block, he is solemnly carried to his grave on Shrove Tuesday at midnight by torchlight or candlelight.

Then a charge is recited. This is usually done in dialect and often in rhyme. The accuser is a carnivalist dressed as a cleric. At first, the crowd defends the Nubbel, but eventually they are convinced of his guilt and demand revenge. The accusation then culminates, for example, in rhetorical questions such as: "Who is to blame that we drank away all our money? Who is to blame for cheating on our partners?". The jeering crowd responds to the speaker with a loud "It was the Nubbel!", "The Nubel is to blame, let him burn!" or similar.

According to carnival folklore, the burning of the nubbel leads to forgiveness of sins and offenses committed during the carnival period. After the burning the group goes back to the pub and continues the carnival music until Ash Wednesday morning, when the carnival season is finally over.


title: Mujtaba Yousuf

abstract: Mujtaba Yousuf is an Indian cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Jammu & Kashmir in the 2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy on 21 February 2019. He made his List A debut on 3 October 2019, for Jammu & Kashmir in the 2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy. He made his first-class debut on 12 February 2020, for Jammu and Kashmir in the 2019–20 Ranji Trophy.

text:
# Mujtaba Yousuf

**Mujtaba Yousuf** is an Indian cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Jammu & Kashmir in the 2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy on 21 February 2019. He made his List A debut on 3 October 2019, for Jammu & Kashmir in the 2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy. He made his first-class debut on 12 February 2020, for Jammu and Kashmir in the 2019–20 Ranji Trophy.

## InfoBox

Mujtaba Yousuf
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (2002-06-07) 7 June 2002 |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Bowling | Left-arm medium-fast |
| Role | Bowler |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2019–present | Jammu & Kashmir |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 20 February 2020 | |


title: Frumpy

abstract: Frumpy was a German progressive rock/krautrock band based in Hamburg, which was active between 1970–1972 and 1990–1995. Formed after the break-up of folk rockers City Preachers, Frumpy released four albums in 1970–1973 and achieved considerable commercial success. The German press hailed them as the best German rock band of their time and their vocalist Inga Rumpf as the "greatest individual vocal talent" of the contemporary German rock scene. They disbanded in 1972 although the various members all worked together at various times over the following two decades and they reunited again in 1989, producing three more albums over five years after which they disbanded once more.

text:
# Frumpy

**Frumpy** was a German progressive rock/krautrock band based in Hamburg, which was active between 19701972 and 19901995. Formed after the break-up of folk rockers City Preachers, Frumpy released four albums in 19701973 and achieved considerable commercial success. The German press hailed them as the best German rock band of their time and their vocalist Inga Rumpf as the "greatest individual vocal talent" of the contemporary German rock scene. They disbanded in 1972 although the various members all worked together at various times over the following two decades and they reunited again in 1989, producing three more albums over five years after which they disbanded once more.

## Formation

All of the band members met as performers with Germany's first folk rock band City Preachers, formed by Irishman John O'Brien-Docker in Hamburg in 1965. In 1968, the band had split, with O'Brien-Docker and several other members parting company. Singer Inga Rumpf, a distinctive "un-feminine" sounding vocalist often compared favourably with Janis Joplin, continued to use the band name with a line-up including drummer Udo Lindenberg, singer Dagmar Krause, French organist Jean-Jacques Kravetz and bassist Karl-Heinz Schott. In the spring of 1969, Lindenberg left to pursue a solo career and was replaced by Carsten Bohn, who by November that year had grown disappointed with Krause and called for the band to pursue a new creative direction, "a fusion of rock, blues, classical, folk and psychedelic."

Reforming in March 1970 as Frumpy (a play on Rumpf's surname inspired by seeing the word "frumpy" in a CBS record catalogue) the new line-up of Rumpf, Bohn, Kravetz and Schott debuted at the Essen International Pop & Blues Festival in April 1970, where two of their songs "Duty" and "Floating" were recorded and released on the live compilation album *Pop & Blues Festival '70*. This was followed by more tour dates in France, Germany and the Netherlands, an appearance at the Kiel Progressive Pop Festival in July 1970, and at the Open Air Love & Peace Festival at Fehmarn, 6 September 1970.

## Recordings

They recorded their debut album *All Will Be Changed* in August 1970. To promote the album the band embarked on a fifty-night German tour with Spooky Tooth, as well as playing supporting slots with Yes, Humble Pie and Renaissance. The album received both critical acclaim and commercial success.

Initially the band played without a guitarist, which was unusual in the rock genre, instead making great use of Kravetz's "spacey organ excursions" and his powerful Leslie Rotating Speaker System, a sound modification and frequency modulation device. Rumpf said: "In the beginning we were happy enough as a quartet. I played and composed exclusively on an acoustic guitar. It was only later that we began to write songs that called for a guitar." In 1971, just before the band started recording their second album, called simply , they recruited former Sphinx Tush guitarist Rainer Baumann to the line-up. The album, "heavier and more mature progressive rock with classical overtones in Kravetz's organ (\[and\] occasionally mellotron) work," repeated the success of the first, and gave the band a hit single with "How the Gipsy Was Born", which would become their "signature tune." The German music magazine *Musikexpress* dubbed Frumpy as the best German rock act of the year, while Inga Rumpf, variously described as "smoky", "demonic" and "roaring," was declared by national newspaper *Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung* to be the "greatest individual vocal talent" of the German rock scene so far.

Due to "musical differences" Kravetz left the band in early 1972 to work with Lindenberg and his Das Panik Orchester and also to record a solo album, *Kravetz* (1972), which featured both Rumpf and Lindenberg. He was replaced in Frumpy by Erwin Kania, who had previously played in Murphy Blend, and Kania appears on several of the tracks on Frumpy's third album *By The Way*, being ousted halfway through recording in March 1972 when Kravetz rejoined the band. Baumann expressed a desire to establish a solo career also, and the band played a "farewell concert" on 26 June 1972 with Thomas (Carola) Kretschmer on guitar. *Musikexpress* published an obituary for the band in August 1972. The obituary closed with: "We request that you refrain from messages of condolence, since you will soon be hearing from Inga, Karl-Heinz and Jean-Jacques under another name."

A double live album, *Live*, was released posthumously in 1973.

## Post-Frumpy

Shortly after Frumpy disbanded, Rumpf, Kravetz and Schott recruited guitarist Frank Diez and drummer Curt Cress, both formerly with Munich-based jazz fusion combo Emergency, to form a "supergroup" called Atlantis. Atlantis, which has been described as "Frumpy repackaged with a more commercial hard-rock style," recorded their first album *Atlantis* in 1972, which was released early in 1973. Rumpf was voted 'Best Female Rock Singer of 1973' by *Musikexpress* readers. Diez and Cress were replaced by George Meier and Lindenberg for the subsequent tour, who were themselves replaced by Dieter Bornschlegel and Ringo Funk when the tour ended. They then released *It's Getting Better* (1973), which had a strong Afrobeat influence, and caused *Die Zeit* to hail Rumpf as a "superstar", after which in early 1974 Kravetz left the band to join Randy Pie. Schnelle was replaced again by Adrian Askew and Bornschlegel by Curly Curve's Alex Conti. The third album *Ooh Baby* (1974) was written mostly by Askew and Conti and veered towards the P-funk sound, and the band toured the U.S. as a support act for Aerosmith and Lynyrd Skynyrd. Following more changes in line-up two further albums were released, *Get On Board* (1975) and *Live* (1975), but, despite achieving commercial success in Germany, the group disbanded in January 1976. On 23 February 1983, the founder members played a one-off reunion concert in Hamburg.

## Reunion

In 1989, Rumpf, Bohn and Kravetz reformed Frumpy and released two albums, *Now!* (1990) and *News* (1991). By 1992 the members had moved in different directions and the group disbanded again in 1995.

## Discography

* *All Will Be Changed* (1970)
* *Frumpy 2* (1971)
* *By the Way* (1972)
* *Live* (1973)
* *Now!* (1990)
* *News* (1991)
* *Live NinetyFive* (1995)

## InfoBox

| Frumpy | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Hamburg, Germany |
| Genres | Progressive rock
Acid rock
Blues rock
Krautrock |
| Years active | 19701972, 19901995 |
| Labels | Philips |
|  | |
| Past members | Inga Rumpf
Jean-Jacques Kravetz
Rainer Baumann
Karl-Heinz Schott
Carsten Bohn
Erwin Kama
Thomas (Carola) Kretschmer |


title: Pierre de Decker

abstract: Pierre (Pieter) Jacques François de Decker was a Belgian Roman Catholic politician, statesman and author. He was educated at a Jesuit school, studied law at Paris, and became one of the editors of the Revue de Bruxelles. In 1839 he was elected to the Belgian lower chamber, where he gained a great reputation for oratory. He was a member of parliament from 1839 to 1866. As such he took historic initiatives to promote the Dutch language that had lost ground in political life since the Belgian Revolution of 1830 even though the majority of the population spoke Dutch. De Decker was at the origin of a 'Petition in favour of the Flemish language' in 1840 and of the setting up of a 'Committee on Flemish Grievances' in 1855. In 1855 he became Minister of the Interior and the prime minister of Belgium. As such he was the first leader of the government since the revolution of 1830 who dared to address the parliament in Dutch (Flemish). He attempted, by combining the moderate elements of the Catholic and Liberal parties, the impossible task of resolving the educational and other questions then dividing Belgium. In 1866 he retired from politics and went into business, with disastrous results. He became involved in financial speculations which lost him his good name as well as the greater part of his fortune; and, though he was never proved to have been more than the victim of clever operators, when in 1871 he was appointed by the Catholic cabinet governor of Limburg, the outcry was so great that he resigned the appointment and retired definitively into private life. He died in 1891.

text:
# Pierre de Decker

**Pierre (Pieter) Jacques François de Decker** (25 January 1812 – 4 January 1891) was a Belgian Roman Catholic politician, statesman and author.

He was educated at a Jesuit school, studied law at Paris, and became one of the editors of the *Revue de Bruxelles*. In 1839 he was elected to the Belgian lower chamber, where he gained a great reputation for oratory. He was a member of parliament from 1839 to 1866. As such he took historic initiatives to promote the Dutch language that had lost ground in political life since the Belgian Revolution of 1830 (against the Union with Holland as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands) even though the majority of the population spoke Dutch. De Decker was at the origin of a 'Petition in favour of the Flemish language' in 1840 and of the setting up of a 'Committee on Flemish Grievances' in 1855.

In 1855 he became Minister of the Interior and the prime minister of Belgium. As such he was the first leader of the government since the revolution of 1830 who dared to address the parliament in Dutch (Flemish). He attempted, by combining the moderate elements of the Catholic and Liberal parties, the impossible task of resolving the educational and other questions then dividing Belgium.

In 1866 he retired from politics and went into business, with disastrous results. He became involved in financial speculations which lost him his good name as well as the greater part of his fortune; and, though he was never proved to have been more than the victim of clever operators, when in 1871 he was appointed by the Catholic cabinet governor of Limburg, the outcry was so great that he resigned the appointment and retired definitively into private life. He died in 1891.

## Bibliography

De Decker, who was a member of the Belgian academy, wrote several historical and other works of value, of which the most notable are:

* *Etudes historiques et critiques sur les monts-de-piété en Belgique* (Brussels, 1844)
* *De l'influence du libre arbitre de l'homme sur les fails sociaux* (1848)
* *L'esprit de parti et l'esprit national* (1852)
* *Etude politique sur le vicomte Ch. Vilain Xliii* (1879)
* *Episodes de l'histoire de l'art en Belgique* (1883)
* *Biographie de H. Conscience* (1885)

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Decker, Pierre de". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 913.

## InfoBox

| Pierre de Decker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Prime Minister of Belgium | |
| **In office**
30 March 1855  9 November 1857 | |
| Monarch | Leopold I |
| Preceded by | Henri de Brouckère |
| Succeeded by | Charles Rogier |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 25 January 1812
Zele |
| Died | 4 January 1891(1891-01-04) (aged 78)
Schaerbeek |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Political party | Catholic Party |
|  | |


title: Frumușeni Mosaics

abstract: The Frumușeni Mosaics are a set of millennium-old mosaics discovered in Romania at "Fântâna Turcului", close to the locality of Frumușeni, on the left bank of the river Mureș, near the city of Arad. The area of the discovery corresponds with the former Bizere Monastery of the 11th-16th centuries.

text:
# Frumușeni Mosaics

The **Frumușeni Mosaics** are a set of millennium-old mosaics discovered in Romania at "Fântâna Turcului" (Turk's Well), close to the locality of Frumușeni, on the left bank of the river Mureș, near the city of Arad. The area of the discovery corresponds with the former Bizere Monastery of the 11th-16th centuries (see Details).

## Discovery

The archaeological excavations from the Frumușeni site, Fântânele, Arad County, were done by the research team composed of dr. Adrian Andrei Rusu (Institute of Archaeology and Art History in Cluj-Napoca), drd. George Pascu Hurezan (Arad County Museum Complex), dr. Peter Hugel (Arad County Museum Complex) and drd. Ileana Burnichioiu ("1 Decembrie 1918" University in Alba Iulia). The mosaic was discovered in August 2003.

Further excavations also identified a complex of monumental buildings (a 23m x 8m two-level palace/port, two churches, a tower with a well, palisades, ditches and other construction components—portal, frieze, colons, mouldings, capitals, window enclosures, arches—local and imported ceramics, sculpted pieces, coins, book binders, adornments, fragments of apparel pieces, bronze vessels, knives, crossbow bolts, spurs, glass panes, plates, dishes and pots, candles. The area was the witness of the discovery of a well, shedding light on the reason for its name. Also discovered was a cemetery, consisting of three hundred graves.

Authorities plan to raise a museum pavilion over the site. This project is also supported by the Austrian Institute of Archeology, as well as the University of Vienna. The land on which the discovery was made, was ceded to the new museum by the local authorities.

## Details

The mosaics were discovered inside the ruins of a former Roman Catholic monastery, the Bizere Monastery, which functioned between the 12th and 16th century. During this period the area belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary. The mosaic is believed to have constituted the floor of the church.

The speculations concerning the Eastern Orthodox origin of the mosaics cannot be fully proved, since the style and the possible dating of the finds can also have very strong Italian connections. The archaeological evidence in itself insufficient to decide whether the monastery was of western or eastern rite. Even the possible Byzantine origin of the mosaics does not support convincingly the Orthodox identification of the place, because in one hand of the very strong relationship between the Kingdom of Hungary (see Béla III's Byzantine connections), and on the other hand the ground plan and the architectural appearance of the building-complex rather represents a classical western liturgical space.

The surface is constituted by several polychrome mosaics, grouped into three 4.5m by 1.3m panels, beautifully crafted, depicting real or fantastic animal, floral, solar and geometric representations. The bestiary, containing a wolf-headed centaur, a half dog-half boar, a winged he-goat, a bear, a rabbit, a predator bird catching a fish, seems to illustrate the allegorical battle between good and evil. The mosaics also contain several crosses with equal arms, framed by squares, and superposed by a flower, suggesting the path to salvation.

The discovery of the Orthodox church only confirms an older hypothesis of Romanian historiography, which suggests that Catholic orders (Cistercians, Benedictines), had taken over from the Orthodox Christians a series of monasteries, one of which is the Bistra Monastery (toponym transformed into Bizere). The Catholic monastery ended its existence in 1551, after an Ottoman invasion.

## Further reading

* Ileana Burnichioiu, Adrian A. Rusu, *Mozaicurile medievale de la Bizere | The Medieval Mosaics from Bizere | Die mittelalterlichen Mosaiken von Bizere*, Arad, 2005; Editura Mega, 2006; 55 pages.


title: Pintosmalto

abstract: Pintosmalto or Pinto Smauto is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the Pentamerone. Italo Calvino included a variant from oral tradition, The Handmade King, based on two tales from Calabria. He noted that variants are also found in Naples, Abruzzo, and Sicily. It is Aarne-Thompson type 425, the search for the lost bridegroom, in an unusual variation, involving motifs similar to Pygmalion and Galatea.

text:
# Pintosmalto

**Pintosmalto** or **Pinto Smauto** is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the *Pentamerone*.

Italo Calvino included a variant from oral tradition, **The Handmade King**, based on two tales from Calabria. He noted that variants are also found in Naples, Abruzzo, and Sicily.

It is Aarne-Thompson type 425, the search for the lost bridegroom, in an unusual variation, involving motifs similar to Pygmalion and Galatea.

## Translations

Nancy Canepa translated the tale as *Splendid Shine* and as *Pretty as a Picture*, although she stated that the literal meaning of the title is "painted enamel". Armando Maggi also translated the title as *Enamel painted*.

## Synopsis

A merchant's daughter, Betta, continually refused to marry. One day, he asked her what she wanted him to bring her after a journey. She asked for large amounts of sugar and sweet almonds, scented water, musk and amber, various jewels, gold thread, and above all a trough and a silver trowel. Extravagant though it was, he brought it.

She took it and made a statue of it, and prayed to the Goddess of Love, and the statue became a living man. She took him to her father and told him she wished to marry him. At the wedding feast, a queen fell in love with Pintosmalto, and because he was still innocent, tricked him into coming with her. When Betta could not find him, she set out. An old woman sheltered her for a night and taught her three sayings to use. Betta went on, and found the city Round Mount, where the queen kept Pintosmalto. She used the first of the sayings; it conjured up a jeweled coach, and she bribed the queen to let her spend the night at Pintosmalto's door. The queen drugged Pintosmalto into sleep that night. Betta's pleadings went unheard. She used the second; it conjured up a golden cage with a singing bird of jewels and gold, and it went with it as with the coach.

The next day, Pintosmalto went to the garden, and a cobbler who lived nearby and had heard everything told him about the lamenting woman. Betta used the third saying, which conjured up marvelous clothes, and won her a third night. Pintosmalto roused at her account of her sufferings and how she had made him; he took everything the queen had taken from Betta, and some jewels and money in recompense for her injuries, and they fled to her father's home.

## Analysis

### Tale type

Philologist Gianfranco D'Aronco classified the tale as Italian type 425, *Lo sposo scomparso* ("The Lost Husband").

Although the tale is classified as the more general type ATU 425, "The Search for the Lost Husband", the tale pertains to a cycle of stories found in Italy, Greece and Turkey: the heroine, refusing to marry any suitor chosen for her, decides to fashion her own husband out of materials, and prays to a deity for him to come alive.

## Variants

### Italy

In Calvino's version, the heroine is a princess, not a merchant's daughter, the king gives her flour and sugar when she declares she will make her own husband if she wishes to marry, and she brings the hero, King Pepper, to life by singing a charm about how she had done various things for six months to make him. She is aided on the journey not by an old woman, but by three hermits, who give her nuts to crack; these produce other objects in gold, which she uses in the same manner.

Letterio Di Francia reported a variant from Abruzzi collected by Finamore with the title *La favele de Niccasbarre* ("The Tale of Niccasbarre"), wherein the artificial husband is created with flour and sugar. The human princess still has to search for her husband, and is gifted fruits on her way there: a chestnut, a walnut, an orange and a lemon.

Author Giuseppe Bonaviri published a tale titled *L'innamorato di miele*, translated as *The Lover Made of Honey*. In this tale, a widowed cobbler called Jacob has a daughter named Granata, who, one day, asks her father to buy her a hundredweight of sugar, honey and flour, for she will lock herself up for a year, a month and a day in order to make herself a lover. After the appointed time, she fashions a puppet she leaves in the sun to dry, then blows the breath of life into him, and he becomes a human prince. Some time later, a gypsy caravan passes by the city, and a gypsy woman sees the handsome puppet and admires its beauty, but she slips off. In her rage, she curses Granata that she will not find her lover after seven years and after wearing down seven pairs of iron shoes. Worried, Granata tells her father the gypsy woman's curse and commissions him the special shoes. She wanders through lands until she crosses the Dead Sea and meets three monks, to whom she tells the reason for her journey. The monks, in response, each give her a hazel nut, an almond and a walnut. She continues on until she reaches a large city, then cracks open the walnut, revealing a gold loom inside. She begins to announce she has a gold loom, and the local queen learns of this. Wanting to own the loom, the queen sends for Granata, who finds her lover Sion, made of suger and honey, has been adopted by the queen, and trades the loom for a night with Sion. The queen, suspecting something, orders a lady-in-waiting named Mafalda to give an opium drink to Sion, so that he cannot react to Granata's pleas. The girl tries to wake him up on the first night, to no avail, then cracks open the almond (which reveals a golden spindle) and the hazel nut (which produces a shuttle of gold), trading their contents for two more nights with Sion. On the third night, Sion wakes up and recognizes his wife/creatress, choosing to go with her instead of staying with the queen.

### America

Folklorist Ruth Ann Musick collected a variant from West Virginia from a man named Jon De Luca, in Fairmont, who learned from his mother, who learned from her mother. In this tale, titled *The Dough Prince*, a princess who cannot find any fitting suitor, decides to create her own lover: she mixes dough and shapes it like a human male, to whom she gives life with a kiss. As it happens in other tales, the prince is captured by a foreign queen, and his princess goes after him. She meets an old man who gives her three valuable stones and she trades them with the foreign queen for three nights with the prince.


title: Pintso Namgyal Lepcha

abstract: Pintso Namgyal Lepcha is a Sikkim Krantikari Morcha politician from Sikkim. He has been elected in Sikkim Legislative Assembly election in 2014 and 2019 from Djongu constituency as candidate of Sikkim Democratic Front but later he joined Bharatiya Janata Party. He later joined Sikkim Krantikari Morcha.

text:
# Pintso Namgyal Lepcha

**Pintso Namgyal Lepcha** is a Sikkim Krantikari Morcha politician from Sikkim. He has been elected in Sikkim Legislative Assembly election in 2014 and 2019 from Djongu constituency as candidate of Sikkim Democratic Front but later he joined Bharatiya Janata Party. He later joined Sikkim Krantikari Morcha.

## InfoBox

| Pintso Namgyal Lepcha | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister of Forest and Environment of Sikkim | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
11 June 2024 | |
| Governor | Lakshman Acharya |
| Chief Minister | Prem Singh Tamang |
| Preceded by | Karma Loday Bhutia |
| Minister of Mines and Geology of Sikkim | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
11 June 2024 | |
| Governor | Lakshman Acharya |
| Chief Minister | Prem Singh Tamang |
| Preceded by | Karma Loday Bhutia |
| Minister of Science and Technology of Sikkim | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
11 June 2024 | |
| Governor | Lakshman Acharya |
| Chief Minister | Prem Singh Tamang |
| Preceded by | Karma Loday Bhutia |
| Member of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
3 June 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Sonam Gyatso Lepcha |
| Constituency | Djongu |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Pintso Namgyal Lepcha
(1974-12-03) 3 December 1974
Sikkim, India |
| Political party | Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |
| Other political
affiliations | Sikkim Democratic Front, Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Spouse | Lhakmit Lepcha |
|  | |


title: Frumușica, Botoșani

abstract: Frumușica is a commune in Botoșani County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Boscoteni, Frumușica, Rădeni, Storești, Șendreni and Vlădeni-Deal. On July 5, 2010, the Danube in Galați recorded a flow rate of 676 cm and a flow of 16,055 m/s. At Șendreni, the Siret had a rate of 728 cm. The local emergency services reinforced the dykes in the afternoon and narrowly averted any additional flooding. It was flooded during the July 2010 flood as was its namesake in Galați County.

text:
# Frumușica, Botoșani

**Frumușica** is a commune in Botoșani County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of six villages: Boscoteni, Frumușica, Rădeni, Storești, Șendreni and Vlădeni-Deal.

On July 5, 2010, the Danube in Galați recorded a flow rate of 676 cm (76 cm above the rate of flooding) and a flow of 16,055 m/s. At Șendreni, the Siret had a rate of 728 cm (78 cm over the danger level). The local emergency services reinforced the dykes in the afternoon and narrowly averted any additional flooding. It was flooded during the July 2010 flood as was its namesake in Galați County.

## Natives

## InfoBox

| Frumușica | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location in Botoșani County | |
| FrumușicaLocation in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 47°32′N 26°54′E / 47.533°N 26.900°E / 47.533; 26.900 | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Botoșani |
| Area | 84.93 km2 (32.79 sq mi) |
| Population (2021-12-01) | 5,098 |
| Density | 60/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Vehicle reg. | BT |


title: Mardi Gras (disambiguation)

abstract: Mardi Gras refers to events of the Carnival celebrations, beginning on or after Epiphany, and culminating on the day before Ash Wednesday. Mardi Gras may also refer to:

text:
# Mardi Gras (disambiguation)

**Mardi Gras** refers to events of the Carnival celebrations, beginning on or after Epiphany, and culminating on the day before Ash Wednesday.

**Mardi Gras** may also refer to:

## Festivals

## Business and transportation

## Arts, entertainment, and media

### Film

### Music

## People

* Mardi Gras Indians, African-American Carnival revelers in New Orleans, Louisiana, who dress up as Native Americans
* Edgar Pearce, (born 1937/38), the "Mardi Gra bomber", responsible for a terror campaign in London during the mid-1990s


title: Vitry-en-Charollais

abstract: Vitry-en-Charollais is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Vitry-en-Charollais

**Vitry-en-Charollais** (French pronunciation: \[vitʁi ɑ̃ ʃaʁɔlɛ\]) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## Geography

The Bourbince forms the commune's northeastern and northern borders.

## InfoBox

| Vitry-en-Charollais | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Vitry-en-Charollais | |
| Location of Vitry-en-Charollais | |
| Vitry-en-CharollaisVitry-en-Charollais | |
| Coordinates: 46°27′19″N 4°03′32″E / 46.4553°N 4.0589°E / 46.4553; 4.0589 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Saône-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Charolles |
| Canton | Paray-le-Monial |
| Intercommunality | Le Grand Charolais |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Daniel Therville |
| Area**1** | 21.24 km2 (8.20 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,084 |
| Density | 51/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 71588 /71600 |
| Elevation | 229–277 m (751–909 ft)
(avg. 260 m or 850 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Pellin–Broca prism

abstract: A Pellin–Broca prism is a type of constant-deviation dispersive prism similar to an Abbe prism. The prism is named for its inventors, the French instrument maker Ph. Pellin and professor of physiological optics André Broca. The prism consists of a four-sided block of glass shaped as a right prism with 90°, 75°, 135°, and 60° angles on the end faces. Light enters the prism through face AB, undergoes total internal reflection from face BC, and exits through face AD. The refraction of the light as it enters and exits the prism is such that one particular wavelength of the light is deviated by exactly 90°. As the prism is rotated around an axis O, the line of intersection of bisector of ∠BAD and the reflecting face BC, the selected wavelength which is deviated by 90° is changed without changing the geometry or relative positions of the input and output beams. The prism is commonly used to separate a single required wavelength from a light beam containing multiple wavelengths, such as a particular output line from a multi-line laser due to its ability to separate beams even after they have undergone a non-linear frequency conversion. For this reason, they are also commonly used in optical atomic spectroscopy.

text:
# Pellin–Broca prism

A **Pellin–Broca prism** is a type of constant-deviation dispersive prism similar to an Abbe prism.

The prism is named for its inventors, the French instrument maker Ph. Pellin and professor of physiological optics André Broca.

The prism consists of a four-sided block of glass shaped as a right prism with 90°, 75°, 135°, and 60° angles on the end faces. Light enters the prism through face **AB**, undergoes total internal reflection from face **BC**, and exits through face **AD**. The refraction of the light as it enters and exits the prism is such that one particular wavelength of the light is deviated by exactly 90°. As the prism is rotated around an axis **O**, the line of intersection of bisector of **∠BAD** and the reflecting face **BC**, the selected wavelength which is deviated by 90° is changed without changing the geometry or relative positions of the input and output beams.

The prism is commonly used to separate a single required wavelength from a light beam containing multiple wavelengths, such as a particular output line from a multi-line laser due to its ability to separate beams even after they have undergone a non-linear frequency conversion. For this reason, they are also commonly used in optical atomic spectroscopy.


title: Sarcophaga gnu

abstract: Sarcophaga gnu is a species of fly in the family Sarcophagidae. It is found in Zaire in the Afrotropical region.

text:
# Sarcophaga gnu

***Sarcophaga gnu*** is a species of fly in the family Sarcophagidae. It is found in Zaire in the Afrotropical region.

## InfoBox

| *Sarcophaga gnu* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Sarcophagidae |
| Genus: | *Sarcophaga* |
| Subgenus: | *Afrothyrsocnema* |
| Species: | ***S. gnu*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sarcophaga gnu***<br>Curran, 1934 | |
|


title: Pennsylvania Railroad 460

abstract: PRR 460, nicknamed the "Lindbergh Engine", is a Pennsylvania Railroad E6s steam locomotive now located in the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania, outside of Strasburg, Pennsylvania in the United States. It was built in 1914 and became famous after racing an aircraft to New York City carrying newsreels of Charles Lindbergh's return to the United States after his transatlantic flight in 1927. In the late 1930s, No. 460 was operated by the Long Island Rail Road, and by the Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines in the early 1950s, before being retired in 1953. No. 460 is the only surviving locomotive of its class and was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1979. From 2010 to 2016, No. 460 underwent cosmetic restoration at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania.

text:
# Pennsylvania Railroad 460

39°58′56″N 76°9′40″W / 39.98222°N 76.16111°W / 39.98222; -76.16111

**PRR 460**, nicknamed the "**Lindbergh Engine**", is a Pennsylvania Railroad E6s steam locomotive now located in the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania, outside of Strasburg, Pennsylvania in the United States. It was built in 1914 and became famous after racing an aircraft to New York City carrying newsreels of Charles Lindbergh's return to the United States after his transatlantic flight in 1927. In the late 1930s, No. 460 was operated by the Long Island Rail Road, and by the Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines in the early 1950s, before being retired in 1953. No. 460 is the only surviving locomotive of its class and was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1979. From 2010 to 2016, No. 460 underwent cosmetic restoration at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania.

## Background

An experimental Model E6 was developed in 1910 and, after two other "sample" locomotives and four years of tests, it was found that the 4-4-2 Atlantic's speed equaled that of the larger 4-6-2 Pacific's. An additional 80 E6 locomotives were ordered with superheaters and classified as the E6s.

## History

No. 460 was the last of the E6s model to be built, out of a total of 80 locomotives. From their construction in 1914 until 1920, the E6s ran mostly on the corridor between New York City and Washington, D.C. After being replaced by the K4s model, the E6s locomotives were relegated to charter services because of their high speed.

After returning from Europe and his transatlantic flight on June 11, 1927, Charles Lindbergh was promoted to Colonel and awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross by President Calvin Coolidge. Two rival newsreel companies, who were each vying to be the first to have their films of the ceremony shown in New York theaters, chartered a train and an aircraft, respectively, from Washington to New York City. No. 460 headed up the charter train, pulling only its tender, a baggage car and a passenger car. The train departed Washington at 1:14 PM and arrived at the Manhattan Transfer, outside of New York City, 2 hours and 56 minutes later. The final leg, through the tunnels underneath the Hudson River, was completed by an electric DD1. No. 460 averaged 82.7 miles per hour (133.1 km/h) and is believed to had attained a maximum speed of 115 miles per hour (185 km/h), but there is no evidence to support the claim by the engineers. Even though the aircraft arrived in New York first, the film brought by No. 460 was in theaters hours before the other, thanks to a film processing lab on board the train's baggage car.

After the race, No. 460 went back to its normal duties until March 1937, when it was loaned to the Long Island Rail Road. In January 1939, No. 460 was returned to the PRR, but was still occasionally used on the Long Island as a "short term 'loaner'". Starting in 1942, it hauled trains between Camden and Bay Head, New Jersey. In 1951, parts for it were taken off other E6s locomotives that were going to be scrapped: the drivers on the engineer's (right) side are from PRR 1565, the air reservoir on the fireman's (left) side was from PRR 690 and the reservoir on the engineer's side was from PRR 782. 460's tender was replaced in 1952 with one from 1565; the original tender had been transferred to maintenance-of-way service. 460 was leased to the PennsylvaniaReading Seashore Lines in 1953 before being retired in 1955 and added to the Pennsylvania's collection of historic locomotives in Northumberland, Pennsylvania.

### Preservation

No. 460 was moved from Northumberland in October, 1969 to the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania in Strasburg. Although a part of the museum, it was not owned by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission until it was officially donated to the museum in December, 1979, by the Penn Central Transportation Company, which received ownership when the Pennsylvania was merged with the New York Central Railroad. No. 460 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 17, 1979. From 1982 to 1984, volunteers at the museum cleaned the locomotive, replaced wooden window frames and doors, applied rust inhibitor primer and repainted the metal. The locomotive's boiler cladding was removed in 2008. 460 was moved into the museum restoration shops on March 17, 2010, after raising $50,000 and receiving an additional $50,000 donation. From July to August 2010, 460 was "blasted" to remove the several layers of lead paint from the locomotive. The blasting uncovered original timing marks and stamped numbers showing that the origins of some of the parts on 460 were cannibalized from other E6s locomotives. The cosmetic restoration of the 460 was completed in October 2016.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Railroad 460 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Builder Altoona Works  Serial number 2860  Build date August 1914 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 4-4-2  Gauge 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm)  Driver dia. 80 in (2,032 mm)  Length 71 ft 11 in (22 m)  Axle load 68,000 lb (31,000 kilograms; 31 metric tons)  Adhesive weight 136,000 lb (62,000 kg)  Loco weight 243,600 lb (110,500 kg)  Tender weight 167,650 lb (76,000 kg)  Total weight 411,250 lb (187,000 kg)  Tender type 70P66  Tender cap. 7,000 US gal (26,000 L)  Boiler pressure 205 psi (1,413 kPa)  Heating surface:   Firebox 218 sq ft (20 m2)  Superheater:
   Heating area 613 sq ft (57 m2)  Cylinders Two  Cylinder size 23.5 in × 26 in (597 mm × 660 mm)  Valve gear Walschaerts | |
| Performance figures  Maximum speed 115 mph (185 km/h)  Tractive effort 31,275 lbf (139 kN)  Factor of adh. 4.35 | |
| Career  Operators Pennsylvania Railroad  Class E6s  Nicknames "Lindbergh Engine"  Retired January 11, 1956  Restored 19821984, 20102016 (cosmetically)  Current owner Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission  Disposition On static display   U.S. National Register of Historic Places  Official name Passenger Locomotive No. 460  Designated December 17, 1979  Part of Pennsylvania Railroad Rolling Stock Thematic Resource  Reference no. 79002274 | |