title: Richard Crocker

abstract: Richard Crocker of Devon, England, was a Member of Parliament for Tavistock in Devon in 1335. His descendants were the prominent Crocker family of Crocker's Hele in the parish of Meeth, Devon, later seated at Lyneham in the parish of Yealmpton, Devon until 1740. The earliest known Devonshire seat of the Crocker family was Crocker's Hele, in the parish of Meeth. Richard's descendant William Crocker, living during the reign of King Edward III (1327-1377), of Crocker's Hele was a Member of Parliament and is the earliest member of the family recorded in the Heraldic Visitations of Devon. William's descendants were the prominent Crocker family seated at Lyneham in the parish of Yealmpton, Devon until 1740. Crocker's Hele was abandoned in the 14th century by John II Crocker in favour of Lyneham in the parish of Yealmpton, Devon, which he had inherited from his wife Alice Gambon, daughter and heiress of John Gambon of Lyneham. The Crocker family is believed to be one of the most ancient in Devon, reputedly of Anglo-Saxon origin, very rare for English gentry who mostly descend from Norman invaders who took part in the Norman Conquest of 1066. According to "that old saw often used among us in discourse", the traditional rhyme related by Prince: "Crocker, Cruwys, and Coplestone, When the Conqueror came were at home" The last male of the Crocker family of Lyneham was Courtenay Crocker (d.1740), several times MP for Plympton. The Cruwys family in 2014 still resides in its ancient manor house at Cruwys Morchard where, despite the traditional rhyme which seeks to give it Anglo-Saxon origins, it is first recorded in the reign of King John (1199-1216), or possibly a little earlier. The senior branch of the Copleston family died out in the male line in 1632, but the Coplestons of Bowden in the parish of Ashprington survived a further century until the death without progeny of Thomas Copleston (1688-1748), MP, whose heirs in 1753 sold Bowden to William Pollexfen Bastard of Kitley.

text:
# Richard Crocker

**Richard Crocker** (fl. 1335) of Devon, England, was a Member of Parliament for Tavistock in Devon in 1335. His descendants were the prominent Crocker family of *Crocker's Hele* in the parish of Meeth, Devon, later seated at Lyneham in the parish of Yealmpton, Devon until 1740.

The earliest known Devonshire seat of the Crocker family was *Crocker's Hele*, in the parish of Meeth. Richard's descendant William Crocker (fl. 14th c.), living during the reign of King Edward III (1327-1377), of *Crocker's Hele* was a Member of Parliament and is the earliest member of the family recorded in the Heraldic Visitations of Devon. William's descendants were the prominent Crocker family seated at Lyneham in the parish of Yealmpton, Devon until 1740. *Crocker's Hele* was abandoned in the 14th century by John II Crocker in favour of Lyneham in the parish of Yealmpton, Devon, which he had inherited from his wife Alice Gambon, daughter and heiress of John Gambon of Lyneham.

The Crocker family is believed to be one of the most ancient in Devon, reputedly of Anglo-Saxon origin, very rare for English gentry who mostly descend from Norman invaders who took part in the Norman Conquest of 1066. According to *"that old saw often used among us in discourse"*, the traditional rhyme related by Prince (d. 1723):

> *"Crocker, Cruwys, and Coplestone*,
> *When the Conqueror came were at home"*

The last male of the Crocker family of Lyneham was Courtenay Crocker (d.1740), several times MP for Plympton. The Cruwys family in 2014 still resides in its ancient manor house at Cruwys Morchard where, despite the traditional rhyme which seeks to give it Anglo-Saxon origins, it is first recorded in the reign of King John (1199-1216), or possibly a little earlier. The senior branch of the Copleston family died out in the male line in 1632, but the Coplestons of Bowden in the parish of Ashprington survived a further century until the death without progeny of Thomas Copleston (1688-1748), MP, whose heirs in 1753 sold Bowden to William Pollexfen Bastard of Kitley.


title: Richard Foronjy

abstract: Richard Edward Foronjy was an American film and television actor.

text:
# Richard Foronjy

**Richard Edward Foronjy** (August 3, 1937 – May 19, 2024) was an American film and television actor.

## Early life

Foronjy was born in Brooklyn, New York, on August 3, 1937. Prior to becoming an actor, Foronjy had an extensive criminal record, including armed robbery. He also worked as a butcher.

## Career

Foronjy saw his first small role as Corsaro in *Serpico*.

Foronjy was perhaps best known for playing the mobster Tony Darvo in the 1988 film *Midnight Run* and the mobster Peter Amadesso in the 1993 film *Carlito's Way*. He also played one of the key parts, Detective Joe Marinaro, in Sidney Lumet's *Prince of the City*.

In *Repo Man*, starring Harry Dean Stanton, Foronjy played Arnold Plettschner, the rent-a-cop who memorably said, "You’re fuckin’ right I’m Plettschner! Arnold Plettschner! Three times decorated in two world wars! I was killing people while you were still swimming around in your father’s balls! You little scumbag! I worked five years in a slaughterhouse, and ten years as a prison guard in Attica!"

Foronjy wrote and published a memoir called *From the Mob to the Movies* on October 8, 2020. In retirement, he lived in the Hudson Valley of New York.

## Death

Foronjy died on May 19, 2024, at the age of 86.

## Partial filmography

## InfoBox

| Richard Foronjy | |
| --- | --- |
| Publicity photo of Richard Foronjy | |
| Born | (1937-08-03)August 3, 1937<br>Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Died | May 19, 2024(2024-05-19) (aged 86) |
| Occupation(s) | Film and television actor |
| Years active | 1973–2003 |


title: Richard Lumley, 13th Earl of Scarbrough

abstract: Richard Osbert Lumley, 13th Earl of Scarbrough, known as Viscount Lumley until 2004, is a British peer and landowner.

text:
# Richard Lumley, 13th Earl of Scarbrough

**Richard Osbert Lumley, 13th Earl of Scarbrough** DL (born 18 May 1973), known as **Viscount Lumley** until 2004, is a British peer and landowner.

## Biography

The elder son of Richard Lumley, 12th Earl of Scarbrough, and his wife Lady Elizabeth, Lumley was educated at Eton College and was a Page of Honour to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother from 1 March 1989 to 1 January 1991. He succeeded his father in 2004. In 2007, he married Henrietta Elfrida Helen Boyson. Scarbrough was appointed a Deputy Lord Lieutenant of South Yorkshire on 11 April 2011.

He lives at Sandbeck Park, near Maltby, South Yorkshire, and takes an active part in local charities, including serving as Patron of the Sheffield Royal Society for the Blind. The Sandbeck Park estate was reported in 2007 to cover about 5,000 acres. The house is near Maltby Colliery, a large deep coal mine which closed in 2013.

Scarbrough also owns the former family seat of Lumley Castle, which is now a hotel and restaurant. In 2013, it had 73 bedrooms.

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Earl of ScarbroughDL | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1973-05-18) 18 May 1973 |
| Spouse | Henrietta Boyson (m. 2007) |
| Father | Richard Lumley |


title: Richard Briffault

abstract: Richard Briffault is an American legal scholar. He is the Joseph P. Chamberlain Professor of Legislation at Columbia Law School. From 2014 to 2020, he served as Chairman of the New York City Conflicts of Interest Board. His specialties are constitutional law, government regulation, and election law.

text:
# Richard Briffault

**Richard Briffault** is an American legal scholar. He is the Joseph P. Chamberlain Professor of Legislation at Columbia Law School. From 2014 to 2020, he served as Chairman of the New York City Conflicts of Interest Board. His specialties are constitutional law, government regulation, and election law.

## Biography

Briffault earned a bachelor's degree from Columbia University in 1974. During his undergraduate studies, Briffault served as Managing Editor of the *Columbia Daily Spectator* in 1973. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1977.

Briffault subsequently clerked for Judge Shirley Hufstedler of the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, worked for New York Governor Hugh Carey as assistant counsel, and worked for the law firm Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison as an associate. Briffault began teaching at Columbia Law School in 1983, and was later named the Joseph P. Chamberlain Professor of Legislation. His specialties are constitutional law, government regulation, and election law.

He has been the reporter for the American Law Institute's Principles of Government Ethics project, and, was named to Governor Andrew M. Cuomo’s Commission to Investigate Public Corruption, the Moreland Commission, which probes systemic public corruption and the appearance of such corruption in state government, political campaigns, and elections.

From 2014 to 2020, he served as Chairman of the New York City Conflicts of Interest Board. The Board is an enforcement agency that governs the ethical conduct of public employees. Mayor Bill de Blasio nominated Briffault for the post, and Briffault said: “I have spent my entire career working for a more ethical and honest government." He said in 2022: “The essence of \[the Board\] is making sure that public servants are serving the public and not serving their own interests or serving the interests of people associated with them. appearances also matter, in terms of public confidence in the integrity of their officials.”

## Personal life and family

He married Canadian economist Sherry Glied in 1993. Glied currently serves as the Dean of New York University's Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service.

## InfoBox

| Richard Briffault | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Columbia University (BA)
Harvard University (JD) |
| Known for | Chairman of the New York City Conflicts of Interest Board (2014-20) |
| Spouse | Sherry Glied  (m. 1993) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | constitutional law
government regulation
election law |
| Institutions | Columbia Law School |
|  | |


title: Richard Briggs Farm

abstract: The Richard Briggs Farm is a historic farm at 830 South Road in East Greenwich, Rhode Island. The 72-acre (29 ha) farm, established in 1704 by Richard Briggs on land given to him by his father, who had acquired it in the 1670s. The farm is one of the oldest in the town, and is one of its few remaining farms that is still largely intact. Construction of the core of the main house, a 2+1⁄2-story timber-frame structure with a large central chimney, was traditionally ascribed to Briggs, but architectural evidence suggests it was built c. 1735–55, probably by Briggs' son John after his father's death. This structure has had two major additions, an ell to the west built c. 1820–50, and a northern ell built in the 1930s and further extended in following decades. The property includes a barn which may be contemporaneous to the original house. The farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

text:
# Richard Briggs Farm

The **Richard Briggs Farm** is a historic farm at 830 South Road in East Greenwich, Rhode Island. The 72-acre (29 ha) farm, established in 1704 by Richard Briggs on land given to him by his father, who had acquired it in the 1670s. The farm is one of the oldest in the town, and is one of its few remaining farms that is still largely intact. Construction of the core of the main house, a 2+12-story timber-frame structure with a large central chimney, was traditionally ascribed to Briggs, but architectural evidence suggests it was built c. 1735–55, probably by Briggs' son John after his father's death. This structure has had two major additions, an ell to the west built c. 1820–50, and a northern ell built in the 1930s and further extended in following decades. The property includes a barn which may be contemporaneous to the original house.

The farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Richard Briggs Farm | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | East Greenwich, Rhode Island |
| Coordinates | 41°36′25″N 71°30′38″W / 41.60694°N 71.51056°W / 41.60694; -71.51056 |
| Area | 72 acres (29 ha) |
| Built | 1735 |
| Architectural style | Colonial |
| NRHP reference No. | 03000517 |
| Added to NRHP | June 6, 2003 |


title: HMS Kingsmill (K484)

abstract: HMS Kingsmill (K484) was a British Captain-class frigate of the Royal Navy in commission during World War II. Originally constructed as the United States Navy Evarts-class destroyer escort DE-280, she served in the Royal Navy from 1943 to 1945 and then in the U.S. Navy as USS Kingsmill (DE-280) from August to October 1945.

text:
# HMS Kingsmill (K484)

**HMS *Kingsmill* (K484)** was a British Captain-class frigate of the Royal Navy in commission during World War II. Originally constructed as the United States Navy *Evarts*-class destroyer escort **DE-280**, she served in the Royal Navy from 1943 to 1945 and then in the U.S. Navy as **USS *Kingsmill* (DE-280)** from August to October 1945.

## Construction and transfer

The ship was ordered on 25 January 1942 as the U.S. Navy destroyer escort DE-280. She was laid down by the Boston Navy Yard in Boston, Massachusetts, on 9 July 1943 and launched on 13 August 1943. The United States transferred her to the United Kingdom under Lend-Lease on 29 October 1943.

## Service history

### Royal Navy, 1943-1945

The ship was commissioned into service in the Royal Navy as HMS *Kingsmill* (K484) on 29 October 1943 simultaneously with her transfer. She served on patrol and escort duty in the English Channel during World War II. In addition, she supported the invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944 and took part in Operation Infatuate, the British and Canadian invasion of Walcheren Island in the Netherlands, in November 1944.

The Royal Navy returned *Kingsmill* to the U.S. Navy on 22 August 1945 at Harwich, England.

### U.S. Navy, 1945

The ship was commissioned into the U.S. Navy as USS *Kingsmill* (DE-280) at Harwich on 22 August 1945 simultaneously with her return. She departed Harwich on 26 August 1945 and steamed to the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she arrived on 8 September 1945. She remained there until she was decommissioned on 26 October 1945.

## Disposal

The U.S. Navy struck *Kingsmill* from its Naval Vessel Register on 16 November 1945. She was sold on 17 February 1947 for scrapping.

## Citations

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | unnamed (DE-280) |
| Ordered | 25 January 1942 |
| Builder | Boston Navy Yard, Boston, Massachusetts |
| Laid down | 9 July 1943 |
| Launched | 13 August 1943 |
| Completed | 6 November 1943 |
| Fate | Transferred to United Kingdom 29 October 1943 |
| Acquired | Returned by United Kingdom 22 August 1945 |
| Name | USS *Kingsmill* (DE-280) |
| Namesake | British name retained |
| Commissioned | 22 August 1945 |
| Decommissioned | 26 October 1945 |
| Stricken | 16 November 1945 |
| Fate | Sold 17 February 1947 for scrapping |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | HMS *Kingsmill* (K484) |
| Namesake | Admiral Sir Robert Kingsmill, 1st Baronet (1730-1805), British naval officer who was commanding officer of HMS *Vigilant* at the Battle of Ushant in 1778 |
| Acquired | 29 October 1943 |
| Commissioned | 29 October 1943 |
| Decommissioned | 1945 |
| Fate | Returned to United States 22 August 1945 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 1,140 long tons (1,158 t) |
| Length | 289.5 ft (88.2 m) |
| Beam | 35 ft (11 m) |
| Draught | 9 ft (2.7 m) |
| Propulsion | * Four General Motors 278A 16-cylinder engines * GE 7,040 bhp (5,250 kW) generators (4,800 kW) * GE electric motors for 6,000 shp (4,500 kW) * Two shafts |
| Speed | 20 knots (37 km/h) |
| Range | 5,000 nautical miles (9,260 km) at 15 knots (28 km/h) |
| Complement | 156 |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems |  |
| Armament |  |
| Notes | Pennant number K484 |


title: Haemodorum spicatum

abstract: Haemodorum spicatum is a plant in the Haemodoraceae family native to south Western Australia.

text:
# Haemodorum spicatum

***Haemodorum spicatum*** is a plant in the Haemodoraceae family native to south Western Australia.

## Description

The leaves are terete or elliptical and 12–59 cm long and 1–5 mm wide. There are no bristles or hairs on the leaf margin, nor on the surface of the leaf, which is smooth. The flower scape is smooth and 65–77.5 cm long. The inflorescence is subtended by a bract 25–45 mm long, and has several flowers on stems 2-2.5 mm long. The flowers are 11–14 mm long with a smooth, radially symmetrical perianth which is uniformly coloured, yellow, red or reddish-brown to purple, black, brown or yellowish brown, with three clear inner and three outer tepals. There are three stamens on a single level. The filaments are 1-1.2 mm long with anthers 2-2.7 mm long, and not having an appendage. The style is 10–12 mm long. It flowers in October, November, December or January.

## InfoBox

| *Haemodorum spicatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Iconographia generum plantarum (Endlicher) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Commelinales |
| Family: | Haemodoraceae |
| Genus: | *Haemodorum* |
| Species: | ***H. spicatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Haemodorum spicatum***<br>R.Br. | |
|
|  | |
| Occurrence data from AVH | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Haemodorum edule* Lehm. ex Endl. | |


title: Richard G. Desautels

abstract: Sergeant Richard George Desautels was a United States Army corporal who was captured on December 1, 1950, at Sonchu by communist forces and not returned by North Korea at the end of the fighting of the Korean War. More than half a century later, the People's Republic of China admitted that Sgt. Desautels died while in captivity in China, and that his remains were buried in Shenyang, China.

text:
# Richard G. Desautels

Sergeant **Richard George Desautels** was a United States Army corporal who was captured on December 1, 1950, at Sonchu by communist forces and not returned by North Korea at the end of the fighting of the Korean War. More than half a century later, the People's Republic of China admitted that Sgt. Desautels died while in captivity in China, and that his remains were buried in Shenyang, China.

## Early life

Richard Desautels was from Shoreham, Vermont. After growing up on a farm, he joined the U.S. Army at age 17. Originally stationed in Fort Lewis (near Tacoma, Washington), he was transferred to South Korea in August 1950 shortly after North Korea invaded the South.

## Army service in Korea

Desautels was assigned to A Company, 2nd Engineer Battalion, 2nd Infantry Division, when his unit was overrun by a Chinese assault near Kunu-ri, North Korea, on December 1, 1950. At the time, he had attained the rank of corporal.

He was last seen alive at Camp 5 in Pyoktong, North Korea on August 7, 1953.

## Return of war dead controversy

The Korean War Armistice Agreement was signed in 1953. One of the provisions of the agreement was for all sides to return the bodies of soldiers from the opposing side by October 30, 1954, namely to the Korean Communication Zone (KCOMZ). This exchange was carried out as Op Plan 14-54, also known as Operation Glory.

The People's Republic of China had said no Americans were moved to Chinese territory from North Korea, however, authorities from the People's Republic of China gave Pentagon officials details about Desautels in a March 2003 meeting in Beijing contradicting their prior claim. This was not released until 2008 because the information was kept confidential and was only released to the family.

There are reports that North Korea kept some American POWs after the war in retaliation for U.S. refusal to repatriate those American-held POWs who did not want to return. Gen. Mark W. Clark, former American commander of U.S. forces during the war wrote that "we had solid evidence" that hundreds of American POWs were kept after the war, possibly to gain leverage to replace the Republic of China with the People's Republic of China as the holder of the United Nations seat for China.

## Post-war POW

Communist reports are that Desautels became mentally ill and died on April 29, 1953. He was buried in Shenyang, formerly known as Mukden. That area has been cited as where prison(s) holding hundreds of American POWs were kept, possibly as a transfer point to bring them to Russia.

At least 19 reports from former POWs held with Desautels were made, stating that he was alive. Desautels spoke Chinese and had disputes with his Chinese captors. According to Chinese reports, he was buried but his body was reburied during a construction project and the location is not known.

## Promotion

During his imprisonment, Desautels was promoted to the rank of sergeant.

## Further reading

* NORTHEAST ASIA First Supplement, 1945–1966, A UPA Collection, records of the U.S. State Department in the custody of the National Archives of the United States on matters relating to the Korean War, Japan in the post–World War II period, America’s Far Eastern policy, and the economic redevelopment of the war-torn region.
* Lucier, James P., *Insight on the News*, The servicemen we left behind - diplomatic politics and US POW/MIA's in China, North Korea, Vietnam, March 30, 1998

## InfoBox

| Richard George Desautels | |
| --- | --- |
| Richard Desautels, c. 1950 | |
| Born | April 9, 1932
Shoreham, Vermont, US |
| Died | 1953 (aged 2021)
Shenyang, China |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1949–1952 |
| Rank | Sergeant |
| Unit | A Company, 2nd Engineer Battalion, 2nd Infantry Division |
| Battles/wars | Korean War |
| Awards | Prisoner of War Medal
Purple Heart
(partial list) |
| Other work | Died in Captivity |


abstract: Rhodesia competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. It was the first time in 32 years that the nation was represented at the Olympic Games. Fourteen athletes—Southern Rhodesians and one Northern Rhodesian, boxer Abe Bekker—competed under the name Rhodesia while representing the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953–1963).

text:
# Rhodesia and Nyasaland at the 1960 Summer Olympics

**Rhodesia** competed at the **1960 Summer Olympics** in Rome, Italy. It was the first time in 32 years that the nation was represented at the Olympic Games. Fourteen athletes—Southern Rhodesians and one Northern Rhodesian, boxer Abe Bekker—competed under the name *Rhodesia* while representing the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953–1963).

## Athletics

## Boxing

## Diving

## Sailing

## Shooting

One shooter represented Rhodesia in 1960.

Trap

## Swimming

## InfoBox

| Rhodesia at the<br>1960 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland | |
| IOC code | RHO |
| in Rome | |
| Competitors | 14 in 6 sports |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Haemulon vittatum

abstract: Haemulon vittatum, the boga, is an ocean-going species of grunt native to the western Atlantic Ocean. Bogas are also known as the snit in Jamaica, and bonnetmouth in the Bahamas. It was first described by Cuban zoologist Felipe Poey. This species used to be classified as Inermia vittata, but genetic data revealed that it belongs to the genus Haemulon.

text:
# Haemulon vittatum

***Haemulon vittatum***, the **boga**, is an ocean-going species of grunt native to the western Atlantic Ocean. Bogas are also known as the *snit* in Jamaica, and bonnetmouth in the Bahamas. It was first described by Cuban zoologist Felipe Poey. This species used to be classified as *Inermia vittata*, but genetic data revealed that it belongs to the genus *Haemulon*.

## Description

*Haemulon vittatum* is a spindle-shaped fish. It has a deeply forked caudal fin, and its two dorsal fins are close together. It is also able to protrude its mouth much further than many fishes, hence the name bonnetmouth. They usually have 14-15 spines on their dorsal fins, but only 10 soft rays. They have two spines and 9 rays on their anal fins, as well. The longest recorded Boga was 23 cm in length The boga’s life colors are generally greenish above, and blueish-white below. A greenish stripe, tinged with yellow, can be seen from the eye to the tail. Three similar stripes are on the back. The snout and dorsal fins are both yellowish or pale yellow, while the caudal fin is dusky violet. The pectoral fins are both rosy, and the anal and ventral fins are both white.

## Distribution and habitat

*Haemulon vittatum* is only known from the western Atlantic Ocean from Florida and the Bahamas south to northern South America, including the Antilles and the Caribbean.

Occurring in open water, Bogas are sometimes found near coasts or over reefs they can mainly be found off of oceanic islands, where they feed on zooplankton and smaller fishes. Bogas are occasionally sold fresh, and used as baitfish; they are known to be preyed upon by the red hind (*Epinephelus guttatus*), a member of the grouper family.

## Systematics

*Haemolon vittatum* was first formally described as *Inermia vittata* in 1860 by the Cuban zoologist Felipe Poey (1799-1891) with the type locality given as Havana. The specific name *vittatum* means "banded", banded, this is assmed to refer to the wide greenish stripe running from the eye to the base of caudal fin and the 3-4 brownish stripes above it.

## InfoBox

| *Haemulon vittatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A shoal of boga off the coast of Cuba. | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Haemulidae |
| Genus: | *Haemulon* |
| Species: | ***H. vittatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Haemulon vittatum***
(Poey, 1860) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Inermia vittata* Poey, 1860 * *Haemulon vittata* (Poey, 1860) | |


title: Richard P. Fortune

abstract: Captain Richard Percival Fortune RNVR was the founder of the Scouting movement in Ireland. Fortune hosted the first Boy Scout patrol meeting at his home at 3 Dame Street, Dublin in 1908. One of four children born to boarding house keeper Elizabeth Fortune, his time as a mariner ensured early Scouting activities afloat. His troop quickly took to water activities, and it appears his troop evolved into the 1st Port of Dublin Sea Scout Group as part of the Port of Dublin Sea Scout Association. The 1st Port group received training from the Coastguard at Ringsend. The London Gazette of 23 March 1915 shows Fortune was granted a temporary service commission as a Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve on 16 March 1915. He was subsequently promoted to Lieutenant in March 1916 while in command of ML580, the highest numbered of the World War I motor launches, a 37 tonne vessel with a crew of 8. During World War I, he served as part of the Royal Navy Motor Boat Reserve, aboard HMS Thalia, a Juno-class wooden screw corvette used as a base ship from 1915 and in command of various motor launches in the period directly after the war. Fortune's Royal Naval Volunteer service card shows he was demobilised from 31 December 1919, having been earlier had orders cancelled and leave granted to sit for examination as a merchant Master. His service record notes Fortune as "Scout Master, in charge of Sea Scouts of Spec. Serv Squad." His son was Captain Desmond Fortune, the founder of the Irish Institute of Master Mariners, in whose name the annual senior seamanship competition for Scouting Ireland is awarded.

text:
# Richard P. Fortune

Captain **Richard Percival Fortune** RNVR (born 1878) was the founder of the Scouting movement in Ireland. Fortune hosted the first Boy Scout patrol meeting at his home at 3 Dame Street, Dublin in 1908. One of four children born to boarding house keeper Elizabeth Fortune, his time as a mariner ensured early Scouting activities afloat.

His troop quickly took to water activities, and it appears his troop evolved into the 1st Port of Dublin Sea Scout Group as part of the Port of Dublin Sea Scout Association. The 1st Port group received training from the Coastguard at Ringsend.

The London Gazette of 23 March 1915 shows Fortune was granted a temporary service commission as a Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve on 16 March 1915. He was subsequently promoted to Lieutenant in March 1916 while in command of ML580, the highest numbered of the World War I motor launches, a 37 tonne vessel with a crew of 8. During World War I, he served as part of the Royal Navy Motor Boat Reserve, aboard HMS Thalia, a Juno-class wooden screw corvette used as a base ship from 1915 and in command of various motor launches in the period directly after the war. Fortune's Royal Naval Volunteer service card shows he was demobilised from 31 December 1919, having been earlier had orders cancelled and leave granted to sit for examination as a merchant Master. His service record notes Fortune as "Scout Master, in charge of Sea Scouts of Spec. Serv Squad."

His son was Captain Desmond Fortune, the founder of the Irish Institute of Master Mariners, in whose name the annual senior seamanship competition for Scouting Ireland is awarded.

## Growth of Scouting

Fortune's troop registered in 1908 as a member of the Dublin City Boy Scouts Association and in 1912 as a member of the Port of Dublin Sea Scout Association. In 1921, the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty established the Irish Free State. At this time, the name of *Irish Free State Scout Council* was adopted, as the association expanded its reach outside of the greater Dublin area, becoming a national organisation. The name of the association was changed again with the foundation of the Republic of Ireland. Taking on the title of the *Boy Scouts of Ireland*. At this time, the association also gained the recognition of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) becoming Ireland's only officially recognised Scout association.

In 1927, the Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland (CBSI) was formed under the guidance of the Catholic Church as a means of imprinting a Catholic ethos on the young men of Ireland. Originating with Fr. Ernest Farrell, a curate in Greystones, County Wicklow in 1925/1926, the association was hastened in its initiation by his brother Fr. Tom Farrell, a curate in the Pro-Cathedral.

The association continued to work through the 1950s and 60's during which it adapted to the development of Ireland as an independent republic. In 1965, the SAI formed the *Federation of Irish Scout Associations (FISA)* with the CBSI. This enabled the two associations and their members the recognition and resources of WOSM. All Scouts in Ireland were thus able to play an active role in International Scouting.

Developments following the late 60's saw the association take on the name of the Scout Association of Ireland. This was subsequently changed to Scouting Ireland (SAI) in advance of the merging of the association with the CBSI. From 1 January 2004, both the SAI and the CSI ceased operations. Scouting in Ireland from this point forward would be overseen by the unified Scouting Ireland.

## First Scout meeting in Ireland

The first recorded Scout meeting took place at Fortune's home at 3 Dame Street, Dublin on 15 February 1908 where four boys were enrolled in the Wolf Patrol of the 1st Dublin Troop. Fortune's 1st Dublin Troop would go on to become the first group to register as part of the *Port of Dublin Sea Scout Association* in 1912, becoming 1st Port of Dublin Sea Scouts (Ringsend). A plaque marks the location of the house, now demolished, on the plaza next to Dublin’s City Hall. The 2nd Dublin formed the following week at 5 Upper Camden Street.

## InfoBox

| Captain<br>Richard Percival Fortune | |
| --- | --- |
| Allegiance | Ireland |
| Service/branch | Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, Royal Navy Motor Boat Reserve |
| Years of service | 1915-1919 |
| Rank | Captain |
| Commands | ML580 |
| Other work | Founder of the Scouter movement in Ireland |


title: Richard Jebb (barrister)

abstract: Richard Jebb (1766–1834) was an Anglo-Irish judge of the nineteenth century. He was a member of a gifted family of English origin, which produced a celebrated doctor, three distinguished clerics, and a noted classical scholar.

text:
# Richard Jebb (barrister)

**Richard Jebb** (1766–1834) was an Anglo-Irish judge of the nineteenth century. He was a member of a gifted family of English origin, which produced a celebrated doctor, three distinguished clerics, and a noted classical scholar.

## Background

He was born in Drogheda, eldest son of John Jebb and his second wife Alicia Forster. His father was an alderman of Drogheda, and also had an estate at Leixlip in County Kildare; his grandfather, the elder Richard Jebb, had emigrated to Ireland from Mansfield in Nottinghamshire. Richard's great-grandfather was a prosperous brewer.

Richard's younger brother was John Jebb, Bishop of Limerick. The two brothers were very close throughout their lives, and John, who never married, lived with Richard as a young man. Their father suffered serious financial losses, but Richard at the age of twenty-one inherited a substantial fortune from his father's cousin Sir Richard Jebb, 1st Baronet, a distinguished doctor who became physician to King George III. John Jebb, the clergyman and religious reformer, was another cousin who belonged to the Irish branch of the family; he was the son of yet another John Jebb, Dean of Cashel.

## Career

Richard was educated at a local school in Drogheda, then at Trinity College Dublin, from which he graduated in 1786. He was a friend of Theobald Wolfe Tone, and contributed to Tone's epistolary novel "Belmont Castle"; but even as a young man he did not share Tone's radical political views, and became increasingly conservative as he grew older. Daniel O'Connell, a hostile witness, called him a fanatical Orangeman. He entered Lincoln's Inn and was called to the Irish Bar in 1789, becoming King's Counsel in 1806. He was a moderate opponent of the Act of Union 1800, although in his pamphlet "Arguments for and against the Act of Union", he endeavoured to be fair to both sides of the debate.

Like many former opponents of the Union, he was prepared to accept office under the new regime, although he refused to sit in the English House of Commons. He became Third Serjeant in 1816, Second Serjeant in 1818 and a justice of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland) in 1818. As a judge his most notable trial was that of John Scanlan in 1819 for the murder of his lover (possibly his wife) Ellen Scanlan, who later became celebrated as The Colleen Bawn.

He died suddenly at his home in Rostrevor, County Down in 1834, a victim of the first great cholera epidemic in nineteenth-century Europe.

## Family

Monuments to Jane Louisa and Richard Jebb in St. Peter's, Drogheda

He married in 1802 Jane Louisa Finlay, eldest daughter of John Finlay of Corkagh, MP for County Dublin and his wife Elizabeth Stear of Bedfordshire, who is said to have been a considerable heiress. Louisa was described as a woman of exceptional strength of character; she died in 1823, after a long and painful illness. They had six children, five sons and a daughter, of whom the best known is John Jebb (1805-1886), Canon of Hereford Cathedral. Their second son Robert followed his father to the Bar, had a successful career, and by his wife Emily Harriet Horsley, a descendant of Bishop Samuel Horsley, he was the father of the politician and classical scholar Richard Claverhouse Jebb and the social reformer Eglantyne Louisa Jebb.

There are memorials to Richard and Jane Louisa Jebb in St. Peter's, Drogheda.

## Character

As a judge, he has been described as firm, but also humane and impartial. Elrington Ball calls him a gifted man who, like his brother Bishop Jebb, was often underestimated by those who knew him, due to his modest and unassuming manner. Both men had a keen sense of humour, although the Bishop usually reserved his jokes for the family circle. Daniel O'Connell detested him, calling him "an Orange Order partisan and a frightful judge"; but O'Connell had little good to say of any of the Irish judges of his time.

* Ball, F. Elrington *The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921* John Murray London 1926
* Forster Charles *"The life of John Jebb"* London 1839
* Lee, Sidney, ed. (1892). "Jebb, Richard". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 29. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
* Hart, A. R. *History of the King's Serjeants at law in Ireland* Dublin Four Courts 2000
* McCabe, Desmond, Lunney, Linde "Jebb, Richard" *Cambridge Dictionary of Irish Biography*


title: Rhopalomyia pedicellata

abstract: Rhopalomyia pedicellata is a species of gall midges, insects in the family Cecidomyiidae.

text:
# Rhopalomyia pedicellata

***Rhopalomyia pedicellata*** is a species of gall midges, insects in the family Cecidomyiidae.

## Further reading

* Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (2000). *American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico*. Vol. 2nd Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0212-9.
* Gagné, R.J. (1989). *The Plant-Feeding Gall Midges of North America*. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1918-2.
* Gagné, R.J. (1994). *The Gall Midges of the Neotropical Region*. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2786-X.
* McAlpine, J.F.; Petersen, B.V.; Shewell, G.E.; Teskey, H.J.; et al. (1987). *Manual of Nearctic Diptera*. Research Branch Agriculture Canada. ISBN 978-0660121253.
* Thompson, C.F.; Evenhuis, N.L., eds. (1998). "Biosystematic Database of World Diptera". *Diptera Data Dissemination Disk*. **1**. North American Dipterists Society c/o SEL, USDA.

## InfoBox

| *Rhopalomyia pedicellata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Pupa in gall | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Cecidomyiidae |
| Genus: | *Rhopalomyia* |
| Species: | ***R. pedicellata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhopalomyia pedicellata***<br>Felt, 1908 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cecidomyia euthamiae*  Stebbins, 1910 | |


title: Rhopalomyia thompsoni

abstract: Rhopalomyia thompsoni is a species of gall midges, insects in the family Cecidomyiidae. It induces galls on the host Solidago altissima across much of North America. This species has two generations per year, both of which develop in rhizome galls. The spring generation galls are solitary or clustered, bulbous, fleshy masses with 1–8 chambers each. The second generation galls constitute brownish, globular and usually multi-chambered swellings of the rhizomes. Pupation took place in late August to early September, at which time the galls became elongate and fleshier. Shortly before adult emergence the galls became apparent above the soil surface, and adults emerged from mid to late September. Males have robust gonopods with wide gonocoxal apodeme and ventral, meso-apical projection of the gonocoxite. Females of have neckless flagellomeres and very long and slender abdominal tergite 8 with mesally arched arms.

text:
# Rhopalomyia thompsoni

***Rhopalomyia thompsoni*** is a species of gall midges, insects in the family Cecidomyiidae. It induces galls on the host *Solidago altissima* across much of North America.

This species has two generations per year, both of which develop in rhizome galls. The spring generation galls are solitary or clustered, bulbous, fleshy masses with 1–8 chambers each. The second generation galls constitute brownish, globular and usually multi-chambered swellings of the rhizomes. Pupation took place in late August to early September, at which time the galls became elongate and fleshier. Shortly before adult emergence the galls became apparent above the soil surface, and adults emerged from mid to late September. Males have robust gonopods with wide gonocoxal apodeme and ventral, meso-apical projection of the gonocoxite. Females of have neckless flagellomeres and very long and slender abdominal tergite 8 with mesally arched arms.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Rhopalomyia thompsoni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Cecidomyiidae |
| Supertribe: | Lasiopteridi |
| Tribe: | Oligotrophini |
| Genus: | *Rhopalomyia* |
| Species: | ***R. thompsoni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhopalomyia thompsoni***<br>(Felt, 1907) | |
|


title: Rhopalomyzus

abstract:
Rhopalomyzus is a genus of true bugs belonging to the family Aphididae. The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America. Species:
  - Rhopalomyzus alaica
  - Rhopalomyzus codonopsidis
  - Rhopalomyzus grabhami

text:
# Rhopalomyzus

***Rhopalomyzus*** is a genus of true bugs belonging to the family Aphididae.

The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Rhopalomyzus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Sternorrhyncha |
| Family: | Aphididae |
| Genus: | *Rhopalomyzus*<br>Mordvilko, 1921 |
|


title: Rhopalonematidae

abstract: Rhopalonematidae is a family of hydrozoans. The family comprises 15 genera and 36 species.

text:
# Rhopalonematidae

**Rhopalonematidae** is a family of hydrozoans. The family comprises 15 genera and 36 species.

## Genera

## InfoBox

| Rhopalonematidae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Crossota norvegica* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Hydrozoa |
| Order: | Trachymedusae |
| Family: | Rhopalonematidae<br>Russell, 1953 |
|
| Genera | |
| See text | |


title: Richard Riemerschmid

abstract: Richard Riemerschmid was a German architect, painter, designer and city planner from Munich. He was a major figure in Jugendstil, the German form of Art Nouveau, and a founder of architecture in the style. A founder member of both the Vereinigte Werkstätte für Kunst im Handwerk and the Deutscher Werkbund and the director of art and design institutions in Munich and Cologne, he prized craftsmanship but also pioneered machine production of artistically designed objects.

text:
# Richard Riemerschmid

**Richard Riemerschmid** (20 June 1868 – 13 April 1957) was a German architect, painter, designer and city planner from Munich. He was a major figure in *Jugendstil*, the German form of Art Nouveau, and a founder of architecture in the style. A founder member of both the *Vereinigte Werkstätte für Kunst im Handwerk* (United Workshops for Art in Handcrafts) and the Deutscher Werkbund and the director of art and design institutions in Munich and Cologne, he prized craftsmanship but also pioneered machine production of artistically designed objects.

## Life and career

Riemerschmid was born in Munich, the sixth of nine children of Eduard Riemerschmid, who headed the Munich distillery founded by his father Anton Riemerschmid, and his wife Amalie. After completing his Abitur at the Wilhelmsgymnasium in 1886 and military service in the army, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich under Gabriel Hackl and Ludwig von Löfftz from 1888 to 1890 and then worked as an independent artist and architect.

He began as an Impressionist and Symbolist painter. He produced advertising of various kinds on commission, including series of pictures for albums for the Stollwerck chocolate company of Cologne, one called "The Seasons" (*Jahreszeiten*) for Album No. 4 of 1899.

He was a co-founder of the Vereinigte Werkstätten für Kunst im Handwerk (United Workshops for Art in Handcrafts) (1897 or 1898, originally Dresdner Werkstätten für Handwerkskunst, later Deutsche Werkstätten für Handwerkskunst and now Deutsche Werkstätten Hellerau) and the Deutscher Werkbund (1907), which he headed from 1920 to 1926. From 1913 to 1924, he was director of the Munich Kunstgewerbeschule (which merged with the Academy of Fine Arts in 1946), and from 1926 to 1931 was a professor at and the director of the Kölner Werkschulen (an art and design college which was a forerunner of the Academy of Media Arts Cologne). He played an important role in the 1922 German Handcrafts Exhibition in Munich. He published books on art education.

Riemerschmid paved the way for the modern artistic handcrafts movement. Influenced by the English Arts and Crafts movement, he created furniture, carpets, fabric and wallpaper designs and glass and porcelain pieces. In all of these his guiding principles were "objective clarity and purpose, solid craftsmanship and the use of simple, inexpensive materials". He created several interior designs, including for the Munich Kammerspiele (1900/01). With Joseph Maria Olbrich and his friend and colleague Bruno Paul, he designed the 30 luxury cabins of the fast ocean liner *SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie*, launched in 1906, at the time one of the most ambitious and successful German passenger vessels, and he, Paul, and Johann Poppe, house designer for the North German Lloyd Line, were to have co-designed the interiors of the never finished SS *Columbus* of 1914. The furniture in his 1899 show interiors was praised for its style, for varying the repetitive verticals by adding a diagonal note to the framing of a glass-fronted cabinet and having chairs taper upwards from a broad base, and above all for remaining true to simplicity. He began designing furniture because he could not find what he wanted for his flat after his marriage. In 1903–04 he designed a dinner and coffee service for Meissen porcelain, part of their attempt to incorporate art nouveau designs; it was well received by the critics but did not sell well, although some were also sold through the Workshops. It has been reissued as *Blaue Rispe* (blue meadow-grass).

Riemerschmid designed the site plan, the factory and some of the housing for Hellerau (now part of Dresden), which was the first garden city of the English type to be built in Germany. As an architect, he is known particularly for his houses: his own house in Munich, the Villa Fischel in Kiel, the Fieser villa in Baden-Baden, and the Frank villa in Göttingen and country house in Witzenhausen, and for the uncompleted "Walddorfstraße" workers' housing complex in Hagen, Westphalia, although his major contribution to Jugendstil architecture was his interior for the Munich Schauspielhaus (playhouse; later the Kammerspiele).

At the United Workshops in Hellerau, Riemerschmid developed a programme of machine production of art furniture. For example, a chair in his "music room" exhibit at the German Art Exhibition in Dresden in 1899 was so popular, the Workshops immediately placed it in production, it was also being manufactured and sold by Liberty's the next year, and it was widely copied. He subsequently expanded this to the production of house kits. One such house, ordered in 1922 at an exhibition and erected in 1923 in Rodenkirchen near Cologne from 4,000 parts, mostly wood but including tiles and heating stoves, was disassembled and stored in Leverkusen in 1978. In 1984 the State of North Rhine-Westphalia declared it a landmark, and research revealed that it was the only example of the model ever built. A grandchild of the original purchaser had the pieces moved in 2004 to Simbach am Inn, Bavaria and reassembled there at considerable cost, assisted by the Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz (German Foundation for Landmark Protection).

In 1895, Riemerschmid married the actress Ida Hofmann. They had four children. In 1910, his sister Frieda became the second wife of Karl Schmidt-Hellerau, the founder of the United Workshops.

After the Nazi regime came to power in 1933, Riemerschmid was forced out of the Werkbund, and in 1943 Hitler forbade the award of the Goethe Medal for Art and Science to him as urged by Albert Speer. However, he did receive the medal on 20 July that year.

He is buried in the cemetery at Gräfelfing, which he laid out in 1913. His drawings are in the architectural museum at the Technical University Munich and his other papers in the German Art Archive of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg. The Richard-Riemerschmid-Berufskolleg, a vocational school in Cologne, is named for him in memory of his direction of the Kölner Werkschulen.

## Selected works

* 1898–1906: Personal villa in the style of an English cottage, Pasing, Munich. Later extensions: studio and connecting building. Furnishings removed in 2010.
* 1899: "Music salon" interior, shown at the German Art Exhibition in Dresden
* 1900: "The art-lover's room" interior, shown at the Paris Exposition of 1900
* 1901: Interior design of the Schauspielhaus (later the Kammerspiele) in Munich (architect: Max Littmann)
* 1902–1903: Fieser villa in Baden-Baden
* 1904: "Rector's room at the Industrial School in Nuremberg" interior, shown at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis
* 1904–05: Fischel villa in Kiel
* 1905: Rudolph villa in Dresden (destroyed)
* 1905–06: Sultan villa in Grunewald, Berlin, commissioned in 1904 by Berlin industrialist Adolf Sultan, father of pianist Grete Sultan; demolished 1965.
* 1906: Frank villa in Göttingen
* 1906: Fritz Frank country house in Witzenhausen
* 1907–10: Walddorfstraße Workers' Settlement for Hagener Textilindustrie Gebrüder Elbers AG in Hagen (only 11 houses built of the planned 87 buildings)
* 1909–10: Scholten villa in Duisburg (demolished)
* 1909–11: Manufacturing plant, Deutsche Werkstätten für Handwerkskunst, Moritzburger Weg 67, Hellerau, Dresden
* 1909–11: Hoffmann villa in Halle
* 1909–13: Wieland villa in Ulm
* 1910: "Dining room" and "lady's chamber" interiors, shown at the 1910 International Exposition in Brussels
* 1910–12: Schwalten villa at Schwaltenweiher, Ostallgäu
* 1910–12: Carl villa, for the publisher Hans Carl, Höhenbergstraße 35, Feldafing
* 1911: Naumann villa in Riesa
* 1914: Interior design and furniture for the villa in the Werkbund exhibition at Cologne
* 1922: Factory building for Anton Riemerschmid Liquors on Prater Island, Munich
* 1924: War memorial, Schloßstraße, Ismaning
* 1925: Exhibition hall at the German Transport Exhibition in Munich
* 1928: Pavilion for Hermann Reckendorf GmbH, publisher, at the "Pressa" international press exhibition in Cologne
* 1928–29: Schaffer villa in Klingenmünster
* 1929–31: Wefelscheid villa in Bendorf

## Selected publications

* *Wege und Irrwege unserer Kunsterziehung*. Berlin: Reckendorf, \[1917\]
* *Künstlerische Erziehungsfragen*. Flugschriften des Münchner Bundes. 2 vols. Munich: Müller, 1917, 1919

## Honours

* 1914: *Geheimrat*, Kingdom of Bavaria
* 1924: *Geheimer Regierungsrat*, Bavaria
* 1943: Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft
* 1951: City of Munich architecture prize
* 1952: *Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz* (Commander)
* 1952: City of Munich grand prize for art
* 1954: Honorary membership in the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
* 1955: Honorary doctorate in engineering, *Technische Hochschule Stuttgart*, now the University of Stuttgart

## Sources

* Michaela Rammert-Götz. *Richard Riemerschmid, Möbel und Innenräume von 1895–1900*. Schriften aus dem Institut für Kunstgeschichte der Universität München 22. Munich: Tuduv, 1987. ISBN 978-3-88073-253-7 (in German)
* Bernhard Graf. *Richard Riemerschmid, Bayerischer Architekt zwischen Jugendstil und Werkbund*. Documentary. Bayerischer Rundfunk 2006 (in German)
* Maria Wüllenkemper. *Richard Riemerschmid: "Nicht die Kunst schafft den Stil, das Leben schafft ihn"*. Regensburger Studien zur Kunstgeschichte 6. Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner, 2009. ISBN 978-3-7954-2095-6 (in German)
* Detlef Lorenz. *Reklamekunst um 1900. Künstlerlexikon für Sammelbilder*. Berlin: Reimer, 2000. ISBN 978-3-496-01220-7 (in German)
* Thomas Nitschke. *Die Geschichte der Gartenstadt Hellerau*. Dresden: Hellerau, 2009. ISBN 978-3-938122-17-4 (in German)
* Freyja Hartzell. *Richard Riemerschmid's Extraordinary Living Things*. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2022. ISBN 978-0-26204742-5


title: Richard Sohn

abstract: Paul Eduard Richard Sohn was a German genre painter. His younger brother, Karl Rudolf, was also a well known painter.

text:
# Richard Sohn

**Paul Eduard Richard Sohn** (11 November 1834, Düsseldorf – 9 March 1912, Düsseldorf) was a German genre painter. His younger brother, Karl Rudolf, was also a well known painter.

## Biography

He was born to the artist, Karl Ferdinand Sohn, and his wife Emilie Auguste née Von Mülmann (1805-1884); a sister of the government councillor, Otto von Mülmann. In 1851, he completed his public school education at the "Städtischen Realschule" (now the "Humboldt-Gymnasium Düsseldorf").

His first artistic studies were with his father. He then enrolled at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, where he studied with Rudolf Wiegmann, Heinrich Mücke, and Karl Josef Ignatz Mosler. After 1855, he attended the master classes taught by Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow. From 1860 to 1862, he took private lessons from Rudolf Jordan, who was married to his mother's youngest sister, Sophie.

In 1867, he made a study trip to Paris. He was also influenced by the work of his cousin, Wilhelm Sohn, although he remained generally true to the styles of the Düsseldorf school of painting. His works sold very well in the United States. Beginning in the 1870s, he also painted the occasional portrait; including one of Kaiser Wilhelm I. He was also a member of the progressive artists' group, Malkasten, and served as their librarian.

Described by his sister-in-law, Else Sohn-Rethel, as "quiet and inconspicuous", he never married and, after 1870, lived with his mother. Following her death in 1884, he moved to a modest home of his own and opened a studio nearby.

## Further reading

* Hans Paffrath (Ed.): *Lexikon der Düsseldorfer Malerschule 1819–1918.* Vol.3: *Nabert–Zwecker,* Kunstmuseum Düsseldorf and the Galerie Paffrath. Bruckmann, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-7654-3011-0, pg.299f
* Sabine Schroyen: *Quellen zur Geschichte des Künstlervereins Malkasten*. Archivhefte 24, Rheinland-Verlag, 1992, ISBN 3-7927-1293-8, pg.264
* Siegfried Weiß: "Sohn, Richard", In *Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon Online*. Berlin, New York: K. G. Saur, 2009

Media related to Richard Sohn at Wikimedia Commons


title: Hailstorm Alley

abstract: Hailstorm Alley is a colloquial term referring to an area of south and central Alberta, Canada where hail storms are frequently produced. These storms frequently produce hail that is damaging to property. This area stretches from High River in southern Alberta, northward through Calgary, through Red Deer to Lacombe and then westward to Rocky Mountain House. It is known to be one of the worst areas in the world for damaging hail produced by thunderstorms. These are regarded as loose boundaries. While this area is common for damaging hailstorms, the reality is damaging hailstorms occur over much of central and southern Alberta every summer. The City of Calgary is regarded as the hailstorm capital of Canada.

text:
# Hailstorm Alley

**Hailstorm Alley** is a colloquial term referring to an area of south and central Alberta, Canada where hail storms are frequently produced. These storms frequently produce hail that is damaging to property. This area stretches from High River in southern Alberta, northward through Calgary, through Red Deer to Lacombe and then westward to Rocky Mountain House. It is known to be one of the worst areas in the world for damaging hail produced by thunderstorms. These are regarded as loose boundaries. While this area is common for damaging hailstorms, the reality is damaging hailstorms occur over much of central and southern Alberta every summer. The City of Calgary is regarded as the hailstorm capital of Canada.

## Examples of previous storms

In 1991, the City of Calgary experienced a storm that caused $342 million in damages. At the time, it was the most damaging hail storm in Canadian history.

Then on 12 July 2010, the City of Calgary experienced a storm that produced four-centimeter wide hailstones. This storm caused $400 million in damages, beating the previous record.

In August 2014, Hailstorm Alley experienced numerous severe storms that cost $450 million in insured damages. These storms were recorded in Calgary, Airdrie, Red Deer and Rocky Mountain House.

On June 30, 2016, a damaging storm hit the central Alberta town of Ponoka, causing $50 million in damages. This storm produced large hail as well as a tornado.

In May 2017, a damaging storm hit the central Alberta city of Lacombe, causing $68 million in damages.

In July 2018, severe storms hit central Alberta, resulting in $80 million in damages.

On June 13, 2020, a severe storm hit the Cities of Calgary and Airdrie causing extensive damage and flash flooding. The damages have been calculated at around $1.5 billion making this the 4th costliest natural disaster in Canadian history.

On August 1, 2022, a destructive hail storm tore across central Alberta, including hail up to the size of softballs. People driving on Highway 2 between Innisfail and Penhold saw total destruction to their cars, with the RCMP stating that there were 70 cars on both sides of the highway with shattered windshields and windows. Hailstones over 100 mm in size were recorded, with Canada’s new largest hailstone being recorded with a width of 123 mm and a weight of 292.71 g.

On August 5, 2024 Calgary hail storm the 2nd-costliest disaster in Canadian history after $2.8 billion in damage.

## Cloud seeding and insurers

In 1996, insurance companies formed the Alberta Severe Weather Management Society and began the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. This project uses cloud seeding techniques to lessen the severity of hail storms. This society had budgeted $2.5 million in 2012 to run the suppression project, with the potential to save insurers many times this amount during one single storm by reducing claims. Cloud seeding has never been statistically proven to work.


title: Richard L. Wallace

abstract: Richard Lee Wallace is an American educator and former chancellor of the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. He is the 20th chief executive officer of the Columbia campus and sixth since the creation of the University of Missouri System. Wallace holds bachelor's and master's degrees from Northwestern University and a doctorate in economics from Vanderbilt University. In addition to holding the position of chancellor Wallace served on the board of directors for both the Big 12 Conference and the NCAA Division-I Committee on Athletic Certification. He was named Chancellor Emeritus of the University of Missouri upon his retirement

text:
# Richard L. Wallace

**Richard Lee Wallace** (born February 27, 1936) is an American educator and former chancellor of the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. He is the 20th chief executive officer of the Columbia campus and sixth since the creation of the University of Missouri System. Wallace holds bachelor's and master's degrees from Northwestern University and a doctorate in economics from Vanderbilt University. In addition to holding the position of chancellor Wallace served on the board of directors for both the Big 12 Conference and the NCAA Division-I Committee on Athletic Certification. He was named Chancellor Emeritus of the University of Missouri upon his retirement


title: Richard L. Wittenberg

abstract: Richard L. Wittenberg is an American politician. He served as a Democratic member for the 44th district of the Ohio House of Representatives.

text:
# Richard L. Wittenberg

**Richard L. Wittenberg** is an American politician. He served as a Democratic member for the 44th district of the Ohio House of Representatives.

## Life and career

Wittenberg was a school teacher.

Wittenberg served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1973 to 1974.

## InfoBox

| Richard L. Wittenberg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Ohio House of Representatives from the 44th district | |
| **In office**<br>1973–1974 | |
| Preceded by | Donald Fraser |
| Succeeded by | Irma Karmol |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Democratic |
|  | |


title: Richard L. Van Enger

abstract: Richard van Enger was an American film editor who made his debut as an assistant on Gone with the Wind in 1939. Up until his retirement in 1976, he worked on a myriad of projects - mainly B movies - before moving to television in the 1950s where he worked on such shows as Bonanza, The High Chaparral and Alias Smith and Jones. He received an Academy Award nomination for his work on the John Wayne flagwaver Sands of Iwo Jima in 1949.

text:
# Richard L. Van Enger

**Richard van Enger** (June 20, 1914 – March 20, 1984) was an American film editor who made his debut as an assistant on *Gone with the Wind* in 1939. Up until his retirement in 1976, he worked on a myriad of projects - mainly B movies - before moving to television in the 1950s where he worked on such shows as *Bonanza*, *The High Chaparral* and *Alias Smith and Jones*. He received an Academy Award nomination for his work on the John Wayne flagwaver *Sands of Iwo Jima* in 1949.

## Selected filmography

## InfoBox

| Richard L. Van Enger | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation | film editor |


title: Richard Blackstock

abstract: Richard Blackstock was an English cricketer active in first-class cricket, making four appearances in the 1850s and 1860s. Born at Oxton, Birkenhead, Cheshire, Blackstock was a right-handed batsman who played as a wicket-keeper.

text:
# Richard Blackstock

**Richard Blackstock** (13 July 1838 – 3 February 1893) was an English cricketer active in first-class cricket, making four appearances in the 1850s and 1860s. Born at Oxton, Birkenhead, Cheshire, Blackstock was a right-handed batsman who played as a wicket-keeper.

## Career

A club cricketer for Birkenhead Park Cricket Club, keeping wicket for the club when William Lockhart was unavailable. Blackstock made his first-class debut in 1858 at The Oval when he played for the Gentlemen of the North against the Gentlemen of the South. His next appearance in first-class cricket came five years later in 1863, when he played two matches for the North in the North v South fixture. Two years later he made a single first-class appearance for Lancashire in its inaugural first-class match against Middlesex, with Blackstock opening the batting and therefore having the distinction of being the first Lancashire batsman to face a delivery in first-class cricket. Across his four first-class appearances, Blackstock scored a total of 154 runs at an average of 22.00, with a high score of 47.

Outside of cricket he was a builders merchant. He died at Oxton on 3 February 1893.

## Notes and references

1. This was Lancashire County Cricket Club's first appearance in first-class cricket. However, prior to its formation in 1864, Lancashire county cricket teams had represented the county in first-class matches.

## InfoBox

Richard Blackstock
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Richard Blackstock |
| Born | 13 July 1838
Oxton, Birkenhead, Cheshire, England |
| Died | 3 July 1893(1893-07-03) (aged 54)
Oxton, Cheshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Unknown |
| Role | Wicket-keeper |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1865 | Lancashire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 4  Runs scored 154  Batting average 22.00  100s/50s –/–  Top score 47  Balls bowled 36  Wickets 1  Bowling average 11.00  5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling 1/11  Catches/stumpings 3/1 | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 9 November 2013 | |


title: Richard and William King

abstract: Richard and William King Ltd was an English merchant company founded by the brothers William and Richard King in Bristol. Both brothers had previously been partners with their father, Thomas King. The initial partnership bought a 158-ton sailing ship named John Cabot to trade but it was later abandoned in Freetown after too much leakage.

text:
# Richard and William King

**Richard and William King Ltd** was an English merchant company founded by the brothers William and Richard King in Bristol. Both brothers had previously been partners with their father, Thomas King. The initial partnership bought a 158-ton sailing ship named *John Cabot* to trade but it was later abandoned in Freetown after too much leakage.

## History

In the year, c.1833, Thomas King divested from the venture and the new partnership became known as William and Richard King Ltd. Though, Thomas King had trading interests in the Americas and Europe, the two brothers concentrated largely on the West African coast. The firm gained experience in trade between Bristol and the coast of West Africa and by 1840, it had grown larger, controlling 8 vessels. In 1841 when Thomas King died, a new ship was bought and christened the African Queen, African Queen took its first voyage within a year returning with elephant tusks, palm oil and coconut in exchange for manillas. The firm initially concentrated along the coast of Côte d'Ivoire which was away from the dominating merchant firms from Liverpool that concentrated in the Niger Delta known for its rich but more expensive palm oil . But beginning in the early 1840s, the company began to move further east towards Gabon, the Bight of Biafra and Dahomey where it carved a trading post along the Cameroon River. To placate some of the African chiefs, it procured a large umbrella and a dressing case made by a silversmith and filled it with cosmetics to be used as gifts. The firm was never as substantial compared to a few other European merchants in the Cameroons and the Bight of Biafra but it had a major trading post in the Cameroon River and had a significant presence in the area. One of its representative was in Bonny when Jaja of Opobo led a faction in Bonny to form a new settlement called Opobo and in the 1880s, the firm was among a group of British firms that opposed Jaja. The firm adopted the 'coasting' system which unlike the Liverpool firms that berths at a location for months, William and King ships skims the coast of West Africa distributing 'trust', manillas or other medium of exchange in its frequent stops before turning back to collect goods after its journey through the coast. The firm was also able to diversify its risks through this practice. By the 1850s, the firm's concentration in the British palm oil market was 12%. The brothers success was also helped by their base in Bristol, they were the leading palm oil merchant in Bristol and had advantage over competitors in the regional markets at South Wales, the Midlands and Birmingham. In addition, Bristol was also a top producer of clothes, gunpowder and other articles of trade exported to West Africa. But by the 1860s, the palm oil business was becoming less lucrative, competitive oils were discovered in America and prices began to level off. The entry of shipping services through steamships also introduced a new form of competition, prior traders were both the owners of the ships and cargoes in the ships but the new steamships divided the trade along functional lines and introduced a cheaper rate that enticed small scale traders into the market.

By the 1880s, the firm was under the management of Mervyn King, son of William King and had grown to become a major British firm in the area that was able to withstand the partition of the continent and an economic depression. In 1889, their Niger Delta business was merged with other traders to form the African Association Ltd and in the 1920s, the remainder of their business was purchased by Lever Brothers.

## The brothers

In 1835, Richard King became a Councillor for Redcliffe and in 1845, he was Mayor of Bristol, his great-grandfather, John King was a previous mayor. King's chief interest was in the docks of Bristol, he led a campaign to enable the Bristol council to take over operations of the docks from the Merchant Venturers and in 1848, he became the chairman of the docks committee after the council's successful takeover. In 1851, he became a master of the Society of Merchant Venturers.


title: Rick Prol

abstract: Rick Prol is an American visual artist who came to the foray during the Neo-Expressionism, Street Art, and Graffiti art movements which first took hold in and around the East Village, Manhattan in the 1980s. The style of Prol's work can be compared to German expressionism. Art writer Anthony Haden-Guest has described Prol's works as darkly cartoony. Prol received his B.F.A. from Cooper Union in 1980. He was a friend of Jean Michel Basquiat and helped him with his artwork in the studio. Martha Schwendener, writing in the New York Times, makes light of this and Prol's artistic output in her review of the show Circa 1985 at the Hudson Valley Center for Contemporary Art stating that "Interestingly, there are no paintings by Mr. Basquiat, who died of a drug overdose in 1988, in Circa 1986 but Mr. Prol's large canvas, I Have This Cat (1985) is an apt surrogate, complete with a primitive figure set against a bleak cityscape marked with graffitilike scrawls. In 1984 Prol's work was included in the exhibition Neo-Expressionists at The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Ridgefield, Connecticut. In 2021 Prol's work was the subject of a solo show at the James Fuentes gallery. Also in 2021 Prol had a solo show in Seoul at the Leeahn gallery. In 2024 his work was included in the exhibition Urban Art Evolution at the Nassau County Museum of Art and then in the corresponding exhibition Boyz from the Museum at the Ilon Gallery in Harlem, Manhattan.

text:
# Rick Prol

**Rick Prol** (born 1958) is an American visual artist who came to the foray during the Neo-Expressionism, Street Art, and Graffiti art movements which first took hold in and around the East Village, Manhattan in the 1980s. The style of Prol's work can be compared to German expressionism. Art writer Anthony Haden-Guest has described Prol's works as darkly cartoony.

Prol received his B.F.A. from Cooper Union in 1980. He was a friend of Jean Michel Basquiat and helped him with his artwork in the studio. Martha Schwendener, writing in the New York Times, makes light of this and Prol's artistic output in her review of the show *Circa 1985* at the Hudson Valley Center for Contemporary Art stating that "Interestingly, there are no paintings by Mr. Basquiat, who died of a drug overdose in 1988, in *Circa 1986* but Mr. Prol's large canvas, *I Have This Cat* (1985) is an apt surrogate, complete with a primitive figure set against a bleak cityscape marked with graffitilike scrawls. In 1984 Prol's work was included in the exhibition *Neo-Expressionists* at The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Ridgefield, Connecticut.

In 2021 Prol's work was the subject of a solo show at the James Fuentes gallery. Also in 2021 Prol had a solo show in Seoul at the Leeahn gallery. In 2024 his work was included in the exhibition *Urban Art Evolution* at the Nassau County Museum of Art (curated by Christopher Pusey) and then in the corresponding exhibition *Boyz from the Museum* (curated by Loni Efron) at the Ilon Gallery in Harlem, Manhattan.


title: Lyonetia ledi

abstract: Lyonetia ledi is a moth in the family Lyonetiidae. It is found in most of Europe, except Great Britain, Ireland, the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and the Balkan Peninsula. The wingspan is 8–9 mm. The larvae feed on Myrica gale and Ledum palustre. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Lyonetia ledi

***Lyonetia ledi*** is a moth in the family Lyonetiidae. It is found in most of Europe, except Great Britain, Ireland, the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and the Balkan Peninsula.

The wingspan is 8–9 mm.

The larvae feed on *Myrica gale* and *Ledum palustre*. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Lyonetia ledi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lyonetiidae |
| Genus: | *Lyonetia* |
| Species: | ***L. ledi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lyonetia ledi***<br>Wocke, 1859 | |
|


title: Ontario Highway 132

abstract: King's Highway 132, commonly referred to as Highway 132, is a provincially maintained highway the Canadian province of Ontario. Its western terminus is at Highway 41 near Dacre while its eastern terminus is at Highway 60 in Renfrew. The length of Highway 132 is 30.3 km (18.8 mi), situated entirely in Renfrew County. It travels through the communities of Shamrock, Dacre and Renfrew. The highway was built in the 1850s as part of the Opeongo and Ottawa Colonization Road, providing access to Renfrew County for settlement in the Opeongo Hills. However, it did not become a provincial highway until 1956. Aside from the change in number of the highways at either end of the route, the route has remained the same since then.

text:
# Ontario Highway 132

**King's Highway 132**, commonly referred to as **Highway 132**, is a provincially maintained highway the Canadian province of Ontario. Its western terminus is at Highway 41 near Dacre while its eastern terminus is at Highway 60 in Renfrew. The length of Highway 132 is 30.3 km (18.8 mi), situated entirely in Renfrew County. It travels through the communities of Shamrock, Dacre and Renfrew.

The highway was built in the 1850s as part of the Opeongo and Ottawa Colonization Road, providing access to Renfrew County for settlement in the Opeongo Hills. However, it did not become a provincial highway until 1956. Aside from the change in number of the highways at either end of the route, the route has remained the same since then.

## Route description

Highway 132 is a short connector highway that travels between Dacre and Renfrew, connecting Highway 41 with Highway 17 via Highway 60. The majority of the route travels through the Canadian Shield, with the exception of the final few kilometres approaching Renfrew, where it descends into the Ottawa Valley. Because of its rugged surroundings, there is relatively little human habitation along the route outside of the communities of Dacre and Shamrock.

Beginning at a junction with Highway 41 just west of Dacre, Highway 132 progresses east as the mainline; drivers must turn to remain on Highway 41. After passing through forests for 2 kilometres (1.2 mi), the route enters the small community of Dacre, where it intersects former Highway 513 (Scotch Bush Road) north to Hyndford. Leaving Dacre, the highway passes by several farms as it dips south to cross Constant Creek, a tributary of the Madawaska River, before turning east-northeast. It meanders around several large swamps and small lakes that dot the Madawaska Highlands, otherwise passing through thick forests for the next 8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi) until it enters a clearing and the hamlet of Shamrock.

The next 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) of Highway 132 is predominantly surrounded by impervious forests, although it encounters Renfrew County Road 34 (Whelan Road) midway through this section, turning northeast at that junction. The route descends gradually into the Ottawa Valley immediately before intersecting Renfrew County Road 5 (Stone Road). Here the forests give way to agricultural fields for the next 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), before the highway enters Renfrew at Riverview Drive and become urban. Within Renfew, it follows Lisgar Avenue, Lochiel Street North and Munroe Avenue West before ending downtown at an intersection with Highway 60 (Raglan Avenue).

Like other provincial routes in Ontario, Highway 132 is maintained by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. In 2010, traffic surveys conducted by the ministry showed that on average, 2,500 vehicles used the highway daily along the section between Renfrew County Road 5 (Stone Road) and Highway 60, while 1,600 vehicles did so each day along the remainder of the route, the highest and lowest counts along the highway, respectively.

## History

Highway 132 was assumed by the Department of Highways on January 11, 1956. Prior to the designation of Highway 132, no other highways connected with Highway 17 between Pembroke, where it met Highway 62, and Arnprior, where it met Highway 29. When Highway 132 was assumed, Highway 60 did not extend beyond Highway 41 at Golden Lake, northwest of Eganville.

Highway 60 was extended to Highway 17 near Rosebank, north of Renfrew, circa 1961. With the construction of the Renfrew Bypass, which began in June 1974, and was completed in 1977, the section of Highway 17 between O'Brien Road east of Renfrew and Haley Road north of Haley Station was renumbered as an extension of Highway 60; this became the new eastern terminus of Highway 132. Although some minor realignments have occurred over the years, the route has more or less remained unchanged since its designation.

## Major intersections

The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 132, as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. The entire route is located in Renfrew County.

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Renfrew | 0.0 | 0.0 | Highway 60 (Raglan Street) – Douglas, Huntsville |  |
| Admaston Bromley | 5.7 | 3.5 | County Road 5 west (Stone Road) |  |
| | 11.9 | 7.4 | County Road 34 south (Whelan Road) |  |
| Greater MadawaskaBonnechere Valley boundary | 27.7 | 17.2 | Scotch Bush Road | Dacre; formerly Highway 513 north |
| Bonnechere Valley | 30.3 | 18.8 | Highway 41Denbigh, Eganville |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Highway 132 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario | |
| Length | 30.3 km (18.8 mi) |
| Existed | January 11, 1956–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Highway 41 near Dacre |
| East end | Highway 60 in Renfrew |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Highway 130   Highway 137 | |
| Former provincial highways  Highway 131  Highway 133 | |


title: Vin de pays

abstract: Vin de pays was a French wine classification that was above the vin de table classification, but below the appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) classification and below the former vin délimité de qualité supérieure classification. The vin de pays classification was replaced by the EU indication Indication Géographique Protégée in 2009. Legislation on the Vin de pays terminology was created in 1973 and passed in 1979, allowing producers to distinguish wines that were made using grape varieties or procedures other than those required by the AOC rules, without having to use the simple and commercially non-viable table wine classification. Unlike table wines, which are only indicated as being from France, Vin de pays carries a geographic designation of origin, the producers have to submit the wine for analysis and tasting, and the wines have to be made from certain varieties or blends. Regulations regarding varieties and labelling practices were typically more lenient than the regulations for AOC wines.

text:
# Vin de pays

***Vin de pays*** (French: \[vɛ̃  pei\]; 'country wine') was a French wine classification that was above the *vin de table* classification, but below the *appellation d'origine contrôlée* (AOC) classification and below the former *vin délimité de qualité supérieure* classification. The *vin de pays* classification was replaced by the EU indication *Indication Géographique Protégée* in 2009.

Legislation on the *Vin de pays* terminology was created in 1973 and passed in 1979, allowing producers to distinguish wines that were made using grape varieties or procedures other than those required by the AOC rules, without having to use the simple and commercially non-viable table wine classification. Unlike table wines, which are only indicated as being from France, *Vin de pays* carries a geographic designation of origin, the producers have to submit the wine for analysis and tasting, and the wines have to be made from certain varieties or blends. Regulations regarding varieties and labelling practices were typically more lenient than the regulations for AOC wines.

## Taxonomy

There were three tiers of Vin de Pays: *regional, departmental* and *local*.

There were seven regional Vins de Pays, which cover large areas of France. The most voluminous contributor to this category of wines was Vin de Pays d'Oc, from the Languedoc-Roussillon area in Mediterranean France. The second largest volume of Vin de Pays wines was produced as Vin de Pays de la Loire, a designation that applies to wines from the whole Loire Valley and Chablis. The others were: Vin de Pays du Comté Tolosan (south-west), Vin de Pays de Méditerranée (south-east, Provence and Corsica) and Vin de Pays des Comtés Rhodaniens (Rhone valley). Vin de Pays Terres du Midi, approved in mid-2018 for certain blended wines produced in Languedoc and Roussillon. Two further regional Vin de Pays designations, Vin de Pays de l'Atlantique (Bordeaux and Charentes (Cognac)) and Vin de Pays Vignobles de France (all of wine-making France) were approved by French authorities in 2007, but (together with Vin de Pays de Gaules for the Beaujolais region) remain disputed and as of July 2009, they remained unpublished in the Official Journal of the European Union due to actions taken by other French wine producers. The Vin de Pays Vignobles de France has now been replaced by a table wine designation Vin de France, launched in August 2009.

Each regional Vin de Pays was divided into several departmental Vins de Pays, of which there were about 50. The names were derived from the French departments in question and the limits exactly the same as the department's borders. For example, Vin de Pays du Gard was one of the Vins de Pays produced within Vins de Pays d'Oc using grapes from the Gard department and the Vin de Pays de Charente-maritime was produced in the Cognac area. Approximately one third of the French departments don't produce *Vin de Pays*, some like Côte d'Or in Burgundy and Gironde in Bordeaux because their wine production was entirely in the higher AOC tier, and others because their climate was not suited to wine production at all, like the Bretagne, Normandy and Nord-Pas de Calais regions.

The local, or zone-defined Vins de pays were numerous, and may have taken their name from some historical or geographical phenomenon, such as Vin de Pays des Marches de Bretagne or Vin de Pays des Coteaux de l'Ardeche, or even a more locally specific variant. The boundaries of a zone may reflect a consistent terroir, rather than an administrative convenience, and could potentially in the long run achieve the status of an AOC.

## Production rules

The conditions to respect to be allowed to use the classification Vin de pays were the following:

* The yield must be less than 90 hectoliters per hectare for white wines, and less than 85 hl for red and rosé wines.
* Only wine producers with a total yield of less than 100 hl/ha can qualify.
* The minimum alcoholic strength depends on the region and was 10% in Le Midi, 9.5% in South-west France area and the Centre East area, and 9% for the Loire Valley and the East area.
* The allowed amounts of sulfur dioxide allowed in the wines were 125 mg/L for red wines and 150 mg/L for white and rosé wines. For wines with sugar content of at least 5 g/L, the quantity of sulfur dioxide was slightly higher: 150 mg/L for red wines and 175 mg/L for white and rosé wines.
* The acidity in terms of pH values was also regulated, with some Vin de Pays areas having stricter rules than others.
* The wines were required to be kept and produced separately from other wines (e.g. production for table wines) and were subject to quality monitoring by an official regional committee.

## Economic effects

In terms of volume, Vins de Pays d'Oc and Vin de Pays du Val de Loire (previously known as Vins de Pays du Jardin de France) were responsible for the majority of French exports.

Originally, Vin de Pays designation was commonly viewed as inferior to an AOC Appellation, often being ascribed to thin and simple wines. However, since the late 1980s, an increase in demand for varietal wines has led some French producers and cooperatives to produce more Vin de Pays, especially Vin de Pays d'Oc, to make varietal wines with some form of designation, while turning away from the highly restrictive AOC classification which often requires very specific blends of grape varieties.

This can be seen as a response to the increasing sales success of varietal New World wines from Australia, New Zealand, the United States, South Africa and Chile. As well as varietal wines (such as Cabernet Sauvignon or Merlot), Vin de Pays was used to produce non-traditional blends which do not meet the requirements of AOC or VDQS regulations. Some of these wines are considered much better, and command higher prices, than AOC or VDQS wines from the same region, or even the same winemakers.


title: Parowa, Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Parowa is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Brusy, within Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south of Brusy, 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Chojnice, and 90 km (56 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

text:
# Parowa, Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Parowa** \[paˈrɔva\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Brusy, within Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south of Brusy, 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Chojnice, and 90 km (56 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

## InfoBox

| Parowa | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Parowa | |
| Coordinates: 53°47′50″N 17°40′11″E / 53.79722°N 17.66972°E / 53.79722; 17.66972 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Chojnice |
| Gmina | Brusy |
| Population | 9 |


title: Morehead and South Fork Railroad

abstract: The Morehead and South Fork Railroad is a terminal switching railroad serving the port facilities of Morehead City, North Carolina and Radio Island with 9.5 miles (15.3 km) of track. Created in 2005 as a successor to Carolina Rail Services, the railroad was initially a Gulf & Ohio subsidiary before a change of contract in 2010 transferred operational responsibility to the Carolina Coastal Railway. Traffic includes rubber, chemicals, metal, and others, generating 3,000 annual carloads.

text:
# Morehead and South Fork Railroad

The **Morehead and South Fork Railroad** (reporting mark **MHSF**) is a terminal switching railroad serving the port facilities of Morehead City, North Carolina and Radio Island with 9.5 miles (15.3 km) of track. Created in 2005 as a successor to Carolina Rail Services, the railroad was initially a Gulf & Ohio subsidiary before a change of contract in 2010 transferred operational responsibility to the Carolina Coastal Railway.

Traffic includes rubber, chemicals, metal, and others, generating 3,000 annual carloads.

## History

The first rail line reached Morehead City in 1858, and was constructed by the state sponsored Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad. Beginning in 1904 the railroad was operated under lease by the original Norfolk Southern Railway (NS). The lease on the segment from Morehead City to Beaufort was dropped by NS in 1937. The Beaufort and Morehead Railway was created on May 31, 1937 to operate the line vacated by NS.

On January 12, 1981 the North Carolina Ports Railway Commission acquired the Beaufort & Morehead Railway and began independent operations. In 1986, the NCPRC transferred operations of the Beaufort & Morehead to Carolina Rail Services. 1998 brought an additional change, as the Beaufort & Morehead was merged with the state owned North Carolina Railroad. The following year control of the franchise was transferred back to the North Carolina Ports Railway Commission.

Action by the state government in 2002 abolished the NCPRC and merged its assets with the North Carolina State Ports Authority. Further change came in 2005 as Gulf & Ohio created a new subsidiary, Morehead & South Fork, to replace the Beaufort & Morehead and take control of the lease from Carolina Rail Services. Ownership remained with the State Port Authority.

In February 2010, the Carolina Coastal Railway took control of the lease and began operating the Morehead & South Fork.

## InfoBox

Morehead and South Fork Railroad
| LRSX 1201, seen here in 2015 on the Tulsa-Sapulpa Union Railway in Sapulpa, Oklahoma, still faintly bears the Morehead and South Fork logo underneath the cab windows. | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Headquarters | Morehead City, North Carolina |
| Reporting mark | MHSF |
| Locale | Coastal North Carolina |
| Dates of operation | 20052010 |
| Predecessor | Beaufort and Morehead Railway |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |
| Length | 9.5 miles (15.3 kilometres) |
| Other | |
| Website | G&O: Morehead and Southfork Railroad |


abstract: The 1981–82 Boston College Eagles men's basketball team represented Boston College as members of the Big East Conference during the 1981–82 NCAA Division I men's basketball season.

text:
# 1981–82 Boston College Eagles men's basketball team

1981–82 Big East men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| Villanova | 11 |  | 3 |  | .786 |  |  | 24 |  | 8 |  | .750 |
| No. 6 Georgetown | 10 |  | 4 |  | .714 |  |  | 30 |  | 7 |  | .811 |
| St. John's | 9 |  | 5 |  | .643 |  |  | 21 |  | 9 |  | .700 |
| Boston College | 8 |  | 6 |  | .571 |  |  | 22 |  | 10 |  | .688 |
| Syracuse | 7 |  | 7 |  | .500 |  |  | 16 |  | 13 |  | .552 |
| Connecticut | 7 |  | 7 |  | .500 |  |  | 17 |  | 11 |  | .607 |
| Providence | 2 |  | 12 |  | .143 |  |  | 10 |  | 17 |  | .370 |
| Seton Hall | 2 |  | 12 |  | .143 |  |  | 11 |  | 16 |  | .407 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1982 Big East tournament winner
As of March 29, 1982
Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1981–82 Boston College Eagles men's basketball team** represented Boston College as members of the Big East Conference during the 1981–82 NCAA Division I men's basketball season.

## Roster

| 1981–82 Boston College Eagles men's basketball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Hometown  23 Michael Adams 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)  Fr Hartford, CT  PF 42 Jay Murphy 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 210 lb (95 kg) So Meriden, CT  Ron Crevier 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) 230 lb (104 kg) Jr Montreal, Quebec  54 John Bagley 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)  Jr Bridgeport, CT  PF 55 John Garris 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 200 lb (91 kg) Jr Bridgeport, CT | Head coach Assistant coach(es)   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * **(W)** Walk-on  ---  Roster
Last update: 2018-Mar-17 |

## Schedule and results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regular season | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Nov 29, 1981*
 |  | Bentley | **W** 86–58 | 1–0
 | Roberts Center
Chestnut Hill, MA |
| Dec 2, 1981*
 |  | Stonehill | **W** 83–67 | 2–0
 | Roberts Center
Chestnut Hill, MA |
| Dec 4, 1981
 |  | vs. Villanova | **L** 75–97 | 2–1
(0–1) |
 |
| Dec 9, 1981*
 |  | Brown | **W** 84–69 | 3–1
 | Roberts Center
Chestnut Hill, MA |
| Dec 12, 1981*
 |  | at New Hampshire | **W** 82–50 | 4–1
 |
 |
| Dec 19, 1981*
 |  | at Fairfield | **W** 79–73 2OT | 5–1
 |
 |
| Dec 29, 1981*
 |  | vs. Virginia Tech
*Gator Bowl Tournament* | **L** 70–75 | 5–2
 |
 |
| Dec 30, 1981*
 |  | vs. Texas Tech
*Gator Bowl Tournament* | **L** 78–84 | 5–3
 |
 |
| Jan 6, 1982
 |  | at Villanova | **L** 53–54 | 5–4
(0–2) | Villanova Field House
Villanova, PA |
| Jan 10, 1982
 |  | at No. 13 Georgetown | **L** 51–67 | 5–5
(0–3) | Capital Centre (9,365)
Landover, MD |
| Jan 13, 1982
 |  | at Connecticut | **L** 58–59 OT | 5–6
(0–4) | New Haven Coliseum
New Haven, CT |
| Jan 16, 1982
 |  | Providence | **W** 62–59 | 6–6
(1–4) | Roberts Center
Chestnut Hill, MA |
| Jan 18, 1982
 |  | Seton Hall | **W** 82–71 | 7–6
(2–4) | Roberts Center
Chestnut Hill, MA |
| Jan 23, 1982
 |  | at Syracuse | **W** 80–62 | 8–6
(3–4) | Carrier Dome
Syracuse, NY |
| Jan 26, 1982*
 |  | at Rhode Island | **W** 46–44 | 9–6
 |
 |
| Jan 28, 1982*
 |  | Northeastern | **W** 87–77 | 10–6
 | Roberts Center
Chestnut Hill, MA |
| Jan 30, 1982*
 |  | Merrimack | **W** 95–59 | 11–6
 | Roberts Center
Chestnut Hill, MA |
| Feb 3, 1982
 |  | St. John's | **L** 70–71 | 11–7
(3–5) | Roberts Center
Chestnut Hill, MA |
| Feb 6, 1982
 |  | Connecticut | **L** 59–67 | 11–8
(3–6) | Roberts Center
Chestnut Hill, MA |
| Feb 10, 1982
 |  | at Providence | **W** 78–71 | 12–8
(4–6) | Providence Civic Center
Providence, RI |
| Feb 13, 1982*
 |  | Holy Cross | **W** 102–81 | 13–8
 | Roberts Center
Chestnut Hill, MA |
| Feb 17, 1982
 |  | No. 13 Georgetown | **W** 80–71 | 14–8
(5–6) | Roberts Center (4,400)
Chestnut Hill, MA |
| Feb 20, 1982
 |  | at St. John's | **W** 90–81 | 15–8
(6–6) | Alumni Hall
Queens, NY |
| Feb 22, 1982
 |  | Syracuse | **W** 88–77 | 16–8
(7–6) | Roberts Center
Chestnut Hill, MA |
| Feb 24, 1982*
 |  | St. Anselm | **W** 101–45 | 17–8
 | Roberts Center
Chestnut Hill, MA |
| Feb 27, 1982*
 |  | at Seton Hall | **W** 92–74 | 18–8
(8–6) | Brendan Byrne Arena
East Rutherford, NJ |
| Big East Tournament | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 5, 1982*
 |  | vs. Syracuse | **W** 94–92 | 19–8
 | Hartford Civic Center
Hartford, CT |
| Mar 6, 1982*
 |  | vs. Villanova
*Semifinals* | **L** 71–74 | 19–9
 | Hartford Civic Center
Hartford, CT |
| NCAA Tournament | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 12, 1982*
 | (8 MW) | vs. (9 MW) San Francisco
*First round* | **W** 70–66 | 20–9
 | Reunion Arena
Dallas, TX |
| Mar 14, 1982*
 | (8 MW) | vs. (1 MW) No. 2 DePaul
*Second Round* | **W** 82–75 | 21–9
 | Reunion Arena (12,719)
Dallas, TX |
| Mar 19, 1982*
 | (8 MW) | vs. (5 MW) Kansas State
*Midwest Regional semifinal  Sweet Sixteen* | **W** 69–65 | 22–9
 | Checkerdome
St. Louis, MO |
| Mar 21, 1982*
 | (8 MW) | vs. (6 MW) Houston
*Midwest Regional final  Elite Eight* | **L** 92–99 | 22–10
 | Checkerdome
St. Louis, MO |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. | | | | | | | | | | | |

Sources

## InfoBox

| 1981–82 Boston College Eagles men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
| NCAA Men's Division I Tournament, Elite Eight | |
| Conference | Big East Conference |
| Record | 22–10 (8–6 Big East) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home arena | Roberts Center |
|


title: Omphreoides

abstract: Omphreoides is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae. There are about six described species in Omphreoides, found in Madagascar.

text:
# Omphreoides

***Omphreoides*** is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae. There are about six described species in *Omphreoides*, found in Madagascar.

## Species

These six species belong to the genus *Omphreoides*:

## InfoBox

| *Omphreoides* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Ctenodactylinae |
| Tribe: | Hexagoniini |
| Genus: | *Omphreoides*<br>Fairmaire, 1896 |
|


title: Zakałcze Wielkie

abstract: Zakałcze Wielkie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Banie Mazurskie, within Gołdap County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia.

text:
# Zakałcze Wielkie

**Zakałcze Wielkie** \[zaˈkau̯t͡ʂɛ ˈvjɛlkʲɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Banie Mazurskie, within Gołdap County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia.

## InfoBox

| Zakałcze Wielkie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zakałcze Wielkie | |
| Coordinates: 54°15′17″N 21°59′00″E / 54.25472°N 21.98333°E / 54.25472; 21.98333 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Gołdap |
| Gmina | Banie Mazurskie |