title: Megahertz myth

abstract: The megahertz myth, or in more recent cases the gigahertz myth, refers to the misconception of only using clock rate to compare the performance of different microprocessors. While clock rates are a valid way of comparing the performance of different speeds of the same model and type of processor, other factors such as an amount of execution units, pipeline depth, cache hierarchy, branch prediction, and instruction sets can greatly affect the performance when considering different processors. For example, one processor may take two clock cycles to add two numbers and another clock cycle to multiply by a third number, whereas another processor may do the same calculation in two clock cycles. Comparisons between different types of processors are difficult because performance varies depending on the type of task. A benchmark is a more thorough way of measuring and comparing computer performance. The myth started around 1984 when comparing the Apple II with the IBM PC. The argument was that the IBM computer was five times faster than the Apple II, as its Intel 8088 processor had a clock speed roughly 4.7 times the clock speed of the MOS Technology 6502 used in the latter. However, what really matters is not how finely divided a machine's instructions are, but how long it takes to complete a given task. Consider the LDA # instruction. On a 6502 that instruction requires two clock cycles, or 2 μs at 1 MHz. Although the 4.77 MHz 8088's clock cycles are shorter, the LDA # needs at least 4 of them, so it takes 4 / 4.77 MHz = 0.84 μs at least. So, at best, that instruction runs only a little more than 2 times as fast on the original IBM PC than on the Apple II.

text:
# Megahertz myth

The **megahertz myth**, or in more recent cases the **gigahertz myth**, refers to the misconception of only using clock rate (for example measured in megahertz or gigahertz) to compare the performance of different microprocessors. While clock rates are a valid way of comparing the performance of different speeds of the same model and type of processor, other factors such as an amount of execution units, pipeline depth, cache hierarchy, branch prediction, and instruction sets can greatly affect the performance when considering different processors. For example, one processor may take two clock cycles to add two numbers and another clock cycle to multiply by a third number, whereas another processor may do the same calculation in two clock cycles. Comparisons between different types of processors are difficult because performance varies depending on the type of task. A benchmark is a more thorough way of measuring and comparing computer performance.

The myth started around 1984 when comparing the Apple II with the IBM PC. The argument was that the IBM computer was five times faster than the Apple II, as its Intel 8088 processor had a clock speed roughly 4.7 times the clock speed of the MOS Technology 6502 used in the latter. However, what really matters is not how finely divided a machine's instructions are, but how long it takes to complete a given task. Consider the LDA # (Load Accumulator Immediate) instruction. On a 6502 that instruction requires two clock cycles, or 2 μs at 1 MHz. Although the 4.77 MHz 8088's clock cycles are shorter, the LDA # needs at least 4 of them, so it takes 4 / 4.77 MHz = 0.84 μs at least. So, at best, that instruction runs only a little more than 2 times as fast on the original IBM PC than on the Apple II.

## History

The x86 CISC based CPU architecture which Intel introduced in 1978 was used as the standard for the DOS based IBM PC, and developments of it still continue to dominate the Microsoft Windows market. An IBM RISC based architecture was used for the PowerPC CPU which was released in 1992. In 1994, Apple Computer introduced Macintosh computers using these PowerPC CPUs. Initially, this architecture met hopes for performance, and different ranges of PowerPC CPUs were developed, often delivering different performances at the same clock rate. Similarly, at this time the Intel 80486 was selling alongside the Pentium which delivered almost twice the performance of the 80486 at the same clock rate.

The myth arose because the clock rate was commonly taken as a simple measure of processor performance, and was promoted in advertising and by enthusiasts without taking into account other factors. The term came into use in the context of comparing PowerPC-based Apple Macintosh computers with Intel-based PCs. Marketing based on the myth led to the clock rate being given higher priority than actual performance and led to AMD introducing model numbers giving a notional clock rate based on comparative performance to overcome a perceived deficiency in their actual clock rate.

Comparisons between PowerPC and Pentium had become a staple of Apple presentations. At the New York City Macworld Expo on July 18, 2001, Steve Jobs in his "Stevenote" described an 867 MHz PowerPC G4 as completing a task in 45 seconds while a 1.7 GHz Pentium 4 took 82 seconds for the same task, saying that "the name that we've given it is the megahertz myth". He then introduced senior hardware VP Jon Rubinstein who gave a tutorial describing how shorter pipelines gave better performance at half the clock rate. The online cartoon *The Joy of Tech* subsequently presented a series of cartoons inspired by Rubinstein's tutorial.

## Processor speed limits

From approximately 1995 to 2005, Intel advertised its Pentium mainstream processors primarily on the basis of clock speed alone, in comparison to competitor products from AMD. Press articles had predicted that computer processors may eventually run as fast as 10 to 20 gigahertz in the next several decades.

This continued up until about 2005, when the Pentium Extreme Edition was reaching thermal dissipation limits running at speeds of nearly 4 gigahertz. The processor could not go faster without requiring complex changes to the cooling design, such as microfluidic cooling channels embedded within the chip itself to remove heat rapidly.

This was followed by the introduction of the Core 2 desktop processor in 2006, which was a major change from previous Intel desktop processors, allowing nearly a 50% decrease in processor clock while retaining the same performance.

Core 2 had its beginnings in the Pentium M mobile processor, where energy efficiency was more important than raw power, and initially offered power-saving options not available in the Pentium 4 and Pentium D.

## Higher frequencies

In the succeeding years after the demise of the NetBurst microarchitecture and its 3+ GHz CPUs, microprocessor clock speeds kept slowly increasing after initially dropping by about 1 GHz. Several years' advances in manufacturing processes and power management (specifically, the ability to set clock speeds on a per-core basis) allowed for clock speeds as high or higher than the old NetBurst Pentium 4s and Pentium Ds but with much higher efficiency and performance. As of 2018, many Intel microprocessors are able to exceed a base clock speed of 4 GHz (Intel Core i7-7700K and i3-7350K have a base clock speed of 4.20 GHz, for example).

In 2011, AMD was first able to break the 4 GHz barrier for x86 microprocessors with the debut of the initial Bulldozer based AMD FX CPUs. In June 2013, AMD released the FX-9590 which can reach speeds of up to 5.0 GHz, but similar issues with power usage and heat output returned.

Neither Intel nor AMD produced the first microprocessor across the industry to break the 4 GHz and 5 GHz barriers. The IBM z10 achieved 4.4 GHz in 2008, and the IBM z196 achieved 5.2 GHz in 2010, followed by the z12 achieving 5.5 GHz in Autumn 2012.


title: Petrophila constellalis

abstract: Petrophila constellalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1897. It is found in Brazil.

text:
# Petrophila constellalis

***Petrophila constellalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1897. It is found in Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Petrophila constellalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Petrophila* |
| Species: | ***P. constellalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Petrophila constellalis***<br>(Hampson, 1897) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cataclysta constellalis* Hampson, 1897 | |


title: Robert Lima (footballer)

abstract: Robert Lima Fonseca was an Uruguayan football player and manager. He played as a defender. He played for Peñarol, Chacarita and Sporting Cristal, among others. With Peñarol he became five times Primera División champion between 1993 and 1997. At the last club he played for, Cerro Largo, he became assistant coach. Being an assistant coach for several clubs between 2008 and 2017 he became manager of Juticalpa in 2019. Lima died on 17 June 2021, aged 48.

text:
# Robert Lima (footballer)

**Robert Lima Fonseca** (18 June 1972 – 17 June 2021) was an Uruguayan football player and manager. He played as a defender. He played for Peñarol, Chacarita and Sporting Cristal, among others. With Peñarol he became five times Primera División champion between 1993 and 1997. At the last club he played for, Cerro Largo, he became assistant coach. Being an assistant coach for several clubs between 2008 and 2017 he became manager of Juticalpa in 2019.

Lima died on 17 June 2021, aged 48.

## InfoBox

Robert Lima
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Birth name | Robert Lima Fonseca | | |
| Date of birth | (1972-06-18)18 June 1972 | | |
| Place of birth | Melo, Uruguay | | |
| Date of death | 17 June 2021(2021-06-17) (aged 48) | | |
| Height | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1992–1999 | Peñarol |  |  |
| 1999–2000 | Chacarita Juniors |  |  |
| 2001 | Club Olimpia |  |  |
| 2001–2002 | Peñarol |  |  |
| 2003 | Harbin Lange |  |  |
| 2004 | Sporting Cristal |  |  |
| 2005 | Shanghai The 9 |  |  |
| 2006 | Liverpool Montevideo |  |  |
| 2007 | Durazno |  |  |
| 2008–2009 | Cerro Largo |  |  |
| International career | | | |
|  | Uruguay |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Music Producers Guild

abstract: The Music Producers Guild (MPG) (UK) promotes and represents individuals in the music production and recording professions. It was founded in 2000. As a guild, the organisation has no political party affiliation. The organisation presents the Music Producers Guild Awards annually. In 2008, the MPG and BPI coordinated their awards programmes. The MPG awards are intended to recognise producers, engineers, mixers and remixers. At the 2013 MPG awards, George Martin received 'The Outstanding Contribution to UK Music' award. Membership is open to producers, engineers, mixers, re-mixers, programmers, sound designers, mastering engineers, students, enthusiasts. MPG members include Paul Epworth, Bernard Butler, Mike Crossey, Jake Gosling and Tommy D.

text:
# Music Producers Guild

The **Music Producers Guild** (MPG) (UK) promotes and represents individuals in the music production and recording professions. It was founded in 2000. As a guild, the organisation has no political party affiliation.

The organisation presents the **Music Producers Guild Awards** annually. In 2008, the MPG and BPI coordinated their awards programmes. The MPG awards are intended to recognise producers, engineers, mixers and remixers. At the 2013 MPG awards, George Martin received 'The Outstanding Contribution to UK Music' award.

Membership is open to producers, engineers, mixers, re-mixers, programmers, sound designers, mastering engineers, students, enthusiasts.

MPG members include Paul Epworth, Bernard Butler, Mike Crossey, Jake Gosling and Tommy D.

## InfoBox

Music Producers Guild logo
|
|  |
| Industry | Music |
| Founded | 2000 (2000) |
| Headquarters | London, United Kingdom |
| Website | mpg.org.uk |


title: Myrmekiaphila comstocki

abstract:
Myrmekiaphila comstocki is a spider in the family Euctenizidae, in the infraorder Mygalomorphae ("mygalomorphs").
The distribution range of Myrmekiaphila comstocki includes the USA and Mexico.

text:
# Myrmekiaphila comstocki

***Myrmekiaphila comstocki*** is a spider in the family Euctenizidae ("wafer-lid trapdoor spiders"), in the infraorder Mygalomorphae ("mygalomorphs"). The distribution range of *Myrmekiaphila comstocki* includes the USA and Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Myrmekiaphila comstocki* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Mygalomorphae |
| Family: | Euctenizidae |
| Genus: | *Myrmekiaphila* |
| Species: | ***M. comstocki*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myrmekiaphila comstocki***<br>Bishop and Crosby, 1926 | |
|


abstract: Medical Associates for Research and Communication (MARC) is a Non-Governmental Organisation that works globally with medical students and researchers with little to no background in research. Their primary goal is to help these researchers complete their research work using appropriate scientific methods thereby maintaining high scientific and research standards. Members of MARC were involved in a pilot study that later proved to be a landmark research study that formed the impetus for the creation of a 911 like system in India.

text:
# Medical Associates for Research and Communication

**M**edical **A**ssociates for **R**esearch and **C**ommunication **(MARC)** is a Non-Governmental Organisation that works globally with medical students and researchers with little to no background in research. Their primary goal is to help these researchers complete their research work using appropriate scientific methods thereby maintaining high scientific and research standards. Members of MARC were involved in a pilot study that later proved to be a landmark research study that formed the impetus for the creation of a 911 like system in India.

## History

MARC was established by Ritam Chowdhury in December 2008, in Mumbai, India. Although started in 2008, the foundations of MARC were laid down much earlier in 2005. As per an interview, MARC was established to "*overcome the lack of adequate research training led to improper application of scientific principles. This led to many good research ideas by medical students and researchers being rejected when submitted for review.*" Thus, MARC was formed as an NGO to help guide medical students and researchers avoid these pitfalls. Members of MARC collaborate widely with many researchers from across the globe.

## Philosophy

MARC and its members provide a safe environment wherein researchers could voice their concerns. MARC focused on connecting researchers with resources and providing technical or scientific expertise on a pro bono basis. In addition, they conduct health education and community outreach volunteer work in different parts of India. All work done by MARC is pro bono. Collaborators who assist MARC in its activities volunteer their time and thus help in training the next generation of researchers and public health professionals.

## Members

MARC was founded by Ritam Chowdhury. Chowdhury is also a Visiting Instructor-Global Health at Emory University Rollins School of Public Health and statistical consultant at Harvard School of Public Health.

## InfoBox

Medical Associates for Research and Communication (MARC)
| Formation | 2008 (2008) |
| --- | --- |
| Founded at | Mumbai, India |
| Type | International organization |
| Focus | advocacy, policy research, outcomes research, health education, translational research |
| Headquarters | Mumbai, India |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Director | Ritam Chowdhury |


title: Hathaway Ranch & Oil Museum

abstract: The Hathaway Ranch & Oil Museum in Santa Fe Springs, California is a museum of five generations of Hathaway family and Southern California history. The five-acre facility includes hundreds of artifacts and buildings showing the initial usage of the land in farming and ranching, as well as the major transition when oil was discovered in the area. The property includes a machine shop with multiple antique machine tools that are powered with flat belts from an overhead line shaft. This system, which allowed all the machinery to be powered by one steam engine, rather than individual electric motors on the machines, was common in machine shops a century ago. The shop is fully intact from when it was in use, and looks as though the machinist just stepped out for a moment. The property has a 1933 Spanish-Mediterranean-style ranch house on it, as well as another home, in which members of the Hathaway family lived. The home's architecture and contents represent a time capsule from that era. The numerous outbuildings are a reflection of the needs of a working ranch as well as the oil industry. The museum houses one of the largest collections of steam engines, antique farm machinery, vintage diesel engines, and oil field equipment in the region.

text:
# Hathaway Ranch & Oil Museum

The **Hathaway Ranch & Oil Museum** in Santa Fe Springs, California is a museum of five generations of Hathaway family and Southern California history. The five-acre facility includes hundreds of artifacts and buildings showing the initial usage of the land in farming and ranching, as well as the major transition when oil was discovered in the area.

The property includes a machine shop with multiple antique machine tools that are powered with flat belts from an overhead line shaft. This system, which allowed all the machinery to be powered by one steam engine, rather than individual electric motors on the machines, was common in machine shops a century ago. The shop is fully intact from when it was in use, and looks as though the machinist just stepped out for a moment.

The property has a 1933 Spanish-Mediterranean-style ranch house on it, as well as another home, in which members of the Hathaway family lived. The home's architecture and contents represent a time capsule from that era.

The numerous outbuildings are a reflection of the needs of a working ranch as well as the oil industry. The museum houses one of the largest collections of steam engines, antique farm machinery, vintage diesel engines, and oil field equipment in the region.

## InfoBox

Hathaway Ranch & Oil Museum
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | 11901 East Florence Avenue<br>Santa Fe Springs, California |
| Coordinates | 33°56′08″N 118°04′47″W / 33.935595°N 118.079786°W / 33.935595; -118.079786 |
| Type | History museum |
| Website | http://www.hathawayranchmuseum.org |


title: Petroushskates

abstract: Petroushskates is a chamber music composition by the American composer Joan Tower. The work was composed in 1980 for the tenth anniversary of the Da Capo Chamber Players. It is scored for a Pierrot ensemble: flute, clarinet, violin, cello, and piano.

text:
# Petroushskates

***Petroushskates*** is a chamber music composition by the American composer Joan Tower. The work was composed in 1980 for the tenth anniversary of the Da Capo Chamber Players. It is scored for a Pierrot ensemble: flute, clarinet, violin, cello, and piano.

## Composition

*Petroushskates* is composed of one short movement with a duration of roughly five minutes. The work was partially inspired by "The Shrovetide Fair" scene from Igor Stravinsky's ballet *Petrushka* as well as by the movements of ice skating, about which Tower wrote in the score program note: "While watching the figure skating event at the recent winter Olympics, I became fascinated with the way the curving, twirling, and jumping figure are woven around a singular continuous flowing action. Combining these two ideas creates a kind of carnival on ice – a possible subtitle for this piece." The title is thus an amalgam of "Petrushka" and "skates."

## Reception

John Henken of the *Los Angeles Times* praised the work, writing, "Joan Tower's *Petroushskates* \[...\] relies on ostinatos and a recycled harmonic and motivic framework, here of specific identity. But her quintet for mixed ensemble has great motor energy and effectively transmutes its materials into some vivacious chamber pop." It was also praised by *Gramophone*, which said of the piece, "*Petroushskates* (1980) has long been a calling-card for Joan Tower, but its synthesis of minimalist figuration with a harmonic style owing more to Stravinsky than just surface allusions is an engaging one."


title: Harold Kirton

abstract: Harold Osborne Kirton was an English cricketer. Kirton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Paddington, London. Kirton made two first-class appearances for Warwickshire, four years apart from one another. The first came in the 1925 County Championship against Surrey at Edgbaston, while the second came in the 1929 County Championship against Middlesex at Lord's. Kirton scored a total of 82 runs in his two matches, top scoring with 52 against Middlesex. He died at Holland-on-Sea, Essex on 9 May 1974.

text:
# Harold Kirton

**Harold Osborne Kirton** (4 January 1894  9 May 1974) was an English cricketer. Kirton was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Paddington, London.

Kirton made two first-class appearances for Warwickshire, four years apart from one another. The first came in the 1925 County Championship against Surrey at Edgbaston, while the second came in the 1929 County Championship against Middlesex at Lord's. Kirton scored a total of 82 runs in his two matches, top scoring with 52 against Middlesex.

He died at Holland-on-Sea, Essex on 9 May 1974.

## InfoBox

Harold Kirton
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Harold Osborne Kirton |
| Born | 4 January 1894
Paddington, London, England |
| Died | 9 May 1974(1974-05-09) (aged 80)
Holland-on-Sea, Essex, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 19251929 | Warwickshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 2  Runs scored 82  Batting average 27.33  100s/50s /1  Top score 51  Balls bowled   Wickets   Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings / | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 23 June 2013 | |


title: Pigeonhed (album)

abstract: Pigeonhed is the eponymously titled debut studio album of Pigeonhed, released on December 20, 1993 through Sub Pop. Two singles were released from the album - "Theme From Pigeonhed" and "Ain't It So."

text:
# Pigeonhed (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Pigeonhed*** is the eponymously titled debut studio album of Pigeonhed, released on December 20, 1993 through Sub Pop. Two singles were released from the album - "Theme From Pigeonhed" and "Ain't It So."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Steve Fisk and Shawn Smith

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Theme from Pigeonhed" | 3:30 |
| 2. | "Ain't It So" | 6:29 |
| 3. | "Special Way" | 3:22 |
| 4. | "Her" | 4:22 |
| 5. | "Lovely Lines" | 3:30 |
| 6. | "Cadillac" | 6:29 |
| 7. | "Trial by Sex" | 4:41 |
| 8. | "Salome" | 7:10 |
| 9. | "Brothers" | 7:33 |
| 10. | "Buzz" | 5:52 |
| 11. | "Grace" | 2:43 |

## Accolades

| Year | Publication | Country | Accolade | Rank |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993 | *Melody Maker* | United Kingdom | "Albums of the Year" | 22 |  |
| 1993 | *Rockdelux* | Spain | "Albums of the Year" | 29 |  |
| "*****" denotes an unordered list. | | | | | |

## Personnel

Pigeonhed Additional musicians Production

## InfoBox

| Pigeonhed | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Pigeonhed | |
| Released | December 20, 1993 |
| Recorded | S.C.U.D. Audio |
| Genre | Electronic |
| Length | 55:41 |
| Label | Sub Pop |
| Producer | Bruce Pavitt, Pigeonhed, Jonathan Poneman |
| Pigeonhed chronology | |
| ***Pigeonhed***
(1993) *The Full Sentence*
(1997) | |


title: Mvurachena Primary School

abstract: Mvurachena Primary School is a Christian, independent, co-educational school in Chipinge, Zimbabwe. Mvurachena Primary School is a member of the Association of Trust Schools (ATS) and the Head is a member of the Conference of Heads of Independent Schools in Zimbabwe (CHISZ).

text:
# Mvurachena Primary School

**Mvurachena Primary School** is a Christian, independent, co-educational school in Chipinge, Zimbabwe.

Mvurachena Primary School is a member of the Association of Trust Schools (ATS) and the Head is a member of the Conference of Heads of Independent Schools in Zimbabwe (CHISZ).

## History

Mvurachena Primary School was established in 1987 by the Chipinge Community.

## Affiliations

Mvurachena Primary School is affiliated with the Association of Trust Schools (ATS) and the Head is affiliated with the Conference of Heads of Independent Schools in Zimbabwe. This means that both the school and the Headmaster are subject to the professional and ethical codes of conduct and must answer to these bodies in the event of disputes.

## Admissions

Children go for an interview with at Mvurachena to assess the readiness of the child for the required level and to have a base reference before the child is enrolled.

## Sports and activities

It is compulsory for all pupils to participate in sports at Mvurachena. The school offers athletics, cricket, cross country running, hockey, rugby, soccer, swimming, and tennis

Mvurachena also offers art and horse riding clubs.

## InfoBox

| Mvurachena Primary School | |
| --- | --- |
| Mvurachena Badge | |
| Address | |
| Eastern Border Road
Chipinge, Manicaland
Zimbabwe | |
| Information | |
| Type | Independent, day and boarding School |
| Motto | **Living Waters** |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Christianity |
| Established | 1987 |
| Headmaster | Mattheus Beukes |
| Gender | Co-educational |
| Enrollment | 105 (2015) |
| Campus type | Rural |
| Tuition | * US$990.00 (day) * US$1,990.00 (weekly boarding) * US$2,400.00 (boarding) |
| Affiliations |  |
| Website | www.mvurachena.org |
| 1. Termly fees, the year has 3 terms. | |


title: John Turner (Minor Counties cricketer)

abstract: John Bernard Turner was an English cricketer. Turner was a right-handed batsman who bowled slow left-arm orthodox. He was born at Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire. Turner made his debut for Buckinghamshire in the 1968 Minor Counties Championship against Berkshire. Turner played Minor counties cricket for Buckinghamshire from 1968 to 1983, which included 151 Minor Counties Championship matches and a single MCCA Knockout Trophy match. In 1969, he made his List A debut for Buckinghamshire against Middlesex in the Gillette Cup. He played eight further List A matches for the county, the last coming against Suffolk in the 1979 Gillette Cup. In his nine List A appearances for the county, he scored 254 runs at a batting average of 31.75, with three half centuries and a high score of 88. This came against Kent in the 1972 Gillette Cup. He played the majority of his List A matches not for Buckinghamshire, but for the Minor Counties South and Minor Counties West teams, making eight and four appearances respectively. For Minor Counties South, he scored 126 runs at an average of 15.75, with a single half century high score of 56. In his career, Turner also made a single first-class appearance for a combined Minor Counties cricket team against the touring Pakistanis in 1974. In this match, he scored 21 runs in the Minor Counties first-innings before being dismissed by Asif Masood, while in their second-innings he scored a century, making 106 runs before being dismissed by the same bowler. This left him with a first-class batting average of 63.50. He died at Calne, Wiltshire, on 13 September 2012.

text:
# John Turner (Minor Counties cricketer)

**John Bernard Turner** (2 January 1949 – 13 September 2012) was an English cricketer. Turner was a right-handed batsman who bowled slow left-arm orthodox. He was born at Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire.

Turner made his debut for Buckinghamshire in the 1968 Minor Counties Championship against Berkshire. Turner played Minor counties cricket for Buckinghamshire from 1968 to 1983, which included 151 Minor Counties Championship matches and a single MCCA Knockout Trophy match. In 1969, he made his List A debut for Buckinghamshire against Middlesex in the Gillette Cup. He played eight further List A matches for the county, the last coming against Suffolk in the 1979 Gillette Cup. In his nine List A appearances for the county, he scored 254 runs at a batting average of 31.75, with three half centuries and a high score of 88. This came against Kent in the 1972 Gillette Cup.

He played the majority of his List A matches not for Buckinghamshire, but for the Minor Counties South and Minor Counties West teams, making eight and four appearances respectively. For Minor Counties South, he scored 126 runs at an average of 15.75, with a single half century high score of 56. In his career, Turner also made a single first-class appearance for a combined Minor Counties cricket team against the touring Pakistanis in 1974. In this match, he scored 21 runs in the Minor Counties first-innings before being dismissed by Asif Masood, while in their second-innings he scored a century, making 106 runs before being dismissed by the same bowler. This left him with a first-class batting average of 63.50.

He died at Calne, Wiltshire, on 13 September 2012.

## InfoBox

John Turner
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | John Bernard Turner |
| Born | (1949-01-02)2 January 1949
Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire, England |
| Died | 13 September 2012(2012-09-13) (aged 63)
Calne, Wiltshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Slow left-arm orthodox |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1976 | Minor Counties West |
| 1974 | Minor Counties |
| 1972–1975 | Minor Counties South |
| 1968–1983 | Buckinghamshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class List A  Matches 1 20  Runs scored 127 398  Batting average 63.50 19.90  100s/50s 1/– –/4  Top score 106 88  Balls bowled    Wickets    Bowling average    5 wickets in innings    10 wickets in match    Best bowling    Catches/stumpings 1/– 9/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 8 May 2011 | |


title: Mwanzo

abstract: Mwanzo is the debut album by Sauti Sol, a Kenyan afro-pop band. It was released on August 4, 2009 by Penya Records.

text:
# Mwanzo

***Mwanzo*** is the debut album by Sauti Sol, a Kenyan afro-pop band. It was released on August 4, 2009 by Penya Records.

## Singles

* "Lazizi" was released as the album's lead single. The song became popular among the band's fans, with other musicians performing their own cover versions of it. The song is about an ordinary man's plea to get a lady's number, so he can at least plan to take her out on a date, and earned the band thousands of fans across East Africa.
* "Blue Uniform" was released as the album's second single. It depicts police harassment towards the youth in Kenya. The band's singers Bien-Aimé Baraza, Willis Austin Chimano and Delvin Mudigi divide their verses into three personas: an innocent arrested youth, a bad police officer and another who explains why police officers sometimes get into corruption, with the story ending with the policeman releasing the youth with a stern warning.
* "Sunny Days" and "Nairobi" were released as the album's third and fourth singles, respectively. Featuring soul singer Stan, "Nairobi" is a tribute to Nairobi's beauty, sunshine, people, history, arts and culture.

## Track listing

Track listing for *Mwanzo* adapted from Amazon.com and Sauti Sol's official website.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Asubuhi" | 4:47 |
| 2. | "Lazizi" | 3:52 |
| 3. | "Mafunzo ya Dunia" | 4:15 |
| 4. | "Sunny Days" | 3:34 |
| 5. | "Xhosi" | 4:55 |
| 6. | "Wera" | 4:38 |
| 7. | "Mama papa" (featuring Dela) | 4:16 |
| 8. | "Blue Uniform" | 5:50 |
| 9. | "Interlude Sauti Sol" | 1:30 |
| 10. | "Subira" | 5:12 |
| 11. | "Mapacha" | 3:30 |
| 12. | "Mushivala" | 5:00 |
| 13. | "Nairobi" (featuring Stan) | 4:22 |
| 14. | "Asante sana baba" | 5:30 |

## InfoBox

| Mwanzo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sauti Sol | |
| Released | 4 August 2009 |
| Genre | Afro-pop |
| Label | Penya Records |
| Producer | Wawesh |
| Sauti Sol chronology | |
| ***Mwanzo***
(2009) *Sol Filosofia*
(2011) | |


title: Medical Cadet Corps

abstract: The Medical Cadet Corp (MCC) is a program of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It started in the 1930s in the United States with the intention of preparing young men of draft age for military service in noncombatant roles. The training included drill, first aid, military courtesies, organization of medical corps, defense against chemical warfare, principles of anatomy and physiology, physical exercises and character development. The program was temporarily suspended at the end of World War II. It was reactivated in 1950 then a few years after was adapted internationally. The program was deactivated by the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists in early 1972 but continued independently in a few locations with an emphasis on rescue and disaster response. In 2016, the Medical Cadet Corps, a component of the World Service Organization that is under the umbrella of the General Conference Department of Adventist Chaplaincy Ministries, was reactivated as a worldwide program.

text:
# Medical Cadet Corps

The **Medical Cadet Corp** (**MCC**) is a program of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It started in the 1930s in the United States with the intention of preparing young men of draft age for military service in noncombatant roles. The training included drill, first aid, military courtesies, organization of medical corps, defense against chemical warfare, principles of anatomy and physiology, physical exercises and character development. The program was temporarily suspended at the end of World War II. It was reactivated in 1950 then a few years after was adapted internationally. The program was deactivated by the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists in early 1972 but continued independently in a few locations with an emphasis on rescue and disaster response.

In 2016, the Medical Cadet Corps, a component of the World Service Organization that is under the umbrella of the General Conference Department of Adventist Chaplaincy Ministries, was reactivated as a worldwide program.

## Background

When the Seventh-day Adventist movement was formally organized in 1863 during the height of the American Civil War, military conscription was one of the first major challenges to be addressed by the fledgling denomination. Even before 1863, Adventist beliefs about combatancy generally fell into one of three opinion groups: pacifists who felt any military service was a violation of God's command to not commit murder; militant abolitionists who felt that military service would honor God's will in ending slavery; and non-combatants who believed it to be their Christian duty to support the government in roles which did not violate the fourth and sixth commandments (see Ten Commandments). This latter position ultimately emerged as the denomination's policy and set precedent for future periods of conscription in the United States. When conscription became law in March 1863, most drafted Adventists took advantage of the option to purchase an exemption, which cost $300 per person. This sum was not easy for many to come by and church leaders encouraged all members to contribute toward purchasing these exemptions for drafted members. In February 1864 the conscription law was amended to allow conscientious objectors to serve in the military in noncombatant roles. A short time later this provision was revised so that it would apply only to recognized conscientious objectors. Church leaders quickly moved to acquire this recognition from state governors in Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and finally the Federal government.

Following the Civil War, the United States military returned to an all-volunteer force. The Indian Wars and Spanish–American War did not require large numbers of soldiers. Adventist denominational history is mostly silent in regard to these conflicts. When World War I erupted in Europe there was much more cause for concern. The Seventh-day Adventist Church looked at the issue in the Autumn Council of 1916 in the General Conference Committee for a way, in keeping with the church's noncombatant beliefs, to allow the young men of the church to fulfill their obligations. The medical military service was the direction they took.

However, since 1863 the Adventist church had grown both inside and outside of the United States. Members in Europe were divided by political and battle lines, sometimes isolating them from the rest of the church. The war in Europe began so quickly it was difficult for the church to form a cohesive policy or to support drafted church members. In the United States, efforts to support drafted church members were more orderly and the government continued to make provisions for conscientious objectors. However, misunderstandings did arise between some Adventists draftees who took extreme positions and their company officers who often did not understand or respect the position of conscientious objectors. It is unknown how many Adventists were actually drafted during World War I. Charles Longacre, who was in charge of church military relations in the United States for most of World War I, claimed that 186 American Seventh-day Adventists were court-martialed during the war and 35 were imprisoned in disciplinary barracks at Fort Leavenworth at the end of the war. The denomination's initiative to support draftees and the war effort in general was multifaceted; encouraging church members to support government conservation programs, calling for pre-induction medical training, providing camp pastors, and planning to set up Servicemen's Rest Homes in Europe. The short time between the United States' entry into the war and its end meant that some of these actions were not implemented and the effectiveness of others is undetermined.

The experience of American Adventists during World War I generated several lessons which shaped the church's response to the draft during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. First, Adventists working in the Medical Corps (United States Army) experienced the fewest conflicts regarding the keeping of Sabbath and bearing of arms. Second, pre-induction military medical training enhanced the effectiveness of Adventists who did serve and reduced the problems they faced. Third, educating church members regarding their obligations to both God and society reduced the extremism which often led to courts-martial.

## History

### Origin

Following World War I a number of faculty members in Adventist colleges believed that pre-military training and guidance should continue to be given students of draft age. At Emmanuel Missionary College (now Andrews University) in 1927 Lewis S. Williams started a program, but when it was criticized as being "too militaristic" it was stopped. At Walla Walla College (now Walla Walla University) students directed a set of questions to the General Conference regarding whether it was better to enlist or be drafted, clarification regarding appropriate duties for Sabbath, whether it was ever acceptable to bear arms, and whether the moral nature of a conflict changed one's responsibility for military service. The students' questions were discussed by a General Conference committee of seven individuals charged with studying noncombatancy. However, this group could not reach a consensus, so the questions remained unanswered.

The College Medical Corps was founded by Everett N. Dick at Union College in 1934 as a way to train males for noncombatant medic military service. The Medical Cadet Corps was founded for students of the College of Medical Evangelists in 1936 by Cyril B. Courville. In 1937, Dick presented his program to other Adventist educators which led to other college adopting the program. In 1937 in Glendale, California, a new Pathfinder group was founded which also added military drills from the MCC. With other Adventist colleges following suit by installing similar programs, the Fall Council of the General Conference Executive Committee in 1939 gave it official sanction and centralization under the name of Medical Cadet Corps. In various places, a Women's Cadet Corps also existed. The GC appointed Dick as the denominational program director and recommended that all Adventist colleges start an MCC program. When the General Conference met for its Autumn Council in 1939 shortly after fighting broke out in Europe, church leaders finally sanctioned the Union College Medical Corps program, but formally adopted Courville's Medical Cadet Corps name; although the program would always focus on preparing enlisted soldiers. About this time, Everett Dick and two other leaders met with officials of the U.S. Surgeon General's office to establish a unified curriculum for the MCC. Thus started a twenty-year relationship between Dick and officers of the Surgeon General's office. This relationship resulted in a curriculum continuously revised to meet evolving military standards and recognition for Adventist soldiers which routinely placed them in the Army's Medical Corps.

## World War II

Nearly every Adventist college and secondary school in the United States participated in the MCC program. Each one chose its own uniform, but patches were used in common. Training manuals also differed from location to location. Everett Dick, on temporary leave from Union College, was placed in charge of the central region of the country. Chris P. Sorenson was in charge of the eastern third and Floyd G. Ashbaugh was in charge of the program west of the Rocky Mountains. Each man was expected to promote the program in his region and to conduct officer training camps which trained leaders for the corps established on Adventist academic campuses and, in some places, churches. When this system developed flaws, Dick was asked to direct the program nationwide which he did until he returned to full-time work at Union College in 1942. Women first received training at Atlantic Union College and many academies required training for both men and women. Summer camps were held in order to facilitate training for men who were not attending Adventist academies or colleges. With the cessation of World War II, many campuses stopped teaching the courses. Only Union College and Southwestern Junior College (now Southwestern Adventist University) continued their MCC programs without interruption.

### Cold War Era

With the end of World War II, the program ended. The Corps was reactivated in 1950 in response to the reestablishment of the draft. The MCC was officially reactivated in 1950 with an officer's training camp in a former Civilian Conservation Corps camp (now Mountain Park) near Beulah, Colorado. During this decade, uniforms were standardized and all officers were required to train at national camps so that every MCC unit across the nation operated under the same guidelines and instruction. Leadership was centralized under Everett Dick, who as MCC commander held the rank of colonel. Beginning 1954 he was also associate secretary of the War Service Commission.

### Decline

After Everett Dick resigned in 1958, Clark Smith who had worked with Dick since the MCC's beginning at Union College in 1934, became the commander. Camp Doss continued to be held in the summers through at least 1970. However support for the MCC in the United States declined after Dick's retirement, perhaps more due to the U.S. Army's implementation of its own noncombatant training program at Fort Sam Houston. Most Adventist colleges and academies stopped offering MCC courses by 1960. Interest further declined as the war in Vietnam grew increasingly unpopular. When the draft in the United States ended in 1973, the General Conference closed the denomination-wide program. Similarly MCC programs in other countries which were strong while the countries were under military dictatorships declined when more democratic governments gained power. The MCC continued to operate locally in some areas but with an emphasis on disaster response and collaboration with Adventist Community Services rather than pre-induction military medical training. In other countries with mandatory military service or a draft, a similar program still operates.

Uniform Patches - 1950s

## Camp Desmond T. Doss

In 1950 a 10-day summer camp training program was held at Grand Ledge, Michigan on the Michigan Conference camp meeting grounds. Named for Desmond T. Doss, the first conscientious objector to receive the Medal of Honor, this camp became an annual event until about 1970. Doss himself frequently attended, an attraction that helped bring more young men to the camp each year. From 1951 until 1958, Everett Dick commanded Camp Doss aided by a core group of MCC leaders who gathered at Grand Ledge each summer from across the nation. The camp also attracted international visitors interested in creating MCC programs in their home countries. Visitors and inquiries about the camp came from Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Mexico, and South Africa. The camp was active throughout the Korean and Vietnam wars before the property was sold in 1988.

## International Expansion

Creed
> I am a Medical Cadet, a defender of human rights, I serve all just and noble causes.
> I am proud to be one. I will always act correctly, asking the Almighty to continuously guide my steps everywere I go.
> I am proud to be a part of this organization. I will do everything in my power to keep on high our morals and standards.
> I will be loyal to those that I serve. I will obey the orders and instructions of my superiors.
> In God I trust.
> AMEN.

With the reactivation of the MCC, its proven success for American Adventists, and promotion by American missionaries serving internationally, interest grew in establishing the MCC in many countries around the world. During World War II, MCC training was initiated independently in a few locations, but in 1951 the General Conference purposefully began promoting the MCC program throughout the world through the newly established International Commission for Medical Cadet Service. Everett Dick was invited to Canada in 1951 to assist with creating a training program for officers. In 1953, 1955, and 1957 he traveled to the Far East to establish and supervise corps. He also visited the Caribbean and Lebanon. In each country where the MCC was adopted, relationships were established with the local military and the curriculum adapted to the standards of that country. The MCC was most popular in countries ruled by military governments or under immediate threat of conflict. It was not popular in Europe and was established with reluctance in Japan.

* Argentina: Training was held at River Plate Junior College (now Universidad Adventista del Plata) in Argentina during January and February 1944. Instructors included Ellis R. Maas, Dr. Carlos E. Westphal, Dr. Marcelo Hammerly, Oreste Biaggi, and Justo J. Vallejos.
* Brazil: MCC training was first attempted at South Brazil College in São Paulo, Brazil in 1943. The program was not successful until June 1953 when Domingo Peixoto, Department of Civil Rights and Duties for the Brazil Union, obtained government approval for the program. Peixoto went on to become the commanding colonel for the MCC in Brazil.
* Canada: The first Canadian Medical Cadet Corps training was held in Oshawa, Ontario under the leadership of Lawrence Smart in February 1951. Later that year Everett Dick was invited to participate in Camp Almansask which met from July 24 to August 7 at the Manitoba-Saskatchewan Conference camp meeting grounds in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. It was sponsored by the Manitoba-Saskatchewan and Alberta Conferences.
* Chile: The MCC program at Chile College was authorized by the federal government and cadets were inspected by the Chilean army's chief surgeon.
* Cuba: Red Cross classes and some MCC training may have been promoted in Cuba during World War II. The first MCC camp to be part of the denomination-wide program was held during Christmas break in 1951 at Antillian Junior College (now Antillean Adventist University) then located in Santa Clara.
* Dominican Republic: The first MCC camp in the Dominican Republic was held August 1951 at Santo Domingo under the direction Valentin Schoen, Lawrence A. Wheeler, Paul W. Kemper, and Chaplain E. A. Girado.
* Indonesia: Although there was interest in the MCC in Indonesia, activity was limited when American missionaries expressed concern related to communism.
* Japan: Everett Dick visited MCC units in Japan in 1953, 1955, and 1957.
* Mexico: Charles R. Taylor of Mexico City attended Camp Carlyle B. Haynes in 1950 and was commissioned second lieutenant.
* Philippines: During World War II, American missionaries inquired about MCC training. In the 1950s enthusiasm was unprecedented. The Philippines boasted more participation than any other nation. C. M. Sorenson directed the Philippine MCC program in the 1950s. Dick visited in 1953. When Dick sought memoirs and information about MCC history in 1983 in preparation for the MCC's 50th anniversary, he was surprised to learn the program was still active in the Philippines.
* Taiwan: Everett Dick visited MCC units in Japan in 1953, 1955, and 1957. In 1953 American military officers also visited the Taiwanese MCC camp.
* Singapore: Dr. James H. Nelson and James Wong led the MCC in Singapore after the government implemented national registration.
* Vietnam: In 1953, after Indochina began compulsory conscription, William H. Bergherm and Willis J. Hackett visited Saigon in order to implement a MCC training program.

## Philosophy

Motto
> Serve, Serve, Serve

In Puerto Rico Cadets may be male or female and at least 16 years of age. They are trained and equipped to serve God and the community in order to provide aid during natural disasters or accidents. It organizes personnel and materials to provide spiritual and logistical aid. The program's motto is "Serve, Serve, Serve". The organization promotes spiritual growth for its members. In collaboration with the American Red Cross, medical training includes Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), advanced rescue, and preventive health and care among others. A regimen of physical training promotes mental and physical discipline in the cadets.

## Ranks

The Medical Cadet Corps uses a rank system based on that of the United States Army, complete with rank symbols; however, the enlisted ranks utilise yellow chevrons on green backgrounds, as opposed to the tan chevrons on olive backgrounds in use by the US Army today. Moreover, the rank symbols for colonel and above are gold, not silver.

Comparison of enlisted ranks of Medical Cadet Corps (MCC) and United States Army (USA)
| MCC code | MCC rank | Rank insignia | USA rank | Uniformed services pay grade |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| E-1 | Recruit | No insignia | Private | E-1 |
| E-2 | Private | One chevron | Private | E-2 |
| E-3 | Private First Class | One chevron and one rocker stripe | Private First Class | E-3 |
| E-4 | Corporal | Two chevrons | Corporal | E-4 |
| E-5 | Sergeant | Three chevrons | Sergeant | E-5 |
| E-6 | Staff Sergeant | Three chevrons and one rocker stripe | Staff Sergeant | E-6 |
| E-7 | Sergeant First Class | Three chevrons and two rocker stripes | Sergeant First Class | E-7 |
| E-8 | Master Sergeant | Three chevrons and three rocker stripes | Master Sergeant | E-8 |
| E-9 | First Sergeant | Three chevrons, lozenge "diamond" and three rocker stripes | First Sergeant | E-8 |
| E-10 | Sergeant Major | Three chevrons, five-pointed star and three rocker stripes | Sergeant Major | E-9 |
| E-11 | Command Sergeant Major | Three chevrons, star in crossed laurel wreaths and three rocker stripes | Command Sergeant Major | E-9 |
| N/A | No rank | Three chevrons, Achievement Great Seal and three rocker stripes | Sergeant Major of the Army | E-9 |
| N/A | No rank | Three chevrons, eagle gripping three arrows surrounded by four stars, and three rocker stripes | Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman | E-9 |

The Medical Cadet Corps uses the same five warrant officer codes, ranks and insignias as the United States Army.

Comparison of officer ranks of Medical Cadet Corps (MCC) and United States Army (USA)
| MCC rank | MCC insignia | USA insignia | USA rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2nd Lieutenant | One gold bar | One gold bar | Second Lieutenant |
| 1st Lieutenant | One silver bar | One silver bar | First Lieutenant |
| Captain | Two silver bars | Two silver bars | Captain |
| Major | Gold oak leaf | Gold oak leaf | Major |
| Lieutenant Colonel | Silver oak leaf | Silver oak leaf | Lieutenant Colonel |
| Colonel | Eagle with olive branch and arrows in talons, head facing olive branch, all in gold | Eagle with olive branch and arrows in talons, head facing olive branch, all in silver | Colonel |
| Conference Director | One gold star | One silver star | Brigadier General |
| Union Director | Two gold stars | Two silver stars | Major General |
| Division Director | Three gold stars | Three silver stars | Lieutenant General |
| General Conference Associate Director/Departmental Director | Four gold stars | Four silver stars | General |
| General Conference Director | Five gold stars | Five silver stars | General of the Army |

## Emblems

## Bibliography

* Berg, Thomas Harold. "The Seventh-Day Adventist Medical Cadet Corps, 1934-1945: Reconciling War, Conscience, and Noncombatancy." University of Nebraska, 1990.
* Berry, Vernon E. "First Medical Cadet Camp in Santo Domingo." *Inter-American Division Messenger* 28, no. 11 (December 1951): 4.
* Davis, Roger G. "Conscientious Cooperators: The Seventh-day Adventists and Military Service, 1860-1945." Ph.D., George Washington University, 1970.
* Dick, Everett N. "The Adventist Medical Cadet Corps as Seen by its Founder." *Adventist Heritage* 1 no. 2 (July 1974): 18-27.
* Dick, Everett N. "The Military Chaplaincy and Seventh-day Adventists: The Evolution of an Attitude," *Adventist Heritage* 3 no. 1 (Summer 1976): 33-45
* Hicks, John D. "Everett Dick: Teacher, Scholar, Churchman." In *People of the plains and mountains: Essays in the history of the West dedicated to Everett Dick.* Edited by Ray A. Billington, 3–20. Contributions in American History no.25. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973.
* "Inter-America Issues First Cadet Officers Commissions." *Inter-American Division Messenger* 28 no. 5 (May 1, 1951): 2.
* Knight, George R. "The Great Disappearance: Adventism and Noncombatancy." *Journal of Adventist Education* 70 no. 3 (February/March 2008): 11-14. Accessed March 17, 2014.
* Leon, Merardo. "Tidings from Chile College." *South American Bulletin* 29 no. 2 (March 1, 1954): 2–3. Accessed July 26, 2015.
* Maas, Ellis R. "Medical Cadets in the Austral Union." *South American Bulletin* 20, no. 2 (April 1, 1944): 6–7.
* Mole, Robert L. *God Also Loves Military People*. General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 1977.
* Schlabach, Theron F. and Richard T. Hughes, editors. *Proclaim Peace: Christian Pacifism From Unexpected Quarters*. Urbana, IL: Univ. of Illinois, 1997.
* Schwarz, R. W. *Light Bearers to the Remnant*. Boise, ID: Pacific Press, 1979.
* Tillman, A. M. "Medical Cadets in the South American Division." *South American Bulletin* 23 no. 2 (March 1, 1948): 4.
* Union College. "Union College Heritage Collections: Medical Cadet Corps." Accessed August 5, 2015.
* Walker, H. E. "For God and Country." *South American Bulletin* 30 no. 5 (September 1, 1955): 6–7.
* Wallace, E. H. "Medical Cadet Corps in Saigon." *Far Eastern Division Outlook* 39, no. 12 (December 1953): 5–6.
* Wilcox, Francis McLellan. *Seventh-day Adventists in Time of War*. Takoma Park, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1936.


title: New Era (Prussia)

abstract: The New Era was the term for the government policy in the Kingdom of Prussia between autumn 1858 and spring 1862. It followed the Era of Reaction under Frederick William IV.

text:
# New Era (Prussia)

The **New Era** (German: *Neue Ära*) was the term for the government policy in the Kingdom of Prussia between autumn 1858 and spring 1862. It followed the Era of Reaction under Frederick William IV.

## Overview

The New Era began with the regency of Wilhelm I on October 7, 1858, who became King Wilhelm I in 1861. After the Era of Reaction of the 1850s, which had emphasized the preservation of the old conservative prerogatives, the new regent tried to enforce reforms by calling together a conservative-liberal coalition government. However, the reforms were blocked by the deputies from the Junker nobility, which led the Prussian House of Lords.


title: Hatheam Dam

abstract: The Hatheam dam is a dam in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia that opened in 1984. The main purpose of the dam is flood control.

text:
# Hatheam Dam

The **Hatheam dam** is a dam in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia that opened in 1984. The main purpose of the dam is flood control.

## InfoBox

| Hatheam dam | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Hatheam dam in Saudi Arabia | |
| Country | Saudi Arabia |
| Location | Asir |
| Coordinates | 19°41′47″N 42°29′15″E / 19.69639°N 42.48750°E / 19.69639; 42.48750 |
| Purpose | Flood control |
| Opening date | 1984 (1984) |
| Owner(s) | Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture (Saudi Arabia) |


title: Fred Tuilagi

abstract: Fred Tuilagi is a rugby union player for Bedford Blues in the UK Championship league. He previously played for AS Bédarrides and Leicester Tigers in Premiership Rugby. Tuilagi is the son of former Leicester and St Helens winger Freddie Tuilagi and is the second generation of the Tuilagi family to play professional rugby. He primarily plays at Number 8 but can play at Blindside flanker if required. He is eligible for both England and Samoa but has played for neither team at any level. He was named in the Samoa squad for the 2024 July International Tests.

text:
# Fred Tuilagi

**Fred Tuilagi** (born 9 June 1997) is a rugby union player for Bedford Blues in the UK Championship league. He previously played for AS Bédarrides and Leicester Tigers in Premiership Rugby. Tuilagi is the son of former Leicester and St Helens winger Freddie Tuilagi and is the second generation of the Tuilagi family to play professional rugby. He primarily plays at Number 8 but can play at Blindside flanker if required.

He is eligible for both England and Samoa but has played for neither team at any level. He was named in the Samoa squad for the 2024 July International Tests.

## Career

### Youth

As a youth he played for Hinckley RFC, where his uncle Manu played too, and was a prop originally before being switched to the backrow when he came through the Tigers Academy. His older brother, Brian, was an academy graduate but moved to the Saracens Development team and now plays for US Dax. Tuilagi originally played prop before moving to back row in his later teens.

### Leicester

He made his senior debut for the Leicester Tigers on 4 November 2016 when he came on as a substitute in the 20-21 victory over Bath at the Recreation Ground, becoming the 6th Tuilagi to play for the Tigers at senior level following dad Freddie and uncles Henry, Anitelea, Alesana and current Sale, Lions and England centre Manu.

Fred first made prominence after featuring for the Tigers in the 2016 Singha Premiership Rugby 7s Series where he was yellow carded in the 1st minute against Worcester and made his official debut later that year, although that was his single appearance that season, being used in the A League and being loaned to Coventry R.F.C. He was on his way out but new head coach Matt O'Connor convinced him to stay, stating that he has the potential to be as devastating as his uncle Henry. After a prominent appearance in preseason, Tuilagi was given his 1st senior start and Welford Road debut against Gloucester Rugby in the Anglo-Welsh Cup and went to make a further 3 more appearances in the competition.

Ahead of the 2018/19 season, Fred was promoted to the senior squad, joining his uncle Manu. He made 8 appearances so far, all of which were in the Premiership Rugby Cup. In the Derby Round fixture, Tuilagi scored his first senior try for the club and also provided a try-assist for fly-half Joe Ford in a 47-20 defeat for the Tigers. On 15 May 2019 he was announced as one of the players to leave Leicester following the end of the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season.

### Colorno

On 23 July 2019 Tuilagi was announced as a signing for newly promoted Rugby Colorno in Italy's Top 12.

### London Scottish

In June 2020, London Scottish announced the signing of Tuilagi along with his brother Brian.

## InfoBox

Fred Tuilagi
| Birth name | Frederick Tuialgi |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1997-06-09) 9 June 1997 |
| Place of birth | Halifax, England |
| Height | 6 ft 3 in (191 cm) |
| Weight | 18 st 12 lb (264 lb; 120 kg) |
| Notable relative(s) | Freddie Tuilagi (father), Brian Tuilagi (brother), Henry Tuilagi, Alesana Tuilagi, Anitelea Tuilagi and Manu Tuilagi (all uncles) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Number 8  **Current team**  AS Bédarrides  Youth career  20??-2015  Hinckley RFC  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  20152016 South Leicester RFC  4  (5)  20162017 Coventry  11  (5)  20172018 Loughborough Students  2  (0)  20162019 Leicester Tigers  8  (5)  20192020 Rugby Colorno  8  (20)  20202021 London Scottish  0  (0)  20212022 Chinnor  27  (40)  2022  AS Bédarrides  38  (40)  **2015** **Total** **98** **(115)**  Correct as of 17 June 2024  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2024– Samoa  0  (0)  Correct as of 17 June 2024 | |


title: Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics

abstract:
The Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics is a peer-reviewed mathematics journal published by the Rocky Mountain Mathematics Consortium.
Founded in 1971, the journal publishes both research and expository articles on mathematics, with an emphasis on survey articles. The journal is indexed by Mathematical Reviews and Zentralblatt MATH.
Its 2009 MCQ was 0.25. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 0.250.

text:
# Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics

***The Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics*** is a peer-reviewed mathematics journal published by the Rocky Mountain Mathematics Consortium. Founded in 1971, the journal publishes both research and expository articles on mathematics, with an emphasis on survey articles. The journal is indexed by *Mathematical Reviews* and Zentralblatt MATH. Its 2009 MCQ was 0.25. According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 0.250.

## InfoBox

*The Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics*
| Discipline | Mathematics |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | John Quigg |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1971–present |
| Publisher | Rocky Mountain Mathematics Consortium |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Impact factor | 0.250 (2016) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Rocky Mt. J. Math.* |
| MathSciNet | *Rocky Mountain J. Math.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| CODEN | RMJMAE |
| ISSN | 0035-7596
 |
| LCCN | 77612778 |
| OCLC no. | 01764461 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Pilgrim River

abstract: The Pilgrim River is a 12.9-mile-long (20.8 km) river in Portage Township, Houghton County, Michigan, in the United States. The river flows near the Portage Lake Golf Course and empties into the Keweenaw Waterway, which connects to Lake Superior. In 2010, the Pilgrim River Watershed Project formed with the goal to secure easements along the river to keep the river accessible for non-motorized recreation. The protected area comprises 1,382 acres (559 ha) of mature forestlands encompassing over 3 miles (5 km) of the river.

text:
# Pilgrim River

The **Pilgrim River** is a 12.9-mile-long (20.8 km) river in Portage Township, Houghton County, Michigan, in the United States. The river flows near the Portage Lake Golf Course and empties into the Keweenaw Waterway, which connects to Lake Superior.

In 2010, the Pilgrim River Watershed Project formed with the goal to secure easements along the river to keep the river accessible for non-motorized recreation. The protected area comprises 1,382 acres (559 ha) of mature forestlands encompassing over 3 miles (5 km) of the river.

47°06′22″N 88°30′43″W / 47.106°N 88.512°W / 47.106; -88.512

## InfoBox

| Pilgrim River | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Portage Township, Houghton County, Michigan |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Keweenaw Waterway |
| Basin size | 16,000 acres (65 km2) |


title: John Turner (Mayflower passenger)

abstract: John Turner was a passenger, along with his two sons, on the 1620 voyage of the historic Pilgrim ship the Mayflower. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact and perished with his sons that first winter.

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# John Turner (Mayflower passenger)

**John Turner** (1563 – winter of 1620/21) was a passenger, along with his two sons, on the 1620 voyage of the historic Pilgrim ship the *Mayflower*. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact and perished with his sons that first winter.

## English Origins

Very little is known about his life in England, especially his origins. It is believed he may have come from Great Yarmouth in co. Norfolk, where there were several Turner families.

## Life in Leiden

Per Banks, Turner may have been of the original Pilgrim contingent emigrating to Leiden in 1610 with Bradford and Brewster as in that year, John Turner, merchant, was recorded being admitted as a burgess (political official) of Leiden.

He was of the Separatist church and is known to have lived in Leiden in 1610 and later with the record of him of September 27, 1610 in that city when he guaranteed the citizenship of Peter Boey and William Lisle. Turner was referred to as being a merchant during his time in Holland.

Turner was involved in the Holland-England trade and in that capacity often carried letters between those Leideners in London and Holland. Records indicate that on June 10, 1620, John Turner did deliver a letter from the Leiden congregation to Robert Cushman, their chief agent in London. A few days later Turner returned to Leiden with letters as well as first-hand information from Cushman.

Middelburg, Holland, located in Zeeland, was the center of the English business community and John Turner, being the concierge of the English merchant's house, was responsible for the transport of their mail. His name is found in the customs records in the transport of cargoes of English beer and pewter from London to Holland.

## On the *Mayflower*

Per William Bradford, John Turner traveled on the *Mayflower* accompanied by his two sons, whose given names are unknown.

John Turner departed Plymouth, England on the *Mayflower* on September 6/16, 1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions. By the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by strong westerly gales, causing the ship's timbers to be badly shaken with caulking failing to keep out sea water, and with passengers, even in their berths, lying wet and ill. In addition, a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On the way there were two deaths, a crew member and a passenger, but the worst was yet to come after arriving at their destination when, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter.

On November 9/19, 1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor. After several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on November 11/21.

John Turner was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact on November 11, 1620, but not his sons, who were yet to be of age.

## In Plymouth

John Turner and his two sons all died the first winter in Plymouth. By this time three other complete families had perished – the Martins, the Rigsdales, and the Tinkers.

In addition to his two sons, John Turner also had a daughter Elizabeth, who apparently remained in Leiden after the *Mayflower* sailed. Elizabeth Turner later came to New England sometime before October 1635.

## Family of John Turner

John Turner and his wife had three children:

* \_____ Turner (son), born around 1615 and died in Plymouth Colony in the winter of 1620/1.
* \_____ Turner (son), born around 1616 and died in Plymouth Colony in the winter of 1620/1.
* Elizabeth, born around 1620, traveled to Salem and married. No further information is known.

William Bradford wrote of this family in 1651: "John Turner, and \*2\* sons. He had a daughter come some years after to Salem, where she is now living."

And Bradford wrote of their fate:

"John Turner and his \*2\* sones all dyed in the first sicknes. But he hath a daughter still living at Salem, well married, and approved of."

## Death and burial

Nothing is known of the dates of death of John Turner and his sons, other than they died sometime in the winter of 1620/21. John Turner was buried in Cole's Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth, presumably in an unmarked grave as with most *Mayflower* passengers who died in that first winter. His sons may have also been buried in Cole's Hill Burial Ground. They are all memorialized on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb on Cole's Hill as "John Turner and two sons."

1. Caleb H. Johnson, *The Mayflower and Her Passengers* (Indiana: Xlibris Corp., copyright 2006 Caleb Johnson), p. 243.
2. *A genealogical profile of John Turner,* (a collaboration of Plimoth Plantation and New England Historic Genealogical Society accessed 2013)  *Archived 2012-11-01 at the Wayback Machine*
3. Robert Charles Anderson, *Pilgrim Village Family Sketch: John Turner* (a collaboration of American Ancestors and New England Historic Genealogical Society)  *Archived 2013-09-04 at the Wayback Machine*
4. Charles Edward Banks, *The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers* (New York: Grafton Press, 1929), p. 91
5. Eugene Aubrey Stratton, *Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691,* (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), p. 365
6. Nick Bunker, *Making Haste from Babylon: The Mayflower Pilgrims and their New World a History* (New York: Knopf 2010), p. 230
7. Eugene Aubrey Stratton, *Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691,* (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), p. 413
8. Nathaniel Philbrick, *Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War,* (New York:Viking Publishing, 2006), p. 89
9. Eugene Aubrey Stratton, *Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691,* (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), pp. 365, 406, 409
10. *Memorial and photo of their legend on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb*


title: Medicine Owl Peak

abstract: Medicine Owl Peak is located in the Lewis Range, Glacier National Park, in the U.S. state of Montana. It is situated.71 mi (1.14 km) northwest of Amphitheater Mountain.

text:
# Medicine Owl Peak

**Medicine Owl Peak** (8,284 feet (2,525 m)) is located in the Lewis Range, Glacier National Park, in the U.S. state of Montana. It is situated .71 mi (1.14 km) northwest of Amphitheater Mountain.

## InfoBox

| Medicine Owl Peak | |
| --- | --- |
| Medicine Owl PeakLocation in MontanaMedicine Owl PeakLocation in the United States | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 8,284 ft (2,525 m) |
| Prominence | 604 ft (184 m) |
| Coordinates | 48°36′32″N 113°29′43″W / 48.60889°N 113.49528°W / 48.60889; -113.49528 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Glacier County, Montana, U.S. |
| Parent range | Lewis Range |
| Topo map | USGS Cut Bank Pass, MT |


title: New Calamba

abstract: New Calamba was a planned Filipino settlement in Borneo by José Rizal. At the time the settlement was proposed the area which is now situated in the Malaysian state of Sabah was under the administration of the British North Borneo Chartered Company. The Filipino settlement was proposed to be governed autonomously under British North Borneo. Rizal envisioned the settlement after residents in his native Calamba, Laguna were left homeless after the resolution of a land dispute in favor of the Dominican friars.

text:
# New Calamba

**New Calamba** (Spanish: *Nueva Calamba*) was a planned Filipino settlement in Borneo by José Rizal. At the time the settlement was proposed the area which is now situated in the Malaysian state of Sabah was under the administration of the British North Borneo Chartered Company. The Filipino settlement was proposed to be governed autonomously under British North Borneo.

Rizal envisioned the settlement after residents in his native Calamba, Laguna were left homeless after the resolution of a land dispute in favor of the Dominican friars.

## Location

New Calamba or *Nueva Calamba* was planned to be established in North Borneo in an area situated near the Bengkoka River and Maradu Bay. Rizal has negotiated with the governor of North Borneo to lease at least 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) or 20.23 square kilometers (7.81 sq mi) of land for 950 years for the establishment of the settlement with the option to purchase thousands of acres more.

## History

### Calamba land dispute

Plans to set up New Calamba was due to a land dispute in Calamba, Laguna in the Spanish governed Philippine islands. The dispute originated from a directive of Governor General Emilio Terrero y Perinat ordering for the investigation of estates owned by Dominican friars as an effort to resolve agrarian issues and problems in collection of land taxes and tenancy upon the request of José Rizal. Rizal was in turn urged by tenants in Calamba to call for an investigation regarding the hacienda owned by the Dominican Order which was later found out to consist of not only the area around Calamba but the whole town. Rizal's actions drew the ire of the friars.

The Supreme Court of Spain made a decision regarding the case and the Madrid-based court ruled in favor of the Dominicans recognizing their proprietorship over the disputed lands in Calamba and ordered the tenants of Calamba to leave the hacienda within 12 days or face expulsion. Among those tenants were Rizal's family. When Valeriano Wéyler, an ally of the friars, took over as Governor General succeeding Terrero, implemented the decision by sending 50 soldiers from the peninsular regiment of artillery to expel the tenants and burnt their houses.

### Conceptualization

José Rizal began conceptualizing the idea of establishing a Filipino settlement in North Borneo while he was on a trip to Hong Kong. In the British colony, Rizal shared the concept to Englishman W.B. Pryor and his wife who were en route to North Borneo. Based on a letter addressed to Ferdinand Blumentritt dated on February 23, 1892, Rizal was thought to consider relocating his family to North Borneo where he plans to establish a Filipino settlement geared towards agriculture with himself as their leader. Rizal observed what he perceive was better governance of the British of their colony, Hong Kong compared to the Spanish's administration of the Philippines particularly their harsh treatment of the island's natives.

### Attempted establishment

Rizal prepared an agreement with the British North Borneo Company by January 1892. The North Borneo company proposed the permanent settlement of Filipinos in North Borneo, the sale and lease of lands in the area where they could settle for 999 years, and an arrangement that would allow the settlers to govern themselves while remaining under the jurisdiction of the company.

Aware that he would need the consent of the Spanish colonial government for the resettlement of evicted residents of Calamba to North Borneo, Rizal wrote a letter to Governor General Eulogio Despujol on March 21, 1892 to seek permission to do so. Within the same month, Pryor, whom Rizal met back in Hong Kong informed Rizal that North Borneo needs manpower with British inviting Rizal to visit Sandakan. The North Borneo company further offered the construction of buildings and plantation of orchards for the planned Filipino settlement in an arrangement where settlers would pay for the cost which is payable in three years.

Rizal entered into a negotiation with the acting Secretary of the North Borneo Government in the absence of the territory's governor. The secretary recorded the conditions of the proposed settlement in writing. Rizal later met with the Governor of North Borneo on April 6, 1892 before leaving for Hong Kong via the *Memnon* the following day.

### Spanish opposition

José Rizal upon his arrival in the British colony of Hong Kong received the official position of the Spanish colonial government from its consulate in Hong Kong regarding his plan for a Filipino settlement in North Borneo. Governor General Despujol did not reply through letter but through a consul, Despujol informed Rizal his rejection of the plan which he viewed as "anti-patriotic" due to labor shortage in the Philippines. The plan was also viewed with suspicion fearing that a Filipino colony in North Borneo could be used to launch a Filipino revolution against the Spanish colonial government. He also invited Rizal to meet with him in Manila to discuss the plan and Rizal accepted the invitation despite objections from his friends fearing for his safety.

On June 26, 1892, Rizal arrived in Manila and had a series of meeting with Despujol at the Malacañang Palace before he was arrested after he was found to possess leaflets critical to the clergy which was planted by friars. Rizal was put into detention at Fort Santiago before he was executed. His death was later credited to have contributed to the Philippine Revolution.

## Governance

New Calamba would have been part of British North Borneo but would have some degree of autonomy. Residents are excluded from free labor or conscription except if the territory's sovereignty was placed under threat.

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Palafox, Queenie Ann (18 September 2012). "Rizal's Settlement Project in Sabah". *National Historical Commission of the Philippines*. Retrieved 23 October 2018.

## InfoBox

| New Calamba *Nueva Calamba* | |
| --- | --- |
| Proposed settlement | |
| Etymology: Town of Calamba, Laguna | |
| Territory | British North Borneo |
| Area | |
| Total | 20.23 km2 (7.81 sq mi) |
|  | Initial and minimum proposed area |


title: Rolf Mulka

abstract: Rolf Theodor Heinz Mulka was a German sailor. He won the Olympic Bronze Medal Flying Dutchman in 1960 Rome along with Ingo von Bredow. Mulka was the son of Robert Mulka who at the Auschwitz concentration camp, was adjutant to the camp commandant, SS-Obersturmbannführer Rudolf Höss.

text:
# Rolf Mulka

**Rolf Theodor Heinz Mulka** (23 November 1927 – 14 July 2012) was a German sailor. He won the Olympic Bronze Medal Flying Dutchman in 1960 Rome along with Ingo von Bredow.

Mulka was the son of Robert Mulka who at the Auschwitz concentration camp, was adjutant to the camp commandant, SS-*Obersturmbannführer* Rudolf Höss.

## InfoBox

Rolf Mulka
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's sailing | | |
| Representing  Germany | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 1960 Rome | Flying Dutchman |


title: Harley Young

abstract: Harlan Edward Young nicknamed "Cy the Third", was a professional baseball pitcher. He played for two Major League Baseball teams in 1908, eight games for the Pittsburgh Pirates and six games for the Boston Doves.

text:
# Harley Young

**Harlan Edward Young** (September 28, 1883 – March 26, 1975) nicknamed "Cy the Third", was a professional baseball pitcher. He played for two Major League Baseball teams in 1908, eight games for the Pittsburgh Pirates and six games for the Boston Doves.

## InfoBox

| Harley Young | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1883-09-28)September 28, 1883
Portland, Indiana | |
| **Died:** March 26, 1975(1975-03-26) (aged 91)
Jacksonville, Florida | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 21, 1908, for the Pittsburgh Pirates | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| July 4, 1908, for the Boston Doves | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 0–3 |
| Earned run average | 2.62 |
| Strikeouts | 29 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Pilanco

abstract: Pilanco is a mountain in the north of the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru, about 5,286 metres (17,343 ft) high. It is located in Yuracmarca District, Huaylas Province, Ancash. Pilanco lies northeast of Santa Cruz, northwest of Alpamayo and east of Millwaqucha. Los Cedros Creek flows along its southern slopes, receiving the name Alpamayo in that section.

text:
# Pilanco

**Pilanco** (possibly from the Ancash Quechua word for dam,) is a mountain in the north of the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru, about 5,286 metres (17,343 ft) high. It is located in Yuracmarca District, Huaylas Province, Ancash. Pilanco lies northeast of Santa Cruz, northwest of Alpamayo and east of Millwaqucha. Los Cedros Creek flows along its southern slopes, receiving the name Alpamayo in that section.

## InfoBox

| Pilanco | |
| --- | --- |
| PilancoPeru | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 5,286 m (17,343 ft) |
| Coordinates | 8°47′59″S 77°41′18″W / 8.79972°S 77.68833°W / -8.79972; -77.68833 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Peru, Ancash Region |
| Parent range | Andes, Cordillera Blanca |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | Pilanco N: 1-1966 via S. ridge from col. |


title: My Day Will Come

abstract: "My Day Will Come" is the second single from Kate Alexa, released in September 2005. This single is from her debut album, Broken & Beautiful. It comprised two singles, one was the one without the digital video film clip which was the original one and the other one with the digital video film clip which was the enhanced limited edition. Both singles also include a new song called "Walk On" and the acoustic version of "Always There", her debut single.

text:
# My Day Will Come

**"My Day Will Come"** is the second single from Kate Alexa, released in September 2005. This single is from her debut album, *Broken & Beautiful*. It comprised two singles, one was the one without the digital video film clip which was the original one and the other one with the digital video film clip which was the enhanced limited edition. Both singles also include a new song called "Walk On" and the acoustic version of "Always There", her debut single.

## History and theme

This was Alexa's second single, released almost a year (50 weeks) after her debut, "Always There". The album, *Broken & Beautiful*, was released two more singles later and a year afterwards.

Alexa says the song is about "believing in yourself" and "...no matter how hard things get, don't give up. Your day will come."

## Music video

The music video for the song was directed by Bart Borghesi, and shows Alexa in an old house. In the beginning she is sat to a table singing the first verse, and she walks up to the band members with sheets over them, which she pulls off, and then starts performing the first chorus with them. Throughout the video she keeps catching sight of a mysterious man, and shots of her sat on the stairs performing with the band.

## Chart performance

It did not do as well on the charts as *Always There*, it peaked at #24 and stayed on the ARIA top 50 for only 4 weeks.

| Chart (2006) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian ARIA Singles Chart | 24 |

## Track listings

**CD Single: Original single track listing**

1. "My Day Will Come"
2. "Walk On"
3. "Always There" (Acoustic Version)

**CD Single: Enhanced Limited Edition single track listing**

1. "My Day Will Come"
2. "Walk On"
3. "Always There" (Acoustic Version)
4. "My Day Will Come" (Video)

## InfoBox

| "My Day Will Come" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Kate Alexa | |
| from the album  *Broken & Beautiful* | |
| B-side | "Walk On" |
| Released | September 12, 2005 |
| Recorded | 2005 |
| Genre | Pop, Rock |
| Length | 3:50 |
| Label | Mushroom Records, Liberation |
| Songwriter(s) | Kate Alexa, Jim Marr, Wendy Page |
| Producer(s) | Charles Fisher |
| Kate Alexa singles chronology | |
| "Always There"
(2004) "**My Day Will Come**"
(2005) "All I Hear"
(2006) | |


title: Mwanza Prison

abstract: Mwanza Prison is the prison located in Mwanza, Malawi, a town in the Southern Region of Malawi on the border with Mozambique. The prison is controlled and maintained by the Malawi Prison Service that in turn controls 23 district prison stations, including the Mwanza Prison, which are either first-class or second-class prisons. The aim of the Malawi Prison Service is to provide humane and effective correctional services to prisoners.

text:
# Mwanza Prison

**Mwanza Prison** is the prison located in Mwanza, Malawi, a town in the Southern Region of Malawi on the border with Mozambique. The prison is controlled and maintained by the Malawi Prison Service that in turn controls 23 district prison stations, including the Mwanza Prison, which are either first-class or second-class prisons. The aim of the Malawi Prison Service is to provide humane and effective correctional services to prisoners.

## History

### Formation

Mwanza Prison is part of the Malawi Prison Service, which was established by the Prisons Act of 1956. This act was enacted by the British colonial government, which had previously administered prisons in Malawi through the colonial police force.

## Objectives

The objectives of the Malawi Prison Service include managing prisons, rehabilitating prisoners and enforcing prison sentences.

## Challenges

The Malawi Prison Service faces challenges including overcrowding, poor sanitation and inadequate funding. The service has also faced criticism for human rights abuses and poor conditions in prisons.

## InfoBox

Mwanza Prison
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Mwanza, Malawi |
| Coordinates | 15°35′55″S 34°31′04″E / 15.59861°S 34.51778°E / -15.59861; 34.51778 |
| Status | Operational |
| Security class | Maximum (male and female) |
| Capacity | 1,500 |
| Opened | 1990 |
| Managed by | Malawi Prison Service |


title: Mehdi Norowzian

abstract: Mehdi Norowzian is an Iranian-British director. He was nominated for an Oscar for his short film Killing Joe (1999) at the 72nd Academy Awards.

text:
# Mehdi Norowzian

**Mehdi Norowzian** (Persian: مهدی نوروزیان) is an Iranian-British director. He was nominated for an Oscar for his short film *Killing Joe* (1999) at the 72nd Academy Awards.

## Early life

He was born in Iran, and later moved to the UK.

## Career

He has directed two films: *Leo* (2002) starring Joseph Fiennes and Elisabeth Shue, and *Killing Joe* (1999) short, which starred Daniel Bliss. In 1997, Norowzian unsuccessfully pursued a lawsuit against Guinness for copyright infringement, citing similarities between their 1994 *Anticipation* advertising campaign and *Joy*, a short film present on Norowzian's show reel which he distributed to a number of advertising agencies in 1992.

## Filmography

### Feature films

| Year | Title | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | *Leo* |  |
| TBA | *A Time in Eternity* |  |

### Short films

| Year | Title | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | *Killing Joe* |  |


title: Romaine Callender

abstract: Alfred Romaine Callender, more commonly referred to as Romaine Callender and also known professionally as A. Romaine Callendar and Alfred Callender was an English born American actor of stage and screen. He should not be confused with several other men in his family also known publicly as Romaine Callendar, including his father, the stage actor Edwin Romaine Callendar (1845-1922), and his uncle, the music educator, conductor, composer, organ builder, and book author William Romaine Callendar (1859-1930). Callender began his career as a stage actor in 1906 performing with Robert B. Mantell's Shakespeare company. He had a prolific career as an actor on Broadway from 1910 through 1935. He simultaneously worked periodically in film; making his screen debut in the silent film My Wife in 1918. While predominantly a stage actor during the silent film era, in 1935 he transitioned away from the theatre and became am actor in sound films under contract with Columbia Pictures; starring as a character actor in almost 50 feature films from 1935-1945.

text:
# Romaine Callender

**Alfred Romaine Callender**, more commonly referred to as **Romaine Callender** and also known professionally as **A. Romaine Callendar** and **Alfred Callender** (February 17, 1883,·Sheffield, England – February 5, 1976, New York City) was an English born American actor of stage and screen. He should not be confused with several other men in his family also known publicly as Romaine Callendar, including his father, the stage actor Edwin Romaine Callendar (1845-1922), and his uncle, the music educator, conductor, composer, organ builder, and book author William Romaine Callendar (1859-1930).

Callender began his career as a stage actor in 1906 performing with Robert B. Mantell's Shakespeare company. He had a prolific career as an actor on Broadway from 1910 through 1935. He simultaneously worked periodically in film; making his screen debut in the silent film *My Wife* in 1918. While predominantly a stage actor during the silent film era, in 1935 he transitioned away from the theatre and became am actor in sound films under contract with Columbia Pictures; starring as a character actor in almost 50 feature films from 1935-1945.

## Early life and stage career

Alfred Romaine Callender was born on 17 February 1883 in Sheffield, England. He was the son of actor Edward Romaine Callender and Florence Callender (nee Chapman). His father was known as Romaine Callender and E. Romaine Callendar on the stage. His uncle, the composer, conductor, and music educator William Romaine Callendar, was the director of the Metropolitan College of Music in Philadelphia and was also known publicly as Romaine Callendar. When his uncle died in 1930, it was initially incorrectly reported in the press that the actor Alfred Romaine Callender was the one who died because both men were known publicly as Romaine Callender.

Callender began performing on the stage as Alfred Callendar in 1906 with Robert B. Mantell's theatre company for performances in Montreal, Buffalo, New York, and Boston. He made his debut with that company at His Majesty's Theatre, Montreal as the Duke of Albany in William Shakespeare's *King Lear* on September 5, 1906. Other roles he portrayed with that company in the 1906-1907 season included Gratiano in *Othello*, Sir Robert Brackenbury in *Richard III*, Salanio in *The Merchant of Venice*, and Tillius Cimber in *Julius Caesar*.

When Callender made his Broadway debut at the Empire Theatre in 1910 as Rideout in Arthur Wing Pinero's *Mid-Channel* he was now billed as A. Romaine Callender. Following this production he joined William Gillette's theatre troupe; portraying the role of Gordon Hayne in a national tour of Gillette's five act war drama *Held by the Enemy*. He returned to Broadway as Don Mackenzie in Thompson Buchanan's *The Rack* (1911, Playhouse Theatre). Bonnaire in Pierre Wolff's *Les Marionnettes* (1911-1912, Lyceum Theatre), Ibrahim in J. B. Fagan's *Bella Donna* (1912, Empire Theatre; 1913, Wallack's Theatre) and Achille in Edward Sheldon's *The Song of Songs* (1914-1915, Eltinge 42nd Street Theatre).

In 1918 Callendar enlisted in the United States Navy and was in service during the latter part of World War I. After the war he returned to Broadway in Arnold Bennett's *Sacred and Profane Love* (1920, Morosco Theatre), as El Nacional in Tom Cushing's *Blood and Sand* (1921, Empire Theatre), and as J. Sloane Henshaw in George S. Kaufman and Marc Connelly's *Merton of the Movies* (1922-1923, Cort Theatre).

Callender continued to appear on the stage as A. Romaine Callender until after the death of his father in 1922. Not long after this he took his father's stage name of Romaine Callender; first appearing on Broadway under that name as Snake in the 1925 revival of *The School for Scandal* at the Knickerbocker Theatre. In 1927 he portrayed Asst. State's Attorney Welch in the original production of Bartlett Cormack's *The Racket* at the Ambassador Theatre. His other later Broadway credits include the roles of Malacoda in *Mima* (1928), Dr. Otternschlag in *Grand Hotel* (1930), Fernand Demoncey in *The Man Who Reclaimed His Head* (1932), Dr. Frederick Swan in *Keeper of the Keys* (1933), Cesar Poustiano in *Another Love* (1934), General Michael Rakovski in *Judgment Day* (1934), and Wesley Cartwright *Post Road* (1934-1935).

## Film career

In 1935, Callender left New York City for Hollywood and became a contract player with Columbia Pictures. His first film with Columbia was the 1935 screwball comedy *If You Could Only Cook* in which he portrayed Jennings, the butler. Film historian and *The Washington Post* critic John Dileo wrote that this film's "droll highpoint has Marsall seeking instruction from his own butler (well-named Romaine Callender) on how to *be* a butler; it's a memorably civilized bit of role reversal." Callender portrayed butlers, often with humorous impact, in several more Columbia pictures; including the films *The Music Goes 'Round* (1936), *Pepper* (1936), *Life Begins with Love* (1937), *The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse* (1938), *Wuthering Heights* (1939), and *It's a Date* (1940). As a character actor, Callender starred in almost 50 feature films from 1935-1945; most of them for Columbia.

## Death

Romaine Callender died in New York City on February 5, 1976.

## Partial filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Director | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1918 | *My Wife* | Valstock | Dell Henderson |  |
| 1918 | *The Floor Below* | Ziegler | Clarence G. Badger |  |
| 1935 | *If You Could Only Cook* | Jennings | William A. Seiter |  |
| 1936 | *Adventure in Manhattan* | Old Taxi Driver | Edward Ludwig |  |
| | *Alibi for Murder* | E.J. Easton | D. Ross Lederman |  |
| | *The Music Goes 'Round* | Butler | Victor Schertzinger |  |
| | *And So They Were Married* | Mr. Snirley | Elliott Nugent |  |
| | *36 Hours to Kill* | Simpkins | Eugene Forde |  |
| | *High Tension* | F. Willoughby Tuttle | Allan Dwan |  |
| | *Pepper* | Butler | James Tinling |  |
| 1937 | *45 Fathers* | Hastings | James Tinling |  |
| | *Life Begins with Love* | Winterbloom | Ray McCarey |  |
| | *Wild and Woolly* | Doctor | Alfred L. Werker |  |
| 1938 | *Sharpshooters* | Consul's Assistant | James Tinling |  |
| | *One Wild Night* | Ogden Hepple | Eugene Forde |  |
| | *Passport Husband* | Judge | James Tinling |  |
| | *The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse* | Roberts | Anatole Litvak |  |
| 1939 | *Wuthering Heights* | Robert | William Wyler |  |
| | *Pardon Our Nerve* | Escort Bureau Man | H. Bruce Humberstone |  |
| 1940 | *Victory* | Missionary | John Cromwell |  |
| | *It's a Date* | Evans | William A. Seiter |  |
| | *Second Chorus* | Waiter | H. C. Potter |  |
| | *Captain Caution* | English Officer | Richard Wallace |  |
| | *Susan and God* | Oliver Leeds | George Cukor |  |
| | *I Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby* | O'Toole | Albert S. Rogell |  |
| 1941 | *Honolulu Lu* | Hotel manager | Charles Barton |  |
| | *The Body Disappears* | Prof. Barkley | D. Ross Lederman |  |
| | *Appointment for Love* | Mr. Waterbury | William A. Seiter |  |
| | *Kisses for Breakfast* | Dr. George Burroughs | Lewis Seiler |  |
| | *Flight from Destiny* | Psychiatrist | Vincent Sherman |  |
| 1942 | *Lucky Legs* | Crump | Charles Barton |  |
| | *You're Telling Me* | J.T. Dorsett | Charles Lamont |  |
| | *The Wife Takes a Flyer* | Zanten | Richard Wallace |  |
| | *The Lady Is Willing* | Bald-headed man | Mitchell Leisen |  |
| 1943 | *There's Something About a Soldier* | Chaplain | Alfred E. Green |  |
| | *My Kingdom for a Cook* | Clifton | Richard Wallace |  |
| | *Yanks Ahoy* | Col. Elliot | Kurt Neumann |  |
| | *Two Señoritas from Chicago* | Miffins | Frank Woodruff |  |
| 1944 | *Mademoiselle Fifi* | Manufacturer | Robert Wise |  |
| | *It Happened Tomorrow* | Andrew | René Clair |  |
| 1945 | *Road to Utopia* | Man in Top Hat | Hal Walker |  |
|

### Citations

### Bibliography