title: Meromacrus acutus

abstract:
Meromacrus acutus, the Carolinian elegant, is a species of syrphid fly in the family Syrphidae. This uncommon species is distributed in the Eastern United States and South America. Notable for the black and yellow pattern mimicking wasps.
Hoverflies get their names from the ability to remain nearly motionless while in flight. The adults are also known as flower flies for they are commonly found around and on flowers, from which they get both energy-giving nectar and protein-rich pollen. The larvae are aquatic filter-feeders of the rat-tailed type. They are found in rot holes of trees.

text:
# Meromacrus acutus

***Meromacrus acutus***, the **Carolinian elegant**, is a species of syrphid fly in the family Syrphidae. This uncommon species is distributed in the Eastern United States and South America (see map). Notable for the black and yellow pattern mimicking wasps. Hoverflies get their names from the ability to remain nearly motionless while in flight. The adults are also known as flower flies for they are commonly found around and on flowers, from which they get both energy-giving nectar and protein-rich pollen. The larvae are aquatic filter-feeders of the rat-tailed type. They are found in rot holes of trees.

## Description

For terminology see Speight key to genera and glossary
external images

Size

Length 13–18 mm (0.5–0.7 in)

Head

The front (frons) has a broad black stripe and has yellow pile on the sides below the ocelli. The face is yellowish red, thickly clothed on the sides with whitish pollen and bright yellow pile. A broad median stripe and shining black cheeks mark the face. Sometimes there is a reddish broad black facial stripe. The antennae are reddish brown on raised antennifer with orange arista: The posterior orbits have abundant short yellow pile with a gap of black at the ocellar triangle.

Thorax

The thorax is shining black with vivid golden yellow markings.
Two black stripes with short black pile go from the front of the scutum to near the lateral sutures. There are paired bright yellow oval markings next to the humerus. Transverse yellow line running along lateral suture extending to the midlegs. An irregular yellow line runs in front of the scutellum laterally to under the postalar callus. The scutellum is brown with yellowish on its posterior border. The pleurae are black with yellow spot. The anterior spiracles and also just below the humeri there are light yellow spots, and there are a posterior pair of white spots on the sides of the metanotum.

Abdomen

The abdomen is black and yellow.
The first segment is black with paired oval spots of yellow pile on the hind part. The second segment is black with narrow with a posterior yellow margin. The third segment has a yellow pilose spot on each side in front, and a quite narrow yellow hind margin. The fourth is segment similar to third, but the spots smaller, and the hind margin very narrow or missing. The male genitalia are described by Nayar.

Wings

Wings are yellowish basally with the front edge dark smoky black, filling out the sub-costal, the marginal, submarginal, outer part of first basal, and the anterior part of first posterior cells. Notable venation: spurious vein (sv) present, R4+5 looping into r4+5, cell r2+3 is closed.

Legs

The legs are light reddish yellow except the hind femora is mostly black.

## InfoBox

| *Meromacrus acutus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Tribe: | Eristalini |
| Subtribe: | Eristalina |
| Genus: | *Meromacrus* |
| Species: | ***M. acutus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Meromacrus acutus***
(Fabricius, 1805) | |
|
|  | |
| *M. acutus* range 2023 | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Music Vale Seminary

abstract: Music Vale Seminary, also known as the Salem Normal Academy of Music, was a normal music conservatory for women in Salem, Connecticut. It was the first accredited music school in the United States. The school opened in 1835 and closed in 1876.

text:
# Music Vale Seminary

**Music Vale Seminary**, also known as the Salem Normal Academy of Music, was a normal music conservatory for women in Salem, Connecticut. It was the first accredited music school in the United States. The school opened in 1835 and closed in 1876.

## Founding

Music Vale Seminary was founded by Oramel Whittlesey (1801-1876), a piano-maker and state senator. Born in Salem, Whittlesey was the son of prominent Methodist minister John Whittlesey. He married Charlotte Maconda Morgan (1805–1865) in 1826. The couple moved to Buffalo, New York, where Whittlesey and his two brothers ran a successful piano manufacturing business. The Whittleseys returned to Salem in 1833, where Oramel continued his piano business and began to teach music to pupils from Salem and neighboring towns. Whittlesey founded the Music Vale Seminary in 1835, and the school gained critical mass by 1839.

## History

Initially called Mr. Whittlesey’s School, Music Vale Seminary grew rapidly. By the mid-1800s it had become a boarding school, teaching an average of eighty pupils per year. Graduating classes averaged twenty students. Students received instruction in harmony, notation, voice, and performance on instruments such as the piano, organ, harp, and guitar. The conservatory attracted students from as far away as Kentucky, Kansas, Nova Scotia, and the West Indies. The conservatory was authorized to confer normal degrees, or technically teacher's certificates, by the Connecticut State Board of Higher Education. The school charged $1.50 per student per day, which covered room and board, instruction, and the use of instruments for practice. Students frequently staged public performances of music and drama.

Music Vale Seminary was a family business. Mrs. Whittlesey ran much of the school's finances and day-to-day operations. Whittlesey's four daughters taught at the school. The eldest daughter would go on to found the Maginnis Institute of Music in New London in 1864.

The outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861 reduced enrollment, as many of the school's wealthy clientele had come from the South. The school's buildings burned down in 1868, and though quickly rebuilt at a cost of $35,000-$40,000, the school faced competition from a plethora of other conservatories. After Whittlesey's death in September 1876, his daughter, Sarah Pratt, closed the school and sold the property. In March 1897, a chimney fire burned down the conservatory buildings for the second time. They were never rebuilt.

## Legacy

In the early 1900s, the site of Music Vale Seminary was purchased by Bela Pratt, a sculptor and grandson of Oramel Whittlesey. Another descendent, John Morgan Bodman, bought the Music Vale barn and property in the 1960s. In 1996, the Bodman family donated much of the acreage to the Salem Land Trust. This land is now protected as a wildlife habitat, part of the Eightmile River watershed. Today, all that remains of the Music Vale Academy is a privately owned red barn, built in 1849, and a state historical marker off Route 85.

41°29′06″N 72°16′28″W / 41.4849°N 72.2744°W / 41.4849; -72.2744


title: Västibyn

abstract: Västibyn is a locality situated in Umeå Municipality, Västerbotten County, Sweden with 234 inhabitants in 2010.

text:
# Västibyn

**Västibyn** is a locality situated in Umeå Municipality, Västerbotten County, Sweden with 234 inhabitants in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Västibyn | |
| --- | --- |
| VästibynVästibyn | |
| Coordinates: 63°55′N 20°12′E / 63.917°N 20.200°E / 63.917; 20.200 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Västerbotten |
| County | Västerbotten County |
| Municipality | Umeå Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.26 km2 (0.10 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 234 |
| Density | 910/km2 (2,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


abstract: Naval Air Station Los Alamitos Naval Outlying Landing Fields were a set airfield near Naval Air Station Los Alamitos to support the training of US Navy pilots during World War 2. The support airfields are called Naval Outlying Landing Field (NOLF). For the war, many new trained pilots were needed. The Naval Outlying Landing Fields provided a place for pilots to practice landing and take off without other air traffic. The remotes sites offered flight training without distractions. Most of the new pilots departed to the Pacific War after training. The Outlying Landing Fields had little or no support facilities. Naval Air Station Los Alamitos opened in 1942 and was transferred to the US Army in 1977 as Los Alamitos Army Airfield. Most of the Outlying fields closed in 1945, having completed the role of training new pilots. To open the needed Outlying Landing Fields quickly, the Navy took over local crop dusting and barnstorming airfields. Naval Air Station Los Alamitos was also called Los Alamitos Naval Reserve Air Base. During the war Marine Corps Air Station El Toro also used the outlying Landing Field. The Timm N2T Tutor was the most common plane used for training on the outlying landing fields. The Naval Air Station Los Alamitos Outlying Fields were:

text:
# Naval Air Station Los Alamitos Naval Outlying Landing Fields

**Naval Air Station Los Alamitos Naval Outlying Landing Fields** were a set airfield near Naval Air Station Los Alamitos to support the training of US Navy pilots during World War 2. The support airfields are called Naval Outlying Landing Field (NOLF). For the war, many new trained pilots were needed. The Naval Outlying Landing Fields provided a place for pilots to practice landing and take off without other air traffic. The remotes sites offered flight training without distractions. Most of the new pilots departed to the Pacific War after training. The Outlying Landing Fields had little or no support facilities. Naval Air Station Los Alamitos opened in 1942 and was transferred to the US Army in 1977 as Los Alamitos Army Airfield. Most of the Outlying fields closed in 1945, having completed the role of training new pilots. To open the needed Outlying Landing Fields quickly, the Navy took over local crop dusting and barnstorming airfields. Naval Air Station Los Alamitos was also called Los Alamitos Naval Reserve Air Base. During the war Marine Corps Air Station El Toro also used the outlying Landing Field. The Timm N2T Tutor was the most common plane used for training on the outlying landing fields.

The Naval Air Station Los Alamitos Outlying Fields were:

## Anaheim NOLF

**Naval Outlying Landing Field Anaheim** started as **Luebkeman Airport**, then **Anaheim Airport** as an airport in Buena Park, California in the 1930 and 1940s at 33°50′N 118°01′W / 33.84°N 118.02°W / 33.84; -118.02. Luebkeman Airport was built by Mr. Sam Coughran and the Luebkeman family. The Airport opened in 1937 on 240-acre of land. Anton Luebkeman & his wife had immigrated from Germany to California in 1904. In 1910 they purchased 104 acres in Buena Park and later 100 more acres. They built hangars and rented them for Barnstorming, cropdusting and the wealthy, like Howard Hughes. The first runway was a sod 2,200-foot running east/west. In 1939 the Airport started training to operate as a Civilian Pilot Training Program. In 1940 the movie *The Great American Broadcast* was filmed at the airport by 20th Century Studios, starring Alice Faye.

With the start of World War 2 the US Navy leased the airport for training pilots out of the Los Alamitos Naval Reserve Air Base, 5 miles southwest. After the war, the Luebkeman family did not reopen the airport. The hangars were used as barns on the farm. The site is now houses just west of Knott's Berry Farm, near San Gabriel Circle & San Simeon Circle.

## Palisades NOLF

**Naval Outlying Field Palisades** had a single 2,500-foot east–west runway located in the city of Newport Beach, California at 33°38′28″N 117°52′51″W / 33.641111°N 117.880833°W / 33.641111; -117.880833 built by the navy. There was just the runway with no facilities. The site is now Eastbluff Elementary School and houses.

## Mile Square Farm NOLF

**Mile Square Farm Naval Outlying Field** opened in 1942 on 640 acres in the City of Fountain Valley, California at 33°44′N 117°56′W / 33.73°N 117.94°W / 33.73; -117.94. For the site, 21 parcels of farmland were purchased by the Navy. Built at the site were three asphalt runways in a triangular layout, each about 2,500-feet long. The land was close to a square mile, that is 631 acres of land, thus the name. Mile Square Farm, unlike other Naval Outlying Fields, was not closed after the war, in 1955 the airfield was transferred to the US Marines. The facility was renamed **Marine Corps Outlying Field Mile Square** (MCOLF). The site was assigned to Marine Corp Air Facility, Santa Ana, later renamed Marine Corps Air Station Tustin. The Marines used the airport for helicopter autorotation practice. With no airplanes training crews, the Outlying Field had more land than needed. So, in 1970, Mile Square Regional Park was built on released land. In 1972 the Marines closed the airfield. In 1973 a ball diamonds & a children's play area was added on former Outlying Field land. In 1973, the complete site was removed from Navy assets. In 1976, the runways were opened for public recreation and used for land sailing and radio-controlled model aircraft, also built were picnic facilities and bicycle trails. In 1987, the remaining open land was turned into an 18-hole golf course, driving range, golf clubhouse. The north runway was removed to make room for the golf course. By 2004 all three runways were gone.

## Haster Farm NOLF

**Haster Farm Naval Outlying Landing Field** had a 1,500-foot diameter asphalt hexagonal landing mat built by the Navy. Haster Farm Naval Outlying Landing Field was located in the City of Garden Grove, California at 33°45′47″N 117°57′54″W / 33.763°N 117.965°W / 33.763; -117.965. The site was closed after the war. The sites is now Bolsa Grande High School and Garden Grove Park.

## Horse Farm NOLF

**Horse Farm Naval Outlying Landing Field** had a 1,500-foot diameter paved hexagonal landing mat built by the Navy, in Garden Grove, California at 33°47′38″N 118°00′22″W / 33.794°N 118.006°W / 33.794; -118.006 on 288 acres of land. Part of the site is now a US Army & Army Reserve center Garden Grove and the rest is commercial real estate.

## Seal Beach NOLF

**Seal Beach Naval Outlying Landing Field** started as **Crawford Airport** in 1917, built by **L.R. Crawford**, in the City of Seal Beach, California at 33°44′34″N 118°05′27″W / 33.742768°N 118.090791°W / 33.742768; -118.090791, just south of Westminster Boulevard and a little east of Route 1 - Coast Highway. Crawford Airport became well known for its stunt exhibitions performed over the Seal Beach Joy Zone from 1916 to 1919. The airport was used for private pilots, flying lessons, paid riders, repairs and police beach patrol planes. C.O. Prest set an unofficial altitude record in August 1917 and did mock air battles from Crawford Airport. Barnstorming pilots, like Earl S. Daugherty used the airfield from 1919 to 1920. L.R. Crawford started the **Crawford Motor & Airplane Manufactory in 1927** at the airport. William Crawford designed the planes and gliders for the company. Their lightweight motors were also used in motorcycles. Crawford opened Southern California's first air speed course, which was also the nation's second course. The air speed course ran along Coast Highway for three kilometers and a flag on checkered pylons were at each end of the straight speedway. The Crawford Airport had a single unpaved dirt east–west runway. In 1932 Crawford sold the airport to Wes Carroll & Clyde Schlieper and it was renamed **Seal Beach Airport**. Seal Beach Airport became a private charter airport that also had flying lessons. In 1939 Wes Carroll & Clyde Schlieper set a Flight endurance record flying a Piper Cub seaplane, *Spirit of Kay* for 30 hours and 6 minutes. In 1940 the airport added municipal airport services.

In 1942 Seal Beach Airport was purchased by the US Navy and used as a Naval Outlying Air Field (21104) to support training naval pilots stationed at Alamitos & El Toro. In 1945, after the war, the Navy closed the runway and build buildings on the site to support Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach. Also at the site now, is the Lincoln Military Housing Seal Beach.


title: Naval Air Station Norman

abstract: Naval Air Station Norman is a former United States Navy air station. It was also called a Naval Flight Training Center. The air station opened in 1942 as the navy sought to expand its training capacity during World War II. It was co-located at University of Oklahoma Westheimer Airport. After the War, the base was inactivated as the military downsized. The base was reactivated in 1952 and remained open until 1959. The base was turned over to the University of Oklahoma. In 1944, the station fielded a football team called the Zoomers.

text:
# Naval Air Station Norman

**Naval Air Station Norman** is a former United States Navy air station. It was also called a Naval Flight Training Center.

The air station opened in 1942 as the navy sought to expand its training capacity during World War II. It was co-located at University of Oklahoma Westheimer Airport. After the War, the base was inactivated as the military downsized. The base was reactivated in 1952 and remained open until 1959. The base was turned over to the University of Oklahoma.

In 1944, the station fielded a football team called the Zoomers.

The Naval Air Technical Training Center was a different base located on the south section of Norman.

1. "Memories of Naval bases fading with time". 6 October 2013.
2. "A Naval Base on the Prairie: Norman and World War Two".

35°14′24″N 97°27′39″W / 35.24000°N 97.46083°W / 35.24000; -97.46083


title: National Whistleblower Center

abstract: The National Whistleblower Center (NWC) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, tax exempt, educational and advocacy organization based in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1988 by the lawyers Kohn, Kohn & Colapinto, LLP. As of June 2021, Siri Nelson is the executive director. Since its founding, the center has worked on whistleblower cases relating to environmental protection, nuclear safety, government and corporate accountability, and wildlife crime.

text:
# National Whistleblower Center

The **National Whistleblower Center** (NWC) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, tax exempt, educational and advocacy organization based in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1988 by the lawyers Kohn, Kohn & Colapinto, LLP. As of June 2021, Siri Nelson is the executive director. Since its founding, the center has worked on whistleblower cases relating to environmental protection, nuclear safety, government and corporate accountability, and wildlife crime.

## Programs

NWC operates three main programs: (1) providing whistleblowers with legal assistance, (2) advocating for policies that protect and reward whistleblowers such as the Dodd–Frank Act, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, and the Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act, and (3) educating the public about the importance of whistleblowers to preserving democracy and the rule of law. The NWC strongly opposes efforts to weaken existing laws and pushes for strengthening laws protecting whistleblowers across sectors.

Starting in 2013, the U.S. Senate has recognized National Whistleblower Appreciation Day each year on July 30 at the urging of Senator Chuck Grassley, a founding member of the Whistleblower Protection Caucus in Congress. National Whistleblower Day Appreciation honors the anniversary of the United States' first whistleblower law, passed on July 30, 1778, during the height of the Revolutionary War. The National Whistleblower Center has hosted an annual celebration on the day to honor and celebrate the contributions of whistleblowers. Past speakers have included prominent members of Congress, agency heads, whistleblowers, and whistleblower advocates.

## NWC Accomplishments

In addition to protecting the jobs and careers of numerous whistleblowers, the center's victories include the following:

* Winning reinstatement for the highest ranking nuclear whistleblower;
* Collecting millions of dollars in damages on behalf of whistleblowers;
* Using the Freedom of Information Act (United States) to force government agencies to release hundreds of thousands of pages of information documenting government misconduct;
* Exposing misconduct at the World Trade Center and the 9/11 crime scenes, including theft by FBI agents and the mishandling of evidence;
* Documenting deficiencies in the FBI's counterterrorism program;
* Requiring the FBI to create whistleblower protection for FBI agents for the first time in U.S. history;
* Forcing the FBI to accredit its crime lab;
* Forcing the United States Attorney General to withdraw gag orders on government employees who desired to expose ethical violations to Members of Congress;
* Successfully worked with Congress to ensure passage of critical whistleblower protection laws, such as the No-FEAR Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Corporate Whistleblower Protection Act, and the Civil Rights Tax Relief Act;
* Forcing President Bush to withdraw his nomination for head of enforcement at the United States Environmental Protection Agency due to former retaliation against whistleblowers;
* Preventing federal agencies from gagging employee speech critical of agency policies;
* Banning "hush money" payments for all environmental and nuclear federal safety cases;
* Exposing the vulnerabilities of U.S. nuclear power plants to airborne terrorist attacks and forcing reforms in the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission;
* Ensuring that military whistleblowers are informed of their rights by the Department of Defense;
* Establishing numerous legal precedents strengthening whistleblower protections for public and private sector employees, including expanding the scope of protected whistleblower speech, enjoining government regulations which restricted whistleblowing, and expanding the use of the Privacy Act to prevent the government from smearing its critics.

## Prominent NWC whistleblowers

### Bradley (Brad) Birkenfeld

Brad Birkenfeld is a former banker and wealth manager with UBS who exposed massive tax evasion in the Swiss banking system. He made history in 2012 when he received the largest ever whistleblower reward of $104 million from the IRS Office of the Whistleblower for reporting tax fraud. His disclosures resulted in unprecedented recoveries for US taxpayers with over $5 billion collected from US citizens with illegal "undeclared" offshore accounts and $780 million paid in fines and penalties by UBS.

### Marrita Murphy

In *Murphy v. IRS*, whistleblower Marrita Murphy (represented by David K. Colapinto, general counsel for the National Whistleblower Center) challenged the constitutionality of taxing compensatory damages in civil rights/whistleblower cases. In August 2006, a unanimous panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled in favor of Ms. Murphy, and declared unconstitutional a special tax Congress had passed in 1996, which targeted civil rights victims who received compensation for emotional distress damages. However, in July 2007, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reversed itself on the case, holding that the IRS can tax damage awards based solely on compensating victims who suffer emotional injuries.

### Bunnatine (Bunny) Greenhouse

Bunny Greenhouse, former chief contracting officer of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, testified in June 2005 before a Democratic party public committee. Her testimony included allegations against Halliburton of instances of waste, fraud and other abuses with regards to its operations in the Iraq War. After standing up and "blowing the whistle", she was demoted and removed from her position as the chief civilian contracting authority of the Corps. In July 2011, she won close to $1 million in full restitution of lost wages, compensatory damages, and attorney fees.

### Jane Turner

In 1999, former FBI special agent Jane Turner brought to the attention of her management team serious misconduct concerning failures to investigate and prosecute crimes against children in Indian Country and in the Minot, North Dakota community. Turner also reported on misconduct related to the potential criminal theft of property from the 9/11 Ground Zero crime scene in New York City by Minneapolis FBI personnel. Although she was considered one of the best agents working in Indian Country, Turner's twenty-five year career with the FBI was brought to a halt when she was forced from service as retaliation for what FBI management termed as "tarnishing" the image of the FBI.

### Dr. Frederic Whitehurst

Dr. Frederic Whitehurst is the executive director of the NWC's Forensic Justice Project. Whitehurst received a Ph.D. in chemistry from Duke University, and a J.D. from Georgetown University. He joined the FBI in 1982 and served as a Supervisory Special Agent in the FBI crime lab from 1986 - 1998. In the lab, he observed procedural errors and misconduct by agents and as a result went public as a whistleblower. He retired after winning the first-ever whistleblower case against the FBI.

### Dr. Marsha Coleman-Adebayo

Dr. Marsha Coleman-Adebayo was a senior policy analyst for the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). She founded two employee-rights groups, EPA Employees Against Racial Discrimination and the No FEAR coalition. Through her leadership, the No FEAR Coalition, working closely with Representative James Sensenbrenner, organized a successful grass-roots campaign and obtained overwhelming Congressional support for the "Notification of Federal Employees Anti-discrimination and Retaliation Act". The Act was signed into law by President Bush in 2002.

### Dr. Jonathan Fishbein

The center has championed the case of one of the highest ranking drug whistleblowers in American history, Dr. Jonathan Fishbein. Fishbein exposed a series of unethical and improper medical problems within the National Institutes of Health's drug safety clinical trials program. In the wake of Fishbein's allegations, the United States Department of Health and Human Services enacted sweeping conflict of interest reforms and promised protection of senior ranking employees who blow the whistle. Additionally, drug companies have instituted voluntary reforms in an effort to circumvent congressional acts. Regardless of the scandals that have rocked the drug agency, Congress has still not enacted federal protection for drug whistleblowers.

## Unionization Controversy

Lindsey Williams worked as director of advocacy for the National Whistleblower Center, but was laid off in 2012 after attempting to unionize the small workforce. She was offered a severance package but rejected it because of a confidentiality clause that would have prevented her from discussing her experiences. She appealed to the National Labor Relations Board, and eventually settled the case with her former employer.


title: National Wetlands Coalition

abstract: The National Wetlands Coalition, founded in 1989, has opposed U.S. wetlands policy, saying "the federal government, while seeking to protect wetlands, casts a wide net and imposes burdensome and ineffective regulations on private property that does not function as or provide the ecosystem benefits of high-value wetlands". Time Magazine called it "a big-biz coalition against wetlands". In 1995, the organization consisted of about 60 municipal associations, utilities and major industrial companies, such as Exxon, Texaco and Kerr-McGee. The National Wetlands Coalition has been characterized as the quintessential astroturf organization, which is an organization that presents itself as a grassroots organization, but was actually founded by a separate commercial or political organization in order to promote its own agenda, while keeping its relationship to the new organization hidden. A study by the University of Oklahoma used the National Wetlands Coalition as a specific example to examine the influence of corporate front-group stealth campaigns, in which corporations form associations that, in turn, adopt names that are designed to misrepresent their true intentions. The results of the study indicated that front-group stealth campaigns were effective in enhancing public perceptions of the front group itself. The National Wetlands Coalition campaigns successfully undermined perceptions of the targeted attitude object, eroding support for any federal efforts to restrict wetlands’ development or regulate developers. The organization has been relatively inactive since around the late 1990s. The website was being "reworked" from February 2001 through November 2005; it went offline in December 2005.

text:
# National Wetlands Coalition

The **National Wetlands Coalition**, founded in 1989, has opposed U.S. wetlands policy, saying "the federal government, while seeking to protect wetlands, casts a wide net and imposes burdensome and ineffective regulations on private property that does not function as or provide the ecosystem benefits of high-value wetlands". *Time Magazine* called it "a big-biz coalition against wetlands".

In 1995, the organization consisted of about 60 municipal associations, utilities and major industrial companies, such as Exxon, Texaco and Kerr-McGee.

The National Wetlands Coalition has been characterized as the quintessential astroturf organization, which is an organization that presents itself as a grassroots organization, but was actually founded by (and is largely funded by) a separate commercial or political organization in order to promote its own agenda, while keeping its relationship to the new organization hidden. A study by the University of Oklahoma used the National Wetlands Coalition as a specific example to examine the influence of corporate front-group stealth campaigns, in which corporations form associations that, in turn, adopt names that are designed to misrepresent their true intentions. The results of the study indicated that front-group stealth campaigns were effective in enhancing public perceptions of the front group itself. The National Wetlands Coalition campaigns successfully undermined perceptions of the targeted attitude object, eroding support for any federal efforts to restrict wetlands’ development or regulate developers.

The organization has been relatively inactive since around the late 1990s. The website was being "reworked" from February 2001 through November 2005; it went offline in December 2005.

## Bibliography

* Hebert, James, *The San Diego Union-Tribune*, July 1, 2003, p. E-1, "False Fronts: Consider the source -- if you can identify it"


abstract: National Wheelchair Basketball Association (NWBA) is composed of 181 wheelchair basketball teams within twenty-two conferences. Founded in 1949 by Timothy Nugent, the NWBA today consists of men's, women's, intercollegiate, and youth teams throughout the United States and Canada. The league is made up of various divisions for athletes ranging from the ages of 5 to 18 for junior divisions, and 7 adult divisions. The International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) recognizes the NWBA as the National Organization for Wheelchair Basketball (NOWB) for the United States. In April 2023, the NWBA held its first Military Division Tournament.

text:
# National Wheelchair Basketball Association

**National Wheelchair Basketball Association** (**NWBA**) is composed of 181 wheelchair basketball teams within twenty-two conferences. Founded in 1949 by Timothy Nugent, the NWBA today consists of men's, women's, intercollegiate, and youth teams throughout the United States and Canada. The league is made up of various divisions for athletes ranging from the ages of 5 to 18 for junior divisions, and 7 adult divisions.

The International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) recognizes the NWBA as the National Organization for Wheelchair Basketball (NOWB) for the United States.

In April 2023, the NWBA held its first Military Division Tournament.

## InfoBox

National Wheelchair Basketball Association
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Wheelchair basketball |
| Founded | 1949 |
| No. of teams | 181 |
| Country | United States |
| Most recent<br>champion(s) | Determined at Nationals at the end of every season |
| Official website | nwba.org |


title: Naval Battle of Campeche

abstract: The Naval Battle of Campeche took place on April 30, 1843, and May 16, 1843. The battle featured the most advanced warships of its day, including the Mexican steamer Guadalupe and the equally formidable Montezuma which engaged a squadron of vessels from the Second Republic of Yucatán and the Republic of Texas. The latter force consisted of the Texas Navy flagship sloop-of-war Austin, commanded by Commodore Edwin Ward Moore, the brig Wharton, and several schooners and five gunboats from the Republic of Yucatán, commanded by former Texas Navy Captain James D. Boylan. After the conservative and centralist Centralist Republic of Mexico suspended the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, the Republic of Texas, the Republic of Yucatán, and the Republic of the Rio Grande individually asserted independence. The Republic of the Rio Grande declared independence in early 1840 but was defeated and reunited with Mexico within a year, well before the battle of Campeche. Texas declared its independence in 1836, but Mexico refused to recognize its declaration. The Republic of Yucatán declared independence the same year, and remained in intermittent armed conflict with Mexico from 1836 through 1846. In an attempt to quell the rebellion, Mexico attempted to blockade the Yucatecan port of Campeche. The Battle of Campeche resulted when the allied forces of Texas and Yucatan attempted to lift the blockade. The battle ended indecisively. A scene from this battle is engraved on the cylinder of every Colt 1851 Navy, 1860 Army, and 1861 Navy revolver.

text:
# Naval Battle of Campeche

The **Naval Battle of Campeche** took place on April 30, 1843, and May 16, 1843. The battle featured the most advanced warships of its day, including the Mexican steamer *Guadalupe* and the equally formidable *Montezuma* which engaged a squadron of vessels from the Second Republic of Yucatán and the Republic of Texas. The latter force consisted of the Texas Navy flagship sloop-of-war *Austin*, commanded by Commodore Edwin Ward Moore, the brig *Wharton*, and several schooners and five gunboats from the Republic of Yucatán, commanded by former Texas Navy Captain James D. Boylan.

After the conservative and centralist Centralist Republic of Mexico suspended the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, the Republic of Texas, the Republic of Yucatán, and the Republic of the Rio Grande individually asserted independence. The Republic of the Rio Grande declared independence in early 1840 but was defeated and reunited with Mexico within a year, well before the battle of Campeche. Texas declared its independence in 1836, but Mexico refused to recognize its declaration. The Republic of Yucatán declared independence the same year, and remained in intermittent armed conflict with Mexico from 1836 through 1846. In an attempt to quell the rebellion, Mexico attempted to blockade the Yucatecan port of Campeche. The Battle of Campeche resulted when the allied forces of Texas and Yucatan attempted to lift the blockade. The battle ended indecisively. A scene from this battle is engraved on the cylinder of every Colt 1851 Navy, 1860 Army, and 1861 Navy revolver.

## Background

After declaring their independence from Spanish metropole in 1821, Mexico experienced a period of political and financial instability. In an attempt to address its people's needs and voices, the Provisional Government of Mexico drafted the 1824 Constitution of Mexico. The succeeding First Mexican Republic did not eliminate the political and financial instability, which the Conservative Party blamed on the empowerment of states over the federal government as well as mass participation in the political system through universal male suffrage. After taking power, the Conservative Party suspended 1824 Constitution of Mexico. In response, Texas, Yucatán, and Rio Grande each declared independence (with the Republic of the Rio Grande defeated and reintegrated into Centralist Mexico by late 1840).

In pre-Republic Mexican Texas, tension had been rising between the Mexican authorities and settlers from the United States over the issue of chattel slavery, which had been abolished in Mexico in 1829, but not the United States. Further conflict arose over a ban on immigration that was largely defied by United States settlers, who continued to immigrate to Mexican Texas. By 1834, English-speaking immigrants outnumbered Spanish-speaking Mexicans. After Central Mexican government revoked their autonomy granted by 1824 Constitution of Mexico in 1835, Texians raised a rebellion. Although defeated militarily in the Texas war of independence, resulting in a commitment to self governance in Mexican Texas, the Mexican Congress refused to recognize the independence of the Republic of Texas. The Congress claimed that the agreement was signed by Mexican President General Antonio López de Santa Anna under duress as prisoner of war, and the majority of the Mexican Congress did not approve the agreement. Intermittent conflicts between Mexico and Texas continued into the 1840s.

During the same period, pre-1843, Mexico and the Republic of the Yucatán also engaged in intermittent military conflict.

Commodore Edwin Ward Moore had been waging a campaign against Mexican interests in the Gulf and disrupting commerce, because it was thought the Mexican army was planning an amphibious assault on Texas in order to recapture the province. Moore could only fully refit and rearm his ships by expending his own funds when he put in at New Orleans. The government of Texas refused him more funds and Sam Houston ordered him back to Texas so the fleet could be sold. The fleet, upon being put up for auction in Galveston, was not sold at that time because the citizens of Galveston rioted, thereby preventing the auction. Moore disregarded Houston's orders, and allied himself with the government of the Republic of Yucatan, which was then under siege from the central Mexican government. Yucatan paid Texas $8,000 a month for the services of the Texas Navy. Moore, now fully funded, sailed to lift the Mexican naval blockade of the port of Campeche.

## Battle

The battle began on April 30, and involved the Texas-Yucatan force that had been attacking and clearing the Gulf of Mexico of Mexican merchant and fishing boats, against a small Mexican squadron which consisted of sailing ships and a small steamer, the *Regenerador*. The initial battle lasted a few hours and was a draw, as both sides retired.

After rearming, the Texan ships, including the 600 ton flagship *Austin*, on May 16 encountered a much stronger Mexican squadron, which included the modern 878 ton iron-hulled (not "ironclad") paddle frigate *Guadalupe* and the wooden paddle frigate *Montezuma*, each armed with two 68-pounder Paixhans guns able to fire exploding shells. On board both ships were numerous British sailors, as they were both constructed in England.

After three hours of broadsides, the battle was essentially a draw, with both sides again withdrawing after sustaining considerable damage and casualties. The Texas ships suffered some physical damage, but the Mexican ships suffered many more casualties of both dead and wounded.

The Mexican steamship *Regenerator* and its battered attendant squadron rejoined the *Guadalupe* and the *Moctezuma* flotilla about May 19, and withdrew from the area, and the Texas squadron retired to Galveston.

## Outcome

Both engagements resulted in stalemate and ships of both sides received damage. Because the Mexican squadron had to return to friendly port for repair, the naval blockage was lifted.

Texas squadron were acclaimed as heroes on their return, even though Texas President Sam Houston had declared Commodore Moore and the ships' captains and crew pirates for sailing against his wishes. However, after a court martial, Commodore Moore was acquitted of all piracy charges. Having fought an iron-hulled Mexican steamship and 2 other steamers essentially to a draw using only wooden sailing ships was an achievement for Commodore Moore, the Naval Battle of Campeche becoming one of the few, or perhaps only, known naval battle in world history in which sailing ships held their own against steam-powered ships in combat.

The battle proved that one of Mexico's significant tool against Yucatán, naval blockade, could be countered by Yucatán allying with foreign powers. Banking on this ability, Yucatán managed to get concession including full autonomy for their rejoining to Mexico in their negotiation with Mexico on December 5, 1843. Central Mexico soon reneged the agreement and Yucatán seceded again. However, Yucatán suffered conflicts both external, a) with Central Mexico and b) naval blockade by US Navy in Mexican–American War, and internal, c) partisanship of their leadership and d) Mayan uprising (called the Caste War). Due to the distressing situation of the Caste War, Yucatán seek economic and military assistance from Mexico. On August 17, 1848, Yucatecan president, Miguel Barbachano ordered the resumption of a confederation of Mexico and the restoration of the 1825 Constitution of Yucatán.

## Legacy

The battle scene was memorialized by Samuel Colt in an engraving on the cylinder of the famed 1851 and 1861 Colt Navy Revolvers and the Colt 1860 Army Revolver. This was in expression of gratitude to Commodore Moore who in 1837 had purchased Colt Paterson Revolvers for the Republic of Texas Navy. By the time of the Battle of Campeche, however, Colt's enterprise was bankrupt. He would make a comeback in 1847 when under Colonel John C. Hays he was rescued from oblivion and put back to work making guns the Texas Rangers would use in the Mexican War.

## Order of battle

**Texas Navy:**

**Yucatecan Navy:**

**Mexican Navy:**

* *Guadalupe*, iron hulled paddle frigate, 2 68 pdr. Paixhans guns, 2 32 pdr. 878 tons steamer, flagship
* **Montezuma**, wooden hulled paddle frigate, 2 68 pdr. Paixhans guns, 6 32 pdr., 1,111 ton steamer
* *Regenerator*, steamer
* *Yucateco*, 12 guns, brig
* *Iman*, 7 guns, brig
* *Aguila*, 7 guns, schooner
* *Campechano*, 3 guns, schooner

19°55′N 90°38′W / 19.917°N 90.633°W / 19.917; -90.633

## InfoBox

| Naval Battle of Campeche | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Texas-Mexican Wars and Yucatan Rebellion | |
|
The Texan sloop-of-war *Austin*. | |
| Date April 30–May 16, 1843  Location near Campeche, Mexico  Result  See aftermath | |
| Belligerents | |
| Republic of Texas
Republic of Yucatán | Mexico |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Edwin Ward Moore
James D. Boylan | Tomás Marín |
| Strength | |
| 1 sloop-of-war
1 brig
2 schooners
5 gunboats | 3 steamers
2 brigs
2 schooners |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 7 killed
24 wounded | 30 killed
55 wounded |


title: National Wilderness Preservation System

abstract: The National Wilderness Preservation System (NWPS) of the United States protects federally managed wilderness areas designated for preservation in their natural condition. Activity on formally designated wilderness areas is coordinated by the National Wilderness Preservation System. Wilderness areas are managed by four federal land management agencies: the National Park Service, the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Bureau of Land Management. The term wilderness is defined as "an area where the earth and community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain" and "an area of undeveloped Federal land retaining its primeval character and influence, without permanent improvements or human habitation, which is protected and managed so as to preserve its natural conditions". As of 2023, 806 wilderness areas have been designated, totaling 111,889,002 acres, which comprise about 4.5% of the land area of the United States.

text:
# National Wilderness Preservation System

The **National Wilderness Preservation System** (**NWPS**) of the United States protects federally managed wilderness areas designated for preservation in their natural condition. Activity on formally designated wilderness areas is coordinated by the National Wilderness Preservation System. Wilderness areas are managed by four federal land management agencies: the National Park Service, the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Bureau of Land Management.

The term *wilderness* is defined as "an area where the earth and community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain" and "an area of undeveloped Federal land retaining its primeval character and influence, without permanent improvements or human habitation, which is protected and managed so as to preserve its natural conditions".

As of 2023, 806 wilderness areas have been designated, totaling 111,889,002 acres (45,279,873 ha; 452,798.73 km2; 174,826.566 sq mi), which comprise about 4.5% of the land area of the United States.

## History

During the 1950s and 1960s, as the American transportation system was on the rise, concern for clean air and water quality began to grow. A conservation movement began to take place with the intent of establishing designated wilderness areas. Howard Zahniser created the first draft of the Wilderness Act in 1956. It took nine years and 65 rewrites before the Wilderness Act was finally passed in 1964. The Wilderness Act of 1964 (Public Law 88-577), which established the NWPS, was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 3, 1964. The Wilderness Act mandated that the National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service review all federal lands under their jurisdiction for wilderness areas to include in the NWPS. The first national forest wilderness areas were established by the Wilderness Act itself. The Great Swamp in New Jersey became the first National Wildlife Refuge with formally designated wilderness in 1968. Wilderness areas in national parks followed, beginning with the designation of wilderness in part of Craters of the Moon National Monument in Idaho in 1970.

A dramatic spike in acreage added to the wilderness system in 1980 was due in large part to the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on December 2, 1980. A smaller spike in 1984 came with the passage of many bills establishing national forest wilderness areas identified by the Forest Service's Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE) process. The Bureau of Land Management was not required to review its lands for inclusion in the NWPS until after October 21, 1976, when the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 was signed into law; designation of wilderness areas on BLM lands began in 1978. Over 200 wilderness areas have been created within Bureau of Land Management administered lands since then, consisting of approximately 8.71 million acres (3,520,000 ha) in September 2015.

As of August 2008, 704 separate wilderness areas, encompassing 107,514,938 acres (43,509,752 ha), had become part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. On March 30, 2009, President Barack Obama signed into law the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009. The legislation designated an additional 2 million acres (810,000 ha) in nine states as wilderness, representing the largest expansion of wilderness lands since 1994. The John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act of 2019 added another 1.3 million acres (530,000 ha) in 43 new and expanded wilderness areas.

## Wilderness areas

On federal lands in the United States, Congress may designate an area as wilderness under the provisions of the Wilderness Act of 1964. Multiple agencies, including the Bureau of Land Management, the National Park Service, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Forest Service, are responsible for the submission of new areas that fit the criteria to become wilderness to Congress. Congress then reviews these cases on a state by state basis and determines which areas and how much land in each area will become part of the WPS. There have been multiple occasions in which Congress designated more federal land than had been recommended by the nominating agency. Where as the Wilderness Act stipulated that a wilderness area must be "administered for the use and enjoyment of the American people in such a manner as will leave them unimpaired for future use and enjoyment as wilderness", the Eastern Wilderness Areas Act of 1975, which added 16 national forest areas to the NWPS, allowed for the inclusion of areas that had been severely modified by human interference.

The Wilderness Act provides criteria for lands being considered for wilderness designation. Though there are some exceptions, the following conditions must be present for an area to be included in the NWPS: (1) the land is under federal ownership and management, (2) the area consists of at least five thousand acres of land, (3) human influence is "substantially unnoticeable," (4) there are opportunities for solitude and recreation, and (5) the area possesses "ecological, geological, or other features of scientific, educational, scenic, or historical value."

Wilderness areas are subject to specific management restrictions; human activities are limited to non-motorized recreation (such as backpacking, camping, hunting, fishing, horseback riding, etc.), scientific research, and other non-invasive activities. During these activities, patrons are asked to abide by the Leave No Trace policy. This policy sets guidelines for using the wilderness responsibly and leaving the area as it was before usage. These guidelines include: Packing all trash out of the wilderness, using a stove as opposed to a fire, camping at least 200 feet (61 m) from trails or water sources, staying on marked trails, and keeping group size small. When closely observed, the Leave No Trace ethos ensures that wilderness areas remain untainted by human interaction. In general, the law prohibits logging, mining, motorized or mechanized vehicles (including bicycles), road-building, and other forms of development in wilderness areas, though pre-existing mining claims and grazing ranges are permitted through grandfather clauses in the Wilderness Act. Wilderness areas fall into IUCN protected area management category Ia (strict nature preserves) or Ib (wilderness areas).

A special exemption to the rule against mechanized equipment is made for wilderness areas in Alaska: limited use of motorized vehicles and construction of cabins and aquaculture are permitted. These exemptions were allowed due to the large amount of wilderness in Alaska and the concerns of subsistence users, including Alaska Natives.

Wilderness areas are parts of national parks, wildlife refuges, national forests, and BLM lands; some units are managed by different agencies. Initially, the NWPS included 34 areas protecting 9.1 million acres (37,000 km2) in the national forests. As of 2023, there are 806 areas in the NWPS, preserving 111,889,002 acres (45,279,873 ha). This is approximately 4.5% of the entire United States, though only about 2.7% of the 48 contiguous states. However, most of that acreage is located in a handful of states. The states with the highest number of wildernesses are California, Arizona, Nevada, Alaska, and Oregon. However, when measured in acres the list changes dramatically, as Alaska contains many of the largest areas protected under the act. In terms of total acres, Alaska, California, Arizona, Idaho, and Washington are the top five states for wilderness, containing almost 80 percent of the acreage in the system. Wilderness totals in most eastern states are modest, with the exceptions of Florida and Minnesota. Wilderness areas exist in every state except Connecticut, Delaware, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, and Rhode Island.

Most U.S. wilderness areas are in national forests, but the largest amount of wilderness land is administered by the National Park Service. The largest contiguous wilderness complex in the United States is the Noatak and Gates of the Arctic Wildernesses in Alaska at 12,743,329 acres (5,157,042 ha). The largest wilderness area outside Alaska is the Death Valley Wilderness in southeastern California. The smallest area protected by the WPS is the Pelican Island Wilderness in northern Florida, which measures just 6 acres (2.4 ha) total. The smallest area preserved in the system was formerly the Rocks and Islands Wilderness in Northern California at 5 acres (2.0 ha), but after a reassessment by the Bureau of Land Management in 2006 it was officially expanded to 19 acres (7.7 ha).

## International efforts

On November 7, 2009, an agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico entitled the "Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation for Wilderness Conservation" was made. This agreement created a new entity, the North American Intergovernmental Committee on Cooperation for Wilderness and Protected Areas Conservation, that would streamline the process for open communication between international agencies for the purpose of wilderness preservation. This committee was formed to gain insight on the benefits of wilderness preservation, establish open channels of communication between international agencies, and examine the cultural differences and similarities behind preservation efforts in each country. Within the U.S. system, all of the agencies responsible for wilderness preservation will work in cooperation with their international counterparts to determine the future of both the U.S. system and North American preservation efforts as a whole.

## Wildlife preservation

One of the major goals of the Wilderness Preservation System is to provide undeveloped habitats for threatened or endangered species. Many of the species found in the United States are represented in wilderness areas. There are 261 basic ecosystems in the U.S., and 157 of them are represented in the system. With 60% of all ecosystems somewhat protected by the NWPS, much of the wildlife in the U.S. also has an area in which to exist without significant human interaction.

In late 2011, a full wilderness review was requested of the Arctic Refuge Coastal Plain in Alaska. One of the major qualifications for this area to be considered as a possible wilderness area was its diverse wildlife population, many of which are on the endangered species list. In this potential wilderness area alone, whales, seals, wolves, polar bears, grizzly bears, muskoxen, caribou, and over 200 species of migratory birds call this one area home for at least part of the year. This vast assortment of flora and fauna is a major consideration for addition into the wilderness preservation system.

## Laws and policies

Thousands of laws and policies have helped shape and manage the National Wilderness Preservation System in the United States. The following Acts of Congress either directly affect the wilderness system or help influence wilderness management:

* General Mining Act of 1872: This Act declares public lands free and open for mineral exploration and occupancy. Procedures for mining claims and operations are established in this act as well as management of wilderness areas that contain minerals and other natural resources.
* Antiquities Act of 1906, National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, and the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979: These Acts help protect and manage heritage resources on federal lands. They also aid in conserving valuable public and natural areas in order to protect objects of historic and scientific interest.
* National Park Service Organic Act: This Act was established in 1916 by the National Park Service and was enacted to conserve the scenery, wildlife, and both natural and historic objects for the enjoyment of the American Public.
* Wilderness Act: This Act, which was passed in 1964, classified and protected 54 wilderness areas (about 9.1 million acres) and established a system of adding new lands to the National Wilderness Preservation System. It also allowed jurisdiction over these wilderness areas by the Forest Service, National Park Service, or Fish and Wildlife Service. The Act also set up prohibitions on motorized and mechanized vehicles, timber harvest, and other means of development in these areas.
* National Environmental Policy Act (1970, 1975, 1982): This Act required federal agencies to consider and evaluate the environmental impacts of proposed actions. It also requires agencies to identify environmental impacts that are unavoidable and to evaluate all resources in the area before committing to a proposed action. This Act directs federal agencies to prepare and submit Environmental Impact Statements before development on public lands.
* Clean Air Act (1963, 1966, 1973, 1977, 1990): This Act established human health and welfare standards. It established Class I areas to be wilderness land greater than 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) and national parks that are greater than 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) that existed in 1977. This designation gives these areas special protection from the degradation of air quality by human-caused air pollution. This Act also requires states to develop and implement plans to reduce haze to natural levels by 2064 and calls for extensive monitoring of air quality related values (visibility, flora, fauna, soil, and water) across the nation.
* Clean Water Act (1948, 1972, 1977, 1987): This Act aims at protecting healthy waters and restoring unhealthy ones. It establishes the structure of regulating pollutants that are discharged into water and for regulating quality standards of waters in the United States. It set up pollution control standards and made it illegal to dump pollutants into waters around the U.S. without a permit.
* Endangered Species Act (1973, 1978, 1982)" This Act establishes a program to protect plants and animals that are being threatened with extinction. The Act recognizes certain plants and animals and establishes specific procedures for adding a species to the endangered list under a protective status. It also sets up programs with states across the U.S. as well as civil penalties for violation of this Act.
* Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (1980): This Act specifically provided for the designation and conservation of public lands in Alaska. This added about 27 million acres (110,000 km2) to the National Wilderness Preservation System along with several wild and scenic rivers. With this Act, Congress hoped to preserve the unaltered arctic areas as well as the tundra, boreal forests, and coastal rain forest ecosystems. It also helped to protect wildlife habitats for species who were dependent upon large undeveloped areas of land.

## Managing agencies

Established in 1916, this agency helps protect more than 400 national park units. They also aid local tribes and governments, as well as non-profit organizations and businesses, by preserving local history and revitalizing communities. Established in 1905, this agency manages public lands in national forests or grasslands, which encompasses about 193 million acres (780,000 km2) of land. Established in 1940, this agency manages 150 million acres (610,000 km2) of the National Wildlife Refuge System, as well as thousands of small wetlands and other special land areas. Some of their contributions include protecting and conserving endangered species and their wildlife habitats and enforcing federal wildlife laws. Established in 1812 as the General Land Office and later combined with the Grazing Service to become the Bureau of Land Management in 1946, this agency manages 247 million acres of public land. This agency's National Landscape Conservation System (NLCS) includes over 886 federally recognized areas and more than 27 million acres (110,000 km2) of land in the U.S. They aim to protect wilderness areas, as well as wild and scenic rivers, national monuments, and historic trails. It safeguards cultural sites and many Indian preserves of the western states. The mission of the NLCS is to "conserve, protect, and restore these nationally significant landscapes that are recognized for their outstanding cultural, ecological, and scientific values."

The National Wilderness Preservation System: Area Administered by each Federal Agency (September 2014)
| Agency | Wilderness area | Agency land
designated wilderness |
| --- | --- | --- |
| National Park Service | 43,932,843 acres (17,778,991 ha) | 56% |
| U.S. Forest Service | 36,165,620 acres (14,635,710 ha) | 18% |
| U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | 20,702,488 acres (8,378,000 ha) | 22% |
| Bureau of Land Management | 8,710,087 acres (3,524,847 ha) | 2% |
| Total | 109,511,038 acres (44,317,545 ha) |  |

## State-level counterparts

Some state and tribal governments also designate wilderness areas under their own authority and local laws. These are not federal areas, and the exact nature of protection may differ from federal laws. Some U.S. states have created wilderness preservation programs modeled on the NWPS.


title: Nazea Hasan Sayed

abstract: Nazea Hasan Sayed is an Indian actress and model. She is best known for her work in daily soaps like Mahabharat, Dahleez, Lockdown Ki Love Story and Ek Nayi Pehchan.

text:
# Nazea Hasan Sayed

**Nazea Hasan Sayed**

| **Date of Birth/DOB** | **23rd September 1990)** |
| --- | --- |

is an Indian actress and model. She is best known for her work in daily soaps like *Mahabharat*, *Dahleez*, *Lockdown Ki Love Story* and *Ek Nayi Pehchan*.

## Career

She came into the limelight for her work in the series Aladdin (Kid Show), which was aired on Zee TV in 2007. She became popular for her work in *Punar Vivah - Ek Nayi Umeed*. She made her debut as an actress in the Bollywood movie *Once Upon a Time in Mumbai Dobaara!*, which was released in 2013. She also appeared in *Mahabharat* and *Dahleez* where she played the role of Vrushali and Simmi respectively. she played the role of Tanu Goel in Lockdown Ki Love Story which is produced by Rashmi Sharma telefims.presently working for &tv baalshiv as goddess Saraswati with Rishabh

## Filmography

## InfoBox

| Nazea Hasan Sayed | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Mumbai, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, Model |
| Years active | 2007–present |


title: Ndemli language

abstract: Ndemli, or Bandem, is a language of Cameroon spoken primarily in the Nkam department of the Littoral Region; between Yabassi, Yingui and Nkondjock. Recent classifications such as Nurse (2003) place it in with the Narrow Grassfields languages, though Ethnologue does not reflect this. Ethnologue states that it is "related to Tikar" and that "the Bandobo dialect of Tikar is very similar to Ndemli", though it is not clear if Bandobo actually is Tikar.

text:
# Ndemli language

**Ndemli**, or **Bandem**, is a language of Cameroon spoken primarily in the Nkam department of the Littoral Region; between Yabassi, Yingui and Nkondjock. Recent classifications such as Nurse (2003) place it in with the Narrow Grassfields languages, though *Ethnologue* does not reflect this. *Ethnologue* states that it is "related to Tikar" and that "the Bandobo dialect of Tikar is very similar to Ndemli", though it is not clear if Bandobo actually is Tikar.

## Phonology

Ndemli Consonant Phonemes
|  | | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| | voiced | b | d | ɟ | g |  |
| | prenasalized voiceless |  | ⁿt | ᶮc | ᵑk |  |
| | prenasalized voiced | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮɟ | ᵑg |  |
| Nasal | | m | n | ɲ | ŋ |  |
| Affricate | voiceless |  | ts | t̠ʃ |  |  |
| | voiced |  |  | d̠ʒ |  |  |
| Trill | |  | r |  |  |  |
| Fricative | | f | s |  | ɣ | h |
| Approximant | | w | l | j |  |  |

Ndemli Vowel Phonemes
|  | Front | | Central | Back |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Unrounded | Rounded | | |
| Close | i(ː) |  | ʉ(ː) | u(ː) |
| Close-mid | e(ː) | ø(ː) |  | o(ː) |
| Open-mid | ɛ(ː) |  |  | ɔ(ː) |
| Open |  |  | a(ː) |  |

There are five tones; high, mid, low, rising, and falling.

1. Ndemli at *Ethnologue* (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
2. Derek Nurse & Gérard Philippson, 2003, *The Bantu Languages,* p 227
3. Ngoran, Lenaka Loveline. 1999. A Sketch Outline of the Phonology of Ndemli. (MA thesis, University of Yaounde I).

## InfoBox

| Ndemli | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | Cameroon |
| Native speakers | (10,000 cited 1999) |
| Language family | Niger–Congo? |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `nml` |
| *Glottolog* | `ndem1249` |


title: Ndella Paye

abstract: Ndella Paye Diouf is a militant French Afro-feminist and Muslim theologian who was born in Senegal. She has fought against the requirement for young Muslim women to wear the hijab in French schools but has above all sought full equality between the races and between men and women. She has been particularly intent on ensuring a successful future for her three daughters, giving them self-confidence through a good education and convincing them that black skin and afro hair are features of beauty.

text:
# Ndella Paye

**Ndella Paye Diouf** (born c. 1974) is a militant French Afro-feminist and Muslim theologian who was born in Senegal. She has fought against the requirement for young Muslim women to wear the hijab in French schools but has above all sought full equality between the races and between men and women. She has been particularly intent on ensuring a successful future for her three daughters, giving them self-confidence through a good education and convincing them that black skin and afro hair are features of beauty.

## Biography

Born in Senegal in c. 1974, Ndella Paye arrived in France in 1993 to join her father, Jacques Diouf, a diplomat. While in Paris, she graduated in Arabic and Muslim Theology, followed by a master's degree in Religious Sciences and Society at the École pratique des hautes études. She married a Frenchman from Senegal whom she met at her mosque. When they separated in 2016, Ndella allowed him to take care of their three daughters, causing considerable criticism. She herself moved to England where she has worked as an accountant.

She has developed her own views on religion, believing that the Quran and other faiths are incorrectly subjected to masculine interpretations. As a result, while strongly supporting Islam, she believes that men and women are equal.

Her feminist activism began in 2004 with preparations for a law prohibiting young women to wear the hijab in French schools. She created the Collectif des Féministes Pour l’Égalité (Feminist Collective for Equal Rights) but left it in 2012 after creating Mamans Toutes Égales (All Mothers Equal) in support of mothers unable to continue their education.

Inspired by Thomas Sankara and Angela Davis, her role model remains her mother, a nurse and a unionist, who fought for the pill despite her husband's objections.


title: Ndendeule language

abstract: Ndendeule is a Bantu language of Tanzania. Speakers are mostly monolingual.

text:
# Ndendeule language

**Ndendeule** is a Bantu language of Tanzania. Speakers are mostly monolingual.

## InfoBox

| Ndendeule | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | Tanzania |
| Region | Ruvuma |
| Ethnicity | Ndendeule (ethnically Ngoni) |
| Native speakers | 140,000 (2009) |
| Language family | Niger–Congo? |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `dne` |
| *Glottolog* | `nden1249` |
| Guthrie code | `N.101` |
| Linguasphere | 99-AUS-rf |


title: Ndenderu

abstract:
Ndenderu is a settlement in Kenya's Central Province.
It sits along the very leafy cold sides of Limuru. It's a ward(location) in Kiambaa Constituency Constituency of Kiambu County Represented by Solomon Kinuthia who was elected under Jubilee Party in 2017 General Elections.

text:
# Ndenderu

**Ndenderu** is a settlement in Kenya's Central Province. It sits along the very leafy cold sides of Limuru. It's a ward(location) in Kiambaa Constituency Constituency of Kiambu County Represented by Solomon Kinuthia who was elected under Jubilee Party in 2017 General Elections.

## Demographics

The region is predominantly inhabited by the Kikuyu tribe. It has a booming population as it's part of the larger Nairobi Metropolitan Area. It lies 15 km north of Nairobi, the capital of Kenya.

## InfoBox

| Ndenderu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| NdenderuLocation of Ndenderu | |
| Coordinates: 1°11′S 36°45′E / 1.18°S 36.75°E / -1.18; 36.75 | |
| Country | Kenya |
| Province | Central Province |
| Government | |
| MCA (Member of County Assembly) | Solomon Kinuthia |
| Population (30/9/2010) | |
| Total | 2,349 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |


title: National highways of South Korea

abstract: South Korea has a nationwide system of national highways, officially called as General national highways, distinct from the expressways. The Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs and other government agencies administer the national highways.

text:
# National highways of South Korea

South Korea has a nationwide system of **national highways** (Korean: 국도; Hanja: 國道; RR: *Gukdo*), officially called as **General national highways** (Korean: 일반국도; Hanja: 一般國道; RR: *Ilbangukdo*), distinct from the expressways. The Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs and other government agencies administer the national highways.

## List of national highways

| Sign | Link | Origin | Terminus | Major Cities | Total Length(km) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | National Route 1 | Mokpo, South Jeolla Province | Paju, Gyeonggi Province | Muan, Hampyeong, Naju, Gwangju, Jangseong, Jeongeup, Gimje, Jeonju, Wanju, Iksan, Nonsan, Gyeryong, Daejeon, Gongju, Sejong City, Cheonan, Pyeongtaek, Osan, Hwaseong, Suwon, Uiwang, Anyang, Seoul, Goyang | 509.9 km (North Korea jurisdiction is excluded.) |
| 2 | National Route 2 | Sinan, South Jeolla Province | Jung-gu, Busan | Mokpo, Muan, Yeongam, Gangjin, Jangheung, Boseong, Suncheon, Gwangyang, Hadong, Jinju, Changwon | 477.4 km |
| 3 | National Route 3 | Namhae, South Gyeongsang Province | Cheorwon, Gangwon Province | Sacheon, Jinju, Sancheong, Hamyang, Geochang, Gimcheon, Sangju, Mungyeong, Goesan, Chungju, Eumseong, Yeoju, Icheon, Gwangju, Seongnam, Seoul, Uijeongbu, Yangju, Dongducheon, Yeoncheon | 540.9 km (North Korea jurisdiction is excluded.) |
| 4 | National Route 4 | Gunsan, North Jeolla Province | Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province | Seocheon, Buyeo, Nonsan, Gyeryong, Daejeon, Okcheon, Yeongdong, Gimcheon, Chilgok, Daegu, Gyeongsan, Yeongcheon | 417.9 km |
| 5 | National Route 5 | Geoje, South Gyeongsang Province | Cheorwon, Gangwon Province | Changwon, Haman, Changnyeong, Daegu, Chilgok, Gunwi, Uiseong, Andong, Yeongju, Danyang, Jecheon, Wonju, Hoengseong, Hongcheon, Chuncheon, Hwacheon | 576.5 km (North Korea jurisdiction is excluded.) |
| 6 | National Route 6 | Jung-gu, Incheon | Gangneung, Gangwon Province | Bucheon, Seoul, Guri, Namyangju, Yangpyeong, Hoengseong, Pyeongchang | 274.3 km |
| 7 | National Route 7 | Jung-gu, Busan | Goseong, Gangwon Province | Yangsan, Ulsan, Gyeongju, Pohang, Yeongdeok, Uljin, Samcheok, Donghae, Gangneung, Yangyang, Sokcho | 484.3 km (North Korea jurisdiction is excluded.) |
| 13 | National Route 13 | Wando, South Jeolla Province | Geumsan, South Chungcheong Province | Haenam, Gangjin, Yeongam, Naju, Gwangju, Damyang, Gokseong, Namwon, Sunchang, Imsil, Jangsu, Jinan | 308.9 km |
| 14 | National Route 14 | Geoje, South Gyeongsang Province | Pohang, North Gyeongsang Province | Tongyeong, Goseong, Changwon, Gimhae, Busan, Ulsan, Gyeongju | 315.9 km |
| 15 | National Route 15 | Goheung, South Jeolla Province | Damyang, South Jeolla Province | Suncheon, Boseong, Hwasun, Gokseong | 167.4 km |
| 17 | National Route 17 | Yeosu, South Jeolla Province | Yongin, Gyeonggi Province | Suncheon, Gurye, Gokseong, Namwon, Imsil, Wanju, Jeonju, Geumsan, Daejeon, Cheongju, Jincheon, Anseong | 432.6 km |
| 18 | National Route 18 | Jindo, South Jeolla Province | Gurye, South Jeolla Province | Haenam, Gangjin, Jangheung, Boseong, Suncheon, Gokseong | 282.6 km |
| 19 | National Route 19 | Namhae, South Gyeongsang Province | Hongcheon, Gangwon Province | Hadong, Gurye, Namwon, Jangsu, Muju, Yeongdong, Okcheon, Boeun, Cheongju, Goesan, Chungju, Wonju, Hoengseong | 496.4 km |
| 20 | National Route 20 | Sancheong, South Gyeongsang Province | Pohang, North Gyeongsang Province | Uiryeong, Hapcheon, Changnyeong, Cheongdo, Gyeongju | 230.2 km |
| 21 | National Route 21 | Namwon, North Jeolla Province | Icheon, Gyeonggi Province | Sunchang, Jeongeup, Gimje, Wanju, Jeonju, Iksan, Gunsan, Seocheon, Boryeong, Hongseong, Yesan, Asan, Cheonan, Jincheon, Eumseong | 430.9 km |
| 22 | National Route 22 | Jeongeup, South Jeolla Province | Suncheon, South Jeolla Province | Gochang, Yeonggwang, Hampyeong, Gwangju, Hwasun | 204.5 km |
| 23 | National Route 23 | Gangjin, South Jeolla Province | Cheonan, South Chungcheong Province | Jangheung, Yeongam, Naju, Hampyeong, Yeonggwang, Gochang, Buan, Gimje, Iksan, Nonsan, Gongju, Sejong City | 395.7 km |
| 24 | National Route 24 | Sinan, South Jeolla Province | Nam-gu, Ulsan | Muan, Hampyeong, Jangseong, Damyang, Sunchang, Namwon, Hamyang, Geochang, Hapcheon, Changnyeong, Miryang | 404 km |
| 25 | National Route 25 | Changwon, South Gyeongsang Province | Cheongju, North Chungcheong Province | Gimhae, Miryang, Cheongdo, Gyeongsan, Daegu, Chilgok, Gumi, Uiseong, Sangju, Boeun | 318.8 km |
| 26 | National Route 26 | Gunsan, North Jeolla Province | Seo-gu, Daegu | Iksan, Gimje, Jeonju, Wanju, Jinan, Jangsu, Hamyang, Geochang, Hapcheon, Goryeong | 235.6 km |
| 27 | National Route 27 | Goheung, South Jeolla Province | Gunsan, North Jeolla Province | Boseong, Suncheon, Gokseong, Sunchang, Imsil, Wanju, Jeonju, Iksan | 257.8 km |
| 28 | National Route 28 | Yeongju, North Gyeongsang Province | Pohang, North Gyeongsang Province | Yecheon, Uiseong, Gunwi, Yeongcheon, Gyeongju | 204.8 km |
| 29 | National Route 29 | Boseong, South Jeolla Province | Seosan, South Chungcheong Province | Hwasun, Gwangju, Damyang, Sunchang, Jeongeup, Buan, Gimje, Gunsan, Seocheon, Buyeo, Cheongyang, Yesan, Hongseong | 330.4 km |
| 30 | National Route 30 | Buan, North Jeolla Province | Seo-gu, Daegu | Gimje, Jeongeup, Imsil, Jinan, Muju, Gimcheon, Seongju | 355.1 km |
| 31 | National Route 31 | Gijang, Busan | Yanggu, Gangwon Province | Ulsan, Gyeongju, Pohang, Cheongsong, Yeongyang, Bonghwa, Taebaek, Yeongwol, Pyeongchang, Hongcheon, Inje | 627.6 km (North Korea jurisdiction is excluded.) |
| 32 | National Route 32 | Taean, South Chungcheong Province | Jung-gu, Daejeon | Seosan, Dangjin, Yesan, Gongju, Sejong City | 180.7 km |
| 33 | National Route 33 | Goseong, South Gyeongsang Province | Gumi, North Gyeongsang Province | Sacheon, Jinju, Sancheong, Uiryeong, Hapcheon, Goryeong, Seongju, Chilgok | 226.1 km |
| 34 | National Route 34 | Dangjin, South Chungcheong Province | Yeongdeok, North Gyeongsang Province | Asan, Cheonan, Anseong, Jincheon, Jeongpyeong, Goesan, Mungyeong, Yecheon, Andong, Cheongsong | 310.8 km |
| 35 | National Route 35 | Buk-gu, Busan | Gangneung, Gangwon Province | Yangsan, Ulsan, Gyeongju, Yeongcheon, Cheongsong, Andong, Bonghwa, Taebaek, Samcheok, Jeongseon | 458.6 km |
| 36 | National Route 36 | Boryeong, South Chungcheong Province | Uljin, North Gyeongsang Provinge | Cheongyang, Gongju, Sejong City, Cheongju, Jeungpyeong, Eumseong, Chungju, Jecheon, Danyang, Yeongju, Bonghwa | 388.2 km |
| 37 | National Route 37 | Geochang, South Gyeongsang Province | Paju, Gyeonggi Province | Muju, Geumsan, Okcheon, Boeun, Sangju, Goesan, Eumseong, Icheon, Yeoju, Yangpyeong, Gapyeong, Pocheon, Yeoncheon | 448.2 km |
| 38 | National Route 38 | Seosan, South Chungcheong Province | Donghae, Gangwon Province | Dangjin, Asan, Pyeongtaek, Anseong, Icheon, Eumseong, Chungju, Jecheon, Yeongwol, Jeongseon, Taebaek, Samcheok | 353 km |
| 39 | National Route 39 | Buyeo, South Chungcheong Province | Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi Province | Cheongyang, Gongju, Asan, Pyeongtaek, Hwaseong, Ansan, Siheung, Bucheon, Incheon, Seoul, Goyang, Yangju | 225.4 km |
| 40 | National Route 40 | Dangjin, South Chungcheong Province | Gongju, South Chungcheong Province | Yesan, Hongseong, Boryeong, Buyeo | 145.6 km |
| 42 | National Route 42 | Jung-gu, Incheon | Donghae, Gangwon Province | Siheung, Ansan, Suwon, Yongin, Icheon, Yeoju, Wonju, Hoengseong, Pyeongchang, Jeongseon, Gangneung | 336.1 km |
| 43 | National Route 43 | Sejong City | Cheorwon, Gangwon Province | Gongju, Cheonan, Asan, Pyeongtaek, Hwaseong, Suwon, Yongin, Gwangju, Hanam, Seoul, Guri, Namyangju, Uijeongbu, Pocheon | 268.5 km (North Korea jurisdiction is excluded.) |
| 44 | National Route 44 | Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi Province | Yangyang, Gangwon Province | Hongcheon, Inje | 137.2 km |
| 45 | National Route 45 | Seosan, South Chungcheong Province | Gapyeong, Gyeonggi Province | Yesan, Asan, Pyeongtaek, Anseong, Yongin, Gwangju, Namyangju | 202.6 km |
| 46 | National Route 46 | Jung-gu, Incheon | Goseong, Gangwon Province | Bucheon, Seoul, Guri, Namyangju, Gapyeong, Chuncheon, Hwacheon, Yanggu, Inje | 281.7 km |
| 47 | National Route 47 | Ansan, Gyeonggi Province | Cheorwon, Gangwon Province | Gunpo, Uiwang, Anyang, Gwacheon, Seoul, Guri, Namyangju, Pocheon, Gapyeong, Pocheon | 133.8 km |
| 48 | National Route 48 | Ganghwa, Incheon | Jongno-gu, Seoul | Gimpo | 68 km |
| 56 | National Route 56 | Cheorwon, Gangwon Province | Yangyang, Gangwon Province | Hwacheon, Chuncheon, Hongcheon | 205.7 km |
| 58 | National Route 58 | Changwon, North Gyeongsang Province | Cheongdo, South Gyeongsang Province | Busan, Gimhae, Miryang | 82.8 km |
| 59 | National Route 59 | Gwangyang, South Jeolla Province | Yangyang, Gangwon Province | Hadong, Sancheong, Geochang, Hapcheon, Seongju, Gimcheon, Gumi, Sangju, Uiseong, Yecheon, Mungyeong, Danyang, Yeongwol, Jeongseon, Pyeongchang, Gangneung | 494.2 km |
| 67 | National Route 67 | Chilgok, North Gyeongsang Province | Gunwi, North Gyeongsang Province | Gumi | 40.5 km |
| 75 | National Route 75 | Gapyeong, Gyeonggi Province | Hwacheon, Gangwon Province |  | 85 km |
| 77 | National Route 77 | Jung-gu, Busan | Paju, Gyeonggi Province | Changwon, Goseong, Tongyeong, Sacheon, Namhae, Yeosu, Goheung, Boseong, Wando, haenam, Mokpo, Sinan, Muan, Yeonggwang, Gochang, Buan, Gimje, Gunsan, Seocheon, Boryeong, Taean, Seosan, Dangjin, Asan, Pyeongtaek, Hwaseong, Ansan, Siheung, Incheon, Bucheon, Seoul, Goyang | 1239.4 km |
| 79 | National Route 79 | Uiryeong, South Gyeongsang Province | Changnyeong, South Gyeongsang Province | Haman, Changwon | 111.6 km |
| 82 | National Route 82 | Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi Province | Hwaseong, Gyeonggi Province |  | 31.2 km |
| 87 | National Route 87 | Pocheon, Gyeonggi Province | Cheorwon, Gangwon Province |  | 61.2 km |
| 88 | National Route 88 | Yeongyang, North Gyeongsang Province | Uljin, North Gyeongsang Province |  | 38.5 km |

### Abolished national highways

| Sign | Number of route | Origin | Terminus | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11 | National Route 11 | Jeju City, Jeju Province | Seogwipo, Jeju Province | Downgraded to Local Route 1131 on 17 November 2008 |
| 12 | National Route 12 | Loop around Jeju Island | | Downgraded to Local Route 1132 on 17 November 2008 |
| 16 | National Route 16 | Loop around Jeju Island | | Downgraded to Local Route 1136 on 17 November 2008 |
| 78 | National Route 78 | Manpo, Chagang Province | Kanggye, Chagang Province | Located in North Korea; cancelled on 1 July 1996 |
| 95 | National Route 95 | Jeju City, Jeju Province | Seogwipo, Jeju Province | Downgraded to Local Route 1135 on 17 November 2008 |
| 99 | National Route 99 | Jeju City, Jeju Province | Seogwipo, Jeju Province | Downgraded to Local Route 1139 on 17 November 2008 |

## Hypothetical national highways on the territory of DPR Korea in the case of reunification

| Sign | Link | Origin | Terminus | Major cities | Total length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8 | National Route 8 | Monggŭmp'o, South Hwanghae Province | Wonsan, Kangwon Province | Changyon, Unnyul, Nampo, Pyongyang, Yangdok, Tokwon | 373 km |
| 9 | National Route 9 | Pukchong, South Hamgyong Province | Hyesan, Ryanggang Province | Kimhyonggwon, Kapsan | 216 km |
| 10 | National Route 10 | Ryongchon, North Pyongan Province | Onsong, North Hamgyong Province | Sinuiju, Uiju, Sakchu, Pyoktong, Chosan, Kanggye, Chasong, Kimhyongjik, Samsu, Hyesan, Musan, Hoeryong, Chongsong | 1,162 km |
| 41 | National Route 41 | Kaesong, North Hwanghae Province | Wonsan, Kangwon Province | Kumchon, Ichon, Tokwon | 217 km |
| 50 | National Route 50 | Ongjin, South Hwanghae Province | Kaesong, North Hwanghae Province | Haeju, Yonan | 133 km |
| 51 | National Route 51 | Haeju, South Hwanghae Province | Sukchon, South Pyongan Province | Chaeryong, Nampo, Kangso, Pyongwon | 220 km |
| 52 | National Route 52 | Changyon, South Hwanghae Province | Singye, North Hwanghae Province | Haeju, Pyongsan | 194 km |
| 53 | National Route 53 | Singye, North Hwanghae Province | Pyongyang | Suan, Chunghwa | 153 km |
| 54 | National Route 54 | Changyon, South Hwanghae Province | Sariwon, North Hwanghae Province | Sinchon, Chaeryong | 78 km |
| 61 | National Route 61 | Chongju, North Pyongan Province | Chongsu, North Pyongan Province | Kusong, Sakchu | 135 km |
| 62 | National Route 62 | Sukchon, South Pyongan Province | Kumya, South Hamgyong Province | Sunchon, Maengsan | 237 km |
| 63 | National Route 63 | Sinuiju | Wiwon, Chagang Province | Pakchon, Unsan, Chosan | 414 km |
| 64 | National Route 64 | Uiju, North Pyongan Province | Hamhung, South Hamgyong Province | Kusong, Tokchon | 438 km |
| 65 | National Route 65 | Pyongyang | Chasong, Chagang Province | Sunchon, Kaechon, Huichon, Kanggye | 426 km |
| 71 | National Route 71 | Changjin, South Hamgyong Province | Samsu, Ryanggang Province |  |  |
| 72 | National Route 72 | Wiwon, Chagang Province | Changjin, South Hamgyong Province | Kanggye |  |
| 73 | National Route 73 | Tanchon, South Hamgyong Province | Musan, North Hamgyong Province | Kilju | 340 km |
| 74 | National Route 74 | Unsan, North Pyongan Province | Tanchon, South Hamgyong Province | Kimhyonggwon | 241 km |
| 76 | National Route 76 | Kapsan, Ryanggang Province | Kimchaek, North Hamgyong Province | Haksong | 186 km |
| 80 | National Route 80 | Hyesan, Ryanggang Province | Kilju, North Hamgyong Province |  | 158 km |
| 81 | National Route 81 | Ranam, North Hamgyong Province | Musan, North Hamgyong Province | Chongjin, Puryong | 111 km |
| 83 | National Route 83 | Chongjin, North Hamgyong Province | Onsong, North Hamgyong Province | Puryong, Hoeryong | 169 km |
| 91 | National Route 91 | Hoeryong, North Hamgyong Province | Kyongwon, North Hamgyong Province | Kyonghung | 82 km |
| 92 | National Route 92 | Hoeryong, North Hamgyong Province | Sonbong, Rason | Kyonghung | 87.5 km |
| 93 | National Route 93 | Sonbong, Rason | Kyonghung, North Hamgyong Province |  | 20 km |
| 94 | National Route 94 | Hoeryong, North Hamgyong Province | Kyonghung, North Hamgyong Province | Chongsong |  |
|


title: Neal Drinnan

abstract: Neal Drinnan is an Australian writer. He won the Lambda Literary Award in the Science Fiction, Fantasy or Horror category, and was a nominee in the Gay Fiction category, for his 2006 novel Izzy and Eve at the 19th Lambda Literary Awards. Originally from Melbourne, Victoria, Drinnan has been primarily based in Sydney and regional Victoria. He has published six novels and non-fiction travel guides for LGBT tourism in Australia. He was also the editor of Fruit Salad: A Compote of Contemporary Gay & Lesbian Writing, an anthology of Australian LGBT writing published by the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras committee in 1997, and has had several short stories published in anthologies.

text:
# Neal Drinnan

**Neal Drinnan** is an Australian writer. He won the Lambda Literary Award in the Science Fiction, Fantasy or Horror category, and was a nominee in the Gay Fiction category, for his 2006 novel *Izzy and Eve* at the 19th Lambda Literary Awards.

Originally from Melbourne, Victoria, Drinnan has been primarily based in Sydney and regional Victoria.

He has published six novels and non-fiction travel guides for LGBT tourism in Australia. He was also the editor of *Fruit Salad: A Compote of Contemporary Gay & Lesbian Writing*, an anthology of Australian LGBT writing published by the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras committee in 1997, and has had several short stories published in anthologies.

## Works

### Fiction

* *Glove Puppet* (1998, ISBN 0140267891)
* *Pussy's Bow* (1999, ISBN 0140282475)
* *Quill* (2000, ISBN 0140290990)
* *Izzy and Eve* (2006, ISBN 1931160465)
* *Rare Bird of Truth* (2010, ISBN 9780731814572)
* *Rural Liberties* (2017, ISBN 9789887794806)

### Non-fiction

## InfoBox

| Neal Drinnan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Neal Macrae Drinnan
(1964-09-04) 4 September 1964
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
| Occupation | novelist, Owner of Cow Lick Bookshop |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Period | 1980s-present |
| Notable works | Glove Puppet, Izzy and Eve, Rare Bird of Truth, The Devil's Grip |


title: Ádám Présinger

abstract: Ádám Présinger is a Hungarian football player who plays for Ajka.

text:
# Ádám Présinger

**Ádám Présinger** (born 26 January 1989) is a Hungarian football player who plays for Ajka.

## Honours

## InfoBox

Ádám Présinger
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Ádám Présinger | | |
| Date of birth | (1989-01-26) 26 January 1989 | | |
| Place of birth | Pápa, Hungary | | |
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Left Back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Ajka | | |
| Number | 11 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2001–2003 | Győr | | |
| 2003–2007 | MTK | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2007–2009 | MTK | 0 | (0) |
| 2007–2008 | Integrál-DAC *(loan)* | 22 | (2) |
| 2009 | Pécs *(loan)* | 11 | (1) |
| 2009–2011 | Videoton | 2 | (1) |
| 2011 | Vasas *(loan)* | 6 | (0) |
| 2011–2014 | Pápa | 64 | (2) |
| 2014–2020 | Gyirmót | 128 | (5) |
| 2020– | Ajka | 81 | (1) |
| International career | | | |
| 2005–2006 | Hungary U-17 | 8 | (0) |
| 2007–2008 | Hungary U-19 | 7 | (1) |
| 2008–2010 | Hungary U-20 | 11 | (1) |
| 2009–2010 | Hungary U-21 | 3 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20 December 2023 | | | |