title: One Night in Birdland

abstract: One Night in Birdland is a live album by saxophone player Charlie Parker, trumpeter Fats Navarro, pianist Bud Powell, bassist Curley Russell, and drummer Art Blakey recorded at Birdland on May 15–16, 1950. Recorded in low audio quality on a private tape, it was released as an LP by Columbia Records.

text:
# One Night in Birdland

***One Night in Birdland*** is a live album by saxophone player Charlie Parker, trumpeter Fats Navarro, pianist Bud Powell, bassist Curley Russell, and drummer Art Blakey recorded at Birdland on May 15–16, 1950. Recorded in low audio quality on a private tape, it was released as an LP by Columbia Records.

## Reception

Critic Scott Yanow noted, "the recording quality is not state of the art but the music on this two-LP set is often quite brilliant." He praised the "inspired" "all-star lineup" of the quintet.

Richard Cook praised the album and awarded it four out of four stars, calling it a "marvelous moment" and praised Navarro in particular, claiming "There are moments on this when Parker is very nearly eclipsed by Fats Navarro." The album received a five out of five rating from John Swenson of *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide*.

John McDonough of *DownBeat* praised the album, noting, "Navarro and Parker are not merely throwing lines back and forth. They are finishing each other's ideas. Aside from Parker himself, the most impressive aspect of the music is Bud Powell. He was bop's most complete pianist, and here he is at the top of his form."

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *DownBeat* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide* |  |

## Track listing

*All compositions by Charlie Parker unless otherwise stated*

1. "Wahoo" (Benny Harris) – 6:34
2. "'Round Midnight" (Thelonious Monk) – 5:07
3. "This Time the Dream's on Me" (Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer) – 6:13
4. "Dizzy Atmosphere" (Dizzy Gillespie) – 6:52
5. "A Night in Tunisia" (Gillespie) – 5:38
6. "Move" (Denzil Best) – 6:30
7. "Street Beat" (Navarro) – 9:27
8. "Out of Nowhere" (Johnny Green) – 6:20
9. "Little Willie Leaps" (Miles Davis) / "52nd Street Theme" (Monk) – 5:44
10. "Ornithology" (Parker, Harris) – 7:50
11. "I'll Remember April" (Gene de Paul, Don Raye) / "52nd Street Theme" (Monk) – 9:23
12. "Embraceable You" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) – 6:20
13. "Cool Blues" / "52nd Street Theme" (Monk) – 9:09

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| One Night in Birdland | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Charlie Parker, Fats Navarro, and Bud Powell | |
| Released | 1977 |
| Recorded | May 15–16, 1950 |
| Venue | Birdland |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Label | Columbia |
| Charlie Parker chronology | |
| *Bird Is Free*
(1961) ***One Night in Birdland***
(1977) *Summit Meeting at Birdland*
(1977) | |
|  | |
| Fats Navarro chronology | |
| *The Fabulous Fats Navarro, Vol. 2*
(1957) ***One Night in Birdland***
(1977) | |
| Bud Powell chronology | |
| *Bud in Paris*
(1975) ***One Night in Birdland***
(1977) *At the Golden Circle*
(1978) | |
|  | |


title: Fantastic Locations: Dragondown Grotto

abstract: Fantastic Locations: Dragondown Grotto is a generic setting adventure module for the 3.5 edition of the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. The adventure is designed for 10th level characters. It contains a 16-page adventure as well as two poster sized double-sided maps for use in miniatures play.

text:
# Fantastic Locations: Dragondown Grotto

***Fantastic Locations: Dragondown Grotto*** is a generic setting adventure module for the 3.5 edition of the *Dungeons & Dragons* roleplaying game. The adventure is designed for 10th level characters. It contains a 16-page adventure as well as two poster sized double-sided maps for use in miniatures play.

## Plot summary

Created as a supplement to the War of the Dragon Queen series of Dungeons and Dragons Miniatures. The adventure is broken into four chapters designed to make use of the four poster sized maps included with the product and features many antagonists drawn from the War of the Dragon Queen miniatures set.

The adventure concerns the recovery of two magical dragon eggs which, when hatched, produce Aspects of the fictional Dragon gods Bahamut and Tiamat. These are to be used to prevent the wizard Targan Klem from resurrecting a fallen Dracolich.

### Synopsis

In the first chapter, Spawnscale Nursery, the characters are told of (or discover) an underground complex used to rear abandoned dragon eggs. The self-styled dragonlord Meepo, a kobold fighter has taken charge of the hatchlings, raising them as siblings and has reputedly been selling them as mounts or guardians to various patrons. His dealings have been disrupted by the invasion of a group of hobgoblins and their mercenary blackscale lizardfolk allies who have retaken the complex in order to restore it to its original purpose as a temple to the evil dragon-god Tiamat. After overcoming the occupation force of monsters, the players may either fight Meepo and two of his young dragon charges, or they may elect to negotiate with him—leading them to discover the dark nature of Targan Klem (who they may or may not be working for) who intends to sacrifice the unborn dragons within the eggs as a sacrifice to appease the resurrected dracolich he intends to raise. They are informed that two magical eggs may be retrieved to aid in the defeat of the wizard, which when hatched will birth Aspects of the Five-headed evil Tiamat and the benevolent platinum dragon god Bahamut. Though the two dragon-gods hate one another, they will both fight against a threat to dragonkind as that posed by Klem. They are given a map to find the two eggs.

The second chapter, Forest Cliff Lair, begins as the characters follow a nearby stream for a day's travel to make their way to the location of the first egg, the Egg of Bahamut, held in the lair of the female green dragon Sekkatrix. She has enslaved ogres and basilisks to defend her lair. They must obtain the egg and move on to the second objective, the Egg of Tiamat.

In chapter three, Dragon Graveyard, the hunt for the Egg of Tiamat takes them to the edge of the forest, where the land flattens into an ashen waste. It is reputed that here a great lord of the dragons once ruled over the entire region. Other dragons have migrated to this place, either to die alongside the revered wyrm or to plunder the graveyard. The egg is located at the center of the waste, on a dais built within the upward jutting ribs of the old dragon king. It is protected by the bound spectres of those who have before tried to rob the treasure. As well, the area is patrolled by cadaver collectors and dragon skeletons.

Having taken both eggs, the characters proceed to the last chapter, Dragondown Grotto, a grotto formed from a cave collapse where a cabal of wizards hunted down the dracolich centuries ago after having destroyed its phylactery. Targan Klem and his black dragon cohort Blackbone are in the midst of raising the dracolich, a former blue dragon named Tsaggest Darkweld, when the characters arrive. Blackbone, as well as a group of dragonnes try to keep the adventurers at bay until the spell is finished and the Dracolich is awakened. Klem attempts to continue the ritual until it is absolutely impossible to avoid combat.

### Aftermath

Targan Klem will attempt to teleport away if he is sufficiently injured or if his dragon companion is killed. Blackbone will leave if Klem is killed. If either of these is the case they will plot revenge on the party. If Darkweld is raised it will leave to build a new phylactery for itself, and then returns from the southern deserts with an army of minions to devastate the region where his enemies once lived. Meepo, if befriended, might return with his draconic wards to help the PCs in the future.

## Publication history

This adventure was written by Ed Stark was published in July 2006 by Wizards of the Coast. Cover art was by Greg Staples, with interior art by Wayne England.

## Reception

## Reviews

## InfoBox

Fantastic Locations: Dragondown Grotto
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Code | 953777400 |
| Rules required | D&D 3.5 |
| Character levels | 10 |
| Campaign setting | Generic Setting |
| Authors | Ed Stark |
| First published | 2006 |
| Linked modules | |
| *Fantastic Locations* | |


title: Randy Henderson (politician)

abstract: Randall Paul Henderson Jr. is an American real estate broker and politician who was Mayor of the City of Fort Myers, Florida from 2009 to 2020.

text:
# Randy Henderson (politician)

**Randall Paul Henderson Jr.** (born August 3, 1956) is an American real estate broker and politician who was Mayor of the City of Fort Myers, Florida from 2009 to 2020.

## Early years

Randy was born and raised in North Carolina. He graduated from Asheboro High School in 1975, playing football, baseball, and basketball. He was named most outstanding football player in 1974 (known as Mr. Blue Comet), and his 1975 baseball team won the WNCHSAA state championship. He would later be inducted in the Asheboro High School hall of fame in 2011.

Randy attended Mars Hill College with an athletic scholarship, where he played football and was a four-year letterman for the baseball team. He graduated in 1979 with a BS in business administration.

## Business career

Randy's career in Fort Myers began in banking where he worked his way up to vice-president. He left banking in 1986 and assumed operating responsibilities for Corbin Henderson Company, a real estate firm, as president.

## Mayor of Fort Myers

Henderson was elected Mayor of Fort Myers in 2009, and reelected in 2013 and 2017.

In November 2020, Henderson resigned as mayor to run in that year's election to represent Florida's 19th congressional district. He was defeated in the Republican primary for the seat, finishing fifth.

## Community affairs

Randy has been involved in community affairs for years serving on the following boards:

### Current affiliations

| Edison Pageant of Light | Advisory Board Member |
| --- | --- |
| Salvation Army | Advisory Board Member |
| First Community Bank | Director |
| Fort Myers Kiwanis Club | Member |
| First United Methodist Church | Member |
| Lee County Horizon Council | Member |
| President's Council of Hodges University | Member |
| Uncommon Friends Foundation | Member |

### Former Service

| Fort Myers American Little League | Coach/Manager for 14 years |
| --- | --- |
| NCNB National Bank, Fort Myers | Director |
| First National Bank of Fort Myers | Director |
| Salvation Army Advisory Board | Chairman |
| City of Fort Myers Conference and Convention Council | Chairman |
| Greater Fort Myers Chamber of Commerce | Past President |
| Fort Myers Kiwanis Club | Past President |
| City of Fort Myers Conference and Convention Council | Advisory Board Member |
| Edison Community College Foundation | Advisory Board Member |
| Mars Hill College Advisory Board | Member |

## Personal life

Randy met Virginia Ann Corbin, daughter of former Fort Myers mayor Oscar Corbin Jr., at Mars Hill College. They were married at the First United Methodist Church in Fort Myers and have three children, Laura, Marcus, and Alex.

Randy Henderson is a private pilot and enjoys flying both for business and personal pleasure. He enjoys time with family and is an avid fisherman.

## Electoral history

### Fort Myers Mayor Elections

#### 2009

2009 Fort Myers Mayoral Primary Election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Nonpartisan** | **Randy Henderson** | **1,777** | **57.2%** |
|  | Nonpartisan | Jenna Persons | 1,026 | 33.0% |
|  | Nonpartisan | Darrell Gardner | 306 | 9.8% |
| Total votes | | | **3,109** | **100.0%** |

#### 2013

2013 Fort Myers Mayoral Primary Election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Nonpartisan** | **Randy Henderson** | **6,006** | **83.78%** |
|  | Nonpartisan | Raimond Aulen | 1,163 | 16.22% |
| Total votes | | | **7,169** | **100.0%** |

#### 2017

2017 Fort Myers Mayoral Primary Election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Nonpartisan** | **Randy Henderson** | **4,073** | **70.70%** |
|  | Nonpartisan | Curtis Sheard | 1,000 | 17.36% |
|  | Nonpartisan | Nicole Dillon | 688 | 11.94% |
| Total votes | | | **5,761** | **100.0%** |

### U.S. House of Representatives Elections

#### 2020

2020 Florida's 19th congressional district Republican primary results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Byron Donalds** | **23,492** | **22.6%** |
|  | Republican | Dane Eagle | 22,715 | 21.9% |
|  | Republican | Casey Askar | 20,774 | 20.0% |
|  | Republican | William Figlesthaler | 19,075 | 18.3% |
|  | Republican | Randy Henderson | 7,858 | 7.6% |
|  | Republican | Christy McLaughlin | 4,245 | 4.1% |
|  | Republican | Dan Severson | 3,197 | 3.1% |
|  | Republican | Darren Aquino | 1,466 | 1.4% |
|  | Republican | Daniel Kowal | 1,135 | 1.1% |
| Total votes | | | **103,957** | **100.0%** |

* , Corbin Henderson Investment Realty Website

## InfoBox

| Randy Henderson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 61st Mayor of Fort Myers | |
| **In office**
November 16, 2009  November 16, 2020 | |
| Preceded by | James T. Humphrey |
| Succeeded by | Kevin B. Anderson |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Randall Paul Henderson, Jr.
(1956-08-03) August 3, 1956 |
| Spouse | Virginia Corbin Henderson |
| Children | 3 |
| Relatives | Oscar M. Corbin Jr. (father-in-law) |
| Alma mater | Mars Hill College (BS) |
| Occupation | Businessman, politician |
| Website | *Official campaign website* |
|  | |


title: Jayadeb

abstract: Jayadeb is a 1962 Odia film directed by Byomkesh Tripathi about Jayadeva a well known Sanskrit poet and lyricist of Orissa

text:
# Jayadeb

**Jayadeb** is a 1962 Odia film directed by Byomkesh Tripathi about Jayadeva a well known Sanskrit poet and lyricist of Orissa

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Jayadeb | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Byomkesh Tripathi |
| Produced by | Kalyan Gupta |
| Starring | Sahu Samuel, Shefali and Byomkesh Tripathi |
| Music by | Balakrishna Das |
| Release date | * 1962 (1962) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Odia |


title: Pseudocopera ciliata

abstract: Pseudocopera ciliata, commonly known as the black-kneed featherlegs, is a species of white-legged damselfly in the family Platycnemididae. It can be found in Vietnam.

text:
# Pseudocopera ciliata

***Pseudocopera ciliata***, commonly known as the **black-kneed featherlegs**, is a species of white-legged damselfly in the family Platycnemididae. It can be found in Vietnam.

## Further reading

* Kalkman, V. J. (2013). *Studies on phylogeny and biogeography of damselflies (Odonata) with emphasis on the Argiolestidae* (PhD). Leiden University. hdl:1887/22953.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudocopera ciliata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Suborder: | Zygoptera |
| Family: | Platycnemididae |
| Genus: | *Pseudocopera* |
| Species: | ***P. ciliata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudocopera ciliata***<br>Selys, 1863 | |
|


title: Maxixcatl

abstract: Maxixcatl was the tlatoani (ruler) of the Nahua altepetl (city-state) of Ocotelolco at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. Ocotelolco was one of the four towns that formed the state of Tlaxcallan. Mase Ecasi gave his daughter, baptized as Dona Luisa, to Juan Velazquez de Leon, both of whom were killed on La Noche Triste. Maxixcatzin was instrumental in forming the alliance between Tlaxcallan and the Spanish force of Hernán Cortés against the Aztecs. Maxixcatl died in the smallpox epidemic which decimated the indigenous population of central Mexico in 1520. He was succeeded by his 13-year-old son Lorenzo Maxixcatl.

text:
# Maxixcatl

**Maxixcatl** was the tlatoani (ruler) of the Nahua altepetl (city-state) of Ocotelolco at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

Ocotelolco was one of the four towns that formed the state of Tlaxcallan. Mase Ecasi gave his daughter, baptized as Dona Luisa, to Juan Velazquez de Leon, both of whom were killed on La Noche Triste. Maxixcatzin was instrumental in forming the alliance between Tlaxcallan and the Spanish force of Hernán Cortés against the Aztecs. Maxixcatl died in the smallpox epidemic which decimated the indigenous population of central Mexico in 1520.

He was succeeded by his 13-year-old son Lorenzo Maxixcatl.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Maxixcatl | |
| --- | --- |
| Painting of Maxixcatzin in Tlaxcala Regional Museum | |
| *Tlatoani* of Ocotelolco | |
| Reign | ? - 1520 |
| Predecessor | Cuitlixcatl |
| Successor | Lorenzo Maxixcatl |
|  | |
| Died | 1520 |
| Issue | Lorenzo Maxixcatl |


title: Red Equinox

abstract: Red Equinox is the ninth book in the series of Deathlands. It was written by Laurence James under the house name James Axler.

text:
# Red Equinox

***Red Equinox*** is the ninth book in the series of *Deathlands*. It was written by Laurence James under the house name James Axler.

## Plot Synopsis

Waking from their latest jump, Ryan Cawdor and his friends find themselves in a MAT-TRANS chamber which is smaller than the norm. This curious change is overshadowed by their next discovery: the chamber door release latch is stuck, leaving the group no way to leave the chamber and no way to start another MAT-TRANS jump to a different redoubt. After numerous unsuccessful attempts to make the mechanism work, Krysty Wroth calls upon her mutant strength and forces the door open. This frees the group but breaks the latch mechanism completely, rendering the MAT-TRANS inoperable. Rick Ginsberg, a cryonic patient from 2001 who was "thawed" by Ryan, estimates that he can fix the mechanism, but will need at least basic tools to do so.

The remainder of the redoubt is unusually small and limited, lacking the usual assortment of rooms and equipment. The only exit leads up a long, spiraling metal staircase which eventually comes out in a secret door built into the attic chimney of a partially fire-destroyed dacha. Finally able to see the sky, J. B. Dix uses his pocket sextant to find their approximate location; to his disbelief, the latest jump has taken him and his friends somewhere near Moscow.

After taking food and clothing from hostile residents of a nearby town, Ryan, J. B. and Krysty head out to obtain tools to repair the MAT-TRANS chamber. Their progress is halted when they are nearly shot by a Russian government security patrol. Realizing they need to be able to understand the local language to avoid further incidents, the group returns to the dacha for Rick, who is fluent in Russian. Rick protests at first, revealing that his ALS is no longer in remission and is making him progressively weaker, but relents when it becomes clear there is no other option if they are to find tools.

Meanwhile, in the Russian government capital (located in the suburbs near the heavily bombed ruins of Moscow), the recently promoted Major-Commissar Gregori Zimyanin has been following reports of the group's actions. The descriptions of the people involved stir memories of his encounter with a one-eyed American in Alaska. Despite orders to the contrary, Zimyanin continues his investigation, culling reports for suspicious behavior or crimes committed by one-eyed men.

On the advice of several locals, Ryan, Krysty, and Rick travel to the Russian War Museum in order to learn more about the current Russian government. Shortly thereafter Zimyanin arrives at the Museum, having estimated the group's likely path and assuming they would not be able to ignore the Museum. Ryan spots Zimyanin, immediately recognizing him, and hastens the group's progress through the Museum. On the way through they come across an ill-visited side exhibit which unexpectedly holds all the tools Rick needs to fix the MAT-TRANS chamber, presumably looted from the nearby dacha. The three resolve to come back at night when the Museum is closed to retrieve the tools.

With Zimyanin closing in from the front entrance and soldiers moving to set up roadblocks, Ryan and his friends move to leave through the back, only to discover that the back exit goes past the most popular (and monitored) exhibit: a tattered American flag, which attendees are expected to spit on. All three are nearly overcome with disgust, and Rick balks at following through, but in the end all three spit on the flag and leave unnoticed. As they leave Rick demands that the flag be taken as well when they return in the evening.

With Rick's condition rapidly worsening, Ryan and Kristy return to the Museum without him. The tools are stolen easily, their cases not even locked, but taking the American flag trips an alarm and alerts Museum security. Ryan and Kristy shoot their way through the confused guards and escape.

Ultimately Zimyanin is able to track the group's path back to the abandoned American dacha, following a path of violent firefights and other crimes, while the group works quickly to repair the MAT-TRANS door under the guidance of Rick, who is entering the final, fatal stages of ALS. Zimyanin's forces attack the dacha as repairs are nearing completion, and Rick asks to be left behind with cans of gasoline and a pyrotab to cover the escape. Ryan and the others are able to hold off the Russians long enough for the door to be repaired; before they leave Rick, wrapped in the rescued American flag, asks for one last favor, to hear The Star-Spangled Banner before he dies. With Doc's help the group tearfully sings the anthem for Rick, who dies before the song is finished.

Zimyanin manages to make it to the hidden redoubt during this time, and enters the control room just as Ryan hurls the burning pyrotab into the gas-soaked room before closing the chamber door; Zimyanin narrowly avoids being killed by the ensuing fire. As the MAT-TRANS activates he runs through the fire and quickly enters the chamber, intent on killing the now-incapacitated Ryan. Ryan is aware of Zimyanin's hands around his neck as the jump continues, but is unable to do anything as he slides into unconsciousness.

## Characters Introduced/Leaving

Richard Ginsberg (Died of ALS)

Zorro the dog (Introduced)

## InfoBox

Red Equinox
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Laurence James |
| Language | English |
| Series | Deathlands series |
| Genre | Science fiction Post-apocalyptic novel |
| Publisher | Harlequin Enterprises Ltd (USA) |
| Publication date | June 1989 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 299 |
| ISBN | 0-373-62509-X (first edition) |
| OCLC | 20097284 |
| LC Class | CPB Box no. 2651 vol. 24 |
| Preceded by | *Ice and Fire* |
| Followed by | *Northstar Rising* |


title: McCormick & Schmick's

abstract: McCormick & Schmick's Seafood Restaurants Inc. is an American seafood restaurant chain, formerly based in Portland, Oregon. As of July 2021, the company operates 26 locations in the United States and 5 Canadian locations that operate under the Boathouse name. A sale to the parent company, Landry's, Inc., was completed in January 2012. Landry's corporate headquarters in Houston, Texas now manages all restaurant operations.

text:
# McCormick & Schmick's

**McCormick & Schmick's Seafood Restaurants Inc.** is an American seafood restaurant chain, formerly based in Portland, Oregon. As of July 2021, the company operates 26 locations in the United States and 5 Canadian locations that operate under the Boathouse name. A sale to the parent company, Landry's, Inc., was completed in January 2012. Landry's corporate headquarters in Houston, Texas now manages all restaurant operations.

## History

The company dates its roots back to the 1970s, with Bill McCormick's purchase of Jake's Famous Crawfish, a 100-plus-year-old restaurant in Portland, Oregon. McCormick hired Douglas Schmick for management, and the two formed Traditional Concepts in 1974, the precursor to the McCormick & Schmick's restaurants.

The original McCormick & Schmick's restaurant was opened in 1979 in Portland. This 9,400-square-foot (870 m2) location in downtown was located in the Henry Failing Building.

In February 1997, the company was acquired by Apple South for $53 million.

In 2004, the company became a publicly traded company after an initial public offering. As of 2009, there were almost 100 restaurants and catering locations in the United States and Canada. In June 2009, the company closed the original location in Portland. The chain is famous for its generous happy hour and landmark $1.95 half-pound cheeseburger. The price was changed to $2.95 in the spring of 2009.

On April 4, 2011, Tilman J. Fertitta, who was already the company's single largest individual shareholder (less than 10%), made a bid to take McCormick & Schmick's private, offering $9.25 per share for the company's outstanding shares, a 30 percent premium over its April 1 closing price. An offer of $8.75 per share was accepted by McCormick & Schmick's board in November 2011, with the purchase expected to be completed by January 2012. Operations would be merged into Landry's Restaurants. However, Fertitta expected to "keep some sort of an office in Portland." The sale to the conglomerate was completed in January 2012, and the once publicly traded company was removed from the NASDAQ exchange after trading under the MSSR symbol from 2004 until 2012.

## InfoBox

McCormick & Schmick's
Seafood Restaurants
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Restaurant and catering |
| Predecessor | Traditional Concepts |
| Founded | 1979 (1979) |
| Founder | Bill McCormick & Douglas Schmick |
| Headquarters | Houston, Texas, U.S. |
| Number of locations | 26 |
| Key people | William T. Freeman (CEO)
Michelle M. Lantow (CFO) |
| Revenue | $414.7 million (2022) |
| Operating income | -$20.8 million (2010) |
| Net income | -$23.1 million (2010) |
| Total assets | $157.8 million (2010) |
| Total equity | $70.4 million (2010) |
| Number of employees | 6582 (2011) |
| Parent | Landry's, Inc. (2011-present) |
| Subsidiaries | The Boathouse (in Canada) |
| Website | www.mccormickandschmicks.com |


title: Weyerhaeuser House

abstract: The Weyerhaeuser House, also known as House on the Hill, is a building in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. It was built in 1865 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The home is now part of the Augustana College campus.

text:
# Weyerhaeuser House

The **Weyerhaeuser House**, also known as **House on the Hill**, is a building in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. It was built in 1865 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The home is now part of the Augustana College campus.

## History

Frederick Weyerhaeuser (1834–1914) was a native of Nieder-Saulheim, in the independent Grand Duchy of Hesse, in present-day Germany. He immigrated to the United States in 1856. Weyerhaeuser and his brother-in-law, Frederick Denkmann, founded the Weyerhaeuser and Denkmann Lumber Company in Rock Island. The company continues today as the Weyerhaeuser Company with its offices in Federal Way, Washington. As the company prospered Weyerhaeuser bought a house in 1865 and re-built it from 1882 to 1883. In 1900 Weyerhaeuser and fifteen partners bought 900,000 acres (3,600 km2) of timberland in Washington state. The local partnership ended in 1905 when Denkmann died; Frederick Weyerhaeuser and his wife had moved to Washington by this time. He died in 1914 in Pasadena, California, and is buried in Chippiannock Cemetery in Rock Island. After Weyerhaeuser moved from the house his daughter Apollonia and her husband Samuel S. Davis lived in the house. They were leaders in industry, society, and philanthropy in the city of Rock Island.

The home remained in the Weyerhaeuser family for 85 years before it was donated to Augustana College in 1954. The first floor of the home is now used for entertaining college and community guests. Female students are housed in apartments on the second and third floors. The building is maintained by an endowment created by friends of the college, with support from descendants of the Weyerhaeuser family.

## Architecture

When Frederick Weyerhaeuser bought the house in 1865 it was a two-story brick structure with a square cupola. He had it rebuilt in 1882–1883 in the Second Empire style. Added to the original structure are the west entrance hall, additional rooms, bathrooms, and the third floor. The third floor features a mansard roof, and a tower room was built over the main entrance. A large tank on the third floor supplied water to the entire house. The dining room was enlarged and elaborate woodwork, carvings, and the John LaFarge stained glass window above the fireplace were added in 1888. It is the most elaborate Second Empire structure in Rock Island.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Weyerhaeuser House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 3052 10th Ave.
Rock Island, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 41°30′5″N 90°33′19″W / 41.50139°N 90.55528°W / 41.50139; -90.55528 |
| Built | 1865 |
| Architect | John LaFarge |
| Architectural style | Second Empire |
| NRHP reference No. | 75000674 |
| Added to NRHP | September 11, 1975 |


title: Fantastic Locations: City of Peril

abstract: Fantastic Locations: City of Peril is an adventure module for the 3.5 edition of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.

text:
# Fantastic Locations: City of Peril

***Fantastic Locations: City of Peril*** is an adventure module for the 3.5 edition of the *Dungeons & Dragons* fantasy role-playing game.

## Plot summary

*Fantastic Locations: City of Peril* presents several encounters involving the city of Torenberg, which can be run on their own or as part of a back story that links them together.

## Publication history

*Fantastic Locations: City of Peril* was written by Ed Stark, and was published in April 2007. Cover art was by Ralph Horsley, with interior art by Dave Allsop, Ralph Horsley, and Ron Spencer.

## Reception

## InfoBox

Fantastic Locations: City of Peril
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Code | 959787400 |
| Rules required | *Dungeons & Dragons*, 3.5 edition |
| Authors | Ed Stark |
| First published | April 2007 |


title: Rangatira (Cook Islands)

abstract: A rangatira was the title given to a minor chief in the Cook Islands - often someone who was closely related to an ariki or mataiapo, now usually by the younger brothers or sisters; the head of a branch of a rangatira or mataiapo family. A rangatira title was usually inherited within a family. It was associated with a tapere - the land on which the people of a village belonged. The rangatira could expect contributions of goods and services from the people of his village. The majority of his village population of which he was the head, would have come from his descent group. A rangatira could only be created by the ariki who delegated authority to the rangatira in order to create a structure of support from within the tapere for the ariki. This tapere support mechanism was stronger than that of the mataiapo because its population was larger.

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# Rangatira (Cook Islands)

A  ***rangatira***  was the title given to a minor chief in the Cook Islands \- often someone who was closely related to an *ariki* or *mataiapo*, now usually by the younger brothers or sisters; the head of a branch of a *rangatira* or *mataiapo* family.

A *rangatira* title was usually inherited within a family. It was associated with a *tapere* \- the land on which the people of a village belonged. The *rangatira* could expect contributions of goods and services from the people of his village. The majority of his village population of which he was the head, would have come from his descent group.

A *rangatira* could only be created by the *ariki* who delegated authority to the *rangatira* in order to create a structure of support from within the *tapere* for the *ariki*. This *tapere* support mechanism was stronger than that of the *mataiapo* because its population was larger.


title: Daniel Harford

abstract: Daniel Harford is a former Australian rules footballer and coach. Harford played for the Hawthorn Football Club and Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL) and was senior coach of Carlton in the AFL Women's (AFLW). He is also a radio presenter and commentator.

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# Daniel Harford

**Daniel Harford** (born 19 March 1977) is a former Australian rules footballer and coach. Harford played for the Hawthorn Football Club and Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL) and was senior coach of Carlton in the AFL Women's (AFLW). He is also a radio presenter and commentator.

## Playing career

### Junior football

Originally from Parade College, Harford was a Teal Cup captain of Victoria as a youngster. He played junior football for St Mary's in the Diamond Valley Football League, and was recruited from the Northern U18 team by the Hawthorn Football Club with the 8th overall selection in the 1994 AFL Draft.

### AFL football

While at Hawthorn, where he made his debut in 1995, Harford was a hard-at-the-ball midfielder or occasionally, small forward. He also made regular appearances on *The Footy Show* during this period.

In 2002, Harford managed just 11 games, suffering a run of injuries, and continued to struggle for form and fitness in 2003 where he played only another 5 games. Although Harford was on a long-term contract, Hawthorn decided to try to offload him, and at the end of the year Carlton contracted traded pick no. 51 for him, with Hawthorn paying half his contract. During a pre-season run in October 2004 Harford, decided to retire from AFL football.

### Local football

Harford played VAFA football for Old Paradians in 2005, and returned to the VFL to play for the Northern Bullants, with whom he had previously played while on the Carlton list. He was consistently one of the best in the Bullants' minor premiership team, winning the Laurie Hill Trophy as the Bullants' best and fairest, and finishing third in the J. J. Liston Trophy count.

In 2007, Harford moved to the Balwyn Football Club in the Eastern Football League. He played there in 2007, served as playing-coach in 2008 (winning the premiership that season), and retired from playing at the end of 2008.

## Coaching career

### Local football

Harford continued to serve as non-playing coach at Balwyn until 2011, then as coach at St Kevin's Old Boys in 2012.

### AFL Women's

After serving as an assistant coach with Collingwood during the 2018 AFL Women's season, he was appointed the senior coach of Carlton's AFLW team in April 2018 for the 2019 season onward. In January 2023, Harford was sacked as senior coach after a comprehensive review into the Carlton AFLW Program following a drastic decline in on-field performances.

## Coaching statistics

| Legend | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| W | Wins | L | Losses | D | Draws | W% | Winning percentage | LP | Ladder position | LT | League teams |

| Season | Team | Games | W | L | D | W % | LP | LT |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | Carlton | 9 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 55.6% | 1c/5o | 5c/10o |
| 2020 | Carlton | 7 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 85.7% | 2c/3o | 7c/14o |
| 2021 | Carlton | 9 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 55.6% | 7 | 14 |
| 2022 (S6) | Carlton | 10 | 4 | 6 | 0 | 40.0% | 8 | 14 |
| 2022 (S7) | Carlton | 10 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 20.0% | 14 | 18 |
| Career totals | | 45 | 22 | 21 | 2 | 48.9% |  | |

**Notes**

## Media career

Harford joined fledgling Melbourne sports radio network SEN 1116 in 2005 as a presenter, after his retirement from the AFL and while he was playing in the VAFA. He began by hosting a Sunday afternoon sports show with Robert Shaw, and in 2006 he hosted *On the Rise*, a morning weekend program, with Jason Richardson. He made regular appearances on *The Good Oil*, a weekday afternoon show, between 2007 and 2009, before taking over the time slot in 2010 with his own program *Harf Time.* This ran until 2016, when he moved to the drive program. Harford was also involved in the network's VFL and AFL commentary teams.

In 2007, Harford hosted a motoring show on Channel 9, *Test Drive*.

In November 2016, Harford resigned from 1116 SEN and moved to RSN 927 to host the breakfast show.

## Personal life

Harford is married to his wife Rebecca. They have a daughter, Abbey and a son, William.

1. Victorian Amateur Football Association, AFL Veterans in the VAFA, 2000-2009, 19 January 2010, Retrieved 23 April 2011.
2. "Harford pulls pin". *Herald Sun*. 18 September 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
3. "SKOB announces new senior coach". St Kevin's Old Boys Football Club. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.

## InfoBox

| Daniel Harford | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Harford coaching the Carlton women's side in March 2019 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Daniel Harford | | |
| Date of birth | (1977-03-19) 19 March 1977 | | |
| Original team(s) | St Marys (VAFA) / Northern U18 | | |
| Debut | Round 10, 4 June 1995, Hawthorn vs. Carlton, at Optus Oval | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1995–2003 | Hawthorn | 153 (67) |
| 2004 | Carlton | 009 0(2) |
| Total |  | **162 (69)** |
| Coaching career3 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (W–L–D)** |
| 2019–2022 (S7) | Carlton () | 45 (22–21–2) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 2004.3 Coaching statistics correct as of 2023. | | | |
| Career highlights | | | |
|  | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Xitieshan railway station

abstract: Xitieshan railway station is a station on the Chinese Qingzang Railway. It is located in Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, in the eastern part of the Qaidam Basin. A short branch rail line runs from Xiteshan railway station to the nearby Xitieshan Lead Mine.

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# Xitieshan railway station

**Xitieshan railway station** (Chinese: 锡铁山站) is a station on the Chinese Qingzang Railway. It is located in Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, in the eastern part of the Qaidam Basin.

A short branch rail line runs from Xiteshan railway station to the nearby Xitieshan Lead Mine (锡铁山铅矿; 37°18′50″N 95°33′30″E / 37.31389°N 95.55833°E / 37.31389; 95.55833 (Xitieshan Lead Mine)).

| Preceding station | China Railway | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Yinmaxiatowards Xining |  | Qinghai–Tibet railway |  | Songrugoutowards Lhasa |

37°15′27″N 95°38′09″E / 37.25750°N 95.63583°E / 37.25750; 95.63583


title: Pteris platyzomopsis

abstract: Pteris platyzomopsis, synonym Platyzoma microphyllum, is a species of fern in the family Pteridaceae. When placed in the genus Platyzoma, it was the only species; the genus was sometimes placed in its own family, Platyzomaceae. The species is native to northern Australia, occurring in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, in the Northern Territory and Queensland, and in northern New South Wales, where it is considered endangered. Vernacular names include braid fern.

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# Pteris platyzomopsis

***Pteris platyzomopsis***, synonym ***Platyzoma microphyllum***, is a species of fern in the family Pteridaceae. When placed in the genus ***Platyzoma***, it was the only species; the genus was sometimes placed in its own family, **Platyzomaceae**. The species is native to northern Australia, occurring in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, in the Northern Territory and Queensland, and in northern New South Wales, where it is considered endangered. Vernacular names include **braid fern**.

## Characteristics

*Pteris platyzomopsis* is unusual among ferns in that it may display incipient heterospory.

Microsporangia produce 32 microspores, each 71-101μm in diameter. Megasporangia produce 16 megaspores, each 163-183μm in diameter. Microspores produce a filamentous microgametophyte, which lacks rhizoids and gives rise only to antheridia. Megaspores produce spatulate megagametophytes with rhizoids, which produce archegonia. Megagametophytes may later produce antheridia, making them functionally bisexual. Development of gametophytes is not endosporic.

## Taxonomy

*Pteris platyzomopsis* has been known by the synonym *Platyzoma microphyllum*. The genus *Platyzoma* has been placed as the only species in family Platyzomataceae. Tryon has speculated that the species, with its incipient heterospory, unusual chromosome number (2n=78) and other features, may represent a stage transitional to the heterosporous aquatic ferns.

In 1827 Nicaise Auguste Desvaux included in *Platyzoma* additional species, such as *Gleichenia alpina*, *Gleichenia dicarpa* and *Gleichenia rupestris*, which are currently regarded by most scholars as part of the genus *Gleichenia.*

In 2011, Christenhusz *et al.* placed *Platyzoma* within the genus *Pteris* and transferred the *Platyzoma microphyllum* R.Br. to *Pteris platyzomopsis* Christenh. & H.Schneid., as the name *Pteris microphylla* was already in use. The transfer is accepted by the *Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World* and *Plants of the World Online*.

## InfoBox

| *Pteris platyzomopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Family: | Pteridaceae |
| Genus: | *Pteris* |
| Species: | ***P. platyzomopsis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pteris platyzomopsis***<br>Christenh. & H.Schneid. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Platyzoma microphyllum* R.Br. | |


title: Gwen Meredith

abstract: Gwenyth Valmai Meredith OBE, also known by her married name Gwen Harrison, was an Australian writer, dramatist and playwright, and radio writer. She is best known for her radio serials The Lawsons (1944–1949) and the longer-running Blue Hills (1949–1976).

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# Gwen Meredith

**Gwenyth Valmai Meredith** OBE (18 November 1907 – 3 October 2006), also known by her married name **Gwen Harrison**, was an Australian writer, dramatist and playwright, and radio writer. She is best known for her radio serials *The Lawsons* (1944–1949) and the longer-running *Blue Hills* (1949–1976).

## Life

Meredith was born in Orange, New South Wales to George and Florence Meredith, and was their only child. She was educated in Sydney, first at Sydney Girls High School then the University of Sydney from which she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1929. Her father believed that, with the Great Depression, there were too many people needing jobs and that she should stay at home. She therefore managed the housekeeping and from 1932 to 1939, owned and operated a bookshop.

Meredith married Sydney engineer, Ainsworth Harrison, on 24 December 1938. He proved to be "a devoted and supportive husband" and travelled around Australia with her as she researched her serials. They also travelled overseas several times. In an interview, she told Arrow that, with the support of her father and then her husband, she never had to make a living from her writing, though believed she could have if she had needed to.

She lived in Castlecrag for most of her working life in a house known as "the Gingerbread House" which is located at 369 Edinburgh Rd.

She retired in 1976 when the last episode of her most famous serial, *Blue Hills*, went to air, and she and her husband moved from their beachside home "Braybrook", in Seaforth, to the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, where she did watercolour painting. Her other interests were gardening, bushwalking and flyfishing. She died at her home at Bowral on 3 October 2006, aged 98.

## Career

From 1932 to 1939, with her father's financial backing, she was the owner of the Chelsea Book Club, which she soon expanded to include a drama club "Chelsea Theatre Group" that performed her earliest plays, including her "witty and sophisticated *Wives Have Their Uses*" at St James' Hall, Sydney. Other plays were *Murders Are Messy*, *Ask No Questions* and *Shout at the Thunder* (these last two performed at the Independent Theatre). From 1939 to 1943, she worked as a freelance writer, before commencing a 33-year career with the Australian Broadcasting Commission for which she wrote radio plays, serials and documentaries.

According to Arrow, Meredith entered a play competition in 1940 but was not selected as a winner by the judges. She did, however, win the listeners' poll. Following this she wrote over 200 episodes of a serial *Fred and Maggie* and 50 episodes of *Night Porter*. She was then chosen to create the ABC's new radio serial in 1944, *The Lawsons*, as a propaganda medium to introduce modern agricultural methods to Australian farmers. It proved a highly successful drama that ran for 1,299 episodes from 1 February 1944 to 5 February 1949. It chronicled a family living on a rural property, and their battle to survive and to cope with sons being away at war. When the final episode was announced, *The Sydney Morning Herald* remarked that "to many people throughout the Commonwealth this will be almost a national day of mourning. The complicated affairs of the Lawson family, their friends and their enemies have made the serial the most popular in the history of Australian radio". A stage version of *The Lawsons* premiered in the Masonic Hall, Bathurst, New South Wales, on 28 January 1950. None of the radio cast appeared in the stage version, but it did include a young Ed Devereaux.

*The Lawsons* serial was replaced by the even more popular and longest running radio serial production *Blue Hills*, which comprised 5,795 episodes, all written by Meredith, and which ran for over 27 years, from 1949 to 1976. Her method of writing *Blue Hills* was unusual. Though she originally typed her own scripts, she soon progressed to a Dictaphone, later a small tape recorder, and this was transcribed by ABC typists for the actors to read. *Blue Hills* made her a household name in Australia.

There were several novels based on the serials, and a comic strip version of *The Lawsons*, which appeared in *The ABC Weekly* during the mid to late 1940s.

Besides these two long-running serials and *Ask Ginger*, a children's serial which ran for a few months 1949–50, Meredith was also a noted playwright; four of her plays (*Ask No Questions* (1940), *Shout at the Thunder* (1942), *These Positions Vacant* (1945)) and *Cornerstone* were performed by the Independent Theatre, Sydney.

## Select credits

## Awards

* 1967: Appointed a Member (MBE) of the Order of the British Empire for her services to radio entertainment
* 1977: Elevated to Officer (OBE) of the order for her services to the arts.

## Bibliography

* Meredith, Gwen (1944). *Wives Have Their Uses: A Comedy in Three Acts*. Sydney: Mulga Publications. 81 pp.
* Meredith, Gwen (1945). *Great Inheritance*. Australia: RAAF Educational Services. 33 pp.
* Meredith, Gwen (1948). *The Lawsons*. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. 248 pp.
* Meredith, Gwen (1950). *Blue Hills*. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. 233 pp.
* Meredith, Gwen (1953). *Beyond Blue Hills: The Ternna-Boolla Story*. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. 244 pp.
* Meredith, Gwen (1961). *Into the Sun: A Blue Hills Novel*. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. 252 pp.
* Meredith, Gwen; Harrison, Ainsworth (1955). *Inns and Outs*. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. 249 pp.

## InfoBox

| Gwen Meredith | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Gwenyth Valmai Meredith
(1907-11-18)18 November 1907
Orange, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | 3 October 2006(2006-10-03) (aged 98)
Bowral, New South Wales, Australia |
| Education | Bachelor of Arts, University of Sydney |
| Occupations | * Author * playwright * novelist * radio writer |
| Years active | 1932-1976 (retirement) |
| Spouse(s) | Ainsworth Harrison (m. 24 December, 1938) |
| Parent(s) | George and Florence Meredith |


title: Mchesi

abstract: Mchesi is a rural ward of Tunduru District in Ruvuma Region, Tanzania. It is located on the northern shore of Ruvuma River, at an average elevation of 395 meters above the sea level. According to the census held in 2012, it had a population of 8,781.

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# Mchesi

**Mchesi** is a rural ward of Tunduru District in Ruvuma Region, Tanzania. It is located on the northern shore of Ruvuma River, at an average elevation of 395 meters above the sea level. According to the census held in 2012, it had a population of 8,781.

## InfoBox

| Mchesi | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| Mchesi | |
| Coordinates: 11°23′03″S 37°21′38″E / 11.38417°S 37.36056°E / -11.38417; 37.36056 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Ruvuma |
| District | Tunduru |
| Area | |
| Total | 553.2 km2 (213.6 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 395 m (1,296 ft) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 8,781 |
| Density | 16/km2 (41/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |


title: Mirkowice, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

abstract: Mirkowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bodzechów, within Ostrowiec County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski and 49 km (30 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

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# Mirkowice, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

**Mirkowice** \[mirkɔˈvit͡sɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bodzechów, within Ostrowiec County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski and 49 km (30 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Mirkowice | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Mirkowice | |
| Coordinates: 50°53′13″N 21°18′42″E / 50.88694°N 21.31167°E / 50.88694; 21.31167 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Ostrowiec |
| Gmina | Bodzechów |
| Population | 240 |


title: Pamukçular, Yusufeli

abstract: Pamukçular is a village in the Yusufeli District, Artvin Province, Turkey. Its population is 521 (2021).

text:
# Pamukçular, Yusufeli

**Pamukçular** is a village in the Yusufeli District, Artvin Province, Turkey. Its population is 521 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Pamukçular | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| PamukçularLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 40°47′N 41°50′E / 40.783°N 41.833°E / 40.783; 41.833 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Artvin |
| District | Yusufeli |
| Population (2021) | 521 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Greece at the 2000 Summer Paralympics

text:
# Greece at the 2000 Summer Paralympics

There were three female and 39 male athletes representing the country at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. As host of 2004 edition in Athens, a Greek segment was featured on closing ceremony.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Konstantinos Fykas | Swimming | Men's 50 m freestyle S8 |
| Gold | Konstantinos Fykas | Swimming | Men's 100 m freestyle S8 |
| Gold | Athanasios Barakas | Athletics | Men's long jump F11 |
| Gold | Stefanos Anargyrou | Athletics | Men's shot put F55 |
| Silver | Eleni Samaritaki | Athletics | Women's 200 m T36 |
| Silver | Eleni Samaritaki | Athletics | Women's 400 m T36 |
| Silver | Parashos Stogiannidis | Athletics | Men's high jump F20 |
| Silver | Evangelos Bakolas | Athletics | Men's shot put F33 |
| Bronze | Parashos Stogiannidis | Athletics | Men's javelin throw F20 |
| Bronze | Maria Kalpakidou | Swimming | Women's 50 m backstroke S2 |
| Bronze | Symeon Paltsanitidis | Athletics | Men's discus throw F55 |

## Bibliography

* International Paralympic Committee (2000). "Appendix C: Athlete Numbers - By Delegation". *Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games Post Games Report*. Sydney.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

## InfoBox

| Greece at the
2000 Summer Paralympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IPC code | GRE |
| NPC | Hellenic Paralympic Committee |
| Website | www.paralympic.gr |
| in Sydney | |
| Competitors | 42 |
| Flag bearer | Dimitrios Konstantakas |
| Medals
Ranked 33rd | Gold 4 Silver 4 Bronze 3 Total 11 |
| Summer Paralympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Jay-driver

abstract: The term jay driver originated to refer to carriage drivers who drove on the incorrect side of the road. While the term may generally refer to an individual operating a vehicle in a manner not consistent with traffic laws, it was used more specifically to individuals who drive a vehicle on the incorrect side of the road. Merriam-Webster indicates that the first known use of the term is by The Junction City Union newspaper on 28 June 1905.

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# Jay-driver

The term **jay driver** originated to refer to carriage drivers who drove on the incorrect side of the road. While the term may generally refer to an individual operating a vehicle in a manner not consistent with traffic laws, it was used more specifically to individuals who drive a vehicle on the incorrect side of the road. Merriam-Webster indicates that the first known use of the term is by *The Junction City Union* newspaper on 28 June 1905.

## Relationship to "jaywalker"

Most sources indicate that the term "jay driver" came before "jaywalker" there being numerous article headlines from 1905 through the next decade that include the term "Jay Driver." Peter Norton's book *Fighting Traffic* on 78 indicates that in 1922 use of the term "jay driver" was an attempt by George A. Davies to use the known meaning of "jay walker" and apply it to drivers of vehicles. However, an opinion piece attributed to "A MAN BOOSTER" from the 17 January 1907 *Salt Lake Telegram* titled "Oh yes, there's the 'Jay Driver'" describes in it both jay walkers and jay drivers. However, another article from 11 November 1919 in *The Pittsburgh Gazette Times* cites from the *Seattle Post-Intelligencer* the text: "There are so many jay walkers and so many jay drivers that it hardly behooves any driver to talk about jay walkers, or any walker to mention jay drivers," clearly demonstrating that the term existed prior to that time.

## In media

A 1939 instructional video overdubbed by the voice of an official from a British agency indicates that the term was not isolated to the United States. Titled School For Jay-Drivers! the video provides an example of a motorcycle rider in Vienna failing to give the proper signal who is then required to attend a Sunday morning class in which an instructor explains what he did incorrectly and what the rules indicate he should have done.


title: MusicStation

abstract: MusicStation is a music service platform developed by Omnifone. The cloud based platform works across a number of different digital device platforms and is tailored specifically for various partners including rara.com, RIM, Sony, Sony Ericsson, HP, BSkyB, Vodafone, Telenor, Hutchison Telecom and Vodacom.

text:
# MusicStation

**MusicStation** is a music service platform developed by Omnifone. The cloud based platform works across a number of different digital device platforms and is tailored specifically for various partners including rara.com, RIM, Sony, Sony Ericsson, HP, BSkyB, Vodafone, Telenor, Hutchison Telecom and Vodacom.

## Services

In February 2009 Omnifone introduced MusicStation Next Generation, a white label unlimited music audio and video download and streaming solution for ISPs and consumer electronics device vendors. The cloud based solution offers interoperable music on a wide range of connected devices, including home entertainment systems, gaming consoles, and car audio systems.

In April 2009 Hutchison Telecom became the first Omnifone partner to introduce MusicStation Desktop Edition to users in Hong Kong on its  network.

Omnifone's MusicStation was the first subscription based unlimited music download service available on mobiles in the UK launching with Vodafone in November 2007.

In June 2008, Omnifone announced that MusicStation had become the largest subscription based unlimited music download service in the UK within seven months of launching on Vodafone.

## History

* **14 January 2003:** British Entrepreneurs Rob Lewis, Phil Sant and Mark Knight form Omnifone
* **12 February 2007:** Omnifone announces MusicStation
* **14 June 2007:** MusicStation goes live with its first rollout in Sweden with Telenor
* **22 October 2007:** MusicStation launches in Hong Kong with 3
* **1 November 2007:** MusicStation launches in South Africa with Vodacom
* **1 November 2007:** MusicStation launches in the UK with Vodafone
* **12 February 2008:** Omnifone launches MusicStation Max, a pre-licensed unlimited music phone development programme with LG signed up as a handset manufacturer
* **15 September 2008:** MusicStation launches in New Zealand with Vodafone
* **22 September 2008:** MusicStation launches in Australia with Vodafone
* **24 September 2008:** Omnifone announces partnership with Sony Ericsson to power PlayNow plus, its pre-licensed unlimited downloads service across Walkman mobiles
* **14 November 2008:** Sony Ericsson launches PlayNow plus in Sweden with Telenor
* **8 January 2009:** Omnifone announces partnership with Gracenote to bring unlimited music to multiple device platforms
* **12 January 2009:** Omnifone powered in-car entertainment system CarStars wins CNET 'Best of CES' Car Tech award at the 2009 International Consumer Electronic Show in Las Vegas; the largest consumer electronics event in the world
* **16 February 2009:** Omnifone announces MusicStation Next Generation unlimited music service for ISPs to fight piracy online, confirming reports that it is in discussions with BSkyB as its first ISP customer
* **13 March 2009:** Sony Ericsson launches PlayNow plus in Switzerland with Swisscom
* **2 April 2009:** MusicStation Desktop Edition launches in Hong Kong
* **23 April 2009:** Sony Ericsson launches PlayNow plus in Singapore with Singtel
* **9 June 2009:** Sony Ericsson launches PlayNow plus in Austria with Orange
* **8 September 2009:** Sony Ericsson launches PlayNow plus in the Netherlands with T-Mobile
* **14 October 2009:** Sony Ericsson launches PlayNow plus in Hungary with T-Mobile
* **19 October 2009:** BSkyB launches Sky Songs streaming and downloads service in the UK
* **23 October 2009:** Sony Ericsson launches PlayNow plus in Brazil with Vivo
* **9 November 2009:** Sony Ericsson launches PlayNow plus in Mexico with Telcel
* **20 November 2009:** Sony Ericsson launches PlayNow plus in Croatia with T-Mobile
* **21 November 2009:** Sony Ericsson launches PlayNow plus in Singapore with M1
* **8 January 2010:** Omnifone extends relationship with Gracenote, allows for cloud-based music solutions in more than 30 countries in 2010
* **25 January 2010:** Omnifone announces partnership with HP for MusicStation on PCs in 10 countries across Europe
* **15 February 2010:** Omnifone announces MusicStation for Android
* **16 February 2010:** Omnifone first to encode its global music catalogue into Dolby Pulse file format for cloud based digital music services in 2010
* **22 December 2010:** Sony launches Q Music Unlimited cloud music service powered by Omnifone in the UK and Ireland
* **22 January 2011:** Sony launches Q Music Unlimited cloud music service powered by Omnifone in France, Germany, Italy and Spain
* **17 February 2011:** Sony launches Q Music Unlimited cloud music service powered by Omnifone in the US, Australia and New Zealand
* **25 August 2011:** RIM launches BBM Music social music service in beta – powered by Omnifone in the US, Canada and the UK
* **13 December 2011:** rara.com launches across Europe and the USA – powered by Omnifone
* **14 December 2011:** rara.com launches across New Zealand – powered by Omnifone

## InfoBox

MusicStation
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Launch date | 14 June 2007 (2007-06-14) |
| Discontinued | 2011 |
| Platform(s) | Mobile, web, PC, Blu-ray players, PS3 games console, PSP portable games console, home cinema systems, Walkman digital audio players, S1 and S2 tablets, in-home, in-car |
| Availability | US
Canada
UK
Ireland
Australia
New Zealand
France
Germany
Italy
Spain
Austria
Belgium
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Switzerland
Croatia
Hungary
Singapore
Hong Kong
Taiwan
South Africa
Brazil
Mexico |
| Website | www.omnifone.com |


title: Pteris microptera

abstract: Pteris microptera is a fern in the family Pteridaceae.

text:
# Pteris microptera

***Pteris microptera***  is a fern in the family Pteridaceae.

## Description

The fern has a stout and erect rhizome covered with triangular brown scales. The fronds are tufted and glossy, growing to 0.5–2 m in height. The species is part of the complex and widespread *Pteris comans* group.

## Distribution and habitat

The fern is endemic to Australia's subtropical Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea; it is common and widespread throughout the Island at lower elevations.

## InfoBox

| *Pteris microptera* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Family: | Pteridaceae |
| Genus: | *Pteris* |
| Species: | ***P. microptera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pteris microptera***<br>Mett. ex Kuhn (1869) | |
|


title: Mawqaq

abstract: Mawqaq is a town in Saudi Arabia's southwestern Ḥaʼil region, situated approximately 80 kilometers from the city center of Ḥaʼil. Mawqaq is one of the oldest and most populous towns in the region, with numerous smaller villages dotting the landscape. It is one of the villages situated within the Ḥaʼil region. Mawqaq is located 1,200 meters above sea level, on the western slope of Mount Aja, while the city of Ha'il is located on the eastern slope of the same mountain. Mawqaq is 65 kilometers from Ha'il on the Ha'il-Ala-Tabuk road and 90 kilometers from Ha'il on the Hafir road.

text:
# Mawqaq

**Mawqaq** is a town in Saudi Arabia's southwestern Ḥaʼil region, situated approximately 80 kilometers from the city center of Ḥaʼil. Mawqaq is one of the oldest and most populous towns in the region, with numerous smaller villages dotting the landscape. It is one of the villages situated within the Ḥaʼil region.

Mawqaq is located 1,200 meters above sea level, on the western slope of Mount Aja, while the city of Ha'il is located on the eastern slope of the same mountain. Mawqaq is 65 kilometers from Ha'il on the Ha'il-Ala-Tabuk road and 90 kilometers from Ha'il on the Hafir road.

## History

In 1847, the Finnish traveler George August Galin visited the area and made the following observation: "the town of Mawqaq is situated to the northwest of Mount Aja. It is one of the most populous settlements in the province, with a population exceeding 220 families". In 1915, British orientalist Louis Mouzel visited and described this site in his book *North of Najd*. However, no reference was made to the inscriptions and writings discovered in a number of nearby mountains. Furthermore, the archaeological sites are concentrated in the mountains and plateaus to the north and northwest of the area in question. These monuments consist of edifices and palaces constructed atop the elevated plateaus, with only a few of their ruins and fallen stones remaining on the ground. A few kilometers to the north of Mawqaq, there are indications of an entrance to a substantial palace or temple constructed on a mountain. Additionally, there are numerous inscriptions on the rocks adjacent to the entrance. Some of the inscriptions are in the ancient Arabic script "Al-Musnad," some are in scripts that only specialists can recognize, and some are in Kufic script. One of the most legible inscriptions on the mountain is in the Arabic script "Al-Musnad." Additionally, there are various drawings in the mountain and in nearby mountains. The collection includes representations of horses and other animals, including camels and a variety of other creatures. Additionally, there are illustrations of horses being ridden by a figure brandishing a long spear, as well as depictions of assorted tools, some of which bear resemblance to a plow, and others to a comb. The majority of these inscriptions and drawings were carved using the method of deep rock carving with sharp iron tools. However, the issue of erosion precludes the identification of the majority of the drawings and inscriptions in these sites, necessitating further study and excavation by specialists.

## Geography

The city of Mawqaq is situated within a vast valley that extends from north to south. It represents an extension of Wadi Al-Rasfin, Wadi Al-Bayyat, and Wadi Al-Rutiq, which originate from Mount Aja. Mawqaq is encircled by the Nafud, which extends to Al-Jawf to the north. To the east are Mount Jargh and Mount Aja; to the south is Mount Aja; and to the west are the flat western plains, which include a number of mountains and small plateaus. The city's geographical location is a defining feature, situated at an altitude of 1,200 meters above sea level. In close proximity is the summit of Mount Qadran (Samra), which reaches an altitude of 6,000 feet above sea level. Additionally, the city is traversed by the international road connecting Ha'il, Al-Ula, and Tabuk.

### Topography

One of the most significant geographical features of Mawqaq is the presence of the Aja mountain range, which forms a natural border to the city from the east and south. To the east of this range lies the city of Hail, separated from Mawqaq by the presence of this mountainous chain, which spans over 30 kilometres in width and over 100 kilometres in length.

### Aja Mountain Range

The Aja mountain range and its offshoots encircle the city of Mawqaq. The Aja mountain range extends over a distance of more than 100 kilometers from the village of Al-Hafir in the east to the village of Al-Fayda in the west. The city of Hail is located on the eastern side of Mawqaq, and the city of Mawqaq is located on the western side of Ha'il. The following are among the most significant geographical features and names within this chain, situated in close proximity to the city of Muqaq: Notable peaks include Mount Jargh and Mount Al-Kur. Additionally, the region encompasses Mount Hayyah and Mount Dhali'ah. Additionally, the region encompasses Mount Saihan and Hibal Al-Yasser. Additionally, the region encompasses Mount Umm Al-Hammam and Mount Abu Jurf. Additionally, the region encompasses Mount Balta and Mount Qadran. In addition to the mountains of: Mount Shout, Mount Abu Suwair. Mount Sahi, Mount Shaqraa. Mount Al-Baydiyat, Mount Al-Safraa. Mount Al-Rutiq, Mount Khashit. Mount Radfin Mount Nabtal. Mount al-Jadida. Mount Kahfah.

### Habran Mountain Range

The mountain range is renowned for its historical population of gazelles and bustards, situated 90 kilometers north of Mawqaq, a city located in the Nafud region, in close proximity to the village of Al Muhafar. As documented in the Mu'jam al-Buldān by Yaqut al-Hamawi (Volume 2, p. 244), Habran is defined as follows: By way of a disjunctive, or "breaking," construction. In Zayd al-Khayl's account, a mountain is referenced in conjunction with the description of his camel. He states, "I left from Zakheg and then rested on the eve of Habran, Irqal al-Atiq al-Mujaffar, I left for the birds." The shepherd stated that It is akin to an activist whose tears are shielded from the beast of Habran, situated between Al-Naqaa and Al-Zafar, and among the most significant geographical features in the region. The aforementioned area comprises several key locations, including the Triangle, Shifa Al-Bin, Markets, Aba Al-Dharouq, and Ghar Zamil.

### Al-Masma Mountain Range

The mountain range extends from south to north for a distance of approximately 80 kilometers, situated within the northern influence zone. The region comprises a number of mountains and plateaus, including:

* Rokham Mountain: It is located north of the city of Mawqaq, 40 kilometers west of the village of Tawiya.
* Saq Mountain: It is located north of the city of Mawqaq, 30 kilometers east of the village of Tawiyah, near the village of Al-Hatti.
* Al-Aaimda Mountain: It is located 20 kilometers northwest of the city of Mawqaq, near Hijrat Qasiriyat.
* Jarquq Mountain: It is located 15 kilometers west of the city of Mawqaq.
* Jadid Mountain: It is located 15 kilometers north of the city of Mawqaq.
* Shahbara Mountain: Located 15 kilometers west of Mawqaq, 15 kilometers away.
* Ihtala Mountain: Located 8 kilometers north of Mawqaq, 8 kilometers away.
* Ibraq Ghawth Mountain: It is located 2 kilometers north of the city of Mawqaq, 2 kilometers away.
* Al-Khashab Mountain: It is located 25 kilometers east of the city of Mawqaq, near the village of Hafir.
* Al-Abd Mountain: It is located 10 kilometers east of the city of Mawqaq, 10 kilometers away.

## Geology

Mawqaq is situated at the center of the geological palace square, between 41 degrees and 41 degrees and 20 minutes east longitude and 41 degrees and 20 minutes east latitude. The city is situated at a latitude of 27 degrees and 15 minutes north and 27 degrees and 30 minutes north. The area encompasses approximately 2,750 square kilometers. The majority of the area is covered by Cenozoic valley deposits of gravel, sand, and dunes, while the remainder is covered by bedrock, which is represented by several rock types. The alkaline feldspar monzogranite rocks, which are rich in biotite and hornblende minerals, are located in the eastern and southeastern regions of Mawqaq, specifically in the mountains Umm Raqba, Dawir, and Jargh. The Jaber rocks are found in Mountain Al-Abd, situated to the east and to the west of Mawqaq. The rocks of the Mawqaq complex are a mixture of green schist and metamorphosed bedrock. It's also is characterised by the presence of plagioclase-rich granitic and dioritic rocks, in addition to a significant number of basaltic breakers with orientations aligned northwest and east-west (dykes). In the southern region of Mawqaq, the presence of red granite rocks with fine-grained granite is discernible. The city of Mawqaq is situated within the Arabian Shield, a region characterised by scarce groundwater resources, with reliance on rainwater. The depth of wells in Mawqaq is typically limited to 70 metres.

## Ecological diversity

The most significant flora in the Mawqaq region includes Arfaj, Wormwood, Abiathran, Artemisia, Qarta, Qahwian, Sama'a, Katad, Rabla, Buttercup, Nafl, Terba, Basbas, Jahak, Qaisum, Sabt, Hanabazi, Marshmallow, Nasi, Hamat, Numbers, Hawa, Titan, Khubaiz, Ramth, and Faqaa (Kama'a). The following plants are known as Al-Awshiz, Al-Thail, and Al-Saadan.

## Tourism

The city of Mawqaq is regarded as one of the most notable tourist destinations in the Hail region, largely due to its striking natural landscapes and the prevalence of valleys and trees within these valleys. Among these, the most noteworthy valleys are: Haya, Al-Bayyat, Al-Rutiq, Al-Radafin, Al-Dhabih, Dhikhin, and others, all originate from Mount Aja and extend to the north of Mawqaq Al-Nafud. The plains lie to the west. During the spring season, these valleys, plains, and nafuds assume a verdant hue.

## InfoBox

| Mawqaq | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mawqaq | |
| Coordinates: 27°22′41″N 41°10′49″E / 27.3781°N 41.1803°E / 27.3781; 41.1803 | |
| Country | Saudi Arabia |
| Province | Ḥa'il Province |
| Time zone | UTC+3 |
| Geocode | 104201 |
| Website | http://www.hail.gov.sa/ |


title: Gwen Munro

abstract: Gwendolyn Mina Munro was an Australian actress best known for playing the female lead in Orphan of the Wilderness (1936).

text:
# Gwen Munro

**Gwendolyn Mina Munro** (30 November 1913 – 6 April 1970) was an Australian actress best known for playing the female lead in *Orphan of the Wilderness* (1936).

## Biography

Munro was born in Hobart, Tasmania on 30 November 1913. She grew up in privileged circumstances in Toorak, Melbourne and was partly educated in Switzerland and a finishing school in Paris. On returning to Australia she entered a beauty contest being held by Paramount and won. The prize included a small part in the Hollywood film, *Search for Beauty* (1934). While in Los Angeles Munro also played the lead role in a production at the Pasadena Playhouse of *Dear Bill* by Australian writer Jim Warwick.

Munro returned to Australia, where she performed on stage in *The Wind and the Rain* for J.C. Williamson Ltd. She then received an offer to make *Orphan of the Wilderness* for Ken G. Hall at Cinesound Productions. Her beauty and background caused her appearance in the film to be much publicised in the local media. Munro fell ill during shooting, helping cause the production to fall four days behind schedule. Nonetheless, director Ken G. Hall was pleased with her performance and used her again in *Let George Do It* (1938). In between these films she also appeared in *Typhoon Treasure* (1938) for director Noel Monkman, which was shot on location in North Queensland.

In 1939, Munro married businessman Hubert “Togo” Middows of Sydney, after which she retired. Munro's first marriage ended in divorce a few years later, at which point she met and married Dorr Chandler Ralph, a commander in the U.S. Navy. She died in Baton Rouge, Louisiana on 6 April 1970, at the age of 56.

## Filmography

## Radio

* *The Queen's Necklace* (1938)
* *Mutiny on the Bounty* (1938, repeated 1941) - serial
* *Little Woman* (1939)
* *Trilby* (1938, repeated 1941) - serial


title: Mecyna lutealis

abstract: Mecyna lutealis is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in large parts of Europe, including Spain, France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Albania and Greece. The species was first described by Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel in 1833.

text:
# Mecyna lutealis

***Mecyna lutealis*** is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in large parts of Europe, including Spain, France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Albania and Greece. The species was first described by Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel in 1833.

## InfoBox

| *Mecyna lutealis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Mecyna* |
| Species: | ***M. lutealis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecyna lutealis***<br>(Duponchel, 1833) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Botys lutealis* Duponchel, 1833 * *Botys citralis* var. *albarracinensis* Fuchs, 1901 * *Botys flavalis* var. *citralis* Herrich-Schäffer, 1848 * *Botys flavalis* (Villers, 1789) * *Pyrausta lutealis gomagoialis* Amsel, 1932 * *Mecyna lutealis rungsalis* (Leraut, 2005) | |


title: Mirkwood

abstract: Mirkwood is any of several great dark forests in novels by Sir Walter Scott and William Morris in the 19th century, and by J. R. R. Tolkien in the 20th century. The critic Tom Shippey explains that the name evoked the excitement of the wildness of Europe's ancient North. At least two distinct Middle-earth forests are named Mirkwood in Tolkien's legendarium. One is in the First Age, when the highlands of Dorthonion north of Beleriand became known as Mirkwood after falling under Morgoth's control. The more famous Mirkwood was in Wilderland, east of the river Anduin. It had acquired the name Mirkwood after it fell under the evil influence of the Necromancer in his fortress of Dol Guldur; before that it had been known as Greenwood the Great. This Mirkwood features significantly in The Hobbit and in the film The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug. The term Mirkwood derives from the forest Myrkviðr of Norse mythology; that forest has been identified by scholars as representing a wooded region of Ukraine at the time of the wars between the Goths and the Huns in the fourth century. A Mirkwood was used by the novelist Sir Walter Scott in his 1814 novel Waverley, and then by William Morris in his 1889 fantasy novel The House of the Wolfings. Forests play a major role in the invented history of Tolkien's Middle-earth and are important in the heroic quests of his characters. The forest device is used as a mysterious transition from one part of the story to another.

text:
# Mirkwood

**Mirkwood** is any of several great dark forests in novels by Sir Walter Scott and William Morris in the 19th century, and by J. R. R. Tolkien in the 20th century. The critic Tom Shippey explains that the name evoked the excitement of the wildness of Europe's ancient North.

At least two distinct Middle-earth forests are named Mirkwood in Tolkien's legendarium. One is in the First Age, when the highlands of Dorthonion north of Beleriand became known as Mirkwood after falling under Morgoth's control. The more famous Mirkwood was in Wilderland, east of the river Anduin. It had acquired the name Mirkwood after it fell under the evil influence of the Necromancer in his fortress of **Dol Guldur**; before that it had been known as Greenwood the Great. This Mirkwood features significantly in *The Hobbit* and in the film *The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug*.

The term *Mirkwood* derives from the forest *Myrkviðr* of Norse mythology; that forest has been identified by scholars as representing a wooded region of Ukraine at the time of the wars between the Goths and the Huns in the fourth century. A Mirkwood was used by the novelist Sir Walter Scott in his 1814 novel *Waverley*, and then by William Morris in his 1889 fantasy novel *The House of the Wolfings*. Forests play a major role in the invented history of Tolkien's Middle-earth and are important in the heroic quests of his characters. The forest device is used as a mysterious transition from one part of the story to another.

## In Walter Scott's *Waverley*

A forest called Mirkwood was used by Walter Scott in his 1814 novel *Waverley*, which had

> a rude and contracted path through the cliffy and woody pass called Mirkwood Dingle, and opened suddenly upon a deep, dark, and small lake, named, from the same cause, Mirkwood-Mere. There stood, in former times, a solitary tower upon a rock almost surrounded by the water...

## In William Morris's fantasies

William Morris used Mirkwood in his fantasy novels. His 1889 *The Roots of the Mountains* is set in such a forest, while the forest setting in his *The House of the Wolfings*, also first published in 1889, is actually named *Mirkwood*. The book begins by describing the wood:

> The tale tells that in times long past there was a dwelling of men beside a great wood. Before it lay a plain, not very great, but which was, as it were, an isle in the sea of woodland, since even when you stood on the flat ground, you could see trees everywhere in the offing, though as for hills, you could scarce say that there were any; only swellings-up of the earth here and there, like the upheavings of the water that one sees at whiles going on amidst the eddies of a swift but deep stream.
>
> On either side, to right and left the tree-girdle reached out toward the blue distance, thick close and unsundered...
>
> In such wise that Folk had made an island amidst of the Mirkwood, and established a home there, and upheld it with manifold toil too long to tell of. And from the beginning this clearing in the wood they called the Mid-mark...

## In Tolkien's writings

A Mirkwood appears in several places in J. R. R. Tolkien's writings, among several forests that play important roles in his storytelling. Projected into Old English, it appears as *Myrcwudu* in his *The Lost Road*, as a poem sung by Ælfwine. He used the name Mirkwood in another unfinished work, *The Fall of Arthur*. But the name is best known and most prominent in his Middle-earth legendarium, where it appears as two distinct forests, one in the First Age in Beleriand, as described in *The Silmarillion*, the other in the Third Age in Rhovanion, as described in both *The Hobbit* and *The Lord of the Rings*.

Tolkien stated in a 1966 letter that he had not invented the name Mirkwood, but that it was "a very ancient name, weighted with legendary associations", and summarized its "Primitive Germanic" origins, its appearance in "very early German" and in Old English, Old Swedish, and Old Norse, and the survival of mirk (a variant of "murk") in modern English. He wrote that "It seemed to me too good a fortune that Mirkwood remained intelligible (with exactly the right tone) in modern English to pass over: whether mirk is a Norse loan or a freshment of the obsolescent O.E. word." He was familiar with Morris's *The House of the Wolfings*, naming the book as an influence (for instance on the Dead Marshes) in a 1960 letter.

### The First Age forest in Beleriand

In *The Silmarillion*, the forested highlands of Dorthonion in the north of Beleriand (in the northwest of Middle-earth) eventually fell under Morgoth's control and was subjugated by creatures of Sauron, then Lord of Werewolves. Accordingly, the forest was renamed *Taur-nu-Fuin* in Sindarin, "Forest of Darkness", or "Forest of Nightshade"; Tolkien chose to use the English form "Mirkwood". Beren becomes the sole survivor of the men who once lived there as subjects of the Noldor King Finrod of Nargothrond. Beren ultimately escapes the terrible forest that even the Orcs fear to spend time in. Beleg pursues the captors of Túrin through this forest in the several accounts of Túrin's tale. Along with the rest of Beleriand, this forest was lost in the cataclysm of the War of Wrath at the end of the First Age.

### The forest in Rhovanion

Mirkwood is a vast temperate broadleaf and mixed forest in the Middle-earth region of Rhovanion (Wilderland), east of the great river Anduin. In *The Hobbit*, the wizard Gandalf calls it "the greatest forest of the Northern world." Before it was darkened by evil, it had been called Greenwood the Great.

After the publication of the maps in *The Lord of the Rings*, Tolkien wrote a correction stating "Mirkwood is too small on map it must be 300 miles across" from east to west, but the maps were never altered to reflect this. On the published maps Mirkwood was up to 200 miles (320 km) across; from north to south it stretched about 420 miles (680 km). The *J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia* states that it is 400–500 miles (640–800 km) long and 200 miles (320 km) wide.

The trees were large and densely packed. In the north they were mainly oaks, although beeches predominated in the areas favoured by Elves. Higher elevations in southern Mirkwood were "clad in a forest of dark fir". Pockets of the forest were dominated by dangerous giant spiders. Animals within the forest were described as inedible. The elves of the forest, too, are "black" and hostile, drawing a comparison with *Svartalfheim* ("Black elf home") in Snorri Sturluson's Old Norse *Edda*, quite unlike the friendly elves of Rivendell.

Near the end of the Third Age – the period in which *The Hobbit* and *The Lord of the Rings* are set – the expansive forest of "Greenwood the Great" was renamed "Mirkwood", supposedly a translation of an unknown Westron name. The forest plays little part in *The Lord of the Rings*, but is important in *The Hobbit* for both atmosphere and plot. It was renamed when "the shadow of Dol Guldur", namely the power of Sauron, fell upon the forest, and people began to call it *Taur-nu-Fuin* (Sindarin: "forest under deadly nightshade" or "forest under night", i.e. "mirk wood") and *Taur-e-Ndaedelos* (Sindarin: "forest of great fear").

In *The Hobbit*, Bilbo Baggins, with Thorin Oakenshield and his band of Dwarves, attempt to cross Mirkwood during their quest to regain their mountain Erebor and its treasure from Smaug the dragon. One of the Dwarves, the fat Bombur, falls into the Enchanted River and has to be carried, unconscious, for the following days. Losing the Elf-path, the party becomes lost in the forest and is captured by giant spiders. They escape, only to be taken prisoner by King Thranduil's Wood-Elves. The White Council flushes Sauron out of his forest tower at Dol Guldur, and as he flees to Mordor his influence in Mirkwood diminishes.

Years later, Gollum, after his release from Mordor, is captured by Aragorn and brought as a prisoner to Thranduil's realm. Out of pity, they allow him to roam the forest under close guard, but he escapes during an Orc raid. After the downfall of Sauron, Mirkwood is cleansed by the elf-queen Galadriel and renamed *Eryn Lasgalen*, Sindarin for "Wood of Greenleaves". Thranduil's son, Legolas, leaves Mirkwood for Ithilien. The wizard Radagast lived at Rhosgobel on the western eaves of Mirkwood, as depicted in the film *The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey*.

#### Dol Guldur

Dol Guldur (Sindarin: "Hill of Sorcery") was Sauron's stronghold in Mirkwood, before he returned to Barad-dûr in Mordor. It is first mentioned (as "the dungeons of the Necromancer") in *The Hobbit*. The hill itself, rocky and barren, was the highest point in the southwestern part of the forest. Before Sauron's occupation, it was called **Amon Lanc** ("Naked Hill"). It lay near the western edge of the forest, across the Anduin from Lothlórien. Tolkien suggests that Sauron settled on Dol Guldur as the focus for his rise during the period before the War of the Ring in part so that he could search for the One Ring in the Gladden Fields just up the river.

## Literary philology

19th-century writers interested in philology, including the folklorist Jacob Grimm and the artist and fantasy writer William Morris, speculated romantically about the wild, primitive Northern forest, the *Myrkviðr inn ókunni* ("the pathless Mirkwood") and the secret roads across it, in the hope of reconstructing supposed ancient cultures. Grimm proposed that the name *Myrkviðr* derived from Old Norse *mark* (boundary) and *mǫrk* (forest), both, he supposed, from an older word for wood, perhaps at the dangerous and disputed boundary of the kingdoms of the Huns and the Goths.

Morris's Mirkwood is named in his 1899 fantasy novel *House of the Wolfings*, and a similar large dark forest is the setting in *The Roots of the Mountains*, again marking a dark and dangerous forest. Tolkien had access to more modern philology than Grimm, with proto-Indo-European *mer-* (to flicker \[dimly\]) and *\*merg-* (mark, boundary), and places the early origins of both the Men of Rohan and the hobbits in his Mirkwood. The *Tolkien Encyclopedia* remarks also that the Old English *Beowulf* mentions that the path between the worlds of men and monsters, from Hrothgar's hall to Grendel's lair, runs *ofer myrcan mor* (across a gloomy moor) and *wynleasne wudu* (a joyless wood).

A Mirkwood is mentioned in multiple Norse texts including *Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum*, *Helgakviða Hundingsbana I and II*, *Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa*, and *Völundarkviða*; these mentions may have denoted different forests. The Goths had lived in Ukraine until the attack by the Huns in the 370s, when they moved southwest and with the permission of the Emperor Valens settled in the Roman Empire. The scholar Omeljan Pritsak identifies the Mirkwood of *Hlöðskviða* in *Hervarar saga* with what would later be called the "dark blue forest" (*Goluboj lěsь*) and the "black forest" (*Černyj lěsь*) north of the Ukrainian steppe.

Tom Shippey noted that Norse legend yields two placenames which would place the *Myrkviðr* in the borderlands between the Goths and the Huns of the 4th century. The *Atlakviða* ("The Lay of Atli", in the Elder Edda) and the *Hlöðskviða* ("The Battle of the Goths and Huns", in *Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks*) both mention that the Mirkwood was beside the *Danpar*, the River Dnieper, which runs through Ukraine to the Black Sea. The *Hlöðskviða* states explicitly in the same passage that the Mirkwood was in Gothland. The *Hervarar saga* also mentions *Harvaða fjöllum*, "the Harvad fells", which by Grimm's Law would be *\*Karpat*, the Carpathian Mountains, an identification on which most scholars have long agreed.

## Influence

### Mirkwood

Tolkien's estate disputed the right of the Tolkien fan fiction author Steve Hillard "to use the name and personality of J. R. R. Tolkien in the novel" *Mirkwood: A Novel About J. R. R. Tolkien*. The dispute was settled in May 2011, requiring the printing of a disclaimer. A rock music group named Mirkwood was formed in 1971; their first album in 1973 had the same name. A different band in California used the name in 2005. Tolkien's forests were the subject of a programme on BBC Radio 3, with Eleanor Rosamund Barraclough and the folk singer Mark Atherton. Literary holidays in the Forest of Dean have been sold on the basis that the area inspired Tolkien, who often went there, to create Mirkwood and other forests in his books.

### Dol Guldur

Dol Guldur has been featured in many game adaptations of *The Lord of the Rings*, including the Iron Crown Enterprises portrayal, which contains scenarios and adventures for the Middle-earth Role Playing game. In the strategy battle game *The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II*, Dol Guldur appears as an iconic building. The campaign-scenario called "Assault on Dol Guldur" appears as the final part of the good campaign. Several portrayals of Dol Guldur are included in the Games Workshop game *The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game*, appearing prominently in the "Fall of the Necromancer". Several enemies are listed, including Spider Queens, Castellans of Dol Guldur, Sauron the Necromancer, Wild Warg Chieftain, and their respective armies. Giant Bats are also included in the game. In 1996, the black metal band Summoning released a music album named *Dol Guldur*.

The Canadian artist John Howe has portrayed Dol Guldur in sketches and drawings for Electronic Arts. In *Myth and Magic: The Art of John Howe*, Howe includes Dol Guldur among Middle-earth fortresses. Howe created many drawings for Peter Jackson during the filming of the *Lord of the Rings* trilogy, worked for Tolkien Enterprises, and drew for Iron Crown Enterprises' collectable Middle-earth card game, which mentions Dol Guldur on Gandalf's card. Mirkwood was added to the MMORPG *The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar* in the 2009 expansion pack *Siege of Mirkwood*. The storyline depicts a small Elven assault upon Dol Guldur.

In Peter Jackson's 2012-2014 film trilogy adaptation of *The Hobbit*, Dol Guldur is depicted as a massive overgrown castle in ruins. According to Alan Lee and John Howe, the concept artists, this was used to give the impression that the fortress had been built by Númenóreans during the Second Age, only to fall into ruin when Númenór's power waned. Adrián Maldonado of AlmostArchaeology speculates that the derelict castle could be interpreted by viewers as the ruins of Oropher's halls, erected during the Second Age when he ruled Greenwood the Great from Amon Lanc.

### Primary

### Secondary

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3. Lobdell, Jared \[1975\]. *A Tolkien Compass*. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court. ISBN 0-87548-316-X. p. 84, "only look at The Lord of the Rings for the briefest of times to catch a vision of ancient forests, of trees like men walking, of leaves and sunlight, and of deep shadows."
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### Sources


title: Only Fools on Horses

abstract: Only Fools on Horses is a BBC reality television programme produced by Endemol UK. The show's name was a play on that of the sitcom Only Fools and Horses, and first aired on 7 July 2006. It featured twelve celebrities who performed equestrian events, with one celebrity being eliminated every day until only one was left. Proceeds went towards Sport Relief. It was presented by Angus Deayton and Kirsty Gallacher. After the final, it was announced that the event had raised over £250,000 for Sport Relief. The final, a jump off between Jenni and Nicki, was won by Jenni Falconer.

text:
# Only Fools on Horses

***Only Fools on Horses*** is a BBC reality television programme produced by Endemol UK. The show's name was a play on that of the sitcom *Only Fools and Horses*, and first aired on 7 July 2006. It featured twelve celebrities who performed equestrian events, with one celebrity being eliminated every day until only one was left. Proceeds went towards Sport Relief. It was presented by Angus Deayton and Kirsty Gallacher.

After the final, it was announced that the event had raised over £250,000 for Sport Relief. The final, a jump off between Jenni and Nicki, was won by Jenni Falconer.

## Celebrities

In reverse order of elimination:

1. Jenni Falconer (Television presenter)
2. Nicki Chapman (Television presenter) *(Replacement for Duncan Bannatyne, who dropped out due to injury)*
3. Matt Baker (Former *Blue Peter* presenter)
4. Sara Cox (Radio 1 DJ)
5. Diarmuid Gavin (Gardener)
6. Anna Ryder-Richardson (Interior designer and presenter – *Changing Rooms*)
7. Suzi Perry (Television presenter)
8. Paul Nicholas (Actor and producer)
9. Sally Gunnell (Former athlete)
10. Ruby Wax (Comedian)
11. Matt Littler (Actor- *Hollyoaks*)
12. Josie d'Arby (Actress and television presenter) *(Replacement for Felix Dexter)*

## Horses

* Fibi (Matt Littler) – mare, 16.1 hands, 13 years old.
* Funtime (Paul Nicholas) – gelding, 16.1 hands, 12 years old.
* Indy (Suzi Perry) – mare, 15 hands, 9 years old.
* Isa (Diarmuid Gavin) – mare, 16.3 hands, 8 years old.
* J-Lo (Jenni Falconer) – mare, 16 hands, 8 years old.
* Leroy (Josie D'Arby) – gelding, 16.1 hands, 10 years old.
* Marley (Nicki Chapman) – mare, 16.1 hands, 9 years old.
* Mr Kenneth (Ruby Wax) – gelding, 16 hands, 16 years old.
* Peter (Matt Baker) – gelding, 16.2 hands, 9 years old.
* Prelude (Anna Ryder-Richardson) – mare, 16.1 hands, 8 years old.
* Ralph (Sally Gunnell) – gelding, 16.3 hands, 9 years old.
* Solomon (Sara Cox) – gelding, 16.2 hands, 11 years old.

## Judges

## Trainers

* Tim Stockdale
* Fredrik Bergendorff
* Mia Korenika (now Palles-Clark)
* Mary-Ann Trevor-Roper
* Jenny Ward