title: Yukino Komori

abstract: Yukino Komori Yukino Komori is a former Japanese idol and was a member of a female idol group Doll☆Elements. She was the youngest member of the group. Her self introduction was "Everyday, I go Yuki-nonstop! I am the energetic girl in Doll☆Elements! Yukino Komori a.k.a Yukinon!" Her signature color in the group was green.

text:
# Yukino Komori

**Yukino Komori** (小森 ゆきの, *Komori Yukino*, born December 5, 1996 in Chiba Prefecture) is a former Japanese idol and was a member of a female idol group Doll☆Elements. She was the youngest member of the group. Her self introduction was "Everyday, I go Yuki-nonstop! I am the energetic girl in Doll☆Elements! Yukino Komori a.k.a Yukinon!" (今日も最後まで、ゆきのンストップ！ どるえれの元気っ子、ゆきのんこと小森ゆきのです) Her signature color in the group was green.

## Early life

Yukino Komori was born on December 6, 1996, in Chiba prefecture, Japan.

Komori has been taking dance classes since the age of five until she joined Doll☆Elements at sixteen. She has learned dance styles such as classic ballet, hip-hop, jazz dance and hip-hop jazz. She has wanted to be an idol because she liked to stand in front of people and dance.

As a child, Komori was a fan of a Japanese idol group, Morning Musume. Her favorite member was Riho Sayashi and Haruka Kudo. She was also a fan of AKB48 and she admires Yuko Oshima. Komori had mentioned that she wants to be a person like Oshima, who can energise many people through television. This is also a reason she wanted to be an idol.

## Career

Komori auditioned for the Doll☆Elements audition which took place from April 2013. On November 10, she was revealed as the new member of Doll☆Elements at a concert which was held in the Akihabara UDX Theater. This day, she was introduced during the encore and performed *"Kimi no Heart ni Toki Hanatsu!"* and *"Kimi no Koto Mamoritai!"*. During the audition, Komori had been thinking that this audition will be her last chance to audition for a Japanese idol group. Therefore, she mentioned on her blog that if she failed for Doll☆Elements, she wouldn't have been an idol

On November 9, 2015, it was announced that she will be taking place as a regular member of an internet TV show; *"Instant Johnson no Shall We Conte?"*. This was her first solo TV show appearance.

Komori announced her retirement on her blog on October 30, 2016. She noticed that her retirement will take place on January 14, 2017, at Zepp Tokyo when Doll☆Elements makes their final performance as a group.

### DJ KOOMORI

Komori sometimes performs as a DJ on events, such as concerts and idol festivals. She goes by the name of DJ KOOMORI. She has performed as a DJ for the first time on August 3, 2015, when Doll☆Elements took part in an idol festival; *"IDOL NATION x Tokyo Idol Festival ~KOO MEETS IDOL Kohai Daishugo~"* which was held in Yoyogi 2nd Gymnasium. On August 23, she also performed in the last day of the Doll☆Elements tour; *"ONE-MAN LIVE 2015 SUMMER DOLL PARTY"* at Ebisu Liquidroom.

## Appearances

### Television

* *Kawa10 "Doll☆Ele no Kimi ni Maru Maru Yarasetai!"* (July 6, 2015 – December 30, 2016, Kawaiian TV)
* *Doll☆Elements no Merumaga 10000nin Dekirukana?* (November 17, 2013 – July 31, 2014, Tsukuba TV)

### Internet TV

* *Instant Johnson no Shall We Conte?* (November 16, 2015 – December 19, 2016, WALLOP TV)
* *Doll☆Elements no Himitsu no Oshaberi ~Doll☆Bana~* (July 17, 2015 – January 11, 2017, SHOWROOM)

### Radio

* *Doll☆Elements no "Doruraji"* (January 6, 2014 – December 27, 2016, Tokyo FM)
* *Doll☆Elements no "Kimi no Ashita wo Ouen Shitai!"* (April 6, 2014 – November 27, 2015, Bay FM)

## InfoBox

| Yukino Komori小森 ゆきの | |
| --- | --- |
| Komori at Queens Square Yokohama, February 13, 2016 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Yukino Komori |
| Also known as | * Yukinon (ゆきのん) * DJ KOOMORI |
| Born | (1996-12-05) December 5, 1996<br>Chiba Prefecture, Japan |
| Genres | J-Pop |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 2013–2017 |
| Labels | Dreamusic |
|  | |
| Website | www.doll-elements.com/profile/yukino\_komori |


title: Resurrection (1912 film)

abstract: Resurrection is a lost 1912 silent drama short film based on the 1899 novel Resurrection (Voskraeseniye) by Count Leo Tolstoy. It was directed by Joseph A. Golden, produced by Adolph Zukor and released by Famous Players Film Company, It is the first original film Zukor ever produced in contrast to the famous Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth starring Sarah Bernhardt which was made in France and which he bought the U.S. distribution rights. Resurrection starred Blanche Walsh, a famous American stage star of the day, who had played in Resurrection on Broadway. This would be Walsh's only film as she died three years later. D. W. Griffith had filmed a version of the story in 1909. Filmed versions followed in 1918 with Pauline Frederick, 1927 with Dolores del Río and 1931 with Lupe Vélez.

text:
# Resurrection (1912 film)

***Resurrection*** is a lost 1912 silent drama short film based on the 1899 novel *Resurrection* (*Voskraeseniye*) by Count Leo Tolstoy. It was directed by Joseph A. Golden, produced by Adolph Zukor and released by Famous Players Film Company, It is the first original film Zukor ever produced in contrast to the famous *Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth* starring Sarah Bernhardt which was made in France and which he bought the U.S. distribution rights.

*Resurrection* starred Blanche Walsh, a famous American stage star of the day, who had played in *Resurrection* on Broadway. This would be Walsh's only film as she died three years later.

D. W. Griffith had filmed a version of the story in 1909. Filmed versions followed in 1918 with Pauline Frederick, 1927 with Dolores del Río and 1931 with Lupe Vélez.

## Cast

* Blanche Walsh \- Katyusha
* Sydney Mason - Prince Nekhlyudov
* Nicholas Dunaew - Smelkov
* Carey Lee - Tavern Girl

## InfoBox

| Resurrection | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Joseph A. Golden |
| Based on | novel *Resurrection* by Leo Tolstoy |
| Produced by | Adolph Zukor |
| Starring | Blanche Walsh |
| Production<br>company | Masko Film Company |
| Distributed by | Famous Players Film Company |
| Release date | * October 1912 (1912-10) |
| Running time | 46 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Rex Ingram (actor)

abstract: - For the film director, producer, writer and actor, see Rex Ingram (director) (1892–1950). Rex Ingram was an American stage, film, and television actor.

text:
# Rex Ingram (actor)

*For the film director, producer, writer and actor, see Rex Ingram (director) (1892–1950).*

**Rex Ingram** (October 20, 1895 – September 19, 1969) was an American stage, film, and television actor.

## Early life and career

Ingram was born near Cairo, Illinois, on the Mississippi River; his father was a steamer fireman on the riverboat *Robert E. Lee*. Ingram graduated from the Northwestern University medical school in 1919 and was the first African-American man to receive a Phi Beta Kappa key from Northwestern University. He went to Hollywood as a young man where he was literally discovered on a street corner by the casting director for *Tarzan of the Apes* (1918), starring Elmo Lincoln. He made his (uncredited) screen debut in that film and had many other small roles, usually as a generic black native, such as in the *Tarzan* films.

With the arrival of sound, his presence and powerful voice became an asset and he went on to memorable roles in *The Green Pastures* (1936), *The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn* (the 1939 MGM version, opposite Mickey Rooney), *The Thief of Bagdad* (1940—perhaps his best-known film appearance—as the genie), *The Talk of the Town* (1942), and *Sahara* (1943).

From 1929, he also appeared on stage, making his debut on Broadway. He appeared in more than a dozen Broadway productions, with his final role coming in *Kwamina* in 1961. He was in the original cast of *Haiti* (1938), *Cabin in the Sky* (1940), and *St. Louis Woman* (1946). He is one of the few actors to have played both God (in *The Green Pastures*) and the Devil (in *Cabin in the Sky*). In 1966 he played Tee-Tot in the movie *Your Cheatin' Heart*.

Ingram was arrested for violating the Mann Act in 1948. Pleading guilty to the charge of transporting a teenage girl to New York for immoral purposes, he was sentenced to eighteen months in jail. He served just ten months of his sentence, but the incident had a serious effect on his career for the next six years. In the interim, he invested in the Club Alabam, a famed nightclub located in the Dunbar Hotel in South Central Los Angeles, with partners Joe Morris and Clarence Moore, reopening it as a jazz club.

In 1962, he became the first African-American actor to be hired for a contract role on a soap opera, when he appeared on *The Brighter Day*. He had other minor work in television in the 1960s, appearing in an episode each of *I Spy* and *The Bill Cosby Show*, both of which starred Bill Cosby, who used his influence to land him the roles.

## Death

Two weeks after filming a guest spot on *The Bill Cosby Show* on September 5, 1969, Ingram died of a heart attack at the age of 73.

## Complete filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1918 | *Tarzan of the Apes* |  | Uncredited |
| | *Salomé* |  | Uncredited |
| 1923 | *The Ten Commandments* | Israelite Slave | Uncredited |
| 1927 | *The King of Kings* | Minor Role | Uncredited |
| 1929 | *The Four Feathers* | Fuzzy Wuzzy Native | Uncredited |
| 1933 | *The Emperor Jones* | Court Crier | Uncredited |
| 1934 | *Harlem After Midnight* |  |  |
| 1936 | *The Green Pastures* | Adam / De Lawd / Hezdrel |  |
| 1939 | *The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn* | Jim |  |
| 1940 | *The Thief of Bagdad* | Djinn |  |
| 1941 | *Hoola Boola* | Narrator | Short |
| | *The Gay Knighties* | Narrator | Short |
| 1942 | *Jasper and the Watermelons* |  | Voice, Short |
| | *Tulips Shall Grow* | Narrator | Short |
| | *The Talk of the Town* | Tilney |  |
| 1943 | *Cabin in the Sky* | Lucifer Jr. / Lucius Ferry |  |
| | *Sahara* | Sgt. Major Tambul |  |
| | *Fired Wife* | Charles |  |
| 1944 | *Jasper's Paradise* |  | Voice, Short |
| | *Dark Waters* | Pearson Jackson |  |
| 1945 | *Hot Lips Jasper* |  | Voice, Short |
| | *Jasper Tell* |  | Voice, Short |
| | *A Thousand and One Nights* | Giant |  |
| | *Adventure* | Preacher |  |
| 1947 | *Shoe Shine Jasper* |  | Voice, Short |
| 1948 | *Moonrise* | Mose |  |
| 1955 | *Tarzan's Hidden Jungle* | Sukulu Chieftain | Uncredited |
| 1956 | *Congo Crossing* | Dr. Leopold Gorman |  |
| 1957 | *Hell on Devil's Island* | Lulu |  |
| 1958 | *God's Little Acre* | Uncle Felix |  |
| | *Anna Lucasta* | Joseph Lucasta |  |
| 1959 | *Escort West* | Nelson Water |  |
| | *Watusi* | Umbopa | Alternative title: *The Quest for King Solomon's Mines* |
| 1960 | *Elmer Gantry* | Preacher | Uncredited |
| | *Desire in the Dust* | Burt Crane |  |
| 1964 | *Your Cheatin' Heart* | Tee-Tot |  |
| 1967 | *Hurry Sundown* | Professor Thurlow |  |
| 1968 | *Journey to Shiloh* | Jacob |  |

## Partial television credits

| Year | Series | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1956 | *Climax!* | Petraca | 1 episode |
| 1958 | *Whirlybirds* | Joe | 1 episode |
| 1959 | *Black Saddle* | Alex Booth | 1 episode |
| 1961 | *The Rifleman* | Thaddeus | 1 episode |
| 1962 | *Sam Benedict* | Judge Larkin | 1 episode |
| 1965 | *I Spy* | Dr. Bingham | 1 episode |
| 1966 | *Branded* | Hannibal | 1 episode |
| 1967–1968 | *Daktari* | Natoma
Chief Makuba | 2 episodes |
| 1968 | *Cowboy in Africa* | Dr. Tom Merar | 1 episode |
| 1969 | *Gunsmoke* | Juba | 1 episode |
| | *The Bill Cosby Show* | George | Episode: A Christmas Ballad; posthumous release (final television appearance) |

## Further reading

* Maltin, Leonard (2015) \[First published 1969\]. "Rex Ingram". *The Real Stars : Profiles and Interviews of Hollywood's Unsung Featured Players* (softcover) (Sixth / eBook ed.). Great Britain: CreateSpace Independent. pp. 145–157. ISBN 978-1-5116-4485-3.

## InfoBox

| Rex Ingram | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1895-10-20)October 20, 1895
Cairo, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | September 19, 1969(1969-09-19) (aged 73)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1918–1969 |
| Spouses | *   Francine Everett  (m. 1936; div. 1939) *   Lauwaune Kennard  (m. 1941, divorced) * Dena Guillory (m. 19??) |


title: Rex Ingamells

abstract: Reginald Charles (Rex) Ingamells was an Australian poet, generally credited with being the leading light of the Jindyworobak Movement. Rex Ingamells was born in Orroroo, South Australia to a Methodist minister, and attended Port Lincoln High School, where he became interested in poetry. He later attended Prince Alfred College and the University of Adelaide. After a trip at the turn of the thirties, Ingamells became fascinated with Indigenous Australian culture, and became inspired to found the Jindyworobaks a few years later. In 1935, his first book Gum Tops was published. He died near Dimboola, Victoria in a car-crash in 1955.

text:
# Rex Ingamells

**Reginald Charles (Rex) Ingamells** (19 January 1913  30 December 1955) was an Australian poet, generally credited with being the leading light of the Jindyworobak Movement.

Rex Ingamells was born in Orroroo, South Australia to a Methodist minister, and attended Port Lincoln High School, where he became interested in poetry. He later attended Prince Alfred College and the University of Adelaide. After a trip at the turn of the thirties, Ingamells became fascinated with Indigenous Australian culture, and became inspired to found the Jindyworobaks a few years later.

In 1935, his first book *Gum Tops* was published. He died near Dimboola, Victoria in a car-crash in 1955.

## Early life

Ingamells was born on 19 January 1913 in Orroroo, South Australia. He was the oldest of four children born to Mabel Gwendolen (née Fraser) and Eric Marfleet Ingamells. His father was a Methodist minister and the family moved frequently around country South Australia during his childhood. Ingamells attended schools in Meadows, Burra and Port Lincoln, before being sent to Adelaide to board at Prince Alfred College from 1927 to 1930. He attended the University of Adelaide and graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1934, majoring in history.

## Bibliography

### Novel

* *Of Us Living Now* (1952)
* *Aranda boy* (1952)

### Poetry

* *Gumtops* (1935)
* *Forgotten People* (1936)
* *Sun-Freedom* (1938)
* *Memory of Hills* (1940)
* *Content are the Quiet Ranges* (1943)
* *Unknown Land* (1943)
* *Selected Poems* (1944)
* *Come Walkabout* (1948)
* *The Great South Land : An Epic Poem* (1951)
* *Shifting Camp*
* *The Golden Bird*

### Criticism

* *Conditional Culture* (1938)

## Awards and honours

## InfoBox

| Rex Ingamells | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Reginald Charles (Rex) Ingamells
(1913-01-19)19 January 1913
Orroroo, South Australia, Australia |
| Died | 30 December 1955(1955-12-30) (aged 42)
Dimboola, Victoria, Australia |
| Occupation | Poet |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Period | 1935–1955 |
| Literary movement | Jindyworobak Movement |


title: Rexx Life Raj

abstract: Faraji Omar Wright, also known as Rexx Life Raj, is an American rapper and singer. He has released five albums, including the Father Figure trilogy, and four EPs.

text:
# Rexx Life Raj

**Faraji Omar Wright**, also known as **Rexx Life Raj**, is an American rapper and singer. He has released five albums, including the *Father Figure* trilogy, and four EPs.

## Early life

Faraji Omar Wright grew up in Berkeley, California. His mother was in a gospel group called The Marshall Quartet with his aunts, uncle, and grandmother. His father was a Black Panther. In middle school, Wright began recording his own music, making the beats on a Casio keyboard and singing with a karaoke machine, making CDs he sold at school. Wright went to middle and high school with G-Eazy.

In 2010, he played offensive tackle and guard for the Fiesta Bowl-winning Boise State University football team. After graduation, Wright returned home to California to pursue music while working at his parents' package delivery business.

"Neo-soul music became my favorite when I could begin to appreciate it. I was into Lauryn Hill, Erykah Badu, and Musiq Soulchild. \[Kid Cudi's\] *Man on the Moon: End of Day* is one of, if not my favorite album of all-time", he told Billboard.

## Career

Wright adopted the professional stage name Rexx Life Raj for his rap and singing career. He released his first EP for sale, *Hidden Clouds*, in 2014, which featured the single "Put On". That same year, he released the *Portraits* EP with producer Tele Fresco. In 2015, he released another two projects, the full-length album, *The Escape*, with guests Iamsu!, Will Fraker, City Shawn, and the EP, *Dreamland: Telegraph Ave.*, with YMTK, Ellen Purtell, and Lolo Zouaï.

In 2016, with his second album, *Father Figure*, Raj developed his sound, combining rhymes with singing "confessional" and political lyrics in tracks like "Handheld GPS" and, the album's first single, "Moxie Java" featuring another Vallejo-area rapper Nef the Pharaoh.

Raj's sequel album, *Father Figure 2: Flourish*, came out in 2017 with features from G-Eazy, Russ, and Iman Europe. That year he toured with Mr. Carmack.

In 2018, he released EP *California Poppy*, produced entirely by Kyle Betty, and toured twice in support of both Marc E. Bassy and Bas, as well as his first headlining tour in Europe in 2019.

In 2019, Raj released *Father Figure 3: Somewhere Out There* produced by Sango, Kenny Beats, JULiA LEWiS, Avedon and Bay Area producers Kyle Betty, DTB, Wax Roof and Drew Banga. Songs included "Burgundy Regal," about his two childhood best friends, one of whom was eventually killed, the other incarcerated; "Your Way", an acoustic duet with Kehlani that also featured. Russ, and was premiered on Zane Lowe's Beats 1 show. *Father Figure 3: Somewhere Out* was recorded most of the vocals in hotels and Airbnbs on the road touring as opening act for Bas.

Raj did a headline tour of the United States in 2019.

In 2022, he released his fifth album *The Blue Hour* with features from Wale, Larry June, Russ, and Fireboy DML*.*

## Discography

| Year | Recording | Label | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | *Hidden Clouds* | Dead at 27 | EP |
| | *Portraits* | Dead at 27 | EP |
| 2015 | *The Escape* | Rexx Life | Album |
| | *Dreamland: Telegraph Avenue* | Rexx Life | EP |
| 2016 | *Father Figure* | Rexx Life/EMPIRE | Album |
| 2017 | *Father Figure 2: Flourish* | Rexx Life/EMPIRE | Album |
| 2018 | *California Poppy* | Rexx Life | EP |
| 2019 | *Father Figure 3: Somewhere Out* | Rexx Life/EMPIRE | Album |
| 2020 | *California Poppy 2* | Rexx Life/EMPIRE | EP |
| 2022 | *The Blue Hour* | Rexx Life/EMPIRE | Album |
| 2023 | *California Poppy 3* | Rexx Life/EMPIRE | Album |
|

## InfoBox

| Rexx Life Raj | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Faraji Omar Wright |
| Born | January 30, 1990<br>Berkeley, California, U.S. |
| Genres | Hip hop |
| Occupation(s) | Rapper, singer |
| Labels | Rexx Life/EMPIRE, Emoji Goats, Dead at 27 |
|  | |
| Website | rexxliferaj.com |


title: Retiro Airport

abstract: Retiro Airport is an airstrip serving Retiro in the Beni Department of Bolivia.

text:
# Retiro Airport

**Retiro Airport** (ICAO: **SLRR**) is an airstrip serving Retiro in the Beni Department of Bolivia.

## InfoBox

| Retiro Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Serves | Retiro, Bolivia |
| Elevation AMSL | 556 ft / 169 m |
| Coordinates | 14°29′10″S 66°18′30″W / 14.48611°S 66.30833°W / -14.48611; -66.30833 (Retiro Airport (Retiro)) |
| Map | |
| **SLRR**Location of Retiro Airport in Bolivia | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  14/32 550 1,804 Grass | |
| Sources: Landings.com Google Maps GCM | |


title: 1963 Dundee West by-election

abstract: The 1963 Dundee West by-election was held on 21 November 1963 due to the death of the incumbent Labour MP John Strachey. It was won by the Labour candidate, Peter Doig.

text:
# 1963 Dundee West by-election

The **1963 Dundee West by-election** was held on 21 November 1963 due to the death of the incumbent Labour MP John Strachey. It was won by the Labour candidate, Peter Doig.

## Background

Dundee West had been held by the Labour Party since its creation in 1950. In 1959, the Unionist candidate Robert Taylor had reduced the Labour majority to just 714 votes, thereby coming close to a surprise victory. The 43 year-old Dr. Taylor was selected again as the Unionist and National Liberal candidate. The Communist Party selected fifty year-old David Bowman, a local engine driver who had contested the seat at the previous three elections.

On 22 September 1963, local councillor Peter Doig was chosen ahead of five other people to be the Labour Party candidate. Doig, a bakery supervisor, was chairman of the Labour group on Dundee Town Council. He was also deputy chairman of the council and honorary city treasurer of Dundee. The short list of six had been drawn up from a field of at least ten candidates. This included three other Dundee-based aspirants, one of whom was Doig's fellow councillor Bailie James L. Stewart.

The Scottish National Party selected James C. Lees and were reported to have high hopes of achieving a good result following their strong showing in the West Lothian by-election the previous year.

## Result

Dundee West by-election, 1963
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Peter Doig** | **22,449** | **50.56** | **+0.92** |
|  | Unionist | Robert R. Taylor | 17,494 | 39.40 | −8.87 |
|  | SNP | James C. Lees | 3,285 | 7.40 | *New* |
|  | Communist | David P. Bowman | 1,170 | 2.64 | +0.55 |
| Majority | | | 4,955 | 11.16 | +9.81 |
| Turnout | | | 44,398 | 71.6 | −11.3 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

After his victory Doig declared that Sir Alec Douglas-Home's claim of a new chapter following his victory in the recent Kinross and Western Perthshire by-election was now a closed book and predicted the Conservatives’ hopes of holding their seats at the forthcoming St Marylebone and Dumfries contests were in danger. He also called on Home to call a general election.


title: Tunis Lake

abstract: Tunis Lake is a private small reservoir located south-southeast of the hamlet of Bovina Center in Delaware County, New York. Tunis Lake drains southwest via an unnamed creek which flows into Silver Lake. The lake is great for paddleboarding. The lake is not open to the public or through traffic. The speed limit is 15 MPH. Wildlife sightings include bald eagles, snapper turtles, deer, beavers, egret, ducks, geese, groundhogs, rabbits, porcupines, owls, eagles, bears, coyotes, and a few species of fish in the lake itself.

text:
# Tunis Lake

**Tunis Lake** is a private small reservoir located south-southeast of the hamlet of Bovina Center in Delaware County, New York. Tunis Lake drains southwest via an unnamed creek which flows into Silver Lake. The lake is great for paddleboarding. The lake is not open to the public or through traffic. The speed limit is 15 MPH. Wildlife sightings include bald eagles, snapper turtles, deer, beavers, egret, ducks, geese, groundhogs, rabbits, porcupines, owls, eagles, bears, coyotes, and a few species of fish in the lake itself.

## InfoBox

| Tunis Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Tunis LakeLocation of Tunis Lake within New York | |
| Location | Delaware County, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°14′05″N 74°46′39″W / 42.2346115°N 74.7775908°W / 42.2346115; -74.7775908 |
| Type | Reservoir |
|  | |
| Surface area | 17 acres (0.027 sq mi) |
| Surface elevation | 1,995 feet (608 m) |
|  | |
| Settlements | Bovina Center |


title: Oberdan

abstract: Oberdan is a book by Italian author and historian Francesco Salata, published in 1932 by Mondadori. The book is a reduced edition of Salata's 1924 Guglielmo Oberdan secondo gli atti segreti del processo: carteggi diplomatici e altri documenti inediti. The book was acclaimed upon its release.

text:
# Oberdan

***Oberdan*** is a book by Italian author and historian Francesco Salata, published in 1932 by Mondadori. The book is a reduced edition of Salata's 1924 *Guglielmo Oberdan secondo gli atti segreti del processo: carteggi diplomatici e altri documenti inediti*. The book was acclaimed upon its release.

## Overview

The work is a biographical essay on Guglielmo Oberdan, and it contains previously unpublished documents about the Italian patriot, with documents of the trial recovered by Salata. It is a "leaner" edition of Salata's *Guglielmo Oberdan secondo gli atti segreti del processo: carteggi diplomatici e altri documenti inediti*, published on 1 January 1924 by Zanichelli. The 1924 edition contains all the documents on which the study was based, as well as Salata's notes, while the 1932 edition is more "popular", and contains just the literary text of the work. Further, the 1932 edition was sold at a reduced price four times inferior to the original edition's, to make the book more accessible to the wide public.

In the book, Salata argues "with arguments that are not very persuasive" that Oberdan (whose mother was Slovenian and father Italian) was a full-blooded Italian because even his mother's family had been Italian for many generations, and that it is unknown whether his ancestors were Slovenian or German. The book is still extensive and well documented, a "ponderous" work considered fundamental among those written on Oberdan. The 606-page book published with Zanichelli in 1924 was acclaimed upon its release, and, as mentioned, in 1932 it was republished in a "leaner" edition by Mondadori. Billed as an essay, the work is much biographical in nature.

## InfoBox

*Oberdan*
| Cover of the 1932 edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Francesco Salata |
| Language | Italian |
| Genre | Essay |
| Publisher | Mondadori |
| Publication date | 1932 |
| Publication place | Italy |
| Pages | 306 (originally 606) |


title: OBD-II PIDs

abstract: OBD-II PIDs are codes used to request data from a vehicle, used as a diagnostic tool. SAE standard J1979 defines many OBD-II PIDs. All on-road vehicles and trucks sold in North America are required to support a subset of these codes, primarily for state mandated emissions inspections. Manufacturers also define additional PIDs specific to their vehicles. Though not mandated, many motorcycles also support OBD-II PIDs. In 1996, light duty vehicles were the first to be mandated followed by medium duty vehicles in 2005. They are both required to be accessed through a standardized data link connector defined by SAE J1962. Heavy duty vehicles made after 2010, for sale in the US are allowed to support OBD-II diagnostics through SAE standard J1939-13 according to CARB in title 13 CCR 1971.1. Some heavy duty trucks in North America use the SAE J1962 OBD-II diagnostic connector that is common with passenger cars, notably Mack and Volvo Trucks, however they use 29 bit CAN identifiers.

text:
# OBD-II PIDs

**OBD-II PIDs** (On-board diagnostics **Parameter IDs**) are codes used to request data from a vehicle, used as a diagnostic tool.

SAE standard J1979 defines many OBD-II PIDs. All on-road vehicles and trucks sold in North America are required to support a subset of these codes, primarily for state mandated emissions inspections. Manufacturers also define additional PIDs specific to their vehicles. Though not mandated, many motorcycles also support OBD-II PIDs.

In 1996, light duty vehicles (less than 8,500 lb or 3,900 kg) were the first to be mandated followed by medium duty vehicles (8,500–14,000 lb or 3,900–6,400 kg) in 2005. They are both required to be accessed through a standardized data link connector defined by SAE J1962.

Heavy duty vehicles (greater than 14,000 lb or 6,400 kg) made after 2010, for sale in the US are allowed to support OBD-II diagnostics through SAE standard J1939-13 (a round diagnostic connector) according to CARB in title 13 CCR 1971.1. Some heavy duty trucks in North America use the SAE J1962 OBD-II diagnostic connector that is common with passenger cars, notably Mack and Volvo Trucks, however they use 29 bit CAN identifiers (unlike 11 bit headers used by passenger cars).

## Services / Modes

There are 10 diagnostic services described in the latest OBD-II standard SAE J1979. Before 2002, J1979 referred to these services as "modes". They are as follows:

| Service / Mode (hex) | Description |
| --- | --- |
| 01 | Show current data |
| 02 | Show freeze frame data |
| 03 | Show stored Diagnostic Trouble Codes |
| 04 | Clear Diagnostic Trouble Codes and stored values |
| 05 | Test results, oxygen sensor monitoring (non CAN only) |
| 06 | Test results, other component/system monitoring (Test results, oxygen sensor monitoring for CAN only) |
| 07 | Show pending Diagnostic Trouble Codes (detected during current or last driving cycle) |
| 08 | Control operation of on-board component/system |
| 09 | Request vehicle information |
| 0A | Permanent Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) (Cleared DTCs) |

Vehicle manufacturers are not required to support all services. Each manufacturer may define additional services above #9 (e.g.: service 22 as defined by SAE J2190 for Ford/GM, service 21 for Toyota) for other information e.g. the voltage of the traction battery in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).

The nonOBD UDS services start at 0x10 to avoid overlap of ID-range.

## Standard PIDs

The table below shows the standard OBD-II PIDs as defined by SAE J1979. The expected response for each PID is given, along with information on how to translate the response into meaningful data. Again, not all vehicles will support all PIDs and there can be manufacturer-defined custom PIDs that are not defined in the OBD-II standard.

Note that services 01 and 02 are basically identical, except that service 01 provides current information, whereas service 02 provides a snapshot of the same data taken at the point when the last diagnostic trouble code was set. The exceptions are PID 01, which is only available in service 01, and PID 02, which is only available in service 02. If service 02 PID 02 returns zero, then there is no snapshot and all other service 02 data is meaningless.

When using Bit-Encoded-Notation, quantities like C4 means bit 4 from data byte C. Each bit is numbered from 0 to 7, so 7 is the most significant bit and 0 is the least significant bit (See below).

| A | | | | | | | | B | | | | | | | | C | | | | | | | | D | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A7 | A6 | A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 | A1 | A0 | B7 | B6 | B5 | B4 | B3 | B2 | B1 | B0 | C7 | C6 | C5 | C4 | C3 | C2 | C1 | C0 | D7 | D6 | D5 | D4 | D3 | D2 | D1 | D0 |

### Service 01 \- Show current data

| PIDs
(hex) | PID
(Dec) | Data bytes returned | Description | Min value | Max value | Units | Formula |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 00 | 0 | 4 | PIDs supported \[$01 - $20\] |  |  |  | Bit encoded \[A7..D0\] == \[PID $01..PID $20\] See below |
| 01 | 1 | 4 | Monitor status since DTCs cleared. (Includes malfunction indicator lamp (MIL), status and number of DTCs, components tests, DTC readiness checks) |  |  |  | Bit encoded. See below |
| 02 | 2 | 2 | DTC that caused freeze frame to be stored. |  |  |  | Decoded as in service 3 |
| 03 | 3 | 2 | Fuel system status |  |  |  | Bit encoded. See below |
| 04 | 4 | 1 | Calculated engine load | 0 | 100 | % | $\tfrac {100}{255}A$ (or $\tfrac {A}{2.55}$) |
| 05 | 5 | 1 | Engine coolant temperature | -40 | 215 | °C | $A-40$ |
| 06 | 6 | 1 | Short term fuel trim (STFT)Bank 1 | -100 (Reduce Fuel: Too Rich) | 99.2 (Add Fuel: Too Lean) | % | $\frac {100}{128}A-100$(or $\tfrac {A}{1.28}-100$ ) |
| 07 | 7 | 1 | Long term fuel trim (LTFT)Bank 1 | | | | |
| 08 | 8 | 1 | Short term fuel trim (STFT)Bank 2 | | | | |
| 09 | 9 | 1 | Long term fuel trim (LTFT)Bank 2 | | | | |
| 0A | 10 | 1 | Fuel pressure (gauge pressure) | 0 | 765 | kPa | $3A$ |
| 0B | 11 | 1 | Intake manifold absolute pressure | 0 | 255 | kPa | $A$ |
| 0C | 12 | 2 | Engine speed | 0 | 16,383.75 | rpm | $\frac {256A+B}{4}$ |
| 0D | 13 | 1 | Vehicle speed | 0 | 255 | km/h | $A$ |
| 0E | 14 | 1 | Timing advance | -64 | 63.5 | ° before TDC | $\frac {A}{2}-64$ |
| 0F | 15 | 1 | Intake air temperature | -40 | 215 | °C | $A-40$ |
| 10 | 16 | 2 | Mass air flow sensor (MAF) air flow rate | 0 | 655.35 | g/s | $\frac {256A+B}{100}$ |
| 11 | 17 | 1 | Throttle position | 0 | 100 | % | $\tfrac {100}{255}A$ |
| 12 | 18 | 1 | Commanded secondary air status |  |  |  | Bit encoded. See below |
| 13 | 19 | 1 | Oxygen sensors present (in 2 banks) |  |  |  | \[A0..A3\] == Bank 1, Sensors 1-4. \[A4..A7\] == Bank 2... |
| 14 | 20 | 2 | Oxygen Sensor 1
A: Voltage
B: Short term fuel trim | 0
-100 | 1.275
99.2 | V % | $\frac {A}{200}$ $\frac {100}{128}B-100$(if B==$FF, sensor is not used in trim calculation) |
| 15 | 21 | 2 | Oxygen Sensor 2
A: Voltage
B: Short term fuel trim | | | | |
| 16 | 22 | 2 | Oxygen Sensor 3
A: Voltage
B: Short term fuel trim | | | | |
| 17 | 23 | 2 | Oxygen Sensor 4
A: Voltage
B: Short term fuel trim | | | | |
| 18 | 24 | 2 | Oxygen Sensor 5
A: Voltage
B: Short term fuel trim | | | | |
| 19 | 25 | 2 | Oxygen Sensor 6
A: Voltage
B: Short term fuel trim | | | | |
| 1A | 26 | 2 | Oxygen Sensor 7
A: Voltage
B: Short term fuel trim | | | | |
| 1B | 27 | 2 | Oxygen Sensor 8
A: Voltage
B: Short term fuel trim | | | | |
| 1C | 28 | 1 | OBD standards this vehicle conforms to | 1 | 250 |  | enumerated. See below |
| 1D | 29 | 1 | Oxygen sensors present (in 4 banks) |  |  |  | Similar to PID $13, but \[A0..A7\] == \[B1S1, B1S2, B2S1, B2S2, B3S1, B3S2, B4S1, B4S2\] |
| 1E | 30 | 1 | Auxiliary input status |  |  |  | A0 == Power Take Off (PTO) status (1 == active)
\[A1..A7\] not used |
| 1F | 31 | 2 | Run time since engine start | 0 | 65,535 | s | $256A+B$ |
| 20 | 32 | 4 | PIDs supported \[$21 - $40\] |  |  |  | Bit encoded \[A7..D0\] == \[PID $21..PID $40\] See below |
| 21 | 33 | 2 | Distance traveled with malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) on | 0 | 65,535 | km | $256A+B$ |
| 22 | 34 | 2 | Fuel Rail Pressure (relative to manifold vacuum) | 0 | 5177.265 | kPa | $0.079(256A+B)$ |
| 23 | 35 | 2 | Fuel Rail Gauge Pressure (diesel, or gasoline direct injection) | 0 | 655,350 | kPa | $10(256A+B)$ |
| 24 | 36 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 1
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Voltage | 0
0 | \< 2
\< 8 | ratio
V | $\frac {2}{65536}(256A+B)$ $\frac {8}{65536}(256C+D)$ |
| 25 | 37 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 2
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Voltage | | | | |
| 26 | 38 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 3
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Voltage | | | | |
| 27 | 39 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 4
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Voltage | | | | |
| 28 | 40 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 5
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Voltage | | | | |
| 29 | 41 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 6
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Voltage | | | | |
| 2A | 42 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 7
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Voltage | | | | |
| 2B | 43 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 8
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Voltage | | | | |
| 2C | 44 | 1 | Commanded EGR | 0 | 100 | % | $\tfrac {100}{255}A$ |
| 2D | 45 | 1 | EGR Error | -100 | 99.2 | % | $\tfrac {100}{128}A-100$ |
| 2E | 46 | 1 | Commanded evaporative purge | 0 | 100 | % | $\tfrac {100}{255}A$ |
| 2F | 47 | 1 | Fuel Tank Level Input | 0 | 100 | % | $\tfrac {100}{255}A$ |
| 30 | 48 | 1 | Warm-ups since codes cleared | 0 | 255 |  | $A$ |
| 31 | 49 | 2 | Distance traveled since codes cleared | 0 | 65,535 | km | $256A+B$ |
| 32 | 50 | 2 | Evap. System Vapor Pressure | -8,192 | 8191.75 | Pa | $\frac {256A+B}{4}$ (AB is two's complement signed) |
| 33 | 51 | 1 | Absolute Barometric Pressure | 0 | 255 | kPa | $A$ |
| 34 | 52 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 1
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Current | 0
-128 | \< 2
\<128 | ratio
mA | $\frac {2}{65536}(256A+B)$ $\frac {256C+D}{256}-128$ |
| 35 | 53 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 2
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Current | | | | |
| 36 | 54 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 3
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Current | | | | |
| 37 | 55 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 4
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Current | | | | |
| 38 | 56 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 5
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Current | | | | |
| 39 | 57 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 6
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Current | | | | |
| 3A | 58 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 7
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Current | | | | |
| 3B | 59 | 4 | Oxygen Sensor 8
AB: Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ)
CD: Current | | | | |
| 3C | 60 | 2 | Catalyst Temperature: Bank 1, Sensor 1 | -40 | 6,513.5 | °C | $\frac {256A+B}{10}-40$ |
| 3D | 61 | 2 | Catalyst Temperature: Bank 2, Sensor 1 | | | | |
| 3E | 62 | 2 | Catalyst Temperature: Bank 1, Sensor 2 | | | | |
| 3F | 63 | 2 | Catalyst Temperature: Bank 2, Sensor 2 | | | | |
| 40 | 64 | 4 | PIDs supported \[$41 - $60\] |  |  |  | Bit encoded \[A7..D0\] == \[PID $41..PID $60\] See below |
| 41 | 65 | 4 | Monitor status this drive cycle |  |  |  | Bit encoded. See below |
| 42 | 66 | 2 | Control module voltage | 0 | 65.535 | V | $\frac {256A+B}{1000}$ |
| 43 | 67 | 2 | Absolute load value | 0 | 25,700 | % | $\tfrac {100}{255}(256A+B)$ |
| 44 | 68 | 2 | Commanded Air-Fuel Equivalence Ratio (lambda,λ) | 0 | \< 2 | ratio | $\tfrac {2}{65536}(256A+B)$ |
| 45 | 69 | 1 | Relative throttle position | 0 | 100 | % | $\tfrac {100}{255}A$ |
| 46 | 70 | 1 | Ambient air temperature | -40 | 215 | °C | $A-40$ |
| 47 | 71 | 1 | Absolute throttle position B | 0 | 100 | % | $\frac {100}{255}A$ |
| 48 | 72 | 1 | Absolute throttle position C | | | | |
| 49 | 73 | 1 | Accelerator pedal position D | | | | |
| 4A | 74 | 1 | Accelerator pedal position E | | | | |
| 4B | 75 | 1 | Accelerator pedal position F | | | | |
| 4C | 76 | 1 | Commanded throttle actuator | | | | |
| 4D | 77 | 2 | Time run with MIL on | 0 | 65,535 | min | $256A+B$ |
| 4E | 78 | 2 | Time since trouble codes cleared | | | | |
| 4F | 79 | 4 | Maximum value for Fuel–Air equivalence ratio, oxygen sensor voltage, oxygen sensor current, and intake manifold absolute pressure | 0, 0, 0, 0 | 255, 255, 255, 2550 | ratio, V, mA, kPa | $A$, $B$, $C$, $D\times 10$ |
| 50 | 80 | 4 | Maximum value for air flow rate from mass air flow sensor | 0 | 2550 | g/s | $A\times 10$; $B$, $C$, and $D$ are reserved for future use |
| 51 | 81 | 1 | Fuel Type |  |  |  | From fuel type table see below |
| 52 | 82 | 1 | Ethanol fuel % | 0 | 100 | % | $\tfrac {100}{255}A$ |
| 53 | 83 | 2 | Absolute Evap system Vapor Pressure | 0 | 327.675 | kPa | $\frac {256A+B}{200}$ |
| 54 | 84 | 2 | Evap system vapor pressure | -32,768 | 32,767 | Pa | $256A+B$(AB is two's complement signed) |
| 55 | 85 | 2 | Short term secondary oxygen sensor trim, A: bank 1, B: bank 3 | -100 | 99.2 | % | $\frac {100}{128}A-100$ $\frac {100}{128}B-100$ |
| 56 | 86 | 2 | Long term secondary oxygen sensor trim, A: bank 1, B: bank 3 | | | | |
| 57 | 87 | 2 | Short term secondary oxygen sensor trim, A: bank 2, B: bank 4 | | | | |
| 58 | 88 | 2 | Long term secondary oxygen sensor trim, A: bank 2, B: bank 4 | | | | |
| 59 | 89 | 2 | Fuel rail absolute pressure | 0 | 655,350 | kPa | $10(256A+B)$ |
| 5A | 90 | 1 | Relative accelerator pedal position | 0 | 100 | % | $\tfrac {100}{255}A$ |
| 5B | 91 | 1 | Hybrid battery pack remaining life | 0 | 100 | % | $\tfrac {100}{255}A$ |
| 5C | 92 | 1 | Engine oil temperature | -40 | 210 | °C | $A-40$ |
| 5D | 93 | 2 | Fuel injection timing | -210.00 | 301.992 | ° | $\frac {256A+B}{128}-210$ |
| 5E | 94 | 2 | Engine fuel rate | 0 | 3212.75 | L/h | $\frac {256A+B}{20}$ |
| 5F | 95 | 1 | Emission requirements to which vehicle is designed |  |  |  | Bit Encoded |
| 60 | 96 | 4 | PIDs supported \[$61 - $80\] |  |  |  | Bit encoded \[A7..D0\] == \[PID $61..PID $80\] See below |
| 61 | 97 | 1 | Driver's demand engine - percent torque | -125 | 130 | % | $A-125$ |
| 62 | 98 | 1 | Actual engine - percent torque | -125 | 130 | % | $A-125$ |
| 63 | 99 | 2 | Engine reference torque | 0 | 65,535 | Nm | $256A+B$ |
| 64 | 100 | 5 | Engine percent torque data | -125 | 130 | % | $A-125$ Idle
$B-125$ Engine point 1
$C-125$ Engine point 2
$D-125$ Engine point 3
$E-125$ Engine point 4 |
| 65 | 101 | 2 | Auxiliary input / output supported |  |  |  | Bit Encoded |
| 66 | 102 | 5 | Mass air flow sensor | 0 | 2047.96875 | g/s | \[A0\]== Sensor A Supported
\[A1\]== Sensor B Supported
Sensor A: $\frac {256B+C}{32}$
Sensor B: $\frac {256D+E}{32}$ |
| 67 | 103 | 3 | Engine coolant temperature | -40 | 215 | °C | \[A0\]== Sensor 1 Supported
\[A1\]== Sensor 2 Supported
Sensor 1: $B-40$
Sensor 2: $C-40$ |
| 68 | 104 | 3 | Intake air temperature sensor | -40 | 215 | °C | \[A0\]== Sensor 1 Supported
\[A1\]== Sensor 2 Supported
Sensor 1: $B-40$
Sensor 2: $C-40$ |
| 69 | 105 | 7 | Actual EGR, Commanded EGR, and EGR Error |  |  |  |  |
| 6A | 106 | 5 | Commanded Diesel intake air flow control and relative intake air flow position |  |  |  |  |
| 6B | 107 | 5 | Exhaust gas recirculation temperature |  |  |  |  |
| 6C | 108 | 5 | Commanded throttle actuator control and relative throttle position |  |  |  |  |
| 6D | 109 | 11 | Fuel pressure control system |  |  |  |  |
| 6E | 110 | 9 | Injection pressure control system |  |  |  |  |
| 6F | 111 | 3 | Turbocharger compressor inlet pressure |  |  |  |  |
| 70 | 112 | 10 | Boost pressure control |  |  |  |  |
| 71 | 113 | 6 | Variable Geometry turbo (VGT) control |  |  |  |  |
| 72 | 114 | 5 | Wastegate control |  |  |  |  |
| 73 | 115 | 5 | Exhaust pressure |  |  |  |  |
| 74 | 116 | 5 | Turbocharger RPM |  |  |  |  |
| 75 | 117 | 7 | Turbocharger temperature |  |  |  |  |
| 76 | 118 | 7 | Turbocharger temperature |  |  |  |  |
| 77 | 119 | 5 | Charge air cooler temperature (CACT) |  |  |  |  |
| 78 | 120 | 9 | Exhaust Gas temperature (EGT) Bank 1 |  |  |  | Special PID. See below |
| 79 | 121 | 9 | Exhaust Gas temperature (EGT) Bank 2 |  |  |  | Special PID. See below |
| 7A | 122 | 7 | Diesel particulate filter (DPF) differential pressure |  |  |  |  |
| 7B | 123 | 7 | Diesel particulate filter (DPF) |  |  |  |  |
| 7C | 124 | 9 | Diesel Particulate filter (DPF) temperature |  |  | °C | $\frac {256A+B}{10}-40$ |
| 7D | 125 | 1 | NOx NTE (Not-To-Exceed) control area status |  |  |  |  |
| 7E | 126 | 1 | PM NTE (Not-To-Exceed) control area status |  |  |  |  |
| 7F | 127 | 13 | Engine run time |  |  | s |  |
| 80 | 128 | 4 | PIDs supported \[$81 - $A0\] |  |  |  | Bit encoded \[A7..D0\] == \[PID $81..PID $A0\] See below |
| 81 | 129 | 41 | Engine run time for Auxiliary Emissions Control Device(AECD) |  |  |  |  |
| 82 | 130 | 41 | Engine run time for Auxiliary Emissions Control Device(AECD) |  |  |  |  |
| 83 | 131 | 9 | NOx sensor |  |  |  |  |
| 84 | 132 | 1 | Manifold surface temperature |  |  |  |  |
| 85 | 133 | 10 | NOx reagent system |  |  | % | $\tfrac {100}{255}E$ |
| 86 | 134 | 5 | Particulate matter (PM) sensor |  |  |  |  |
| 87 | 135 | 5 | Intake manifold absolute pressure |  |  |  |  |
| 88 | 136 | 13 | SCR Induce System |  |  |  |  |
| 89 | 137 | 41 | Run Time for AECD #11-#15 |  |  |  |  |
| 8A | 138 | 41 | Run Time for AECD #16-#20 |  |  |  |  |
| 8B | 139 | 7 | Diesel Aftertreatment |  |  |  |  |
| 8C | 140 | 17 | O2 Sensor (Wide Range) |  |  |  |  |
| 8D | 141 | 1 | Throttle Position G | 0 | 100 | % |  |
| 8E | 142 | 1 | Engine Friction - Percent Torque | -125 | 130 | % | $A-125$ |
| 8F | 143 | 7 | PM Sensor Bank 1 & 2 |  |  |  |  |
| 90 | 144 | 3 | WWH-OBD Vehicle OBD System Information |  |  | h |  |
| 91 | 145 | 5 | WWH-OBD Vehicle OBD System Information |  |  | h |  |
| 92 | 146 | 2 | Fuel System Control |  |  |  |  |
| 93 | 147 | 3 | WWH-OBD Vehicle OBD Counters support |  |  | h |  |
| 94 | 148 | 12 | NOx Warning And Inducement System |  |  |  |  |
| 98 | 152 | 9 | Exhaust Gas Temperature Sensor |  |  |  |  |
| 99 | 153 | 9 | Exhaust Gas Temperature Sensor |  |  |  |  |
| 9A | 154 | 6 | Hybrid/EV Vehicle System Data, Battery, Voltage |  |  |  |  |
| 9B | 155 | 4 | Diesel Exhaust Fluid Sensor Data |  |  | % | $\tfrac {100}{255}D$ |
| 9C | 156 | 17 | O2 Sensor Data |  |  |  |  |
| 9D | 157 | 4 | Engine Fuel Rate |  |  | g/s |  |
| 9E | 158 | 2 | Engine Exhaust Flow Rate |  |  | kg/h |  |
| 9F | 159 | 9 | Fuel System Percentage Use |  |  |  |  |
| A0 | 160 | 4 | PIDs supported \[$A1 - $C0\] |  |  |  | Bit encoded \[A7..D0\] == \[PID $A1..PID $C0\] See below |
| A1 | 161 | 9 | NOx Sensor Corrected Data |  |  | ppm |  |
| A2 | 162 | 2 | Cylinder Fuel Rate | 0 | 2047.96875 | mg/stroke | $\frac {256A+B}{32}$ |
| A3 | 163 | 9 | Evap System Vapor Pressure |  |  | Pa |  |
| A4 | 164 | 4 | Transmission Actual Gear | 0 | 65.535 | ratio | \[A1\]==Supported $\frac {256C+D}{1000}$ |
| A5 | 165 | 4 | Commanded Diesel Exhaust Fluid Dosing | 0 | 127.5 | % | \[A0\]= 1:Supported; 0:Unsupported $\frac {B}{2}$ |
| A6 | 166 | 4 | Odometer | 0 | 429,496,729.5 | km | $\frac {A(2^{24})+B(2^{16})+C(2^{8})+D}{10}$ |
| A7 | 167 | 4 | NOx Sensor Concentration Sensors 3 and 4 |  |  |  |  |
| A8 | 168 | 4 | NOx Sensor Corrected Concentration Sensors 3 and 4 |  |  |  |  |
| A9 | 169 | 4 | ABS Disable Switch State |  |  |  | \[A0\]= 1:Supported; 0:Unsupported \[B0\]= 1:Yes;0:No |
| C0 | 192 | 4 | PIDs supported \[$C1 - $E0\] |  |  |  | Bit encoded \[A7..D0\] == \[PID $C1..PID $E0\] See below |
| C3 | 195 | 2 | Fuel Level Input A/B | 0 | 25,700 | % | Returns numerous data, including Drive Condition ID and Engine Speed\* |
| C4 | 196 | 8 | Exhaust Particulate Control System Diagnostic Time/Count | 0 | 4,294,967,295 | seconds / Count | B5 is Engine Idle Request
B6 is Engine Stop Request\*
First byte = Time in seconds
Second byte = Count |
| C5 | 197 | 4 | Fuel Pressure A and B | 0 | 5,177 | kPa |  |
| C6 | 198 | 7 | Byte 1 - Particulate control - driver inducement system status
Byte 2,3 - Removal or block of the particulate aftertreatment system counter
Byte 4,5 - Liquid regent injection system (e.g. fuel-borne catalyst) failure counter
Byte 6,7 - Malfunction of Particulate control monitoring system counter | 0 | 65,535 | h |  |
| C7 | 199 | 2 | Distance Since Reflash or Module Replacement | 0 | 65,535 | km |  |
| C8 | 200 | 1 | NOx Control Diagnostic (NCD) and Particulate Control Diagnostic (PCD) Warning Lamp status | - | - | Bit |  |
| PID
(hex) | PID
(Dec) | Data bytes returned | Description | Min value | Max value | Units | Formula |

### Service 02 \- Show freeze frame data

Service 02 accepts the same PIDs as service 01, with the same meaning, but information given is from when the freeze frame was created. Note that PID $02 is used to obtain the DTC that triggered the freeze frame.

A person has to send the frame number in the data section of the message.

### Service 03 \- Show stored Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs)

| PID
(hex) | Data bytes returned | Description | Min value | Max value | Units | Formula |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| N/A | n\*6 | Request trouble codes |  |  |  | 3 codes per message frame. See below |

### Service 04 \- Clear Diagnostic Trouble Codes and stored values

| PID
(hex) | Data bytes returned | Description | Min value | Max value | Units | Formula |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| N/A | 0 | Clear trouble codes / Malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) / Check engine light |  |  |  | Clears all stored trouble codes and turns the MIL off. |

### Service 05 \- Test results, oxygen sensor monitoring (non CAN only)

| PID
(hex) | Data bytes returned | Description | Min value | Max value | Units | Formula |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0100 | 4 | OBD Monitor IDs supported ($01 – $20) | 0x0 | 0xffffffff |  |  |
| 0101 | 2 | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 1 Sensor 1 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 0102 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 1 Sensor 2 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 0103 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 1 Sensor 3 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 0104 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 1 Sensor 4 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 0105 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 2 Sensor 1 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 0106 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 2 Sensor 2 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 0107 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 2 Sensor 3 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 0108 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 2 Sensor 4 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 0109 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 3 Sensor 1 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 010A |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 3 Sensor 2 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 010B |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 3 Sensor 3 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 010C |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 3 Sensor 4 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 010D |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 4 Sensor 1 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 010E |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 4 Sensor 2 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 010F |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 4 Sensor 3 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 0110 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 4 Sensor 4 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Rich to lean sensor threshold voltage |
| 0201 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 1 Sensor 1 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| 0202 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 1 Sensor 2 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| 0203 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 1 Sensor 3 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| 0204 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 1 Sensor 4 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| 0205 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 2 Sensor 1 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| 0206 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 2 Sensor 2 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| 0207 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 2 Sensor 3 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| 0208 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 2 Sensor 4 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| 0209 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 3 Sensor 1 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| 020A |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 3 Sensor 2 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| 020B |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 3 Sensor 3 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| 020C |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 3 Sensor 4 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| 020D |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 4 Sensor 1 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| 020E |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 4 Sensor 2 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| 020F |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 4 Sensor 3 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| 0210 |  | O2 Sensor Monitor Bank 4 Sensor 4 | 0.00 | 1.275 | V | 0.005 Lean to Rich sensor threshold voltage |
| PID
(hex) | Data bytes returned | Description | Min value | Max value | Units | Formula |

### Service 09 \- Request vehicle information

| PID
(hex) | Data bytes returned | Description | Min value | Max value | Units | Formula |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 00 | 4 | Service 9 supported PIDs ($01 to $20) |  |  |  | Bit encoded. \[A7..D0\] = \[PID $01..PID $20\] See below |
| 01 | 1 | VIN Message Count in PID 02. Only for ISO 9141-2, ISO 14230-4 and SAE J1850. |  |  |  | Usually the value will be 5. |
| 02 | 17 | Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) |  |  |  | 17-char VIN, ASCII-encoded and left-padded with null chars (0x00) if needed to. |
| 03 | 1 | Calibration ID message count for PID 04. Only for ISO 9141-2, ISO 14230-4 and SAE J1850. |  |  |  | It will be a multiple of 4 (4 messages are needed for each ID). |
| 04 | 16,32,48,64.. | Calibration ID |  |  |  | Up to 16 ASCII chars. Data bytes not used will be reported as null bytes (0x00). Several CALID can be outputed (16 bytes each) |
| 05 | 1 | Calibration verification numbers (CVN) message count for PID 06. Only for ISO 9141-2, ISO 14230-4 and SAE J1850. |  |  |  |  |
| 06 | 4,8,12,16 | Calibration Verification Numbers (CVN) Several CVN can be output (4 bytes each) the number of CVN and CALID must match |  |  |  | Raw data left-padded with null characters (0x00). Usually displayed as hex string. |
| 07 | 1 | In-use performance tracking message count for PID 08 and 0B. Only for ISO 9141-2, ISO 14230-4 and SAE J1850. | 8 | 10 |  | 8 if sixteen values are required to be reported, 9 if eighteen values are required to be reported, and 10 if twenty values are required to be reported (one message reports two values, each one consisting in two bytes). |
| 08 | 4 | In-use performance tracking for spark ignition vehicles |  |  |  | 4 or 5 messages, each one containing 4 bytes (two values). See below |
| 09 | 1 | ECU name message count for PID 0A |  |  |  |  |
| 0A | 20 | ECU name |  |  |  | ASCII-coded. Right-padded with null chars (0x00). |
| 0B | 4 | In-use performance tracking for compression ignition vehicles |  |  |  | 5 messages, each one containing 4 bytes (two values). See below |
| PID
(hex) | Data bytes returned | Description | Min value | Max value | Units | Formula |

### Bitwise encoded PIDs

Some of the PIDs in the above table cannot be explained with a simple formula. A more elaborate explanation of these data is provided here:

#### Service 01 PID 00 \- Show PIDs supported

A request for this PID returns 4 bytes of data (Big-endian). Each bit, from MSB to LSB, represents one of the next 32 PIDs and specifies whether that PID is supported.

For example, if the car response is BE1FA813, it can be decoded like this:

| Hexadecimal | B | | | | E | | | | 1 | | | | F | | | | A | | | | 8 | | | | 1 | | | | 3 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Binary | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Supported? | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| PID number | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 0A | 0B | 0C | 0D | 0E | 0F | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 1A | 1B | 1C | 1D | 1E | 1F | 20 |

So, supported PIDs are: 01, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 0C, 0D, 0E, 0F, 10, 11, 13, 15, 1C, 1F and 20

#### Service 01 PID 01 \- Monitor status since DTCs cleared

A request for this PID returns 4 bytes of data, labeled A, B, C and D.

The first byte (A) contains two pieces of information. Bit A7 (MSB of byte A) indicates whether or not the MIL (malfunction indicator light, aka. check engine light) is illuminated. Bits A6 through A0 represent the number of diagnostic trouble codes currently flagged in the ECU.

The second, third, and fourth bytes (B, C and D) give information about the availability and completeness of certain on-board tests ("OBD readiness checks"). The third and fourth bytes are to be interpreted differently depending upon whether the engine is spark ignition (e.g. Otto or Wankel engines) or compression ignition (e.g. Diesel engines). In the second byte (B), bit 3 indicates the engine type and thus how to interpret bytes C and D, with 0 being spark (Otto or Wankel) and 1 (set) being compression (Diesel). Bits B6 to B4 and B2 to B0 are used for information about tests that not engine-type specific, and thus termed *common* tests. Note that for bits indicating test **availability** a bit set to 1 indicates available, whilst for bits indicating test **completeness** a bit set to 0 indicates complete.

| Bits | Definition |
| --- | --- |
| A7 | State of the CEL/MIL (on/off). |
| A6-A0 | Number of confirmed emissions-related DTCs available for display. |
| B7 | Reserved (should be 0) |
| B6-B4 | Bitmap indicating completeness of *common* tests. |
| B3 | Indication of engine type
0 = Spark ignition (e.g. Otto or Wankel engines)
1 = Compression ignition (e.g. Diesel engines) |
| B2-B0 | Bitmap indicating availability of *common* tests. |
| C7-C0 | Bitmap indicating availability of engine-type specific tests. |
| D7-D0 | Bitmap indicating completeness of engine-type specific tests. |

Bits from byte B representing *common* test indicators (those not engine-type specific) are mapped as follows:

|  | Test availability | Test completeness |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Components | B2 | B6 |
| Fuel System | B1 | B5 |
| Misfire | B0 | B4 |

Bytes C and D are mapped as follows for spark ignition engine types (e.g. Otto or Wankel engines):

|  | Test availability | Test completeness |
| --- | --- | --- |
| EGR and/or VVT System | C7 | D7 |
| Oxygen Sensor Heater | C6 | D6 |
| Oxygen Sensor | C5 | D5 |
| Gasoline Particulate Filter | C4 | D4 |
| Secondary Air System | C3 | D3 |
| Evaporative System | C2 | D2 |
| Heated Catalyst | C1 | D1 |
| Catalyst | C0 | D0 |

Bytes C and D are alternatively mapped as follows for compression ignition engine types (Diesel engines):

|  | Test availability | Test completeness |
| --- | --- | --- |
| EGR and/or VVT System | C7 | D7 |
| PM filter monitoring | C6 | D6 |
| Exhaust Gas Sensor | C5 | D5 |
| \- Reserved - | C4 | D4 |
| Boost Pressure | C3 | D3 |
| \- Reserved - | C2 | D2 |
| NOx/SCR Monitor | C1 | D1 |
| NMHC Catalyst | C0 | D0 |

1. A common misconception is that C4/D4 was A/C Refrigerant, however it had been listed as Reserved in J1979 for years, and was recently defined as GPF.
2. NMHC *may* stand for Non-Methane HydroCarbons, but J1979 does not enlighten us. The translation would be the ammonia sensor in the SCR catalyst.

#### Service 01 PID 41 \- Monitor status this drive cycle

A request for this PID returns 4 bytes of data. The data returned is of an identical form to that returned for PID 01, with one exception - the first byte is always zero.

#### Service 01 PID 78 and 79 - Exhaust Gas temperature (EGT) Bank 1 and Bank 2

A request for one of these two PIDs will return 9 bytes of data. PID 78 returns data relating to EGT sensors for bank 1, whilst PID 79 similarly returns data for bank 2. The first byte is a bit encoded field indicating which EGT sensors are supported for the respective bank.

| Bytes | Description |
| --- | --- |
| A | EGT sensor support |
| B-C | Temperature read by EGT sensor 1 |
| D-E | Temperature read by EGT sensor 2 |
| F-G | Temperature read by EGT sensor 3 |
| H-I | Temperature read by EGT sensor 4 |

The first byte is bit-encoded as follows:

| Bits | Description |
| --- | --- |
| A7-A4 | Reserved |
| A3 | EGT sensor 4 supported? |
| A2 | EGT sensor 3 supported? |
| A1 | EGT sensor 2 supported? |
| A0 | EGT sensor 1 supported? |

Bytes B through I provide 16-bit integers indicating the temperatures of the sensors. The temperature values are interpreted in degrees Celsius in the range -40 to 6513.5 (scale 0.1), using the usual $(A\times 256+B)/10-40$ formula (MSB is A, LSB is B). Only values for which the corresponding sensor is supported are meaningful.

#### Service 03 (no PID required) - Show stored Diagnostic Trouble Codes

A request for this service returns a list of the DTCs that have been set. The list is encapsulated using the ISO 15765-2 protocol.

If there are two or fewer DTCs (up to 4 bytes) then they are returned in an ISO-TP Single Frame (SF). Three or more DTCs in the list are reported in multiple frames, with the exact count of frames dependent on the communication type and addressing details.

Each trouble code requires 2 bytes to describe. Encoded in these bytes are a category and a number. It is typically shown decoded into a five-character form like "U0158", where the first character (here 'U') represents the category the DTC belongs to, and the remaining four characters are a hexadecimal representation of the number under that category. The first two bits (A7 and A6) of the first byte (A) represent the category. The remaining 14 bits represent the number. Of note is that since the second character is formed from only two bits, it can thus only be within the range 0-3.

| Bits | Definition |
| --- | --- |
| A7-A6 | Category
00: **P** \- Powertrain
01: **C** \- Chassis
10: **B** \- Body
11: **U** \- Network |
| A5-B0 | Number (within category) |

1. Whilst this is commonly referred to as the network category, it may originally have been the 'undefined' category, hence the use of the letter 'U' rather than 'N'.

An example DTC of "U0158" would be decoded as follows:

| Bit | A7 | A6 | A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 | A1 | A0 | B7 | B6 | B5 | B4 | B3 | B2 | B1 | B0 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Binary | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hexadecimal | C | | | | 1 | | | | 5 | | | | 8 | | | |
| Decoded DTC | U | | 0 | | 1 | | | | 5 | | | | 8 | | | |

The resulting five-character code, e.g. "U0158", can be looked up in a table of OBD-II DTCs to get an actual description of what it represents. Of note, whilst some blocks of DTC code ranges have generic meanings that apply to all vehicles and manufacturers, the meanings of others can vary per manufacturer or even model.

It is also worth noting that DTCs may sometimes be encountered in a four-character form, e.g. "C158", which is simply the plain hexadecimal representation of the two bytes, with proper decoding with respect to the category not having been performed.

#### Service 09 PID 08 - In-use performance tracking for spark ignition engines

It provides information about track in-use performance for catalyst banks, oxygen sensor banks, evaporative leak detection systems, EGR systems and secondary air system.

The numerator for each component or system tracks the number of times that all conditions necessary for a specific monitor to detect a malfunction have been encountered. The denominator for each component or system tracks the number of times that the vehicle has been operated in the specified conditions.

The count of data items should be reported at the beginning (the first byte).

All data items of the In-use Performance Tracking record consist of two bytes and are reported in this order (each message contains two items, hence the message length is 4).

| Mnemonic | Description |
| --- | --- |
| OBDCOND | OBD Monitoring Conditions Encountered Counts |
| IGNCNTR | Ignition Counter |
| CATCOMP1 | Catalyst Monitor Completion Counts Bank 1 |
| CATCOND1 | Catalyst Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts Bank 1 |
| CATCOMP2 | Catalyst Monitor Completion Counts Bank 2 |
| CATCOND2 | Catalyst Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts Bank 2 |
| O2SCOMP1 | O2 Sensor Monitor Completion Counts Bank 1 |
| O2SCOND1 | O2 Sensor Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts Bank 1 |
| O2SCOMP2 | O2 Sensor Monitor Completion Counts Bank 2 |
| O2SCOND2 | O2 Sensor Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts Bank 2 |
| EGRCOMP | EGR Monitor Completion Condition Counts |
| EGRCOND | EGR Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts |
| AIRCOMP | AIR Monitor Completion Condition Counts (Secondary Air) |
| AIRCOND | AIR Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts (Secondary Air) |
| EVAPCOMP | EVAP Monitor Completion Condition Counts |
| EVAPCOND | EVAP Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts |
| SO2SCOMP1 | Secondary O2 Sensor Monitor Completion Counts Bank 1 |
| SO2SCOND1 | Secondary O2 Sensor Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts Bank 1 |
| SO2SCOMP2 | Secondary O2 Sensor Monitor Completion Counts Bank 2 |
| SO2SCOND2 | Secondary O2 Sensor Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts Bank 2 |

#### Service 09 PID 0B - In-use performance tracking for compression ignition engines

It provides information about track in-use performance for NMHC catalyst, NOx catalyst monitor, NOx adsorber monitor, PM filter monitor, exhaust gas sensor monitor, EGR/ VVT monitor, boost pressure monitor and fuel system monitor.

All data items consist of two bytes and are reported in this order (each message contains two items, hence message length is 4):

| Mnemonic | Description |
| --- | --- |
| OBDCOND | OBD Monitoring Conditions Encountered Counts |
| IGNCNTR | Ignition Counter |
| HCCATCOMP | NMHC Catalyst Monitor Completion Condition Counts |
| HCCATCOND | NMHC Catalyst Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts |
| NCATCOMP | NOx/SCR Catalyst Monitor Completion Condition Counts |
| NCATCOND | NOx/SCR Catalyst Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts |
| NADSCOMP | NOx Adsorber Monitor Completion Condition Counts |
| NADSCOND | NOx Adsorber Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts |
| PMCOMP | PM Filter Monitor Completion Condition Counts |
| PMCOND | PM Filter Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts |
| EGSCOMP | Exhaust Gas Sensor Monitor Completion Condition Counts |
| EGSCOND | Exhaust Gas Sensor Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts |
| EGRCOMP | EGR and/or VVT Monitor Completion Condition Counts |
| EGRCOND | EGR and/or VVT Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts |
| BPCOMP | Boost Pressure Monitor Completion Condition Counts |
| BPCOND | Boost Pressure Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts |
| FUELCOMP | Fuel Monitor Completion Condition Counts |
| FUELCOND | Fuel Monitor Conditions Encountered Counts |

### Enumerated PIDs

Some PIDs are to be interpreted specially, and aren't necessarily exactly bitwise encoded, or in any scale. The values for these PIDs are enumerated.

#### Service 01 PID 03 \- Fuel system status

A request for this PID returns 2 bytes of data. The first byte describes fuel system #1. The second byte describes fuel system #2 (if it exists) and is encoded identically to the first byte. The meaning assigned to the value of each byte is as follows:

| Value | Description |
| --- | --- |
| 0 | The motor is off |
| 1 | Open loop due to insufficient engine temperature |
| 2 | Closed loop, using oxygen sensor feedback to determine fuel mix |
| 4 | Open loop due to engine load OR fuel cut due to deceleration |
| 8 | Open loop due to system failure |
| 16 | Closed loop, using at least one oxygen sensor but there is a fault in the feedback system |

Any other value is an invalid response.

#### Service 01 PID 12 \- Commanded secondary air status

A request for this PID returns a single byte of data which describes the secondary air status.

| Value | Description |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | Upstream |
| 2 | Downstream of catalytic converter |
| 4 | From the outside atmosphere or off |
| 8 | Pump commanded on for diagnostics |

Any other value is an invalid response.

#### Service 01 PID 1C \- OBD standards this vehicle conforms to

A request for this PID returns a single byte of data which describes which OBD standards this ECU was designed to comply with. The different values the data byte can hold are shown below, next to what they mean:

| Value | Description |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | OBD-II as defined by the CARB |
| 2 | OBD as defined by the EPA |
| 3 | OBD and OBD-II |
| 4 | OBD-I |
| 5 | Not OBD compliant |
| 6 | EOBD (Europe) |
| 7 | EOBD and OBD-II |
| 8 | EOBD and OBD |
| 9 | EOBD, OBD and OBD II |
| 10 | JOBD (Japan) |
| 11 | JOBD and OBD II |
| 12 | JOBD and EOBD |
| 13 | JOBD, EOBD, and OBD II |
| 14 | Reserved |
| 15 | Reserved |
| 16 | Reserved |
| 17 | Engine Manufacturer Diagnostics (EMD) |
| 18 | Engine Manufacturer Diagnostics Enhanced (EMD+) |
| 19 | Heavy Duty On-Board Diagnostics (Child/Partial) (HD OBD-C) |
| 20 | Heavy Duty On-Board Diagnostics (HD OBD) |
| 21 | World Wide Harmonized OBD (WWH OBD) |
| 22 | Reserved |
| 23 | Heavy Duty Euro OBD Stage I without NOx control (HD EOBD-I) |
| 24 | Heavy Duty Euro OBD Stage I with NOx control (HD EOBD-I N) |
| 25 | Heavy Duty Euro OBD Stage II without NOx control (HD EOBD-II) |
| 26 | Heavy Duty Euro OBD Stage II with NOx control (HD EOBD-II N) |
| 27 | Reserved |
| 28 | Brazil OBD Phase 1 (OBDBr-1) |
| 29 | Brazil OBD Phase 2 (OBDBr-2) |
| 30 | Korean OBD (KOBD) |
| 31 | India OBD I (IOBD I) |
| 32 | India OBD II (IOBD II) |
| 33 | Heavy Duty Euro OBD Stage VI (HD EOBD-IV) |
| 34-250 | Reserved |
| 251-255 | Not available for assignment (SAE J1939 special meaning) |

#### Service 01 PID 51 \- Fuel Type Coding

This PID returns a value from an enumerated list giving the fuel type of the vehicle. The fuel type is returned as a single byte, and the value is given by the following table:

| Value | Description |
| --- | --- |
| 0 | Not available |
| 1 | Gasoline |
| 2 | Methanol |
| 3 | Ethanol |
| 4 | Diesel |
| 5 | LPG |
| 6 | CNG |
| 7 | Propane |
| 8 | Electric |
| 9 | Bifuel running Gasoline |
| 10 | Bifuel running Methanol |
| 11 | Bifuel running Ethanol |
| 12 | Bifuel running LPG |
| 13 | Bifuel running CNG |
| 14 | Bifuel running Propane |
| 15 | Bifuel running Electricity |
| 16 | Bifuel running electric and combustion engine |
| 17 | Hybrid gasoline |
| 18 | Hybrid Ethanol |
| 19 | Hybrid Diesel |
| 20 | Hybrid Electric |
| 21 | Hybrid running electric and combustion engine |
| 22 | Hybrid Regenerative |
| 23 | Bifuel running diesel |

Any other value is reserved by ISO/SAE. There are currently no definitions for flexible-fuel vehicle.

## Non-standard PIDs

The majority of all OBD-II PIDs in use are non-standard. For most modern vehicles, there are many more functions supported on the OBD-II interface than are covered by the standard PIDs, and there is relatively minor overlap between vehicle manufacturers for these non-standard PIDs.

There is very limited information available in the public domain for non-standard PIDs. The primary source of information on non-standard PIDs across different manufacturers is maintained by the US-based Equipment and Tool Institute and only available to members. The price of ETI membership for access to scan codes varies based on company size defined by annual sales of automotive tools and equipment in North America:

| Annual Sales in North America | Annual Dues |
| --- | --- |
| Under $10,000,000 | $5,000 |
| $10,000,000 - $50,000,000 | $7,500 |
| Greater than $50,000,000 | $10,000 |

However, even ETI membership will not provide full documentation for non-standard PIDs. ETI states:

> Some OEMs refuse to use ETI as a one-stop source of scan tool information. They prefer to do business with each tool company separately. These companies also require that you enter into a contract with them. The charges vary but here is a snapshot as of April 13th, 2015 of the per year charges:
>
> | GM | $50,000 |
> | --- | --- |
> | Honda | $5,000 |
> | Suzuki | $1,000 |
> | BMW | $25,500 plus $2,000 per update. Updates occur annually. |

## CAN (11-bit) bus format

As defined in ISO 15765-4, emissions protocols (including OBD-II, EOBD, UDS, etc.) use the ISO-TP transport layer (ISO 15765-2). All CAN frames sent using ISO-TP use a data length of 8 bytes (and DLC of 8). It is recommended to pad the unused data bytes with 0xCC.

The PID query and response occurs on the vehicle's CAN bus. Standard OBD requests and responses use functional addresses. The diagnostic reader initiates a query using CAN ID 7DFh, which acts as a broadcast address, and accepts responses from any ID in the range 7E8h to 7EFh. ECUs that can respond to OBD queries listen both to the functional broadcast ID of 7DFh and one assigned ID in the range 7E0h to 7E7h. Their response has an ID of their assigned ID plus 8 e.g. 7E8h through 7EFh.

This approach allows up to eight ECUs, each independently responding to OBD queries. The diagnostic reader can use the ID in the ECU response frame to continue communication with a specific ECU. In particular, multi-frame communication requires a response to the specific ECU ID rather than to ID 7DFh.

CAN bus may also be used for communication beyond the standard OBD messages. Physical addressing uses particular CAN IDs for specific modules (e.g., 720h for the instrument cluster in Fords) with proprietary frame payloads.

### Query

The functional PID query is sent to the vehicle on the CAN bus at ID 7DFh, using 8 data bytes. The bytes are:

|  | Byte | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| PID Type | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| SAE Standard | Number of
additional
data bytes:
2 | Service
01 = show current data;
02 = freeze frame;
etc. | PID code
(e.g.: 05 = Engine coolant temperature) | not used
(ISO 15765-2 suggests CCh) | | | | |
| Vehicle specific | Number of
additional
data bytes:
3 | Custom service: (e.g.: 22 = enhanced data) | PID code
(e.g.: 4980h) | | not used
(ISO 15765-2 suggests CCh) | | | |

### Response

The vehicle responds to the PID query on the CAN bus with message IDs that depend on which module responded. Typically the engine or main ECU responds at ID 7E8h. Other modules, like the hybrid controller or battery controller in a Prius, respond at 07E9h, 07EAh, 07EBh, etc. These are 8h higher than the physical address the module responds to. Even though the number of bytes in the returned value is variable, the message uses 8 data bytes regardless (CAN bus protocol form Frameformat with 8 data bytes). The bytes are:

|  | Byte | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CAN Address | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| SAE Standard
7E8h,
7E9h,
7EAh,
etc. | Number of
additional
data bytes:
3 to 6 | Custom service
Same as query, except that 40h is added to the service value. So:
41h = show current data;
42h = freeze frame;
etc. | PID code
(e.g.: 05 = Engine coolant temperature) | value of the specified parameter, byte 0 | value, byte 1 (optional) | value, byte 2 (optional) | value, byte 3 (optional) | not used
(may be 00h or 55h) |
| Vehicle specific
7E8h, or 8h + physical ID of module. | Number of
additional
data bytes:
4to 7 | Custom service: same as query, except that 40h is added to the service value.(e.g.: 62h = response to service 22h request) | PID code
(e.g.: 4980h) | | value of the specified parameter, byte 0 | value, byte 1 (optional) | value, byte 2 (optional) | value, byte 3 (optional) |
| Vehicle specific
7E8h, or 8h + physical ID of module. | Number of
additional
data bytes:
3 | 7Fh this a general response usually indicating the module doesn't recognize the request. | Custom service: (e.g.: 22h = enhanced diagnostic data by PID, 21h = enhanced data by offset) | 31h | not used
(may be 00h) | | | |

1. "Basic Information | On-Board Diagnostics (OBD)". US EPA. 16 March 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
2. "Escape PHEV TechInfo - PIDs". *Electric Auto Association - Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle*. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
3. "Extended PID's - Signed Variables". *Torque-BHP*. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
4. "Final Regulation Order" (PDF). US: California Air Resources Board. 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
5. "OBD2 Codes and Meanings". Lithuania: Baltic Automotive Diagnostic Systems. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
6. "OBD2 Freeze Frame Data: What is It? How To Read It?". *OBD Advisor*. 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2020-03-14.
7. "ETI Full Membership FAQ". The Equipment and Tool Institute. Retrieved 29 November 2013. showing cost of access to OBD-II PID documentation
8. "Special OEM License Requirements". The Equipment and Tool Institute. Retrieved 13 April 2015.

## Further reading


title: Yujiro Kawamata

abstract:
Yujiro Kawamata is a Japanese mathematician working
in algebraic geometry.

text:
# Yujiro Kawamata

**Yujiro Kawamata** (born 1952) is a Japanese mathematician working in algebraic geometry.

## Career

Kawamata completed the master's course at the University of Tokyo in 1977. He was an Assistant at the University of Mannheim from 1977 to 1979 and a Miller Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley from 1981 to 1983. Kawamata is now a professor at the University of Tokyo. He won the Mathematical Society of Japan Autumn award (1988) and the Japan Academy of Sciences award (1990) for his work in algebraic geometry.

## Research

Kawamata was involved in the development of the minimal model program in the 1980s. The program aims to show that every algebraic variety is birational to one of an especially simple type: either a minimal model or a Fano fiber space. The Kawamata-Viehweg vanishing theorem, strengthening the Kodaira vanishing theorem, is a method. Building on that, Kawamata proved the basepoint-free theorem. The cone theorem and contraction theorem, central results in the theory, are the result of a joint effort by Kawamata, Kollár, Mori, Reid, and Shokurov.

After Mori proved the existence of minimal models in dimension 3 in 1988, Kawamata and Miyaoka clarified the structure of minimal models by proving the abundance conjecture in dimension 3. Kawamata used analytic methods in Hodge theory to prove the Iitaka conjecture over a base of dimension 1.

More recently, a series of papers by Kawamata related the derived category of coherent sheaves on an algebraic variety to geometric properties in the spirit of minimal model theory.

* Kawamata, Yujiro (1982), "Kodaira dimension of algebraic fiber spaces over curves", *Inventiones Mathematicae*, **66**: 57–71, Bibcode:1982InMat..66...57K, doi:10.1007/BF01404756, MR 0652646, S2CID 123007245
* Kawamata, Yujiro; Matsuda, Katsumi; Matsuki, Kenji (1987), "Introduction to the minimal model program", *Algebraic Geometry, Sendai 1985*, Advanced Studies in Pure Mathematics, vol. 10, North-Holland, pp. 283–360, ISBN 0-444-70313-6, MR 0946243
* Kawamata, Yujiro (1992), "Abundance theorem for minimal threefolds", *Inventiones Mathematicae*, **108**: 229–246, Bibcode:1992InMat.108..229K, doi:10.1007/BF02100604, MR 1161091, S2CID 121956975
* Kawamata, Yujiro (2002), "*D*-equivalence and *K*-equivalence", *Journal of Differential Geometry*, **61**: 147–171, arXiv:math/0205287, Bibcode:2002math......5287K, doi:10.4310/jdg/1090351323, MR 1949787, S2CID 8778816
* Kawamata, Yujiro (2014), *Kōjigen daisū tayōtairon / 高次元代数多様体論 (Higher Dimensional Algebraic Varieties)*, Iwanami Shoten, ISBN 978-4000075985

## InfoBox

| Yujiro Kawamata | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Alma mater | University of Tokyo |
| Known for | Kawamata-Viehweg vanishing theorem<br>Kawamata log terminal (klt) singularities |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | University of Tokyo |
| Doctoral advisor | Shigeru Iitaka |
|  | |


title: Yujiulü Buluzhen

abstract: Yujiulü Buluzhen was an early 5th century ruler of the Rouran, a confederation of nomadic tribes in Mongolia. His title is not known.

text:
# Yujiulü Buluzhen

**Yujiulü Buluzhen** (Chinese: 郁久閭步鹿真; pinyin: Yùjiǔlǘ Bùlùzhēn) (died 414) was an early 5th century ruler of the Rouran, a confederation of nomadic tribes in Mongolia. His title is not known.

## Rebellion

Little is known about background of Buluzhen, except that he was a nephew to Yujiulü Hulü. He confronted Hulü who was about to oversee the marriage of one of his own daughters to Feng Ba in 414. Buluzhen told him that his daughter was still small and was about travel far away; as she may get sick with longing, it would be necessary to send the daughters of the nobleman, such as Shuli (樹黎) and Wudeyan (勿地延) with her. Hulü not agreeing with him, Buluzhen told Shuli and others that Hulü was thinking of giving their daughters as a dowry for his daughter to a distant, alien state. In the wake of news Shuli, among other noblemen, entered into a conspiracy with Buluzhen. Some warriors were set up behind the Hulü's yurts at night and arrested him with his daughter. As result, Yujiulü Buluzhen was set up as khagan, with Shuli (树黎) as chancellor.

## Reign

After ascending to throne, he sent Yujiulü Hulü and his daughter to Northern Yan. Feng Ba treated Hulü as an honored guest and, as originally planned, took Yujiulü's daughter as a concubine. Yujiulü Hulü requested that Feng Ba send an army to escort him home and, in May 414, Feng Ba, with some reluctance, gave him an escort commanded by general Wan Ling (萬陵) who, according to the account, returned after having killed Yujiulü Hulü along the way.

Back at Rouran, Buluzhen became involved in a love affair with a younger wife of Gaoche leader Chiluohou (叱洛侯). Chiluohou was an early supporter of Shelun who entrusted him with his son Sheba (社拔) . The younger wife revealed to Buluzhen that Chiluohou would support Datan against Buluzhen, as a sign of fidelity, sent him a golden rein. As a response, Buluzhen sent 8,000 cavalry against Chiluohou and burned all his properties while Chiluohou committed suicide. After this, Buluzhen attacked Datan hastily, however Datan came out victorious and strangled both Sheba and Buluzhen, eliminating both rivals and then declared himself khagan.

## InfoBox

| Yujiulü Buluzhen | |
| --- | --- |
| Khagan of Rouran | |
| Reign | 414 |
| Predecessor | Yujiulü Hulü |
| Successor | Yujiulü Datan |
|  | |
| Died | 414 |
| House | Yujiulü clan |
| Father | Brother of Yujiulü Hulü |
| Religion | Tengriism |


title: Yunnan fulvetta

abstract: The Yunnan fulvetta is a species of bird in the family Alcippeidae. It is endemic to southern China, southeastern Myanmar and northern Indochina. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.

text:
# Yunnan fulvetta

The **Yunnan fulvetta** (***Alcippe fratercula***) is a species of bird in the family Alcippeidae. It is endemic to southern China, southeastern Myanmar and northern Indochina.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.

## InfoBox

| Yunnan fulvetta | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In Chiang Mai, Thailand | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Alcippeidae |
| Genus: | *Alcippe* |
| Species: | ***A. fratercula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Alcippe fratercula***<br>Rippon, 1900 | |
|


title: Nabua Church

abstract: Holy Cross Parish Church, commonly known as Nabua Church, is a Roman Catholic church located in Nabua, Camarines Sur. It is under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Caceres. First built in 1578, the church suffered a fire incident and natural disasters in the 17th century, and was rebuilt several times. The current church building was completed in 1700. The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) declared it a national landmark and installed a historical marker on the church's facade in 1939. The church experienced flooding following the onslaught of Typhoon Usman in late 2018.

text:
# Nabua Church

**Holy Cross Parish Church**, commonly known as **Nabua Church**, is a Roman Catholic church located in Nabua, Camarines Sur. It is under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Caceres.

First built in 1578, the church suffered a fire incident and natural disasters in the 17th century, and was rebuilt several times. The current church building was completed in 1700.

The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) declared it a national landmark and installed a historical marker on the church's facade in 1939. The church experienced flooding following the onslaught of Typhoon Usman in late 2018.

## InfoBox

| Nabua Church | |
| --- | --- |
| Holy Cross Parish Church | |
| Church facade in 2015 | |
| Nabua ChurchLocation in LuzonNabua ChurchLocation in the Philippines | |
| 13°24′26″N 123°22′21″E / 13.40722°N 123.37250°E / 13.40722; 123.37250 | |
| Location | Nabua, Camarines Sur |
| Country | Philippines |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| History | |
| Status | Parish church |
| Founded | 1578 (1578) |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Active |
| Heritage designation | National Historical Landmark |
| Designated | 1939 |
| Architectural type | Church building |
| Administration | |
| Archdiocese | Caceres |


title: Ypsolopha indecorella

abstract: Ypsolopha indecorella is a moth of the family Ypsolophidae. It is known from France. The wingspan is about 21 mm.

text:
# Ypsolopha indecorella

***Ypsolopha indecorella*** is a moth of the family Ypsolophidae. It is known from France.

The wingspan is about 21 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Ypsolopha indecorella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Ypsolophidae |
| Genus: | *Ypsolopha* |
| Species: | ***Y. indecorella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ypsolopha indecorella***<br>(Rebel, 1903) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cerostoma indecorella* Rebel, 1903 | |


title: Namgyal Tsemo Monastery

abstract: Namgyal Tsemo Monastery or Namgyal Tsemo Gompa is a Buddhist monastery in Leh city of Leh district, Ladakh, northern India. Founded by King Tashi Namgyal (1555-1575) of Ladakh, it has a three-story high gold statue of Maitreya Buddha and ancient manuscripts and frescoes. It is situated near the Tsemo Castle.

text:
# Namgyal Tsemo Monastery

**Namgyal Tsemo Monastery** or **Namgyal Tsemo Gompa** is a Buddhist monastery in Leh city of Leh district, Ladakh, northern India. Founded by King Tashi Namgyal (1555-1575) of Ladakh, it has a three-story high gold statue of Maitreya Buddha and ancient manuscripts and frescoes. It is situated near the Tsemo Castle.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Namgyal Tsemo Monastery | |
| --- | --- |
| Namgyal Tsemo Monastery | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Tibetan Buddhism |
| Sect | Gelug |
| Location | |
| Location | Leh district, Ladakh, India |
| Country | India |
| Location within Ladakh | |
| Geographic coordinates | 34°10′3″N 77°35′24″E / 34.16750°N 77.59000°E / 34.16750; 77.59000 |
| Architecture | |
| Founder | Tashi Namgyal |


title: Yukio Makino

abstract: Yukio Makino Yukio Makino is a Japanese sailor. He belongs to Toyota Motor East Japan.

text:
# Yukio Makino

**Yukio Makino** (牧野 幸雄, *Makino Yukio*, born May 6, 1980) is a Japanese sailor. He belongs to Toyota Motor East Japan.

## Life and career

Makino was born in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan, on May 6, 1980. He graduated from Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto.

In 2008, he participated at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and placed 12th in 49er class.

In the men's 49er class at the 2012 Summer Olympics, he placed 18th.

At the 2016 Rio Olympics, he paired up with Kenji Takahashi in men's 49er class, and placed 18th.


title: Yuriko Chiba

abstract: Yuriko Chiba is an animator and character designer. Some of her major character designs were for anime shows To Heart, Figure 17, Planetes, and Sacred Seven. In animation direction, she worked on I Dream of Mimi, Berserk, Code Geass, To Heart and Steel Angel Kurumi Zero.

text:
# Yuriko Chiba

**Yuriko Chiba** (千羽 由利子, *Chiba Yuriko*, born March 9, 1967) is an animator and character designer. Some of her major character designs were for anime shows *To Heart*, *Figure 17*, *Planetes*, and *Sacred Seven*. In animation direction, she worked on *I Dream of Mimi*, *Berserk*, *Code Geass*, *To Heart* and *Steel Angel Kurumi Zero*.

## Works

List of works in anime
| Year | Series | Crew role | Notes | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | "White Reflection" by Two-Mix | Character design, Animation director | Music video for theme song from *Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz* |  |
| 1997 | *I Dream of Mimi* | Animation director | OVA |  |
| 1997 | *Berserk* | Chief animation director |  |  |
| 1999 | *To Heart* | Character design, Chief animation director |  |  |
| 2001 | *Steel Angel Kurumi Zero* | Character design, Chief animation director |  |  |
| 200102 | *Figure 17* | Character design |  |  |
| 200304 | *Planetes* | Character design |  |  |
| 2006–07 | *Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion* | Main animator, Chief animation director |  |  |
| 2008 | *Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2* | Main animator, Chief animation director |  |  |
| 2010 | *Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn* | Animation director | OVA Ep. 1 |  |
| 2011 | *Sacred Seven* | Character design |  |  |
| 2012 | *Sacred Seven Special: Wings of Gingetsu* | Character design |  |  |
| 2015 | *Maria the Virgin Witch* | Character design | TV series |  |

## InfoBox

| Yuriko Chiba | |
| --- | --- |
| 千羽 由利子 | |
| Occupation(s) | Anime director and character designer |


title: NYC Epicenters 9/11→2021½

abstract: NYC Epicenters 9/11→2021½ is an American documentary miniseries. The series follows the chronicle of life and survival in New York City, ranging from the September 11 attacks and the COVID-19 pandemic. It consists of four episodes and premiered on August 22, 2021, on HBO.

text:
# NYC Epicenters 9/11→2021½

***NYC Epicenters 9/11→2021½*** is an American documentary miniseries. The series follows the chronicle of life and survival in New York City, ranging from the September 11 attacks and the COVID-19 pandemic. It consists of four episodes and premiered on August 22, 2021, on HBO.

## Plot

The series follows the life, loss, and survival of New York City ranging from the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Original air date | U.S. viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Episode 1" | Spike Lee | August 22, 2021 (2021-08-22) | 0.212 |
| 2 | "Episode 2" | Spike Lee | August 29, 2021 (2021-08-29) | 0.163 |
| 3 | "Episode 3" | Spike Lee | September 5, 2021 (2021-09-05) | 0.200 |
| 4 | "Episode 4" | Spike Lee | September 11, 2021 (2021-09-11) | 0.156 |

## Production

In March 2021, it was announced Spike Lee would direct and produce a documentary series focusing on the New York City for HBO, with HBO Documentary Films and 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks producing. Lee conducted over 200 interviews for the series.

## Reception

### Critical response

The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 8.4/10, based on 5 critic reviews. On Metacritic, the series holds a rating of 86 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

### 9/11 truth movement controversy

The fourth and final episode of the series, as shown to critics for review, contained a half-hour of Lee interviewing members of the 9/11 truth movement, who promoted conspiracy theories that the towers were brought down by a controlled demolition. While the episode also featured scientists who disputed these claims, journalists who viewed the episode criticized Lee, saying that his handling of the content gave "equal voice to both sides". In an interview with *The New York Times*, Lee said, "The amount of heat that it takes to make steel melt, that temperature's not reached. And then the juxtaposition of the way Building 7 fell to the ground — when you put it next to other building collapses that were demolitions, it’s like you’re looking at the same thing. But people going to make up their own mind. My approach is put the information in the movie and let people decide for themselves. I respect the intelligence of the audience".

On August 25, it was announced Lee would re-edit the episode following criticism, with HBO removing the previous cut from a screener platform. The revised cut of the episode runs thirty minutes shorter, and excludes the interviews which promote conspiracy theories, though Abbey White of *The Hollywood Reporter* said that a segment in episode three, which presents conspiracy theories about United Airlines Flight 93, was not amended.

1. "What to Watch Today: The Walking Dead's End Begins, Ron Howard and Spike Lee Docuseries Premieres and More". *TVLine*. August 22, 2021. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
2. "NYC Epicenters 9/11 - 2021". *TVPassport*. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
3. "Four-Part Documentary NYC EPICENTERS 9/11➔2021½, Spike Lee's Personal Journey Through Two Decades Of Seminal Moments In The Life Of New Yorkers, Celebrating The City, Its Residents And Their Resilience, Debuts August 22". *WarnerMedia* (Press release). August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
4. Metcalf, Mitch (August 24, 2021). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.22.2021". *Showbuzz Daily*. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
5. Metcalf, Mitch (August 31, 2021). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.29.2021". *Showbuzz Daily*. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
6. HBO \[@HBO\] (September 3, 2021). "Episode three of Spike Lee's #NYCEpicenters is streaming tonight on @hbomax" (Tweet). Archived from the original on September 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2021  via Twitter.
7. Metcalf, Mitch (September 8, 2021). "ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.5.2021 Updated". *Showbuzz Daily*. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
8. Metcalf, Mitch (September 14, 2021). "ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.11.2021 Updated". *Showbuzz Daily*. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
9. Zorilla, Mònica Marie (March 1, 2021). "Spike Lee Sets Sept. 11 20th Anniversary Documentary at HBO". *Variety*. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
10. Perez, Rodrigo (August 13, 2021). "Spike Lee's New 4-Part Doc 'NYC Epicenters 9/11➔2021½' Debuts August 22 ON HBO". *The Playlist*. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
11. "*NYC Epicenters 9/11-2021½*: Season 1". *Rotten Tomatoes*. Fandango Media. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
12. "*NYC Epicenters 9/11-2021½*: Season 1". *Metacritic*. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
13. Blisten, Jon (August 25, 2021). "Spike Lee Reworking Episode of 'NYC Epicenters' After 9/11 Conspiracy Theory Criticism". *Rolling Stone*. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
14. Stahl, Jeremy (August 24, 2021). "Spike Lee Has Fallen Down the 9/11 Truther Rabbit Hole". *Slate*. Archived from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
15. Jacobs, Julia; Ugwu, Reggie (August 26, 2021). "Spike Lee Removes Conspiracists From HBO 9/11 Series After Criticism". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
16. Ugwu, Reggie (August 23, 2021). "Spike Lee, Exultant at the 'Epicenter'". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
17. Moreau, Jordan (August 25, 2021). "Spike Lee Is Re-Editing His Sept. 11 Docuseries Episode Featuring 9/11 Truthers". *Variety*. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
18. White, Abbey (August 26, 2021). "Spike Lee Removes Conspiracy Theories From Final Chapter of 'NYC Epicenters 9/11-2021½' After Outcry". *The Hollywood Reporter*. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.

## InfoBox

| *NYC Epicenters 9/11→2021½* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Documentary |
| Directed by | Spike Lee |
| Music by | Terence Blanchard |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of episodes | 4 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | * Nancy Abraham * Lisa Heller |
| Producer | Spike Lee |
| Cinematography | * Felipe Vara De Rey * Kerwin Devonish |
| Editors |  |
| Running time | 90–117 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | HBO |
| Release | August 22 (2021-08-22)
September 11, 2021 (2021-09-11) |


title: Yun-hui

abstract: Yun-hui, also spelled Yoon-hee or Yun-hee, is a Korean unisex given name. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 16 hanja with the reading "yoon" and 24 hanja with the reading "hee" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be used in given names.

text:
# Yun-hui

**Yun-hui**, also spelled **Yoon-hee** or **Yun-hee**, is a Korean unisex given name. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 16 hanja with the reading "yoon" and 24 hanja with the reading "hee" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be used in given names.

## People

People with this name include:

### Entertainers

### Sportspeople

### Other

## Fictional characters

Fictional characters with this name include:

## InfoBox

| Yun-hui | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 윤희 |
| Hanja | , , , and others |
| Revised Romanization | *Yunhui* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Yunhŭi* |


title: Yvonne Sugden

abstract: Yvonne de Montfort Boyer Sugden is a British former figure skater who competed in ladies' singles. She is a three-time European medalist and a three-time British national champion (1954–56). She placed fourth at the 1956 Winter Olympics.

text:
# Yvonne Sugden

**Yvonne de Montfort Boyer Sugden** (born 14 October 1939) is a British former figure skater who competed in ladies' singles. She is a three-time European medalist (bronze in 1954, silver in 1955 and 1956) and a three-time British national champion (1954–56). She placed fourth at the 1956 Winter Olympics.

## Results

| International | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Event | 1951–52 | 1952–53 | 1953–54 | 1954–55 | 1955–56 |
| Winter Olympics |  |  |  |  | 4th |
| World Champ. |  |  | 6th | 8th | 4th |
| European Champ. | 18th | 5th | 3rd | 2nd | 2nd |
| Richmond Trophy | 1st | 1st |  | 1st |  |
| National | | | | | |
| British Champ. |  |  | 1st | 1st | 1st |

## InfoBox

| Yvonne Sugden | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Yvonne de Montfort Boyer Sugden |
| Born | (1939-10-14) 14 October 1939<br>Amersham, England |
| Figure skating career | |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Retired | 1956 |