title: McCrossins Mill

abstract: The McCrossins Mill is a heritage-listed former mill and store and now museum at Salisbury Street, Uralla, Uralla Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John McCrossin and built by Unknown. The property is owned by Uralla Historical Society Inc. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

text:
# McCrossins Mill

The **McCrossins Mill** is a heritage-listed former mill and store and now museum at Salisbury Street, Uralla, Uralla Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John McCrossin and built by Unknown. The property is owned by Uralla Historical Society Inc. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

## History

The Mill was constructed between the late 1860s and early 1870s by John McCrossin. Equipped with a 16 horsepower engine, the mill operated three mill stones with a production capacity of around 1000 bushels a week.

McCrossin built the mill in the expectation that the New England region would become a major exporter of flour to other parts of the Colony. Soon after the completion of the mill, however, flour prices began to fall. McCrossin could not compete with the two other mills already established in Uralla and the further four in Armidale, one in Inverell and one in Walcha. Drought and the importation of higher quality South Australian flour killed the New England wheat growing and, therefore, the milling business. South Australian flour was of a higher quality as the wheat ripened more evenly and thoroughly, allowing for the use of mechanical harvesters. Additionally, South Australian mills used steel rollers to mill the grain, producing a finer flour than the gritty product created by the mill stones employed by the New England millers. The Chaff Shed was probably constructed in response to falling trade. Unlike the Mill, it was constructed as cheaply as possible to diversify the services offered by the Mill.

The mill apparently closed in the 1890s. Early in the 19th century the buildings were bought by a skin buyer. The Mill then passed into the hands of the Cooper family, who operated a hardware and undertaking business in it. During this period part of the mill was used by Mr Crossman, who was a tank maker. Also around this time the Mill's engine was removed to the Rocky River gold fields.

About 1935 the McRae family purchased the Mill as a store for their grocery and produce business. Ken McRae buried the boiler outside the eastern wall of the mill in the early 1960s. Both the McRaes and Coopers used the well to dispose of rubbish so that it had been filled by 1960.

The Uralla Historical Society bought the Mill in 1979 and began restorations, funded by the Heritage Council of NSW. Today the Mill is operated as a museum by the Society.

Constructed next to John McCrossin's Flour Mill in 1881 as a chaff cutting shed, with power delivered by a wooden driveshaft through an aperture in the "western" wall of the mill.

* 1940 - 1979 - used as storage by the McCrae's Hardware Shop, and known as the "Wireshed".
* 1979 - purchased by Uralla Historical Society.
* 1982-84 - squared and stabilised by the society.

## Description

Mill Building

A three storey brick structure facing onto Salisbury Street in a south-south-westerly direction. A verandah stretches the 18-metre (59 ft) length of the building, sheltering a central double door. Two windows are evenly spaced on either side of the door, on the upper five windows are symmetrically aligned. The ground floor on the north, west and south walls is constructed of roughly dressed local white granite blocks, infilled with smaller pieces. The front facade is coursed in evener blocks. The upper storeys are of red brick. The outer walls and parts of the inner walls have been laid in English bond (a course of headers alternating with a course of stretchers). On the inside back wall of the first and second floors has been laid in what could be described as a crude form of Colonial bond. Colonial bond usually consists of three courses of stretchers followed by one course of headers. In this example up to five courses of stretchers have been laid between the intervening courses of headers. Colonial bond did not become popular in Sydney until the early 1880s (mill construction began in late 1860s).

At the rear of the building there is a row of windows on the first floor. On the ground floor a series of windows and doors have been made into the original structure.

In the south east corner of the eastern wall a door opens into the original engine room, which runs the 12-metre (39 ft) width of the building. A door level with the first opens into the larger milling area. Halfway along the wall dividing the engine and milling rooms is a wall box, originally to transfer power between the two.

Two flights of steep stairs, located towards Salisbury Street in the milling room, lead to the second and third floors. These floors are supported by a series of four brick piers dividing the front two thirds of the milling area from the rear. These piers extend up through the second and third floors to support the roof. The hipped roof was originally wooden shingles, which has subsequently been replaced with corrugated iron.

Between the ground and first floors is a trap door and a series of small chutes to allow for the movement of grain and flour between the floors.

Chaff Shed

The Chaff Shed occupies approximately 196 square metres (2,110 sq ft), between McCrossin's Mill 1870 and McCrossin's Stables/Store c.1878. The first floor and steeply pitched roof with its tapered rafters and shingle battens are supported by twenty one huge, round poles, approximately 300 millimetres (12 in) in diameter. Roof and walls are now corrugated iron. There is a loading bay on the first floor.

### Condition

The mill's physical condition is fair; and the archaeological potential is low. Its position and basic condition (but not cosmetic condition), make it significant.

### Modifications and dates

The following modifications have been made:

* c.1910  Windows were installed in the front wall.
* 1975  Dovecot removed
* 1982-84  Flooring on ground floor demolished; and rotted poles replaced or scarfed.

## Heritage listing

McCrossins Mill is of State significance as representing the endeavours of early settlers to determine the agricultural pursuits best suited to various part of New South Wales. While wheat and flour production ultimately failed in the area, McCrossins Mill is a reminder of the trial and error approach to agriculture. McCrossins Mill is also representative of the speculation in industry driven by the gold rush, being built to supply that market.

McCrossins Mill was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**

The McCrossin family were pioneers of commerce in Uralla: Flour milling, retailers, hoteliers etc.

**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**

The existence of such a formidable rural building in the village precinct is most unusual.

**The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**

The chaff shed now has a very special association with the Uralla Historical Society.

**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**

The existence of such a formidable rural building in the village precinct is most unusual.

### Bibliography

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article was originally based on McCrossins Mill, entry number 00161 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 1 June 2018.

## InfoBox

| McCrossins Mill | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of McCrossins Mill in New South Wales | |
| Location | Salisbury Street, Uralla, Uralla Shire, New South Wales, Australia |
| Coordinates | 30°38′35″S 151°30′00″E / 30.6430°S 151.5001°E / -30.6430; 151.5001 |
| Architect | John McCrossin |
| Owner | Uralla Historical Society Inc |
|  | |
| New South Wales Heritage Register | |
| Official name | McCrossins Mill |
| Type | State heritage (built) |
| Designated | 2 April 1999 |
| Reference no. | 161 |
| Type | Mill (Grain) - Wheat |
| Category | Manufacturing and Processing |
| Builders | Unknown |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Maxis

abstract: Maxis is an American video game developer and a division of Electronic Arts (EA). The studio was founded in 1987 by Will Wright and Jeff Braun, and acquired by Electronic Arts in 1997. Maxis is best known for its simulation games, including The Sims, Spore and SimCity.

text:
# Maxis

**Maxis** is an American video game developer and a division of Electronic Arts (EA). The studio was founded in 1987 by Will Wright and Jeff Braun, and acquired by Electronic Arts in 1997. Maxis is best known for its simulation games, including *The Sims*, *Spore* and *SimCity*.

## History

### Independent studio (1987–1997)

Maxis was founded in 1987 by Will Wright and Jeff Braun to help publish *SimCity* on home computers. Before then, the game was only available on a limited basis on the Commodore 64 due to few publishers showing any interest in porting a non-traditional game without definite "win" and "lose" conditions. The title went on to become one of the most popular and successful video games of all time. The *SimCity* series became a staple for the company and spawned multiple sequels and spin-offs. To name the company, Braun required that the name was "from 5-7 letters, mean nothing, be easy to remember and contain an x, z, or q"; the name "Maxis" was presented by Braun's father. Following the broad success of *SimCity 2000*, Maxis moved from Orinda, California, to Walnut Creek in 1994.

One of the unintended successes of *SimCity* was recognition of the means to gamify the intersection of multiple real-world systems that could be used for planning and development, such as using *SimCity*-type simulations for urban planning. Around 1992, Maxis was approached by corporations and government agencies who wanted the company to use the same system simulation principles of *SimCity* to develop non-game simulations that they could manipulate for similar planning purposes. To support this, Maxis bought a small company, Delta Logic, and its owner John Hiles, who had been focused on more immediate business simulation software, and rebranded it as Maxis Business Simulations (MBS) for this work. Among works developed under this included *SimRefinery* for the Chevron Corporation, and *SimHealth* for the Markle Foundation. In 1994, Maxis decided to let this division go on its own; MBS rebranded itself as Thinking Tools Inc. and continued to produce similar simulation tools, but eventually closed down in 1998. Most of the information on MBS and Thinking Tools has been lost as upon being told of the company's closure, the few remaining employees burned most of the company's archives and only remnants of MBS' output exists.

In what *Kotaku* later referred to as the "era of scattergun experimentation", Maxis released numerous titles throughout the 1990s, including "sim" titles as well as some non-simulation titles, such as *RoboSport* (1991) and *3D Pinball for Windows* (1995), which was included as one of the standard system games in several Windows releases; however, these newer games were not successful. On June 1, 1995, Maxis became a public company. Heavy losses and lack of direction led Maxis to begin considering acquisition offers.

### Early years under Electronic Arts (1997–2006)

In 1997, Maxis agreed to be acquired by Electronic Arts by means of a stock swap which valued Maxis at $125 million. In a press release, Maxis stated it agreed to the acquisition in order to take advantage of Electronic Arts' strong distribution channel. The transaction was complete on July 28, 1997, and triggered major changes at the company. Jeff Braun left, having received a sizeable amount of money during the purchase, and nearly half of the Maxis staff were laid off.

Over 1998, Maxis was allowed to finish *SimCity 3000* on its own time; following this, Wright's efforts were thrown into *The Sims*, at the time seen as a major gamble for the company, as the dollhouse game was not seen as a match for the video game market's demographics. EA backed the title on the basis of the economic potential for expansion releases. In 2000, Maxis South (Austin, Texas) was closed. *The Sims* was released in February 2000 to widespread success, and would become one of Maxis' core focuses until a 2006 reorganisation shifted it away from their core team. *SimCity 4* was released in 2003, the first title in the series to implement true 3D, as well as the first where Wright was not directly involved with work. In 2004, Maxis' longtime studios in Walnut Creek were closed, and the staff moved to EA offices in Redwood City and Emeryville.

### *Spore* and *SimCity* reboot (2006–2014)

As *The Sims* became a steady success, Will Wright began to focus on *Spore*. The three years between its public announcement and its release were protracted enough to attract use of the term "vaporware" by some, and upon its 2008 release, found itself subject to harsh criticism and the target of a consumer protest against Electronic Arts. Despite the poor launch publicity, *Spore* sold 1 million units in its first month.

Will Wright left Maxis in 2009, with Maxis going on to produce the poorly received spinoff *Darkspore* in 2011. During this time, Maxis.com redirected to the *Spore* website, then later once more to the website for *The Sims*. At the 2012 Game Developers Conference, EA announced a new *SimCity* along with a new logo for the Maxis brand. Maxis became one of four primary labels at EA, replacing the "EA Play" brand. A Mobile focused Maxis studio was opened in Helsinki by EA in 2012. Development of *The Sims* continued, and Maxis branding returned in 2013 with the launch of *The Sims 3: University Life*, and *SimCity*. While Maxis were focusing on graphical improvements with the *SimCity* reboot, EA wanted to make the game multiplayer and always-online, in part to combat piracy. The game was subject to "one of the most disastrous launches in history", as the game was released in a highly buggy state, with server failures plaguing players, and the open regions swiftly filling with abandoned cities. Maxis would continue to support the game with patches, but it remained buggy even a year after launch. The reboot effectively ended the *SimCity* franchise, and was the last game to be developed by Maxis' core location in Emeryville.

### Studio closures and layoffs (2014–2019)

In the wake of the *SimCity* launch, Maxis went through a series of layoffs and studio closures, which continued throughout the late 2010s. This began with the 2014 restructure of EA Salt Lake, dissolving the Maxis group that had been headquartered there. A number of Maxis devs were migrated to the Redwood Shores studio. Maxis' principal studio in Emeryville was closed in 2015, leaving only the smaller Redwood Shores team and a newly opened mobile developer in Helsinki under the Maxis name.

In September 2015, EA announced that the consolidated Maxis team would work alongside the EA Mobile division under Samantha Ryan. EA indicated that the "collaboration" would still see most of Maxis' future products available for personal computers. The group was then reorganised under EA Worldwide Studios in 2016, with the rest of Salt Lake shut down in 2017. Redwood Shores faced further layoffs in 2018, which included 15-20 Maxis staff. Development of *The Sims Mobile* was relocated away from the remaining Maxis developers in 2019, with Firemonkeys taking over. This left continued support for *The Sims 4* as the sole Maxis-fronted project at EA.

The closure of Emeryville in particular—as Maxis' long-lived core location—was described by commentators as the end of Maxis as it had been known in the past, with only the brand name persisting.

### New studios under the *Maxis* brand (2019–present)

EA announced two new studios that would bear the Maxis name over the following years – Maxis Texas in 2019 and Maxis Europe in 2021. The announcements only came in the form of job postings on the EA careers website. The Texas team was set up at the existing EA offices in Austin to work on a new IP, while the Europe studio was created specifically to support *The Sims 4*. Unlike the Texas office, Maxis Europe is a "distributed development team", composed of staff working remotely.

The move came amid a number of job postings at the Redwood Shores studio for a new *The Sims* title, as well as EA CEO Andrew Wilson hinting at an online multiplayer-focused iteration of the franchise. In 2021, EA reaffirmed their commitment to long term support for *The Sims 4*, citing a "shift across the entire games industry to support and nurture our communities long-term".

## Notable games

Maxis is regarded for its innovative simulation games, in which there is no specific goal to the player, making its games almost endless.

### *SimCity* series

*SimCity*, released in 1989, was Maxis' first release. The player is a mayor that may, at their leisure, take a city from a single village to a successful metropolis, laying down zones, taking care of the public services and stimulating the city's economy. The series includes six main games (*SimCity*, *SimCity 2000*, *SimCity 3000*, *SimCity 4*, *SimCity Societies* and *SimCity*) and three spin-offs, *Sim City: The Card Game*, *SimCopter* and *Streets of SimCity*. *SimCity Societies*, the fifth main release, was not produced by Maxis, but by Tilted Mill Entertainment, being described as a 'social engineering simulator' and criticized for the lack of *SimCity*'s traditional formula. In 2013, Maxis Emeryville released a reboot, simply titled *SimCity*, to mixed reviews, due to technical issues at launch surrounding its mandatory online connectivity. TrackTwenty (formerly Maxis Helsinki) developed *SimCity: BuildIt* in 2014.

### *The Sims*

Maxis' most successful series to date and one of the best-selling PC games of all time is *The Sims* (2000). Maxis has developed seven expansion packs for the game, as well as an online spin-off titled *The Sims Online*. Maxis released *The Sims 2* in 2004, a sequel title that features a full 3D environment, as opposed to the original's dimetric engine. From 2006 to 2013, all *The Sims* games and expansion packs were developed by The Sims Studio, and the Maxis logo was not included on *The Sims* game covers until 2013, with the release of *The Sims 3: University Life*. On May 6, 2013, it was announced that Maxis would be developing *The Sims 4*, and the game was released internationally in September 2014. Maxis also developed *The Sims Mobile*, until development was transferred to Firemonkeys in February 2019.

### *Spore*

*Spore* was released in September 2008. Players create species starting at the single cell level, and develop them into sentient life. The goal is for them to eventually gain the intelligence to create spaceships. The *Spore Creature Creator* allows users to create species for later use in the game. This is one of few Maxis' games to feature goals on its plot as the player must complete five different phases and reach the space-traveling technology. There is also an ultimate goal, which is entering the galactic core, a massive black hole surrounded by a powerful and hostile cyborg species called the Grox; however, the player can stay in a single phase as long as they wish, even after completing it. The game received a critic score of 84% on Metacritic, indicating generally positive reviews from critics. Electronic Arts confirmed the production of expansion packs due to *Spore*'s financial success, later releasing *Spore Galactic Adventures* in 2009, as well as several spin-offs such as *Darkspore*.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Maxis
|
|  |
| Company type | Division |
| Industry | Video games |
| Founded | 1987 (1987) |
| Founders |  |
| Headquarters | Redwood City, California, US |
| Key people |  |
| Products |  |
| Parent | Electronic Arts (1997–present) |
| Subsidiaries | Maxis Europe
Maxis Texas
 |
| Website | ea.com/maxis |


title: Mawrdew Czgowchwz

abstract: Mawrdew Czgowchwz is the debut novel of American writer James McCourt first published in 1975 by Farrar, Straus & Giroux. After falling out of print it was reprinted in a slightly revised form in 2002 by NYRB Classics. The novel follows the cult around an opera singer called Mawrdew Czgowchwz, pronounced Mardu Gorgeous. Mawrdew was loosely based on real life opera singer Miliza Korjus. McCourt continued to write various works about Mawrdew Czgowchwz after publication of his novel. In 1983 a story featuring the character entitled Mawrdew Czgowchwz in Dublin was published in the Summer issue of The Paris Review. In 2007 he published a sequel to the novel entitled Now Voyager.

text:
# Mawrdew Czgowchwz

***Mawrdew Czgowchwz*** is the debut novel of American writer James McCourt first published in 1975 by Farrar, Straus & Giroux. After falling out of print it was reprinted in a slightly revised form in 2002 by NYRB Classics.

The novel follows the cult around an opera singer called Mawrdew Czgowchwz, pronounced Mardu Gorgeous. Mawrdew was loosely based on real life opera singer Miliza Korjus.

McCourt continued to write various works about Mawrdew Czgowchwz after publication of his novel. In 1983 a story featuring the character entitled *Mawrdew Czgowchwz in Dublin* was published in the Summer issue of *The Paris Review*. In 2007 he published a sequel to the novel entitled *Now Voyager*.


title: Max Holden (magician)

abstract: William Holden Maxwell was a Scottish-born American vaudeville performance artist and magician.

text:
# Max Holden (magician)

**William Holden Maxwell** (professionally known as **Max Holden**; August 20, 1884 – July 3, 1949) was a Scottish-born American vaudeville performance artist and magician.

## Early life

The son of a cabinetmaker, William Holden Maxwell was born on the twentieth of August, 1884 at Glasgow, Scotland. Maxwell had an early interest in magic and while still in his teens placed a classified ad as Max Holden in the publication *Magic: The Magicians Monthly Magazine*, asking for information on magic tricks and juggling. Around this time Maxwell was learning his craft as an apprentice to British magician David Devant before striking out on his own as a magician and juggler touring the Moss Empires circuit in Great Britain.

In 1905 Maxwell chose to immigrate to America where he took up residence in Boston, Massachusetts. The following year he was joined by his parents, Samuel and Mary along with his brother John May Maxwell (1889–1967). In America Samuel Maxwell was able to apply his trade as a cabinetmaker at a furniture factory in nearby Revere while John eventually became a patternmaker for Hunt-Spiller manufacturing in Boston. In 1915 William Maxwell became a naturalized citizen of the United States of America.

## Career

In time Maxwell (as Max Holden) became successful performing his magic act in America on the Keith-Albee-Orpheum and Marcus Loew circuits. He was known for his Shadowgraphy shows that he improved in 1914 with an invention of his own that added an array of colors onto the shadowgraph screen. Maxwell would go on to spend a number of years touring abroad and was said to have crossed the Atlantic some eighty-six times over his near quarter century career.

In 1929 Maxwell retired from the stage and with the help of fellow magician, Lewis Davenport, opened a magic shop in Manhattan with later branches in Philadelphia and Boston. The Max Holden's Magic Shop on 42nd Street soon became a Mecca for professional and amateur magicians interested in honing their art and exchanging new ideas.

The magic community was outraged when in 1933 Camel Cigarettes ran a series of magazine advertisements with the tag line "It's Fun to be Fooled, But It's More Fun to Know", that revealed to the public how magicians performed certain illusions. Maxwell's involvement in the ad campaign did not become known until sometime after his death in 1949.

## Marriage

Maxwell wed Clotilda (Cora) Amaral in 1913 in Rutland, Vermont. They had a daughter, Madeline (Mary). Clotilda died of childbirth complications in 1913. Before her death she had worked as his assistant. Maxwell later married Elizabeth Morrison on May 3, 1921, at Waterbury, Connecticut, and the following year they had a son, William Jr., who was born in Melbourne during their tour of Australia. Over the early years of their marriage Elizabeth (nicknamed "Tess") performed onstage with Maxwell as half of the team of *Holden and Graham*.

## Death

William Holden Maxwell died on July 3, 1949, after a long illness at South Nassau Communities Hospital in Oceanside, New York. He was survived by his wife and son. William Holden Maxwell Jr. died in Massachusetts on January 9, 2011.

## Published works

## InfoBox

| Max Holden | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | William Holden Maxwell
(1884-08-20)August 20, 1884
Glasgow, Scotland, UK |
| Died | July 3, 1949(1949-07-03) (aged 64)
Oceanside, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation | Professional magician |
| Spouse(s) | Clotilda (Cora) Amaral (m. Feb. 15, 1913-Oct. 28, 1913; her death) Elizabeth "Tess" Maxwell (m. May 3, 1921–July 3, 1949); his death |
| Children | 2 |


title: Max Holland

abstract: Max Holland is an American journalist, author, and the editor of Washington Decoded, an internet newsletter on United States history that began publishing March 11, 2007. He is currently a contributing editor to The Nation and The Wilson Quarterly, and sits on the editorial advisory board of the International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. His articles have appeared in The Atlantic, American Heritage, The Washington Post, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, The Boston Globe, The Baltimore Sun, Studies in Intelligence, the Journal of Cold War Studies, Reviews in American History, and online at History News Network. Holland's published books include: Leak: Why Mark Felt Became Deep Throat (2012); The Kennedy Assassination Tapes: The White House Conversations of Lyndon B. Johnson Regarding the Assassination, the Warren Commission, and the Aftermath (2004); The CEO Goes to Washington: Negotiating the Halls of Power (1994); and When the Machine Stopped: A Cautionary Tale from Industrial America (1989). In 2011, he was the lead consultant for a National Geographic Channel documentary about the assassination of John F. Kennedy that premiered in November 2011, entitled JFK: The Lost Bullet. In 2001, Holland won the J. Anthony Lukas Work-in-Progress Award, bestowed jointly by Harvard University's Nieman Foundation for Journalism and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, for the book that became The Kennedy Assassination Tapes. That same year he won a Studies in Intelligence Award from the Central Intelligence Agency. Holland lives in Washington, D.C. Holland is a 1972 graduate of Antioch College.

text:
# Max Holland

**Max Holland** (born 1950) is an American journalist, author, and the editor of *Washington Decoded*, an internet newsletter on United States history that began publishing March 11, 2007. He is currently a contributing editor to *The Nation* and *The Wilson Quarterly,* and sits on the editorial advisory board of the *International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence*. His articles have appeared in *The Atlantic*, *American Heritage*, *The Washington Post*, *The New York Times*, *Los Angeles Times*, *The Boston Globe*, *The Baltimore Sun*, *Studies in Intelligence*, the *Journal of Cold War Studies*, *Reviews in American History*, and online at *History News Network*.

Holland's published books include: *Leak: Why Mark Felt Became Deep Throat* (2012); *The Kennedy Assassination Tapes: The White House Conversations of Lyndon B. Johnson Regarding the Assassination, the Warren Commission, and the Aftermath* (2004); *The CEO Goes to Washington: Negotiating the Halls of Power* (1994); and *When the Machine Stopped: A Cautionary Tale from Industrial America* (1989). In 2011, he was the lead consultant for a National Geographic Channel documentary about the assassination of John F. Kennedy that premiered in November 2011, entitled *JFK: The Lost Bullet*.

In 2001, Holland won the J. Anthony Lukas Work-in-Progress Award, bestowed jointly by Harvard University's Nieman Foundation for Journalism and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, for the book that became *The Kennedy Assassination Tapes*. That same year he won a Studies in Intelligence Award from the Central Intelligence Agency. Holland lives in Washington, D.C.

Holland is a 1972 graduate of Antioch College.

## Awards and fellowships

## Selected publications

### Articles

### Books

## Works cited

* "Max Holland." *Contemporary Authors Online*. 2006. Biography Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 25 Sep. 2006
* "Random House: Authors: Max Holland." Random House. 2006. Random House, Inc.. 19 Sep 2006.

## InfoBox

| Max Holland | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1950 (age 7374)<br>Providence, Rhode Island, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Antioch College |
| Occupation | Journalist |


title: Małgorzata Tkacz-Janik

abstract: Małgorzata Tkacz-Janik is a Polish feminist activist and politician. Together with Dariusz Szwed she led Poland's green party Greens 2004 between 2010 and 2011. Since November 2010 she has been a member of the regional parliament of Silesia. Tkacz-Janik studied at the University of Silesia. In 2000 she received a Ph.D. in philology. Her thesis was titled Advertisement message as contemporary communication genre. She worked as academic teacher and freelance journalist. In 2003, Tkacz-Janik was among founding members of Greens 2004 and since April 2010 has been co-leader of the party. In local elections in 2010 she won a seat in the regional parliament of Silesia. She ran on a Social Democratic ballot, following an official electoral agreement between the Greens and the Democratic Left Alliance.

text:
# Małgorzata Tkacz-Janik

**Małgorzata Tkacz-Janik** (born 17 September 1965 in Zabrze) is a Polish feminist activist and politician. Together with Dariusz Szwed she led Poland's green party Greens 2004 between 2010 and 2011. Since November 2010 she has been a member of the regional parliament of Silesia.

Tkacz-Janik studied at the University of Silesia. In 2000 she received a Ph.D. in philology. Her thesis was titled *Advertisement message as contemporary communication genre*. She worked as academic teacher and freelance journalist.

In 2003, Tkacz-Janik was among founding members of Greens 2004 and since April 2010 has been co-leader of the party. In local elections in 2010 she won a seat in the regional parliament of Silesia. She ran on a Social Democratic ballot, following an official electoral agreement between the Greens and the Democratic Left Alliance.


title: Małgorzata Szczęśniak

abstract: Małgorzata Szczęśniak is a Polish stage and costume designer. She worked with director Krzysztof Warlikowski on most of his plays. She graduated in psychology from Jagiellonian University. Then she studied at Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, from which she graduated in 1984. She is perhaps best known as the author of spaces and costumes in Krzysztof Warlikowski’s performances. The artists have been working together since their student years. Currently they are a marriage. Szczęśniak's works were displayed at various exhibitions; in 1990 at Prague Quadriennale, in 1994 at Young Stage Designers' Exhibition in Katowice, in 2007 again at Prague Quadriennale, in 2008 at "La Bellone" center in Brussels and in 2013 at Nowy Teatr in Warsaw. On July 1, 2015 she was awarded by the President of Poland with a Knight's Cross of Polonia Restituta. In 2021, she received the International Opera Award for best designer.

text:
# Małgorzata Szczęśniak

**Małgorzata Szczęśniak** (born 1954) is a Polish stage and costume designer. She worked with director Krzysztof Warlikowski on most of his plays.

She graduated in psychology from Jagiellonian University. Then she studied at Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, from which she graduated in 1984.

She is perhaps best known as the author of spaces and costumes in Krzysztof Warlikowski’s performances. The artists have been working together since their student years. Currently they are a marriage.

Szczęśniak's works were displayed at various exhibitions; in 1990 at Prague Quadriennale, in 1994 at Young Stage Designers' Exhibition in Katowice, in 2007 again at Prague Quadriennale, in 2008 at "La Bellone" center in Brussels and in 2013 at Nowy Teatr in Warsaw.

On July 1, 2015 she was awarded by the President of Poland with a Knight's Cross of Polonia Restituta. In 2021, she received the International Opera Award for best designer.

## InfoBox

| Małgorzata Szczęśniak | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1954 |
| Alma mater | Jagiellonian University
Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts |
| Occupation(s) | stage designer
costume designer |
| Partner | Krzysztof Warlikowski |


title: McNemar's test

abstract: McNemar's test is a statistical test used on paired nominal data. It is applied to 2 × 2 contingency tables with a dichotomous trait, with matched pairs of subjects, to determine whether the row and column marginal frequencies are equal. It is named after Quinn McNemar, who introduced it in 1947. An application of the test in genetics is the transmission disequilibrium test for detecting linkage disequilibrium. The commonly used parameters to assess a diagnostic test in medical sciences are sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly identify the people with disease. Specificity is the ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disease. Now presume two tests are performed on the same group of patients. And also presume that these tests have identical sensitivity and specificity. In this situation one is carried away by these findings and presume that both the tests are equivalent. However this may not be the case. For this we have to study the patients with disease and patients without disease. We also have to find out where these two tests disagree with each other. This is precisely the basis of McNemar's test. This test compares the sensitivity and specificity of two diagnostic tests on the same group of patients.

text:
# McNemar's test

**McNemar's test** is a statistical test used on paired nominal data. It is applied to 2 × 2 contingency tables with a dichotomous trait, with matched pairs of subjects, to determine whether the row and column marginal frequencies are equal (that is, whether there is "marginal homogeneity"). It is named after Quinn McNemar, who introduced it in 1947. An application of the test in genetics is the transmission disequilibrium test for detecting linkage disequilibrium.

The commonly used parameters to assess a diagnostic test in medical sciences are sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity (or recall) is the ability of a test to correctly identify the people with disease. Specificity is the ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disease.

Now presume two tests are performed on the same group of patients. And also presume that these tests have identical sensitivity and specificity. In this situation one is carried away by these findings and presume that both the tests are equivalent. However this may not be the case. For this we have to study the patients with disease and patients without disease (by a reference test). We also have to find out where these two tests disagree with each other. This is precisely the basis of McNemar's test. This test compares the sensitivity and specificity of two diagnostic tests on the same group of patients.

## Definition

The test is applied to a 2 × 2 contingency table, which tabulates the outcomes of two tests on a sample of *N* subjects, as follows.

|  | Test 2 positive | Test 2 negative | Row total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Test 1 positive | *a* | *b* | *a* \+ *b* |
| Test 1 negative | *c* | *d* | *c* \+ *d* |
| Column total | *a* \+ *c* | *b* \+ *d* | *N* |

The null hypothesis of marginal homogeneity states that the two marginal probabilities for each outcome are the same, i.e. *p**a* + *p**b* = *p**a* + *p**c* and *p**c* + *p**d* = *p**b* + *p**d*.

Thus the null and alternative hypotheses are

$$\begin{aligned}H\_{0}&:~p\_{b}=p\_{c}\\H\_{1}&:~p\_{b}\neq p\_{c}\end{aligned}$$

Here *p**a*, etc., denote the theoretical probability of occurrences in cells with the corresponding label.

The McNemar test statistic is:

$$\chi ^{2}={(b-c)^{2} \over b+c}.$$

Under the null hypothesis, with a sufficiently large number of discordants (cells b and c), $\chi ^{2}$ has a chi-squared distribution with 1 degree of freedom. If the $\chi ^{2}$ result is significant, this provides sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis, in favour of the alternative hypothesis that *pb*  *pc*, which would mean that the marginal proportions are significantly different from each other.

### Variations

If either *b* or *c* is small (*b* + *c* \< 25) then $\chi ^{2}$ is not well-approximated by the chi-squared distribution.  An exact binomial test can then be used, where *b* is compared to a binomial distribution with size parameter *n* = *b* \+ *c* and *p* = 0.5. Effectively, the exact binomial test evaluates the imbalance in the discordants *b* and *c*. To achieve a two-sided P-value, the P-value of the extreme tail should be multiplied by 2. For *b**c*:

$$\text{exact-P-value}=2\sum \_{i=b}^{n}{n \choose i}0.5^{i}(1-0.5)^{n-i},$$

which is simply twice the binomial distribution cumulative distribution function with *p* = 0.5 and *n* = *b* \+ *c*.

Edwards proposed the following continuity corrected version of the McNemar test to approximate the binomial exact-P-value:

$$\chi ^{2}={(|b-c|-1)^{2} \over b+c}.$$

The mid-P McNemar test (mid-p binomial test) is calculated by subtracting half the probability of the observed *b* from the exact one-sided P-value, then double it to obtain the two-sided mid-P-value:

$$\text{mid-p-value}=2\left(\sum \_{i=b}^{n}{n \choose i}0.5^{i}(1-0.5)^{n-i}-0.5{n \choose b}0.5^{b}(1-0.5)^{n-b}\right)$$

This is equivalent to:

$$\text{mid-p-value}={\text{exact-p-value}-{n \choose b}0.5^{b}(1-0.5)^{n-b}}$$

where the second term is the binomial distribution probability mass function and *n* = *b* \+ *c*. Binomial distribution functions are readily available in common software packages and the McNemar mid-P test can easily be calculated.

The traditional advice has been to use the exact binomial test when *b* + *c* \< 25. However, simulations have shown both the exact binomial test and the McNemar test with continuity correction to be overly conservative. When *b* \+ *c* \< 6, the exact-P-value always exceeds the common significance level 0.05. The original McNemar test was most powerful, but often slightly liberal. The mid-P version was almost as powerful as the asymptotic McNemar test and was not found to exceed the nominal significance level.

## Examples

In the first example, a researcher attempts to determine if a drug has an effect on a particular disease. There are 314 patients, and they are diagnosed (disease: *present* or *absent*) before and after using the drug, which means that each sample can be described using 1 out of 4 combinations. Counts of individuals are given in the table, with the diagnosis (disease: *present* or *absent*) before treatment given in the rows, and the diagnosis after treatment in the columns. The test requires the same subjects to be included in the before-and-after measurements (matched pairs).

|  | **After:** present | **After:** absent | Row total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Before:** present | 101 | 121 | 222 |
| **Before:** absent | 59 | 33 | 92 |
| Column total | 160 | 154 | 314 |

In this example, the null hypothesis of "marginal homogeneity" would mean there was no effect of the treatment. From the above data, the McNemar test statistic:

$$\chi ^{2}={(121-59)^{2} \over {121+59}}$$

has the value 21.35, which is extremely unlikely to form the distribution implied by the null hypothesis (*p* \< 0.001). Thus the test provides strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis of no treatment effect.

A second example illustrates differences between the asymptotic McNemar test and alternatives. The data table is formatted as before, with different numbers in the cells:

|  | **After:** present | **After:** absent | Row total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Before:** present | 59 | 6 | 65 |
| **Before:** absent | 16 | 80 | 96 |
| Column total | 75 | 86 | 161 |

With these data, the sample size (161 patients) is not small, however results from the McNemar test and other versions are different. The exact binomial test gives *p* = 0.053 and McNemar's test with continuity correction gives $\chi ^{2}$ = 3.68 and *p* = 0.055. The asymptotic McNemar's test gives $\chi ^{2}$ = 4.55 and *p* = 0.033 and the mid-P McNemar's test gives *p* = 0.035. Both the McNemar's test and mid-P version provide stronger evidence for a statistically significant treatment effect in this second example.

## Discussion

An interesting observation when interpreting McNemar's test is that the elements of the main diagonal do not contribute to the decision about whether (in the above example) pre- or post-treatment condition is more favourable. Thus, the sum *b* \+ *c* can be small and statistical power of the tests described above can be low even though the number of pairs *a* \+ *b* \+ *c* \+ *d* is large (see second example above).

An extension of McNemar's test exists in situations where independence does not necessarily hold between the pairs; instead, there are clusters of paired data where the pairs in a cluster may not be independent, but independence holds between different clusters. An example is analyzing the effectiveness of a dental procedure; in this case, a pair corresponds to the treatment of an individual tooth in patients who might have multiple teeth treated; the effectiveness of treatment of two teeth in the same patient is not likely to be independent, but the treatment of two teeth in different patients is more likely to be independent.

### Information in the pairings

In the 1970s, it was conjectured that retaining one's tonsils might protect against Hodgkin's lymphoma. John Rice wrote:

> 85 Hodgkin's patients \[...\] had a sibling of the same sex who was free of the disease and whose age was within 5 years of the patient's. These investigators presented the following table:
>
> $$\begin{array}{c|c|c}\hline &{\text{Tonsillectomy}&{\text{No tonsillectomy}\\\hline {\text{Hodgkins}&41&44\\\hline {\text{Control}&33&52\end{array}}}}}$$
>
> They calculated a chi-squared statistic \[...\] \[they\] had made an error in their analysis by ignoring the pairings.\[...\] \[their\] samples were not independent, because the siblings were paired \[...\] we set up a table that exhibits the pairings:
>
> $$\begin{array}{cc}&{\text{Sibling}\\\{\text{Patient}&{\begin{array}{c|c|c}\hline &{\text{No tonsillectomy}&{\text{Tonsillectomy}\\\hline {\text{No tonsillectomy}&37&7\\\hline {\text{Tonsillectomy}&15&26\end{array}\end{array}}}}}}}}$$

It is to the second table that McNemar's test can be applied. Notice that the sum of the numbers in the second table is 85—the number of *pairs* of siblings—whereas the sum of the numbers in the first table is twice as big, 170—the number of individuals. The second table gives more information than the first. The numbers in the first table can be found by using the numbers in the second table, but not vice versa. The numbers in the first table give only the marginal totals of the numbers in the second table. McNemar's test allows the 15 and 7 pairs where the siblings had previously had differing treatment to their tonsils to be compared, as being relevant to the hypothesis, while ignoring the less informative 37 and 26 where the siblings had previously both had the treatment or to their tonsils or neither had.


title: Mayavi Maling

abstract: Mayavi Maling also known as The King's Daughters is a Hindi fantasy drama television series that premiered on Star Bharat on 1 May and ended on 18 August 2018. Set in a fantasy world, the show features Neha Solanki, Vaani Sood and Gracy Goswami as the three princesses – Pranali, Eshwarya and Garima respectively. Actor Shakti Anand essays the role of the Shiladitya, princesses’ father and the King of Maling, whereas Harshad Arora, takes on the role of Angad, the powerful and evil Prince of Mahapuram, a neighbouring kingdom.

text:
# Mayavi Maling

***Mayavi Maling*** (*Enchanted Malinga*) also known as ***The King's Daughters*** is a Hindi fantasy drama television series that premiered on Star Bharat on 1 May and ended on 18 August 2018.

Set in a fantasy world, the show features Neha Solanki, Vaani Sood and Gracy Goswami as the three princesses – Pranali, Eshwarya and Garima respectively. Actor Shakti Anand essays the role of the Shiladitya, princesses’ father and the King of Maling, whereas Harshad Arora, takes on the role of Angad, the powerful and evil Prince of Mahapuram, a neighbouring kingdom.

## Cast

### Main

* Neha Solanki as Maharani Pranali. Queen of the enchanted kingdom of Maling. Eshwarya and Garima's eldest sister, Angad's wife
* Harshad Arora as Yuvraj Angad. Prince of Mahapuram, Pranali's husband
* Aparna Kumar as Maharani Madhumali. Angad's mother, Queen of Mahapuram
* Vaani Sood as Rajkumari Eshwarya. Princess of Maling, Pranali and Garima's sister, Chegu's love-interest
* Ankit Gupta as Chegu, Princess Eshwarya's love-interest
* Gracy Goswami as Rajkumari Garima. Youngest princess of Maling. Pranali and Eshwarya's sister

### Recurring

* Shashwat Tripathi as Adivanth
* Gagan Singh as Arakh
* Shakti Anand as Maharaj Shiladitya, former King of Maling. Pranali, Eshwarya and Garima's father
* Parinita Seth as Maharani Vaidehi
* Preet Kaur Madhan as Maharani Dharini
* Monaz Mevawala as Maharani Bhumi
* Preetika Chauhan as Antara
* Honey Makhani as Haran
* Ashlesha Sawant as Mandari
* Niyati Joshi as Rajmata
* Mamik Singh as Sardar Jaba (Cameo)
* Sargun Kaur Luthra as Maharani Pranali (Fake) (Cameo)

## InfoBox

| *Mayavi Maling* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Soap opera |
| Screenplay by | Sarang Mahajan |
| Story by | Vivek Behl |
| Directed by | Dinesh Mahadev Munge
Surajj Rao
Shyam Kalgutkar |
| Country of origin | India |
| Original language | Hindi |
| No. of episodes | 95 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Mayank Pandey |
| Producer | Peninsula Pictures |
| Production location | Mumbai |
| Editors | Ganga Kacharla
Ankush Ambre |
| Camera setup | Multi-Camera |
| Running time | 21 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | Star Bharat |
| Release | 1 May (2018-05-01)
18 August 2018 (2018-08-18) |


title: Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages

abstract: The Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages are a proposed macrofamily linking the Chimuan, Uru–Chipaya, and Mayan language families of the Americas. The macrofamily was proposed by Stark (1972). However, it has not gained widespread acceptance among linguists.

text:
# Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages

The **Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages** are a proposed macrofamily linking the Chimuan, Uru–Chipaya, and Mayan language families of the Americas. The macrofamily was proposed by Stark (1972). However, it has not gained widespread acceptance among linguists.

## Classification

Stark's (1972) classification is as follows.

Tovar (1961), partly based on Schmidt (1926), adds Tallán (Sechura–Catacao) to Chimuan (which he calls *Yunga-Puruhá*). Tovar's (1961) classification below is cited from Stark (1972).

## Lexical comparisons

Stark (1972) proposed a Maya–Yunga–Chipayan macrofamily linking Mayan with Uru–Chipaya and Yunga (Mochica), based on the following lexical comparisons.

| gloss | Yunga | Uru–Chipaya | Proto-Mayan |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| to remember | kon- | khuñ- | \*k(’)an |
| string (twisted) | pal | pari | \*b’əl |
| flea | čuka | čowksmari | \*k’əq |
| to kill | jum | kan | \*kəm |
| fire | ox | uh | \*q’aːq’ |
| foot | xok | kxohča | \*ʔoːq |
| to come | ta(n)- | thon- | \*t̪əːl |
| (old) woman | šonøŋ | šon | \*ʔišnam |
| beard | sap | sip(s) | \*šob |
| white | šiku | sḳo ‘white,
salty residue,
on ground’ | \*saq |
| to spin thread | paṣ̌- | spahtš | \*bač’ |
| water | xa | kxaʔ | \*həʔ |
| bone | ko¢ike | khoči | \*b’a.q |
| to feel, hear | nøm- | non | \*ʔabiy, \*ʔubiy |
| sun, time, day | tuni | thuñi | \*q’i.ŋ |
| father | ef | ehp | \*mam, \*tat |
| to want, love, present | pik- | pek | \*q’an, \*ʔax |
| ripe, old | čuk | čakwa | \*yix |
| toad | xok | šḳoḳa | \*š-k’yuk’y |
| to spin thread | paṣ̌- | spahtš | \*š-bač’ |
| jaw | kaŋ | škeña | \*š-kahlam |
| cornfield |  | škala ~ ṣkala | \*š-k’wal; \*š-kol |

## InfoBox

| Maya–Yunga–Chipayan | |
| --- | --- |
| Chimu–Chipayan | |
| (controversial) | |
| Geographic
distribution | Peru and Central America |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions |  |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | *None* |


title: McBride Project

abstract: The McBride Project is a 880 hectare plot of land located near Limerick, Ontario, Canada. It contains an estimated 5.1 million tons of nickel-cobalt-copper mineralization near the earth's surface.

text:
# McBride Project

The **McBride Project** is a 880 hectare plot of land located near Limerick, Ontario, Canada. It contains an estimated 5.1 million tons of nickel-cobalt-copper mineralization near the earth's surface.

## Location, geology, and mineral assets

The location is near Limerick, Ontario, south of Ontario Highway 620, west of Old Hastings Road, and extends east to Ontario Highway 62. The location lacks road access and can only be accessed by crossing over private land. It is located within the Crowe Valley Watershed, near Bancroft.

### Geology

The mineral occurrence contains an estimated 5.1 million tons of nickel-cobalt-copper mineralization near the land's surface. Pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite and pyrite are contained within metapyroxenite.

## Ownership and history

The project is owned by engineer Derek McBride. The location was previously known as Macassa's nickel-copper anomaly or Limerick/Macassa and with extraction rights held by Macassa Gold Mines Ltd. who drilled the site in 1961, 1962, and 1963. The mineral claim is numbered 4209871.

Limerick Mines purchased the claim in 2003, but went bankrupt before anything was mined. Hastings Highlands Resources bought the mining rights in 2010.

2018 news of an option agreement being stuck between the Hastings Highlands Resources and Pancontinental Resources Corporation (Pancon) was met with resistance from the local community, the Limerick Area Conservation Coalition, Steenburg Lake Community Association, Limerick Waterways Ratepayers Association, and Alderville First Nation. Pancon later exited the partnership.

McBride later spoke on local radio station Moose FM about his aspirations to find a new business partner. In 2019, McBridge stated that a new investor was interested in the project.


title: May Birchard

abstract: May Birchard was a municipal politician and poverty activist in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Born in Toronto, she married F.J. Birchard, an agricultural scientist who was an expert on grain. During the First World War the family moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba. A self described left-wing Liberal, May Birchard was a strong believer in the Canadian Social Gospel movement that originated in Winnipeg during the first part of the 20th century. In 1933, during the Great Depression, Birchard founded The Good Neighbours' Club to aid unemployed men. A few years later a branch was opened in Toronto. The organization continues to operate with a drop-in centre on Jarvis Street. After the death of her husband in 1940, Birchard moved back to Toronto and became active in local politics. She first served as a school board trustee in 1942. At the height of the war, she pushed for daycare for the children of women helping with the war effort for free meals for impoverished children. She was first elected to Toronto City Council in 1946 but was defeated in 1947. She was defeated several more times before again being elected in the 1956 election. She was reelected in 1958 but defeated in 1960. She returned again in 1962 but was defeated in her final election in 1964. She represented Ward 2 which was a mixed area west of the Don River. The northern part of the riding was Rosedale, the wealthiest part of the city. The southern part was Cabbagetown, the poorest part of the city. Birchard's had much support in Cabbagetown, but she was vulnerable to candidates who could win the backing of Rosedale. Thus Birchard's career was marked by alternating victories and defeats on council campaigns. On the council she pushed for women's rights, most notably on improving access to birth control. She was also an advocate for the poor and for more social housing, including strong support for the Regent Park project that was built in her ward in the era. In honour of her efforts a Toronto Community Housing Corporation building at Dundas and Broadview was named the May Birchard Apartments.

text:
# May Birchard

**May Birchard** (died July 30, 1968) was a municipal politician and poverty activist in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Born in Toronto, she married F.J. Birchard, an agricultural scientist who was an expert on grain. During the First World War the family moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba. A self described left-wing Liberal, May Birchard was a strong believer in the Canadian Social Gospel movement that originated in Winnipeg during the first part of the 20th century. In 1933, during the Great Depression, Birchard founded The Good Neighbours' Club to aid unemployed men. A few years later a branch was opened in Toronto. The organization continues to operate with a drop-in centre on Jarvis Street.

After the death of her husband in 1940, Birchard moved back to Toronto and became active in local politics. She first served as a school board trustee in 1942. At the height of the war, she pushed for daycare for the children of women helping with the war effort for free meals for impoverished children. She was first elected to Toronto City Council in 1946 but was defeated in 1947. She was defeated several more times before again being elected in the 1956 election. She was reelected in 1958 but defeated in 1960. She returned again in 1962 but was defeated in her final election in 1964. She represented Ward 2 which was a mixed area west of the Don River. The northern part of the riding was Rosedale, the wealthiest part of the city. The southern part was Cabbagetown, the poorest part of the city. Birchard's had much support in Cabbagetown, but she was vulnerable to candidates who could win the backing of Rosedale. Thus Birchard's career was marked by alternating victories and defeats on council campaigns.

On the council she pushed for women's rights, most notably on improving access to birth control. She was also an advocate for the poor and for more social housing, including strong support for the Regent Park project that was built in her ward in the era. In honour of her efforts a Toronto Community Housing Corporation building at Dundas and Broadview was named the May Birchard Apartments.

* "Friend of the Homeless May Birchard Dies at 84", *Toronto Star*, July 31, 1968, page 40


title: Mazapa de Madero

abstract: Mazapa de Madero is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Chiapas in southern Mexico. As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 7,793, up from 7,180 as of 2005. It covers an area of 116.8 km⁲. As of 2010, the town of Mazapa de Madero had a population of 1,580. Other than the town of Mazapa de Madero, the municipality had 52 localities, none of which had a population over 1,000.

text:
# Mazapa de Madero

**Mazapa de Madero** is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Chiapas in southern Mexico.

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 7,793, up from 7,180 as of 2005. It covers an area of 116.8 km2.

As of 2010, the town of Mazapa de Madero had a population of 1,580. Other than the town of Mazapa de Madero, the municipality had 52 localities, none of which had a population over 1,000.

## InfoBox

| Mazapa de Madero | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Municipality of Mazapa de Madero in Chiapas | |
| Mazapa de MaderoLocation in Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 15°23′N 92°11′W / 15.383°N 92.183°W / 15.383; -92.183 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Chiapas |
| Area | |
| Total | 45.1 sq mi (116.8 km2) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 7,793 |


title: McClary House

abstract: McClary House is a historic home located at Leipsic, Kent County, Delaware. It dates to the mid-19th century, and is a two-story, gable roofed timber-frame vernacular dwelling on a brick foundation. It was built as a hall-and-parlor plan house and retains an interior gable end chimney at either end of the structure. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

text:
# McClary House

**McClary House** is a historic home located at Leipsic, Kent County, Delaware. It dates to the mid-19th century, and is a two-story, gable roofed timber-frame vernacular dwelling on a brick foundation. It was built as a hall-and-parlor plan house and retains an interior gable end chimney at either end of the structure.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| McClary House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Main and McClary Sts.<br>Leipsic, Delaware |
| Coordinates | 39°14′23″N 75°30′49″W / 39.23972°N 75.51361°W / 39.23972; -75.51361 |
| Area | 0.1 acres (0.040 ha) |
| MPS | Leipsic and Little Creek MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 83001353 |
| Added to NRHP | April 25, 1983 |


title: Mayflower School (Juneau, Alaska)

abstract: The Mayflower School, now known as Juneau Montessori School, is a historic school building at St. Ann's and Savikko Streets in the Douglas part of Juneau, Alaska. It is significant as the only surviving historic Native school building in the Juneau-Douglas area. It is also the only Colonial Revival style BIA school in Alaska. Its nomination to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 asserts the school was "a source of great pride to the Douglas Native community" and that it "represents a significant tie with the past for many Douglas Native people." It is a rectangular 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, with a gable roof, and sited in Savikko Park overlooking the Gastineau Channel. It is set on a hillside, and only presents 1+1⁄2 stories to the front. Its main entrance is on the second level, set in a recessed entryway which is flanked by fluted pilasters and topped by a swan pediment. The school was built in 1934 by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to serve as a model school for Native children in Alaska. In addition to educational facilities, the school also contained community meeting facilities, including a library, kitchen, and recreation room. The Bureau intended for the school to provide vocational training and to serve as a community center for the Tlingits of Douglas. The building served as an educational facility exclusively for Native children until 1940, when it was merged into the Juneau school system. Since 1994, the building has been used as a Montessori school. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

text:
# Mayflower School (Juneau, Alaska)

The **Mayflower School**, now known as **Juneau Montessori School**, is a historic school building at St. Ann's and Savikko Streets in the Douglas part of Juneau, Alaska. It is significant as the only surviving historic Native school building in the Juneau-Douglas area. It is also the only Colonial Revival style BIA school in Alaska. Its nomination to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 asserts the school was "a source of great pride to the Douglas Native community" and that it "represents a significant tie with the past for many Douglas Native people."

It is a rectangular 2+12-story wood-frame structure, with a gable roof, and sited in Savikko Park overlooking the Gastineau Channel. It is set on a hillside, and only presents 1+12 stories to the front. Its main entrance is on the second level, set in a recessed entryway which is flanked by fluted pilasters and topped by a swan pediment.

The school was built in 1934 by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to serve as a model school for Native children in Alaska. In addition to educational facilities, the school also contained community meeting facilities, including a library, kitchen, and recreation room. The Bureau intended for the school to provide vocational training and to serve as a community center for the Tlingits of Douglas.

The building served as an educational facility exclusively for Native children until 1940, when it was merged into the Juneau school system. Since 1994, the building has been used as a Montessori school.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mayflower School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Alaska Heritage Resources Survey | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 750 St. Anns Avenue, Douglas, Alaska |
| Coordinates | 58°16′31″N 134°23′32″W / 58.27529°N 134.39235°W / 58.27529; -134.39235 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1934 (1934) |
| Built by | US Bureau of Indian Affairs |
| Architect | N. Lester Troast |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 88002534 |
| AHRS No. | JUN-300 |
| Added to NRHP | November 21, 1988 |


title: McCormick-Deering W series tractors

abstract: The McCormick-Deering W series tractors were a range of standard-tread farming and industrial tractors produced by International Harvester that were derived from the Farmall letter series row-crop tractors of the 1940s and 1950s. Branded by International Harvester as McCormick-Deering products, with the same styling and red paint as the Farmall line, the W series had fixed wheel widths, lower height and wide front axles. Starting in 1956 the W series was integrated into the International Harvester numbering series and the McCormick-Deering branding was dropped.

text:
# McCormick-Deering W series tractors

The **McCormick-Deering W series tractors** were a range of standard-tread farming and industrial tractors produced by International Harvester that were derived from the Farmall letter series row-crop tractors of the 1940s and 1950s. Branded by International Harvester as McCormick-Deering products, with the same styling and red paint as the Farmall line, the W series had fixed wheel widths, lower height and wide front axles. Starting in 1956 the W series was integrated into the International Harvester numbering series and the McCormick-Deering branding was dropped.

## Description

In contrast to the letter series row-crop tractors, which were intended to straddle one or more rows in a field with high clearances and adjustable axles, the W tractors had fixed wheel widths and a generally lower profile with smaller rear wheels and wide front axles, since they were meant for plowing, orchards, wheatfields and other applications that did not require the row-crop features. The McCormick-Deering W series was closely aligned with the International Harvester industrial tractor series. Industrial tractors had different gearing and a foot-operated throttle. The W series retained the same Raymond Loewy styling as the letter series tractors.

## McCormick-Deering W-4

The **McCormick-Deering W-4** was based on the Farmall H and used the same International Harvester C152 152-cubic-inch (2,490-cubic-centimetre) displacement gasoline engine, with options for kerosene and distillate fuels. A five-speed sliding-gear transmission was standard, with fifth gear disabled on tractors that were delivered with steel wheels. Overall weight for single rear wheel tractors was about 3,800 pounds (1,700 kg). The W-4 was first produced in 1940.

The industrial version was the International Harvester I-4. A McCormick-Deering O-4 was intended for vineyards and orchards, and had fenders and fairings designed to avoid snags on branches, with the exhaust routed underneath instead of overhead. The OS-4 version only had the underslung exhaust, without the sheet metal guards.

In 1953 the Super W-4 was introduced, with an International C164 engine with 164-cubic-inch (2,690-cubic-centimetre) displacement. A total of 35,868 W-4s of all versions were produced from 1940 to 1954.

### International Harvester 300

In 1955 the Super W-4 was replaced by the **International 300 Utility** or W-300, with a 169-cubic-inch (2,770 cc) engine, giving the 300 utility a three-plow rating. McCormick-Deering branding was dropped. The W-300 was produced in 1955 and 1956. The W-300 was followed by the **International 350 Utility** pr W-350 in 1957–58.

## McCormick-Deering W-6

The **McCormick-Deering W-6** was the W-series version of the Farmall M, using the M's C248 engine, again in gasoline, distillate or kerosene versions. The remainder of the W-6 drivetrain was similar to the W-4's, but the tractor was heavier at 4,800 pounds (2,200 kg). A diesel version was also offered, the WD-6. The WD-6 was rated for three or four plows. As with the W-4, versions were made in W-6, WD-6, O-6, I-6 and ID-6 models. OS-6 and ODS-6 models omitted the sheet metal guards, but kept the rearranged exhausts.

The immediate predecessor to the W-6 was the **International W-30**, a version of the Farmall F-30, which had a wide front axle in comparison to the F-30's narrowly-space front wheels. The W-30 was produced from 1932 to 1940.

Super versions were introduced in 1952, using an IH C264 engine. A Super W6-TA and WD6-TA line was produced in 1954, with torque amplifier transmissions. Production of all models of the W-6 totaled 56,482 from 1940 to 1954. Australian models, designated AW-6, were produced from 1949 to 1953. The AW-7 followed in Australia, as a counterpart to the Farmall 400, from 1957 to 1960.

### International Harvester 400

In 1955 the Super W-6 was replaced by the **International 400 Utility** or W-400, with a 264-cubic-inch (4,330 cc) engine. McCormick-Deering branding was dropped. The W-400 was produced in 1955 and 1956. The W-400 was followed by the **International 450 Utility** or W-450 in 1956–58.

## McCormick-Deering W-9

The **McCormick-Deering W-9** departed from the letter series parallel, using much more powerful engines from International Harvester's crawler tractors, and heavier drivetrains. The W-9 was first produced in 1940 with the C335 engine used in the T-9 crawler. Running on gasoline, distillate or kerosene, it produced 44 horsepower (33 kW). Operating weight was over 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg). A WD-9 diesel version of the same displacement was available. Industrial tractors were the International I-9 and ID-9, and a special steel-wheeled rice field variant was the WR-9 and WDR-9. The Super W-9/WD-9 was produced in 1953 with greater torque.

The predecessor to the W-9 was the **McCormick-Deering W-40**, a bigger version of the International W-30 with a six-cylinder engine, which was itself a wide-front-axle version of the Farmall F-30. A diesel-engine version was available, the WD-40. Both tractors were also sold as industrial tractors, the I-30 and ID-30. Production ran from 1934 to 1940.

### International Harvester 600

The **International Harvester 600** was a re-badged version of the Super W-9, with few changes, following the Farmall 100/200/300/400 numbering scheme, and dropping McCormick-Deering branding in favor of "International." 1,516 600s were produced in 1956 and 1957. The **International Harvester 650** was the successor to the 600, with a few more changes. 4,933 650s were produced in 1956 and 1957. The 650 was succeeded by the restyled International Harvester 660 in 1959.

### W-4 series

### W-6 series

### W-9 series

### W-40 series

## InfoBox

| McCormick-Deering W-9 | |
| --- | --- |
| McCormick-Deering W-D 9 | |
| Type | General-use agricultural tractor |
| Manufacturer | International Harvester |
| Production | 1940-1953 |
| Propulsion | Rear wheels |
| Engine model | International Harvester C335 (gasoline) |
| Gross power | 44 horsepower (33 kW) |
| PTO power | 49.40 horsepower (36.84 kW) (belt) |
| Drawbar power | 44.15 horsepower (32.92 kW) |
| Drawbar pull | 4,365 pounds (1,980 kg) |
| Speed | 16.3 miles per hour (26.2 km/h) forward, 3.1 miles per hour (5.0 km/h) reverse |
| NTTL test | 369 |
| Succeeded by | International Harvester 660 |


title: McCormick & Company

abstract: McCormick & Company, Incorporated is an American food company that manufactures, markets, and distributes spices, seasoning mixes, condiments, and other flavoring products to retail outlets, food manufacturers, and foodservice businesses. Their products are available in many countries, and it is the largest producer of spices and related food products worldwide, based on revenue. A Fortune 500 company, McCormick has approximately 14,000 employees around the globe. The company headquarters moved from Sparks to Hunt Valley, Maryland, in the third quarter of 2018.

text:
# McCormick & Company

**McCormick & Company, Incorporated** is an American food company that manufactures, markets, and distributes spices, seasoning mixes, condiments, and other flavoring products to retail outlets, food manufacturers, and foodservice businesses.

Their products are available in many countries, and it is the largest producer of spices and related food products worldwide, based on revenue.

A *Fortune* 500 company, McCormick has approximately 14,000 employees around the globe. The company headquarters moved from Sparks to Hunt Valley, Maryland, in the third quarter of 2018.

## History

Willoughby M. McCormick (1864–1932) started the business in Baltimore at age 25 in 1889. From one room and a cellar, he sold his initial products door-to-door which included root beer, flavoring extracts, fruit syrups and juices. Seven years later, McCormick bought the F.G. Emmett Spice Company and entered the spice industry. In 1903, Willoughby and his brother Roberdeau incorporated the company in Maine; they reincorporated in Maryland in 1915. Most of the company's assets and records were destroyed in the Great Baltimore Fire of February 1904. However, they constructed a new five-story building on the same site within 10 months in 1905.

The United States Bureau of Chemistry investigated McCormick & Company in 1916 for adulteration in its black pepper product. The court case resulted in a fine and a requirement that the company label the adulterated product as "ground black pepper containing from 10 percent to 28 percent added pepper shells".

Willoughby's nephew Charles P. McCormick (1896–1970), began working for the company in the summer of 1912, during his high school years at Baltimore City College. After graduating in 1915, he attended Johns Hopkins University, and was later elected to the company board of directors in 1925.

Willoughby died on November 4, 1932, and Charles was elected president and chairman of the board at age 36. The big "Mc" became a trademark for nearly all U.S. products in 1941.

Charles P. ("Buzz") McCormick, Jr. was elected president and chief executive officer in 1987 and re-elected CEO and chairman of the board in 1988.

The company celebrated its centennial in 1989 with events primarily for employees and those responsible for its success, and arranged for the musical group Up with People to give a series of performances across the U.S. for schools, churches, hospitals and similar organizations. McCormick is a *Fortune* 500 company, having annual revenues of $5.6 billion in 2020.

### Acquisitions

McCormick acquired San Francisco-based coffee, spice and extract house A. Schilling & Company in 1947, enabling McCormick to begin coast-to-coast distribution in the U.S. McCormick continued to use the Schilling name for its Western division until the 1990s, with the last product containers marked Schilling produced in 2002; since then, all of the company's products have been marketed under the McCormick name nationwide.

It acquired Ben-Hur Products, a similar California-based company, in 1953, and Canada's largest spice firm, Gorman Eckert & Co. Ltd. of London, Ontario, in 1959. Gilroy Foods of Gilroy, California, became a wholly owned subsidiary in 1961. Other acquisitions included Baker Extract Co. in 1962, Cake Mate cake decorating in 1967, Childers Foods (later part of Golden West Foods) in 1968, and Tubed Products, an Easthampton, Massachusetts contract food packer and producer of plastic tubes, also in 1968. Charles P. McCormick retired in 1969 and was named chairman emeritus and died the following year of a heart attack.

McCormick acquired Golden West Foods, a frozen foods manufacturer and distributor in Gilroy, California, in 1973 and entered that field under the Schilling brand label. The McCormick (east) and Schilling (west) retail units were consolidated to form a Grocery Products Division in 1975 with headquarters in Baltimore. Additional acquisitions included All Portions in 1975, TV Time Foods of Chicago in 1976, Astro Foods of San Rafael, California, in 1977, and Han-Dee Pak of Atlanta in 1979.

In October 1979, Swiss pharmaceutical firm, Sandoz, Ltd., announced its intention to purchase the company. McCormick sued Sandoz in May 1980 and by September Sandoz agreed to relinquish its efforts to purchase McCormick and sold the shares that it acquired in its attempt to purchase the company.

Setco, a plastic bottles producer in Culver City, California, and Stange, a specialty flavorings and colorings company of Chicago, became subsidiaries in 1981. The company acquired Paterson Jenks, a publicly held United Kingdom corporation, in 1984, and Schwartz, the largest British spice line. Other acquisitions included Armanino Farms, the world's largest grower and processor of chives, from Armanino & Son, Inc., of San Francisco in 1986; and three California companies in 1987: Gentry Foods of Gilroy, Parsley Patch of Windsor, and The Herb Farm of Encinitas.

In 1990, McCormick purchased an interest in the Old Bay seasoning brand, famous in the Chesapeake Bay region for its use in preparing and steaming the local seafood delicacy of blue crabs. It then acquired Mojave Foods Corporation of Los Angeles in 1991, and the consumer products business of Golden Dipt Company in 1993. McCormick's 1994 acquisitions included Grupo Pesa of Mexico, Tuko Oy of Finland, Butto of Switzerland, and Minipack of Southampton, United Kingdom. Chairman Emeritus Charles P. McCormick Jr. was re-elected chairman in 1994. The company sold Golden West Foods in 1995 and Minipack of Southampton in 1996. Also sold in 1996 were Gilroy Foods and Gilroy Energy, as well as Giza National Dehydration of Cairo, Egypt. McCormick Canada acquired the French's dry seasoning line in 1997.

The company acquired Ducros of France in 2000, later renamed McCormick France. In 2003, McCormick was added to the Standard & Poor's 500 Index; acquired UniqSauces of the UK and Zatarain's of Louisiana; and sold its packaging businesses, Setco and Tubed Products, as well as its Jenks brokerage business assets. The company acquired C.M. van Sillevoldt B.V. of the Netherlands in 2004 and Epicurean International (renamed Simply Asia Foods) in 2006, with its Thai Kitchen and Simply Asia brands.

In 2007, the company started a new advertising campaign to encourage consumers to dispose of older packages of spices, by pointing out that any of their packages that list their address as "Baltimore, MD 21202" are over 15 years old. In 2008, McCormick acquired Billy Bee Honey Products of Canada, and the Lawry's brand of seasonings and marinades in its largest acquisition in company history for the next ten years. To gain FTC approval for the purchase of Lawry's, McCormick agreed to sell its Season-All business to Morton Salt.

In 2011, the company acquired Kitchen Basics, an Ohio-based brand of shelf-stable liquid stock, for $38 million. During that year, it also acquired Kamis S.A., a privately held Polish company with leading brands in spices, seasonings, mustards and other flavor products in Poland for $291 million. It also bought an 85% stake in Kohinoor Speciality Foods India for $115 million, a joint venture with India-based Kohinoor Foods Limited to market and sell basmati and ready-to-eat food products in India.

In mid-2013, the company completed its acquisition of Wuhan Asia-Pacific Condiments Co. Ltd. (WAPC), a seasoning manufacturer in the central region of China with the Daqiao and ChuShiLe bouillon products.

In June 2015, McCormick purchased Stubb's marinades, BBQ Sauce and rubs for $100 million.

In December 2015, McCormick announced that Lawrence E. Kurzius, head of global operations, would become CEO effective February 2016. Kurzius was a leader at McCormick for 12 years before the announcement and previously held positions at Uncle Ben's, Mars Inc., and Quaker Oats Company.

The company dropped its bid to acquire Premier Foods in April 2016 after determining that Premier's asking price would not benefit shareholders.

Late in 2016, the company acquired Enrico Giotti SpA, a private Italian flavorings company, in a $127 million deal.

In 2017, McCormick purchased Reckitt Benckiser's Food Division ("RB Foods"). At over four billion dollars, it topped the Lawry's acquisition a decade earlier, to become the largest acquisition in the company's history. The addition of French's and Frank's RedHot to McCormick's global portfolio represent the second and third largest brands, respectively, behind the McCormick brand.

In November 2020, McCormick agreed to buy Cholula Hot Sauce from L Catterton. In December 2020, McCormick acquired FONA, a leading North American manufacturer of flavors.

### Research and development

In February 2019, McCormick announced that it worked with IBM to build an artificial intelligence (AI) system to analyze decades of data to develop new flavor combinations and seasoning mixes. The company brought its first AI-developed line of seasoning mixes to market in 2019, which were called "One" for making one-dish meals.

### TV sponsorship

In December 2021, McCormick announced their sponsorship of *Elinor Wonders Why* on PBS Kids, and the PBS sponsorship group noted *Let's Go Luna* as another such series; this is the first PBS programming to be funded by McCormick.

## Headquarters

In 1970, McCormick moved its manufacturing and corporate offices from Baltimore's Inner Harbor to Hunt Valley, Maryland. In 1991, McCormick corporate offices were moved to Sparks, Maryland. In 2018, the company's 1,100-employee global headquarters moved from Sparks back to Hunt Valley with a grand opening held on October 2, 2018.

McCormick's consumer segment has brands in approximately 170 countries and territories. The retail range includes spices and herbs, recipe mixes, extracts, condiments, marinades, stocks, broths, bouillons, sauces, toppings, homemade desserts, rice mixes, salad dressings and breadings.

McCormick makes flavorings, branded food services products, condiments, coating systems and ingredients for food manufacturers, food service operators and restaurants around the world.

## Brands

McCormick & Company brands reach consumers in more than 170 countries and territories. Its brands include:

* Official website
* Business data for McCormick & Company, Incorporated:

## InfoBox

McCormick & Company, Incorporated
|
|  |
|
| Company type | Public company |
| Traded as |  |
| Industry | Processed & Packaged goods |
| Founded | 1889 (1889) in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |
| Founder | Willoughby McCormick |
| Headquarters | Hunt Valley, Maryland, U.S. |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Lawrence E. Kurzius, Chairman Brendan Foley, President & CEO<br>Mike Smith EVP & CFO |
| Products |  |
| Revenue | US$6.317 billion (2021) |
| Operating income | US$1.015 billion (2021) |
| Net income | US$0.755 billion (2021) |
| Total assets | US$12.905 billion (2021) |
| Total equity | US$4.425 billion (2021) |
| Number of employees | 14,000 (2022) |
| Website | mccormickcorporation.com |


title: Mchomolo

abstract: Mchomolo is a village in the Ruvuma Region of southwestern Tanzania. It is located along the A19 road, to the southeast of Masaguro.

text:
# Mchomolo

**Mchomolo** is a village in the Ruvuma Region of southwestern Tanzania. It is located along the A19 road, to the southeast of Masaguro.

## InfoBox

| Mchomolo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| MchomoloLocation in Tanzania | |
| Coordinates: 10°35′3″S 36°20′3″E / 10.58417°S 36.33417°E / -10.58417; 36.33417 | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Region | Ruvuma Region |
| District | Songea |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |


title: Mchinji Airport

abstract: Mchinji Airport is an airport serving the city of Mchinji, Republic of Malawi.

text:
# Mchinji Airport

**Mchinji Airport** (ICAO: **FWMC**) is an airport serving the city of Mchinji, Republic of Malawi.

## InfoBox

| Mchinji Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Serves | Mchinji |
| Elevation AMSL | 3,900 ft / 1,188 m |
| Coordinates | 13°48′20″S 32°53′38″E / 13.80556°S 32.89389°E / -13.80556; 32.89389 |
| Map | |
| **FWMC**Location of the airport in Malawi | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  14/32 3,900 1,190 Dirt | |
| Sources: Google Maps | |


title: Meat Machine (album)

abstract: MEAT MACHINE is the third studio album by Barcelona-based band Obsidian Kingdom. It features ten songs that draw from a diverse range of styles including experimental rock, industrial rock, post-metal, sludge and electronica. The album was released by Season of Mist on September 25, 2020, with artwork designed by Elena Gallen and Ritxi Ostáriz. The release received generally favorable reviews from critics worldwide, who praised its variety and unpredictability. With regard to its experimental value, Trent Bos from Heavy Blog is Heavy wrote that "Metal needs bands to continue to push the boundaries of what it can be, and that’s exactly what MEAT MACHINE has accomplished".

text:
# Meat Machine (album)

***MEAT MACHINE*** is the third studio album by Barcelona-based band Obsidian Kingdom. It features ten songs that draw from a diverse range of styles including experimental rock, industrial rock, post-metal, sludge and electronica. The album was released by Season of Mist on September 25, 2020, with artwork designed by Elena Gallen and Ritxi Ostáriz.

The release received generally favorable reviews from critics worldwide, who praised its variety and unpredictability. With regard to its experimental value, Trent Bos from Heavy Blog is Heavy wrote that "*Metal needs bands to continue to push the boundaries of what it can be, and that’s exactly what MEAT MACHINE has accomplished*".

## Style

*MEAT MACHINE* is noted for creatively combining a wide range of disparate styles and influences, its clear and aggressive production and the creation of cinematic atmospheres with disturbing undertones. Regarding the combination of ambiance and violence, Sophie Maugan from Metal Hammer wrote that "*the songs are equally immersive and destined to enthrall anyone with a penchant for altered states and arse-shattering riffs*".

It is also the first time that the band uses female vocals, sung by guitarist Eaten Roll I, in contrast with Rider G Omega's death growls.

## Production

Initially, the band intended for *MEAT MACHINE* to be an electronic album. One year before the recording, the band handed the album demo to producer Jorge Mur, who rejected the material due to finding it uninteresting, which led the band to re-write the whole work.

The album was recorded, mixed, and produced in the summer of 2019 by Jorge Mur at Ax Studios in Barcelona, and co-produced by Mr Ax and the band itself. It was mastered by Magnus Lindberg at Redmont Studio in Stockholm in November 2019.

Shortly before the end of the recording, guitarist Eaten Roll I decided to leave the band due to internal tensions.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metal Hammer |  |
| Mondo Sonoro |  |
| Metal1.info |  |
| Distorted Sound |  |

*MEAT MACHINE* was met with positive reviews that highlighted its weirdness and its replayability in spite of its demanding production. But the trait that was most often brought into focus was its eclecticism – while most reviewers found the mix of styles to be bold and enticing, others thought it to be incoherent and confusing. In this respect, Langdon Hickman from Consequence of Sound wrote that "*Obsidian Kingdom are a band that feels like they can syncretistically alloy anything under the sun*".

In December 2020, Mondo Sonoro declared *MEAT MACHINE* the "Best Spanish Metal Album" of 2020.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Obsidian Kingdom

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "THE EDGE" | 3:55 |
| 2. | "THE PUMP" | 4:24 |
| 3. | "MR PAN" | 5:38 |
| 4. | "NAKED POLITICS" | 4:05 |
| 5. | "FLESH WORLD" | 6:15 |
| 6. | "MEAT STAR" | 4:41 |
| 7. | "SPANKER" | 4:18 |
| 8. | "VOGUE" | 3:41 |
| 9. | "WOMB OF WIRE" | 5:16 |
| 10. | "A FOE" | 5:26 |
| Total length: | | 47:38 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| MEAT MACHINE | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Obsidian Kingdom | |
| Released | September 25, 2020 |
| Recorded | Summer 2019 at
Ax Studios, Barcelona |
| Genre | industrial rock, post-metal, experimental rock, electronica, sludge metal |
| Length | 47:38 |
| Label | Season of Mist |
| Producer | Jorge Mur |
| Obsidian Kingdom chronology | |
| *A Year With No Summer*
(2016) ***MEAT MACHINE***
(2020) | |


title: McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor

abstract:
The McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor (MLWC) is a wildlife corridor in northern Idaho, United States.
It links the wilderness areas of the Selkirk and Cabinet mountains, and is used by species such as grizzly bears that move between these areas. It also provides a wintering area for deer and other ungulates. A highway and two railway lines run through the corridor, with a strip of side roads, buildings and fences along the highway. The highway section running through the corridor has high rates of vehicle collisions with wildlife. There is limited opportunity for creating safe wildlife crossings due to the difficult terrain. Conservation groups have been active in obtaining easements on timber land to prevent further development in the corridor while allowing sustainable forestry.

text:
# McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor

The **McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor** (MLWC) is a wildlife corridor in northern Idaho, United States. It links the wilderness areas of the Selkirk and Cabinet mountains, and is used by species such as grizzly bears that move between these areas. It also provides a wintering area for deer and other ungulates. A highway and two railway lines run through the corridor, with a strip of side roads, buildings and fences along the highway. The highway section running through the corridor has high rates of vehicle collisions with wildlife. There is limited opportunity for creating safe wildlife crossings due to the difficult terrain. Conservation groups have been active in obtaining easements on timber land to prevent further development in the corridor while allowing sustainable forestry.

## Location

The McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor forms a route between the Selkirk and Cabinet mountains, and is used by species such as grizzly bear, elk and wolverine to reach the Idaho Panhandle and the Kootenai National Forest. The corridor connects the Selkirk and Cabinet-Yaak grizzly bear recovery zones. It takes its name from McArthur Lake, which lies in the center of the corridor.

Highway 2/95 from Sandpoint to Bonners Ferry runs through the corridor. The corridor is also crossed by the Union Pacific Railroad and the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway. The corridor's concentration area extends along the highway for approximately 11 miles (18 km). Development for about 1 mile (1.6 km) on each side of the highway includes buildings, fences, roads and driveways. The many access roads along this stretch of the highway make fencing difficult.

## Environment

McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor is in a scenic area of Idaho. It contains conifer forests, forested or shrub wetlands and swamps, streams and rivers. The high-quality cold water streams are home to the only populations of interior redband trout known in Idaho, and are key to recovery of the threatened bull trout. Animals that migrate through the corridor include American black bear (Ursus americanus), Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), elk (Cervus canadensis), gray wolf (Canis lupus), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), moose (Alces americanus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and wolverine (Gulo gulo). The corridor supports six species that are federally listed or candidates to be considered threatened or endangered, and many others that are rare and sensitive.

As well as being a linkage area between the Selkirk and Cabinet Mountains the MLWC provides a winter range for moose and white-tailed deer. In the spring and early summer it is a natal area for several species of ungulate, who are at risk as they move around and cross the highway. In the summer it is more important for grizzlies. In fall and winter it is a residence area for ungulates. The corridor is known as an excellent area for hunting and fishing. Hunters target elk, mule deer, moose, white-tailed deer, black bear, mountain lion, waterfowl and upland game birds. The public also uses the corridor for hiking and berry picking.

## Vehicle collisions

The area has the greatest number of collisions with wildlife in Idaho. The animals move down to lower land in the winter, taking them to the Highway 95 area, called the "McArthur Killing Fields" by an employee of the Idaho Department of Transportation. In the winter of 1996 northern Idaho received an exceptional 19 feet (5.8 m) of snow, which forced deer, elk and moose to move down to the area around Route 95. The animals could easily cross the 2 feet (0.61 m) snow banks, but became confused and vulnerable on the icy highway. At least 200 deer were killed by collisions with cars that winter, as well as a few moose and elk. As of 2009 about 6,600 vehicles crossed the wildlife corridor daily on the highway. It was the top place for wildlife collisions in the state, with 34 collisions in 2007. Animals other than birds killed by vehicles are, in order of frequency, white-tailed deer, turtles, otter, moose, elk and wolverine.

At one stage there was funding for an underpass in the concentration area of the corridor, but for various reasons this was lost. When the culvert at the McArthur Lake Dam on Deep Creek is replaced by a bridge, that would be used to provide a passageway for wildlife. To the south of the culvert the topography and high water table make it difficult to install structures for wildlife crossings.

The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) under its Cabinet Yaak Wildlife Corridors program has given funding to The Nature Conservancy to provide safer passage of people and wildlife in the corridor. In January 2012 the NWFW granted $99,268 towards the McArthur Lake Wildlife Safety Project, which would attempt to reduce collisions between wildlife and vehicles on Highway 95 near Bonners Ferry. The Nature Conservancy was to match the Foundation funds, and to work with the Kootenai Valley Resource Initiative to implement the improvements, which would be selected based on cost-benefit analysis. These could include wildlife fencing and systems to detect animals and alert motorists.

## Protection efforts

In December 2010 it was reported that Walmart had donated $1 million to The Nature Conservancy to protect two recovery zones for grizzly bears and habitat for over twenty species of high conservation need in the 3,727 acres (1,508 ha) McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor. On 11 July 2013 The U.S. Forest Service announced a $4.1 million award to acquire a 6,847 acres (2,771 ha) conservation easement from Stimson Lumber Company within and adjoining the McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor. The checkerboard forest property was the largest single property in the MLWC to remain unprotected.

In September 2016 about 5,568 acres (2,253 ha) of forest to the east of McArthur Lake between Sandpoint and Bonners Ferry was placed under conservation easements, which compensate landowners for limiting uses such as development and subdivision, but allow sustainable forestry to continue. They would benefit wildlife, help local economies, improve water quality and support recreation. Funding was by Forest Legacy Funds, which come from the Land and Water Conservation Fund. This receives royalties from energy companies in return for permission to drill for oil and gas on the Outer Continental Shelf. The Idaho Department of Lands (IDL) obtained the easements through partnership between the Molpus Woodlands Group, the Idaho Department of Fish and Game, The Nature Conservancy and the United States Forest Service.

In April 2018 it was announced that 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of forest near Bonners Ferry would be placed under conservation easements. Half of the land was near Hall Mountain and half was in the McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor east of McArthur Lake. Public access for hunting, hiking and berry picking would still be allowed.

1. McArthur Lake – The Trust for Public Land.
2. Kellar 2011.
3. McArthur Lake Wildlife Safety Project.
4. McArthur Lake Wildlife Management Area – Idaho.
5. Chilson 2003.
6. Inghram, Servheen & Burak 2009, p. 377.
7. Nationally recognized North Idaho forests ...
8. McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor – NatureServe.
9. 2013 Priority Land Acquisition Projects LWCF ..., p. 6.
10. Forest Service Awards $44.2M to Conserve At-Risk Forests.
11. Crapo 2012.
12. Albers 2009.
13. Cabinet Yaak Wildlife Corridors – NFWF.
14. Cernansky 2010.
15. Francovich 2018.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor | |
| --- | --- |
| Sketch map | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 48°30′36″N 116°26′02″W / 48.510°N 116.434°W / 48.510; -116.434 |
| Designation | Wildlife corridor |
| Administrator | The Nature Conservancy,<br>Idaho Department of Lands |


title: McArthur River Mine Airport

abstract: McArthur River Mine Airport is an airport 0.5 nautical miles south of the McArthur River Mine townsite, Northern Territory, Australia.

text:
# McArthur River Mine Airport

**McArthur River Mine Airport** (IATA: **MCV**, ICAO: **YMHU**) is an airport 0.5 nautical miles (0.93 km; 0.58 mi) south of the McArthur River Mine townsite, Northern Territory, Australia.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| Airnorth | Darwin |

## InfoBox

| McArthur River Mine Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Private |
| Operator | McArthur River Mining Pty Ltd |
| Elevation AMSL | 136 ft / 41 m |
| Coordinates | 16°26′42″S 136°04′30″E / 16.44500°S 136.07500°E / -16.44500; 136.07500 |
| Website | atozairports.com |
| Map | |
| YMHULocation in the Northern Territory | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  06/24 2,500 8,202 | |
| Sources: Australian AIP and aerodrome chart | |


title: McBride, Mississippi

abstract: McBride is an unincorporated community located in Jefferson County, Mississippi, United States. A post office operated under the name McBride from 1890 to 1955.

text:
# McBride, Mississippi

**McBride** is an unincorporated community located in Jefferson County, Mississippi, United States. A post office operated under the name McBride from 1890 to 1955.

## InfoBox

| McBride, Mississippi | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| McBrideMcBride | |
| Coordinates: 31°45′57″N 90°46′56″W / 31.76583°N 90.78222°W / 31.76583; -90.78222 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| County | Jefferson |
| Elevation | 348 ft (106 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Zip code | 39668 |
| Area code(s) | 601 & 769 |
| GNIS feature ID | 692054 |