title: Office of Child Support Enforcement

abstract: The Office of Child Support Services (OCSS) is a United States government office responsible for overseeing the U.S. child support program. Child support is the obligation on parents to provide financial support for their children. OCSS was established with the Federal Government’s enactment of Child Support Enforcement and Paternity Establishment Program (CSE) in 1975, which was enacted to reduce welfare expenses by collecting child support from non-custodial parents. The mission of OCSS is to increase the reliability of child support paid by parents when they live apart from their children. The program accomplishes this by locating parents, establishing legal fatherhood (paternity), establishing and enforcing fair support orders, increasing health care coverage for children, removing barriers to payment, such as referring parents to employment services, supporting healthy co-parenting relationships, supporting responsible fatherhood, and helping to prevent and reduce family violence.

text:
# Office of Child Support Enforcement

**The Office of Child Support Services** (**OCSS**) is a United States government office responsible for overseeing the U.S. child support program. Child support is the obligation on parents to provide financial support for their children. OCSS was established with the Federal Government’s enactment of Child Support Enforcement and Paternity Establishment Program (CSE) in 1975, which was enacted to reduce welfare expenses by collecting child support from non-custodial parents.

The mission of OCSS is to increase the reliability of child support paid by parents when they live apart from their children. The program accomplishes this by locating parents, establishing legal fatherhood (paternity), establishing and enforcing fair support orders, increasing health care coverage for children, removing barriers to payment, such as referring parents to employment services, supporting healthy co-parenting relationships, supporting responsible fatherhood, and helping to prevent and reduce family violence.

## Program history

In 1935 a program was created as a result of the Social Security Act called the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). It was formed to service the needs of low-income or no-income families, and especially, the needs of children living in single parent homes. Particular focus was placed on children who had lost a parent to death or abandonment.

The need for services expanded over time as issues affecting dependent children changed. By the 1970s it was recognized that reasons for financial assistance had clearly evolved from AFDC’s original intent. As opposed to helping children who had lost one parent to death or abandonment, the majority of the needed aid increased because couples were divorcing, separating, or never had been married. Recognizing this, the Federal Government enacted the Child Support Enforcement and Paternity Establishment Program (CSE) in 1975. This act was put in place to not only pursue a parent who was responsible for the financial support of a child, but to also establish paternity for a child who is born outside of marriage, so child support can be collected from the biological father. The Law also amended the Social Security Act (Title IV, part D), authorizing Federal matching funds for enforcement purposes—locating nonresident parents, establishing paternity, establishing child support awards, and collecting child support payments.

OCSS was established with the Federal Government’s enactment of CSE of 1975. AFDC was abolished by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, and replaced by a much stricter legal standard known today as TANF—Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. TANF is a matching block grant program. States are required to meet certain federal standards in areas such as increasing paternal identification, linking networks between states to identify and locate parents and their assets (through the Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS)), and applying more enforcement techniques to receive the block grant funding.

## Organizational structure

State and tribal agencies are the primary administrators of the CSE program, but the federal office, OCSS, serves to direct and help state and tribal child support agencies. OCSS is an office within the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), which is a division of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). It helps states and tribes to design their programs, provides children medical and emotional support, technical assistance, funding, assistance in locating responsible parents, and assistance in collecting child support payments. For parents, the service provides referrals to employment, support for responsible fatherhood, and coparenting, and takes efforts to prevent and reduce family violence. The OCSS Commissioner is responsible for the U.S. child support program as a whole and OCSS conducts audits on the various state and tribal programs to ensure that they abide by federal statutes and have effective programs in place.

## Program budget and size

OCSS receives its funding from congressionally directed appropriations.

| Year | Appropriation |
| --- | --- |
| 2007 | $4.4b |
| 2008 | $4.3b |
| 2009 | $4.3b |
| 2010 | $4.7b |
| 2011 | $4.2b |
| 2012 | $3.9b |
| 2013 | $3.9b |
| 2014 | $4.0b |
| 2015 | $4.0b |
| 2016 | $4.0b |

In the 2010 fiscal year, the program collected $27.3 billion, of which 94% was distributed to families. In the 2011 fiscal year, OCSS served 17.3 million children and their parents nationwide.

## Program relationships with other programs/agencies

The OCSS does not directly provide services to individuals or families. They partner with and support other federal, state, tribal, and local agencies to administer their programs. They help these agencies comply with federal law and develop and maintain their programs. One of the ways they do this is by working together to implement information systems that support automated management of child support collections. Each state and tribe must have an automated system approved, certified, and monitored by OCSS.

Because of the partnership between the child support program and the nation’s financial institutions states have been able to significantly increase collections for families by freezing and seizing bank accounts to pay past due support debts. OCSS administers the Insurance Match program with insurance companies or their designated agents, state workers’ compensation agencies, and the U.S. Department of Labor.

Another important aspect of the child support program’s mission is to integrate research into effective child support policies. OCSS collaborates with grantees and many public and private partners to develop evidence-based research initiatives to produce the best outcomes for children and families.

OCSS also collects and analyzes data from state and tribal child support agencies. The data is used to develop an annual report to Congress, highlighting program achievements and statistics about caseload, collections and expenses.

OCSS proposes and implements national policy for the child support program. They also provide guidance and training to help states and tribes develop and operate their individual programs according to federal law.

OCSS offers two discretionary grant program opportunities that further the national child support program’s mission and goals: (1) Section 1115 Demonstration Grants, which contract with other agencies, faith- and community-based organizations, universities, or private consultants to join in these efforts and (2) Special Improvement Project (SIP) Grants, which provide federal funds for research and demonstration programs and special projects of regional or national significance relating to the operation of state child support programs.

## Program relationships with other levels of Government, nonprofits and businesses

Child support programs work with district or state attorneys, law enforcement agencies and officials of family or domestic relations courts to deliver services at the local level. OCSS is the U.S. central authority for international child support and provides assistance to families, states, and countries seeking support when family members live in different countries. OCSS works with many public and private partners to increase child support collections and help parents meet the financial needs of their children. Employers are vital to the child support program. The majority of child support (70%) is collected through direct wage withholding. Employers are responsible to report newly hired and terminated employees, withhold child support payments as ordered, enroll children in health care coverage, and remit child support to the State Disbursement Units.

A critical function of OCSS is authorized data matching. Employers are required to report newly hired employees to their designated state agency. OCSS gathers and maintains these records to match against state child support records to locate parents who owe child support, locate income sources and prevent erroneous payments and fraudulent access to government benefit programs.

## Challenges

OCSS has many enforcement tools to collect child support such as wage withholding, and bank account seizures. OSCS also has tools to punish those who do not comply, such as driver’s license and passport suspensions. The challenge that the OCSS faces is what to do when such tools do not work. Unemployment throws a wrench in these processes. As an example, whenever there is an economic downturn many single parents who are not well educated or well-trained are the first to lose their jobs and the last to be rehired. As a result, they lose income that then cannot be collected for child support.

Other challenges that OCSS faces are balancing the rights and responsibilities of non-custodial parents with the needs of the custodial parent and child. Many non-custodial parents feel they are powerless in the child support establish and collection process. They will sometimes feel resentful and offended, which leads to a lack of cooperation in paying their child support.

Another challenge is establishing paternity and support orders for children that are a product of same sex relationships. For example, determining the support and custody of a child can be complicated because the courts need to take into consideration the biological parenthood of the child, and the rights of surrogate parents who desire to raise the child. Some courts will determine that a person who agrees to start a family with a same-sex partner, with plans to raise children together, is a parent and, therefore, is responsible for child support.

In conclusion, child support has evolved over time from serving families on welfare, or children who had lost parents to war and abandonment, to working through the complications of a modern society where parents with children are divorced, separated, or who were never married. Working with various public and private partners OCSS and their state affiliates collect billions of dollars in needed support for dependent children across the country.


title: Méharicourt

abstract: Méharicourt is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

text:
# Méharicourt

**Méharicourt** (French pronunciation: \[meaʁikuʁ\]) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

The commune is situated on the D39 and D131 crossroads, 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Amiens, in a small depression of a plateau, the start of the valley of the river Luce.

## History

The village name has evolved over the centuries, from "Mahéricourt" in 1135, through "Maharicourt", "Méhatincourt" and "Méharicours en Sangter". Some Roman remains, of coffins, have been found in the area. There was possibly a small camp there. As with much of the region, it suffered during the Hundred Years War and again during the Wars of Religion.

Méharicourt was a place of pilgrimage to the martyrs Saint Candide and Saint Flamidien. Their relics were carried from Rome in 1688 and presented to St. Martin's church by the Count of Tincourt.

By 1899, Méharicourt had three steam-powered factories employing 500 people, making linen products, socks, stockings and hunting jackets.

The linen industry provided prosperity throughout the 18th and 19th centuries and the village became chef-lieu, a title it lost to Rosières in later years. During the 19th century, the village was invaded by Cossacks in 1814–1815. In 1840, the streets were repaired and the church restored, by a grant of 3000 francs and the labour of the local unemployed. The bell-tower, built in 1607, was reconstructed in 1842 A school for girls and a refuge were built in 1863. The Second World War saw a German airfield built next to the village, with building materials taken from the town hall of Rosières.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 429 |  |
| 1975 | 485 | +1.77% |
| 1982 | 512 | +0.78% |
| 1990 | 480 | −0.80% |
| 1999 | 538 | +1.28% |
| 2007 | 596 | +1.29% |
| 2012 | 568 | −0.96% |
| 2017 | 589 | +0.73% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Méharicourt | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A 1905 view of Méharicourt | |
| Location of Méharicourt | |
| MéharicourtMéharicourt | |
| Coordinates: 49°47′58″N 2°43′58″E / 49.7994°N 2.7328°E / 49.7994; 2.7328 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Somme |
| Arrondissement | Péronne |
| Canton | Moreuil |
| Intercommunality | CC Terre de Picardie |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Claire Fournet |
| Area**1** | 7.01 km2 (2.71 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 564 |
| Density | 80/km2 (210/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 80524 /80170 |
| Elevation | 78–94 m (256–308 ft)
(avg. 82 m or 269 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Peter Branson

abstract: Rear-Admiral Cecil Robert Peter Charles Branson CBE was a Royal Navy officer who was Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Operations) from 1975 until 1977. Born in Saint-Malo, France, Cecil Robert Peter Charles Branson grew up speaking fluent French and English. He had the rare distinction of being twice torpedoed while under training with the Royal Navy. In 1956, he was given command of the anti-submarine frigate HMS Roebuck and later given command of HMS Rooke, the naval base at Gibraltar. He retired from the Navy in March 1977.

text:
# Peter Branson

Rear-Admiral **Cecil Robert Peter Charles Branson** CBE (30 March 1924 – 1 January 2011) was a Royal Navy officer who was Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Operations) from 1975 until 1977.

Born in Saint-Malo, France, Cecil Robert Peter Charles Branson grew up speaking fluent French and English. He had the rare distinction of being twice torpedoed while under training with the Royal Navy. In 1956, he was given command of the anti-submarine frigate HMS Roebuck and later given command of HMS Rooke, the naval base at Gibraltar. He retired from the Navy in March 1977.


title: Yarmouk Private University

abstract: Yarmouk Private University is a private university located on the international Highway connecting Damascus to Dara’a, 45 km away from Damascus, Syria. It lies amidst four governorates, Rif Dimashq, Daraa, Al-Suweida, and Quneitra. It was created under Presidential Decree No. 262 on the 2007. Having ensured its possession of the various aspects of accreditation, it was inaugurated by the Minister of Higher Education on 29/10/2008.

text:
# Yarmouk Private University

**Yarmouk Private University** is a private university located on the international Highway connecting Damascus to Dara’a, 45 km (27.96 miles) away from Damascus, Syria. It lies amidst four governorates, Rif Dimashq, Daraa, Al-Suweida, and Quneitra. It was created under Presidential Decree No. 262 on the 2007. Having ensured its possession of the various aspects of accreditation, it was inaugurated by the Minister of Higher Education on 29/10/2008.

## Faculties

1. Faculty of Information and Communication Engineering
2. Faculty of Business Administration
3. Faculty of Civil Engineering
4. Faculty of Architecture
5. Faculty of Pharmacy
6. Faculty of Design & Fine Arts

## International agreements

Below is a list of universities with which agreements have been signed until July 2012.

* University of Queensland in Australia
* University of Alberta in Canada
* Malaya University in Malaysia
* Multimedia University in Malaysia
* Weihenstephan University in Germany
* Al-Hosn University in the United Arab Emirates
* Wessex Institute in the United Kingdom
* Petra University in Jordan
* Yarmouk University in Jordan
* Cannes University in France
* University of Nicosia in Cyprus
* University of L'Aquila in Italy
* University of Barcelona in Spain

### Membership in Association of Arab Universities

In the 43rd round of the General Conference of Arab Universities League, held at Surt University in the Great People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on 20-21/4-2010, YPU officially became a participating member of the League.

## InfoBox

Yarmouk Private University
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Private |
| Established | 2007 |
| President | Dr. Adel Safar |
| Location | Jabab, Daraa Governorate, <br>Syria |
| Website | www.ypu.edu.sy |


title: Utetheisa albipuncta

abstract: Utetheisa albipuncta is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Druce in 1888. It is found on the Solomon Islands and the Bismarck Archipelago.

text:
# Utetheisa albipuncta

***Utetheisa albipuncta*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Druce in 1888. It is found on the Solomon Islands and the Bismarck Archipelago.

## Subspecies

* *Utetheisa albipuncta albipuncta* (Solomon Islands)
* *Utetheisa albipuncta zoilides* Prout, 1920 (Bismarck Archipelago: Rook Island, New Britain and New Ireland)

## InfoBox

| *Utetheisa albipuncta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Utetheisa* |
| Species: | ***U. albipuncta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utetheisa albipuncta***<br>(Druce, 1888) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Deilemera albipuncta* Druce, 1888 * *Nyctemera albipuncta zoilides* Prout, 1920 * *Deilemera albipuncta bougainvillensis* Strand in Niepelt & Strand, 1916 | |


title: Plum-throated cotinga

abstract: The plum-throated cotinga is a species of bird in the family Cotingidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical swamps, and heavily degraded former forest.

text:
# Plum-throated cotinga

The **plum-throated cotinga** (***Cotinga maynana***) is a species of bird in the family Cotingidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical swamps, and heavily degraded former forest.

## Taxonomy

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the plum-throated cotinga in his *Ornithologie* based on a specimen collected in Maynas Province, Peru. He used the French name *Le cotinga des Mayas* and the Latin *Cotinga Maynanensis*. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his *Systema Naturae* for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the plum-throated cotinga. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name *Ampelis maynana* and cited Brisson's work. This species is now placed in the genus *Cotinga* that was introduced by Brisson in 1760. The plum-throated cotinga is monotypic.

## InfoBox

| Plum-throated cotinga | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Cotingidae |
| Genus: | *Cotinga* |
| Species: | ***C. maynana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cotinga maynana***
(Linnaeus, 1766) | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Ampelis maynana* Linnaeus, 1766 | |


title: Gajahmada Mojosari Stadium

abstract: Gajahmada Mojosari Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Mojosari, Mojokerto Regency, Indonesia. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is used as the home stadium for PS Mojokerto Putra. The stadium has a capacity of 10,000 people.

text:
# Gajahmada Mojosari Stadium

**Gajahmada Mojosari Stadium** is a multi-use stadium in Mojosari, Mojokerto Regency, Indonesia. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is used as the home stadium for PS Mojokerto Putra. The stadium has a capacity of 10,000 people.

7°30′39″S 112°32′59″E / 7.51083°S 112.54972°E / -7.51083; 112.54972

## InfoBox

Gajahmada Mojosari Stadium
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Stadion Gajahmada Mojosari |
| Location | Mojosari, Mojokerto Regency, East Java, Indonesia |
| Coordinates | 7°30′39″S 112°32′59″E / 7.51083°S 112.54972°E / -7.51083; 112.54972 |
| Owner | Government of Mojokerto Regency |
| Operator | Government of Mojokerto Regency |
| Capacity | 10,000 |
| Surface | Grass field |
| Tenants | |
| PS Mojokerto Putra<br>AC Majapahit | |


title: Schoenobius retractalis

abstract: Schoenobius retractalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1919. It is found in Guyana. The wingspan is 16 mm. The basal area of the forewings is white with a cupreous-brown costal edge. There is a patch of cupreous-brown suffusion and a black antemedial line. The medial area is cupreous brown with a white streak below the costa. The hindwings are silky white with a cupreous-brown terminal line.

text:
# Schoenobius retractalis

***Schoenobius retractalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1919. It is found in Guyana.

The wingspan is 16 mm. The basal area of the forewings is white with a cupreous-brown costal edge. There is a patch of cupreous-brown suffusion and a black antemedial line. The medial area is cupreous brown with a white streak below the costa. The hindwings are silky white with a cupreous-brown terminal line.

## InfoBox

| *Schoenobius retractalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Schoenobius* |
| Species: | ***S. retractalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Schoenobius retractalis***<br>(Hampson, 1919) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Argyria retractalis* Hampson, 1919 | |


title: Petronella van Randwijk

abstract: Petronella "Nel" Phillemina Johanna van Randwijk was a Dutch gymnast. She won the gold medal as member of the Dutch gymnastics team at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. She was born in Utrecht and died in The Hague.

text:
# Petronella van Randwijk

**Petronella "Nel" Phillemina Johanna van Randwijk** (14 September 1905 – 21 September 1978) was a Dutch gymnast. She won the gold medal as member of the Dutch gymnastics team at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. She was born in Utrecht and died in The Hague.

## InfoBox

| Olympic medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Women's gymnastics | | |
| Representing the  Netherlands | | |
|  | 1928 Amsterdam | Team |


title: Oglala, South Dakota

abstract: Oglala is a census-designated place (CDP) in West Oglala Lakota Unorganized Territory equivalent, Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 1,282 at the 2020 census. Its location is in the northwest of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The community takes its name from the Oglala Lakota.

text:
# Oglala, South Dakota

**Oglala** (Lakota: *Oglála*; "he scatters his own") is a census-designated place (CDP) in West Oglala Lakota Unorganized Territory (civil township) equivalent, Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 1,282 at the 2020 census. Its location is in the northwest of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.

The community takes its name from the Oglala Lakota (also called the Oglala Sioux).

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 13.4 square miles (35 km2), of which 12.5 square miles (32 km2) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2) (6.37%) is water. Oglala stands directly north of the Oglala Dam and its reservoir, Oglala Lake, completed in 1941.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | 422 |  |  |
| 2000 | 1,229 |  | 191.2% |
| 2010 | 1,290 |  | 5.0% |
| 2020 | 1,282 |  | −0.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,229 people, 229 households, and 201 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 98.3 inhabitants per square mile (38.0/km2). There were 279 housing units at an average density of 22.3 per square mile (8.6/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.78% Native American, 0.73% White, 0.08% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 0.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.33% of the population.

There were 229 households, out of which 53.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.1% were married couples living together, 41.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.2% were non-families. 10.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 5.31 and the average family size was 5.62.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 47.8% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 9.9% from 45 to 64, and 4.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 19 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $17,300, and the median income for a family was $19,688. Males had a median income of $15,781 versus $20,781 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $3,824. About 45.1% of families and 55.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 64.1% of those under age 18 and 52.3% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

The only school in Oglala is Isna Wica Owayawa, also known as Loneman Day School. It is administered by the Bureau of Indian Education and serves kindergarten through eighth grade.

## InfoBox

| Oglala, South Dakota Oglála | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| Location in Oglala Lakota County and the state of South Dakota | |
| Coordinates: 43°11′06″N 102°43′36″W / 43.18500°N 102.72667°W / 43.18500; -102.72667 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Dakota |
| County | Oglala Lakota |
| Civil township | West Oglala Lakota Unorganized Territory |
| Area | |
| Total | 13.36 sq mi (34.61 km2) |
| Land | 12.50 sq mi (32.38 km2) |
| Water | 0.86 sq mi (2.22 km2) |
| Elevation | 3,035 ft (925 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,282 |
| Density | 102.54/sq mi (39.59/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−6 (MDT) |
| ZIP code | 57764 |
| Area code | 605 |
| FIPS code | 46-46540 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2393169 |
| Website | www.lakotamall.com/oglalasiouxtribe/index.htm |


title: NATO Defense College

abstract: NATO Defense College (NDC) is the international military college for North Atlantic Treaty Organization countries. It is located in Rome, Italy.

text:
# NATO Defense College

**NATO Defense College**  (**NDC**) is the international military college for North Atlantic Treaty Organization countries. It is located in Rome, Italy.

## History

The idea of a NATO Defense College originated with General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the first Supreme Allied Commander Europe, who identified very early on the need for a new international institution with a unique education mission. On 19 November 1951, the NATO Defense College opened its doors to Course 1 in Paris. In 1966, France withdrew from the Alliance's integrated military structure and the College moved to the EUR quartier of Rome, where it continues to fulfil its mission.

On 10 September 1999, the new College building, twice the size of the old one, was inaugurated in Cecchignola Città Militare, a military zone 2 km from the former site. On 13–14 October 2016, the NATO Defense College celebrated the 50th anniversary of its move to Rome and the 65th anniversary of its foundation.

## Mission

In response to Strategic Guidance issued to the NDC by the North Atlantic Council and the NATO Military Committee (MC123/8), the NDC Mission is:

* Contribute to effectiveness and cohesion of Alliance
* Foster strategic level thinking on pol-mil matters
* Develop major center of education, study, and research:
    + Prepare selected officers and officials for important NATO and NATO-related multinational appointments
    + Conduct academic studies and research in support of the Alliance's wider goals
    + Support an active outreach programme with other educational institutions

> There is a high priority requirement to develop individuals, both on the military and on the civilian side, who will have a thorough grasp of the many complicated factors which are involved in the problem of creating an adequate defense posture for the North Atlantic Treaty area. These considerations have brought me to the conclusion that it is highly desirable to establish in the near future a NATO Defense College for the training of individuals who will be needed to serve in key capacities in NATO Organizations.
>
> General Dwight D. Eisenhower

## Organization

The commandant is an officer with the rank of Lieutenant-General. In July 2023, Lieutenant-General Max Arthur Lund Thorsø Nielsen of the Royal Danish Air Force assumed command.

To accomplish its mission the college is organized into four main divisions that perform education and research tasks coordinated by the dean (civilian equivalent of a 2-star general) of the college.

The divisions work closely together to provide breadth, flexibility and quality of high-level strategic education.

The Director of Enablement (a Brigadier General) supervises management of the NDC's financial and technical resources with the aim of improving the quality of life in the college and creating the best conditions for work and study.

## Core business

### Education

Six regular courses are held at the college:

* The Senior Course: The most important course at the NDC. It lasts 5½ months and runs twice a year. Some 15 weeks are spent in the college, with the rest of the time on Field Studies. There is a 2-3 day crisis management exercise at the end of the Course. The Course is open to officers (Colonels, Lieutenant Colonels) and civilian officials and diplomats (of equivalent rank). Over 200 attend each year (approximately 25% civilian). The Senior Course is open not only to NATO nations but also to Partnership for Peace-Mediterranean Dialogue-Istanbul Cooperation Initiative nations, Contact Countries and Iraq.
* Generals, Flag Officers & Ambassadors' Course (GFOAC): This high-level course seeks to enhance mutual understanding of security concerns and of NATO's interests and capabilities among Generals and Flag Officers and high-ranking civilians including ambassadors from NATO, PfP, Med Dialogue and ICI nations, Contact Countries & Iraq. It also provides opportunities for networking among one- to three-star officers and civilians of equivalent rank.
* NATO Regional Cooperation Course (NRCC): Commissioned by the North Atlantic Council at the Riga summit in 2006, after two years of preparation the NRCC was inaugurated at the College in 2009 to link issues of concern to both MD and ICI Nations and NATO, and to develop mutual understanding and networking among participants. It shares lecturers with the Senior Course (40% of the time), and also has its own separate facilities and lecturers, mostly from the ME region, and its own Faculty Advisors and staff. The NRCC offers a ten-week academic programme twice each year.
* Modular Short Courses (MSCs): The NDC offers five MSCs during every Senior Course for the duration 5 days. This is an opportunity for military officers and civilian officials who may not be able to attend the NDC for a six-month period. Each MSC is designed to both inform and stimulate the participants by providing the opportunity to improve their knowledge and develop their understanding of some of the key political, economic, socio-cultural, defence and security related issues which may have worldwide implications for global and Alliance security.
* Senior Executive Regional Conference (SERC): This week-long conference is dedicated to a select, high-profile group of diplomats, senior officials, high-ranking officers, policy planners and researchers, from NATO member states as well as from the Alliance's partner countries in the Gulf and Mediterranean area. Participants successfully engaged in an intensive week of study, dialogue and open discussion on the strategic issues which are currently of particular relevance to the security of the countries represented.
* Integrated Partner Orientation Course (IPOC): The aim of the Integrated Partner Orientation Course (IPOC) is to improve participants' knowledge of the NATO Alliance; its missions, roles and priorities; its internal structures and organisation; and its external relations with partner nations and international institutions. The course examines the way in which each of these elements is evolving to reflect changes in the international security environment, which is similar to the structure of the NDC Senior Course.

### Research

Research at the NATO Defense College, carried out by the Research Division (RD), provides the NATO's senior leaders with timely analyses and recommendations on current issues concerning the Alliance. The activities of the RD can help to convey NATO's positions to the wider audience of the international strategic community. The RD performs its tasks mainly through research papers – short academic essays and academic reports, and forum papers – in-depth studies, analyses and reports.

Over the last year, the Research Division published about 20 studies and analyses, about 30 articles in journals (*International Herald Tribune*, *International Affairs*, *Defense News*, *Politique Étrangère*, *Washington Times*, etc.), was regularly quoted in the *New York Times*, *Newsweek*, *Le Figaro* and news agencies, etc. The RD also organized 8 conferences and workshops and co-facilitated Reykjavik Conferences on Arctic Security and a Military Committee workshop on the Strategic Concept.

### Outreach activities

The NDC has four main outreach activities:

#### The Conference of Commandants (of Defence Colleges)

Which has a dual purpose.

* firstly, to facilitate the exchange of information between those responsible for higher defence education with a view to improving curricula and teaching methods;
* secondly, to promote cooperation in higher defence education between colleges in NATO countries and their counterparts in central and east European and Mediterranean Dialogue countries.

#### Kyiv Week

NATO's support for senior military education in Ukraine started with the first "International Week", held in February 2001. Since then a similar course has been running every year involving more than 500 participants at a time. The formal aims of the International Week are:

* to improve knowledge of NATO, its organization and working methods;
* to discuss the challenges facing the Atlantic Alliance and its partners in today's security environment;
* to address key, current issues in the field of international security; \*to demonstrate the importance of a strong partnership between Ukraine and NATO.

#### The Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes

Was established in 1999 at the Washington Summit as a Consortium of the Willing and founded in the spirit of Partnership for Peace (PfP). By Military Committee direction, the NATO Defense College "is the focal military point of contact within NATO" for the consortium, composed of 300 organizations in 46 countries. The NDC is actively involved in 6 of the 10 working groups.

#### Advanced Distributed Learning

ADL's goal is to provide learning systems that are both more effective and more cost-effective. Course members must follow at least one of the three different ADL courses, to ensure that they have all attained the same level of knowledge before embarking on the Senior Course.

The Introduction to NATO (the NATO Defense College is the content provider for this course); European Security and Defence Policy, and RMA - the Revolution in Military Affairs.

## Commandants

The NATO Defense College commandants have been:

* 1951-1953 - Admiral André-Georges Lemonnier (French Navy)
* 1953-1955 - Air Marshal Sir Lawrence Darvall (Royal Air Force)
* 1955-1957 - Lieutenant General Clovis E. Byers (U.S. Army)
* 1957-1958 - Lieutenant General E. De Renzi (Italian Army)
* 1958 - Major General E.N.K. Estcourt (British Army) - Acting Commandant
* 1958-1959 - Air Lieutenant General Tekin Arıburun (Turkish Air Force)
* 1959-1961 - Lieutenant General O. Harteon (Belgian Army)
* 1961-1963 - Lieutenant General U. De Martino (Italian Army)
* 1963-1965 - Lieutenant General Wolf Graf Von Baudissin (German Army)
* 1965-1966 - Lieutenant General D.S. Fanali (Italian Air Force)
* 1966-1968 - Lieutenant General E. Tufte Johnsen (Royal Norwegian Air Force)
* 1968-1970 - Lieutenant General Şefik Erensü (Turkish Army)
* 1970-1974 - Vice Admiral J.E. O'Brien (Canadian Forces (Maritime))
* 1974-1976 - Lieutenant General Eigil Wolff (Danish Army)
* 1976-1979 - Lieutenant General R.J.W. Heslinga (Royal Netherlands Army)
* 1979-1981 - Vice Admiral Sir Lancelot Bell-Davies (Royal Navy)
* 1981-1984 - Lieutenant General J.G. Kotsolakis (Greek Air Force)
* 1984-1987 - Lieutenant General F.l.S. Uhle-Wettler (German Army)
* 1987-1989 - Lieutenant General A. Everaert (Belgian Army)
* 1989-1993 - Lieutenant General P.M.A. Castelo Branco (Portuguese Air Force)
* 1993-1996 - Lieutenant General R.J. Evraire (Canadian Forces (Land))
* 1996-1999 - Lieutenant General Lecea Dezcallar (Spanish Army)
* 1999-2002 - Lieutenant General H. Olboeter (German Air Force)
* 2002-2005 - Lieutenant General J.P. Raffene (French Army)
* 2005-2008 - Lieutenant General M. Vankeirsbilck (Belgian Air Component)
* 2008-2011 - Lieutenant General Wolf-Dieter Loeser (German Army)
* 2011-2014 - Lieutenant General Arne Bård Dalhaug (Norwegian Army)
* 2014-2016 - Major General Janusz Bojarski (Polish Air Force)
* 2016–2020 - Lieutenant General Chris Whitecross (Royal Canadian Air Force)
* 2020–2023 - Lieutenant General Olivier Rittimann (French Army)
* 2023-present - Lieutenant General Max Arthur Lund Thorsø Nielsen (Royal Danish Air Force)

41°48′25″N 12°29′28″E / 41.807°N 12.491°E / 41.807; 12.491

## InfoBox

NATO Defense College
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | *Unitatem alentes* |
| Established | 19 November 1951 |
| Location | Rome, Italy |
| Website | ndc.nato.int |


title: Perovići, Zavidovići

abstract: Perovići is a village in the municipality of Zavidovići, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Perovići, Zavidovići

**Perovići** is a village in the municipality of Zavidovići, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 1,155.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bosniaks | 1,132 | 98.0% |
| Serbs | 6 | 0.5% |
| other/undeclared | 17 | 1.5% |
| **Total** | **1,155** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Perovići Перовићи | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Perovići | |
| Coordinates: 44°28′31″N 18°14′56″E / 44.4753013°N 18.2489534°E / 44.4753013; 18.2489534 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Zenica-Doboj |
| Municipality | Zavidovići |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.11 sq mi (13.23 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 1,155 |
| Density | 230/sq mi (87/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Mytilaster lineatus

abstract: Mytilaster lineatus is a species of marine mussel, distributed in European waters. It is common in Greece, Russia and Ukraine. It is referred as an introduced species in the Caspian Sea.

text:
# Mytilaster lineatus

***Mytilaster lineatus*** is a species of marine mussel, distributed in European waters. It is common in Greece, Russia and Ukraine (Mediterranean and Black Seas). It is referred as an introduced species in the Caspian Sea.

## InfoBox

| *Mytilaster lineatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Mytilida |
| Family: | Mytilidae |
| Genus: | *Mytilaster* |
| Species: | ***M. lineatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mytilaster lineatus***<br>(Gmelin, 1791) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mytilus baldi* Brusina, 1865 * *Mytilus confusus* Dillwyn, 1817 * *Mytilus crispus* Cantraine, 1835 * *Mytilus lamarckii* Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1890 * *Mytilus lineatus* Gmelin, 1791 * *Mytilus lineatus* var. *minorsolida* Monterosato, 1875 * *Mytilus minimus* var. *squalidermis* Danilo & Sandri, 1856 * *Mytilus scaber* Krynicki, 1837 | |


title: Utetheisa abraxoides

abstract: Utetheisa abraxoides is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1862. It is found on Borneo. The habitat consists of upper montane forests.

text:
# Utetheisa abraxoides

***Utetheisa abraxoides*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1862. It is found on Borneo. The habitat consists of upper montane forests.

## InfoBox

| *Utetheisa abraxoides* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Utetheisa* |
| Species: | ***U. abraxoides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utetheisa abraxoides***<br>(Walker, 1862) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Nyctemera abraxoides* Walker, 1862 | |


title: Pleuromeia

abstract: Pleuromeia is an extinct genus of lycophytes related to modern quillworts (Isoetes). Pleuromeia dominated vegetation during the Early Triassic all over Eurasia and elsewhere, in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event. During this period it often occurred in monospecific assemblages. Its sedimentary context in monospecific assemblages on immature paleosols, is evidence that it was an opportunistic pioneer plant that grew on mineral soils with little competition. It spread to high latitudes with greenhouse climatic conditions.

text:
# Pleuromeia

***Pleuromeia*** is an extinct genus of lycophytes related to modern quillworts (*Isoetes*). *Pleuromeia* dominated vegetation during the Early Triassic all over Eurasia and elsewhere, in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event. During this period it often occurred in monospecific assemblages. Its sedimentary context in monospecific assemblages on immature paleosols, is evidence that it was an opportunistic pioneer plant that grew on mineral soils with little competition. It spread to high latitudes with greenhouse climatic conditions.

## Description

*Pleuromeia* consisted of a single unbranched stem of variable thickness, which could grow to a maximum of 2 metres (6.6 ft) high in *P. sternbergi*, (though they were typically smaller), with *P. jiaochengensis* only reaching about 30 centimetres (0.98 ft) in height. Around the stem were helically arranged triangular leaves, which became tapered towards their ends. These were attached to rhomboidal-shaped leaf bases on the stem. It had a 2-4 lobed bulbous base to which numerous adventive roots were attached. *Pleuromeia* produced a single heterosporus large cone (strobilus) at the tip of the stem or in some species many smaller cones. The top of the cone carries microsporophylls, the lower part megasporophylls, and both types may be intercalated midlength. Sporophylls are disposed from the bottom up. Both types are obovate, with a round to ovoid sporangium and a tongue-like extension nearer to the tip on the upper/inner side. The trilete microspores are hollow, round and 30–40 μm in diameter. Megaspores have a layered outer skin with a small trilete mark, are also hollow, round to ovoid and up to 300–400 μm in diameter. The megaspores and microspores are assigned to *Trileites* and *Densoisporites* respectively.

## Ecology

Dense populations of *Pleuromeia*, in the aftermath of Permian–Triassic extinction event, are recorded around the world from habitats ranging from semi-arid to tidal. Analysis suggest that they were perennial plants with relatively slow growth rates. However it is likely that they were also capable of rapid growth shortly prior to reproduction at the end of their lifespan. Their spores were likely able to survive long periods of dormancy, forming spore banks in the soil that were able to germinate long after the parent plants had died. Like modern quillworts, it has been suggested that *Pleuromeia* had Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)-type carbon fixation and/or used the Lycopsid Photosynthetic Pathway, as well intaking carbon dioxide from its roots. It is likely that while *Pleuromeia* was stress tolerant, it was poorly competitive against other plants under less stressed growing conditions, which may have been due to the much lower efficiency of the CAM-type carbon fixation compared to the typical C3 type used by other plants.

## Taxonomy

When the Cathedral of Magdeburg was under repair during the 1830s, a block of sandstone crashed and split open, revealing a fragment of the stem of *Pleuromeia sternbergi*. This was described by George Graf zu Munster in 1839 as a species of *Sigillaria*. Corda later assigned the species to the new genus *Pleuromeya*. The sandstone had been mined in a quarry near Bernburg (Saale) where later on numerous specimens of *Pleuromeia* were found, including cones. *P. sternbergi* has since been found in other Lower and Middle Buntsandstein deposits elsewhere in Germany, France and Spain. Other species have been described from several localities in Russia, Australia, South America and Japan.

*Pleuromeia* is placed in the family Pleuromeiaceae within the Isoetales, closely related to Isoetaceae, the family which contains modern *Isoetes*. Around 20 species of *Pleuromeia* have been described, predominantly from the Northern Hemisphere, though it is not clear that all of these species are valid.

Table of species after Deng et al. 2023.

| Species | Age | Location |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Pleuromeia altinis* | Induan | North China |
| *Pleuromeia epicharis* | Olenekian | North China |
| *Pleuromeia hataii* | Olenekian | Japan |
| *Pleuromeia jiaochengensis* | Induan | North China |
| *Pleuromeia jokunzhica* | Olenekian - Anisian | Darvaz, Kazakhstan |
| *Pleuromeia longicaulis (Cylostrobus sydneyensis)* | Lower Triassic | Eastern Australia |
| *Pleuromeia marginulata* | Anisian | South China |
| *Pleuromeia obovata* | Ladinian | North China |
| *Pleuromeia olenekensis* | Olenekian | Siberia (Russia) |
| *Pleuromeia pateriformis* | Induan | North China |
| *Pleuromeia reniformis* | Olenekian | Eastern Australia |
| *Pleuromeia rossica* | Olenekian | Upper Volga, Russia |
| *Pleuromeia sanxiaensis* | Anisian | South China |
| *Pleuromeia shaolinii* | Anisian | Northeast China |
| *Pleuromeia sternbergii* | Olenekian to Ladinian? | Across Eurasia (from Western Europe to China) and possibly Argentina |
| *Pleuromeia sp. 1* | Olenekian | Taimyr, Russia |
| *Pleuromeia sp. 2* | Olenekian | Nevada, USA |

The placement of the species *Pleuromeia dubia* from the Early Triassic of Australia in the genus has been questioned, due to its anatomy strongly differing from the typical species of the genus.

## Evolutionary history

The earliest members of the genus are known from the earliest Triassic (Induan) of North China, with the genus becoming abundant and globally distributed during the following Olenekian. During the Anisian, the genus declined following the development of a more warm humid climate and the subsequent diversification of other plant groups, with the youngest records of the genus being from the early Ladinian of North China, around 241.0-241.6 million years ago, with the genus likely being extinct by the beginning of the Late Triassic.

## InfoBox

| *Pleuromeia*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Whole plant reconstruction of *Pleuromeia sternbergi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Lycophytes |
| Class: | Lycopodiopsida |
| Order: | Isoetales |
| Family: | Pleuromeiaceae |
| Genus: | *Pleuromeia*
Corda (1852) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Sigillaria sternbergi*
Corda, 1839 | |
| Species | |
| See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Lycomeia* | |


title: Max Waechter

abstract: Sir Max Leonard Waechter was a businessman, art collector, philanthropist and advocate of a federal Europe.

text:
# Max Waechter

**Sir Max Leonard Waechter** (3 October 1837 – 3 October 1924) was a businessman, art collector, philanthropist and advocate of a federal Europe.

## Career

Waechter was born in Stettin, then in Germany and now Szczecin in Poland. His father was Julius Leonard Waechter, a Lutheran pastor. He went to England in 1859 and was naturalised as a British citizen in 1865.

Waechter became a partner in Bessler, Waechter, and Co., a merchant firm. He advocated improved relations between Britain and Germany and in 1913 founded the European Federation League.

Waechter lived in Terrace House on Richmond Hill. He held the post of High Sheriff of Surrey in 1902.

Waechter was made a Knight Bachelor in the 1902 Birthday Honours and knighted by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 18 December 1902.

## Family

Waechter married twice. His first wife, whom he married at St John the Divine, Richmond in 1873, was Harriett Shallcross, whose father, the Liberal MP Thomas Cave, owned Queensberry House. His second wife was Armatrude Hobart. His only son, Harry Waechter, also a businessman and philanthropist, was created a baronet in 1911.

## Death and legacy

Waechter contributed, anonymously, to a fund established to erect a memorial in Richmond to Princess Mary, Duchess of Teck; a memorial fountain was erected outside the Richmond Gate to Richmond Park. Waechter owned Glover's Island which he donated to the Borough of Richmond in 1900. He helped preserve the view from Richmond across the river by preventing destructive development.

Waechter died in 1924 and is buried in Richmond Cemetery.

## Publications

* Waechter, Max: *European Federation: A Lecture Delivered at the London Institution on the 25th February 1909*, Jordan & Sons, Limited, 1909, 15pp.
* Waechter, Max: *The United States of Europe: How to Make War Impossible*, Twentieth Century Press, 1922, 11pp.
* Waechter, Max: *How to Abolish War: The United States of Europe*, 1924, 12pp.
* Waechter, Max: *The Principal Lesson of the Balkan Wars* OCLC 82740175

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Max Waechter | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Stettin, Germany |
| Died | 1924 |
| Nationality | German; naturalised as a British citizen in 1865 |
| Occupation(s) | businessman, art collector and philanthropist |
| Known for | his advocacy of a federal Europe |


title: Galerga hyposticta

abstract: Galerga hyposticta is a species of butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found in eastern Madagascar. The habitat consists of forests.

text:
# Galerga hyposticta

***Galerga hyposticta*** is a species of butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found in eastern Madagascar. The habitat consists of forests.

## InfoBox

| *Galerga hyposticta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hesperiidae |
| Genus: | *Galerga* |
| Species: | ***G. hyposticta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Galerga hyposticta***<br>Mabille, 1898 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Arnetta hyposticta* (Mabille, 1898) * *Arnetta (Galerga) hyposticta* (Mabille, 1898) | |


title: Ian Connell

abstract: Ian Michael Connell is an Australian former cricketer and senior planner. He was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Hobart, Tasmania. Connell played a single List A match for Tasmania against England A in February 1993. He took the wickets of Paul Prichard and Dominic Cork for the cost of 47 runs from 11 overs, with Tasmania winning by 24 runs. He made no further appearances for Tasmania following this match.

text:
# Ian Connell

**Ian Michael Connell** (born 17 February 1974) is an Australian former cricketer and senior planner. He was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Hobart, Tasmania.

Connell played a single List A match for Tasmania against England A in February 1993. He took the wickets of Paul Prichard and Dominic Cork for the cost of 47 runs from 11 overs, with Tasmania winning by 24 runs. He made no further appearances for Tasmania following this match.

## InfoBox

Ian Connell
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Ian Michael Connell |
| Born | (1974-02-07) 7 February 1974<br>Hobart, Tasmania, Australia |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast-medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1992/93 | Tasmania |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition List A  Matches 1  Runs scored   Batting average   100s/50s /  Top score   Balls bowled 66  Wickets 2  Bowling average 23.50  5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling 2/47  Catches/stumpings / | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 5 October 2011 | |


title: Official victim

abstract: The official victim enhancement is a 3- or 6-level increase under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines that applies when a person knowingly commits a crime against a government official and is motivated by that person's status. The provision also states, "If the official victim is an exceptionally high-level official, such as the President or the Vice President of the United States, an upward departure may be warranted due to the potential disruption of the governmental function." There are many crimes against federal officials that do not require, as an element of the offense, that the offender know the status of the victim, but this enhancement does. The victimization of the government official need not be the offense of conviction; it is possible, for instance, for the defendant to be convicted of robbing a bank and to get the official victim enhancement for harming a uniformed police officer as he escapes. The assault on the officer is considered relevant conduct. In cases involving threats against the President of the United States, courts have applied the official victim enhancement, rejecting arguments that in order for it to apply, "the President actually [had] been harmed, or... [knew] of the existence of the defendant's letter." There has been a circuit split in the federal appellate courts as to whether crimes against local government officials qualify for the official victim enhancement. 0.1% of federal cases involve the official victim enhancement. The term "official victim" also is used in victimology to refer to a four-stage process in which a person progresses from being a harmed, injured or suffering person(s) to perceiving or defining oneself as a victim, to claiming the victim role from social control agents or significant others and then to social control agents' recognition of the role claim — becoming an 'official victim' and receiving compensatory and supportive actions by social control agents.

text:
# Official victim

The **official victim** enhancement is a 3- or 6-level increase under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines that applies when a person knowingly commits a crime against a government official and is motivated by that person's status. The provision also states, "If the official victim is an exceptionally high-level official, such as the President or the Vice President of the United States, an upward departure may be warranted due to the potential disruption of the governmental function." There are many crimes against federal officials that do not require, as an element of the offense, that the offender know the status of the victim, but this enhancement does. The victimization of the government official need not be the offense of conviction; it is possible, for instance, for the defendant to be convicted of robbing a bank and to get the official victim enhancement for harming a uniformed police officer as he escapes. The assault on the officer is considered relevant conduct. In cases involving threats against the President of the United States, courts have applied the official victim enhancement, rejecting arguments that in order for it to apply, "the President actually \[had\] been harmed, or ... \[knew\] of the existence of the defendant's letter." There has been a circuit split in the federal appellate courts as to whether crimes against local government officials qualify for the official victim enhancement. 0.1% of federal cases involve the official victim enhancement.

The term "official victim" also is used in victimology to refer to a four-stage process in which a person progresses from being a harmed, injured or suffering person(s) to perceiving or defining oneself as a victim, to claiming the victim role from social control agents or significant others and then to social control agents' recognition of the role claim  becoming an 'official victim' and receiving compensatory and supportive actions by social control agents.


title: Mélissa Nkonda

abstract: Mélissa Nkonda, is a French singer. She is known for having participated in season 7 of the French reality show Nouvelle Star in 2009. In 2010, she won a contest called Je veux signer chez AZ, organized by the French record label AZ. It was at the end of the contest that she signed a contract with that label.

text:
# Mélissa Nkonda

**Mélissa Nkonda** (born November 6, 1990, in Saint-Saulve, Nord, France), is a French singer.

She is known for having participated in season 7 of the French reality show *Nouvelle Star* in 2009. In 2010, she won a contest called *Je veux signer chez AZ* (I want to sign with AZ), organized by the French record label AZ. It was at the end of the contest that she signed a contract with that label.

## Career

Mélissa is the daughter of an Algerian mother and a Cameroonian father.

In 2008, Mélissa's mother signed her up for the casting of the 7th season of the reality TV show *Nouvelle Star*, which was broadcast from March to June 2009. After having gone up to the prime, Mélissa Nkonda was eliminated at the end of the third prime, she regret that it had to do with "infernal machinery," where "there wasn't any opportunity for improvisation, everything is planned right up to the nail polish." She then admitted "the happiest day of my life was when I went home." At the end, she said there was "nothing positive" about it, explaining that it's just a show that "only serve to crush artists in public."

Her first album, *Nouveaux Horizons*, allowed her to work most notably with French rapper Soprano, whom she would be part of a duo with (remix by Nouveaux Horizons), V V Brown, and RedOne. Her first single, also called *Nouveaux Horizons*, was successful since its release. It's one of the most played singles on radio and TV since the summer of 2011.

In July 2011, she released her second single *J'ai fait tout ça pour vous* with V V Brown.

In October 2011, following a remake of her album *Nouveaux Horizons* she released her single *Africa*.

In April 2012, she did a duo with American singer Andy Grammer with the song *Keep Your Head Up* (French title: Relève la tête).

## Discography

### Albums

| Year | Album | Chart position | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | FR
 | BE | CH |
| 2011 | *Nouveaux Horizons* | 39 | 3 | 12 |

### Singles

| Year | Songs | Chart positions | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | FR
 | BE | CH |
| 2011 | "Nouveaux Horizons" | 20 | 1 | 27 |
| 2011 | "J'ai fait tout ça pour vous" (feat. V V Brown) | 86 | 65 | 5 |
| 2011 | "Africa' | - | - | - |
| 2012 | "Keep Your Head Up (Relève la tête)' (feat. Andy Grammer) | 156 | - | - |

## InfoBox

| Mélissa Nkonda | |
| --- | --- |
| Mélissa Nkonda | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Mélissa Nkonda |
| Born | (1990-11-06) November 6, 1990
Saint-Saulve, Nord, France |
| Genres | Pop
Contemporary R&B
Soul
Blues |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Labels | AZ (Universal Music Group) |
|  | |
| Website | melissankonda.com |


title: Peter Buchanan (judge)

abstract: The Honourable Justice Peter Buchanan was a judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria, the highest court in Victoria, a state of Australia. Buchanan was appointed a judge of the court on 27 October 1997; he retired in October 2013. At the time of his retirement, Buchanan was, and remains, the longest-serving member of the Court of Appeal. Buchanan died on 19 May 2014.

text:
# Peter Buchanan (judge)

The Honourable Justice **Peter Buchanan** (11 October 1943 – 19 May 2014) was a judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria, the highest court in Victoria, a state of Australia. Buchanan was appointed a judge of the court on 27 October 1997; he retired in October 2013. At the time of his retirement, Buchanan was, and remains, the longest-serving member of the Court of Appeal. Buchanan died on 19 May 2014.

## Education and career

After finishing high school at the Scotch College in Melbourne, Mr. Buchanan studied Arts and Law at the Australian National University. He then obtained a PhD at the University of London in the areas of wills and trusts.

On his return to Melbourne, Buchanan became a QC and participated in a number of high-profile cases, including the one which concerned Albert Park.

## Notable cases

Buchanan has been involved in a number of significant cases in Victoria. In July 2003, Buchanan along with Justice Stephen Charles granted a stay of order made earlier by Justice Phillip Mandie against John Elliott, a prominent Australian businessman. The effect was to allow Elliot to continue managing several family-owned companies and a directorship. The order was made there would be "a potentially severe disruption" to the trading activities of the companies if the stay wasn't granted.

In August 2005, Buchanan along with Justice Geoffrey Nettle granted leave to appeal a decision against Danny Nalliah and Daniel Scot, and a Christian organisation called "Catch the Fire Ministries". The decision against those persons was the first decision under Victoria's racial vilification laws (the Racial and Religious Tolerance Act) in the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT).

In December 2006, Buchanan with Justices Chris Maxwell and Frank Vincent upheld an appeal by Jack Thomas (commonly referred to as "Jihad Jack") against his conviction for terrorism related offences. Thomas was accused of accepting money and a plane ticket from an Al-Qaida terrorist. The court found that Thomas's interview with the Australian Federal Police was not voluntary, and as a result, ordered a retrial for Thomas.

## Sources


title: My Lover, My Son

abstract: My Lover, My Son is a 1970 American-British co-production drama film directed by John Newland and starring Romy Schneider, Donald Houston and Dennis Waterman. It tells the story of a mother clinging to her maturing son. The film is based on Edward Grierson's 1952 novel Reputation for a Song.

text:
# My Lover, My Son

***My Lover, My Son*** (also known as ***Hush-a-bye Murder***) is a 1970 American-British co-production drama film directed by John Newland and starring Romy Schneider, Donald Houston and Dennis Waterman.

It tells the story of a mother clinging to her maturing son. The film is based on Edward Grierson's 1952 novel *Reputation for a Song*.

## Plot

Francesca Anderson leads an unhappy marriage with her husband Robert. Her real attention is dedicated to her son James, who reminds her of her late lover Macer. Francesca is the only one who knows that James is not Robert's, but Macer's son. So Francesca reacts jealously when James falls in love with a girlfriend, Julie.

James intervenes in an argument between his parents and kills Robert. During James' trial, Francesca gives the crucial testimony in favour of her son, who is found not guilty. To Francesca's discomfort, James escapes his mother's clinging and decides to stay with Julie.

## Cast

## Critical reception

*The Monthly Film Bulletin* wrote: "Television director John Newland brings a surface professionalism to his first feature and makes good use of cameraman David Muir's feeling for richly textured interiors. But though Romy Schneider makes up for what she lacks in credibility as a possessive mother with what in the circumstances is an admirably controlled performance, and Dennis Waterman just manages to keep his part together, they can't really do much with a script which is just another variation on a hackneyed theme, this time with a twist in the tail and a televisual gesture towards courtroom suspense thrown in for good measure. The dialogue is inane throughout, ... there is a theme song which recurs with the unfailing regularity of a commercial break, and the camera intermittently indulges flights of fancy to represent interior torment."

*Variety* wrote: "A potentially gripping psychodrama about an attractive young mother's neurotic, suggestively incestuous passion for her adolescent son is unevenly directed by John Newland and miscast with Romy Schneider as the mother. The result is a visually-creative dramatic mishmash with dull boxoffice prospects."

## InfoBox

| My Lover, My Son | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | John Newland |
| Written by | Jenni Hall
William Marchant
Wilbur Stark |
| Based on | *Reputation for a Song*
by Edward Grierson |
| Produced by | Wilbur Stark |
| Starring | Romy Schneider
Dennis Waterman |
| Cinematography | David Muir |
| Edited by | Peter Musgrave |
| Music by | Norrie Paramor
Mike Vickers |
| Distributed by | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer |
| Release date | * May 13, 1970 (1970-05-13) |
| Running time | 96 minutes |
| Countries | United States
United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Utetheisa amhara

abstract: Utetheisa amhara is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Karl Jordan in 1939. It is found in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Somalia and the United Arab Emirates.

text:
# Utetheisa amhara

***Utetheisa amhara*** is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Karl Jordan in 1939. It is found in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Somalia and the United Arab Emirates.

## InfoBox

| *Utetheisa amhara* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Utetheisa* |
| Species: | ***U. amhara*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utetheisa amhara***<br>Jordan, 1939 | |
|


title: Gazi Pir

abstract: Gazi Pir was a Bengali (Muslim) Ghazi and pir who lived in the 12th or 13th century during the spread of Islam in Bengal. He was known for his power over dangerous animals and controlling the natural elements. As the new local Muslim population of southern Bengal were settling in the dense forests of the Ganges delta, these were important qualities. His life is shown on the "Gazi Scroll", a scroll with 54 paintings from circa 1800, which is currently in the British Museum in London, England. In the villages of the Sundarbans jungles, Gazi Pir is worshiped alongside the Bonbibi and the Hindu Dakshin Rai, to ask for protection from tigers. According to the legends, Bonbibi taught that everyone is equal, no matter the caste or religion that one has, and that they should live in harmony with nature.

text:
# Gazi Pir

**Gazi Pir** (also called **Ghazi Pir**, **Gaji Pir**, **Barkhan Gaji** or **Gaji Saheb**) was a Bengali (Muslim) Ghazi and *pir* (warrior saint) who lived in the 12th or 13th century during the spread of Islam in Bengal. He was known for his power over dangerous animals and controlling the natural elements. As the new local Muslim population of southern Bengal were settling in the dense forests of the Ganges delta, these were important qualities. His life is shown on the "Gazi Scroll", a scroll with 54 paintings from circa 1800, which is currently in the British Museum in London, England.

In the villages of the Sundarbans jungles, Gazi Pir is worshiped alongside the Bonbibi and the Hindu Dakshin Rai, to ask for protection from tigers. According to the legends, Bonbibi taught that everyone is equal, no matter the caste or religion that one has, and that they should live in harmony with nature.

## Kolkata memorial

Rani Rasmani, who created the Dakshineswar Kali Temple in Kolkata in 1847, saw Gazi Pir in a dream. In this dream he instructed her to construct a shrine for him under a peepal tree which is located outside what is now the riverside gate of Belur Math, which was built in the early 20th century. Ramakrishna Paramahansa used to offer "sinni" at this memorial.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Gazi Pir | |
| --- | --- |
| An image of Pir Gazi and his tiger in the Sundarbans drawn around 1800 CE. | |
| Personal | |
| Born | Adampur, Sundarbans |
| Resting place | Ghutiary Sharif, West Bengal |
| Religion | Islam |


title: McLaren M10

abstract: The McLaren M10 was a Formula 5000 race car chassis built by McLaren that competed in North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand between 1969 and 1973.

text:
# McLaren M10

The **McLaren M10** was a Formula 5000 race car chassis built by McLaren that competed in North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand between 1969 and 1973.

## Design

The McLaren M10 was manufactured in large numbers. Built close to the weight limit, it was very light and was powered by a 500+ hp Chevrolet V8 engine. The cars were not manufactured by McLaren itself, but by the British racing car manufacturer Trojan. Trojan was able to complete and deliver 17 of the originally ordered quantity of 50 vehicles.

## Racing history

The M10 was the only Formula 5000 racing car to win the North American Formula 5000 Championship twice. In 1970, John Cannon won the championship with four race wins. A year later, Briton David Hobbs won the championship with victories at Seattle, Road America, Laguna Seca, Edmonton, and Lime Rock.

Australian driver Frank Matich drove a Repco-Holden powered McLaren M10B to victory in the 1970 Australian Grand Prix at the Warwick Farm Raceway in Sydney.

The M10 was also used in the European Formula 5000 Championship. In the first season of this series, Peter Gethin won the championship title with an M10 fielded by Church Farm Racing.


title: Pilot Point High School

abstract: Pilot Point High School is a public high school located in the city of Pilot Point, Texas and classified as a 3A school by the UIL. It is a part of the Pilot Point Independent School District located in northeast Denton County. In 2013, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

text:
# Pilot Point High School

**Pilot Point High School** is a public high school located in the city of Pilot Point, Texas and classified as a 3A school by the UIL. It is a part of the Pilot Point Independent School District located in northeast Denton County. In 2013, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

## The Mighty Bearcat Band

The Bearcat band has made it to area finals and went to state in 2021.

## Athletics

The Pilot Point Bearcats compete in these sports

Volleyball, Cross Country, Football, Basketball, Powerlifting, Golf, Tennis, Track, Baseball & Softball

### State Titles

* Football
    + 1980(2A)^ 1981(2A), 2009(2A)
* Softball
    + 2013(2A)

^ co-champions

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Pilot Point High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1300 N. Washington Street
Pilot Point, Texas 76258
United States | |
| Coordinates | 33°24′39″N 96°56′52″W / 33.41082°N 96.94774°W / 33.41082; -96.94774 |
| Information | |
| School type | Public high school |
| School district | Pilot Point Independent School District |
| Principal | Marzia Infante |
| Teaching staff | 37.28 (FTE) |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Enrollment | 432 (2018-19) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 11.59 |
| Color(s) | Orange & Black |
| Athletics conference | UIL Class 3A |
| Mascot | Bearcat |
| Website | Pilot Point High School |


title: Saṃghabhadra

abstract: Saṃghabhadra: was an Indian scholar monk of the Sarvāstivāda Vaibhāṣika and "undoubtedly one of the most brilliant Abhidharma masters in India". Born in Kashmir, he was a contemporary of the Buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu. According to K.L. Dhammajoti, his work forms the most mature and refined form of Vaibhāṣika philosophy. His two main works, the *Nyāyānusāra and the *Abhidharmasamayapradīpikā, are very important sources for late Vaibhāṣika thought. He is referenced by various important Buddhist figures, such as Xuanzang, Kuiji, Sthiramati, and Śāntarakṣita who see him as the most authoritative of the Vaibhāṣika Abhidharmikas. Saṃghabhadra's philosophical work was primarily an attempt to defend the orthodox doctrines of the Vaibhāṣika school from the attacks of its main opponents, the Sautrantikas, especially Vasubandhu who had written the Abhidharmakośabhasya as an exposition as well as a critique of many Vaibhāṣika doctrine. Saṃghabhadra is said to have spent 12 years composing the Nyāyānusāra to refute Vasubandhu and other Sautrāntikas such as the elder Śrīlāta and his pupil Rāma. According to Xuanzang's records, after composing his works, Saṃghabhadra sought out Vasubandhu in order to face him in public debate, but he died before he was able to do so.

text:
# Saṃghabhadra

**Saṃghabhadra** (5th century CE, Sanskrit: संघभद्र, Ch. 僧伽跋陀羅・衆賢, Japanese: *Sōgyabaddara* or *Shugen*): was an Indian scholar monk of the Sarvāstivāda Vaibhāṣika and "undoubtedly one of the most brilliant Abhidharma masters in India". Born in Kashmir, he was a contemporary of the Buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu. According to K.L. Dhammajoti, his work forms the most mature and refined form of Vaibhāṣika philosophy. His two main works, the *\*Nyāyānusāra* (*Shun zhengli lun* 順正理論, "In Accordance with the Truth") and the *\*Abhidharmasamayapradīpikā* (*Apidamo xian zong lun* 阿毘達磨顯宗論), are very important sources for late Vaibhāṣika thought. He is referenced by various important Buddhist figures, such as Xuanzang, Kuiji, Sthiramati, and Śāntarakṣita who see him as the most authoritative of the Vaibhāṣika Abhidharmikas.

Saṃghabhadra's philosophical work was primarily an attempt to defend the orthodox doctrines of the Vaibhāṣika school from the attacks of its main opponents, the Sautrantikas, especially Vasubandhu who had written the *Abhidharmakośabhasya* as an exposition as well as a critique of many Vaibhāṣika doctrine. Saṃghabhadra is said to have spent 12 years composing the *Nyāyānusāra* (a commentary to Vasubandhu's verses) to refute Vasubandhu and other Sautrāntikas such as the elder Śrīlāta and his pupil Rāma.

According to Xuanzang's records, after composing his works, Saṃghabhadra sought out Vasubandhu in order to face him in public debate, but he died before he was able to do so.

1. KL Dhammajoti. *The Contribution of Saṃghabhadra to Our Understanding of Abhidharma Doctrines,* in Bart Dessein and Weijen Teng (ed) "Text, History, and Philosophy Abhidharma across Buddhist Scholastic Traditions."
2. Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett (1998). *Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism*, p. 242. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien.
3. Dhammajoti, K.L. (2009). *Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma*. p. 110. Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong. ISBN 978-988-99296-5-7.
4. Beal, Samuel (1906). *Buddhist Records of the Western World: Volume I,* p. 193. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & co. ltd. London.


abstract: The New South Wales Sheriff's Office is an agency of the Government of New South Wales, Australia, forming part of the Department of Communities and Justice and headed by the State's Sheriff. The current Sheriff is Tracey Hall PSM. Sheriff's Officers are defined as Law Enforcement Officers under the Crimes Act 1900. They support the work of the State's court system, providing security at court complexes; enforcing writs, warrants and property seizure orders; and managing the jury system. The Office was established in 1824; prior to this its functions were exercised by the fledgling colony's provost marshal. The NSW Sheriff's Office managed NSW prisons until 1874.

text:
# Office of the Sheriff of New South Wales

The **New South Wales Sheriff's Office** is an agency of the Government of New South Wales, Australia, forming part of the Department of Communities and Justice and headed by the State's Sheriff. The current Sheriff is Tracey Hall PSM.

Sheriff's Officers are defined as Law Enforcement Officers under the Crimes Act 1900. They support the work of the State's court system, providing security at court complexes; enforcing writs, warrants and property seizure orders; and managing the jury system. The Office was established in 1824; prior to this its functions were exercised by the fledgling colony's provost marshal. The NSW Sheriff's Office managed NSW prisons until 1874.

## Sheriffs of New South Wales

Sheriffs of New South Wales
| Date | Sheriff |
| --- | --- |
| 1824–1827 | John Mackanass |
| 1828 | William Carter |
| 1829–1841 | Thomas Macquoid |
| 1824 | William Hustler |
| 1843–1849 | Adolphus William Young |
| 1849–1854 | Gilbert Eliot |
| 1855–1860 | John O'Neill Brenan |
| 1861–1864 | George Richard Uhr |
| 1864–1874 | Harold Maclean |
| 1874–1896 | Charles Cowper |
| 1896–1917 | Cecil Edmunds Bridgewater Maybury |
| 1917–1920 | Charles Richard Walsh |
| 1920–1925 | Walter William Crockford |
| 1925–1939 | George Francis Murphy |
| 1939–1945 | Harry Charles Lester |
| 1945–1960 | Roland Oliver Elliot |
| 1960–1968 | Donald Mercer Richardson |
| 1968–1974 | Thomas Alexander Woodward |
| 1974–1985 | George Francis Hanson |
| 1985–1997 | David Michael Lennon |
| 1997–1998 | Nerida Johnston (Acting) |
| 1998–2002 | Bruce Kelly |
| 2002–2003 | Kenneth Holdgate (Acting) |
| 2003–2007 | Gary Byles |
| 2007–2008 | Reg Kruit (Acting) |
| 2008–2011 | Christopher Benjamin Allen |
| 2012– | Tracey Hall |

## InfoBox

New South Wales Sheriff's Office
| Agency overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Formed | January 1824 |
| Preceding Agency | * Provost Marshal of New South Wales |
| Type | Department |
| Jurisdiction | New South Wales |
| Headquarters | John Maddison Tower, 86 Goulburn Street, Sydney, Sydney |
| Employees | approx. 750 (2019) |
| Minister responsible |  |
| Agency executives | * Tracey Hall PSM, The Sheriff of New South Wales * Michael Coutts-Trotter, <br>Secretary of the NSW Department of Communities and Justice |
| Parent Agency | Department of Communities and Justice |
| Website | http://www.courts.justice.nsw.gov.au/ |


title: Mörlunda

abstract: Mörlunda is a locality situated in Hultsfred Municipality, Kalmar County, Sweden with 838 inhabitants in 2010. It gave its name to a community in Greenbrier County, West Virginia. The name means "wooded marsh", a fitting description for its surroundings.

text:
# Mörlunda

**Mörlunda** is a locality situated in Hultsfred Municipality, Kalmar County, Sweden with 838 inhabitants in 2010.

It gave its name to a community in Greenbrier County, West Virginia. The name means "wooded marsh", a fitting description for its surroundings.

## InfoBox

| Mörlunda | |
| --- | --- |
| MörlundaMörlunda | |
| Coordinates: 57°19′N 15°51′E / 57.317°N 15.850°E / 57.317; 15.850 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Småland |
| County | Kalmar County |
| Municipality | Hultsfred Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.19 km2 (0.85 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 838 |
| Density | 382/km2 (990/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Peter Czerkaski

abstract: Peter Czerkaski is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Peter Czerkaski

**Peter Czerkaski** (born 19 September 1964) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## Career

Czerkaski, a defender and tagger, came to league football from De La Salle. He played 46 games for Richmond, from 1985 to 1990. Three of his six career goals came in the opening round of the 1987 VFL season, a high scoring loss to the West Coast Eagles, which were making their debut in the competition. He was involved in an incident against Hawthorn in 1989, when he was knocked down by Gary Buckenara behind play and was carried off the field with concussion. The Hawthorn player received a three-week suspension.

In the early 1990s, Czerkaski played for Sandringham in the Victorian Football Association (VFA). He was a full-back in Sandringham's 1992 premiership team and on a half back flank when they were premiers again in 1994. It was on a half back flank that Czerkaski was named in Sandringham's *Team of the Century*.

## InfoBox

| Peter Czerkaski | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Peter Czerkaski | | |
| Date of birth | (1964-09-19) 19 September 1964 | | |
| Original team(s) | De La Salle | | |
| Height | 185 cm (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Weight | 80 kg (176 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1985–1990 | Richmond | 46 (6) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1990. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Yelizaveta Belogradskaya

abstract: Yelizaveta Osipovna Belogradskaya was a Russian Imperial Court opera singer and composer for keyboard. She was born in St. Petersburg in 1739, the daughter of Osip Bilohradsky, a court singer and choral conductor, and niece of Timofiy Bilohradsky, the court lute player. She was a kammermädchen at the court of the Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. In 1753 she performed the part of Procris in Francesco Araja's opera Cephalus and Procris, which was the first opera set in Russian, with the text by Aleksandr Sumarokov. She sang in G.P. Raupach's "The Refuge of Virtue" and "Alcesta". She appeared at court concerts and festivities as a singer and harpsichord player. Extant are her "Variations on a theme by Starzer" for keyboard. She died around 1764 and was interred at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

text:
# Yelizaveta Belogradskaya

**Yelizaveta Osipovna Belogradskaya** (1739 – ca. 1764 \[?\]) was a Russian Imperial Court opera singer and composer for keyboard.

She was born in St. Petersburg in 1739, the daughter of Osip Bilohradsky, a court singer and choral conductor, and niece of Timofiy Bilohradsky, the court lute player. She was a kammermädchen at the court of the Empress Elizaveta Petrovna.

In 1753 she performed the part of Procris in Francesco Araja's opera *Cephalus and Procris*, which was the first opera set in Russian, with the text by Aleksandr Sumarokov. She sang in G.P. Raupach's "The Refuge of Virtue" and "Alcesta". She appeared at court concerts and festivities as a singer and harpsichord player. Extant are her "Variations on a theme by Starzer" for keyboard. She died around 1764 and was interred at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

1. Profile, encspb.ru; accessed 11 December 2014. (in Russian)
2. *Cephalus and Procris* profile; accessed 11 December 2014. (in Russian)

## Source (in Russian)

* Светлов С. Ф. Русская опера в XVIII столетии // Ежегодник императорских театров. Сезон 1897/1898 гг. СПб., 1899. Прил. Кн. 2. С. 94.


title: Marina Sumić

abstract: Marina Sumić is a Croatian taekwondo practitioner. She won a silver medal in lightweight at the 2011 World Taekwondo Championships, after being defeated by Rangsiya Nisaisom in the final. Her achievements at the European Taekwondo Championships include silver medals in 2012 and 2014.

text:
# Marina Sumić

**Marina Sumić** (born 18 August 1991) is a Croatian taekwondo practitioner.

She won a silver medal in lightweight at the 2011 World Taekwondo Championships, after being defeated by Rangsiya Nisaisom in the final. Her achievements at the European Taekwondo Championships include silver medals in 2012 and 2014.

## InfoBox

Marina Sumić
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Croatian |
| Born | (1991-08-18) 18 August 1991 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Taekwondo |
| Medal record      Representing  Croatia  Women's taekwondo  World Championships  2011 Gyeongju  Lightweight  European Championships  2012 Manchester  -62 kg  2014 Baku  -62 kg | |


title: McMurtry Building

abstract: The McMurtry Building opened in 2015 and houses Stanford University's Department of Art and Art History. The project cost an estimated $87 million. To start the project, Stanford received $30 million from donors Burt McMurtry, former chair of the Board of Trustees, and his wife Deedee McMurtry, after whom the building was named. Other donors and University funds contributed the rest of the cost. The building houses art classrooms, art studios, screening rooms, the art and architecture library, a student lounge, a cafe, gallery space and faculty offices in 100,000 square feet of space. The building’s design uses open space, emphasizes natural light and has classrooms with views. The two main strands of the department, art and art history, forms two literal "strands" of classrooms winding around a central library. The McMurtry Building was designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro, one of the world's leading architects and designer of New York's Highline Park.

text:
# McMurtry Building

McMurtry Building, 2018

The **McMurtry Building** opened in 2015 and houses Stanford University's Department of Art and Art History.

The project cost an estimated $87 million. To start the project, Stanford received $30 million from donors Burt McMurtry, former chair of the Board of Trustees, and his wife Deedee McMurtry, after whom the building was named. Other donors and University funds contributed the rest of the cost.

The building houses art classrooms, art studios, screening rooms, the art and architecture library, a student lounge, a cafe, gallery space and faculty offices in 100,000 square feet of space.

The building’s design uses open space, emphasizes natural light and has classrooms with views. The two main strands of the department, art and art history, forms two literal "strands" of classrooms winding around a central library.

The McMurtry Building was designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro, one of the world's leading architects and designer of New York's Highline Park.


title: Gazi Nangal

abstract: Gazi Nangal is a village in Dera Baba Nanak in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from sub district headquarter and 45 kilometres (28 mi) from district headquarter. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

text:
# Gazi Nangal

**Gazi Nangal** is a village in Dera Baba Nanak in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from sub district headquarter and 45 kilometres (28 mi) from district headquarter. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, The village has a total number of 133 houses and the population of 721 of which 372 are males while 349 are females. According to the report published by Census India in 2011, out of the total population of the village 206 people are from Schedule Caste and the village does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.

## InfoBox

| Gazi Nangal | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Gurdaspur |
| Tehsil | Dera Baba Nanak |
| Region | Majha |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 170 ha (420 acres) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 721
372/349 / |
| Scheduled Castes | 206
108/98 / |
| Total Households | 133 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Telephone | 01871 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Website | gurdaspur.nic.in |


title: Pin compatibility

abstract: In electronics, pin-compatible devices are electronic components, generally integrated circuits or expansion cards, sharing a common footprint and with the same functions assigned or usable on the same pins. Pin compatibility is a property desired by systems integrators as it allows a product to be updated without redesigning printed circuit boards, which can reduce costs and decrease time to market. Although devices which are pin-compatible share a common footprint, they are not necessarily electrically or thermally compatible. As a result, manufacturers often specify devices as being either pin-to-pin or drop-in compatible. Pin-compatible devices are generally produced to allow upgrading within a single product line, to allow end-of-life devices to be replaced with newer equivalents, or to compete with the equivalent products of other manufacturers.

text:
# Pin compatibility

In electronics, **pin-compatible** devices are electronic components, generally integrated circuits or expansion cards, sharing a common footprint and with the same functions assigned or usable on the same pins. Pin compatibility is a property desired by systems integrators as it allows a product to be updated without redesigning printed circuit boards, which can reduce costs and decrease time to market.

Although devices which are pin-compatible share a common footprint, they are not necessarily electrically or thermally compatible. As a result, manufacturers often specify devices as being either *pin-to-pin* or *drop-in* compatible. Pin-compatible devices are generally produced to allow upgrading within a single product line, to allow end-of-life devices to be replaced with newer equivalents, or to compete with the equivalent products of other manufacturers.

## Pin-to-pin compatibility

*Pin-to-pin compatible* devices share an assignment of functions to pins, but may have differing electrical characteristics (supply voltages, or oscillator frequencies) or thermal characteristics (TDPs, reflow curves, or temperature tolerances). As a result, their use in a system may require that portions of the system, such as its power delivery subsystem, be adapted to fit the new component.

A common example of pin-to-pin compatible devices which may not be electrically compatible are the 7400 series integrated circuits. The 7400 series devices have been produced on a number of different manufacturing processes, but have retained the same pinouts throughout. For example, all 7405 devices provide six NOT gates (or inverters) but may have incompatible supply voltage tolerances.

* 7405 – Standard TTL, 4.75–5.25 V.
* 74C05 – CMOS, 4–15 V.
* 74LV05 – Low-voltage CMOS, 2.0–5.5 V.

In other cases, particularly with computers, devices may be pin-to-pin compatible but made otherwise incompatible as a result of market segmentation. For example, Intel Skylake desktop-class Core and Xeon E3v5 processors both use the LGA 1151 socket, but motherboards using C230-series chipsets will only be compatible with Xeon-branded processors, and will not work with Core-branded processors.

## Drop-in compatibility

A *drop-in compatible* device is a device which may be swapped with another without need to make compensating alterations to the system the device was a part of. The device will have the same functions available on the same pins, and will be electrically and thermally compatible. Such devices may not be an exact match to the devices they can replace. For example, they may have a wider range of supply voltage or temperature tolerances.

## Software compatibility

*Software-compatible* devices are devices which are able to run the same software to produce the same results without the software having to be modified first.

Microcontrollers, FPGAs, and other programmable devices may be pin-to-pin compatible from the perspective of the program on the device, but incompatible in terms of hardware. For example, the device may take the signal on pin X, negate it, and output the result on pin Y. If the method of configuring a pin remains the same but the package of the device (such as TSSOP or QFN) changes, the program will continue to function but the physical locations of the pins the program works with may change.

A device may also be pin-compatible while being software-incompatible. This may occur when the device uses a different instruction set, or if the device has a multiplexer attached to a pin (which, for example, may allow the switching of the pin between being driven as GPIO or by an A/D) and that multiplexer selects, by default, a different input source than is selected on the device being replaced.

To ease the use of software-incompatible devices, manufacturers often provide hardware abstraction layers. Examples of these include, CMSIS for ARM Cortex-M processors and the now-deprecated HAL subsystem for UNIX-like operating systems.


title: I Am Guilty (1942 film)

abstract: I Am Guilty is a 1942 Hungarian drama film directed by Dezsõ Ákos Hamza and starring Mária Mezei, Gyula Kamarás and Gyula Csortos. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Klára B. Kokas.

text:
# I Am Guilty (1942 film)

***I Am Guilty*** (Hungarian: ***Bünös vagyok!***) is a 1942 Hungarian drama film directed by Dezsõ Ákos Hamza and starring Mária Mezei, Gyula Kamarás and Gyula Csortos. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Klára B. Kokas.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Juhász, István. *Kincses magyar filmtár 1931-1944: az eredeti forgatókönyvből 1931 és 1944 között létrejött hazai mozgóképekről*. Kráter, 2007.
* Rîpeanu, Bujor. (ed.) *International Directory of Cinematographers, Set- and Costume Designers in Film: Hungary (from the beginnings to 1988)*. Saur, 1981.

## InfoBox

| I Am Guilty | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Dezsõ Ákos Hamza |
| Written by | Andor Pünkösti |
| Produced by | Klára B. Kokas |
| Starring | Mária Mezei
Gyula Kamarás
Gyula Csortos |
| Cinematography | Árpád Makay |
| Edited by | Zoltán Kerényi |
| Music by | Szabolcs Fényes |
| Production
company | Magyar Írók Filmje |
| Distributed by | Danubia Pictures |
| Release date | * 3 June 1942 (1942-06-03) |
| Running time | 97 minutes |
| Country | Hungary |
| Language | Hungarian |


title: Petrus Haraseb

abstract: Petrus Orlando Haraseb is a Namibian retired footballer. He played as a defender.

text:
# Petrus Haraseb

**Petrus Orlando Haraseb** (born 1 June 1968) is a Namibian retired footballer. He played as a defender.

## Club career

Haraseb was born in Klein-Naoas, near Dordabis but relocated with his parents to Erwee, in the Kunene Region. He played for NamPol, Pubs, Orlando Pirates Windhoek, Liverpool Okahandja, Chief Santos and Young Ones.

## International career

Haraseb competed for the Namibia national football team from 1992–1998, including the 1998 African Cup of Nations. He made his debut for the *Brave Warriors* in an October 1992 World Cup qualification match against Zambia and totalled 1 goal in 33 games for them.

## Personal life

After retiring, Haraseb worked as a tour guide in the Kunene Region and currently owns a touring company in Swakopmund.

## InfoBox

Petrus Haraseb
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Petrus Orlando Haraseb | | |
| Date of birth | (1968-06-01) 1 June 1968 | | |
| Place of birth | Klein-Naoas, South West Africa | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1983–1985 | Pubs Outjo |  |  |
| 1986–1988 | Orlando Pirates Windhoek |  |  |
| 1989 | SWAPol |  |  |
| 1990–1992 | NamPol |  |  |
| 1993–1996 | Orlando Pirates Windhoek |  |  |
| 1997–1998 | Liverpool Okahandja |  |  |
| 1999 | Chief Santos |  |  |
| 2000 | Young Ones |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1992–1998 | Namibia | 33 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |