title: Murder of John Hernandez

text:
# Murder of John Hernandez

On May 31, 2017, John Hernandez was murdered by Terry Thompson during a fight outside a restaurant in Sheldon, Texas, part of the Greater Houston area. During the altercation, Thompson's wife, Chauna Thompson, a Harris County Sheriff's deputy, arrived and called for assistance. Bystander videos showed Terry Thompson placing Hernandez in a chokehold until he lost consciousness, while Chauna Thompson helped pin Hernandez down. Hernandez died in the hospital three days later from his injuries.

Terry Thompson was convicted of murder in 2018 and sentenced to 25 years in prison; charges against Chauna Thompson were dropped in 2019.

## Incident

On May 28, 2017, Terry Thompson and his children pulled into the parking lot of a Denny's restaurant in the 17700 block of Crosby Freeway in east Harris County, Texas, with their children. They encountered John Hernandez, who investigators determined was urinating in public. Thompson yelled at Hernandez to stop, and a physical fight broke out around 11:40pm. It wasn't clear which party initiated the altercation. Chauna Thompson  wife of Terry Thompson and a Harris County Sheriff's deputy  arrived, off-duty, to meet her family. She noticed the altercation and called for assistance from the sheriff's office.

Terry Thompson held Hernandez in a reverse chokehold while lying on top of Hernandez, while Chauna Thompson pinned him down. A witness also described Terry Thompson punching Hernandez in the head while holding him down. On June 5, 2017, the attorney for Hernandez's family, Jack Carroll, released a video of the incident recorded on a bystander's cellphone. The 52-second video shows Terry Thompson holding Hernandez in a chokehold while Chauna Thompson pins Hernandez down. It also shows other bystanders trying to block the videographer as well as telling the videographer that recording the altercation was illegal, with one bystander commenting that Chauna Thompson was a sheriff's deputy and she could arrest him for filming. Under Texas law, videotaping others without their permission in most public spaces when not for sexual purposes is not illegal.

### Death

Hernandez was rushed to Lyndon B. Johnson Hospital, where he was placed on life support and slipped into a coma. He died three days later at the age of 24 when his life support was removed. The cause of death was ruled by the Harris County medical examiner as lack of oxygen and chest compression caused by strangulation and ruled the death a homicide.

## People involved

The victim, John Hernandez, was the common-law husband of Maria Toral, with whom he shared a daughter.

The perpetrator, Terry Thompson, 41, is married to Chauna Thompson. Chauna Thompson was at the time a sheriff's deputy of the Harris County Sheriff's Department.

## Immediate aftermath

An investigation was begun by the Harris County District Attorney's Office. Harris County Sheriff Ed Gonzalez announced that the department's internal affairs unit was looking into the incident. Family and friends of Hernandez held public demonstrations asking for an arrest.

Chauna Thompson was placed on administrative leave by the sheriff's office on June 6, 2017. Upon the conclusion of the office's investigation, Chauna Thompson was fired in June 2017, and three other sheriffs faced disciplinary action.

## Trial

Terry Thompson's first trial ended on June 24, 2018, when the judge declared a mistrial after the jury was unable to reach a verdict, in spite of over 29 hours of deliberation.

At retrial, Terry Thompson was found guilty of murder on November 5, 2018. On November 7, he was handed a prison sentence of 25 years.

The charges against Chauna Thompson were dropped in 2019 because prosecutors said there was insufficient evidence to prove she committed a crime.

## InfoBox

Murder of John Hernandez
| Date | May 28, 2017 (2017-05-28) |
| --- | --- |
| Time | c. 11:40 p.m. (CDT) |
| Location | 17700 block of the Crosby Freeway, Houston, Texas, U.S. |
| Cause | Homicide |
| Participants | Terry Thompson<br>Shauna (Chauna) Thompson |
| Coroner | Harris County Medical Examiner |


title: River Sgitheach

abstract: River Sgitheach also known as Skiach or Skiack, is a river in Ross and Cromarty, Scotland. It rises on the southern slopes of Ben Wyvis, passes through Strath Sgitheach, passing Clare plantation, Swordale, the village of Evanton, and after about 13 miles (21 km) empties into the Cromarty Firth near the ruin of the old Kiltearn parish church. About a mile to the northeast, on the other side of Balconie Point, the Allt Graad also empties in the Firth. The ruin that lies on the beach between the two rivers is an old salmon fishing bothy of the Novar Estate. During the summer the water level falls but the river remains an obstacle and even at traditional fords it is difficulty to get across with dry feet. There are five bridges: an estate bridge in Strath Sgitheach; the B817 road bridge as the road enters Evanton; the railway bridge; the A9 main road bridge; and a wooden footbridge only 100 yards before the river meets the sea. Evanton waste water treatment plant is on the banks of the river between the A9 and the sea. The river was formerly anglicised as either "Skiach" or "Skiack", but the Gaelic spelling is used by the Ordnance Survey name and that of Highland Council. It is pronounced like SKEE-ach. The river game its name to the now-demolished Glenskiach distillery, which was near Milton of Katewell.

text:
# River Sgitheach

**River Sgitheach** also known as **Skiach** or **Skiack**, (Scottish Gaelic *Abhainn Sgitheach*, "Hawthorn River") (grid reference NH5162) is a river in Ross and Cromarty, Scotland. It rises on the southern slopes of Ben Wyvis, passes through Strath Sgitheach, passing Clare plantation, Swordale, the village of Evanton, and after about 13 miles (21 km) empties into the Cromarty Firth near the ruin of the old Kiltearn parish church. About a mile to the northeast, on the other side of Balconie Point, the Allt Graad also empties in the Firth. The ruin that lies on the beach between the two rivers is an old salmon fishing bothy of the Novar Estate.

During the summer the water level falls but the river remains an obstacle and even at traditional fords it is difficulty to get across with dry feet. There are five bridges: an estate bridge in Strath Sgitheach; the B817 road bridge as the road enters Evanton; the railway bridge; the A9 main road bridge; and a wooden footbridge only 100 yards before the river meets the sea.

Evanton waste water treatment plant is on the banks of the river between the A9 and the sea.

The river was formerly anglicised as either "Skiach" or "Skiack", but the Gaelic spelling is used by the Ordnance Survey name and that of Highland Council. It is pronounced like SKEE-ach.

The river game its name to the now-demolished Glenskiach distillery, which was near Milton of Katewell.

57°37′24″N 4°29′47″W / 57.6233°N 4.4965°W / 57.6233; -4.4965


abstract: The Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area, officially the Harrisburg–Carlisle, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, and also referred to as the Susquehanna Valley, is defined by the Office of Management and Budget as an area consisting of three counties in South Central Pennsylvania, anchored by the cities of Harrisburg and Carlisle. As of the 2020 census, the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) had a population of 591,712, making it the fourth-most-populous metropolitan area in Pennsylvania, after the Delaware Valley, Greater Pittsburgh, and the Lehigh Valley. Since 2012, it has been defined as part of the Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area, which also includes York, Lebanon, and Adams counties.

text:
# Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area

The **Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area**, officially the **Harrisburg–Carlisle, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area**, and also referred to as the **Susquehanna Valley**, is defined by the Office of Management and Budget as an area consisting of three counties in South Central Pennsylvania, anchored by the cities of Harrisburg and Carlisle.

As of the 2020 census, the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) had a population of 591,712, making it the fourth-most-populous metropolitan area in Pennsylvania, after the Delaware Valley, Greater Pittsburgh, and the Lehigh Valley.

Since 2012, it has been defined as part of the Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area, which also includes York, Lebanon, and Adams counties.

## Components

The Harrisburg–Carlisle Metropolitan Area consists of three counties, located entirely within the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The following three counties are designated as being part of the greater Harrisburg–Carlisle area:

Officially, Lebanon County is not part of the Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area, and has nt been since 2003. It is rather part of combined statistical area, but it is culturally considered to be part of Greater Harrisburg, with Harrisburg suburbs extending into the county.

### Combined statistical area

Additionally, three more counties are included as part of the Harrisburg–York–Lebanon, PA combined statistical area. Collectively, they have a population of 1,271,801 people, making it the 46th-most-populous combined statistical area (CSA) in the United States, and the 3rd-most-populous CSA in the state of Pennsylvania.

### Statistical history

* 1950: The Harrisburg standard metropolitan area (SMA), consisting of Cumberland and Dauphin counties, was first defined.
* 1959: Following a term change by the Bureau of the Budget (present-day Office of Management and Budget), the Harrisburg SMA became the Harrisburg standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA).
* 1963: Perry County added to the Harrisburg SMSA.
* 1983: Harrisburg SMSA renamed the Harrisburg–Lebanon–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area (MSA); Lebanon County added to the MSA.
* 2003: MSA split into two separate metropolitan areas – Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area (Cumberland, Dauphin, and Perry counties) and the Lebanon metropolitan statistical area (Lebanon County); Both MSAs together form the Harrisburg–Carlisle–Lebanon combined statistical area.
* 2010: The Harrisburg–York–Lebanon urban agglomeration area is defined for the first time, linking York County to the CSA.
* 2012: The Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area was formally defined and includes the counties of York and Adams.

## Geography and climate

### Geography

Harrisburg–Carlisle is located in the Susquehanna River's valley, which makes the terrain rolling, with occasional flat land and tall hills. The metropolitan area is underlain with limestone, which makes the land ideal for farming. Much of the region is within the piedmont region of the United States.

### Climate

The Harrisburg metropolitan area has a humid continental climate, experiencing four mild seasons: summer, autumn, winter, and spring. The average high temperature is 62 °F, while the average low is 44 °F. Harrisburg receives about 41 inches of rainfall annually.

## Communities

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | 474,242 |  |  |
| 2000 | 509,074 |  | 7.3% |
| 2010 | 549,475 |  | 7.9% |
| 2020 | 591,712 |  | 7.7% |
| US Decennial Census | | | |

As of the 2000 census, there were 509,074 people, 202,380 households, and 134,557 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 86.20% White, 9.39% African American, 0.15% Native American, 1.68% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.17% from other races, and 1.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.67% of the population.

The median income for a household in the MSA was $43,374, and the median income for a family was $51,792. Males had a median income of $36,368 versus $26,793 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $21,432.

In 2009, the urban population of the MSA increased to 383,008 from 362,782 in 2000, a change of 20,226 people.

| County | 2022 estimate | 2020 Census | Change | Area | Density |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cumberland County | 268,579 | 259,469 | +3.51% | 550 sq mi (1,400 km2) | 488/sq mi (189/km2) |
| Dauphin County | 288,800 | 286,401 | +0.84% | 558 sq mi (1,450 km2) | 518/sq mi (200/km2) |
| Perry County | 46,114 | 45,842 | +0.59% | 556 sq mi (1,440 km2) | 83/sq mi (32/km2) |
|
| **Total** | 603,493 | 591,712 | +1.99% | 1,664 sq mi (4,310 km2) | 518/sq mi (200/km2) |

## Transportation

### Roads and highways

The Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan area is served by a number of interstates, US routes, and state highways that help facilitate the movement of people and goods throughout the region. Major routes in the region include:

### Air

Harrisburg International Airport (MDT) is the primary airport for the Harrisburg–Carlisle area. Located in Middletown, the airport serviced 1.137 million passengers in 2017. It is Pennsylvania's 3rd-busiest airport. It is owned and operated by the Susquehanna Area Regional Airport Authority, which also operates several other airports throughout South Central Pennsylvania.

Some residents use Baltimore/Washington, Ronald Reagan Washington, and Philadelphia airports for a wider selection of destinations and airlines.

### Rail

Harrisburg–Carlisle is served by Amtrak's *Keystone Service* and *Pennsylvanian*. Amtrak's *Keystone Service*, which terminates at Harrisburg Transportation Center, allows for rail trips to points east, including Philadelphia and New York City. The *Pennsylvanian* connects Harrisburg–Carlisle with Pittsburgh and New York City (by way of Philadelphia).

Currently, the Harrisburg–Carlisle region is not served by any commuter rail; however, there were plans to bring it to the metropolitan and combined statistical areas. Plans included a commuter rail line, called the Capital Red Rose Corridor, running from Lancaster to Harrisburg, with a possible extension to Carlisle.

### Bus

The region is interconnected by bus services, which offer service for local and regional trips, as well as for intercity trips. The primary bus service provider for the region is Capital Area Transit (CAT). CAT provides local and commuter bus service in eastern Cumberland and southern Dauphin counties. Its services are used by about 8,000 daily riders. Intercity bus service is primarily provided by Greyhound Lines and Fullington Trailways.

## Colleges and universities

The Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan area is home to several universities. The following is a list of non-profit colleges and universities within Harrisburg–Carlisle:

### Cumberland County

### Dauphin County

## Media

The Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan area is located entirely within the Harrisburg–York–Lebanon media market. It is the 42nd largest in the United States, with 772,810 households as of 2021.

### Newspapers

### Television

The Harrisburg TV market is served by:

### Radio

The Harrisburg area's radio market is ranked 78th in the nation.

This is a list of FM stations in the Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan area:

| Callsign | MHz | Band | "Name", format, owner | City of license |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| WDCV | 88.3 | FM | Indie/College Rock, Dickinson College | Carlisle |
| WXPH | 88.7 | FM | WXPN relay, University of Pennsylvania | Harrisburg |
| WSYC | 88.7 | FM | Alternative, Shippensburg University | Shippensburg |
| WITF-FM | 89.5 | FM | NPR | Harrisburg |
| WVMM | 90.7 | FM | Indie/College Rock, Messiah College | Grantham |
| WJAZ | 91.7 | FM | WRTI relay, Classical/Jazz, Temple University | Harrisburg |
| WKHL | 92.1 | FM | "K-Love" Contemporary Christian | Palmyra |
| WPPY | 92.7 | FM | "Happy 92.7" Adult Contemporary | Starview |
| WTPA-FM | 93.5 | FM | "93.5 WTPA" Classic Rock | Mechanicsburg |
| WRBT | 94.9 | FM | "Bob" Country | Harrisburg |
| WLAN | 96.9 | FM | "FM 97" CHR | Lancaster |
| WRVV | 97.3 | FM | "The River" Classic Hits and the Best of Today's Rock | Harrisburg |
| WYCR | 98.5 | FM | "98.5 The Peak" Classic Hits | York |
| WQLV | 98.9 | FM | 98.9 WQLV | Millersburg |
| WHKF | 99.3 | FM | "Kiss-FM" CHR | Harrisburg |
| WFVY | 100.1 | FM | Adult Contemporary | Lebanon |
| WROZ | 101.3 | FM | "101 The Rose" Hot AC | Lancaster |
| WARM | 103.3 | FM | "Warm 103" Hot AC | York |
| WNNK | 104.1 | FM | "Wink 104" Hot AC | Harrisburg |
| WQXA | 105.7 | FM | "105.7 The X" Active Rock | York |
| WWKL | 106.7 | FM | "Hot 106.7" CHR | Hershey |
| WGTY | 107.7 | FM | "Great Country" | York |

This is a list of AM stations in the Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan area:

| Callsign | kHz | Band | Format | City of license |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| WHP (AM) | 580 | AM | Conservative News/Talk | Harrisburg |
| WHYF | 720 | AM | EWTN Global Catholic Radio Network | Shiremanstown |
| WSBA (AM) | 910 | AM | News/Talk | York |
| WADV | 940 | AM | Gospel | Lebanon |
| WHYL | 960 | AM | Adult Standards | Carlisle |
| WIOO | 1000 | AM | Classic Country | Carlisle |
| WKBO | 1230 | AM | Christian Contemporary | Harrisburg |
| WQXA | 1250 | AM | Country | York |
| WLBR | 1270 | AM | Talk | Lebanon |
| WHGB | 1400 | AM | ESPN Radio (Formerly Adult R&B: The Touch) | Harrisburg |
| WTKT | 1460 | AM | sports: "The Ticket" | Harrisburg |
| WRDD | 1480 | AM | Country | Shippensburg |
| WRKY | 1490 | AM | Classic rock | Lancaster |
| WPDC | 1600 | AM | Sport | Elizabethtown |
| Penndot | 1670 | AM | NOAA Weather and Travel | Several |

## Area codes

The entire Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan area is served by two area codes:

## InfoBox

| Harrisburg–Carlisle, Pennsylvania MSA Susquehanna Valley | |
| --- | --- |
| Metropolitan area | |
| Clockwise from top left: Harrisburg, Carlisle, and Hershey | |
| The Harrisburg–Carlisle MSA in Pennsylvania is highlighted in red. | |
| Coordinates: 40°16′N 76°52′W / 40.27°N 76.87°W / 40.27; -76.87 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| Principal cities | Harrisburg
Carlisle |
| Area | |
| Metropolitan area | 1,656 sq mi (4,290 km2) |
| Population (2010 est.) | |
| Urban | 444,474 (87th) |
| MSA | 549,475 (98th) |
| CSA | 1,271,801 (46th) |
| GDP | |
| MSA | $47.815 billion (2022) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (ET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |


title: Nephté

abstract: Nephté is an opera by the French composer Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, first performed at the Académie Royale de Musique on 15 December 1789. It takes the form of a tragédie lyrique in three acts. The libretto, by François-Benoît Hoffman, is set in Ancient Egypt but is based on the story of Camma, Queen of Galatia taken from the ancient historian Plutarch. The plot concerns Nephté, Queen of Egypt, whose husband King Séthos has been murdered by his brother Pharès. The widowed queen seeks revenge with the help of the high priest Amédès. However, Pharès has the support of the army and aims to take the throne and to marry Nephté himself. He also threatens the life of Nephté's son. Eventually, Nephté agrees to marry Pharès but she poisons the wedding cup, killing both the usurper and herself and allowing her son to succeed to the throne as king of Egypt.

text:
# Nephté

***Nephté*** is an opera by the French composer Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, first performed at the Académie Royale de Musique (the Paris Opéra) on 15 December 1789. It takes the form of a *tragédie lyrique* in three acts. The libretto, by François-Benoît Hoffman, is set in Ancient Egypt but is based on the story of Camma, Queen of Galatia taken from the ancient historian Plutarch.

The plot concerns Nephté, Queen of Egypt, whose husband King Séthos has been murdered by his brother Pharès. The widowed queen seeks revenge with the help of the high priest Amédès. However, Pharès has the support of the army and aims to take the throne and to marry Nephté himself. He also threatens the life of Nephté's son. Eventually, Nephté agrees to marry Pharès but she poisons the wedding cup, killing both the usurper and herself and allowing her son to succeed to the throne as king of Egypt.

## Background and composition

### Libretto

#### Camma in Plutarch

Hoffman based *Nephté* on the story of Camma, Queen of Galatia, which occurs in Plutarch's essay *Virtues in Women* Hoffman summarised Plutarch thus:

"Camma, daughter of Leonorius, married Silatus, King of Galatia. Sinorix, Silatus' kinsman, had him assassinated so he could seize his crown and his wife. As he was loved by the soldiers, he took the throne with ease; but Camma continued to maintain an inflexible resistance to him. Finally, the queen, abandoned by everyone, threatened by Sinorix, little respected by her rebellious people, was forced to give her hand in marriage to the murderer of her husband. But, faithful to her previous vows, and preserving in her heart as much love for Sinatus as horror for his murderer, she poisoned the wedding cup, and died with the usurper."

#### Thomas Corneille's *Camma, Reine de Galatie*

In his preface to the printed libretto, Hoffman noted that the story had been used before on the French stage. In 1661, Thomas Corneille (brother of the more famous Pierre) had presented his tragedy *Camma, Reine de Galatie*. However, Hoffman avoided using Corneille because, to suit the fashion of the times, Corneille had introduced love interest to the plot. The widowed queen is not devoted to her dead husband but in love with a young prince she wishes to make king in the usurper's place. Hoffman writes that he had preferred to "preserve the historical episode in all its purity", refusing such additions.

#### The Egyptian setting

The major change Hoffman made was to alter the names and setting. He moved the scene of the action to ancient Egypt (in "mythological times")"to introduce new costumes and new manners to the stage of the Opéra." Plutarch's Camma is renamed Nephté, Sinatus becomes Séthos and Sinorix becomes Pharès. Hoffman writes that he had not invented the name "Nephté". Citing the German theologian and antiquarian Paul Ernst Jablonski, he says that "Nephté" is a conflation of two Egyptian gods, Neith (the equivalent of the Roman Minerva) and Ptah (the Roman Vulcan), signifying "wisdom" and "courage". Hoffman was also struck by the similarities between the plot of the opera and the Egyptian myth of Isis and Osiris. The goddess Isis "was always faithful to Osiris, her brother and husband; she took vengeance on Typhon, Osiris' murderer, and saved the crown for her son Horus."

From the Dutch scholar Cornelius de Pauw, Hoffman took the idea that it was forbidden for women to inherit the throne of Egypt, an important plot point in the opera. He also researched details of Egyptian funerary rites in Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus.

### Lemoyne and the Opéra management

Lemoyne spent a long time working on the score. There are references to its composition as early as November 1787. Antoine Dauvergne, of the Opéra management, complained that Lemoyne and his pupil, the leading soprano Antoinette Saint-Huberty, only liked operas with "plots concerning incest, poison or assassinations". The response of the Opéra committee to *Nephté* was more positive, their report describing the work as "one of the darkest and most beautiful, both in its libretto and its score."

### Scenery

Hoffman also used his research into Egyptian history to provide detailed descriptions for the scenery, which was designed by Pierre-Adrien Pâris. Hoffman printed one such description in the stage directions for Act 1 of *Nephté*:

"The whole of the right-hand side of the theatre should represent an arid mountain, beneath which twelve crypts or sepulchral grottoes have been carved out of the rock. Each of these grottoes contains the tomb of one of the kings of Egypt and each is lit by a funeral lamp. Séthos' tomb is the first and appears the newest to be built. Four priests, robed in linen, are sitting on four stones placed at the four corners of the tomb. The left-hand side is occupied by the façade of the palace of Memphis. At the far edge of the mountain rises the Great Temple of Osiris (or the Sun), of which only the doors are visible. This temple occupies only part of the background so that in the gap between it and the caves we can see in the distance some of the fertile fields which border the Nile, and one of the pyramids, whose top is lost on the horizon. An avenue of colossal sphinxes leads from the temple to the palace portico. The space remaining between the sphinxes and the caves is planted with cypress trees. Day has not yet broken and the theatre seems illuminated only by the light from the funeral lamps."

## Performance history

*Nephté* was first performed at the Académie Royale de Musique (the Paris Opéra) on 15 December 1789. The young soprano Madame Maillard took the title role, replacing Lemoyne's protégée Antoinette Saint-Huberty. According to some sources, the premiere was so successful, Lemoyne was called onto the stage after the final curtain, the first time this had happened in the history of the Opéra. *Nephté* ran for 39 performances, the last given on 18 March 1792. Hoffman angrily claimed that the withdrawal of the work was to prevent him receiving the pension which would have been his due had it reached 40 performances. In support of Hoffman's argumemnt is the fact that the season did not end until 27 March, allowing time for another staging. Hoffman had also dedicated the libretto to Antoinette Saint-Huberty, who was disliked by the Opéra management, and had refused to add dance *divertissements* to *Nephté* on artistic grounds, against the recommendations of the Opéra board. On the other hand, ticket receipts had recently been falling off as the opera was losing popularity in spite of the good press it enjoyed.

## Reception

Reviews were generally favourable, with praise for the music, the scenery and the singing of Maillard and Lainez. The *Correspondence littéraire* was more guarded, liking some aspects, but finding the work too static and emotionally uniform. It suggested this might have been remedied had Nephté's motivation been changed: instead of guessing Pharès' guilt almost from the beginning, she might have only slowly come to realise the truth, possibly after being infatuated with the usurper. Other critics complained about the lack of the dance —customary in French opera—, which in their opinion made the work monotonous. In a later assessment, Jean-François de La Harpe criticised the music for being "harsh and loud, with the exception of a few pieces, as one would expect from a disciple of Gluck."

## The work

*Nephté* appeared when the French musical world was still divided between the supporters of two foreign composers who had made their mark on Paris in the 1770s: the German Christoph Willibald Gluck, famous for his operatic reforms, and Niccolò Piccinni, representative of the Italian school. This caused difficulties for native French composers, such as Lemoyne, who found it hard to devise a style of their own. Lemoyne had promoted himself as a member of the Gluckist camp with his first opera for Paris, *Électre*, in 1782. However, it failed and Gluck refused to accept Lemoyne as his disciple, so for his next work, *Phèdre* (1786), Lemoyne tried a more Italianate style in the manner of Piccinni. *Nephté* was regarded as an opera in the Gluckian vein, with its emphasis on "majesty and sobriety" and its simple, direct plot (there are only four main characters). It was dedicated to Gluck's champion, Queen Marie-Antoinette. On the other hand, some features, such as the lavish and exotic scenery were not part of the Gluckian aesthetic.

*Nephté* was premiered towards the beginning of the French Revolution. The exotic subject was seemingly at a safe remove from the political situation of 1789, but the scholar Mark Darlow believes that the opera's themes of royal legitimacy and usurpation and concern for the future survival of a dynasty would have had contemporary resonance.

## Roles

| Cast | Voice type | Premiere, 15 December 1789
 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Nephté | soprano | Marie Thérèse Davoux Maillard |
| Pharès | tenor | Étienne Lainez |
| Amédès | basse-taille (bass-baritone) | Martin-Joseph Adrien |
| Chemmis | basse-taille (bass-baritone) | Dufresne |
| Maiden of the Temple of Osiris | soprano | Marie-Wilhelmine de Rousselois |
| Priests of the tombs | basses-tailles (bass-baritones) | Châteaufort, Poussez, Legrand
Pierre-Charles Le Roux (the younger), |
| High Priest of Hymen | basse-taille (bass-baritone) | Châteaufort |
| Nephté's infant son | mute role | Mlle. Rosette |
| *Chorus*: 25 young maidens of the Temple of Osiris; grandees of the state, priests, Nephté's waiting women; soldiers, Egyptian people | | |
|

## Synopsis

*Setting: the palace of the Kings of Memphis*

### Act 1

*Scene: the tombs of the kings of Egypt*
It is just before dawn. Four priests are mourning the death of King Séthos. They wish he had died an honourable death in battle, but the terrible truth is that he was murdered by the brother he loved. Dawn breaks as Queen Nephté arrives with her young son to pay tribute to her dead husband. Nephté says that it is only the thought of her child which keeps her alive, otherwise life is barren for her without Séthos. She asks the priests to reveal who killed him. When the arrival of her brother-in-law Pharès is announced, the priests are horrified and Nephté begins to suspect he is the murderer. Pharès tries to flatter Nephté. He also claims it was Séthos' dying wish that he should become her new husband. Nephté admits this is true but she thinks it wrong to talk of marriage while Séthos is still unavenged. However, Pharès seems reluctant to search for the assassin, but at Nephté's insistence he finally agrees to swear on his brother's tomb that he will bring the criminal to justice. The priests are shocked at this sacrilege. After Pharès has left, the chief priest Amédès reveals what Nephté has suspected: Pharès is the killer. Nephté demands vengeance, but she also fears for her son's safety. Amédès agrees to hide the boy among the tombs. He says it will be difficult to get revenge because Pharès is both respected and feared by the Egyptians. The temple opens as the statesmen and common people arrive for Séthos' funeral rites. The temple girls reveal that Sethos is now an immortal in heaven. Nephté implores the Egyptians to avenge her husband. They swear on the altar to do so. Amédès says he will reveal the murderer's name that evening.

### Act 2

*Scene: the palace hall with the throne of the kings of Egypt*
Pharès is angry that Amédès might reveal his guilt. Chemmis says that the people still love him and to cement his position as new king, he should be crowned and marry Nephté that very day. But Pharès suggests that he will only be safe when Amédès is dead and Chemmis promises to kill him if he reveals the secret. The statesmen, heads of the army and soldiers march in. Pharès tells them that the peoples of Asia are in revolt against Egypt after Séthos' death; it is vital that Egypt has a commander for its army. The soldiers acclaim Pharès as their new general. Their shouts of congratulation are interrupted by the arrival of Nephté. Nephté is outraged at Pharès' behaviour but says that Amédès will soon reveal the killer's name. The soldiers, who have not heard this conversation, urge Pharès and Nephté to marry. Pharès asks where Nephté's son is; he should be brought up in the palace in the view of his people. He sends soldiers to search for the boy. He leaves with the soldiers, promising them that the military campaign will begin at dawn. Alone with her waiting women, Nephté says she can see no escape from her predicament: if she seeks revenge, her son's life will be in danger; if she does not, justice will not be done and she will be a criminal. Her waiting women try to comfort her, but Nephté asks to be alone. Amédès now enters, shadowed by Chemmis. Amédès tells Nephté he is in danger and the gods seem to have abandoned them, but the priests will defend her son to the death. Chemmis emerges and threatens Amédès but the priest says he is willing to sacrifice his life. However, Nephté vows to die in his place to secure revenge for her husband. News comes that the soldiers have found her son's hiding place. The people arrive and beg Nephté to marry Pharès. Nephté finally agrees.In an aside, she reveals she has a secret plan.

### Act 3

*Scene: the Temple of Osiris (or the Sun), with an altar in the middle*
Nephté enters alone and calls on the gods to help her carry out her plan. Soon she will die but her son will be saved. She reveals nothing of this to Amédès, who is amazed she has agreed to marry Pharès. Amédès is prepared to risk his life by naming Pharès as the murderer rather than let the wedding go ahead. The priests, soldiers and people enter for the ceremony. Nephté sees her son amid the procession. Pharès is pleased to find Nephté already at the temple; she promises to be faithful to him unto death. The ceremony takes place and Nephté and Pharès both drink from the wedding cup. In an aside, Nephté reveals she has poisoned it. Amédès enters and announces that Séthos' murderer is Pharès. Amédès is about to stab Pharès when Nephté halts him. She tells everyone Séthos is already avenged: she has poisoned Pharès and herself. The enraged Pharès is led away to die offstage. Nephté dies after she has had her son proclaimed the new king of Egypt.

## Sources

* (in French) 1790 edition of the libretto of *Nephté*
* Mark Darlow, *Staging the French Revolution: Cultural Politics and the Paris Opera, 1789–1794*, Oxford University Press, 2012.
* (in French) Benoït Dratwicki, *Antoine Dauvergne (1713—1797): une carrière tourmentée dans la France musicale des Lumières*, Editions Mardaga, 2011.
* Benoït Dratwicki, "Foreigners at the Académie Royale de Musique" in Antonio Sacchini, *Renaud*, Madrid, Ediciones Singulares, 2013 (book accompanying the complete recording conducted by Christophe Rousset). ISBN 978-84-939-6865-6


title: Frank Cignetti Jr.

abstract: Frank Cignetti Jr. is an American football coach who was most recently the offensive coordinator for the Pittsburgh Panthers. Before Pitt, he was the offensive coordinator at Boston College and the quarterbacks coach for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He has also been the quarterbacks coach for the New York Giants in 2016 and 2017. Prior to that, he served as the quarterbacks coach for the St. Louis Rams from 2012 to 2014 and offensive coordinator for the Rams in 2015.

text:
# Frank Cignetti Jr.

**Frank Cignetti Jr.** (born October 4, 1965) is an American football coach who was most recently the offensive coordinator for the Pittsburgh Panthers. Before Pitt, he was the offensive coordinator at Boston College and the quarterbacks coach for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He has also been the quarterbacks coach for the New York Giants in 2016 and 2017. Prior to that, he served as the quarterbacks coach for the St. Louis Rams from 2012 to 2014 and offensive coordinator for the Rams in 2015.

## Career

Cignetti began his coaching career as a graduate assistant at Pittsburgh in 1989.

From 1990 to 1998, Cignetti was on his father's IUP Crimson Hawks football team coaching staff at Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP), where he was an all-conference safety before earning his bachelor's degree in 1988. He served IUP as receivers, secondary and quarterbacks coach before elevating to offensive coordinator for his final two seasons. During his tenure, IUP twice advanced to the NCAA Division II national title game and earned a berth in the semifinals four times.

Cignetti landed his first NFL appointment in 1999 as a quality control assistant with the Kansas City Chiefs.

From 2000 to 2001, Cignetti served as quarterbacks coach with the New Orleans Saints, where he helped quarterback Jeff Blake to a career-best passer rating and also helped Aaron Brooks produce some of the best statistics of his career en route to a Pro Bowl alternate selection.

From 2002 to 2005, Cignetti served as the offensive coordinator for Fresno State. In 2004, Fresno State averaged 52.8 points over its final six games and became just the sixth team in NCAA history to score 50 or more points in four consecutive contests, the team also led the Western Athletic Conference in average yards per carry and amassed 65 touchdowns.

Cignetti was the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for North Carolina in 2006. When Butch Davis was hired to replace former head coach John Bunting at North Carolina, Cignetti was relieved of his coaching duties.

In 2007, Cignetti was hired by the San Francisco 49ers to be their quarterbacks coach.

Cignetti served as the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for California in 2008. In his first season with the Bears, the team averaged nearly 33 points per game en route to a 9-4 record and victory over the Miami Hurricanes in the Emerald Bowl.

On February 18, 2009, Cignetti accepted a position as the offensive coordinator of the University of Pittsburgh football team under head coach Dave Wannstedt. In Cignetti's first season as Pittsburgh's play caller, the Panthers averaged 32.1 points per game, one of the top five scoring averages in school history. Pitt's offensive arsenal included a 1,700-yard rusher in RB Dion Lewis and 1,000-yard receiver in WR Jon Baldwin. In addition, QB Bill Stull ranked among the nation's most efficient passers, throwing for more than 2,600 yards and 21 touchdowns. In total, seven of Pitt's offensive players were named All-Big East, including Lewis, who was honored as the league's Offensive Player of the Year and Rookie of the Year.

Cignetti served as the offensive coordinator for Rutgers in 2011. In that season, the Scarlet Knights averaged 26.4 points per game, fourth most in the Big East, and Rutgers ranked third in the conference in passing offense.

On February 7, 2012, Cignetti was hired by the St. Louis Rams to be their quarterbacks coach. Cignetti worked with Sam Bradford, the third-year signal caller who set new career highs in passing yards (3,702), touchdown passes (21) and Passer rating (82.5) in 2012. On February 12, 2015, Cignetti was promoted to offensive coordinator, he held that position for 12 games. On December 7, 2015, Cignetti was fired by the Rams, the Rams rank 31st in yards per game (296.3), 32nd in passing yards per game (178) and first downs (175), and tied for 30th in offensive touchdowns (18).

On January 21, 2016, Cignetti was hired by the New York Giants to be their quarterbacks coach.

On January 10, 2018, it was announced that Cignetti had been hired by the Green Bay Packers to be their quarterbacks coach.

## Personal

Cignetti was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he is the son of Frank Cignetti Sr., the longtime head coach of the IUP Crimson Hawks football team at Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP) and West Virginia Mountaineers football team at West Virginia University.

Cignetti's brother, Curt, is currently the head coach of the Indiana football team at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. Indiana competes in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) as a member of the Big Ten Conference.

Cignetti and his wife, Ellen, have one son, Frankie, and three daughters: Alyssa, Gabrielle and Ella.

## InfoBox

Frank Cignetti Jr.
| Cignetti in 2016 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1965-10-04) October 4, 1965
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Indiana Area
Indiana, Pennsylvania |
| College: | IUP |
| Career history | |
| As a coach: | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Coaching stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Moros y Cristianos (dish)

abstract: Moros y Cristianos is a traditional Cuban dish served both in homes and in restaurants. It is the Cuban version of rice and beans, a dish found throughout Latin America, the Caribbean, and in the Southern United States.

text:
# Moros y Cristianos (dish)

***Moros y Cristianos*** is a traditional Cuban dish served both in homes and in restaurants. It is the Cuban version of rice and beans, a dish found throughout Latin America, the Caribbean, and in the Southern United States.

## Etymology

*Moros y Cristianos* means 'Moors and Christians'. *Moros* refers to the black beans, and *Cristianos* to the white rice. The name of the dish is a reference to the African Muslim governance of the Iberian Peninsula from the early 8th century through the *Reconquista* (15th century).

## Preparation

Onions, garlic, and bell pepper are commonly used as a *sofrito*. To this sofrito are added the white rice and pre-boiled black beans, as well as the water that the beans were boiled in. Other seasonings such as oregano and bay leaf are often added to the dish to give additional flavor.

*Moros y Cristianos* are different from simple *arroz con frijoles* in that the beans and rice are cooked in the same pot instead of separately. *Congrí* is another term for the dish, but is used more commonly to refer to the similar dish with red beans that is traditionally eaten on the eastern part of the island.


title: Alfa Romeo 2600

abstract: The Alfa Romeo 2600 was Alfa Romeo´s six-cylinder flagship produced from 1962 to 1968. It was the successor to the Alfa Romeo 2000. It has become historically significant as the last Alfa Romeo to have been fitted with a straight-six engine with twin overhead camshafts. That had been the traditional Alfa Romeo engine configuration since the 1920s, but gave way to four-cylinder engines as the factory oriented its production towards more economical mass-produced car models starting in 1950. The 2600 was introduced at the 1962 Geneva Motor Show, as a sedan with a factory-built body, a two-plus-two seater convertible with body by Carrozzeria Touring, and a coupe with a body by Bertone. A convertible based on the Sprint coupe was shown by Bertone in 1963. It was also named 2600 Sprint, but did not enter production. The limited edition 2600 SZ with fastback coupe bodywork by Zagato, and the very limited-edition 2600 De Luxe with five-window sedan bodywork by OSI were introduced three years later in 1965 at the Frankfurt Motor Show.

text:
# Alfa Romeo 2600

The **Alfa Romeo 2600** (Tipo 106) was Alfa Romeo´s six-cylinder flagship produced from 1962 to 1968. It was the successor to the Alfa Romeo 2000. It has become historically significant as the last Alfa Romeo to have been fitted with a straight-six engine with twin overhead camshafts. That had been the traditional Alfa Romeo engine configuration since the 1920s, but gave way to four-cylinder engines as the factory oriented its production towards more economical mass-produced car models starting in 1950.

The 2600 was introduced at the 1962 Geneva Motor Show, as a sedan with a factory-built body (2600 **Berlina**), a two-plus-two seater convertible with body by Carrozzeria Touring (2600 **Spider**), and a coupe with a body by Bertone (2600 **Sprint**). A convertible based on the Sprint coupe was shown by Bertone in 1963. It was also named 2600 Sprint, but did not enter production. The limited edition 2600 SZ (Sprint Zagato) with fastback coupe bodywork by Zagato, and the very limited-edition 2600 **De Luxe** with five-window sedan bodywork by OSI (Officine Stampaggi Industriali) were introduced three years later in 1965 at the Frankfurt Motor Show.

## Overview

The Berlina, Spider and Sprint were based on the corresponding models in the 2000 range, and all three inherited the body styling of their predecessors with minor facelifts. The biggest change was the engine. A brand new all-alloy 2.6 liter engine with six cylinders in line and twin overhead camshafts replaced the earlier four-cylinder engine with its cast-iron block and alloy head which dated back to the 1900 range of 1950. Two carburettors were fitted to the Berlina engines, giving 130 bhp (97 kW). The Sprint and Spider engines had three twin-choke horizontal carburettors and developed 145 bhp (108 kW). The OSI De Luxe was available with either the two-carb or the three-carb setup. The Sprint Zagato had 165 bhp (123 kW) with the three-carb setup.

Total production for the Berlina was 2038 cars, the Sprint was 6999 cars, the Spider was 2255 cars, the 2600 De Luxe was 54 cars and the Sprint Zagato was 105 cars.

From a sales point of view, the 2600 models were not a success, despite deserved acclaim for their excellent engine. The poor sales were not only due to the elevated prices of the 2600 models. The cars did not compare well with contemporary products, including those of Alfa Romeo itself. The factory had decided - correctly, as it turned out - to concentrate their limited development resources on the mid-sized Giulia which was introduced at about the same time. The flagship 2600 range was only a minor facelift of the 2000 range with a new engine, as this was all that the factory could do with the resources available. Since the 2000 itself had basically been a 1958 restyling of the 1950 1900, this left the 2600 with running gear a dozen years old at introduction.

The new engine also added weight and length at the front; though this did much for stability, it did not help the handling. Because the 2600 was a flagship Alfa Romeo model, expectations were high, and both critics and customers quickly spotted the deficiencies, both on paper and on the road. When the new Giulia appeared with completely new running gear, the 2600 was shown up even more.

Another reason for slow sales was styling and concept. The Berlina's styling wasn't viewed positively and that reflected in the especially poor sales for this model. While most Alfa Romeo sedans in the marque's history outsold the more specialised sporting models in the same range, the 2600 Berlina did not outsell the 2600 Sprint or Spider. The 2600 Spider had styling which was seen to be derivative of that of its smaller stablemate, the Giulietta Spider: certainly handsome, but lacking the smaller car's grace and balance. The larger car's handling also suffered perhaps unfair comparison with that of the Giulietta Spider, and this is an important factor in a car with sporting pretensions. One sales point in its favor was that it was a four-seater convertible, though the two rear seats were fairly cramped.

The 2600 Sprint made more of an impression. It was a large grand touring coupé which could seat four adults in comfort over long journeys at high speeds. As such, it did not suffer unfair comparisons with other models in the Alfa Romeo range as none of them could be directly compared with it. In that mode of operation, oriented more towards fast touring than sporting driving, the agility and handling balance of the smaller Alfas mattered less, while the stability and smoother ride of the larger car, and the wide power and torque band of the six-cylinder engine, came onto its own. Added to the greater space and comfort, those virtues made a convincing case for the 2600 Sprint. The car also inherited the sharp, modern styling of its predecessor, the 2000 Sprint, and that certainly contributed to its being the top seller in the 2600 range. That shape had been the result of Giorgetto Giugiaro's first major project as head designer for Carrozzeria Bertone.

A certain number of 2600 Sprints were purchased by the Italian government and specially equipped and modified to be used as police patrol cars, nicknamed *Pantera* (panther) from the emblem of its rapid intervention team. The cars were very suitable for high-speed pursuits to counter the increase in armed robberies by motorized gangs in 1960s Italy, and appeared in quite a few genre movies of the time.

The 2600 range was replaced at the top of the Alfa range by the 1750 models in 1968. The 1750s were refined versions of the 1600 cc Giulia range which continued in production, so once more the Alfa Romeo flagship was a derivative product created by upgrading the motor of an existing range and carrying out a minor restyling. All similarity with the 2600 ends there though; the 1750s, and the 2000s which evolved from them, were a great success for Alfa Romeo from every point of view, especially sales.

Today, as classics, the 2600 Sprint and Spider are appreciated for the tasteful and opulent styling of both the bodywork and the interior, for the performance, technology and sound of the six-cylinder twin-cam engine, and perhaps ironically for their rarity compared to the more successful Alfa Romeo models of the same era. The fact that the cars are rare, and their parts are either dedicated to the 2600 range, or derive from even earlier Alfas, means that owners need to dedicate a lot of effort and resources to restoration and maintenance. Very few 2600 Berlinas have found dedicated owners in the decades since the model was discontinued, therefore very few have survived. 2600 SZ's are very rare (only 105 cars were produced) today they are by far the most valuable model in the range. The 2600 OSI De Luxe has always been extremely rare.

### Pininfarina Speciale

Pininfarina made two concept cars based on 2600, the 2600 Cabriolet Speciale, a two-seat spider presented at the Turin Motor Show in 1962 and the 2600 Coupé Speciale, a two-seat coupé presented at the Brussels Motor Show in 1963. Initially planned as a mass market models, but the production never started.

### Engines

| Model | Displacement | Fuel system | Compression ratio | Power | Top speed |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Berlina** | 2,584 cc | Double Solex | 8,5:1 | 130 bhp (97 kW) | 175 km/h (109 mph) |
| **Sprint, Spider, Berlina de Luxe** | 2,584 cc | Triple Solex | 9,0:1 | 145 bhp (108 kW) | 200 km/h (120 mph) |
| **Sprint Zagato** | 2,584 cc | Triple Solex | 9,0:1 | 165 bhp (123 kW) | 215 km/h (134 mph) |

## InfoBox

| Alfa Romeo 2600 | |
| --- | --- |
| Alfa Romeo 2600 Spider | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Alfa Romeo |
| Production | 19621968
11,346 produced: * 2,092 Berlina * 6,999 Sprint * 105 Sprint Zagato * 2,255 Spider * 54 OSI De Luxe |
| Assembly | Italy: Portello Plant, Milan
South Africa: East London (2600 Berlina, 1963–1968 Car Distributors Assembly) |
| Designer | Giorgetto Giugiaro at Bertone (Sprint)
Ercole Spada at Zagato (SZ)
Touring (Spider)
Giovanni Michelotti for OSI (Berlina De Luxe) |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Executive car |
| Body style | 4-door Berlina (sedan)
2-door Spider (convertible)
2-door Sprint (coupe) |
| Layout | FR layout |
| Related | Alfa Romeo 2000 |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 2.6 L DOHC straight-6 |
| Transmission | 5-speed manual |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | Berlina/Sprint/Spider
2,720 mm (107.1 in)/2,580 mm (101.6 in)/2,500 mm (98.4 in) |
| Length | 4,700 mm (185.0 in)/4,580 mm (180.3 in)/4,500 mm (177.2 in) |
| Width | 1,700 mm (66.9 in)/1,706 mm (67.2 in)/1,690 mm (66.5 in) |
| Curb weight | 1,220–1,380 kg (2,690–3,042 lb) |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Alfa Romeo 2000 |
| Successor | Alfa Romeo Alfa 6 |


title: Maya Gabeira

abstract: Maya Reis Gabeira is a Brazilian big wave surfer. She surfed a 22.4 m (73 ft) high wave in Nazaré, Portugal in February 2020, recorded by Guinness World Records as the biggest wave ever surfed by a woman. She also held the previous record for biggest wave ever surfed by a woman, of 20.8 m (68 ft) established in January 2018. Gabeira has received numerous accolades including the ESPY award for Best Female Action Sports Athlete.

text:
# Maya Gabeira

**Maya Reis Gabeira** (born April 10, 1987) is a Brazilian big wave surfer. She surfed a 22.4 m (73 ft) high wave in Nazaré, Portugal in February 2020, recorded by *Guinness World Records* as the biggest wave ever surfed by a woman. She also held the previous record for biggest wave ever surfed by a woman, of 20.8 m (68 ft) established in January 2018.

Gabeira has received numerous accolades including the ESPY award for Best Female Action Sports Athlete.

## Career

Gabeira started surfing at age 13 in Rio de Janeiro and started competing at 15 years old. In 2004, she decided to become a professional at 17 while living in Australia and moved to Hawaii that same year to surf world class waves.

She quickly emerged as the world's top female big-wave surfer, winning global championships surfing challenging spots like Mavericks, Waimea, Todos Santos, and South Africa's shark-infested "Dungeons".

She has won the *Billabong XXL Global Big Wave Awards* for four consecutive times (2007 to 2010) in the Best Female Performance category.

In 2008, she became the first woman to surf big waves in Alaska. Gabeira also became the first woman to surf California's Ghost Trees and Tahiti's Teahupoo.

In 2009, Gabeira won the ESPY award for Best Female Action Sports Athlete. Later that year, Gabeira surfed the biggest wave ever by a woman when she successfully rode a 14 m (46 ft) wave at Dungeons, a big-wave surf spot in South Africa.

In 2010, she got the 2010 Teen Choice Award for Best Female Action Sports Star.

In 2012, she was awarded the XXL Big Wave Awards for Girls Best Overall Performance for the 5th time. She also appeared in the ESPN The Body Issue that same year.

On October 28, 2013, Gabeira lost consciousness and nearly drowned while surfing a massive wave at Praia do Norte, Nazaré, Portugal; she was saved by her fellow Brazilian big-wave surfer Carlos Burle. She had to be revived on the beach and was taken to hospital. In 2016, the documentary *Return to Nazaré* by Red Bull TV showed Gabeira's returned to Nazaré after the accident.

In January 2018, Gabeira surfed a 20.8 m (68 ft) wave in Nazare, recorded by *Guinness World Records* as the biggest wave surfed by a woman.

In February 11, 2020, Gabeira set a new Guinness World Record for the *Largest wave surfed (unlimited) - female*. It was held in *WSL Nazaré Tow Surfin* contest and the wave measured 22.4 m (73.5 ft). The wave was also the biggest wave surfed by anyone that year.

She is the subject of the 2022 documentary film *Maya and the Wave*.

In 2022, she was named UNESCO Champion for Ocean and Youth.

## Personal life

Gabeira is the daughter of Fernando Gabeira, one of the founding members of the Green Party of Brazil. Her father is the son of Lebanese immigrants. Her mother, Yamê Reis, is a Brazilian fashion designer.

## InfoBox

| Maya Gabeira | |
| --- | --- |
| Gabeira in Washington D.C in 2014 | |
| Personal information | |
| Born | Maya Reis Gabeira
(1987-04-10) April 10, 1987
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Residence | Portugal |
| Height | 1.68 m (5.5 ft) |
| Weight | 56 kg (123 lb) |
| Surfing career | |
| Major achievements | Billabong XXL Global Big Wave Award (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012)
ESPY Award (Best Female Action Sports Athlete (2009)
Teen Choice Awards 2010 |


title: Muscatine Municipal Airport

abstract: Muscatine Municipal Airport five miles (8 km) southwest of Muscatine, in Muscatine County, Iowa, United States. Ozark Airlines DC-3s served Muscatine for a year or two starting in 1951.

text:
# Muscatine Municipal Airport

**Muscatine Municipal Airport** (IATA: **MUT**, ICAO: **KMUT**, FAA LID: **MUT**) five miles (8 km) southwest of Muscatine, in Muscatine County, Iowa, United States.

Ozark Airlines DC-3s served Muscatine for a year or two starting in 1951.

## Facilities

The airport covers 604 acres (244 ha) and has two concrete runways: 6/24 is 5,500 x 100 ft (1,676 x 30 m) and 12/30 is 4,000 x 75 ft (1,219 x 23 m), both in good condition. Runway 24 is equipped with an ILS system with MALSR approach lighting. Runways 6/24 are equipped with VASI glide slope indicators and runways 12/30 are equipped with PAPI glide slope indicators. At night, all approach lighting can be activated via CTAF (Preset OFF). All runways have RNAV approaches and low to high intensity lighting, which can be increased via CTAF (Present Low). All runways have a left traffic pattern.

In the year ending May 24, 2007 the airport had 14,106 aircraft operations, average 38 per day: 94% general aviation and 6% air taxi. 36 aircraft were then based at this airport: 75% single-engine, 8% multi-engine, 11% jet and 6% glider.

The local fixed-base operator, Carver Aero, provides aircraft charter, aircraft rental, and flight training, with some line services available. The airport is staffed from approximately 07:00 to 18:00 local (except holidays).

KMUT is equipped with an AWOS-3, found on frequency 119.755, and the combined CTAF and UNICOM is on frequency 122.700. The "Port City" VOR-DME (DDD) is located on site, with frequency 116.50.

## Accidents and incidents

January 16, 1997 an Learjet 24 operated by Air Cargo Express crashed after landing at Muscatine. Snow on the side of the runway caused the plane to be dragged to the left. Probable cause was the pilot's failure to maintain directional control.

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for MUT PDF, effective 2008-04-10
2. ILS
3. "MUT - Muscatine Municipal Airport | SkyVector". *skyvector.com*. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
4. Carver Aero

## InfoBox

| Muscatine Municipal Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | City of Muscatine |
| Serves | Muscatine, Iowa |
| Elevation AMSL | 547 ft / 167 m |
| Coordinates | 41°22′04″N 091°08′54″W / 41.36778°N 91.14833°W / 41.36778; -91.14833 |
| Map | |
| **MUT****MUT** | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  6/24 5,500 1,676 Concrete  12/30 4,000 1,219 Concrete | |
| Statistics (2007) | |
| Aircraft operations 14,106  Based aircraft 36 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Hannes Anier

abstract: Hannes Anier is an Estonian professional footballer who plays as a forward.

text:
# Hannes Anier

**Hannes Anier** (born 16 January 1993) is an Estonian professional footballer who plays as a forward.

## Club career

Anier started his career at Flora. He remained there until 2012, after which he was recruited by Danish Odense Boldklub signing a three-year contract. Anier did not manage to get enough playing time for the first team and the contract was ended in 2013. After leaving Denmark, Anier went on trial with Scottish Premiership side Partick Thistle, Norwegian Tippeligaen side Strømsgodset and HJK before signing with German 2. Bundesliga club Erzgebirge Aue on a three-year deal until 2017. Anier played his first game for Erzgebirge Aue on 24 July 2014 in a friendly match against Bundesliga side VfB Stuttgart coming on as a substitute in the 72nd minute. His contract was terminated prematurely in early February 2015, after Anier had never been played for the club's first team.

## International career

Anier made his Estonia debut against Iceland on 4 June 2014. He scored his first goal on his second match against Tajikistan on 7 June 2014.

## Personal life

Anier's older brother Henri Anier is also a professional footballer.

## Career statistics

*Estonia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Anier goal.*

International goals by date, venue, cap, opponent, score, result and competition
| No. | Date | Venue | Cap | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 7 June 2014 | A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia | 2 | Tajikistan | 2–1 | 2–1 | Friendly |
|

## Honours

**Flora**

## InfoBox

Hannes Anier
| Anier in 2012 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1993-01-16) 16 January 1993 | | |
| Place of birth | Tallinn, Estonia | | |
| Height | 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Flora | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2009–2011 | Flora | 27 | (11) |
| 2009–2011 | Flora II | 42 | (19) |
| 2012–2013 | OB | 4 | (0) |
| 2014–2015 | Erzgebirge Aue | 0 | (0) |
| 2015–2018 | Flora | 8 | (0) |
| 2016–2017 | Flora U21 | 16 | (6) |
| 2018 | Thisted FC | 6 | (0) |
| 2018–2020 | Tallinna Kalev | 60 | (17) |
| 2021 | FCI Levadia | 14 | (3) |
| 2022 | Tallinna Kalev | 26 | (3) |
| International career | | | |
| 2008 | Estonia U16 | 3 | (0) |
| 2008–2009 | Estonia U17 | 12 | (0) |
| 2010 | Estonia U18 | 1 | (0) |
| 2010–2012 | Estonia U19 | 13 | (4) |
| 2011–2014 | Estonia U21 | 20 | (4) |
| 2014–2016 | Estonia U23 | 3 | (0) |
| 2014 | Estonia | 4 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 1 January 2023<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 27 February 2018 | | | |


title: Harvey Freeman (baseball)

abstract: Harvey Bayard Freeman was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played for the 1921 Philadelphia Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB). Listed at 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) and 160 pounds (73 kg), he batted and threw right-handed.

text:
# Harvey Freeman (baseball)

**Harvey Bayard Freeman** (December 22, 1897 – January 10, 1970) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played for the 1921 Philadelphia Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB). Listed at 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) and 160 pounds (73 kg), he batted and threw right-handed.

## Biography

Freeman played college baseball and college football at Western State Normal School, now Western Michigan University, and was signed by Connie Mack of the Philadelphia Athletics in 1921. During 1921, his only major league season, Freeman pitched in 18 games (four starts) with the Athletics. He compiled a 1–4 win–loss record with a 7.69 earned run average (ERA) and five strikeouts in 48 innings pitched. His one win was a complete game victory on August 9, as the Athletics defeated the Cleveland Indians, 4–3. Freeman had a .083 batting average (1-for-12), while defensively he made no errors in 19 total chances for a 1.000 fielding percentage.

In May 1922, the Athletics sent Freeman to the minor league Portland Beavers of the Pacific Coast League as part of a multi-player trade. Baseball records show that Freeman played for three different minor league teams during 1922, did not play in 1923, returned in 1924 with the Syracuse Stars of the International League, then finished his professional baseball career with two teams during 1925. He pitched in 80 minor league games, accruing a 20–35 record.

Freeman went on to coach multiple sports at St. Augustine High School in Kalamazoo, Michigan, from 1925 to 1954, where his basketball teams won five state championship. He then worked in the lumber business. Freeman was inducted to the hall of fame of the Michigan High School Coaches Association in 1965. He was married, with two daughters and a son, and died in January 1970 in Kalamazoo.

## InfoBox

| Harvey Freeman | |
| --- | --- |
| Freeman in 1922 | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1897-12-22)December 22, 1897
Mottville, Michigan | |
| **Died:** January 10, 1970(1970-01-10) (aged 72)
Kalamazoo, Michigan | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| July 10, 1921, for the Philadelphia Athletics | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 28, 1921, for the Philadelphia Athletics | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 1–4 |
| Earned run average | 7.69 |
| Strikeouts | 5 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Nephi Hannemann

abstract: Nephi Hannemann was an actor and singer of Samoan, German and English descent who appeared numerous times on Hawaii Five-O and One West Waikiki.

text:
# Nephi Hannemann

**Nephi Hannemann** (February 6, 1945 – March 31, 2018) was an actor and singer of Samoan, German and English descent who appeared numerous times on *Hawaii Five-O* and *One West Waikiki*.

## Biography

Nephi Hannemann was born in American Samoa to Gustav Hannemann and Faiaso Soliai Hannemann. His brother is Mufi Hannemann, the 12th Mayor of City and County of Honolulu.

Hannemann was one of seven children, four boys and three girls. His mother was the daughter of notable Samoan chiefs, with a type of royal heritage. He had German heritage on the side of his father, Gustav.

Hannemann was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

He graduated from Farrington High School in 1962, and was a football player at Ricks College in Idaho and at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

Hannemann died on March 31, 2018, in Los Angeles.

## Entertainer

Besides acting, Hannemann was an accomplished singer and recording artist. He would provide entertainment at Democratic Party rallies, such as those attended by Governor George Ariyoshi and Hawaii State Senator Francis A. Wong.

At one time, he was said to have rivalled singer Don Ho in versatility.

Hannemann was working on a second album with Lani Kai but unfortunately, Lani died before its completion. He has an appearance on the LP album *Invitation to Paradise ~ Polynesian Cultural Center*, released by BMC in 1979.

He had a recurring role as Nephi in *One West Waikiki*, and has had various roles in films.

## Other

As well as writing scripts and screen plays for a number of years, Hannemann helped establish a business and travel magazine in 1983 called the *Maui Quarterly*. For seven years, he served as its main writer and advertising director. As of 2002, he was the spokesman for Hawaiian and Polynesian-made healthcare products.

## Discography

* *Nephi, the Polynesian man*. Honolulu, HI: El Leon Records. 1972. OCLC 663112487. ASIN B004A6GY0A.
* Mufi Hannemann, Nephi Hannemann, Iva Kinimaka, Royal Hawaiian Band (2006). *Christmas Time Again, Aloha*. *Christmas with the Royal Hawaiian Band and friends* (CD). Honolulu, HI: Royal Hawaiian Band. OCLC 257853213. ASIN B000YDMOPW.

## Filmography

Television
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1969 | *Hawaii Five-O* | Gus | Episode: "The Box" |
| 1970 | *Hawaii Five-O* | John Mala | Episode: "Run Johnny, Run" |
| 1971 | *Hawaii Five-O* | Paul | Episode: "...And I Want Some Candy and a Gun That Shoots" |
| 1971 | *Hawaii Five-O* | Aku | Episode: "Is This Any Way to Run a Paradise?" |
| 1973 | *Hawaii Five-O* | Yoko | Episode: "The Odd Lot Caper" |
| 1973 | *Hawaii Five-O* | Tamaki | Episode: "Charter for Death" |
| 1974 | *McCloud* | Lt. Kelani | Episode: "A Cowboy in Paradise" |
| 1974 | *The Castaway Cowboy* | Malakoma |  |
| 1974 | *Hawaii Five-O* | Puni | Episode: "Steal Now, Pay Later" |
| 1975 | *Hawaii Five-O* | Raphael Orduno | Episode: "How to Steal a Submarine" |
| 1977 | *Hawaii Five-O* | Mahina | Episode: "The Descent of the Torches" |
| 1978 | *Hawaii Five-O* | Surfer | Episode: "Angel in Blue" |
| 1979 | *Hawaii Five-O* | Pimp | Episode: "The Execution File" |
| 1979 | *The Paradise Connection* | Manu |  |
| 1994 | *One West Waikiki* | Nephi Hanaman | Episode: "Till Death Do Us Part" |
| 1994 | *One West Waikiki* | Nephi Hanaman | Episode 1.3 |
| 1994 | *One West Waikiki* | Nephi Hanaman | Episode: "Scales of Justice" |
| 1995 | *One West Waikiki* | Nephi Hanaman | Episode: "Past Due" |
| 1996 | *One West Waikiki* | Nephi Hanaman | Episode: "Guilty" |
| 1996 | *One West Waikiki* | Nephi Hanaman | Episode: "Battle of the Titans" |

## InfoBox

| Nephi Hannemann | |
| --- | --- |
| Album cover of Nephi the Polynesian man | |
| Born | (1945-02-06)February 6, 1945
American Samoa |
| Died | March 31, 2018(2018-03-31) (aged 73)
Los Angeles, California, US |
| Resting place | Laie Cemetery |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, Singer |
| Years active | 1968–2018 |
| Relatives | Mufi Hannemann, brother |


abstract: Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine (PCOM) is a private medical school with its main campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and additional locations in Suwanee, Georgia and Moultrie, Georgia. Founded in 1899, PCOM is one of the nation's oldest medical schools. PCOM also operates several healthcare centers in Philadelphia and an osteopathic care clinic in Suwanee, Georgia. Additionally, PCOM sponsors residency training programs, which train newly graduated physicians. The Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, which aims to improve quality of life for elderly individuals, is located on the Philadelphia campus.

text:
# Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine

**Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine** (**PCOM**) is a private medical school with its main campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and additional locations in Suwanee, Georgia (PCOM Georgia) and Moultrie, Georgia (PCOM South Georgia).

Founded in 1899, PCOM is one of the nation's oldest medical schools. PCOM also operates several healthcare centers in Philadelphia and an osteopathic care clinic in Suwanee, Georgia. Additionally, PCOM sponsors residency training programs, which train newly graduated physicians. The Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, which aims to improve quality of life for elderly individuals, is located on the Philadelphia campus.

## History

PCOM was established on January 24, 1899, as the Philadelphia College and Infirmary of Osteopathy (PCIO). It was the third osteopathic medical school to open in the United States. In September 1899, the first PCIO degree was awarded, and in February 1900, the first PCIO "class," comprising one woman and one MD, graduated. In May 1921, PCIO was renamed to Philadelphia College of Osteopathy (PCO). In 1967, the school adopted its present-day name, becoming the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine (PCOM).

In 1973, PCOM opened a new building, Evans Hall (renamed the Howard A. Hassman, DO ’83 Academic Center in January of 2024), and relocated to its current campus along City Avenue in Philadelphia. In 1979, PCOM acquired the adjacent office building, which was later named Rowland Hall in honor of PCOM's 4th President. From 1995 to 1999, Evans Hall expanded to include a modern osteopathic medicine (OMM) lab, more classrooms, a new cafeteria, and the office of admissions.

During the 1990s, a series of new graduate level programs were added, expanding the scope of the medical school to a wide range of health-care related programs. In 1993, PCOM started the graduate program in biomedical science, offering graduate certificates, and Master of Science degrees. In 1995, a Doctor of Psychology program was established. In 2005, the school opened a branch campus in Georgia, which graduated its first DO class in 2009.

In 2005, PCOM Georgia (formerly known as GA-PCOM) enrolled its first class of osteopathic medical students. PCOM Georgia offers the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree (DO), the Doctor of Pharmacy degree, the Doctor of Physical Therapy degree and graduate programs in biomedical sciences and physician assistant studies.

In 2019, PCOM South Georgia welcomed its inaugural class of osteopathic medicine students, and in 2020, its first cohort of Master of Science in Biomedical Sciences students.

For more than a century, PCOM has trained physicians, health practitioners, and behavioral scientists. In January 2024, PCOM celebrated its 125th anniversary. In the United States, there are two types of physicians: DO physicians and MD physicians. Both are fully qualified physicians, licensed to prescribe medication and perform surgery.

## Academics

As a free-standing medical school, PCOM offers only graduate-level training. PCOM offers doctoral degrees in osteopathic medicine (D.O.), pharmacy (PharmD), physical therapy (DPT), and psychology (PsyD). In addition, master's degrees are offered in school psychology, public health, forensic medicine, biomedical sciences, and physician assistant studies.

PCOM is institutionally accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. The Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) program is accredited by the American Osteopathic Association. The Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) program at PCOM Georgia is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE). The Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant (ARC-PA) has granted Accreditation-Continued status to the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine Physician Assistant Program sponsored by Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine. Effective May 2, 2018, the Doctor of Physical Therapy Program at PCOM Georgia has been granted Candidate for Accreditation status by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education. PCOM's PsyD program in Clinical Psychology is accredited by the American Psychological Association and its School Psychology PsyD program is accredited on contingency by the Commission on Accreditation of the American Psychological Association.

## Campuses

PCOM operates three campuses; one campus is located in Philadelphia, another is near Atlanta in Suwanee, Georgia and the third is in Moultrie, Georgia. The Philadelphia campus is 17 acres, and the Georgia campus in Suwanee is 23 acres.

The PCOM Library is the college's library. In addition to its other activities, the library is also responsible for the creation of the college's institutional repository, the Digital Commons at PCOM.

## Student life

Students at both the Philadelphia and Georgia campuses have access to fitness centers, and participate in several recreational and professional clubs on campus. PCOM hosts the sole remaining chapter Phi Sigma Gamma, an osteopathic fraternity, which was founded in 1917. The college hosts an active chapter of Sigma Sigma Phi, a national Osteopathic Medicine Honors Fraternity that emphasizes community service and scholastic achievement.

## Healthcare centers

In addition to its affiliation with several teaching hospitals, PCOM runs several primary care healthcare centers including Cambria Division Healthcare Center, Lancaster Avenue Healthcare Center, and the Hassman Family Medicine Center. The clinics serve the dual purpose of providing community-based health care as well as providing educational experiences for medical students. Services include family medicine, gynecology, dermatology, geriatrics, psychology, and OMM.

## Residency programs

PCOM residency programs include a multi-hospital integrated approach. The total position numbers can vary with program directors' plans and implementation time frame.

## Fellowship programs

## Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging

The mission of the Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging (CCDA) at Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine is to improve the quality of life for all individuals suffering from age-related chronic diseases and disorders. The CCDA promotes a better understanding of the nature of chronic disease processes by supporting basic and applied investigations, and providing educational opportunities for the community, scientists and health care professionals. The CCDA furthers its mission through an interdisciplinary approach combining scientific research, education, and clinical application into chronic diseases and disorders associated with the aging process.

## Notable alumni

As of 2023, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine had trained 14,251 physicians, with 5,830 non-physician alumni.

40°00′18″N 75°13′01″W / 40.005°N 75.217°W / 40.005; -75.217

## InfoBox

Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Former names | Philadelphia College and Infirmary of Osteopathy |
| Motto | "Mens et Manus" |
| Motto in English | The Mind and the Hand |
| Type | Private medical school |
| Established | 1899 (1899) |
| Endowment | $419.4 million (2020) |
| Budget | $78.40 million |
| Chancellor | Leonard Finkelstein, DO |
| President | Jay S. Feldstein, DO |
| Provost | Kenneth J. Veit, DO |
| Academic staff | 183 |
| Students | 2,855 |
| Location | Philadelphia, PA;
Suwanee, GA;
Moultrie, GA, United States |
| Campus | Urban,
17 acres (Philadelphia)
20 acres (Georgia) |
| Colors | Burgundy and Gray |
| Website | Official website |
|  | |


title: Morris Harvey

abstract: Morris Harvey was a British actor and writer. A renowned character actor, he also wrote for the stage, including material for Broadway revues, in which he also appeared. He was the stepfather of film director Anthony Harvey.

text:
# Morris Harvey

**Morris Harvey** (25 September 1877  24 August 1944) was a British actor and writer. A renowned character actor, he also wrote for the stage, including material for Broadway revues, in which he also appeared. He was the stepfather of film director Anthony Harvey.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | *The Man from Chicago* | Rossi | Film debut |
| 1931 | *Sunshine Susie* | Klapper |  |
| 1932 | *Down Our Street* | Bill Collins |  |
| 1933 | *Cash* | Meyer |  |
| | *Facing the Music* | De Breen |  |
| 1934 | *A Southern Maid* | Vasco |  |
| | *Sing As We Go* | The Cowboy |  |
| 1935 | *D'Ye Ken John Peel?* | Glover |  |
| | *Look Up and Laugh* | Rosenbloom |  |
| | *Squibs* | Inspector Lee |  |
| | *Hello, Sweetheart* | F.Q. Morse |  |
| | *The Love Test* | Company President |  |
| | *Scrooge* | Poulterer With Prize Turkey |  |
| 1936 | *In the Soup* | Bates |  |
| | *Crown v. Stevens* | Maurice Bayleck | Uncredited |
| | *Dreams Come True* | Waldemar |  |
| | *Tropical Trouble* | Chief of the Bungs |  |
| 1937 | *The Lilac Domino* | Janosch |  |
| 1938 | *The Sky's the Limit* | Batavian Ambassador |  |
| 1939 | *The Mysterious Mr. Davis* | Cecil Goldenburg |  |
| 1940 | *21 Days* | Pawnbroker |  |
| 1941 | *Crook's Tour* | Waiter |  |
| | *Old Mother Riley in Business* |  |  |
| 1942 | *Let the People Sing* | Jim Flagg |  |
| | *The Great Mr. Handel* | John Heidegger |  |
| | *Rose of Tralee* | McIsaac |  |
| 1943 | *Old Mother Riley Overseas* | Barnacle Bill | Final film |
|

1. "Morris Harvey". Archived from the original on 14 January 2009.
2. "Morris Harvey - Theatricalia". *theatricalia.com*.
3. League, The Broadway. "Morris Harvey – Broadway Cast & Staff - IBDB". *www.ibdb.com*.
4. "Obituary: Anona Winn". *Independent.co.uk*. 14 March 1994.
5. Bergan, Ronald (8 December 2017). "Anthony Harvey obituary". *the Guardian*.

## InfoBox

| Morris Harvey | |
| --- | --- |
| 1930s postcard | |
| Born | Edmond Joseph Morris
(1877-09-25)25 September 1877
London, England |
| Died | 24 August 1944(1944-08-24) (aged 66)
Glasgow, Scotland |
| Occupation | Actor & writer |
| Years active | 1930-1943 |
| Spouse(s) | Dorothy Leon
Mae Bacon |


title: Mayfair Club

abstract: The Mayfair Club was a cardroom in New York City. Originally starting as a bridge and backgammon club, it eventually became "the most touted card club in New York" until its abrupt closing by authorities in 2000. Unlike the other gamehalls in the city, the Mayfair Club kept a low profile in a basement. During the poker era, Mayfair games and tournaments were dealt by the players as opposed to professional dealers in a casino environment. Mayfair Club games were also noted for their high stakes and elite competition.

text:
# Mayfair Club

The **Mayfair Club** was a cardroom in New York City. Originally starting as a bridge and backgammon club, it eventually became "the most touted card club in New York" until its abrupt closing by authorities in 2000. Unlike the other gamehalls in the city, the Mayfair Club kept a low profile in a basement. During the poker era, Mayfair games and tournaments were dealt by the players as opposed to professional dealers in a casino environment. Mayfair Club games were also noted for their high stakes and elite competition.

## Overview

The Mayfair Club developed a reputation as a training ground for poker players in the mid-eighties as a result of a small group of elite players who played at the club. In the 1987 World Series of Poker (WSOP), Mayfair Club regulars finished very high in the Main Event. Jay Heimowitz finished in 11th place, Mickey Appleman in 8th, Dan Harrington in 6th, and Howard Lederer in 5th. This strong showing was repeated in the 1988 WSOP when Jay Heimowitz finished in 15th place, and Erik Seidel in 2nd place. Heimowitz had previously finished third in the 1980 WSOP Main Event and sixth in the 1981 rendition. As of January 2009, these five former Mayfair Club players have won a total of 22 WSOP bracelets, four World Poker Tour titles, and numerous other poker accolades. In 1995, Dan Harrington won the WSOP Main Event, and he went on to make the final table of the main event in 2003 and 2004, for a total of four WSOP Main Event final table appearances. They have also written numerous books and articles. The Mayfair was also home court for business executive Wendeen Eolis, the first woman to cash in the Main Event, namely the 1986 rendition. Other famous players such as Noli Francisco, Steve Zolotow, Stu Ungar, David Catapano, Howard Lederer, Erik Seidel, Jason Lester and Paul Magriel became club regulars, too, further enhancing the club's reputation as the premier poker club in New York. Later, the Chesterfield Club in the film *Rounders* was modeled after the Mayfair Club.

In October 2008, TV show *Poker After Dark* featured "Mayfair Week" with six prominent players who had their beginnings at the Mayfair Club.

As the state of New York considers poker to be a game of chance, it is legal to play, but illegal for the host to garner a profit. In other words, one can legally play and win, but operating a poker club is illegal. For years, the Mayfair Club and other established underground poker clubs, were an "open secret among law enforcement officials". Prior to 2000, whenever a poker club was closed down by the police, it was due to criminal offenses (usually drugs or weapons). In 2000, Mayor Rudy Giuliani's "Quality of Life" campaign led to the closure of the Mayfair Club and other game halls in New York.

## InfoBox

Mayfair Club
| Dissolved | 2000 (2000) |
| --- | --- |
| Purpose | Gambling, social |
| Location |  |


title: Wuzhuliu

abstract: Wuzhuliu or Wuzhuliuruodi, born Nangzhiyasi, was a chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire. The brother and successor of Juya Chanyu, he reigned from 8 BC to 13 AD. Wuzhuliu sent his son Wududiyasi to the Western Han imperial court upon his accession and arranged for his son Jiliukun to go to the Western Han court upon his death. Wuzhuliu died in 13 AD and was succeeded by his brother, Wulei Chanyu. During the life of Wuzhuliu, the Han dynasty dominated the steppe politically. For a generous reward by the Han, he changed his personal name Nanchjiyasy to Chji. On ascending to the throne, he confirmed the standing agreement between the Han and the Xiongnu: "Henceforth the Han and Hun will be one House, from generation to generation they will not deceive each other, nor attack each other. If a larceny happens, they will mutually inform and execute and compensate, in the event of raids by enemies they will help each other with troops. He of them who is first to breach the agreement, he will be penalized by the Sky, and his posterity from generation to generation would suffer under I this oath". Despite this agreement, during Wuzhuliu's reign relations with the Han dynasty went from cordial to antagonistic when a usurper Wang Mang came to power, which ended the Western Han dynasty, and established the short-lived Xin dynasty. Assembling a 300,000-strong army, Wang Mang began military actions, but his attempts ended in futility. Wuzhuliu died in AD 13, before the end of the war. His successor was Wulei Chanyu of the Süybu clan. Wuzhuliu refused to return land to the Wusun but returned hostages to them. In 3 BC, Wuzhuliu proposed a visit to the Han court. The Han were initially reluctant but eventually agreed after Yang Xiong advised Emperor Ai of Han that it would be unwise to rebuff such a gesture. Wuzhuliu visited Chang'an in 1 BC. In 6 AD, two kings of the Jushi, Gugou and Tangdou, fled to the Xiongnu. However, Wuzhuliu turned them over to the Han due to the convention of four clauses, whereby he would not harbour fugitives from the Han dynasty, the Wusun, the Wuhuan, or the city states of the Western Regions. In return the Han sent gifts to the chanyu. However, among the gifts was a seal which aroused suspicions from Wuzhuliu that the text it bore implied a degradation of his status. The Han envoys smashed the seal but it was too late. The Xiongnu came into conflict with the Wuhuan and took territory from them. They were criticized for this by the Han as it contravened the terms of their convention. In response Wuzhuliu sent a large force under Puhuluzi to show his strength near Shuofang Commandery. In 10 AD, Hulanzhi, elder brother of the king of Jushi, fled to the Xiongnu. Four Han officials also defected to the Xiongnu. Wang Mang attempted to split the Xiongnu among 15 chanyus and named two, Xiao Chanyu and Shun Chanyu, which angered Wuzhuliu. In 11 AD, Wuzhuliu retaliated by sending an armed expedition to Yunzhong, Yanmen, and Shuofang commanderies, slaughtering a number of civilians. In 13 AD, Wuzhuliu died and was succeeded by his brother, Wulei Chanyu, who had previously been named Xiao Chanyu by the Han.

text:
# Wuzhuliu

**Wuzhuliu** (Chinese: 烏珠留) or **Wuzhuliuruodi** (Chinese: 烏珠留若鞮), born **Nangzhiyasi** (Chinese: 囊知牙斯; fl.8 BC \- died 13 AD), was a chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire. The brother and successor of Juya Chanyu, he reigned from 8 BC to 13 AD. Wuzhuliu sent his son Wududiyasi to the Western Han imperial court upon his accession and arranged for his son Jiliukun to go to the Western Han court upon his death. Wuzhuliu died in 13 AD and was succeeded by his brother, Wulei Chanyu.

During the life of Wuzhuliu, the Han dynasty dominated the steppe politically. For a generous reward by the Han, he changed his personal name Nanchjiyasy to Chji. On ascending to the throne, he confirmed the standing agreement between the Han and the Xiongnu: "Henceforth the Han and Hun will be one House, from generation to generation they will not deceive each other, nor attack each other. If a larceny happens, they will mutually inform and execute and compensate, in the event of raids by enemies they will help each other with troops. He of them who is first to breach the agreement, he will be penalized by the Sky, and his posterity from generation to generation would suffer under I this oath".

Despite this agreement, during Wuzhuliu's reign relations with the Han dynasty went from cordial to antagonistic when a usurper Wang Mang came to power, which ended the Western Han dynasty, and established the short-lived Xin dynasty. Assembling a 300,000-strong army, Wang Mang began military actions, but his attempts ended in futility. Wuzhuliu died in AD 13, before the end of the war. His successor was Wulei Chanyu of the Süybu clan.

Wuzhuliu refused to return land to the Wusun but returned hostages to them.

In 3 BC, Wuzhuliu proposed a visit to the Han court. The Han were initially reluctant but eventually agreed after Yang Xiong advised Emperor Ai of Han that it would be unwise to rebuff such a gesture. Wuzhuliu visited Chang'an in 1 BC.

In 6 AD, two kings of the Jushi, Gugou and Tangdou, fled to the Xiongnu. However, Wuzhuliu turned them over to the Han due to the convention of four clauses, whereby he would not harbour fugitives from the Han dynasty, the Wusun, the Wuhuan, or the city states of the Western Regions. In return the Han sent gifts to the chanyu. However, among the gifts was a seal which aroused suspicions from Wuzhuliu that the text it bore implied a degradation of his status. The Han envoys smashed the seal but it was too late.

The Xiongnu came into conflict with the Wuhuan and took territory from them. They were criticized for this by the Han as it contravened the terms of their convention. In response Wuzhuliu sent a large force under Puhuluzi to show his strength near Shuofang Commandery.

In 10 AD, Hulanzhi, elder brother of the king of Jushi, fled to the Xiongnu. Four Han officials also defected to the Xiongnu.

Wang Mang attempted to split the Xiongnu among 15 chanyus and named two, Xiao Chanyu and Shun Chanyu, which angered Wuzhuliu. In 11 AD, Wuzhuliu retaliated by sending an armed expedition to Yunzhong, Yanmen, and Shuofang commanderies, slaughtering a number of civilians.

In 13 AD, Wuzhuliu died and was succeeded by his brother, Wulei Chanyu, who had previously been named Xiao Chanyu by the Han.

## Footnotes

* Barfield, Thomas (1989), *The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China*, Basil Blackwell
* Bichurin N.Ya., *"Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"*, vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, reprint Moscow-Leningrad, 1950
* Chang, Chun-shu (2007), *The Rise of the Chinese Empire 1*, The University of Michigan Press
* Cosmo, Nicola Di (2002), *Ancient China and Its Enemies*, Cambridge University Press
* Cosmo, Nicola di (2009), *Military Culture in Imperial China*, Harvard University Press
* Loewe, Michael (2000), *A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han, and Xin Periods*, Brill
* Taskin B.S., *"Materials on Sünnu history"*, Science, Moscow, 1968, p. 31 (In Russian)
* Whiting, Marvin C. (2002), *Imperial Chinese Military History*, Writers Club Press

## InfoBox

| Nangzhiyasi | |
| --- | --- |
| *Wuzhuliu Chanyu* | |
| Domain and influence of the Eastern Huns | |
| Reign | c. 8 BC–13 AD |
| Predecessor | Juya Chanyu |
| Successor | Wulei Chanyu |
| Died | 13 AD |
| Dynasty | Modu Chanyu |
| Father | Huhanye |
| Mother | Zhuanqu Yanzhi |


title: Hannes Alfvén

abstract: Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén was a Swedish electrical engineer, plasma physicist and winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). He described the class of MHD waves now known as Alfvén waves. He was originally trained as an electrical power engineer and later moved to research and teaching in the fields of plasma physics and electrical engineering. Alfvén made many contributions to plasma physics, including theories describing the behavior of aurorae, the Van Allen radiation belts, the effect of magnetic storms on the Earth's magnetic field, the terrestrial magnetosphere, and the dynamics of plasmas in the Milky Way galaxy.

text:
# Hannes Alfvén

**Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén** (Swedish: \[alˈveːn\]; 30 May 1908 – 2 April 1995) was a Swedish electrical engineer, plasma physicist and winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). He described the class of MHD waves now known as Alfvén waves. He was originally trained as an electrical power engineer and later moved to research and teaching in the fields of plasma physics and electrical engineering. Alfvén made many contributions to plasma physics, including theories describing the behavior of aurorae, the Van Allen radiation belts, the effect of magnetic storms on the Earth's magnetic field, the terrestrial magnetosphere, and the dynamics of plasmas in the Milky Way galaxy.

## Education

Alfvén received his PhD from the University of Uppsala in 1934. His thesis was titled "Investigations of High-frequency Electromagnetic Waves."

## Early years

In 1934, Alfvén taught physics at both the University of Uppsala and the Nobel Institute for Physics (later renamed the Manne Siegbahn Institute of Physics) in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1940, he became professor of electromagnetic theory and electrical measurements at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. In 1945, he acquired the nonappointive position of Chair of Electronics. His title was changed to Chair of Plasma Physics in 1963. From 1954 to 1955, Alfvén was a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Maryland, College Park. In 1967, after leaving Sweden and spending time in the Soviet Union, he moved to the United States. Alfvén worked in the departments of electrical engineering at both the University of California, San Diego and the University of Southern California.

## Later years

In 1991, Alfvén retired as professor of electrical engineering at the University of California, San Diego and professor of plasma physics at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm.

Alfvén spent his later adult life alternating between California and Sweden. He died at the age of 86.

## Research

In 1937, Alfvén argued that if plasma pervaded the universe, it could then carry electric currents capable of generating a galactic magnetic field. After winning the Nobel Prize for his works in magnetohydrodynamics, he emphasized that:

> In order to understand the phenomena in a certain plasma region, it is necessary to map not only the magnetic but also the electric field and the electric currents. Space is filled with a network of currents which transfer energy and momentum over large or very large distances. The currents often pinch to filamentary or surface currents. The latter are likely to give space, as also interstellar and intergalactic space, a cellular structure.

His theoretical work on field-aligned electric currents in the aurora (based on earlier work by Kristian Birkeland) was confirmed in 1967, these currents now being known as Birkeland currents.

British scientist Sydney Chapman was a strong critic of Alfvén. Many physicists regarded Alfvén as espousing unorthodox opinions R. H. Stuewer noting that "... he remained an embittered outsider, winning little respect from other scientists even after he received the Nobel Prize..." and was often forced to publish his papers in obscure journals. Alfvén recalled:

> When I describe \[plasma phenomena\] according to this formalism most referees do not understand what I say and turn down my papers. With the referee system which rules US science today, this means that my papers are rarely accepted by the leading US journals.

Alfvén played a central role in the development of:

In 1939, Alfvén proposed the theory of magnetic storms and auroras and the theory of plasma dynamics in the Earth's magnetosphere. This was the paper rejected by the U.S. journal *Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity*.

Applications of Alfvén's research in space science include:

Alfvén's views followed those of the founder of magnetospheric physics, Kristian Birkeland. At the end of the nineteenth century, Birkeland proposed (backed by extensive data) that electric currents flowing down along the Earth's magnetic fields into the atmosphere caused the aurora and polar magnetic disturbances.

Areas of technology benefiting from Alfvén's contributions include:

Contributions to astrophysics:

* Galactic magnetic field (1937)
* Identified nonthermal synchrotron radiation from astronomical sources (1950)

Alfvén waves (low frequency hydromagnetic plasma oscillations) are named in his honor, and propagate at the Alfvén speed. Many of his theories about the solar system were verified as late as the 1980s through external measurements of cometary and planetary magnetospheres. However, Alfvén himself noted that astrophysical textbooks poorly represented known plasma phenomena:

> A study of how a number of the most used textbooks in astrophysics treat important concepts such as double layers, critical velocity, pinch effects, and circuits is made. It is found that students using these textbooks remain essentially ignorant of even the existence of these concepts, despite the fact that some of them have been well known for half a century (e.g, double layers, Langmuir, 1929; pinch effect, Bennet, 1934).

Alfvén reported that of 17 of the most used textbooks on astrophysics, none mention the pinch effect, none mentioned critical ionization velocity, only two mentioned circuits, and three mentioned double layers.

Alfvén believed the problem with the Big Bang was that astrophysicists tried to extrapolate the origin of the universe from mathematical theories developed on the blackboard, rather than starting from known observable phenomena. He also considered the Big Bang to be a myth devised to explain creation. Alfvén and colleagues proposed the Alfvén–Klein model as an alternative cosmological theory to both the Big Bang and steady state theory cosmologies.

## Personal life

Alfvén was married for 67 years to his wife Kerstin (1910–1992). They raised five children, one boy and four girls. Their son became a physician, while one daughter became a writer and another a lawyer in Sweden. The writer was Inger Alfvén and is well known for her work in Sweden. The composer Hugo Alfvén was Hannes Alfvén's uncle.

Alfvén studied the history of science, oriental philosophy, and religion. On his religious views, Alfven was irreligious and critical of religion. He spoke Swedish, English, German, French, and Russian, and some Spanish and Chinese. He expressed great concern about the difficulties of permanent high-level radioactive waste management." Alfvén was also interested in problems in cosmology and all aspects of auroral physics, and used Schröder's well known book on aurora, *Das Phänomen des Polarlichts*. Letters of Alfvén, Treder, and Schröder were published on the occasion of Treder's 70th birthday. The relationships between Hans-Jürgen Treder, Hannes Alfvén and Wilfried Schröder were discussed in detail by Schröder in his publications.

Alfvén died on 2 April, 1995 at Djursholm aged 86.

## Awards and honours

The Hannes Alfvén Prize, awarded annually by the European Physical Society for outstanding contributions in plasma physics, is named after him. The asteroid 1778 Alfvén is named in his honour.

### Awards

Alfvén was one of the few scientists who was a foreign member of both the United States and Soviet Academies of Sciences.

## Selected bibliography

For full list of publications see.

Books  * Cosmical Electrodynamics, International Series of Monographs on Physics, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950. (See also 2nd Ed. 1963, co-authored with Carl-Gunne Fälthammar.)
* Worlds-Antiworlds: Antimatter in Cosmology (1966).
* The Great Computer: A Vision (1968) (a political-scientific satire under the pen name Olof Johannesson; publ. Gollancz, ISBN 0-575-00059-7).
* Atom, Man, and the Universe: A Long Chain of Complications, W.H. Freeman and Company, 1969.
* Living on the Third Planet, authored with Kerstin Alfvén, W.H. Freeman and Company, 1972. ISBN 0-7167-0340-8.
* Cosmic Plasma, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Vol. 82 (1981) Springer Verlag. ISBN 90-277-1151-8
* Schröder, Wilfried, and Hans Jürgen Treder. 2007. *Theoretical physics and geophysics: Recollections of Hans-Jürgen Treder (1928–2006)*. Potsdam: Science Editions.

Articles

## InfoBox

| Hannes Alfvén | |
| --- | --- |
| Alfvén in 1942 | |
| Born | Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén
(1908-05-30)30 May 1908
Norrköping, Sweden |
| Died | 2 April 1995(1995-04-02) (aged 86)
Danderyd, Sweden |
| Alma mater | University of Uppsala |
| Known for |  |
| Awards |  |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Electrical engineering and Plasma physics |
| Institutions |  |
| Doctoral advisor | Manne Siegbahn
Carl Wilhelm Oseen |
| Doctoral students |  |
|  | |


title: Rocky Lane, Alberta

abstract: Rocky Lane is a locality in northern Alberta, Canada surrounding the Boyer 164 Indian reserve of the Beaver First Nation. It is located 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Highway 58, 51 km (32 mi) east of High Level.

text:
# Rocky Lane, Alberta

Rocky Laneclass=notpageimage|Location of Rocky Lane Alberta

**Rocky Lane** is a locality in northern Alberta, Canada surrounding the Boyer 164 Indian reserve of the Beaver First Nation. It is located 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Highway 58, 51 km (32 mi) east of High Level.

## Amenities

The Rocky Lane area features the Rocky Lane Community Hall, completed and opened by the Rocky Lane Agricultural Society in 2011, and the Rocky Lane Nordic Ski Club, which features 13 km (8.1 mi) of cross-country ski trails and equipment rentals. The Machesis Lake Provincial Recreation Area, located to the southwest of Rocky Lane, consists of a lake, day use sites, and overnight campsites.

58°26′45″N 116°15′59″W / 58.44583°N 116.26639°W / 58.44583; -116.26639 (Rocky Lane)