title: France–Iran relations

abstract: French–Iranian relations are the international relations between France and Iran. Iran has generally enjoyed a friendly relationship with France since the Middle Ages. The travels of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier are particularly well known to Safavid Persia. France has an embassy in Tehran and Iran has an embassy in Paris. Recently, however, relations have soured over Iran's refusal to halt uranium enrichment and France supporting the referral of Iran to the United Nations Security Council.

text:
# France–Iran relations

**French–Iranian relations** are the international relations between France and Iran. Iran has generally enjoyed a friendly relationship with France since the Middle Ages. The travels of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier are particularly well known to Safavid Persia. France has an embassy in Tehran and Iran has an embassy in Paris.

Recently, however, relations have soured over Iran's refusal to halt uranium enrichment and France supporting the referral of Iran to the United Nations Security Council.

## Safavid era

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Persia tried to obtain support among European nations against the expansionism of the Portuguese and the neighbouring Ottoman Empire. Since France was tied into an Ottoman alliance, however, the Persian embassy to Europe of 1599–1602 and the Persian embassy to Europe of 1609–1615 avoided France. A Capuchin mission was however established in Ispahan under Pacifique de Provins in 1627.

Trade contacts however existed, and the French trader Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605–1689) is known to have been as far as Isfahan circa 1632.

Relations took an official turn under Louis XIV and Colbert, when Colbert founded the French East India Company in 1664, and subsequently asked Lalain and Laboulaye to go to Ispahan to promote French interests in Persia. The Shah welcomed them as he was delighted to be given an opportunity to counterbalance English and Dutch influence in his country. He provided a three-year exemption from customs duties, and gave France the same privileges as other countries. Further, a trading post was given to France in Bandar Abbas.

Another French trader Jean Chardin (1643–1715) visited Persia and received the patronage of the Safavid monarch Shah Abbas II and his son Shah Suleiman I. Chardin returned to France in 1670. The following year, he published an account of *Le Couronnement de Soleïmaan* (English translation: *The Coronation of Shah Soleiman*). He again visited Persia between 1673 and 1680.

Numerous trade contacts continued to occur between Persia (modern Iran) and France. In 1705, Louis XIV dispatched an Ambassador Extraordinary in the person of Jean-Baptiste Fabre, accompanied by a party including Jacques Rousseau, uncle of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and a woman named Marie Petit, who owned a gaming house, probably also a brother, in Paris. Fabre died in Persia, but negotiations were taken over by Pierre-Victor Michel, leading to a largely ineffective signed in September 1708. Prior to that he had to sideline Marie Petit who, "in the name of the Princesses of France", tried to persuade the shah to recognize her as France's sole legitimate representative.

Wishing to reinforce exchanges, the Shah sent an embassy in 1715, led by Mohammad Reza Beg, the Persian embassy to Louis XIV. The embassy visited king Louis XIV and obtained a new treaty of alliance signed in Versailles on 13 August 1715. Contact was then interrupted with the fall of the Safavid Empire in 1722 and the subsequent troubles, until the end of the century.

Impressed by the Persian visits, the French author Montesquieu wrote a fictional account about Persia, the *Lettres persanes*, in 1721.

## Qajar Era

Attempts to resume contact were made following the French Revolution, as France was in conflict with Russia and wished to find an ally against that country. In 1796, two scientists, Jean-Guillaume Bruguières and Guillaume-Antoine Olivier, were sent to Persia by the Directoire, but were unsuccessful in obtaining an agreement.

A Franco-Persian alliance was formed for a short period between the French Empire of Napoleon I and the Persian Empire of Fath Ali Shah against Russia and Great Britain between 1807 and 1809. The alliance was part of Napoleon's plan to create another front on Russia's southern borders, as Iran and Russia were directly bordering each other there in the Caucasus region. Furthermore, the Iranian king was involved in a territorial dispute with the Russian tsar following its annexation of Georgia, which had been intermittently part of Iran since the mid 16th century. The alliance unravelled when France finally allied with Russia and turned its focus to European campaigns, and dropped its support during the Russo-Persian War (1804-1813), which eventually turned out into an Iranian defeat and huge irrevocable territorial losses, comprising modern-day Georgia, Dagestan, and most of the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan.

Diplomatic relations with France resumed in 1839 following a dispute between Great Britain and Persia over the Iranian city of Herat. Great Britain would remove its military and diplomatic missions from Persia, occupy Kharg island, and attack Bushehr. Mohammad Shah Qajar would in turn resume diplomatic relations with France, and send a diplomatic mission to Louis-Philippe under Mirza Hossein Khan to obtain military help. In response, a group of French officers was sent to Persia with the returning ambassador.

## Pahlavi Era

France had close economic collaboration with Iran during the Pahlavi era, especially with numerous contracts related to public works.

## Islamic Republic of Iran

### Nuclear program

Following the 1979 Islamic Revolution, France refused to continue to provide Iran with enriched uranium, which it needed for its nuclear program. Tehran also did not get its investment back from the Eurodif joint stock company formed in 1973 by France, Belgium, Spain and Sweden. In 1975 Sweden's 10% share in Eurodif went to Iran as a result of an arrangement between France and Iran. The French government subsidiary company Cogéma and Tehran established the Sofidif (*Société Franco–iranienne pour l’enrichissement de l’uranium par diffusion gazeuse*) firm with 60% and 40% shares, respectively. In turn, Sofidif acquired a 25% share in EURODIF, which gave Iran its 10% share of Eurodif. Reza Shah Pahlavi lent 1 billion dollars (and another 180 million dollars in 1977) for the construction of the Eurodif factory, to have the right of buying 10% of the production of the site.

In 1982, president François Mitterrand, who had been elected the year before, refused to give any uranium to Iran, which also claimed the $1 billion debt. In 1986, Eurodif manager Georges Besse was assassinated; the act was allegedly claimed by left-wing militants from Action Directe. However, they denied any responsibility during their trial. In their investigation *La République atomique, France-Iran le pacte nucléaire*, David Carr-Brown and Dominique Lorentz pointed to the Iranian intelligence services' responsibility. They also claimed that the French hostage scandal was connected to the Iranian blackmail. Finally an agreement was reached in 1991: France refunded more than 1.6 billion dollars. Iran remained shareholder of Eurodif via Sofidif, a Franco-Iranian consortium shareholder to 25% of Eurodif. However, Iran refrained from asking for the produced uranium.

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reported in February 2023 concerns over undeclared modifications at Iran's Fordow nuclear site, which enriches uranium to 60 percent, a step below weapons grade. This development is inconsistent with Iran's obligations under its Safeguards Agreement and undermines the IAEA’s ability to implement effective safeguards measures.

### Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)

Furthermore, with the United States and other countries, France supported Saddam Hussein in the war against Iran (1980–1988). Saddam's airforce included dozens of Dassault Mirage F1s, Dassault-Breguet Super Étendards, and Aérospatiale Gazelles, among other weaponry. Iraqi military purchases from France totaled $5.5 Billion in 1985, prompting U.S. Senator Ted Stevens of Alaska, and chairman of the U.S. Senate Appropriations Committee, to declare France's selling of military equipment to Iraq as "international treason".

Jacques Chirac helped sell Saddam the two nuclear reactors that started Baghdad on the path to nuclear weapons capability. By 2000, France had become Iraq's largest supplier of military and dual-use equipment, according to a senior member of Congress who reportedly declined to be identified.

The French were concerned that their support for Iraq would harm their relations with Iran, but their economic and commercial interests in Iraq were too important. The French military reinforced their naval presence in the Gulf in response to Iranian threats of deteriorating relations. France's history with Baghdad reached back decades. France was extremely popular in the Middle East after their public stance of neutrality in the Six-Day War. General de Gaulle invoked symbolic references of the cooperation between Charlemagne and the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid, promising Soviet aligned Iraq with French cooperation at a time when Iraq was politically isolated from the West as a consequence of Cold War tensions. The French companies Berliet, Saviem and Panhard began selling military vehicles to the Iraqi army. Saddam Hussein visited France in 1972 to officially finalize the agreements of petroleum cooperation between the two countries following nationalization of the Iraqi oil industry. Hussein gave the French a list of weapons desired by the Iraqi military including radars, helicopters and fighter planes.

Paris and Baghdad grew closer and closer. By the end of the 1970s over 65 French companies were operating in Iraq. The Bouygues group had built underground shelters for the Iraqi army. They sold Iraq missiles and other war equipment. Relations with Iran were, on the other hand, primarily limited to cultural exchanges. France recognized the Shah as friendly overall, but condemned the regime's authoritarian streak. Tehran was considered firmly within the American and British sphere and Paris was less interested in Tehran then Baghdad because they could not sell French weapons to Iran. They did develop other commercial ties including for nuclear equipment and in 1974 the French government entered into an agreement to sell Iran nuclear power stations. The Shah gave France a one billion dollar loan for a 10% share in Eurodif allowing Iran to purchase 10% of the enriched uranium produced by the Tricastin plant.

France remained committed to the recognition of the Palestinian people's rights. When the Ayatollah Khomeini was expelled from Iran, the French government granted him political asylum, but later Khomeini returned to take power after the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The Islamic government withdrew from nuclear cooperation agreements with France and a dispute over the Eurodif partnership greatly damaged ties between the two nations. When François Mitterrand was elected in May 1981 he sent Hussein public messages of French support. Iraq was regarded as an example of secular, progressive and modernist values contrasted with Iran's conservatism. Claude Cheysson states that "Iraq is the only barrier to an Islamic onslaught that would destabilize the entire region and topple the moderate Arab regimes."

### 2003 raid on the People's Mujahedin of Iran

In June 2003 French police raided the People's Mujahedin (PMOI)'s properties, including its base in Auvers-sur-Oise. 160 suspected MEK members were then arrested. French Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy (UMP) declared that the MEK "recently wanted to make France its support base, notably after the intervention in Iraq", while US Senator Sam Brownback, Republican of Kansas accused the French of doing "the Iranian government's dirty work". Along with other congressmen, he wrote a letter of protest to President Jacques Chirac, while longtime PMOI supporters such as Sheila Jackson-Lee, Democrat of Texas, criticized Maryam Radjavi's arrest. All charges were later dropped.

### Other

In 2019, French-Iranian academic Fariba Adelkhah and French academic Roland Marchal were arrested on security charges. Marchal was later released in a prisoner swap. Adelkhah was sentenced in 2020 to five years on security charges and one year concurrently on charges of propaganda. According to France24, the case has been a "thorn in relations" between France and Iran. The academics' support committee has asked scientific institutions to "suspend all scientific co-operation with Iran". In May 2022, Iran's intelligence ministry said it had arrested two Europeans, later identified as French nationals, for allegedly fomenting "insecurity" in Iran. In October 2022, Iranian authorities announced more arrests in "the case of French spies", accusing those detained of "conspiracy and collusion" to harm Iran's national security.

In January 2023, French special forces seized a boat in the Gulf of Oman loaded with Iranian-supplied weapons and ammunition which were bound to militants in Yemen.

## Economic relations

With 6.25% of the market share in exports to Iran, France was Iran's sixth-leading supplier in 2005. Iran is France's 27th customer (its third-leading customer in the Middle East). Fifty-five percent of French exports are concentrated in the automotive sector. French companies are also very active in the oil industry, rail and shipping transport, and the financial sector. For the most part, imports from Iran are crude oil. Altogether, 3% of French hydrocarbon imports come from Iran. A reciprocal agreement protecting and encouraging investment signed by the French Minister Delegate for Foreign Trade on 12 May 2003 in Tehran came into force on 13 November 2004. Iran's Minister of Commerce, Mr. Mohammad Shariat-Madari, made an official visit to France from 20 through 23 January 2004. The French Secretary of State for Transport and the Sea, Mr. François Goulard, went to Iran on 20 June 2004, on the occasion of the resumption of Air France's Paris-Tehran flights. The nuclear issue will determine any changes in the business climate in Iran. France and its European partners have emphasized to Iran the promising prospects that would result from a negotiated solution. However, the present worsening of the nuclear crisis could damage France's economic cooperation with Iran in the long run.

IKCO cooperation with France's Peugeot dates back to more than two decades ago and seven different Peugeot models accounted for about 64 percent of the total of 542,000 passenger cars and pickups produced by IKCO in 2007. IKCO and Iran's second-largest car company, Saipa, produce Logan in a joint venture with France's Renault.

## Diplomatic relations

The most recent bilateral visits of political leaders occurred during the first half of 2005:

* President Khatami met with the French President in Paris on 5 April 2005, on the sidelines of a conference at UNESCO, where he gave an address on the dialogue between civilizations. The Minister received his Iranian counterpart, Mr. Kamal Kharazi, who was accompanying the Iranian President.
* Mr. Xavier Darcos, the Minister Delegate for Cooperation, Development and Francophony, went to Tehran and Bam on 22–23 May 2005.

The declarations made by the Iranian President promoting the destruction of Israel and negating the Nazi genocide have been strongly condemned by the French President. Iran's ambassador was summoned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 27 October 2005 regarding this matter. The French government has expressed its concerns to the Iranian government about the human rights situation in Iran. On 12 December 2005, the Prime Minister awarded the French Human Rights Prize to the wife of Emadeddin Baqi, an Iranian dissident who fights for prisoners’ rights and against the death penalty in Iran. In the context of its policy supporting defenders of human rights, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs summoned the Iranian chargé d'affaires to Paris in August 2005 to express its concerns regarding the fate of journalist, Akbar Gandji, and his lawyer, Mr. Soltani (who was awarded the French Human Rights Prize in December 2003 on behalf of the Human Rights Defence Centre, of which Ms. Shirin Ebadi, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, is the President).

Iran's ambassador in Paris, Mr. Sadegh Kharazi, ceased to hold office on 22 November 2005. His successor Ali Ahani is currently the new ambassador under President Ahmadinejad and thereafter.

The Franco-Iranian relation has cooled off in recent years. Some leaders of MKO were admitted to France and they have actively campaigned against the Islamic regime. Since election of President Ahmadinejad in 2005, the relation has become more contentious. In January 2007, Jacques Chirac warned in an interview that "if Iran were to launch a nuclear weapon against a country like Israel, it would lead to the immediate destruction of Tehran", but he quickly retracted his comments. In 2009 Ahmadinejad's re-election, France supported the opposition candidates, who lost the election. The Iranian movie maker Mohsen Makhmalbaf resided in France during the run-off to the elections in 2009 and was spreading anti-government propaganda and promoting the Green velvet revolution. Also, Iran accused the French embassy for having a role in instigating post election protest via its embassy personnel in Tehran.

In late August 2010, Iran's state-run daily paper Kayhan called France's first lady Carla Bruni-Sarkozy a 'prostitute' after she had condemned the stoning sentence against Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani for adultery in an open letter, along with several French celebrities. The paper later also called for Bruni to be put to death for supporting Sakineh Ashtiani, and for what the paper described as Bruni's moral corruption and having had extra-marital affairs herself. Even though Kayhan is a state-sponsored paper and it continued its tirade against Bruni along with other state-run Iranian media, Iranian officials tried to distance themselves from that violent stance, while a spokesman for the French Foreign Ministry criticized the comments as being 'unacceptable'. The incident rapidly found its way into the Iranian domestic politics.

On 10 April 2019, Iran's president, Hassan Rouhani held a telephone conversation with French President Emmanuel Macron, discussing about how the labeling of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) as a terrorist organization in the United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations served as a very provocative action taken against Iran.

On May 12, 2022, France summoned a senior Iranian envoy after two of its citizens were imprisoned in Tehran in an arbitrary detention, according to the French government.

On July 15, 2022, the French foreign ministry announced that France had requested Iran to free three filmmakers who were detained earlier that month.

In a phone call with Masoud Pezeshkian on 29 July 2024, Macron cautioned Iran against its ongoing support for Russia's war in Ukraine. Macron expressed that Iran had a responsibility to help prevent the escalation of tensions between Lebanon and Israel by ceasing its support for destabilizing actors. Additionally, he urged Iran to halt the concerning escalation of its nuclear program and to comply with international organizations. Macron also emphasized that the release of three French hostages would be essential for improving Franco-Iranian relations.

## Cultural, scientific and technical relations

Cooperation relations are managed in the context of the general arrangement of 14 September 1993 and the cultural arrangement of 31 January 1999. Four priorities have been established:

* The promotion of inter-university partnerships and advanced French training. France is the sixth-leading country in terms of hosting Iranian scholars. Actions supporting university cooperation conducted by the embassy in Tehran (welcoming and guiding students, improving language skills, providing networking opportunities with former scholars) are to be grouped together in a centre for university information and exchange.
* Increased French instruction in Iran's secondary and higher education. Several public secondary schools in Iran offered French classes in Autumn 2003.
* Borrowed words from French, and language similarities due to both being Indo-European languages.
* The promotion of scientific partnerships (seismology, biology, environmental sciences, town planning, human and social sciences, veterinary medicine) in compliance with the rules of vigilance and with Iranian co-financing. A two-year integrated action programme (called “Gundishapur”) ended in July 2004.
* Bidirectional development in cultural dialogue. The embassy provides volunteer translation and publication services and organizes cultural and scientific events. The French Research Institute in Iran is the only foreign research centre authorized to take part in disseminating information about Iranian culture.

## Polls

According to a 2012 BBC World Service poll, only 7% of French people viewed Iran's influence positively, with 82% expressing a negative view. According to a 2012 Pew Global Attitudes Survey, 14% of French people viewed Iran favorably, compared to 86% who viewed it unfavorably; 96% of French people opposed Iranian acquisition of nuclear weapons and 74% approved of "tougher sanctions" on Iran, while 51% supported use of military force to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons.

## 2016

France's imports from Iran in the first nine months of 2016 showed a 34-fold rise compared to the corresponding period in 2015, Iran's state-run Tasnim News Agency reported on 10 December 2016.

## Resident diplomatic missions

* France has an embassy in Tehran.
* Iran has an embassy in Paris.

* Amini, Iradj (2000). *Napoleon and Persia: Franco-Persian relations under the First Empire*. Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-934211-58-2.

## InfoBox

French-Iranian relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  |  |
| <br>France | <br>Iran |
|  | |
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Embassy of France, Tehran | Embassy of Iran, Paris |


abstract: The France–Italy Maritime Boundary Agreement is a 1986 treaty between France and Italy which delimits the maritime boundary between the two countries in the Strait of Bonifacio. The Strait of Bonifacio separates the French island of Corsica from the Italian island of Sardinia. The treaty was signed in Paris on 28 November 1986. The boundary set out by the text of the treaty is a relatively short 40 nautical miles long and consists of five straight-line maritime segments defined by six individual coordinate points. The agreed-to boundary is an approximate equidistant line between the two islands. The treaty came into force on 15 May 1989 after both countries had ratified it. The full name of the treaty is Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Italian Republic on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundaries in the Area of the Strait of Bonifacio.

text:
# France–Italy Maritime Boundary Agreement

The **France–Italy Maritime Boundary Agreement** is a 1986 treaty between France and Italy which delimits the maritime boundary between the two countries in the Strait of Bonifacio.

The Strait of Bonifacio separates the French island of Corsica from the Italian island of Sardinia. The treaty was signed in Paris on 28 November 1986. The boundary set out by the text of the treaty is a relatively short 40 nautical miles long and consists of five straight-line maritime segments defined by six individual coordinate points. The agreed-to boundary is an approximate equidistant line between the two islands.

The treaty came into force on 15 May 1989 after both countries had ratified it. The full name of the treaty is *Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Italian Republic on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundaries in the Area of the Strait of Bonifacio*.

* Anderson, Ewan W. (2003). *International Boundaries: A Geopolitical Atlas.* Routledge: New York. ISBN 9781579583750; OCLC 54061586
* Charney, Jonathan I., David A. Colson, Robert W. Smith. (2005). *International Maritime Boundaries,* 5 vols. Hotei Publishing: Leiden. ISBN 9780792311874; ISBN 9789041119544; ISBN 9789041103451; ISBN 9789004144613; ISBN 9789004144798; OCLC 23254092

## InfoBox

France–Italy Maritime Boundary Agreement
| Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the Italian Republic on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundaries in the Area of the Strait of Bonifacio | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Boundary delimitation |
| Signed | 28 November 1986 (1986-11-28) |
| Location | Paris, France |
| Effective | 15 May 1989 |
| Parties |  |
| Depositary | United Nations Secretariat |
| Languages | French; Italian |


title: Francesco Botti

abstract: Francesco Botti (1640–1711) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active in his native Florence.

text:
# Francesco Botti

**Francesco Botti** (1640–1711) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active in his native Florence.

## Biography

His father, Giovanni was also a painter. Like his mentor Simone Pignoni, he specialized in depicting persons or scenes from classical mythology or the bible, depicting the women in seductive poses. Among his paintings are:

Among his pupils was Matteo Bonechi.

## Bibliography

* Sandro Bellesi, *Inediti di Simone Pignoni e Francesco Botti* in *Arte, collezionismo, conservazione: scritti in onore di Marco Chiarini*.
* Francesca Baldassarri, *La Pittura del Seicento a Firenze*, Robilant-Voena, Torino 2009


title: Francesco Bracotti

abstract: Francesco Bracotti is a professional racing driver from Italy who competes in single seaters.

text:
# Francesco Bracotti

**Francesco Bracotti** (born January 16, 1995, in Turin, Italy) is a professional racing driver from Italy who competes in single seaters.

## Racing career

### Karting

Bracotti was 4 years old when he tasted the asphalt the first time, on the go-kart circuit of Cattolica. After years of amateur experiences between 50 babykart and 60 minikart he jumped to 100 junior category and started doing in 2008 the Piedmont regional championship, ending it in the 1st position. In 2009 he took part to the Open Masters in the KF3 category and in some races of the WSK championship. He also participated in prestigious international events as Margutti and Industries trophies. In 2010 he became an official driver of the Tecno Kart team and took part in the World Championship U-18 established by FIA. Here he stood out with its capacities, in particular on the Spanish circuit of Aragon. In 2011, again as a bearer of Tecno Kart he took part to the European Championship in Kf2 and, as the previous year, in the World Championship U-18.

### Formula Renault 2.0

In 2012 Bracotti started his single seaters career taking part in the Italian Formula Renault 2.0 championship as a driver of the team “Green Goblin by Facondini”. In Monza, the first meeting of the championship, he goth a seventh and a fourth place, the same placement in which he ended the first of the two races in Imola, where he also obtained the fastest lap. Bracotti achieved his first podium at the Red Bull Ring in the second of the two races of the weekend. The Italian driver finished the first race in fifth place, despite starting from the pit lane because of a technical failure, after having obtained the third position in qualifying. The round in Vallelunga was signed by two retires for Bracotti, who started from the first row in race-1 and was coinvolved in an accident at "cimini" corner. In race-2 a technical failure to the rear suspension forced him to stop the car. At the end of the championship another retirement, caused by engine problems, in Mugello Circuit made him finish fourth in the junior ranking.

## Racing Records

### Career summary

| Season | Series | Team | Races | Retires | Poles | F.L. | Wins | Podiums | Points | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Formula Renault 2.0 Italia | Green Goblin by Facondini | 12 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 80 | 7th |

### Formula Renault 2.0 results

| Year | Entrant | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Rank | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Green Goblin by Facondini | ITA
MONZA
 | ITA
MONZA
 | SMR
IMOLA
4° (F.L.) | SMR
IMOLA
 | ITA
MISANO
Ret | ITA
MISANO
 | AUS
SPIELBERG
 | AUS
SPIELBERG
 | ITA
VALLELUNGA
Ret | ITA
VALLELUNGA
Ret | ITA
MUGELLO
 | ITA
MUGELLO
Ret | 7th | 80 |
| | | |

## References and notes

## InfoBox

| Francesco Bracotti | |
| --- | --- |
| Francesco Bracotti in 2012 | |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Born | (1995-01-16) January 16, 1995
Turin (Italy) |
| Formula Renault 2.0 Italia career | |
| Debut season | 2012 |
| Current team | Green Goblin by Facondini |
| Car number | 21 |
| Wins | 0 |
| Poles | 0 |
| Fastest laps | 1 |
| Best finish | 7th in 2012 |


title: Francesco Antonio Leopardi

abstract: Francesco Antonio Leopardi (1635–1717) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Tricarico (1685–1717) and Bishop of Marsico Nuovo (1683–1685).

text:
# Francesco Antonio Leopardi

**Francesco Antonio Leopardi** (1635–1717) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Tricarico (1685–1717) and Bishop of Marsico Nuovo (1683–1685).

## Biography

Francesco Antonio Leopardi was born in 1635 in Buonabitacolo, Italy and ordained a priest on 14 March 1671. On 27 September 1683, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent XI as Bishop of Marsico Nuovo. On 3 October 1683, he was consecrated bishop by Alessandro Crescenzi, Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca. On 1 October 1685, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent XI as Bishop of Tricarico. He served as Bishop of Tricarico until his death on 5 February 1717.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Francesco Antonio Leopardi | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Tricarico | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Tricarico |
| Predecessor | Fulvio Crivelli |
| Successor | Luca Trapani |
| Previous post(s) | Bishop of Marsico Nuovo (1683–1685) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 14 March 1671 |
| Consecration | 3 October 1683
by Alessandro Crescenzi (cardinal) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 21 January 1635
Bonihabitaculi, Italy |
| Died | 5 February 1717 (age 82)
Tricarico, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |


title: Francesco Antonio Marcucci

abstract: Francesco Antonio Marcucci was a Roman Catholic Italian bishop and a member of the Secular Franciscan Order. Marcucci was also the founder of the Pious Workers of Mary Immaculate. Marcucci was declared to have lived a life of heroic Christian virtue and was proclaimed to be Venerable in 2010 after Pope Benedict XVI ratified a decree. The miracle that is required for his beatification is now under investigation in the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.

text:
# Francesco Antonio Marcucci

**Francesco Antonio Marcucci** (27 November 1717 – 12 July 1798) was a Roman Catholic Italian bishop and a member of the Secular Franciscan Order. Marcucci was also the founder of the Pious Workers of Mary Immaculate.

Marcucci was declared to have lived a life of heroic Christian virtue and was proclaimed to be Venerable in 2010 after Pope Benedict XVI ratified a decree. The miracle that is required for his beatification is now under investigation in the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.

## Biography

Francesco Antonio Marcucci was born into the nobility in 1717 as the son of Leopoldo Marcucci and Giovanna Battista Gigli. He was drawn to the priesthood despite the objection of his parents. Marcucci travelled to Rome after his mother died and he studied in colleges that the Dominicans, Jesuits and Franciscans ran with the support of his aunt, Francesca Gastaldi. Marcucci later met Leonard of Port Maurice in April 1739 and would write the "Introduction on Evangelic Preaching" in 1740. He was later ordained to the priesthood on 25 February 1741.

He felt a call to the Franciscan life and became a member of the Secular Franciscan Order. He would later go on to found the Pious Workers of Mary Immaculate on 8 December 1774. He assisted in the teaching of the female religious and served as their spiritual advisor. He also organized schools and would publish text books.

He was appointed as the Bishop of Montalto and received episcopal consecration on 15 August 1770. It was Cardinal Giovanni Francesco Albani who consecrated him. He was a friend of Paul of the Cross who predicted that Marcucci would be canonized. As the head of his diocese it was Marcucci who would visit the parishes and would hold retreats for the priests. He was appointed as the Titular Patriarch of Constantinople in 1781 and also served as both the confessor and the advisor to Pope Clement XIV.

He died in 1798.

## Cause of beatification

The cause of beatification was introduced in 1964 and he was named a Servant of God. Pope Benedict XVI declared him to have lived a life of heroic virtue and proclaimed him to be Venerable on 27 March 2010.

A miracle alleged to have been attributed to his intercession was discovered and an independent process of evaluation opened and was closed in 2005. The validation of that process was ratified on 19 June 2006 and a medical board for the Congregation for the Causes of Saints approved the miracle twice in 2010 and in 2011. The pope must approve the miracle before Marcucci can be beatified.

## InfoBox

| Venerable
Francesco Antonio Marcucci
TOFS | |
| --- | --- |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Montalto |
| See | Montalto |
| Appointed | 6 August 1770 |
| Term ended | 19 July 1798 |
| Predecessor | Giuseppe Maria Centini |
| Successor | Francesco Saverio Castiglione (later Pius VIII) |
| Other post(s) | Titular Patriarch of Constantinople (1781-1798) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 25 February 1741 |
| Consecration | 15 August 1770
by Giovanni Francesco Albani |
| Rank | Bishop; Patriarch |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Francesco Antonio Marcucci
(1717-11-27)27 November 1717
Force, Ascoli Piceno, Marche, Papal States |
| Died | 12 July 1798(1798-07-12) (aged 80)
Montalto delle Marche, Ascoli Piceno, Marche, Papal States |
| Nationality | Italian |


title: Francesco Antonio Pistocchi

abstract: Francesco Antonio Mamiliano Pistocchi, nicknamed Pistocchino, was an Italian singer, composer and librettist. Pistocchino was born in Palermo. He was a boy soprano prodigy, and later made his career as a castrato. From 1696 to 1700 he was maestro di cappella for the Duke of Ansbach. After 1700, he founded a singing school in Bologna, where he died. He was elected president of the Academia Filarmonica twice, in 1708 and 1710. His pupil was Annibale Pio Fabri.

text:
# Francesco Antonio Pistocchi

**Francesco Antonio Mamiliano Pistocchi**, nicknamed **Pistocchino** (1659  13 May 1726), was an Italian singer, composer and librettist.

Pistocchino was born in Palermo. He was a boy soprano prodigy, and later made his career as a castrato. From 1696 to 1700 he was *maestro di cappella* for the Duke of Ansbach.

After 1700, he founded a singing school in Bologna, where he died. He was elected president of the Academia Filarmonica twice, in 1708 and 1710.

His pupil was Annibale Pio Fabri.

## Works

* *Il Leandro* (libretto by Camillo Badovero, Venice, Teatro alle Zattere, 5 May 1679, then Teatro S. Moisè, 1682, as *Gli amori fatali*)
* *Il Narciso*, pastorale (Apostolo Zeno Ansbach Court Theatre, March 1697)
* *Le pazzie d'amore e dell'interesse*, (own libretto, Ansbach, 16 June 1699)
* *Le risa di Democrito* (Nicolò Minato, Vienna, 17 February 1700)
* *La pace tra l'armi*, serenata (own libretto, Ansbach 5 Sept. 1700)

.  *Bertoldo (1707)*

## Oratorios

. Il Martirio di San Adriano (Venice,1699) . Maria Vergine Addolorata (1698) . La fuga di Sta. Teresia (1717)

## Other works

. Scherzi Musicali (collection of French, Italian and German arias) . Duetti e terzetti(1707) . 147th psalm and other church music and cantatas . Cappricci puerili variamente composti in 40 modi sopra un basso d'un balletto (pieces for the harpsichord, harp, violin and other instruments 1667)

## Recordings

* Oratorio *San Adriano* Symphonia


title: Period room

abstract: A period room is a display that represents the interior design and decorative art of a particular historical social setting usually in a museum. Though it may incorporate elements of an individual real room that once existed somewhere, it is usually by its nature a composite and fictional piece. Period rooms at encyclopedic museums may represent different countries and cultures, while those at historic house museums may represent different eras of the same structure. As with the glamorization of luxury in costume drama, this can be considered as a conservative genre that traditionally privileges Eurocentric elite views. In the 21st century, the focus has shifted toward using period rooms in new ways or in diversifying them.

text:
# Period room

A **period room** is a display that represents the interior design and decorative art of a particular historical social setting usually in a museum. Though it may incorporate elements of an individual real room that once existed somewhere, it is usually by its nature a composite and fictional piece. Period rooms at encyclopedic museums may represent different countries and cultures, while those at historic house museums may represent different eras of the same structure. As with the glamorization of luxury in costume drama, this can be considered as a conservative genre that traditionally privileges Eurocentric elite views.

In the 21st century, the focus has shifted toward using period rooms in new ways or in diversifying them.


title: Franco Luciani

abstract: Franco Luciani is an Argentine musician and composer who plays harmonica.

text:
# Franco Luciani

**Franco Luciani** (born November 27, 1981) is an Argentine musician and composer who plays harmonica.

## Biography

Franco Luciani studied symphonic percussion and drums at the Municipal School of Music, the National University of Rosario, and at the Provincial School of Music, all in Rosario, his native city.

However, as a professional musician he plays the chromatic harmonica. His musical style combines Argentine folklore music with tango. He also dedicated time to study jazz and classical music.

In 2002 he participated in the preliminary competition of the National Festival of Folklore in Cosquín and obtained the Cosquín Revelation Award, as well as the Main Award in the category Instrumental Soloist. Also Franco Luciani obtained other awards, such as Premio Clarín Espectáculos in 2005, Trimarg in 2007 by UNESCO, Premio Atahualpa in 2008, Premio Clarín Espectáculos in 2009 in the category «Figura del Folclore» (jointly with Mercedes Sosa and Teresa Parodi), Premio «Consagración» in 2010 at Golden Edition of the Festival de Cosquín, and Premio Atahualpa as the Best Instrumental Soloist in 2010 and 2011.

He has had numerous tours over América, Europe and Asia and shared the stage with Mercedes Sosa, Fito Páez, Víctor Heredia, Juan Carlos Baglietto, Jairo, Gotan Project, Raúl Carnota, Pedro Aznar, Jaime Torres, Divididos, Guillermo Fernández, León Gieco, Luis Salinas, Sandra Luna Teresa Parodi, Federico Pecchia, María Volonté, Horacio Molina, Dúo Coplanacu, Eva Ayllón, Lila Downs, among others.

Both in his discography and his live performances he played with different musical formations like duet (with the pianist Daniel Godfrid), trio (Proyecto Sanluca, that included Raúl Carnota and Rodolfo Sánchez, and Tango Trío, together with Daniel Godfrid and Ariel Argañaraz), group (accompanied by Facundo Peralta, Martín González and Horacio Cacoliris) and quartet (the group of the jazz pianist Federico Lechner).

In 2015 Franco Luciani got Premio Konex - Merit Diploma as one of the five best instrumentalists of the last decade in Argentina.

## Discography

* *Armusa* (Franco Luciani Grupo, Tango y Folklore instrumental, 2002, re-edition Acqua Records, 2010)
* *Armónica y Tango* (Franco Luciani Dúo, Tango instrumental, Acqua Records, 2006)
* *Acuarelas de Bolsillo* (Franco Luciani Grupo, Tango y Folklore instrumental, Acqua Records, 2007)
* *Proyecto Sanluca* (Proyecto Sanluca, Folklore y Tango, Acqua Records, 2009)
* *Falsos Límites* (Franco Luciani y Federico Lechner, Acqua Records, 2010)
* *Franco Luciani Tango* (Franco Luciani Tango Trío, Acqua Records, 2012)
* *Franco Luciani Folklore* (Franco Luciani Grupo, Acqua Records, 2012)
* *Anda en el Aire* (Franco Luciani Trío, Acqua Records, 2018)

1. «Biografía de Franco Luciani». Archivado desde el original el 21 de agosto de 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
2. «Federico Lechner Tango Jazz Trío & Franco Luciani: el jazz con raíces». Retrieved 12 May 2012.

## InfoBox

| Franco Luciani | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1981-11-27) November 27, 1981<br>Rosario, Santa Fe Argentina |
| Instrument | Harmonica |
|  | |
| Website | www.francoluciani.com.ar |


title: Francis Manning Hill

abstract: Francis Manning Hill was a lawyer and politician in Canada West. He served as mayor of Kingston in 1849 and 1851. Hill came to Upper Canada from England. He was called to the Upper Canada bar in 1845. His home Hillcroft, built in 1853 but not quite completed at the time of his death, later served as the residence of Alexander Campbell. He died at the age of 45, leaving behind a wife and four daughters. A historical plaque placed by the province of Ontario stands in front of Hillcroft. The house was designed by architect William Coverdale.

text:
# Francis Manning Hill

**Francis Manning Hill** (1809  January 1854) was a lawyer and politician in Canada West. He served as mayor of Kingston in 1849 and 1851.

Hill came to Upper Canada from England. He was called to the Upper Canada bar in 1845. His home Hillcroft, built in 1853 but not quite completed at the time of his death, later served as the residence of Alexander Campbell. He died at the age of 45, leaving behind a wife and four daughters.

A historical plaque placed by the province of Ontario stands in front of Hillcroft. The house was designed by architect William Coverdale.


title: Francesco Nori

abstract: Francesco Nori was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of San Miniato (1624–1631).

text:
# Francesco Nori

**Francesco Nori** (1565 – 30 December 1631) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of San Miniato (1624–1631).

## Biography

Francesco Nori was born in Florence, Italy in 1565 and ordained a priest in 1603. On 11 March 1624, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of San Miniato. On 27 May 1624, he was consecrated bishop by Ottavio Bandini, Cardinal-Bishop of *Palestrina*, with Alessandro del Caccia, Bishop of Pistoia, and Tommaso Ximenes, Bishop of Fiesole, serving as co-consecrators. He served as Bishop of San Miniato until his death on 30 December 1631.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Francesco Nori | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of San Miniato | |
|  | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of San Miniato |
| In office | 1624–1631 |
| Successor | Alessandro Strozzi |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1603 |
| Consecration | 27 May 1624
by Ottavio Bandini |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1565
Florence, Italy |
| Died | 30 December 1631 (age 66)
San Miniato, Italy |


title: Francesco Fontanesi

abstract: Francesco Fontanesi was an Italian painter and scenic designer of the Neoclassical style, active mainly in Reggio Emilia and Parma.

text:
# Francesco Fontanesi

**Francesco Fontanesi** (October 4, 1751 – 1795) was an Italian painter and scenic designer of the Neoclassical style, active mainly in Reggio Emilia and Parma.

## Biography

He was born in Reggio Emilia to supportive parents, who fostered a broad classical education. He is said to have trained under Giuseppe Bazzani and Prospero Zanichelli in Reggio. He gravitated towards working in scenic design. In 1772 he decorated for the *Melodrama Buffo* by Niccolò Piccinni titled *L' Astratto* or *il Giuocatore fortunato*.

In May 1776, for a lavish court performance at Parma sponsored by Francesco III of Este, he decorated an Antonio Vivaldi opera, titled *Motezuma* where he painted the scenes for the two accompanying dances: *La Principessa di Tingi* and *Tenis ed Amalsi*. The first dance had scenes with

* 1. Great pavilion adorned with military trophies.
* 2. An army field with pavilions and a city distant.
* 3. Interior of a city with balconies draped with riched tapestries and spectators.
* 4. Gothic room.
* 5. Gothic cellar.
* 6. Military encampment.

The second dance had scenes with

* 1. Country scene with altar.
* 2. Grotto.
* 3. Garden (*Delizia*) with statues and vases.

From Reggio, he moved to Parma to decorate in 1782 the scenes of the melodrama theatrical work of *Alessandro e Timoteo*. He continued to work in Parmesan theaters for 15 years. Ercole III would in time raise him to the status of a Cavaliere. In 1785, he moved to Rome, and then, still as a scenic painter, traveled to Livorno, Barga, Pisa, Milan, Florence, Venice, Frankfort, and the Haymarket theater in London. He stayed in Venice for ten years. He was made a member of the Fine Arts academies of Modena, Parma, Venice, Florence, and Bologna. He died in 1795, leaving behind few permanent works.

Among the works, both opera and dances, for which he provided designs in Parma are the following:

For the Theater in Reggio, he completed:

* Il Barbiere di Siviglia (1788)
* L'Impresario in angustie (1789)
* Gli Amanti alla prova (1789)
* Gli Sposi rapiti (1789)
* La scuola de Pittori (1789)
* L'Incredulo deluso (1791)
* La bella Pesca trice (1791)
* ll Capriccio Drammatico (1792)
* I Zingari in Fiera (1792)
* Don Giovanni Tenorio (1792)

He was both a friend and competitor of the scenic designer Gonzaga. A short biography recalls him as:

> Honest, friendly, liberal, enemy of antagonism, easy to please, hard to take offense, and always equal to his own was the delight of anyone who employing him. Modestly enamored with glory, he ignored the scams of ambitious mediocrity, nor did he, despite his honors, take the dress of arrogance and pomp, which often accompanies them. None found in him a thirst for profit and wealth; indeed he disregarded them, and only adventure gained his approval. He was charming, graceful in conversation, and spent time with every man, and even with wise men, he was as witty as he was jocose; remote from the cynical impudence, and scurrilous sarcasm.


title: Matjaž Zupan

abstract: Matjaž Zupan is a Slovenian former ski jumper who competed for the former Yugoslavia and afterwards for independent Slovenia from 1987 to 1994. He won a silver medal in the team large hill competition at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. His best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was 4th in the individual large hill event in 1987. After his jumping days were over he a started successful coaching career. He was the coach of the Slovenian national ski jumping team from 1999 to 2006. His biggest successes were when Rok Benkovič won normal hill in World Championship in Oberstdorf and also bronze medal in same competition with Slovenian team. In 2002 he launched Slovenian eagles to the team bronze in Olympic games in Salt Lake City. After 2006 he quit his post as a coach and was replaced with Vasja Bajc. He took over Czech national team and stay there for three successful seasons. After that he quit so he could once again became head coach for his beloved Slovenia. His tenure was between 2009 and 2011. The second time the results were not so good and he was replaced with the most successful coach in Slovenian ski jumping history - Goran Janus who was his former jumper. In 2011 he became coach for the French ski jumping national team. With moderate success he coached them for two years, to the end of the 2014 Olympic cycle. On 24 May it was announced that he had become the new head coach of the Russian national ski jumping team and their new ambitious program to launch Russia among best ski jumping nations. He was also able to choose his own assistant. He chose his countryman Matjaž Triplat. Matjaž Triplat was former head coach of Slovenian women ski jumping team. He is engaged from Bulgarian Olympic Committee as coach of Ski jumping team of Bulgaria for 2018 Winter Olympics games.

text:
# Matjaž Zupan

**Matjaž Zupan** (born 27 September 1968 in Kranj) is a Slovenian former ski jumper who competed for the former Yugoslavia and afterwards for independent Slovenia from 1987 to 1994. He won a silver medal in the team large hill competition at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary.

His best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was 4th in the individual large hill event in 1987.

After his jumping days were over he a started successful coaching career. He was the coach of the Slovenian national ski jumping team from 1999 to 2006. His biggest successes were when Rok Benkovič won normal hill in World Championship in Oberstdorf and also bronze medal in same competition with Slovenian team. In 2002 he launched Slovenian eagles to the team bronze in Olympic games in Salt Lake City. After 2006 he quit his post as a coach and was replaced with Vasja Bajc. He took over Czech national team and stay there for three successful seasons. After that he quit so he could once again became head coach for his beloved Slovenia. His tenure was between 2009 and 2011. The second time the results were not so good and he was replaced with the most successful coach in Slovenian ski jumping history - Goran Janus who was his former jumper. In 2011 he became coach for the French ski jumping national team. With moderate success he coached them for two years, to the end of the 2014 Olympic cycle. On 24 May it was announced that he had become the new head coach of the Russian national ski jumping team and their new ambitious program to launch Russia among best ski jumping nations. He was also able to choose his own assistant. He chose his countryman Matjaž Triplat. Matjaž Triplat was former head coach of Slovenian women ski jumping team.

He is engaged from Bulgarian Olympic Committee as coach of Ski jumping team of Bulgaria for 2018 Winter Olympics games.

## Family

He currently resides with his wife, Birgette in Cheltenham, England. He also has 2 children.

1. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Matjaž Zupan". *Olympics at Sports-Reference.com*. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2015-06-21.

## InfoBox

Matjaž Zupan
| Zupan in 2011 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 27 September 1968 (1968-09-27) (age 56)<br>Kranj, SR Slovenia, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Medal record      Men's ski jumping  Representing  Yugoslavia  Olympic Games  1988 Calgary  Team large hill | |


title: Weiyang Palace

abstract: The Weiyang Palace was the main imperial palace complex of the Han dynasty and numerous other Chinese dynasties, located in the city of Chang'an. It was built in 200 BC at the request of the Emperor Gaozu of Han, under the supervision of his prime minister Xiao He. It served as the administrative centre and imperial residence of the Western Han, the Xin dynasty, the Eastern Han, the Western Jin, the Han-Zhao, the Former Qin, the Later Qin, the Western Wei, the Northern Zhou, and the early Sui dynasty. The palace survived until the Tang dynasty when it was burned down by marauding invaders en route to the Tang capital Chang'an. This was the largest palace ever built on Earth, covering 4.8 km⁲, which is 6.7 times the size of the current Forbidden City, or 11 times the size of the Vatican City. Today, little remains of the former palace. The site of the palace, along with many other sites along the eastern section of the Silk Road, was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014.

text:
# Weiyang Palace

| Weiyang Palace | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Qing dynasty illustration of Weiyang Palace and Changle Palace | |
| Simplified Chinese | 未央宫 |
| Traditional Chinese | 未央宮 |
| Literal meaning | The Endless Palace |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin wèiyāng gōng | |
|  | |

The **Weiyang Palace** (Chinese: 未央宮) was the main imperial palace complex of the Han dynasty and numerous other Chinese dynasties, located in the city of Chang'an (modern-day Xi'an). It was built in 200 BC at the request of the Emperor Gaozu of Han, under the supervision of his prime minister Xiao He. It served as the administrative centre and imperial residence of the Western Han, the Xin dynasty, the Eastern Han (during the reign of the Emperor Xian of Han), the Western Jin (during the reign of the Emperor Min of Jin), the Han-Zhao, the Former Qin, the Later Qin, the Western Wei, the Northern Zhou, and the early Sui dynasty.

The palace survived until the Tang dynasty when it was burned down by marauding invaders en route to the Tang capital Chang'an. This was the largest palace ever built on Earth, covering 4.8 km2 (1,200 acres), which is 6.7 times the size of the current Forbidden City, or 11 times the size of the Vatican City. Today, little remains of the former palace. The site of the palace, along with many other sites along the eastern section of the Silk Road, was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014.

## Name

"Weiyang" (未央) literally means "(something) hasn't reached its midpoint", "has more than a half to go", but colloquially it can be translated as "endless", which is probably what the name is actually alluding to. Together with the name of Changle Palace (長樂宮, *perpetual happiness*), which was built 2 years before, it can be interpreted to mean, "The perpetual happiness hasn't reached its midpoint yet."

## Description

Weiyang palace was sited to the southwest of Han dynasty Chang'an and is therefore also called the Western Palace (西宫). Surrounded by walls, the palace complex was rectangular, with a length of 2,150 metres east–west and 2,250 metres north–south. Each side of the walls had a single main gate, with the eastern and northern gates (facing Chang'an city) built with gate towers.

Major architectures within the palace include:

* Front Hall (前殿)
* Xuanshi Hall (宣室殿)
* Wenshi Hall (温室殿)
* Qingliang Hall (清凉殿)
* Jinhua Hall (金华殿)
* Chengming Hall (承明殿)
* Gaomen Hall (高门殿)
* Baihu Hall (白虎殿)
* Yutang Hall (玉堂殿)
* Xuande Hall (宣德殿)
* Jiaofang Hall (椒房殿)
* Zhaoyang Hall (昭阳殿)
* Bailiang Platform (柏梁台)
* Qilin Pavilion (麒麟阁)
* Tianlu Pavilion (天禄阁)
* Shiqu Pavilion (石渠阁)

1. Spilsbury, Louise (2019). *Ancient China*. p. 20. ISBN 9781515725596.
2. "Weiyang Palace: the Largest Palace Ever Built on Earth". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2010-08-17.

## InfoBox

Weiyang Palace
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| --- | --- |
| Historic site of Weiyang Palace | |
| Official name | Site of Weiyang Palace in Chang'an City of the Western Han dynasty |
| Location | Xi'an, Shaanxi, China |
| Part of | Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor |
| Criteria | Cultural: ii, iii, iv, vi |
| Reference | 1442-001 |
| Inscription | 2014 (38th Session) |
| Area | 611.09 ha (2.3594 sq mi) |
| Buffer zone | 5,422.02 ha (20.9345 sq mi) |
| Coordinates | 34°18′16″N 108°51′26″E / 34.30444°N 108.85722°E / 34.30444; 108.85722 |
| Location of Weiyang Palace in China | |


title: Oru Ponnu Oru Paiyan

abstract: Oru Ponnu Oru Paiyan is a 2007 Indian Tamil-language romance film directed by Naren Deivanayagam. It dwells on the untold love of a pair due to family circumstances. The film stars Sandeep, Roopasree, Shubha Poonja and Madhu. The film was dubbed in Telugu as Mamatha - 100% Prema.

text:
# Oru Ponnu Oru Paiyan

***Oru Ponnu Oru Paiyan*** (transl.A boy and a girl) is a 2007 Indian Tamil-language romance film directed by Naren Deivanayagam. It dwells on the untold love of a pair due to family circumstances. The film stars Sandeep, Roopasree, Shubha Poonja and Madhu. The film was dubbed in Telugu as *Mamatha - 100% Prema*.

## Plot

Sakthi (Sandeep) is the only son of Sharath Babu and Bhanupriya. Having tired of urban living, the elderly couple takes up residence in a village along with their son. Viswanathan (Madhu) is the head of the village. He is highly respected for his fairness and for his love and compassion for the poor. His granddaughter (played by Roopa) is a village belle. She catches Sakthi's attention as she flits around the village like a butterfly. The two are drawn towards each other and eventually fall in love. Their affair has the tacit blessings of Viswanathan. But it is not going to be a bed of roses for the two as trouble brews up in the person of Sakthi's ex-flame, city-bred glamour girl played by Shubha Punja.

## Cast

## Production

K. Vishwanath was initially cast as the village head.

## Soundtrack

Soundtrack was composed by Karthik Raja.

| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Malargale" | Bela Shende | Na. Muthukumar |
| 2 | "Oru Ponnu" | Karthik, Swarnalatha | |
| 3 | "Nenjil" | Sangeetha Rajeshwaran | Yugabharathi |
| 4 | "Nenjil" | Karthik Raja | |
| 5 | "So Sweet Da" | Ranjith | Pa. Vijay |
| 6 | "Kalkona Uthathukari" | Karthik, Rita | Yugabharathi |
| 7 | Yaana Pasi | Ramya NSK, Vijay Yesudas | Andal Priyadarshini |

## Reception

Meenal of *Kalki* wrote screenplay was slow and lacks speed and lack of imagination in many places calling it another non sticky film. *Chennai Online* called it "An unassuming little film with some good moments".

## InfoBox

| Oru Ponnu Oru Paiyan | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Naren Deivanayagam |
| Screenplay by | Naren Deivanayagam |
| Story by | Naren Deivanayagam |
| Produced by | K. Bharatkrishna |
| Starring | Sandeep
Roopasree
Shubha Poonja
Madhu |
| Cinematography | AJ Darshan |
| Edited by | B. Lenin |
| Music by | Karthik Raja |
| Release date | * 2 September 2007 (2007-09-02) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Fred E. Cliffe

abstract: Frederick Cliffe Howchin, known professionally as Fred E. Cliffe, was an English songwriter, best known for his work co-writing songs with Harry Gifford for entertainer George Formby. He was born in Liverpool, and by 1907 had started working in music halls as a lightning sketch artist. He moved to London, and by 1910 was working as a songwriter with Fred Godfrey and others. His greatest period of success as a writer came in the 1930s, when he teamed up with Harry Gifford to write some of George Formby's most popular songs. These include "Fanlight Fanny" (1935), "With My Little Stick of Blackpool Rock" (1936), "When I'm Cleaning Windows" (1937), "It’s Turned Out Nice Again" (1939), and "Mr. Wu’s a Window Cleaner Now" (1939), some of which also included Formby's name as a co-writer. He was married three times, and died in hospital in Taplow, Buckinghamshire, in 1957, aged 72, from myocardial infarction and coronary thrombosis.

text:
# Fred E. Cliffe

**Frederick Cliffe Howchin** (11 April 1885  22 September 1957), known professionally as **Fred E. Cliffe**, was an English songwriter, best known for his work co-writing songs with Harry Gifford for entertainer George Formby.

He was born in Liverpool, and by 1907 had started working in music halls as a lightning sketch artist. He moved to London, and by 1910 was working as a songwriter with Fred Godfrey and others. His greatest period of success as a writer came in the 1930s, when he teamed up with Harry Gifford to write some of George Formby's most popular songs. These include "Fanlight Fanny" (1935), "With My Little Stick of Blackpool Rock" (1936), "When I'm Cleaning Windows" (1937), "It’s Turned Out Nice Again" (1939), and "Mr. Wu’s a Window Cleaner Now" (1939), some of which also included Formby's name as a co-writer.

He was married three times, and died in hospital in Taplow, Buckinghamshire, in 1957, aged 72, from myocardial infarction and coronary thrombosis.


title: Oculina diffusa

abstract: Oculina diffusa, commonly known as the diffuse ivory bush coral or ivory tree coral, is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. It is found in shallow water, usually down to 3 metres (9.8 ft) deep but occasionally as deep as 20 metres (66 ft). Its colonies are dense and have a yellow-brown color. It favours areas with high amounts of sedimentation.

text:
# Oculina diffusa

***Oculina diffusa***, commonly known as the **diffuse ivory bush coral** or **ivory tree coral**, is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. It is found in shallow water, usually down to 3 metres (9.8 ft) deep but occasionally as deep as 20 metres (66 ft). Its colonies are dense and have a yellow-brown color. It favours areas with high amounts of sedimentation.

## Physical appearance

Colonies of *Oculina diffusa* are usually about 30 centimetres (12 in) in diameter and have twisting narrow branches less than half an inch in diameter. Colonies have been recorded at temperatures ranging from 13–31 degrees Celsius.

## Food

*Oculina diffusa* normally eat plankton and small fish, though some have also been known to filter feed on tiny particles in the water.

## Reproduction

*Oculina diffusa* reproduces sexually by broadcast spawning. In shallow water, this is believed to occur between July and August, and during September in deeper water. After being planktonic, the larva sinks to the bottom where it grows into a polyp. This produces buds asexually and develops into a colony.

## InfoBox

| *Oculina diffusa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Hexacorallia |
| Order: | Scleractinia |
| Family: | Oculinidae |
| Genus: | *Oculina* |
| Species: | ***O. diffusa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oculina diffusa***
Lamarck, 1816 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Madrepora virginea* Lamarck, 1816 | |


title: Hubert Janitschek

abstract: Hubert Janitschek was an Austrian-German art historian. Janitschek was born in Troppau, Silesia. From 1868 to 1873 he studied history and philosophy at the University of Graz, followed by several years study of art history in Italy (1873–77). From 1877 to 1879 he worked in the Museum für angewandte Kunst in Vienna, and in the meantime obtained his habilitation at the University of Vienna (1878). Successively, he was a professor of art history at the universities of Prague, Strasbourg and Leipzig. In 1890 he created the terms "Ottonian art" and "Ottonian painting". Among his students were Georg Dehio, Aby Warburg, Paul Clemen and Wilhelm Vöge. In 1882 he married the writer Maria Tölk (1859–1927). He died in 1893 in Leipzig.

text:
# Hubert Janitschek

**Hubert Janitschek** (30 October 1846  21 June 1893) was an Austrian-German art historian. Janitschek was born in Troppau, Silesia.

From 1868 to 1873 he studied history and philosophy at the University of Graz, followed by several years study of art history in Italy (1873–77). From 1877 to 1879 he worked in the Museum für angewandte Kunst in Vienna, and in the meantime obtained his habilitation at the University of Vienna (1878). Successively, he was a professor of art history at the universities of Prague (from 1879), Strasbourg (from 1881) and Leipzig (from 1891).

In 1890 he created the terms "Ottonian art" and "Ottonian painting". Among his students were Georg Dehio, Aby Warburg, Paul Clemen and Wilhelm Vöge. In 1882 he married the writer Maria Tölk (1859–1927). He died in 1893 in Leipzig.

## Further reading

* *Metzler Kunsthistoriker Lexikon: Zweihundert Porträts deutschsprachiger Autoren aus vier Jahrhunderten*. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1999, pp. 190–192.

## Select writings

* *Leone Battista Albertis kleinere kunsttheoretische Schriften*. Vienna: W. Braumüller, 1877.
* *Die Gesellschaft der Renaissance in Italien und die Kunst*. Stuttgart: W. Spemann, 1879.
* "Zwei Studien zur Geschichte der karolingischen Malerei." In *Strassburger Festgruss an Anton Springer zum 4. Mai 1885*. Stuttgart: Spemann, 1885, pp. 1–30.
* *Die Geschichte der deutschen Malerei*. 5 vols. Berlin: Grote, 1887-1890.
* *Die Kunstlehre Dantes and Giottos Kunst*. Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1892.


title: Yuji Sawa

abstract: Yuji Sawa is a Japanese politician of the New Komeito Party, a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet. A native of Osaka, Osaka and graduate of Keio University, he was elected to the House of Councillors for the first time in 2004 after working at Fuji Television where he produced news and opinion shows.

text:
# Yuji Sawa

**Yuji Sawa** (沢 雄二, *Sawa Yūji*, born April 22, 1948) is a Japanese politician of the New Komeito Party, a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Osaka, Osaka and graduate of Keio University, he was elected to the House of Councillors for the first time in 2004 after working at Fuji Television where he produced news and opinion shows.

* 政治家情報 〜沢 雄二〜. *JANJAN* ザ･選挙 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-11-12.


title: Vices (Paradime album)

abstract: Vices is the second studio album by American rapper Paradime. It was released on October 23, 2001 via Beats At Will Records. Recording sessions took place at Nation Studios in Detroit and Audio Magic in Eastpointe. It featured guest appearances by the likes of Kon Artis and Swifty McVay of D12, Shi Dog and Guilty Simpson of the Almighty Dreadnaughtz, Cansa and Hush, among cameo appearances by Proof, Uncle Kracker and Hex Murda. Following the release of Vices, Paradime won three Detroit Music Awards in 2002 for Outstanding Hip-Hop Recording, Outstanding Hip-Hop Artist, and Outstanding Hip-Hop MC.

text:
# Vices (Paradime album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Vices*** is the second studio album by American rapper Paradime. It was released on October 23, 2001 via Beats At Will Records. Recording sessions took place at Nation Studios in Detroit and Audio Magic in Eastpointe. It featured guest appearances by the likes of Kon Artis and Swifty McVay of D12, Shi Dog and Guilty Simpson of the Almighty Dreadnaughtz, Cansa and Hush, among cameo appearances by Proof, Uncle Kracker and Hex Murda.

Following the release of *Vices*, Paradime won three Detroit Music Awards in 2002 for Outstanding Hip-Hop Recording, Outstanding Hip-Hop Artist, and Outstanding Hip-Hop MC.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" | Paradime | 0:25 |
| 2. | "What I'm All About" | Mr. Porter | 3:55 |
| 3. | "EP Interlude" |  | 0:33 |
| 4. | "Sultan of Slang" | Mr. Porter | 3:52 |
| 5. | "Armor All" | * Ess Man * Paradime (co.) | 3:19 |
| 6. | "Honda Interlude" |  | 0:24 |
| 7. | "The Sentences" (featuring Cansa and Hush) | Hush | 4:06 |
| 8. | "Girls I Like" | Ess Man | 3:30 |
| 9. | "Alan Allnuts Interlude" | Scott Sumner | 0:43 |
| 10. | "All That" | Hush | 4:05 |
| 11. | "Proof Interlude" |  | 0:32 |
| 12. | "Skull Therapy 2002" (featuring Kon Artis and Swifty McVay) | Mr. Porter | 4:29 |
| 13. | "Dime's Theme" | Mr. Porter | 3:48 |
| 14. | "Rollin Dope" | Scott Sumner | 2:26 |
| 15. | "Dirt" | MoSS | 3:37 |
| 16. | "Brawlin'" | Paradime | 3:09 |
| 17. | "Uncle Kracker Interlude" |  | 0:28 |
| 18. | "Cut Throat" (featuring Shi-Dog and Guilty Simpson) | DJ AMF | 4:11 |
| 19. | "Hex Interlude" |  | 0:17 |
| 20. | "Vices" | MoSS | 3:35 |
| 21. | "Closure" | Mike E. Clark | 4:28 |
| Total length: | | | 55:52 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Vices | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Paradime | |
| Released | October 23, 2001 (2001-10-23) |
| Studio |  |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 55:52 |
| Label | Beats At Will |
| Producer |  |
| Paradime chronology | |
| *Paragraphs*
(1999) ***Vices***
(2001) *11 Steps Down*
(2004) | |


title: Lyonetia cotifraga

abstract: Lyonetia cotifraga is a moth in the family Lyonetiidae. It is known from South Africa.

text:
# Lyonetia cotifraga

***Lyonetia cotifraga*** is a moth in the family Lyonetiidae. It is known from South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Lyonetia cotifraga* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lyonetiidae |
| Genus: | *Lyonetia* |
| Species: | ***L. cotifraga*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lyonetia cotifraga***<br>Meyrick, 1909 | |
|


title: Tuslob buwa

abstract: Tuslob buwa is a Cebuano street food which originated from the barangays of Pasil and Suba in Cebu City.

text:
# Tuslob buwa

**Tuslob buwa** (lit.'dip in bubbles') is a Cebuano street food which originated from the barangays of Pasil and Suba in Cebu City.

## History

The first tuslob buwa is believed to have been consumed as early as around the 1950s and is done during the cooking of *sinudlan* (ground pork sausage) wherein the diners would gather the resulting foam in the frying oil with pusô (cooked rice in coconut leaves).

A second variant became popular around the 1960s that made use of the pork offal (*ug ginhawaan na tuslob buwa*). After cleaning the offal, it is seasoned with salt, garlic, black pepper, and bayleaf. The offal are then boiled for the preparation for cooking of adobo; the resulting stock from this boiling process would be set aside and be used for tuslob buwa. In the latter part of the 1960s, the sauce of humba would also become popular as tuslob buwa.

The modern recipe became popular around the 1970s and consists of pork brain (*otok*) sauteed in oil with onion, garlic, and soy sauce. Around 2014, the dish became more widely available with variants beginning to be served in nearby cities of Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue. It is also around this time that it started to be served and be featured in restaurants.

One Cebu City restaurant, *Azul*, garnered controversy in 2020 for having the name "*tuslob buwa*" registered before the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines as a trademark. Residents of barangay Pasil and Suba criticized and disputed the eligibility of this trademark registration.

## Preparation

The ingredients are cooked in a wok (*kawa*) and simmered until the mixture becomes thick and produces bubbles. The dish is served with pusô (hanging rice) which the diners would dip in the prepared tuslob buwa. It is traditionally prepared as a communal food; the street food vendors (*pungko-pungko*) would cook the tuslob buwa in one wok where several people could share and the diners would pay by the *pusô*.

Barangay Suba in Cebu City first held its Tuslob Buwa Festival on January 9, 2015 and it has since been celebrated annually every January during the Santo Niño festivities. On 2024, Barangay Pasil also in Cebu City launched its first ever Tuslob Buwa Festival Official Theme Song.

Tuslob buwa was featured on the Netflix TV series, *Street Food* in the Cebu, Philippines episode.

## InfoBox

Tuslob buwa
| Preparation of tuslob buwa in a modern restaurant setting | |
| --- | --- |
| Course | Snack, Main dish |
| Place of origin | Philippines |
| Region or state | Cebu City |
| Serving temperature | Hot or room temperature |
| Main ingredients | pig brain, soy sauce |


title: Tuslaw Local School District

abstract: Tuslaw Local Schools is a public school district located in Stark County, Ohio, United States and serves most of Tuscarawas Township, the southern half of Lawrence Township, and western portions of the City of Massillon. The school district was formed in 1965, consolidating four rural districts Moffit, Beech Grove, North Lawrence, and Newman. Prior to the district's formation, students in these outlying areas would attend high school in Massillon. The Tuslaw School District was named for the two townships in which the district resides. Tuslaw High School was constructed one mile north of then US 30 Lincoln Highway along SR-93 in Tuscarawas, Township. The district maintained the original four district buildings as K-8, with high school students attending Tuslaw High School. The district was reconfigured over time as the district enrollment grew. Voters passed a levy in 2002 to construct a new high school next to the original building, converting the old high school into a middle school. A new central elementary school was constructed in 2010 across from the new high school on SR-93, replacing the district's four small aging elementary school buildings.

text:
# Tuslaw Local School District

**Tuslaw Local Schools** is a public school district located in Stark County, Ohio, United States and serves most of Tuscarawas Township, the southern half of Lawrence Township, and western portions of the City of Massillon.

The school district was formed in 1965, consolidating four rural districts Moffit, Beech Grove, North Lawrence, and Newman. Prior to the district's formation, students in these outlying areas would attend high school in Massillon. The Tuslaw School District was named for the two townships in which the district resides. Tuslaw High School was constructed one mile north of then US 30 Lincoln Highway (currently SR-172) along SR-93 in Tuscarawas, Township. The district maintained the original four district buildings as K-8, with high school students attending Tuslaw High School. The district was reconfigured over time as the district enrollment grew.

Voters passed a levy in 2002 to construct a new high school next to the original building, converting the old high school into a middle school. A new central elementary school was constructed in 2010 across from the new high school on SR-93, replacing the district's four small aging elementary school buildings.


title: M-85 (Michigan highway)

abstract: M-85, also known as Fort Street or Fort Road for its entire length, is a state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan. The highway serves several Downriver suburbs of Detroit, as well as neighborhoods in the city itself. From its southern terminus at exit 28 on Interstate 75 (I-75) to its second interchange with exit 43 on I-75 in southwest Detroit, M-85 is part of the Lake Erie Circle Tour. In between, it serves mostly residential areas running parallel to a pair of rail lines; the highway carries between 5,000 and 43,000 vehicles per day on average. Once in the city of Detroit, Fort Street runs parallel to I-75 for several miles before they separate near the Ambassador Bridge. The northern end of M-85 is at the intersection with Griswold Street in downtown Detroit, one block away from Campus Martius Park. Two previous unrelated highways bore the M-85 designation. The first was in Montcalm County and the second near Caro. These uses were retired in the 1930s and the 1940s, respectively. The current M-85 was created in 1956 after the construction of the Detroit-Toledo Freeway; the original northern end was at an intersection with US Highway 25 (US 25) in downtown. The northern end was truncated in the late 1960s to the northern junction with I-75. The highway was then extended back into downtown Detroit in the first year of the 21st century.

text:
# M-85 (Michigan highway)

**M-85**, also known as **Fort Street** or **Fort Road** for its entire length, is a state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan. The highway serves several Downriver suburbs of Detroit, as well as neighborhoods in the city itself. From its southern terminus at exit 28 on Interstate 75 (I-75) to its second interchange with exit 43 on I-75 in southwest Detroit, M-85 is part of the Lake Erie Circle Tour. In between, it serves mostly residential areas running parallel to a pair of rail lines; the highway carries between 5,000 and 43,000 vehicles per day on average. Once in the city of Detroit, Fort Street runs parallel to I-75 for several miles before they separate near the Ambassador Bridge. The northern end of M-85 is at the intersection with Griswold Street in downtown Detroit, one block away from Campus Martius Park.

Two previous unrelated highways bore the M-85 designation. The first was in Montcalm County and the second near Caro. These uses were retired in the 1930s and the 1940s, respectively. The current M-85 was created in 1956 after the construction of the Detroit-Toledo Freeway; the original northern end was at an intersection with US Highway 25 (US 25) in downtown. The northern end was truncated in the late 1960s to the northern junction with I-75. The highway was then extended back into downtown Detroit in the first year of the 21st century.

## Route description

M-85 starts a directional interchange with I-75 in near Rockwood; traffic to or from southbound I-75 must use Gibraltar Road instead. M-85 runs north from this interchange to Gibraltar Road as a full freeway; north of that intersection the highway becomes a boulevard. There are many businesses directly adjacent to Fort Street in the Downriver area with residential subdivisions on either side of them. The trunkline parallels a pair of rail lines. In this area, M-85 also runs parallel to, but inland from, the southern part of the Detroit River. The highway runs northeasterly through Gibraltar to Trenton, where it turns due north. Fort Street forms the boundary between Riverview and Trenton in the area near the Riverview Landing Shopping Center between King and Sibley Roads; north of here, Riverview extends along both sides of the road. At Pennsylvania Road, Fort Street crosses into the city of Southgate and curves to the northeast near the Southgate Tower office building. The highway returns to a due northerly course near Memorial Park and continues along the Southgate–Wyandotte city line. This area is mainly residential neighborhoods that extend in street grids on either side of the Fort Street boulevard, including the Old Homestead neighborhood of Southgate.

The highway crosses the South Branch of the Ecorse River and enters the city of Lincoln Park, through which Fort Street angles slightly northeasterly before turning sharply to the northeast at Champaign Road. M-85's new direction keeps it parallel to the Detroit River about one mile (1.6 km) away. When the trunkline crosses the North Branch of the Ecorse River, M-85 enters the city of Detroit near Outer Drive. Fort Street runs parallel to I-75 through the Boynton–Oakwood Heights neighborhoods of the city. North of the intersection with Schaefer Highway, M-85 meets an interchange with I-75 and passes under the freeway, crossing to its northwest side. At this interchange, the LECT designation is transferred from M-85 to I-75. Fort Street continues running between an industrial area and I-75. In this area, the highway crosses the River Rouge and turns east-northeast. Fort Street continues through the Delray neighborhood and past Woodmere Cemetery before crossing under I-75 again; there is no interchange at this location. These two highways continue in parallel to the north of Fort Wayne and the Detroit Harbor Terminals / Boblo Island Detroit Dock Building; M-85 intersects Grand Boulevard and passes under the approaches for the Ambassador Bridge; I-75 turns inland near the bridge's toll plaza north of Fort Street. M-85 continues along the river into the Corktown neighborhood.

As M-85 approaches downtown, it crosses over the Canadian Pacific-owned Michigan Central Railway Tunnel. Several blocks later, the highway passes over M-10 (Lodge Freeway) without an interchange near Huntington Place. Fort Street continues carrying the M-85 designation as far east as the intersection with Griswold Street, one block west of Campus Martius Park.

M-85 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) like other state highways in Michigan. As a part of these maintenance responsibilities, the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction. These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic, which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway. MDOT's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M-85 were the 42,786 vehicles daily in Wyandotte; the lowest count was 5,976 vehicles per day at the southern terminus. All of M-85 has been listed on the National Highway System, a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility. Between the two I-75 interchanges, M-85 is the closest state trunkline to Lake Erie and the Detroit River, making it a part of the Lake Erie Circle Tour (LECT).

## History

### Previous designations

In 1919, the first version of M-85 ran from then M-66 east to M-43 at Stanton in Montcalm County. This highway was later extended in 1929 from Stanton north to Edmore. By the end of 1930, this designation was removed when M-57 was extended through the area. A new M-85 was then designated between Mayville and Caro. This second designation was supplanted by an extended and rerouted M-24 in late 1941 or early 1942.

### Current designation

When the Detroit–Toledo Freeway opened in 1956, several local roads were given the M-85 designation between the new freeway in Woodhaven into downtown Detroit to end at US 25/M-17. The northern end was truncated in 1968 to the interchange with I-75 in Detroit when that freeway was completed in the area. In the 1980s, the Great Lakes Circle Tours were created by the state of Michigan in consultation with neighboring states and the province of Ontario; after the tours were created in 1986, M-85 was added to the LECT.

At the end of 2000, MDOT proposed several highway transfers in Detroit. Some of these involved transferring city streets in the Campus Martius Park area under the department's jurisdiction to city control; another part of the proposal involved MDOT assuming control over a section of Fort Street from the then northern terminus of M-85 to the then southern terminus of M-3 at Clark Street. When these transfers were completed the following year, M-3 was severed into two discontinuous segments by the Campus Martius changes, and the southern segment between Clark and Griswold streets was added to an extended M-85.

## Major intersections

The entire highway is in Wayne County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Brownstown Township | 0.000 | 0.000 | I-75 / LECT Detroit, Toledo | Exit 28 on I-75; southern end of LECT concurrency |
| Detroit | 15.068 | 24.250 | I-75 / LECT | Exit 43 on I-75; northern end of LECT concurrency |
| | 21.882 | 35.216 | Griswold Street |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/M-85 (Michigan highway)KML is from Wikidata * M-85 at Michigan Highways

## InfoBox

| M-85 | |
| --- | --- |
| Fort Street | |
| M-85 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDOT | |
| Length | 21.882 mi (35.216 km) |
| Existed | 1956–present |
| Tourist
routes | Lake Erie Circle Tour |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | I-75 near Rockwood |
| Major intersections | I-75 in Detroit |
| North end | Griswold Street in Detroit |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| Counties | Wayne |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| M-84   M-86 | |


title: Turning point test

abstract: In statistical hypothesis testing, a turning point test is a statistical test of the independence of a series of random variables. Maurice Kendall and Alan Stuart describe the test as "reasonable for a test against cyclicity but poor as a test against trend." The test was first published by Irénée-Jules Bienaymé in 1874.

text:
# Turning point test

In statistical hypothesis testing, a **turning point test** is a statistical test of the independence of a series of random variables. Maurice Kendall and Alan Stuart describe the test as "reasonable for a test against cyclicity but poor as a test against trend." The test was first published by Irénée-Jules Bienaymé in 1874.

## Statement of test

The turning point test is a test of the null hypothesis

*H*0: *X*1, *X*2, ..., *X**n* are independent and identically distributed random variables (iid)

against

*H*1: *X*1, *X*2, ..., *X**n* are not iid.

This test assumes that the *X*i have a *continuous* distribution (so adjacent values are almost surely never equal).

### Test statistic

We say *i* is a turning point if the vector *X*1, *X*2, ..., *X**i*, ..., *X**n* is not monotonic at index *i*. The number of turning points is the number of maxima and minima in the series.

Letting *T* be the number of turning points, then for large *n*, *T* is approximately normally distributed with mean (2*n*  4)/3 and variance (16*n*  29)/90. The test statistic

$$z={\frac {T-{\frac {2n-4}{3}{\sqrt {\frac {16n-29}{90}}}}}}$$

is approximately standard normal for large values of n.

## Applications

The test can be used to verify the accuracy of a fitted time series model such as that describing irrigation requirements.


title: Lyndon, New York

abstract: Lyndon is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 686 at the 2020 census. The town is on the east border of the county and is north of Olean.

text:
# Lyndon, New York

**Lyndon** is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 686 at the 2020 census. The town is on the east border of the county and is north of Olean.

## History

The area that would become the town was first settled *circa* 1806. The town of Lyndon was founded in 1829, formed from the town of Franklinville. The town was briefly called "Elgin" around 1857.

In 1875, the population of Lyndon was 805.

The North Lyndon Schoolhouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.3 square miles (86.2 km2), of which 33.2 square miles (86.1 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 0.11%, is water.

The eastern town line is the border of Allegany County.

### Adjacent towns and areas

The town of New Hudson in Allegany County is to the east. The north town line is shared by the town of Farmersville, and the south town line is shared with the town of Ischua. The town of Franklinville is west of Lyndon.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1830 | 271 |  |  |
| 1840 | 628 |  | 131.7% |
| 1850 | 1,092 |  | 73.9% |
| 1860 | 1,161 |  | 6.3% |
| 1870 | 894 |  | −23.0% |
| 1880 | 831 |  | −7.0% |
| 1890 | 677 |  | −18.5% |
| 1900 | 690 |  | 1.9% |
| 1910 | 603 |  | −12.6% |
| 1920 | 567 |  | −6.0% |
| 1930 | 463 |  | −18.3% |
| 1940 | 391 |  | −15.6% |
| 1950 | 409 |  | 4.6% |
| 1960 | 406 |  | −0.7% |
| 1970 | 339 |  | −16.5% |
| 1980 | 610 |  | 79.9% |
| 1990 | 503 |  | −17.5% |
| 2000 | 661 |  | 31.4% |
| 2010 | 707 |  | 7.0% |
| 2020 | 686 |  | −3.0% |
| 2021 (est.) | 683 |  | −0.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

At the 2000 census, there were 661 people, 250 households and 187 families residing in the town. The population density was 19.9 inhabitants per square mile (7.7/km2). There were 639 housing units at an average density of 19.2 per square mile (7.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.28% White, 0.61% African American, 1.21% Native American, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.76% of the population.

There were 250 households, of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 2.98.

Age distribution was 27.7% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.6 males.

The median household income was $34,091, and the median family income was $37,361. Males had a median income of $29,063 versus $22,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,054. About 6.7% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.3% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

## Notable person

## Communities and locations in Lyndon

* **Elgin**  A hamlet in the center of the town on County Road 47 (Lyndon Center Road).
* **Gates Creek**  A stream flowing out the west town line.
* **Oil Creek**  A stream by the east town line.
* **Rawson**  A hamlet on the east town line on County Road 7A (Rawson Road).

## InfoBox

| Lyndon, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| LyndonLocation within the state of New York | |
| Coordinates: 42°18′7″N 78°21′56″W / 42.30194°N 78.36556°W / 42.30194; -78.36556 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Cattaraugus |
| Area | |
| Total | 33.27 sq mi (86.16 km2) |
| Land | 33.23 sq mi (86.07 km2) |
| Water | 0.04 sq mi (0.09 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,978 ft (603 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 686 |
| Estimate (2021) | 683 |
| Density | 20.52/sq mi (7.92/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 36-009-43896 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0979174 |
| Website | lyndontown.org |


title: Lyndon, Rutland

abstract: Lyndon is a small village in the county of Rutland in the East Midlands of England. The population of the civil parish was 80 at the 2001 census, increasing to 124 at the 2011 census. The village's name means 'hill of flax' or 'hill of lime trees'. There are three Grade II* listed buildings in the parish: the Church of St Martin, Lyndon Hall and Top Hall. Thomas Barker (1722–1809) of Lyndon Hall kept a detailed weather record from 1736 to 1798. William Whiston (1667–1752), best known for his translation of Josephus, died at the Hall, the home of his son-in-law, Samuel Barker on 22 August 1752. The Hall is owned by the Conant family.

text:
# Lyndon, Rutland

**Lyndon** is a small village in the county of Rutland in the East Midlands of England. The population of the civil parish was 80 at the 2001 census (including Pilton), increasing to 124 at the 2011 census.

The village's name means 'hill of flax' or 'hill of lime trees'.

There are three Grade II\* listed buildings in the parish: the Church of St Martin, Lyndon Hall and Top Hall.

Thomas Barker (17221809) of Lyndon Hall kept a detailed weather record from 1736 to 1798. William Whiston (16671752), best known for his translation of Josephus, died at the Hall, the home of his son-in-law, Samuel Barker on 22 August 1752. The Hall is owned by the Conant family.

## Footnotes

Media related to Lyndon, Rutland at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Lyndon | |
| --- | --- |
| Church Lane, Lyndon | |
| LyndonLocation within Rutland | |
| Area | 1.42 sq mi (3.7 km2) |
| Population | 80 2001 Census |
| Density | 56/sq mi (22/km2) |
| OS grid reference | SK909044 |
| London | 81 miles (130 km) SSE |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | OAKHAM |
| Postcode district | LE15 |
| Dialling code | 01572 |
|  | |
| Police | Leicestershire |
| Fire | Leicestershire |
| Ambulance | East Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Lytta fulvipennis

abstract: Lytta fulvipennis is a species of blister beetle in the family Meloidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Lytta fulvipennis

***Lytta fulvipennis*** is a species of blister beetle in the family Meloidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Lytta fulvipennis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Meloidae |
| Genus: | *Lytta* |
| Species: | ***L. fulvipennis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lytta fulvipennis***<br>LeConte, 1853 | |
|


title: Tuva or Bust!

abstract: Tuva or Bust! (1991) is a book by Ralph Leighton about the author and his friend Richard Feynman's attempt to travel to Tuva, Siberia. The introduction explains how Feynman challenged Leighton, at the time a high school math teacher, "Whatever happened to Tannu Tuva?" Since Feynman had a reputation as a prankster, Leighton assumed it was made up. But the country existed, and the pair became fascinated with this hard-to-reach destination in the middle of Asia, which had become a republic in the Soviet Union. They made it a goal to travel there, which, for Americans in the late 1970s and early 1980s, was extremely difficult. In many ways, the attempt to travel to Tuva is an allegory for Feynman's perpetual curiosity to discover new things, and how he inspired his friends, admirers and protégés to do the same. During their decade-long quest to travel to Tuva, Feynman was suffering from cancer, and died shortly before the visas finally arrived; this book describes "Richard Feynman's last adventure". The book describes the difficulties and various attempts Leighton and Feynman made to obtain permission to travel to Tuva. It also describes the culture, language and history of the place. Included with some editions of the book is a small flexi disc of Tuvan throat singing. Essentially the same subject of Feynman's and Leighton's interactions and tribulations was also the basis for a documentary titled The Quest for Tannu Tuva, which was released before the book was published. It was produced for the BBC TV series Horizon and first broadcast on 4 July 1988. That documentary was in turn repackaged with a new American narration and titled The Last Journey of a Genius, which was broadcast as part of the PBS series NOVA on 24 January 1989. Feynman never managed to get to Tuva. Instead of him, the trip was realized by his daughter Michelle, who travelled to Tuva on June 8, 2009. Leighton stated in 2013 that "The whole Tuvan culture was disappearing because it was outmoded, shall we say, under the Soviet system. They were supposed to build the new Modern Soviet Man, and therefore places like Tuva, which practices shamanism and Buddhism, were seen as backward."

text:
# Tuva or Bust!

***Tuva or Bust!*** (1991) is a book by Ralph Leighton about the author and his friend Richard Feynman's attempt to travel to Tuva, Siberia.

The introduction explains how Feynman challenged Leighton, at the time a high school math teacher, "Whatever happened to Tannu Tuva?" Since Feynman had a reputation as a prankster, Leighton assumed it was made up. But the country existed, and the pair became fascinated with this hard-to-reach destination in the middle of Asia, which had become a republic in the Soviet Union. They made it a goal to travel there, which, for Americans in the late 1970s and early 1980s, was extremely difficult.

In many ways, the attempt to travel to Tuva is an allegory for Feynman's perpetual curiosity to discover new things, and how he inspired his friends, admirers and protégés to do the same. During their decade-long quest to travel to Tuva, Feynman was suffering from cancer, and died shortly before the visas finally arrived; this book describes "Richard Feynman's last adventure".

The book describes the difficulties and various attempts Leighton and Feynman made to obtain permission to travel to Tuva. It also describes the culture, language and history of the place. Included with some editions of the book is a small flexi disc of Tuvan throat singing.

Essentially the same subject of Feynman's and Leighton's interactions and tribulations was also the basis for a documentary titled *The Quest for Tannu Tuva*, which was released before the book was published. It was produced for the BBC TV series *Horizon* and first broadcast on 4 July 1988. That documentary was in turn repackaged with a new American narration and titled *The Last Journey of a Genius*, which was broadcast as part of the PBS series *NOVA* on 24 January 1989.

Feynman never managed to get to Tuva. Instead of him, the trip was realized by his daughter Michelle, who travelled to Tuva on June 8, 2009.

Leighton stated in 2013 that "The whole Tuvan culture was disappearing because it was outmoded, shall we say, under the Soviet system. They were supposed to build the new Modern Soviet Man, and therefore places like Tuva, which practices shamanism and Buddhism, were seen as backward."

## InfoBox

Tuva or Bust!: Richard Feynman's Last Journey
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ralph Leighton |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | W. W. Norton |
| Publication date | 1991 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 260 |
| ISBN | 0-393-32069-3 |


title: M. M. Ayoub

abstract: M. M. Ayoub is an Egyptian retired P.W. Horn Professor of Industrial Engineering at Texas Tech University. He is a pioneer in the field of ergonomics, specifically relating to the application of mechanics to manual material handling. Ayoub holds a BS degree in Aeronautical Engineering which he earned at the University of Cairo, graduating in 1953. His MS (1955) and PhD (1964) are in Industrial Engineering from the University of Iowa. Ayoub has served as a consultant to both OSHA and NIOSH. He was both the organizer and the first director of the ergonomics division of the Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE) and its first director. He also served as president of the International Society for Occupational Ergonomics and Safety. Additionally, Ayoub is a fellow of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, a fellow of the Ergonomics Society, the American Society of Engineering Education. Ayoub also served on the Human Factors Committee for the National Academy of Sciences, and was a member of the NIOSH Board of Scientific Counselors.

text:
# M. M. Ayoub

**M. M. Ayoub** is an Egyptian retired P.W. Horn Professor of Industrial Engineering at Texas Tech University. He is a pioneer in the field of ergonomics, specifically relating to the application of mechanics to manual material handling.

Ayoub holds a BS degree in Aeronautical Engineering which he earned at the University of Cairo, graduating in 1953. His MS (1955) and PhD (1964) are in Industrial Engineering from the University of Iowa.

Ayoub has served as a consultant to both OSHA and NIOSH. He was both the organizer and the first director of the ergonomics division of the Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE) and its first director (the IIE now gives an award in his honor). He also served as president of the International Society for Occupational Ergonomics and Safety. Additionally, Ayoub is a fellow of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, a fellow of the Ergonomics Society, the American Society of Engineering Education. Ayoub also served on the Human Factors Committee for the National Academy of Sciences, and was a member of the NIOSH Board of Scientific Counselors.