title: Muisca astronomy

abstract: This article describes the astronomy of the Muisca. The Muisca, one of the four advanced civilisations in the Americas before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca, had a thorough understanding of astronomy, as evidenced by their architecture and calendar, important in their agriculture. Various astronomical sites have been constructed on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, the territories of the Muisca in the central Colombian Andes, but few remain today. Many archaeoastronomical places have been destroyed by the Spanish conquistadores and replaced by their catholic churches. El Infiernito, outside Villa de Leyva, is the best known of the remaining sites. The Temple of the Sun in sacred City of the Sun Sugamuxi has been reconstructed. Important scholars who have contributed to the knowledge of the Muisca astronomy were José Domingo Duquesne and Alexander von Humboldt in the late 18th and early 19th century and modern researchers as Eliécer Silva Celis, Manuel Arturo Izquierdo Peña, Carl Henrik Langebaek and Juan David Morales.

text:
# Muisca astronomy

This article describes the **astronomy** of the **Muisca**. The Muisca, one of the four advanced civilisations in the Americas before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca, had a thorough understanding of astronomy, as evidenced by their architecture and calendar, important in their agriculture.

Various astronomical sites have been constructed on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, the territories of the Muisca in the central Colombian Andes, but few remain today. Many archaeoastronomical places have been destroyed by the Spanish conquistadores and replaced by their catholic churches. *El Infiernito*, outside Villa de Leyva, is the best known of the remaining sites. The Temple of the Sun in sacred City of the Sun Sugamuxi has been reconstructed.

Important scholars who have contributed to the knowledge of the Muisca astronomy were José Domingo Duquesne and Alexander von Humboldt in the late 18th and early 19th century and modern researchers as Eliécer Silva Celis, Manuel Arturo Izquierdo Peña, Carl Henrik Langebaek and Juan David Morales.

## Background

The Muisca were an advanced civilisation, who inhabited the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and as southeastern part of that the Bogotá savanna before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca, of what became known as Colombia today. The onset of the Muisca Period is commonly set at 800 AD, following the Herrera Period, and the reign of the Muisca lasted until the arrival of the Spanish in 1537.

On the fertile plains of the Andean high plateau the Muisca developed a rich economy consisting of agricultural technologies of drainage and irrigation, fine crafts of gold, *tumbaga* and ceramics and textiles and a religious and mythological society. The political organisation was rather loose; a set of different rulers who traded with each other in small communities. Trading and pilgrimage routes (*calzadas*) were built across the plains and through the hills of the Altiplano.

## Muisca astronomy

The most important and still remaining archaeological site of the Muisca, dates to the pre-Muisca Herrera Period; called by the Spanish conquerors *El Infiernito*. It is an astronomical site where at solstices the Sun lines up the shadows of the stone pillars exactly with the sacred Lake Iguaque, where according to the Muisca religion the mother goddess Bachué was born. Additionally, the site used to be a place of pilgrimage where the Muisca gathered and interchanged goods. Archaeologist Carl Henrik Langebaek noted that the festivities performed at *El Infiernito* date back to the Early Muisca Period (800-1200 AD) and that no evidence was found those celebrations existed in the Herrera Period. The true alignments of the pillar shadows are 91 (east) and 271 degrees (west). The eastern alignment points to the Morro Negro hill. *El Infiernito* at the equinoxes also announced the rainy seasons on the Altiplano.

Astronomy was an important factor in the organisation of the Muisca, both in terms of cycles of harvest and sowing and in the construction of their architecture. The temples and houses were built with an east–west orientation; aligning with the rise and set of the Sun, Moon and Venus. Also in the textiles of the people, the symbols for the Sun and Moon are visible. It is probable that the deities in the religion of the Muisca represented weavers of the Earth and the terrain.

The Muisca used gold for their art and rituals and the gold was considered "Semen of the Sun". At the ritual of the installation of the new *zipa* in Lake Guatavita, depicted in the famous Muisca raft, the new *zipa* would cover his naked body with gold dust and jump in the lake. Music was played and he was surrounded by four priests, representing two children of the Sun and two children of the Moon.

### Relation with religion and geography

The religion of the Muisca contained various deities who were based on cosmological and environmental factors (Cuchavira; rainbow, Chibchacum; rain, Nencatacoa; fertility). The supreme being of the Muisca, Chiminigagua represented the birth of the Universe who had sent two birds to create light and shape the Earth. His children were the god of the Sun; Sué and his wife, the goddess of the Moon; Chía. Both deities served as the basis for the complex lunisolar Muisca calendar, having different divisions for synodic and sidereal months. The days were equal to the Gregorian calendar days and the three different years were composed of sets of different months; rural years of 12 or 13 months, common years of 20 months and holy years of 37 months.

One of the most important religious figures in the Muisca religion was Bochica, the bearded messenger god. According to the myths, Bochica walked from Pasca to Iza. The line connecting those two places in the southeastern part of the Altiplano with the northwestern part has an azimuth of exactly 45 degrees.

Also the line between the city of Bacatá with the constructed Temple of the Sun in Sugamuxi has an azimuth of 45 degrees. The length between the two places is 110 kilometres (68 mi) which equals to one degree of the circumference of the Earth. Continuing this trajectory to the northeast, it lines up with the highest peak of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy.

### Muisca astronomical sites

SMCBOclass=notpageimage|Important Muisca astronomical sites on the Altiplano
O - Solar Observatory
C - Cojines del Zaque
S - Sun Temple
M - Moon Temple
B - *Bolívar Square*
*White sites destroyed
yellow sites existing*

Throughout the territories of the Muisca Confederation there have existed numerous temples and other sites of the Muisca. Today very few of those remain. A reconstruction of the Sun Temple of Sugamuxi has been built in the Archaeology Museum, Sogamoso, the Moon Temple of Chía has been destroyed, *El Infiernito* exists still from pre-Muisca times and the Cojines del Zaque are two stones located in Tunja. The Cojines were built aligned to former temples of the Muisca, like the Goranchacha Temple. On the sites of the temples, the Spanish colonisers built their churches. The Cojines are aligned with an azimuth of 106 degrees to the cross quarter of the Sun, passing over the present-day San Francisco church to the sacred hill of Romiquira.

Seen from Bolívar Square in Bogotá, the Sun at the June solstice rises exactly over Monserrate, called by the Muisca *quijicha caca* or "grandmother's foot", and at the December solstice Sué appears from behind Guadalupe Hill or *quijicha guexica* ("grandfather's foot"). At the equinoxes of March and September, the Sun rises in the valley right between the two hills.

Animation of Muisca astronomy; Sué at the solstices and equinoxes rising above the Eastern Hills, as seen from Bolívar Square

## Luni-solar calendar

| Greg. year
12 months | Month
30 days | Rural year
12/13 mths | Common year
20 months | Holy year
37 months | Symbols; "meanings" - activities |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| **1** | **1** | *Ata* | *Ata* | *Ata* | Jumping toad; "start of the year" |
| | **2** | | | *Bosa* | Nose and nostrils |
| | **3** | | | *Mica* | Open eyes and nose; "to look for", "to find" |
| | **4** | | | *Muyhica* | Two closed eyes; "black thing", "to grow" |
| | **5** | | | *Hisca* | Two fingers together; "green thing", "to enjoy" |
| | **6** | | | *Ta* | Stick and cord; "sowing" - **harvest** |
| | **7** | | | *Cuhupqua* | Two ears covered; "deaf person" |
| | **8** | | | *Suhuza* | Tail; "to spread" |
| | **9** | | | *Aca* | Toad with tail connected to other toad; "the goods" |
| | **10** | | | *Ubchihica* | Ear; "shining Moon", "to paint" |
| | **11** | | | *Ata* |  |
| | **12** | | | *Bosa* |  |
||

Chía and Sué formed the basis of the complex Muisca calendar, where synodic and sidereal months were taken into account in three types of years; rural years of 12 or 13 months, common years of 20 months and holy years of 37 months. Weeks with weekly markets were 4 days, making every month 7 weeks.

According to Duquesne, the Muisca used their 'perfect' number *gueta*; a century consisted of 20 holy years (20 times 37 months; 740) which equals almost 60 Gregorian years. The same scholar referred to a "common century" (*siglo vulgar*) comprising 20 times 20 months. Pedro Simón, as described by Izquierdo Peña, found two different centuries; in the northern part of the Muisca Confederation (capital Hunza) and in the south, capital Bacatá. It is hypothesized by Izquierdo Peña that this apparent difference was due to a typo in the chronicles of Simón. Combining the different analyses by the scholars over time, Izquierdo Peña found the arrival of Bochica, described by Pedro Simón to have occurred 14800 months and the dream of Bochica to supposedly have happened 20 *Bxogonoa* or 2000 holy years (consisting of 37 months) before the time of description. In the Gregorian calendar this equates to 6166.7 years.

### Bibliography

* Bonilla Romero, Julio H.; Bustos Velazco, Edier H.; Duvan Reyes, Jaime (2017), "Arqueoastronomía, alineaciones solares de solsticios y equinoccios en Bogotá-Bacatá - Archaeoastronomy, alignment solar from solstices and equinoxes in Bogota-Bacatá", *Revista Científica, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas*, **27**: 146–155, retrieved 2017-01-18
* Bonilla Romero, Julio H (2011), "Aproximaciones al observatorio solar de Bacatá-Bogotá-Colombia - Approaches to solar observatory Bacatá-Bogotá-Colombia", *Azimut, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas*, **3**: 9–15, retrieved 2017-01-18
* Cardale de Schrimpff, Marianne (1985), *En busca de los primeros agricultores del Altiplano Cundiboyacense - Searching for the first farmers of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense* (PDF) (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, pp. 99–125, retrieved 2016-07-08
* Duquesne, José Domingo (1795), *Disertación sobre el calendario de los muyscas, indios naturales de este Nuevo Reino de Granada - Dissertation about the Muisca calendar, indigenous people of this New Kingdom of Granada* (PDF) (in Spanish), pp. 1–17, retrieved 2016-07-08
* Gaitán Martínez, Liliana (2015), *Vamos tras la huella mhuysqa - We follow the Muisca footsteps* (in Spanish), pp. 1–69
* Henderson, Hope; Ostler, Nicholas (2005), "Muisca settlement organization and chiefly authority at Suta, Valle de Leyva, Colombia: A critical appraisal of native concepts of house for studies of complex societies", *Journal of Anthropological Archaeology*, **24** (2), Elsevier: 148–178, doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2005.01.002, ISSN 0278-4165
* Izquierdo Peña, Manuel Arturo (2014), *Calendario Muisca - Muisca calendar* (video) (in Spanish), retrieved 2016-07-08
* Izquierdo Peña, Manuel Arturo (2009), *The Muisca Calendar: An approximation to the timekeeping system of the ancient native people of the northeastern Andes of Colombia (PhD)*, Université de Montréal, pp. 1–170, arXiv:0812.0574
* Langebaek Rueda, Carl Henrik (2005), "Fiestas y caciques muiscas en el Infiernito, Colombia: un análisis de la relación entre festejos y organización política - Festivities and Muisca caciques in El Infiernito, Colombia: an analysis of the relation between celebrations and political organisation", *Boletín de Arqueología* (in Spanish), **9**, PUCP: 281–295, ISSN 1029-2004
* Minniti Morgan, Edgardo Ronald (2005), "Astronomía Colombiana - Colombian astronomy" (PDF), *Astronomía en Latinoamérica* (in Spanish): 1–36, retrieved 2016-07-08
* Morales, Juan David (2009), "Archaeoastronomy in the Muisca Territory", *Cosmology Across Cultures*, **409**, Astronomical Society of the Pacific: 272–276, Bibcode:2009ASPC..409..272M, retrieved 2016-07-08
* Ocampo López, Javier (2013), *Mitos y leyendas indígenas de Colombia - Indigenous myths and legends of Colombia* (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A., pp. 1–219, ISBN 978-958-14-1416-1
* Ocampo López, Javier (2007), *Grandes culturas indígenas de América - Great indigenous cultures of the Americas* (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A., pp. 1–238, ISBN 978-958-14-0368-4


abstract: Notre-Dame-de-la-Visitation is a neo-Romanesque Catholic church on Chemin du Roy in Champlain, Mauricie, Quebec.

text:
# Notre-Dame-de-la-Visitation Church (Champlain, Quebec)

**Notre-Dame-de-la-Visitation** (*Our Lady of the Visitation*) is a neo-Romanesque Catholic church on Chemin du Roy in Champlain, Mauricie, Quebec.

## History

The church was built in 1878-1879 by the Princeville architect and entrepreneur Gédéon Leblanc (1832-1905). Its first service was held on 9 October 1879. It is 42 by 20.4 metres (138 by 67 feet) and its vault is 16 m (52 ft) high, while the bell towers are 53.6 m (176 ft) high. Its exterior was inspired by Saint-Stanislas, parish church of the neighbouring parish. The interior was completed in 1881 to designs by the architect Jean-Baptiste Bourgeois, known as Louis-Joseph Bourgeois (1856-1930), then aged 25. This was then totally covered in trompe-l’œil frescoes by François-Xavier-Édouard Meloche in 1882–1883, his first major work.

The parish was founded in 1664 and had three previous church buildings, whose fittings are now in the present church, including the oldest paintings in Quebec (dating to before 1687), the oldest wooden sanctuary lamp in Quebec (before 1687), the oldest sculpture (pre-1687), the oldest engraving (late 17th century) and works by major painters such as Claude François (1687), Noël-Nicolas Coypel (1714), William Berczy (1810), François Normand (1813) and Louis-Philippe Hébert (1882).

Since 1998, the church has been open to the public under the stewardship of the ‘Committee for the conservation and restoration of the church of Champlain’.


title: Matsumura Keibun

abstract: Matsumura Keibun was a Japanese painter.

text:
# Matsumura Keibun

**Matsumura Keibun** (Japanese: 松村 景文) (1779, Kyōto \- 25 May 1843, Kyōto) was a Japanese painter.

## Life and work

His father died when he was two years old. He was younger half-brother to Matsumura Goshun, founder of the Shijō school, and received his first art lessons from him. He exhibited his works as early as 1796, under the auspices of Minagawa Kein, a showing which included calligraphy. Keibun inherited Goshun's studio when he died in 1811. By 1813, he was listed in a directory of Kyōto's most notable citizens.

In 1818, for the seventh anniversary of his half-brother's death, he staged an exhibition of his works. In 1829, he painted a group of birds on the ceiling inside of the "Naginata-Hoko" (長刀鉾; roughly, Long Sword Halberd), one of the floats for the Gion Matsuri (festival), which is still in use today.

In 1830, he published an illustrated book; "*Go Keibun gafu*" (呉景文画譜, Keibun's Art of Painting), which was a significant contribution to establishing Goshun's style. He also served as Chief Priest at the Myōhō-in, a Tendai temple in Kyōto which was usually assigned to an Imperial prince. After his death, he was initially interred at the Daitsū-ji, an Ōtani-ha temple, but was later moved to the Konpuku-ji, a more prestigious Zen temple.

His style is similar to Goshun's, but somewhat lighter and what, in Western art, would be called manneristic. His best known works are a set of fusumas (sliding doors) in Myōhō–ji, a Nichiren temple, which are called *Shiki kōsaku-zu* (四季耕作図; roughly, "Cultivation in the Four Seasons"). He also specialized in paintings of birds and flowers.

His work is kept in several museums, including the British Museum, the Seattle Art Museum, the Birmingham Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Portland Art Museum, the Brooklyn Museum, the Tokyo Fuji Art Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Indianapolis Museum of Art, the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, and the Honolulu Museum of Art.

## Sources

* Tazawa, Yutaka: "Matsumura Keibun". In: *Biographical Dictionary of Japanese Art*. Kodansha International, 1981. ISBN 0-87011-488-3.
* Laurance P. Roberts: "Keibun". In: *A Dictionary of Japanese Artists*. Weatherhill, 1976. ISBN 0-8348-0113-2.

## InfoBox

| Matsumura Keibun | |
| --- | --- |
| Quail Feeding Among the Susuki and Kikyō (folding screen) | |
| Born | 1779
Kyōto |
| Died | May 25, 1843(1843-05-25) (aged 63–64)
Kyōto |
| Occupation | Painter |


title: Pendleton, New York

abstract: Pendleton is a town on the southern edge of Niagara County, New York, United States. It is east of the city of Niagara Falls and southwest of the city of Lockport. The population was 6,397 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Pendleton, New York

**Pendleton** is a town on the southern edge of Niagara County, New York, United States. It is east of the city of Niagara Falls and southwest of the city of Lockport. The population was 6,397 at the 2010 census.

## History

The town of Pendleton was set apart in 1827 from part of the town of Niagara. Sylvester Pendleton Clark, one of the first settlers, gave his name to several locations in the town and eventually to the town itself. Clark served in the American Revolution and became an innkeeper and postmaster.

Starpoint Central school was established in 1956. It was named Starpoint because the new school system serviced the entire area of Pendleton, parts of Cambria, Lockport, Wheatfield and Royalton. Starpoint is at the center of the 5 point star of municipalities. It is located on Mapleton Road and provides education for grades K to 12. It currently services about 5300 families over a 115-square-mile (300 km2) area. Expansion of the schools has taken place in recent years to accommodate an increase of school population.

Up until recently, Pendleton has been primarily an agricultural community. It now is rezoning much of its land area for residential subdivisions and business. The population of Pendleton continues to grow as more residential development takes place.

Pendleton has an all-volunteer fire company serviced by Wendelville Fire company.

In March 2010, Sir Benjamin Ruppert, Esq., of the Western New York Residency Evaluation Committee, nominated Pendleton for "Best Place to Grow Up in America."

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 27.4 square miles (71 km2), of which 27.2 square miles (70 km2) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2) (0.95%) is water.

The south border of the town is Tonawanda Creek, which forms the border between Niagara County and Erie County. The Erie Canal passes through the eastern part of the town, where it connects to Tonawanda Creek.

### Communities and locations in Pendleton

* Beach Ridge  A hamlet by the western town line.
* Hoffman  A hamlet on the western town line near Tonawanda Creek.
* Mapleton  A small hamlet in the northwest corner of the town.
* North Buffalo Suburban Airport (0G0)  A small general aviation airport on the west side of Route 78 (Transit Road) and south of Lockport. It was formerly known as "Transit Airport."
* Pendleton  A small hamlet located by the southern town line.
* Pendleton Center  A hamlet centrally located in the town on NY-270.
* Wendelville  A hamlet near Tonawanda Creek on NY-270.

### Adjacent cities and towns

### Major highways

* New York State Route 78 (Transit Rd.), north–south highway that marks the east town line.
* New York State Route 93 (Robinson Rd.), east–west highway that borders the north corner of the town from Transit Rd. (NY 78) to the Lockport Bypass which takes NY 93 north of the town.
* New York State Route 270 (Campbell Blvd.), north–south highway through the town from the Amherst town line to the Cambria town line.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1830 | 577 |  |  |
| 1840 | 1,098 |  | 90.3% |
| 1850 | 2,166 |  | 97.3% |
| 1860 | 1,833 |  | −15.4% |
| 1870 | 1,772 |  | −3.3% |
| 1880 | 1,730 |  | −2.4% |
| 1890 | 1,514 |  | −12.5% |
| 1900 | 1,364 |  | −9.9% |
| 1910 | 1,267 |  | −7.1% |
| 1920 | 1,175 |  | −7.3% |
| 1930 | 1,253 |  | 6.6% |
| 1940 | 1,516 |  | 21.0% |
| 1950 | 1,815 |  | 19.7% |
| 1960 | 3,589 |  | 97.7% |
| 1970 | 4,733 |  | 31.9% |
| 1980 | 4,726 |  | −0.1% |
| 1990 | 5,010 |  | 6.0% |
| 2000 | 6,050 |  | 20.8% |
| 2010 | 6,397 |  | 5.7% |
| 2019 (est.) | 6,790 |  | 6.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 6,050 people, 2,116 households, and 1,724 families residing in the town. The population density was 222.6 inhabitants per square mile (85.9/km2). There were 2,162 housing units at an average density of 79.5 per square mile (30.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.5% White, 0.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.03% from other races, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.6% of the population.

There were 2,116 households, out of which 39.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.4% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.5% were non-families. 14.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.19.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $60,625, and the median income for a family was $63,342. Males had a median income of $46,175 versus $33,466 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,651. About 3.9% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over.

### Town parks

Pendleton has three town parks.

* Depeau Park  located on Tonawanda Creek Road North at the end of Irish and Oakwood Rds.
* Nine Mile Island  located in Amherst but owned by Pendleton.
* Pendleton Town Park  located in Pendleton Center. This park is located behind Pendleton Town Hall and the Pendleton Historic Society. Baseball diamonds, picnic shelters, and a playground are also located here. On the Fourth of July, the park hosts a popular fireworks show.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Pendleton | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Town of Pendleton | |
| Location in Niagara County and the state of New York. | |
| Coordinates: 43°6′N 78°46′W / 43.100°N 78.767°W / 43.100; -78.767 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Niagara |
| Named for | Sylvester Pendleton Clark |
| Government | |
| Type | Town Council |
| Town Supervisor | Joel Maerten() |
| Town Council | Members' List |
| Area | |
| Total | 27.36 sq mi (70.85 km2) |
| Land | 27.09 sq mi (70.15 km2) |
| Water | 0.27 sq mi (0.70 km2) |
| Elevation | 594 ft (181 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 6,397 |
| Estimate (2016) | 6,678 |
| Density | 246.55/sq mi (95.19/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 14094, 14120, 14132 |
| Area code | 716 |
| FIPS code | 36-57111 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0979351 |
| Website | http://www.pendletonny.us |


title: Garcia's Pass

abstract: The Garcia's Pass is a mountain pass across the Langeberg in the Western Cape province of South Africa, with its highest point at 548 m (1,798 ft) altitude. The regional road numbered R323 uses this pass on its leg between Riversdale in the south and Ladismith in the Little Karoo to the north. From Riversdale, the road winds to the Garcia Pass across the Langeberg to Muiskraal in the northern foothills. The maximum slope is 1:14 on the southern descend. The pass was named in honor of Maurice Garcia, the commissioner of Riversdale between 1863 and 1877. He quickly came to see that a road between the recently established town of Ladismith and the coast would be of great benefit to the farmers of the Little Karoo to enable their produce to be shipped from the harbor at Mossel Bay. From horseback, Garcia himself laid out a route that is much shorter than the earlier route over the Gysmanshoek Pass. By the year 1868 his bridle path was already used by riders. In 1871, Thomas Bain upgraded the pass to enable transport by carts. Prison labor was used to construct the 16 km (9.9 mi) tracks, while the workers were housed in a temporary jail on site. The Cape Colony's Prime Minister, Sir John Gordon Sprigg officially opened the pass in November 1879. A toll house was constructed along the pass. Jimmy Luyt was the first tax collector, and after his death, his wife and Jan Swart continued this job. Nationwide, the levying of tolls stopped in 1918. The toll house was given the status of monument in 1968, one of several provincial heritages sites near Riversdale. The Kristalkloof and the Sleeping Beauty footpaths both start from the site of the toll house. The pass was reconstructed in 1976, when the road got an asphalt covering. The nearby town of Garcia is situated at the southern entrance of the mountain pass, as well as named after it.

text:
# Garcia's Pass

The **Garcia's Pass** is a mountain pass across the Langeberg in the Western Cape province of South Africa, with its highest point at 548 m (1,798 ft) altitude. The regional road numbered R323 uses this pass on its leg between Riversdale in the south and Ladismith in the Little Karoo to the north. From Riversdale, the road winds to the Garcia Pass across the Langeberg to Muiskraal in the northern foothills. The maximum slope is 1:14 on the southern descend.

The pass was named in honor of Maurice Garcia, the commissioner of Riversdale between 1863 and 1877. He quickly came to see that a road between the recently established town of Ladismith and the coast would be of great benefit to the farmers of the Little Karoo to enable their produce to be shipped from the harbor at Mossel Bay. From horseback, Garcia himself laid out a route that is much shorter than the earlier route over the Gysmanshoek Pass. By the year 1868 his bridle path was already used by riders. In 1871, Thomas Bain upgraded the pass to enable transport by carts. Prison labor was used to construct the 16 km (9.9 mi) tracks, while the workers were housed in a temporary jail on site. The Cape Colony's Prime Minister, Sir John Gordon Sprigg officially opened the pass in November 1879. A toll house was constructed along the pass. Jimmy Luyt was the first tax collector, and after his death, his wife and Jan Swart continued this job. Nationwide, the levying of tolls stopped in 1918. The toll house was given the status of monument in 1968, one of several provincial heritages sites near Riversdale. The Kristalkloof and the Sleeping Beauty footpaths both start from the site of the toll house. The pass was reconstructed in 1976, when the road got an asphalt covering. The nearby town of Garcia is situated at the southern entrance of the mountain pass, as well as named after it.

## InfoBox

| Garcia's Pass | |
| --- | --- |
| Along the Langeberg near Garcia's Pass, painting by Jan Ernst Abraham Volschenk | |
| Elevation | 548 m (1,798 ft) |
| Traversed by | R323 |
| Location | Western Cape, South Africa |
| Range | Langeberg |
| Coordinates | 33°56′26″S 21°13′21″E / 33.940576°S 21.222424°E / -33.940576; 21.222424 |
|  | |


title: Mardraum – Beyond the Within

abstract: Mardraum – Beyond the Within is the fifth studio album by Norwegian extreme metal band Enslaved. It was released on 25 September 2000, through Osmose Productions.

text:
# Mardraum – Beyond the Within

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Chronicles of Chaos | 8/10 |

***Mardraum – Beyond the Within*** is the fifth studio album by Norwegian extreme metal band Enslaved. It was released on 25 September 2000, through Osmose Productions.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Større enn tid – tyngre enn natt" (Greater than Time – Heavier than Night) | Richard Kronheim, Ivar Bjørnson | 10:06 |
| 2. | "Daudningekvida" (Deadhymn) | Per Husebø, Kronheim, Bjørnson | 3:30 |
| 3. | "Entrance-Escape" (Inngang-Flukt) | Kronheim, Bjørnson | 7:42 |
| 4. | "Ormgard" (The Hive) | Bjørnson | 5:28 |
| 5. | "Æges draum" (Aege's Dream) | Bjørnson, Kronheim | 4:42 |
| 6. | "Mardraum" (Nightmare) | Grutle Kjellson, Bjørnson, Kronheim, Husebø | 3:39 |
| 7. | "Det endelege riket" (The Finite Empire) | Bjørnson | 5:19 |
| 8. | "Ormgard II: Kvalt i kysk høgsong" (The Hive II: Strangled by Purity) | Kjellson, Bjørnson | 3:44 |
| 9. | "Krigaren eg ikkje kjende" (Warrior Unknown) | Kjellson | 6:31 |
| 10. | "Stjerneheimen" (Starhome) | Bjørnson, Kronheim | 5:46 |
| 11. | "Frøyas smykke" (Freya's Necklace) | Bjørnson | 1:54 |
| Total length: | | | 58:29 |

## Personnel

Enslaved * Grutle Kjellson – bass guitar, electronics, vocals, arrangement, production, mixing
* Ivar Bjørnson – guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, percussion, arrangement, production, mixing
* Christian Kronheim – guitar, arrangement, production, mixing
* Dirge Rep (Per Husebø) – drums, percussion, arrangement, production, mixing

Production * Lars Szöke – recording, engineering
* Peter Tägtgren – recording, engineering, mixing

1. "THE BEST METAL ALBUMS FROM 40 SUBGENRES". *Loudwire*. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
2. Anderson, Jason. "*Mardraum* – Enslaved : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards : AllMusic". *AllMusic*. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
3. Flaaten, Chris (20 November 2000). "CoC : Enslaved – *Mardraum – Beyond the Within* :: Review". *Chronicles of Chaos*. Retrieved 23 September 2012.

## InfoBox

| Mardraum – Beyond the Within | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Enslaved | |
| Released | 25 September 2000 |
| Recorded | February 2000 |
| Studio | The Abyss, Pärlby, Sweden |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 58:29 |
| Label | Osmose |
| Producer | Enslaved |
| Enslaved chronology | |
| *Blodhemn*
(1998) ***Mardraum – Beyond the Within***
(2000) *Monumension*
(2001) | |


title: Peace@Pieces

abstract: Peace@Pieces is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Unisonshift and was released on December 23, 2004, for Windows. The game was described by the development team as a "sweet school romance comedy with lewd moe situation adventure". The gameplay in Peace@Pieces follows a linear plot line, which offers pre-determined scenarios and courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the main female characters.

text:
# Peace@Pieces

***Peace@Pieces*** (ピースアピーシーズ, *Pīsu a Pīshīzu*) is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Unisonshift and was released on December 23, 2004, for Windows. The game was described by the development team as a "sweet school romance comedy with lewd moe situation adventure" (学園恋愛甘甘コメディ萌シチュエーションえっちあどべんちゃー, *Gakuen ren'ai ama ama komedi moe shichuēshon ecchi adobenchā*). The gameplay in *Peace@Pieces* follows a linear plot line, which offers pre-determined scenarios and courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the main female characters.

## Development

*Peace@Pieces* was the tenth project developed by Unisonshift, and is developed as an adult game much like previous titles such as *Innocent Eye's*. Planning for the game was headed by @Pieces. Art direction and character designs were provided by Noizi Ito, known for her work on *Shakugan no Shana*, the *Haruhi Suzumiya* franchise, and the later *Nanatsuiro Drops*. The scenario was provided solely by Tamaki Ichikawa. Music in the game was solely composed by Ryō Mizutsuki, known for her later contributions on BaseSon's *Koihime Musō*, and Key Sounds Label's *Piano no Mori*.

### Release history

*Peace@Pieces* was first introduced to the public on December 23, 2004, as a DVD-ROM playable on only a Microsoft Windows PC, and was subsequently followed by a fan disc, titled *One More@Pieces*, released on August 9, 2005. It was later followed by a second release, titled *Peace@Pieces + One More@Pieces Special Memorial Edition*, released on November 22, 2007, containing the game itself and the fan disc.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Developer(s) | Unisonshift |
| Publisher(s) | Unisonshift |
| Platform(s) | Windows |
| Release | * JP: December 23, 2004 |
| Genre(s) | Eroge, Visual novel |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Phillips Grove

abstract: Phillips Grove is a hamlet in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is at the southern end of Delaronde Lake in the Rural Municipality of Big River No. 555. Access is from Highway 922.

text:
# Phillips Grove

**Phillips Grove** is a hamlet in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It is at the southern end of Delaronde Lake in the Rural Municipality of Big River No. 555. Access is from Highway 922.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Phillips Grove had a population of 15 living in 9 of its 37 total private dwellings, a change of 0% from its 2016 population of 15. With a land area of 0.31 km2 (0.12 sq mi), it had a population density of 48.4/km2 (125.3/sq mi) in 2021.

53°52′17″N 106°55′59″W / 53.87139°N 106.93306°W / 53.87139; -106.93306


title: Music City Stars

abstract: The Music City Stars, formerly known as the Nashville Broncs, was an expansion team in the American Basketball Association (ABA) that played from 2008 to 2010. Located in Nashville, Tennessee, the team was named for the city's association with music industry celebrities; it also referred the Music City Star (now known as the WeGo Star, a commuter rail service. They played the home games of their inaugural season at Nashville Municipal Auditorium, but played at Lipscomb University's Allen Arena for the 2009–10 season. The team ceased operations on January 29, 2010, citing poor ticket sales.

text:
# Music City Stars

The **Music City Stars**, formerly known as the **Nashville Broncs**, was an expansion team in the American Basketball Association (ABA) that played from 2008 to 2010. Located in Nashville, Tennessee, the team was named for the city's association with music industry celebrities; it also referred the Music City Star (now known as the WeGo Star, a commuter rail service. They played the home games of their inaugural season at Nashville Municipal Auditorium, but played at Lipscomb University's Allen Arena for the 2009–10 season. The team ceased operations on January 29, 2010, citing poor ticket sales.

## Team history

The team, when owned by Scott Lumley, was known as the Nashville Broncs during their inaugural 2008 to 2009 season. That year, they finished with a 23–4 record, making it as far as the semifinals before being eliminated. In July 2009, the team changed ownership and its name to the Music City Stars. After playing only 12 games of the 2009–10 season (many games were cancelled due to teams leaving the league), the Stars shut down operations due to lagging ticket sales.

## Season-by-season record

| Season | W | L | % | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008–09 | 23 | 4 | .852 | Won quarterfinals vs. Jersey Express<br>Lost semifinals vs. Maywood Buzz |
| 2009–10\* | 9 | 3 | .750 |  |
| \*The Stars suspended operations on January 29, 2010. | | | | |

## InfoBox

Music City Stars
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2008 |
| League | American Basketball Association |
| Team history | 2008–2010 |
| Based in | Nashville, Tennessee |
| Arena | Allen Arena |
| Colors | red, white, light blue, and dark blue |
| Owner | Anthony Chase |
| Head coach | Jan van Breda Kolff |
| Championships | 0 |
| Division titles | 0 |
| Cheerleaders | The Starletts |
| Website | NashvilleBroncs.com |


title: Santalpur railway station

abstract: Santalpur railway station is a railway station in Patan district, Gujarat, India on the Western line of the Western Railway network. Santalpur railway station is 157 km far away from Palanpur Junction. One Passenger, two Express, and one Superfast trains halt here.

text:
# Santalpur railway station

**Santalpur railway station** is a railway station in Patan district, Gujarat, India on the Western line of the Western Railway network. Santalpur railway station is 157 km far away from Palanpur Junction. One Passenger, two Express, and one Superfast trains halt here.

## Nearby stations

Garmadi is the nearest railway station towards Gandhidham Junction, whereas Chhansara is the nearest railway station towards Palanpur Junction.

## Major trains

The following Express and Superfast trains halt at Santalpur railway station in both directions:

## InfoBox

| Santalpur | |
| --- | --- |
| Indian Railways station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Santalpur, Gujarat<br>India |
| Coordinates | 23°45′35″N 71°10′56″E / 23.759715°N 71.182245°E / 23.759715; 71.182245 |
| Elevation | 16 metres (52 ft) |
| Owned by | Ministry of Railways, Indian Railways |
| Operated by | Western Railway |
| Line(s) | Gandhidham–Palanpur section |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Standard (on ground) |
| Parking | No |
| Other information | |
| Status | Functioning |
| Station code | SNLR |
| Zone(s) | Western Railway |
| Division(s) | Ahmedabad |
| History | |
| Electrified | No |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Santalpur railway stationLocation within IndiaSantalpur railway stationSantalpur railway station (Gujarat) | |


title: Munjane

abstract: Munjane is a 2012 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film starring Ganesh and Manjari Phadnis. The film was written, produced and directed by S. Narayan, who also composed and written the songs and also acted in the film. Dharma Vish has scored the background music. Narayan's wife, Bhagyavathi Narayan has produced the venture under his home banner. Jagadish Wali is the cinematographer. The film opened across Karnataka cinema halls on 2 March 2012.

text:
# Munjane

***Munjane*** (transl. *Dawn*) is a 2012 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film starring Ganesh and Manjari Phadnis. The film was written, produced and directed by S. Narayan, who also composed and written the songs and also acted in the film. Dharma Vish has scored the background music. Narayan's wife, Bhagyavathi Narayan has produced the venture under his home banner. Jagadish Wali is the cinematographer. The film opened across Karnataka cinema halls on 2 March 2012.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

| Munjane | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by S Narayan | |
| Released | 2012 |
| Recorded | 2012 |
| Genre | Feature film soundtrack |
| Length | 28:11 |
| Language | Kannada |
|  | |
| Official audio | |
| Munjane - Full Album on YouTube | |
|  | |

Director S. Narayan himself has composed 6 songs. All songs have been arranged and produced by Dharma Vish. The background music has been scored by Dharma Vish.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Nalle Nalle"" | Vijay Prakash, Anuradha Bhat | 4:32 |
| 2. | "Hey Hoove" | Ravindra Soragavi, Shreya Ghoshal | 5:40 |
| 3. | "Yaaro Obba Sundari" | Ishaan Dev | 4:39 |
| 4. | "Naavu Hingene" | Jassie Gift, Oscar | 4:20 |
| 5. | "Anthoo Inthoo" | Shaan, Shweta Pandit, Sakthisree Gopalan | 4:40 |
| 6. | "Hey Manase" | Akash Talapatra, Shreya Ghoshal | 5:40 |
| Total length: | | | 28:11 |

## Reception

### Critical response

A critic from *The Times of India* scored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and says "Full marks to Ganesh who takes the story from the beginning to end with his marvellous performance, especially in the climax. Manjari impresses with her expressions. Rajendra Karanth and Malavika are gracious. Music by S Narayan and camera by JS Wali pass muster". Srikanth Srinivasa from Rediff.com scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Narayan has composed a few good songs including the Manase number. Waali's cinematography goes well with the pace of the movie. Munjaane is definitely a treat to watch". A critic from News18 India wrote "On the whole, it looks like Ganesh's performance is the only saving grace of 'Munjaane'. Otherwise it is another average fare". A critic from DNA wrote "Circumstances compel them to marry but they decide to live separately. Will they join hands to lead a happy married life? See it on the silver screen. The film is not so bad if you can sit through the first half, which tends to get a bit dragging at parts". A critic from Bangalore Mirror wrote "The casting is good barring Malavika who is too young to be Ganesh’s mother and Manjari’s mother-in-law. Overall, the film is avoidable and you can only rue what it could have been".

## Awards

| Ceremony | Category | Nominee | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2nd South Indian International Movie Awards | Best Female Debutant | Manjari Phadnis | Nominated |
| | Best Supporting Actress | Malavika Avinash | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| Munjane | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | S. Narayan |
| Written by | S. Narayan |
| Produced by | Bhagyavathi
S. Narayan |
| Starring | Ganesh
Manjari Phadnis |
| Cinematography | Jagadish Wali |
| Music by | Dharma Vish |
| Release date | * 2 March 2012 (2012-03-02) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Kannada |


title: Notre-Dame-des-Anges, Quebec

abstract: Notre-Dame-des-Anges is a parish municipality in Quebec, Canada, home of the General Hospital of Quebec. Enclaved within the territory of Quebec City, the municipality has a population of 241 and measures only 6 hectares in area, making it the smallest incorporated municipal entity in Canada. With a density of 6,478.5/km⁲ (16,779/sq mi) according to Statistics Canada, it is the second densest census subdivision in Canada. It lacks any governmental structure and has no mayor but rather an "administrator."

text:
# Notre-Dame-des-Anges, Quebec

**Notre-Dame-des-Anges** (French pronunciation: \[nɔtʁə dam dez‿ɑ̃ʒ\]) is a parish municipality in Quebec, Canada, home of the General Hospital of Quebec.

Enclaved within the territory of Quebec City, the municipality has a population of 241 and measures only 6 hectares (15 acres) in area, making it the smallest incorporated municipal entity in Canada. With a density of 6,478.5/km2 (16,779/sq mi) according to Statistics Canada, it is the second densest census subdivision in Canada.

It lacks any governmental structure and has no mayor but rather an "administrator."

## History

The land near the Saint-Charles River was first possessed as a fief by the Recollect Friars Minor, who built the Friary of St. Charles there around 1620. The Recollects were expelled by the British in 1629. The seigneury then passed to the Jesuits in late 1629, after the return of the friars to France following the capitulation of Quebec to the Kirk brothers by Champlain on 14 September 1629. The property was returned to the Recollects upon their return to New France in 1670, at which time they dedicated their house to *Notre-Dame-des-Anges* (Our Lady of the Angels), so named for the first community of the Franciscan Order.

In 1692, it was purchased by Jean-Baptiste de Saint-Vallier, Bishop of Quebec, to found a hospital, which he did the subsequent year. In 1722, it was established as a civil parish and in 1855, the parish municipality was officially founded with the goal of protecting its sole occupant, the Hôpital général de Québec, from taxes.

## Geography

The municipality is situated north of downtown Quebec City, enclaved within the borough of La Cité-Limoilou, bounded by avenue Simon-Napoléon-Parent, rue des Commissaires Ouest, and rue Saint-Anselme.

It is entirely occupied by the Hôpital Général de Québec, including the CLSC Basse-Ville–Limoilou–Vanier, and by the various religious buildings associated with the hospital, including an Augustine monastery, the Église de Notre-Dame-des-Anges (the parish church), and a museum. The hospital is surrounded by a cemetery holding, among others, the remains of General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm.

It is one of two enclaves in Quebec City (along with the Wendake Indian reserve) that was not subject to the municipal mergers in 2002. It is also by far the smallest municipality not included in one of Quebec's Regional County Municipalities.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1991 | 455 |  |
| 1996 | 370 | −18.7% |
| 2001 | 409 | +10.5% |
| 2006 | 437 | +6.8% |
| 2011 | 394 | −9.8% |
| 2016 | 318 | −19.3% |
| 2021 | 241 | −24.2% |
|  | | |

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Notre-Dame-des-Anges had a population of 241 living in 0 of its 0 total private dwellings, a change of -24.2% from its 2016 population of 318. With a land area of 0.04 km2 (0.015 sq mi), it had a population density of 6,025.0/km2 (15,604.7/sq mi) in 2021.

## InfoBox

| Notre-Dame-des-Anges | |
| --- | --- |
| Parish municipality | |
|  | |
| Location within Quebec TE. | |
| Notre-Dame-des-AngesLocation in central Quebec | |
| Coordinates: 46°49′N 71°14′W / 46.817°N 71.233°W / 46.817; -71.233 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Capitale-Nationale |
| RCM | None |
| Settled | 1620 |
| Constituted | July 1, 1855 |
| Named for | Friary of Our Lady of the Angels |
| Government | |
| Administrator | Soeur Aline Plante |
| Federal riding | Québec |
| Prov. riding | Taschereau |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.04 km2 (0.02 sq mi) |
| Land | 0.04 km2 (0.02 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 241 |
| Density | 6,478.5/km2 (16,779/sq mi) |
| Pop 2006-2011 | 24.2% |
| Dwellings | 0 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Postal code(s) | G1K 5N1 |
| Area code(s) | 418 and 581 |
| Highways | No major routes |
|  | |


title: Matteo Parenzan

abstract: Matteo Parenzan is an Italian para table tennis player. He competed at the 2024 Summer Paralympics and reached the finals of the men's individual class 6 event.

text:
# Matteo Parenzan

**Matteo Parenzan** (born 23 June 2003) is an Italian para table tennis player. He competed at the 2024 Summer Paralympics and reached the finals of the men's individual class 6 event.

## InfoBox

| Matteo Parenzan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (2003-06-23) 23 June 2003 |
| Disability class | 6 |
| Medal record      Men's para table tennis  Representing  Italy  Paralympic Games  2024 Paris Singles C6 | |


title: Pentti Pouttu

abstract: Pentti Pouttu, also known as Bengt Pouttu, died 1597 in Turku, Sweden was a Finnish/Swedish peasant rebellion leader, landowner and merchant with Swedish origin from Gammelgården in Karleby, Ostrobothnia. He was one of the leaders of the 1596/97 peasant uprising, the Cudgel War. The year of Pouttu's birth is unknown.

text:
# Pentti Pouttu

**Pentti Pouttu**, also known as Bengt Pouttu, died 1597 in Turku, Sweden (now Finland) was a Finnish/Swedish peasant rebellion leader, landowner and merchant with Swedish origin from Gammelgården (Old farm) in Karleby, Ostrobothnia. He was one of the leaders of the 1596/97 peasant uprising, the Cudgel War. The year of Pouttu's birth is unknown.

## Biography

Pouttu was known as the "political leader" of the cudgel war, since he was one of the first peasant leader who organized the resistance in Storkyro and sailed to Stockholm to complain to Duke Charles (Hertig Karl). Since a peasant rebellion in Ostrobothnia would benefit his plan to take over the rule from Sigismund, (king of Poland and Sweden) he signed a letter giving the peasants right to stop the injustices. Although this didn't help much and a few years later in August 1596 they did another trip to Stockholm and was told by duke Charles to "Answer violence with violence, and chase away those unlawful residents". Then the cudgel war was a reality, a former soldier in the Swedish army and wealthy landowner Jaakko Ilkka took command of the peasant army. It is said that Pouttu should have complained since he had more experience leading the rebellion. Although he had no formal combat training and was of Swedish origin, which was a disadvantage since most of the peasant rebels were Finnish speaking.

After Jaakko Ilkka was chosen as the leader they agreed that Pouttu should take charge of the Swedish-speaking peasants along the coast, recruiting them along the way and marsh towards Turku castle where the two peasant armies should meet. Although only about 200 of the Swedish-speaking population joined the Cudgel war. This must have been expected, since they didn't suffer as much as for example the Finnish speaking population near the Russian border. Pouttu must also have known that an armed rebellion was a suicide mission, and he was promoting negotiation instead of violence. Although he had an early success in evicting some soldiers occupying his home in Pouttula near Storkyro.

They were marching from Ostrobothnia to the province of Satakunta. On 20 December 1596, Pouttu and his men reached the Anola mansion in Ulvila. Their intention was to persuade the colonel Axel Kurck to join the rebellions, but he stayed loyal to the king Sigismund III. The peasants were beaten by Kurck's cavalry and Pouttu was captured. He was held at the Turku castle, where Pouttu is said to have been "eaten by fleas" and probably died in 1597.

Pouttu was the only peasant leader not publicly executed but was held as a prisoner of war at Turku castle, and the exact time of death is unknown, but probably in 1597 considering his old age. At the time of his death, he was approximately 50–60 years old.

## Sources

* Ylikangas, Heikki: *Nuijasota*, p. 172–190. Otava Publishing 1996. ISBN 951-11425-3-4.
* Klubbekriget - det blodiga bondekriget i Finland 1596-97 av Heikki Ylikangas

1. "Kokkola.fi /Historia". Archived from the original on 2007-02-13. Retrieved 2007-01-17.
2. Niinimaa, Veli: "Jaakko Ilkka – A Rebellion Leader and a Freedom Fighter" Jaakko Ilkka Family. Retrieved 18 March 2015.


title: Pinus cernua

abstract: Pinus cernua is a pine species, Pinaceae. It is critically endangered.

text:
# Pinus cernua

***Pinus cernua*** is a pine species, Pinaceae. It is critically endangered.

## Distribution

It is found in Vietnam. There are studies to aid conservation.

## Taxonomy

It was named by L. K. Phan ex Aver., Khang Sinh Nguyen and T. H. Nguyen, in *Nordic J. Bot*. 32: 792 in 2014.

## InfoBox

| *Pinus cernua* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | *Pinus* |
| Species: | ***P. cernua*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pinus cernua***<br>P.K.Lôc ex Aver., K.S.Nguyen & T.H.Nguyên | |
|


title: Marduk-apal-iddina II kudurru

abstract: The Marduk-apal-iddina II kudurru is a boundary stone (kudurru) of Marduk-apal-iddina II, who ruled Babylon from 722 BC - 710 BC. Some kudurrus are known for their representations of the king, etc, who consigned the production. Most kudurrus represent Mesopotamian gods, which are often displayed graphically in segmented registers on the stone. Marduk-apal-iddina's kudurru contains one register at the stones upper section. A series of gods are represented.

text:
# Marduk-apal-iddina II kudurru

The **Marduk-apal-iddina II kudurru** is a boundary stone (kudurru) of Marduk-apal-iddina II, who ruled Babylon from 722 BC - 710 BC.

Some kudurrus are known for their representations of the king, etc, who consigned the production. Most kudurrus represent Mesopotamian gods, which are often displayed graphically in segmented *registers* on the stone.

Marduk-apal-iddina's kudurru contains one register at the stones upper section. A series of gods are represented.


title: Pedrosa de Duero

abstract: Pedrosa de Duero is a municipality and town located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 501.

text:
# Pedrosa de Duero

**Pedrosa de Duero** is a municipality and town located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 501.

## InfoBox

| Pedrosa de Duero | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
| Pedrosa de Duero Town Hall | |
| Pedrosa de DueroPedrosa de Duero | |
| Coordinates: 41°43′N 3°59′W / 41.717°N 3.983°W / 41.717; -3.983 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Burgos |
| Comarca | Ribera del Duero |
| Area | |
| Total | 69 km2 (27 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 844 m (2,769 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 438 |
| Density | 6.3/km2 (16/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 09314 |
| Website | http://www.pedrosadeduero.es/ |


title: Philco computers

abstract: Philco was one of the pioneers of transistorized computers, also known as second generation computers. After the company developed the surface barrier transistor, which was much faster than previous point-contact types, it was awarded contracts for military and government computers. Commercialized derivatives of some of these designs became successful business and scientific computers. The TRANSAC Model S-1000 was released as a scientific computer. The TRANSAC S-2000 mainframe computer system was first produced in 1958, and a family of compatible machines, with increasing performance, was released over the next several years. However, the mainframe computer market was dominated by IBM. Other companies could not deploy resources for development, customer support and marketing on the scale that IBM could afford, making competition in this segment difficult after the introduction of the IBM 360 family. Philco went bankrupt and was purchased in 1961 by Ford Motor Company, but the computer division carried on until the Philco division of Ford exited the computer business in 1963. The Ford company maintained one Philco mainframe in use until 1981.

text:
# Philco computers

Philco was one of the pioneers of transistorized computers, also known as *second generation computers*. After the company developed the surface barrier transistor, which was much faster than previous point-contact types, it was awarded contracts for military and government computers. Commercialized derivatives of some of these designs became successful business and scientific computers. The TRANSAC (Transistor Automatic Computer) Model S-1000 was released as a scientific computer. The TRANSAC S-2000 mainframe computer system was first produced in 1958, and a family of compatible machines, with increasing performance, was released over the next several years.

However, the mainframe computer market was dominated by IBM. Other companies could not deploy resources for development, customer support and marketing on the scale that IBM could afford, making competition in this segment difficult after the introduction of the IBM 360 family. Philco went bankrupt and was purchased in 1961 by Ford Motor Company, but the computer division carried on until the Philco division of Ford exited the computer business in 1963. The Ford company maintained one Philco mainframe in use until 1981.

## The surface-barrier transistor

The surface-barrier transistor developed by Philco in 1953 had a much higher frequency response than the original point-contact transistors. The transistor was made of a thin crystal of germanium, which was electrolytically etched with pits on either side forming a very thin base region, on the order of 5 micrometers. Philco's process for etching was United States patent number 2,885,571. Philco surface-barrier transistors were used in TX-0, and in early models of what would become the DEC PDP product line. Although relatively fast, the small size of the devices limited their power to circuits operating at a few tens of milliwatts.

## Military and government

Between 1955 and 1957, Philco built transistor computers for use in aircraft, models C-1000, C-1100, and C-1102, intended for airborne real-time applications. By 1957, the C-1102 had been used by a civilian sector customer. The BASICPAC AN/TYK 6V (first delivery in 1961), COMPAC AN/TYK 4V (not completed), and LOGICPAC systems were built for the US Army as transportable computer systems for use with their Fieldata concept of integrated information management.

BASICPAC was a transistorized computer with up to 28,672 words of 38-bit core memory (including sign and parity), available in several configurations from a minimum system, to a truck-borne mobile version, to a fully expanded system. Basic clock periods was 1 microsecond (which gives a clock rate of 1 MHz), with 12 microsecond memory access and a fixed-point multiplication taking 242 microseconds. Input/output was by paper tape reader and punch, or through a teletypewriter. With additional hardware, magnetic tape storage was also available, with up to seven I/O devices. The instruction set had 31 basic operation codes and nine opcodes for I/O

### CXPQ

Philco was contracted by the US Navy to build the CXPQ computer. One model was completed and installed at the David Taylor Model Basin. This design was later adapted to become the commercial TRANSAC S-2000. Only one CXPQ was built.

The CXPQ is a 48-bit transistorized computer.

### SOLO

In 1955, the National Security Agency through the US Navy contracted with Philco to produce a computer suitable for use as a workstation, with an architecture based on the vacuum-tube computer system called Atlas II already in use at the NSA, and similar to the commercial UNIVAC 1103. At the time, Philco was the largest producer of surface barrier transistors, which were the only type available with the speed and quantities required for a computer. The SOLO prototype was delivered in 1958, but required extensive debugging at NSA. Difficulties were encountered with core memory and power supplies. SOLO used paper tape and teleprinter machines for input and output. SOLO cost about $1 million US, and contained 8,000 transistors. While the system was extensively used for training, testing, research and development, no additional units were ordered. SOLO was removed from active service in 1963. The design of the SOLO became commercialized as Philco's TRANSAC Model S-1000.

## Commercial

### S-1000

The TRANSAC S-1000 was a scientific computer with a 36-bit word length and 4096 words of core memory. It was packaged in a container about the size of a large office desk, and used only 1.2 kilowatts, much less than vacuum-tube-based computers of similar capacity. In a 1961 survey, about 15 S-1000 computer installations had been identified.

It weighed about 1,650 pounds (750 kg).

### S-2000

The TRANSAC S-2000 was a large mainframe system intended for both business and scientific work. It had a 48-bit word length and supported calculations in fixed point, floating point and binary-coded decimal formats. The original S-2000 "TRANSAC" (Transistor Automatic Computer) released in 1958 was later designated Model 210; it was used internally at Philco. Similar to the Control Data Corporation Model 1604, it was a 48-bit fully transistorized computer. Three succeeding models were released in the series, all compatible with the software of the original model. The Model 211 was introduced in 1960, using micro-alloy diffused field-effect transistors, requiring significant redesign of circuits compared to the original.

The TRANSAC S-2000/Philco 210/211 weighed about 2,000 pounds (910 kg).

By 1964, eighteen Model 210, eighteen Model 211 and seven Model 212 systems had been sold.

After Philco was purchased by Ford Motor Company, the Model 212 was introduced in 1962 and released in 1963. It had 65,535 words of 48-bit memory. Initially made with 6-microsecond core memory, it had better performance than the IBM 7094 transistor computer. It was later upgraded in 1964 to 2-microsecond core memory, which gave the machine floating-point performance greater than the IBM 7030 Stretch computer. A Model 213 was announced in 1964 but never built. By that time competition from IBM had made the Philco computer operations no longer profitable for Ford, and the division was closed down.

The Model 212 could carry out a floating-point multiplication in 22 microseconds. Each word contained two 24-bit instructions with 16 bits of address information and eight bits for the opcode. There were 225 different valid opcodes in the Model 212; invalid opcodes were detected and halted the machine. The CPU had an accumulator register of 48 bits, three general-purpose registers of 24 bits, and 32 index registers of 15 bits. Main memory size ranged from 4K words to 64K words. Only the first model had a magnetic drum memory; later editions used tape drives.

The Model 212 weighed about 6,500 pounds (3.3 short tons; 2.9 t).

Software for the S-2000 initially consisted of TAC (Translator-Assember-Compiler), and ALTAC, a FORTRAN II-like language with some differences from the IBM 704 FORTRAN implementation. A COBOL compiler was also available, targeted at business applications.

The Philco 2400 was the input/output system for the S-2000. Operations such as reading cards or printing were carried out through magnetic tapes, thereby offloading the S-2000 from relatively slow input/output processing. The 2400 had a 24-bit word length and could be supplied with 4K to 32K characters (1K to 8K words) of core memory, rated at 3-microsecond cycle time. The instruction set was aimed at character I/O use.

The idea of base registers, implemented in Philco computers, influenced the design of IBM/360.

The last Philco TRANSAC S-2000 Model 212 was taken out of service in December 1981, after 19 years service at Ford.

1. *Historical Narrative Statement of Richard B. Mancke, Franklin M. Fisher and James W. McKie, Exhibit 14971, US vs. IBM, Part 1*. July 1980. pp. 238–240.
2. "1960s computer ads created by the real Mad Men". *Pingdom Royal*. A computer on a truck. 30 May 2013. BASICPAC ad from 1960, from *Computers and Automation*, December 1960
3. "MILITARY NOTES - 'Basicpac' Computer Systems". *Military Review*. **41** (2): 98. 1961. hdl:2027/uiug.30112106755934.
4. "Data processing equipment". *Signals*. **14** (7): 60. 1960. hdl:2027/mdp.39015013429793.
5. Weik, Martin H. (1961). *A third survey of domestic electronic digital computing systems*. Ballistic Research Laboratories.Report no. 1115. BASICPAC pp. 52-53. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. pp. 50–53. hdl:2027/mdp.39015023453221.
6. *Missiles and Rockets*. American Aviation Publications. 1967. p. 37.
7. *Quadrennial report of the Chief Signal Officer, U. S. Army*. \[Washington?\]. 1959. pp. 20–21. hdl:2027/mdp.39015022453172.
8. Berger, Arnold S. (2005). *Hardware and Computer Organization: The Software Perspective*. Newnes. pp. 66–67. ISBN 9780750678865.
9. "Clock Signals, Cycle Time and Frequency". *www.pcguide.com*. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
10. "BASICPAC Programming Manual" (PDF). Philco. January 1961. section 1.
11. Kenneth Flamm, *Creating the Computer: Government, Industry and High Technology*, Brookings Institution Press, 2010, ISBN 0815707215, page 122
12. Martin H. Weik (January 1964). "Chapter III Tables of Computer Characteristics". *A Fourth Survey Of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems*. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
13. "Philco Transistorized Automatic Computer CXPQ".
14. David L. Boslaugh, *When Computers Went to Sea: The Digitization of the United States Navy*, John Wiley & Sons, 2003, ISBN 0471472204, pp. 112-113
15. "History of NSA General-Purpose Electronic Digital Computers" (PDF). 1964. pp. 29–31.
16. J. L. Maddox; J. B. O'Toole; S. Y. Wong (1956). *The TRANSAC S-1000 Computer*. Eastern Joint Computer Conference. doi:10.1145/1455533.1455538. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
17. Weik 1964, PHILCO 1000.
18. United States. (1959). "COMPUTERS AND DATA PROCESSORS, NORTH AMERICA - Philco Corp., Transac S-2000, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 4". *Digital Computer Newsletter*. **11** (2): 4. hdl:2027/nyp.33433108192331.
19. Weik, Martin H. (Jan 1964). "PHILCO 210 & 211". *ed-thelen.org*. A Fourth Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems.
20. "Philco Corporation | Selling the Computer Revolution | Computer History Museum". *www.computerhistory.org*. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
21. Reilly, Edwin D. (2003). *Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology*. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 201. ISBN 9781573565219. philco model 212.
22. Weik 1964, PHILCO 212.
23. Stephen H. Kaisler, *Birthing the Computer: From Drums to Cores*, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017, ISBN 144389625X, pages 232-237
24. Shustek, L. (2015), *An interview with Fred Brooks*, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
25. "Retirement video for the Philco 212 Mainframe Computer". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 26 November 2018.


title: Mushroom Rock State Park

abstract: Mushroom Rock State Park is noted for its mushroom rock formations. It is located in the Smoky Hills region of north-central Kansas in Ellsworth County, Kansas, United States. These rocks are the remains of beach sands and sediments of the Cretaceous Period, the interval of geologic time from about 144 to 66 million years ago. Sandstone and sedimentary rock is held together by natural cement. The concretions that make up Mushroom Rocks are cemented calcium carbonate. The largest rock measures 27 feet in diameter. There are two mushrooms and a giant shoe rock, as well as numerous other rock formations in the 5-acre (2.0 ha) park. Mushroom Rock is Kansas's smallest state park; as well as being "one of the 8 wonders of Kansas Geography." Mushroom Rock State Park is managed by Kanopolis State Park, under regulation of Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism. The rock used to serve as meeting places for pioneers and Native Americans.

text:
# Mushroom Rock State Park

**Mushroom Rock State Park** is noted for its mushroom rock formations. It is located in the Smoky Hills region of north-central Kansas in Ellsworth County, Kansas, United States.

These rocks are the remains of beach sands and sediments of the Cretaceous Period, the interval of geologic time from about 144 to 66 million years ago. Sandstone and sedimentary rock is held together by natural cement. The concretions that make up Mushroom Rocks are cemented calcium carbonate. The largest rock measures 27 feet in diameter. There are two mushrooms and a giant shoe rock, as well as numerous other rock formations in the 5-acre (2.0 ha) park.

Mushroom Rock is Kansas's smallest state park; as well as being "one of the 8 wonders of Kansas Geography." Mushroom Rock State Park is managed by Kanopolis State Park, under regulation of Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism. The rock used to serve as meeting places for pioneers and Native Americans.

Other rock formations in Kansas:

## InfoBox

| Mushroom Rock | |
| --- | --- |
| Pedestal formed by nonuniform weathering | |
| Location of Mushroom Rock State Park in Ellsworth County, KansasMap showing location of park | |
| Location | Carneiro and Ellsworth, Kansas, Ellsworth County, Kansas, Smoky Hills, Kansas, United States |
| Coordinates | 38°43′33″N 98°01′50″W / 38.72583°N 98.03056°W / 38.72583; -98.03056 |
| Area | 5 acres |
| Elevation | 488 m (1,601 ft) |
| Established | 25 April 1965 |
| Visitors | 290,436 (in 2022) |
| Operator | Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism |
| Website | KDWP Website |


title: Hypercompe praeclara

abstract: Hypercompe praeclara is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Charles Oberthür in 1881. It is found in Colombia.

text:
# Hypercompe praeclara

***Hypercompe praeclara*** is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Charles Oberthür in 1881. It is found in Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Hypercompe praeclara* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Hypercompe* |
| Species: | ***H. praeclara*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hypercompe praeclara***<br>(Oberthür, 1881) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ecpantheria praeclara* Oberthür, 1881 | |


title: Multistage interconnection networks

abstract: Multistage interconnection networks (MINs) are a class of high-speed computer networks usually composed of processing elements (PEs) on one end of the network and memory elements (MEs) on the other end, connected by switching elements (SEs). The switching elements themselves are usually connected to each other in stages, hence the name. MINs are typically used in high-performance or parallel computing as a low-latency interconnection, though they could be implemented on top of a packet switching network. Though the network is typically used for routing purposes, it could also be used as a co-processor to the actual processors for such uses as sorting; cyclic shifting, as in a perfect shuffle network; and bitonic sorting.

text:
# Multistage interconnection networks

**Multistage interconnection networks** (**MINs**) are a class of high-speed computer networks usually composed of processing elements (PEs) on one end of the network and memory elements (MEs) on the other end, connected by switching elements (SEs). The switching elements themselves are usually connected to each other in stages, hence the name.

MINs are typically used in high-performance or parallel computing as a low-latency interconnection (as opposed to traditional packet switching networks), though they could be implemented on top of a packet switching network. Though the network is typically used for routing purposes, it could also be used as a co-processor to the actual processors for such uses as sorting; cyclic shifting, as in a perfect shuffle network; and bitonic sorting.

## Background

Interconnection network are used to connect nodes, where nodes can be a single processor or group of processors, to other nodes.

Interconnection networks can be categorized on the basis of their topology. Topology is the pattern in which one node is connected to other nodes.

There are two main types of topology: static and dynamic.

Static interconnect networks are hard-wired and cannot change their configurations. A regular static interconnect is mainly used in small networks made up of loosely couple nodes. The regular structure signifies that the nodes are arranged in specific shape and the shape is maintained throughout the networks.

Some examples of static regular interconnections are:

* Completely connected network In a mesh network, multiple nodes are connected with each other. Each node in the network is connected to every other node in the network. This arrangement allows proper communication of the data between the nodes. But, there are a lot of communication overheads due to the increased number of node connections.
* Shared busThis network topology involves connection of the nodes with each other over a bus. Every node communicates with every other node using the bus. The bus utility ensures that no data is sent to the wrong node. But, the bus traffic is an important parameter which can affect the system.
* RingThis is one of the simplest ways of connecting nodes with each other. The nodes are connected with each other to form a ring. For a node to communicate with some other node, it has to send the messages to its neighbor. Therefore, the data message passes through a series of other nodes before reaching the destination. This involves increased latency in the system.
* TreeThis topology involves connection of the nodes to form a tree. The nodes are connected to form clusters and the clusters are in-turn connected to form the tree. This methodology causes increased complexity in the network.
* Hypercube This topology consists of connections of the nodes to form cubes. The nodes are also connected to the nodes on the other cubes.
* ButterflyThis is one of the most complex connections of the nodes. As the figure suggests, there are nodes which are connected and arranged in terms of their ranks. They are arranged in the form of a matrix.

In dynamic interconnect networks, the nodes are interconnected via an array of simple switching elements. This interconnection can then be changed by use of routing algorithms, such that the path from one node to other nodes can be varied. Dynamic interconnections can be classified as:

* Single stage Interconnect Network
* Multistage interconnect Network
* Crossbar switch connections

## Crossbar Switch Connections

In crossbar switch, there is a dedicated path from one processor to other processors. Thus, if there are n inputs and m outputs, we will need n\*m switches to realize a crossbar.

As number of outputs increase, number of switches increases by factor of n. For large network this will be a problem.

An alternative to this scheme is staged switching.

## Single Stage Interconnect Network

In a single stage interconnect network, the input nodes are connected to output via a single stage of switches.

The figure shows 8\*8 single stage switch using shuffle exchange.

As one can see, from a single shuffle, not all input can reach all output. Multiple shuffles are required for all inputs to be connected to all the outputs.

## Multistage Interconnect Network

A multistage interconnect network is formed by cascading multiple single stage switches. The switches can then use their own routing algorithm or controlled by a centralized router, to form a completely interconnected network.

Multistage Interconnect Network can be classified into three types:

1. **Non-blocking:** A non-blocking network can connect any idle input to any idle output, regardless of the connections already established across the network. Crossbar is an example of this type of network.
2. **Rearrangeable non-blocking:** This type of network can establish all possible connections between inputs and outputs by rearranging its existing connections.
3. **Blocking:** This type of network cannot realize all possible connections between inputs and outputs. This is because a connection between one free input to another free output is blocked by an existing connection in network.

The number of switching elements required to realize a non-blocking network in highest, followed by rearrangeable non-blocking. Blocking network uses least switching elements.

## Examples

Multiple types of multistage interconnection networks exist.

### Omega network

An Omega network consists of multiple stages of 2\*2 switching elements. Each input has a dedicated connection to an output. An N\*N omega network has log(N) number of stages and N/2 number of switching elements in each stage for perfect shuffle between stages. Thus network has complexity of 0(N log(N)). Each switching element can employ its own switching algorithm. Consider an 8\*8 omega network. There are 8! = 40320 1-to-1 mappings from input to output. There are 12 switching element for total permutation of 2^12 = 4096. Thus, it is a blocking network.

### Clos network

A Clos network uses 3 stages to switch from N inputs to N outputs. In the first stage, there are r= N/n crossbar switches and each switch is of size n\*m. In the second stage there are m switches of size r\*r and finally the last stage is mirror of first stage with r switches of size m\*n. A clos network will be completely non-blocking if m \>= 2n-1. The number of connections, though more than omega network is much less than that of a crossbar network.

### Beneš network

A Beneš network is a rearrangeably non-blocking network derived from the clos network by initializing n = m = 2. There are (2log(N) - 1) stages, with each stage containing N/2 2\*2 crossbar switches. An 8\*8 Beneš network has 5 stages of switching elements, and each stage has 4 switching elements. The center three stages has two 4\*4 benes network. The 4\*4 Beneš network, can connect any input to any output recursively.

## Sources


title: Notre-Dame-des-Bois

abstract: Notre-Dame-des-Bois is a municipality in Le Granit Regional County Municipality in the Estrie region of Quebec, Canada, on the Canada–United States border. The population was 1,028 as of the Canada 2021 Census. Located in the Appalachians, it lies at 555 metres in altitude, making it one of the highest towns in Quebec. Mont-Mégantic National Park is located in Notre-Dame-des-Bois and is one of the biggest tourism draws to the region.

text:
# Notre-Dame-des-Bois

**Notre-Dame-des-Bois** is a municipality in Le Granit Regional County Municipality in the Estrie region of Quebec, Canada, on the Canada–United States border. The population was 1,028 as of the Canada 2021 Census.

Located in the Appalachians, it lies at 555 metres in altitude, making it one of the highest towns in Quebec. Mont-Mégantic National Park is located in Notre-Dame-des-Bois and is one of the biggest tourism draws to the region.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Notre-Dame-des-Bois | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Notre-Dame-des-Bois, Québec (Canada). View from the road to the summit of Mont-Mégantic. | |
| Motto(s): *Plus près des étoiles*
("Closer to the stars") | |
| Location within Le Granit RCM | |
| Notre-Dame-des-BoisLocation in southern Quebec | |
| Coordinates: 45°24′N 71°04′W / 45.4°N 71.07°W / 45.4; -71.07 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Estrie |
| RCM | Le Granit |
| Constituted | January 1, 1877 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Dominic Boucher-Paquette |
| Federal riding | Mégantic—L'Érable |
| Prov. riding | Mégantic |
| Area | |
| Total | 192.10 km2 (74.17 sq mi) |
| Land | 192.51 km2 (74.33 sq mi) |
|  | There is an apparent contradiction between to authoritative sources |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 1,028 |
| Density | 5.3/km2 (14/sq mi) |
| Pop 2016-2021 | 9.6% |
| Dwellings | 817 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Postal code(s) | J0B 2E0 |
| Area code | 819 |
| Highways | R-212 |
| Website | www.notredamedesbois.qc.ca |


title: Virginia Inn

abstract: Virginia Inn is a bar and restaurant in Seattle, Washington's Pike Place Market. Located in the Hotel Livingston, the Inn opened in 1903, four years before the Market. The establishment was a filming location for Sleepless in Seattle and Singles.

text:
# Virginia Inn

**Virginia Inn** is a bar and restaurant in Seattle, Washington's Pike Place Market. Located in the Hotel Livingston, the Inn opened in 1903, four years before the Market. The establishment was a filming location for *Sleepless in Seattle* and *Singles*.

## InfoBox

| Virginia Inn | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Exterior, 2022 | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Owner(s) | Karl Sexton and Craig Perez |
| Previous owner(s) | Jim Fortheringham and Patrice Demombynes |
| Street address | 1937 First Avenue |
| City | Seattle |
| State | Washington |
| Postal/ZIP Code | 98101 |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 47°36′39.1″N 122°20′33.5″W / 47.610861°N 122.342639°W / 47.610861; -122.342639 |


title: People's Democratic Party (Belize)

abstract: The People's Democratic Party was a minor political party in Belize led by Estevan Perera.

text:
# People's Democratic Party (Belize)

The **People's Democratic Party** was a minor political party in Belize led by Estevan Perera.

## History

The party was founded in 1995. In the 1996 Belize City Council elections they received 3% of the vote. They subsequently contested the 1998 general elections, fielding 14 candidates for the 29-seat House of Representatives. They received only 225 votes and failed to win a seat, and did not contest any subsequent national elections.


title: Murfie

abstract: Murfie is a commercial music streaming service originally based in Madison, Wisconsin. Its members buy, sell, and trade compact discs and stream or download their contents. Additionally, members can digitize and store CDs and LPs they sent from home to Murfie. Murfie was featured in The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Fast Company, Time magazine, and National Public Radio. In 2012, Murfie became a member of Techstars. In 2014, the company announced they had lossless FLAC streaming available on Sonos devices. In November 2019, it ceased operations, until January 2020 when the site's assets were acquired by Crossies LLC. John Fenley is the owner of both Murfie and Crossies. When Murfie was shut down, disks were not returned. After accusation, Crossies committed to the project of returning collections to those who had entrusted the Madison company with their music. An LLC set up after Murfie dissolved has been trying to return discs to customers. About 150,000 have been requested from a warehouse that is holding around 750,000, according to an email update from Murfie Customer Returns Service LLC, an independent organization set up to help customers get their music back.

text:
# Murfie

**Murfie** is a commercial music streaming service originally based in Madison, Wisconsin. Its members buy, sell, and trade compact discs and stream or download their contents. Additionally, members can digitize and store CDs and LPs they sent from home to Murfie.

Murfie was featured in *The Wall Street Journal*, *The New York Times*, *Fast Company*, *Time* magazine, and National Public Radio.

In 2012, Murfie became a member of Techstars. In 2014, the company announced they had lossless FLAC streaming available on Sonos devices. In November 2019, it ceased operations, until January 2020 when the site's assets were acquired by Crossies LLC. John Fenley is the owner of both Murfie and Crossies.

When Murfie was shut down, disks were not returned. After accusation, Crossies committed to the project of returning collections to those who had entrusted the Madison company with their music**.** An LLC set up after Murfie dissolved has been trying to return discs to customers. About 150,000 have been requested from a warehouse that is holding around 750,000, according to an email update from Murfie Customer Returns Service LLC, an independent organization set up to help customers get their music back.


title: Multisporidea

abstract: Multisporidea is a fungal genus in the family Malmideaceae. It is monotypic, containing the single species Multisporidea nitida, a corticolous lichen found in Réunion. The species was described as new to science in 2021 by lichenologists Klaus Kalb and André Aptroot. The type was collected in the Cirque de Cilaos, where it was found growing on tree bark in the remnant of a rain forest, at an altitude of 1,450 m (4,760 ft). The lichen has a dull, whitish to pale pinkish-brown thallus that is sometimes bordered by a black hypothallus measuring up to 0.3 mm wide. The specific epithet nitida refers to the glossy apothecia, while the generic name alludes to the multi-spored asci. The lichen is unreactive to standard chemical spot tests, and no lichen substances are detected with thin-layer chromatography.

text:
# Multisporidea

***Multisporidea*** is a fungal genus in the family Malmideaceae. It is monotypic, containing the single species ***Multisporidea nitida***, a corticolous lichen found in Réunion. The species was described as new to science in 2021 by lichenologists Klaus Kalb and André Aptroot. The type was collected in the Cirque de Cilaos, where it was found growing on tree bark in the remnant of a rain forest, at an altitude of 1,450 m (4,760 ft). The lichen has a dull, whitish to pale pinkish-brown thallus that is sometimes bordered by a black hypothallus measuring up to 0.3 mm wide. The specific epithet *nitida* refers to the glossy apothecia, while the generic name alludes to the multi-spored asci. The lichen is unreactive to standard chemical spot tests, and no lichen substances are detected with thin-layer chromatography.

## InfoBox

| *Multisporidea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Malmideaceae |
| Genus: | *Multisporidea*
Kalb & Aptroot (2021) |
| Species: | ***M. nitida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Multisporidea nitida***
Kalb & Aptroot (2021) | |
|


title: Multistage amplifier

abstract: A multistage amplifier is an electronic amplifier consisting of two or more single-stage amplifiers connected together. In this context, a single stage is an amplifier containing only a single transistor or other active device. The most common reason for using multiple stages is to increase the gain of the amplifier in applications where the input signal is very small, for instance in radio receivers. In these applications a single stage has insufficient gain by itself. In some designs it is possible to obtain more desirable values of other parameters such as input resistance and output resistance.

text:
# Multistage amplifier

A **multistage amplifier** is an electronic amplifier consisting of two or more single-stage amplifiers connected together. In this context, a single stage is an amplifier containing only a single transistor (sometimes a pair of transistors) or other active device. The most common reason for using multiple stages is to increase the gain of the amplifier in applications where the input signal is very small, for instance in radio receivers. In these applications a single stage has insufficient gain by itself. In some designs it is possible to obtain more desirable values of other parameters such as input resistance and output resistance.

## Connection schemes

The simplest, and most common, connection scheme is a cascade connection of identical, or similar, stages forming a **cascade amplifier**. In a cascade connection, the output port of one stage is connected to the input port of the next. Typically, the individual stages are bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) in a common emitter configuration or field-effect transistors (FETs) in a common source configuration. There are some applications where the common base configuration is preferred. Common base has high voltage gain but no current gain. It is used in UHF television and radio receivers because its low input resistance is easier to match to antennas than common emitter. In amplifiers that have a differential input and are required to output a differential signal the stages must be differential amplifiers such as long-tailed pairs. These stages contain two transistors to deal with the differential signalling.

More complex schemes can be used with different stages having different configurations to create an amplifier whose characteristics exceed those of a single-stage for several different parameters, such as gain, input resistance and output resistance. The final stage can be a common collector configuration to act as a buffer amplifier. Common collector stages have no voltage gain but high current gain and low output resistance. The load can thus draw high current without affecting the amplifier performance. A cascode connection (common emitter stage followed by common base stage) is sometimes found. Audio power amplifiers will typically have a push-pull output as the final stage.

A Darlington pair of transistors is another way of obtaining a high current gain. In this connection the emitter of the first transistor feeds the base of the second with both collectors commoned. Unlike the common collector stage, a Darlington pair can have voltage gain as well as current gain. A Darlington pair is usually treated as being a single stage rather than two separate stages. It is connected in the same way as a single transistor would be, and is often packaged as a single device.

Overall negative feedback may be applied to the amplifier. This reduces voltage gain but has several desirable effects; input resistance is increased, output resistance is decreased, and bandwidth is increased.

## Overall gain

The complication in calculating the gain of cascaded stages is the non-ideal coupling between stages due to loading. Two cascaded common emitter stages are shown. Because the input resistance of the second stage forms a voltage divider with the output resistance of the first stage, the total gain is not the product of the individual (separated) stages.

The overall gain of a multistage amplifier is the product of the gains of the individual stages (ignoring potential loading effects):

Gain (A) = A1* A2\*A3 \*A4 \*... \*An.

Alternately, if the gain of each amplifier stage is expressed in decibels (dB), the total gain is the *sum* of the gains of the individual stages:

Gain in dB (A) = A1 \+ A2 \+ A3 \+ A4 \+ ... An

## Inter-stage coupling

There are a number of choices for the method of coupling the amplifier stages together. In the direct-coupled amplifier, as the name suggests, the stages are connected by simple conductors between the output of one stage and the input of the next This is necessary where the amplifier is required to work at DC, such as in instrumentation amplifiers, but has several drawbacks. The direct connection causes the bias circuits of adjacent stages to interact with each other. This complicates the design and leads to compromises on other amplifier parameters. DC amplifiers are also subject to drift requiring careful adjustment and high stability components.

Where DC amplification is not required, a common choice is RC coupling. In this scheme a capacitor is connected in series between stage outputs and inputs. Since the capacitor will not pass DC the stage biases cannot interact. The output of the amplifier will not drift from zero when there is no input. The capacitance (C) of the capacitor and the input and output resistances of the stages form an RC circuit. This acts as a crude high-pass filter. The capacitor value must be made large enough that this filter passes the lowest frequency of interest. For audio amplifiers, this value can be relatively large, but at radio frequencies it is a small component of insignificant cost compared to the overall amplifier.

Transformer coupling is an alternative AC coupling. Like RC coupling, it isolates DC between stages. However, transformers are bulkier and much more expensive than capacitors so is used less often. Transformer coupling comes into its own in tuned amplifiers. The inductance of the transformer windings serves as the inductor of an LC tuned circuit. If both sides of the transformer are tuned it is called a double-tuned amplifier. Staggered tuning is where each stage is tuned to a different frequency in order to improve bandwidth at the expense of gain.

Optical coupling is achieved using opto-isolators between stages. These have the advantage of providing complete electrical isolation between stages so provides DC isolation and avoids interaction between stages. Optical isolation is sometimes done for electrical safety reasons. It can also be used to provide a balanced to unbalanced transition.


title: Mudéjar theme park

abstract: Mudéjar Theme Park is a miniature park located in Olmedo, Valladolid, in the Castilla y León area of Spain. It contains 21 scale models of buildings of Castile and Leon, including castles and churches that were constructed in the Mudéjar style. The models are generally built to a scale of either 1:6 or 1:8. Mudéjar is an architectural style unique to Spain in which the basic attributes of both Muslim Moorish and Christian Gothic architecture are combined to form a hybrid style. It was popular in medieval Spain after the Reconquista.

text:
# Mudéjar theme park

**Mudéjar Theme Park** is a miniature park located in Olmedo, Valladolid, in the Castilla y León area of Spain. It contains 21 scale models of buildings of Castile and Leon, including castles and churches that were constructed in the Mudéjar style. The models are generally built to a scale of either 1:6 or 1:8. Mudéjar is an architectural style unique to Spain in which the basic attributes of both Muslim Moorish and Christian Gothic architecture are combined to form a hybrid style. It was popular in medieval Spain after the Reconquista.

## History

The park was inaugurated in 1999.

## Description

The park has a total area of almost 15,000 square metres (160,000 sq ft). The largest attraction is the scale-model castle of La Mota, on display since April 2003, which is estimated to contain the same number of bricks as the original castle, a total of 2,500,000. The park model covers 140 square metres (1,500 sq ft) and rises to a height of 6.16 metres (20.2 ft). Other important buildings featured as models are the Castle of Coca in Segovia and the Valladolid churches of Pozáldez and San Andrés de Olmedo, as well as Fresno el Viejo and San Pedro de Alcázarén.

Apart from the miniature models of buildings, miniature trains run through the park; these are constructed to the scale of 1:22.5. There are also two lakes, a pond with fountains, and a playground for children. The park contains models of the rivers Adaja and the Eresma. The artificial rivers run through the park just as the real ones run through the Spanish countryside. The park also contains more than 300 species of plants.

Mudéjar Theme Park is one of the most visited sites in Olmedo.

## InfoBox

Mudéjar theme park
| Scale model of Coca Castle in the park | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Olmedo, Valladolid, Spain |
| Coordinates | 41°17′24″N 04°40′56″W / 41.29000°N 4.68222°W / 41.29000; -4.68222 |
| Opened | 1999 |
| Theme | Miniature park |
| Area | 15,000 square metres (160,000 sq ft) |
| Website | http://www.olmedo.es/pasionmudejar/ |


title: Mukhtar Altynbayev

abstract: Mukhtar Qapashuly Altynbayev served as the Minister of Defense and General of the Army of Kazakhstan twice, most recently from December 2001 to 10 January 2007. Prime Minister Karim Massimov replaced him with former Prime Minister Daniyal Akhmetov in a political shakeup.

text:
# Mukhtar Altynbayev

**Mukhtar Qapashuly Altynbayev** (Kazakh: Мұхтар Қапашұлы Алтынбаев, *Mūhtar Qapaşūly Altynbaev*; born December 10, 1945, in Karaganda, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union) served as the Minister of Defense and General of the Army of Kazakhstan twice, most recently from December 2001 to 10 January 2007. Prime Minister Karim Massimov replaced him with former Prime Minister Daniyal Akhmetov in a political shakeup.

## Early life and career

He was born on 10 December 1945 in the city of Karaganda. His father was the director of the Karaganda Mine #12. He began his labor activity in 1962 as a shaft sinker in Karaganda, having worked until 1969. In 1969 he entered the Armavir Higher Military School of Air Defense Pilots, where he graduated from as a pilot, in the Soviet Air Forces. He later became a commander of a fighter aviation regiment in the city of Perm. In 1982, he became a student of the Zhukov Air and Space Defence Academy, graduating in 1985. After graduating, he was appointed deputy commander of the 24th Air Defense Corps in the city of Mary (in the Turkmen SSR) within the Turkestan Military District. After transforming the corps into the 17th Air Defence Division, he became its commander.

## Kazakh military career

From 1992 to 1993, he was the Commander of the Air Defense Corps and Deputy Minister of Defense. in October 1996, he became the Minister of Defense. On 8 December 2001, he was again appointed to the post of Minister of Defense. Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev had dismissed Altynbayev from his post as Defense Minister in August 1999 along with Nurtai Abykayev, the head of the National Security Committee. According to *Radio Free Europe*, they were dismissed for "failing to properly investigate" the illegal sale of Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 fighter aircraft to North Korea. In March 2000 he became commander of Kazakhstan's Air Defense Force.

### 2007 political shakeup and subsequent roles

President Nazarbayev nominated Karim Massimov, who at the time served as Deputy Prime Minister, to succeed Daniyal Akhmetov as Prime Minister on 9 January 2007. Akhmetov resigned on 8 January without explanation. Analysts attributed Akhmetov's political downfall to the President's criticism of his administrative oversight of the economy. The Parliament confirmed the nomination on 10 January. Massimov appointed Akhmetov to Defense Minister, replacing Altynbayev, and appointed Aslan Musin, formerly the Minister of Economy and Budget, as Deputy Prime Minister. That year, he was appointed as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a position he would serve in until 2010.

## Post-military

From April 2010 to July 2017, he was a Deputy of the Senate of Kazakhstan. His son Muslim Mukhtarovich Altynbaev served as the Deputy Defense Minister to Saken Zhasuzakov and Nurlan Yermekbayev from 2017 to 2020.

## Honours and awards

### Kazakhstan

* People's Hero of Kazakhstan
* Order Otan
* Order Barys, 2nd class
* Medal "For Meritorious Service" (Kazakhstan), 3rd class
* Astana Medal
* Medal "10th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
* Medal "10 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
* Medal "10th Anniversary of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
* Medal "10 Years of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan"
* Medal "50 years of the Baikonur Cosmodrome"
* Medal "For strengthening military cooperation"
* Medal "10 years of Astana"
* Medal "20 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan"

### Soviet Union

### Russian Federation

### Former USSR

#### Kyrgyzstan

#### Ukraine

#### Moldova

* Medal "For strengthening military commonwealth"

### Other