title: Oi Rio Pro 2016

abstract: The Oi Rio Pro 2016 was an event of the Association of Surfing Professionals for 2016 ASP World Tour. This event was held from 10 to 21 May at Rio de Janeiro, and opposed by 36 surfers. The tournament was won by John Florence (HAW), who beat Jack Freestone (AUS) in final.

text:
# Oi Rio Pro 2016

The **Oi Rio Pro 2016** was an event of the Association of Surfing Professionals for 2016 ASP World Tour.

This event was held from 10 to 21 May at Rio de Janeiro, (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and opposed by 36 surfers.

The tournament was won by John Florence (HAW), who beat Jack Freestone (AUS) in final.

## Round 1

## Round 2

## Round 3

## Round 4

## Round 5

## Quarter finals

## Semi finals

## Final

## InfoBox

| Oi Rio Pro <br>at the Surf | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Rio de Janeiro (BRA) |
| Dates | 10 to 21 May |
| Competitors | 36 from 7 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Hawaii  Australia | |
|


title: Old Thong Chai Medical Institution

abstract: The Old Thong Chai Medical Institution is a historic building in Singapore, and is located at Eu Tong Sen Street in the Singapore River Planning Area, within the Central Area, Singapore's central business district. The building was constructed in 1892, and housed one of the best known Chinese charity medical centres in Singapore. Traditional Chinese doctors or sinsehs used to dispense free treatment and medicine to patients of all races in Singapore. Today, it is used as a commercial building for the Singapore office for Forever Living Products. The current Thong Chai Medical Institution was located in Thong Chai Building, 50 Chin Swee Road.

text:
# Old Thong Chai Medical Institution

1°17′14.3″N 103°50′44″E / 1.287306°N 103.84556°E / 1.287306; 103.84556

The **Old Thong Chai Medical Institution** (Chinese: 舊同濟醫院) is a historic building in Singapore, and is located at Eu Tong Sen Street in the Singapore River Planning Area, within the Central Area, Singapore's central business district.

The building was constructed in 1892, and housed one of the best known Chinese charity medical centres in Singapore. Traditional Chinese doctors or *sinsehs* used to dispense free treatment and medicine to patients of all races in Singapore. Today, it is used as a commercial building for the Singapore office for Forever Living Products.

The current Thong Chai Medical Institution was located in Thong Chai Building, 50 Chin Swee Road.

## History

In 1867, two Chinese merchants got together to set up Singapore's first traditional Chinese medical institution for the poor. These compassionate men saw an urgent need for a charitable organisation that provided medical advice and assistance to those who could not afford to pay for it.

The Old Thong Chai Medical Institution was gazetted as a national monument on 6 July 1973.

## Commercial history

The late 1990s saw the building first becoming a nightclub and later a number of restaurants. In 2000, the building was acquired by Tung Lok Group and the building became a restaurant known as *Jing*. Not long after its opening, the group revamped its concept and named it *Asian*. Both restaurants proved to be unpopular, and it closed down in 2003 due to SARS outbreak. The building was unused for around two years and it was converted into its current use in 2005.

The building is currently owned by Forever Living Products Intl, a multi-level marketing company selling aloe vera products. The company bought the building from the government in 2005 for S$7 million. The furnishing and such cost the company an additional $3 million as they imported the antique furnitures from Malaysia and China.

* National Heritage Board (2002), *Singapore's 100 Historic Places*, Archipelago Press, ISBN 981-4068-23-3
* Preservation of Monuments Board, *Know Our Monuments*

## InfoBox

| Old Thong Chai Medical Institution
舊同濟醫院 | |
| --- | --- |
| Old Thong Chai Medical Institution in 2006 | |
| Location | 50 Eu Tong Sen Street, Singapore 059803 |
| Coordinates | 1°17′14.3″N 103°50′44″E / 1.287306°N 103.84556°E / 1.287306; 103.84556 |
| Built | 1892 (1892) |
| Governing body | National Heritage Board |
|  | |
| National monument of Singapore | |
| Designated | 6 July 1973 (1973-07-06) |
| Reference no. | 1 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Old Thong Chai Medical Institution
舊同濟醫院 in Singapore | |


title: Old Bridge (CDP), New Jersey

abstract: Old Bridge is a census-designated place (CDP) in Old Bridge Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 census, the CDP's population was 27,210, up from 23,753 in 2010. The Old Bridge CDP occupies only a portion of Old Bridge Township.

text:
# Old Bridge (CDP), New Jersey

**Old Bridge** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Old Bridge Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 census, the CDP's population was 27,210, up from 23,753 in 2010. The Old Bridge CDP occupies only a portion of Old Bridge Township.

## Geography

The Old Bridge CDP is in eastern Middlesex County, in the central and western parts of Old Bridge Township. The CDP is bordered to the northeast by Brownville, also in Old Bridge Township, and to the west by Spotswood in East Brunswick Township. The far southeast edge of the CDP follows the Monmouth County line.

U.S. Route 9 crosses the eastern part of the community, leading north 6 miles (10 km) to South Amboy and south 10 miles (16 km) to Freehold. New Jersey Route 18 passes through the western side of Old Bridge, leading northwest 9 miles (14 km) to New Brunswick, the Middlesex county seat, and southeast 19 miles (31 km) to the Garden State Parkway in Tinton Falls.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Old Bridge CDP has a total area of 8.07 square miles (20.90 km2), including 7.87 square miles (20.38 km2) of land and 0.20 square miles (0.52 km2) of water (2.44%). The CDP is bordered to the west by Duhernal Lake and the South River, and the entire community drains westward to the river, mainly via Iresick Brook (in the western part of the CDP) and Deep Run (running through the center). Via the South River, Old Bridge is within the Raritan River watershed.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | 22,240 |  |  |
| 1980 | 21,815 |  | −1.9% |
| 1990 | 22,151 |  | 1.5% |
| 2000 | 22,833 |  | 3.1% |
| 2010 | 23,753 |  | 4.0% |
| 2020 | 27,210 |  | 14.6% |
| Population sources: 1980
1990-2010 2000
2010 2020 | | | |

### 2010 census

The 2010 United States census counted 23,753 people, 7,775 households, and 6,368 families in the CDP. The population density was 3,345.5 people per square mile (1,291.7 people/km2). There were 7,987 housing units at an average density of 1,124.9 units per square mile (434.3 units/km2). The racial makeup was 79.56% (18,897) White, 4.38% (1,041) Black or African American, 0.18% (43) Native American, 11.07% (2,630) Asian, 0.02% (5) Pacific Islander, 2.64% (626) from other races, and 2.15% (511) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.97% (2,606) of the population.

Of the 7,775 households, 39.8% had children under the age of 18; 68.6% were married couples living together; 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present and 18.1% were non-families. Of all households, 15.3% were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.39.

24.8% of the population were under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 29.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.2 years. For every 100 females, the population had 96.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 93.7 males.

### 2000 census

As of the 2000 United States Census there were 22,833 people, 7,274 households, and 6,233 families living in the CDP. The population density was 1,250.5 people/km2 (3,239 people/sq mi). There were 7,346 housing units at an average density of 402.3 units/km2 (1,042 units/sq mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.12% White, 3.76% African American, 0.14% Native American, 7.91% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.39% from other races, and 1.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.57% of the population.

There were 7,274 households, out of which 43.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.5% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.3% were non-families. 12.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.11 and the average family size was 3.39.

In the CDP the population was spread out, with 27.5% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $73,824, and the median income for a family was $79,230. Males had a median income of $54,906 versus $36,345 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,395. About 2.0% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.6% of those under the age of 18 and 6.5% of those 65 and older.

## InfoBox

| Old Bridge, New Jersey | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Location of Old Bridge CDP in Middlesex County highlighted in yellow (right). Inset map: Location of Middlesex County in New Jersey highlighted in black (left). | |
| Old Bridge CDPLocation in Middlesex CountyOld Bridge CDPLocation in New JerseyOld Bridge CDPLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 40°23′48″N 74°20′04″W / 40.396577°N 74.334317°W / 40.396577; -74.334317 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Jersey |
| County | Middlesex |
| Township | Old Bridge |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.07 sq mi (20.90 km2) |
| Land | 7.87 sq mi (20.39 km2) |
| Water | 0.20 sq mi (0.51 km2)  2.39% |
| Elevation | 20 ft (6 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 27,210 |
| Density | 3,456.6/sq mi (1,334.6/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−05:00 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−04:00 (Eastern (EDT)) |
| ZIP Code | 08857 |
| Area code(s) | 732/848 |
| FIPS code | 34-54690 |
| GNIS feature ID | 02389616 |


abstract: Old Bridge, also known as the Historic Village of Old Bridge, is an unincorporated community located within East Brunswick in Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is on the South River, a tributary of the Raritan River. The community is named after the first bridge built here to cross the river, the South River Bridge. After other bridges were built crossing the river, it became known as the Old Bridge. The Old Bridge Historic District, encompassing much of the village, is listed on the state and national registers of historic places.

text:
# Old Bridge (unincorporated community), New Jersey

**Old Bridge**, also known as the **Historic Village of Old Bridge**, is an unincorporated community located within East Brunswick in Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is on the South River, a tributary of the Raritan River. The community is named after the first bridge built here to cross the river, the South River Bridge. After other bridges were built crossing the river, it became known as the Old Bridge. The **Old Bridge Historic District**, encompassing much of the village, is listed on the state and national registers of historic places.

## History

Located at the head of navigation of the South River, Old Bridge was at the junction of several trade routes. Settlers came to area as early as 1685. The Bordentown and South Amboy Turnpike, a stagecoach route, went through here in 1740. A freight station was built in 1832 on the Camden and Amboy Railroad, which ran through the community. It had a tavern and several houses. On August 9, 1853, there was a major head-on collision between two trains near the station, resulting in several deaths. From c.1906 to 1921, the Brookfield Glass Company operated a plant here producing bottles and jars.

## Historic district

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Old Bridge Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
| New Jersey Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| James Crawford Thom House on Kossman Street | |
| Location | River Road; Kossman, Pine, Chestnut, Main, Everson, Squire, Maple, and Oak streets; Rutgers Place |
| Area | 108 acres (44 ha) |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival, Italianate |
| NRHP reference No. | 77000882 |
| NJRHP No. | 1835 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | June 29, 1977 |
| Designated NJRHP | September 26, 1975 |

The Old Bridge Historic District is a 108-acre (44 ha) historic district located along several streets in the community. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 29, 1977 for its significance in art, education, and industry. The district includes 78 contributing buildings.

The artist James Crawford Thom lived at an Italianate style house at 10 Kossman Street from c.1870 to his death in 1898. The Old Bridge Baptist Church at 21 Kossman Street was built in 1844 and features a gothic arched double door entrance. It was originally known as the Independent Bethel Baptist Church of Washington and Herbertsville. The Simpson Methodist Episcopal Church at 16 Maple Street was built in 1860 and named after Bishop Matthew Simpson. It was purchased in 1977 by the township to be used as the East Brunswick Museum. General Obadiah Herbert (1775–1856), businessman and entrepreneur, lived at 146 Main Street, starting in 1810. For a while, the village was known as **Herbertsville** in his honor. His son, Jacob V. W. Herbert (1812–1899), was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly representing Monmouth County in 1855. The Alice Appleby Devoe Memorial Library is located at 166 Main Street.

## Transportation

There are several main roads in the community. CR 527 (Old Bridge Turnpike, Old Bridge–Matawan Road) runs north-south and intersects with CR 615 (Main Street), which also runs north-south. CR 677 (River Road) runs north from CR 615 near the South River. Route 18 can be accessed from CR 615.

## Points of interest

Located to the north on Old Bridge Turnpike, the nearby **Chestnut Hill Cemetery**, also known as the Old Bridge Cemetery, has the remains of many of the families from the community. Tours of the cemetery have been organized by the New Jersey Cultural Alliance.

South of Main Street and along the South River, **Keystone Park** offers hiking and natural areas.

## Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Old Bridge include:

## InfoBox

| Old Bridge, New Jersey | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Victorian house on Main Street | |
| Old BridgeOld BridgeOld Bridge | |
| Coordinates: 40°24′53″N 74°21′56″W / 40.41472°N 74.36556°W / 40.41472; -74.36556 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Jersey |
| County | Middlesex |
| Township | East Brunswick |
| Elevation | 13 ft (4 m) |
| GNIS feature ID | 878951 |


title: Okatoma Creek

abstract: Okatoma Creek is a tributary of the Bouie River in the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is part of the Pascagoula River watershed. Okatoma Creek is popular for canoeing and kayaking, particularly near Seminary, Mississippi, where several boat rentals are located. The creek offers several Class I falls and chutes. It has many flat spots, is easy to paddle, and boats can be ported past the whitewater when needed. The creek is also known for picnicking and camping. The average temperatures in Seminary range from 36–39 °F (2–4 °C) in the winter to 86–89 °F (30–32 °C) in the summer. The spring and fall months have higher amounts of rain, creating better rides on the river; the temperatures at this time are bet 60–74 °F (16–23 °C).

text:
# Okatoma Creek

**Okatoma Creek** is a tributary of the Bouie River in the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is part of the Pascagoula River watershed.

Okatoma Creek is popular for canoeing and kayaking, particularly near Seminary, Mississippi, where several boat rentals are located. The creek offers several Class I falls and chutes. It has many flat spots, is easy to paddle, and boats can be ported past the whitewater when needed. The creek is also known for picnicking and camping.

The average temperatures in Seminary range from 36–39 °F (2–4 °C) in the winter to 86–89 °F (30–32 °C) in the summer. The spring and fall months have higher amounts of rain, creating better rides on the river; the temperatures at this time are bet 60–74 °F (16–23 °C).

## Name

*Okatoma* is a name derived from the Choctaw language, purported to mean either "radiant water" or "foggy water".

Variant names include "Lawsons Creek," "Oakatoma Creek," "Ocatona Creek," "Oka Toma Creek," "Okatoma River," "Okatomy Creek," "Okatona Creek," and "Sun Creek".

1. Eubanks, Ralph (2007). *Ever is a long time : a journey into Mississippi's dark past, a memoir*. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465009800. OCLC 53897205.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Okatoma Creek
3. "Kayak Okatoma Creek". *www.theoutbound.com*. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
4. Coleman, Ed; Coleman, Jann (18 October 2021). "7 'Must Know' Tips for Kayaking Okatoma Creek". *Coleman Concierge*. Archived from the original on 2022-08-29. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
5. "Seminary Weather | Seminary MS | Conditions, Forecast, Average". *www.idcide.com*. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
6. Baca, Keith A. (2007). *Native American Place Names in Mississippi*. University Press of Mississippi. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-60473-483-6.

## InfoBox

| Okatoma Creek<br>Okatoma River | |
| --- | --- |
| Etymology | Choctaw word meaning "shining water" |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| City | Seminary, Mississippi |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| coordinates | 31°56′30″N 89°45′55″W / 31.94167°N 89.76528°W / 31.94167; -89.76528 |
|  | |
| Mouth | Bouie River |
| coordinates | 31°25′50″N 89°24′12″W / 31.43056°N 89.40333°W / 31.43056; -89.40333 |
| elevation | 157 ft (48 m) |
|  | |


title: Okayama Domain Han School

abstract: Okayama Domain han School The Okayama Domain han School (岡山藩藩学) was a han school located in the Banzan neighborhood of Kita-ku, in Okayama, Okayama Prefecture. One of the oldest han schools to have been established, it was designated a National Historic Site in 1922.

text:
# Okayama Domain Han School

The **Okayama Domain han School** (岡山藩藩学) was a han school located in the Banzan neighborhood of Kita-ku, in Okayama, Okayama Prefecture. One of the oldest han schools to have been established, it was designated a National Historic Site in 1922.

## History

In 1669, Ikeda Mitsumasa, the *daimyō* of Okayama Domain, opened a domain academy in the castle town of Okayama. This was 21 years earlier than the famous Yushima Seidō academy which was opened in Edo by the Tokugawa shogunate. However, even prior to 1669, domain had created a han school called the Hanabatakekai (also known as the "Hanabatake Kojo") in 1641. The main purpose was to educate the children of his feudal retainers, but was also open to the children of wealthy commoners who were willing to a raised to lower samurai status. The precincts were initially the converted residence of Matsudaira Masatane within Okayama Castle, but later as the number of students increased, the school relocated its present site, which was originally the abandoned temple of Enjō-ji, and the site of a nearby samurai residence were used. Although Mitsumasa himself was an adherent of Yangmingism, the school mainly taught Edo neo-Confucianism of the Cheng–Zhu school, which was the orthodoxy promoted by the Tokugawa shogunate. The curriculum was primarily reading and reciting the Four Books and Five Classics, with martial arts training in between.

The school covered an area of 202 meters north-to-south by 111 meters east-to-west. Based on Confucian thought, the school buildings were arranged in an orderly and symmetrical manner. Buildings for literary studies were on the east side, and buildings for martial arts training on the west side. Around these school buildings, were a school magistrate's mansion, lecturer's dormitory, student dormitory and a 181.8-meter-long riding ground outside the west outer moat. The school initially had a capacity of 161 student and 67 attendants; however, the number fluctuated in accordance with Okayama Domain's finances over time. The quota was lowered to 63 students in 1683, but reached 242 students at its peak in then late Edo Period (1815-1842) .

The school closed in 1871, and was later succeeded by the Okayama Prefectural Normal School and the Okayama Prefectural Women's Normal School. At the time of its designation as a National Historic Site in 1922, the south gate, main gate, and auditorium remained, but in 1945, these structures were destroyed in during an air raid. After the war, most of the site was reclaimed by urban encroachment, with a portion now occurred by the current Okayama Municipal Okayama Chuo Junior High School. Today, only the pond and the stone bridge that spans it remain.

The site is a three-minute walk from the Okayama Electric Tramway Higashiyama Main Line "Yanagawa" stop.

Media related to Okayamahan Hangaku at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Okayama Domain Han School
| 岡山藩藩学 | |
| --- | --- |
| Okayama Domain Han School before WWII | |
| Okayama Domain Han SchoolOkayama Domain Han School (Japan) | |
| Location | Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama Prefecture, Japan |
| Region | San'yō region |
| Coordinates | 34°40′2.9″N 133°55′38.3″E / 34.667472°N 133.927306°E / 34.667472; 133.927306 |
| Type | Han school |
| History | |
| Periods | Edo period |
| Site notes | |
| Public access | Yes (no facilities) |
| National Historic Site of Japan | |


title: Ola Setrom

abstract: Ola Setrom (1895–1946) was a Norwegian schoolteacher and writer. Setrom was born in Oppdal. Among his books are the poetry collections Blåhøsongann from 1926 and Nordan under fjellom from 1935. The stories Medan steinane mel from 1937, Eit år sviv rundt from 1938, and Når tuftene ryk from 1939, treat conflicts between old and new in the rural society. He was awarded the Melsom Prize in 1937.

text:
# Ola Setrom

**Ola Setrom** (18951946) was a Norwegian schoolteacher and writer.

Setrom was born in Oppdal. Among his books are the poetry collections *Blåhøsongann* from 1926 and *Nordan under fjellom* from 1935. The stories *Medan steinane mel* from 1937, *Eit år sviv rundt* from 1938, and *Når tuftene ryk* from 1939, treat conflicts between old and new in the rural society. He was awarded the Melsom Prize in 1937.

## InfoBox

| Ola Setrom | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1895 (1895)
Oppdal |
| Died | 1946 (aged 5051) |
| Nationality | Norwegian |
| Occupation(s) | Writer
Schoolteacher |


title: Okolište

abstract: Okolište is a village in the municipality of Bugojno, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Okolište

**Okolište** is a village in the municipality of Bugojno, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was nil, down from 4 in 1991.

## InfoBox

| Okolište Околиште | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Okolište | |
| Coordinates: 43°59′12″N 17°28′54″E / 43.98667°N 17.48167°E / 43.98667; 17.48167 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Central Bosnia |
| Municipality | Bugojno |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.75 sq mi (1.93 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 0 |
| Density | 0.0/sq mi (0.0/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Okolište, Svrljig

abstract: Okolište is a village in the municipality of Svrljig, Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 92 inhabitants.

text:
# Okolište, Svrljig

**Okolište** is a village in the municipality of Svrljig, Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 92 inhabitants.

## Population

Population of Okolište
| 1948 | 1953 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2002 | 2011 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 561 | 580 | 521 | 432 | 298 | 237 | 141 | 92 |

## InfoBox

| Okolište Околиште | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Okolište | |
| Coordinates: 43°25′20″N 22°16′21″E / 43.42222°N 22.27250°E / 43.42222; 22.27250 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| Region | Southern and Eastern Serbia |
| District | Nišava |
| Municipality | Svrljig |
| Elevation | 1,982 ft (604 m) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 92 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Olifat

abstract: Olifat is a trickster god in Micronesian mythology.

text:
# Olifat

**Olifat** (also known as **Yelafath**, **Orofat**, **Iolofath** or **Wolphat**) is a trickster god in Micronesian mythology.

## Myth

Olifat was the grandson of the god Anulap, the son of the god Lugeilan and the mortal woman Tarisso. Tarisso was the daughter of the octopus goddess Hit. When Lugeleng's wife Hamulul attempted to prevent his union with Tarisso, Hit danced so lewdly that the woman fainted and had to be carried back to the sky, thus permitting Olifat's conception.

Olifat was born from his mother's head. Immediately after his birth, he ran away, cleaning the blood from himself on the trunks of palm trees and biting off his own umbilical cord, refusing to be touched by human hands. Anulap warned Olifat's mother never to let him drink from a coconut with a small hole, for fear that the young god would discover his father's identity. However, Olifat found such a coconut and, tipping his head back to drain the milk, saw his father in the heavens.

Olifat was jealous of his siblings, believing them to be more attractive than him. Seeing two of his nephews playing with a shark, Olifat out of spite gave the shark sharp teeth with which to bite the boys' hands. His sister Lugoapup identified her brother as the culprit, with the result that the gods decided to recall Olifat to Heaven, given that he was causing too much trouble on Earth.

Travelling to Heaven to visit his father, Olifat caused chaos for the gods, overturning their pans, keeping them awake and seducing their daughters. Aware of their animosity, Olifat faked his own death by climbing into the foundations of a house the gods were building. When the other gods thrust a post into the hole he was in, Olifat hid in a specially dug alcove and threw up handfuls of chewed leaves and red mud. The gods, convinced that they had seen Olifat's viscera spurting out, assumed that he was dead and filled in the hole. However, Olifat used the mid-rib of a palm leaf to burrow up through the wooden post and into the rafters of the building, where he banged a coconut shell and pretended to be an evil spirit. The other gods were afraid, but Anulap saw through his offspring's trick and ordered him down.

Many attempts were made to slay Olifat, but he escaped through trickery each time. For example, when the gods tried to drown him in a fishing basket, Olifat escaped to a nearby canoe in disguise, and then conned the other gods out of their catch of fish to boot. When they attempted to burn him, Olifat used a roll of coconut matting to protect himself from the flames and escape.

The other gods then attempted to kill Olifat by sending him to take food to the thunder, but handing over the meal and enraging the thunder with his impudence, Olifat hid himself in a reed and escaped unscathed. He was then sent to take food to the *Fela*, a predatory fish. The fish caught Olifat on a hook, and finally killed him. Olifat's father, however, found his son and resurrected him; he then beat the *Fela* with a club, and broke the fish's jaw.

Olifat is blamed for numerous problems in Micronesian life, including sour wine, bad eggs and termite infestations. He is also said to be responsible for the shark's teeth, the stingray's tail and the spines of the scorpionfish. He is, however, credited with the Promethean feat of bringing humanity the secret of fire, having employed a bird to bring an ember down from the sun. He is also the mythological originator of tattooing.


title: Ole A. Stang Jr.

abstract: Ole Andreas Stang was a Norwegian businessperson, who owned and led the company Maarud from 1960 to 1983.

text:
# Ole A. Stang Jr.

**Ole Andreas Stang** (30 May 1923 – 10 November 1998) was a Norwegian businessperson, who owned and led the company Maarud from 1960 to 1983.

## Personal life

He was a son of landowner and industrialist Thomas Stang. He was a paternal grandson of landowner Ole A. Stang and Emma Heiberg, grandnephew of ship-owner Jørgen Breder Stang, great-grandson of landowner Mads Wiel Stang and politician Axel Heiberg and nephew of Axel Heiberg Stang.

His father married actress Wenche Foss in 1953. Stang was thus a half-brother of politician Fabian Stang.

## Career

Ole A. Stang took an economist education in the United States. He took over the family property Maarud in Sør-Odal in 1960, which had been bought by his grandfather in 1911. He has been credited with saving the family business from economic failure, and refined it into the modern snack company Maarud. Production facilities for potato chips and dessert cheese were erected at the family farm. He sold the industrial part of the family business to Freia Marabou in 1983, and passed on the farm itself to his son Thomas Stang in 1985.

He was decorated with the King's Medal of Merit in 1997. He died of cancer in November 1998 and was buried at Ullern in Sør-Odal.


title: Olga Bancic

abstract: Olga Bancic was a Jewish Romanian communist activist, known for her role in the French Resistance. A member of the FTP-MOI and Missak Manouchian's Group, she was captured by Nazi German forces in late 1943, and executed soon after. Bancic was married to the writer and fellow FTP-MOI fighter Alexandru Jar. She was the last person decapitated by axe or similar in Germany, and the last known in Europe.

text:
# Olga Bancic

**Olga Bancic** (Romanian: \[ˈolɡa ˈbant͡ʃik\]; born **Golda Bancic**; also known under her French *nom de guerre* **Pierrette**; 10 May 1912 – 10 May 1944) was a Jewish Romanian communist activist, known for her role in the French Resistance. A member of the FTP-MOI and Missak Manouchian's Group, she was captured by Nazi German forces in late 1943, and executed soon after. Bancic was married to the writer and fellow FTP-MOI fighter Alexandru Jar. She was the last person decapitated by axe or similar (and not via guillotine) in Germany, and the last known in Europe.

## Biography

Bancic was born to a Jewish family in Chișinău, Bessarabia, which was part of the Russian Empire at the time, becoming part of the Romanian Kingdom after World War I. She worked in a mattress factory by the age of 12, and joined the labor movement, taking part in a strike during which she was arrested and allegedly beaten. Bancic, who became a member of the outlawed Romanian Communist Party (PCR), was subsequently arrested several times. In 1936, she traveled to France, where she aided local left-wing activists in transporting weapons to Spanish Republican forces fighting in the Civil War.

Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, Bancic gave birth to Dolores, her daughter with Alexandru Jar, named after Dolores Ibárruri ("la Pasionaria"). She left Dolores in the care of a French family following the start of the German occupation, and joined the Paris-based *Francs-tireurs et partisans – main-d'œuvre immigrée* (FTP-MOI), taking part in about 100 sabotage acts against the Wehrmacht (Armed forces of Nazi Germany), and being personally involved in the manufacture and transport of explosives. This came at a time when the PCR, weakened by successive crackdowns, had become divided into several autonomous groups. Similar to Gheorghe Gaston Marin, Bancic was among the Romanian activists who were integrated into the French Communist Party.

Arrested by the Gestapo on 6 November 1943, she was subject to torture, but refused to give information about her comrades. After the arrest of the Manouchian Group, the Gestapo published a series of propaganda posters, named *l'Affiche Rouge*, which depicted its members, Bancic included, as "terrorists".

On 21 February 1944, she, Manouchian, and 21 others were sentenced to death—all male defendants were executed later that day at Fort Mont-Valérien; since a French law prohibited women from being executed by firing squad, the typical means of disposing of members of the resistance, Bancic, the only female in the Group, was deported to Stuttgart and decapitated in the local prison's courtyard at 6 AM on her 32nd birthday and was buried the same day. During her transportation to the place of execution, she composed a letter to her daughter Dolores, who was known under the name Dolores Jacob, on a piece of paper which she threw out a window.

## Legacy

Bancic's widower, Alexandru Jar, returned to Romania at the end of the war, and established a career under the new Communist regime. During the 1950s, he became a noted opponent of the Party leadership around Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, and, together with Mihail Davidoglu and Ion Vitner, faced criticism from activist Miron Constantinescu over his "intellectualist-liberalist tendencies".

Several streets were named in Bancic's honor, and small monuments were erected in her memory, along with a wall plaque in the PCF plot at Ivry Cemetery in Ivry-sur-Seine. Her name continued to be used as an asset by Communist authorities, but it fell into disuse after the 1989 Revolution. In 2005, writer and journalist Bedros Horasangian objected to the initiatives of Bucharest officials to remove the Polonă Street commemorative plaque making mention of her activities and to rename a street previously bearing her name, arguing that: "It is not proper and insults the memory of a woman who actually died for Allied victory (when Romania was allied to the Germans!). \[...\] In France, those who have fought in the antifascist resistance enjoy full respect".

1. Sands, Philippe (June 2017). *East West Street*. New York, NY, USA: Vintage Books, Division of Penguin Random House. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-525-43372-9.


title: Oligocolius

abstract: Oligocolius is an unusual genus of extinct mousebird from the early to late Oligocene epoch of Germany. Oligocolius is known from two species, the type species O. brevitarsus and O. psittacocephalon. Oligocolius is a member of the family of modern mousebirds (Coliidae) and is broadly similar to them in shape. However, unlike modern mouse birds the skull and beak of Oligocolius closely resembles those of parrots, and appears to be specialised for a distinct lifestyle not found in living mousebirds.

text:
# Oligocolius

***Oligocolius*** (meaning "Oligocene mousebird") is an unusual genus of extinct mousebird from the early to late Oligocene epoch of Germany. *Oligocolius* is known from two species, the type species ***O. brevitarsus*** and ***O. psittacocephalon***. *Oligocolius* is a member of the family of modern mousebirds (Coliidae) and is broadly similar to them in shape. However, unlike modern mouse birds the skull and beak of *Oligocolius* closely resembles those of parrots, and appears to be specialised for a distinct lifestyle not found in living mousebirds.

## Discovery

The first specimen of *Oligocolius* was discovered in a clay pit at Frauenweiler, near Wiesloch in Germany, dated to the Rupelian approximately 32 million years ago during the early Oligocene from which its name derives. The specimen was described and named by palaeontologist Gerald Mayr in 2000, included much of the skeleton, but was disarticulated and missing its skull, as well as most of both its left wing and foot. The species was named *O. brevitarsus* for the unusually short length of its foot (from Latin *brevis*, short).

A second specimen was later described by Mayr in 2013 from the late Oligocene (24.7 Ma) lagerstätte in Enspel (an ancient maar lake) near Bad Marienberg, Germany. Compared to the first specimen, this specimen was nearly complete (missing only the pygostyle of the tail) and was fully articulated. Although referable to *Oligocolius*, the two specimens could be distinguished by differing limb proportions, and so the new specimen was assigned its own species, *O. psittacocephalon*. The species was named for the distinctive parrot-like skull present in the specimen (from the Greek *psittakos* and *cephalon*).

*Oligocolius* is the only coliid known from the Oligocene and is the most complete Paleogene coliid known, however, it is more unlike modern mousebirds than some older Eocene forms (such as *Primocolius* and *Palaeospiza*). *Oligocolius* demonstrates then that fossil coliids occupied a much more diverse range of lifestyles than those represented today.

## Description

*Oligocolius* was similar in size to living mousebirds (such as the speckled mousebird) with a superficially similar shape, as well as derived traits of the skeleton that ally it closely with living coliids. Like living mousebirds, it had a short, rounded skull with a short beak, short legs and presumably pamprodactyl feet. However, it is noticeably distinct in both the design of its skull and the proportions of its limbs.

The skull of *Oligocolius* is remarkably parrot-like, particularly due to the broad intertemporal region between the eyes and the shape of the beak. The upper beak is deep and rounded, as well as possibly hooked at the tip, compared to the short finch-like beaks of modern mousebirds. The mandible has a particularly long retroarticular process, where the muscle for opening the jaws attaches to at the back of the lower jaw. The length of this bone would have provided *Oligocolius* with an increased gape compared to modern mousebirds. Furthermore, the beak is attached to the cranium by a hinge between the nasal bones and the frontals, meaning the upper beak was freely mobile like those of parrots and toucans. However, the combination of the long retroarticular process and the nasofrontal hinge is only found in parrots and *Oligocolius*, suggesting they share a similar degree of cranial kinesis.

In addition to the parrot-like skull, *Oligocolius* also has notably shorter feet and longer wings than modern mousebirds. Particularly, the ulna and carpometacarpus of the hand are distinctly longer than those of modern mousebirds. The tarsometatarsus of the foot is much shorter than in any other known coliiform, much shorter than the humerus and ulna and only slightly longer than the carpometacarpus. The phalanx bones of the toes are shortened as in modern mousebirds, but uniquely the first phalanges of the forward pointing toes are all equally shortened. The fourth toe was capable of reversing as in modern mousebirds, and it was presumably pamprodactyl. It is unknown if *Oligocolius* had the characteristic long tail feathers of other mousebirds, however *O. brevitarsus* has a very well-developed pygostyle to suggest so.

## Palaeobiology

*O. psittacocephalon* was found with many fruit stones inside its body, mostly in a cluster beneath the skull and a few within the body cavity. The size of the stones are about as large as the biggest fruits swallowed by living mousebirds (0.5 mm) and are completely intact, indicating that *Oligocolius* not only consumed larger fruits than living mousebirds but that it also swallowed them whole. The flexibility of the short upper beak was likely a specialisation for eating such large food items, as it is in modern parrots.

The presence of a crop in *Oligocolius* implies that it was feeding on fruits and vegetation that was tougher to digest than those in the diet of living mousebirds. Because the crop is absent in living mousebirds, and that mousebirds are not closely related to other birds with crops (such as the hoatzin and raptors), it is inferred that the crop was evolved independently in at least *Oligocolius* amongst mousebirds.

The longer and more strongly developed wings of *Oligocolius* would have allowed it to fly for longer distances than living mousebirds, while the shorter feet imply it was less competent on the ground than modern mousebirds. *Oligocolius* likely spent more time in the trees than living mousebirds, and was capable of dispersing more easily than other coliids. It's possible that unusual adaptations of *Oligocolius* were a response to a period of cooling climate in Europe between the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum and the Miocene Climatic Optimum, although this is uncertain.

## InfoBox

| *Oligocolius*
Temporal range: Early–Late Oligocene
 | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| *Clade*: | Coraciimorphae |
| Order: | Coliiformes |
| Family: | Coliidae |
| Genus: | *Oligocolius*
Mayr, 2000 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Oligocolius brevitarsus***
Mayr, 2000 | |
| Species | |
| * *O. brevitarsus* Mayr, 2000 * *O. psittacocephalon* Mayr, 2013 | |


title: Padatik Nattya Sangsad

abstract: Padatik Natya Sangsad is a Dhaka based Bangladeshi Bengali theatre group. To sustain the spirit of the Bangladesh Liberation War, the group was formed in 1978.

text:
# Padatik Nattya Sangsad

**Padatik Natya Sangsad** (*Padatik theatre group*) is a Dhaka based Bangladeshi Bengali theatre group. To sustain the spirit of the Bangladesh Liberation War, the group was formed in 1978.

## History

Padatik began its journey on 21 January 1978 with a core team of spirited Dhaka University students and some former theatre workers of Kalantar Natyagosthi. The primary aim of this group was to uplift spirit, enrich culture and to sustain the spirit of the Bangladesh Liberation War (1971). The first drama to be staged by this group was Jasimuddin's Sojan Bandiyar Ghat. Following members started Padatik namely S.M. Solaiman, Anisuzzaman Manik, Abul Kashem Dulal, Abu Mohammad Murtaysh Kachi, Quamrul Hassan Swapan, Ulfat Rana, Selim S H Chowdhury, Golam Quddus & others. Ist Executive committee formed with Anisuzzaman Manik as president and abul Kashem Dulal as General Secretary. In 1980 Padatik formed another branch of this theatre group in Narayanganj, Bangladesh.\[4\]\[5\] The troupe has produced popular plays like “Shojon Badiar Ghat”, “Tin Rostomer Goppo”, “Monoshar Pala”, “Maa”, Chandraboti", “Shey”, “Khetmojur Khoimuddin”, “Poramati”, “Khyapa Paglar Pyachal”, “Jol Balika” & “Dinlipi (Mime)”. Padatik promote original plays based on literary classics and rich folk heritage. The founding chief SM Solaiman, who had an affinity with folk culture. The spirit of Liberation War shaped Bangladesh theatre. Padatik Sangeet Sangsad, the musical wing of Padatik, in association with Kolkata-based cultural organization Mitali, has been arranging a Rabindra Sangeet talent hunt programme since 2005. Young talents from Bangladesh, West Bengal, Assam and Tripura \[of India\] participate in the competition. Padatik hold the ‘Padatik Ekushey Cultural Congress’ in Dhaka since 1998 and introduced 'Kachi Smriti Padak' in 2004 in memory of its founder member Abu Mohammad Murtaysh Kachi.

## Festivals

* Since 1999 the theatre group organizes *Padatik Ekushey Cultural Congress* every year on 21 February in the occasion of International Mother Language Day.
* Since 2003, the group also celebrates *Choitro Sangkranti Utsab*, eve of Bangla New year every year. Artists, activists and different cultural group from Bangladesh and India join these festivals.
* Since 2004 Padatik introduce "Kachi Memorial Award" in memory of its founder member Abu Mohammad Murtaysh Kachi with Padatik Drama Festival.

## Productions

### Stage plays

| Year | Drama | Writer/Based on | Director |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| In alphabetical order | | | |
| 1982 | Ballabhpurer Rupkatha | Badal Sarkar | Kamruzzaman Runu |
| 1988 | Chandrabati | Monajat Uddin and Asif Munir | Kamruzzaman Runu |
| 1980 | Chikitsa Bibhrat | Porshuram | Anisuzzaman Manik |
| 1990 | Chokkor | Wilder Thornton | Aziz |
| 2001 | Choitonney Droho | Shamim Ahsan | Sahadat Hossain Nipu |
| 2005 | Jolbalika | Masum Reza | Shamsul Alam Bokul |
| 1978 | Kabar | Jasimuddin's poem | S. M. Solayman |
| 2003 | Khetmojur Khaimuddin | Golam Sarwar | Golam Sarwar |
| 1984 | Ma | Play written by Bertolt Brecht and based on Maxim Gorky's Mother | Kamal Uddin Nilu |
| 1980 | Manasar Pala | Kazi Rafiq | Kazi Rafiq |
| 1980 | Rata-Rati | Parshuram | A. M. Murtayish Kachi |
| 1978 | Sojan Bandiyar Ghat | Jasimuddin | S. M. Solayman |
| 2011 | Shey | Rabindranath Thakur | Debashis Gose |
| 2014 | Poramati (Tale from '71) | Babul Biswas | Dr. Irin Parveen Lopa |
| 2009 | Dinlipi (Mime) | Raj | Raj |
| 1978 | Tin Rostomer Goppo | SM Solaiman | SM Solaiman |
| 2021 | Prerona | Sabil Reza Chowdhury | Sabil Reza Chowdhury |

### Street Plays

(in alphabetical order)

* *Khepa Paglar Peychal*\- Director: S.M. Solyman
* *Ajker Sangbad* \- Director: Kamaluddin Nilu
* *Bhulini Ekattor*
* *Bishwa Behayar Porikolpana* \- Director: Ziillur Rahman Jhon
* *Choor* \- Director: Kazi Rafique
* *Ekhono kalo Megh*
* *Hollabol* \- Director: Ziillur Rahman Jhon
* *Machine* \- Director: Malay Kumar Paul
* *Raja Canute* \- Director: Bahar Uddin Khelon
* *Rongbaji*
* *Sari Sari Lash* \- Director: Kazi Rafique
* *Taramon Bibi* \- Director: Kazi Rafique

## InfoBox

Padatik Natya Sangsad-Bangladesh
|
|  |
| Formation | 21 January 1978 |
| Type | Theatre group |
| Location |  |
| Artistic director(s) | Selim S H Chowdhury |
| Notable members | S. M. Solayman
Khan Anisuzzaman Manik
Anwarul Kamal Badal
A M Murtayish Kochi
Selim S. H. Chowdhury
Golam Kuddus
Md Kutub Uddin Jang Chowdhury |
| Website | http://www.padatikbd.com |


abstract: National Westminster Bank Ltd v Barclays Bank International Ltd [1975] 1 QB 654 is a decision of the High Court relating to the duty of care of a bank in relation to forged cheques with respect to persons other than their customer. The court held that (1) a bank does not owe any duty of care to the payee of a cheque, so that any loss suffered by the payee as a result of a cheque being incorrectly honoured was not recoverable; and (2) by honouring a forged cheque the bank did not represent that the cheque was valid, and in the absence of any negligence, no estoppel could arise against the bank.

text:
# National Westminster Bank v Barclays Bank International Ltd

***National Westminster Bank Ltd v Barclays Bank International Ltd*** \[1975\] 1 QB 654 (17 June 1974) is a decision of the High Court relating to the duty of care of a bank in relation to forged cheques with respect to persons other than their customer.

The court held that (1) a bank does not owe any duty of care to the payee of a cheque, so that any loss suffered by the payee as a result of a cheque being incorrectly honoured was not recoverable; and (2) by honouring a forged cheque the bank did not represent that the cheque was valid, and in the absence of any negligence, no estoppel could arise against the bank.

## Facts

An unknown rogue stole a blank cheque in Nigeria from one Commander Robert Bill, who was a retired naval office living in Lagos, and a customer of National Westminster Bank. The rogue (or an accomplice) then met the second defendant, a Mr Ismail. At the relevant time Nigeria operated foreign exchange controls. The official rate pegged the Nigerian pound to the British pound at 1:1, but a black market had grown up whereby people would exchange currency unofficially at around a 30% premium to the official rate. Mr Ismael wished to get money out of Nigeria, and the rogue claimed to be able to broker a black market trade. Mr Ismael agreed that he would accept a cheque for £8,000 in London and if it cleared, he would then write a cheque to the rogue's order drawn on his bank in Nigeria at the black market rate.

Mr Ismael then deposited the cheque with his bankers, Barclays Bank, who were the second defendants, and asked that the cheque be presented for special collection. National Westminster Bank honoured the cheque, being unaware at the time that it had been stolen and forged. Mr Ismael accordingly paid the rogue, who was never heard from again.

Once National Westminster Bank became aware of the true state of affairs they sued both Mr Ismael and his bankers, Barclays, for return of the sums. Barclays took no part in the proceedings but agreed to be bound by the court order, and Mr Ismael defended the claim. Mr Ismael based his defence on four alternative grounds: (1) that National Westminster Bank had been negligent in failing to spot that the cheque was forged when presented; (2) that the bank had represented that the cheque was good (by paying it) and he had acted to his detriment (by paying the rogue) and so the bank were estopped from subsequently denying the validity of the cheque; (3) that Mr Ismael had changed his position in reliance upon the cheque being paid, and so it would be inequitable to order repayment; and (4) that the bank's negligence should estop them from being entitled to recovery.

## Judgment

The case came before Kerr J.

### Negligence

He first dealt with the allegation of negligence on the part of the paying bank. He noted that the bank had 5,000 customers and 7,000 accounts, and cleared hundreds of items daily. The key allegations of negligence were (i) the signature was forged, and the bank had a legal obligation to know this, (ii) the handwriting for the amounts and dates differed, and (iii) the amount was uncharacteristically large for this customer. The judge dismissed all of these points. Although an individual customer will rarely write a large cheques, banks will often see a customer who writes a large cheque for the first time. Cheques are often signed and then passed to another person to complete. And the saying "a bank must know its customer's signature" is misleading. A bank is not entitled to debit its customer's account if the customer has not in fact signed the cheque because there is no mandate, but that is not the same as saying that the bank owes a duty to other parties to recognise a customer's signature.

Furthermore, the judge held that the bank did not even owe a duty of care to a payee, and so even if it had been negligent, could not be liable on this basis.

### Illegality

The judge noted that Mr Ismael was part of the Lebanese community which was fleeing Nigeria at the time due to instability. He noted that Mr Ismael saw nothing dishonest in his actions of seeking to evade currency restrictions, and the judge indicated "I am satisfied that in his own mind he was at all times acting honestly." Mr Ismael tried to recover the sums from the rogue in Nigeria but was unable to do so, and counsel for the bank disclaimed any reliance that Mr Ismael's conduct was unlawful. Although it is not expressly stated within the judgment, the court similarly does not refer to declining equitable relief to Mr Ismael on the basis that he did not have "clean hands".

### Mistake of fact

Kerr J then reviewed the case law relating to recovery of payments for mistake of fact. The case preceded the ground-breaking decision of Robert Goff J in *Barclays Bank Ltd v W J Simms, Son and Cooke (Southern) Ltd* \[1980\] 1 QB 677 by some five years, and the judge engaged in a similar struggle, noting "the difficulty of extracting any clear principle from the prior authorities". In the end the judge seemed to form the view that the bank had a general right to recover the payment on the basis of mistake of fact.

### Estoppel

After reviewing the earlier authorities, the judge held: "I do not think that he could in that event treat the payment of the cheque as an unequivocal representation that it was genuine."

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| National Westminster Bank Ltd v Barclays Bank International Ltd | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | High Court |
| Full case name | *National Westminster Bank Ltd v Barclays Bank International Ltd and Another* |
| Decided | 17 June 1974 |
| Citation | \[1975\] 1 QB 654 |
| Court membership | |
| Judge sitting | Kerr J |
| Keywords | |
| banking, duty of care, forged cheque | |


title: Misaki, Ehime

abstract: Misaki was a town located in Nishiuwa District, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,863 and a density of 114.90 persons per km⁲. The total area was 33.62 km⁲. On April 1, 2005, Misaki, along with the town of Seto, was merged into the expanded town of Ikata.

text:
# Misaki, Ehime

**Misaki** (三崎町, *Misaki-chō*) was a town located in Nishiuwa District, Ehime Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,863 and a density of 114.90 persons per km2. The total area was 33.62 km2.

On April 1, 2005, Misaki, along with the town of Seto (also from Nishiuwa District), was merged into the expanded town of Ikata.

1. "総務省｜令和2年版 地方財政白書｜資料編 〔附属資料〕 昭和60年度以降の市町村合併の実績" \[Record of Municipal Mergers Since Showa 60\]. *総務省* (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-02-28.


title: Madame Chrysanthème (novel)

abstract: Madame Chrysanthème is a novel by Pierre Loti, presented as the autobiographical journal of a naval officer who was temporarily married to a Japanese woman while he was stationed in Nagasaki, Japan. It closely follows the journal he kept of one-month paid relationship with Kiku (Chrysanthemum) in the Jūzenji (十善寺) neighbourhood in 1885. Originally written in French and published in 1887, Madame Chrysanthème was very successful in its day, running to 25 editions in the first five years of its publication with translations into several languages including English. It has been considered a key text in shaping western attitudes toward Japan at the turn of the 20th century. It is known in Japan under the title of お菊さん, which is a direct translation of the French name. André Messager's 1893 opera of the same name is based on it, as are some aspects of Puccini's 1904 opera Madama Butterfly.

text:
# Madame Chrysanthème (novel)

***Madame Chrysanthème*** is a novel by Pierre Loti, presented as the autobiographical journal of a naval officer who was temporarily married to a Japanese woman while he was stationed in Nagasaki, Japan. It closely follows the journal he kept of one-month paid relationship with Kiku (Chrysanthemum) in the Jūzenji (十善寺) neighbourhood (modern day Jūninmachi (十人町)) in 1885. Originally written in French and published in 1887, *Madame Chrysanthème* was very successful in its day, running to 25 editions in the first five years of its publication with translations into several languages including English. It has been considered a key text in shaping western attitudes toward Japan at the turn of the 20th century. It is known in Japan under the title of お菊さん (*O Kiku-san*), which is a direct translation of the French name.

André Messager's 1893 opera of the same name is based on it, as are some aspects of Puccini's 1904 opera *Madama Butterfly*.

**Notes**

**Sources**

## InfoBox

*Madame Chrysanthème*
| Title page for *Madame Chrysanthème* (1888 edition) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Pierre Loti |
| Set in | Meiji Japan |
| Publication date | 1887 |


title: María Auxiliadora, Distrito Nacional

abstract: María Auxiliadora is a Sector in the city of Santo Domingo in the Distrito Nacional of the Dominican Republic. This neighborhood is populated in particular by individuals from the lower middle class.

text:
# María Auxiliadora, Distrito Nacional

**María Auxiliadora** is a Sector in the city of Santo Domingo in the Distrito Nacional of the Dominican Republic. This neighborhood is populated in particular by individuals from the lower middle class.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| María Auxiliadora | |
| --- | --- |
| María Auxiliadora | |
| Coordinates: 18°30′N 69°59′W / 18.500°N 69.983°W / 18.500; -69.983 | |
| Country | Dominican Republic |
| Province | Distrito Nacional |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Roberto Salcedo |
| Population (2008) | |
| Total | 20,456 |
| Demonym | capitaleño/capitaleña |
| Time zone | UTC-4 UTC |
| Summer (DST) | UTCNone |
| Website | http://www.adn.gov.do/ |


title: Meissen gulden

abstract: The Meissen gulden, abbreviation Mfl., was a Rhenish Gold Gulden that was established in Saxony in 1490 at a value of 21 groschen and which, from 1542 to 1838 became a coin of account of the same value. When the Saxon Guldengroschen, which had had the same value as the gold gulden since 1500, were set at 24 groschen in 1542, the Meissen gulden remained in use in Saxony as an accounting coin at 21 groschen until the 19th century.

text:
# Meissen gulden

The **Meissen *gulden*** (German: *Meißnische Gulden*, *Meißner Gulden* or *Gulden Meißnisch*), abbreviation **Mfl.**, was a Rhenish Gold Gulden that was established in Saxony in 1490 at a value of 21 *groschen* and which, from 1542 to 1838 became a coin of account (a notional accounting gulden) of the same value.

When the Saxon *Guldengroschen* (silver *gulden*, *thaler* coins), which had had the same value as the gold *gulden* since 1500, were set at 24 *groschen* in 1542, the Meissen *gulden* remained in use in Saxony as an accounting coin at 21 *groschen* until the 19th century.

## Explanation

The Meissen *gulden* used as an accounting coin up until the 19th century goes back to the Saxon coinage regulations of 9 August 1490, according to which the gold *gulden* in Saxony was reduced to 21 *groschen* (*Spitzgroschen*) (gold *Guldengroschen* = 1:21 - see *Bartgroschen*). /ref\>

1. *Pandactae & Digesta Arithmetices, Or: Ordentlicher Begriff der gesammten …* 1722: Abkürzung Mfl, keine Abbreviatur gem. Verzeichnis
2. Krug (1974), p. 101
3. Fengler et al. (1976), p. 221. Here and with v. Schrötter incorrectly states as 1498 instead of 1490.
4. Buck (1981), p.3.
5. Arnold (1980), p. 64

## Literature

* Walther Haupt: *Sächsische Münzkunde*, Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaft, Berlin 1974
* Lienhard Buck: *Die Münzen des Kurfürstentums Sachsen 1763 bis 1806*, Berlin 1981
* Gerhard Krug: *Die meißnisch-sächsischen Groschen 1338–1500*, Berlin 1974
* Paul Arnold: *Die sächsische Talerwährung von 1500 bis 1763*, Schweizerische numismatische Rundschau, Vol. 59, 1980
* Friedrich von Schrötter (ed.) mit N. Bauer, K. Regling, A. Suhle, R. Vasmer, J. Wilcke: *Wörterbuch der Münzkunde*, de Gruyter, Berlin 1970 (reprint of the original edn. of 1930)
* Heinz Fengler, Gerd Gierow, Willy Unger: *transpress Lexikon Numismatik*, Berlin 1976
* Helmut Kahnt: *Das große Münzlexikon von A bis Z*, Regenstauf 2005


title: Peri River

abstract: The Peri River is a principle left-bank tributary of the Euphrates River in eastern Turkey. It discharges into the reservoir of the Keban Dam. The river begins in Erzurum Province and flows through Bingöl Province before creating the border between the provinces of Elazığ and Tunceli. From upstream to downstream, it is interrupted by the Kığı, Yedisu, Özlüce, Pembelik, Seyrantepe and Tatar Dams. The primary purpose of the dams is hydroelectric power generation and to reduce silt in Lake Keban.

text:
# Peri River

The **Peri River** is a principle left-bank tributary of the Euphrates River in eastern Turkey. It discharges into the reservoir of the Keban Dam. The river begins in Erzurum Province and flows through Bingöl Province before creating the border between the provinces of Elazığ and Tunceli. From upstream to downstream, it is interrupted by the Kığı, Yedisu, Özlüce, Pembelik, Seyrantepe and Tatar Dams. The primary purpose of the dams is hydroelectric power generation and to reduce silt in Lake Keban.

## InfoBox

| Peri River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Lake Keban |
| Basin size | 5,379 km2 (2,077 sq mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| average | 2,704,220,000 m3 (9.5499×1010 cu ft) (annual) |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Euphrates |


title: Padatik (1973 film)

abstract: Padatik is a 1973 Bengali drama film directed by noted Parallel Cinema director Mrinal Sen, under the banner of Mrinal Sen Productions. This film is considered to be the third film of Sen's Calcutta trilogy, the others being Interview, and Calcutta 71.

text:
# Padatik (1973 film)

***Padatik*** (*The Guerrilla Fighter*) is a 1973 Bengali drama film directed by noted Parallel Cinema director Mrinal Sen, under the banner of Mrinal Sen Productions.

This film is considered to be the third film of Sen's *Calcutta* trilogy, the others being *Interview*, and *Calcutta 71*.

## Plot

A political activist escapes the prison van and is sheltered in a posh apartment owned by a sensitive young woman. Both are rebels: the activist against political treachery and the other on social level. Both are bitter about badly organized state of things. Being in solitary confinement, the fugitive engages himself in self-criticism and, in the process, questions the leadership. Questions are not allowed, obedience is mandatory. Displeasure leads to bitterness, bitterness to total rift. The struggle has to continue, both for the political activist, now segregated, and the woman in exile.

## Cast

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Padatik, The Guerrilla Fighter | |
| --- | --- |
| VCD cover | |
| Directed by | Mrinal Sen |
| Written by | Ashish Barman |
| Produced by | Mrinal Sen Productions |
| Starring | Dhritiman Chatterjee
Simi Garewal
Bijon Bhattacharya |
| Cinematography | K. K. Mahajan |
| Music by | Ananda Shankar |
| Release date | * 27 September 1973 (1973-09-27) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Bengali |


title: Zhu Yi (Eastern Wu)

abstract: Zhu Yi, courtesy name Jiwen, was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

text:
# Zhu Yi (Eastern Wu)

**Zhu Yi** (died 26 September 257 A.D.), courtesy name **Jiwen**, was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

## Life

Zhu Yi was the son of the Wu general Zhu Huan, who was from Wu County, Wu Commandery, which is present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu. He gained his first military appointment as a Cavalry Commandant (騎都尉) after his father's death in 238. His first field assignment was in 241 when he followed Zhu Ran in the latter's assault on the Wei fortress at Fancheng, but it would be his victory over the Wei general Wen Qin that cemented his reputation as a capable commander. Zhu Yi personally led 2,000 troops to destroy all seven of Wen Qin's encampments, decapitating several hundred men in the process, and earning him a promotion to Lieutenant-General (偏將軍). The Wu emperor Sun Quan remarked afterward that Zhu Yi was even braver and sturdier than he had heard.

In 252, Zhu Yi thwarted a Wei invasion when he led a naval force to attack and destroy the floating bridges built by the Wei generals Hu Zun (胡遵) and Zhuge Dan in their attempt to cross the Yangtze River into Wu territory.

In 257, when the Wei general Zhuge Dan started a rebellion against the Wei regent Sima Zhao, the Wu regent Sun Chen dispatched an army of 30,000 to aid Zhuge Dan in Shouchun (present-day Shou County, Anhui), and dispatched another 30,000 troops led by Zhu Yi to a county just south of Shouchun to act as the rear guard. The Wei general Zhou Tai defeated Zhu Yi's army and inflicted over 2,000 casualties. Sun Chen then ordered another 50,000 men, commanded in part by Zhu Yi, to attack the Wei forces. Leaving his baggage train and the bulk of his forces at Dulu (都陸), he travelled upstream and made a night crossing on floating bridges with 6,000 of his bravest fighters, but the Wei generals Zhou Tai and Shi Bao (石苞) detected his forces and defeated them. Zhu Yi regrouped but was again driven back. Later, the Wei officer Hu Lie (胡烈) led 5,000 men to launch a sneak attack on Zhu Yi's baggage train and managed to burn down his supplies.

Sun Chen sent another 30,000 men to assist Zhu Yi and fight the Wei forces to the death, if necessary, but Zhu Yi was unwilling to fight without supplies or food. Sun Chen was so enraged that he had Zhu Yi executed at Huoli (鑊裡; in present-day Chaohu, Anhui).

1. (朱異以軍士乏食引還，綝大怒，\[太平二年\]九月朔己巳，殺異於鑊里。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 48.
2. *Sanguozhi* vol. 56.
3. *Sanguozhi* vol. 56.
4. *Sanguozhi* vol. 56.
5. *Sanguozhi* vol. 64.

## InfoBox

| Zhu Yi | |
| --- | --- |
| 朱異 | |
|  | |
| General Who Guards the South (鎮南將軍) | |
| **In office**
252 (252)  26 September 257 (26 September 257) | |
| Monarch | Sun Liang |
| General Who Spreads Martial Might
(揚武將軍) | |
| **In office**
? (?)–252 (252) | |
| Monarch | Sun Quan |
| Lieutenant-General (偏將軍) | |
| **In office**
241 (241)–? (?) | |
| Monarch | Sun Quan |
| Cavalry Commandant (騎都尉) | |
| **In office**
237 (237)–241 (241) | |
| Monarch | Sun Quan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown
Suzhou, Jiangsu |
| Died | (257-09-26)26 September 257
Chaohu, Anhui |
| Parent |  |
| Occupation | General |
| Courtesy name | Jiwen (季文) |
|  | |


title: National Wildlife

abstract: National Wildlife is an American magazine published quarterly by the National Wildlife Federation (NWF), a nonprofit conservation group. In publication since 1962, and with an emphasis on wildlife conservation and natural history, it is designed to inform NWF’s Associate Members and other readers about key issues relating to the nation's natural resources and environment.

text:
# National Wildlife

***National Wildlife*** is an American magazine published quarterly by the National Wildlife Federation (NWF), a nonprofit conservation group. In publication since 1962, and with an emphasis on wildlife conservation and natural history, it is designed to inform NWF’s Associate Members and other readers about key issues relating to the nation's natural resources and environment.

## History and profile

The magazine features photography, stories and articles on nature and wildlife. The magazine also reports on new discoveries about wildlife and wild animal behavior, how to garden naturally using native plants and how to attract birds, butterflies and other wildlife to backyards and gardens.

In November 2014 Lisa Moore was appointed editor-in-chief of *National Wildlife*. She replaced Mark Wexler in the post.

Information, advice and tips are also provided on the National Wildlife Magazine website on wildlife gardening, birding, wildlife photography, wildlife/animals and outdoor family activities.

The magazine has won many awards for its wildlife photography including Pictures of the Year International awards in 2004 and 2005.

## Annual Photography Contest

*National Wildlife* magazine also offers an annual Photography Contest and has done so for 40 years. Winners from the Photo Contest are published in the Magazine and on the Magazine website.

## InfoBox

*National Wildlife*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Editor-in-chief | Lisa Moore |
| Categories | Nature Magazine |
| Frequency | Quarterly |
| Founded | 1962 (1962) |
| Company | National Wildlife Federation |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | Reston, Virginia |
| Language | English |
| Website | nwf.org |
| ISSN | 0028-0402 |


title: National Wild and Scenic Rivers System

abstract: The National Wild and Scenic Rivers System was created by the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968, enacted by the U.S. Congress to preserve certain rivers with outstanding natural, cultural, and recreational values in a free-flowing condition for the enjoyment of present and future generations. The Act is notable for safeguarding the special character of these rivers, while also recognizing the potential for their appropriate use and development. It encourages river management that crosses political boundaries and promotes public participation in developing goals for river protection. The Act, signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson in the height of the United States environmental era, states:"It is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States that certain selected rivers of the Nation which, with their immediate environments, possess outstandingly remarkable scenic, recreational, geologic, fish and wildlife, historic, cultural or other similar values, shall be preserved in free-flowing condition, and that they and their immediate environments shall be protected for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations. The Congress declares that the established national policy of dams and other construction at appropriate sections of the rivers of the United States needs to be complemented by a policy that would preserve other selected rivers or sections thereof in their free-flowing condition to protect the water quality of such rivers and to fulfill other vital national conservation purposes."The Act established the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System to protect and enhance rivers found to be regionally and nationally significant. Rivers may be designated by Congress or, if certain requirements are met, the Secretary of the Interior. Each designated river is administered by either a federal, state, or tribal agency, or as a partnership between any number of these government entities and local NGOs. Designated segments need not include the entire river and may include headwaters and tributaries. For federally administered rivers, the designated boundaries generally average one-quarter mile on either bank in the lower 48 states and one-half mile on rivers outside national parks in Alaska in order to protect river-related values. As of August 2018, the National System protects over 12,700 miles (20,400 km) of 209 rivers in 40 states and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; this is less than one-quarter of one percent of the nation's rivers, which flow over 3.5 million miles across the United States. By comparison, more than 75,000 large dams across the country have modified at least 600,000 miles (970,000 km), or about 17 percent of American rivers.

text:
# National Wild and Scenic Rivers System

The **National Wild and Scenic Rivers System** was created by the **Wild and Scenic Rivers Act** **of 1968** (Public Law 90-542), enacted by the U.S. Congress to preserve certain rivers with outstanding natural, cultural, and recreational values in a free-flowing condition for the enjoyment of present and future generations.

The Act is notable for safeguarding the special character of these rivers, while also recognizing the potential for their appropriate use and development. It encourages river management that crosses political boundaries and promotes public participation in developing goals for river protection. The Act, signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson in the height of the United States environmental era, states:

> "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States that certain selected rivers of the Nation which, with their immediate environments, possess outstandingly remarkable scenic, recreational, geologic, fish and wildlife, historic, cultural or other similar values, shall be preserved in free-flowing condition, and that they and their immediate environments shall be protected for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations. The Congress declares that the established national policy of dams and other construction at appropriate sections of the rivers of the United States needs to be complemented by a policy that would preserve other selected rivers or sections thereof in their free-flowing condition to protect the water quality of such rivers and to fulfill other vital national conservation purposes." (Wild & Scenic Rivers Act)

The Act established the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System to protect and enhance rivers found to be regionally and nationally significant. Rivers may be designated by Congress or, if certain requirements are met, the Secretary of the Interior. Each designated river is administered by either a federal, state, or tribal agency, or as a partnership between any number of these government entities and local NGOs. Designated segments need not include the entire river and may include headwaters and tributaries. For federally administered rivers, the designated boundaries generally average one-quarter mile on either bank in the lower 48 states and one-half mile on rivers outside national parks in Alaska in order to protect river-related values.

As of August 2018, the National System protects over 12,700 miles (20,400 km) of 209 rivers in 40 states and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; this is less than one-quarter of one percent of the nation's rivers, which flow over 3.5 million miles (5,600,000 kilometers) across the United States. By comparison, more than 75,000 large dams across the country have modified at least 600,000 miles (970,000 km), or about 17 percent of American rivers.

## History

The National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act was an outgrowth of the recommendations of a Presidential commission, the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (ORRRC). Among other things, the commission recommended that the nation protect wild rivers and scenic rivers from development that would substantially change their free-flowing nature and values. At this time, the country was also experiencing rapid degradation of its water resources due to municipal and industrial effluent being released into the nation's rivers. Many waterways and the fish in them were toxic, rendering them unusable by surrounding communities. Populations of aquatic species were declining and people were being relocated from their communities due to rampant dam building. All across the country people were writing letters imploring the President and First lady to protect their beloved rivers. Ultimately, the act was sponsored by Sen. Frank Church (-Idaho) and signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 2, 1968. A river, or river section, may be designated by the U.S. Congress or the Secretary of the Interior. In 1968, as part of the original act, eight rivers were designated as National Wild and Scenic Rivers (Clearwater, Eleven Point, Feather, Rio Grande, Rogue, St. Croix, Salmon, and Wolf). As of November 2018, 209 rivers, totaling 12,754 miles of river in 40 states and Puerto Rico, have Wild and Scenic status. By comparison, more than 75,000 large dams across the country have modified at least 600,000 miles, or about 17%, of American rivers.

Selected rivers in the United States are preserved for possessing Outstandingly Remarkable Values (ORVs) that fall into the 8 categories: Scenic, Recreation, Geologic, Fish, Wildlife, Historic, Culture, or Other similar values. These values can be considered synonymous with ecosystem services, or those goods and services that nature provides freely and that ultimately benefit society. Rivers (or sections of rivers) so designated are set out for protection and enhancement in perpetuity by preserving their free-flowing condition from dams and development that would otherwise diminish the quality of their remarkable values. National Wild and Scenic designation essentially vetoes the licensing of new dams on, or directly affecting the designated section of river. It also provides strong protection against federally funded bank and channel alterations that adversely affect river values, protects riverfront public lands from new oil, gas, and mineral development, and creates a federal reserved water right to protect flow-dependent values such as fish habitat.

In 2018, America continues to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act.

On August 2, 2018, 20 miles (32 km) of East Rosebud Creek in Montana were designated as a Wild and Scenic, the first Wild and Scenic designation in Montana in over 40 years.

## Classifications

Designation as a Wild and Scenic River specifically protects the free-flowing nature of rivers in both federal and non-federal areas, something the Wilderness Act and other federal designations cannot do. Despite misplaced fears, WSR designation does not alter private property rights.

Federally administered National Wild and Scenic Rivers are managed by one or more of the four principal land-managing agencies of the federal government. Of the 209 National Wild and Scenic Rivers, the majority are managed by the United States Forest Service, followed by the National Park Service; ten of those managed by the NPS are official units, while most are part of other parks. The remaining WSR are managed under the Bureau of Land Management's National Conservation Lands, originally called the National Landscape Conservation System, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Alaska.

State-managed Wild and Scenic Rivers are subject to the same protections as federally administered rivers. These state rivers can be added to the National System by the Secretary of the Interior following an application by the governor of the state the river flows through.

Designated rivers are assigned one or more classifications: Wild, Scenic, or Recreational. These classifications are based on the developmental character of the river's surroundings on the date of designation. Wild rivers are the most remote and undeveloped while Recreational rivers often have many access points, roads, railroads, bridges, and homes located within the designated corridor. Scenic rivers tend to fall somewhere between the Wild and Recreational level of development. It is important to note that a river's classification is not related to the value(s) that made it worthy of designation. For instance, recreation may not be an outstanding value on a river with a recreational classification, nor scenery on a river classified as scenic. Notably, Wild and Scenic Rivers receive the same standard of protection regardless of classification.

## List of National Wild and Scenic Rivers


title: Nazeef

abstract: Nazeef is a British Thoroughbred racehorse. Unraced as juvenile she finished third on her racecourse debut in 2019 but then won three minor races before the end of the year. As a four-year-old in 2020 she emerged as a top-class performer, winning the Snowdrop Fillies' Stakes, Duchess of Cambridge Stakes, Falmouth Stakes and Sun Chariot Stakes.

text:
# Nazeef

**Nazeef** (foaled 13 April 2016) is a British Thoroughbred racehorse. Unraced as juvenile she finished third on her racecourse debut in 2019 but then won three minor races before the end of the year. As a four-year-old in 2020 she emerged as a top-class performer, winning the Snowdrop Fillies' Stakes, Duchess of Cambridge Stakes, Falmouth Stakes and Sun Chariot Stakes.

## Background

Nazeef is a bay filly with no white markings bred in England by her owner Hamdan Al Maktoum's Shadwell Estate. She was sent into training with John Gosden at the Clarehaven Stable in Newmarket, Suffolk. She has been ridden in most of her races by Jim Crowley.

She was sired by the Haydock Sprint Cup winner Invincible Spirit, who has produced many other major winners including Kingman, Charm Spirit, Mayson, Fleeting Spirit, Moonlight Cloud, Magna Grecia and Lawman. Nazeef's dam Handassa was bought by Shadwell as a yearling for 100,000 guineas and became a successful racemare, winning two races including the Listed Garnet Stakes. Handassa's dam Starstone was a half-sister to the leading sprinters Pastoral Pursuits and Goodricke.

## Racing career

### 2019: three-year-old season

Nazeef did not run as a two-year-old and made her racecourse debut in a minor race over seven furlongs at Newmarket Racecourse on 8 June 2019 in which she was ridden by Nicky Mackay and finished third behind Nonchalance and Flarepath, beaten five and a quarter lengths by the winner. Nineteen days later she started 4/6 favourite for a seven-runner maiden race over the same course and distance and recorded her first success as she took the lead approaching the final furlong and won by one and a quarter lengths from the four-year-old gelding Ghalyoon. On 4 September the filly started at odds of 1/4 for a novice race (for horses with no more than two previous wins) over one mile on the synthetic Polytrack surface at Chelmsford City Racecourse and won "very easily" after accelerating away from her three opponents in the final furlong. For her final run of the season, Nazeef was returned to the turf for a handicap race over one mile at Newmarket three weeks later in which she carried top weight of 134 pounds and started 6/4 favourite. Ridden by Dane O'Neill she took the lead inside the last quarter mile and won in "impressive" style by six lengths from Salayel.

### 2020: four-year-old season

For her first run of 2020 Nazeef was stepped up in class to contest the Listed Snowdrop Fillies' Stakes over one mile on Polytrack at Kempton Park Racecourse. Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic the British flat-racing season was restructured leading to the race being run behind closed doors on 3 June (rather than its usual date in April) and being open to three-year-olds. Nazeef started the 4/1 third choice in the betting behind her stablemate Scentasia (winner of the Fleur De Lys Fillies' Stakes and the Gillies Fillies' Stakes) and Billesdon Brook. After being restrained by Crowley for most of the way she made strong progress on the outside in the straight, overtook Billesdon Brook in the closing stages and won "cosily" by three quarters of a length. John Gosden's son Thady said "it was a very pleasing performance... she has strengthened and matured nicely this year. Hopefully she will continue to improve" while Crowley commented "She has done nothing but improve with every run she has had in the last year and she keeps getting better and better".

Thirteen days after her win at Kempton Nazeef was moved up to Group 2 class for the Duke of Cambridge Stakes at Royal Ascot and started the 100/30 third choice behind the joint-favourites Queen Power (Fillies' Trial Stakes) and Jubiloso. The best fancied of the other seven runners was the Godolphin entry Magic Lily who had won the Balanchine and the Cape Verdi in Dubai. Nazeef raced in mid-division before staying on strongly in the last quarter mile and gained the advantage in the final strides to win by a head from the 28/1 outsider Agincourt. John Gosden commented "Nazeef is very genuine and did nothing but improve last year. She deserves a little rest... We won't rush her back but you'd love to see her have a go at a Group 1".

Nazeef contested her first Group 1 race on 10 July when she started at odds of 9/2 for the Falmouth Stakes over one mile at Newmarket. Her stablemate Terebellum (winner of the Prix de la Nonette and Dahlia Stakes and runner-up in the Queen Anne Stakes) started favourite while the other four contenders were Billesdon Brook, One Master, Agincourt and Under The Stars (Eternal Stakes). After racing in second place behind Terbellum, Nazeef stayed on strongly in the final furlong and won in a blanket finish by a neck from Billesdon Brook with Terebellum the same distance away in third, half a length in front of One Master. After the race Crowley said "She's as tough as nails and she's improved with every run. That's six races in a row she's won now - she's climbed her way up the ladder. She's a really gorgeous looking filly as well, with plenty of size and scope about her".

Three weeks after her win at Newmarket, Nazeef went off the 100/30 second favourite for the Group 1 Nassau Stakes over ten furlongs at Goodwood Racecourse. She stayed on well in the closing stages but never looked likely to win and came home third behind the Irish-trained three-year-olds Fancy Blue and One Voice. On 23 August the filly was sent to France for the Prix Jean Romanet over 2000 metres at Deauville Racecourse and started the 0.7/1 favourite but after being in close contention for most of the way she faded badly in the closing stages and finished ninth of the eleven runners behind Audarya. In the Sun Chariot Stakes over one mile on heavy ground at Newmarket on 3 October Nazeef was ridden by Crowley and started the 17/2 third choice in the betting behind Champers Elysees and Peaceful in a twelve-runner field which also included Veracious, Terebellum, Billesdon Brook, Feliciana De Vega (Darley Stakes), Half Light (Hamburger Stutenmeile) and Cloak of Spirits (second in the 1000 Guineas). Nazeef raced up the stands side (the left hand side from the jockeys' perspective) and settled just behind the leaders as Veracious set the pace from Cloak of Spirits. She made steady progress to deprive Cloak of Spirits of the lead a furlong out and kept on well to win by one and a half lengths from Half Light. John Gosden said "You never expect that you're going to go from Chelmsford handicaps to knocking off two group 1 races at Newmarket, do you? But she's a willing filly and she's quite lazy in her work and looks after herself. She's not one who looks to overdo it, and I think that's a big factor in her progression. She's a grand filly, very brave... It's been a fantastic year for her".

On her final run of the season Nazeef started at odds of 10/1 the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes on heavy ground at Ascot on 17 October. She tracked the leaders before tiring in the last quarter mile and coming home eighth of the fourteen runners behind The Revenant.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Nazeef (GB), bay filly, 2016
| Sire
Invincible Spirit (IRE)
1997 | Green Desert (USA)
1983 | Danzig | Northern Dancer (CAN) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Pas de Nom |
| | Foreign Courier | Sir Ivor |
| | Courtly Dee |
| | Rafha (GB)
1987 | Kris | Sharpen Up |
| | | Doubly Sure |
| | Eljazzi (IRE) | Artaius (USA) |
| | Border Bounty (GB) |
| Dam
Handassa (GB)
2008 | Dubawi (IRE)
2002 | Dubai Millennium (GB) | Seeking The Gold (USA) |
| | | Colorado Dancer (IRE) |
| | Zomaradah (GB) | Deploy |
| | Jawaher (IRE) |
| | Starstone (GB)
2003 | Diktat | Warning |
| | | Arvola |
| | Star | Most Welcome |
| | Marista (Family: 14-f) |

## InfoBox

| Nazeef | |
| --- | --- |
| Racing silks of Hamdan Al Maktoum | |
| Sire | Invincible Spirit |
| Grandsire | Green Desert |
| Dam | Handassa |
| Damsire | Dubawi |
| Sex | Filly |
| Foaled | 13 April 2016 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Shadwell Estate |
| Owner | Hamdan Al Maktoum |
| Trainer | John Gosden |
| Record | 11: 7-0-2 |
| Earnings | £321,260 |
| Major wins | |
| Snowdrop Fillies' Stakes (2020)
Duke of Cambridge Stakes (2020)
Falmouth Stakes (2020)
Sun Chariot Stakes (2020) | |


title: Nazeeb Saiyed

abstract: Nazeeb Saiyed is an Indian cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut on 11 January 2021, for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. He made his List A debut on 21 February 2021, for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy. He made his first-class debut on 17 February 2022, for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2021–22 Ranji Trophy.

text:
# Nazeeb Saiyed

**Nazeeb Saiyed** (born 1 December 1995) is an Indian cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut on 11 January 2021, for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. He made his List A debut on 21 February 2021, for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy. He made his first-class debut on 17 February 2022, for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2021–22 Ranji Trophy.

## InfoBox

Nazeeb Saiyed
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Nazeeb Nadimbhai Saiyed |
| Born | (1995-12-01) 1 December 1995<br>Banaskantha, Gujarat |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 11 January 2021 | |


abstract: Zieleniewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chodecz, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

text:
# Zieleniewo, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Zieleniewo** \[ʑɛlɛˈɲɛvɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chodecz, within Włocławek County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Zieleniewo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| The wayside shrine | |
| Zieleniewo | |
| Coordinates: 52°24′26″N 18°59′11″E / 52.40722°N 18.98639°E / 52.40722; 18.98639 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Włocławek |
| Gmina | Chodecz |


title: Zieleniew, Gmina Krzyżanów

abstract: Zieleniew is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzyżanów, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Kutno and 42 km (26 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

text:
# Zieleniew, Gmina Krzyżanów

**Zieleniew** \[ʑɛˈlɛɲɛf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzyżanów, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Kutno and 42 km (26 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

## InfoBox

| Zieleniew | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Zieleniew | |
| Coordinates: 52°9′9″N 19°22′33″E / 52.15250°N 19.37583°E / 52.15250; 19.37583 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Łódź |
| County | Kutno |
| Gmina | Krzyżanów |
| Population | 50 |


title: Zindervirus

abstract: Zindervirus is a genus of viruses in the family Autographiviridae, within the subfamily Molineuxvirinae. Bacteria serve as the natural host, with transmission achieved through passive diffusion. There are currently three species in this genus, including the type species Salmonella virus SP6.

text:
# Zindervirus

***Zindervirus*** (synonym *SP6-like viruses*, *Sp6likevirus*) is a genus of viruses in the family *Autographiviridae*, within the subfamily *Molineuxvirinae*. Bacteria serve as the natural host, with transmission achieved through passive diffusion. There are currently three species in this genus, including the type species *Salmonella virus SP6*.

## Taxonomy

The following species are recognized:

## Structure

Zinderviruses are non-enveloped, with a head and tail. The head is approximately 60 to 65 nm in diameter. The tail is non-contractile and has six prominent spikes.

| Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Zindervirus | Head-Tail | T=7 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |

## Genome

Four of the five viruses' genomes have been fully sequenced and are available on NCBI's website (only Enterobacteria phage K5 is unavailable). They range between 43k and 46k nucleotides, with 52 to 62 proteins. All four complete genomes, as well as several additional "unclassified" virus genomes, are available here

## Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. The virus attaches to the host cell using its tail fibers, and ejects the viral DNA into the host periplasm. Once the viral genes have been replicated, new virions are assembled in the cell cytoplasm. Mature virions are released via lysis. Transmission route is passive diffusion.

| Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Zindervirus | Bacteria | None | Injection | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Passive diffusion |

## History

According to ICTV's 2009 report, the genus *SP6likevirus* was first accepted under the name *SP6-like viruses* in the family *Podoviridae*, sub-family *Autographivirinae*. The genus name was changed to *Sp6likevirus* in 2012. It was moved into the subfamily *Peduovirinae* upon its inception in 2010–11. The following year (2012), the genus was renamed to *P2likevirus*. These reports are available through ICTV here: 2009, 2012. The genus was later renamed to ***Zindervirus*** in the newly established family *Autographiviridae*.

## InfoBox

| *Zindervirus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Virus classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| *Realm*: | *Duplodnaviria* |
| Kingdom: | *Heunggongvirae* |
| Phylum: | *Uroviricota* |
| Class: | *Caudoviricetes* |
| Order: | *Caudovirales* |
| Family: | *Autographiviridae* |
| Subfamily: | *Molineuxvirinae* |
| Genus: | ***Zindervirus*** |
|


title: Nazr-e-Bad

abstract: Nazr-e-Bad is a Pakistani black magic-based romantic television drama serial which aired on Hum TV 25 January 2017 replacing previously concluded drama Hatheli. It starrs Azfar Rehman and Sarah Khan in leading to pivot roles. The story is penned by Imran Nazir who previously written Mohabbat Aag Si which was strongly hit because of appearance of Azfar Rehman, Sarah Khan and Iffat Rahim and directed by Iqbal Hussain, who is famous for his previously directed drama Seeta Bagri and is produced by Moomal Shunaid under Moomal Entertainment.This serial was a great success and loved by the people because of its reality like most of the times these types of Black Magic are happening in our society.

text:
# Nazr-e-Bad

***Nazr-e-Bad*** (Urdu:*نظرِبد*; lit: Look of Evil) is a Pakistani black magic-based romantic television drama serial which aired on Hum TV 25 January 2017 replacing previously concluded drama Hatheli. It starrs Azfar Rehman and Sarah Khan in leading to pivot roles.

The story is penned by Imran Nazir who previously written *Mohabbat Aag Si* which was strongly hit because of appearance of Azfar Rehman, Sarah Khan and Iffat Rahim and directed by Iqbal Hussain, who is famous for his previously directed drama *Seeta Bagri* and is produced by Moomal Shunaid under Moomal Entertainment.This serial was a great success and loved by the people because of its reality like most of the times these types of Black Magic are happening in our society.

## Story

Nazr-e-Bad is a drama about the old superstitious concept of Nazr-e-Bad (evil eye) and black magic. The story reveals how jealousy can lead to envy and eventually making people do horrendous things. Shafiq is a simple and common man, who lives with his family in a modest home. His brother lives in the same house upstairs. Nusrat (Shafiq’s wife and Maham’s mother, played by Fazila Qazi) despises Almas (Pervaiz’s mother, played by Sakina Samo) due to her modest background. Nusrat also believes that Almas casts evil eye on her better economic condition. Maham (played by Sarah Khan) Shafiq’s daughter does not like her cousin Pervaiz, who deeply loves her. The story further unfolds, when Nusrat’s nephew Aftab (played by Ali Abbas) asks Maham’s hand in marriage. This shakes Pervaiz and his mother Almas, as they wanted Maham to marry Pervaiz. In their jealousy and envy, they turn to black magic. What happens next is a series of horrendous and unfortunate events.

## Cast

### Main cast

### Recurring cast

## Availability

The show is available on:

## Production

### Post-Production delays

The viewers mostly liked the couple of Sarah Khan and Azfar Rehman in the set of *Mohabbat Aag Si*. The drama was scheduled to air in 2016 but due to Azfar Rehman had to work on *Hatheli*, Waseem Abbas and Fazila Qazi had to work for *Deewana*, Sakina Samo had to work for *Dil Banjaara* and Ali Abbas had to work for *Tum Kon Piya* the project was paused. The series was again scheduled to air from 15 December 2016 but due to post-production delays, the show will air from late 25 January 2017.

1. "Nazr-e-Bad Episode 14 in HD | Pakistani Dramas Online in HD". *Watch Pakistani Dramas Online in High Quality*. 9 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.

## InfoBox

| *Nazr-e-Bad* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre |  |
| Written by | Imran Nazir |
| Story by | Imran Nazir |
| Directed by | Iqbal Hussain |
| Starring |  |
| Opening theme | **Singers**
Raheel Fayyaz
Bina Khan
**Lyrics by**
Saji Gul |
| Country of origin | Pakistan |
| Original language | Urdu |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 40 |
| Production | |
| Producer | Moomal Shunaid |
| Camera setup | Multi-camera setup |
| Running time | 39:00 |
| Production company | Moomal Entertainment |
| Original release | |
| Network | Hum Network Limited |
| Release | 25 January (2017-01-25)
8 June 2017 (2017-06-08) |
| Related | |
|  | |


title: Nazra Naseem

abstract: Nazra Naseem alias Nazu Naseem is a Maldivian politician and former chief executive of former Maldives vice president Faisal Naseem.

text:
# Nazra Naseem

**Nazra Naseem** alias **Nazu Naseem** (born 3 May 1989) is a Maldivian politician and former chief executive of former Maldives vice president Faisal Naseem.

## Early life and education

Nazra Naseem was born in 1989 at Fuvahmulah. She did her bachelor's in international hospitality management from Taylor's University Malaysia and received an MBA degree from University of the West of England, Bristol.

## Career

Nazra started actively engaged in politics when her husband Ahmed Mahloof was jailed.

## Personal life

Nazra Naseem is married to Ahmed Mahloof, the youngest Maldivian Cabinet Minister of Youth, Sports, and Community Empowerment. Ahmed Mahloof became the youngest man to be appointed as a cabinet minister at the age of 38 years.

## InfoBox

| Nazra Naseem | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chief Executive of Vice President | |
| **In office**
22 November 2018  17 November 2023 | |
| Vice President | Faisal Naseem |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1989-05-03) 3 May 1989 |
| Nationality | Maldivian |
| Spouse | Ahmed Mahloof |
| Children | Laiba Ahmed Mahloof |
| Alma mater | Taylors’s University, Malaysia (Graduation)
University of the West of England (MBA) |
|  | |