title: Lottia asmi

abstract: Lottia asmi, commonly known as the black limpet, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Lottiidae. It is found in shallow water in the eastern Pacific Ocean, usually in the intertidal zone.

text:
# Lottia asmi

***Lottia asmi***, commonly known as the **black limpet**, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Lottiidae. It is found in shallow water in the eastern Pacific Ocean, usually in the intertidal zone.

## Description

This small limpet grows to a length of 10 mm (0.4 in) and a height of 8 mm (0.3 in), the apex being closer to the anterior end. The exterior is smooth and often rather worn, but fine sculptured radial ridges are sometimes visible near the margin. The exterior is brownish- or greyish-black, and the interior is black, sometimes with a pale band near the margin.

## Distribution and habitat

*Lottia asmi* is native to the northeastern Pacific Ocean, its range extending from southern Alaska to the Revillagigedo Islands in Mexico. It is usually found in the intertidal zone living on the shell of the black turban snail (*Tegula funebralis*). It occasionally inhabits the shell of the California mussel (*Mytilus californianus*) or the speckled turban (*Tegula gallina*), or lives directly on a rock substrate, and on one occasion on a sponge. It favours living mollusc shells but has been found on shells occupied by hermit crabs.

## Ecology

*L. asmi* is a herbivore and grazes on the microalgae growing on the shell of its host. It may change from one host shell to another at low tide, when the turban shells tend to aggregate. At Pigeon Point, California, juveniles reach maturity at about eight months old. Reproduction is intermittent throughout the year, with possible spawning events in March and another in October as well as a prolonged spawning period in mid-summer. The larvae pass through a planktonic phase with a coiled shell before settling, undergoing metamorphosis and adopting the adult, conical shape. This is a fast growing species with a high reproductive output.

## InfoBox

| Black limpet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Patellogastropoda |
| Family: | Lottiidae |
| Genus: | *Lottia* |
| Species: | ***L. asmi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lottia asmi***<br>(Middendorff, 1847) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Collisella asmi* (Middendorff, 1847) | |


title: Louis Ayres

abstract: William Louis Ayres, better known by his professional name Louis Ayres, was an American architect who was one of the most prominent designers of monuments, memorials, and buildings in the nation in the early part of the 20th century. His style is characterized as Medievalist, often emphasizing elements of Romanesque Revival and Italian Renaissance, and Byzantine Revival architecture. He is best known for designing the United States Memorial Chapel at the Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery and Memorial and the Herbert C. Hoover U.S. Department of Commerce Building.

text:
# Louis Ayres

**William Louis Ayres** (1874November 30, 1947), better known by his professional name **Louis Ayres**, was an American architect who was one of the most prominent designers of monuments, memorials, and buildings in the nation in the early part of the 20th century. His style is characterized as Medievalist, often emphasizing elements of Romanesque Revival and Italian Renaissance, and Byzantine Revival architecture. He is best known for designing the United States Memorial Chapel at the Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery and Memorial and the Herbert C. Hoover U.S. Department of Commerce Building.

## Life and career

He was born in 1874 in Bergen Point, New Jersey, to Mr. and Mrs. Chester D. Ayres. He graduated from Trinity School, a preparatory school located in New York City. He attended Rutgers University, graduating in 1896 with a degree in electrical engineering. After graduation, he spent three years with the firm of McKim, Mead, and White, but left (along with several other architects in the firm) to join the firm of York and Sawyer. He became a partner in the firm in 1910.

By 1921, he was one of the most prominent architects in the nation. From 1921 to 1925, he served on the prestigious U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, the federal advisory panel which had statutory approval over all major building projects in Washington, D.C. His four-year term expired in 1925, and he did not seek reappointment. The same year, he was one of the three judges on a panel which awarded the commission for the Liberty Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri, to Harold Van Buren Magonigle.

In 1935, Ayres was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full member in 1936.

### Meuse-Argonne Chapel

One of Ayres' most prominent commissions came in 1925, when he was asked to design a chapel for an American military cemetery in Europe. Congress created the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) in 1923 in part to consolidate the United States Department of War's divisions for military cemeteries and for stone and bronze battlefield map memorials, and in part to build, operate, and maintain American military cemeteries overseas. The ABMC was deeply influenced by Charles Moore, the chair of the Commission of Fine Arts and whose agency had final approval over the design of the cemeteries and memorials. The ABMC's plans changed and changed again over the next several years, and by 1925 it was ready to hire ""the most prominent architects in the country" for its plans. Ayres was commissioned to design the chapel at Meuse-Argonne, the largest and most important of the three sites. Ayres submitted two simple, classical designs and one French Romanesque design. Although both a classical and Romanesque design were approved for construction, the final chapel is Romanesque in style, shorter than proposed, and the colonnades on either side of it reduced in length. The chapel was dedicated on Memorial Day in 1937, the 20th anniversary of the American entry into World War I.

Ayres' continued to serve the architectural profession in many important ways in the 1920s. He was one of three judges on a panel which in 1925 awarded the design for the proposed Theodore Roosevelt memorial to be built in West Potomac Park in Washington, D.C. In 1926, Rutgers University presented him with an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters. He also was a member of the Prix de Rome scholarship and Rome Prize fellowship committees from 1926 to 1938.

### Federal Triangle

In 1927, Ayres won a major commission to design the U.S. Department of Commerce building, an award which became one of his most important architectural designs. He also played a major role on a board which helped plan the Federal Triangle government office building complex.

The U.S. federal government had struggled with the need to build a number of large governmental office buildings since the mid-1910s, but little had been done. In January 1924, the Public Buildings Commission recommended that a new series of federal office buildings be built near the White House. In 1926, the U.S. Congress enacted the Public Buildings Act, which, among other things, authorized the United States Department of the Treasury to begin construction on the Federal Triangle complex of buildings. However, disagreements among the three planning bodies overseeing the project (Commission on Fine Arts, Public Buildings Commission, and U.S. Treasury) proved so fundamental that a year-long delay ensued. To end the disagreement, a Board of Architectural Consultants was created on May 19, 1927, to advise the groups on the development of the project. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Charles S. Dewey recommended Ayres as one of the consultants, and his appointment was almost immediately approved. Design work on all buildings was postponed in May 1927 to allow the Board to conduct its work. The Board of Architectural Consultants first met on May 23, 1927, at which time it considered a plan to create a single building ringing Federal Triangle rather than six to eight individual structures. In June 1927, Ayres and the other consultants approved construction of the Department of Commerce and Internal Revenue Service structures as stand-alone buildings on the previously proposed sites. A month later, Ayres and the other Board members proposed constructing eight buildings, connected by plazas, semi-circular colonnades, and other architectural and landscaping elements. The Department of Commerce building was set on the west side of 15th Street NW between B and D Streets NW.

For the architectural style of the buildings, Ayres and the other Board members relied heavily on recommendation of the 1902 McMillan Plan that federal buildings in the District of Columbia be built in the Neoclassical style. Both the Board and Treasury Secretary Mellon rejected the Modern style then heavily in vogue. Rather than a mass of tall, imposing buildings, two unifying open spaces (intended for ceremonial use, and under discussion by the Board at least by March 1928) would be utilized. The first would be a Circular Plaza (inspired by the Place Vendôme) bisected by 12th Street NW, and which would require the demolition of the Old Post Office Pavilion. The second would be a rectangular Grand Plaza on the east side of 14th Street NW between the proposed Department of Commerce building (west side of 14th Street NW) and the proposed Post Office Department building (east side of 13th Street NW). The construction of the Grand Plaza would have required the demolition of the District Building.

York and Sawyer was commissioned to design the Commerce building. This choice had been made almost 15 years earlier, oddly enough. A new headquarters for the Department of Commerce had been proposed in 1912 and a contract for the design work awarded to the architectural firm of York and Sawyer. Although this building was never built, Congress honored the contract and in the Public Buildings Act named the firm again as the Commerce building's designer. York and Sawyer put Louis Ayres in charge of the building's design. But not all design choices were left up to Ayres. By March 1927, government officials had already decided that the Commerce building should be 1,000 feet (300 m) long—making it the then-largest building in the District of Columbia. Work on the building site was expected to begin by March 31, 1927. Survey work at the site began on that date even though final plans for the project were still unclear. But the May 1927 work moratorium put all decisions regarding the Commerce building design on hold. In September 1927, the Commission of Fine Arts met to discuss proposed plans for both the Commerce and Internal Revenue buildings.

Even though he was designing the Commerce building, Ayres continued to participate in the work of the Board of Architectural Consultants. He and the other Board members reviewed all designs for the Federal Triangle project in the fall of 1927, and demolition work began on the Commerce site in September 1927.

By mid-1927, Ayres was proposing a grandiose building to anchor the western end of Federal Triangle. The proposed building had 1,605,066 square feet (149,115.5 m2) of interior space (more than 60 percent larger than originally planned). The structure was essentially rectangular, with seven wings and six interior courtyards that was one city block wide and three blocks long. There were 15 entrances and 16 interior stairways. Its seven stories were clad in granite and limestone. More than 8 miles (13 km) of corridors accessed 37 acres (15 ha) of office space designed to house 10,000 workers, accommodate 8 million patents in a publicly accessible manner, include a public aquarium with 40 tanks and 2,000 fish, and house a 200,000-item library. Ayres asked James Earle Fraser (sculptor), a sculptor and colleague on the Commission of Fine Arts, to design and sculpt the various external features of the building. At first Fraser said he had far too many other commissions and could not work on the Commerce building, but Ayres and Fraser developed a cooperative work style that eventually was adopted for most of the buildings in the Federal Triangle: Fraser consulted with Ayres and other architects to develop appropriate themes and content and then built or fashioned models of his designs. Then his assistants enlarged the models into full-scale sculptures and did the physical work of actually carving the art. Ayres designed four massive pediments for the building, which Fraser filled with sculptures with the themes "Aviation," "Mining," "Fisheries," and "Foreign and Domestic Commerce." Ayres contracted with interior designer Barnet Phillips to design and implement the interior elements of the building. Ayres had planned a main lobby that was Neoclassical in design. Phillips designed rusticated walls, placed arches over every doorway, placed Doric columns throughout the lobby, added a painted and coffered ceiling, and laid terrazzo and marble down for the lobby floor.

Ayres confronted a vitally important design problem concerning the nature of the soil. Due to the formerly marshy condition of the soil and the existence of several submerged streams nearby, Ayres designed a structure that would stand on more than 18,000 pilings. However, water pressure from the submerged Tiber Creek would make it difficult to drive the piles. Ayres and his team devised a plan whereby a deep-sea diver descended into the underground Tiber Creek and drilled a hole 20 feet (6.1 m) deep into the earth. A hose would be inserted into the hole, and water pumped from the earth until the water table dropped and the driving of the piles could be accomplished. The building's foundation was more than three feet thick in places in order to withstand the hydraulic pressure put on it by the submerged Tiber Creek. Water from the Tiber was utilized as an air conditioning system to cool the building.

Ayres submitted his design for the Commerce building to the Public Buildings Commission, which gave its approval on November 1, 1927. The previous size of the building was reaffirmed. Excavation of the site began on November 21, 1927. However, although Ayres had proposed an Italian Renaissance style for the Commerce building, few of the other building proposals had adopted a classical design. On November 25, 1927, the Commission on Fine Arts adopted a requirement that all the Federal Triangle buildings have a "uniform appearance" and height (six stories), limiting the Board's design deliberations (and Ayres' proposal for the Commerce building). Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon imposed a requirement in December 1927 that all the buildings be built in the Neoclassical architectural style. Ayres modified the exterior design of his structure accordingly.

By March 1928, newspapers were reporting that the Commerce and Internal Revenue buildings would be constructed first. Ayres' design, however, was still in flux, as the Board of Architectural Consultants refused to give its approval to his plan. Although the size of the Commerce building had stabilized by March 1928, some Board members still suggested that both 15th and 14th Streets NW be submerged in tunnels beneath the structure. Despite the ongoing dispute over the design, additional demolition contracts were awarded for the site in April 1928.

The Board of Architectural Consultants and Ayres met in July 1928 to consider ways in which the construction program might be sped up, and devised plans to have four approved buildings (Internal Revenue, Justice, Labor, and Ayres' Commerce structure) completed by 1932. By October 1928, the Board of Architectural Consultants had agreed with prior decisions that no office building should be constructed on the National Mall, and that this space should be reserved for museums.

Ayres' design faced one final hurdle in the fall of 1929. Although the Board unveiled its proposed design for the project in April 1929, the design still lacked a unifying architectural look. Subsequently, John Russell Pope was asked in September 1929 to bring a more uniform style to the buildings. Nonetheless, within this more uniform approach, a variety of styles could be used, and were: Italian Renaissance for the Department of Commerce building, Corinthian for the National Archives building, and Ionic for the Post Office Department.

Meanwhile, Ayres and the Board of Architectural Consultants worked with sculptors, painters, and others to design more than 100 statues, fountains, bronze doors, murals, plaques, and panels (both interior and exterior) throughout the complex.

Ayres was involved in approving two major changes to Federal Triangle in early 1930. The Board and other planning groups had long agreed to site the Justice Department building on the block bounded by 7th, 9th, and B Streets NW and Pennsylvania Avenue NW. But this plan changed in March 1930. Architect John Russell Pope made a proposal to have the Justice and Archives buildings switch sites so that the Justice building would have more space. Although the change would entail major design alterations in both buildings, Secretary Mellon favored the idea. The Commission on Fine Arts approved the plan, and Mellon met with the Board of Architectural Consultants in late March 1930 to discuss the idea. Although this initial meeting left the issue unresolved, Ayres and the Board later agreed to Mellon's wishes in April and the two buildings switched plots.

President (and former Commerce Secretary) Herbert Hoover laid the cornerstone of the Commerce building on June 10, 1929, using the same trowel President George Washington had used to lay the cornerstone of the U.S. Capitol. The contract for its limestone facade—according to at least one newspaper account, the largest stone contract in world history—was awarded in April. The cost of the building had risen to $17.5 million. Ayres' Department of Commerce building opened on January 4, 1932.

Ayres continued his work on the Board of Architectural Consultants into the mid-1930s. From 1931 to 1936, the Board struggled to accommodate the need for automobile parking at the complex while also making Federal Triangle pedestrian-friendly. The Board began studying traffic issues in late 1927. A major study of parking needs and solutions was conducted in 1931, and traffic and parking patterns assessed again after the Department of Commerce building opened in early 1932. To achieve some of the traffic and parking goals, Ayres and the Board voted to eliminate the east-west streets and diagonal avenues, leaving only the north-south streets through the area, and 12th and 9th Streets NW were submerged in tunnels beneath the National Mall. In the first major change to the Board's "final" plan of 1929, a proposed "Grand Plaza" between the Commerce and Post Office buildings was abandoned in favor of a parking lot. The Board considered a number of other solutions to the need to accommodate the more than 7,500 cars expected to arrive every day (including an underground bus terminal and underground parking garage under the Grand Plaza), but in the end only approved a small number of underground parking spaces beneath the Apex Building.

The New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects awarded him its Medal of Honor in 1933. In 1936, he was elected to the National Academy of Design.

He wed Mrs. Edith Twining (née Donald, widow of Major Kinsley Twining) On November 28, 1928. He became stepfather to Twining's son and daughter, and his stepson Kinsley Twining became American vice-consul in Singapore.

### Notable buildings and memorials

Among Ayres' more recognized and important buildings are:

* Bowery Savings Bank, 110 East 42nd Street between Park and Lexington Avenues across from Grand Central Terminal
* Brick Presbyterian Church
* Broadway Savings Bank
* Guaranty Trust Company building
* Herbert C. Hoover United States Department of Commerce building
* New York Academy of Medicine building
* Rockefeller Hospital
* United States Memorial Chapel at the Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery and Memorial

His Bowery Savings Bank building is particularly notable. The structure has "one of the great interior spaces of New York", according to one architectural guide.

Ayres' was not only a noted architect in his own right, but he helped lead many successful design teams as well. His teams won for York & Sawyer commissions for the Federal Building in Honolulu, Hawaii, (since replaced by the Prince Kuhio Federal Building) and 33 Liberty Street, Manhattan, New York City (the Federal Reserve Bank of New York building).

## Death

Just before his death, Louis Ayres was commissioned to lead a team which would draft a master plan for the expansion of Rutgers University. After a long period of poor health, Ayres died at his home in Manhattan on November 30, 1947. His wife and two stepchildren survived him.

**Notes**

**Bibliography**

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* "Academy Elevates Five." *New York Times.* April 23, 1936.
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* "Award Prix de Rome Today." *New York Times.* May 25, 1926.
* Barrows, George H. "Department of Commerce Home Baffles Writers Trying to Visualize Structure." *Washington Post.* December 31, 1931.
* Bedford, Steven. *John Russell Pope: Architect of Empire.* New York: Rizzoli, 1998.
* Bednar, Michael J. *L'Enfant's Legacy: Public Open Spaces in Washington.* Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
* Cannadine, David. *Mellon: An American Life.* Reprint ed. New York: Random House, 2008.
* "Chicago Student Wins Prix de Rome." *New York Times.* June 6, 1929.
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* "Contractors Start Excavating On Site of Revenue Office." *Washington Post.* November 22, 1927.
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* "Date Set For Start On New U.S. Building." *Washington Post.* March 4, 1927.
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* Du Puy, William Atherton. "New Washington Buildings Emerge." *New York Times.* June 1, 1930.
* Evelyn, Douglas E.; Dickson, Paul; Ackerman, S.J. *On This Spot: Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C.* 3d rev. ed. Washington, D.C.: Capital Books, 2008.
* "Federal Building Plans Announced By Treasury." *Washington Post.* June 21, 1927.
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* "$50,000,000 Plea for Buildings Here Goes to Congress." *Washington Post.* January 4, 1924.
* "Final Indorsement Given Plans of Two Federal Buildings." *Washington Post.* November 2, 1927.
* "Five Mall Buildings To Be Ready by 1932." *Washington Post.* July 24, 1928.
* "Four Prix de Rome Are Awarded Here." *New York Times.* May 16, 1935.
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* Freundlich, A.L. *The Sculpture of James Earle Fraser.* Boca Raton, Fla.: Universal Publishers, 2001.
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* Goode, James. "Introduction: The Creation of Monumental Washington in the 1930s." In Wentzel, Volkmar Kurt and Goode, James. *Washington by Night: Vintage Photographs From the 30s.* Reprint ed. James Goode, ed. Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum Publishing, 1998.
* "Gov. Smith Sees Miss Curtin Wed." *New York Times.* November 29, 1928.
* Grossman, Elizabeth. "Architecture for a Public Client: The Monuments and Chapels of the American Battle Monuments Commission." *Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians.* 43:2 (May 1984).
* "Groups Study Car Parking In Triangle." *Washington Post.* October 24, 1936.
* Gutheim, Frederick Albert and Lee, Antoinette Josephine. *Worthy of the Nation: Washington, D.C., From L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Commission.* 2d ed. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
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* Moeller, Gerard Martin and Weeks, Christopher. *AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington, D.C.* Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
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* Placzek, Adolf K. *Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects.* New York: Collier Macmillan Publishing, 1982.
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* Speers, L.C. "Washington's Aspect Is Undergoing Change." *New York Times.* March 18, 1928.
* "State Names For Streets Slated Today." *Washington Post.* January 30, 1936.
* "Stone Contract Is Given For Commerce Building." *Washington Post.* April 14, 1929.
* "Student Architect Wins $8,000 Award." *New York Times.* June 5, 1930.
* "Study of Triangle Parking Needs Near." *Washington Post.* December 30, 1931.
* "The Tiber Creek Sewer Flush Gates, Washington, D.C." *Engineering News and American Railway Journal.* February 8, 1894.
* Tindall, William. *Standard History of the City of Washington From a Study of the Original Sources.* Knoxville, Tenn.: H.W. Crew & Co., 1914.
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* "Underground Terminal Suggested for Buses." *Washington Post.* October 13, 1927.
* "Unity Is Planned for Pennsylvania Avenue Buildings." *Washington Post.* November 25, 1927.
* "Yale Man's Design Wins A Fellowship." *New York Times.* June 2, 1927.
* Wasserman, Paul and Hausrath, Don. *Washington, D.C., From A to Z: The Traveler's Look-Up Source for the Nation's Capital.* Sterling, Va.: Capital Books, 2003.
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* "Work on New Federal Buildings Starts Soon." *Washington Post.* November 18, 1927.

## InfoBox

| William Louis Ayres | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1874
Bergen Point, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | (1947-11-30)November 30, 1947 (age 73)
Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Awards | Medal of Honor, New York Chapter, American Institute of Architects
Fellow, National Academy of Design |
|  | |
| Buildings | United States Memorial Chapel at the Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery and Memorial, Herbert C. Hoover United States Department of Commerce building |
|  | |


title: Louis B. Anderson

abstract: Louis Bernard Anderson was an American politician who served as alderman of Chicago's 2nd ward from 1917 to 1933. A Republican, he served most of the Douglas community area, including much of the African-American neighborhood of Bronzeville. He was a prominent ally of mayor William Hale Thompson, and served as his floor leader throughout the 1920s.

text:
# Louis B. Anderson

**Louis Bernard Anderson** (April 17, 1870  May 28, 1946) was an American politician who served as alderman of Chicago's 2nd ward from 1917 to 1933. A Republican, he served most of the Douglas community area, including much of the African-American neighborhood of Bronzeville. He was a prominent ally of mayor William Hale Thompson, and served as his floor leader throughout the 1920s.

## Early life

Born on April 17, 1870, in Petersburg, Virginia, Anderson moved to Washington, D.C., in 1889 to work in journalism as an *exchange reader*, and journalist. At some point he was employed by the newspaperman Major Moses P. Handy; when Handy was appointed promoter general of the World's Columbian Exposition in 1892, he would follow him to Chicago as his assistant.

After working as Handy's assistant Anderson worked as a secretary for Buffalo Bill, following the showman's Wild West Show to its ranch in North Platte, Nebraska. Unsatisfied with prairie life he returned to Chicago and attended the Chicago-Kent College of Law. After graduating in 1897 he befriended Robert S. Abbott, threatening a printer with the loss of city contracts unless it employed Abbott, and became a contributing editor of Abbott's *Chicago Defender*. He then became an attorney, serving as a county attorney and assistant corporation counsel under Mayor Fred Busse.

He was the victim of an attempted robbery at 29th Street and Wabash Avenue on March 1, 1905. He was not intimidated and was armed. He shot one of the two assailants through his overcoat, the bullet passing through his lung, mortally wounding him.

## Political career

A Republican, Anderson was elected to represent Chicago's 2nd ward in 1917, becoming Chicago's second African-American alderman after his predecessor Oscar Stanton De Priest. De Priest had resigned in scandal after being indicted of accepting a bribe from a gambling establishment, of which he would eventually be acquitted. Anderson was one of four African-American candidates for the office and was backed by City Hall and De Priest supporters. His main opponent in the race was William Rudolph Cowan, an African-American real-estate broker who had the backing of reformers. He won the contest, joining fellow Republican Hugh Norris in representing the 2nd ward on the City Council. De Priest attempted to retake his seat in 1918 but narrowly fell in the Republican primary to Major Robert R. Jackson, who would go on to win the general election.

Throughout the 1920s he was a prominent ally of mayor William Hale Thompson and served as his floor leader in the Council. "Big Bill" Thompson had previously been alderman of the 2nd ward from 1900 to 1902 and was immensely popular with the city's African-American community. In 1921, when R. E. Parker of the *Chicago Advocate* confronted Thompson with the problems of 20,000 unemployed African-Americans and charged that the 2nd ward was full of graft and corruption, Anderson defended the mayor, calling Parker a "trouble maker among his own people", denying allegations of racism in Thompson's layoff practices, and responding to the charges of graft thus:

> If he has the proof why doesn't he take it to the grand jury? There is no use to worry the mayor with it. The grand jury is investigating crime conditions in Chicago now, and I'm sure \[it\] would be glad to get evidence such as Parker says he has.

In 1922 he had the architects Michaelsen & Rognstad, build him a house at 3800 S. Calumet, the surrounding area would take on the name of this house *Bronzeville*.

Also in 1922 Anderson served on a committee looking into the Ku Klux Klan's alleged activities in the City's affairs, he and two other aldermen announced to the press that they had received death threats.

In 1923 Chicago's wards were increased from 35 to 50, while the number of aldermen per ward was decreased from two to one. Jackson was redistricted to the new 3rd ward, while Anderson kept his 2nd ward seat. In 1923 he was implicated in collecting more than $15,000 in protection money in the span of twenty months from a black and tan resort. In light of a related grand jury investigation, an illness, and the fact that Thompson declined to seek re-election that year, it was rumored that he would step down as alderman as well. He still contested the election and won with a majority of 1,037 votes, defeating eight opponents to avoid a runoff.

Democrat William Emmett Dever was elected mayor in 1923; Anderson opposed his 1924 budget, claiming that his proposed reclassification of hundreds of civil service jobs was meant to eliminate the current civil service workers. In that same year he served as a delegate to the 1924 Republican National Convention. Upon Thompson's return to the mayoral office following the 1927 election rumor had it that Anderson was likely to receive the "prize plum" of the chairmanship of the Council's finance committee, but Council Democrats worked to keep him off the committee and it seemed likely that the position would go instead to 30th ward alderman John Clark.

In the 1931 election he initially had five opponents, but rulings by the board of election commissioners invalidated the nominating petitions for all of them, leaving him unopposed. In that year's mayoral election he abandoned Thompson, whose popularity had plummeted due to crime and the Great Depression and who would be decisively defeated in the contest by Democrat Anton Cermak. Nevertheless, the 2nd ward was one of five in the city that voted Thompson, and having campaigned expressly against Anderson Cermak removed him from the finance committee. Later in the year he considered running for the United States House of Representatives against De Priest, then the only African-American in Congress. The *Chicago Review*, despite its dislike for De Priest, suggested that such a course of action was ill-advised, a conclusion also reached by *The New York Age*.

He did not run for re-election in 1933, and was succeeded in office by William L. Dawson, who had the backing of the De Priest organization. In 1936 he ran for the Republican nomination for Illinois's 1st congressional district, falling to De Priest. De Priest would in turn lose to Democrat Arthur Wergs Mitchell.

## Personal life

Anderson was a partner of Chicago-based Anderson-Watkins Film Co., which in 1913 produced and distributed a three-reel film known as *A Day at Tuskegee*. Anderson was married to Julia E. Anderson prior to her death in 1931. He eloped with Oneita Starks in 1933, remaining married to her until his death.

Having been ill since Christmas, he died in his Chicago home on May 28, 1946, of bronchial pneumonia. Services were held in St. Thomas' Episcopal Church on June 1.

1. Kestenbaum, Lawrence. "Index to Politicians: Anderson, K to N". *The Political Graveyard*. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
2. "Louis Anderson, Ex-Alderman of 2d ward, dies". *Chicago Tribune*. May 29, 1946. Retrieved April 3, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
3. "The Exchange Editor. His Daily Grind Is Heavy But There Are Some Compensations". *Los Angeles Herald*. Los Angeles. December 25, 1898. p. 9. Retrieved May 17, 2019  via CDNC California Digital Newspaper Collection. He sees so many newspapers (for) ... any news justifying reprinting
4. "Moses P. Handy Papers". *chipublib.org*. Chicago Public Library. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
5. Reed, Christopher Robert (2000). *All the World is Here!: The Black Presence at White City*. Indiana University Press. p. 8. ISBN 0253215358. Retrieved May 17, 2019. The young journalist (Anderson) eagerly prepared for his assignment as exchange reader, perhaps sensing that a journey to Chicago might change his life forever, as in fact it did.
6. "Louis B. Anderson, Class of 1897". *Illinois Institute of Technology*. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
7. Michaeli p. 17
8. "Fatally shoots a highwayman". *Alton Evening Telegraph*. March 2, 1905. p. 3. Retrieved May 16, 2019  via newspapers.com.
9. "Robbers Busy; One is Shot". *Chicago Tribune*. Chicago, Illinois. March 1, 1905. p. 1. Retrieved May 16, 2019. Later, the police say, St Amand confessed trying to hold up Anderson. He is shot through the lungs and the physicians say be cannot recover.
10. "The Common Council". *Chicago Eagle*. April 21, 1917. Retrieved April 9, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
11. "DE PRIEST, Oscar Stanton". *US House of Representatives: History, Art, and Archives*. United States House of Representatives. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
12. "Faction battle splits Negroes in Second Ward". *Chicago Tribune*. February 16, 1917. Retrieved April 9, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
13. "City Hall men lose at polls; Lundin beaten". *Chicago Tribune*. February 27, 1918. Retrieved April 9, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
14. "Centennial List of Mayors, City Clerks, City Attorneys, City Treasurers, and Aldermen, elected by the people of the city of Chicago, from the incorporation of the city on March 4, 1837, to March 4, 1937, arranged in alphabetical order, showing the years during which each official held office". Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
15. Schottenhamel p. 43
16. "Negroes to put job problems up to the Mayor". *Chicago Tribune*. Vol. 80, no. 44. February 21, 1921. p. 5. Retrieved May 16, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
17. "Landmark Designation Report – Giles-Calumet District" (PDF). *chicago.gov*. City of Chicago. July 10, 2008. p. 2. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
18. "Says Chicago Klan threatens lives". *The Decatur Daily Review*. Decatur, Illinois. December 23, 1922. p. 5. Retrieved May 16, 2019  via Newspapers.com. Robert J Mulchy, Louis B. Anderson and U. S. Schwartz, city aldermen, who are members of a committee investigating alleged activities of the Kn Klux In city affairs, announced Friday they had received letters threatening their lives.
19. "Hit in Vice Quiz". *Chicago Tribune*. February 14, 1923. Retrieved April 12, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
20. "Thompson's fall alters face of aldermanic race". *Chicago Tribune*. Vol. 82, no. 4. January 28, 1923. p. 5. Retrieved May 16, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
21. "Elected aldermen". *Chicago Tribune*. Vol. 82, no. 51. February 28, 1923. p. 1. Retrieved May 16, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
22. "Aldermanic vote by wards". *Chicago Tribune*. Vol. 82, no. 51. February 28, 1923. p. 2. Retrieved May 16, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
23. "Council tears holes in Dever budget plans". *Chicago Tribune*. Vol. 83, no. 55. March 4, 1924. p. 2. Retrieved May 16, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
24. "Start reshaping Council today on Thompson model". *Chicago Tribune*. Vol. 86, no. 83. April 7, 1927. p. 5. Retrieved May 16, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
25. Warren, Carl (April 10, 1927). "Pick Ald. Kaindl again to guide terminal group". *Chicago Tribune*. Vol. 86, no. 15. Chicago Tribune Press Service. p. 5. Retrieved May 16, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
26. "Board removes 64 from race for aldermen". *Chicago Tribune*. Vol. 90, no. 6. February 8, 1931. p. 12. Retrieved May 16, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
27. Schottenhamel p. 47
28. Schottenhamel p. 48
29. Reed, Christopher Robert (2011). *The Depression comes to the South Side: Protest and politics in the Black Metropolis 19301933*. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-253-35652-9.
30. "Opposing Congressman DePriest". *The New York Age*. Vol. 45, no. 4. October 3, 1931. p. 4. Retrieved May 16, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
31. "M. V. L. favors Cusack, Butler, Hess, and Egan". *Chicago Tribune*. Vol. 92, no. 9 Part 7. February 26, 1933. p. 2. Retrieved May 16, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
32. "Congressional and State Committee Petitions". *Chicago Tribune*. Vol. 95, no. 6. February 9, 1936. p. 4. Retrieved May 16, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
33. "State Demos hold seats in Congress". *The Decatur Herald*. Vol. 56. Associated Press. November 5, 1936. p. 7. Retrieved May 16, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
34. Harlan, Louis R.; Smock, Raymond W. (1980). *Booker T. Washington Papers Volume 9: 19061908*. Urbana, Illinois; Chicago, Illinois; and London: University of Illinois Press. p. 443. ISBN 0-252-00771-9.
35. "Wife of Ald. Anderson of Second Ward Is Dead". *Chicago Tribune*. May 17, 1931. Retrieved April 9, 2019  via Newspapers.com.
36. "Rumored that Louis B. Anderson secretly married". *The New York Age*. CNS. April 15, 1933. Retrieved May 16, 2019  via Newspapers.com.

## Bibliography

* Michaeli, Ethan (2016). *The Defender: How the Legendary Black Newspaper Changed America*. Boston, Massachusetts and New York, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-547-56069-4.
* Schottenhamel, George (1952). "How Big Bill Thompson Won Control of Chicago". *Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society*. **45** (1): 30–49. JSTOR 40189189.

## InfoBox

| Louis B. Anderson | |
| --- | --- |
| Alderman Anderson depicted in the *Chicago Tribune*, 1921 | |
|  | |
| Alderman of the Chicago City Council | |
| **In office**
1917–1933Serving with Hugh Norris (19171918)
Robert R. Jackson (19181923) | |
| Preceded by | Oscar Stanton De Priest |
| Succeeded by | William L. Dawson |
| Constituency | 2nd ward |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | April 17, 1870
Petersburg, Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | May 28, 1946(1946-05-28) (aged 76)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Louis Marriott

abstract: Louis Marriott was a Jamaican actor, director, writer, broadcaster, the executive officer of the Michael Manley Foundation, and member of the Performing Right Society, Jamaica Federation of Musicians, and founding member of the Jamaica Association of Dramatic Artists. Marriott was born on the Old Pound Road, Saint Andrew, Jamaica, the son of Egbert Marriott and Edna Irene Thompson-Marriott. He was educated at Jamaica College. He died in Kingston at the age of 81 on 1 August 2016.

text:
# Louis Marriott

**Louis Marriott** (22 May 1935 – 1 August 2016) was a Jamaican actor, director, writer, broadcaster, the executive officer of the Michael Manley Foundation, and member of the Performing Right Society, Jamaica Federation of Musicians, and founding member of the Jamaica Association of Dramatic Artists.

Marriott was born on the Old Pound Road, Saint Andrew, Jamaica, the son of Egbert Marriott and Edna Irene Thompson-Marriott. He was educated at Jamaica College. He died in Kingston at the age of 81 on 1 August 2016.

## Career

* Government public relations officer - late 1950s
* Editor, public opinion 1960–62
* Assistant public relations officer – Ninth Central American and Caribbean Games (Kingston) 1962
* Press officer – first anniversary Jamaica Independence Festival 1963
* Deputy editor of publications – Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) General Council (London) 1965-70 (lectured widely in Britain on Commonwealth and Caribbean affairs 1965–72. Was consultant-advisor for several C.P.A. conferences in the Caribbean and West Africa 1967–70)
* BBC radio writer and producer 1970–71
* Director Jamaica Independence Festival (London) 1972
* Press secretary to Prime Minister of Jamaica 1973 and 1979–80
* Assistant director – National Literacy Programme Communications 1973–74
* Director-general Information Incorporated 1974–76
* Chief organizer – Food and Drink '75 Exhibition (National Arena) July 1975
* Director publications and advertising Agency for Public Information 1976–79
* Freelance writer 1980–present - for CFNI, PAHO, WHO, *Jamaica Gleaner*, among several national and international bodies, and writer, director, and producer of several stage productions
* Executive officer - Michael Manley Foundation, 2000–present

## Theatre

Marriott wrote and directed for stage, and acted

* *Public Mischief* (1957)
* *The Shepherd* (1960)
* *Phineas McUmbridge* (1961)
* *The Baiting of Reuben* (1963)
* *A Pack of Jokers* (1978)
* *More Jokers* (1980)
* *The New Jokers* (1981)
* *Playboy* (1981)
* *Pressure* (1982)
* *Office Chase* (1982)
* *How to Make Money* (1983)
* *Singer Man* (1984)
* *Bedward* (1984, 2004) (reprisal of The Shepherd)
* *Women* (1984)
* *Lovey* (1985)
* *Over the Years* (1985, 2010)
* *One Stop Driver* (1988) (co-written with Alvin Campbell)
* *Last of the Jokers* (1988) (co-written with Alvin Campbell, Lavinia Marriott and Karen Marriott)
* *The Adventure of Charlie Greenhorne* (1991)
* *Funny Biz Niz* (1992)
* *Life in Jamaica* (1998)
* *Rosie* (1999)
* *The Year 2000* (2000)

Marriott wrote several books including:

* *Gold Rush – Jamaican Style – Jamaica in World Athletics 1948–92* (1992) (co-written with Alvin Campbell)
* *Who's Who and What's What in Jamaican Arts and Entertainment* (1995)

## Journalism

Marriott authored syndicated articles appearing in some 200 English-language newspapers and magazines throughout the world. He was a regular guest writer in several Jamaican newspaper publications. He wrote and produced numerous radio and television plays and documentary broadcast programmes and films in both Jamaica and Britain. He wrote *The University of Brixton* radio drama series for BBC English Radio 1970–71. He wrote several public education radio series for the CFNI (Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute) during his freelance years.

## Filmography

* *Dr. No* (1962) - Dragon Guard (uncredited)

## InfoBox

| Louis Marriott | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 22 May 1935
Saint Andrew, Colony of Jamaica, British Empire |
| Died | 1 August 2016(2016-08-01) (aged 81)
Kingston, Jamaica |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, director, writer, broadcaster |


title: Louis II, Count of Chiny

abstract:
Louis II, Count of Chiny, son of Louis I, Count of Chiny and Verdun, and Adélaïde de Saint Varme. He left very few traces in history and nothing is known about his reign. Louis was married to Sophie. They had two children:
  - Arnold I, Count of Chiny
  - Manasses, a monk at the Church of St. Hubert. Legend has it that Louis held hunting parties in his huge game park. Here, Thibault of Champagne established a hermitage and found a source of holy springs, and Louis built a shrine to the spring's healing powers. The shrine became famous, with many pilgrims who came to implore the grace of Saint-Thibault. Later, monks from Calabria, Italy, founded a monastery nearby at Orval at the invitation of Louis’ son Arnold. Upon Louis' death, his son Arnold became Count of Chiny.

text:
# Louis II, Count of Chiny

**Louis II** (died before 1066), Count of Chiny (from 1025 until his death), son of Louis I, Count of Chiny and Verdun, and Adélaïde de Saint Varme. He left very few traces in history and nothing is known about his reign.

Louis was married to Sophie. They had two children:

* Arnold I, Count of Chiny
* Manasses (died 1068), a monk at the Church of St. Hubert.

Legend has it that Louis held hunting parties in his huge game park. Here, Thibault of Champagne established a hermitage and found a source of holy springs, and Louis built a shrine to the spring's healing powers. The shrine became famous, with many pilgrims who came to implore the grace of Saint-Thibault. Later, monks from Calabria, Italy, founded a monastery nearby at Orval at the invitation of Louis’ son Arnold.

Upon Louis' death, his son Arnold became Count of Chiny.

* Arlette Laret-Kayser, *Entre Bar et Luxembourg : Le Comté de Chiny des Origines à 1300*, Bruxelles (éditions du Crédit Communal, Collection Histoire, série in-8°, n° 72), 1986


title: Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia

abstract: Louis I was ruler of Thuringia from 1123 to 1140.

text:
# Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia

**Louis I** (died January 12, 1140) was ruler of Thuringia from 1123 to 1140.

## Biography

The son of Count Louis the Springer ("the jumper") and his wife Adelheid, he was appointed Landgrave of Thuringia by the Emperor Lothair III in 1131.

According to the succession in his line he should have been called Louis III, but he won Thuringia for his family and, in case of territorial expansion, it was customary to start counting from one.

Thanks to his marriage with Hedwig of Gudensberg he obtained the rule over an extensive heritage, after the death of his father-in-law, Count Giso IV, which led to the union of Thuringia and Hesse. In 1137 Louis became Landgrave of Hesse-Gudensberg as well.

His close relationship to the King Lothair III favoured his rise into the rank of a prince. After the death of Lothair, in 1137, Louis decided to support the Hohenstaufen in their struggle for power in the Reich against the Welf party. The Landgrave died on January 12, 1140, and was buried inside the abbey of Reinhardsbrunn.

Louis had a daughter, Judith of Thuringia, who married king Vladislaus II of Bohemia.

## Bibliography

* Knochenhauer, Theodor (1871). *Geschichte Thüringens Zur Zeit Des Ersten Landgrafenhauses (1039-1247)*. Gotha.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Galletti, Johann Georg A. (1784). *Geschichte Thüringens*.
* Mägdefrau, Werner (2010). *Thüringen im Mittelalter 1130-1310 Von den Ludowingern zu den Wettinern*. Jena: Rockstuhl. ISBN 978-3-86777-152-8.
* Warsitzka, Wilfried (2002). *Die Thüringer Landgrafen*. Dr. Bussert & Stadeler. ISBN 978-3932906220.

## InfoBox

| Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia | |
| --- | --- |
| Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia Statue | |
| Born | (?)
(?) |
| Died | (1140-01-12)12 January 1140 |
| Buried | Abbey of Reinhardsbrunn |
| Noble family | Ludovingians |
| Spouse(s) | Hedwig of Gudensberg |
| Issue | Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia
Judith of Thuringia |
| Father | Louis the Springer |
| Mother | Adelheid of Stade |


title: Trinidad and Tobago Classic

abstract: The Trinidad and Tobago Classic, or commonly known as the TOYOTA Classic, is a knockout tournament for teams in Trinidad and Tobago's TT Pro League and National Super League. The football competition began in 2005, with TOYOTA as the primary sponsor, and is currently contested each October and November following the Pro League and Super League seasons. The inaugural competition was contested between San Juan Jabloteh and W Connection, with the Savonetta Boys claiming their first title with a 1–0 win. United Petrotrin claimed the trophy in 2006, as well as, Joe Public capturing their first in 2007. San Juan Jabloteh took the trophy in 2008 with a win over St. Ann's Rangers in Hasely Crawford Stadium. Joe Public became the first club in 2009 to win the TOYOTA Classic twice. In 2010, Ma Pau won their first competitive trophy after defeating North East Stars in the Classic's first final decided on a penalty shootout. W Connection became the second club to win the Classic in 2011 by defeating Pro League newcomers T&TEC. North East Stars defeated Defence Force 4–2 on penalties after the match ended in a 2–2 draw in the 2012 final. The current theme is It's a Hard Road to the Final and There Are No Free Rides, with the winner receiving TT$50,000 and the runners-up collecting TT$35,000.

text:
# Trinidad and Tobago Classic

The **Trinidad and Tobago Classic**, or commonly known as the **TOYOTA Classic**, is a knockout tournament for teams in Trinidad and Tobago's TT Pro League and National Super League. The football competition began in 2005, with TOYOTA as the primary sponsor, and is currently contested each October and November following the Pro League and Super League seasons.

The inaugural competition was contested between San Juan Jabloteh and W Connection, with the *Savonetta Boys* claiming their first title with a 10 win. United Petrotrin claimed the trophy in 2006, as well as, Joe Public capturing their first in 2007. San Juan Jabloteh took the trophy in 2008 with a win over St. Ann's Rangers in Hasely Crawford Stadium. Joe Public became the first club in 2009 to win the TOYOTA Classic twice. In 2010, Ma Pau won their first competitive trophy after defeating North East Stars in the Classic's first final decided on a penalty shootout. W Connection became the second club to win the Classic in 2011 by defeating Pro League newcomers T&TEC. North East Stars defeated Defence Force 4–2 on penalties after the match ended in a 2–2 draw in the 2012 final.

The current theme is *It's a Hard Road to the Final and There Are No Free Rides*, with the winner receiving TT$50,000 and the runners-up collecting TT$35,000.

## Format

The knockout tournament begins in the first round with all TT Pro League teams automatically entering the competition. Following each National Super League season, the top eight teams in the final league table qualify and enter in the first round as well.

The draw for the first round is performed prior to the start of the tournament. The 16 teams in the competition, valued at TT$85,000 in total sponsorship, are drawn into four groups, all named after TOYOTA branded vehicles, Terios (Group A), Sirion (Group B), Delta (Group C), and Daihatsu (Group D) and are seeded based on their positions in their respective leagues. Clubs from the Super League look forward to meeting a Pro League team at home. Top-ranked teams look for easy opposition, but have to be on their guard against lower teams with ambition.

All matches are played over two 45 minutes halves, and in the process the match is drawn at the end of regulation time, penalty kicks shall determine the winner.

## Finals

### Results

| Key | |
| --- | --- |
| * | Match decided in extra time |
|  | Match decided by a penalty shootout after regulation time |
|  | Match decided by a penalty shootout after extra time |
| *Italics* | Team from outside the top level of Trinidad and Tobago football |

| Season | Winner | Score | Runners–up | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | W Connection | 10 | San Juan Jabloteh | Manny Ramjohn Stadium |
| 2006 | United Petrotrin | 40 | Superstar Rangers | Manny Ramjohn Stadium |
| 2007 | Joe Public | 21 | San Juan Jabloteh | Hasely Crawford Stadium |
| 2008 | San Juan Jabloteh | 21 | St. Ann's Rangers | Hasely Crawford Stadium |
| 2009 | Joe Public (2) | 40 | San Juan Jabloteh | Marvin Lee Stadium |
| 2010 | Ma Pau | 11 | North East Stars | Marvin Lee Stadium |
| 2011 | W Connection (2) | 00 | T&TEC | Manny Ramjohn Stadium |
| 2012 | North East Stars | 22 | Defence Force | Hasely Crawford Stadium |
| 2013 | W Connection (3) | 20 | Club Sando | Ato Boldon Stadium |
| 2014 | San Juan Jabloteh (2) | 11 | Point Fortin Civic | Ato Boldon Stadium |

## Results by team

| Club | Wins | Last final won | Runners-up | Last final lost |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| W Connection | 3 | 2013 | 0 |  |
| Joe Public | 2 | 2009 | 0 |  |
| San Juan Jabloteh | 2 | 2014 | 3 | 2009 |
| North East Stars | 1 | 2012 | 1 | 2010 |
| Ma Pau | 1 | 2010 | 0 |  |
| United Petrotrin | 1 | 2006 | 0 |  |
| St. Ann's Rangers | 0 |  | 2 | 2008 |
| Club Sando | 0 |  | 1 | 2013 |
| Defence Force | 0 |  | 1 | 2012 |
| Point Fortin Civic | 0 |  | 1 | 2014 |
| T&TEC | 0 |  | 1 | 2011 |

## InfoBox

TOYOTA Classic
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2005 |
| Region | Trinidad and Tobago |
| Number of teams | 16 |
| Current champions | San Juan Jabloteh
(2nd title) |
| Most successful club(s) | W Connection
(3 titles) |
| Website | TOYOTA Classic |


title: Trinidad and Tobago Chess Championship

abstract:
The Trinidad and Tobago Chess Championships are the annual individual National Chess championships of Trinidad and Tobago. Although chess was being played in Trinidad and Tobago from 1922 or earlier, the first men's tournament took place in 1937. Christo Cave is the player with the most wins to his credit, having won 13 titles.
However, several other players have managed to pull off multiple wins: Ryan Harper has 8 titles, George E. C. Stanford has 6, Frederick Edward Brassington has 5, Fred Sabga has 4, and Carl Brown, and Shawn Tavares each have 3 titles. There is also an annual National Women's Championship. Aditi Soondarsingh has won a record nine titles. NOTE: The table below lists only the years when tournaments took place. There were no chess tournaments in Trinidad and Tobago in 1938, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1960, 1962, and 1963.

text:
# Trinidad and Tobago Chess Championship

The **Trinidad and Tobago Chess Championships** are the annual individual National Chess championships of Trinidad and Tobago. Although chess was being played in Trinidad and Tobago from 1922 or earlier, the first men's tournament took place in 1937.

Christo Cave is the player with the most wins to his credit, having won 13 titles. However, several other players have managed to pull off multiple wins: Ryan Harper has 8 titles, **George E. C. Stanford** has 6, **Frederick Edward Brassington** has 5, **Fred Sabga** has 4, and **Carl Brown, and Shawn Tavares** each have 3 titles.

There is also an annual National Women's Championship. Aditi Soondarsingh has won a record nine titles.

NOTE: The table below lists only the years when tournaments took place. There were no chess tournaments in Trinidad and Tobago in 1938, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1960, 1962, and 1963.

| **Year** | **National Men's Champion** |
| --- | --- |
| 1937 | George E. C. Stanford |
| 1939 | Dr. Aldwyn G. Francois |
| 1942 | Ralph Bersodi Jr |
| 1944 | Dr. R. O. Young |
| 1945 | Dr. Maxwell G. Sturm |
| 1946 | George E. C. Stanford |
| 1947 | Dr. Maxwell G. Sturm |
| 1948 | George E. C. Stanford |
| 1949 | Rene Pratt, H.A. Mc Shine, George E. C. Stanford |
| 1950 | Rene Pratt |
| 1951 | Frederick Edward Brassington |
| 1952 | Tournament Unfinished |
| 1953 | Carl Brown |
| 1954 | Frederick Edward Brassington |
| 1955 | Eric Callender |
| 1956 | Frederick Edward Brassington |
| 1957 | Eric Callender |
| 1958 | Frederick Edward Brassington |
| 1959 | Carl Brown |
| 1961 | Frederick Edward Brassington |
| 1964 | Arnold Ramon-Fortune |
| 1965 | George E. C. Stanford |
| 1966 | Fred Sabga |
| 1967 | Carl Brown |
| 1968 | Arnold Ramon-Fortune |
| 1969 | George E. C. Stanford |
| 1970, 1971, 1972 | Fred Sabga |
| 1973 | Arthur Rudy Mohipp |
| 1974 | Arthur Rudy Mohipp |
| 1975 | John Raphael |
| 1976 | Arthur Morris |
| 1977 | Kwame Payne |
| 1978 | Cecil Lee |
| 1979 | Arthur Morris |
| 1980 | Courtney Lee |
| 1981 | Edward Duchesne |
| 1982 | Shawn Tavares |
| 1983 | Franklyn Pierre |
| 1984 | Cecil Lee |
| 1985 | Yogendranath Ramsingh |
| 1986, 1987 | Shawn Tavares |
| 1988 | Yogendranath Ramsingh |
| 1989 | Edward Duchesne |
| 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 | Christo Cave |
| 1994 | Anderson Gordon |
| 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 | Christo Cave |
| 2002 | Ryan Harper |
| 2003, 2004 | Christo Cave |
| 2005, 2006, 2007 | Ryan Harper |
| 2008 | Ravishen Singh |
| 2009 | Marcus Joseph |
| 2010, 2011 | Ryan Harper |
| 2012 | Frank Yee |
| 2013 | Ryan Harper |
| 2014 | Vishnu Singh |
| 2015 | Kevin Cupid |
| 2016 | Joshua Johnson |
| 2018 | Adrian Winter Atwell |
| 2019 | Isaiah McIntosh |
| 2022 | Ryan Harper |
| 2023 | Isaiah McIntosh |

## List of women's champions

| Year | National Women's Champion |
| --- | --- |
| 1982 | Ayodele Moheni |
| 1983 | Ayodele Moheni |
| 1984 | Marylin Geoffroy |
| 1985 | Ayodele Moheni |
| 1986 | Ayodele Moheni |
| 2002 | Desire Derrick |
| 2003 | Desire Derrick |
| 2004 | Aditi Soondarsingh |
| 2005 | Chantal Fitzpatrick |
| 2006 | Aditi Soondarsingh |
| 2007 | Aditi Soondarsingh, Jane Kennedy |
| 2008 | Aditi Soondarsingh |
| 2009 | Aditi Soondarsingh |
| 2010 | Aditi Soondarsingh |
| 2011 | Aditi Soondarsingh |
| 2012 | Aditi Soondarsingh |
| 2013 | Javanna Smith |
| 2014 | Gabriella Johnson, Javanna Smith, Shannon Yearwood |
| 2015 | Aditi Soondarsingh |
| 2016 | Gabriella Johnson |
| 2018 | Gabriella Johnson |
| 2022 | Obdulis Hermoso Rodriguez |
| 2023 | Zara La Fleur |


abstract: This is a list of the Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica winners and nominees for Best MTV Tr3́s Artist.

text:
# Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica for Best MTV Tr3́s Artist

This is a list of the Los Premios MTV Latinoamérica winners and nominees for **Best MTV Tr3́s Artist**.

| Year | Winner | Other nominees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | **MTV Tr3́s Viewer's Choice Award: Don Omar** |  |
| 2007 | **MTV Tr3́s Viewer's Choice Award — Best Pop Artist: Aventura** |  |
| | **MTV Tr3́s Viewer's Choice Award — Best Urban Artist: Wisin & Yandel** |  |
| | **MTV Tr3́s Viewer's Choice Award — Best New Artist: Kat DeLuna** |  |
| 2009 | **Best MTV Tr3́s Artist: Aventura** |  |
| | **Best New MTV Tr3́s Artist: Da' Zoo** |  |


abstract: The Louisville, New Albany and Corydon Railroad was a short line railway that operated for over 100 years in Harrison County, Indiana between Corydon Junction and Corydon, a distance of 7.7 miles (12.39 km). It was sold to its main customer, Lucas Oil, on May 25, 2006. The line is now known as Lucas Oil Rail Line.

text:
# Louisville, New Albany and Corydon Railroad

Louisville, New Albany and Corydon *Railway*
| Overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Locale | Harrison County, Indiana |
| Dates of operation | 18811887 |
| Successor | Louisville, New Albany and Corydon Railroad |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) (standard gauge) |
| Length | 7.7 miles |

The **Louisville, New Albany and Corydon Railroad** was a short line railway (reporting mark **LNAC**) that operated for over 100 years in Harrison County, Indiana between Corydon Junction and Corydon, a distance of 7.7 miles (12.39 km). It was sold to its main customer, Lucas Oil, on May 25, 2006. The line is now known as Lucas Oil Rail Line.

## History

The LNAC was first established as the **Louisville, New Albany and Corydon *Railway*** in 1881, for the purpose of connecting Corydon to the main Louisville-St. Louis line of the then Louisville, New Albany and St. Louis Railway (later acquired by the Southern Railway) that ran a few miles north of town. After construction was completed, the line was opened for business in 1883. In 1887, the company was reorganized as the **Louisville, New Albany and Corydon *Railroad***, a name it kept under various owners for well over a century, until 2006.

## InfoBox

Louisville, New Albany and Corydon *Railroad*
| Overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | Corydon, Indiana |
| Reporting mark | LNAC |
| Locale | Harrison County, Indiana |
| Dates of operation | 18872006 |
| Predecessor | Louisville, New Albany and Corydon Railway |
| Successor | Lucas Oil Rail Line |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) (standard gauge) |
| Length | 7.7 miles |


abstract: Love & Life: The Very Best of Diana Ross is a compilation album by American singer Diana Ross. It was released by EMI in 2001. The double disc, 41-track album, which was not released commercially in the United States, details Ross' career as a solo artist and with The Supremes. Also included are duets with singers Lionel Richie, Marvin Gaye, and R&B band The Temptations. A single-disc edition of Love & Life: The Very Best of Diana Ross was also released, featuring Ross' 1995 cover of "I Will Survive." The album became a top thirty success in the United Kingdom, where it peaked it number 28 on the UK Albums Chart, and was eventually certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales in excess of 300,000 copies. The only new track in the set, a cover of the Goffin-King song "Goin' Back," a 1966 international hit for English singer Dusty Springfield, recorded especially for this collection and served as a single in several markets.

text:
# Love & Life: The Very Best of Diana Ross

***Love & Life: The Very Best of Diana Ross*** is a compilation album by American singer Diana Ross. It was released by EMI in 2001. The double disc, 41-track album, which was not released commercially in the United States, details Ross' career as a solo artist and with The Supremes. Also included are duets with singers Lionel Richie, Marvin Gaye, and R&B band The Temptations ("I'm Gonna Make You Love Me" sung with The Supremes). A single-disc edition of *Love & Life: The Very Best of Diana Ross* was also released, featuring Ross' 1995 cover of "I Will Survive."

The album became a top thirty success in the United Kingdom, where it peaked it number 28 on the UK Albums Chart, and was eventually certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales in excess of 300,000 copies. The only new track in the set, a cover of the Goffin-King song "Goin' Back," a 1966 international hit for English singer Dusty Springfield, recorded especially for this collection and served as a single in several markets.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

Allmusic editor Andrew Hamilton called the compilation a "splendid \[...\] very comprehensive and thoughtfully chosen package \[...\] This is as good as it gets. Compiling a more complete and pleasing package with the same number of tracks to work with will never happen. The circus-sounding "The Happening" is a nuisance, but you can skip or program it out entirely if it bothers you."

## Track listings

### Double disc edition

Disc One: Life
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Chain Reaction" | 3:48 |
| 2. | "Baby Love" (& The Supremes) | 2:36 |
| 3. | "Where Did Our Love Go" (& The Supremes) | 2:35 |
| 4. | "You Can’t Hurry Love" (& The Supremes) | 2:54 |
| 5. | "Stop! In the Name of Love" (& The Supremes) | 2:53 |
| 6. | "You Keep Me Hangin’ On" (& The Supremes) | 2:54 |
| 7. | "The Happening" (& The Supremes) | 2:52 |
| 8. | "Reflections" (& The Supremes) | 2:52 |
| 9. | "Love Hangover" | 3:45 |
| 10. | "The Boss" | 3:58 |
| 11. | "Why Do Fools Fall In Love" | 2:55 |
| 12. | "Mirror, Mirror" | 4:05 |
| 13. | "Muscles" | 4:03 |
| 14. | "Work That Body" | 3:36 |
| 15. | "Force Behind The Power" | 4:04 |
| 16. | "Workin’ Overtime" | 4:17 |
| 17. | "Take Me Higher" | 4:19 |
| 18. | "Until We Meet Again" (Hex Hector Remix) | 3:53 |
| 19. | "Not Over You Yet" (Metro Radio Edit) | 4:04 |
| 20. | "I’m Coming Out" | 3:56 |
| 21. | "Upside Down" | 4:06 |
| 22. | "My Old Piano" | 3:57 |

Disc Two: Love
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "You Are Everything" (& Marvin Gaye) | 3:09 |
| 2. | "Touch Me In The Morning" | 3:27 |
| 3. | "Do You Know Where You’re Going To?" (Theme From Mahogany) | 3:25 |
| 4. | "I’m Still Waiting" | 3:43 |
| 5. | "Ain’t No Mountain High Enough" | 3:30 |
| 6. | "I’m Gonna Make You Love Me" (& The Supremes & The Temptations) | 3:07 |
| 7. | "Someday We'll Be Together" | 3:26 |
| 8. | "Remember Me" | 3:30 |
| 9. | "Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart)" (& Marvin Gaye) | 2:55 |
| 10. | "Good Morning Heartache" | 2:22 |
| 11. | "It’s My Turn" | 3:59 |
| 12. | "One Shining Moment" | 4:46 |
| 13. | "In The Ones You Love" | 4:17 |
| 14. | "Your Love" | 4:03 |
| 15. | "Best Years Of My Life" | 4:23 |
| 16. | "Goin’ Back" | 3:40 |
| 17. | "If We Hold On Together" | 4:10 |
| 18. | "When You Tell Me That You Love Me" | 4:12 |
| 19. | "Endless Love" (& Lionel Richie) | 4:27 |

### Single disc edition

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "You Can’t Hurry Love" (with The Supremes) | 2:54 |
| 2. | "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" | 3:30 |
| 3. | "You Keep Me Hangin’ On" (& The Supremes) | 2:54 |
| 4. | "I’m Still Waiting" | 3:43 |
| 5. | "Touch Me In The Morning" | 3:27 |
| 6. | "You Are Everything" | 3:07 |
| 7. | "Love Hangover" | 3:45 |
| 8. | "Upside Down" | 4:06 |
| 9. | "I’m Coming Out" | 3:56 |
| 10. | "Do You Know Where You’re Going To?" | 3:25 |
| 11. | "Mirror, Mirror" | 4:05 |
| 12. | "Muscles" | 4:03 |
| 13. | "Work That Body" | 3:36 |
| 14. | "Endless Love" (with Lionel Richie) | 4:27 |
| 15. | "Why Do Fools Fall In Love" | 2:55 |
| 16. | "Chain Reaction" | 3:48 |
| 17. | "When You Tell Me That You Love Me" | 4:12 |
| 18. | "One Shining Moment" | 4:46 |
| 19. | "I Will Survive" | 3:49 |
| 20. | "Not Over You Yet" (Metro Radio Edit) | 4:04 |
| 21. | "Goin’ Back" | 3:40 |

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 300,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Love & Life: The Very Best of Diana Ross | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Greatest hits album by Diana Ross | |
| Released | January 15, 2001 |
| Label |  |
| Producer | Various |
| Diana Ross chronology | |
| *Every Day Is a New Day*
(1999) ***Love & Life: The Very Best of Diana Ross***
(2001) *Blue*
(2006) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Love & Life: The Very Best of Diana Ross* | |
| 1. "Goin' Back"
Released: 2001 | |
|  | |


title: Louisa Hodge

abstract: Louisa Hodge is a meteorologist and Emmy award-winning general assignment reporter for KCBS-2/KCAL-9 at CBS Studio Center in Studio City, California. She also hosted an adventure series where you could see her taking part in adventurous sports and activities in the Los Angeles area. Previously she spent two years working as a meteorologist/anchor/reporter for Independent TV KRON-4 in San Francisco and prior to KRON she was a TV anchor and reporter for Tribune Fox affiliate KTXL in Sacramento, CA. She was a weeknight reporter and weekend weather anchor for Fox 40 News at 10 with Teri Cox and Joe Orlando. Prior to her arrival at KTXL in November 2005, she was a co-host for "Wake Up!" on KNVN and KHSL-TV in Chico, CA as well as a Field reporter and weather reporter for NCN for a period of time since former anchor Maureen Naylor left NCN for ABC O&O KFSN in Fresno, CA. Prior to KNVN/KHSL, Louisa worked at WPTV in West Palm Beach, FL as a photographer and worked as an intern at Good Morning America.

text:
# Louisa Hodge

**Louisa Hodge** is a meteorologist and Emmy award-winning general assignment reporter for KCBS-2/KCAL-9 at CBS Studio Center in Studio City, California. She also hosted an adventure series where you could see her taking part in adventurous sports and activities in the Los Angeles area. Previously she spent two years working as a meteorologist/anchor/reporter for Independent TV KRON-4 in San Francisco and prior to KRON she was a TV anchor and reporter for Tribune Fox affiliate KTXL in Sacramento, CA. She was a weeknight reporter and weekend weather anchor for Fox 40 News at 10 with Teri Cox and Joe Orlando. Prior to her arrival at KTXL in November 2005, she was a co-host for "Wake Up!" on KNVN and KHSL-TV in Chico, CA as well as a Field reporter and weather reporter for NCN for a period of time since former anchor Maureen Naylor left NCN for ABC O&O KFSN in Fresno, CA. Prior to KNVN/KHSL, Louisa worked at WPTV in West Palm Beach, FL as a photographer and worked as an intern at *Good Morning America*.

## InfoBox

| Louisa Hodge | |
| --- | --- |
| Hodge doing an interview during the Space Shuttle Endeavour travel to the California Science Museum | |


title: Louise of Valois

abstract: Louise of Valois, was the first child and first daughter of King Francis I of France and his first wife, Claude of France. She died in infancy, but was betrothed to Charles I of Spain for much of her life.

text:
# Louise of Valois

**Louise of Valois** (c. 19 August 1515 – 21 September 1518), was the first child and first daughter of King Francis I of France and his first wife, Claude of France. She died in infancy, but was betrothed to Charles I of Spain for much of her life.

## Life

Born on 19 August 1515, Louise of France was the first child born to the newly-ascended King of France, Francis I, and his first wife, Claude, Duchess of Brittany. Claude was the eldest child of Louis XII of France, whom Francis succeeded. To end hostilities between France and Spain, the twelve-month old Louise was promised in marriage to Charles I of Spain, who would later go on to become Holy Roman Emperor. The Treaty of Noyon mandated that if Louise were to die, Charles would be obligated to wed another daughter of King Francis, or Renée, Queen Claude's sister. Either option would involve France ceding its claim to the Kingdom of Naples to Charles. In exchange, Charles would pay Francis a pension of a hundred thousand crowns a year until the wedding, and half of that amount annually if the marriage were to remain childless. If no marriage materialized, then Francis would retain the claim to Naples. The treaty also mandated that Louise was to remain under the care of Queen Claude until she turned eight, and was not to be married until the age of twelve.

However, Louise died at the age of three on 21 September 1518, and Charles was betrothed instead to her younger sister Charlotte, though he would eventually marry Isabella of Portugal once the two countries went to war again.

## Ancestry

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Louise of Valois | |
| --- | --- |
| Possible portrait by Jean Clouet | |
| Born | 19 August 1515<br>Amboise, France |
| Died | 21 September 1518(1518-09-21) (aged 3) |
| House | Valois-Angoulême |
| Father | Francis I of France |
| Mother | Claude of France |


title: Louis T. McFadden

abstract: Louis Thomas McFadden was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, serving from 1915 to 1935. A banker by trade, he was the chief sponsor of the 1927 McFadden Act, which rechartered the Federal Reserve System in perpetuity, liberalized branch banking for national banks and increased competition between member and non-member banks.

text:
# Louis T. McFadden

**Louis Thomas McFadden** (July 25, 1876 – October 1, 1936) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, serving from 1915 to 1935. A banker by trade, he was the chief sponsor of the 1927 McFadden Act, which rechartered the Federal Reserve System in perpetuity, liberalized branch banking for national banks and increased competition between member and non-member banks.

## Early life

McFadden was born in Granville Center, Granville Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Warner's Commercial College (currently known as the Elmira Business Institute) in Elmira, New York. In 1892, he entered the employ of the First National Bank in Canton, Pennsylvania.

In 1899, he was elected cashier; he became its president on January 11, 1916 and served until 1925.

McFadden served as treasurer of the Pennsylvania Bankers' Association in 1906 and 1907, and as president in 1914 and 1915. He was appointed in 1914 by the agricultural societies of the State of Pennsylvania as a trustee of Pennsylvania State College.

## Political career

In 1914, McFadden was elected as a Republican Representative to the Sixty-fourth Congress and to the nine succeeding Congresses. He served as Chairman of the United States House Committee on Banking and Currency during the Sixty-sixth through Seventy-first Congresses, or 1920-1931. Though re-elected without opposition in 1932, he lost to the Democratic nominee in 1934. He was an unsuccessful candidate for nomination in 1936.

McFadden's main official legacy was the working on and the passing of the McFadden Act of 1927, limiting nationally-chartered branch banks to the state in which the main branch operates. The Act sought to give national banks competitive equality with state-chartered banks by letting national banks operate branch banks to the extent permitted by state law. The McFadden Act specifically prohibited interstate branching by allowing national banks to branch only within the state in which they were situated. Although the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 repealed this provision of the McFadden Act, it specified that state law continues to control intrastate branching, or branching within a state's borders, for both state and national banks.

McFadden later became a "vociferous foe of the Federal Reserve", which he claimed was created and operated by Jewish banking interests who conspired to economically control the United States. In a speech in the House of Representatives in December 1931, McFadden accused Paul Warburg, one of the leading forces behind the Federal Reserve Act, of “having engineered the great depression.” On June 10, 1932, McFadden made a 25-minute speech before the House of Representatives, in which he accused the Federal Reserve of deliberately causing the Great Depression.

After the expulsion from Washington, D.C., of the veteran petitioners of the Bonus Army, which he called "the greatest crime in modern history", McFadden moved to impeach President Herbert Hoover in 1932, and he also introduced a resolution bringing conspiracy charges against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve. The impeachment resolution was defeated by a vote of 361 to 8; it was seen as a big vote of confidence to President Hoover from the House. According to *Time* magazine McFadden was "denounced and condemned by all Republicans for his 'contemptible gesture'." The Central Press Association reported that he was "virtually read out of his party ... \[had\] his committee posts ... taken away from him…was ostracized by Republicans \[and\] called crazy ...". Sen. David A. Reed (R-PA) said "We intend to act to all practical purposes as though McFadden had died".

In 1933, he introduced House Resolution No. 158, which included articles of impeachment for the Secretary of the Treasury, two assistant Secretaries of the Treasury, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, and the officers and directors of its twelve regional banks.

In 1934, he made several anti-Semitic comments from the floor of the House and in newsletters to his constituents wherein he cited the *Protocols of the Elders of Zion*, claimed the Roosevelt administration was controlled by Jews, and objected to Henry Morgenthau Jr., who was Jewish, becoming Secretary of the Treasury. Drew Pearson claimed in his "Washington Merry-Go-Round" column that, in a publication by the American fascist Silver Shirts, McFadden had been "extensively" quoted "in support of Adolf Hitler". In September the Nazi tabloid *Der Stuermer* praised McFadden. He was also lauded by the publications of William Dudley Pelley, leader of the Silver Shirts, on several occasions. On election day that year he lost to Charles E. Dietrich by "about 2,000 votes". This was the only election between 1912 and 1950 when the district elected a Democrat.

According to McFadden's Jewish Telegraphic Agency obituary: "In January 1935, he announced his candidacy for president with the backing of an organization called 'the Independent Republican National Christian-Gentile Committee' on a platform to 'keep the Jew out of control of the Republican Party!'" Not garnering much support for his presidential bid, he tried to win back his congressional seat. He lost the nomination by a wide-margin to Col. Albert G. Rutherford who went on to win the general election.

## Death

He was in New York City visiting with his wife and son in late September 1936, when he was taken ill at his hotel and died of coronary thrombosis shortly thereafter in the Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled, in Manhattan. He was interred in East Canton Cemetery in Canton Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania.

## InfoBox

| Louis T. McFadden | |
| --- | --- |
| McFadden c.1910–25 | |
|  | |
| Chairman of the Committee on Banking and Currency | |
| **In office**
June 7, 1920  March 4, 1931 | |
| Preceded by | Edmund Platt |
| Succeeded by | Henry B. Steagall |
| Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from Pennsylvania | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1915  January 3, 1935 | |
| Preceded by | William D.B. Ainey |
| Succeeded by | Charles E. Dietrich |
| Constituency | 14th district (1915–23)
15th district (1923–35) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1876-07-25)July 25, 1876
Bradford County, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | October 1, 1936(1936-10-01) (aged 60)
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Louis T. Benezet

abstract: Louis Tomlinson Benezet was an American educator, education administrator and multiple U.S. university president. He was the son of Louis P. Bénézet, a professor at Dartmouth College. He received his B.A. at Dartmouth College in 1936, his MA in psychology at Reed College in 1939, and his Ph.D. in college and educational administration at Columbia University in 1942. From 1948 to 1955 he was president of Allegheny College, and from 1955 to 1963, president of Colorado College. He transformed Colorado College into a nationally recognized training center. When he left in 1955 he had become a recognized national figure in the field of higher education. The annual "Louis Benezet Award" was named after him. From 1963 to 1970 he was president of Claremont Graduate School and University Center in Claremont, California. As president of Claremont, he left a nationally important legacy, since he organized a change in the "College Rating System", introducing a system which reflected the actual performance of alumni in later life, by following-up on former students with greater efficiency. From 1970 to 1976 he was president of the State University of New York at Albany. Benezet took the view that there had been too much of a readiness to accept the claims of private higher education to improve economic efficiency, the personal treatment of students, to set high standards, and encourage diversity.

text:
# Louis T. Benezet

**Louis Tomlinson Benezet** (June 29, 1915 in La Crosse, Wisconsin  January 23, 2002 in Mill Valley, California) was an American educator, education administrator and multiple U.S. university president. He was the son of Louis P. Bénézet, a professor at Dartmouth College.

He received his B.A. at Dartmouth College in 1936, his MA in psychology at Reed College in 1939, and his Ph.D. in college and educational administration at Columbia University in 1942.

From 1948 to 1955 he was president of Allegheny College, and from 1955 to 1963, president of Colorado College. He transformed Colorado College into a nationally recognized training center. When he left in 1955 he had become a recognized national figure in the field of higher education. The annual "Louis Benezet Award" was named after him.

From 1963 to 1970 he was president of Claremont Graduate School and University Center in Claremont, California. As president of Claremont, he left a nationally important legacy, since he organized a change in the "College Rating System", introducing a system which reflected the actual performance of alumni in later life, by following-up on former students with greater efficiency. From 1970 to 1976 he was president of the State University of New York at Albany.

Benezet took the view that there had been too much of a readiness to accept the claims of private higher education to improve economic efficiency, the personal treatment of students, to set high standards, and encourage diversity.

## Bibliography

* 1943 *General Education in the Progressive College*. New York, Teachers College, Columbia University Press.
* 1961 "Is Higher Education a Commodity?" In G. Kerry Smith (ed.). *Goals for Higher Education in a Decade of Decision*. Washington, D.C., Association for Higher Education. pp. 241–244.
* 1962 "The Office of the President." In Gerald P. Burns (ed.). *Administrators in Higher Education: Their Functions and Coordination*. New York, Harper and Brothers. pp. 99–110.
* 1965 "College Groups and the Claremont Example." In Logan Wilson (ed.). *Emerging Patterns in American Higher Education*. Washington, D.C., American Council on Education. pp. 199–203.
* 1969 "Continuity and Change: The Need for Both." In John Caffrey (ed.). *The Future Academic Community--Continuity and Change*. Washington, D.C., American Council on Education. pp. 15–29.
* 1977a *Private Higher Education and Public Funding*. Washington, D.C., American Council on Education.
* 1977b "Uses and Abuses of Departments." In Dean E. McHenry, et al. *Academic Departments: Problems, Variations and Alternatives*. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.
* 1981, et al. *Style and Substance: Leadership and the College Presidency*. Washington, D.C., American Council on Education.
* 1999 "People versus pyramids: New goals for the elite college", The Colorado College Studies


title: Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition

abstract: Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition is the formal (3+2) annulation of trimethylenemethane (TMM) derivatives to two-atom pi systems. Although TMM itself is too reactive and unstable to be stored, reagents which can generate TMM or TMM synthons in situ can be used to effect cycloaddition reactions with appropriate electron acceptors. Generally, electron-deficient pi bonds undergo cyclization with TMMs more easily than electron-rich pi bonds.

text:
# Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition

**Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition** is the formal (3+2) annulation of trimethylenemethane (TMM) derivatives to two-atom pi systems. Although TMM itself is too reactive and unstable to be stored, reagents which can generate TMM or TMM synthons *in situ* can be used to effect cycloaddition reactions with appropriate electron acceptors. Generally, electron-deficient pi bonds undergo cyclization with TMMs more easily than electron-rich pi bonds.

## Introduction

Trimethylenemethane is a neutral, four-carbon molecule composed of four pi bonds; thus, it must be expressed either as a non-Kekulé molecule or a zwitterion. The orbital energy levels of TMM reveal that it possesses singlet and triplet states; generally, these states exhibit different reactivity and selectivity profiles. A singlet (3+2) cycloaddition, when it is concerted, is believed to proceed under frontier orbital control. When electron-rich TMMs are involved, the *A* orbital serves as the HOMO (leading to fused products if the TMM is cyclic). When electron-poor (or unsubstituted) TMMs are involved, the *S* orbital serves as the HOMO (leading to bridged products if the TMM is cyclic). Cycloadditions involving the triplet state are stepwise, and usually result in configurational scrambling in the two-atom component.

The rapid closure of TMMs to methylidenecyclopropanes is a general problem that affects the rate and yield of (3+2) cycloaddition reactions involving this class of reaction intermediates. The problem is generally less severe for five-membered, cyclic TMMs due to ring strain in the corresponding MCPs. When ring closure and TMM dimerization can be controlled, (3+2) cycloaddition affords isomeric mixtures of methylenecyclopentanes. Three classes of compounds have been used to generate synthetically useful TMM intermediates: diazenes, silyl-substituted allylic acetates and methylenecyclopropenes. Transition metal catalysis can be used with the latter two classes, although polar MCPs may open under light or heat (see below).

## Mechanism and stereochemistry

### Prevailing mechanisms

Diazenes may extrude nitrogen to provide discrete TMM intermediates. Generally, bridged diazenes are used to avoid competitive closure to MCPs and dimerization reactions. In combination with an alkenic acceptor, cyclization to either fused or bridged products takes place. Fused products are generally favored, unless the diazene precursor is substituted with electron-donating groups at the methylene carbon atom. The configuration of the alkene is maintained as long as the reaction is proceeding through a singlet TMM.

When stabilizing groups are present, MCPs may open to the corresponding zwitterionic TMMs. Acetal **1** has been used in this context, and provides cyclopentanes with the acetal functionality *exo* to the newly formed ring with high selectivity. This reaction is also stereospecific with respect to alkene geometry, and exhibits high selectivity for *endo* products in most cases.

MCPs lacking stabilizing groups may generate TMM synthons in the presence of palladium(0) or nickel(0) catalysts. Formal insertion of the catalyst into either of the two chemically distinct cyclopropane bonds (called "distal" and "proximal" to reflect their distance from the double bond) has the potential to generate isomeric products. Generally, palladium catalysts cause formal distal bond cleavage. This process is believed to occur through direct attack of the distal bond on the coordinated alkene. The reaction is stepwise and lacks stereospecificity under both palladium and nickel catalysis.

Silylated allylic acetates, carbonates and other substituted allyl compounds may form TMM synthons under palladium catalysis. The reaction is highly regioselective, providing only the substitution pattern shown below regardless of the position of the R' group on the starting allylic acetate. However, cyclization takes place in a stepwise fashion and does not exhibit stereospecificity. Rapid racemization of chiral pi-allyl palladium complexes occurs, and only moderate diastereoselectivity is observed in reactions of chiral allylic acetates. Chiral non-racemic alkenes, however, may exhibit moderate to high diastereoselectivity.

### Stereoselective variants

Chiral auxiliaries on the alkene partner have been used for stereoselective transformations. In the reaction of camphorsultam-derived unsaturated amides, lower temperatures were needed to achieve high selectivities.

In reactions of silyl-substituted allylic acetates, chiral sulfoxides can be used to enforce high diastereofacial selectivity.

## Scope and limitations

The primary limitations of TMM cycloadditions employing diazenes are competitive MCP and dimer formation. To circumvent these problems, either very high concentrations of alkene must be used or the cycloaddition must be intramolecular. Stereoselectivity and site selectivity may also be higher in intramolecular variants of cycloadditions starting from diazenes.

Usually, unless a cyclic pi system is involved TMM cycloadditions exhibit 2π periselectivity and do not react with larger pi systems. Polar MCPs, for example, react only with the 2,3 double bond of polyunsaturated esters.

Transition-metal catalyzed reactions have the potential to quickly generate an interesting functionality. Propellanes have been generated from intramolecular cyclization under palladium catalysis.

Silylated allylic acetates may be employed for intra- or intermolecular applications. Carbonyl compounds may be used as the 2π component under the appropriate conditions. For instance, in the presence of an indium co-catalyst, the reactive 2π component of the cycloaddition below switches from the C-C to the C-O double bond.

Polarized trimethylenemethanes generated from polar MCPs are also useful substrates for (3+2) reactions with polar double bonds as the 2π component. Orthoester products are generally favored over ketene acetals.

## Synthetic applications

The high stereospecificity and stereoselectivity inherent in many TMM cycloaddition reactions is a significant advantage; for instance, the *trans* ring junction in TMM cycloaddition adduct **2** was carried through in a synthesis of (+)-brefeldin A.

## Comparison with other methods

Although 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is a useful method for the generation of five-membered heterocyclic compounds, few methods exist to synthesize five-membered carbocyclic rings in a single step via annulation. Most of these, like TMM cycloaddition, rely on the generation of a suitable three-atom component for combination with a stable two-atom partner such as an alkene or alkyne. When heated, cyclopropene acetals rearrange to vinylcarbenes, which can serve as the three-atom component in cycloadditions with highly electron-deficient alkenes. Zinc homoenolates can also serve as indirect three-atom components, and undergo cyclization to cyclopentenones in the presence of an unsaturated ester. Tandem intermolecular-intramolecular cyclization of homopropargylic radicals leads to methylenecyclopropanes.

## Experimental conditions and procedure

### Typical conditions

The optimal conditions for TMM cycloadditions depend on both the TMM source and two-atom component. However, a few general principles for each of the TMM sources have emerged.

Reactions of diazenes should employ degassed solvents to avoid radical reactions with oxygen. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) at reflux is the most commonly employed solvent system, but photodissociation conditions at low temperature may also be used.

Reactions employing polar MCPs are usually carried out in a polar solvent to facilitate formation of the TMM intermediate. Although rigorous exclusion of air and water is not required, it is generally preferred.

For transition-metal catalyzed MCP reactions, the choice of catalyst and ligand system is key. Generally, phosphine or phosphite ligands are required in conjunction with a palladium(0) or nickel(0) source; the most common are Pd2(dba)3 and Ni(cod)2. Tri(isopropyl)phosphine is the most common ligand used with palladium, and triarylphosphites are usually added in nickel-catalyzed reactions.

For transition-metal catalyzed reactions of silylated allylic acetates, the most commonly used catalyst system is palladium(II) acetate and tri(isopropyl)phosphite. Reactions are usually carried out in THF at temperatures ranging from 60 to 110 °C. The choice of solvent or leaving group may affect the course of the reaction.


title: Loudoun Square

abstract: Loudoun Square is a residential square in Cardiff, Wales. Described as "the heart of the old Tiger Bay", the square is the location of two of Cardiff's few residential tower blocks, as well as shops, a pub, church, health centre and community centre.

text:
# Loudoun Square

**Loudoun Square** is a residential square in Cardiff, Wales. Described as "the heart of the old Tiger Bay", the square is the location of two of Cardiff's few residential tower blocks, as well as shops, a pub, church, health centre and community centre.

## History

During the 1840s the Marquess of Bute created the residential area of Butetown, to house workers for the new Cardiff Docks. After his death (in 1848), and the death in 1852 of the owner of a glassworks on the site, land was acquired between West Bute Street (to the east) and the Glamorganshire Canal (to the west) to create a large square of three-storey decorative houses. It was shown as "Luton Square" on an 1855 map. The square was a "jewell" in "perhaps the poshest place in town", surrounding a green tranquil park with its houses home to shipwrights, mariners, merchants, brokers and builders. The area became highly multicultural, "one of the most colourful and cosmopolitan communities on Earth".

By the 1880s the wealthier residents had moved away to the new suburbs. While the nearby Mount Stuart Square became the site for an impressive new Coal Exchange building, Loudoun Square became increasingly overcrowded as residents took in tenants to help pay the high rents. The Loudoun Square area became known as "Tiger Bay", and the racial composition became even more diverse with the arrival of seafarers on the ships in the period before the Great War.

## 1960s redevelopment

Tower blocks in Loudoun SquareLoudoun HouseNelson House

By the late 1940s the houses in Butetown were in extremely poor repair and the area was seen by the city authorities as a physical *and* moral slum. It was decided to demolish the existing houses and replace them with modern residential tower blocks. Loudoun Square was the first area to be tackled and the nineteenth century housing was cleared in 1960. Residents of the Square were moved to new housing or decanted to Cardiff's suburban housing estates. Between 1960 and 1966 two 16-storey tower blocks, Loudoun House and Nelson House, were built on the centre of Loudoun Square.

## Recent events

A new foyer, "hotel-style" concierge reception and garden area was created by Cardiff Council for Loudoun House and Nelson House in 2001, described by a resident as "similar to the St David's Hotel".

In Summer 2010 work started to replace and improve the facilities in the square, with a £13 million revamp led by the Cardiff Community Housing Association. The new facilities would include a new shopping centre, community hub and a health centre, together with 13 new houses and 48 apartments to a BREEAM accredited eco-standard.

In 2023, a new station on the South Wales Metro is planned to open in the area, serving 3 Light Rapid Transit lines to Treherbert, Aberdare, & Merthyr Tydfil, Cardiff City Centre & Cardiff Bay (With plans to extend to the Senedd and Cardiff Parkway).

## Sources

* Evans, Catherine; Dodsworth, Steve; Barnett, Julie (1984), *Below the Bridge: A photo-historical survey of Cardiff's docklands to 1983*, Cardiff: National Museum of Wales Cardiff, ISBN 0-7200-0288-5

51°28′12″N 3°10′14″W / 51.4699°N 3.1706°W / 51.4699; -3.1706