title: N,N-Dimethyldopamine

abstract:
N,N-Dimethyldopamine (DMDA) is an organic compound belonging to the phenethylamine family. It is related structurally to the alkaloid epinine (N-methyldopamine) and to the major neurotransmitter dopamine (of which it is the N,N-dimethylated analog). Because of its structural relationship to dopamine, DMDA has been the subject of a number of pharmacological investigations.
DMDA has been detected in Acacia rigidula.

text:
# N,N-Dimethyldopamine

***N*,*N*-Dimethyldopamine** (DMDA) is an organic compound belonging to the phenethylamine family. It is related structurally to the alkaloid epinine (*N*-methyldopamine) and to the major neurotransmitter dopamine (of which it is the *N*,*N*-dimethylated analog). Because of its structural relationship to dopamine, DMDA has been the subject of a number of pharmacological investigations. DMDA has been detected in *Acacia rigidula*.

## Occurrence

DMDA has been reported from the plant *Acacia rigidula* Benth. (Fabaceae), in which it has been detected at levels of ~ 11-45 ppm.

## Chemistry

Since *N*,*N*-dimethyldopamine is chemically an amine, it is basic (a weak base, technically), but it is also a catechol (a 1,2-dihydroxybenzene), which gives it weakly acidic properties, so that the compound is amphoteric.

### Preparation

Several different methods have been reported for the preparation of DMDA. An early synthesis by Buck and co-workers began with 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (veratraldehyde), which was condensed with hippuric acid to give the azlactone; this was hydrolyzed with NaOH to the corresponding pyruvic acid, which was then converted to its oxime; treatment of the oxime with acetic anhydride gave 3,4-dimethoxyphenylacetonitrile, which was catalytically reduced (H2/Pd) in the presence of excess dimethylamine to N,N-dimethyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine; finally, the methoxy-groups were cleaved with HCl to give DMDA as its hydrochloride salt.

A more recent method starts with 3,4-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid, which is converted to its acid chloride with thionyl chloride; this is reacted with dimethylamine to give the dimethylamide, which is then reduced using diborane to N,N-dimethyl 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine; the methoxy- groups are finally cleaved with hydriodic acid to give DMDA.

The shortest method is that of Borgman et al., who converted 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine into *N*,*N*-dimethyl 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine by catalytic reduction (H2/Pd) in the presence of formaldehyde; the methoxy-groups were then cleaved with hydrobromic acid.

## Pharmacology

One of the earliest pharmacological studies of DMDA was that of Daly and his co-workers, who studied the ability of a large number of substituted phenethylamines to release norepinephrine (NE) from the mouse heart. In this assay, a subcutaneous dose of 10 mg/kg of DMDA hydrochloride (referred to as "3,4-dihydroxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine HCl") failed to produce a significant change in the NE content of the heart. In comparison, a dose of 5 mg/kg, s.c., of N-methyldopamine ("3,4-dihydroxy-N-methylphenethylamine HCl") caused a 45% reduction in the NE content, while dopamine HCl itself caused a 50% decrease at a dose of 5 mg/kg, s.c.

Another early pharmacological investigation of DMDA was carried out by Goldberg and co-workers, who examined the effects of a range of phenethylamine analogs in an assay based on the vasodilation produced by injection of the test drug into the renal artery of the dog. In this assay, a drug was classed as "dopamine-like" if the vasoldilation it produced was not prevented by β-blocking drugs, and did not occur if the drug was injected into the femoral artery. Although DMDA, at a dose of 0.5 mg, caused a marked bradycardia, a dose of ~ 0.75 mg did not increase renal blood flow (i.e. cause vasodilation) after administration of atropine to abolish the bradycardia.

In cats pretreated with atropine and hexamethonium, DMDA is a strong vasopressor: a parenteral dose of 10 μg/kg produced a rise in blood pressure more than twice that produced by the same dose of dopamine. In an assay based on the increase in heart rate (positive chronotropic response) produced by electrical stimulation of the post-ganglionic fibers of cat cardioaccelerator nerve, an i.v. dose of ~ 15 μg/kg DMDA caused a 50% reduction of the response, compared to an approximately 10% decrease produced by the same dose of dopamine. From these and other related observations, the researchers concluded that DMDA was a potent inhibitor of the adrenergic system via stimulation of inhibitory putative (at that time) dopamine receptors on adrenergic nerve terminals.

In the dog, an i.v. dose of 16 μg/kg caused an ~ 80% decrease in heart rate in the same cardioaccelerator nerve assay, compared to an ~ 8% decrease produced by dopamine. DMDA caused vasoconstriction in several isolated vascular preparations from the rabbit. The pressor activity of DMDA was partially inhibited by the α-antagonist phentolamine. From these and other observations, the investigators concluded that there were significant species-related differences between the responses to DMDA of dogs and cats, with adrenergic effects being predominant in dogs.

Ginos et al. tested DMDA for effects in unilaterally-caudectomized mice (dose ≤ 120 mg/kg, i.p.), nigral-lesioned rats (dose = 10 mg/kg, i.p.), and on adenylate cyclase activity in homogenized mouse caudate nuclei (concentration = 10μM/L). DMDA showed no effects in any of these assay systems. By comparison, *N*-methyldopamine also had no effect in caudectomized mice at ≤ 150 mg/kg, and only a weak effect in nigral-lesioned rats at 25 mg/kg, although it was as effective as dopamine in stimulating cAMP in the adenylate cyclase assay.

Borgman and co-workers reported in 1973 that at 100 mg/kg, given i.p. to mice, DMDA failed to antagonize the tremor and reduction in locomotor activity produced by pre-administration of oxotremorine. In another assay, 6 mg/kg of DMDA (i.p. in mice) only slightly antagonized the reduced locomotor activity resulting from pre-treatment with reserpine. A dose of 1 mg/kg, iv., of DMDA did not produce any hypothermia in mice.

It has been stated that dopamine is behaviorally inactive due to its rapid peripheral metabolism and inability to cross the blood–brain barrier. When dopamine or *N*-methyldopamine were injected directly into the nucleus accumbens of mice, however, doses of 12.5-50 μg produced marked hyperactivity, with the latter being somewhat more potent. In contrast, DMDA did not produce any hyperactivity in doses up to 100 μg.

In a 1981 paper, Costall and co-workers reported that DMDA, in doses of 0.5–8 mg/kg given i.p. to mice, produced a dose-dependent reduction in spontaneous motor activity (occurring within a 20 minute period after drug administration). They also observed piloerection at 2 mg/kg, and prostration accompanying the 8 mg/kg or higher doses. The effects of DMDA were not altered by the administration of spiroperidol.

Receptor binding studies, in competition with \[3H\]-spiperone, using receptors from pig anterior pituitary, have revealed the following affinities for D2 receptors exhibited by DMDA: Kahigh = 20 nM; Kalow = 10200 nM. In comparison, the corresponding affinities for *N*-methyldopamine are: 10.4 nM (high) and 3430 nM (low), while for dopamine they are 7.5 nM (high) and 4300 nM (low affinity state).

Similar receptor binding results were obtained when DMDA and DA were assayed using a receptor preparation from rat striatum: competition against \[3H\]-spiperone gave affinity constants of ~ 25 nM (high affinity state) and ~ 724 nM (low) for DMDA, compared to ~ 10 nM (high) and ~ 354 nM (low) for dopamine. Both drugs were also tested for their ability to inhibit the \[3H\]-ACh release from mouse striatal slices evoked by K+. In this assay, the ED50 for DMDA was ~ 0.06 μM, and for dopamine it was ~ 1.9 μM.

## Toxicity

The LD50 for *N*,*N*-dimethyldopamine·HCl is reported as 240 mg/kg (mouse, i.p.).; under the same experimental conditions, the LD50 for N-methyldopamine.HBr (epinine hydrobromide) is 212 mg/kg (mouse, i.p.), and the LD50 for dopamine·HCl is 1978 mg/kg (mouse, i.p.).

1. B. A. Clement, C. M. Goff, and T.D. A. Forbes (1998). "Toxic amines and alkaloids from *Acacia rigidula*." *Phytochemistry* **49** 1377-1380.
2. J. S. Buck, R. Baltzly and W. Ide (1938). "β-Phenethylamine derivatives. Tertiary and quaternary salts." *J. Am. Chem. Soc.* **60** 1789-1796.
3. J. Z. Ginos et al. (1975). "Cholinergic effects of molecular segments of apomorphine and dopaminergic effects of N,N-dialkylated dopamines." *J. Med. Chem.* **18** 1194-1200.
4. R. J. Borgman, J. J. McPhillips, R. E. Stitzel, and I. J. Goodman (1973). "Synthesis and pharmacology of centrally acting dopamine derivatives and analogs in relation to Parkinson's disease." *J. Med. Chem.* **16** 630-633.
5. J. W. Daly, C. R. Creveling, and B. Witkop (1966). "The chemorelease of norepinephrine from mouse hearts. Structure-activity relationships. I. Sympathomimetic and related amines." *J. Med. Chem.* **9** 273-280.
6. L. I. Goldberg, P. F. Sonneville, and J. L. McNay (1968). "An investigation of the structural requirements for dopamine-like renal vasodilation: phenethylamines and apomorphine." *J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.* **163** 188-197.
7. M. Ilhan, J. P. Long and J. G. Cannon (1975). "Bulbocapnine's ability to antagonize the adrenergic inhibitory action of dopamine and analogs." *Eur. J. Pharmacol.* **33** 13-18.
8. J. M. Kitzen, M. Ilhan, J. G. Cannon and J. P. Long (1976). "α-Adrenergic activity of N,N-dimethyldopamine (DMDA)." *Eur. J. Pharmacol.* **38** 365-372.
9. J. G. Cannon, F.-L. Hsu, J. P. Long, J. R. Flynn, B. Costall, and R. J. Naylor (1978). "Preparation and biological actions of some symmetrically N,N-disubstituted dopamines." *J. Med. Chem.* **21** 248–253.
10. B. Costall, R. J. Naylor and R. M. Pinder (1976). "Characterisation of the mechanisms for hyperactivity induction from the nucleus accumbens by phenethylamine derivatives." *Psychopharmacol.* **48** 225-231.
11. B. Costall, S. K. Lim, and R. J. Naylor (1981). "Characterisation of the mechanisms by which purported dopamine agonists reduce spontaneous locomotor activity of mice." *Eur. J. Pharmacol.* **73** 175-188.
12. P. Seeman, M. Watanabe, D. Grigoriadis, J. L. Tedesco, S. R. George, U. Svensson, J. L. Nilsson, and J. L. Neumeyer (1985). "Dopamine D2 receptor binding sites for agonists. A tetrahedral model." *Mol. Pharmacol.* **28** 391-399.
13. R. A. Wallace, T. Farooqui, L. Wallace, J. Ares, Y.A. Chang, D. Miller, and N. Uretsky (1987). "Interaction of permanently charged analogs of dopamine with the D-2 dopaminergic receptor." *Biochem. Pharmacol.* **36** 3903 – 3910.

## InfoBox

*N*,*N*-Dimethyldopamine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 4-\[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl\]benzene-1,2-diol | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C10H15NO2/c1-11(2)6-5-8-3-4-9(12)10(13)7-8/h3-4,7,12-13H,5-6H2,1-2H3Key: XJTVXBWTYZCUJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * CN(C)CCC1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C10H15NO2 |
| Molar mass | 181.235 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | colorless |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: My Melody (Stereo Total album)

abstract: My Melody is Stereo Total's fourth album. This album's theme was centered on love. It was released on April 27, 1999. The second track on the album, "I Love You, Ono" was featured in a 2009 commercial for Dell's Studio 15. The song is a cover of "I Love You, Oh No!" by Plastics.

text:
# My Melody (Stereo Total album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |

***My Melody*** is Stereo Total's fourth album. This album's theme was centered on love. It was released on April 27, 1999. The second track on the album, "I Love You, Ono" was featured in a 2009 commercial for Dell's Studio 15. The song is a cover of "I Love You, Oh No!" by Plastics.

## Track listing

1. "Beauty Case" - 2:44
2. "I Love You, Ono" - 3:08
3. "Plötzlich Ist Alles Anders" - 2:18
4. "Larmes Toxiques" - 3:32
5. "Discjockey" - 3:19
6. "Ich Liebe Dich, Alexander" - 2:01
7. "Tout Le Monde Se Fout Des Fleurs" - 3:05
8. "Vilaines Filles, Mauvais Garcons" - 2:01
9. "Sous La Douche" - 1:59
10. "Du Und Dein Automobil" - 3:23
11. "Partir Ou Mourir" - 3:00
12. "Ringo, I Love You" - 1:27
13. "Tokyo Mon Amour" - 3:07
14. "Milky Boy Bourgeois" - 2:04
15. "Die Krise" - 3:16
16. "Joe Le Taxi" - 3:04

## InfoBox

| My Melody | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Stereo Total | |
| Released | April 27, 1999 |
| Genre | Electropop, synthpop, indie |
| Stereo Total chronology | |
| *Juke-Box Alarm*
(1998) ***My Melody***
(1999) *Musique Automatique*
(2001) | |


title: Petroleum product

abstract: Petroleum products are materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries. Unlike petrochemicals, which are a collection of well-defined usually pure organic compounds, petroleum products are complex mixtures. Most petroleum is converted into petroleum products, which include several classes of fuels. According to the composition of the crude oil and depending on the demands of the market, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products. The largest share of oil products is used as "energy carriers", i.e. various grades of fuel oil and gasoline. These fuels include or can be blended to give gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, and heavier fuel oils. Heavier fractions can also be used to produce asphalt, tar, paraffin wax, lubricating and other heavy oils. Refineries also produce other chemicals, some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics and other useful materials. Since petroleum often contains a few percent sulfur-containing molecules, elemental sulfur is also often produced as a petroleum product. Carbon, in the form of petroleum coke, and hydrogen may also be produced as petroleum products. The hydrogen produced is often used as an intermediate product for other oil refinery processes such as hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization.

text:
# Petroleum product

**Petroleum products** are materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries. Unlike petrochemicals, which are a collection of well-defined usually pure organic compounds, petroleum products are complex mixtures. Most petroleum is converted into petroleum products, which include several classes of fuels.

According to the composition of the crude oil and depending on the demands of the market, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products. The largest share of oil products is used as "energy carriers", i.e. various grades of fuel oil and gasoline. These fuels include or can be blended to give gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, and heavier fuel oils. Heavier (less volatile) fractions can also be used to produce asphalt, tar, paraffin wax, lubricating and other heavy oils. Refineries also produce other chemicals, some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics and other useful materials. Since petroleum often contains a few percent sulfur-containing molecules, elemental sulfur is also often produced as a petroleum product. Carbon, in the form of petroleum coke, and hydrogen may also be produced as petroleum products. The hydrogen produced is often used as an intermediate product for other oil refinery processes such as hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization.

## Specialty and by-products

Oil refineries will blend various feedstocks, mix appropriate additives, provide short-term storage, and prepare for bulk loading to trucks, barges, product ships, and railcars.

* Gasses like propane and methane are stored within petroleum.
* Liquid fuels blending (producing automotive and aviation grades of gasoline, kerosene, various aviation turbine fuels, and diesel fuels, adding dyes, detergents, antiknock additives, oxygenates, and anti-fungal compounds as required). Shipped by barge, rail, and tanker ship. May be shipped regionally in dedicated pipelines to point consumers, particularly aviation jet fuel to major airports, or piped to distributors in multi-product pipelines using product separators called pipeline inspection gauges ("pigs").
* Lubricants (produces light machine oils, motor oils, and greases, adding viscosity stabilizers as required), usually shipped in bulk to an offsite packaging plant.
* Paraffin wax, used in illumination (candle wax) and other uses. May be shipped in bulk to a site to prepare as packaged blocks.
* Slack wax, a raw refinery output comprising a mixture of oil and wax used as a precursor for scale wax and paraffin wax and as-is in non-food products such as wax emulsions, construction board, matches, candles, rust protection, and vapour barriers.
* Sulfur, by-product of sulfur removal from petroleum, which contain percent of organosulfur compounds.
* Bulk tar shipping for offsite unit packaging for use in tar-and-gravel roofing or similar uses.
* Asphalt, used as a binder for gravel to form asphalt concrete, which is used for paving roads, lots, etc. An asphalt unit prepares bulk asphalt for shipment.
* Petroleum coke, used in specialty carbon products such as certain types of electrodes, or as solid fuel.
* Petrochemicals or petrochemical feedstocks such as ethylene,

## Petroleum by-products

Over 6,000 items are made from petroleum waste by-products, including: fertilizer, flooring (floor covering), perfume, insecticide, petroleum jelly, soap, vitamins and some essential amino acids.


title: Pipe Creek Falls Resort

abstract: Pipe Creek Falls Resort is a national historic district located at Tipton Township, Cass County, Indiana. The district encompasses five contributing buildings, one contributing site, and two contributing structures associated with a recreational site and campground on a wooded site overlooking Pipe Creek. It developed between about 1888 and 1940 and includes notable examples of Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Notable contributing resources include the Pipe Creek Grist Mill (1914), generator shed (1914), bath house (1914), storage shed (1940), restroom (1940), concession stand (1940), the foundation of a carousel, and rock shelters. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

text:
# Pipe Creek Falls Resort

**Pipe Creek Falls Resort** is a national historic district located at Tipton Township, Cass County, Indiana. The district encompasses five contributing buildings, one contributing site, and two contributing structures associated with a recreational site and campground on a wooded site overlooking Pipe Creek. It developed between about 1888 and 1940 and includes notable examples of Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Notable contributing resources include the Pipe Creek Grist Mill (1914), generator shed (1914), bath house (1914), storage shed (1940), restroom (1940), concession stand (1940), the foundation of a carousel, and rock shelters.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Pipe Creek Falls Resort | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Pipe Creek Falls Resort, January 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | Junction of County Roads 850E and 275S at Pipe Creek, north of Walton, Tipton Township, Cass County, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 40°43′36″N 86°13′2″W / 40.72667°N 86.21722°W / 40.72667; -86.21722 |
| Area | 7.5 acres (3.0 ha) |
| Built | 1888 (1888) |
| Built by | Bowyer, Charles Lewis |
| Architectural style | Bungalow/craftsman |
| NRHP reference No. | 95001105 |
| Added to NRHP | September 14, 1995 |


title: Hednota ancylosticha

abstract: Hednota ancylosticha is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by L. E. Koch in 1966. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Western Australia.

text:
# Hednota ancylosticha

***Hednota ancylosticha*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by L. E. Koch in 1966. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Western Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Hednota ancylosticha* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Crambinae |
| Tribe: | Chiloini |
| Genus: | *Hednota* |
| Species: | ***H. ancylosticha*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hednota ancylosticha***<br>Koch, 1966 | |
|


title: Newbury Spring Cup

abstract: The Newbury Spring Cup is a flat handicap horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged four years or older. It is run at Newbury over a distance of 1 mile, and it is scheduled to take place each year in April.

text:
# Newbury Spring Cup

Newbury Spring Cup
| 2024 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
| Metal Merchant | Godwinson | Talis Evolvere |

| Previous years | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Jimi Hendrix | Lattam | Revich |
| 2022 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Modern News | Migration | Rogue Bear |
| 2021 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Nugget | Danyah | Matthew Flinders |

| 2020-2011 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Chatez | Indeed | Borodin |
| 2018 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Taqdeer | Humbert | Keyser Soze |
| 2017 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Banksea | Another Touch | Fastnet Tempest |
| 2016 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Gabrial's Kaka | Azraff | Earth Drummer |
| 2015 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Ayaar | Spark Plug | Big Baz |
| 2014 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Gabrial's Kaka | Spa's Dancer | Brownsea Brink |
| 2013 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Haaf A Sixpence | Guest of Honour | Chapter Seven |
| 2012 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Captain Bertie | Fury | Global Village |
| 2011 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Light From Mars | Pintura | Lowther |

| 2010-2001 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Brunston | Marajaa | Oratory |
| 2009 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Extraterrestrial | Arabian Spirit | Medici Pearl |
| 2008 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Lang Shining | Benandonner | Zaahid |
| 2007 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Pinpoint | Royal Oath | Heaven Sent |
| 2006 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Forgery | Colisay | Red Spell |
| 2005 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Fine Silver | Common World | Resplendent One |
| 2004 | | |
|  |  |  |
| El Coto | Serieux | King's County |
| 2003 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Mystic Man | Faithful Warrior | Golden Chalice |
| 2002 | | |
|  |  |  |
| The Judge | Kareeb | Norton |
| 2001 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Mastermind | Pulau Tioman | Vintage Premium |

| 2000-1991 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Bomb Alaska | Topatori | Radar |
| 1998 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Yabint El Sultan | Kennemara Star | Therhea |
| 1997 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Hawksley Hill | Lonely Leader | Saifan |
| 1996 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Royal Philosopher | Cool Edge | Cadeaux Tryst |
| 1995 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Star Manager | Jawaal | Gadge |
| 1994 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Missed Flight | Just You Dare | Beauchamp Hero |
| 1993 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Tissisat | Risk Master | Royal Seaton |
| 1992 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Rudimentary | Roseate Lodge | Sharp N' Smooth |
| 1991 | | |
|  |  |  |
| St Ninian | Roseate Lodge | State Dancer |

| 1990-1988 | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Wassl Port | Nayland | Breezed Well |
| 1989 | | |
|  |  |  |
| Ottergayle | Beau Sher | Joveworth |
| 1988 | | |
|  |  |  |
| El Rey | Just A Flutter | Colway Rally |
|  | | |

The **Newbury Spring Cup** is a flat handicap horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged four years or older. It is run at Newbury over a distance of 1 mile (1,609 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in April.

## Winners since 1988

| **Year** | **Winner** | **Age** | **Weight** | **Jockey** | **Trainer** | **Time** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1988 | El Rey | 4 | 08-00 | Dale Gibson | William Hastings-Bass | 1:40.48 |
| 1989 | Ottergayle | 4 | 08-11 | Pat Eddery | Peter Walwyn | 1:42.18 |
| 1990 | Wassl Port | 4 | 08-11 | Michael Hills | Barry Hills | 1:40.48 |
| 1991 | St Ninian | 5 | 09-02 | Lester Piggott | Peter Easterby | 1:38.91 |
| 1992 | Rudimentary | 4 | 10-00 | Pat Eddery | Henry Cecil | 1:43.27 |
| 1993 | Tissisat | 4 | 09-01 | Frankie Dettori | Ian Balding | 1:43.29 |
| 1994 | Missed Flight | 4 | 09-10 | George Duffield | Chris Wall | 1:45.03 |
| 1995 | Star Manager | 5 | 08-05 | Richard Quinn | Paul Cole | 1:37.11 |
| 1996 | Royal Philosopher | 4 | 08-13 | Michael Hills | John Hills | 1:39.51 |
| 1997 | Hawksley Hill | 4 | 09-06 | Jimmy Fortune | Lynda Ramsden | 1:40.48 |
| 1998 | Yabint El Sultan | 4 | 08-12 | Ray Cochrane | Bryan McMahon | 1:46.79 |
| 1999 | Bomb Alaska | 4 | 08-11 | J F Egan | Toby Balding | 1:36.98 |
| 2000 | Abandoned: course waterlogged | | | | | |
| 2001 | Mastermind | 4 | 09-11 | Robert Winston | Lynda Ramsden | 1:43.93 |
| 2002 | The Judge | 4 | 08-06 | Ian Mongan | Paul Cole | 1:38.61 |
| 2003 | Mystic Man | 5 | 08-07 | P Fessey | Kevin Ryan | 1:36.74 |
| 2004 | El Coto | 4 | 09-03 | Seb Sanders | Bryan McMahon | 1:40.99 |
| 2005 | Fine Silver | 4 | 09-06 | Frankie Dettori | Paul Cole | 1:44.68 |
| 2006 | Forgery | 4 | 08-06 | Nicky Mackay | Gerard Butler | 1:37.35 |
| 2007 | Pinpoint | 5 | 09-08 | Adam Kirby | Walter Swinburn | 1:36.92 |
| 2008 | Lang Shining | 4 | 08-11 | Ryan Moore | Sir Michael Stoute | 1:41.48 |
| 2009 | Extraterrestrial | 5 | 09-03 | Frederik Tylicki | Richard Fahey | 1:42.01 |
| 2010 | Brunston | 4 | 08-02 | Hayley Turner | Roger Charlton | 1:36.98 |
| 2011 | Light From Mars | 6 | 09-07 | Mickael Barzalona | David Nicholls | 1:36.98 |
| 2012 | Captain Bertie | 4 | 08-07 | William Carson | Charles Hills | 1:45.79 |
| 2013 | Haaf A Sixpence | 4 | 08-03 | Andrea Atzeni | Ralph Beckett | 1:37.74 |
| 2014 | Gabrial's Kaka | 4 | 08-12 | Jamie Spencer | Richard Fahey | 1:42.17 |
| 2015 | Ayaar | 5 | 08-09 | Frankie Dettori | Luca Cumani | 1:34.41 |
| 2016 | Gabrial's Kaka | 6 | 08-10 | Paul Hanagan | Richard Fahey | 1:38.45 |
| 2017 | Banksea | 4 | 09-04 | Jamie Spencer | Luca Cumani | 1:36.93 |
| 2018 | Taqdeer | 5 | 09-01 | Frankie Dettori | John Gosden | 1:40.88 |
| 2019 | Chatez | 8 | 09-01 | William Buick | Alan King | 1:41.31 |
|  | *no race 2020* |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2021 | Nugget | 4 | 08-09 | Ryan Moore | Richard Hannon Jr. | 1:37.14 |
| 2022 | Modern News | 4 | 09-09 | William Buick | Charlie Appleby | 1:36.74 |
| 2023 | Jimi Hendrix | 4 | 09-01 | Rossa Ryan | Ralph Beckett | 1:46.17 |
| 2024 | Metal Merchant | 4 | 08–10 | David Probert | Jack Channon | 1:37.76 |

1. "Coronavirus: Horse racing in Great Britain suspended until end of April". *BBC Sport*. 17 March 2020.


title: Allez regrets

abstract: "Allez regrets" is a chanson usually credited to Franco-Flemish composer Hayne van Ghizeghem. Together with the composer's "De tous biens plaine", this was one of the most famous chansons of the age, and was much used as a basis for variation and as a cantus firmus for mass settings. Cholji lists five chanson settings, including those by Alexander Agricola and Loyset Compere, and five mass settings, including that by Josquin

text:
# Allez regrets

"**Allez regrets**" is a chanson usually credited to Franco-Flemish composer Hayne van Ghizeghem. Together with the composer's "De tous biens plaine", this was one of the most famous chansons of the age, and was much used as a basis for variation and as a cantus firmus for mass settings.

Cholji (ref. 1) lists five chanson settings, including those by Alexander Agricola and Loyset Compere, and five mass settings, including that by Josquin

* Cholji, Irena. "Borrowed Music: Allez regrets and the Use of Pre-existent Material." In Companion to Medieval and Renaissance Music, ed. Tess Knighton and David Fallows, 165-76. New York: Schirmer Books, 1992. see  for summary

## InfoBox

| "Allez regrets" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song | |


title: Melanoplus clypeatus

abstract: Melanoplus clypeatus, known generally as shield-tailed grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. Other common names include the shield-tailed spur-throat grasshopper and shield-tailed locust. It is found in North America.

text:
# Melanoplus clypeatus

***Melanoplus clypeatus***, known generally as **shield-tailed grasshopper**, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. Other common names include the **shield-tailed spur-throat grasshopper** and **shield-tailed locust**. It is found in North America.

## InfoBox

| *Melanoplus clypeatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Tribe: | Melanoplini |
| Genus: | *Melanoplus* |
| Species: | ***M. clypeatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melanoplus clypeatus***<br>(Scudder, 1877) | |
|


title: NASCAR '15

abstract: NASCAR '15 is a NASCAR video game, the fourth installment in the NASCAR The Game series and an update to the preceding NASCAR '14. Developed by Eutechnyx, and published by new NASCAR video game licensee Dusenberry Martin Racing, it is available on the seventh generation PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 consoles as well as Microsoft Windows. Physical copies of the console version were available at GameStop stores, with digital downloads then-available on the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live. Steam is selling the game for Windows PC. This was the last NASCAR game for both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.

text:
# NASCAR '15

***NASCAR '15*** is a NASCAR video game, the fourth installment in the *NASCAR The Game* series and an update to the preceding *NASCAR '14*. Developed by Eutechnyx, and published by new NASCAR video game licensee Dusenberry Martin Racing, it is available on the seventh generation PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 consoles as well as Microsoft Windows. Physical copies of the console version were available at GameStop stores (EB Games in Canada), with digital downloads then-available on the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live. Steam is selling the game for Windows PC.

This was the last NASCAR game for both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.

## History

On January 1, 2015, HC2 Holdings, Inc. subsidiary Dusenberry Martin Racing (DMR) acquired the NASCAR video game licence as well as "certain NASCAR-related assets" from Eutechnyx. Dusenberry Martin Racing said that a 2015 update to *NASCAR '14* would be released in May for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Windows PC, which had already been in development by Eutechnyx. Because it is an update, many features from previous *NASCAR The Game* installments are present. A 2016 version, *NASCAR Heat Evolution*, was developed by Dusenberry Martin Racing for the eighth generation consoles.

To promote the game, DMR signed several NASCAR drivers as "Game Ambassadors", including Erik Jones (as part of a promotion with GameStop), Joey Logano, Ryan Blaney, Darrell Wallace Jr., and Matt Tifft. An updated version of the game called ***NASCAR '15: Victory Edition***, which included all paint schemes and DLC and all patches, was released in October 2015, at no additional cost for those who purchased the original version of the game.

## Cover

The 2015 cover features four-time Sprint Cup Series champion Jeff Gordon, who was in his 23rd and final year running a full-time Sprint Cup schedule. He replaced Tony Stewart from the 2014 cover. The "Victory Edition" features 2015 Daytona 500 winner Joey Logano on the cover.

## Downloadable content

In addition to several patches to fix issues within the game, three DLC packs came to add more paint schemes to the game. The DLCs were released worldwide in mid to late-August 2015.

## *NASCAR '15 Victory Edition*

| NASCAR '15 Victory Edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover art featuring Joey Logano | |
| Developer(s) | Dusenberry Martin Racing |
| Publisher(s) | Dusenberry Martin Racing |
| Series | *NASCAR* |
| Platform(s) | PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows |
| Release | October, 2015 |
| Genre(s) | Auto racing, Sim racing, Sports, Racing |
| Mode(s) | Single player, multiplayer |

***NASCAR '15 Victory Edition*** is a NASCAR video game and a free update to the preceding *NASCAR '15*. Developed and published by new NASCAR video game licensee Dusenberry Martin Racing, it is available on the seventh generation PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 consoles as well as Microsoft Windows. Physical copies of the console version were available at multiple retailers, with digital downloads then-available on the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live. Steam sold the game for the Windows PC.

### Cover

The *Victory Edition* cover features 2015 Daytona 500 winner Joey Logano on the cover.

### Features

*Victory Edition* is the first NASCAR game to feature alcohol sponsorship, with Brad Keselowski's Miller Lite branding appearing in the game for users verified to be over 21 years of age.

The game also featured an update for the 2016 season.

## InfoBox

| NASCAR '15 | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover art featuring Jeff Gordon | |
| Developer(s) | Eutechnyx |
| Publisher(s) | Dusenberry Martin Racing |
| Series | *NASCAR The Game* |
| Platform(s) | PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows |
| Release | May 22, 2015 |
| Genre(s) | Auto racing, Sim racing, Sports, Racing |
| Mode(s) | Single player, multiplayer |


title: Mussaenda frondosa

abstract: Mussaenda frondosa, commonly known as the wild mussaenda or dhobi tree, is a plant of family Rubiaceae. It is a shrub that grows to about 1.5–2 m tall. Like most other Mussaenda species, they have a bract beneath their flowers, which in this species is white in colour.

text:
# Mussaenda frondosa

***Mussaenda frondosa***, commonly known as the **wild mussaenda** or **dhobi tree**, is a plant of family Rubiaceae. It is a shrub that grows to about 1.5–2 m (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 7 in) tall. Like most other *Mussaenda* species, they have a bract beneath their flowers, which in this species is white in colour.

## Description

The shrub may also grow as a scandent climber. The flowers are clusters of orange-yellow tubular flowers with one of their five sepals enlarged into a white petal-like form, set among pale green, oval leaves; berries follow the bloom. The erect, branching stem has a shrubby crown.

## Distribution

*Mussaenda frondosa* is native to India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia. It is found on Nilgiri slopes to elevations of 6,000 ft (1,800 m). Justus Carl Hasskarl recorded its presence in recently cleared land in Java.

## InfoBox

| *Mussaenda frondosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Mussaenda* |
| Species: | ***M. frondosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mussaenda frondosa***<br>L. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gardenia frondosa* (L.) Lam. * *Mussaenda belilla* Buch.-Ham. * *Mussaenda dovinia* Buch.-Ham. * *Mussaenda flavescens* Buch.-Ham. * *Mussaenda formosa* L. nom. illeg. * *Mussaenda fruticosa* L. * *Mussaenda ingrata* Wall. ex Hook.f. * *Mussaenda macrophylla* Kurz nom. illeg. * *Mussaenda sumatrensis* B.Heyne ex Roth * *Mussaenda tomentosa* Wight ex Hook.f. nom. inval. * *Mussaenda villosa* Schltdl. ex Hook.f. nom. illeg. | |


title: Petroleum play

abstract:
In geology, a petroleum play, or simply a play, is a group of oil fields or prospects in the same region that are controlled by the same set of geological circumstances. The term is widely used in the realm of exploitation of hydrocarbon-based resources. The play cycle normally exhibits the following steps:
  - initial observations of a possible oil reserve
  - testing and adjustments to initial estimates of extraction
  - high success in locating and extracting oil from a reserve
  - lower success as the reserve is depleted
  - continued decrease in further exploration of the region A particular stratigraphic or structural geologic setting is also often known as a play. For example, in a relatively unexplored area one might speak of the "Paleozoic play" to refer to the potential oil reserves that might be found within Paleozoic strata. In a well-explored basin such as the Gulf of Mexico, explorers refer to the "Wilcox play" or the "Norphlet play" to collectively designate the production and possible production from those particular geological formations, of Paleocene and Jurassic age respectively. A play may also be a broad category of possible reservoirs or rock types, as in the turbidite play of offshore Angola or the carbonate play in the East Java Sea, or to the structural geology of the setting, as in the sub-upthrust play of Wyoming. Sometimes the word play is applied to a geographic area with hydrocarbon potential, as the South Texas play or the Niger Delta play, but usually "play" is used with the sense of restricting discussion to exploring a particular geologic setting. Thus one might have both the Wilcox play and the Norphlet play in partially overlapping areas of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico; the Gulf of Mexico deep-water play might or might not include elements or particular locations appropriate to either the Wilcox or the Norphlet, or both. The term is one of convenience for discussion, and may refer to geologic time intervals, rock types, structures, or some combination of them.

text:
# Petroleum play

In geology, a **petroleum play**, or simply a **play**, is a group of oil fields or prospects in the same region that are controlled by the same set of geological circumstances. The term is widely used in the realm of exploitation of hydrocarbon-based resources.

The play cycle normally exhibits the following steps:

1. initial observations of a possible oil reserve
2. testing and adjustments to initial estimates of extraction
3. high success in locating and extracting oil from a reserve
4. lower success as the reserve is depleted
5. continued decrease in further exploration of the region

A particular stratigraphic or structural geologic setting is also often known as a *play.* For example, in a relatively unexplored area (such as the Falkland Islands) one might speak of the "Paleozoic play" to refer to the potential oil reserves that might be found within Paleozoic strata. In a well-explored basin such as the Gulf of Mexico, explorers refer to the "Wilcox play" or the "Norphlet play" to collectively designate the production and possible production from those particular geological formations, of Paleocene and Jurassic age respectively.

A play may also be a broad category of possible reservoirs or rock types, as in the turbidite play of offshore Angola or the carbonate play in the East Java Sea, or to the structural geology of the setting, as in the *sub-upthrust play* of Wyoming. Sometimes the word *play* is applied to a geographic area with hydrocarbon potential, as the South Texas play or the Niger Delta play, but usually "play" is used with the sense of restricting discussion to exploring a particular geologic setting. Thus one might have both the Wilcox play and the Norphlet play (among others) in partially overlapping areas of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico; the *Gulf of Mexico deep-water play* might or might not include elements or particular locations appropriate to either the Wilcox or the Norphlet, or both. The term is one of convenience for discussion, and may refer to geologic time intervals, rock types, structures, or some combination of them.

1. Robert Stoneley (1995). "North Sea petroleum plays". *Introduction to Petroleum Exploration for Non-geologists*. Oxford University Press. p. 106. ISBN 0-19-854856-7.
2. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2017/1111/ofr20171111.pdf

## Further reading

* John R. Allen (1990). "The petroleum play". *Basin Analysis*. Blackwell Science Ltd. pp. 309–396. ISBN 0-632-02422-4.


title: Pipe Creek, Texas

abstract: Pipe Creek is an unincorporated community in Bandera County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, it had a population of approximately 66 in 1990. It is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# Pipe Creek, Texas

**Pipe Creek** is an unincorporated community in Bandera County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, it had a population of approximately 66 in 1990. It is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

A post office called Pipe Creek has been in operation since 1873.

The American Goat Society is headquartered in the community.

## Geography

Pipe Creek is located on Texas State Highway 16, about 9 mi (14 km) east of Bandera and 30 mi (48 km) north of San Antonio in central Bandera County.

Other notable places located in Pipe Creek include churches, the public library, and parts of the Bandera Falls residential community. Large portions of the area are accessed from FM1283.

## Education

Pipe Creek's first school was built in 1881.

The Bandera Independent School District serves area students. The Bandera Independent School District also consists of both private and public schools. Pipe Creek is also served by the Northside Independent School District in San Antonio, Texas. Two local schools include Hill Country Elementary School and Pipe Creek Christian School.

Media related to Pipe Creek, Texas at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Pipe Creek, Texas | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Pipe CreekPipe Creek | |
| Coordinates: 29°43′25″N 98°56′09″W / 29.72361°N 98.93583°W / 29.72361; -98.93583 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| County | Bandera |
| Elevation | 1,362 ft (415 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 78063 |
| Area code | 830 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1344123 |


title: Melanoplus celatus

abstract: Melanoplus celatus, known generally as the Sylvan short-wing grasshopper or secretive short-wing grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Melanoplus celatus

***Melanoplus celatus***, known generally as the **Sylvan short-wing grasshopper** or **secretive short-wing grasshopper**, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.

## InfoBox

| *Melanoplus celatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Tribe: | Melanoplini |
| Genus: | *Melanoplus* |
| Species: | ***M. celatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melanoplus celatus***<br>Morse, 1904 | |
|


title: Meissner effect

abstract:
In condensed-matter physics, the Meissner effect is the expulsion of a magnetic field from a superconductor during its transition to the superconducting state when it is cooled below the critical temperature. This expulsion will repel a nearby magnet. The German physicists Walther Meißner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered this phenomenon in 1933 by measuring the magnetic field distribution outside superconducting tin and lead samples. The samples, in the presence of an applied magnetic field, were cooled below their superconducting transition temperature, whereupon the samples cancelled nearly all interior magnetic fields. They detected this effect only indirectly because the magnetic flux is conserved by a superconductor: when the interior field decreases, the exterior field increases. The experiment demonstrated for the first time that superconductors were more than just perfect conductors and provided a uniquely defining property of the superconductor state. The ability for the expulsion effect is determined by the nature of equilibrium formed by the neutralization within the unit cell of a superconductor. A superconductor with little or no magnetic field within it is said to be in the Meissner state. The Meissner state breaks down when the applied magnetic field is too strong. Superconductors can be divided into two classes according to how this breakdown occurs.
  - In type-I superconductors, superconductivity is abruptly destroyed when the strength of the applied field rises above a critical value Hc. Depending on the geometry of the sample, one may obtain an intermediate state consisting of a baroque pattern of regions of normal material carrying a magnetic field mixed with regions of superconducting material containing no field.
  - In type-II superconductors, raising the applied field past a critical value Hc1 leads to a mixed state in which an increasing amount of magnetic flux penetrates the material, but there remains no resistance to the electric current as long as the current is not too large. Some type-II superconductors exhibit a small but finite resistance in the mixed state due to motion of the flux vortices induced by the Lorentz forces from the current. As the cores of the vortices are normal electrons, their motion will have dissipation. At a second critical field strength Hc2, superconductivity is destroyed. The mixed state is caused by vortices in the electronic superfluid, sometimes called fluxons because the flux carried by these vortices is quantized. Most pure elemental superconductors, except niobium and carbon nanotubes, are type I, while almost all impure and compound superconductors are type II.

text:
# Meissner effect

In condensed-matter physics, the **Meissner effect** (or **Meißner–Ochsenfeld effect**) is the expulsion of a magnetic field from a superconductor during its transition to the superconducting state when it is cooled below the critical temperature. This expulsion will repel a nearby magnet.

The German physicists Walther Meißner (anglicized *Meissner*) and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered this phenomenon in 1933 by measuring the magnetic field distribution outside superconducting tin and lead samples. The samples, in the presence of an applied magnetic field, were cooled below their superconducting transition temperature, whereupon the samples cancelled nearly all interior magnetic fields. They detected this effect only indirectly because the magnetic flux is conserved by a superconductor: when the interior field decreases, the exterior field increases. The experiment demonstrated for the first time that superconductors were more than just perfect conductors and provided a uniquely defining property of the superconductor state. The ability for the expulsion effect is determined by the nature of equilibrium formed by the neutralization within the unit cell of a superconductor.

A superconductor with little or no magnetic field within it is said to be in the Meissner state. The Meissner state breaks down when the applied magnetic field is too strong. Superconductors can be divided into two classes according to how this breakdown occurs.

* In type-I superconductors, superconductivity is abruptly destroyed when the strength of the applied field rises above a critical value *Hc*. Depending on the geometry of the sample, one may obtain an intermediate state consisting of a baroque pattern of regions of normal material carrying a magnetic field mixed with regions of superconducting material containing no field.
* In type-II superconductors, raising the applied field past a critical value *H**c*1 leads to a mixed state (also known as the vortex state) in which an increasing amount of magnetic flux penetrates the material, but there remains no resistance to the electric current as long as the current is not too large. Some type-II superconductors exhibit a small but finite resistance in the mixed state due to motion of the flux vortices induced by the Lorentz forces from the current. As the cores of the vortices are normal electrons, their motion will have dissipation. At a second critical field strength *H**c*2, superconductivity is destroyed. The mixed state is caused by vortices in the electronic superfluid, sometimes called fluxons because the flux carried by these vortices is quantized.

Most pure elemental superconductors, except niobium and carbon nanotubes, are type I, while almost all impure and compound superconductors are type II.

## Explanation

The Meissner effect was given a phenomenological explanation by the brothers Fritz and Heinz London, who showed that the electromagnetic free energy in a superconductor is minimized provided

$$\nabla ^{2}\mathbf {H} =\lambda ^{-2}\mathbf {H} \\,$$

where **H** is the magnetic field and λ is the London penetration depth.

This equation, known as the London equation, predicts that the magnetic field in a superconductor decays exponentially from whatever value it possesses at the surface. This exclusion of magnetic field is a manifestation of the superdiamagnetism emerged during the phase transition from conductor to superconductor, for example by reducing the temperature below critical temperature.

In a weak applied field (less than the critical field that breaks down the superconducting phase), a superconductor expels nearly all magnetic flux by setting up electric currents near its surface, as the magnetic field **H** induces magnetization **M** within the London penetration depth from the surface. These surface currents shield the internal bulk of the superconductor from the external applied field. As the field expulsion, or cancellation, does not change with time, the currents producing this effect (called persistent currents or screening currents) do not decay with time.

Near the surface, within the London penetration depth, the magnetic field is not completely canceled. Each superconducting material has its own characteristic penetration depth.

Any perfect conductor will prevent any change to magnetic flux passing through its surface due to ordinary electromagnetic induction at zero resistance. However, the Meissner effect is distinct from this: when an ordinary conductor is cooled so that it makes the transition to a superconducting state in the presence of a constant applied magnetic field, the magnetic flux is expelled during the transition. This effect cannot be explained by infinite conductivity, but only by the London equation. The placement and subsequent levitation of a magnet above an already superconducting material does not demonstrate the Meissner effect, while an initially stationary magnet later being repelled by a superconductor as it is cooled below its critical temperature does.

The persisting currents that exist in the superconductor to expel the magnetic field is commonly misconceived as a result of Lenz's Law or Faraday's Law. A reason this is not the case is that no change in flux was made to induce the current. Another explanation is that since the superconductor experiences zero resistance, there cannot be an induced emf in the superconductor. The persisting current therefore is not a result of Faraday's Law.

## Perfect diamagnetism

Superconductors in the Meissner state exhibit perfect diamagnetism, or superdiamagnetism, meaning that the total magnetic field is very close to zero deep inside them (many penetration depths from the surface). This means that their volume magnetic susceptibility is $\chi \_{v}$ = −1. Diamagnetics are defined by the generation of a spontaneous magnetization of a material which directly opposes the direction of an applied field. However, the fundamental origins of diamagnetism in superconductors and normal materials are very different. In normal materials diamagnetism arises as a direct result of the orbital spin of electrons about the nuclei of an atom induced electromagnetically by the application of an applied field. In superconductors the illusion of perfect diamagnetism arises from persistent screening currents which flow to oppose the applied field (the Meissner effect); not solely the orbital spin.

## Consequences

The discovery of the Meissner effect led to the phenomenological theory of superconductivity by Fritz and Heinz London in 1935. This theory explained resistanceless transport and the Meissner effect, and allowed the first theoretical predictions for superconductivity to be made. However, this theory only explained experimental observations—it did not allow the microscopic origins of the superconducting properties to be identified. This was done successfully by the BCS theory in 1957, from which the penetration depth and the Meissner effect result. However, some physicists argue that BCS theory does not explain the Meissner effect.

## Paradigm for the Higgs mechanism

The Meissner superconductivity effect serves as an important paradigm for the generation mechanism of a mass *M* (i.e., a reciprocal *range*, $\lambda \_{M}:=h/(Mc)$ where *h* is the Planck constant and *c* is the speed of light) for a gauge field. In fact, this analogy is an abelian example for the Higgs mechanism, which generates the masses of the electroweak W±
and
Z gauge particles in high-energy physics. The length $\lambda \_{M}$ is identical with the London penetration depth in the theory of superconductivity.

## Further reading

* Einstein, A. (1922). "Theoretical remark on the superconductivity of metals". arXiv:physics/0510251.
* London, F. W. (1960). "Macroscopic Theory of Superconductivity". *Superfluids*. Structure of matter series. Vol. 1 (Revised 2nd ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-60044-4. By the man who explained the Meissner effect. pp. 34–37 gives a technical discussion of the Meissner effect for a superconducting sphere.
* Saslow, W. M. (2002). *Electricity, Magnetism, and Light*. Academic. ISBN 978-0-12-619455-5. pp. 486–489 gives a simple mathematical discussion of the surface currents responsible for the Meissner effect, in the case of a long magnet levitated above a superconducting plane.
* Tinkham, M. (2004). *Introduction to Superconductivity*. Dover Books on Physics (2nd ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-43503-9. A good technical reference.


title: Melissa Wilcox (gymnast)

abstract: Melissa Wilcox is a female former British gymnast.

text:
# Melissa Wilcox (gymnast)

**Melissa Wilcox** (born February 8, 1983) is a female former British gymnast.

## Gymnastics career

Wilcox represented England and won a silver medal in the team event, at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

## InfoBox

Melissa Wilcox
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | British |
| Born | (1983-02-08) February 8, 1983 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Gymnastics |
| Medal record      Gymnastics  Representing  England  Commonwealth Games  1998 Kuala Lumpur  team event | |


title: Melissa Wileman

abstract: Melissa Wileman is an association football player who represented New Zealand at international level. Fisher made her Football Ferns début in a 0–0 draw with Korea Republic on 10 September 1995, and finished her international career with 10 caps to her credit.

text:
# Melissa Wileman

**Melissa Wileman** (née **Verryt**) (born 4 August 1972) is an association football player who represented New Zealand at international level.

Fisher made her Football Ferns début in a 0–0 draw with Korea Republic on 10 September 1995, and finished her international career with 10 caps to her credit.

## InfoBox

Melissa Wileman
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Melissa Wileman | | |
| Date of birth | (1972-08-04) 4 August 1972 | | |
| Place of birth | New Zealand | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1995–1998 | New Zealand | 10 | (0) |


abstract: This is a list of the members of the Australian House of Representatives in the Third Australian Parliament, which was elected on 12 December 1906. In 1909 the Anti-Socialist Party and most of the Protectionist Party merged to become the Commonwealth Liberal Party.

text:
# Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1906–1910

This is a list of the members of the Australian House of Representatives in the **Third Australian Parliament**, which was elected on 12 December 1906.

In 1909 the Anti-Socialist Party (previously Free Trade) and most of the Protectionist Party merged to become the Commonwealth Liberal Party.

| Member | Party | | Electorate | State | In office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Edward Archer |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Capricornia | Qld | 1906 |
| Llewellyn Atkinson |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Wilmot | Tas | 1906 |
| Frederick Bamford |  | Labor | Herbert | Qld | 1901 |
| Lee Batchelor * |  | Labor | Boothby | SA | 1901 |
| Eric Bowden |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Nepean | NSW | 1906 |
| Joseph Brown |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Indi | Vic | 1906 |
| Thomas Brown |  | Labor | Calare | NSW | 1901 |
| Ernest Carr |  | Labor | Macquarie | NSW | 1906 |
| James Catts |  | Labor | Cook | NSW | 1906 |
| John Chanter |  | Protectionist/Labor | Riverina | NSW | 1904 (by-election) |
| Austin Chapman |  | Protectionist/Liberal | Eden-Monaro | NSW | 1901 |
| James Cook |  | Protectionist/Liberal | Bourke | Vic | 1901 |
| Joseph Cook * |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Parramatta | NSW | 1901 |
| Jabez Coon |  | Protectionist/Liberal | Batman | Vic | 1906 |
| Richard Crouch |  | Protectionist/Liberal | Corio | Vic | 1901 |
| Alfred Deakin |  | Protectionist/Liberal | Ballarat | Vic | 1901 |
| Richard Edwards |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Oxley | Qld | 1901 |
| Thomas Ewing |  | Protectionist/Liberal | Richmond | NSW | 1901 |
| George Fairbairn |  | Independent/Liberal | Fawkner | Vic | 1906 |
| Andrew Fisher |  | Labor | Wide Bay | Qld | 1901 |
| Sir John Forrest |  | Western Australian Party/Liberal | Swan | WA | 1901 |
| Frank Foster |  | Labor | New England | NSW | 1906 |
| James Fowler |  | Labor/Liberal | Perth | WA | 1901 |
| Justin Foxton |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Brisbane | Qld | 1906 |
| Charlie Frazer |  | Labor | Kalgoorlie | WA | 1903 |
| George Fuller |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Illawarra | NSW | 1901 |
| Sir Philip Fysh |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Denison | Tas | 1901 |
| Paddy Glynn |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Angas | SA | 1901 |
| Littleton Groom |  | Protectionist/Liberal | Darling Downs | Qld | 1901 |
| David Hall |  | Labor | Werriwa | NSW | 1906 |
| Robert Harper |  | Protectionist/Liberal | Mernda | Vic | 1901 |
| William Hedges |  | Western Australian Party/Liberal | Fremantle | WA | 1906 |
| Frederick Holder |  | Independent | Wakefield | SA | 1901 |
| Billy Hughes |  | Labor | West Sydney | NSW | 1901 |
| James Hutchison * |  | Labor | Hindmarsh | SA | 1903 |
| Hans Irvine |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Grampians | Vic | 1906 |
| William Irvine |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Flinders | Vic | 1906 |
| Elliot Johnson |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Lang | NSW | 1903 |
| Willie Kelly |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Wentworth | NSW | 1903 |
| Charles Kingston * |  | Protectionist | Adelaide | SA | 1901 |
| William Knox |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Kooyong | Vic | 1901 |
| Frank Liddell |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Hunter | NSW | 1903 |
| John Livingston |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Barker | SA | 1906 |
| Sir William Lyne |  | Protectionist/Independent | Hume | NSW | 1901 |
| Charles McDonald |  | Labor | Kennedy | Qld | 1901 |
| John McDougall |  | Labor | Wannon | Vic | 1906 |
| William McWilliams * |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Franklin | Tas | 1903 |
| Hugh Mahon |  | Labor | Coolgardie | WA | 1901 |
| William Maloney |  | Labor | Melbourne | Vic | 1906 |
| James Mathews |  | Labor | Melbourne Ports | Vic | 1906 |
| Samuel Mauger |  | Protectionist/Liberal | Maribyrnong | Vic | 1901 |
| King O'Malley |  | Labor | Darwin | Tas | 1901 |
| Jim Page |  | Labor | Maranoa | Qld | 1901 |
| Albert Palmer |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Echuca | Vic | 1906 |
| Alexander Poynton * |  | Labor | Grey | SA | 1901 |
| Sir John Quick |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Bendigo | Vic | 1901 |
| George Reid |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | East Sydney | NSW | 1901 |
| Carty Salmon |  | Protectionist/Liberal | Laanecoorie | Vic | 1901 |
| Sydney Sampson |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Wimmera | Vic | 1906 |
| Hugh Sinclair |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Moreton | Qld | 1906 |
| Bruce Smith |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Parkes | NSW | 1901 |
| William Spence |  | Labor | Darling | NSW | 1901 |
| David Storrer |  | Protectionist/Independent | Bass | Tas | 1901 |
| Josiah Thomas |  | Labor | Barrier | NSW | 1901 |
| Dugald Thomson * |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | North Sydney | NSW | 1901 |
| John Thomson |  | Protectionist/Liberal | Cowper | NSW | 1906 |
| Frank Tudor |  | Labor | Yarra | Vic | 1901 |
| David Watkins |  | Labor | Newcastle | NSW | 1901 |
| Chris Watson |  | Labor | South Sydney | NSW | 1901 |
| William Webster |  | Labor | Gwydir | NSW | 1903 |
| William Wilks |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Dalley | NSW | 1901 |
| Henry Willis |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Robertson | NSW | 1901 |
| John Gratton Wilson |  | Anti-Socialist/Liberal | Corangamite | Vic | 1903 |
| George Wise |  | Protectionist/Independent | Gippsland | Vic | 1906 |
| Agar Wynne |  | Independent/Liberal | Balaclava | Vic | 1906 |

* These candidates were elected unopposed.
† These Divisions were created at the 1906 redistribution.

1. The Anti-Socialists were known as the Free Trade Party before the 1906 election. In 1909, the Anti-Socialists, the Protectionists and the Western Australia Party merged to form the Commonwealth Liberal Party.
2. In 1908 the Labor Party became officially known as the Australian Labour Party (ALP).
3. Thomas Brown was first elected in 1901 to the Division of Canobolas, which was abolished at the 1906 redistribution.
4. John Chanter rejected the Commonwealth Liberal Party merger and joined the ALP.
5. There was no national Protectionist Party organisation in 1906. Members categorised as "Protectionist" were those who accepted the leadership of Alfred Deakin.
6. George Fairbairn was endorsed by the Anti-Socialists, but campaigned as an independent Protectionist. He did not sit with the Anti-Socialists.
7. The two Western Australia Party members were considered to be independent conservatives.
8. James Fowler defected from the ALP to the Commonwealth Liberal Party at the time of the merger.
9. Frederick Holder died in 1909. He was replaced at a by-election on 28 August 1909 by Richard Foster a Commonwealth Liberal Party candidate.
10. Charles Kingston died in 1908. He was replaced at a by-election on 13 June 1908 by Ernest Roberts, a Labor candidate.
11. Sir William Lyne rejected the Commonwealth Liberal Party merger and became an independent.
12. Samuel Mauger was first elected in 1901 to the Division of Melbourne Ports, which was abolished at the 1906 redistribution.
13. In 1907 Albert Palmer's election was declared void. He was re-elected in a by-election on 10 July 1907.
14. John Quick was endorsed by the Anti-Socialists, but sat as an independent.
15. Sydney Sampson was endorsed by the Anti-Socialists, but sat as an independent.
16. David Storrer rejected the Commonwealth Liberal Party merger and became an independent.
17. Chris Watson was first elected in 1901 to the Division of Bland, which was abolished at the 1906 redistribution.
18. George Wise rejected the Commonwealth Liberal Party merger and became an independent.


title: Meixi River Bridge

abstract: The Meixi River Bridge is an arch bridge which crosses the Meixi River in Fengjie, Chongqing, China. It replaced an earlier suspension bridge across the river built in 1990. Completed in 2000, The bridge was constructed 140 metres (460 ft) above the river however the reservoir created by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam has increased the height of the water below the bridge and the full clearance is no longer visible. The bridge spans 288 metres (945 ft) ranking among the longest arch bridges in the world. The bridge is located very near the end of the river and can be seen by boats travelling along the Yangtze River.

text:
# Meixi River Bridge

The **Meixi River Bridge** is an arch bridge which crosses the Meixi River in Fengjie, Chongqing, China. It replaced an earlier suspension bridge across the river built in 1990. Completed in 2000, The bridge was constructed 140 metres (460 ft) above the river however the reservoir created by the construction of the Three Gorges Dam has increased the height of the water below the bridge and the full clearance is no longer visible. The bridge spans 288 metres (945 ft) ranking among the longest arch bridges in the world. The bridge is located very near the end of the river and can be seen by boats travelling along the Yangtze River.

## InfoBox

| Meixi River Bridge<br>梅溪河大桥 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 31°03′40″N 109°31′06″E / 31.061167°N 109.518278°E / 31.061167; 109.518278 |
| Crosses | Meixi River |
| Locale | Fengjie, Chongqing, China |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Arch Bridge |
| Material | Steel |
| Total length | 491 metres (1,611 ft) |
| Longest span | 288 metres (945 ft) |
| Clearance above | 140 metres (460 ft) |
| History | |
| Opened | 2000 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Mussabini Medal

abstract: The Mussabini Medal was a sports award recognising the coaches of British sports people and teams, named after Sam Mussabini. Mussabini, who died in 1927, is considered to be the first professional (paid) coach in sport, breaking the occupation's amateur (voluntary) public school roots. Introduced in 1998, it was awarded annually as part of the UK Coaching Awards organised by sports coach UK until 2007, when the 2008 awards categories onwards were renamed and expanded as part of the launch of the UK Coaching Framework. The Mussabini Medal celebrated "the contribution of coaches of UK performers who have achieved outstanding success on the world stage." Along with the Mussabini Medal, there also existed The Dyson Award, for "individuals who have made a sustained and significant contribution to the development and management of coaching and individual coaches in the UK". This award was named after Geoff Dyson, the first chief national athletics coach, who died in 1981. The Mussabini Medal was introduced in conjunction with the launch of the Coaching Hall of Fame. The medal and associated awards were launched to raise the profile of coaches, and increase the financial backing to enhance the profession, still seen at the time as a largely amateur vocation in spite of Mussabini's pioneering example. Speaking at the inaugural presentation the patron of the Foundation the Princess Royal stated that "Coaching and the work of individual coaches lies at the heart of sport, Yet all too often the role and contribution of the coach remains unrecognised and unacknowledged". The Mussabini Medal was awarded to solely British coaches in the first two years, with 2000 being the first time foreign coaches of British athletes were recognised.

text:
# Mussabini Medal

The **Mussabini Medal** was a sports award recognising the coaches of British sports people and teams, named after Sam Mussabini. Mussabini, who died in 1927, is considered to be the first professional (paid) coach in sport, breaking the occupation's amateur (voluntary) public school roots. Introduced in 1998, it was awarded annually as part of the UK Coaching Awards organised by sports coach UK (the National Coaching Foundation) until 2007, when the 2008 awards categories onwards were renamed and expanded as part of the launch of the UK Coaching Framework.

The Mussabini Medal celebrated "the contribution of coaches of UK performers who have achieved outstanding success on the world stage." Along with the Mussabini Medal, there also existed **The Dyson Award**, for "individuals who have made a sustained and significant contribution to the development and management of coaching and individual coaches in the UK". This award was named after Geoff Dyson, the first chief national athletics coach, who died in 1981.

The Mussabini Medal was introduced in conjunction with the launch of the Coaching Hall of Fame. The medal and associated awards were launched to raise the profile of coaches, and increase the financial backing to enhance the profession, still seen at the time as a largely amateur vocation in spite of Mussabini's pioneering example. Speaking at the inaugural presentation the patron of the Foundation the Princess Royal stated that "Coaching and the work of individual coaches lies at the heart of sport, Yet all too often the role and contribution of the coach remains unrecognised and unacknowledged".

The Mussabini Medal was awarded to solely British coaches in the first two years, with 2000 being the first time foreign coaches of British athletes were recognised.

## Winners

| Year | Mussabini Medal winners | Dyson Award winners | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | * Ian Armiger – Director of Swimming, Loughborough University * Billy Graham – Boxing Coach (Ricky Hatton) | * Kevin Bowring – Head of Elite Coach Development, Rugby Union * Susan Woodhouse – Squash Coach |  |
| 2006 | * John Griffiths – Dragon Boat Racing * Gill Watson – Equestrian * Amanda Kirby – Gymnastics * Chris Gowers – Sailing | * David Clarke – Archery * Anne Baker – Hockey |  |
| 2005 | * Troy Cooley, England Fast Bowling Coach – Cricket * Yogi Breisner, British Eventing Team Performance Manager – Equestrian * Kenneth Clawson, British Eventing Team Show Jumping Coach – Equestrian * Tracie Robinson, British Eventing Team Dressage Coach – Equestrian * Mike Ruddock – Welsh Rugby Union Coach * Ron Needs – Amateur Rowing Association Coach * Christine Still – Director of Coaching for Scottish Gymnastics | * Bobbie Trafford – Coach Developer * Penny Crisfield – Coach Educator * Gordon Lord – Coach Educator, Cricket |  |
| 2004 | * Terry Edwards – Boxing * Eric Farrell – Canoeing * Duncan Fletcher – Cricket * Jurg Gotz – Canoeing * Simon Jones – Cycling * Steve Perks – Athletics * Paul Thompson – Rowing * Malcolm Willstrop – Squash | * Derek Allison – Orienteering |  |
| 2003 | * Terry Denison – Swimming * Lyndon Lynch – Football * Jane Goldsmith – Equestrian * George Gandy – Athletics * Colin Hood – Paralympic Swimming | * David Shaw – Rugby * Lloyd Readhead – Gymnastics |  |
| 2002 | * John Anderson – Athletics * Mike Hay – Curling * Russell Keiller – Curling * Wilf Paish – Athletics |  |  |
| 2001 | * Alan Edge – Canoeing * Roland Lawler – Canoeing * Ron Roddan – Athletics * Rosemary and Alex Stanton – Athletics |  |  |
| 2000 | * Jenni Banks – Paralympic Athletics * David Pearson – Squash * Neil Harvey – Squash * Ray Knight – Paralympic Athletics * Peter Stanley & Norman Anderson – Athletics * Charles van Commenee – Athletics * Jan Bártů & Istvan Nemeth – Modern Pentathlon * Tony Burns – Boxing * Ian Coley – Double Trap Shooting * Mark Littlejohn – Sailing * John Derbyshire – Sailing * Dave Howlett – Sailing * Martin McElroy – Rowing * Jurgen Grobler – Rowing | * Anne Pankhurst – Tennis * Ann Cutcliffe – Paralympic Dressage * Clive Durran – Paralympic Swimming * David Tillotson – British Paralympic Association * Rod Carr – Sailing * Peter Keen – Cycling * David Tanner – Rowing |  |
| 1999 |  |  |  |
| 1998 |  | * Allen Wade – Football * Betty Galsworthy – Netball * Betty Callaway – Ice Skating * Helen Elkington – Swimming * Jim Greenwood – Rugby Union * Frank Dick – Athletics |  |


abstract: Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly who served in the 31st parliament held their seats from 1935 to 1938. They were elected at the 1935 state election, and at by-elections. The Speaker was Sir Daniel Levy until his death in 1937 and then Reginald Weaver.

text:
# Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1935–1938

**Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly** who served in the 31st parliament held their seats from 1935 to 1938. They were elected at the 1935 state election, and at by-elections. The Speaker was Sir Daniel Levy until his death in 1937 and then Reginald Weaver.

| Name | Party | | Electorate | Term in office |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| George Ardill |  | United Australia | Yass | 1930–1941 |
| Joshua Arthur |  | Labor | Hamilton | 1935–1953 |
| Jack Baddeley |  | Labor | Cessnock | 1922–1949 |
| Richard Ball |  | Country | Corowa | 1895–1898, 1904–1937 |
| Henry Bate |  | United Australia | South Coast | 1926–1941 |
| Thomas Bavin |  | United Australia | Gordon | 1917–1935 |
| Charles Bennett |  | United Australia | Gloucester | 1934–1941 |
| George Booth |  | Labor | Kurri Kurri | 1925–1960 |
| Malcolm Brown |  | Country | Upper Hunter | 1931–1939 |
| Michael Bruxner |  | Country | Tenterfield | 1920–1962 |
| Arthur Budd |  | Country | Byron | 1927–1944 |
| Frank Burke |  | Labor | Newtown | 1917–1944 |
| Ernest Buttenshaw |  | Country | Lachlan | 1917–1938 |
| Joseph Cahill |  | Labor | Arncliffe | 1925–1959 |
| Robert Cameron |  | Labor | Waratah | 1927–1956 |
| Bill Carlton |  | Labor | Glebe | 1935–1941 |
| Harry Carter |  | Country | Liverpool Plains | 1927–1941 |
| Frank Chaffey |  | United Australia | Tamworth | 1913–1940 |
| Daniel Clyne |  | Labor | King | 1927–1956 |
| Mat Davidson |  | Labor | Cobar | 1918–1949 |
| Billy Davies |  | Labor | Illawarra | 1917–1949 |
| David Drummond |  | Country | Armidale | 1920–1949 |
| Bill Dunn |  | Labor | Mudgee | 1910–1911, 1911–1932, 1935–1950 |
| John Dunningham |  | United Australia | Coogee | 1928–1938 |
| Hilton Elliott |  | Country | Ashburnham | 1932–1941 |
| Herbert FitzSimons |  | United Australia | Lane Cove | 1930–1944 |
| Claude Fleck |  | United Australia | Granville | 1932–1938 |
| William Foster |  | United Australia | Vaucluse | 1925–1936 |
| William Frith |  | Country | Lismore | 1933–1953 |
| Sir Philip Goldfinch |  | United Australia | Gordon | 1935–1937 |
| George Gollan |  | United Australia | Parramatta | 1932–1953 |
| Bob Gorman |  | Labor | Annandale | 1933–1950 |
| Robert Hankinson |  | Country | Murrumbidgee | 1932–1941 |
| Frank Hawkins |  | Labor | Newcastle | 1935–1968 |
| William Hedges |  | Country | Monaro | 1927–1941 |
| Bob Heffron |  | Labor/Industrial Labor | Botany | 1930–1968 |
| Alfred Henry |  | Country | Clarence | 1931–1938 |
| Ted Horsington |  | Labor | Sturt | 1922–1947 |
| Walter Howarth |  | United Australia | Maitland | 1932–1956 |
| Gordon Jackett |  | United Australia | Burwood | 1935–1951 |
| Joseph Jackson |  | United Australia | Nepean | 1922–1956 |
| Matthew Kilpatrick |  | Country | Wagga Wagga | 1920–1941 |
| Gus Kelly |  | Labor | Bathurst | 1925–1932, 1935–1967 |
| Hamilton Knight |  | Labor | Hartley | 1927–1947 |
| Jack Lang |  | Labor | Auburn | 1913–1943, 1943–1946 |
| Joe Lawson |  | Country | Murray | 1932–1973 |
| Carlo Lazzarini |  | Labor/Industrial Labor | Marrickville | 1917–1952 |
| John Lee |  | United Australia | Drummoyne | 1920–1941 |
| Christopher Lethbridge |  | Independent | Corowa | 1937–1946 |
| Sir Daniel Levy |  | United Australia | Woollahra | 1901–1937 |
| Herbert Lloyd |  | United Australia | Mosman | 1929–1941 |
| Stan Lloyd |  | United Australia | Concord | 1932–1941 |
| Hugh Main |  | Country | Temora | 1922–1938 |
| Alexander Mair |  | United Australia | Albury | 1932–1946 |
| Harold Mason |  | Ind. United Australia | Woollahra | 1937–1938 |
| Claude Matthews |  | Labor | Leichhardt | 1934–1954 |
| James McGirr |  | Labor | Bankstown | 1922–1952 |
| William McKell |  | Labor | Redfern | 1917–1947 |
| Lewis Martin |  | United Australia | Oxley | 1927–1941 |
| Cecil Monro |  | United Australia | Georges River | 1932–1941, 1950–1953 |
| Mark Morton |  | United Australia | Wollondilly | 1901–1920, 1922–1938 |
| Arthur Moverly |  | United Australia | Randwick | 1932–1941 |
| John Ness |  | United Australia | Dulwich Hill | 1927–1938 |
| Maurice O'Sullivan |  | Labor | Paddington | 1927–1959 |
| Hubert Primrose |  | United Australia | North Sydney | 1932–1941 |
| John Quirk |  | Labor | Balmain | 1917–1938 |
| Albert Reid |  | Country | Young | 1927–1930, 1932–1941 |
| Alfred Reid |  | United Australia | Manly | 1920–1922, 1925–1945 |
| John Reid |  | Country | Casino | 1930–1953 |
| Athol Richardson |  | United Australia | Ashfield | 1935–1946, 1946–1952 |
| Murray Robson |  | Ind. United Australia | Vaucluse | 1936–1957 |
| Bill Ross |  | Country | Cootamundra | 1932–1941 |
| James Ross |  | United Australia | Kogarah | 1932–1941 |
| Edward Sanders |  | United Australia | Willoughby | 1925–1943 |
| James Shand |  | United Australia | Hornsby | 1926–1944 |
| Tom Shannon |  | Labor | Phillip | 1927–1954 |
| Colin Sinclair |  | Country | Namoi | 1932–1941 |
| Eric Solomon |  | United Australia | Petersham | 1932–1941 |
| Eric Spooner |  | United Australia | Ryde | 1932–40 |
| Fred Stanley |  | Labor | Lakemba | 1927–1950 |
| Bertram Stevens |  | United Australia | Croydon | 1927–1940 |
| John Sweeney |  | Labor | Bulli | 1933–1947 |
| Norman Thomas |  | United Australia | Bondi | 1932–1941 |
| Arthur Tonge |  | Labor | Canterbury | 1926–1932, 1935–1962 |
| Alwyn Tonking |  | United Australia | Orange | 1932–1944 |
| Jack Tully |  | Labor | Goulburn | 1925–1932, 1935–1946 |
| Harry Turner |  | United Australia | Gordon | 1937–1952 |
| Roy Vincent |  | Country | Raleigh | 1922–1953 |
| John Waddell |  | United Australia | Waverley | 1932–1939 |
| Ben Wade |  | Country | Barwon | 1932–1940 |
| Bruce Walker Jr |  | United Australia | Hawkesbury | 1932–1941 |
| Reginald Weaver |  | United Australia | Neutral Bay | 1917–1925, 1927–1945 |
| James Webb |  | United Australia | Hurstville | 1932–1939 |
| George Wilson |  | Country | Dubbo | 1932–1942 |
| Alfred Yeo |  | Country | Castlereagh | 1932–1941 |

1. Green, Antony. "1935 District List". *New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
2. Green, Antony. "1935-1938 By elections". *New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
3. "Part 5B - Members returned for each electorate" (PDF). *New South Wales Parliamentary Record*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
4. "Former members of the New South Wales Parliament, 1856–2006". New South Wales Parliament. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
5. "Part Ten - Officers of Parliament" (PDF). *NSW Parliamentary Record*. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 14 May 2020.


title: Mendipathar railway station

abstract: Mendipathar railway station is a railway station located in Resubelpara Municipal Board Jurisdiction, Meghalaya, India.

text:
# Mendipathar railway station

**Mendipathar railway station** is a railway station located in Resubelpara Municipal Board Jurisdiction, Meghalaya, India.

## History

Government has considered the technical feasibility of linking Shillong and Gauhati by monorail or narrow-gauge surface railway track as suggested by Mr. George Gilfellon for improved communication between these two places. The note drawn out by Mr. Gilfellon was incomplete as no cogent reasons nor any figures of cost had been given. Besides, even in foreign countries, monorail is being developed mainly for urban and suburban traffic and is not intended for cross-country traffic. Therefore, the question of its adoption in the hilly area to link Shillong and Gauhati does not arise. There is no proposal, at present, to link Gauhati ■with Shillong by a narrow gauge line.

A line between Dudhnoi and Depa, Meghalaya through Dudhnoi river valley was proposed in rail budget 1992–93. Later alignment was changed to Dudhnoi–Mendipathar in 2007 due to opposition of local people. Due to late handling of land to railways in Assam and Meghalaya, the work was slow up to 2013. Acquisition of land was completed by March 2013.

## Current status

It currently is the first and only railway station in Meghalaya, a hilly state. The train station was inaugurated by the prime minister of India, Narendra Modi, on 30 November 2014, through a video feed to the ceremony gathering at Mendipathar. Mendipathar–Guwahati Passenger is the only train from the station.

The second rail project for Meghalaya, Teteliya–Byrnihat line, 22 km long, from Guwahati's suburb Tetelia to Byrnihat near Shillong in Meghalaya is likely to be completed by March 2022. From Byrnihat it will be extended further to Shillong in future. Construction was delayed after a 2017 protest in Ronghana.

## InfoBox

| Mendipathar | |
| --- | --- |
| Indian Railways station
Terminal station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Dilma Rd, Mendipathar, North garo hills district, Meghalaya
India |
| Coordinates | 25°53′40″N 90°35′59″E / 25.8943300°N 90.5997800°E / 25.8943300; 90.5997800 |
| Elevation | 916 m (3,005 ft) |
| Owned by | Indian Railways |
| Operated by | Northeast Frontier Railway |
| Line(s) | Dudhnoi–Mendipathar line |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Terminus |
| Other information | |
| Status | Functioning |
| Station code | MNDP |
| Zone(s) | Northeast Frontier Railway |
| Division(s) | Rangiya |
| History | |
| Opened | 2012 (2012) |
| Electrified | Yes |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Mendipathar railway stationLocation in Meghalaya | |


title: Mycobacterium elephantis

abstract: Mycobacterium elephantis, a bacterium of the family Mycobacteriaceae, was discovered and isolated from a deceased elephant near India and may be linked to respiratory dysfunction. Organisms in the genus Mycobacterium are known to be aerobic and non-motile. Organisms within Mycobacterium belong to either the rapid growing group or the slow growing group. M. elephantis is classified as a rapid grower and relates most closely to Mycobacterium confluentis and Mycobacterium phlei.

text:
# Mycobacterium elephantis

***Mycobacterium elephantis***, a bacterium of the family Mycobacteriaceae, was discovered and isolated from a deceased elephant near India and may be linked to respiratory dysfunction. Organisms in the genus *Mycobacterium* are known to be aerobic and non-motile. Organisms within *Mycobacterium* belong to either the rapid growing group (Organismal growth under seven days) or the slow growing group. *M. elephantis* is classified as a rapid grower and relates most closely to *Mycobacterium confluentis* and *Mycobacterium phlei.*

## Origin

Shojaei et al. discovered this bacterial species from a lung of a deceased elephant due to chronic respiratory disease in Sri Lanka, an island off the south end of India in the year 2000. A strain of the organism, 484t, was isolated on Lõwenstein-Jensen medium by these researchers. L-J medium, Columbia blood, MacConkey agar, Middlebrook 7H10 agar, and 5% sodium chloride agar served as cultures for *M. elephantis* at varying temperatures for 3 to 10 days. No growth occurred on the 5% NaCl agar. This organism was found to be positive in a nitrate reduction test and negative in the aryl sulfatase test that were performed on this strain.

## Biology and biochemistry

### Ecology

*M. elephantis* growth has been studied to find its preferred environmental factors. It is known to grow in the bronchial area of mammals, which rests at a pH of 5.5. The organism is host associated with mammals, suggested by the first isolation in the lung abscess of an elephant diagnosed with chronic respiratory disease in Sri Lanka. Most strains of this organism are found in sputum from the respiratory tract with strains found rarely in the lymph nodes.

### Morphology

Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, this Gram positive bacteria correlates to the Genus Mycobacterium; but high-performance liquid chromatography and PCR-restriction enzyme pattern analysis identifies a new species. Its phenotypic characteristics are in close relationship to *M. flavescens*. The phenotype shows a coccobacillary acid-fast organism when cultured in 12B broth and Löwenstein-Jensen solid medium. Yellow pigment and smooth dome shaped was the morphology of this species on L-J medium. On Middlebrooke 7H10 agar, strain DSM 44368 of *Mycobacterium elephantis* shows this previously stated morphology as well as another described as cream colored. With the onset of age, the yellow pigmentation ensues for DSM 44368. *M. elephantis* is also a non-motile species, as is a characteristic of the genus *Mycobacterium*.

### Metabolism and physiology

Scarce results have been recorded to show the metabolic properties of *M. elephantis*, but there has been significant findings. After Shojaei et al. performed experiments testing properties of the 484t strain, aerobic metabolic properties were found. *M. elephantis* is catalase, nitrate reductase, and urease positive as well as weakly acid alcohol fast. The 484t strain was found to be negative for tellurite reduction as well as activity with aryl sulphatase. The optimal growth temperature for this species is about 42° Celsius with its first strains showing at the third day of growth at this temperature. Growth at lower temperatures around 30 °C occurs, but growth is minimal over 45 °C. Growth of this organism does not occur at temperatures above 52 °C. Although this organism is slower than average rapid growing *Mycobacterium*, growth under 7 days classifies this species as a rapid grower. Stunted growth is shown in the presence of isoniazid, rifampicin, and few other drugs.

### Genome

*Mycobacterium elephantis* has been researched and studied to provide some insights on the genomic nature of this organism. A strain of *M. elephantis*, Lipa, contains a G-C content of 67.8%, and a genome size of 5.19 Mb. 250 pseudogenes are also found in this strain. The 484t strain's (same as DSM 44368) 16S rRNA gene sequence as compared to other rapid growing mycobacterium showed a mean 96.7+ 0.5% similarity. It also showed a 96.2+ 0.4% similarity to slow growing mycobacteria. The closest neighbors that show the most similarity to *M. elephantis* are *M. confluentis* at 97.8% and *M. phlei* at 97.7%. Although closely related, strain 484t shows 29 and 30 nucleotide differences in the familiar species.

## Significance

*Mycobacterium elephantis* has the potential to impact diagnostic evaluation when patients display untraceable tuberculosis symptoms. A patient in Asia was hospitalized due to chronic respiratory disease. A chest X-ray showed signs including a shadow in her right region of her chest, which is known to be a common sign of tuberculosis . Without physical evidence of tuberculosis by the absence of the species *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*, the physicians misdiagnosed her with tuberculosis; but the testing of the patient's bronchial lavage found coccobacillary, acid-fast microbes. After further testing, the isolate organism showed high similarity of up to 100% to *Mycobacterium elephantis*. This demonstrates the difficulty of diagnosing humans with tuberculosis in different geographic areas. Misdiagnosis can be a huge factor in patient care and rehabilitation, and further research on this organism can diminish this problem. *Mycobacterium elephantis* should not be ruled out in future diagnostics of chronic respiratory diseases.

## InfoBox

| *Mycobacterium elephantis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetia |
| Order: | Mycobacteriales |
| Family: | Mycobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Mycobacterium* |
| Species: | ***M. elephantis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mycobacterium elephantis***
Shojaei et al. 2000, DSM 44368 | |
|


title: Mykola Karpuk

abstract: Mykola Karpuk is a Ukrainian bodybuilder and personal trainer.

text:
# Mykola Karpuk

**Mykola Karpuk** (Ukrainian: Микола Карпук; born September 2, 1982) is a Ukrainian bodybuilder and personal trainer.

## Biography

He has an older brother, Viktor, and a wife named Natalya—a female bodybuilder. He lives in Mykolaiv, and works as a personal trainer.

A member of the Ukrainian Federation of Bodybuilding and Athleticism (UBPF). He placed 1st during the 2010 Ukraine Cup in heavyweight category. Next year he was the absolute winner of both Kiev Cup and Grand Prix "Hero" championships. Also in 2011 Karpuk participated in IFBB's European Amateur Championships; he managed to win a bronze medal in light-heavyweight category. In 2012 he contended in IFBB World Amateur Championships, and WBPF World Championships. During both of these contests he peaked at number four in light-heavyweight category. In 2013 Karpuk won two gold medals: at the WBPF European Championships (in heavyweight category), and at the NAC World Championships (in medium-tall category). He was the winner of 2015 Ukraine Cup in heavyweight category.

## Competitive stats

* Height: 174 cm
* Contest weight: 90 kg

## InfoBox

| Mykola Karpuk | |
| --- | --- |
| Bodybuilder | |
| Personal info | |
| Born | (1982-09-09) September 9, 1982<br>Ukraine |
| Professional career | |
| Best win | * NAC International World Bodybuilding Championships * 2014 |


title: Mel Fronckowiak

abstract: Melanie Nunes Fronckowiak is a Brazilian actress, writer, and TV host. Fronckowiak became known after starring in several advertising and TV commercials while working as a model in São Paulo, at the Ford Models agency, which led her to participate in the Brazilian teen telenovela Rebelde, playing the character of Carla. In 2013, Fronckowiak launched herself as a writer. In her first book, Inclassificável: Memórias da Estrada, she tells the experiences she lived traveling around forty Brazilian cities with the band Rebeldes.

text:
# Mel Fronckowiak

**Melanie Nunes Fronckowiak** (Brazilian Portuguese: \[ˈmɛw fɾõkoviaˈki\]; Polish: \[frɔnt͡sˈkɔvjak\]; born 16 January 1988) is a Brazilian actress, writer, and TV host. Fronckowiak became known after starring in several advertising and TV commercials while working as a model in São Paulo, at the Ford Models agency, which led her to participate in the Brazilian teen telenovela *Rebelde*, playing the character of Carla. In 2013, Fronckowiak launched herself as a writer. In her first book, *Inclassificável: Memórias da Estrada*, she tells the experiences she lived traveling around forty Brazilian cities with the band Rebeldes.

## Early life

The daughter of psychologist Berenice Nunes and André Fronckowiak, Melanie was born in Araranguá, in the state of Santa Catarina and raised in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. In school, she acted in the play *Grêmio estudantil* and was several times representative of her class. In high school, she won a scholarship to a university in Santa Cruz do Sul, where her paternal uncle lived.

At the age of nineteen, Fronckowiak became a model after winning the title of Miss World Rio Grande do Sul, also winning Miss Personality and Miss Sul World.

## Career

After working as a model, Fronckowiak did amateur theater and began her television career by appearing in commercials. In 2010, she made a cameo appearance in a scene in the Brazilian soap opera *Viver a Vida*. In 2010, she signed with Rede Record, and the following year she joined the cast of *Rebelde*, where she played the character of Carla. On the show, Carla is a member of the pop band Rebeldes. The group went on to hold performances outside the program, with Fronckowiak as one of its six members.

In October 2011, the former model was voted Girl of the Year in Meus Prêmios Nick, a teen event sponsored by Nickelodeon Brazil. In 2012, she won two categories in the Troféu Internet, and was nominated to Troféu Imprensa, one of the biggest annual awards on Brazilian television.

In May 2013, Fronckowiak published the book *Inclassíficavel: Memórias da Estrada* (Unclassifiable: Memories of the Road). According to her, a major publisher turned down the manuscript for "being difficult to classify". This experience influenced the naming of the book. The book includes poetic reflections and a collection of short stories that recorded during the Rebeldes tour of forty cities throughout Brazil.

Since 2014, Fronckowiak has worked as a television presenter. She signed with Rede Bandeirantes to work on the show *A Liga*. In February 2015, she was hired by Globosat to present *Destino Certo*, which premiered on 3 September 2015. This was her first solo program, and it was renewed for a second year.

In 2015, Fronckowiak was invited to join the cast of *El Hipnotizador*, the first bilingual HBO television series in Brazil. It was broadcast simultaneously in all Latin American countries by HBO Brasil and HBO Latin America Group, and also on Hispanic channels in the United States. That same year, Fronckowiak launched a fashion blog called *Sweet Ray of Style* and received the support of major brands, such as Chanel.

In 2016, Netflix announced Fronckowiak as part of the main cast of *3%*, the first Brazilian original series on the streaming service.

## Selected filmography

List of appearances, with year, title, and role shown
| Year | Program | Type | Role | Note | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | *Viver a Vida* | Soap opera | Duda | Special appearance |  |
| 2011–2012 | *Rebelde* | Soap opera | Carla Ferrer | Main character |  |
| 2012 | *Rebeldes Para Sempre* | TV documentary | Herself |  |  |
| 2014–2016 | *A Liga* | Documentary series | Herself | Presenter / reporter |  |
| 2015 | *El Hipnotizador* | TV series | Daria | 2 episodes |  |
| 2015–2019 | *Destino Certo* | TV series | Herself | Presenter |  |
| 2016–2018 | *3%* | Streaming series | Julia | 3 episodes |  |
| 2018–2019 | *Troca de Estilo* | TV series | Herself | Presenter |  |
| 2019 | *Show dos Famosos* | Reality show | Herself | Participant |  |
| 2023 | *Mel Na Estrada* | Web series | Herself | Presenter |  |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Work | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Troféu Internet | Best Actress | Carla Ferrer in *Rebelde* | Won |
| | | Revelation of the Year | | Won |
| | Troféu Imprensa | Nominated | |
| | Prêmio Jovem Brasileiro | Best TV Actress | | Won |
| | Best Female Singer | *Rebeldes* | Won |
| | 2014 | Best TV Presenter | *A Liga* | Won |
| | Best Writer | *Inclassificável: Memórias da Estrada* | Won |
| | 2015 | Best TV Reporter | *A Liga* | Won |
| | Troféu Internet | Best TV Presenter | *Destino Certo* | Nominated |

*

## InfoBox

| Mel Fronckowiak | |
| --- | --- |
| Fronckowiak in 2019 | |
| Born | Melanie Nunes Fronckowiak
(1988-01-16) 16 January 1988
Araranguá, Santa Catarina, Brazil |
| Occupations | * Actress * writer * television host |
| Spouse | Rodrigo Santoro (m. 2016) |
| Children | 1 |


title: Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi

abstract: Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi is a species of spider in the family Euctenizidae, described in 2007 by East Carolina University professor of biology Jason E. Bond and Norman I. Platnick, curator at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. It is named after Canadian rock musician Neil Young. Bond & Platnick described the male holotype and female paratype, which were collected in Jefferson County, Alabama, in 1998. While specimens have been collected repeatedly since 1940, it was only in 2007 that they were recognized as a new species. He co-wrote a paper revising the genus with Norman I. Platnick, describing this and several other new species. M. neilyoungi is widely distributed throughout Alabama, with one known locality from northwestern Florida. Bond received $750,000 in grants from the National Science Foundation in 2005 and 2006 to classify the species of the family Cyrtaucheniidae and contribute to the foundation's Tree of Life project. Bond opted to name the spider after his favorite musician, Neil Young, whose music and activism on peace and justice he appreciates.

text:
# Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi

***Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi*** is a species of spider in the family Euctenizidae, described in 2007 by East Carolina University professor of biology Jason E. Bond and Norman I. Platnick, curator at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. It is named after Canadian rock musician Neil Young.

Bond & Platnick described the male holotype and female paratype, which were collected in Jefferson County, Alabama, in 1998. While specimens have been collected repeatedly since 1940, it was only in 2007 that they were recognized as a new species. He co-wrote a paper revising the genus with Norman I. Platnick, describing this and several other new species.

*M. neilyoungi* is widely distributed throughout Alabama, with one known locality from northwestern Florida.

Bond received $750,000 in grants from the National Science Foundation in 2005 and 2006 to classify the species of the family Cyrtaucheniidae and contribute to the foundation's Tree of Life project.

Bond opted to name the spider after his favorite musician, Neil Young, whose music and activism on peace and justice he appreciates.

## InfoBox

| *Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Mygalomorphae |
| Family: | Euctenizidae |
| Genus: | *Myrmekiaphila* |
| Species: | ***M. neilyoungi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi***
Bond & Platnick, 2007 | |
|
|  | |


title: Melanoplus nigrescens

abstract: Melanoplus nigrescens, known generally as dark-sided grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. Other common names include the black-sided spur-throat grasshopper and black-sided locust. It is found in North America.

text:
# Melanoplus nigrescens

***Melanoplus nigrescens***, known generally as **dark-sided grasshopper**, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. Other common names include the **black-sided spur-throat grasshopper** and **black-sided locust**. It is found in North America.

## InfoBox

| *Melanoplus nigrescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Tribe: | Melanoplini |
| Genus: | *Melanoplus* |
| Species: | ***M. nigrescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melanoplus nigrescens***<br>(Scudder, 1877) | |
|