title: V. Y. Mudimbe

abstract: Valentin-Yves Mudimbe is a Congolese philosopher, professor, and author of poems, novels, as well as books and articles on African culture and intellectual history. Mudimbe is Ruth F. DeVarney Professor of Romance Studies and professor of comparative literature at Duke University and maître de conferences at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales in Paris.

text:
# V. Y. Mudimbe

**Valentin-Yves Mudimbe** (born 8 December 1941, Jadotville, Belgian Congo) is a Congolese philosopher, professor, and author of poems, novels, as well as books and articles on African culture and intellectual history. Mudimbe is Ruth F. DeVarney Professor of Romance Studies and professor of comparative literature at Duke University and *maître de conferences* at the *École des hautes études en sciences sociales* in Paris.

## Early life and career

He was born in the Belgian Congo, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. As a young man, he joined a monastery, but left in 1962 in order to study the forces that shaped African history. He studied in Louvain (PhD, 1970), came back to Congo and flew to the United States in 1979 for political reasons. He has taught at Haverford College and Stanford University, and is now Professor Emeritus in the Program in Literature at Duke University. His work has had a major impact on many disciplines including African studies, Philosophy, Sociology, Anthropology, Linguistics, Literature, and History.

## Work

Mudimbe's work is considered as highly influential for African studies, notably for his major book *The Invention of Africa* (1988). His writings transformed the intellectual history of Africa by challenging the dominant historic reconstruction of Greek philosophy which according to him was racialised. The influence of Mudimbe's writings for African studies was compared to that of Edward Said's book Orientalism for postcolonial studies. Mudimbe showed that without critiquing the epistemologies which were the basis of the discourses about Africa critical approaches can become fruitless. He received the Herskovits Award given by African Studies Association in 1989.

Mudimbe focuses most closely on phenomenology, structuralism, mythical narratives, and the practice and use of language. As a professor, he has taught courses on these topics, as well as on ancient Greek cultural geography.

## Education

* Junior College Degree, Lovanium University, Leopoldville (Kinshasa), Congo (1962)
* Diploma, Lovanium University, Kinshasa, Congo (1964)
* BA, Lovanium University, Kinshasa (1966)
* Graduate Studies, University of Paris (1968)
* PhD with High Honors, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium (1970)

## Books

Novels * *Déchirures* (1971)
* *Entre les eaux* (1973); trans. as *Between Tides* by Stephen Baker (1991)
* *Entretailles* (1973)
* *L'Autre Face du royaume* (1973)
* *Les Fuseaux* (1974)
* *Le Bel immonde* (1976); trans. as *Before the Birth of the Moon* by Marjolijn de Jager (1989)
* *L'Ecart* (1979); trans. as *The Rift* by Marjolijn de Jager (1993)
* *Shaba deux* (1988)
* *Les Corps glorieux des mots et des êtres* (1994)

Essays * The Mudimbe Reader, Edited by Pierre-Philippe Fraiture and Daniel Orrells, University of Virginia Press.
* *L'Odeur du père*, Présence Africaine (1982)
* *The Invention of Africa : Gnosis, Philosophy and the Order of Knowledge*, Indiana University Press (1988)
* *Parables and Fables : Exegesis Textuality and Politics in Central Africa*, The University of Wisconsin Press (1991)
* *The Surreptitious Speech: Presence Africaine and the Politics of Otherness 1947-1987*, University of Chicago Press (1992)
* *Africa & the Disciplines*, coeditor, University of Chicago Press (1993)
* *The Idea of Africa, African Systems of Thought*, Indiana University Press, (1994)
* *Tales of Faith: Religion as Political Performance in Central Africa*, Athlone Press (1997)
* *Nations, Identities, Cultures*, editor, Duke University Press (1997)
* *Diaspora and Immigration*, coeditor, *South Atlantic Quarterly* special issue, Duke University Press (1999)
* *The Normal & Its Orders*, coeditor, Editions Malaïka (2007)
* *On African Fault Lines: Meditations on Alterity Politics*, University of KwaZulu-Natal Press (2013)

## Secondary literature

In English * *White fathers in colonial central Africa : a critical examination of V.Y. Mudimbe's theories on missionary discourse in Africa* Friedrich Stenger, Münster : London : Lit, 2002.
* "Wylie on Mudimbe, 'The Idea of Africa'", Kenneth C. Wylie, H-Africa (1996).
* *Singular performances : reinscribing the subject in Francophone African writing*, Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press, 2002.
* "An Archaeology of African Knowledge: A Discussion of V. Y. Mudimbe", D. A. Masolo.
* *Postcolonial theory and Francophone literary studies*, Adlai Murdoch and Anne Donadey. Gainesville : University Press of Florida, 2005.
* *Postcolonial Francophone autobiographies : from Africa to the Antilles* Edgard Sankara, Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press, 2011.
* *VY Mudimbe: Undisciplined Africanism* Pierre-Philippe Fraiture, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 2013.
* Neil Lazarus (2005) Representation and terror in V.Y. Mudimbe, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 17:1, 81-101

In French * *V.Y. Mudimbe, ou, Le discours, l'écart et l'écriture*, Bernard Mouralis, Présence Africaine, Paris, 1988
* *Le roman africain face aux discours hégémoniques : étude sur l'énonciation et l'idéologie dans l'œuvre de V.Y. Mudimbe*, Jean-Christophe Luhaka A. Kasende, L'harmattan 2001.
* *L'Afrique au miroir des littératures, des sciences de l'homme et de la société : mélanges offerts à V.Y. Mudimbe*, Kasende, Jean-Christophe Luhaka A, L'harmattan, 2003.
* *V.Y. Mudimbe et la ré-invention de l'Afrique: poétique et politique de la décolonisation des sciences humaines*, Kasereka Kavwhairehi, éditions Rodopi, 2006.
* *Pour un nouvel ordre africain de la connaissance : hommage à V.Y. Mudimbe* sous la direction de Alphonse Mbuyamba-Kankolongo, Paris, 2011.

1. Orrells, Daniel (1 March 2016). "V.Y. Mudimbe and the Myth of Oedipus". *The East African Review* (51): 45–59. doi:10.4000/eastafrica.316. ISSN 2071-7245. S2CID 171888569.
2. Mudimbe, V. Y.; Mudimbé, Vumbi Yoka (1991). *UW Press – : Parables and Fables: Exegesis, Textuality, and Politics in Central Africa, V. Y. Mudimbe*. ISBN 978-0-299-13064-0.
3. "Valentin Mudimbe | Program in Literature". *literature.duke.edu*. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
4. Masolo, D. A. (1991). "An Archaeology of African Knowledge: A Discussion of V. Y. Mudimbe". *Callaloo*. **14** (4): 998–1011. doi:10.2307/2931218. JSTOR 2931218  via JSTOR.
5. Mazrui, Ali AlʼAmin (2005). "The Re-invention of Africa: Edward Said, V. Y. Mudimbe, and Beyond". *Research in African Literatures*. **36** (3): 68–82. doi:10.2979/RAL.2005.36.3.68. S2CID 162245529  via Project MUSE.
6. Archie, Marlene M. "An Afrocentric Critique of Mudimbe's Book The Invention of Africa" (PDF). *African Studies*  via Institute of African Studies.


title: Ryo Sakakibara

abstract: Ryo Sakakibara is a Japanese former professional baseball pitcher in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. He played for the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters from 2009 to 2013 and the Orix Buffaloes from 2014 to 2015.

text:
# Ryo Sakakibara

**Ryo Sakakibara** (榊原 諒, born August 4, 1985, in Takahama, Aichi) is a Japanese former professional baseball pitcher in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. He played for the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters from 2009 to 2013 and the Orix Buffaloes from 2014 to 2015.

## InfoBox

| Ryo Sakakibara | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1985-08-04) August 4, 1985 | |
| **Bats:** Right**Throws:** Right | |
| NPB debut | |
| 2009, for the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters | |
| Career statistics <br>(through 2015) | |
| Win–loss record | 11-6 |
| ERA | 2.87 |
| Strikeouts | 146 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

abstract: Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is a bacterium that causes bacterial leaf spot (BLS) on peppers and tomatoes. It is a gram-negative and rod-shaped. It causes symptoms throughout the above-ground portion of the plant including leaf spots, fruit spots and stem cankers. Since this bacterium cannot live in soil for more than a few weeks and survives as inoculum on plant debris, removal of dead plant material and chemical applications to living plants are considered effective control mechanisms.

text:
# Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

***Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *vesicatoria*** is a bacterium that causes bacterial leaf spot (BLS) on peppers and tomatoes. It is a gram-negative and rod-shaped. It causes symptoms throughout the above-ground portion of the plant including leaf spots, fruit spots and stem cankers. Since this bacterium cannot live in soil for more than a few weeks and survives as inoculum on plant debris, removal of dead plant material and chemical applications to living plants are considered effective control mechanisms.

## Hosts and symptoms

### Hosts

Classification of the *Xanthomonas* species that cause bacterial leaf spot is currently in flux. Up until a few years ago, bacterial leaf spot causing xanthomonads were divided into four groups, A, B, C, and D, based on pathogenicity and physiological characteristics. As of 2004 though, a new classification system was proposed that would change the name of *X. campestris* pv. *vesicatoria* to *X. euvesicatoria* (previously group A), and recognized the species *X. vesicatoria* (group B), *X. perforans* (group C), and *X. gardneri* (group D). These changes have yet to be fully recognized, so this article will include information on all groups (A, B, C, and D) of bacterial leaf spot causing xanthomonads.

The principal hosts of BLS causing xanthomonads are tomatoes and peppers, though other incidental hosts have been recorded, mainly weeds. Group A contains most of the pepper infecting strains, though some strains from groups B and D have also been reported to cause symptoms on pepper plants. Strains from all four groups have been isolated from infected tomato plants. Some strains are able to infect both pepper and tomato plants, while some can only infect one of these plants.

### Symptoms

Bacterial leaf spot affects all above ground parts of the plant:

#### Fruit

Pepper fruit do not frequently show symptoms, largely due to the fact that developing fruit is often dropped if the pepper plant is infected. Fruit that isn't dropped can also be damaged and misshapen due to increased sun exposure after plants drop infected leaves. When symptoms on the fruit do occur, they start as pale-green, water-soaked areas and eventually become raised, brown, and rough.

#### Leaves and stems

Bacterial colonization of intracellular spaces induces the macroscopically visible symptoms including water-soaked lesions on the leaves that later become necrotic. Though these spots start out at about .24 inches in diameter, they increase in size and number, eventually causing the leaves to drop off. Plants can drop 50–100% of their foliage. BLS can also affect the stems of plants, leading to elongated, raised, light-brown cankers, less than .25 inch long. (5) Defoliation occurs more commonly in pepper plants than tomatoes, so tomato plants with bacterial leaf spot often have a scorched appearance due to their diseased leaves.

## Disease cycle

*Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *vesicatoria* survives on tomato and pepper plants, seeds, and debris from infected plants as it cannot live in the soil for more than a few weeks. The bacterium can also be found in association with wheat roots and some weed species which are both considered sources of inoculum as well as diseased tomato and pepper plants. In cold climates, *Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *vesicatoria* infection is mostly caused by contaminated seed material, both on and inside of seeds. If it survives on seeds, it will infect the cotyledons of the growing plant as it emerges from the seed coat. Internally infected seeds will produce diseased plants from the point of germination. Systemic symptoms such as wilting, yellowing, and dwarfing are not typical of plants infected at the point of germination. However, foliage loss can happen when localized symptoms on leaves become severe. If the bacterium survives on debris, it may infect healthy plants through stomata as well as wounds on leaves and fruit. It is spread by direct contact of plants with debris, human movement of the bacteria from debris to plants, and can easily travel from debris to healthy plants through saturated soils via water movement. Once infected, plants begin to develop lesions on the leaves as well as fruit, becoming inoculum sources for further infection.

## Environment

Environment plays a large role in bacterial spot of pepper and tomato. The bacterium requires high levels of humidity to such an extent that infected plants may not begin to show symptoms until several days after infection if ambient humidity is low. *Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *vesicatoria* is a large problem in greenhouses and nurseries where very high humidity and warm temperatures provide a good environment for the bacteria to grow and wet soils easily transmit the disease from plant to plant. Overcrowding in propagation facilities also increases the likelihood of spreading this disease when an infected plant comes into physical contact with its neighbors.

## Management

Bacterial spot of pepper and tomato can spread extremely quickly with infected plants showing symptoms 3–5 days after exposure to the pathogen. Starting with one infected plant, susceptible neighboring plants can show symptoms in as little as two weeks and an entire field can become diseased in as little as ten weeks. There are currently several methods of control, some of which are more effective than others.

In the 1950s, the antibiotic streptomycin was used extensively to control the spread of *Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *vesicatoria*. However, the bacteria developed resistant strains and widespread antibiotic application is no longer an effective method of control.

It was once believed that a single strain of *Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *vesicatoria* was responsible for leaf spot disease on peppers and tomatoes. However, it is now known that there are four different phenotypic groups within the *Xanthomonas* genus that are pathogenic. Group A and C are found in *Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *vesicatoria*, group B is found in *X. vesicatoria*, and group D is found in *X. gardeneri*. Some of the strains have as little as 70% of their DNA in common which makes breeding for resistance extremely difficult. While there has been some research made into finding resistant varieties of host plants, success has been limited due to the variation in the pathogen

*Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *vesicatoria* does not survive well in decayed plant material therefore removal of debris and crop rotation are two good methods for preventing the spread of this bacterium. Another important management method is to eliminate volunteer plants (plants that grow without being specifically planted or managed by farmers) as wild pepper and tomato plants can harbor the disease in warmer climates.

Currently, the most effective treatment for bacterial spot of pepper and tomato is a combination of chemical applications. Diseased seeds may be treated with sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, or trisodium phosphate to kill bacteria on the surface of the seed. Treating internal seed infection is harder but can be done with other chemical or heat treatments. Infected fields are treated with multiple application approach involving spraying a mixture of copper and mancozeb, which prevents further infection and kills a variety of pathogens present at the time of spraying. Finally, there is some research being done into the foliar application of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to control the disease but this approach has been met with some resistance and is not currently a widely used method.

## Importance

Bacterial leaf spot occurs throughout the world where conditions are relatively warm and moist. Though it can occur across the United States, BLS is most common in the Northeast, where it is the most common and destructive disease of peppers. BLS is a very economically important disease for tomato and pepper producers because it affects all above ground parts of the plant. Yield is reduced because foliage loss reduces plant productivity. Foliage loss also leaves fruit vulnerable to sunscald, further reducing yield. In addition to problems caused by leaf damage, BLS can cause lesions to appear on the fruit itself reducing quality for sale fresh and also for processing. Fruit drop can also be caused in plants infected early in their development. Farmers of commercial pepper fields will sometimes even destroy an entire pepper crop if BLS is detected early in the season due to how difficult and costly the disease can be to combat.

## InfoBox

| *Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *vesicatoria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Bacterial leaf spot on pepper plants | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Xanthomonadales |
| Family: | Xanthomonadaceae |
| Genus: | *Xanthomonas* |
| Species: | *X. campestris*<br> |
| Pathovar: | ***X. c.*  pv. *vesicatoria*** |
| Trionomial name | |
| ***Xanthomonas campestris* pv. *vesicatoria*** | |


title: Flora of Canada

abstract: The flora of Canada is quite diverse, due to the wide range of ecoregions and environmental conditions present in Canada. From the warm, temperate broadleaf forests of southern Ontario to the frigid Arctic plains of Northern Canada, from the wet temperate rainforests of the west coast to the arid deserts, badlands and tundra plains, the biodiversity of Canada's plants is extensive. According to environment Canada the nation of Canada hosts approximately 17,000 identified species of trees, flowers, herbs, ferns, mosses and other flora. About 3,322 species of vascular plants are native to Canada, and about 830 additional non-native species are recorded as established outside cultivation there.

text:
# Flora of Canada

The **flora of Canada** is quite diverse, due to the wide range of ecoregions and environmental conditions present in Canada. From the warm, temperate broadleaf forests of southern Ontario to the frigid Arctic plains of Northern Canada, from the wet temperate rainforests of the west coast to the arid deserts, badlands and tundra plains, the biodiversity of Canada's plants is extensive. According to environment Canada the nation of Canada hosts approximately 17,000 identified species of trees, flowers, herbs, ferns, mosses and other flora. About 3,322 species of vascular plants are native to Canada, and about 830 additional non-native species are recorded as established outside cultivation there.

## Lists of all plants

* **List of Canadian plants by family**

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | I J K |  |  |  |  | P Q |  |  |  | U V W | X Y Z * **List of Canadian plants by genus**

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | I J K |  |  |  |  | P Q |  |  |  | U V W | X Y Z

## Lists of plant types

## Further reading


title: Niyol railway station

abstract: Niyol railway station is a railway station in Surat district of Gujarat state of India. It is under Mumbai WR of Western Railway zone of Indian Railways. Niyol railway station is 11 km far away from Surat. The station consists of 2 platforms. It is located on Udhna–Jalgaon line of the Indian Railways. It is located at 21 m above sea level and has two platforms. As of 2016, electrified double broad-gauge railway line exists at this station.

text:
# Niyol railway station

**Niyol railway station** is a railway station in Surat district of Gujarat state of India. It is under Mumbai WR of Western Railway zone of Indian Railways. Niyol railway station is 11 km far away from Surat. The station consists of 2 platforms. It is located on Udhna–Jalgaon line of the Indian Railways.

It is located at 21 m above sea level and has two platforms. As of 2016, electrified double broad-gauge railway line exists at this station.

## InfoBox

| Niyol railway station | |
| --- | --- |
| Indian Railways station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Niyol, Surat district<br>India |
| Coordinates | 21°09′37″N 72°54′12″E / 21.160161°N 72.903313°E / 21.160161; 72.903313 |
| Elevation | 21 metres (69 ft) |
| Owned by | Ministry of Railways, Indian Railways |
| Operated by | Western Railway |
| Line(s) | Udhna–Jalgaon line |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Standard (on ground station) |
| Parking | No |
| Other information | |
| Status | Closed |
| Station code | NOL |
| Zone(s) | Western Railway |
| Division(s) | Mumbai WR |
| History | |
| Electrified | Yes |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Niyol railway stationLocation within IndiaNiyol railway stationNiyol railway station (Gujarat) | |


title: Pwanhela (month)

abstract: Pwanhelā is the third month in the Nepal Era calendar, the national lunar calendar of Nepal. The month corresponds to Pausha (पौष) in the Hindu lunar calendar and roughly matches January in the Gregorian calendar. Pwanhelā begins with the new moon and the full moon falls on the 15th of the lunar month. The month is divided into the bright and dark fortnights which are known as Pwanhelā Thwa and Pwanhelā Gā respectively. The sacred bathing festival of White Machindranath, the Bodhisattva of Compassion, is held on the 8th day of the bright fortnight at the courtyard of Jana Baha in Kathmandu. On the full moon day known as Paush Purnimā, which is celebrated as Milā Punhi in Nepal Mandala, the procession of the deity Changu Narayan is held in Kathmandu. The month-long Swasthani sacred story reciting festival also starts on the full moon day. In Sankhu, a town 16 km to the east of Kathmandu, devotees fast and take daily holy dips in the Sali Nadi River throughout the month to mark the Swasthani festival. In another event, unusable clay pots are collected at market squares and broken into pieces.

text:
# Pwanhela (month)

**Pwanhelā** (Nepal Bhasa: 𑐥𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐴𑐾𑐮𑐵, प्वँहेला) is the third month in the Nepal Era calendar, the national lunar calendar of Nepal. The month corresponds to Pausha (पौष) in the Hindu lunar calendar and roughly matches January in the Gregorian calendar.

Pwanhelā begins with the new moon and the full moon falls on the 15th of the lunar month. The month is divided into the bright and dark fortnights which are known as Pwanhelā Thwa (पोहेला थ्व) and Pwanhelā Gā (पोहेला गा) respectively.

The sacred bathing festival of White Machindranath, the Bodhisattva of Compassion, is held on the 8th day of the bright fortnight at the courtyard of Jana Baha in Kathmandu. On the full moon day known as Paush Purnimā, which is celebrated as Milā Punhi (मिला पुन्हि) in Nepal Mandala, the procession of the deity Changu Narayan is held in Kathmandu.

The month-long Swasthani sacred story reciting festival also starts on the full moon day. In Sankhu, a town 16 km to the east of Kathmandu, devotees fast and take daily holy dips in the Sali Nadi River throughout the month to mark the Swasthani festival. In another event, unusable clay pots are collected at market squares and broken into pieces.

## Days in the month

| Thwa (थ्व) or Shukla Paksha
(bright half) | Gā (गा) or Krishna Paksha
(dark half) |
| --- | --- |
| 1. Pāru | 1. Pāru |
| 2. Dwitiyā | 2. Dwitiyā |
| 3. Tritiyā | 3. Tritiyā |
| 4. Chauthi | 4. Chauthi |
| 5. Panchami | 5. Panchami |
| 6. Khasti | 6. Khasti |
| 7. Saptami | 7. Saptami |
| 8. Ashtami | 8. Ashtami |
| 9. Navami | 9. Navami |
| 10. Dashami | 10. Dashami |
| 11. Ekādashi | 11. Ekādashi |
| 12. Dwādashi | 12. Dwādashi |
| 13. Trayodashi | 13. Trayodashi |
| 14. Chaturdashi | 14. Charhe (चह्रे) |
| 15. Punhi (पुन्हि) | 15. Āmāi (आमाइ) |

## Months of the year

| Devanagari script | Roman script | Corresponding Gregorian month | Name of Full Moon |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. कछला | Kachhalā | November | Saki Milā Punhi, Kārtik Purnimā |
| 2. थिंला | Thinlā | December | Yomari Punhi, Dhānya Purnimā |
| 3. पोहेला | Pwanhelā | January | Milā Punhi, Paush Purnimā |
| 4. सिल्ला | Sillā | February | Si Punhi, Māghi Purnimā |
| 5. चिल्ला | Chillā | March | Holi Punhi, Phāgu Purnimā |
| 6. चौला | Chaulā | April | Lhuti Punhi, Bālāju Purnimā |
| 7. बछला | Bachhalā | May | Swānyā Punhi, Baisākh Purnimā |
| 8. तछला | Tachhalā | June | Jyā Punhi, Gaidu Purnimā |
| 9. दिल्ला | Dillā | July | Dillā Punhi, Guru Purnimā |
| 10. गुंला | Gunlā | August | Gun Punhi, Janāi Purnimā (Raksha Bandhan) |
| 11. ञला | Yanlā | September | Yenyā Punhi, Bhādra Purnimā |
| 12. कौला | Kaulā | October | Katin Punhi, Kojāgrat Purnimā |


title: List of glaciers in Asia

abstract: This is a list of glaciers in Asia.

text:
# List of glaciers in Asia

This is a **list of glaciers in Asia**.

## List of glaciers

### China

### Indonesia

All three are on Puncak Jaya. The Meren Glacier on the summit disappeared at some time between 1992 and 2000.

### India

### Japan

#### Nagano Prefecture

* Kakunesato Glacier, Mount Kashimayari

#### Toyama Prefecture

### Kazakhstan

### Kyrgyzstan

### Mongolia

#### Bayan-Ölgii Province

### Nepal

### Pakistan

### Tajikistan


# List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1989

Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1989.

## Fellows

1. Brian David Outram Anderson
2. Kenneth Dawson Bagshawe
3. Sir John Macleod Ball
4. Adrian Peter Bird
5. Roger David Blandford
6. Arthur James Cain (1921–1999)
7. Mark Child
8. Alwyn George Davies
9. Peter Goddard
10. Michael Boris Green
11. Sir Robert Brian Heap
12. Geoffrey Frederick Hewitt
13. Derek Hull
14. Julian Hunt, Baron Hunt of Chesterton
15. Richard Hynes
16. Michael N. G. James
17. Francis Patrick Kelly
18. Sir John Hartley Lawton
19. Gilbert George Lonzarich
20. Andrew David McLachlan
21. Michael Arthur Moore
22. Kim Ashley Nasmyth
23. Sir Paul Nurse
24. Geoffrey Alan Parker
25. Robert Ladislav Parker
26. Sir Richard Peto
27. Warren Richard Roper
28. John Martin Rowell
29. Ian John Russell
30. Edward Shackleton Lord Edward Arthur Alexander (1911–1994) (Statute)
31. John Philip Simons
32. Charles Roger Slack
33. Arthur Marshall Stoneham (1940–2011)
34. Roger Christopher Thomas
35. Anne Marie Treisman
36. Kenneth Wade
37. Patrick David Wall (1925–2001)
38. Robert Gordon Webster
39. Thomas Summers West (1927–2010)
40. Sir Andrew John Wiles
41. Ian Robert Young

## Foreign members

1. Nicole Marthe Le Douarin
2. Paul Erdős (1913–1996)
3. Kenichi Fukui (1918–1998)
4. Edward B Lewis (1918–2004)
5. Barbara McClintock (1902–1992)
6. Edward Mills Purcell (1912–1997)


# List of justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court

Below is a list of justices who have served on the South Carolina Supreme Court.

| Justice | Began active
service | Ended active
service | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| David Gordon Baker | 1935 | 1956 | Became chief justice in 1943 |
| Elihu H. Bay | 1791 | 1838 | - |
| Donald W. Beatty | 2007 | 2024 | Became chief justice in 2017 |
| Eugene Satterwhite Blease | 1926 | 1934 | Became chief justice in 1931 |
| Milledge Lipscomb Bonham | 1931 | 1943 | Became chief justice in 1940 |
| James M. Brailsford Jr. | 1962 | 1974 | - |
| Aedanus Burke | 1796 | 1799 | - |
| E. C. Burnett III | 1995 | 2007 | - |
| Thomas P. Bussey | 1961 | 1975 | - |
| Jesse F. Carter | 1927 | 1943 | - |
| A. Lee Chandler | 1984 | 1994 | Became chief justice in 1994 |
| Thomas P. Cothran | 1921 | 1934 | - |
| William Drayton Sr. | 1789 | 1789 | - |
| Benjamin Faneuil Dunkin | 1865 | 1868 | - |
| John Cannon Few | 2016 | Incumbent | - |
| Ernest A. Finney Jr. | 1985 | 2000 | Became chief justice in 1994 |
| Edward Ladson Fishburne | 1935 | 1954 | - |
| Thomas B. Fraser | 1912 | 1925 |  |
| George W. Gage | 1914 | 1921 | - |
| John P. Gardner | - | - | - |
| Eugene B. Gary | 1894 | 1926 | Became chief justice in 1912 |
| George Gregory Jr. | 1975 | 1991 | Became chief justice in 1988 |
| John Faucheraud Grimké | 1783 | 1819 | - |
| David W. Harwell | 1991 | 1994 | Became chief justice in 1992 |
| Alexander Cheves Haskell | 1877 | 1879 | - |
| Kaye Gorenflo Hearn | 2009 | 2022 | - |
| D. Garrison Hill | 2023 | Incumbent | - |
| Solomon L. Hoge | 1868 | 1869 | - |
| Daniel E. Hydrick | 1909 | 1921 | - |
| George C. James | 2017 | Incumbent | - |
| David Johnson | - | - | - |
| Ira B. Jones | 1896 | 1912 | Became chief justice in 1909 |
| John W. Kittredge | 2008 | Incumbent | Became chief justice in 2024 |
| Lionel K. Legge | 1954 | 1961 | - |
| James Woodrow Lewis | 1961 | 1984 | Became chief justice in 1975 |
| C. Bruce Littlejohn | 1967 | 1985 | Became chief justice in 1984 |
| Alva M. Lumpkin | 1926 | 1934 | - |
| John Hardin Marion | 1921 | 1926 | - |
| Samuel McGowan | 1879 | 1894 | - |
| Henry McIver | 1877 | 1903 | Became chief justice in 1891 |
| James E. Moore | 1991 | 2008 | - |
| Franklin J. Moses Sr. | 1868 | 1877 | - |
| Joseph Rodney Moss | 1956 | 1975 | Became chief justice in 1966 |
| Julius B. Ness | 1974 | 1988 | - |
| Abraham Nott | - | - | - |
| John Belton O'Neall | - | - | - |
| George Dewey Oxner | 1944 | 1962 | - |
| Costa M. Pleicones | 2000 | 2017 | Became chief justice in 2016 |
| Young J. Pope | 1891 | 1909 | Became chief justice in 1903 |
| John Rutledge | 1791 | 1795 | Became chief justice in 1791
Resigned to serve as Chief Justice of the United States |
| William Dunlap Simpson | 1880 | 1890 | Became chief justice in 1880 |
| John G. Stabler | 1926 | 1940 | Became chief justice in 1935 |
| Taylor Hudnall Stukes | 1940 | 1961 | Became chief justice in 1956 |
| Claude A. Taylor | 1944 | 1966 | Became chief justice in 1961 |
| Jean H. Toal | 1988 | 2015 | Became chief justice in 2000 |
| Letitia H. Verdin | 2024 | Incumbent | - |
| John H. Waller | 1994 | 2008 | - |
| Richard C. Watts | 1912 | 1930 | Became chief justice in 1927 |
| Ammiel J. Willard | 1868 | 1880 | Became chief justice in 1877 |
| Charles Albert Woods | 1903 | 1913 | - |
| Jonathan Jasper Wright | 1870 | 1877 | - |
| Robert Wright | 1725 | 1739 | Became chief justice in 1725 |


title: Parrott, Georgia

abstract: Parrott is a town in Terrell County, Georgia, United States. The population was 158 as of the 2020 census. It is part of the Albany, Georgia metropolitan statistical area.

text:
# Parrott, Georgia

**Parrott** is a town in Terrell County, Georgia, United States. The population was 158 as of the 2020 census. It is part of the Albany, Georgia metropolitan statistical area.

## History

Parrott was founded in the 1860s by James and John L. Parrott, pioneer citizens. The Georgia General Assembly incorporated Parrott as a town in 1889.

## Geography

The town is located in southwest Georgia along Georgia State Route 520 (South Georgia Parkway), which leads southeast 9 mi (14 km) to Dawson, the Terrell County seat, and northwest 18 mi (29 km) to Richland. Columbus is 53 mi (85 km) northwest and Albany is 34 mi (55 km) southeast. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.8 square miles (2.1 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 267 |  |  |
| 1910 | 360 |  | 34.8% |
| 1920 | 367 |  | 1.9% |
| 1930 | 383 |  | 4.4% |
| 1940 | 337 |  | −12.0% |
| 1950 | 291 |  | −13.6% |
| 1960 | 280 |  | −3.8% |
| 1970 | 222 |  | −20.7% |
| 1980 | 222 |  | 0.0% |
| 1990 | 140 |  | −36.9% |
| 2000 | 156 |  | 11.4% |
| 2010 | 158 |  | 1.3% |
| 2020 | 120 |  | −24.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 156 people, 68 households, and 41 families residing in the town. In 2020, its population declined to 120.

## Arts and culture

Parts of the 1980 western film *The Long Riders* were filmed in Parrot, notably the "Northfield" scene.

Artrain USA visited Parrott in 1976, one of the few non-metropolitan stops on its journey. The event was accompanied by a large arts and crafts show, along with craft demonstrations. Jimmy Carter attended the event to cut the ribbon and open the show, and gave a speech to commemorate the occasion.

## Notable people

1. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
3. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). *Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins* (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 171. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
5. *Acts Passed by the General Assembly of Georgia*. J. Johnston. 1889. p. 834.
6. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
7. "Parrot, Georgia: The Long Riders". July 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2024.
8. "The Arts at a New Frontier: The National Endowment for the Arts" p.150

## InfoBox

| Parrott, Georgia | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Parrot Historic District | |
| Location in Terrell County and the state of Georgia | |
| Coordinates: 31°53′39″N 84°30′40″W / 31.89417°N 84.51111°W / 31.89417; -84.51111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Georgia |
| County | Terrell |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.78 sq mi (2.02 km2) |
| Land | 0.78 sq mi (2.02 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 459 ft (140 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 120 |
| Density | 153.85/sq mi (59.41/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 39877 |
| Area code | 229 |
| FIPS code | 13-59416 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0320249 |


title: V. Vikramraju

abstract: V. Vikramraju is a former Indian cricket umpire. He stood in two Test matches between 1985 and 1986, including the second Tied Test, and five ODI games between 1984 and 1988.

text:
# V. Vikramraju

**V. Vikramraju** (born 1 January 1934) is a former Indian cricket umpire. He stood in two Test matches between 1985 and 1986, including the second Tied Test, and five ODI games between 1984 and 1988.

## InfoBox

V. Vikramraju
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1934-01-01) 1 January 1934 |
| Umpiring information | |
| Tests umpired | 2 (1985–1986) |
| ODIs umpired | 5 (1984–1988) |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 16 July 2013 | |


title: Ryo Sakata

abstract: Ryo Sakata is a Japanese professional baseball outfielder for the Saitama Seibu Lions in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball.

text:
# Ryo Sakata

**Ryo Sakata** (坂田 遼, born October 2, 1986, in Yokosuka, Kanagawa) is a Japanese professional baseball outfielder for the Saitama Seibu Lions in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball.

## InfoBox

| Ryo Sakata | |
| --- | --- |
| Sakata with the Saitama Seibu Lions | |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:**  (1986-10-02) October 2, 1986 | |
| **Bats:** Left**Throws:** Right | |
| NPB debut | |
| May 6, 2009, for the Saitama Seibu Lions | |
| NPB statistics <br>(through 2016 season) | |
| Batting average | .239 |
| Home runs | 19 |
| RBI | 95 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Music of Red Dead Redemption

abstract: The music for the 2010 action-adventure western video game Red Dead Redemption, developed by Rockstar San Diego and published by Rockstar Games, was composed by musicians Bill Elm and Woody Jackson. Recorded at Jackson's studio in Los Angeles, the soundtracks were produced by David Holmes. The music was intended to imitate soundtracks of 1960s Western films, such as Ennio Morricone's work on the Dollars Trilogy. In collaboration with each other, Elm and Jackson produced over fourteen hours of music across fifteen months. The composers used unconventional instruments to create unique sounds, and worked with artists such as Tommy Morgan during production. Four supplementary vocal recordings were also produced for the game. The soundtrack album for Red Dead Redemption was released on iTunes in May 2010. Additional compositions, composed for the game's standalone expansion pack Undead Nightmare, were released on a second soundtrack in November 2010. Critical reception to the soundtracks was positive, as reviewers felt that the music connected appropriately with the gameplay and genre. The game's music was nominated for numerous awards. Several tracks became popular and begot cover versions and live performances.

text:
# Music of Red Dead Redemption

The music for the 2010 action-adventure western video game *Red Dead Redemption*, developed by Rockstar San Diego and published by Rockstar Games, was composed by musicians Bill Elm and Woody Jackson. Recorded at Jackson's studio in Los Angeles, the soundtracks were produced by David Holmes. The music was intended to imitate soundtracks of 1960s Western films, such as Ennio Morricone's work on the *Dollars Trilogy*. In collaboration with each other, Elm and Jackson produced over fourteen hours of music across fifteen months. The composers used unconventional instruments to create unique sounds, and worked with artists such as Tommy Morgan during production. Four supplementary vocal recordings were also produced for the game.

The soundtrack album for *Red Dead Redemption* was released on iTunes in May 2010. Additional compositions, composed for the game's standalone expansion pack *Undead Nightmare*, were released on a second soundtrack in November 2010. Critical reception to the soundtracks was positive, as reviewers felt that the music connected appropriately with the gameplay and genre. The game's music was nominated for numerous awards. Several tracks became popular and begot cover versions and live performances.

## Background and recording

*Red Dead Redemption* is one of the first games by Rockstar to use an original score. Music supervisor Ivan Pavlovich has cited the large scale of the game as one of the largest difficulties when producing the score. He said that, in order to achieve an effective gaming experience, the game could not solely feature licensed music, like previous Rockstar games. "We figured we'd need to write an original score," Pavlovich said. To work on the score, Rockstar engaged Bill Elm and Woody Jackson, member and former member of Friends of Dean Martinez, respectively. In collaboration with each other, the duo composed over fourteen hours of music, which scores the game's missions, across fifteen months. The original score and subsequent album were both recorded and mixed at Jackson's personal recording studio in Los Angeles, and mastered at Capitol Studios. Following the recording, Irish producer and composer David Holmes listened to the original score, and subsequently spent three weeks compiling fifteen instrumental tracks that could be used as standalone songs for the game's official soundtrack. Holmes attempted to make the soundtrack representative of the variety of sounds and moods in the game. Four vocal performances were also recorded for use in the soundtrack.

Recorded at 130 beats per minute in A minor, most of songs featured are constructed from motifs in the game's dynamic soundtrack. A mix of modern instruments and those featured in traditional Western films, such as the jaw harp, were used. Creative uses of instruments were used to bring unique sounds, such as playing a trumpet onto the surface of a timpani drum. Rockstar also consulted musicians who played traditional Western instruments; harmonica player Tommy Morgan, who had been featured on several films over his 60-year career, provided traditional harmonica segments for the game. Beyond trumpets, nylon guitars and accordions, the composers incorporated other instruments, such as flutes and ocarinas. When researching music for inspiration, Jackson found that there was no "Western sound" in 1911; he felt that the soundtracks of 1960s Western films, such as Ennio Morricone's work on the *Dollars Trilogy*, was more representative of Western music. In appropriating the score to the game's setting, Elm commented that the process was initially "daunting", taking a long time to discover how the music was to work in an interactive way.

## Albums

### *Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack*

***Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack*** comprises songs from the game, composed and produced by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson. The soundtrack spans twenty tracks, covering a duration of 75 minutes, and features four additional vocal songs. Rockstar Games first published the album digitally via iTunes on May 18, 2010, and physically on August 23, 2010. A limited vinyl record of the soundtrack was also released on November 18, 2010, as a collaboration between Rockstar and Wax Poetics.

In the context of the game, *Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack* was well received. Simon Parkin of *Eurogamer* named it "standout", praising the use of multiple instruments. *GamePro*'s Will Herring echoed these opinions, comparing the soundtrack to Ennio Morricone's *Dollars Trilogy*. *GameSpot*'s Justin Calvert called the soundtrack "superb", and *IGN*'s Erik Brudvig named it "exceptional" and "wonderful". *Game Music Online* praised the soundtrack as an individual piece, stating that it has the ability to accompany "any Hollywood film". Gideon Dabi of *Original Sound Version* felt divided about the soundtrack; though heaping praise, he wrote that it was "a little too slow on the draw".

Digital and CD track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Born Unto Trouble" | William Elm, Woodrow Wilson Jackson III | 3:12 |
| 2. | "The Shootist" | Elm, Jackson | 4:17 |
| 3. | "Dead End Alley" | Elm, Jackson | 2:06 |
| 4. | "Horseplay" | Elm, Jackson | 3:49 |
| 5. | "Luz y Sombra" | Elm, Jackson | 5:19 |
| 6. | "El Club De Los Cuerpos" | Elm, Jackson | 6:24 |
| 7. | "Estancia" | Elm, Jackson | 2:02 |
| 8. | "(Theme From) Red Dead Redemption" | Elm, Jackson | 5:38 |
| 9. | "Triggernometry" | Elm, Jackson | 5:23 |
| 10. | "Gunplay" | Elm, Jackson | 1:28 |
| 11. | "Redemption in Dub" | Elm, Jackson | 2:09 |
| 12. | "Muertos Rojos (aka The Gunslinger's Lament)" | Elm, Jackson | 5:50 |
| 13. | "The Outlaw's Return" | Elm, Jackson | 6:54 |
| 14. | "Exodus in America" | Elm, Jackson | 4:59 |
| 15. | "Already Dead" | Elm, Jackson | 1:31 |
| 16. | "Far Away" (José González) | Elias Araya, José González, Tobias Winterkorn | 4:39 |
| 17. | "Compass (Red Dead On Arrival Version)" (Jamie Lidell) | Jamie Lidderdale | 2:59 |
| 18. | "Deadman's Gun" (Ashtar Command) | Brian Liesegang, Christopher Holmes | 4:15 |
| 19. | "Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie" (William Elliott Whitmore) |  | 2:24 |
| Total length: | | | 75:18 |

The vinyl release of the album split it into four sides across two records and features an additional track.

Vinyl track listing
Side A
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Born Unto Trouble" | Elm, Jackson | 3:12 |
| 2. | "The Shootist" | Elm, Jackson | 4:17 |
| 3. | "Horseplay" | Elm, Jackson | 3:49 |
| 4. | "The Outlaw's Return" | Elm, Jackson | 6:54 |
| 5. | "Dead End Alley" | Elm, Jackson | 2:06 |

Side B
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6. | "Muertos Rojos (aka The Gunslinger's Lament)" | Elm, Jackson | 5:50 |
| 7. | "Luz y Sombra" | Elm, Jackson | 5:19 |
| 8. | "El Club De Los Cuerpos" | Elm, Jackson | 6:24 |
| 9. | "Estancia" | Elm, Jackson | 2:02 |
| 10. | "Gunplay" | Elm, Jackson | 1:28 |

Side C
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11. | "Exodus in America" | Elm, Jackson | 4:59 |
| 12. | "(Theme From) Red Dead Redemption" | Elm, Jackson | 5:38 |
| 13. | "Triggernometry" | Elm, Jackson | 5:23 |
| 14. | "Redemption in Dub" | Elm, Jackson | 2:09 |
| 15. | "Already Dead" | Elm, Jackson | 1:31 |

Side D
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16. | "Far Away" (José González) | Araya, González, Winterkorn | 4:39 |
| 17. | "Compass (Red Dead On Arrival Version)" (Jamie Lidell) | Lidderdale | 2:59 |
| 18. | "Deadman's Gun" (Ashtar Command) | Liesegang, Holmes | 4:15 |
| 19. | "Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie" (William Elliott Whitmore) |  | 2:24 |
| 20. | "Old Friends, New Problems" | Elm, Jackson | 3:42 |
| Total length: | | | 79:00 |

### *Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Original Soundtrack*

| *Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Original Soundtrack* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Soundtrack album by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson | |
| Released | November 23, 2010 |
| Studio | Vox Recording, Los Angeles |
| Genre | Soundtrack |
| Length | 49:01 |
| Label | Rockstar Games |
| Producer | David Holmes |

*Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Original Soundtrack*, the soundtrack for the downloadable content *Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare*, features compositions from the game, composed and produced by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson. It also features works from bands Kreeps and Misterio. The soundtrack spans eighteen tracks, covering a duration of 49 minutes. Rockstar Games first published the album digitally via iTunes and Amazon Music on November 23, 2010, simultaneous with the release of *Undead Nightmare*, and physically on November 26, 2010.

In the context of the game, the soundtrack was generally well received. Harris Iqbal of *Game Music Online* praised its ability to incorporate horror and western music, stating that the soundtrack is "sometimes gimmicky and narrow in its scope, but there is still a decent amount of variety". Michael McWhertor of *Kotaku* called the soundtrack "gorgeous".

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Undead Nightmare" | William Elm, Woodrow Wilson Jackson III | 1:07 |
| 2. | "Zombie Corpseplay" | Elm, Jackson | 2:54 |
| 3. | "Get Back In That Hole, Partner" | Elm, Jackson | 2:36 |
| 4. | "Army of the Undead" | Elm, Jackson | 2:23 |
| 5. | "Chupacabra" | Elm, Jackson | 3:19 |
| 6. | "Zombie Peyote" | Elm, Jackson | 1:41 |
| 7. | "Ojo Muerto" | Elm, Jackson | 1:50 |
| 8. | "Blunderbuss Blues" | Elm, Jackson | 1:58 |
| 9. | "Four Horses of the Apocalypse" | Elm, Jackson | 5:03 |
| 10. | "Blackwater, USA" | Elm, Jackson | 5:21 |
| 11. | "Undead Redemption" | Elm, Jackson | 1:42 |
| 12. | "Missing Souls" | Elm, Jackson | 1:32 |
| 13. | "A Man Ready for Anything" | Elm, Jackson | 1:57 |
| 14. | "Showdown in Escalera" | Elm, Jackson | 2:44 |
| 15. | "Bad Voodoo" (Kreeps) | Dominic James Buckley | 3:41 |
| 16. | "Dead Man Walking" (Kreeps) | Buckley | 3:52 |
| 17. | "Dead Sled" (Kreeps) | Buckley | 2:10 |
| 18. | "Stinkin' Zombies" (Misterio) | Flavio Oscar Cianciarulo | 3:11 |
| Total length: | | | 49:01 |

## Legacy

*Red Dead Redemption* won the award for Best Original Music from GameSpot, Music of the Year and Best Interactive Score at the Game Audio Network Guild Awards, and Best Original Score at the Spike Video Game Awards; the latter also awarded "Far Away" by José González with Best Song in a Game. Gonzalez performed the song on Zane Lowe's show on BBC Radio 1 in June 2010, at the Rockstar offices in New York in July 2010, and at the Spike Video Game Awards in December 2010. The performance at the Spike Video Game Awards was accompanied by a music video for the song, which Rockstar published a few weeks later. Ashtar Command also performed a live version of the song "Deadman's Gun" in August 2010. The popularity of the game has led to numerous cover versions of the music being released by various artists, such as musician Ben "Squid Physics" Morfitt, and artist María Katt.

1. Stuart, Keith (May 26, 2010). "Redemption songs: the making of the Red Dead Redemption soundtrack". *The Guardian*. Archived from the original on October 8, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
2. "Features: Soundtrack". Rockstar Games. Retrieved August 12, 2022. Alt URL
3. R\* Q (July 28, 2010). "Behind the Scenes of the Red Dead Redemption Soundtrack". *Rockstar Newswire*. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
4. Jeriaska (November 4, 2011). "Myths, Mavericks, And Music Of Red Dead Redemption". *Gamasutra*. UBM TechWeb. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
5. Sound Tracker. "Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack". Game Music Online. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
6. R\* Q (August 23, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack CD Now Available at the Rockstar Warehouse". *Rockstar Newswire*. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
7. R\* Q (November 18, 2010). "Collectors' Item Red Vinyl LP of the Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack Now Available at the Rockstar Warehouse". *Rockstar Newswire*. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
8. Parkin, Simon (May 17, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Review". *Eurogamer*. Gamer Network. p. 3. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
9. Herring, Will (May 7, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption review from GamePro". *GamePro*. International Data Group. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
10. Calvert, Justin (May 18, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
11. Brudvig, Erik (May 17, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Review". *IGN*. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on August 27, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
12. Dabi, Gideon (May 24, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption OST: Good, Bad, or Ugly? (Review)". Original Sound Version. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
13. Helgeson, Matt (November 19, 2010). "Rockstar Releases Red Dead Soundtrack On Red Vinyl". *Game Informer*. GameStop. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
14. R\* Q (November 17, 2010). "The Undead Nightmare Soundtrack Is Coming Next Week". *Rockstar Newswire*. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
15. Iqbal, Harris (November 23, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption -Undead Nightmare- Original Soundtrack". Game Music Online. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
16. McWhertor, Michael (October 19, 2010). "Review: Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare". *Kotaku*. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on September 3, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
17. "Best Original Music – The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 20, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
18. Brown, Nathan (March 7, 2011). "GDC 2011: Red Dead Redemption Wins 4 GANG Awards". *Edge*. Future plc. Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
19. VGA (October 27, 2011). "Video Game Awards 2010 Winners". Spike. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
20. R\* Q (June 8, 2010). "Jose Gonzalez 'Far Away' from the Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack Featured on the Zane Lowe Show on BBC Radio 1". *Rockstar Newswire*. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
21. R\* Q (July 22, 2010). "Live Performance of "Far Away" by Jose Gonzalez from the Red Dead Redemption Soundtrack". *Rockstar Newswire*. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
22. R\* Q (December 11, 2010). "Update: Red Dead Redemption Wins Game of the Year and Jose Gonzalez Performs "Far Away" Live at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards". *Rockstar Newswire*. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
23. R\* A (December 22, 2010). ""Far Away" Music Video (Red Dead Redemption Soundtrack)". *Rockstar Newswire*. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on January 27, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
24. R\* Q (August 16, 2010). "Live Performance of "Deadman's Gun" by Ashtar Command from the Red Dead Redemption Soundtrack". *Rockstar Newswire*. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
25. R\* Y (January 8, 2014). "Fan Videos: Street and Sky Stunt Montages, Niko's Yoga Session and A Very GTA Christmas". *Rockstar Newswire*. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
26. Zapruder Pictures (July 25, 2015). ""Far Away" – María Katt para Red Dead Redemption: Seth's Gold". Facebook. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.

## InfoBox

| *Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Soundtrack album by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson | |
| Released | May 18, 2010 |
| Studio | Vox Recording, Los Angeles |
| Genre | Soundtrack |
| Length | 75:18 |
| Label | Rockstar Games |
| Producer | David Holmes |


title: Flora of Chile

abstract: The native flora of Chile is characterized by a higher degree of endemism and relatively fewer species compared to the flora of other countries of South America. A classification of this flora necessitates its division into at least three general zones: the desert provinces of the north, Central Chile, and the humid regions of the south.

text:
# Flora of Chile

The native **flora of Chile** is characterized by a higher degree of endemism and relatively fewer species compared to the flora of other countries of South America. A classification of this flora necessitates its division into at least three general zones: the desert provinces of the north, Central Chile, and the humid regions of the south.

## Northern Chile

The first is an arid desert(Atacama desert) absolutely barren along part of the coast, between Arica and Copiapó, but with a coarse scanty vegetation near the Cordilleras along watercourses and on the slopes where moisture from the melting snows above percolates through the sand.

The altiplano of the northernmost portion of the Chilean territory is home to the *Browningia candelaris*, a candelabrum-shaped cactus. Another cactus species, the *Echinopsis atacamensis*, grows in the pre-Andean area. The high Andean region is also characterized by the presence of species of the genus *Polylepis* and the *Azorella compacta*. Cacti occur in the coastal desert. Here, the most common species are those of the genus *Copiapoa*, which are recognizable by their distinctive shapes.

An endemic tree of the Norte Grande is the Prosopis tamarugo. It grows mainly in the Pampa del Tamarugal. South of Loa River and west of Cordillera Domeyko, the Atacama Desert is completely destitute of vegetation.

In the valleys of the Copiapó and Huasco rivers a meagre vegetation is to be found near their channels, apart from what is produced by irrigation, but the surface of the plateau and the dry. River channels below the sierras are completely barren. Continuing southward into the Coquimbo Region a gradual change in the arid conditions may be observed. The higher summits of the Andes afford a larger and more continuous supply of water, and so dependent are the people in the cultivated river valleys on this source of water supply that they watch for snowstorms in the Cordilleras as an indication of what the coming season is to be. The arborescent growth near the mountains is larger and more vigorous, in which are to be found the "algarrobo" (*Prosopis chilensis*) and "chañar" (*Geoffroea decorticans*), but the only shrub to be found on the coast is a species of *Skytanthus*.

Proceeding southward cacti become common, first a dwarfed species, and then a larger columnar form (*Echinopsis chiloensis*). The streams are fringed with willows; fruit trees and alfalfa fields fill the irrigated valleys, and the lower mountain slopes are better covered with a thorny arborescent growth. The divides between the streams, however, continue barren as far south as the transverse ranges of mountains across the province of Aconcagua.

## Central Chile

To some degree the flora of central Chile is of a transition character between the northern and southern zones. It is much more than this, however, for it has a large number of genera and species peculiarly its own. This zone, with the Chilean Matorral, extends from about the 30th to the 36th parallel, perhaps a little farther south to include some characteristic types. The evergreens largely predominate here as well as in the extreme south, and on the open, sunburnt plains the vegetation takes on a sub-tropical aspect. One of the most characteristic trees of this zone is the peumo (*Cryptocarya alba*), whose dense evergreen foliage is everywhere conspicuous. The quillay (*Quillaja saponaria*) is another characteristic evergreen tree of this region, whose bark possesses saponaceous properties. In earlier times the coquito palm (*Jubaea chilensis*) was to be found throughout this part of Chile, but it is almost completely extinct due to the destructive extraction process of its sweet sap, from which a syrup is made. Through the central zone the plains are open and there are forests on the mountain slopes.

## Southern Chile

One of the most striking forest trees is the pehuén or Chilean pine (*Araucaria araucana*), which often grows to a height of 100 ft. and is prized by the natives for its fruit. Three native species of the genus *Nothofagus*: the roble (*Nothofagus obliqua*), coihue (*Nothofagus dombeyi*), and raulí (*Nothofagus alpina*)--are widely diffused and highly prized for their wood, especially the first, which is misleadingly called roble (oak).

Chile's thickest forest are found between the Bío-Bío River and the Taitao Peninsula. Among those trees are the alerce (*Fitzroya cupressoides*), the ciprés de las Guaitecas (*Pilgerodendron uviferum*), the Chilean cypress (*Austrocedrus chilensis*), lingue (*Persea lingue*), laurel (*Laurelia sempervirens*), avellano (*Gevuina avellana*), luma (*Luma apiculata*), and many others.

In the southern zone there are no plains, with the exception of small areas near the Strait of Magellan, and the forests are universal. In the variety, size and density of their growth these forests remind one of the tropics. They are made up, in great part, of the evergreen beech (*Nothofagus betuloides*), the deciduous antarctic beech (*Nothofagus antarctica*) and Winter's bark (*Drimys winteri*), intermingled with a dense undergrowth composed of a great variety of shrubs and plants, among which are *Maytenus magellanica*, *Gaultheria mucronata*, *Berberis buxifolia*, wild currant (*Ribes magellanicum*), a trailing blackberry, tree ferns, reed-like grasses and innumerable parasites (including species of the genus *Misodendron*). On the eastern side of the Cordillera, in the extreme south, the climate is drier and open, and grassy plains are found, but on the western side the dripping forests extend from an altitude of 1000 to 1500 ft. down to the level of the sea. A peculiar vegetable product of this inclement region is a small globular fungus growing on the bark of the beech, which is a staple article of food among the Fuegians—probably the only instance where a fungus is the bread of a people.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chile". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–160. (See p. 146.)


title: Nokomis 3

abstract: Nokomis 3 is a blend of chemicals created by scientists in 1971, formulated to increase dispersion of oil spilled in bodies of water. The synergetic formulation of chemicals is water-based and non-flammable. Nokomis 3 has been used by the United States Navy, State of California Fish and Game and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Marlin Supply Inc. is the main distributor of this product with laboratories in San Francisco, Texas, Florida and Mexico. Nokomis 3 has been shown in studies to increase the rate of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons with one study observing the degradation rate increased to 5.07 ± 0.37 mg L−1 day−1 from 2.39 ± 0.22 mg L−1 day−1. When the product is released out of an airplane or aerial applied, it has an increased viscosity, which increases the chance for it to reach the ground. This product is designed to clean up No. 2 Oil Fuel in bodies of water. Nokomis 3 is a base on the pH scale and is completely water soluble.

text:
# Nokomis 3

**Nokomis 3** is a blend of chemicals created by scientists in 1971, formulated to increase dispersion of oil spilled in bodies of water.

The synergetic formulation of chemicals is water-based and non-flammable. Nokomis 3 has been used by the United States Navy, State of California Fish and Game and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Marlin Supply Inc. is the main distributor of this product with laboratories in San Francisco, Texas, Florida and Mexico. Nokomis 3 has been shown in studies to increase the rate of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons with one study observing the degradation rate increased to 5.07 ± 0.37 mg L−1 day−1 from 2.39 ± 0.22 mg L−1 day−1.

When the product is released out of an airplane or aerial applied, it has an increased viscosity, which increases the chance for it to reach the ground.

This product is designed to clean up No. 2 Oil Fuel in bodies of water. Nokomis 3 is a base on the pH scale and is completely water soluble.

## Nokomis 3-AA

This product of Nokomis 3 is a water based colloid. Nokomis 3-AA can be applied through spray nozzles on workboats or ships. For best use, the propeller of the boats can be helpful with mixing the product into the water for the most effect.

## Nokomis 3-F4

The second design of Nokomis 3 is the Nokomis 3-F4. It is made with a higher viscosity, increasing the chance that the full product will reach the water's surface. It is not always applied by plane but can also be sprayed through nozzles to the top of the water's surface. Depending on the situation and the size of the oil spill, it can be applied either diluted or at full strength.


title: Nieszkowice Małe

abstract: Nieszkowice Małe is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bochnia, within Bochnia County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Bochnia and 31 km (19 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

text:
# Nieszkowice Małe

**Nieszkowice Małe** \[ɲɛʂkɔˈvit͡sɛ ˈmawɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bochnia, within Bochnia County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Bochnia and 31 km (19 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

## InfoBox

| Nieszkowice Małe | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| School (formerly manor house) | |
| Nieszkowice Małe | |
| Coordinates: 49°56′N 20°19′E / 49.933°N 20.317°E / 49.933; 20.317 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Bochnia |
| Gmina | Bochnia |
| Population | 420 |


title: Ninja Crusaders

abstract: Ninja Crusaders is a side-scrolling action game released by Sammy Corporation for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1990. The player takes control of one of two ninjas who are tasked at thwarting an alien invasion. The game has been compared to Tecmo's Ninja Gaiden series.

text:
# Ninja Crusaders

***Ninja Crusaders*** is a side-scrolling action game released by Sammy Corporation for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1990. The player takes control of one of two ninjas who are tasked at thwarting an alien invasion. The game has been compared to Tecmo's *Ninja Gaiden* series.

## Gameplay

*Ninja Crusaders* is a side-scrolling action game that can be played by up to two players simultaneously. There are four weapons that player can pick up and use during the game: shuriken, kusarigama,  and sword. Each weapon has its unique style and transformation ability: shuriken provides the ability of transforming into tiger, which is the fastest and can jump the highest but has the shortest range; kusarigama provides the ability of transforming into sea scorpion, which can swim better than all the rest but moves very slowly on land; bō provides the ability of transforming into falcon, which has the ability to fly above everything but cannot attack at all; and finally sword provides the ability of transforming into dragon, which can fly, is invincible, and kills everything in one hit, but the player can only use this ability only once and only for a limited amount of time, also sword itself rarely appears in the game.

## Plot

In the near future, a force of alien invaders is wreaking havoc on Earth from the furthest reaches of outer space. This new menace was stronger than our most powerful defenses and proved to be unstoppable. In Japan, brave ninja warriors rose from the shadows to battle the alien invaders, but were eventually driven out as the menace took control of their homeland. Some of the ninjas escaped Japan and scattered to remote lands around the world. But their passion to reclaim their land and crush the enemy's rage. It was decided that two ninjas, Talon and Blade, would be sent to destroy the evil.

## Reception

NES Player claims that the speed and unpredictability of the game's enemy character are what leads to the game's biggest downfall, level memorization, forcing players to over-rely on memorization in later stages.

1. "Game information". GameFAQs. Retrieved 2023-06-22.
2. "NES Games" (PDF). Nintendo of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2014. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
3. "Similarities to Ninja Gaiden". NES Guide. Archived from the original on 2010-07-29. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
4. "Basic game overview". NES Player. Archived from the original on 2006-03-27. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
5. "Story information". MobyGames. Retrieved 2023-06-22.

## InfoBox

| Ninja Crusaders | |
| --- | --- |
| Japanese cover art | |
| Developer(s) | NMK |
| Publisher(s) | Sammy Corporation |
| Composer(s) | Kazunori Hideya |
| Platform(s) | NES |
| Release |  |
| Genre(s) | 2D action platformer |
| Mode(s) | Single-player or multiplayer (up to 2 players) |


title: Ninja Dragon

abstract: Ninja Dragon is a 1986 Hong Kong English-language martial arts action crime film directed by Godfrey Ho. Produced by Joseph Lai and Betty Chan, the film stars Richard Harrison and Bruce Stallion in lead roles.

text:
# Ninja Dragon

***Ninja Dragon*** (Cantonese: 上海風雲 Jyutping: soeng6 hoi2 fung1 wan4) is a 1986 Hong Kong English-language martial arts action crime film directed by Godfrey Ho. Produced by Joseph Lai and Betty Chan, the film stars Richard Harrison and Bruce Stallion in lead roles.

## Plot

Set in Great Shanghai – two rival gangs, the Furious Fox and the Black Eagle are fighting to establish domination in the territory. Only one force can stop the never-ending killings… The Ninja Dragon!

## Cast

* Richard Harrison as Ninja Master Gordon
* Bruce Stallion as Paul
* Melvin Pitcher
* Freya Patrick
* Konrad Chang
* Lily Lan
* Martin Lee
* Pierre Tremblay
* Chung Tien Shih
* Jean Tang
* Tien Mao
* Hsieh Wang
* Dick Lo
* Mason Shin
* Billy Pang

## InfoBox

| Ninja Dragon | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Godfrey Ho |
| Screenplay by | Godfrey Ho |
| Story by | AAV Creative Unit |
| Produced by | Joseph Lai
Betty Chan |
| Starring | Richard Harrison
Bruce Stallion
Melvin Pitcher
Freya Patrick
Konrad Chang
Lily Lan
Martin Lee |
| Cinematography | Raymond Chang |
| Edited by | Nicky Au |
| Music by | Stephen Tsang |
| Production
companies | IFD Films and Arts Limited |
| Release date | * 1986 (1986) |
| Running time | 85 minutes |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Language | English |


title: Ninja Express

abstract: Ninja Express is an animated television series for children aged 6–9, created by Kim Claeys and the company Creative Conspiracy, from Ghent; so far, one season of 52 episodes of each 11 minutes has been aired. The series has been bought by TV channels in 192 countries; this show is among the most watched series on CBBC. The cost of €12 million to create the first season was carried for 50% by Flemish companies and the Flemish Government and for 50% by international partners Entertainment One and WarnerMedia. The series is about a delivery service run by three ninjas, Aka, Kiro and Konpeki, who have super powers. The show is produced by Hasbro Entertainment, Frog Box and Creative Conspiracy. Ninja Express is shown on CBBC in the UK; Gulli in France; Ketnet in Flanders; and on many international versions of Boomerang.

text:
# Ninja Express

***Ninja Express*** is an animated television series for children aged 6–9, created by Kim Claeys and the company Creative Conspiracy, from Ghent; so far, one season of 52 episodes of each 11 minutes has been aired. The series has been bought by TV channels in 192 countries; this show is among the most watched series on CBBC (the children's channel of British broadcaster BBC). The cost of €12 million to create the first season was carried for 50% by Flemish companies and the Flemish Government and for 50% by international partners Entertainment One and WarnerMedia (now Warner Bros. Discovery).

The series is about a delivery service run by three ninjas, Aka, Kiro and Konpeki, who have super powers. The show is produced by Hasbro Entertainment (formerly produced by Entertainment One), Frog Box and Creative Conspiracy.

*Ninja Express* is shown on CBBC in the UK; Gulli in France; Ketnet in Flanders; and on many international versions of Boomerang (e.g. in Poland, Romania, Germany, Bulgaria and Italy).

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Written by | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Viking Beats" | Kim Claeys | July 3, 2021 (2021-07-03) |
| 2 | "Wooden Horse" | Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Barnett Jones | July 8, 2021 (2021-07-08) |
| 3 | "The Ultimate Sword Remover" | Kim Claeys | July 5, 2021 (2021-07-05) |
| 4 | "Damsel in Distress" | Kim Claeys | July 5, 2021 (2021-07-05) |
| 5 | "A Flag" | Kim Claeys, Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Barnett Jones | TBA |
| 6 | "What a Drag" | TBA | TBA |
| 7 | "Deliving Daylights" | TBA | TBA |
| 8 | "A Brick" | Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Barnett Jones | TBA |
| 9 | "Soup" | TBA | TBA |
| 10 | "Awesome Cleaning Robot" | Evgenia Golubeva | July 3, 2021 (2021-07-03) |
| 11 | "A Carriage" | Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Barnett Jones | July 7, 2021 (2021-07-07) |
| 12 | "Ninja Cleaners" | Alex Collier | July 8, 2021 (2021-07-08) |
| 13 | "Treasure Hunting" | Kim Claeys, Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Barnett Jones | TBA |
| 14 | "Temple of Wishes" | Kim Claeys, Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Barnett Jones | TBA |
| 15 | "Hats Off to the Ninjas" | Tim Bain | TBA |
| 16 | "Mad for Mariachi" | TBA | TBA |
| 17 | "A Magic Wand" | Tim Bain | July 6, 2021 (2021-07-06) |
| 18 | "Straight from the Horse's Mouth" | Chris Chantler and Howard Read | TBA |
| 19 | "An Epic Wave" | Myles McLeod | July 14, 2021 (2021-07-14) |
| 20 | "A Mammoth Wedding" | Howard Read | July 9, 2021 (2021-07-09) |
| 21 | "Fire" | TBA | TBA |
| 22 | "Egg" | Unknown | August 22, 2021 (2021-08-22) |
| 23 | "By the Seaside" | Ciaran Murtagh and Andrew Barnett Jones | TBA |
| 24 | "Villain" | TBA | TBA |
| 25 | "Figurine" | Tim Brian | February 14, 2022 (2022-02-14) |
| 26 | "Highland Fling" | TBA | TBA |
| 27 | "Mega Hero Girl" | Becky Overton | TBA |
| 28 | "Making Music" | TBA | TBA |
| 29 | "The Balloon" | Cédric Chauveau, Ciaran Murtagh and François Reczulski | TBA |
| 30 | "Cuckoo Car" | TBA | TBA |
| 31 | "The Nanny" | TBA | TBA |
| 32 | "Giant Trousers" | Ciaran Murtagh and François Reczulski | TBA |
| 33 | "Operation Potato" | Cédric Chauveau, Ciaran Murtagh and François Reczulski | TBA |
| 34 | "Gnome Sweet Gnome" | Ciaran Murtagh and François Reczulski | TBA |
| 35 | "Monster Shield" | Ciaran Murtagh and François Reczulski | TBA |
| 36 | "Ninja Detective" | TBA | TBA |
| 37 | "Canned" | TBA | TBA |
| 38 | "Ninja Pong" | TBA | TBA |
| 39 | "The Pre-Hysteric Race" | TBA | TBA |
| 40 | "Beatbox" | TBA | TBA |
| 41 | "Home Orc" | Ciaran Murtagh and François Reczulski | TBA |
| 42 | "A New Rug" | TBA | TBA |
| 43 | "Trainee Witch" | Ciaran Murtagh and François Reczulski | TBA |
| 44 | "Ninja Against Ninja" | Ciaran Murtagh and François Reczulski | TBA |
| 45 | "Peaceful Planet" | Ciaran Murtagh and François Reczulski | TBA |
| 46 | "Powerless" | TBA | TBA |
| 47 | "Magic Tournament" | TBA | TBA |
| 48 | "Temper Tantrums" | TBA | TBA |
| 49 | "Mega Feline" | Ciaran Murtagh | TBA |
| 50 | "The Toymaker" | Ciaran Murtagh | TBA |
| 51 | "Sweet Smell of Success" | Ciaran Murtagh | TBA |
| 52 | "Three Wishes" | TBA | TBA |

1. Marevoet, Ellen (11 March 2022). "Vlaamse animatiereeks "Ninja Express" populair bij kinderen in 192 landen en best bekeken kinderprogramma op BBC". VRT. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
2. Dekaezemaker, Simon (15 July 2021). "Van China tot Afrika: Gentse kinderserie over ninja's met superkrachten verovert de wereld". *Het Nieuwsblad*. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
3. ""Nawak", "Gus", "Ana Filoute"... cinq dessins animés pour vos enfants pendant les vacances de la Toussaint". *LeParisien.fr*. 22 October 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
4. Knapik, Lukasz. ""Ninja Express" w kanale Boomerang". *SATkurier.pl*. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
5. ""Ninja Express", un nou serial în grila postului Boomerang". *news.ro*. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
6. "Ninja Express: Sendetermine & Stream im März und April 2022". *Netzwelt.de*. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
7. ""Ninja Express" по Boomerang от понеделник". *Dir.bg*. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
8. "Ninja Express Nuova Serie | Boomerang". *Cartoni Online* (in Italian). 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2022-04-05.

## InfoBox

| *Ninja Express* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Created by | Kim Claeys |
| Directed by | Kim Claeys
Francois Reczulski |
| Voices of |  |
| Composers | Gregory Caron
Hannes de Maeyer |
| Country of origin | Belgium
France
United Kingdom |
| Original languages | * English * Flemish * French |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 52 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | * Luc Van Driessche * Olivier Dumont * Peter Decraene |
| Producers | * Jean-Pierre Quenet * Stanislas Renaudeau d'Arc * Laura Ghyselinck |
| Running time | 11 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network |  |
| Release | July 1, 2021 (2021-07-01)
present |


title: Nigel Warrior

abstract: Nigel Warrior is an American professional football safety who is a free agent. He played college football at Tennessee.

text:
# Nigel Warrior

**Nigel Warrior** (born December 14, 1997) is an American professional football safety who is a free agent. He played college football at Tennessee.

## Early life

Warrior played high school football at Peachtree Ridge High School.

## College career

Warrior played at the University of Tennessee from 2016 to 2019 under head coaches Butch Jones and Jeremy Pruitt.

In the 2016 season, Warrior appeared in five games and had 22 total tackles. In the 2017 season, Warrior recorded a 70-yard pick-six against Missouri. He appeared in 12 games and had 83 total tackles, one sack, three passes defended, three forced fumbles, and the pick-six. In the 2018 season, he appeared in 12 games and had 64 total tackles and one pass defended. In the 2019 season, he appeared in 12 games and had 60 total tackles, four interceptions, and seven passes defended. He recorded one of his interceptions in the Alabama game. The Crimson Tide were threatening to score in Tennessee territory and Warrior's interception flipped the field.

## Professional career

### Baltimore Ravens

Warrior was not selected in the 2020 NFL draft. He signed as an undrafted free agent with the Baltimore Ravens. He was waived after training camp and signed to the practice squad, where he spent his entire rookie season.

On August 31, 2021, Warrior was waived by the Ravens.

### Seattle Seahawks

On September 1, 2021, Warrior was claimed by the Seattle Seahawks from waivers. He was placed on injured reserve on September 7, 2021. He was activated on November 27. On April 25, 2022, the Seahawks withdrew Warrior's exclusive rights free agent tender making him an unrestricted free agent.

### Montreal Alouettes

Warrior signed with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL) on January 22, 2024. He was released on May 27, 2024.

## Personal life

His parents are Tangie Warrior and former NFL cornerback Dale Carter.

His uncle is former Minnesota Vikings Wide Receiver Jake Reed, and his first cousin, Jake's son, is CFL/former NFL safety J.R. Reed. Both Reed and Warrior participated and were left undrafted in the 2020 NFL draft.

## InfoBox

Nigel Warrior
| Warrior with the Baltimore Ravens in 2021 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1997-12-14) December 14, 1997<br>College Park, Georgia, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight: | 197 lb (89 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Peachtree Ridge (Suwanee, Georgia) |
| College: | Tennessee |
| Position: | Safety / Cornerback |
| Undrafted: | 2020 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Nigel Watson

abstract: Nigel Jerome Edwin Watson was an English guitarist best known for his work with ex-Fleetwood Mac guitarist Peter Green.

text:
# Nigel Watson

**Nigel Jerome Edwin Watson** (24 September 1947 – 16 February 2019) was an English guitarist best known for his work with ex-Fleetwood Mac guitarist Peter Green.

## Career

After Green left Fleetwood Mac in 1970, he worked with Watson on two solo singles, "Heavy Heart" and "Beasts of Burden", the latter being credited to both musicians. Watson also accompanied Green as conga player on a tour of the United States with Fleetwood Mac in February and March 1971. Jeremy Spencer had suddenly left the band and they asked Green to fill in and help them fulfil their tour obligations. Watson was at that time the brother-in-law of Fleetwood Mac's manager Clifford Davis.

In 1996, Watson and Green started working together again, and Watson was influential in persuading Green to return to music after he had been musically idle for several years. They formed the Peter Green Splinter Group, and released several albums over the following few years until the group split in 2004. Green was not always comfortable taking centre-stage when playing live, and Watson provided an extra focus onstage, singing as well as playing lead guitar. He also composed many songs recorded for the albums.

He died on 16 February 2019.

## Discography

### Singles

* Peter Green – "Heavy Heart" / "No Way Out" (1970) Reprise K14082
* Nigel Watson and Peter Green – "Beasts of Burden" / "Uganda Woman" (January 1972) Reprise K14141

### With the Peter Green Splinter Group

## InfoBox

| Nigel Watson | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Nigel Jerome Edwin Watson |
| Born | (1947-09-24)24 September 1947<br>London, England |
| Died | 16 February 2019(2019-02-16) (aged 71) |
| Genres | Blues rock, blues |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, songwriter |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar, conga |
| Years active | 1970–2015 |
| Labels | Reprise, Eagle, Snapper Music |


title: Nina Brown Baker

abstract: Nina Brown Baker was an American author of biographies aimed at children.

text:
# Nina Brown Baker

**Nina Brown Baker** (December 31, 1888 – September 1, 1957) was an American author of biographies aimed at children.

## Biography

Nina Brown was born in Galena, Kansas on December 31, 1888, to Frank and Belle (née Warren) Brown. She attended the University of Colorado where she completed a teaching certificate, graduating in 1911. She worked in Galena for a year before moving to Allison, Colorado to run a small school. The experience was uncomfortable; the town was little more than a couple of buildings and Baker was required to chop her own wood and other chores. She needed to ride a horse, an activity she had never learned before. She moved to Kansas City, Missouri  where she took business courses and took office jobs. There, she met her future husband, Sidney J. Baker. After marriage, her teaching career was over.

Baker had first submitted a story which was accepted when she was nineteen. She had earned twenty five dollars for a short story to *Good Housekeeping*. When she was no longer teaching Baker returned to writing and had various pieces published leading to her first mystery book for children in 1931. She wrote several similar mystery stories before moving on, in about 1940, to writing biographies of famous individuals aimed at young people. By the end of her career she had produced over 25 books.

## Personal life

Baker married Sidney J. Baker in 1915. The couple had two daughters, Berenice and Nina. They moved around from Omaha to St. Louis and Chicago before settling in Brooklyn Heights in 1938. Baker died at her home on September 1, 1957 in Brooklyn, aged 68.

## Selected works

* *Cyclone in calico : the story of Mary Ann Bickerdyke*
* *Amerigo Vespucci*
* *Juarez : hero of Mexico*
* *Juan Ponce de León*
* *He wouldn't be king : the story of Simón Bolívar*
* *Nickels and dimes : the story of F.W. Woolworth*
* *Peter the Great*
* *Sir Walter Raleigh*
* *Sun Yat-sen*
* *Henry Hudson*
* *The story of Christopher Columbus*
* *The Chinese riddle, a mystery story for girls*
* *The Secret of Hallam House*

## InfoBox

| Nina Brown Baker | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | December 31, 1888
Galena, Kansas, U.S. |
| Died | September 1, 1957 (aged 68)
Brooklyn Heights, New York City |
| Occupation | Teacher, writer |
| Nationality | American |
| Genre | Biographer |
| Spouse | Sidney J. Baker (m. 1915) |
| Children | 2 |


title: Nippon Export and Investment Insurance

abstract: Nippon Export and Investment Insurance The Nippon Export and Investment Insurance, NEXI, is a Japanese insurance corporation owned by the Japanese government. The current organization was formed as an Independent Administrative Institution on April 1, 2001 under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry based on the General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agency and Trade and Investment Insurance Act. It provides trade and investment insurance services to facilitate and enhance Japanese companies' international business.

text:
# Nippon Export and Investment Insurance

The **Nippon Export and Investment Insurance** (日本貿易保険, *Nihon Bōeki Hoken*), **NEXI**, is a Japanese insurance corporation owned by the Japanese government. The current organization was formed as an Independent Administrative Institution on April 1, 2001 under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry based on the General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agency and Trade and Investment Insurance Act. It provides trade and investment insurance services to facilitate and enhance Japanese companies' international business.

## InfoBox

Nippon Export and Investment Insurance
| 日本貿易保険 | |
| --- | --- |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | April 1, 2001 (as Independent Administrative Institution)
April 1, 2017 (as corporation) |
| Headquarters | Tokyo, Japan |
| Employees | 150
(As of April 1, 2010) |
| Agency executive | * Takashi Suzuki |
| Website | http://nexi.go.jp/en/ |


title: Nikolina Grabovac

abstract: Nikolina Grabovac is a former Croatian and Yugoslav female professional basketball player.

text:
# Nikolina Grabovac

**Nikolina Grabovac** (born 3 June 1968 in Zenica, SFR Yugoslavia) is a former Croatian and Yugoslav female professional basketball player.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Nikolina Grabovac
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1968-06-03) June 3, 1968<br>Zenica, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Nationality | Croatian |
| Listed height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) |
| Career information | |
| Playing career | 0000–2009 |
| Position | Shooting guard |
| Career history | |
| 0000 | Livno |
| 2005–2009 | Studenac Omiš |
|  | |


title: Nishika de Silva

abstract: Nishika de Silva is a Sri Lankan cricketer who played for the Sri Lanka women's cricket team. She made her Women's Twenty20 International cricket (WT20I) debut against India Women on 22 February 2016, and played in a total of three matches for the Sri Lankan team.

text:
# Nishika de Silva

**Nishika de Silva** (born 18 July 1990) is a Sri Lankan cricketer who played for the Sri Lanka women's cricket team. She made her Women's Twenty20 International cricket (WT20I) debut against India Women on 22 February 2016, and played in a total of three matches for the Sri Lankan team.

## InfoBox

Nishika de Silva
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1990-07-18) 18 July 1990 |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| T20I debut (cap 40) | 22 February 2016 v India |
| Last T20I | 26 February 2016 v India |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 14 June 2021 | |


title: Nishijō Station

abstract: Nishijō Station is a train station in the village of Chikuhoku, Higashichikuma District, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Nishijō Station

**Nishijō Station** (西条駅, *Nishijō-eki*) is a train station in the village of Chikuhoku, Higashichikuma District, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Nishijō Station is served by the Shinonoi Line and is 37.2 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Shiojiri Station.

## Station layout

The station consists of one ground-level island platform and one side platform serving a three tracks, connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station is a *Kan'i itaku station*.

### Platforms

| **1** | Shinonoi Line | for Shinonoi and Nagano |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Shinonoi Line | for Matsumoto and Shiojiri |
| **3** | Shinonoi Line | (siding) |

## History

Nishijō Station opened on 1 November 1900. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 178 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

## InfoBox

| Nishijō Station
西条駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Nishijō Station, August 2010 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 4152 Nishijō, Chikuhoku-mura, Higashichikuma-gun, Nagano-ken 399-7501
Japan |
| Coordinates | 36°24′02″N 138°00′44″E / 36.40056°N 138.01222°E / 36.40056; 138.01222 |
| Elevation | 661.9 meters |
| Operated by | JR East |
| Line(s) | Shinonoi Line |
| Distance | 37.2 km from Shiojiri |
| Platforms | 1 island + 1 side platform |
| Other information | |
| Status | Staffed |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 November 1900 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2015 | 178 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR East Following station  Akashinatowards Shiojiri  Shinonoi LineRapid
(limited service)  Sakakita(limited service)towards Nagano  Shinonoi LineLocal & Rapid *Misuzu*  Sakakitatowards Nagano | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Nishijō StationLocation within Nagano PrefectureNishijō StationNishijō Station (Japan) | |


title: Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube

abstract: Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) can be produced through five main methods; chemical vapor deposition (CVD), high-temperature and high-pressure reactions, gas-solid reaction of amorphous carbon with NH3 at high temperature, solid reaction, and solvothermal synthesis.

text:
# Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube

**Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes** (**N-CNTs**) can be produced through five main methods; chemical vapor deposition (CVD), high-temperature and high-pressure reactions, gas-solid reaction of amorphous carbon with NH3 at high temperature, solid reaction, and solvothermal synthesis.

## Details

N-CNTs can also be prepared by a CVD method of pyrolyzing melamine under Ar at elevated temperatures of 800–980 °C. However synthesis by CVD of melamine results in the formation of bamboo-structured CNTs. XPS spectra of grown N-CNTs reveal nitrogen in five main components, pyridinic nitrogen, pyrrolic nitrogen, quaternary nitrogen, and nitrogen oxides. Furthermore, synthesis temperature affects the type of nitrogen configuration.

Nitrogen doping plays a pivotal role in lithium storage, as it creates defects in the CNT walls allowing for Li ions to diffuse into interwall space. It also increases capacity by providing more favorable bind of N-doped sites. N-CNTs are also much more reactive to metal oxide nanoparticle deposition which can further enhance storage capacity, especially in anode materials for Li-ion batteries. However boron-doped nanotubes have been shown to make batteries with triple capacity.


title: Nitya Shetty

abstract: Nitya Shetty is an Indian actress appearing in Telugu and Tamil films. She won two Nandi Awards.

text:
# Nitya Shetty

**Nitya Shetty** is an Indian actress appearing in Telugu and Tamil films. She won two Nandi Awards.

## Career

Nitya Shetty worked as a child actress in Telugu films during the early 2000s appearing in films including *Devullu* (2000), while winning the Nandi Award for Best Child Actress for her roles in *Chinni Chinni Aasha* (1998) and *Little Hearts* (2000). After about 20 films as a child artiste, she took a break from films to complete her education. She graduated in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Dundigal later campus placed and joined Infosys as a software engineer.

However she wanted to continue work as an actress and successfully auditioned to be a part of the Telugu film, *Padesave*, before working on the family drama, *Dagudumootha Dandakor* (2015).

She has consequently featured in low budget Tamil films including Jayaprakash's *Aivarattam* (2015) and *Kadhal Kaalam* (2016). She recently worked in the Telugu film *Nuvvu Thopu Raa* (2019) and Tamil film "Aghavan"(2019).

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Language | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | *Chinni Chinni Aasa* |  | Telugu | Nandi Award for Best Child Actress |
| 2000 | *Devullu* | Bhavani | Telugu |  |
| | *Little Hearts* |  | Telugu | Nandi Award for Best Child Actress |
| 2001 | *Maya* | Maya | Hindi |  |
| 2002 | *Mounamelanoyi* |  | Telugu |  |
| 2003 | *Harivillu* | Gowri | Telugu |  |
| 2004 | *Anji* | Nithya | Telugu |  |
| 2015 | *Aivarattam* | Rathna | Tamil |  |
| | *Dagudumootha Dandakor* | Madhu | Telugu |  |
| 2016 | *Padesave* | Niharika | Telugu |  |
| 2017 | *Kaadhal Kaalam* |  | Tamil |  |
| 2019 | *Aghavan* |  | Tamil |  |
| 2019 | *Nuvvu Thopu Raa* | Ramya | Telugu |  |
| 2020 | *O Pitta Katha* | Venkatalakshmi | Telugu |  |
| 2021 | *Thalaivii* | Trainee doctor | Tamil
Hindi |  |
| 2022 | *Wanted Pandugod* | Rathi | Telugu |  |

**Web series** :

## InfoBox

| Nitya Shetty | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Nithya Shetty
Hyderabad, India |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, Model, software engineer, Entrepreneur |
| Years active | 1999-present |


title: No. 193 Squadron RAF

abstract: No. 193 Squadron RAF was a fighter squadron of the Royal Air Force during World War II.

text:
# No. 193 Squadron RAF

**No. 193 Squadron RAF** was a fighter squadron of the Royal Air Force during World War II.

## History

No. 193 Squadron was formed at RAF Harrowbeer, Devon on 18 December 1942 as a fighter/ground attack unit. Although designated to operate the new Hawker Typhoon, the squadron at first used the Hawker Hurricane until the Typhoon was declared operational in April 1943.

In November 1943 the squadron was used to attack the German V-1 launch sites. The squadron then moved base in the south of England a number of times supporting the buildup for invasion. From 6 June 1944 the squadron was busy supporting the invasion force in the close-support fighter-bomber role. It was based on the Continent from 11 September 1944 as it continued to support the advancing armies in France, Belgium and Germany. The squadron disbanded on 31 August 1945 at Hildesheim.

## Trivia

Some of the squadron's Typhoon aircraft were paid for by the Brazilian branch of the Fellowship of the Bellows, which were a loosely organised international groups formed during World War II to collect funds for the purchase of aircraft for the Royal Air Force.

## Aircraft operated

| From | To | Aircraft | Variant |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jan 1943 | Feb 1943 | Hawker Hurricane | Mk.IIb |
| Jan 1943 | Aug 1945 | Hawker Typhoon | Mk.Ib |

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Bowyer, Michael J.F. and John D.R. Rawlings. *Squadron Codes, 1937–56*. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd., 1979. ISBN 0-85059-364-6.
* Flintham, Vic and Andrew Thomas. *Combat Codes: A full explanation and listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied air force unit codes since 1938*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 2003. ISBN 1-84037-281-8.
* Halley, James J. *The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth 1918–1988*. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
* Jefford, C.G. *RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912*. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988 (second edition 2001). ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
* Rawlings, John D.R. *Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft*. London: Macdonald & Jane's (Publishers) Ltd., 1969 (2nd edition 1976, reprinted 1978). ISBN 0-354-01028-X.

## InfoBox

| No. 193 (Fellowship of the Bellows) Squadron RAF | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 18 December 1942 – 31 August 1945 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Air Force |
| Part of | RAF Fighter Command |
| Nickname(s) | Fellowship of the Bellows |
| Motto(s) | Latin: *Aera et Terram Imperare*<br>("To govern the air and the earth") |
| Insignia | |
| Squadron Badge heraldry | A Montagu's harrier volant carrying a grenade – fired |
| Squadron Codes | **DP** (Dec 1942 – Aug 1945) |


title: No Memory (Scarlet Fantastic song)

abstract: "No Memory" is a song by the English synth-pop duo Scarlet Fantastic, released in September 1987 by Arista Records. The song appears on their 1988 debut album 24 Hours. The song was co-written by Maggie De Monde and Rick P. Jones, and produced by Jones and Daize Washbourn. It reached No. 24 on the UK Singles Chart. The song also reached No. 35 in New Zealand.

text:
# No Memory (Scarlet Fantastic song)

"**No Memory**" is a song by the English synth-pop duo Scarlet Fantastic, released in September 1987 by Arista Records. The song appears on their 1988 debut album *24 Hours*. The song was co-written by Maggie De Monde and Rick P. Jones, and produced by Jones and Daize Washbourn. It reached No. 24 on the UK Singles Chart. The song also reached No. 35 in New Zealand.

## Credits and personnel

* Maggie De Monde – songwriter, vocals
* Rick P. Jones – songwriter, producer
* Daize Washbourn – producer
* Karen Hewitt – engineering
* Pete Hammond – mixing
* Pete Waterman – mixing
* Peter Ashworth – cover art, photographer
* Laurence Stevens – cover art designer

Credits and personnel adapted from the *24 Hours* album liner notes.

## Charts

### Weekly charts

Weekly chart performance for "No Memory"
| Chart (1987–1988) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 35 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 24 |
|

## InfoBox

| "No Memory" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Scarlet Fantastic | |
| from the album  *24 Hours* | |
| B-side | "No Memory (No Technology)" |
| Released | September 1987 |
| Genre | Synth-pop |
| Label | Arista |
| Songwriter(s) | * Maggie De Monde * Rick P. Jones |
| Producer(s) | * Rick P. Jones * Daize Washbourn |
| Scarlet Fantastic singles chronology | |
| "Plug Me In"
(1987) "**No Memory**"
(1987) "Film Star Kiss"
(1988) | |
|  | |
| Audio | |
| "No Memory" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: No Medals

abstract: No Medals is a play by the British writer Esther McCracken first staged in 1944. Its West End run at the Vaudeville Theatre lasted for 740 performances between 4 October 1944 and 19 July 1946. It depicts the struggles of a middle-class British housewife during the war years. The original cast included Fay Compton and Frederick Leister while Thora Hird appeared in a comic relief role as servant in her first London performance.

text:
# No Medals

***No Medals*** is a play by the British writer Esther McCracken first staged in 1944. Its West End run at the Vaudeville Theatre lasted for 740 performances between 4 October 1944 and 19 July 1946. It depicts the struggles of a middle-class British housewife during the war years. The original cast included Fay Compton and Frederick Leister while Thora Hird appeared in a comic relief role as servant in her first London performance.

## Film adaptation

In 1948 it was turned into a film *The Weaker Sex* with McCracken working on the adaptation herself. Directed by Roy Ward Baker, it starred Ursula Jeans, Cecil Parker and Joan Hopkins. Only Thora Hird reprised her role from the original production.

1. Wearing p.169
2. "The Weaker Sex". *BFI*. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012.

## Bibliography

* Wearing, J. P. *The London Stage 1940–1949: A Calendar of Productions, Performers, and Personnel*. Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.


title: Niru

abstract: Niru, is a Tamil music director and composer. From his rendition of Netriunthom Engal Vitulilae with tracks such as "Pattu Selai", Niru has become a musician. He recently debuted in Tamil films as the music composer in the film Kalabha Kadhalan.

text:
# Niru

**Niru**, (born **Nirmalan Nadarajah** on 13 January 1980) is a Tamil music director and composer. From his rendition of *Netriunthom Engal Vitulilae* with tracks such as "Pattu Selai", Niru has become a musician. He recently debuted in Tamil films as the music composer in the film *Kalabha Kadhalan*.

## Biography

Having found a passion for music at an early age, Niru discovered an affinity to all things musical.

In 1989, Niru moved to Paris, France, where he was in the tutelage of the Maison Populaire. There, he ameliorated and tuned his precision and skill for melodies. Niru graduated from SAE (Paris) in 2001, an institute with the links to Oxford, UK. Niru then progressed to study Western classical music at the Trinity College of Music, London.

### 2001 onwards

Starting small, Niru initially began by composing jingles for advertisements, soon to be followed by a "nouvelle vague" which brought Tamil Pop to music in France."Moongil Nila", album-extraordinaire encapsulated the vocals of P. Unnikrishnan, a friend of Niru's, Hariharan, Srinivas, Anuradha Sriram, Karthik and Shankar Mahadevan. Lyricists Vairamuthu, Kapilan, Paa Vijay, Palanibharathi and Arivumathi worked on the album.

Niru then dedicated much of his time composing music for various charitable endeavours. In memory of the Asian tsunami of 2004, Niru composed “Kadala Kadal Amma” with the vocals of Tippu by Aruvumathy. Niru also composed for the National Red Cross. Niru became both an independent music director with the release of his debut film; *Kalabha Kadhalan* in 2005. He also worked on a short film by Arivumani on the backdrop of a tsunami and starring Thangar Bachan's son.

In 2006, Niru’s worked on *Mayavi* of GV Films. He also composed music for *Rameswaram*.

## Discography

### Audio albums

* *Moongil Nila*

### Television

## InfoBox

| Nirmalan Nadarajah | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Nirmalan Nadarajah
(1980-01-13) 13 January 1980
Alaveddy, Jaffna District, Sri Lanka |
| Occupation(s) | Music director, film director |
| Years active | 2000 - present |
| Website | niruonline.com (saved in the Internet Archive) |