title: Royal warrant of precedence

abstract: A royal warrant of precedence is a warrant issued by the monarch of the United Kingdom to determine precedence amongst individuals or organisations. Most warrants of this type are issued to grant a rank to a member of the nobility or gentry that they would normally have enjoyed when their relative inherits a title, but failed to assume automatically due to such circumstances as the death of their father. The warrants are usually issued to the following effect: The King/Queen has been pleased to ordain that <name> shall henceforth have, hold and enjoy the title, rank, place, pre-eminence and precedence as the younger son/daughter of a duke/marquess/earl etc. which would have been due to him/her had his/her father, <name>, survived his <e.g. brother>, <name and title>, and thereby succeeded to the said title and dignity of Duke/Marquess/Earl etc. of Somewhere. And to command that the said Royal Concession and Declaration be recorded in His/Her Majesty's College of Arms [and also in His/Her Majesty's Lyon Office if a Scottish title]. Below is a list of such warrants in descending order of rank:

text:
# Royal warrant of precedence

A **royal warrant of precedence** is a warrant issued by the monarch of the United Kingdom to determine precedence amongst individuals or organisations.

Most warrants of this type are issued to grant a rank to a member of the nobility or gentry that they would normally have enjoyed when their relative (usually their sibling) inherits a title, but failed to assume automatically due to such circumstances as the death of their father (see courtesy title). The warrants are usually issued to the following effect:

> The King/Queen has been pleased to ordain that \<name\> shall henceforth have, hold and enjoy the title, rank, place, pre-eminence and precedence as the younger son/daughter of a duke/marquess/earl etc. which would have been due to him/her had his/her father, \<name\>, survived his \<e.g. brother\>, \<name and title\>, and thereby succeeded to the said title and dignity of Duke/Marquess/Earl etc. of Somewhere. And to command that the said Royal Concession and Declaration be recorded in His/Her Majesty's College of Arms \[and also in His/Her Majesty's Lyon Office if a Scottish title\].

Below is a list of such warrants in descending order of rank (note: the Orders of Precedence for males and females are separate from one another):

## Younger son of a duke

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Sibling of |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1817 | Henry Howard-Molyneux-Howard | Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk |
| 1846 | James Charles Plantagenet Murray | George Murray, 6th Duke of Atholl |
| 1858 |  | William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire |
| 1859 |  | George Osborne, 8th Duke of Leeds |
| 1865 | Charles Greatheed Bertie Percy | George Percy, 5th Duke of Northumberland |
| 1872 |  | Francis Russell, 9th Duke of Bedford |
| 1880 |  | William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland |
| 1884 | Arthur Charles Wellesley | Henry Wellesley, 3rd Duke of Wellington |
| 1908 |  | Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire |
| 1936 | John Percy Samuel FitzRoy | Charles FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton |
| 1963 | Robert George Grosvenor | Gerald Grosvenor, 4th Duke of Westminster |
| 1975 |  | Miles Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk |
| 1977 | Victor Frederick William Cavendish-Bentinck | Ferdinand Cavendish-Bentinck, 8th Duke of Portland |

## Younger son of a marquess

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Sibling of |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1809 |  | William O'Brien, 2nd Marquess of Thomond |
| 1817 | Patrick Crichton-Stuart | John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute |
| 1831 |  | N/A (illegitimate child of King William IV) |
| 1836 | Douglas Gordon-Hallyburton | George Gordon, 9th Marquess of Huntly |
| 1837 |  | Charles Douglas, 6th Marquess of Queensberry |
| 1846 |  | Archibald Kennedy, 2nd Marquess of Ailsa |
| 1856 | George Osborne Townshend | John Townshend, 4th Marquess Townshend |
| 1871 | William Frederick Ernest Seymour | Francis Seymour, 5th Marquess of Hertford |
| 1896 | George Herbert Loftus | John Loftus, 5th Marquess of Ely |
| 1906 | Victor William Paget | Charles Paget, 6th Marquess of Anglesey |
| 1907 |  | Frederick Hervey, 4th Marquess of Bristol |
| 1917 | Leopold Arthur Louis Mountbatten | Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke |
| 1917 | (Albert) Edward Wilfred, Count Gleichen | N/A (son of Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg) |
| 1937 |  | Douglas Gordon, 12th Marquess of Huntly |
| 1941 | John Andrew Christopher Kerr | Peter Kerr, 12th Marquess of Lothian |
| 1953 | Ulick Browne | Denis Browne, 10th Marquess of Sligo |
| 1970 | Timothy Guy Paulet | Nigel Paulet, 18th Marquess of Winchester |
| 1973 | George Robert Tottenham | Charles Tottenham, 8th Marquess of Ely |
| 1977 | Desmond Clive Chichester | Dermot Chichester, 7th Marquess of Donegall |

## Younger son of an earl

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Sibling of |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1808 | Francis Henry Egerton | John Egerton, 7th Earl of Bridgewater |
| 1818 | Henry Talbot Leeson | Joseph Leeson, 4th Earl of Milltown |
| 1822 | Francis William Grant-Ogilvy | Ludovick Ogilvy-Grant, 5th Earl of Seafield |
| 1832 |  | John Hely-Hutchinson, 3rd Earl of Donoughmore |
| 1833 | Henry Duncan | Robert Haldane-Duncan, 1st Earl of Camperdown |
| 1835 | George Henry Talbot | John Talbot, 16th Earl of Shrewsbury |
| 1835 |  | George Douglas, 17th Earl of Morton |
| 1835 | Thomas Peregrine Courtenay | William Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon |
| 1836 |  | Charles Yorke, 4th Earl of Hardwicke |
| 1837 |  | Philip Gore, 4th Earl of Arran |
| 1837 |  | William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Burlington (later 7th Duke of Devonshire) |
| 1837 |  | William Hare, 2nd Earl of Listowel |
| 1838 | Oliver George Lambart | Frederick Lambart, 8th Earl of Cavan |
| 1839 |  | George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon |
| 1839 |  | Arthur Capell, 6th Earl of Essex |
| 1840 |  | Lionel Tollemache, 8th Earl of Dysart |
| 1841 | Daniel Heneage Finch-Hatton | George Finch-Hatton, 10th Earl of Winchilsea |
| 1842 |  | John Crichton, 3rd Earl Erne |
| 1847 | Claude Lyon-Bowes | Thomas Lyon-Bowes, 12th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne |
| 1847 |  | George Butler-Danvers, 5th Earl of Lanesborough |
| 1855 |  | N/A (sons of James Carnegie, 5th Baronet, posthumously recognized as Earl of Southesk) |
| 1856 |  | Richard Boyle, 9th Earl of Cork |
| 1857 | George Skene Duff | James Duff, 5th Earl Fife |
| 1859 |  | George Baillie-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Haddington |
| 1861 |  | Dudley North, 7th Earl of Guilford |
| 1862 |  | George Herbert, 13th Earl of Pembroke |
| 1864 | Henry William Caulfeild | James Caulfeild, 3rd Earl of Charlemont |
| 1866 | Charles Henry Danvers Butler | John Butler, 6th Earl of Lanesborough |
| 1866 | James Augustus Erskine | Walter Erskine, 12th Earl of Kellie |
| 1868 | Everard Henry Primrose | Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery |
| 1870 | Cecil Ralph Howard | Charles Howard, 5th Earl of Wicklow |
| 1872 | William Lowther | Henry Lowther, 3rd Earl of Lonsdale |
| 1873 |  | Lawrence Dundas, 3rd Earl of Zetland (later 1st Marquess of Zetland) |
| 1874 |  | George Ramsay, 12th Earl of Dalhousie |
| 1880 |  | Francis Needham, 3rd Earl of Kilmorey |
| 1884 |  | Henry Scudamore-Stanhope, 9th Earl of Chesterfield |
| 1885 | George Thomas Maitland | Frederick Maitland, 13th Earl of Lauderdale |
| 1889 | Arthur Edward Dalzell | Robert Dalzell, 11th Earl of Carnwath |
| 1890 | John William Harris | Edward Harris, 4th Earl of Malmesbury |
| 1890 | Alexander Edmond FitzMaurice | Edmond FitzMaurice, 7th Earl of Orkney |
| 1890 |  | William Temple-Gore-Langton, 4th Earl Temple of Stowe |
| 1892 |  | David Boyle, 7th Earl of Glasgow |
| 1893 | Randolph de Vere Capell | George Capell, 7th Earl of Essex |
| 1897 |  | Edmund Archibald Stuart, 15th Earl of Moray |
| 1897 |  | Beauchamp Scott, 6th Earl of Clonmell |
| 1898 | Robert Julian Orde Jocelyn | William Jocelyn, 6th Earl of Roden |
| 1899 |  | William Murray, 5th Earl of Mansfield |
| 1900 |  | Francis Montagu-Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Wharncliffe |
| 1904 |  | Charles Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon |
| 1918 | Charles William Baillie-Hamilton | George Baillie-Hamilton, 12th Earl of Haddington |
| 1923 |  | Granville Eliot, 7th Earl of St Germans |
| 1925 | Charles Brodrick Amyas Bernard | Percy Bernard, 5th Earl of Bandon |
| 1929 | Algernon George Mowbray Frederick Howard | Gordon Howard, 5th Earl of Effingham |
| 1930 | John Bonynge Coventry | George Coventry, 10th Earl of Coventry |
| 1935 |  | William Boyle, 12th Earl of Cork |
| 1938 | Charles Eaton Kitchener | Henry Kitchener, 3rd Earl Kitchener |
| 1941 | (Ronald) Stephen Brydges Temple-Gore-Langton | Chandos Temple-Gore-Langton, 6th Earl Temple of Stowe |
| 1953 | Christian Victor Charles Herbert | Edward Herbert, 5th Earl of Powis |
| 1953 | Patrick Francis Maitland, Master of Lauderdale | Alfred Maitland, 16th Earl of Lauderdale |
| 1954 | Anthony George Lowther | James Lowther, 7th Earl of Lonsdale |
| 1962 | (Arthur Edward) Peter Needham | Francis Needham, 5th Earl of Kilmorey |
| 1963 |  | John Parker, 6th Earl of Morley |
| 1967 | John William Boyle | Patrick Boyle, 13th Earl of Cork |
| 1974 | (Michael) Albemarle Bowes-Lyon | Fergus Bowes-Lyon, 17th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne |
| 1974 | Nicholas John Cunliffe-Lister | David Cunliffe-Lister, 2nd Earl of Swinton |
| 1991 |  | George Herbert, 7th Earl of Powis |
| 1992 |  | William Hastings-Bass, 17th Earl of Huntingdon |
| 1995 | Peter Hugh Charles Stanley | Edward Stanley, 19th Earl of Derby |
| 2004 | Charles George Yule Balfour | Roderick Balfour, 5th Earl of Balfour |
| 2013 | Colin David Carnegy | Patrick Carnegy, 15th Earl of Northesk |

## Younger son of a viscount

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Sibling of |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1836 |  | Edward Ward, 3rd Viscount Bangor |
| 1836 | Francis Grosvenor Hood | Samuel Hood-Tibbits, 3rd Viscount Hood |
| 1849 |  | Charles Brodrick, 6th Viscount Midleton |
| 1853 |  | Evelyn Boscawen, 6th Viscount Falmouth |
| 1860 | William Monk Jervis | Carnegie Jervis, 3rd Viscount St Vincent |
| 1860 | Charles Francis Xavier Southwell | Thomas Southwell, 4th Viscount Southwell |
| 1886 |  | Robert Dundas, 5th Viscount Melville |
| 1892 |  | Richard St Leger, 5th Viscount Doneraile |
| 1894 | Marcus Piers Francis Caulfeild | James Caulfeild, 7th Viscount Charlemont |
| 1904 |  | Yvo Vesey, 5th Viscount de Vesci |
| 1911 |  | Godfrey Chetwynd, 8th Viscount Chetwynd |
| 1934 | Alexander Lambert Hood | Samuel Hood, 6th Viscount Hood |
| 1939 | (Claude) William Hynman Allenby | Dudley Allenby, 2nd Viscount Allenby |
| 1973 | Edmund Savile Monckton-Arundell | William Monckton-Arundell, 10th Viscount Galway |

## Younger son of a baron/lord of Parliament

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Sibling of |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1831 | Major Jacob Henniker-Major | John Henniker-Major, 3rd Baron Henniker |
| 1831 |  | Thomas Norton, 4th Baron Grantley |
| 1834 |  | Mark Somerville, 16th Lord Somerville |
| 1835 | * Alexander Mackay * Donald Hugh Mackay | Eric Mackay, 7th Lord Reay |
| 1835 | George Frederick Hotham | Beaumont Hotham, 3rd Baron Hotham |
| 1837 | William Almericus de Courcy | John de Courcy, 23rd Baron Kingsale |
| 1837 | William Crofton | Edward Crofton, 2nd Baron Crofton |
| 1841 | Charles James Trench | Frederick Trench, 2nd Baron Ashtown |
| 1845 |  | George Evans-Freke, 7th Baron Carbery |
| 1847 | Henry Wodehouse | John Wodehouse, 3rd Baron Wodehouse (later 1st Earl of Kimberley) |
| 1848 |  | Frederick Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 10th Baron Saye and Sele |
| 1850 | William James Colville | Charles Colville, 10th Lord Colville of Culross (later 1st Viscount Colville of Culross) |
| 1850 | Rowland Winn | Charles Allanson-Winn, 3rd Baron Headley |
| 1850 |  | William Orde-Powlett, 3rd Baron Bolton |
| 1854 |  | Alexander Fraser, 18th Lord Saltoun |
| 1855 |  | Henry Prittie, 3rd Baron Dunalley |
| 1857 |  | Henry Willoughby, 8th Baron Middleton |
| 1858 |  | William Constable-Maxwell, 10th Lord Herries of Terregles |
| 1859 | Kenelm Henry Digby | Edward Digby, 9th Baron Digby |
| 1859 | Charles Pierrepont D'Arcy Lane-Fox | Sackville Lane-Fox, 12th Baron Conyers |
| 1861 |  | William Elphinstone, 15th Lord Elphinstone |
| 1862 | * Robert O'Brien * Henry O'Brien | Lucius O'Brien, 13th Baron Inchiquin |
| 1867 | Henry Aylmer | Udolphus Aylmer, 7th Baron Aylmer |
| 1870 |  | Francis Rice, 5th Baron Dynevor |
| 1870 |  | James Sandilands, 12th Baron Torphichen |
| 1870 | Francis Spring Rice | Thomas Spring Rice, 2nd Baron Monteagle of Brandon |
| 1871 | John Hotham | Charles Hotham, 4th Baron Hotham |
| 1873 |  | John Yarde-Buller, 2nd Baron Churston |
| 1875 |  | Edward Sugden, 2nd Baron Saint Leonards |
| 1877 | Frederick Ernest Charles Byron | George Byron, 9th Baron Byron |
| 1881 |  | Francis Stonor, 4th Baron Camoys |
| 1883 |  | Hubert Mostyn, 7th Baron Vaux of Harrowden |
| 1884 | Henry Richard Howel Lloyd-Mostyn | Llewelyn Lloyd-Mostyn, 3rd Baron Mostyn |
| 1887 | James Ochoncar Forbes | William Forbes-Sempill, 17th Lord Sempill |
| 1887 | Thomas Noel Noel-Hill | Richard Henry Noel-Hill, 7th Baron Berwick |
| 1888 | John James Thomas Cocks | Philip Cocks, 5th Baron Somers |
| 1889 | Thomas John Wynn | William Charles Wynn, 4th Baron Newborough |
| 1889 |  | Frederick Trench, 3rd Baron Ashtown |
| 1891 |  | William Holmes à Court, 3rd Baron Heytesbury |
| 1892 |  | Henry Vane, 9th Baron Barnard |
| 1896 | Richard Douglas Denman | Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman |
| 1897 | Henry Edward Maxwell | Somerset Maxwell, 10th Baron Farnham |
| 1901 | Charles Joseph Thaddeus Dormer | Roland Dormer, 13th Baron Dormer |
| 1902 | Cecil Henry Law | Edward Law, 5th Baron Ellenborough |
| 1904 |  | George Best, 5th Baron Wynford |
| 1904 | Charles John Liddell | Arthur Liddell, 5th Baron Ravensworth |
| 1904 |  | Shelley Scarlett, 5th Baron Abinger |
| 1905 | Denis Plantagenet Tollemache | Bentley Lyonel John Tollemache, 3rd Baron Tollemache |
| 1905 |  | Ernest Beckett, 2nd Baron Grimthorpe |
| 1906 |  | Henry Graves, 5th Baron Graves |
| 1908 | Francis Emma Currie | Frederick Hotham, 6th Baron Hotham |
| 1910 |  | Lionel Sackville-West, 3rd Baron Sackville |
| 1913 | * James Alexander Borthwick * Malcolm Algernon Borthwick | Thomas Borthwick, 1st Baron Whitburgh |
| 1913 | Frederic George Morgan | Courtenay Morgan, 3rd Baron Tredegar (later 1st Viscount Tredegar) |
| 1913 |  | Francis Fitzherbert-Stafford, 12th Baron Stafford |
| 1917 | Robert Disney Leith Alexander | Gervase Alexander, 12th Baron Cobham |
| 1920 |  | James Dutton, 6th Baron Sherborne |
| 1921 | Henry Kerr Auchmuty Cecil | William Cecil, 3rd Baron Amherst of Hackney |
| 1921 | Gavin Campbell | Alistair Campbell, 4th Baron Stratheden and Campbell |
| 1922 | Andrew Nicholas Armstrong Vanneck | William Vanneck, 5th Baron Huntingfield |
| 1924 |  | Henry Hotham, 7th Baron Hotham |
| 1929 | Henry Rogers Broughton | Urban Huttleston Broughton, 1st Baron Fairhaven |
| 1929 | Patrick Robin Gilbert Vanden-Bampde-Johnstone | George Harcourt Vanden-Bampde-Johnstone, 3rd Baron Derwent |
| 1929 |  | The 3rd Baron O'Neill |
| 1930 | David Allan Bethell | Richard Bethell, 4th Baron Westbury |
| 1933 | (John) David Fellowes | Ailwyn Fellowes, 3rd Baron de Ramsey |
| 1934 |  | Gavin Henderson, 2nd Baron Faringdon |
| 1935 |  | Edward Bellew, 5th Baron Bellew |
| 1937 | James Weyland Darling | Robert Darling, 2nd Baron Darling |
| 1940 | Ronald Orland Lawrence Kay-Shuttleworth | Richard Kay-Shuttleworth, 2nd Baron Shuttleworth |
| 1941 | Peter Waldo Somerset Gough-Calthorpe | Ronald Gough-Calthorpe, 9th Baron Calthorpe |
| 1942 | Evelyn Thomas Francis Ralph Fitzherbert | Basil Fitzherbert, 14th Baron Stafford |
| 1942 | Terence Eden | Geoffrey Eden, 7th Baron Auckland |
| 1942 | (William) David Gibson | Edward Gibson, 3rd Baron Ashbourne |
| 1944 | Grey Aldworth Neville | Henry Neville, 9th Baron Braybrooke |
| 1944 |  | Richard Dickinson, 2nd Baron Dickinson |
| 1945 | Peter Robert Thellusson | Charles Thellusson, 8th Baron Rendlesham |
| 1945 | Francis Michael Hepburne-Scott | Henry Hepburne-Scott, 10th Lord Polwarth |
| 1946 | William Hereward Charles Rollo | John Rollo, 12th Lord Rollo |
| 1948 | Cecil Eustace Irby | Greville Irby, 7th Baron Boston |
| 1950 | Richard Augustus Sandys | Arthur Sandys, 6th Baron Sandys |
| 1950 | Cailain Douglas Campbell-Gray | Angus Campbell-Gray, 22nd Lord Gray |
| 1951 | Christopher Roger Chetwode | Philip Chetwode, 2nd Baron Chetwode |
| 1955 | William Howarth Vestey | Samuel Vestey, 3rd Baron Vestey |
| 1958 |  | Robert Wynn, 6th Baron Newborough |
| 1959 | Simon Kenlis Maxwell | Barry Maxwell, 12th Baron Farnham |
| 1961 | George Christian Darell Jeffreys | Mark Jeffreys, 2nd Baron Jeffreys |
| 1963 | Richard Towneley Strachey | The 4th Baron O'Hagan |
| 1964 | Peter Charles Baillie | Michael Baillie, 3rd Baron Burton |
| 1967 | Michael Mosley | Nicholas Mosley, 3rd Baron Ravensdale |
| 1969 |  | Charles Nall-Cain, 3rd Baron Brocket |
| 1973 | Richard Morgan Oliver Stanley | Thomas Stanley, 8th Baron Stanley of Alderley |
| 1976 | Anthony Paul Irby | Gerald Irby, 9th Baron Boston |
| 1983 |  | Simon Russell, 3rd Baron Russell of Liverpool |
| 1987 | Charles William du Roy de Blicquy Galbraith | Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde |
| 1989 | Charles Julian Rea | Nicolas Rea, 3rd Baron Rea |
| 1991 | Edward Renfric Arundell | John Arundell, 10th Baron Talbot of Malahide |
| 1991 | Mark Hugh Gordon Palmer | Adrian Palmer, 4th Baron Palmer |
| 1997 | Charles Henry Kenneth Hopkinson | Alisdair Hopkinson, 2nd Baron Colyton |
| 2003 | (Ashley) George Ponsonby | Rupert Ponsonby, 7th Baron de Mauley |
| 2007 | Richard David Borwick | Jamie Borwick, 5th Baron Borwick |
| 2008 | Philip Morton Douglas-Pennant | Simon Douglas-Pennant, 7th Baron Penrhyn (half-brother) |
| 2009 | * James George Augustus Lumley-Savile * Peter Edward Henry Lumley-Savile * Robin William Matthew Lumley-Savile | John Lumley-Savile, 4th Baron Savile (half-brother) |
| 2015 |  | Mark Cubitt, 5th Baron Ashcombe |
| 2018 | * Michael Joseph Mosley * Francis Shaun Mosley * Aidan Clifford Mosley * Thomas Kieran Mosley | Daniel Mosley, 4th Baron Ravensdale |

## Daughter of a duke

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Sibling of |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1846 |  | George Murray, 6th Duke of Atholl |
| 1858 | Fanny Howard | William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire |
| 1865 | Lady Emily Charlotte Drummond | George Percy, 5th Duke of Northumberland |
| 1880 | Ottoline Violet Anne Cavendish-Bentinck | William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland |
| 1884 |  | Henry Wellesley, 3rd Duke of Wellington |
| 1896 |  | Alfred Douglas-Hamilton, 13th Duke of Hamilton |
| 1900 |  | Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster |
| 1914 | Elspeth Angela Campbell | Niall Campbell, 10th Duke of Argyll |
| 1925 |  | Edward Seymour, 16th Duke of Somerset |
| 1931 |  | John FitzRoy, 9th Duke of Grafton |
| 1936 |  | Charles FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton |
| 1947 | Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark | N/A (daughter of Constantine I of Greece) |
| 1954 | Dorothy Alice Margaret Augusta Mack | William Grosvenor, 3rd Duke of Westminster |
| 1975 |  | Miles Stapleton-Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk |
| 1977 | Venetia Barbara Cavendish-Bentinck | Ferdinand Cavendish-Bentinck, 8th Duke of Portland |
| 2002 |  | Francis Egerton, 7th Duke of Sutherland |

## Daughter of a marquess

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Sibling of |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1809 |  | William O'Brien, 2nd Marquess of Thomond |
| 1831 |  | N/A (illegitimate child of William IV) |
| 1837 |  | Charles Douglas, 6th Marquess of Queensberry |
| 1846 | Lady Hannah Eleanor Cathcart | Archibald Kennedy, 2nd Marquess of Ailsa |
| 1856 |  | John Townshend, 4th Marquess Townshend |
| 1871 |  | Francis Seymour, 5th Marquess of Hertford |
| 1885 |  | George Cholmondeley, 4th Marquess of Cholmondeley |
| 1887 | Mabel Emily Louisa Brudenell-Bruce | George Brudenell-Bruce, 4th Marquess of Ailesbury |
| 1906 |  | Charles Paget, 6th Marquess of Anglesey |
| 1907 |  | Frederick Hervey, 4th Marquess of Bristol |
| 1917 | Sylvia Gay, Countess Gleichen | N/A (wife of Lord Edward Gleichen) |
| 1917 |  | N/A (sister of Lord Edward Gleichen) |
| 1930 |  | Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian |
| 1940 | Margaret Katherine Seymour | Hugh Seymour, 8th Marquess of Hertford |
| 1946 | Mary Margaret Elizabeth Myddelton | George Petty-Fitzmaurice, 8th Marquess of Lansdowne |
| 1953 |  | Denis Browne, 10th Marquess of Sligo |
| 1970 |  | Richard Paulet, 17th Marquess of Winchester |
| 1970 | (Angela) Jane Paulet | Nigel Paulet, 18th Marquess of Winchester |
| 1970 |  | David Hay, 12th Marquess of Tweeddale |
| 1973 | Dora Elizabeth Pink | Charles Tottenham, 8th Marquess of Ely |
| 1992 | Caroline Sylvia Borg | Robin Hill, 8th Marquess of Downshire |
| 2003 |  | Christopher Nevill, 6th Marquess of Abergavenny |
| 2022 | Ulicia Catherine Edwards | Sebastian Browne, 12th Marquess of Sligo |

## Wife of a viscount

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Deceased husband |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1925 | Ethel Rose Hood | Maurice Henry Nelson Hood (son of Arthur Hood, 2nd Viscount Bridport) |

## Wife of the eldest son of an earl

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Deceased husband |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1945 | Pamela Margaret Hore-Ruthven | (Alexander) Patrick Hardinge Hore-Ruthven (son of Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie) |

## Daughter of an earl

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Sibling of |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1789 | Cecil Hamilton | N/A (granddaughter of James Hamilton, 7th Earl of Abercorn) |
| 1808 | Dame Amelia Hume | John Egerton, 7th Earl of Bridgewater |
| 1813 | * Henrietta Charlotte, Lady Grey * Susan Clinton * Katherine Stewart * Augusta Charteris | Francis Douglas, 8th Earl of Wemyss |
| 1813 | Alice Gordon | George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen |
| 1813 |  | William Feilding, 7th Earl of Denbigh |
| 1818 | Cecilia Charlotte Leeson | Joseph Leeson, 4th Earl of Milltown |
| 1822 |  | Ludovick Ogilvy-Grant, 5th Earl of Seafield |
| 1832 |  | John Hely-Hutchinson, 3rd Earl of Donoughmore |
| 1833 | * Dame Jane Dalrymple-Hamilton * Dame Henrietta Fergusson * Dame Adamina Dalrymple * Mary Dundas | Robert Haldane-Duncan, 1st Earl of Camperdown |
| 1832 |  | George Hobart-Hampden, 5th Earl of Buckinghamshire |
| 1832 |  | Francis North, 6th Earl of Guilford |
| 1835 |  | John Talbot, 16th Earl of Shrewsbury |
| 1835 | * Charlotte Douglas * Elizabeth Emma Ash * Caroline Fox | George Douglas, 17th Earl of Morton |
| 1835 |  | William Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon |
| 1836 | Agneta Elizabeth Yorke | Charles Yorke, 4th Earl of Hardwicke |
| 1837 |  | Philip Gore, 4th Earl of Arran |
| 1837 | Fanny Cavendish (later daughter of a duke 1858) | William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Burlington (later 7th Duke of Devonshire) |
| 1837 |  | William Hare, 2nd Earl of Listowel |
| 1838 |  | Frederick Lambart, 8th Earl of Cavan |
| 1839 | Maria Theresa Lister | George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon |
| 1839 |  | Arthur Capell, 6th Earl of Essex |
| 1840 |  | Lionel Tollemache, 8th Earl of Dysart |
| 1841 |  | George Finch-Hatton, 10th Earl of Winchilsea |
| 1842 | Helena Trench | George Perceval, 6th Earl of Egmont |
| 1842 |  | John Crichton, 3rd Earl Erne |
| 1843 | Maria Emma Catherine Ponsonby | George Coventry, 9th Earl of Coventry |
| 1845 | Margaret Henrietta Maria Grey | George Grey, 7th Earl of Stamford |
| 1845 |  | William Pery, 2nd Earl of Limerick |
| 1846 |  | Henry Dawson-Damer, 3rd Earl of Portarlington |
| 1847 | Frances Lyon-Bowes | Thomas Lyon-Bowes, 12th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne |
| 1847 | Emily Jane Digby | George Butler-Danvers, 5th Earl of Lanesborough |
| 1849 |  | Robert Bourke, 5th Earl of Mayo |
| 1853 | Lucy Clementina Davis | George Drummond, 5th Earl of Perth |
| 1854 |  | Bertram Arthur Talbot, 17th Earl of Shrewsbury |
| 1855 | Charlotte Carnegie | N/A (daughter of James Carnegie, 5th Baronet, posthumously recognized as Earl of Southesk) |
| 1856 |  | Richard Boyle, 9th Earl of Cork |
| 1857 |  | Richard Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough |
| 1857 |  | James Duff, 5th Earl Fife |
| 1859 | Grisel Bailie | George Baillie-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Haddington |
| 1861 |  | Fox Maule-Ramsay, 11th Earl of Dalhousie |
| 1861 | Flora Mildred North | Dudley North, 7th Earl of Guilford |
| 1862 |  | George Herbert, 13th Earl of Pembroke |
| 1864 | Margaret Zoe Strong | James Caulfeild, 3rd Earl of Charlemont |
| 1865 | Maria Georgiana Julia Fox-Strangways | Henry Fox-Strangways, 5th Earl of Ilchester |
| 1866 | Sophia Elizabeth Mary Dumaresq | George Butler-Danvers, 5th Earl of Lanesborough |
| 1866 |  | John Butler, 6th Earl of Lanesborough |
| 1866 | Anne Caroline Haskell | Walter Erskine, 12th Earl of Kellie |
| 1868 |  | Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery |
| 1870 |  | Charles Howard, 5th Earl of Wicklow |
| 1872 | * Eleanor Cecily Clifton * Augusta Mary Noel | Henry Lowther, 3rd Earl of Lonsdale |
| 1873 |  | Lawrence Dundas, 3rd Earl of Zetland (later 1st Marquess of Zetland) |
| 1874 | Annie Finlay Ewart | George Ramsay, 12th Earl of Dalhousie |
| 1875 | Mary Russell | Charles Perceval, 7th Earl of Egmont |
| 1878 | * Anne Murray * Caroline Madden * Elizabeth Emily Harper * Louisa Frances Hamilton * Selena Charlotte Clements * Mary Florence Edith Clements | Robert Clements, 4th Earl of Leitrim |
| 1880 |  | Francis Needham, 3rd Earl of Kilmorey |
| 1881 | * Agnes Mary Manners Tollemache * Agatha Manners Tollemache | William Tollemache, 9th Earl of Dysart |
| 1883 | * Mary Lumsden * Frances Charlotte Elizabeth Charlesworth * Anna Tredger | Harry Grey, 8th Earl of Stamford |
| 1885 |  | John Goodeve-Erskine, Earl of Mar |
| 1886 |  | Sidney Hobart-Hampden-Mercer-Henderson, 7th Earl of Buckinghamshire |
| 1889 |  | Robert Dalzell, 11th Earl of Carnwath |
| 1889 |  | Lionel Dawson-Damer, 4th Earl of Portarlington |
| 1890 |  | Edward Harris, 4th Earl of Malmesbury |
| 1890 | Isabella Emily Garrett | Edmond FitzMaurice, 7th Earl of Orkney |
| 1890 |  | William Temple-Gore-Langton, 4th Earl Temple of Stowe |
| 1892 |  | David Boyle, 7th Earl of Glasgow |
| 1893 |  | George Capell, 7th Earl of Essex |
| 1893 | Agnes Alexandrina Anderson | Ponsonby Moore, 9th Earl of Drogheda |
| 1895 | Victoria Alexandrina Elizabeth Dawnay | Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey |
| 1897 |  | Edmund Archibald Stuart, 15th Earl of Moray |
| 1897 |  | Beauchamp Scott, 6th Earl of Clonmell |
| 1898 |  | Norman Leslie, 19th Earl of Rothes |
| 1899 |  | William Murray, 5th Earl of Mansfield |
| 1899 |  | Edward Moore, 6th Earl Mount Cashell |
| 1900 | Mary Susan Cayley | Francis Montagu-Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Wharncliffe |
| 1902 |  | William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 7th Earl Fitzwilliam |
| 1904 |  | Charles Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon |
| 1905 |  | N/A (granddaughters of Cornwallis Maude, 1st Earl de Montalt) |
| 1910 | Mary Emily Dew | Charles Somerset, 6th Earl of Carrick |
| 1916 | * Sarah Nash * Florence Cecilia Proctor * Katherine Maud Thompson | Walter Annesley, 7th Earl Annesley |
| 1917 |  | George Montagu, 9th Earl of Sandwich |
| 1917 | Countess Anastasia de Torby (Zia, Lady Wernher) | N/A (daughter of Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia and wife of Harold Augustus Wernher, 3rd Baronet) |
| 1918 | Helen Baillie-Hamilton | George Baillie-Hamilton, 12th Earl of Haddington |
| 1920 | Delia Mary Hicks Beach | Michael Hicks Beach, 2nd Earl St Aldwyn |
| 1921 |  | John Chetwynd-Talbot, 21st Earl of Shrewsbury |
| 1923 | Blanche Elizabeth Eaton | Granville Eliot, 7th Earl of St Germans |
| 1924 |  | Charles Campbell, 9th Earl of Breadalbane and Holland |
| 1925 | Cynthia Lettice Margaret Bernard | Percy Bernard, 5th Earl of Bandon |
| 1927 |  | Henry Northcote, 3rd Earl of Iddesleigh |
| 1928 | Wilhelmina Joan Mary FitzClarence | Geoffrey FitzClarence, 5th Earl of Munster |
| 1928 | * Helen Francis Asquith * Perdita Rose Mary Asquith | Julian Asquith, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Asquith |
| 1928 | Alexandra Rose Alice Towneley-Bertie | The 13th Earl of Lindsey and 8th Earl of Abingdon |
| 1930 |  | George Coventry, 10th Earl of Coventry |
| 1935 |  | William Boyle, 12th Earl of Cork |
| 1937 | (Helen Christina) Joanna Crane | Sholto Douglas, 20th Earl of Morton |
| 1938 | Enid Doreen Grace Browne | Edward Scudamore-Stanhope, 12th Earl of Chesterfield |
| 1938 | Kenya Kitchener | Henry Kitchener, 3rd Earl Kitchener |
| 1940 | * Eva Mary Mackirdy * Clare Isma Hartnell | Gervas Pierrepont, 6th Earl Manvers |
| 1941 | (Elizabeth) Ann Bathurst | Chandos Temple-Gore-Langton, 6th Earl Temple of Stowe |
| 1942 |  | George Milles-Lade, 4th Earl Sondes |
| 1943 |  | Ronald Graham-Toler, 5th Earl of Norbury |
| 1945 | Lilian Mary Theodora Austin | Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough |
| 1947 | Edith Sybil Foxwell | N/A (niece of Horace Lambart, 11th Earl of Cavan) |
| 1948 |  | James Sinclair, 19th Earl of Caithness |
| 1950 |  | Edward North, 9th Earl of Guilford |
| 1951 | Doreen Stella Gwinnett | Galbraith Lowry-Corry, 7th Earl of Belmore |
| 1953 |  | Edward Herbert, 5th Earl of Powis |
| 1953 | (Ella) Mary Blumer | Alfred Maitland, 16th Earl of Lauderdale |
| 1953 |  | N/A (granddaughters of Ian Maitland, 15th Earl of Lauderdale, and first cousins twice removed of Alfred Maitland, 16th Earl of Lauderdale) |
| 1954 | Anne Mary Fane | James Lowther, 7th Earl of Lonsdale |
| 1956 | Rosemary Verena Edith Villiers | George Villiers, 7th Earl of Clarendon |
| 1960 | (Winifred) Anne Grizel Cochrane | Ian Cochrane, 14th Earl of Dundonald |
| 1961 | Elizabeth Georgiana Anson | Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield |
| 1962 | Frances Mary Elizabeth Ashley-Cooper | Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 10th Earl of Shaftesbury |
| 1962 | Mary Esther Constance Combe | Francis Needham, 5th Earl of Kilmorey |
| 1964 | Elizabeth Francis | Robert Annesley, 9th Earl Annesley |
| 1967 | Elizabeth Theresa Dodd-Noble | Patrick Boyle, 13th Earl of Cork |
| 1967 | Margaret Isabel Ayre | James of Mar, 29th Earl of Mar |
| 1969 |  | Benjamin Guinness, 3rd Earl of Iveagh |
| 1971 | Jane Rosamond Mary Foljambe | Edward Foljambe, 5th Earl of Liverpool |
| 1972 | Jean Douglas Bibby | John Carnegie, 12th Earl of Northesk |
| 1974 |  | Fergus Bowes-Lyon, 17th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne |
| 1976 | Anne Rhoda Marsham | Michael Marsham, 7th Earl of Romney |
| 1976 | Jemima Rose Yorke | Joseph Yorke, 10th Earl of Hardwicke |
| 1977 | Diana Merial Moorhouse | Anthony Coke, 6th Earl of Leicester |
| 1980 | Rose Deidre Margaret Lauritzen | Rufus Keppel, 10th Earl of Albemarle |
| 1985 | Enid Emma Charlotte Curzon | Frederick Curzon, 7th Earl Howe |
| 1985 | Katherine Elizabeth Nall-Cain | John Palmer, 4th Earl of Selborne |
| 1986 | Helen Moncrieff Motteux | George Hobart-Hampden, 10th Earl of Buckinghamshire |
| 1990 | Jean Mary Babington-Smith | John Meade, 7th Earl of Clanwilliam |
| 1991 | Elizabeth Barbarina Holden | George Herbert, 7th Earl of Powis |
| 1992 | Emma Alice Mary Balding | William Hastings-Bass, 17th Earl of Huntingdon |
| 1995 |  | Quentin Wallop, 10th Earl of Portsmouth |
| 2000 |  | William Villiers, 10th Earl of Jersey (half-brother of Sophia, brother of others) |
| 2006 |  | Julian Marsham, 8th Earl of Romney |
| 2012 | Emma Joy Fellowes (wife of Baron Fellowes of West Stafford (Julian Fellowes)) | N/A (niece of Henry Kitchener, 3rd Earl Kitchener) |
| 2013 | Daphne Joyce Carnegy | Patrick Carnegy, 15th Earl of Northesk |
| 2019 |  | Albert Eliot, 11th Earl of St Germans |

## Wife of a baron

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Deceased husband |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1913 | Letitia Mary Borthwick | Thomas Borthwick, 1st Baronet |
| 1920 | Gladys Cecil | William Amherst Cecil (son of Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney) |
| 1921 | Alice Susan Campbell | John Beresford Campbell (son of Hallyburton Campbell, 3rd Baron Stratheden and Campbell) |
| 1929 | Cara Leland Broughton | Urban Hanlon Broughton |
| 1955 | Pamela Helen Fullerton Melba Vestey | William Howarth Vestey (son of Samuel Vestey, 2nd Baron Vestey) |

## Daughter of a viscount

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Sibling of |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1834 |  | Henry Cary, 8th Viscount Falkland |
| 1836 |  | Edward Ward, 3rd Viscount Bangor |
| 1836 | Caroline Gregory | Samuel Hood-Tibbits, 3rd Viscount Hood |
| 1836 |  | N/A (niece of Borlase Cokayne, 6th Viscount Cullen) |
| 1837 |  | William Fortescue, 2nd Viscount Clermont |
| 1838 | Mary Anne Adams | N/A (niece of Borlase Cokayne, 6th Viscount Cullen) |
| 1843 | Louisa Bellamy | Adam Gordon, 11th Viscount of Kenmure |
| 1849 |  | Charles Brodrick, 6th Viscount Midleton |
| 1853 |  | Evelyn Boscawen, 6th Viscount Falmouth |
| 1855 |  | Henry Butler, 13th Viscount Mountgarret |
| 1860 | Caroline Mary Frances Jervis | Carnegie Jervis, 3rd Viscount St Vincent |
| 1860 |  | Thomas Southwell, 4th Viscount Southwell |
| 1876 | Margaret Letitia de Havilland | Samuel Molesworth, 8th Viscount Molesworth |
| 1886 |  | Robert Dundas, 5th Viscount Melville |
| 1886 |  | Byron Cary, 12th Viscount Falkland |
| 1892 |  | Richard St Leger, 5th Viscount Doneraile |
| 1894 | Harriet Charlotte Caulfeild | James Caulfeild, 7th Viscount Charlemont |
| 1911 |  | Godfrey Chetwynd, 8th Viscount Chetwynd |
| 1914 |  | James Caulfeild, 8th Viscount Charlemont |
| 1914 |  | Richard Assheton Cross, 2nd Viscount Cross |
| 1918 | Kathleen Georgina Rait | Walter Arbuthnott, 13th Viscount of Arbuthnott |
| 1925 | Eileen Sybil Mary Nelson Hood | Rowland Hood, 3rd Viscount Bridport |
| 1928 |  | Henry Monck, 6th Viscount Monck |
| 1930 |  | Richard Curzon, 2nd Viscount Scarsdale |
| 1934 |  | Arthur Dillon, 18th Viscount Dillon |
| 1945 |  | Arthur Byng, 10th Viscount Torrington |
| 1950 |  | N/A (half-aunts of Nicholas Lowther, 2nd Viscount Ullswater) |
| 1951 | Kirstin Elizabeth Lowther | Nicholas Lowther, 2nd Viscount Ullswater |
| 1953 | (Diana) Bridget Devereux | Robert Devereux, 18th Viscount Hereford |
| 1953 |  | John Goschen, 3rd Viscount Goschen |
| 1973 | Rosamond Vere Read | William Monckton-Arundell, 10th Viscount Galway |
| 1980 | (Christian) Avril Curzon | Francis Curzon, 3rd Viscount Scarsdale |
| 1988 |  | Francis FitzRoy Newdegate, 3rd Viscount Daventry |
| 1995 |  | Alastair Akers-Douglas, 4th Viscount Chilston |
| 1996 |  | Robin Bridgeman, 3rd Viscount Bridgeman |
| 2000 |  | Richard Berry, 3rd Viscount Kemsley |

## Wife of the eldest son of a baron

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Deceased husband |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1917 | Evelyn Maud Chaloner | Richard Godolphin Hume Long Chaloner (son of Richard Chaloner, 1st Baron Gisborough) |

## Daughter of a baron/lord of Parliament

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Sibling of |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1831 | * Dame Charlotte Grace Menzies * Caroline Elizabeth Norton * Mary Ellen Norton * William Augusta Ann Norton | Thomas Norton, 4th Baron Grantley |
| 1831 | Dame Charlotte Georgiana Bedingfield | George Stafford-Jerningham, 8th Baron Stafford |
| 1834 |  | Mark Somerville, 16th Lord Somerville |
| 1835 |  | Eric Mackay, 7th Lord Reay |
| 1837 | Catherine Savery de Lisle Beamish | John de Courcy, 23rd Baron Kingsale |
| 1837 |  | Edward Crofton, 2nd Baron Crofton |
| 1838 |  | Guy Carleton, 3rd Baron Dorchester |
| 1841 |  | Frederick Trench, 2nd Baron Ashtown |
| 1841 | Mary Grey Wills | Henry Sandford, 2nd Baron Mount Sandford |
| 1845 | Jane Grace Dorothea Bernard | George Evans-Freke, 7th Baron Carbery |
| 1847 | Anne Pipon | Robert Rodney, 6th Baron Rodney |
| 1848 | Mary Elizabeth Gisborne | Frederick Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 10th Baron Saye and Sele |
| 1850 |  | Charles Colville, 10th Lord Colville of Culross (later 1st Viscount Colville of Culross) |
| 1850 | Jane Mary Winn | Charles Allanson-Winn, 3rd Baron Headley |
| 1853 | Louisa Townsend | Robert Verney, 17th Baron Willoughby de Broke |
| 1853 |  | Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, 2nd Baron Skelmersdale (later 1st Earl of Lathom) |
| 1854 |  | Alexander Fraser, 18th Lord Saltoun |
| 1855 |  | Henry Prittie, 3rd Baron Dunalley |
| 1855 |  | William Ponsonby, 3rd Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly |
| 1857 |  | Henry Willoughby, 8th Baron Middleton |
| 1857 |  | Alfred Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale |
| 1858 | Theresa Clifford | William Constable-Maxwell, 10th Lord Herries of Terregles |
| 1859 |  | Sackville Lane-Fox, 12th Baron Conyers |
| 1860 | Anne Elizabeth Bontine | John Elphinstone, 14th Lord Elphinstone |
| 1861 |  | William Elphinstone, 15th Lord Elphinstone |
| 1862 |  | William Ponsonby, 4th Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly |
| 1862 |  | Lucius O'Brien, 13th Baron Inchiquin |
| 1867 | Amelia Sophia Lloyd | Udolphus Aylmer, 7th Baron Aylmer |
| 1870 |  | Francis Rice, 5th Baron Dynevor |
| 1870 | Henrietta Anne Bruce | N/A (daughter of Robert Bruce, who died before the attainder barring his claim as Lord Balfour of Burleigh was overturned) |
| 1870 | Helen Jane Sandilands | James Sandilands, 12th Baron Torphichen |
| 1870 | * Aileen Spring Arthur * Lucy Spring Knox * Theodosia Spring Rice * Alice Spring Rice * Frederica Spring Rice * Catherine Ellen Spring Rice * Amy Spring Rice | Thomas Spring Rice, 2nd Baron Monteagle of Brandon |
| 1870 |  | Robert Windsor-Clive, 7th Baron Windsor (later 1st Earl of Plymouth) |
| 1870 |  | Peter Burrell, 4th Baron Gwydyr |
| 1871 | Susan Frances Hotham | Charles Hotham, 4th Baron Hotham |
| 1873 |  | John Yarde-Buller, 2nd Baron Churston |
| 1875 |  | Edward Sugden, 2nd Baron Saint Leonards |
| 1876 | Maria Louisa Carleton | Dudley Carleton, 4th Baron Dorchester |
| 1877 |  | George Byron, 9th Baron Byron |
| 1881 | Julia Caroline Stonor | Francis Stonor, 4th Baron Camoys |
| 1883 |  | Hubert Mostyn, 7th Baron Vaux of Harrowden |
| 1887 | * Sarah Forbes * Caroline Ann Robberds | William Forbes-Sempill, 17th Lord Sempill |
| 1887 |  | Richard Henry Noel-Hill, 7th Baron Berwick |
| 1888 | Frances Allen | Philip Cocks, 5th Baron Somers |
| 1889 |  | William Charles Wynn, 4th Baron Newborough |
| 1889 |  | Frederick Glyn, 4th Baron Wolverton |
| 1889 |  | Frederick Trench, 3rd Baron Ashtown |
| 1891 |  | William Holmes à Court, 3rd Baron Heytesbury |
| 1892 | Louisa Henrietta Rennell | Henry Vane, 9th Baron Barnard |
| 1893 |  | Charles Barnewall, 18th Baron Trimlestown |
| 1895 |  | James Daly, 4th Baron Dunsandle and Clanconal |
| 1896 | Anna Maria Heywood | Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman |
| 1897 | * Sarah Garret * Anna Frances Burrowes | Somerset Maxwell, 10th Baron Farnham |
| 1901 |  | Rowland John Dormer, 13th Baron Dormer |
| 1901 | Mary Selina Noel-Hill | Thomas Henry Noel-Hill, 8th Baron Berwick |
| 1902 | Ethel Beatrice Law | Edward Law, 5th Baron Ellenborough |
| 1904 |  | George Best, 5th Baron Wynford |
| 1904 | Ruth Hester Frances Scarlett | Shelley Scarlett, 5th Baron Abinger |
| 1904 |  | John Savile, 2nd Baron Savile |
| 1905 | Helen Louisa Beckett | Ernest Beckett, 2nd Baron Grimthorpe |
| 1906 |  | Henry Graves, 5th Baron Graves |
| 1907 | Nan Ino Herbert | Auberon Herbert, 9th Baron Lucas |
| 1910 |  | Lionel Sackville-West, 3rd Baron Sackville |
| 1912 |  | Frank Sugden, 3rd Baron Saint Leonards |
| 1913 | * Elinor Colston Brunton * Letitia Margaret Hazell * Sybil Borthwick | Thomas Borthwick, 1st Baron Whitburgh |
| 1913 | * Mabel Georgiana Crofton * Theresa Diana Chichester | Arthur Crofton, 4th Baron Crofton |
| 1913 | * Blanche Frances Hoare * Violet Wilhelmina Mundy | Courtenay Morgan, 3rd Baron Tredegar (later 1st Viscount Tredegar) |
| 1913 | * Helen Margaretta Winn * Stephanie Maryon-Wilson * Margaretta Anne Winn | Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley |
| 1913 |  | Francis Fitzherbert-Stafford, 12th Baron Stafford |
| 1917 |  | Gervase Disney Alexander, 15th Baron Cobham |
| 1920 | Mildred Caroline Foley | Gerald Foley, 7th Baron Foley |
| 1920 |  | James Dutton, 6th Baron Sherborne |
| 1921 |  | Adelbert Cust, 5th Baron Brownlow |
| 1921 | Jean Campbell | Alaistair Campbell, 4th Baron Stratheden and Campbell |
| 1922 |  | William Vanneck, 5th Baron Huntingfield |
| 1923 |  | Robert Bewicke-Copley, 5th Baron Cromwell |
| 1924 |  | Henry Hotham, 7th Baron Hotham |
| 1929 | Sibyl Buxton | The 3rd Baron O'Neill |
| 1930 | Veronica Wenefryde Nefertari Bethell | Richard Bethell, 4th Baron Westbury |
| 1931 | (Ursula) Moyra Lubbock | John Lubbock, 3rd Baron Avebury |
| 1933 | Ursula Katharine Hanbury-Tracy | Richard Hanbury-Tracy, 6th Baron Sudeley |
| 1933 | Diana Rosamond Broughton | Ailwyn Fellowes, 3rd Baron de Ramsey |
| 1934 | Margaret "Peggy" Violet Stockdale | Alexander Henderson, 2nd Baron Faringdon |
| 1935 |  | Edward Bellew, 5th Baron Bellew |
| 1937 |  | Charles Gifford, 5th Baron Gifford |
| 1938 |  | Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild |
| 1938 |  | Ernest Denison, 6th Baron Londesborough |
| 1938 | Mary Heritage Banbury | Charles Banbury, 2nd Baron Banbury of Southam |
| 1939 | Pamela Frances Walpole | Robert Walpole, 9th Baron Walpole |
| 1940 | Rosemary Kay-Shuttleworth | Richard Kay-Shuttleworth, 2nd Baron Shuttleworth |
| 1942 | Ivy Maude Dawson | Geoffrey Eden, 7th Baron Auckland |
| 1942 |  | Edward Gibson, 3rd Baron Ashbourne |
| 1943 | Pamela Muriel Dorine Colyer | N/A (granddaughter of Hugo Hirst, 1st Baron Hirst) |
| 1944 |  | Henry Neville, 9th Baron Braybrooke |
| 1945 | Cynthia Adeline Elizabeth | Charles Thellusson, 8th Baron Rendlesham |
| 1946 |  | John Rollo, 12th Lord Rollo |
| 1946 | Rosina Lois Veronica MacNamee | Thomas Touchet-Jesson, 23rd Baron Audley |
| 1947 |  | Mary Freeman-Grenville, 12th Lady Kinloss |
| 1947 |  | John North, 13th Baron North |
| 1948 | Diana Marie Faith Crofton | Blaise Crofton, 5th Baron Crofton |
| 1948 |  | Arthur Cocks, 7th Baron Somers |
| 1948 | Evelyn Augusta Irby | Greville Irby, 7th Baron Boston |
| 1948 | * Deborah Mary Thomas * Shirley Joan Drayson * Rachel Kathleen Zvegintzov * Elspeth Lorraine Musson | David Bailey, 4th Baron Glanusk |
| 1949 | Rose Maud Talbot | Milo Talbot, 7th Baron Talbot de Malahide |
| 1949 | Frances Phoebe Phillimore | Robert Phillimore, 3rd Baron Phillimore |
| 1950 | Mary Cassandra Chippindale | Arthur Sandys, 6th Baron Sandys |
| 1950 |  | Angus Campbell-Gray, 22nd Lord Gray |
| 1951 | Sophie Harriet Liddell | Arthur Liddell, 8th Baron Ravensworth |
| 1955 | Rose Marian Skinner | Geoffrey Rowley-Conwy, 9th Baron Langford |
| 1957 | Monica Noel-Hill | Charles Noel-Hill, 9th Baron Berwick |
| 1959 | Sheelin Virginia Maxwell | Barry Maxwell, 12th Baron Farnham |
| 1963 |  | The 4th Baron O'Hagan |
| 1964 | Jeryl Marcia Sarah Smith-Ryland | Philip Gurdon, 3rd Baron Cranworth |
| 1964 | Judith Evelyn Maud Campbell | Michael Baillie, 3rd Baron Burton |
| 1967 | Vivien Elisabeth Adam | Nicholas Mosley |
| 1977 | Elaine Barbara Julia Whidborne | Andrew St John, 21st Baron St John of Bletso |
| 1979 |  | Gordon Hope-Morley, 3rd Baron Hollenden |
| 1982 | Meriel Davina Long | Hugh Edwardes, 8th Baron Kensington |
| 1983 |  | Simon Russell, 3rd Baron Russell of Liverpool |
| 1984 | Joane Mary Sherborne Dutton | Ralph Dutton, 8th Baron Sherborne |
| 1986 | Daphne Angela Brazier-Creagh | John Brownlow, 5th Baron Lurgan |
| 1987 | Anne Marie Ghislaine du Roy Galbraith | Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde |
| 1997 |  | Philip Somers Cocks, 9th Baron Somers |
| 2007 | Judith Patricia O'Hagan | Jamie Borwick, 5th Baron Borwick |
| 2008 | Christine Margaret Hermione Scott-Plummer | Mark Bampfyle, 7th Baron Poltimore |
| 2012 | Fiona Jane Obert de Thieusies | Conor Myles John O'Brien, 18th Baron Inchiquin |
| 2014 | Loelia Dorothé Alexandra Santis | Tyrone Plunket, 9th Baron Plunket |
| 2018 | Monica Collett Mosley | Daniel Mosley, 4th Baron Ravensdale |
| 2018 | Eleanor Anne Thompson | Richard Ralph Neville, 11th Baron Braybrooke |
| 2021 | Elizabeth Gail Barnes-Dowson | John Barnes, 5th Baron Gorell |

## Wife of a baronet

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Deceased husband |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1858 | Hannah Shepherd Havelock | Henry Havelock |
| 1882 | Emily Eliza Adam | William Patrick Adam |
| 1891 | Ellen Georgiana Kennard | Coleridge John Kennard |
| 1913 | Theodosia Bagot | Josceline FitzRoy Bagot |
| 1920 | Maude Winifred Rose | Philip Vivian Rose (son of Philip Rose, 2nd Baronet) |
| 1921 | Muriel Rolls Loder | Robert Egerton Loder (son of Edmund Loder, 2nd Baronet) |
| 1922 | Editha Ivy Brown | Gordon Hargreaves Brown (son of Alexander Brown, 1st Baronet) |
| 1927 | Lilian Throckmorton | Richard Courtenay Brabazon Throckmorton (son of Richard Throckmorton, 10th Baronet) |
| 1939 | Mary Grace Hills | John Waller Hills |
| 1948 | Barbara Montgomery-Cuninghame | Alexander Montgomery-Cuninghame (son of Thomas Montgomery-Cuninghame, 10th Baronet) |
| 1958 | Alice Mary Clifford | George Gilbert Joseph Clifford (nephew of Walter Clifford, 4th Baronet) |

## Wife of a knight

| Date | Warrant in favour of | Deceased husband |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1856 | Eliza Rosetta Massey Corry | Armar Lowry Corry (KCB) |
| 1856 | Elizabeth Boxer | Edward Boxer (KCB) |
| 1856 | Caroline Bucknall-Estcourt | James Bucknall Bucknall Estcourt (KCB) |
| 1856 | Mary Tylden | William Burton Tylden (KCB) |
| 1856 | Katherine Adams | Henry William Adams (KCB) |
| 1856 | Sophy Eliza Fox-Strangways | Thomas Fox-Strangways (KCB) |
| 1857 | Isabella Neill | James George Smith Neill (KCB) |
| 1870 | Charlotte Christiana Sturt | Charles Sturt (KCMG) |
| 1885 | Martha Christiana Nottage | George Swan Nottage (Kt.) |
| 1886 | Mary Elizabeth Cooper | William White Cooper (Kt.) |
| 1892 | Catherina de Soysa | Charles Henry de Soysa (Kt.) |
| 1894 | Emma Ellis | Alfred Burdon Ellis (KCB) |
| 1895 | Bessie Hawker | George Charles Hawker (Kt.) |
| 1898 | Anne Adair Skelton | John Skelton (KCB) |
| 1898 | Caroline Frances Bond | Edward Augustus Bond (KCB) |
| 1902 | Elizabeth Seymour | Horace Seymour (KCB) |
| 1907 | Lilla Billson | Alfred Billson (Kt.) |
| 1918 | Florence Eugenie Barwell Gundry | William Gundry (Kt.) |
| 1919 | Janet Ferguson Restler | James William Restler (KCB) |
| 1920 | Mary Harriet Carey | Bertram Sausmarez Carey (KCIE) |
| 1920 | Violet Mary Bickerton Brindley | Harry Samuel Bickerton Brindley (KCB) |
| 1920 | Frances Alice Anderson | Francis James Anderson (KCB) |
| 1924 | Octavia Jane Nolan | Robert Howard Nolan (KCB) |
| 1928 | Harriett Agnes Robinson | James Robinson (Kt.) |
| 1929 | Else Headlam-Morley | James Wycliffe Headlam-Morley (Kt.) |
| 1932 | Dorothy Eva Biscoe | Hugh Vincent Biscoe (KCB) |
| 1938 | Minona Frances Bourchier | Murray William James Bourchier (Kt.) |
| 1938 | Beryl Lennox Jarrad | Vivian Everard Donne Jarrad (Kt.) |
| 1938 | Mary Agnes Dunningham | John Montgomery Dunningham (KCB) |
| 1940 | Emily Illenden Fortuna Scott | Ernest Scott (Kt.) |
| 1943 | Eugenie Devaux | Justin Louis Devaux (Kt.) |
| 1944 | Margaret Adeline Monroe | James Harvey Monroe (Kt.) |
| 1945 | Kate Owen Evans | David Owen Evans (Kt.) |
| 1980 | Alma Hitchock | Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (KBE) |
| 1981 | Margaret Eileen Gonzalez Cargill | Ian Peter McGillivray Cargill (Kt.) |
| 1982 | Barbara Winsome Von Bibra | Donald Dean Von Bibra (Kt.) |
| 1982 | Laura Ellen Chetwynd | George Roland Chetwynd (Kt.) |
| 1988 | Dorian Dodge Fisher | Antony George Anson Fisher (Kt.) |
| 1991 | Ellen Leech | William Charles Leech (Kt.) |
| 1992 | Mary Elizabeth Stirling | James Frazer Stirling (Kt.) |
| 2007 | Penelope Jane Stirling | Roderick William Kenneth Stirling (KCVO) |
| 2016 | Ramesh Ghiassi Mackay | David John Cameron Mackay (Kt.) |

## Notes and references


title: Roy Caton

abstract: Roy Vernon Caton was an American trumpet player and session musician.

text:
# Roy Caton

**Roy Vernon Caton** (January 28, 1927 – July 29, 2010) was an American trumpet player and session musician.

## Biography

Caton was born to Vernon and Eleanor Reed Caton in Frackville, Pennsylvania. At the age of seven, he received a cornet from a family friend that began a lifelong fascination with the instrument.

After graduating from high school, Caton served in the Army until 1946. Following his discharge from the service, Caton attended the Schillinger School of Music, where he took his degree in 1951. A tour with Woody Herman's Third Herd Orchestra put him on the road with seasoned musicians, before he settled into work as a session player in Hollywood recording studios.

Caton recorded with many popular artists of the 1960s and 1970s, and was among the musicians who came to be known as The Wrecking Crew. He died in Avila Beach, California, at the age of 83.

## Selected discography

### As sideman

## InfoBox

| Roy Caton | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Roy Vernon Caton |
| Born | (1927-01-28)January 28, 1927
Frackville, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | July 29, 2010(2010-07-29) (aged 83)
Avila Beach, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Trumpet |
| Formerly of | The Wrecking Crew |


title: Roy Chamberlain

abstract: Roy Hawley Chamberlain was a Member of the Board of General Appraisers.

text:
# Roy Chamberlain

**Roy Hawley Chamberlain** (April 16, 1862 – date of death unknown) was a Member of the Board of General Appraisers.

## Education and career

Chamberlain was born in 1862 in Clarinda, Iowa. He served as Postmaster of Clarinda from 1895 to 1899. He served as clerk and acting collector of customs for the United States Military and Naval Forces in Havana, Cuba from 1899 to 1901. He served as Collector of Internal Revenue in Honolulu, Hawaii from 1901 to 1908. He was the son-in-law of Iowa Congressman William Peters Hepburn.

## Federal judicial service

Chamberlain received a recess appointment from President Theodore Roosevelt on June 3, 1908, to a seat on the Board of General Appraisers vacated by Member Wilbur Fisk Lunt. He was nominated to the same position by President Roosevelt on December 8, 1908. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 11, 1909, and received his commission on January 15, 1909. His service terminated on March 3, 1913, due to his removal from office by President William Howard Taft. He was succeeded by George Stewart Brown.

### Circumstances of his removal from office

Chamberlain's removal from office followed an investigation by a commission appointed for the purpose and consisting of Assistant Attorney General Winfred T. Dennison, Collector of the Port of New York William Loeb and law officer of the Bureau of Insular Affairs Felix Frankfurter future Supreme Court Justice. Chamberlain had been accused of incompetence in office. The commission determined on February 13, 1913 that Chamberlain was not an attorney and was not qualified to hold office. The commission further determined that decisions written by Chamberlain while on the Board had actually been prepared by another person. On March 3, 1913, President Taft upheld the commission's decision and removed Chamberlain from office.

## Later life and death

After his removal from office, Chamberlain worked as a grocer in Bradford, Pennsylvania from 1920 to 1930. His date and place of death are unknown.

## InfoBox

| Roy H. Chamberlain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Board of General Appraisers | |
| **In office**
June 3, 1908  March 3, 1913 | |
| Appointed by | Theodore Roosevelt |
| Preceded by | Wilbur Fisk Lunt |
| Succeeded by | George Stewart Brown |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Roy Hawley Chamberlain
(1862-04-16)April 16, 1862
Clarinda, Iowa |
| Died | date of death unknown |
| Spouse | Mary Margaret Hepburn |
|  | |


title: Royton Town Hall

abstract: Royton Town Hall is a municipal building in Rochdale Road, Royton, Greater Manchester, England. The town hall was the headquarters of Royton Urban District Council.

text:
# Royton Town Hall

**Royton Town Hall** is a municipal building in Rochdale Road, Royton, Greater Manchester, England. The town hall was the headquarters of Royton Urban District Council.

## History

After population growth associated with the increasing number of cotton mills in the town, the local board of health, which had been formed in 1863, decided to procure municipal offices for the area: the site they selected on Rochdale Road had previously formed part of Royton Hall Park.

The new building, which was designed in the Victorian style, was built in red brick with stone dressings at a cost of £7,000 and was officially opened by the first chairman of local board of health, James Ashworth, in September 1880. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with five bays facing onto Rochdale Road; the central bay, which was built of stone and slightly projected forward, featured a round headed doorway on the ground floor flanked by pilasters supporting an entablature bearing the town's coat of arms; there was an eight-light window on the first floor and a pediment above with a clock tower at roof level. The other bays contained mullion windows on the ground floor and round headed windows on the first floor. The clock, which was designed and manufactured by Gillett and Bland, and the bell were a gift from Dr and Mrs John Kershaw, who also financed the local cottage hospital.

The clock tower was inscribed on three sides with Latin mottos: "Tempus Fugit" (time flies), "Sic Labitur Aetas" (so the years pass by) and "Finem Respice" (have regards to the end). The clock face on the east side, which faced Shaw and Crompton, was designed so as to be much smaller than the ones on the other three sides. When the Church of Holy Trinity at Shaw was constructed in 1869, it had no clock on the western facade of its clock tower, which faced Royton. According to the Royton Local History Society, a local story emerged that the reduced clock face size on the town hall was retaliation against the design of the church at Shaw.

On 26 November 1884, a gangmaster, who was protesting at those provisions of the Factory Acts that prohibited children under 10 years old from working in mills, placed a gunpowder-based explosive device in a cellar underneath the town hall. The device detonated and, although there were no casualties, windows and doors were blown off. The building became the headquarters of Royton Urban District Council when it was formed in 1894.

The building continued to serve as a meeting place for Royton Urban District Council for much of the 20th century but ceased to be the local seat of government after the enlarged Oldham Council was formed in 1974. Since then, apart from some space used by the council's local district team and some space leased out to Greater Manchester Police, the building has been empty and deteriorating. In September 2017, Oldham Council announced plans to refurbish the town hall: the proposed works involved moving the library from an adjacent building into the ground floor of the town hall. Then, in January 2020, council sought bidders for the contract, which was estimated to be worth £2.4 million, to carry out the works.

## InfoBox

| Royton Town Hall | |
| --- | --- |
| Royton Town Hall | |
| Location | Rochdale Road, Royton |
| Coordinates | 53°33′59″N 2°07′20″W / 53.5663°N 2.1223°W / 53.5663; -2.1223 |
| Built | 1880 |
| Architectural style(s) | Victorian style |
|  | |
| Shown in Greater Manchester | |


title: Roysyn

abstract: Roysyn is a Thoroughbred racehorse who won the New Zealand Derby in 1995. Roysyn gave trainer Roger James his second Derby win, and rider Vinny Colgan the first of his six Derby wins.

text:
# Roysyn

**Roysyn** (foaled 24 October 1992) is a Thoroughbred racehorse who won the New Zealand Derby in 1995. Roysyn gave trainer Roger James his second Derby win (his first being Tidal Light when in partnership with Jim Gibbs), and rider Vinny Colgan the first of his six Derby wins.

## Racing career

After failing in his only start at two, Roysyn started off his three-year-old season with a win in a maiden at Avondale. He followed that up with a placing and another win in low-quality races before finishing only sixth in the Avondale Guineas, his last race before the Derby. He was a changed horse when the 1995 Derby came around, beating Clear Rose and favourite Interval to record a slight upset victory. But he proved it was no fluke result later in the season, winning the Wellington Stakes and then his second Group 1 race in the Trackside Sales Stakes against older horses.

His four-year-old season saw him win the Group 2 Queen Elizabeth Handicap and finish second in the Group 1 Avondale Cup and Group 2 Counties Cup.

He finished a disappointing tenth when one of the favourites in the Auckland Cup and was unable to rediscover his best form when lightly raced in the last two years of his career.

1. "Black-type runner for trainer from Harvey clan". *NZ Herald*. Retrieved 2022-06-09.

## InfoBox

| Roysyn | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Bakharoff |
| Grandsire | The Minstrel |
| Dam | Royal Proposal |
| Damsire | Vice Regal |
| Sex | Gelding |
| Foaled | 24 October 1992 |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | J W Campin |
| Owner | B P & J B Harvey |
| Trainer | Roger James |
| Record | 22:7-3-1 |
| Earnings | $491,016 |
| Major wins | |
| New Zealand Derby (1995)<br>Trackside Sales Stakes (1996) | |
| Last updated on July 3, 2007 | |


title: Rothbury Branch

abstract: The Rothbury Branch was a 13-mile single track railway line in Northumberland, England. It was built by the Northumberland Central Railway and was conceived as part of an alternative trunk route from Newcastle to Berwick. There were serious problems raising money for the ambitious scheme, and it was scaled back to run from Scotsgap to Rothbury. It opened in 1870. Even so, it was always short of money and had to request the North British Railway to take it over, along with its debt, which was effected in 1872. The line was never busy and closure to passenger traffic took place in 1952; after a period of limited goods operation, the line closed completely in 1963.

text:
# Rothbury Branch

| Rothbury Branch |
| --- |
| Overview  Locale Northumberland  Dates of operation 18701963  Successor North British Railway  Technical  Track gauge 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm)  Length 13 miles (21 km) |
|  |
|  |

The **Rothbury Branch** was a 13-mile single track railway line in Northumberland, England. It was built by the Northumberland Central Railway and was conceived as part of an alternative trunk route from Newcastle to Berwick.

There were serious problems raising money for the ambitious scheme, and it was scaled back to run from Scotsgap to Rothbury. It opened in 1870. Even so, it was always short of money and had to request the North British Railway to take it over, along with its debt, which was effected in 1872.

The line was never busy and closure to passenger traffic took place in 1952; after a period of limited goods operation, the line closed completely in 1963.

## History

### Early proposals

In 1847, the Newcastle and Berwick Railway started operation. It was created by George Hudson, the so-called *Railway King*, and his intention was to form part of a through railway connection from Edinburgh to London. The Newcastle and Berwick Railway later became part of the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway.

The people of Rothbury saw the advantage of having a railway connection; the district had long been a centre for the production of lime, important in improving acidic soil for agricultural purposes, and Morpeth was a centre of demand for the mineral. It was natural to consider making a railway branch line from Rothbury to Morpeth, which was on the Newcastle and Berwick main line.

A scheme for a railway was developed, and an estimate was prepared for the construction: it would cost £95,000. However, despite the local enthusiasm, there was inadequate financial support for the scheme and it was dropped.

### The Wansbeck Railway

The Border Counties Railway opened the first section of its line in 1858. This line was to link Hexham with apparently rich mineral deposits, and was stated to be the first stage of a new line, independent of Hudson's York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway, linking the area with Edinburgh. That revived consideration of a railway running west from Morpeth, which led to the development of a scheme for a *Wansbeck Valley Railway* from Morpeth to Reedsmouth on the Border Counties line.

The Wansbeck Valley committee changed the name to *The Wansbeck Railway* and obtained the Royal Assent for their line on 8 August 1859; the capital was set at £120,000.

They constructed their line in stages, and it opened in sections from 1862 to 1865. It passed through Scotsgap, but came no closer to Rothbury. The company was constantly short of money and was heavily supported by the North British Railway, which saw it as a strategic means of by-passing Hudson's railways in getting access to Newcastle.

### The Northumberland Central Railway

Rothbury was still an important centre for the production of lime, but the lack of a railway connection was felt more keenly than ever, and during the construction of the Wansbeck Railway, a scheme was brought forward to build a 45-mile (72 km) line from Scotsgap northwards through Rothbury and Wooler to Cornhill, near to Berwick on the Kelso line of the North Eastern Railway. The line would need capital of £260,000 to construct, and the terrain to be crossed north of Rothbury was very thinly populated. Although the promoters must have understood that the Wansbeck line only continued with the support of the NBR, they were evidently undeterred. In fact, the Wansbeck Railway was absorbed by the NBR on 21 July 1863.

A Parliamentary Bill for the line, to be called *The Northumberland Central Railway*, was submitted for the 1863 session. A cash deposit of £20,800 was required to do so, but the cash available to the provisional company was inadequate, so three individuals, including Richard Hodgson of the NBR, provided the money themselves.

The bill received the Royal Assent on 28 July 1863; capital was £270,000.

The act (as it now was) merely *authorised* the capital; actually raising it was a problem for the company. A provisional contract with Warings, a reputable London-based contractor, was finalised, but the absence of money prevented a start. A call on subscribers brought in some money, and debate raged as to whether construction should be from the Scotsgap end or the northern end. Warings was pressed to consider courses of action that would have disadvantaged the firm and, given the absence of ready money, it saw that the contract was vain, and asked to be relieved of it. The company was unable to provide money to make a start, and on 7 August 1865, a difficult shareholders' meeting took place, which ended with agreement to abandon the proposed line north of Rothbury. The eclipse of Richard Hodgson as chairman of the North British Railway was significant in the loss of commitment to the northward extension.

### A Rothbury branch line

The contract with Dowlings was cancelled, and a local contractor, Dowson, was given the task of building from Scotsgap to Rothbury. On 12 April 1867, the company received Parliamentary authority to shorten the scheme, making it simply a branch line to Rothbury, with authorised capital of £75,000.

The difficulty in raising that money was no less acute, and became impossible to continue. Dowson had to discontinue the work, which was hardly started. In February 1868, the directors all offered their resignation in view of the impossible situation; a number of financial devices to get the money had been tried, all of them in vain. Most directors were persuaded to continue. However, by the end of 1868 it had proved possible to scrape together enough money to instruct Dowson to restart work.

However, in August 1870, it was stated that the construction was nearly complete. The NBR had been approached to work the line for the company, but the terms were stated to be unacceptable, and the Blyth and Tyne Railway were to be approached to do so. Since running to Morpeth required the permission of the NBR, it was unlikely that arrangement would work, and in fact the NBR working arrangement was later accepted.

### Opening at last

On 1 November 1870, the line opened to the public, the directors having travelled over the line the previous day.

The steepest gradient was said to be 1 in 60 and there was a twelve-arch viaduct at Fontburn. There were stations at Rothbury, Brinkburn, Ewesley and Scotsgap, and a private platform at Rothley for the use of the Trevelyan Estates. The Rothley platform was later renamed Longwitton and made public.

The working arrangement with the NBR was considered onerous by the Northumberland Central directors, but there was no alternative. Operations made a small profit in the early weeks, but that soon turned to a loss. The line had cost £95,000 to build, and the Company owed £9,600 to contractors, as well as having incurred heavy debenture debts and issued preference shares, and it was obvious that financial disaster was imminent.

### Absorbed by the North British Railway

The only way out was a sale to the NBR, which was agreed at a meeting in Newcastle on 23 February 1872, although fiercely opposed by a section of shareholders. The NBR paid off the £9,600 debt, and ordinary shares were to be guaranteed 1% until 1878. The NBR acquired the line for about 10% of its cost. That was implied to be a considerable bargain for the NBR. A prominent Northumberland Central Railway shareholder was reported as saying, at the final shareholders' meeting, that the NBR was being made a present of the line. However, the NBR acquired a bankrupt, *loss-making* business, paid its £9,600 immediate debts, paid 3% mortgages taken out by the NCR, and paid 1% on worthless NCR stock for seven years.

The acquisition was formalised by Act of Parliament of 18 July 1872.

### Longwitton accident of 1875

There was a serious accident near Longwitton on 3 July 1875. A passenger train was running down the steep gradient towards Scotsgap, with eight empty stone wagons marshalled in front of the passenger coaches, when the drawbar of one of the wagons broke away. Digging into the track, it derailed the vehicles behind it, and they plunged down an embankment; four people lost their lives.

The Board of Trade inspecting officer, Col F H Rich commented,

> The engine-driver and fireman were not aware that they had left the greater part of their train behind ... The fireman's attention was first drawn to the circumstance by three ladies, Misses Winship, who were standing in a field on the east side of the line, close to the railway fence, and who, on observing the train running over the bank, called and waved their arms as violently as they could to attract the attention of the engine-driver. The young ladies proceeded at once to give all the assistance they could to the injured passengers ...

### Under the North British Railway

A cattle market was established in Rothbury in 1871, and development of the town for residential and holiday purposes, as well as the provision of a racecourse, improved the financial situation of the line. Nonetheless, the two-hour journey time from Newcastle was a significant negative factor.

The passenger train service settled down to three trains each way daily, aligned towards Morpeth. Although journeys from Rothbury towards Reedsmouth and beyond were possible, connections at Scotsgap were not good.

In 1873, very considerable deposits of lime and coal, as well as fireclay, started to be exploited at Longwitton. That brought large volumes of mineral traffic to the line, and the prospects looked extremely good. However, the extraction company suddenly surrendered its lease in 1886 and, except for a small amount of quarry working, the minerals were no longer brought to the surface.

### The twentieth century

In February 1902, Tynemouth Corporation requested a siding connection to assist in the construction of Fontburn Reservoir. The siding was provided and a temporary platform costing £180 opened on 12 January 1903, for the use of workers. It was named White House at first but then Fontburn (or "Fontburn (Halt)"), and it later became a public station.

The main line railways of Great Britain were "grouped" by the government under the Railways Act 1921, and the North British Railway was a constituent of the new London and North Eastern Railway.

During World War II the passenger train service was reduced to two return trips daily, but from 1945, a mid-day service from Rothbury to Scotsgap and return was included.

After the railways were nationalised by Government in 1948, the Rothbury line became part of the Scottish Region of British Railways.

Increasingly efficient road transport caused a collapse of the passenger and goods traffic, and closure was inevitable. The last passenger trains ran on 13 September 1952. A basic weekly goods service continued but, on 9 November 1963, the Rothbury line was closed completely.

## Topography

The line climbed at 1 in 67 from Scotsgap to a summit at Longwitton, then falling on the same ruling gradient to Rothbury.

Locations on the line were:

| Station | Opened | Closed | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Scotsgap | 23 July 1862 | 29 September 1966 | junction station on the Wansbeck Railway |
| Longwitton | 1 November 1870 | 9 November 1963 | renamed from Rothley to Longwitton in 1875 |
| Ewesley | 1 November 1870 | 9 November 1963 | temporarily closed 3 October–21 November 1921 |
| Fontburn | 1 June 1904 | 15 September 1952 | temporarily closed 3 October–21 November 1921 |
| Brinkburn | 1 November 1870 | 9 November 1963 |  |
| Rothbury | 1 November 1870 | 9 November 1963 | temporarily closed 3 October–21 November 1921. The goods yard was used for race excursions before 1899; later there was a separate race platform. |

1. Sewell, G W M (1991). *The North British Railway in Northumberland*. Braunton: Merlin Books. ISBN 978-0-86303-613-2.
2. Ross, David (2014). *The North British Railway: A History*. Catrine: Stenlake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84033-647-4.
3. Thomas, John (1969). *The North British Railway, volume 1*. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-4697-6.
4. Report by Col F H Rich into the circumstances of the Accident at Longwitton on 3 July 1875
5. Quick, M E (2002). *Railway Passenger Stations in England Scotland and Wales—A Chronology*. The Railway and Canal Historical Society.

Media related to Rothbury Branch at Wikimedia Commons


title: Rotpartiet

abstract: Rotpartiet is a local political party in the municipality of Åtvidaberg, Sweden. The party was formed ahead of the 1998 elections, by Åke Hjalmarsson. Hjalmarsson was then dissatisfied with the development of the Åtvidaberg Party. The party won 3 seats in the 1998 elections. In the 2002 elections the party lost heavily to the newly formed Copper Party (kp). The sole seat that the party won was held by Per Lindqvist. After the elections the party joined a six-party coalition to govern the municipality. At this point Hjalmarsson left the party. The party withdrew from the governing coalition after one year. The party has declared that it will not run again in 2006. Lindqvist has withdrawn from the political life and there is no-one to carry on the party work. The party currently lacks representation in municipal boards and the party seat in the sessions of the municipal council has been vacant during most of 2005.

text:
# Rotpartiet

**Rotpartiet** (a Swedish term which can be translated as "Root Party" or "Grassroots Party") is a local political party in the municipality of Åtvidaberg, Sweden. The party was formed ahead of the 1998 elections, by Åke Hjalmarsson. Hjalmarsson was then dissatisfied with the development of the Åtvidaberg Party. The party won 3 seats in the 1998 elections.

In the 2002 elections the party lost heavily to the newly formed Copper Party (kp). The sole seat that the party won was held by Per Lindqvist. After the elections the party joined a six-party coalition to govern the municipality. At this point Hjalmarsson left the party. The party withdrew from the governing coalition after one year.

The party has declared that it will not run again in 2006. Lindqvist has withdrawn from the political life and there is no-one to carry on the party work. The party currently lacks representation in municipal boards and the party seat in the sessions of the municipal council has been vacant during most of 2005.

## Electoral result

| Year | % | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 | 7,0% | 3 out of 45 |
| 2002 | 3,2% | 1 out of 45 |


title: Rudolf Graf Walderdorff

abstract: Count Rudolf von Walderdorff was an Austrian malacologist and entomologist. He was a member of the Walderdorff family, a noble German family. He was a captain in the Austrian Imperial Army. He was killed in the Battle of Königgrätz.

text:
# Rudolf Graf Walderdorff

**Count Rudolf von Walderdorff** (died 1866) was an Austrian malacologist and entomologist. He was a member of the Walderdorff family, a noble German family. He was a captain in the Austrian Imperial Army. He was killed in the Battle of Königgrätz.

## Works

Rudolf Graf Walderdorff (1864) System. Verzeichniss der im Kreise Cattaro (Süd-Dalmatien) mit Ausnahme der Biela-Gora und in einigen angrenzenden Theilen von Montenegro und türkisch Albanien vorkommenden Land- und Süsswasser-Mollusken. *Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft* in Wien. 14: 503- \]514.


title: Rozbórz

abstract: Rozbórz is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przeworsk, within Przeworsk County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-east of Przeworsk and 40 km (25 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów.

text:
# Rozbórz

**Rozbórz** \[ˈrɔzbuʂ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przeworsk, within Przeworsk County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-east of Przeworsk and 40 km (25 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów.

## InfoBox

| Rozbórz | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rozbórz | |
| Coordinates: 50°3′N 22°33′E / 50.050°N 22.550°E / 50.050; 22.550 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Subcarpathian |
| County | Przeworsk |
| Gmina | Przeworsk |
| Population | 2,005 |


title: Roy Forbes

abstract: Roy Charles Forbes is a Canadian folk music singer-songwriter, whose music bears heavy influences from classic American genres of acoustic blues and traditional country. Forbes is known for his high soulful voice and percussive guitar playing.

text:
# Roy Forbes

**Roy Charles Forbes** (born February 13, 1953) is a Canadian folk music singer-songwriter, whose music bears heavy influences from classic American genres of acoustic blues and traditional country. Forbes is known for his high soulful voice and percussive guitar playing.

## Early life and education

Forbes was born and grew up in Dawson Creek, British Columbia. He learned to play guitar at age 14, and had the childhood nickname, "Bim".

## Career

Forbes, calling himself "Bim," began his musical career in Vancouver in 1971 after winning a "Battle of the Bands" competition in Dawson Creek. Initially, he appeared as the opening act for such groups as Supertramp and Santana, but soon came to headline and sell out his own shows. His song "Can't Catch Me", from his first LP *Kid Full of Dreams*, was released as a single and hit the Top 10 in several major Canadian markets. His third LP "Thistles" was produced by Emitt Rhodes and featured Mac Cridlin, David Foster, Bob Glaub, Penny Nichols, Jeff Porcaro, Ron Tutt, Blue Williams and Jai Winding. Forbes has appeared as a headliner in most of Canada's major folk music festivals. In 1984, he toured in the US with fellow Canadian Ferron, with whom he performed a duet on the song "Proud Crowd/Pride Cried" for her album, *Shadows on a Dime*. In 1987, he began performing and recording as Roy Forbes.

He is also a member of the supergroup UHF, together with Shari Ulrich and Bill Henderson.

Songs written by Forbes have been recorded by Sylvia Tyson, Garnet Rogers, Valdy, and Susan Jacks.

Since 2006, Forbes has hosted a weekly radio program called "Roy's Record Room" on the CKUA Radio Network in Alberta. He previously hosted a program known as "Snap Crackle Pop" on CBC Radio across Canada from 1996 to 2009. Both programs feature songs taken from his extensive collection of vintage records.

## Discography

### as Bim

* *Kid Full of Dreams* (1975) (#72 Canada)
* *Raincheck on Misery* (1976) (#59 Canada)
* *Thistles* (1978)
* *Anything You Want* (1982)
* *New Songs for an Old Celebration* with Connie Kaldor (1985)

### as Roy Forbes

* *Love Turns to Ice* (1987)
* *The Human Kind* (1992)
* *Almost Overnight* (1995)
* *Crazy Old Moon* (1998)
* *Some Tunes For That Mother Of Mine* (2006)
* *Strikin' Matches – LIVE!* (2014)
* *Edge of Blue* (2020)

### with UHF

* *UHF* (1990)
* *UHF II* (1994)

## InfoBox

| Roy Forbes | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Roy Charles Forbes |
| Born | (1953-02-13) February 13, 1953<br>Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada |
| Origin | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada |
| Genres | Folk |
| Occupation | Singer-songwriter |
| Years active | 1971–present |
|  | |
| Website | www.royforbes.ca |


title: Ferdinand Bilali

abstract: Ferdinand Bilali is an Albanian retired footballer who played for KF Elbasani, Bylis Ballsh, Erzeni Shijak and Egnatia, as well as the Albania national team.

text:
# Ferdinand Bilali

**Ferdinand Bilali** (born 10 April 1969) is an Albanian retired footballer who played for KF Elbasani, Bylis Ballsh, Erzeni Shijak and Egnatia, as well as the Albania national team.

## International career

He made his debut for Albania as a second-half substitute for Arbën Milori in a September 1992 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Northern Ireland. That remained his sole international game for the senior team. Bilali also appeared in five games for the Albania U21 squad.

## InfoBox

Ferdinand Bilali
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ferdinand Bilali | | |
| Date of birth | (1969-04-10) 10 April 1969 | | |
| Place of birth | Elbasan, Albania | | |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1991–2000 | Elbasani | 80+ | (16+) |
| 1996 | Teuta |  |  |
| 1997–1999 | Elbasani |  |  |
| 2000–2001 | Bylis | 22+ | (2+) |
| 2001 | Erzeni | 12 | (1) |
| 2002 | Elbasani |  |  |
| 2003–2004 | Egnatia |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1989–1991 | Albania U21 | 5 | (0) |
| 1992 | Albania | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


# List of amphibians and reptiles of Martinique

The island of Martinique is an overseas department of France located in the Caribbean Lesser Antilles.

## Amphibians

There are five species of amphibian on Martinique, three of which were introduced. One species, the Martinique volcano frog (*Colostethus chalcopis*), is endemic to Martinique.

### Frogs (*Anura*)

| Poison dart frogs (*Dendrobatidae*) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Colostethus chalcopis* | Martinique volcano frog | Vulnerable. Endemic. |  |
| Tree frogs (*Hylidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Scinax ruber* | Red-snouted tree frog | Least concern. Introduced; first recorded on Martinique in 1997. |  |
| Tropical frogs (*Leptodactylidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Eleutherodactylus johnstonei* | Lesser Antillean whistling frog, *coqui antillano*, Johnstone's whistling frog | Least concern. Introduced. |  |
| *Eleutherodactylus martinicensis* | Tink frog, Martinique robber frog | Near threatened. Regional endemic. |  |
| True toads (*Bufonidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Bufo marinus* | Cane toad, giant Neotropical toad, marine toad | Least concern. Introduced. |  |

## Reptiles

Including marine turtles and introduced species, there are 19 reptile species reported on Martinique, five of which are endemic.

### Crocodilians (*Crocodylia*)

| True crocodiles (*Crocodylidae*) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Crocodylus acutus* | American crocodile | Vulnerable |  |

### Turtles (*Testudines*)

| Box turtles and pond turtles (*Emydidae*) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Trachemys scripta* | Pond slider | Near threatened. Introduced. |  |
| Scaly sea turtles (*Cheloniidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Caretta caretta* | Loggerhead turtle | Endangered. |  |
| *Chelonia mydas* | Green turtle | Endangered. |  |
| *Eretmochelys imbricata* | Hawksbill turtle | Critically endangered. |  |
| Leathery sea turtles (*Dermochelyidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Dermochelys coriacea* | Leatherback turtle | Critically endangered. |  |

### Lizards and snakes (*Squamata*)

| Geckos (*Gekkonidae*) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Gecko gecko* | Tokay gecko | Introduced. |  |
| *Hemidactylus mabouia* | House gecko | Introduced. |  |
| *Sphaerodactylus vincenti* | Vincent's least gecko | Regional endemic. |  |
| *Thecadactylus rapicauda* | Turnip-tailed gecko |  |  |
| Iguanas and Anolids (*Iguanidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Anolis roquet* | Martinique's anole, savannah anole | Endemic. |  |
| *Iguana delicatissima* | Lesser Antillean iguana, West Indian iguana | Vulnerable. Regional endemic. |  |
| *Iguana iguana* | Green iguana, common iguana | Recently introduced. |  |
| Microteiids (*Gymnophthalmidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Gymnophthalmus pleii* | Martinique spectacled tegu | Regional endemic. |  |
| *Gymnophthalmus underwoodi* | Underwood's spectacled tegu |  |  |
| Skinks (*Scincidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Mabuya mabouya* |  | Regional endemic. Possibly extirpated. |  |
| Worm snakes (*Typhlopidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Leptotyphlops bilineata* | Two-lined blind snake | Endemic. Possibly widespread. Populations on Barbados and St. Lucia were described as separate species in 2008, leaving *L. bilineata* only on Martinique. |  |
| Colubrids (*Colubridae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Liophis cursor* | Lacépède's ground snake | Endangered. Endemic. Extirpated from the main island; now remaining only on Diamond Rock. |  |
| Vipers (*Viperidae*) | | | |
| Species | Common name(s) | Notes | Image |
| *Bothrops lanceolatus* | Fer-de-lance, Martinican pit viper, Martinique lancehead | Endemic. Widespread, though uncommon and confined to wetter regions. |  |

Note: All species listed above are supported by Malhotra & Thorpe 1999, unless otherwise cited.


title: Utricularia steyermarkii

abstract: Utricularia steyermarkii is a small, probably perennial, bryophilous lithophyte carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. steyermarkii is endemic to Venezuela and is only known from three locations: the type location in the Venezuelan state of Bolívar, one other location from Bolívar, and also from Acopán-tepuí. It grows as a terrestrial lithophyte at the base of moist mossy bluffs. It has been collected in flower or fruit in February and May. It was originally described and published by Peter Taylor in 1967. It was named in honor of Julian Alfred Steyermark.

text:
# Utricularia steyermarkii

***Utricularia steyermarkii*** is a small, probably perennial, bryophilous lithophyte carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus *Utricularia*. *U. steyermarkii* is endemic to Venezuela and is only known from three locations: the type location in the Venezuelan state of Bolívar, one other location from Bolívar, and also from Acopán-tepuí. It grows as a terrestrial lithophyte at the base of moist mossy bluffs. It has been collected in flower or fruit in February and May. It was originally described and published by Peter Taylor in 1967. It was named in honor of Julian Alfred Steyermark.

## InfoBox

| *Utricularia steyermarkii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lentibulariaceae |
| Genus: | *Utricularia* |
| Subgenus: | *Utricularia* subg. *Utricularia* |
| Section: | *Utricularia sect. Steyermarkia* |
| Species: | ***U. steyermarkii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Utricularia steyermarkii***<br>P.Taylor | |
|


title: Xing ware

abstract: Xing ware or Xingyao is a type of Chinese ceramics produced in Hebei province in north China, most notably during the Tang dynasty. Xing ware typically has a white body covered with a clear glaze. It was named after Xingzhou in southern Hebei where it was made; kilns sites have been identified in Neiqiu County as well as in Lincheng although Lincheng was not part of Xingzhou during the Tang dynasty. Some Xing wares were fired at a high enough temperature to be considered porcelain by Western definition, therefore Xing ware may be considered the world's first true porcelain. Xing ware was produced from the Northern Qi to the Song dynasty, and its production reached it peak during the Tang dynasty. It was supplanted by Ding ware during the Song dynasty

text:
# Xing ware

**Xing ware** or ***Xingyao*** (simplified Chinese: 邢窑; traditional Chinese: 邢窯; pinyin: *Xíngyáo*) is a type of Chinese ceramics produced in Hebei province in north China, most notably during the Tang dynasty. Xing ware typically has a white body covered with a clear glaze. It was named after Xingzhou in southern Hebei where it was made; kilns sites have been identified in Neiqiu County as well as in Lincheng although Lincheng was not part of Xingzhou during the Tang dynasty. Some Xing wares were fired at a high enough temperature to be considered porcelain by Western definition, therefore Xing ware may be considered the world's first true porcelain. Xing ware was produced from the Northern Qi to the Song dynasty, and its production reached it peak during the Tang dynasty. It was supplanted by Ding ware during the Song dynasty

## History

White ceramics began to be made in the Xing kilns of northern China during the Northern dynasties period. The early wares were coarser but improvements were made and the finest of these wares were made during the Tang dynasty. Xing ware was used at the Tang court; sherds of white ceramics bearing the *Ying* (盈, referring to one of the imperial storehouses) or *Hanlin* (翰林) marks were found at the site of Daming Palace as well as the kiln sites where they were made. A few in Xingtai have the *Guan* (官, official) mark. In the Tang dynasty treatise on tea, *The Classic of Tea*, Lu Yu contrasted the white Xing ware with the green Yue ware of Southern China, and compared the colours of Xing ware to those of snow and silver. The white ware became associated with the north while the green ware was associated with the south. Tang writer Li Zhao (李肇) wrote that the Xing ware of Neiqiu was used by the rich and the poor alike, suggesting that there were both fine and coarse types of Xing ware. Xing ware was exported to the outside world during the Tang dynasty. Pieces of Xing ware have been found in the Belitung shipwreck, and examples of Xing ware were found commonly enough in Iraq to be referred to as the "Samarra-type".

Ding ware produced in the nearby area of Dingzhou appeared to have started by imitating Xing ware during the Tang dynasty. It may be difficult to distinguish white Ding ware from Xing ware, although Xing ware may have a colder bluer tone through its transparent glaze. Ding ware began to eclipse Xing ware during the Five Dynasties, and by the Song dynasty, Ding kilns had replaced Xing as the renown producers of ceramics of northern China.

The locations that produced Xing ware were not identified until 1980 and 1981 when kiln sites were excavated at Ciqun in Lincheng County. Later series of excavations have also identified many kiln sites in Neiqiu and Xingtai.

## Production

The white body of Xing ware may be thinly potted, and fine enough to not require the application of a slip to hide any imperfection or coarseness. The coarser type of Xing ware, however, may have a layer of white slip. The body is usually covered with a thin colourless glaze, but often the glazes of Xing ware have a bluish tinge. The glaze contained magnesium oxide and phosphorus pentoxide, which reduce glaze dripping and cracking and giving it a whiter and smoother appearance. Xing ware is primarily white, although some early pieces with green glaze, and other later pieces with yellow or black glazes as well as sancai have been found.

The Xing kilns were fired with wood rather than coal. Saggars were used to protect the wares during firing. The pieces were fired at a temperature high enough to approach that required for the production of porcelain, although Xing wares are often not quite vitrified enough to produce the glassy or translucent appearance of true porcelain. Such Xing ware may be considered stoneware by Western definition, but some pieces are true porcelain. This distinction between stoneware and porcelain, however, is not made in China and it is therefore considered porcelain in Chinese terms.


title: Žiljak

abstract: Žiljak is a village in the municipality of Bijelo Polje, Montenegro.

text:
# Žiljak

**Žiljak** (Montenegrin and Bosnian: Жиљак) is a village in the municipality of Bijelo Polje, Montenegro.

## Demographics

According to the 2003 census, the village had a population of 178 people.

According to the 2011 census, its population was 222.

Ethnicity in 2011
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bosniaks | 118 | 53.2% |
| Serbs | 31 | 14.0% |
| Montenegrins | 25 | 11.3% |
| other/undeclared | 48 | 21.6% |
| **Total** | **222** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Žiljak | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ŽiljakLocation within Montenegro | |
| Coordinates: 43°04′29″N 19°49′19″E / 43.0747°N 19.8219°E / 43.0747; 19.8219 | |
| Country | Montenegro |
| Municipality | Bijelo Polje |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 222 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |