title: Utility vault

abstract: A utility vault is an underground room providing access to subterranean public utility equipment, such as valves for water or natural gas pipes, or switchgear for electrical or telecommunications equipment. A vault is often accessible directly from a street, sidewalk or other outdoor space, thereby distinct from a basement of a building. Utility vaults are commonly constructed out of reinforced concrete boxes, poured concrete or brick. Small ones are usually entered through a manhole or grate on the topside and closed up by a manhole cover. Such vaults are considered confined spaces and can be hazardous to enter. Large utility vaults are similar to mechanical or electrical rooms in design and content.

text:
# Utility vault

A **utility vault** is an underground room providing access to subterranean public utility equipment, such as valves for water or natural gas pipes, or switchgear for electrical or telecommunications equipment. A vault is often accessible directly from a street, sidewalk or other outdoor space, thereby distinct from a basement of a building.

Utility vaults are commonly constructed out of reinforced concrete boxes, poured concrete or brick. Small ones are usually entered through a manhole or grate on the topside and closed up by a manhole cover. Such vaults are considered confined spaces and can be hazardous to enter. Large utility vaults are similar to mechanical or electrical rooms in design and content.


title: Zern's Farmer's Market

abstract: Zern's Farmers Market was a year-round farmers' market located in Gilbertsville, Pennsylvania. The official website for the market spells both "Zern's" and "Farmer's" both with and without an apostrophe. It was located along Philadelphia Avenue near Bartman Avenue, close to Pennsylvania Route 100. Two buildings are located on the property: a lowercase "t"-shaped main building and an L-shaped enclosed flea market building. When weather permitted, outdoor vending areas were set up in the space between the edifices in an area known affectionately as "the Midway". The "main" building was heated during winter, and utilized a fan-circulation and heat extraction system during the warmer months of the year. The market sold a variety of items, including toys, collectibles, pets, clothing, electronics, produce, and prepared food -- much of which includes noticeable Pennsylvania Dutch influences. The facility also housed two full-service butcher shops, a delicatessen, a barber shop, two bakeries, a specialty spice shop, a Hershey's Ice Cream hand-dipped ice cream shop, and a fresh poultry vendor. It was a common gathering location for residents in the area. Auntie Anne's Pretzels was the market's sole chain vendor. Weekly live auctions were held in the main building, and an ongoing "silent auction" could be found in the flea market building. Other specialty events included automobile shows and local wrestling federation matches. The market was normally open on Fridays and Saturdays only, although holiday hours varied.

text:
# Zern's Farmer's Market

**Zern's Farmers Market** was a year-round farmers' market located in Gilbertsville, Pennsylvania. The official website for the market spells both "Zern's" and "Farmer's" both with and without an apostrophe. It was located along Philadelphia Avenue (Pennsylvania Route 73) near Bartman Avenue, close to Pennsylvania Route 100. Two buildings are located on the property: a lowercase "t"-shaped main building and an L-shaped (and smaller) enclosed flea market building. When weather permitted, outdoor vending areas were set up in the space between the edifices in an area known affectionately as "the Midway". The "main" building was heated during winter, and utilized a fan-circulation and heat extraction system during the warmer months of the year.

The market sold a variety of items, including toys, collectibles, pets, clothing, electronics, produce, and prepared food -- much of which includes noticeable Pennsylvania Dutch influences. The facility also housed two full-service butcher shops, a delicatessen, a barber shop, two bakeries, a specialty spice shop, a Hershey's Ice Cream hand-dipped ice cream shop, and a fresh poultry vendor. It was a common gathering location for residents in the area. Auntie Anne's Pretzels was the market's sole chain vendor.

Weekly live auctions were held in the main building, and an ongoing "silent auction" could be found in the flea market building. Other specialty events included automobile shows and local wrestling federation matches. The market was normally open on Fridays and Saturdays only, although holiday hours varied.

## History

William Zern (1883 - 1978) started Zern's, also known as "The Sale," in 1922. The small family farm auction was soon joined by neighbors and townsfolk and before long a Gilbertsville landmark was born. During the early days, livestock was auctioned in the large lower barn. The auction grew and pulled in numerous vendors of widely varying merchandise. In 1966, tragedy struck as fire broke out and turned Zern's into a pile of burnt remains. Within days there was a groundbreaking for the new building.

*Philadelphia magazine* once voted Zern's "Best Of Philly."

When the economic downturn began in December of 2007, stands at Zern's became increasingly vacant. The effects of the economy were compounded by the fact that two new shopping centers, both featuring grocery stores and restaurants opened within 2 miles (in either direction, on Route 100) of the market.

In June 2018, it was announced that Zern's Farmer's Market would cease operations after 96 years of operation. Zern's ended operations on September 30, 2018.

40°19′20″N 75°37′05″W / 40.3222°N 75.6181°W / 40.3222; -75.6181


title: Wirty

abstract: Wirty is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Zblewo, within Starogard County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Zblewo, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Starogard Gdański, and 56 km (35 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. In the town there is a 33.61 ha arboretum, Arboretum Wirty that was founded in 1875. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Wirty

**Wirty** \[ˈvirtɨ\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Zblewo, within Starogard County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Zblewo, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Starogard Gdański, and 56 km (35 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. In the town there is a 33.61 ha arboretum, Arboretum Wirty that was founded in 1875.

For details of the history of the region, see *History of Pomerania*.

## InfoBox

| Wirty | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Wirty | |
| Coordinates: 53°53′38″N 18°22′38″E / 53.89389°N 18.37722°E / 53.89389; 18.37722 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Starogard |
| Gmina | Zblewo |
| Population | 34 |


title: Vanilla (Gackt song)

abstract: "Vanilla" is a second single released by Gackt on August 11, 1999. It peaked at fourth place on the Oricon Singles Chart and charted for ten weeks. It is Gackt's second best selling single, with 248,360 copies sold. "Vanilla" was re-released on March 20, 2002, when it peaked at number twelve and charted for 6 weeks. It was ceritifed gold by RIAJ.

text:
# Vanilla (Gackt song)

"**Vanilla**" is a second single released by Gackt on August 11, 1999. It peaked at fourth place on the Oricon Singles Chart and charted for ten weeks. It is Gackt's second best selling single, with 248,360 copies sold. "Vanilla" was re-released on March 20, 2002, when it peaked at number twelve and charted for 6 weeks. It was ceritifed gold by RIAJ.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Vanilla" | 4:06 |
| 2. | "Vanilla (Unplugged)" | 3:59 |
| 3. | "Vanilla (Instrumental)" | 4:06 |

## InfoBox

| "Vanilla" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Gackt | |
| from the album  *Mars* | |
| Released | August 11, 1999 |
| Genre | Pop rock |
| Label | Nippon Crown |
| Songwriter(s) | Gackt C. |
| Producer(s) | Gackt |
| Gackt singles chronology | |
| "Mizérable"
(1999) "**Vanilla**"
(1999) "Remix of Gackt"
(1999) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Vanilla" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Medical education in Iraq

abstract: Medical education in Iraq is based on the 6-year British curriculum and is carried out in English. Medical education is free, and all required textbooks are provided free to students. Postgraduate residency training is required for both Iraqi and Arab board certification in each speciality. Before the Gulf War, the government funded subspecialty training abroad. Academic physicians in Iraq, most of whom are specialists, are expected to publish their research in peer reviewed journals to be eligible for promotion to the highest levels. After United Nations sanctions were imposed in 1990, the delivery of European and American medical journals to Iraq abruptly stopped.

text:
# Medical education in Iraq

**Medical education in Iraq** is based on the 6-year British curriculum and is carried out in English. Medical education is free, and all required textbooks are provided free to students. Postgraduate residency training is required for both Iraqi and Arab board certification in each speciality. Before the Gulf War, the government funded subspecialty training abroad.

Academic physicians in Iraq, most of whom are specialists, are expected to publish their research in peer reviewed journals to be eligible for promotion to the highest levels. After United Nations sanctions were imposed in 1990, the delivery of European and American medical journals to Iraq abruptly stopped.

## Facilities

There are 34 colleges of medicine in Iraq, seven colleges of nursing, 10 colleges of dentistry and 8 colleges of pharmacy in addition to 6 technical colleges and 20 colleges of sciences which take the responsibility for supporting health care services and delivery.

## Iraqi doctors

US officials report that an estimated 8,000 Iraqi doctors stopped practicing medicine from 2003 to 2008 because doctors became targets for murder and kidnapping. US health officials say Iraq probably needs about 100,000 doctors to meet the needs of its population, but has only 15,000 now.

In 1994, hoping to prevent doctors from emigrating, the Iraqi government encouraged private medical practices. Four years later it allowed hospitals to charge some fees. The government also encouraged organizations including the Red Cross and the Red Crescent to build PHCs and help support hospitals.


title: Maugherow Peninsula

abstract: The Maugherow Peninsula is the largest and westernmost peninsula of County Sligo, Ireland. It is also less commonly referred to as the Raghly Peninsula, after Raghly Point, which is itself a headland of the peninsula. The peninsula acts as the northern boundary of Sligo Bay. The peninsula's rugged coastline and exposed location has made it far less popular as a tourist destination than some of Sligo's other peninsulas, such as Mullaghmore, Rosses Point and Coolera. The area is largely flat and agricultural in nature, characterised by ribbon development. Carney is the sole nucleated village on the peninsula proper, while the larger town of Grange is located on the margins of the peninsula.

text:
# Maugherow Peninsula

The **Maugherow Peninsula** (Irish: *Machaire Eabha*) is the largest and westernmost peninsula of County Sligo, Ireland. It is also less commonly referred to as the **Raghly Peninsula**, after Raghly Point (Irish: *Gob Reachla*), which is itself a headland of the peninsula. The peninsula acts as the northern boundary of Sligo Bay.

The peninsula's rugged coastline and exposed location has made it far less popular as a tourist destination than some of Sligo's other peninsulas, such as Mullaghmore, Rosses Point and Coolera. The area is largely flat and agricultural in nature, characterised by ribbon development. Carney is the sole nucleated village on the peninsula proper, while the larger town of Grange is located on the margins of the peninsula.

## Places of interest

54°21′25″N 8°36′50″W / 54.357°N 8.614°W / 54.357; -8.614

## InfoBox

Maugherow Peninsula
| *Machaire Eabha* | |
| --- | --- |
| Maugherow Peninsula (Red) within County Sligo | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Ireland |
| Adjacent to |  |
| Area | 57.2 km2 (22.1 sq mi) |
| Administration | |
| **Ireland** | |
| County | Sligo |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 3,105 (2016) |
| Pop. density | 54.3/km2 (140.6/sq mi) |


title: Marikostinovo

abstract: Marikostinovo is a village in Petrich Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria.

text:
# Marikostinovo

**Marikostinovo** is a village in Petrich Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Marikostinovo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Marikostinovo | |
| Coordinates: 41°26′N 23°21′E / 41.433°N 23.350°E / 41.433; 23.350 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Blagoevgrad Province |
| Municipality | Petrich Municipality |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Listed buildings in Grimsargh

text:
# Listed buildings in Grimsargh

Grimsargh is a civil parish in the City of Preston, Lancashire, England. It contains six listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. All of the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest". The parish contains the village of Grimsargh and surrounding countryside. Four of the listed buildings are houses or farmhouses, and the others are a church, and a war memorial standing on a plinth dating possibly from the medieval era.

## Buildings

| Name and location | Photograph | Date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| War Memorial
53°47′43″N 2°38′06″W / 53.79540°N 2.63498°W / 53.79540; -2.63498 (War Memorial) |  | Medieval
(possible) | The memorial is in sandstone and stands on a plinth that may date from the medieval era. It was restored following the First World War as a war memorial. On the plinth is a cross with an inscribed metal plate. |
| Place House Farmhouse
53°47′10″N 2°36′47″W / 53.78599°N 2.61311°W / 53.78599; -2.61311 (Place House Farmhouse) |  | Late 17th century (probable) | The farmhouse is in brick on a rendered plinth with quoins and a slate roof. There are two storeys and two bays, and at the rear is a two-storey outshut and a single-storey extension. Most of the windows are 19th-century sashes. Inside the house is an inglenook and a bressumer. |
| St Michael's Church
53°47′57″N 2°38′08″W / 53.79911°N 2.63543°W / 53.79911; -2.63543 (St Michael's Church) |  | 1716 | Originally a chapel that was extended in 1868 by E. G. Paley who rebuilt the nave and added a tower. It is in sandstone with slate roofs, and consists of a nave, a north aisle, a chancel, a northeast vestry, and a west tower. The tower is in three stages, and has a southeast stair turret, angle buttresses, an embattled parapet, and a pyramidal roof. |
| Dixon's Farmhouse
53°48′35″N 2°37′55″W / 53.80966°N 2.63183°W / 53.80966; -2.63183 (Dixon's Farmhouse) |  | 1736 | A roughcast farmhouse with a slate roof in two storeys with an attic. There are two bays and a large extension at the rear. The doorway has an architrave with panelled pilasters, a plain frieze, and a moulded segmental pediment, and above it is a datestone. The windows are modern casements. |
| Elston Cottage
53°47′16″N 2°36′29″W / 53.78767°N 2.60806°W / 53.78767; -2.60806 (Elston Cottage) |  | 18th century | A sandstone house with quoins and a roof of slate at the front and stone-slate at the rear. It has two storeys and two bays. The central doorway has been converted into a window, and the other windows are mullioned. |
| Grimsargh Hall
53°47′48″N 2°37′45″W / 53.79664°N 2.62927°W / 53.79664; -2.62927 (Grimsargh Hall) |  | 1773 | A farmhouse in sandstone with quoins and a slate roof in two storeys with an attic. There are two bays with a set-back extension on the right. On the front is a shallow porch with a doorway older than the rest of the house that has decorative strap hinges and many studs. Above the doorway is a datestone, and most of the windows are mullioned. On the extension is a flight of steps leading to a first floor doorway. |
|

Citations Sources  * Hartwell, Clare; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2009) \[1969\], *Lancashire: North*, The Buildings of England, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12667-9
* Historic England, "War Memorial on south side of road outside No. 270 Longridge Road, Grimsargh (1361660)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 18 July 2015
* Historic England, "Place House Farmhouse, Grimsargh (1073506)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 18 July 2015
* Historic England, "Parish Church of St. Michael, Grimsargh (1361661)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 18 July 2015
* Historic England, "Dixon's Farmhouse, Grimsargh (1164948)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 18 July 2015
* Historic England, "Elston Cottage, Grimsargh (1073505)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 18 July 2015
* Historic England, "Grimsargh Hall, Grimsargh (1073507)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 18 July 2015
* Historic England, *Listed Buildings*, retrieved 18 July 2015


title: Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola

abstract: Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known only from Cerro de la Muerte, Villa Mills, at 3,100 m elevation in the Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica. The length of the forewings is 2.6-5.0 mm. The larvae feed on Tropaeolum emarginatum.

text:
# Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola

***Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known only from Cerro de la Muerte, Villa Mills, at 3,100 m elevation in the Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica.

The length of the forewings is 2.6-5.0 mm.

The larvae feed on *Tropaeolum emarginatum*.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllocnistis* |
| Species: | ***P. tropaeolicola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllocnistis tropaeolicola***<br>Kawahara, Nishida & Davis, 2009 | |
|


title: Voruta (newspaper)

abstract: Voruta is a Lithuanian weekly historical newspaper, founded in 1989 by Juozas Vercinkevičius. Preparations for publishing Voruta started in 1988 and first trial issue was published in 1989. Edvardas Gudavičius, Regina Žepkaitė, Antanas Tyla, Arūnas Bubnys, Vincas Martinkėnas, Zigmas Zinkevičius, Nastazija Kairiūkštytė, Stasys Buchaveckas, Kęstutis Makariūnas, Antanas Suraučius, Juozas Vaina, Kazimieras Garšva, Evaldas Gečiauskas among other authors published their works in Voruta. The newspaper is named after Voruta, a mythical capital of the Lithuania established in the time of king Mindaugas in the 13th century.

text:
# Voruta (newspaper)

***Voruta*** is a Lithuanian weekly historical newspaper, founded in 1989 by Juozas Vercinkevičius.

Preparations for publishing Voruta started in 1988 and first trial issue was published in 1989. Edvardas Gudavičius, Regina Žepkaitė, Antanas Tyla, Arūnas Bubnys, Vincas Martinkėnas, Zigmas Zinkevičius, Nastazija Kairiūkštytė, Stasys Buchaveckas, Kęstutis Makariūnas, Antanas Suraučius, Juozas Vaina, Kazimieras Garšva, Evaldas Gečiauskas among other authors published their works in Voruta.

The newspaper is named after Voruta, a mythical capital of the Lithuania established in the time of king Mindaugas in the 13th century.

## Criticism

The newspaper has been noted for leaning towards nationalistic and anti-Polish bias, particularly in the early 1990s, but later its tone changed to a more neutral one.

It's past editors included the leader of the anti-Polish, nationalistic organization Vilnija, Kazimieras Garšva.


title: Wirtz Corporation

abstract: Wirtz Corporation is an American holding company headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. It was founded in 1926 by Arthur Wirtz as a family-owned corporation to oversee his real estate holdings. The company shortly thereafter expanded into liquor distribution. The company grew significantly throughout the 20th century by purchasing many competing liquor distributors, as well as the Chicago Blackhawks NHL team, and the Chicago Bulls NBA team in 1972. Wirtz Corporation is part owner of the United Center arena, and also owns banking and insurance interests. After founder Arthur Wirtz's death in 1983, his son, William, took control of the corporation and ran it until his death in 2007. The company's next owner and CEO, Rocky Wirtz died in 2023, being succeeded by his son Danny Wirtz.

text:
# Wirtz Corporation

**Wirtz Corporation** is an American holding company headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. It was founded in 1926 by Arthur Wirtz as a family-owned corporation to oversee his real estate holdings. The company shortly thereafter expanded into liquor distribution. The company grew significantly throughout the 20th century by purchasing many competing liquor distributors, as well as the Chicago Blackhawks NHL team (becoming full owners in 1966), and the Chicago Bulls NBA team in 1972 (Wirtz Corp. sold the Bulls to Jerry Reinsdorf in 1985). Wirtz Corporation is part owner of the United Center arena, and also owns banking and insurance interests.

After founder Arthur Wirtz's death in 1983, his son, William, took control of the corporation and ran it until his death in 2007. The company's next owner and CEO, (William's son) Rocky Wirtz died in 2023, being succeeded by his son Danny Wirtz.

## Subsidiaries

The following is a partial list of subsidiaries of Wirtz Corporation

* Banner Collective
* Benefit Services Group, Inc.
* Chicago Blackhawks
* Rockford IceHogs
* Chicago Steel
* First National Bank of South Miami
* First Security Trust and Savings Bank
* Ivanhoe Nursery
* United Center (shared with Jerry Reinsdorf)
* Breakthru Beverage Group (formerly known as Judge & Dolph until 2009, then Wirtz Beverage Group until the 2016 merger with Charmer Sunbelt)
* Wirtz Insurance Agency
* Wirtz Realty

## InfoBox

Wirtz Corporation
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Founded | United States (1926 (1926)) |
| Headquarters | Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Website | www.wirtzcorp.com |


title: Vallcarca, Sitges

abstract: Vallcarca is an abandoned coastal settlement in the Garraf Massif, Catalonia, Spain. It is administered by the Sitges municipality. Although most of the area is surrounded by the Garraf Natural Park, a highly-polluting cement factory near the abandoned railroad station is still active exploiting the nearby quarries for cement production.

text:
# Vallcarca, Sitges

**Vallcarca** is an abandoned coastal settlement in the Garraf Massif, Catalonia, Spain. It is administered by the Sitges municipality.

Although most of the area is surrounded by the Garraf Natural Park, a highly-polluting cement factory near the abandoned railroad station is still active exploiting the nearby quarries for cement production.

## History

Vallcarca was originally settled by a small group of workers at the *Fradera* cement plant and nearby quarries. The seaport was built in 1913 to ship the plant's products. Merchant ships carried cement across the Mediterranean Sea to the Balearic Islands and other places in the Iberian Peninsula's Mediterranean coast. Some return trips brought coal from mines in Pola de Laviana, also owned by Fradera. Susqueda and Sau dams and some buildings in the University of Barcelona were built using Vallcarca's cement.

In 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, aircraft belonging to the Francoist expeditionary air forces bombed Vallcarca. At that time it was an important military target owing to the cement plant and its harbor which connected the town with Mallorca.

The town housed workers in the Vallcarca industrial and port facilities, as well as from the Renfe train station which was the only means of transport for the workers and their families. There was a problem with the cement related pollution which covered the whole area in thick white dust. The cement company imported machinery from Germany to remove the dust from the air, but the machinery soon broke down. Subsequently, in the second half of the 20th century, many of the younger inhabitants of the town refused to work in the near-slavery conditions of Vallcarca and looked for work in nearby Sitges and beyond.

Today the *Uniland* company administers Vallcarca port. The train station was closed in 1994 and the old workers' houses are abandoned.

Vallcarca port was particularly active during the expansion of the Barcelona harbor. Twelve million tons of rock from the Garraf Massif were used for the project.

Some people visit Vallcarca during the summer, as its beach is still in a pristine state, but the leftover dust from the quarries during windy days can be unpleasant. The port is used exclusively for industrial purposes, as all the workers come from Sitges or elsewhere.

41°14′N 1°52′E / 41.233°N 1.867°E / 41.233; 1.867


title: Mecyclothorax perpolitus

abstract: Mecyclothorax perpolitus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Perkins in 1917.

text:
# Mecyclothorax perpolitus

***Mecyclothorax perpolitus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Perkins in 1917.

## InfoBox

| *Mecyclothorax perpolitus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Mecyclothorax* |
| Species: | ***M. perpolitus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecyclothorax perpolitus***<br>Perkins, 1917 | |
|


title: Marikozhundhu

abstract: Marikozhundhu is a 1991 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Pudhiyavan, an erstwhile assistant of Bharathiraja. The film stars Ramesh Aravind and Aishwarya, with Manorama, Vinu Chakravarthy, Nassar, Goundamani and Senthil playing supporting roles. It was released on 3 May 1991.

text:
# Marikozhundhu

***Marikozhundhu*** (transl.*Artemisia pallens*) is a 1991 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Pudhiyavan, an erstwhile assistant of Bharathiraja. The film stars Ramesh Aravind and Aishwarya, with Manorama, Vinu Chakravarthy, Nassar, Goundamani and Senthil playing supporting roles. It was released on 3 May 1991.

## Plot

The film starts with the modern girl Chithra and her father Seenu getting off the train in a small village called Marikozhundhupatti. The villagers receive them with a lot of respect because of her late mother Marikozhundhu, Chithra is surprised by the welcome. Chithra's father finally tells what happened in the past.

Marikozhundhu lived a precarious life with her grandmother. Marikozhundhu was a kind-hearted person but she was not a good-looking woman, her dream was to get married as soon as possible. Seenu was a college student who lived with his mother in the city, for the holiday he always went to his father's village. There, Seenu was intrigued by the stubborn Marikozhundhu and he smiled each time he saw her, Marikozhundhu thought he loved her. Afterwards, the two had a sexual intercourse in the fields. At the village court, the elders arranged their marriage the next day. The day of the marriage, Marikozhundhu realized that Seenu seemed to dislike her and stopped the marriage. Seenu was in fact in love with his childhood sweetheart Uma. Seenu's father wanted his son to marry Uma, but his mother wanted her son to marry Marikozhundhu. Shortly after, Marikozhundhu became pregnant and her grandmother died.

One year later, Marikozhundhu gave birth to a baby girl. Seenu's father begged her to leave the village so that his son could marry Uma without any remorse. Marikozhundhu and her baby girl left the village, she then listened that the local factory owner had dumped toxic mercury waste from his factory into the village water. The village was close to celebrate a water ceremony, so Marikozhundhu tried to stop it but nobody believed her. Marikozhundhu had no choice than to drink the contaminated water thus she died. Seenu tied the thaali around her neck (synonym of marriage) just before she died.

Chithra breaks into tears after hearing the flashback, and she feels very proud of her late mother.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by Deva.

| Song | Singer(s) | Lyrics | Duration |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "Kannadhasane Kannadhasane" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra | Kamakodiyan | 4:36 |
| "Yea Paatudhan" | S. Janaki | | 4:37 |
| "Enakenna Kuraichal" | S. P. Sailaja | Vaali | 4:41 |
| "Poonkuyil Nitham" | K. S. Chithra | | 4:15 |
| "Aalamarama Aalamarama" | Deva | | 1:13 |
| "Theene Theraviyame" | K. S. Chithra | | 1:02 |
| "Thoda Thoda" | K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | Kamakodiyan | 5:02 |
| "Andraadam En Manam" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | Vaali | 5:03 |
| "Thulluvadho Elamai" | S. Janaki | | 0:41 |

## InfoBox

| Marikozhundhu | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Pudhiyavan |
| Written by | Pudhiyavan |
| Produced by | P. Mahendar
T. M. N. Karunanidhi |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Viswanatha Rai |
| Edited by | K. R. Krishnan |
| Music by | Deva |
| Production
company | A. K. M. Creations |
| Release date | * 3 May 1991 (1991-05-03) |
| Running time | 120 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


abstract: This is a list of listed buildings in Gribskov Municipality

text:
# Listed buildings in Gribskov Municipality

This is a list of **listed buildings in Gribskov Municipality**

## List

### 3120 Dronningmølle

| Listing name | Image | Location | Coordinates | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Munkeruphus |  | Munkerup Strandvej 78, 3120 Dronningmølle | 56°6′34.21″N 12°21′55.75″E / 56.1095028°N 12.3654861°E / 56.1095028; 12.3654861 | Country house from 1916 by Therkel H. Hjejle og Niels Rosenkjær |
| |  | Munkerup Strandvej 78, 3120 Dronningmølle | 56°6′34.21″N 12°21′55.75″E / 56.1095028°N 12.3654861°E / 56.1095028; 12.3654861 | Outbuilding from 1917 |
| Rudolph Tegner Museum |  | Museumsvej 19, 3120 Dronningmølle | 56°5′11.15″N 12°24′2.06″E / 56.0864306°N 12.4005722°E / 56.0864306; 12.4005722 | Museum building from 1938 by Rudolph Tegner and Ernst Ishøy in association with Mogens Lassen |
|

### 3200 Helsinge

| Listing name | Image | Location | Coordinates | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kongensgave |  | Østergade 55, 3200 Helsinge | 56°1′27.48″N 12°12′26.88″E / 56.0243000°N 12.2074667°E / 56.0243000; 12.2074667 |  |
| Pibe Windmill |  | Høbjergvej 34, 3200 Helsinge | 56°7′9.02″N 12°13′23.17″E / 56.1191722°N 12.2231028°E / 56.1191722; 12.2231028 | Stub mill from 1789 |
|

### 3210 Vejby

| Listing name | Image | Location | Coordinates | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rågegården |  | Rågeleje Strandvej 1A, 3210 Vejby | 56°6′21.91″N 12°10′42.64″E / 56.1060861°N 12.1785111°E / 56.1060861; 12.1785111 | House from 1915 by Povl Baumann |
| |  | Rågeleje Strandvej 1A, 3210 Vejby | 56°6′21.91″N 12°10′42.64″E / 56.1060861°N 12.1785111°E / 56.1060861; 12.1785111 | Stables from 1915 by Povl Baumann |
|

### 3220 Tisvildeleje

| Listing name | Image | Location | Coordinates | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rigmor Stampes Vej 15 |  | Rigmor Stampes Vej 15, 3220 Tisvildeleje | 56°2′53.3″N 12°5′50.18″E / 56.048139°N 12.0972722°E / 56.048139; 12.0972722 | Guesthouse at Niels Bohr's holiday home from 1957 by Vilhelm Wohlert |
| Sandflugtsmonumentet |  | Alleen 0, 3220 Tisvildeleje | 56°3′9.41″N 12°5′57.85″E / 56.0526139°N 12.0994028°E / 56.0526139; 12.0994028 | Monument from 1738 by Elias David Häusser and Didrick Gercken |
| Silkebjerg 3 |  | Silkebjerg 3, 3220 Tisvildeleje | 56°2′5.11″N 12°5′55.66″E / 56.0347528°N 12.0987944°E / 56.0347528; 12.0987944 | Thatched, wooden leisure home in Tibirke Bakker from 1932 and the studio wing from 1937 |
| Strandvejen 20 |  | Strandvejen 20, 3220 Tisvildeleje | 56°3′51.22″N 12°4′52.38″E / 56.0642278°N 12.0812167°E / 56.0642278; 12.0812167 | Holiday home from 1956 by Arne Jakobsen |
| Villa Vendle |  | Ved Gærdet 1, 3220 Tisvildeleje | 1953 | Country House from 1912 by 1912 af Bent Helweg-Møller |
| |  | Ved Gærdet 1, 3220 Tisvildeleje | 1953 | Country House from 1912 by 1912 af Bent Helweg-Møller |
|

### 3230 Græsted

| Listing name | Image | Location | Coordinates | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Esrum Abbey |  | Klostergade 11A, 3230 Græsted | 56°2′50.8″N 12°22′38.4″E / 56.047444°N 12.377333°E / 56.047444; 12.377333 |  |
| Esrum Watermill |  | Klostergade 12A, 3230 Græsted | 56°2′46.67″N 12°22′37.12″E / 56.0462972°N 12.3769778°E / 56.0462972; 12.3769778 | Main building from c. 1880 |
| |  | Klostergade 12A, 3230 Græsted | 56°2′46.67″N 12°22′37.12″E / 56.0462972°N 12.3769778°E / 56.0462972; 12.3769778 | Northern stables wing |
| |  | Klostergade 12B, 3230 Græsted | 56°2′45.57″N 12°22′36.71″E / 56.0459917°N 12.3768639°E / 56.0459917; 12.3768639 | Residential extension to the watermill building |
| |  | Klostergade 12C, 3230 Græsted | 56°2′46.94″N 12°22′38.14″E / 56.0463722°N 12.3772611°E / 56.0463722; 12.3772611 | Watermill and *ålekiste* |
| |  | Klostergade 12D, 3230 Græsted | 56°2′46.15″N 12°22′37.67″E / 56.0461528°N 12.3771306°E / 56.0461528; 12.3771306 | Southern stables wing |
|
|

### 3250 Gilleleje

| Listing name | Image | Location | Coordinates | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fiskerhuset |  | Østergade 10, 3250 Gilleleje | 56°7′25.36″N 12°18′35.36″E / 56.1237111°N 12.3098222°E / 56.1237111; 12.3098222 | Fisherman's House from the late 18th century which was adapted in 1868 |
| |  | Østergade 10, 3250 Gilleleje | 56°7′25.36″N 12°18′35.36″E / 56.1237111°N 12.3098222°E / 56.1237111; 12.3098222 | Outwing |
| Nakkehoved Eastern Lighthouse |  | Fyrvejen 27, 3250 Gilleleje | 56°7′8.75″N 12°20′58.63″E / 56.1190972°N 12.3496194°E / 56.1190972; 12.3496194 | Lighthouse from 1772 by G. D. Anthon with later alterations |
| |  | Fyrvejen 29A, 3250 Gilleleje | 56°7′8.45″N 12°20′57.11″E / 56.1190139°N 12.3491972°E / 56.1190139; 12.3491972 | Attached residence from 1772 by G. D. Anthon with later alterations |
| Nakkehoved Western Lighthouse |  | Fyrvejen 25A, 3250 Gilleleje | 56°7′9.02″N 12°20′34.88″E / 56.1191722°N 12.3430222°E / 56.1191722; 12.3430222 | Lighthouse from 1772 by Georg David Anthon which was altered and heightened in 1898 |
| |  | Fyrvejen 25A, 3250 Gilleleje | 56°7′9.02″N 12°20′34.88″E / 56.1191722°N 12.3430222°E / 56.1191722; 12.3430222 | Attached residence from 1772 by Georg David Anthon with later alterations |
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title: Phyllocnistis unipunctella

abstract: Phyllocnistis unipunctella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from all of Europe. The wingspan is 7–8 mm. A whitish moth with yellowish suffusion and a distinct black spot near the wing apex. The forewings are shining white, posteriorly more or less ochreous-tinged; often a suffused spot on dorsum near base and a larger one in middle of disc dark fuscous; a transverse dark fuscous line at 2/3, preceded by one and followed by two dark fuscous streaks from costa; a round black apical dot; three dark fuscous diverging bars in apical cilia. Hindwings are light grey. The larva is pale green. Adults are on wing in July and from September onwards, sometimes overwintering in haystacks. The larvae feed on Populus balsmifera, Populus x canadensis, Populus candicans, Populus deltoides, Populus euphratica, Populus gileadensis, Populus nigra, Populus simonii, Populus suaveolens and Populus trichocarpa. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Phyllocnistis unipunctella

***Phyllocnistis unipunctella*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from all of Europe.

The wingspan is 7–8 mm. A whitish moth with yellowish suffusion and a distinct black spot near the wing apex. The forewings are shining white, posteriorly more or less ochreous-tinged; often a suffused spot on dorsum near base and a larger one in middle of disc dark fuscous; a transverse dark fuscous line at 2/3, preceded by one and followed by two dark fuscous streaks from costa; a round black apical dot; three dark fuscous diverging bars in apical cilia. Hindwings are light grey. The larva is pale green.

Adults are on wing in July and from September onwards, sometimes overwintering in haystacks.

The larvae feed on *Populus balsmifera*, *Populus x canadensis*, *Populus candicans*, *Populus deltoides*, *Populus euphratica*, *Populus gileadensis*, *Populus nigra*, *Populus simonii*, *Populus suaveolens* and *Populus trichocarpa*. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllocnistis unipunctella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Phyllocnistis unipunctella*, Deeside, North Wales. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllocnistis* |
| Species: | ***P. unipunctella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllocnistis unipunctella***<br>(Stephens, 1834) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Argyromiges unipunctella* Stephens, 1834 * *Opostega suffusella* Zeller, 1847 | |


title: Vlastimil Stožický

abstract: Vlastimil Stožický is a Czech football midfielder who plays for FK Viktoria Žižkov.

text:
# Vlastimil Stožický

**Vlastimil Stožický** (born 19 August 1983) is a Czech football midfielder who plays for FK Viktoria Žižkov.

## Spartak Trnava

In May 2012, he joined Slovak club Spartak Trnava on a two-year contract.

## InfoBox

Vlastimil Stožický
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Vlastimil Stožický | | |
| Date of birth | (1983-08-19) 19 August 1983 | | |
| Place of birth | Varnsdorf, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Winger, fullback | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Viktoria Žižkov | | |
| Number | 7 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1988–1997 | Kolos Jiříkov | | |
| 1997–2000 | Teplice | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2001–2003 | Ústí nad Labem |  |  |
| 2003–2004 | Teplice |  |  |
| 2004–2006 | Ústí nad Labem | 29 | (7) |
| 2006–2012 | Teplice | 100 | (17) |
| 2007 | Jablonec (loan) | 5 | (0) |
| 2008 | Most (loan) | 11 | (1) |
| 2011 | Ústí nad Labem (loan) | 11 | (0) |
| 2012–2013 | Spartak Trnava | 8 | (0) |
| 2013 | Baník Ostrava (loan) | 12 | (1) |
| 2013– | Viktoria Žižkov |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 29 May 2013 | | | |


title: Valea Cetății

abstract:
Valea Cetății may refer to the following rivers in Romania:
  - Valea Cetății (Brașov), a river in the city of Brașov
  - Valea Cetății, a tributary of the river Ghimbășel in Brașov County
  - Valea Cetății, a tributary of the river Olt near Racoș, Brașov County
  - Valea Cetății, a tributary of the river Olt near Rotbav, Brașov County
  - Valea Cetății, a tributary of the river Sibiel in Sibiu County

text:
# Valea Cetății

**Valea Cetății** may refer to the following rivers in Romania:

* Valea Cetății (Brașov), a river in the city of Brașov
* Valea Cetății, a tributary of the river Ghimbășel in Brașov County
* Valea Cetății, a tributary of the river Olt near Racoș, Brașov County
* Valea Cetății, a tributary of the river Olt near Rotbav, Brașov County
* Valea Cetății, a tributary of the river Sibiel in Sibiu County


title: Zernez

abstract: Zernez is a village and a municipality in the Engiadina Bassa/Val Müstair Region in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Lavin and Susch merged into the municipality of Zernez. Zernez is a major node in the regional road network, with roads leading into the Upper Engadine and towards Italy, the Lower Engadine and towards Austria, over the Fuorn Pass into the Val Mustair and over the Flüela Pass. Zernez is the center for visitors of the Swiss National Park.

text:
# Zernez

**Zernez** is a village and a municipality in the Engiadina Bassa/Val Müstair Region in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Lavin and Susch merged into the municipality of Zernez.

Zernez is a major node in the regional road network, with roads leading into the Upper Engadine and towards Italy, the Lower Engadine and towards Austria, over the Fuorn Pass into the Val Mustair and over the Flüela Pass. Zernez is the center for visitors of the Swiss National Park (Romansh: Parc Naziunal).

## History

Zernez is first mentioned in 1131 as *Gumpo de Ernece*. In 1161-64 it was mentioned as *Zarnetz* though both references are found in a copy of the document from 1365.

## Geography and climate

### Topography

After the 2015 merger Zernez had an area of 344.04 km2 (132.83 sq mi). Before the merger Zernez had an area, (as of the 2004/09 survey) of 203.91 square kilometers (78.73 sq mi). Of this area, about 7.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 35.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and 55.9% is unproductive land. Over the past two decades (1979/85-2004/09) the amount of land that is settled has increased by 8 ha (20 acres) and the agricultural land has decreased by 130 ha (320 acres).

Until 2017 the municipality was located in the Sur Tasna sub-district of the Inn district, after 2017 it was part of the Engiadina Bassa/Val Müstair Region. It is located along the Ofen Pass road into the Engadine. It consists of the village of Zernez and the section of Brail.

Lai da Ova Spin is a compensation reservoir on the river Spöl. It is located in the upper areas of the Lower Engadine valley (Romansh: Engiadina Bassa). It is located at an elevation of 1,473 m (4,833 ft) and is connected to the railway network of the Rhätische Bahn. In Zernez, the stream Spöl empties into the Inn (Romansh: En).

### Climate

Zernez has an average of 102.7 days of rain per year and on average receives 752 mm (29.6 in) of precipitation. The wettest month is August during which time Zernez receives an average of 103 mm (4.1 in) of precipitation. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 11.4 days. The driest month of the year is February with an average of 37 mm (1.5 in) of precipitation over 11.4 days.

## Demographics

### Population

Zernez has a population (as of December 2020) of 1,506. As of 2013, 18.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 3 years (2010-2013) the population has changed at a rate of 1.14%. The birth rate in the municipality, in 2013, was 8.7 while the death rate was 6.9 per thousand residents.

As of 2013, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 20.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) are 59.4% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.9%.

In 2013 there were 508 private households in Zernez. Of the 282 inhabited buildings in the municipality, in 2000, about 29.4% were single family homes and 38.3% were multiple family buildings. Additionally, about 43.6% of the buildings were built before 1919, while 10.6% were built between 1991 and 2000. In 2012 the rate of construction of new housing units per 1000 residents was 5.22. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2014, was 4.03%.

The historical population is given in the following table:

### Historic Population

The historical population is given in the following chart:

**note**: Population increase in 1910 due to railway construction

### Languages

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks (Rhaeto-)Romansh (61.1%), with German being second most common (31.3%) and Italian being third ( 4.4%). The Romansh speaking majority speak the Vallader dialect. In 1880 there were 84% of the population spoke Romansh as their first language, in 1900 it was 79% and in 1941 it was 78%. In 1990 about 81% understood Romansh and in 2000 it was 80%.

Languages in Zernez
| Languages | Census 1980 | | Census 1990 | | Census 2000 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Number | Percent | Number | Percent | Number | Percent |
| German | 207 | 22.50% | 243 | 27.96% | 300 | 31.28% |
| Romansh | 645 | 70.11% | 571 | 65.71% | 586 | 61.11% |
| Italian | 56 | 6.09% | 41 | 4.72% | 42 | 4.38% |
| **Population** | 920 | 100% | 869 | 100% | 959 | 100% |

### Education

In Zernez about 72.5% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).

### Economy

As of  2012, there were a total of 653 people employed in the municipality. Of these, a total of 63 people worked in 18 businesses in the primary economic sector. The secondary sector employed 208 workers in 27 separate businesses. Finally, the tertiary sector provided 382 jobs in 88 businesses. In 2013 a total of 5.2% of the population received social assistance.

### Criminality

In 2014 the crime rate, of the over 200 crimes listed in the Swiss Criminal Code (running from murder, robbery and assault to accepting bribes and election fraud), in Zernez was 52 per thousand residents, slightly lower than the national average (64.6 per thousand). During the same period, the rate of drug crimes was 7.8 per thousand residents. The rate of violations of immigration, visa and work permit laws was 0.9 per thousand residents, which is only 18.4% of the rate for the entire country.

## Politics

In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the SVP with 45.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the BDP (25.6%), the SP (9.6%) and the FDP (8.0%). In the federal election, a total of 443 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 58.2%.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 45.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (23.4%), the FDP (20.6%) and the CVP (7.2%).

## Sights

### Heritage sites of national significance

The abandoned village of *Gonda*, the *Reformed Church in Zernez*, the *Schloss Wildenberg (Wildenberg Castle)*, the *Palazzo Bezzola* and the *Richtstätte/Galgen Fuorcha* are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance.

The church was first built in 1367. When the Protestant Reformation entered Zernez in 1553, the church was stripped of all the statues and paintings. Then, in 1609 the old church was replaced with a new baroque building, though the romanesque bell tower of the old church was retained.

The castle was built in the 12th Century but was rebuilt into a baroque castle later. Since 1956 it has served as the town hall.

### Other sights

In addition to the four Swiss Heritage Sites of National Significance, Zernez has several other notable sites. These include the gothic catholic chapel of St. Sebastian, the *Morenturm*, the *Swiss National Park* and park house, the abandoned tower of *La Serra* and in Brail, a medieval Reformed church.

The chapel of St. Sebastian stopped being used as a catholic chapel following the Reformation. In 1952 it was put back into service as a chapel. The *Morenturm* is a medieval tower house in the village. The Swiss National Park, as of 2009, is the only National Park in Switzerland. It has an area of 174.2 km2 (67.3 sq mi) and is the largest protected area of the country. It was one of the earliest national parks in Europe, being founded on 1 August 1914. The *Nationalparkhaus* in Zernez is a museum for the National Park. The tower of *La Serra* was built either in the 13th or 14th Century, though it could have been built as late as just before the Swabian War in 1495. During the *Bündner Wirren* (or Confusion of the Leagues) it was reinforced and a regiment from Schauenstein was stationed there. After the Confusion, it was abandoned and fell into disrepair. In 1996–98 it was repaired and reinforced.

## Transportation

The municipality has four railway stations: Zernez, Susch, Sagliains, and Lavin. All four are located on the Bever–Scuol-Tarasp line and between them have with regular service to Disentis/Mustér, St. Moritz, Landquart, Scuol-Tarasp, and Pontresina.

## InfoBox

| Zernez | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Zernez village | |
|  | |
| Location of Zernez | |
| ZernezZernez | |
| Coordinates: 46°42′N 10°06′E / 46.700°N 10.100°E / 46.700; 10.100 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Graubünden |
| District | Engiadina Bassa/Val Müstair |
| Area | |
| Total | 344.04 km2 (132.83 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,474 m (4,836 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 1,527 |
| Density | 4.4/km2 (11/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 7530 |
| SFOS number | 3746 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-GR |
| Localities | Brail, Il Fuorn, Ova Spin, Runatsch |
| Surrounded by | Ardez, Lavin, Livigno (IT-SO), S-chanf, Susch, Tarasp, Tschierv, Valdidentro (IT-SO) |
| Website | www.zernez.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Wirt Adams' Cavalry Regiment

abstract: Wirt Adams' Cavalry Regiment was a unit of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, composed of cavalry companies from Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana. Originally titled the First Regiment of Mississippi Cavalry, the unit was renamed after its commander, William Wirt Adams, in December, 1861. After Adams was promoted to Brigadier general in 1863, the unit was renamed Wood's Regiment, but it is most commonly known in historical sources as Wirt Adams' Cavalry. The regiment fought in various battles in Mississippi and Tennessee, and spent the second half of the war operating in the Mississippi Delta, opposing Federal cavalry raids after Union forces took control of most of the strategic points in that state. The Regiment surrendered in Alabama on May 4, 1865.

text:
# Wirt Adams' Cavalry Regiment

**Wirt Adams' Cavalry Regiment** was a unit of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, composed of cavalry companies from Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana. Originally titled the **First Regiment of Mississippi Cavalry**, the unit was renamed after its commander, William Wirt Adams, in December, 1861. After Adams was promoted to Brigadier general in 1863, the unit was renamed **Wood's Regiment**, but it is most commonly known in historical sources as Wirt Adams' Cavalry. The regiment fought in various battles in Mississippi and Tennessee, and spent the second half of the war operating in the Mississippi Delta, opposing Federal cavalry raids after Union forces took control of most of the strategic points in that state. The Regiment surrendered in Alabama on May 4, 1865.

## History

The Regiment was organized by William Wirt Adams, a prominent banker and former member of the Mississippi House of Representatives. After secession, Adams wrote to Confederate President Jefferson Davis offering to organize a regiment for the war, and he was offered command of eight cavalry companies from Mississippi, two from Louisiana, and five from Alabama. These companies were organized into a cavalry regiment in the summer of 1861, and the troops under Adams proceeded to Kentucky in September to join the Confederate forces there. Originally designated the "First Regiment of Mississippi Cavalry", the name of the unit was officially changed to the "Wirt Adams Regiment of Cavalry" on December 24, 1861, by order of the Confederate Secretary of War, reporting a total strength of 778 men. Another unrelated Regiment, led by Col. A.J. Lindsay and Col. R.A. Pinson, was later designated the 1st Mississippi Cavalry Regiment.

During the Confederate retreat from Kentucky, Adams' Regiment acted as rearguard, and then fought at the Battle of Shiloh. The Regiment fought at the siege of Corinth, and skirmished against Federal cavalry in Tennessee, North Mississippi and North Alabama, including the Battle of Booneville in July, 1862 and the Battle of Britton's Lane in September.

Adams' Regiment fought at the Battle of Iuka and the Second Battle of Corinth, covering General Earl Van Dorn's retreat after Confederate forces failed to retake Corinth. Afterwards the Regiment was sent to Washington County in the Mississippi Delta during the Vicksburg Campaign. In 1863 the Regiment skirmished with Federal cavalry during Grierson's Raid across Mississippi and fought at the Battle of Champion Hill and the Battle of Raymond.

Col. Adams was promoted to Brigadier general on September 25, 1863; Robert C. Wood Jr. was promoted to Colonel, and the Regiment was subsequently known as Wood's Regiment. The regiment continued to operate near the Mississippi river around Vicksburg after the fall of that city to Union forces in July, 1863, clashing with Federal forces under the command of General James B. McPherson at various locations in the vicinity. When Union General William T. Sherman began his campaign towards Meridian in February, 1864, Wood's Regiment skirmished with Federal troops at several points along their line of march.

The Regiment fought further battles against Union forces in Mississippi in 1864 and 1865, including the Battle of Egypt Station during Grierson's 1864 raid against the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. In the final stages of the war, Adams' brigade, including his former regiment, was attached to Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest's cavalry corps, and fought in the Battle of Selma before surrendering in Sumter County, Alabama on May 4, 1865.

## Commanders

Commanders of Adams'/Wood's Regiment:

* Col. Wirt Adams, promoted to Brigadier general September 1863.
* Col. Robert C. Wood Jr.
* Lt. Col. Thomas Lewers
* Lt. Col. Stephen B. Cleaveland

## Organization

Companies of Adams'/Wood's Regiment:

## InfoBox

| Wirt Adams' Cavalry Regiment | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1861-1865 |
| Disbanded | May 4, 1865 |
| Country | Confederate States |
| Branch | Army |
| Type | Cavalry |
| Size | Regiment |
| Battles | American Civil War
 |
| Commanders | |
| Notable
commanders | Wiliam Wirt Adams |


title: Vallcarca metro station

abstract: Vallcarca is a Barcelona Metro station in the Vallcarca i els Penitents neighbourhood, in the Gràcia district of Barcelona.The station is served by line L3. The station opened in 1985 when the section of line L3 between Lesseps and Montbau stations was inaugurated. The station is located underneath Avinguda de Vallcarca, between Carrer de l'Argentera and the Vallcarca bridge. It has three entrances and can be accessed from either side of Avinguda de Vallcarca, as well as from Avinguda de la República Argentina. It has twin side platforms that are 93 metres (305 ft) long and which are accessed from the entrance lobby by stairs and escalators.

text:
# Vallcarca metro station

**Vallcarca** is a Barcelona Metro station in the Vallcarca i els Penitents neighbourhood, in the Gràcia district of Barcelona.The station is served by line L3.

The station opened in 1985 when the section of line L3 between Lesseps and Montbau stations was inaugurated.

The station is located underneath *Avinguda de Vallcarca* (formerly known as the *Avinguda de l'Hospital Militar*), between *Carrer de l'Argentera* and the Vallcarca bridge. It has three entrances and can be accessed from either side of *Avinguda de Vallcarca*, as well as from *Avinguda de la República Argentina*. It has twin side platforms that are 93 metres (305 ft) long and which are accessed from the entrance lobby by stairs and escalators.

## InfoBox

| Vallcarca | |
| --- | --- |
| Barcelona Metro rapid transit station | |
| Escalators at the station | |
| General information | |
| Location | Barcelona (Gràcia) |
| Coordinates | 41°24′41″N 2°8′41″E / 41.41139°N 2.14472°E / 41.41139; 2.14472 |
| Owned by | Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Other information | |
| Fare zone | 1 (ATM) |
| History | |
| Opened | 1985 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Metro Following station  Lessepstowards Zona Universitària  L3  Penitentstowards Trinitat Nova | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  VallcarcaLocation in BarcelonaVallcarcaLocation in Spain | |


title: Mecyclothorax pele

abstract: Mecyclothorax pele is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Blackburn in 1879.

text:
# Mecyclothorax pele

***Mecyclothorax pele*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Blackburn in 1879.

## InfoBox

| *Mecyclothorax pele* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Mecyclothorax* |
| Species: | ***M. pele*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecyclothorax pele***<br>(Blackburn, 1879) | |
|


title: Maumbury Rings

abstract: Maumbury Rings is a Neolithic henge in the south of Dorchester town in Dorset, England. It is a large circular earthwork, 85 metres in diameter, with a single bank and an entrance to the north east. It was modified during the Roman period when it was adapted for use as an amphitheatre, and the site was remodelled again during the English Civil War when it was used as an artillery fort guarding the southern approach to Dorchester. The monument is now a public open space, and used for open-air concerts, festivals and re-enactments.

text:
# Maumbury Rings

**Maumbury Rings** is a Neolithic henge in the south of Dorchester town in Dorset, England (grid reference SY690899). It is a large circular earthwork, 85 metres in diameter, with a single bank and an entrance to the north east. It was modified during the Roman period when it was adapted for use as an amphitheatre, and the site was remodelled again during the English Civil War when it was used as an artillery fort guarding the southern approach to Dorchester. The monument is now a public open space, and used for open-air concerts, festivals and re-enactments.

## Description

Maumbury Rings is a roughly circular henge situated close to the centre of Dorchester. It has an internal diameter of around 50 metres. The bank has an average width of 4 metres, and is around 5.6 metres high internally and 4.0 metres high externally. A bulge in the earthworks to the southwest marks the site of a gun emplacement built during the English Civil War, and the inner side of the bank was terraced on the east and west sides at this time. There is no trace of the original internal ditch.

## History

### Neolithic

Maumbury Rings were excavated by Harold St George Gray from 19081913. The excavations showed that the site originated in the later Neolithic period. The excavations revealed an internal ditch which comprised a series of deep shafts cut into the chalk. These number up to 45, and were up to 11 metres deep. Eight shafts were fully excavated. They contained various deposits including antler, animal and human bone, flints and carved chalk.The latter represent human phalloi and may be evidence of a fertilty cult among the builders. A single Grooved ware pottery sherd was recovered from one pit, and a later Beaker sherd was recovered from the fill of another pit. The henge had a single entrance on the northeast side. It is recorded that a large stone was discovered during cultivation in 1849 to the west of the entrance, but it was reburied and has not been seen since.

Around 2 km due east are the faint traces of a larger henge known as Mount Pleasant henge, and archaeology has revealed the presence of another Neolithic enclosure known as Flagstones near there. In addition, when archaeologists were digging on the site of the Tudor Arcade/Waitrose development in the 1980s (around 800 metres northeast of Maumbury Rings) they discovered large timber postholes. The evidence suggests that they were part of a large Neolithic enclosure with a diameter of around 300 to 400 metres. Red markings, denoting sites of some of the timber posts, can be seen in the car park of Waitrose.

### Roman era

Maumbury Rings was remodelled in the Roman period when it was adapted for use as an amphitheatre for the use of the citizens of the nearby Roman town of Durnovaria (Dorchester). The banks were lowered by around 3 metres, with the material produced piled onto the banks. The interior was modified by the excavation of an oval, level arena floor, and the cutting of seating into the scarp and bank which was revetted with either chalk or timber. Chambers were cut into the bank to the south-west and one on each side of the centre. Finds found during the excavations include an uninscribed British coin, Roman pottery, leg bones, coins, and a 2nd-century burial. The amphitheatre may have been out of use by the mid-2nd century, although objects found on the arena floor and elsewhere suggest activity in the 4th century.

### Civil war

Between 1642 and 1643 the henge was modified in response to the English Civil War. The site was used as an artillery fort by Parliament supporters in order to guard the southern approach to Dorchester. This involved the placing of a gun platform and a ramp on the southwest side, and the internal terrace was built. An unfinished well near the northwest edge of the arena and finds of 160 lead pistol bullets on the east bank all date to this time, along with a ditch beyond the northern enclosure bank.

### Later use

Its amphitheatre role was briefly revived in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, as a place of public execution. In 1685, at the close of the Monmouth Rebellion, Judge Jeffreys ordered eighty of the rebels to be executed here. In 1705 Mary Channing, a nineteen-year-old woman found guilty of poisoning her husband, was executed by strangulation and burning at the Rings. Thomas Hardy used this event in his poem *The Mock Wife* and mentioned it in his 1886 novel *The Mayor of Casterbridge*, as well as recording some details of his research into the event in his personal writings.

By the later 18th century, the enclosure was being used as farmland.

In 1846, the proposed alignment of the Southampton and Dorchester Railway was amended in order to protect the Rings.

### The site today

The monument is now a public open space, and used for open-air concerts, festivals and re-enactments. Finds from the excavations are in the Dorset Museum.

## InfoBox

Maumbury Rings
| Interior of Maumbury Rings viewed from southern end | |
| --- | --- |
| Shown within Dorset | |
| Location | Dorchester, Dorset |
| Coordinates | 50°42′28″N 2°26′25″W / 50.70790°N 2.44039°W / 50.70790; -2.44039 |
| Type | Henge |
| History | |
| Periods | Neolithic, with later Roman and Civil War modifications |
| Site notes | |
| Public access | Yes |
|  | |
| Scheduled monument | |
| Official name | Henge, Romano-British amphitheatre and Civil War fieldworks known collectively as Maumbury Rings |
| Designated | 1 October 1962 |
| Reference no. | 1003204 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Marila spiciformis

abstract: Marila spiciformis is a species of flowering plant in the Calophyllaceae family. It is found only in Peru.

text:
# Marila spiciformis

***Marila spiciformis*** is a species of flowering plant in the Calophyllaceae family. It is found only in Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Marila spiciformis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Calophyllaceae |
| Genus: | *Marila* |
| Species: | ***M. spiciformis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Marila spiciformis***
McDearman & McDaniel | |
|


title: Listed buildings in Waverton, Cumbria

text:
# Listed buildings in Waverton, Cumbria

Waverton is a civil parish in the Borough of Allerdale in Cumbria, England. It contains 13 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. All the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest". The parish contains the villages of Waverton and Lessonhall, and is otherwise rural. Most of the listed buildings are houses and associated structures, or farmhouses and farm buildings, the other listed building being a disused and derelict water mill.

## Buildings

| Name and location | Photograph | Date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Middle Yard
54°50′24″N 3°12′42″W / 54.84011°N 3.21174°W / 54.84011; -3.21174 (Middle Yard) |  | 1664 | A farmhouse with cement rendered clay walls and a roof mainly of Welsh slate with some sandstone slate. There are two storeys and three bays. The entrance has a chamfered surround, a shaped, inscribed and dated lintel, and a hood mould. The windows are sashes in stone surrounds. |
| Todcroft and former barn
54°49′01″N 3°12′23″W / 54.81681°N 3.20631°W / 54.81681; -3.20631 (Todcroft) |  | Late 17th century (probable) | The farmhouse, now a private house, and the former barn are rendered, and have a green slate roof with coped gables. The house has two storeys and two bays, with the former barn to the right. The doorway and casement windows have stone surrounds. At the rear is an original small chamfered window in the upper floor. Inside the house is a bressumer, and in the upper floor are two pairs of upper crucks. |
| Waver Bridge Farmhouse and barns
54°49′46″N 3°12′38″W / 54.82957°N 3.21055°W / 54.82957; -3.21055 (Waver Bridge Farmhouse) |  | Early 18th century | The farmhouse and barns are in brick with green slate roofs. The house incorporates part of an earlier house dated 1670, it has two storeys and five bays with a projection at the rear. The doorway and windows are in architraves. At the rear is a doorway with an inscribed lintel. The house is flanked by two-storey barns dating from the late 18th or early 19th century. The barn openings include a cart entry, a loft door, and ventilation slits. |
| Steel's Farmhouse and barns
54°50′28″N 3°12′49″W / 54.84098°N 3.21349°W / 54.84098; -3.21349 (Steel's Farmhouse) |  | Mid or late 18th century | The house is in stucco on brick, and has a green slate roof. There are two storeys and three bays. The main doorway has a pilastered surround and a pediment, and to the right is a doorway with a chamfered surround, a Tudor arched head, and a hood mould. The windows are sashes in stone surrounds. To the right are barns in an L-shaped plan, partly in brick with a tile roof, and partly in sandstone with a sandstone slate roof. The barns contain a large cart entrance, doorways, left doors, and ventilation slits. |
| High Crosshill
54°47′58″N 3°11′21″W / 54.79932°N 3.18913°W / 54.79932; -3.18913 (High Crosshill) |  | Late 18th century | A sandstone farmhouse on a chamfered plinth, with quoins and a green slate roof with coped gables. There are two storeys and three bays, with a lower two-storey single-bay wing to the right. The doorway has a pilastered surround, a pediment, and a fanlight, and the sash windows have stone surrounds. |
| Lesson Hall
54°50′21″N 3°12′43″W / 54.83929°N 3.21207°W / 54.83929; -3.21207 (Lesson Hall) |  | Late 18th century | A stuccoed farmhouse with quoins, an eaves cornice, and a green slate roof. There are two storeys and three bays, with a single-bay extension to the right. On the front is a porch with two Tuscan columns, a frieze and a dentilled cornice. The windows are sashes, those in the main part having architraves, and those in the extension having stone surrounds. At the rear is a Venetian stair window. |
| Parkgate Farmhouse
54°48′37″N 3°13′20″W / 54.81019°N 3.22224°W / 54.81019; -3.22224 (Parkgate Farmhouse) |  | Late 18th century | The farmhouse is in sandstone on a chamfered plinth, with quoins, an eaves cornice, and a green slate roof with coped gables. It has two storeys and three bays. The doorway has an architrave and a pediment, and the sash windows also have architraves. |
| Hawkrigg House
54°48′25″N 3°11′19″W / 54.80699°N 3.18862°W / 54.80699; -3.18862 (Hawkrigg House) |  | 1824 | A stuccoed farmhouse on a moulded plinth, with quoins, an eaves cornice, and a green slate roof with lead hips. It has two storeys and three bays that are flanked by lower two-storey two-bay wings. In the centre is a porch with two Doric columns, a swag frieze, and a dentilled cornice. The porch is flanked by Venetian sash windows under round arches, and elsewhere the windows are sashes. The wings have open pedimented gables containing round attic windows. |
| Blaithwaite House
54°47′29″N 3°13′30″W / 54.79143°N 3.22509°W / 54.79143; -3.22509 (Blaithwaite House) |  | Early 19th century | The house has been extended and later used for other purposes. It is in sandstone on a chamfered plinth, and has quoins, an eaves cornice, and a green slate roof. There are two storeys and five bays, with a lower two-storey, four-bay extension to the right, and 20th-century extensions to the rear. On the front is a porch with square columns, an entablature, a frieze, and a fanlight. The windows in the original part are sashes, and in the extension they are casements. At the rear is a blocked carriage entrance, and in the rear extension are datestones and a mullioned window. |
| Waver House
54°49′09″N 3°11′33″W / 54.81926°N 3.19250°W / 54.81926; -3.19250 (Waver House) |  | Early 19th century | A sandstone house on a chamfered plinth, with quoins and a green slate roof. There are two storeys with an attic, and three bays. The doorway has a Tuscan doorcase, an ornamental frieze, a dentilled cornice, and a fanlight. The windows are sashes with stone surrounds, and on the left end wall is an oval attic window. |
| Old Mill
54°50′28″N 3°12′41″W / 54.84113°N 3.21137°W / 54.84113; -3.21137 (Old Mill) |  | 1834 | The former water corn mill is unused and derelict. It is in sandstone with quoins, and has two storeys and three bays. There is a two-storey single-bay gabled projection, and a single-storey lean-to. Part of the mill is built over the mill race, and has two arched water channels. |
| Gazebo, Blaithwaite House
54°47′33″N 3°13′32″W / 54.79246°N 3.22561°W / 54.79246; -3.22561 (Gazebo, Blaithwaite House) |  | Early or mid 19th century | The gazebo stands on an island in a pond in the garden of the house, and is reached by a bridge. It is in sandstone, and has a Welsh slate roof with coped gables and finials. The gazebo has an octagonal plan, is in a single storey, and each face is gabled. The doorway has a pilastered surround and an ogee head, and the windows also have ogee arches. |
| Stable block, dovecote and barn,
Blaithwaite House
54°47′28″N 3°13′31″W / 54.79118°N 3.22541°W / 54.79118; -3.22541 (Stable block, dovecote and barn, Blaithwaite House) |  | Early or mid 19th century | The former stables, dovecote and barn have later been used for other purposes. They are in sandstone with quoins and green slate roofs. The stable has two storeys, with a single-storey extension at right angles on one side, and the barn at right angles on the other side, forming a U-shaped plan; the two-storey dovecote is in the angle. The openings include sash and casement windows, doors, a cart entrance, and pigeon holes. External steps lead to a first-floor loft in the dovecote. |
|

### Citations

### Sources

* Historic England, "Middle Yard, Waverton (1144584)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 2 March 2016
* Historic England, "Todcroft and adjoining former barn, Waverton (1144587)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 2 March 2016
* Historic England, "Waver Bridge Farmhouse and adjoining barns, Waverton (1144586)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 2 March 2016
* Historic England, "Steel's Farmhouse and barns, Waverton (1144583)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 2 March 2016
* Historic England, "High Crosshill, Waverton (1289366)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 2 March 2016
* Historic England, "Lesson Hall, Waverton (1144585)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 2 March 2016
* Historic England, "Parkgate Farmhouse, Waverton (1327143)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 2 March 2016
* Historic England, "Hawkrigg House, Waverton (1327145)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 2 March 2016
* Historic England, "Blaithwaite House, Waverton (1212800)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 2 March 2016
* Historic England, "Waver House, Waverton (1327144)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 2 March 2016
* Historic England, "The Old Mill, Waverton (1327182)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 3 March 2016
* Historic England, "Gazebo north of Blaithwaite House, Waverton (1327181)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 2 March 2016
* Historic England, "Stable block, dovecote and former barn to south of Blaithwaite House, Waverton (1144582)", *National Heritage List for England*, retrieved 2 March 2016
* Historic England, *Listed Buildings*, retrieved 2 March 2016
* Hyde, Matthew; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2010) \[1967\], *Cumbria*, The Buildings of England, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12663-1


title: GPU mining

abstract: GPU mining is the use of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) to "mine" proof-of-work cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. Miners receive rewards for performing computationally intensive work, such as calculating hashes, that amend and verify transactions on an open and decentralized ledger. GPUs can be especially performant at calculating such hashes.

text:
# GPU mining

**GPU mining** is the use of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) to "mine" proof-of-work cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. Miners receive rewards for performing computationally intensive work, such as calculating hashes, that amend and verify transactions on an open and decentralized ledger. GPUs can be especially performant at calculating such hashes.

## Concerns about GPU mining

With the rise of GPU mining for cryptocurrency, there sparked various discussions on the concerns with the usage GPU's for cryptocurrencies for the hardware market, environment, and users.

### Environmental concerns

While central processing units (CPUs) were used to mine cryptocurrency in their earliest days, they were gradually replaced by more performant GPUs. Even so, GPU mining consumes significant amounts of energy to perform their tasks. Unlike gaming PCs, GPU mining rigs usually incorporate multiple GPUs working together, and some miners may use multiple GPU mining rigs. A report by Bloomberg suggested that cryptocurrency miners spent $15 billion on GPUs during the cryptocurrency mining craze since 2021. Meanwhile, statistics suggested that 67% of the electricity powering Bitcoin mining during 2020 and 2021 was generated by fossil energy and that Bitcoin mining produced more than 85.89 metric tons of CO2 during that period.

### Security concerns

Due to the increased demand of GPU mining for cryptocurrency, Cyber criminals have taken interest in hacking into other users' computers with more powerful GPU's to perform small mining tasks. With the use of one of Window's feature called 'Advanced Installer', the hacker gains access to the host's computer where they download installers that will perform a two step process. The first step is scripting a recurring task to decrypt the payload, and the second is enabling crypto miners to profit out of the user's computers. Typically, hackers will perform cryptocurrency mining in the background by limiting the amount of GPU power by 75% allow small yet ample amount of GPU power used for cryptocurrency mining while being undetected.

## Market impact

As cryptocurrency miners increased their purchases of GPUs between 2013 and 2017, the prices of GPUs skyrocketed. The increasing demand of GPU mining and purchases caused a worldwide shortage that continued into 2021 until production finally caught up in 2023, With mining firms going bankrupt, increase regulations enforced, and the main cryptocurrencies switching to a "proof of stake" algorithm, the GPU mining for cryptocurrency became highly inefficient to continue sustaining. Resulting in many used GPU's for mining being sold or refurbished back onto the market, stabilizing the market to something similar to the pre-GPU mining boom.

## Profitability

The profit of GPU mining depends on many factors. The first is the amount of cryptocurrency rewards that can be acquired. Take Bitcoin as an example. Its system is pre-programmed to halve the Bitcoin rewards offered every four years or after every 210,000 blocks mined. While the original block reward was 50 bitcoins per block, it has decreased to 6.25 bitcoins every block in May 2020. A second would be the computational power of a GPU, different GPU's hold different computational power that might be more advantageous for the miner to prioritize. With each new generation housing better chips equipped with increased clocked processing speeds, hashrates, and lower power usage. Similarly, the cost of electricity to house the GPU miners can factor the profitability as various areas price electricity differently and different options are available like fossil fuels or renewable energy.

## History

* 2009: Bitcoin just released its coin to the market mined only with the CPU.
* In October 2010, Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) mining devices first came about. This was made possible with the creation of Bitcoin mining software for GPUs that configure GPUs for the mining activities.
* June 2017, Hong-Kong based Sapphire Technology became the first firm that produced GPUs tailored specifically for GPU mining. Many of the GPUs did not have display functions and could only be used for mining.
* Around 2013 and 2017 respectively, the prices of GPUs skyrocketed amid GPU mining craze.
* In May 2021, China officially banned all crypto mining including GPU mining, amid concerns for the environment and economy.
* Around March 2022, Bitcoin dipped from around $46,000 to $20,000 within a couple of months. Calling a cause for concerns about cryptocurrency.
* In September 2022, Ethereum finished the transition from “Proof of Work” to “Proof of Stake” algorithm, which made it impossible for using GPUs to mine cryptocurrencies.
* In early January 2023, Mining companies started refactoring their systems to house AI computation.

1. McFadden, Christopher (2023-03-13). "GPU mining 101: a short guide on crypto-mining using graphics cards". *interestingengineering.com*. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
2. Shuaib, Mohammed; Badotra, Sumit; Khalid, Muhammad Irfan; Algarni, Abeer D.; Ullah, Syed Sajid; Bourouis, Sami; Iqbal, Jawaid; Bharany, Salil; Gundaboina, Lokesh (January 2022). "A Novel Optimization for GPU Mining Using Overclocking and Undervolting". *Sustainability*. **14** (14): 8708. doi:10.3390/su14148708. hdl:11250/3029400. ISSN 2071-1050.
3. Mujtaba, Hassan (2022-06-19). "Crypto Miners, Not Gamers, Were The Primary Buyers of Graphics Cards Since 2021, Almost $15 Billion Worth of GPU Sales Reported". *Wccftech*. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
4. Chamanara, Sanaz; Ghaffarizadeh, S. Arman; Madani, Kaveh (24 October 2023). "The Environmental Footprint of Bitcoin Mining Across the Globe: Call for Urgent Action". *Earth's Future*. **11** (10). doi:10.1029/2023EF003871. ISSN 2328-4277.
5. "Windows cryptomining attacks target graphic designer's high-powered GPUs". *BleepingComputer*. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
6. Mascellino, Alessandro (2023-09-08). "Cyber-criminals Exploit GPUs in Graphic Design Software". *Infosecurity Magazine*. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
7. Joel, Hruska. "Cryptocurrency Craze Sends GPU Prices Skyrocketing -- Again". *Extremetech*.
8. "The GPU shortage is over, but it's still wreaking havoc". *Digital Trends*. 2023-12-20. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
9. Brown, Abram. "The War Between Gamers And Cryptominers—And The Scarce Global Resource That Sparked It". *Forbes*. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
10. Jorge Jimenez (2023-01-26). "Oh great, crypto miners are selling repainted GPUs and passing them off as new". *PC Gamer*. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
11. Singh, Navdeep (2024-02-19). "Understanding Bitcoin Halving: A key event for Bitcoin investors". *The Economic Times*. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
12. Jarred Walton (2021-04-05). "Graphics Card Power Consumption and Efficiency Tested". *Tom's Hardware*. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
13. "Renewable Sources and How They Helping the Crypto Mining Industry". *Prismecs*. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
14. Bedford Taylor, Michael (2017). "The Evolution of Bitcoin Hardware". *Computer*. **50** (9): 58–66. doi:10.1109/MC.2017.3571056. ISSN 0018-9162.
15. Paul Lilly (2017-06-26). "Sapphire is first to market with graphics cards specific for mining". *PC Gamer*. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
16. "Bitcoin mining is worse for the environment now since China banned it". *euronews*. 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
17. Smith, Josh Kirby, Hannah. "Is bitcoin going to crash again?". *Times Money Mentor*. Retrieved 2024-03-02.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
18. "GPU Mining for Ethereum Ends as 'The Merge' Completes". *PCMag Australia*. 2022-09-15. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
19. "The 2024 Shift: How Cryptocurrency Mining Companies Are Adapting to AI Computation". *ZhenChainMicro*. Retrieved 2024-08-12.


title: Marie Louise Lefort

abstract: Marie Louise Lefort was an American physician who directed a medical unit in France during World War I. From 1898 to 1902, Marie Louise Lefort was the first female district physician in Newark, New Jersey.

text:
# Marie Louise Lefort

**Marie Louise Lefort** (September 1874 – August 7, 1951) was an American physician who directed a medical unit in France during World War I. From 1898 to 1902, Marie Louise Lefort was the first female district physician in Newark, New Jersey.

## Early life and career

Lefort was born in September 1874. In her twenties, she lived with her mother, Adeline Lefort, and a servant, Edward Muster. She conducted her medical practice in New Jersey until 1918, when she aided World War I efforts by medically assisting soldiers in Reims, France. In 1919, she became Director of the American Memorial Hospital for the American Fund for the French Wounded. Speaking both English and French fluently allowed her to communicate easily with the Americans and the French while working abroad. Under the direction of Lefort, a medical gas unit reformed a damaged girls' boarding school into Jeanne d'Arc Hospital.


title: Varicospira kooli

abstract: Varicospira kooli is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Rostellariidae, the true conchs.

text:
# Varicospira kooli

***Varicospira kooli*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Rostellariidae, the true conchs.

## Description

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Thailand and Myanmar.

## InfoBox

| *Varicospira kooli* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Rostellariidae |
| Genus: | *Varicospira* |
| Species: | ***V. kooli*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Varicospira kooli***<br>Moolenbeek & Dekker, 2007 | |
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title: Megacorpstate

abstract: Megacorpstate is a form of market structure that designs new strategies to systematize the cartel power in the world. This particular market framework consists of oligopolistic interdependent nations-states and multinational corporations, which have established alliance to own majority of the market power. The most prominent organizations within the structure are OPEC and the Seven Sisters that include Exxon, Mobil, Socal, Royal Dutch-Shell, BP, Texaco and Gulf. Regardless of its great influence, Megacorpstate does not have a major recognition in the world. The main reason for its unfamiliarity is its disinclination to characterize itself as a separate market structure.

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# Megacorpstate

**Megacorpstate** is a form of market structure that designs new strategies to systematize the cartel power in the world. This particular market framework consists of oligopolistic interdependent nations-states and multinational corporations, which have established alliance to own majority of the market power. The most prominent organizations within the structure are OPEC and the Seven Sisters that include Exxon, Mobil, Socal, Royal Dutch-Shell, BP, Texaco and Gulf. Regardless of its great influence, Megacorpstate does not have a major recognition in the world. The main reason for its unfamiliarity is its disinclination to characterize itself as a separate market structure.

## Coinage of the term "Megacorpstate"

Alfred Eichner, creative theorist, Keynesian economist and Rutgers University economics professor introduced the term the "megacorp" in his book "*The Megacorp and Oligopoly"* (1976). The term was initially used to describe the powerful and expansive corporate groups that held monopolistic power over multiple markets. Like many intellectuals who studied Eichner's work, J.Barkley Rosser. Jr, endeavoured to expand the ideas and research on megacorporations. He recognized a strong alliance present between the monopolistically powerful multinational oil corporation groups and nation states. As a result of such interlocking relationships and trade, these participants formed a rather rare market structure. After careful analysis and consideration, Rosser decided on labeling the new formed market, "Megacorpstate".

### Firms transforming into Megacorpstate

Stephen Hymer, influential Canadian economist, also researched on the activities relating to multinational corporate firms and their growth. Through his research, he deduced the growth factors and processes by which small firms evolved into giant multinational organizations. By taking small United States firms into consideration, Hymer explained the stages a company passed in order to reach hierarchy in the market. Stephen Hymer observed the historical pattern of those U.S firms which, developed from small workshops to factories to national organizations. Soon after they transformed into national organizations, they strived to become multidivisional and later multinational corporations. Upon achieving dominance in the market as multinational megacorporations, they formed alliance and partnerships with similar or superior status giant corporations to enter the new formed market of Megacorporstate.

## Structure of Megacorpstate

Megacorpstate was one of the first market structure to have multinational operations. As a result of having such diversity, the market is reputed to have the most expansive degree of vertical integration in the world. Megacorpstate has integrated extensive network of joint pipeline agreements, joint operations and interconnecting relationships in its structure. These elements under the market provide platforms of joint cooperation and confidence between member groups of organizations. Majority of the companies that control the Megacorpstate market are petroleum companies and nations.

### The Seven Sisters

The Seven Sisters hold a major position in this market structure. Formed in the 1950s, the group was an alliance of seven multinational oil companies in the world. The member organizations Exxon, Mobil, Socal, Royal Dutch-Shell, BP, Texaco and Gulf held dominance over 85% of the petroleum reserves until the 1970s. However, with the emergence of OPEC, its influence over the petroleum sector diminished. The Seven Sisters have formed alliance with other multinational oil companies and nations to share the market of Megacorpstate.

### OPEC

OPEC is the most dominant and influential entity in the Megacorpstate. Every economic fluctuation that is experienced by this organization affects the entire market structure. As a result, a crucial relationship between the two entities is to be observed. In order to fully understand the mechanism and functionality of Megacorpstate, OPEC has to be understood first.

## OPEC features

OPEC is a mnemonic for Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. It was established in September 1960 in Baghdad by five founder nations, Iran, Iraq, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The initiative was taken to promote economic enrichment and stability among its member nations and to decrease the oil market volatility. As of May 2017, the organization consists of 14 countries which earn the majority of their income through oil revenues: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia (the dominant exporter), United Arab Emirates, Venezuela. According to OPEC, membership is open to any nation that has substantial oil resource and observes the same principles as the organization, subject to approval by the member governments.

### Quota structure

OPEC holds meetings with its members at least twice per year. During these meetings, the members usually examine market conditions and fix quotas for themselves. The members divide the shares of oil production among the nation states. Based on the quota system, the percentages of oil production are divided according to the stated reserves of each country. Consequently, in order to obtain larger percentage share, member nations often overstate their reserves. Following this system, OPEC endeavours to change the market. This is an indication that the OPEC petroleum traders exercise enough market power to influence oil prices around the world. They might increase oil prices much higher than the true economic price of the resources and reshape the Megacorpstate.

### Decision making structure

There are no formal literature that explains the process of decision making of OPEC. However, economists have carried out extensive research to produce a layout of the decision making processes. Models that have been designed can be grouped according to (1) OPEC members having power over decision making. (2) The economic ambition of the OPEC members. (3) The strategy applied to accomplish the ambitions. There are many analytical views on the decision making structure. One view discusses that OPEC acts as a single entity and makes the final decision on prices after the members have negotiated among themselves. Another view suggests that a decision is reached after negotiations have been made among small and large shareholders after considering supply restrictions and rationing. Regardless of such perspectives, there is no formal model to represent the system.

### Oil pricing

Like the decision making structure, there is no fixed model for price reflection. It greatly depends on the member nations to finalize a rate. Nevertheless, considering OPEC's market power, economists believe it should have set higher prices to generate higher profits. Since the organization sets considerably low prices, many theorists have presented explanations for this act. Some have proposed that the intention behind lower prices is to reserve the oil for future investments or as an alternative to generating current revenues. Other economists believe that its motivation to establish low prices is due to a force that is present within its own organization and call the force Saudi Arabia.

### Influence of Saudi Arabia

Oil state Saudi Arabia has always been adamant in maintaining low prices. Saudi Arabia is by far the biggest producer in OPEC and supplies approximately 30% of total OPEC output. Consequently, it is the most influential member of the organization.

## OPEC stability and performance

OPEC claims to generate profits for oil firms by adjusting the petroleum supply and supporting prices. However, the strategy does not help it to substantially dominate the Megacorpstate in order to obtain gradual rise of income and revenues. If the organization decides to adjust supply to increase revenues, the nation states will benefit from temporary gain and simultaneously give rise to macroeconomic variation. Nevertheless, the greater effect of this action will be deceleration of the world economy. If OPEC's oil economy becomes unstable, then the oil production of the member nations may become unstable as well. Hence some nations might choose to quit the organization in order to stabilize their oil sectors. Since OPEC is the dominant entity in the Megacorpstate, fluctuations in its performance will affect the market accordingly. For example, with the increase of its revenue stability, the stability of the market will increase and vice versa.

### Assumptions on OPEC's stability

Many economists predicted that the organization would soon die after it became a powerful price setter in the year 1973. In support of their views, they argued that the organization would become more unstable with expansion and each member would be determined to increase output and discount prices according to its preference. When all the member traders begin to act according to their own agendas, the price setting system will collapse. Surprisingly, the petroleum empire did not get disassembled; rather it expanded further.

## Future of Megacorpstate

The Megacorpstate has been successful in manipulating the oil prices around the world due to the relationship between the OPEC and the multinational giant corporations. Nevertheless, due to existing laws of member countries and market structures, it does not disclose itself as a separate and unique market. OPEC is already deeply involved with Megacorpstate. It is predicted that the organization along with other multinational organizations will unify and define the structures within the market with time. A parallel and opposing prediction exists that speaks about the disintegration of Megacorpstate due to the breakdown of OPEC. One way to diminish the chance of this prediction is to have a flexible oil production scheme of Saudi Arabia. If the country's petroleum production is adjustable, it can save OPEC from failing. Megacorpstate is undoubtedly a usual market structure. Nevertheless, it can include other sectors of energy in future besides oil and petroleum. A possible sector would be uranium industry. However, the possibility of formation of another Megacorpstate is highly unlikely as the market involves many complications and risks.

### References


title: Matla coal mine

abstract: The Matla Coal Mine is a coal mine located in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 297.3 million tonnes of coking coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Africa and the world. The mine produces around 14 million tonnes of coal per year with the output going directly to the Matla Power Station.

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# Matla coal mine

The **Matla Coal Mine** is a coal mine located in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 297.3 million tonnes of coking coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Africa and the world. The mine produces around 14 million tonnes of coal per year with the output going directly to the Matla Power Station.

## InfoBox

Matla Coal Mine
| Location | |
| --- | --- |
| Mpumalanga | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Production | |
| Products | Coking coal |


title: Little Brampton

abstract: Little Brampton is a hamlet in south Shropshire, England. It is located between Purslow and Aston on Clun, and is on the border of the civil parishes of Clunbury and Hopesay. Little Brampton is situated on a notable crossroads in the Clun valley, where the B4385 and B4368 roads meet, as well as the lane down to the village of Clunbury. The crossroads is at an elevation of 167 metres (548 ft). The River Kemp flows just to the south of the hamlet; the Clun flows further south near Clunbury. The road that runs from Little Brampton to the centre of Bishop's Castle is named "Brampton Road". There is a tea room called The Old Wheelwrights at the crossroads. By the crossroads is an ornamental road direction sign for local destinations.

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# Little Brampton

**Little Brampton** is a hamlet in south Shropshire, England.

It is located between Purslow and Aston on Clun, and is on the border of the civil parishes of Clunbury and Hopesay.

Little Brampton is situated on a notable crossroads in the Clun valley, where the B4385 (from Lydbury North) and B4368 (running between Clun and Craven Arms) roads meet, as well as the lane down to the village of Clunbury. The crossroads is at an elevation of 167 metres (548 ft). The River Kemp flows just to the south of the hamlet; the Clun flows further south near Clunbury.

The road that runs from Little Brampton to the centre of Bishop's Castle (a section of the B4385) is named "Brampton Road".

There is a tea room called The Old Wheelwrights at the crossroads.

By the crossroads is an ornamental road direction sign for local destinations.

## InfoBox

| Little Brampton | |
| --- | --- |
| Crossroads sign and farm, Little Brampton | |
| Little BramptonLocation within Shropshire | |
| OS grid reference | SO368813 |
| Civil parish |  |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | CRAVEN ARMS |
| Postcode district | SY7 |
| Dialling code | 01588 |
|  | |
| Police | West Mercia |
| Fire | Shropshire |
| Ambulance | West Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
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