title: NEStalgia

abstract: NEStalgia was a massively multiplayer online role-playing game for Microsoft Windows created by American indie developer Silk Games. NEStalgia was launched on February 23, 2011, then released for Steam on April 15, 2014. The core gameplay follows the classic Japanese role-playing game format with turn-based battles, random encounters, and explorable towns and dungeons.

text:
# NEStalgia

***NEStalgia*** was a massively multiplayer online role-playing game for Microsoft Windows created by American indie developer Silk Games. *NEStalgia* was launched on February 23, 2011, then released for Steam on April 15, 2014. The core gameplay follows the classic Japanese role-playing game format (particularly *Dragon Quest*) with turn-based battles, random encounters, and explorable towns and dungeons.

## Gameplay

There are eight character classes in total. The focus of *NEStalgia* is a cooperative party system in which players join up to battle monsters and complete quests together.

In addition to the classic elements, the game has world chat, a guild system, Player versus player combat, rare items and gear to find, a quest log, and a player auction house for item trading.

## Development

The game was designed by Ben Mallahan, who has been creating online games using the BYOND game creation system since 2001. *NEStalgia* was in development for two years, which included an 11-month public beta period. The game was launched on February 23, 2011.

Since release, *NEStalgia* has undergone many changes. Notable changes include improved framerate, graphical and interface upgrades, and a "companion" system that allows solo players to recruit and fight alongside most monsters in the game. Although *NEStalgia* was developed and powered using BYOND, it became downloadable as a standalone game in June 2012.

*NEStalgia* was submitted to Steam Greenlight in August 2012. It was Greenlit on August 28, 2013, then launched on Steam on April 15, 2014.

The last update for the MMO was in September 2016. All official game servers have been offline since October 2018. The official forum has been offline since December 2019.

## InfoBox

| NEStalgia | |
| --- | --- |
| Title screen | |
| Developer(s) | Silk Games |
| Publisher(s) | Silk Games |
| Designer(s) | Ben Mallahan |
| Engine | BYOND |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows |
| Release | February 23, 2011<br>**Steam:** April 15, 2014 |
| Genre(s) | Role-playing game |
| Mode(s) | Multiplayer |


title: Qutoutiao

abstract: Qutoutiao is a Chinese mobile content aggregator.

text:
# Qutoutiao

**Qutoutiao** (Chinese: 趣头条) is a Chinese mobile content aggregator.

## History

The company was founded in 2016, and is based in Shanghai. In English, the name translates to "fun headlines."

Chinese billionaire Eric Tan is the chairman and co-founder.

The company is backed by Tencent Holdings.

By September 2018, it had around 17.1 million daily active users on its app, with monthly active users totaling 48.8 million.

Following an IPO and Nasdaq listing in September 2018, the company's stock price rose 128%, and with a valuation of over US$1 billion, it became a so-called unicorn company. The company left Nasdaq in 2023.

## Products

According to *TechCrunch*, the app "uses an AI-based content recommendation engine to display articles and videos based on user profiles."

## InfoBox

Qutoutiao
| Traded as | Nasdaq: QTT |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Eric Tan |
| Headquarters | Shanghai, China |
| Key people | Eric Tan |
| Website | qutoutiao.net |


title: HD 63584

abstract: HD 63584 is a solitary star in the southern circumpolar constellation Volans. With an apparent magnitude of 6.15, it is barely visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. The star is located 420 light years away based on parallax, but is drifting away with a radial velocity of 10.4 km/s. HD 63584 has a classification of "A0 IV/V", which states it is an A0 star with the characteristics of a main sequence and subgiant star. It has 2.58 times the Sun's mass, but a radius around 3 times that of the Sun. HD 63584 radiates at 60 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,954 K, which gives it the blueish-white hue of an A0 star. Despite the "IV" part of the classification, HD 63584 is only 256 million years old, having completed only 59.6% of its main sequence lifetime.

text:
# HD 63584

**HD 63584 (HR 3038)** is a solitary star in the southern circumpolar constellation Volans. With an apparent magnitude of 6.15, it is barely visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. The star is located 420 light years away based on parallax, but is drifting away with a radial velocity of 10.4 km/s.

HD 63584 has a classification of "A0 IV/V", which states it is an A0 star with the characteristics of a main sequence and subgiant star. It has 2.58 times the Sun's mass, but a radius around 3 times that of the Sun. HD 63584 radiates at 60 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,954 , which gives it the blueish-white hue of an A0 star. Despite the "IV" part of the classification, HD 63584 is only 256 million years old, having completed only 59.6% of its main sequence lifetime.

## InfoBox

HD 63584
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Volans |
|
| Right ascension | 07h 44m 13.00s |
| Declination | –69° 49 17.80 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 6.15±0.01 |
| Characteristics | |
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| Spectral type | A0 IV/V |
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| U−B color index | –0.09 |
| B−V color index | –0.06 |
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| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | 10.4±1.1 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: –41.901 mas/yr
Dec.: 9.492 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 7.7630 ± 0.0578 mas |
| **Distance** | 420 ± 3 ly
(128.8 ± 1.0 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | +0.68 |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 2.58±0.05 |
| **Radius** | 3.09±0.37 |
| **Luminosity** | 60±6 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 3.84±0.29 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 9,954±46 |
| **Metallicity** | 71% solar |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | –0.15 dex |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 19 km/s |
| **Age** | 256±23 Myr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| 18 G. Volantis, CD–69 475, HD 63584, HIP 37720, HR 3038, SAO 249943 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Metaeuchromius yuennanensis

abstract: Metaeuchromius yuennanensis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Aristide Caradja in 1937. It is found in China.

text:
# Metaeuchromius yuennanensis

***Metaeuchromius yuennanensis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Aristide Caradja in 1937. It is found in China (Yunnan, Tibet).

## Subspecies

* *Metaeuchromius yuennanensis yuennanensis* (Yunnan)
* *Metaeuchromius yuennanensis tibetanus* Bleszynski, 1965 (Tibet)

## InfoBox

| *Metaeuchromius yuennanensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Metaeuchromius* |
| Species: | ***M. yuennanensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Metaeuchromius yuennanensis***<br>(Caradja in Caradja & Meyrick, 1937) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eromene yuennanensis* Caradja in Caradja & Meyrick, 1937 | |


title: William Arthur (Royal Navy)

abstract: William Arthur was a Royal Navy officer after whom Port Arthur in China was named.

text:
# William Arthur (Royal Navy)

**William Arthur** CB RN (4 July 1830 – 15 November 1886) was a Royal Navy officer after whom Port Arthur in China was named.

## Career

Arthur entered the navy at age fifteen in July 1845. He was commissioned as a Lieutenant on 8 March 1854, and two years later in 1856, he acquired his first experience of command on the gunboat HMS *Manly*. On 4 June 1858 he was given command of the gunvessel HMS *Algerine*. In August 1860, during the Second Opium War, Port Arthur was named by Commander John Ward of HMS *Actaeon*, after Lt. Arthur, whose *Algerine* was the first British ship to enter the harbour at Lüshun, at that time an unfortified fishing village. The British referred to Lüshun as Port Arthur from this point on, and the Russians and other Western powers adopted the British name. Port Arthur was a fortified harbour city which changed hands several times, variously occupied by Britain, Imperial Russia, Japan and the Soviet Union before returning to Chinese ownership in 1950.

Arthur was promoted to Commander on 1 April 1861 and Captain on 15 April 1867. He was Captain of the Torpedo School, April 1876 – June 1879. He served as a naval attaché in Washington, D.C., 1879 – 1882, before being given command of HMS *Hector* which was assigned as Queen Victoria's guard ship when the Queen was in residence at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. He retired with the rank of Rear Admiral on 30 March 1885.

He died at Bakeham Grange, Egham, on 15 November 1886, aged 56. He was buried at St Mary's Church, Atherington, Devon with his family; his father had been rector there. His widow, Mary Jane Arthur (née le Mesurier) erected a monument to her husband in St Ann's Church, HMNB Portsmouth.

## InfoBox

| William Arthur | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | July 4, 1830 |
| Died | November 15, 1886(1886-11-15) (aged 56) |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |


title: Methernitha

abstract: Methernitha refers to two related entities, both founded by Paul Baumann — Methernitha Christian Alliance and Methernitha Cooperative. One is a religious group, and the other is a community in Linden, Switzerland, based on the group's principles.

text:
# Methernitha

**Methernitha** refers to two related entities, both founded by Paul Baumann **Methernitha Christian Alliance** and **Methernitha Cooperative**. One is a religious group, and the other is a community in Linden, Switzerland, based on the group's principles.

## Organizations

### The religious group

The Methernitha Christian Alliance exists as a loose association of members who subscribe to the teachings of the Holy Scriptures. Members do not have organized meetings, nor do they necessarily live in the same area. Current members are distributed throughout Switzerland and other countries. The Alliance was founded in the 1950s by a small group of Christian oriented people whose goal was to live according to the teachings of the Bible. Eventually the group founded a commune in Linden in the canton of Bern.

### The community

Originally based on the principles of the Methernitha Christian Alliance, the Methernitha Cooperative is now more philosophically inclusive and in 1960 was registered with the Swiss Commercial Register as a legal entity. The organisation was laid down in Articles of Association and adheres to the Rules of the Swiss Federation.

The Cooperative is a residential joint venture work group operated on a democratic basis. Administration staff are chosen from the members in a general meeting. It has its own television studios that transmit self-produced programs. The commune also has its own school and nursing home, and a "club house", which is the center for worship and their historical archives.

Members are still Swiss citizens, and the Cooperative pays all relevant taxes and social security to the government.

## Beliefs

Methernitha is a Christian group, but it is non-evangelical, refraining from attempts to win new converts. Members do not indulge in alcohol, tobacco or recreational drugs or money.

## Criticism

In France, the religious group was criticized by an anti-cult association ADFI, which considered it a cult ("secte" in French-language). In 1976 Paul Baumann, the founder of the community, was sentenced to six years imprisonment for sexual abuse of children.

## InfoBox

| Methernitha | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Classification | Christianity |
| Region | Switzerland |
| Founder | Paul Baumann |
| Origin | 1960 <br>Switzerland |
| Official website | www.methernitha.com/ |


title: Fedotovo (air base)

abstract:
Fedotovo, located near railway station Kipelovo on a major railway to St. Petersburg, is a Russian Naval Aviation air base in Russia located 44 km west of Vologda. It is a large base for long-range aircraft, with 20 revetments in a remote area and large tarmac along parallel taxiway. Built in 1963, Fedotovo was an unnamed military town but took on the name of the first commander of 392 ODRAP, Lt. Col. A. S. Fedotov, who was killed in an aircraft crash in 1966. Fedotovo was a major source of Tupolev Tu-95 and Tupolev Tu-142 flights overshadowing the United States Navy Atlantic Fleet. The base provided reconnaissance for the North Fleet Air Arm. The base is home to the 2nd Guards Aviation Group, 5th Independent Anti-submarine Aviation Squadron which uses the Tupolev Tu-142MK/MR/MZ. Units stationed at Kipelovo include:
  - 392 ODRAP flying Tupolev Tu-95RTs (Bear-D). It was Fedotovo's first unit, beginning operations in 1963 and serving active duty with the Northern Fleet Air Arm and tasked with monitoring the activities of Western navies in the Arctic, participating in space program splashdowns, and conducting search-and-rescue activities. Its aircraft were deployed regularly to Cuba throughout the 1970s and to Angola and Guinea later in the decade. A declassified CIA document written in 1977 took note of these Atlantic deployments, stating that while they had little impact on the United States, they "contribute to the threat to Western naval forces operating in the Northern Atlantic Ocean".
  - 76 PLAPDD flying 25 Tupolev Tu-142M (Bear-F) aircraft beginning in March 1970. Though most of its operations ane exercises tracking the United States Navy fleet took place in the Atlantic Ocean and Barents Sea, in 1976 and 1977 part of the unit participated in exercises with the Soviet Pacific Fleet and was based temporarily at its sister base Khorol. In 1992 its personnel were deployed to India to train Indian pilots on their new Tu-142MK-E aircraft.
  - 135 PLAPDD (135th Long Range Anti-Submarine Aviation Regiment flying Tupolev Tu-142M and Tupolev Tu-142MR 35 PLAD  - this division grouped both regiments equipped with Tupolev Tu-142M aircraft stationed there.

text:
# Fedotovo (air base)

**Fedotovo**, located near railway station **Kipelovo** on a major railway to St. Petersburg, is a Russian Naval Aviation air base in Russia located 44 km west of Vologda. It is a large base for long-range aircraft, with 20 revetments in a remote area and large tarmac along parallel taxiway. Built in 1963, Fedotovo was an unnamed military town but took on the name of the first commander of 392 ODRAP, Lt. Col. A. S. Fedotov, who was killed in an aircraft crash in 1966. Fedotovo was a major source of Tupolev Tu-95 and Tupolev Tu-142 flights overshadowing the United States Navy Atlantic Fleet. The base provided reconnaissance for the North Fleet Air Arm.

The base is home to the **2nd Guards Aviation Group, 5th Independent Anti-submarine Aviation Squadron** which uses the Tupolev Tu-142MK/MR/MZ (ASCC: Bear).

Units stationed at Kipelovo include:

* **392 ODRAP** (In Russian: 392 ОДРАП - Отдельный Дальне Разведывательный Авиационный Полк - Otdyel'nyy Dal'nye Razvedyvatel'nyy Aviatsionnyy Polk = 392nd Independent Long-Range Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment) flying Tupolev Tu-95RTs (Bear-D). It was Fedotovo's first unit, beginning operations in 1963 and serving active duty with the Northern Fleet Air Arm and tasked with monitoring the activities of Western navies in the Arctic, participating in space program splashdowns, and conducting search-and-rescue activities. Its aircraft were deployed regularly to Cuba throughout the 1970s and to Angola and Guinea later in the decade. A declassified CIA document written in 1977 took note of these Atlantic deployments, stating that while they had little impact on the United States, they "contribute to the threat to Western naval forces operating in the Northern Atlantic Ocean".
* **76 PLAPDD** (In Russian: 76 ПЛАПДД - Противо Лодочный Авиационный Полк Дальнего Действия - Protivo Lodochnyy Aviatsionnyy Polk Dal'nyego Deystviya = 76th Long Range Anti-Submarine Aviation Regiment) flying 25 Tupolev Tu-142M (Bear-F) aircraft beginning in March 1970. Though most of its operations ane exercises tracking the United States Navy fleet took place in the Atlantic Ocean and Barents Sea, in 1976 and 1977 part of the unit participated in exercises with the Soviet Pacific Fleet and was based temporarily at its sister base Khorol. In 1992 its personnel were deployed to India to train Indian pilots on their new Tu-142MK-E aircraft.
* **135 PLAPDD** (135th Long Range Anti-Submarine Aviation Regiment flying Tupolev Tu-142M and Tupolev Tu-142MR

**35 PLAD** (In Russian: 35 Противо Лодочная Авиационная Дивизия - Protivo Lodochnaya Aviatsionnaya Divisiya = 35th Long-Range Anti-Submarine Aviation Division) - this division grouped both regiments equipped with Tupolev Tu-142M (Bear-F) aircraft (76th and 135th PLAP DD) stationed there.

## InfoBox

| Fedotovo | |
| --- | --- |
| *Кипелово/Федотово* | |
| Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast in Russia | |
|  | |
| FedotovoShown within Vologda OblastFedotovoFedotovo (Russia) | |
| Coordinates | 59°11′18″N 039°7′24″E / 59.18833°N 39.12333°E / 59.18833; 39.12333 |
| Type | Air Base |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Ministry of Defence |
| Operator | Russian Navy \- Russian Naval Aviation |
| Controlled by | 45th Air and Air Defence Forces Army |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1963 (1963) |
| In use | 1963 - present |
| Airfield information | |
| Identifiers | ICAO: XLWF |
| Elevation | 175 metres (574 ft) AMSL |
| Runways  Direction Length and surface  17/35 3,500 metres (11,483 ft) Concrete | |


title: Oškinis BRO-23KR Garnys

abstract: The Oškinis BRO-23KR Garnys (Stork) is a glassfibre primary glider, built in the USSR in the early 1980s. Only two were completed.

text:
# Oškinis BRO-23KR Garnys

The **Oškinis BRO-23KR Garnys (Stork)** is a glassfibre primary glider, built in the USSR in the early 1980s. Only two were completed.

## Design and development

The BRO-23KR was designed by Bronis Oškinis and constructed by Česlovas Kisonas and K. Rinkevičius (the KR of the name) at the Kaunas hang gliding club. Designed in 1981, it was intended to replace the BRO-11M (LAK-2) after production ended in 1979. It first flew in 1981.

The BRO-23KR is a glassfibre aircraft with a strut and wire-braced high wing and a pod and boom fuselage with an open-sided cockpit and a T-tail. Its wing is rectangular in plan out to blunted and turned-down tips and both its single spar and ribs are formed from woven glassfibre. Three-ply glasscloth skin ahead of the spar forms a torsion resistant D-box. The narrow trailing edge of the wing was cast in epoxy with spanwise glassfibres and glasscloth covered. The whole wing was then covered with glued and thermally bonded, transparent polyethylene terephthalate film. It has narrow, full span, slotted ailerons, operating in co-ordination with rudder deflections and built in the same way as the wings. Single struts on each side brace the spar to the lower fuselage.

The fuselage of the BRO-23KR is formed from two GRP halves and attached to the wing centre-section. It has a long, shallow open cockpit which stretches back under the wing with the pilot in a reclined position. The tail unit, constructed in a similar way to the wing, has a highly swept, near-rectangular fin with a high aspect ratio horizontal tail mounted on its top. Its rather angular rudder, on a backward-leaning hinge, is large.

The BRO-23KR has very adaptable landing gear based on a landing skid sprung on five rubber blocks, which stretches nearly from the nose to just aft of the spar. The skid is wide enough to land on snow but can be fitted with a tyred wheel in summer. More unusual attachments include a set of introductory tricycle wheels and floats for landing on water. There is a long, self-sprung GRP landing skid under the tail.

## Operational history

Only two BRO-23KRs were constructed, the prototype and one built in 1984 by Panévežio Atsk. One took part in the 2nd World Championship, an Eastern European series gliding contest distinct from the FAI event, where it showed distinct improvements over earlier Soviet primary gliders. Both aircraft remained airworthy in 2015.

In 1982 the prototype was motorized into the BROK-1M, with a largely uncowled, pusher configuration, 25 hp (19 kW) engine. Its installation, designed by Kišonas, placed it well above the rear part of the wing on forward and aft transverse V-struts from the central wing mountings, laterally braced on each side by a long strut out to the wing. It used the tricycle landing gear.

In 2009 one airframe remained in the Sport Aviation Museum in Kaunas but there was no information about its identity or condition or if it was on open display.

## Variants

BROK-1MFirst prototype BRO-23KR motorized.

## Specifications

*Data from* Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1990-91

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** one
* **Length:** 6.40 m (21 ft 0 in)
* **Wingspan:** 8.20 m (26 ft 11 in)
* **Height:** 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in)
* **Wing area:** 10.40 m2 (111.9 sq ft)
* **Aspect ratio:** 6.5
* **Airfoil:** GA(W)-1
* **Empty weight:** 83.5 kg (184 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 158.5 kg (349 lb)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kn) smooth air
* **Stall speed:** 42 km/h (26 mph, 23 kn)
* **Maximum glide ratio:** 15
* **Rate of sink:** 1.0 m/s (200 ft/min) minimum

## InfoBox

| BRO-23KR Garnys | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Primary glider |
| National origin | USSR |
| Manufacturer | Česlovas Kišonas and K. Rinkevičius at Kaunas. |
| Designer | Bronis Oškinis |
| First flight | 1981 |
| Number built | 2 |


title: Guy Sorman

abstract: Guy Sorman is a French-American professor, columnist, author, and public intellectual in economics and philosophy.

text:
# Guy Sorman

**Guy Sorman** (born March 10, 1944, Nérac) is a French-American professor, columnist, author, and public intellectual in economics and philosophy.

## Biography

Guy Sorman has written twenty books that promote the ideals of creativity and modern capitalism. His views are close to classical liberalism. He is assertive in regard to human rights in China and in regard to democracy in many places including Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Chile, Poland, and Argentina. Sorman was a founder of a French NGO, Action against Hunger (ACF), in 1979 and was its President until 1990, when he became its Honorary President. He was an advisor to former South Korean President Lee Myung-bak. Sorman has held many government positions in France, including advisor to the Prime Minister of France (1995-1997), Member of the National Commission for Human Rights, deputy mayor of Boulogne-Billancourt (since 1995), near Paris, and recently as Chairman of "Greater Paris West" Economic and Social Council.

Guy Sorman is also a publisher: his company, Éditions Sorman, publishes 14 weekly newsletters in France and the magazine *France Amérique* in the United States.

Sorman is the author of thirty books on contemporary affairs. He is a regular columnist for *Le Figaro* in France, the *Wall Street Journal* and conservative Manhattan Institute-associated *City Journal* (as a contributing editor) in the United States, *ABC* in the Kingdom of Spain, *Dong-a Ilbo* in South Korea, *Fakt* in Poland, *La Nación* in Argentina, and other foreign publications. Sorman taught economics at the Paris Institute of Political Studies from 1970 to 2000 and at foreign Universities. In 1985, he was a visiting scholar at Stanford, Hoover Institution.

He attended the New York Carnegie Council on April 9, 2008, where he talked about China and how it is socially developing as a nation, presenting his new book *The Empire of Lies* (Newly translated into English). He said, "There are not 2 million Tibetans in China. There are 1 billion Tibetans in China." The idea was to show that Chinese people also suffer the same oppression as Tibetans in his view. Like the Dalai Lama, he also did not want China to be boycotted during the Olympics.

Sorman's book on economy as a science, *Economics doesn't lie, A Defense of the Free Market in a time of Crisis*, was published July 2009, by Encounter New York. In his lecture "Should we fear China?", delivered at the Asan Institute for Policy Studies in January 2011, he described China as a "country to be concerned about because its unpredictability will continue as long as it maintains its economic policies and the Communist Party’s role in the government." He further claimed that the Chinese economy needed innovation and needed to make its exchange currency, the Renminbi convertible.

Guy Sorman has also written many articles regarding globalization and Asia's growing economy. In his "What is the West?" (2008), he claimed the term "westernization" is vague, and it is hard to draw a line between the west and the east. In his "What Asian Century?" (2010) he stated that in Asia, there are still too many weaknesses, such as the absence of coordinating institutions, lack of innovations, and declining Asian countries, for the 21st century to become the Asian Century, as many scholars predict. Instead, he believes we have entered the "Global Century" where interdependence on one another increases and where there is no such thing as a "national economy" or "national problem."

Guy Sorman is Jewish. He became a US citizen in 2015, now holding French dual citizenship.  In 2018, he was awarded the Legion d'Honneur (Officier) the highest French distinction, for his Franco-American activities.

In 2021, Sorman made headlines after arguing in an interview with the London *Times* that the French philosopher Michel Foucault had been involved in the sexual abuse of children in Tunisia in the 1970s. Faced with some inaccuracies in his claim, Sorman later adapted his statement, saying there was a "convergence of troubling evidence".

## Bibliography

* *La Révolution conservative américaine* (1983) (*The American Conservative Revolution*)
* *La Solution libérale* (1984) (*The Liberal Solution*)
* *L'État minimum* (1985) (The Minimal State)
* *La Nouvelle Richesse des nations* (1987) (*The New Wealth of Nations*)
* *Faut-il aider les Russes ?* (1988)
* *Les Vrais Penseurs de notre temps* (1989) (*True Thinkers of Our Time*)
* *Sortir du socialisme* (1990) (*Exit of Socialism*)
* *Le Capital, suite et fins* (1991)
* *En attendant les barbares* (1992)
* *Le Monde est ma tribu* (1997)
* *Le Génie de l'Inde* (2000) (*The Genius of India*)
* *Le Progrès et ses ennemis* (2001) (*Progress and Its Enemies*)
* *Les enfants de Rifaa* (2003) (*In Search of Moderate Islam*)
* *Made in USA* (2004)
* *L'Année du Coq* (2006)
* *The Empire of Lies. The truth about China in the 21st century* (2008)
* *L’Économie ne ment pas* (2008) (*Economics does not lie*)
* *Wonderful World. Chronique de la mondialisation (2006-2009)* (2009)
* *Journal d'un optimiste* (2012) (An Optimist Diary)
* *Le Coeur américain. Éloge du don* (2013) (*The American Heart. In praise of giving*)
* *J'aurais voulu être français* (2016) (*I wish I were French*)

## InfoBox

| Guy Sorman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1944-03-10) March 10, 1944
Nérac, France |
| Nationality | French
American |
| Occupation(s) | Columnist, pundit |


title: Jenő Tombor

abstract: Jenő Tombor was a Hungarian military officer and politician, who served as Minister of Defence from 1945 until his death. During the Hungarian Soviet Republic he planned a successful campaign against the rebel Czechoslovaks with Aurél Stromfeld.

text:
# Jenő Tombor

**Jenő Tombor** (3 March 1880 – 25 July 1946) was a Hungarian military officer and politician, who served as Minister of Defence from 1945 until his death. During the Hungarian Soviet Republic he planned a successful campaign against the rebel Czechoslovaks with Aurél Stromfeld.

## InfoBox

| Jenő Tombor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1880-03-03)3 March 1880
Nyitra, Kingdom of Hungary |
| Died | 25 July 1946(1946-07-25) (aged 66)
Budapest, Hungary |
| Allegiance | Austria-Hungary |
| Rank | Colonel General |
| Battles/wars | World War I |


title: Yn tephra

abstract: The Yn tephra is a geologically recent tephra deposit that covers portions of the U.S. state of Washington and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Alberta. It was created by the largest known volcanic eruption from Mount St. Helens, having taken place in possibly 1860 BCE as part of the Smith Creek eruptive period. The tephra consists of pumiceous dacite.

text:
# Yn tephra

The **Yn tephra** is a geologically recent tephra deposit that covers portions of the U.S. state of Washington and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Alberta. It was created by the largest known volcanic eruption from Mount St. Helens, having taken place in possibly 1860 BCE as part of the Smith Creek eruptive period. The tephra consists of pumiceous dacite.

## InfoBox

| Yn tephra eruption | |
| --- | --- |
| Volcano | Mount St. Helens |
| Date | 1860 BCE (?) |
| Type | Plinian |
| Location | Washington, United States<br>46°11′28″N 122°11′40″W / 46.1912000°N 122.1944000°W / 46.1912000; -122.1944000 |
| VEI | 6 |


title: R. Selvaraj (politician)

abstract: R. Selvaraj was a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) representing Neyyattinkara constituency, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. He was a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the present ruling party in Kerala but resigned from the Kerala Legislature and the party on 9 March 2012 and joined Indian National Congress party. His resignation was attributed to rampant factionalism in his party. After joining the Indian National Congress, he contested the by-election from Neyyattinkara on "Hand" symbol and romped home with a margin of 6,334 votes, pushing up the ruling UDF's slender majority in the 140-member Kerala Assembly to 73. He again contested from the same constituency in 2016 and 2021. but he got defeated in both elections, i.e. for 9543 votes in 2016 and it increased to 14262 votes in 2021. He was defeated by K. Ansalan of CPI(M) in both elections.

text:
# R. Selvaraj (politician)

**R. Selvaraj** was a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) representing Neyyattinkara constituency, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. He was a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the present ruling party in Kerala but resigned from the Kerala Legislature and the party on 9 March 2012 and joined Indian National Congress party. His resignation was attributed to rampant factionalism in his party. After joining the Indian National Congress, he contested the by-election from Neyyattinkara on "Hand" symbol and romped home with a margin of 6,334 votes, pushing up the ruling UDF's slender majority in the 140-member Kerala Assembly to 73. He again contested from the same constituency in 2016 and 2021. but he got defeated in both elections, i.e. for 9543 votes in 2016 and it increased to 14262 votes in 2021. He was defeated by K. Ansalan of CPI(M) in both elections.

## Early life

R. Selvaraj was born to Shri. Varghese Nadar and Smt. Ruthe Nadar at Dhanuvachapuram near Neyyattinkara on 5 March 1949. He has an elder sister, R.Sarojam and an elder brother, R.Chinnappan. He married Smt. Mary Valsala, they have two daughters Divya.M.S and Deepthi.M.S and live near Dhanuvachapuram, Thiruvananthapuram.

## Political life

Selvaraj entered politics through the student wing of CPI(M), S.F.I and K.S.Y.F. He was elected for the first time to the Kerala Legislative Assembly on 2006 from Parassala constituency in Thiruvananthapuram. Later in the 2011 state election, he was elected from Neyyattinkara Constituency.

On 9 March 2012, Selvaraj submitted his resignation from the post of MLA as well as the membership in the CPI(M) district committee, citing growing factionalism in the party and on being targeted by a section in the district party leadership. In April 2012, he joined the ruling party of the state, Indian National Congress. Selvaraj was fielded in by the Congress party in the by-election and was re-elected from the same constituency on 14 June 2012 by a margin of 6334 votes after a fierce triangular battle for the seat.

| **Major Election Victories** | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Year** | **Constituency** | **Closest rival** | **Majority (votes)** |
| 2006 | Parassala | N. Sundaran Nadar (INC(I)) | 4,407 |
| 2011 | Neyyattinkara | Thampanoor Ravi (INC(I)) | 6,702 |
| 2012 | Neyyattinkara | F. Lowrence (CPM) | 6,334 |

**Other Positions held**

* C.P.I.(M) Area Secretary, Parassala
* Vice-president, Kollayil Panchayat
* District Joint Secretary, Karshaka Sangham, Thiruvananthapuram
* Member, C.P.I. (M) District Committee, Thiruvananthapuram

1. "The Hindu : States / Kerala : Kerala CPI(M) MLA resigns". *The Hindu*. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
2. "Kerala shocker: CPM MLA R Selvaraj resigns". 12 March 2012. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
3. "Factionalism in Kerala CPI(M); MLA resigns". *Newindianexpress.com*. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015.
4. "Shri. R. Selvaraj". Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
5. "The Hindu : States / Kerala : Kerala CPI(M) MLA resigns". *The Hindu*. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
6. "Kerala Assembly Election Results-- 2006". *Keralaassembly.org*.
7. "Kerala Assembly Election Results-- 2011". *Keralaassembly.org*.

## InfoBox

| R. Selvaraj | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
1 June 2011  2 June 2016 | |
| Succeeded by | K. A. Ansalan |
| Constituency | Neyyattinkara |
| **In office**
2006–2011 | |
| Succeeded by | A. T. George |
| Constituency | Parassala |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1949-03-05) 5 March 1949
Dhanuvachapuram, Trivandrum |
| Political party | Indian National Congress (2012-present) |
| Other political
affiliations | Communist Party of India (Marxist) (before 2012) |
| Spouse | Smt. Mary Valsala |
| Children | 2 daughters |
| Residence(s) | Dhanuvachapuram, Kerala |
| As of 29 Oct, 2012Source: kerala.gov.in | |


title: Gęsiniec Wielki

abstract: Gęsiniec Wielki is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Barciany, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) north of Barciany, 17 km (11 mi) north of Kętrzyn, and 75 km (47 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Gęsiniec Wielki

**Gęsiniec Wielki** (Polish pronunciation: \[ɡɛ̃ˈɕiɲɛts ˈfjɛlkʲi\]) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Barciany, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) north of Barciany, 17 km (11 mi) north of Kętrzyn, and 75 km (47 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Gęsiniec Wielki | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Gęsiniec Wielki | |
| Coordinates: 54°13′54″N 21°21′11″E / 54.23167°N 21.35306°E / 54.23167; 21.35306 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Kętrzyn |
| Gmina | Barciany |


title: Metafetish

abstract: Metafetish is a blog about teledildonics and similar use of technology for erotic purposes.

text:
# Metafetish

***Metafetish*** (formerly ***Slashdong***) is a blog about teledildonics and similar use of technology for erotic purposes.

## Description

It is run by engineer Kyle Machulis, under the pen name qDot. It promotes DIY sex-toy designs and open-source software to drive them, including an Xbox modification to power a software-controlled dildo, and even a vibrator-control package for emacs called *Deldo*.

The site has been featured in *Wired'*s *Sex Drive* column. Machulis has also been a speaker at several conferences on issues related to sex and technology including Etech and Arse Elektronika, his presentations remarked in the O'Reilly Conference Blog and the *Digital Journal*.

Since 2015 the site is no longer called slashdong, the new URL is metafetish.com "because Kyle got sick of explaining what slashdot was and that he didn't like cutting up penises"


title: William A. Navas Jr.

abstract: William A. Navas Jr. is a retired United States Army major general who served as the director of the Army National Guard. He is also the first Puerto Rican to be named an Assistant Secretary of the Navy.

text:
# William A. Navas Jr.

**William A. Navas Jr.** (born December 15, 1942) is a retired United States Army major general who served as the director of the Army National Guard. He is also the first Puerto Rican to be named an Assistant Secretary of the Navy.

## Early life and education

Navas was born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, on December 15, 1942. His family has a long tradition of military service, including his grandfather, Colonel Antonio M. Navas, who served in both World Wars. His father, Captain William A. Navas Sr. served in World War II and had a successful career in civil engineering upon his retirement from the military.

Navas received his primary and secondary education in his hometown of Mayagüez. In high school he joined Zeta Mu Gamma fraternity. After graduating from high school, he enrolled in the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, and received his Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering. He joined the Beta-Activo chapter of Phi Sigma Alpha fraternity, and served as chapter president from 1963 to 1964.

In addition to his degree from the University of Puerto Rico, Navas completed a Master of Science degree in Management Engineering at the University of Bridgeport.

Navas completed Army qualification courses for the Engineer, Military Police, and Infantry branches. He also completed specialty courses including Jungle Warfare. He was the Distinguished Graduate of his class at the United States Army Command and General Staff College, and graduated from the Inter-American Defense College. Navas also completed the Program for Senior Managers in Government at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.

## Career

Navas completed the ROTC program while in college, and joined the United States Army as a second lieutenant of Engineers. He served more than five years on active duty, primarily in West Germany. From 1968 to 1969 he served in Vietnam as commander of Company A, 168th Engineer Battalion.

In 1970 Navas joined his family's construction business (Navas y Moreda), and became a member of the Puerto Rico Army National Guard. He advanced through a series of command and staff assignments, including command of the 125th Military Police Battalion, 1st Battalion, 296th Infantry Regiment and Combined Task Force, 193rd Infantry Brigade, attaining the rank of colonel in 1981.

In 1981 he became a full-time member of the National Guard. After serving in several assignments at the Headquarters of the Puerto Rico National Guard, in 1987 he was selected to succeed Richard D. Dean as deputy director of the Army National Guard and promoted to brigadier general.

In 1990 he was chosen for the position of Vice Chief of the National Guard Bureau and promoted to major general.

Navas served as Vice Chief until 1992, when he became executive officer of the Reserve Forces Policy Board.

From September 1994 through October 1995 Navas was Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs.

In October 1995, Navas was assigned as director of the Army National Guard, and he served until May, 1998. He was succeeded by Roger C. Schultz.

From June, 1998 until retiring from the military in October, 1998 Navas was a special assistant in the Office of the Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army.

### Assistant Secretary of the Navy

After retiring from the military Navas became the chairman of the American Veteran's Committee for Puerto Rico Self-Determination, an organization which he co-founded.

On June 6, 2001, Navas was nominated by President George W. Bush to serve as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs). He was sworn in on July 17, 2001, and served through January, 2008.

From 2008 to 2011 Navas served as executive director of the National Security Professional Development Integration Office at the United States Department of Defense, the first individual to hold this position.

## Later work

Since 2011, Navas has been a senior advisor at Dawson & Associates, a Washington, D.C. consulting firm.

## Military decorations and awards

**Badges:**

### Other recognition

* In 2001, Navas was honored with the Achievement Award by *Hispanic* magazine.
* In 2008 he was awarded the "Caballero Sigma" medal by Phi Sigma Alpha fraternity.
* In 2017 William A. Navas Jr. was inducted to the Puerto Rico Veterans Hall of Fame.

## Effective dates of promotions

| Insignia | Rank | Date |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Major general | November 1, 1990 |
|  | Brigadier general | October 16, 1987 |
|  | Colonel | July 23, 1981 |
|  | Lieutenant colonel | October 13, 1976 |
|  | Major | October 2, 1972 |
|  | Captain | June 2, 1970 |
|  | First lieutenant | April 1, 1967 |
|  | Second lieutenant | December 28, 1965 |
|

## Further reading

* *Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts, Glory, and Honor. Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own*; by : Greg Boudonck; ISBN 978-1497421837

## InfoBox

| William A. Navas Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Navas in September 2004 | |
| Born | (1942-12-15) December 15, 1942
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Army Reserve
United States Army

Army National Guard |
| Years of service | 1965–1998 |
| Rank | Major general |
| Unit | Puerto Rico Army National Guard
Army National Guard
National Guard Bureau |
| Commands | Company A, 168th Engineer Battalion
Company C, 130th Engineer Battalion
125th Military Police Battalion
1st Battalion, 296th Infantry Regiment
Combined Task Force, 193rd Infantry Brigade
Director, Army National Guard |
| Battles/wars | Vietnam War |
| Awards | Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)
Defense Superior Service Medal
Legion of Merit
Bronze Star |
| Other work | Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)
Executive Director, National Security Professional Development Integration Office |


title: Meny Hoffman

abstract: Meny Hoffman is the Chief Executive Officer of Ptex Group, an Inc. 500/5000-ranked marketing agency located in Brooklyn, NY, and a published business author. In 2010, he was honored with an Official Proclamation by Brooklyn Borough President Marty Markowitz for his work in encouraging entrepreneurism amongst New York businesses. He is an active member in the Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce. In 2012, Hoffman delivered a live keynote presentation to over 3,000 people as a finalist at the InfusionCon (Infusionsoft) marketing automation conference in Phoenix, Arizona. He is also the founder of Let’s Talk Business, an email series that is sent to over 7,000 online subscribers each week, which discusses effective business strategies for growing businesses. Hoffman collaborated on The Only Business Book You’ll Ever Need, a book on business and marketing strategy. He and his company have been featured in Crain’s Magazine, The Daily News, and the American Express OPEN Forum.

text:
# Meny Hoffman

**Meny Hoffman** is the Chief Executive Officer of Ptex Group, an Inc. 500/5000-ranked marketing agency located in Brooklyn, NY, and a published business author. In 2010, he was honored with an Official Proclamation by Brooklyn Borough President Marty Markowitz for his work in encouraging entrepreneurism amongst New York businesses. He is an active member in the Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce.

In 2012, Hoffman delivered a live keynote presentation to over 3,000 people as a finalist at the InfusionCon (Infusionsoft) marketing automation conference in Phoenix, Arizona. He is also the founder of Let’s Talk Business, an email series that is sent to over 7,000 online subscribers each week, which discusses effective business strategies for growing businesses.

Hoffman collaborated on *The Only Business Book You’ll Ever Need*, a book on business and marketing strategy. He and his company have been featured in *Crain’s Magazine*, *The Daily News*, and the *American Express OPEN Forum*.


title: Ferdinand Begg

abstract: Ferdinand Faithfull Begg FRSE was a Scottish stockbroker and Unionist politician. He served as Chairman of the Edinburgh Stock Exchange (1885–87) and Chairman of the London Chamber of Commerce (1912–15). He was Senior Partner of Faithfull Begg & Co Stockbrokers in London (1887–1913). He was Member of Parliament for Glasgow St Rollox from 17 July 1895, to 4 October 1900.

text:
# Ferdinand Begg

**Ferdinand Faithfull Begg** FRSE (middle name sometimes spelt **Faithful**; 27 December 1847 in Edinburgh – 4 December 1926 in Hove, Sussex) was a Scottish stockbroker and Unionist politician. He served as Chairman of the Edinburgh Stock Exchange (1885–87) and Chairman of the London Chamber of Commerce (1912–15).

He was Senior Partner of **Faithfull Begg & Co** Stockbrokers in London (1887–1913).

He was Member of Parliament for Glasgow St Rollox from 17 July 1895, to 4 October 1900.

## Private life

He was born in Edinburgh the son of Rev James Begg DD and Maria Faithful. He was privately educated.

In 1873 he married Jessie Maria Cargill (d.1925). They had several children, including Francis Cargill Begg, Maria Faithfull Palmer, Jessie Begg, Elizabeth Begg and James Begg.

He died in Hove, Sussex.


abstract: The Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA) is a style guide that provides the modern method of legal citation in the United Kingdom; the style itself is also referred to as OSCOLA. First developed by Peter Birks of the University of Oxford Faculty of Law, and now in its 4th edition, it has been adopted by most law schools and many legal publishers in the United Kingdom. An online supplement is available for the citation of international legal cases, not covered in the main guide.

text:
# Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities

The ***Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities*** (***OSCOLA***) is a style guide that provides the modern method of legal citation in the United Kingdom; the style itself is also referred to as OSCOLA. First developed by Peter Birks of the University of Oxford Faculty of Law, and now in its 4th edition (2012, Hart Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84946-367-6), it has been adopted by most law schools and many legal publishers in the United Kingdom. An online supplement (developed for the third edition) is available for the citation of international legal cases, not covered in the main guide.

## Cases

Cases are to be cited with as little punctuation as possible in the names or the report names. If there is a neutral citation, which is generally the case after 2001 or 2002, it should be cited before the "best" report: the *Law Reports* (AC, QB, Ch etc.), or the WLR or the All ER, after a comma.

The year is put in square brackets if the report uses dates to identify volumes; otherwise round brackets give the date of the judgment. For example, the All England Reports are identified by year then volume, meaning they should be cited as, for example, "\[2005\] 1 All ER".

When something is cited for a second time, an abbreviation can be used. In a footnote referring back to a particular page and another footnote, this would be,

* *Carlill* (n 12) 854
* *The Achilleas* (n 13) \[12\]

This parenthetical reference to a prior note or page may be disrupted if an editor inserts a new reference in the article before the reference of the parenthetical.

For European Union cases,

* Case 240/83 *Procureur de la République v ADBHU* \[1985\] ECR 531

For European Court of Human Rights cases,

* *Omojudi v UK* (2009) 51 EHRR 10

## Journals and books

Journal articles, books etc. should be cited with the author's name as shown in the work being cited. If a journal title is abbreviated, it should follow the guide in the appendix, which includes some standard abbreviations including specific journals, law reports and some authoritative books (e.g. J for Journal, Crim for Criminal, Bl Comm for Blackstone's *Commentaries on the Laws of England*); in all cases the abbreviations do not have full stops. If the journal does not have consecutive volume numbers, the year should be shown in square brackets, as in the second example.

* Alison L Young, 'In Defence of Due Deference' (2009) 72 MLR 554
* Paul Craig, 'Theory, "Pure Theory" and Values in Public Law' \[2005\] PL 440

Books follow a similar pattern. Note the order is Author, *Title* (Edition, Publisher Year) page.

* Joseph Raz, *The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality* (2nd edn, OUP 2009)

If a title and a subtitle have nothing in between, a colon should be used to separate them. A chapter in an edited book would be cited as follows.

* Justine Pila, 'The Value of Authorship in the Digital Environment' in William H Dutton and Paul W Jeffreys (eds), *World Wide Research: Reshaping the Sciences and Humanities in the Century of Information* (MIT Press 2000)

## Legislation

UK legislation should be cited by short title, always written in roman with the year at the end, with no comma before it. The section is abbreviated with no full stops.

Older statutes (e.g. those for which no official short title exists) may be cited by regnal year and chapter where this is considered helpful.

EU legislation should be as follows.

* Council Directive 2001/29/EC of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society \[2001\] OJ L167/10

## *Hansard* and parliamentary reports

Parliamentary debates are cited by reference to *Hansard* date, volume and column. Debates in Parliament are cited "HC Deb" or "HL Deb" for the Commons and Lords respectively, while committee debates use the name of the committee in roman, followed by the title of the report in italics. As with other citations, number ranges should be abbreviated to as few digits as possible, to a minimum of two.

* HC Deb 3 February 1977, vol 389, cols 973–76
* Joint Committee on Human Rights, *Legislative Scrutiny: Equality Bill (second report); Digital Economy Bill* (2009–10, HL 73, HC 425) 14–16

1. "Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities" (PDF). *Oxford University Faculty of Law*. 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
2. "OSCOLA 2006: Citing International Law Sources Section" (PDF). *Law.Ox.ac.uk*. Faculty of Law, University of Oxford. 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
3. "Citations". British and Irish Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
4. "Cases (UK)". *OSCOLA referencing guide*. University of Northampton. Retrieved 2022-03-09.

## Further reading


title: Redmi 4X

abstract: The Xiaomi Redmi 4X is an Android budget smartphone developed by Xiaomi company as a part of the Redmi series and an improved version of the Redmi 4. It was announced on February 14, 2017. In India, the Redmi 4X was sold as Xiaomi Redmi 4.

text:
# Redmi 4X

The **Xiaomi Redmi 4X** is an Android budget smartphone developed by Xiaomi company as a part of the Redmi series and an improved version of the Redmi 4. It was announced on February 14, 2017. In India, the Redmi 4X was sold as **Xiaomi Redmi 4**.

## Design

The front of the Redmi 4X is made of glass and the body is made of aluminium with plastic strips on top and bottom.

From the back, the smartphone looks like the Redmi 4A.

At the bottom are the microUSB connector, the speaker and the speaker-styled microphone. On top are 3.5 mm audio jack, a second microphone and IR port. On the left side of the smartphone there is a hybrid slot for 2 SIM cards or 1 SIM card and a microSD format memory card up to 128 GB. On the right side are the volume buttons and the smartphone lock button. The fingerprint scanner is located on the back panel.

The Redmi 4X was sold in 3 colors: black, gold and rose gold.

## Specifications

### Hardware

The smartphone features a Qualcomm Snapdragon 435 SoC with an Adreno 505 GPU. The Redmi 4X was sold in 2/16 and 3/32 GB memory configurations, and the Indian version of the Redmi 4 was sold in of 2/16, 3/16, 3/32, 4/32 and 4/64 GB memory configurations.

The battery received a volume of 4100 mAh.

The Redmi 4X features a 5-inch IPS LCD display with HD (1280 × 720) resolution, a 16:9 aspect ratio of and a pixel density of 294 ppi.

The smartphone also received the main 13 MP with an f/2.0 aperture and phase detection autofocus, and the front 5 MP an f/2.2 aperture of. Both cameras are capable of recording video at up to 1080p@30fps.

### Software

The smartphone was released on MIUI 8 based on Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow. Later, the phone was updated to MIUI 11 based on Android 7.1.2 Nougat.

## InfoBox

Xiaomi Redmi 4X
(Xiaomi Redmi 4 in India)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Developer | Xiaomi |
| Manufacturer | Xiaomi |
| Colors | Black, gold and rose gold |
| Series | Redmi |
| Model | **Redmi 4X:** MAE136, MAG138, MAT136
**Redmi 4 (India):** MAI132 |
| Codename | santoni |
| Compatible networks | GSM, 3G, 4G (LTE) |
| First released | 14 February 2017 (2017-02-14) |
| Predecessor | Redmi 3
Redmi 3X |
| Successor | Redmi 5 |
| Related | Redmi 4
Redmi 4A |
| Type | Smartphone |
| Form factor | Slate |
| Dimensions | 139.2 × 70 × 8.7 mm |
| Weight | 150 g (5.3 oz) |
| Operating system | **Initial:** Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow \+ MIUI 8
**Current:** Android 7.1.2 Nougat \+ MIUI 11 |
| System-on-chip | Qualcomm MSM8940 Snapdragon 435 |
| CPU | 8×1.4 GHz Cortex-A53 |
| GPU | Adreno 505 |
| Modem | Qualcomm Snapdragon X9 LTE |
| Memory | **Redmi 4X:** 2/3 GB
**Redmi 4 (India):** 2/3/4 GB
LPDDR3 |
| Storage | **Redmi 4X:** 16/32 GB
**Redmi 4 (India):** 16/32/64 GB
eMMC 5.1 |
| Removable storage | MicroSDXC up to 128 GB |
| SIM | Hybrid Dual SIM (Micro-SIM + Nano-SIM) |
| Battery | Non-removable, Li-Po 4100 mAh |
| Charging | 10 |
| Display | IPS LCD, 5.0", 1280 × 720 (HD), 16:9, 294 ppi |
| Rear camera | 13 Mp, f/2.0, PDAF
LED flash, HDR, panorama
**Video:** 1080p@30fps |
| Front camera | 5 Mp, f/2.2
**Video:** 1080p@30fps |
| Connectivity | microUSB 2.0, 3.5 mm Audio, Bluetooth 4.2 (A2DP, LE), IR port, FM radio, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n (Wi-Fi Direct), GPS, A-GPS, GLONASS, BDS |
| Other | Fingerprint scanner (rear), proximity sensor, accelerometer, gyroscope, compass |
| SAR | Head 0.77 W/kg
Body 0.83 W/kg |
| References |  |


title: Jeronimo Bassano

abstract: Jeronimo Bassano was an Italian musician in the Republic of Venice who is notable as the patriarch of a family of musicians: five of his sons, Anthony, Alvise, Jasper, John (Giovanni), and Baptista Bassano, moved from Venice to England to serve in the court of King Henry VIII. They performed as a recorder consort. Jacomo Bassano was his only son to keep his primary residence in Venice. Jeronimo Bassano never moved, and he was listed in Venice as a "Maestro of the trumpets and shawms." He is believed to be the maternal grandfather of composer Giovanni Bassano.

text:
# Jeronimo Bassano

**Jeronimo Bassano** was an Italian musician in the Republic of Venice who is notable as the patriarch of a family of musicians: five of his sons, Anthony, Alvise, Jasper, John (Giovanni), and Baptista Bassano, moved from Venice to England to serve in the court of King Henry VIII. They performed as a recorder consort. Jacomo Bassano was his only son to keep his primary residence in Venice. Jeronimo Bassano never moved, and he was listed in Venice as a "Maestro of the trumpets and shawms." He is believed to be the maternal grandfather of composer Giovanni Bassano.

## Life

Jeronimo was the son of Baptista "Piva" of Bassano del Grappa, a town 35 miles from Venice. Baptista was a musician who played the piva, a small bagpipe. He was the son of Andrea de Crespano, who was from the village of Crespano, about nine miles east of Bassano. Andrea, Baptista, and Jeronimo were all described as musicians and musical instrument makers.

At the beginning of the 16th century, Jeronimo moved from Bassano to Venice, where he was described as "Maestro Hieronimo", a piffero player to the Doge of Venice between 1506 and 1512. The historian A.L. Rowse, in correspondence to *The Times* in 1973, claimed that the Bassanos were Jewish. Roger Prior claimed in a 1995 book co-authored with Dr. David Lasocki that the family were converted Jews.

But, Giulio M. Ongaro in his "New Documents on the Bassano Family" (1992) in *Early Music* and Alessio Ruffatti argue that the Bassanos who moved to England might not have been Jewish.


title: York Liao

abstract:
York Liao, MBE, SBS, JP is a Chinese-born Hong Kong government official and businessman, who is or has been:
  - a managing director of Winbridge Company Limited, a private investment and consultancy company
  - an Independent Non-Executive Director of Hang Lung Group Ltd
  - a Non-Executive Director of Armitage Technologies Holding Ltd
  - a cofounder of Varitronix International Ltd in 1978, one of the first manufacturers of LCD.

text:
# York Liao

**York Liao, MBE, SBS, JP** (born ca. 1948) is a Chinese-born Hong Kong government official and businessman, who is or has been:

* a managing director of Winbridge Company Limited, a private investment and consultancy company
* an Independent Non-Executive Director of Hang Lung Group Ltd (since October 2003)
* a Non-Executive Director of Armitage Technologies Holding Ltd (since February 2002)
* a cofounder (along with Dr C C Chang and Mr James Lee) of Varitronix International Ltd in 1978, one of the first manufacturers of LCD.

## Affiliations

* City Polytechnic (now City University) Council
* University of Science and Technology Council
* University Grants Committee (the overseeing body appointed by the government for the funding of tertiary education in Hong Kong)
* Industrial and Technology Development Council
* Hong Kong Industrial Technology Center, government-sponsored incubation center
* California Institute of Technology ("Caltech") Board of Trustees (since 1998)

## Education

Born in China and raised in Hong Kong, Liao came to the United States to attend Caltech, where he earned a BS in physics in 1967. He continued his studies in applied physics at Harvard University, and was awarded an MA (1968) and a Ph.D. (1973).

## Personal life

York Liao is married and has three children. His sister is Dr. Sarah Liao.


title: R. Scott Morris

abstract: R. Scott Morris is an American author, financial engineer and quantitative consultant. He is president of Morris Consulting, LLC, Chief Investment Strategist of Blackthorne Capital Management, LLC, and was CEO of the Boston Options Exchange from 2006 to 2008. He has also was a Managing Director of Goldman Sachs and Partner at Hull Trading Company.

text:
# R. Scott Morris

**R. Scott Morris** is an American author, financial engineer and quantitative consultant. He is president of Morris Consulting, LLC, Chief Investment Strategist of Blackthorne Capital Management, LLC, and was CEO of the Boston Options Exchange from 2006 to 2008. He has also was a Managing Director of Goldman Sachs and Partner at Hull Trading Company.

## Education and Hull Trading

Morris was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, and attended Pike High School. After completing a degree in economics at the University of Chicago in 1986, he entered a rapidly changing futures industry as the NYSE and NASDAQ began trading equity options contracts. As an associate for GNP commodities, Morris developed strategies for risk hedging and management and began his lifelong research into algorithmic trading.

After joining a team of mathematicians and scientists working under Blair Hull at Hull Trading Company, he obtained an M.B.A from the University of Chicago, where he specialized in both finance and statistics. During his tenure with Hull Trading, Morris engineered electronic option pricing systems and developed option pricing and volatility models, eventually becoming a Partner and the Director of Financial Engineering.

## Career

### Goldman Sachs and Boston Options Exchange

Hull Trading Company was acquired by Goldman Sachs in 1999 for $531 million. Morris joined Goldman Sachs, where he managed the equity trading financial engineering groups and continued his work on trading systems and statistical modeling. After two years, he became a managing director and led the firm's algorithmic trading division at the Automated Execution Strategies desk.

In 2006, Morris became CEO of the Boston Options Exchange Group, an automated equity options stock exchange. As CEO, Morris continued his engineering work, developing execution speed and messaging capacity for hedge funds and algorithmic traders.

Morris led the implementation of the Sola Trading platform and PIP price improvement algorithm. He departed in 2008 after the TMX majority ownership acquisition.

### Consulting and writing

Morris is the founder of Morris Consulting, LLC, which develops quantitative models and automated trading strategies, and advises large trading firms on regulatory relations, risk management, and recruiting. He has spoken at numerous educational and industry events and has lectured at the Chicago Board Options Exchange Risk Management Conference, the Futures Industry Association, and the Security Traders Association of Chicago.

In 2002, he lectured on volume-price ratios and optimal execution at the Computational Finance program at Carnegie Mellon, and he is currently a guest lecturer for the University of Chicago Careers in Business program. Morris is also the author of Polished, a careers resource book that teaches resume, cover letter, and interview skills to college students and other first-time job seekers.

### Blackthorne Capital Management

In July 2016, Morris joined Blackthorne Capital Management as the Head of Research and Strategy Design. He has spearheaded the design and implementation of Blackthorne’s Sentiment Enhanced trading models.

In 2018, Morris was named Chief Investment Strategist of Blackthorne Capital Management, LLC.

## InfoBox

| R. Scott Morris | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Indianapolis, Indiana |
| Alma mater | B.A. University of Chicago; M.B.A. University of Chicago |
| Occupation | Financial services |
| Website | PolishedU.com <br>RScottMorrisConsulting.com |


title: Gęsiówka

abstract: Gęsiówka is the colloquial Polish name for a prison that once existed on Gęsia ("Goose") Street in Warsaw, Poland, and which, under German occupation during World War II, became a Nazi concentration camp. In 1945–56 the Gęsiówka served as a prison and labor camp, operated first by the Soviet NKVD to imprison Polish resistance fighters of the Home Army and other opponents of Poland's new Stalinist regime, then by the Polish communist secret police.

text:
# Gęsiówka

**Gęsiówka** (Polish pronunciation: \[ɡɛ̃ˈɕufka\]) is the colloquial Polish name for a prison that once existed on *Gęsia* ("Goose") Street in Warsaw, Poland, and which, under German occupation during World War II, became a Nazi concentration camp.

In 1945–56 the Gęsiówka served as a prison and labor camp, operated first by the Soviet NKVD to imprison Polish resistance fighters of the Home Army and other opponents of Poland's new Stalinist regime, then by the Polish communist secret police.

## History

Before World War II, the Gęsiówka was a Polish Army military prison on Gęsia Street (now Anielewicza Street), near the intersection with Okopowa Street and the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery. Beginning in 1939, with the German occupation of Poland, it became a re-education camp of the German security police (*Arbeitserziehungslager der Sicherheitspolizei Warschau*).

In 1943 the prison was turned into a concentration camp, mostly for Jewish prisoners from countries other than Poland, particularly from Greece and Hungary. Over the course of its operation, the camp, known as the Warsaw concentration camp, housed an estimated 8,000–9,000 prisoners, who were engaged in slave labor. 4,000 to 5,000 prisoners are estimated to have died in the camp, during the death march from the camp, during the Warsaw Uprising, and while in hiding after the Uprising.

The former Gęsiówka prison is now the site of the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews.

## Liberation during Warsaw Uprising

On 5 August 1944, early in the Warsaw Uprising, the "Zośka" scouting battalion of the Home Army's Radosław Group, led by Ryszard Białous and Eugeniusz Stasiecki, attacked the Gęsiówka camp, which was being liquidated by the Germans. *Magda*, one of two Panther tanks that had been captured by Polish insurgents on 2 August, and assigned to Zośka's newly formed armour platoon commanded by Wacław Micuta, supported the assault with fire from its main gun. In the one-and-a-half-hour battle, most of the SD guards were killed or captured, though some fled toward the Pawiak prison.

Only two Polish fighters were killed in the attack. Rescued from certain death were 348 able-bodied Jewish prisoners who had been retained by the Germans as slave labour after the Germans' 1943 liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto and had been left behind after the evacuation of most of the Gęsiówka camp's inmates in July 1944.

Many of the Jewish prisoners joined the ranks of the insurgents, and most were killed in the next nine weeks of fighting, as were most of their liberators (the "Zośka" battalion lost 70% of its members in the Uprising).

## After World War II

In January 1945 Gęsiówka was used by the Soviet NKVD to imprison Polish resistance fighters of the Home Army and other opponents of Poland's new Stalinist regime, who were kept there in appalling conditions. The Polish communist secret police took over the administration of the camp later that year and continued to use it as a prison and labour camp for criminal and political prisoners, including so-called "class enemies", until 1956.

## Gęsiówka liberation memorial

The Gęsiówka was demolished in the 1960s. The only visible evidence of its previous existence is a plaque, on the wall of 34 Anielewicza Street, commemorating the camp's 1944 liberation.

The memorial was unveiled during the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Warsaw Uprising in 1994. Wacław Micuta, commander of the armoured platoon of the Zośka battalion, said the following words at the ceremony:

> On 27th July the Germans decided to evacuate the Gęsiówka camp to Dachau. More than 400 inmates, incapable of marching, were shot....A column of about 4,000 Jews was marched off, but disappeared without trace. And now the Zośka battalion was standing in front of this camp. They remembered the Scouting Statute, which says that a scout is a friend to every other human being and a brother to every other scout. We all wanted to attack immediately....and since we had captured a couple of tanks, the situation was rather better than in the previous days. So four of us went back to "Radosław" \[Jan Mazurkiewicz, commander of the insurgent forces in Warsaw's Wola district\] to ask for permission. Radosław was a cautious man and shared the view that the fortified positions should not be attacked frontally. But he agreed on condition that the attacking force be small in number and be composed entirely of volunteers....We carried it off by surprise. Our tank was a great success because the Germans \[in the camp\] had no anti-tank weapons. After the main gateway was destroyed Felek's platoon moved in....

The memorial features inscriptions in Polish, Hebrew and English.

52°14′40.7″N 20°58′44.18″E / 52.244639°N 20.9789389°E / 52.244639; 20.9789389


title: William A. Munnell

abstract: William Arthur Munnell was an American politician who served in the California State Assembly for the 51st district from 1951 to 1961 and during World War II he served in the United States Army. While serving in the California State Assembly he was at one point the minority and the majority leader for the Democratic Party. He also served on the Los Angeles County Superior Court from 1961 until 1985.

text:
# William A. Munnell

**William Arthur Munnell** (October 9, 1920 – March 1, 2013) was an American politician who served in the California State Assembly for the 51st district from 1951 to 1961 and during World War II he served in the United States Army. While serving in the California State Assembly he was at one point the minority and the majority leader for the Democratic Party. He also served on the Los Angeles County Superior Court from 1961 until 1985.

1. "William Arthur Munnell". Reno Gazette-Journal. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
2. "Join California William A. Munnell". *joincalifornia.com*.
3. Vassar, Alexander C. (2011). *Legislators of California* (PDF). Retrieved 23 November 2016.

## InfoBox

| William A. Munnell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Settlement Judge for the Los Angeles County Superior Court | |
| **In office**
1982–1985 | |
| Justice for the Los Angeles County Superior Court | |
| **In office**
1961–1981 | |
| Majority Floor Leader of the California State Assembly | |
| **In office**
1959–1961 | |
| Minority Leader of the California State Assembly | |
| **In office**
1957–1958 | |
| Member of the California State Assembly
from the 51st district | |
| **In office**
January 8, 1951 – November 30, 1961 | |
| Preceded by | Elwyn S. Bennett |
| Succeeded by | John Moreno |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1920-10-09)October 9, 1920
Marshalltown, Iowa |
| Died | March 1, 2013(2013-03-01) (aged 92)
Reno, Nevada |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Charlotte Hayduk (m. 1940) |
| Children | 4 |
| Education | University of Southern California (JD) 1948 |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Unit | Counter Intelligence Corps (Army CIC) |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
|  | |


title: Menwhopause

abstract: Menwhopause is a rock band based in Delhi, India.

text:
# Menwhopause

**Menwhopause** is a rock band based in Delhi, India.

## Early career

Guitarist Anup Kutty with an original lineup of singer/songwriter Sarabjit Chadha and acoustic guitarist Inder Pal Singh (IP) formed the band in 2001. The trio became a full-fledged band after recruiting bassist Randeep Singh and drummer Rahul Chatterjee. In a country where popular music was dominated with commercial Bollywood music and the live rock music scene was generally full of cover bands, menwhopause stuck to playing original compositions and were one of the first bands in India to distribute their music for free over the Internet. Their first EP called ‘The story begins...’ was released online as a free download in 2003. Ever since its formation, the band has gone through a few line-up changes - the first with original drummer Rahul Chatterjee being replaced by Hemendra Nath "Hemzi" in 2008 and later with French drummer Paul Schneiter till 2012 and then with Bhanu Thakur in 2014. Guitarist IP Singh left the band in 2016.

The band has released four albums since 2001 and has been instrumental in shaping the independent music scene in India primarily through their DIY ethic.

## Albums and Work

In 2006, they released their first full-length album *Home* on their own record label, "The Middle Earth Company". The album gained the band international recognition, making them the first Indian rock band to be invited to perform at the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas. The band's tour was sponsored by the Indian Centre for Cultural Relations (ICCR), which made them the first ever rock band to be supported by the cultural arm of the Government of India. The band also did a month long tour of the southwestern United States playing in around 10 cities in and around Texas. In February 2008, the band won an online poll for the Best Band of the Year 2007 conducted by Jack Daniel's in India. In April 2008 the band flew to Lynchburg, Tennessee where they performed at the Legendary Mash Festival and worked with R.E.M.'s producer David Barbe. The band signed a major record deal with EMI-Virgin Records (India) in 2008 to release their second full-length album *Easy*. Instead of conventional studio recording, the band began work on the album by recording the tracks in a makeshift studio set up by them in a village in Uttaranchal, nestled in the Himalayas, during September 2006. The album took four years to be produced with the band bringing in mixing engineer and co-producer Miti Adhikari (BBC London) and Grammy Award-winning mastering engineer, Richard Dodd. The album was initially released on digital format through iTunes and Amazon.com in early-January 2011 followed by physical CD format on 26 January 2011. The album immediately received favorable reviews by critics with *The Times of India* calling it "by far, one of the most brilliant works from an Indian rock act." *Easy* has been No.1 on music stores sales charts in Mumbai, Delhi- March 2011.

In 2012, the band conducted a 15-day music workshop in Tihar Jail - the largest prison complex in South Asia. The workshop culminated with a group of inmates forming a band called The Flying Souls and performing with menwhopause at a special concert held inside the prison premises exclusively for the other inmates.

As pioneers of the independent music scene of India, menwhopause has been at the forefront of artistic innovation. This shows in the passion that they have put behind supporting the independent artists. In 2011, they founded the Ziro Festival of Music in Ziro Valley of Arunachal Pradesh, which is one of India's premier outdoor music festival and has hosted acclaimed artists such as Steve Shelley and Lee Ronaldo (Sonic Youth) and Shye-Ben Tzur. The festival focuses on the rich cultural heritage of the whole North-East and has put Ziro in the global map.

The band recorded their third album *Neon Delhi* between 2013 and 2016, releasing it independently on January 4, 2017. *Neon Delhi* features collaborations with various musicians across genres like GFD - a Rajasthani khamancha trio, jazz pianist Grant Richards, YouTube sensation Faadu Rapper and poet/musician Jeet Thayil.

## Discography

* *The Story Begins...* (EP) (2003) The Middle Earth Company
* *Home* (2006) The Middle Earth Company
* *Easy* (2011) EMI-Virgin Records (India)
* *Neon Delhi* (2017)
* *Binge Walking* (2020)

## Etymology

The name *Menwhopause* was borrowed from Anup's quiz team in college that went by the same name. The band has always maintained that the pun was actually unintentional and they were more interested in the word *pause* being part of the band's name. In recent interviews, the band has been quoted giving different origins of the name. Some of them include a tyre company in Brazil, tattooed fans and an attribution to Randeep's mother.

https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/from-india-today-magazine/story/20180212-menwhopause-delhi-band-interview-1160816-2018-02-03

http://rollingstoneindia.com/studio-menwhopause/

http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Never-a-pause/article15380590.ece

http://rollingstoneindia.com/menwhopause-within-city-limits/

http://www.redbull.com/in-en/band-in-focus-menwhopause

## InfoBox

| Menwhopause | |
| --- | --- |
| menwhopause Live at Hard Rock Cafe, Pune | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Delhi, India |
| Genres | Alternative rock
Acoustic rock |
| Years active | 2001 – 2018 |
| Labels | EMI-Virgin |
|  | |
| Members | Sarabjit Singh
Anup Kutty
Shiv Ankit Ahuja
Randeep Singh |
|  | |
| Website | www.menwhopause.co |


title: Paper House

abstract: The Paper House is a historic house museum in Rockport, Massachusetts, United States. It was constructed between 1922 and 1924 by American engineer Elis F. Stenman as a summer house. He decided to leave the walls unclad and formed only from their varnished newspaper insulation. He later added furniture constructed from rolled newspaper. By 1927 the house had become a tourist attraction. It is now run as a museum by members of the Stenman family.

text:
# Paper House

42°40′22.7″N 70°38′04.7″W / 42.672972°N 70.634639°W / 42.672972; -70.634639

The **Paper House** is a historic house museum in Rockport, Massachusetts, United States. It was constructed between 1922 and 1924 by American engineer Elis F. Stenman as a summer house. He decided to leave the walls unclad and formed only from their varnished newspaper insulation. He later added furniture constructed from rolled newspaper. By 1927 the house had become a tourist attraction. It is now run as a museum by members of the Stenman family.

## Construction

The Paper House is sited at 52 Pigeon Hill Street in Rockport, Massachusetts. It was constructed as a hobby from 1922 by Elis F. Stenman for use as a summer house. Stenman was a Swedish mechanical engineer who built machines for the manufacture of paper clips and tried, unsuccessfully, to invent a steam iron. The house is of traditional wooden frame construction and has a wooden roof and floor.

Stenman had "always resented the daily waste of newspaper" and decided to use the material as insulation for his walls. He made a glue from flour, water and sticky materials such as apple peel. This was mixed with newspapers and pressed to form a 1-inch (25 mm) thick material consisting of around 215 sheets of paper which was used to fill the walls between the timber frame. This wall was then varnished.

The structure was complete by 1924. Stenman had intended to clad the walls with wood but instead decided to leave the newspaper as it was as an experiment into its durability. The house was provided with electricity and running water, though it had no bathrooms – a conventional wooden outhouse was provided outside. Although for practical reasons the fireplace and chimney are brick, the mantlepiece is made of paper.

When the walls survived, Stenman decided to construct furniture from tightly rolled and varnished newspapers. Friends and neighbours helped contribute the newspapers required; the house and furniture reused 100,000 newspapers. The furniture includes a desk made from accounts of Charles A. Lindbergh's 1927 transatlantic flight in the *Spirit of St. Louis,* and a grandfather clock made from newspapers from the capitals of each of the then 48 US states. The only furniture item not constructed from paper is the piano, which is only clad with the material.

## Operation as museum

By 1927, the Paper House had become a tourist attraction, postcards were sold featuring it, and contributions from visitors were sufficient to pay Stenman's running costs. Stenman and his wife occupied the property until 1930, since which it has been solely used for display purposes. A porch extending all around the house was added in the 1930s, helping to protect the paper walls from the weather. It has been re-varnished on occasion, though care has been taken not to obscure the original newsprint. The house remains privately owned by the Stenman family and is run as a museum. It is open to the public daily between April and October, with entry priced at $2.


title: Out of memory

abstract: Out of memory (OOM) is an often undesired state of computer operation where no additional memory can be allocated for use by programs or the operating system. Such a system will be unable to load any additional programs, and since many programs may load additional data into memory during execution, these will cease to function correctly. This usually occurs because all available memory, including disk swap space, has been allocated.

text:
# Out of memory

**Out of memory** (**OOM**) is an often undesired state of computer operation where no additional memory can be allocated for use by programs or the operating system. Such a system will be unable to load any additional programs, and since many programs may load additional data into memory during execution, these will cease to function correctly. This usually occurs because all available memory, including disk swap space, has been allocated.

## History

Historically, the out-of-memory condition was more common than it is now, since early computers and operating systems were limited to small amounts of physical random-access memory (RAM) due to the inability of early processors to address large amounts of memory, as well as cost considerations. Since the advent of virtual memory opened the door for the usage of swap space, the condition is less frequent. Almost all modern programs expect to be able to allocate and deallocate memory freely at run-time, and tend to fail in uncontrolled ways (crash) when that expectation is not met; older ones often allocated memory only once, checked whether they got enough to do all their work, and then expected no more to be forthcoming. Therefore, they would either fail immediately with an "out of memory" error (OOME) message, or work as expected.

Early operating systems such as MS-DOS lacked support for multitasking. Programs were allocated physical memory that they could use as they needed. Physical memory was often a scarce resource, and when it was exhausted by applications such as those with terminate-and-stay-resident functionality, no further applications could be started until running applications were closed.

Modern operating systems provide virtual memory, in which processes are given a range of memory, but where the memory does not directly correspond to actual physical RAM. Virtual memory can be backed by physical RAM, a disk file via mmap (on Unix-derivatives) or MapViewOfFile (on Windows), or swap space, and the operating system can move virtual memory pages around as it needs. Because virtual memory does not need to be backed by physical memory, exhaustion of it is rare, and usually there are other limits imposed by the operating system on resource consumption.

As predicted by Moore's law, the amount of physical memory in all computers has grown almost exponentially, although this is offset to some degree by programs and files themselves becoming larger. In some cases, a computer with virtual memory support where the majority of the loaded data resides on the hard disk may run out of physical memory but not virtual memory, thus causing excessive paging. This condition, known as thrashing, usually renders the computer unusable until some programs are closed or the machine is rebooted. Due to these reasons, an out-of-memory message is rarely encountered by applications with modern computers.

It is, however, still possible to encounter an OOM condition with a modern computer. The typical OOM case in modern computers happens when the operating system is unable to create any more virtual memory, because all of its potential backing devices have been filled or the end-user has disabled them. The condition may arise because of copy-on-write after fork().

## Recovery

The kernels of operating systems such as Linux will attempt to recover from this type of OOM condition by terminating one or more processes, a mechanism known as the *OOM Killer*. Linux 4.6 (released in May 2016) introduced changes in OOM situations, improving detection and reliability. cgroup awareness in OOM killer was implemented in Linux kernel 4.19 released in October 2018, which adds an ability to kill a cgroup as a single unit.

Due to late activation of *OOM Killer* on some Linux systems, there are several daemons and kernel patches that help to recover memory from OOM condition before it was too late.

* `earlyoom`
* `nohang`
* `systemd-oomd`
* PSI (pressure stall information) kernel patches and the accompanying `oomd` daemon, the patches are merged in Linux kernel 4.20.

## Per-process memory limits

Apart from the system-wide physical memory limits, some systems limit the amount of memory each process can use. Usually a matter of policy, such a limitation can also happen when the OS has a larger address space than is available at the process level. Some high-end 32-bit systems (such as those with Physical Address Extension enabled) come with 8 gigabytes or more of system memory, even though any single process can only access 4 GB of it in a 32-bit flat memory model.

A process that exceeds its per-process limit and then attempts to allocate further memory will encounter an error condition. For example, the C standard function for allocating memory, `malloc()`, will return NULL and a well-behaved application should handle this situation.


title: Redmi 4A

abstract: Xiaomi Redmi 4A is an entry-level smartphone from the Chinese company Xiaomi. It was unveiled on November 4, 2016, together with Xiaomi Redmi 4 and Redmi 4 Prime. Is the successor of the smartphone Xiaomi Redmi 2A.

text:
# Redmi 4A

**Xiaomi Redmi 4A** is an entry-level smartphone from the Chinese company Xiaomi. It was unveiled on November 4, 2016, together with Xiaomi Redmi 4 and Redmi 4 Prime. Is the successor of the smartphone Xiaomi Redmi 2A.

## Design

The smartphone screen is made of glass. The body of the smartphone is made of matte plastic.

From the back, the smartphone looks like the Xiaomi Redmi 4X.

The microUSB connector and the microphone are located below. On top are 3.5 mm audio jack, a second microphone and IR port. On the left side, there is a hybrid slot for 2 SIM cards or 1 SIM card and a microSD format memory card up to 128 GB. On the right side are the volume buttons and the smartphone lock button. The speaker of the smartphone is located on the back panel.

In Ukraine, Xiaomi Redmi 4A was sold in 3 colours: dark grey, gold and Rose Gold.

## Specifications

### Platform

The smartphone received a Qualcomm Snapdragon 425 processor and an Adreno 308 graphics processor.

### Battery

The battery received a volume of 3120 mAh.

### Camera

The smartphone received a main camera of 13 MP, f/2.0 with autofocus and the ability to record video in resolution 1080p@30fps. The front camera has a resolution of 5 MP, an aperture of f/2.2 and the ability to record video in a resolution of 720p@30fps.

### Screen

Screen IPS LCD, 5.0", HD (1280 × 720) with an aspect ratio of 16:9 and a pixel density of 296 ppi.

### Memory

The smartphone was sold in 2/16 and 2/32 GB configurations.

### Software

Xiaomi Redmi 4A was launched on MIUI 8 based on Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow. Was updated to MIUI 10 based on Android 7.1.2 Nougat.

## InfoBox

Xiaomi Redmi 4A
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Brand | Redmi |
| Manufacturer | Xiaomi |
| Slogan | *Lightness you don't feel* |
| Series | Redmi |
| Compatible networks | GSM, 3G, 4G (LTE) |
| First released | 4 November 2016 (2016-11-04) |
| Predecessor | Redmi 2A |
| Successor | Redmi 5A |
| Related | Redmi 4
Redmi 4X |
| Type | Smartphone |
| Form factor | Monoblock |
| Dimensions | 139.9 × 70.4 × 8.5 mm |
| Weight | 131.5 g (4.64 oz) |
| Operating system | **Initial:** Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow \+ MIUI 8
**Current:** Android 7.1.2 Nougat \+ MIUI 10 |
| CPU | Qualcomm MSM8917 Snapdragon 425, 4×1.4 GHz Cortex-A53 |
| GPU | Adreno 308 |
| Memory | 2 GB, LPDDR3 |
| Storage | 16/32 GB, eMMC 5.1 |
| Removable storage | MicroSDXC up to 128 GB |
| Battery | Non-removable, Li-Ion 3120 mAh |
| Display | IPS LCD, 5.0", 1280 × 720 (HD), 16:9, 296 ppi |
| Rear camera | 13 MP, f/2.2, AF
LED flash, HDR, panorama
**Video:** 1080p@30fps |
| Front camera | 5 MP, f/2.2
**Video:** 720p@30fps |
| Connectivity | microUSB 2.0, 3.5 mm Audio, Bluetooth 4.1 (A2DP, LE), IR port, FM radio, Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n (dual-band, Wi-Fi Direct, hotspot), GPS, A-GPS, GLONASS, BDS |
| Other | Proximity sensor, accelerometer, gyroscope |
| SAR | Head 0.53 W/kg
Body 1.18 W/kg |


title: Adrijana Lekaj

abstract: Adrijana Lekaj is a Kosovan–Croatian former tennis player. Over her career, Lekaj won two singles titles and eight doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. She has career-high WTA rankings of 325 in singles, achieved on 15 June 2015, and 321 in doubles, set on 10 August 2015. Lekaj has represented Kosovo in Fed Cup competitions, making her debut in 2021 and reaching a win-loss record of 11–13.

text:
# Adrijana Lekaj

**Adrijana Lekaj** (born 29 June 1995) is a Kosovan–Croatian former tennis player.

Over her career, Lekaj won two singles titles and eight doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. She has career-high WTA rankings of 325 in singles, achieved on 15 June 2015, and 321 in doubles, set on 10 August 2015.

Lekaj has represented Kosovo in Fed Cup competitions, making her debut in 2021 and reaching a win-loss record of 11–13.

## ITF finals

### Singles: 6 (2 titles, 4 runner–ups)

| Legend  $50,000 tournaments  $25,000 tournaments  $10,000 tournaments | Finals by surface  Hard (1–0)  Clay (1–3)  Carpet (0–1) |
| --- | --- |

| Result | W–L | Date | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Win | 1–0 | Mar 2013 | ITF Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt | 10,000 | Hard | Vanesa Furlanetto | 4–6, 7–6(8), 6–1 |
| Win | 2–0 | Jul 2013 | ITF Bad Waltersdorf, Austria | 10,000 | Clay | Yvonne Neuwirth | 6–2, 6–4 |
| Loss | 2–1 | Nov 2013 | ITF Umag, Croatia | 10,000 | Clay | Ágnes Bukta | 0–6, 1–6 |
| Loss | 2–2 | May 2014 | ITF Bol, Croatia | 10,000 | Clay | Lara Michel | 3–6, 3–6 |
| Loss | 2–3 | Jun 2014 | ITF Budapest, Hungary | 25,000 | Clay | Denisa Allertová | 6–7(6), 6–7(3) |
| Loss | 2–4 | Nov 2015 | Ismaning Open, Germany | 10,000 | Carpet (i) | Laura Ioana Andrei | 2–6, 2–6 |

### Doubles: 13 (8 titles, 5 runner–ups)

| Legend  $15,000 tournaments  $10,000 tournaments | Finals by surface  Hard (2–2)  Clay (6–3) |
| --- | --- |

| Result | W–L | Date | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Loss | 0–1 | Jul 2013 | ITF Bad Waltersdorf, Austria | 10,000 | Clay | Karla Popović | Lenka Kunčíková
Karolína Stuchlá | 4–6, 6–7(6) |
| Win | 1–1 | Sep 2013 | ITF Lleida, Spain | 10,000 | Clay | Alena Tarasova | Tatiana Búa
Lucía Cervera Vázquez | 6–3, 6–4 |
| Win | 2–1 | Jun 2014 | ITF Budapest, Hungary | 10,000 | Clay | Sofía Blanco | Zuzana Luknárová
Eugeniya Pashkova | 7–6(5), 6–3 |
| Win | 3–1 | Aug 2014 | ITF Vinkovci, Croatia | 10,000 | Clay | Jana Fett | Lilla Barzó
Ágnes Bukta | 6–3, 7–5 |
| Win | 4–1 | Aug 2014 | ITF Pörtschach, Austria | 10,000 | Clay | Silvia Njirić | Zuzana Luknárová
Karin Morgošová | 6–1, 6–7(5), \[10–4\] |
| Win | 5–1 | Dec 2014 | ITF Istanbul, Turkey | 10,000 | Hard | Jana Fett | Ayla Aksu
İpek Soylu | 6–3, 6–4 |
| Loss | 5–2 | Mar 2015 | ITF Oslo, Norway | 10,000 | Hard (i) | Jana Fett | Justyna Jegiołka
Eva Wacanno | 1–6, 1–6 |
| Win | 6–2 | Sep 2015 | ITF Bol, Croatia | 10,000 | Clay | Silvia Njirić | Anna Bondár
Rebeka Stolmár | 6–4, 7–5 |
| Win | 7–2 | Dec 2015 | ITF Ortisei, Italy | 10,000 | Hard (i) | Deborah Chiesa | Chiara Grimm
Nina Stadler | 6–1, 6–3 |
| Loss | 7–3 | Feb 2016 | ITF Antalya, Turkey | 10,000 | Clay | Viktoriya Tomova | Dasha Ivanova
Elena-Gabriela Ruse | 6–7(1), 1–6 |
| Loss | 7–4 | Apr 2016 | ITF Heraklion, Greece | 10,000 | Hard | Deborah Chiesa | Aleksandra Pospelova
Alina Silich | 3–6, 4–6 |
| Loss | 7–5 | May 2016 | ITF Tučepi, Croatia | 10,000 | Clay | Emma Laine | Dasha Ivanova
Petra Krejsová | 3–6, 6–2, \[5–10\] |
| Win | 8–5 | Jun 2018 | Maribor Open, Slovenia | 15,000 | Clay | Michaela Bayerlová | Irina Ramialison
Constance Sibille | 7–6(2), 7–5 |

## InfoBox

Adrijana Lekaj
| Country (sports) | Croatia (WTA)
Kosovo (ITF and Billie Jean King Cup) |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1995-06-29) 29 June 1995
Karlovac, Croatia |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Plays | Right-handed (two-handed backhand) |
| College | Pepperdine University |
| Prize money | $33,398 |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 123–78 |
| Career titles | 2 ITF |
| Highest ranking | No. 325 (15 June 2015) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 60–38 |
| Career titles | 8 ITF |
| Highest ranking | No. 321 (10 August 2015) |


title: NJ2045/2046

abstract: The Nanjing NJ2045 and NJ2046 are a series of high mobility trucks deployed by the Chinese Army, capable of transporting 1.5 tonne of cargo cross-country. It is a licensed version of the Iveco 40.10WM 4X4 off-road military truck, built by Nanjing Motor Corporation. The truck entered service in the PLA after 1999.

text:
# NJ2045/2046

The **Nanjing NJ2045** and **NJ2046** are a series of high mobility trucks deployed by the Chinese Army, capable of transporting 1.5 tonne of cargo cross-country. It is a licensed version of the Iveco 40.10WM 4X4 off-road military truck, built by Nanjing Motor Corporation.

The truck entered service in the PLA after 1999.

## Weapon platform

* 4X4 high-mobility truck
* HJ-9A anti-tank guided missile carrier
* riot control vehicle
* troop carrier

## Variants

* 10-man (3+3+2X2)
* 11-men (3+4X2)

## Operators