title: Pteris melanocaulon

abstract: Pteris melanocaulon is a fern species in the subfamily Pteridoideae of the family Pteridaceae. It has been described as edible and no subspecies have been found. It has been found to be a metallophyte and probably has copper as an essential macro-nutrient.

text:
# Pteris melanocaulon

***Pteris melanocaulon*** is a fern species in the subfamily Pteridoideae of the family Pteridaceae. It has been described as edible and no subspecies have been found. It has been found to be a metallophyte and probably has copper as an essential macro-nutrient.

## InfoBox

| *Pteris melanocaulon* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Family: | Pteridaceae |
| Genus: | *Pteris* |
| Species: | ***P. melanocaulon*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pteris melanocaulon***<br>Fée | |
|


title: Vunikavikaloa

abstract: Vunikavikaloa is a settlement on the northern coasts of the Ra Province in Viti Levu, Fiji. It consists of a few schools and a hospitals, and sporting grounds. It is situated in the district of Nalawa. The area also consists of the ancient tombs of Fijian cannibal chiefs, and pottery has been found at this time going back to 1000 BC. It is home to 4 major schools: Ra High, Vunikavikloa Arya School, Nalawa Central School and Dobuilevu Muslim School. Vunikavikloa Arya School, which was destroyed by Cyclone Winston in 2016, reopened just over a year later. The Nalawa Football Club, which is affiliated to the Fiji Football Association and plays in the second division of the Association, is based here. Major exports are carpets, mangoes and potatoes.

text:
# Vunikavikaloa

**Vunikavikaloa** (Fijian pronunciation: \[βunikaβikaloa\]; also known as **Waimicia**, Fijian pronunciation: \[ɰai̯miðai\]) is a settlement on the northern coasts of the Ra Province in Viti Levu, Fiji. It consists of a few schools and a hospitals, and sporting grounds. It is situated in the district of Nalawa. The area also consists of the ancient tombs of Fijian cannibal chiefs, and pottery has been found at this time going back to 1000 BC.

It is home to 4 major schools: Ra High, Vunikavikloa Arya School, Nalawa Central School and Dobuilevu Muslim School. Vunikavikloa Arya School, which was destroyed by Cyclone Winston in 2016, reopened just over a year later.

The Nalawa Football Club, which is affiliated to the Fiji Football Association and plays in the second division of the Association, is based here.

Major exports are carpets, mangoes and potatoes.

17°31′11″S 178°14′37″E / 17.5197°S 178.2437°E / -17.5197; 178.2437


title: Paul McAnulty

abstract: Paul Michael McAnulty is a former Major League Baseball outfielder. He played college baseball at Long Beach State.

text:
# Paul McAnulty

**Paul Michael McAnulty** (born February 24, 1981) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder. He played college baseball at Long Beach State.

## Major League Baseball

### San Diego Padres

McAnulty gained the attention of San Diego Padres GM Kevin Towers when he batted .344 for the Triple-A Portland Beavers in 2005, which led to his major league debut on June 22, 2005. Drawing comparisons with former Padre and Phillie great John Kruk, he was mainly used as a pinch hitter, or called up when one of the starting outfielders was injured.

On September 6, 2006, he made a nice impression on Padres fans with a pinch hit, walk-off home run in the 11th inning versus the Colorado Rockies. During the 2008 season, he had a stint where he was a starting outfielder on the depleted San Diego roster.

### Boston Red Sox

On November 19, 2008, he signed a minor league deal with the Boston Red Sox.

On July 24, 2009, the Red Sox announced his release after only hitting .233 with Pawtucket.

### Colorado Rockies

On August 10, 2009, McAnulty signed a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies. In November 2009, McAnutly filed for Free Agency.

### Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

McAnulty joined the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim organization in 2010, playing the majority of the year at their Triple-A club, the Salt Lake Bees. He received some playing time at the Major League level with the Angels, hitting one home run in 24 plate appearances.

He started the 2011 season with the Salt Lake Bees, and on July 22, 2012, he was sent to the Arkansas Travelers, the Angels Double-A club.

### Coaching career

Paul was the hitting coach for the Burlington Bees, a Class A minor league baseball team for the Los Angeles Angels, for the 2014 season. He was the co-hitting coach for AZL League Angels 2015 and 2016 seasons. As of 2019, Paul is the hitting coach of the South Bend Cubs.

## InfoBox

| Paul McAnulty | |
| --- | --- |
| McAnulty with the San Diego Padres | |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Born:**  (1981-02-24) February 24, 1981<br>Oxnard, California, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| June 22, 2005, for the San Diego Padres | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| July 18, 2010, for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .201 |
| Home runs | 6 |
| Runs batted in | 23 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Psyche (moth)

abstract: Psyche is a genus of moths in the family Psychidae.

text:
# Psyche (moth)

***Psyche*** is a genus of moths in the family Psychidae (bagworm moths).

## Species

## Former species

## InfoBox

| *Psyche* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Psyche casta* case | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Psychidae |
| Genus: | *Psyche*
Schrank, 1801 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Psyche carpini*
Schrank, 1802 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Fumaria* Haworth, 1811 * *Fumea* Haworth, 1812 * *Saccofera* Sodoffsky, 1837 * *Masonia* Tutt, 1900 | |


title: Giovanni Valentino Gentile

abstract: Giovanni Valentino Gentile was an Italian humanist and non-trinitarian. As a young man he was influenced by Giorgio Siculo's teaching against paedobaptism and transubstantiation. In Naples he was exposed to Waldensian teachings, and those of Juan de Valdés, and was part of the Accademia Cosentina. In 1546 he took part in the Collegia Vicentina in Vicenza, adopting the Unitarian view of Lelio Sozzini. After the 1550 Anabaptist Council of Venice antitrinitarians were persecuted by the Council of Ten and in 1557 Gentile fled with Apollonio Merenda to Geneva – already home to Giorgio Biandrata, Nicola Gallo, Giovanni Paolo Alciati and Matteo Gribaldi, and there, in 1558, he aligned with Alciati and Biandrata against Jean Calvin. On May 18, 1558 Calvin required all the Italian exiles in Geneva to affirm a Trinitarian statement, which Gentile first refused to sign, but then following the others, did so. At this period the Italian exiles in Geneva were forming the idea of Christ as a person subordinate to God, the Father, and of the Holy Spirit as simply God's power. In June Gentile and Nicola Gallo were denounced and tried for heresy and blasphemy by Calvin himself with the result that Gentile was sentenced to beheading. The charge was commuted when Gentile agreed to go through the city barefoot in a shirt, the heralds ahead of him, recanting his heresy, and to burn his own writings. The bailiff of Bern he managed to incense by dedicating a booklet to him. Gentile and Giovanni Paolo Alciati della Motta then followed Biandrata to safety in Pinczòw, the "Sarmatian Athens", 1562–66. During this period cardinal Giovanni Francesco Commendone succeeded in persuading John II Sigismund to implement the Edict of Parczòw 1564, expelling all the Italian and German Calvinists and Antitrinitarians. Gentile, Bernardino Ochino and Alciati set out for Slavkov u Brna in Moravia, where Nicola Paruta was, and where Ochino died in 1565. Gentile returned to Bern, but challenged the French Protestants to a public debate on the Trinity. Before any debate could take place, he was arrested, imprisoned, and Théodore de Bèze and Heinrich Bullinger urged the bailiff to take the strictest sentence. He was executed 10 September 1566.

text:
# Giovanni Valentino Gentile

**Giovanni Valentino Gentile** (c.1520 in Scigliano  10 September 1566 in Bern) was an Italian humanist and non-trinitarian.

As a young man he was influenced by Giorgio Siculo's teaching against paedobaptism and transubstantiation. In Naples he was exposed to Waldensian teachings, and those of Juan de Valdés, and was part of the Accademia Cosentina.

In 1546 he took part in the Collegia Vicentina in Vicenza, adopting the Unitarian view of Lelio Sozzini. After the 1550 Anabaptist Council of Venice antitrinitarians were persecuted by the Council of Ten and in 1557 Gentile fled with Apollonio Merenda to Geneva – already home to Giorgio Biandrata, Nicola Gallo, Giovanni Paolo Alciati and Matteo Gribaldi, and there, in 1558, he aligned with Alciati and Biandrata against Jean Calvin. On May 18, 1558 Calvin required all the Italian exiles in Geneva to affirm a Trinitarian statement, which Gentile first refused to sign, but then following the others, did so. At this period the Italian exiles in Geneva were forming the idea of Christ as a person subordinate to God, the Father, and of the Holy Spirit as simply God's power. In June Gentile and Nicola Gallo were denounced and tried for heresy and blasphemy by Calvin himself with the result that Gentile was sentenced to beheading. The charge was commuted when Gentile agreed to go through the city barefoot in a shirt, the heralds ahead of him, recanting his heresy, and to burn his own writings. The bailiff of Bern he managed to incense by dedicating a booklet to him.

Gentile and Giovanni Paolo Alciati della Motta then followed Biandrata to safety in Pinczòw, the "Sarmatian Athens", 1562–66. During this period cardinal Giovanni Francesco Commendone succeeded in persuading John II Sigismund to implement the *Edict of Parczòw* 1564, expelling all the Italian and German Calvinists and Antitrinitarians. Gentile, Bernardino Ochino and Alciati set out for Slavkov u Brna in Moravia, where Nicola Paruta was, and where Ochino died in 1565. Gentile returned to Bern, but challenged the French Protestants to a public debate on the Trinity. Before any debate could take place, he was arrested, imprisoned, and Théodore de Bèze and Heinrich Bullinger urged the bailiff to take the strictest sentence. He was executed 10 September 1566.


title: Íngrid Martz

abstract: Ingrid Martz is a Mexican actress and model.

text:
# Íngrid Martz

**Ingrid Martz** (Spanish pronunciation: \[ˈiŋɡɾið ˈmaɾts\]) is a Mexican actress and model.

## Biography

Martz studied acting at El Centro de Capacitación Artística de Televisa (CEA). She appeared in *La que no podía amar*, a telenovela, as Daniella, Ana Paula's best friend and Miguel's wife.

Some of her credited works include *Luz Clarita* (1996), *María Isabel* (1997), *Preciosa* (1998), *Salud, dinero y amor* (1997), *Mujeres engañadas* (1999), *Carita de ángel* (2000), *El derecho de nacer* (2001), *El juego de la vida* (2001), *Amor real* (2003) and *Amarte es mi Pecado* (2004).

Besides acting in telenovelas, she has also starred in music videos and movies.

In 2004 she acted alongside Bárbara Mori in the hit telenovela, *Rubí*.

## Filmography

Television, films, guest appearances
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | *Amor de nadie* |  | Recurring role |
| 1996 | *Me enamoro de ti* with Fey |  | Video clip |
| 1997-98 | *María Isabel* | Gloria's friend | Recurring role |
| | *Salud, dinero y amor* | Ingrid Sandoval | Recurring role |
| 1998 | *Preciosa* | Alma San Román de Rivero | Recurring role |
| 1999 | *La segunda noche* | Director assistant | Film |
| | *Inesperado Amor* |  | Film |
| 1999 | *Por tu amor* | Paz Gallardo (young) | Guest star |
| 1999-00 | *Mujeres engañadas* | Adriana | Recurring role |
| | *Cuento de Navidad* | Invited in wrestling | Mini-series |
| 2000-01 | *Carita de ángel* | Doménica Rossi Rivero | Recurring role |
| 2001 | *El derecho de nacer* | Leonor Castro | Recurring role |
| 2001-02 | *El juego de la vida* | Georgina "Gina" Guzmán | Recurring role |
| 2001 | *Mujer, Casos de la Vida Real* |  | TV series |
| 2003 | *Amor real* | Pilar Piquet de Márquez | Recurring role |
| 2004 | *Amarte es mi Pecado* | Renata Quiroga | Recurring role |
| 2004 | *Rubí* | Lorena Treviño Rivero | Recurring role |
| 2004 | *Vida TV* |  | TV show |
| | *Big Brother VIP: México* | Herself/Guest | Reality Show |
| 2005 | *Pablo y Andrea* | Alma Ibáñez | Lead role |
| 2005 | *Vecinos* | Samantha Rosas | TV series |
| 2006 | *RBD: La Familia* |  | TV series |
| | *Asi del precipicio* | Hanna | Film |
| | *Heridas de amor* | Renata San Llorente de Aragón | Recurring role |
| 2007-08 | *Tormenta en el paraíso* | Karina Rosenberg/Valeria Ross "Sirenita" | Main role |
| 2009 | *Tiempo Final 3* | Adriana | TV series |
| 2010 | *Zacatillo, un lugar en tu corazón* | Karla Abreu Campos de Zárate | Lead role |
| 2011-12 | *La que no podía amar* | Daniela "Dany" Gutiérrez | Main role |
| 2013 | *Corazón Indomable* | Doris Montenegro | Recurring role |
| 2013-14 | *Qué pobres tan ricos* | Minerva Fontanet Blanco | Main role |
| 2015-16 | *Antes muerta que Lichita* | Luciana de Toledo y Mondragón | Main role |
| 2017 | *Divina, está en tu corazón* | Brisa | Main role |
| 2017 | *3 familias* | Bela Barroso | Lead role |
| 2022 | *Mi camino es amarte* | Martina | Guest star |
| 2023 | *Vencer la culpa* | Carmina |  |
|

### Theater

* *Busco al hombre de mi vida, marido ya tuve*
* *Chicas Católicas*

## Awards and nominations

### Premios TVyNovelas

| Year | Category | Telenovela | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | Best Co-star Actress | *Heridas de amor* | Nominated |
| 2017 | Best Female Villain | "Antes muerta que Lichita" | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| Ingrid Martz | |
| --- | --- |
| Ingrid Martz in 2018 | |
| Occupations | * Actress * model |
| Years active | 1990-present |


title: German rearmament

abstract: German rearmament was a policy and practice of rearmament carried out by Germany from 1918 to 1939, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles which required German disarmament after WWI to prevent it from starting another war. It began on a small, secret, and informal basis shortly after the treaty was signed, but was openly and massively expanded after the Nazi Party came to power in 1933. Despite its scale, German re-armament remained a largely covert operation, carried out using front organizations such as glider clubs for training pilots and sporting clubs, and Nazi SA militia groups for teaching infantry combat techniques. Front companies like MEFO were set up to finance the rearmament by placing massive orders with Krupp, Siemens, Gutehofnungshütte, and Rheinmetall for weapons forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles. Carl von Ossietzky exposed the reality of the German rearmament in 1931 and his disclosures won him the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize but he was imprisoned and tortured by the Nazis, dying of tuberculosis in 1938. Ossietzky's disclosures triggered the re-armament policy in Great Britain, which escalated after Adolf Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations and World Disarmament Conference in 1933. Despite warnings by Ossietzky, Winston Churchill and others, successive governments across Europe failed to effectively recognize, cooperate, and respond to the potential danger posed by Germany's re-armament. Outside Germany, a global disarmament movement was popular after World War I and Europe's democracies continued to elect governments that supported disarmament even as Germany pursued rearmament. By the late 1930s, the German military was very capable of overwhelming its neighbors and the rapid German conquests of Poland, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France proved how poorly prepared its neighbors were to defend themselves.

text:
# German rearmament

**German rearmament** (*Aufrüstung*, German pronunciation: \[ˈaʊ̯fˌʀʏstʊŋ\]) was a policy and practice of rearmament carried out by Germany from 1918 to 1939, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles which required German disarmament after WWI to prevent it from starting another war. It began on a small, secret, and informal basis shortly after the treaty was signed, but was openly and massively expanded after the Nazi Party came to power in 1933.

Despite its scale, German re-armament remained a largely covert operation, carried out using front organizations such as glider clubs for training pilots and sporting clubs, and Nazi SA militia groups for teaching infantry combat techniques. Front companies like MEFO were set up to finance the rearmament by placing massive orders with Krupp, Siemens, Gutehofnungshütte, and Rheinmetall for weapons forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles.

Carl von Ossietzky exposed the reality of the German rearmament in 1931 and his disclosures won him the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize but he was imprisoned and tortured by the Nazis, dying of tuberculosis in 1938. Ossietzky's disclosures triggered the re-armament policy in Great Britain, which escalated after Adolf Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations and World Disarmament Conference in 1933.

Despite warnings by Ossietzky, Winston Churchill and others, successive governments across Europe failed to effectively recognize, cooperate, and respond to the potential danger posed by Germany's re-armament. Outside Germany, a global disarmament movement was popular after World War I and Europe's democracies continued to elect governments that supported disarmament even as Germany pursued rearmament. By the late 1930s, the German military was very capable of overwhelming its neighbors and the rapid German conquests of Poland, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France proved how poorly prepared its neighbors were to defend themselves.

## History

### Weimar era

Germany's post-1918 rearmament began at the time of the Weimar Republic, when the Chancellor of Germany Hermann Müller, who belonged to the Social Democratic Party (SPD), passed cabinet laws that allowed secret and illegal rearmament efforts. During its early years (1918–1933), the rearmament was relatively small, secret, and supported by a cross-section of Germans motivated by a mixture of patriotism-based nationalism and economics-based nationalism. The latter motive viewed the Treaty of Versailles, which was ostensibly about war reparations and peace enforcement. France wanted to make sure Germany would never again be a military threat. However, in the mid-1930s Britain and France would decline to fight another war to enforce the Versailles Treaty, thus bringing the treaty's effects to an end.

A Soviet-German friendship and economic cooperation pact, the Treaty of Rapallo (1922), would see Junkers soon after manufacturing planes in Moscow, and German pilots, from 1924, being secretly trained at the Lipetsk fighter-pilot school, on Junkers, Heinkel, and Dornier aircraft.

An example of the Weimar clandestine rearmament measures was the training and equipping of police forces in a way that made them not just paramilitary in organizational culture but also well prepared to rapidly augment the military as military reserve forces, which the treaty did not allow. Another example was that the government tolerated that various Weimar paramilitary groups armed themselves to a dangerous degree. Their force grew enough to potentially threaten the state, but this was tolerated because the state hoped to use such militias as military reserve forces with which to rearm the Reichswehr in the future. Thus various *Freikorps*, *Der Stahlhelm*, the Nazi SA and the Nazi SS grew from street gangs into private armies. For example, by 1931 Werner von Blomberg was using the SA in preparation for border defense in East Prussia.

Another aspect of Weimar era rearmament was massive investment in dual use technologies and fields of military technology which hadn't been mentioned in the Versailles treaty such as rocketry. Walter Dornberger was tasked with developing liquid fuel rockets for military purposes in 1930 and would become involved in the V2 rocket program later. The Deutsche Luft Hansa was never anywhere near profitability and aviation played only a minuscule role in the transportation of either passengers or cargo, but the planes it employed were very similar to then current military models and its existence allowed the growth of the domestic airplane building industry and the training of pilots, both of which could be converted to military use in circumvention of the prohibition of Germany maintaining an Air Force as lined out in the Versailles treaty.

One of the reasons why this militarization of society was difficult to prevent relates to the distinction between the government executive and the legislature. The democratically elected government, being composed of groups of people, inevitably reflected the factional strife and cultural militarism among the populace. But the German Revolution of 1918–19 had not truly settled what the nature of the German state ought to be; Weimar Germany after its revolution was not very far from civil war—the different factions all hoped to transform the German state into the one that they thought it should be (which would require violent suppression of the other factions), and they expected their private armies to merge into the state's army (the Reichswehr) if they could manage to come to power. During the Republic's era of democracy, they all participated in the democratic definition of coming to power (winning votes), but many of them, on all sides, planned to abolish or diminish democracy in the future, if they could first get into position to do so.

During the Weimar era, there was extensive economic interaction between Germany and the Soviet Union, and a component of German re-armament was covertly holding military training exercises in the Soviet Union to hide their extent from other countries. Germany–Soviet Union relations of the interwar period were complex, as bellicosity and cooperation coexisted in tortuous combinations.

### Nazi government era: 1933–1945

After the Nazi takeover of power in January 1933, the Nazis pursued a greatly enlarged and more aggressive version of rearmament. During its struggle for power, the 'National Socialist party' (NSDAP) promised to recover Germany's lost national pride. It proposed military rearmament claiming that the Treaty of Versailles and the acquiescence of the Weimar Republic were an embarrassment for all Germans. The rearmament became the topmost priority of the German government. Hitler would then spearhead one of the greatest expansions of industrial production Germany had ever seen.

Third Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick, one of the most influential Nazi figures of the time, and Hjalmar Schacht, who (while never a member of the NSDAP) was an initially sympathetic economist, introduced a wide variety of schemes in order to tackle the effects that the Great Depression had on Germany, were the main key players of German rearmament policies (see Reichsbank § Nazi period). Dummy companies like MEFO were set up to finance the rearmament; MEFO obtained the large amount of money needed for the effort through the Mefo bills, a certain series of Promissory notes issued by the Government of Nazi Germany. Covert organizations like the Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule were established under a civilian guise in order to train pilots for the future Luftwaffe. Although available statistics do not include non-citizens or women, the massive Nazi re-armament policy almost led to full employment during the 1930s. The re-armament began a sudden change in fortune for many factories in Germany. Many industries were taken out of a deep crisis that had been induced by the Great Depression.

The creation of Mefo bills was the first fiscal step that Germany took on the road to rearmament. The Versailles Treaty prohibited the German government from rearming. Therefore, to rearm to the capacity that Hitler was trying to attain, the Reichsbank would have to extend the German government an almost unlimited amount of credit towards the rearmament program while hiding the accumulation of Government debt from the international community. Contrary to this goal, the then Reichsbank President Hans Luther would only extend credit of one-hundred million Reichsmarks to rearmament, so to work around this, Hitler replaced Luther with Hjalmar Schacht. Schacht turned Luther's "employment creation bills" program into a system that would allow the German government to receive an unlimited amount of credit to put towards their program. Schacht created the *Metallurgische Forschungs-G.m.b.H*, a shell company that would issue short-term treasury notes, which would "function as a concealed form of money". The company would sell over 12 billion Reichsmarks worth of Mefo-bills by 1938, money which would all go to fund rearmament. Since Schacht's company did not function and instead just worked as a front for government-issued debt, this allowed the Nazi Regime to conceal their rearmament funding from the international community. Without the creation of the Mefo program, the international community would have been immediately alarmed at the raising of funds by Nazi Germany, and the rearmament program would be threatened by external intervention.

In another instance of money market fraud, one can examine Schacht's manipulation of the American international exchange system, which provided Germany an arbitrage opportunity allowing them to fund their rearmament program. After attaining the position of Reichsbank President in 1933, Schacht told the American Government that the German corporations, government, and municipalities would be unable to pay their interest payments to American bondholders on American denominated debt. The cancellation of interest payments was due to the lack of foreign exchange that Germany claimed they had in their treasury. Although German exchange resources had been depleted during the great depression, the German government was not short enough on foreign exchange to completely stop paying bond coupon payments. Instead, the German government wanted to use the foreign exchange to pay for rearmament and fund its activities abroad, an example being the support of Konrad Henlein and the Sudeten German Party In doing this, Schacht realized an arbitrage opportunity. In defaulting on their debt, the Germans would subsequently decrease the value of the debt on the American markets, where they could then go and repurchase the bonds with the "allegedly nonexistent foreign exchange at a fraction of their face value". The debt purchaser could then sell the bond back to the issuer and exchange the American dollar-denominated debt for Reichsmarks. The German government could then take the foreign exchange that they had received and pay for their rearmament program, an example being purchasing American plane parts with the US dollars they accumulated from this program. Schacht took the program even further; he would allow German exporters to use a portion of their foreign exchange reserves to purchase the debt. They would then turn around and sell the debt back to the debtors for Reichsmarks, subsidizing exports at the expense of the bondholder while allowing German debtors to repurchase their debt at a large discount. The American bondholder would risk the value of the bond dropping significantly, or they could resell to the German exporters. Schacht's plan allowed the Nazi Regime to make a foreign exchange that they could use for rearmament and support their propaganda efforts abroad.

By 1935, Hitler was open about rejecting the military restrictions set forth by the Treaty of Versailles. Rearmament was announced on 16 March, as was the reintroduction of conscription.

Some large industrial companies, which had until then specialized in certain traditional products began to diversify and introduce innovative ideas in their production pattern. Shipyards, for example, created branches that began to design and build aircraft. Thus, the German re-armament provided an opportunity for advanced, and sometimes revolutionary, technological improvements, especially in the field of aeronautics.

Work by labour historians has determined that many German workers in the 1930s identified passionately with the weapons they were building. While this was in part due to the high status of the skilled work required in the armaments industries, it was also to do with the weapons themselves – they were assertions of national strength, the common property of the German nation. Adam Tooze noted in 2008 that an instruction manual given to tank crews during the war made clear this connection:

> For every shell you fire, your father has paid 100 Reichsmarks in taxes, your mother has worked for a week in the factory ... The Tiger costs all told 800,000 Reichsmarks and 300,000 hours of labour. Thirty thousand people had to give an entire week's wages, 6,000 people worked for a week so that you can have a Tiger. Men of the Tiger, they all work for you. Think what you have in your hands!

The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) provided an ideal testing ground for the proficiency of the new weapons produced by the German factories during the re-armament years. Many aeronautical bombing techniques (i.e. dive bombing) were tested by the Condor Legion German expeditionary forces against the Republican Government on Spanish soil with the permission of Generalísimo Francisco Franco. Hitler insisted, however, that his long-term designs were peaceful, a strategy labelled as *Blumenkrieg* ("Flower War"). Re-armament in the 1930s saw the development of different theories of how to prepare the German economy for total war. The first amongst these was 'defence in depth' which was put forward by Georg Thomas. He suggested that the German economy needed to achieve Autarky (or self-sufficiency) and one of the main proponents behind this was I.G. Farben. Hitler never put his full support behind Autarky and aimed for the development of 'defence in breadth' which espoused the development of the armed forces in all areas and was not concerned with preparing the German war economy.

The re-armament program quickly increased the size of the German officer corps, and organizing the growing army would be their primary task until the beginning of World War II on 1 September 1939. Count Johann von Kielmansegg (1906–2006) later said that the very involved process of outfitting 36 divisions kept him and his colleagues from reflecting on larger issues.

In any event, Hitler could boast on 26 September 1938 in the Berlin Sportpalast that after giving orders to rearm the Wehrmacht he could "openly admit: we rearmed to an extent the like of which the world has not yet seen".

## Toleration shown by other states

Since World War II, both academics and laypeople have discussed the extent to which German re-armament was an open secret among national governments. The failure of Allied national governments to confront and intervene earlier in Germany is often discussed in the context of the appeasement policies of the 1930s. A central question is whether the Allies should have drawn "a line in the sand" earlier than September 1939, which might have resulted in a less devastating war and perhaps a prevention of the Holocaust. However, it is also possible that anything that caused Hitler not to overreach as soon and as far as he did would only have condemned Europe to a more slowly growing Nazi empire, leaving plenty of time for a Holocaust later, and a successful German nuclear weapons program, safely behind a Nazi version of an Iron Curtain. George F. Kennan stated: "Unquestionably, such a policy might have enforced a greater circumspection on the Nazi regime and caused it to proceed more slowly with the actualization of its timetable. From this standpoint, firmness at the time of the reoccupation of the Rhineland (7 March 1936) would probably have yielded even better results than firmness at the time of Munich".

### American corporate involvement

Some 150 American corporations took part in German re-armament, supplying German companies with everything from raw materials to technology and patent knowledge. This took place through a complex network of business interests, joint ventures, cooperation agreements, and cross-ownership between American and German corporations and their subsidiaries. Resources supplied to German companies (some of which were MEFO front companies established by the German state) by American corporations included: synthetic rubber production technology (DuPont and Standard Oil of New Jersey), communication equipment (ITT), computing and tabulation machines (IBM), aviation technology (which was used to develop the Junkers Ju 87 bomber), fuel (Standard Oil of New Jersey and Standard Oil of California), military vehicles (Ford and General Motors), funding (through investment, brokering services, and loans by banks like the Union Banking Corporation), collaboration agreements, production facilities and raw materials. DuPont owned stocks in IG Farben and Degussa AG, who controlled Degesch, the producer of Zyklon B.

This involvement was motivated not only by financial gain, but in some cases by ideology as well. Irénée du Pont, director and former president of DuPont, was a supporter of Nazi racial theory and a proponent of eugenics.

## Further reading

* Corum, James S. *The Luftwaffe: Creating the Operational Air War, 1918-1940* (1997)
* Muller, Richard R. "Hitler, Airpower, and Statecraft." in Robin Higham and Mark Parillo, eds., *The Influence of Airpower Upon History: Statesmanship, Diplomacy, and Foreign Policy Since 1903 (2013): 85+.*
* Overy, Richard J. *War and Economy in the Third Reich* (1995).
* Slepyan, Kenneth. "Mass Production and Mass Dictatorships: The Economics of Total War in Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, 1933–1945." in Paul Corner and Jie-Hyun Lim, eds. *The Palgrave Handbook of Mass Dictatorship* (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2016. 293-308.
* Tooze, Adam. *The wages of destruction: The making and breaking of the Nazi economy* (2008).


title: Inventory theory

abstract: Material theory is the sub-specialty within operations research and operations management that is concerned with the design of production/inventory systems to minimize costs: it studies the decisions faced by firms and the military in connection with manufacturing, warehousing, supply chains, spare part allocation and so on and provides the mathematical foundation for logistics. The inventory control problem is the problem faced by a firm that must decide how much to order in each time period to meet demand for its products. The problem can be modeled using mathematical techniques of optimal control, dynamic programming and network optimization. The study of such models is part of inventory theory.

text:
# Inventory theory

**Material theory** (or more formally the mathematical theory of inventory and production) is the sub-specialty within operations research and operations management that is concerned with the design of production/inventory systems to minimize costs: it studies the decisions faced by firms and the military in connection with manufacturing, warehousing, supply chains, spare part allocation and so on and provides the mathematical foundation for logistics. The **inventory control problem** is the problem faced by a firm that must decide how much to order in each time period to meet demand for its products. The problem can be modeled using mathematical techniques of optimal control, dynamic programming and network optimization. The study of such models is part of inventory theory.

## Issues

One issue is infrequent large orders vs. frequent small orders. Large orders will increase the amount of inventory on hand, which is costly, but may benefit from volume discounts. Frequent orders are costly to process, and the resulting small inventory levels may increase the probability of stockouts, leading to loss of customers. In principle all these factors can be calculated mathematically and the optimum found.

A second issue is related to changes in demand (predictable or random) for the product. For example, having the needed merchandise on hand in order to make sales during the appropriate buying season(s). A classic example is a toy store before Christmas: if the items are not on the shelves, they cannot be sold. And the wholesale market is not perfect; there can be considerable delays, particularly with the most popular toys. So, the entrepreneur or business manager will buy speculatively. Another example is a furniture store. If there is a six-week, or more, delay for customers to receive merchandise, some sales will be lost. A further example is a restaurant, where a considerable percentage of the sales are the value-added aspects of food preparation and presentation, and so it is rational to buy and store somewhat more to reduce the chances of running out of key ingredients. The situation often comes down to two key questions: confidence in the merchandise selling, and the benefits accruing if it does?

A third issue comes from the view that inventory also serves the function of decoupling two separate operations. For example, work in process inventory often accumulates between two departments because the consuming and the producing department do not coordinate their work. With improved coordination this buffer inventory could be eliminated. This leads to the whole philosophy of Just In Time, which argues that the costs of carrying inventory have typically been underestimated, including both the direct, obvious costs of storage space and insurance, but also the harder-to-measure costs of increased variables and complexity, and thus decreased flexibility, for the business enterprise.

## Inventory models

The mathematical approach is typically formulated as follows: a store has, at time $k$, $x\_{k}$ items in stock. It then orders (and receives) $u\_{k}$ items, and sells $w\_{k}$ items, where $w$ follows a given probability distribution. Thus:

$$x\_{k+1}=x\_{k}+u\_{k}-w\_{k}$$

$$u\_{k}\geq 0$$

Whether $x\_{k}$ is allowed to go negative, corresponding to back-ordered items, will depend on the specific situation; if allowed there will usually be a penalty for back orders. The store has costs that are related to the number of items in store and the number of items ordered:

$c\_{k}=c(x\_{k},u\_{k})$. Often this will be in additive form: $c\_{k}=p(x\_{k})+h(u\_{k})$

The store wants to select $u\_{k}$ in an optimal way, i.e. to minimize

$$\sum \_{k=0}^{T}c\_{k}.$$

Many other features can be added to the model, including multiple products (denoted $x\_{ik}$), upper bounds on inventory and so on. Inventory models can be based on different assumptions:

### Classic models

Although the number of models described in the literature is immense, the following is a list of classics:

## Further reading

* International Journal of Inventory Research is an academic journal on inventory theory publishing current research.

Classic books that established the field are:

* Kenneth J. Arrow, Samuel Karlin, and Herbert E. Scarf: Studies in the Mathematical Theory of Inventory and Production, Stanford University Press, 1958
* Thomson M. Whitin, G. Hadley, Analysis of Inventory Systems, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall 1963

Many university courses in inventory theory use one or more of the following current textbooks:

* Silver, Edward A., David F. Pyke, and Rein Peterson. Inventory Management and Production Planning and Scheduling, 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 1998. ISBN 0-471-11947-4
* Zipkin, Paul H. Foundations of Inventory Management. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2000. ISBN 0-256-11379-3
* Axsaeter, Sven. Inventory Control. Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 2000. ISBN 0-387-33250-2
* Porteus, Evan L. Foundations of Stochastic Inventory Theory. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8047-4399-1
* Simchi-Levi, David, Xin Chen, and Julien Bramel. The Logic of Logistics: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications for Logistics Management, 2nd ed. New York: Springer Verlag, 2004. ISBN 0-387-22199-9
* Sethi, S.P., Yan, H., and Zhang, H., *Inventory and Supply Chain Management with Forecast Updates*, in series International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, Springer, NY, NY, 2005.(310 pages - ISBN 1-4020-8123-5)
* Beyer, D., Cheng, F., Sethi, S.P., and Taksar, M.I., *Markovian Demand Inventory Models*, in series: International Series in Operations Research and Management Science, Springer, New York, NY, 2010. (253 pages - ISBN 978-0-387-71603-9)
* Tempelmeier, Horst. Inventory Management in Supply Networks, 3rd. Edition, Norderstedt (Books on Demand) 2011, ISBN 3-8423-4677-8
* Snyder, Lawrence V. Fundamentals of Supply Chain Theory, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2019. ISBN 978-1-119-02484-2
* Rossi, Roberto. Inventory Analytics. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2021. ISBN 978-1-800-64176-1


title: Nurse writer

abstract: Nurse writers are nurses, primarily registered nurses (RNs), who write for general audiences in the creative genres of poetry, fiction, and drama, as well as in creative non-fiction. The published work of the nurse writer is analogous to that of the physician writer, which may or may not deal explicitly with health topics but is informed by a professional experience of human vulnerability and acute observation. The following is a partial list of nurse writers, grouped by century and arranged chronologically by year of birth.

text:
# Nurse writer

**Nurse writers** are nurses, primarily registered nurses (RNs), who write for general audiences in the creative genres of poetry, fiction, and drama, as well as in creative non-fiction. The published work of the **nurse writer** is analogous to that of the physician writer, which may or may not deal explicitly with health topics but is informed by a professional experience of human vulnerability and acute observation. The following is a partial list of nurse writers, grouped by century and arranged chronologically by year of birth.

## 19th century

## 20th century

## 21st century

## Further reading


title: Pteris macilenta

abstract:
Pteris macilenta is a species of fern endemic to New Zealand. Pteris macilenta contains the following varieties:
  - Pteris macilenta var. saxatilis
  - Pteris macilenta var. pendula
  - Pteris macilenta var. macilenta

text:
# Pteris macilenta

***Pteris macilenta*** is a species of fern endemic to New Zealand.

*Pteris macilenta* contains the following varieties:

* *Pteris macilenta* var. *saxatilis*
* *Pteris macilenta* var. *pendula*
* *Pteris macilenta* var. *macilenta*

## Description

*Pteris macilenta* is a terrestrial fern characterized by a typically erect, short, and slender rhizome that supports crowded stipes ranging from 10 to 30 cm in length. The stipes are dark brown towards the paleate base and pale brown above, with dark brown, the scales are long and gradually taper to a point. This species can reach up to 50 cm in height, with its abundance of fronds dependent on the quality of the habitat, and its size can be modest as 10 cm under poor conditions. The rhizome is not deeply buried, often ascending, with lateral roots and is marked by the presence of fallen stalk bases.

The fronds of *P. macilenta* are pale green, membranous, and flaccid, with a broadly deltoid shape and a size ranging from 20 to 90 cm in length and 15 to 50 cm in width. They exhibit a 2–3 pinnate structure with minutely punctate laminae. Veins demonstrate anastomosing patterns, especially along the smaller branches coming off the main vein. The pinnae, which are alternate to subopposite and often long-stalked, are deltoid to ovate-lanceolate and acuminate. The rachis is smooth and yellow-brown, narrowly winged in distal half, and bears pinnae with scattered scales. The lamina texture varies from sub-coriaceous to sub-membranous in sheltered plants. Coloration ranges from dark green in shaded environments to paler green in exposed ones, with yellowing common under extreme stress.

This species is distinguished from *P. saxatilis*, a closely related species, by its larger size, slightly more coriaceous laminae, less widely spaced pinnae, and large spores measuring 41-46 μm in diameter. Moreover, *P. macilenta* can be identified by its alternate rather than sub-opposite secondary pinnae on the lower most primary pinnae and its non-overlapping pinnae that are usually herbaceous. Unlike P. epaleata, it has secondary pinnae that are more obviously stalked and ultimate segments that are shorter and broader.

Fertile pinnules in *P. macilenta* are similar in shape to sterile ones, and sori are usually copious and short, along sinuses, with the tips of segments barren. Sporangia are smaller than those found in related species, and the soral flap is narrow and firm. Occasionally, there are a few hair-like structures called paraphyses among the spores. The spores of *P. macilenta* have a polar diameter of 25 to 31 μm and an equatorial diameter of 36 to 29 μm, yielding a P:E ratio of 5.41:8, larger than those of *P. carsei*.

## Range

### Natural global range

The genus (*Pteris* L.) is global presence, mainly in the tropical areas, with a few species extending southern regions to New Zealand, Tasmania, South Africa and South America. *Pteris macilenta* is a species endemic to New Zealand with a limited distribution.

### New Zealand range

*P. macilenta* is found in New Zealand within specific regions across both North and South Island, as well as the Chatham Islands. In the North Island, its distribution includes Northland, Auckland, the Volcanic Plateau, Gisborne, Taranaki, and the Southern North Island, with a notable presence from Te Paki to Wellington. It predominantly occupies coastal and lowland areas, extending into montane districts, albeit rarely in the central North Island. Its growth is observed from sea level up to 800 meters, especially in the Coromandel Ranges and on Mt. Pirongia.

In the South Island, the species is commonly found in coastal and lowland regions between the Marlborough Sounds and Greymouth, and up to 520 meters near Nelson. Its presence extends to outlying areas in Canterbury and along the West Coast to Martins Bay.

## Habitat Preferences

*P. macilenta* prefers habitats ranging from coastal to montane regions in northern areas, predominantly occupying dry, less vegetated sites within forests. Its growth is commonly in a variety of settings including more open kauri, podocarp, beech, and broadleaved forests, as well as under manuka and kanuka scrub and *Carex secta*. It is much more common on the mainland than on the offshore islands. The species has an affinity for substrates such as scoria, greywacke, and limestone, favoring environments like stream banks, river terraces, wet gullies, clay banks, clearings, forest margins, roadside banks, coastal cliffs. It is especially prevalent over calcareous or other base-rich rocks, and often growing amongst the roots of the trees.

## Life cycle/Phenology

### Spores

New Zealand species, exhibit generally more narrow margins than their more tropical species, affecting sporangia exposure and fertility characteristics of the fronds.

### Sporangia

Sporangia, produced along the marginal loop vein, mature mostly simultaneously, with species displaying two main groups based on sporangia size.

### Germination

*Pteris* species typically showcase rapid germination, leading to the early development of the gametophyte, which can vary in form based on the environmental conditions and the presence of factors like antheridogens.

Post-germination growth rates differ, with some species growing faster than others. Gametophytes are typically cross-fertilized, and under moist conditions without direct watering, they can become long-lived, changing shape and continuing to produce sex organs. Antheridiogen are chemicals that influence the growth of male reproductive parts and are common in many plant genera. Post-germination growth rates differ, with some species growing faster than others.

### Diet and foraging

*Pteris macilenta* favors soils in coastal to montane habitats, predominantly on alkaline rocks like limestone, indicating specific nutrient preferences. Found in shaded or semi-shaded environments, its distribution ranges from preferring clay slopes under karaka trees to adapting distinctively in limestone areas. Its occurrence along moisture-retaining yet well-drained sites such as riverbanks.

### Parasites

Previous studies have documented the widespread occurrence of symbiotic phycomycetous infections in pteridophytes’ roots, with endophytic symbiosis common across most pteridophyte families except for some aquatic groups.

Based on Karen M. Cooper’s 1976 research about the incidence and characteristics of mycorrhizal fungi infecting the roots of *P. macilenta*, as part of a broader survey on New Zealand ferns, three samples of *P. macilenta* were collected from two different locations. All samples showed mycorrhizal infection, indicating a strong symbiotic relationship that aids in nutrient uptake and overall health. At least seven types of endogonaceous fungi were identified in fern roots, with mixed infections being common. Additionally, small quantities of ectotrophic mycorrhizas similar to those found in certain tree species were present, suggesting a diverse fungal community within the fern’s root system.

## Etymology

Pteris: a fern known to the ancient Greek, derives its name from the Greek word ‘pteron’.

## History of the New Zealand species

The first recorded collections of New Zealand’s *Pteris* species are found in the Banks and Solander collection. The Auckland Museum and Institute houses duplicates of *P. tremula* and *P. macilenta* (AKLL4335 and AKLL4334 respectively both N.Z.1769-70).

## The original description from Richard, 1832

The original description by Richard in1832 was later translated from French by Braggins in 1975.

> "*this species is easily (very) remarkable because (of its) appearance or growth which distinguishes it at a glance from all the other species of the genus and which more or less links it with some species of Lindsaea. Its fronds are about 1.5 feet long at times even 2 feet and are made up of a very small number of pinnae (folioles) widely separated from one another and more or less deeply pinnatifid. The divisions of those pinnae are either whole or irregularly toothed at their tips, usually very glabrous. This species approaches Pteris vespertilionis La Billardiere: it is, however, quite distinct* "

## Cytology

n = 60, n = 58, 2n = c. 116; 2n = c. 120.

## Chemotaxonomy

*P. macilenta* is unique within *Pteris* genus for containing leucoanthocyanins, specifically leucopelargonidin, a trait also present in its hybrids. Additionally, kaempferol appears to be confined to *P. macilenta*, its hybrids, and possibly *P. pendula*.

This indicates that chromatography can offer valuable distinctive features for making precise comparisons among these species, as it does in various other groups.

## Hybridization

Variability in *P. macilenta* typically occurs in regions where it coexists with *Pteris carsei* and *P. saxatilis*. It is probable resulting from hybridization and subsequent formation of hybrid swarms. Hybrid spores tend to appear abnormal due to the differing chromosome numbers of the parent species. Morphologically, *P. macilenta* is likely an allotetraploid, meaning it has double the usual number of chromosomes and likely evolved from two different species, though it lacks experimental evidence. All three species, *P. macilenta*, *P. saxatilis*, and *P.carsei*, share nearly identical rbcL gene sequences, indicating a close genetic relationship. Their exact relations within their clade are unclear, but they likely form part of small, independent radiations in the south-western Pacific, with no close relative among other species (Bouma et al, 2009).

## The taxonomic history of *Pteris macilenta*

As first described by Richard in 1832, has been subject to confusion and debate due to its morphological similarity to other species and subsequent reinterpretations by other authors. Initially, Richard’s comprehensive description and accompanying plate introduced *P. macilenta* as a new species, setting a foundation later built upon by botanists like Cunningham, W. J. Hooker and J. D. Hooker, who expanded the species concept to include similar-looking plants from other localities. This led to the description of related species and varieties, such as P. pendula by Colenso, which Cheeseman later demoted to a variety of *P. macilenta*. Over time, the name *P. macilenta* has been applied variable, complicating its taxonomic clarity.

Efforts to resolve these taxonomic issues include Braggins’ unpublished work in 1975, which suggested that *P. macilenta* as described by Richard is more accurately applied to what known as *P. saxatilis*, proposing *P. pendula* for the plant previously referred to as *P. macilenta*. This interpretation, however, has not been universally adopted, leading to continued ambiguity in the species’ nomenclature. The lectotype designation by Brownsey and Perrie in 2020, based on original material collected during the voyage of the Astrolabe, aimed to clarify the identify of *P. macilenta*. Despite these efforts, the historical application of the name and the existence of closely related taxa make the precise definition of *P. macilenta* challenging

## InfoBox

| *Pteris macilenta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Family: | Pteridaceae |
| Genus: | *Pteris* |
| Species: | ***P. macilenta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pteris macilenta***<br>A.Rich. | |
|


title: McMyler-Interstate Company

abstract:
The McMyler-Interstate Company, a pioneer in the design, development, and manufacturing of ore- and coal-handling equipment as well as a manufacturer of heavy industrial equipment, was established in 1910 as the result of a consolidation of four companies in the city of Bedford, Ohio:
  - The Excelsior Iron Works, dating back to the 1870s
  - The McMyler Manufacturing Co., dating back to the 1880s
  - Kaltenbach & Griess, Consulting and Contracting Engineers, formed in 1897
  - The Interstate Engineering Co., organized in 1902 Just after World War I, a 350-ton capacity hammerhead crane was ordered for the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. Designed and built in Bedford in 1919, the crane was called the "League Island Crane" by its builder. Weighing 3,500 tons, the crane was shipped to the Navy yard in sections. At the time, it was the world's largest crane. The League Island Crane was for many years the Navy's largest crane.
  - Hog Island Cranes
  - League Island Crane

text:
# McMyler-Interstate Company

The **McMyler-Interstate Company**, a pioneer in the design, development, and manufacturing of ore- and coal-handling equipment as well as a manufacturer of heavy industrial equipment, was established in 1910 as the result of a consolidation of four companies in the city of Bedford, Ohio:

* The Excelsior Iron Works, dating back to the 1870s
* The McMyler Manufacturing Co., dating back to the 1880s
* Kaltenbach & Griess, Consulting and Contracting Engineers, formed in 1897
* The Interstate Engineering Co., organized in 1902

Just after World War I, a 350-ton capacity hammerhead crane was ordered for the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. Designed and built in Bedford in 1919, the crane was called the "League Island Crane" by its builder. Weighing 3,500 tons, the crane was shipped to the Navy yard in sections. At the time, it was the world's largest crane. The *League Island Crane* was for many years the Navy's largest crane.


title: Paul Woodside

abstract: Paul Woodside is an American football placekicker who played college football at West Virginia University where he earned first-team All-America honors and set numerous placekicking and scoring records. In 2008, Woodside was featured in the book A Few Seconds of Panic by Stefan Fatsis.

text:
# Paul Woodside

**Paul Woodside** (born September 2, 1963) is an American football placekicker who played college football at West Virginia University where he earned first-team All-America honors and set numerous placekicking and scoring records. In 2008, Woodside was featured in the book *A Few Seconds of Panic* by Stefan Fatsis.

## Early life

Woodside attended Falls Church High School in Falls Church, Virginia, graduating in 1981. He practiced "soccer-style" kicking in high school. As a young boy, Woodside spoke with a severe stutter.

## Collegiate career

Woodside enrolled at West Virginia University and joined the football team as a walk-on placekicker in 1981. As a four-year letter winner for the football team, Woodside established himself as one of the best placekickers in the nation and the finest in West Virginia University's history. He was known for his many eccentricities, including drawing patterns on his shoes with a magic marker, constant activity on the sideline during games, and practicing his kicks on the field facing the wrong direction. He was also known for having very poor vision, reportedly not being able to see the goal posts clearly on his longer kick attempts.

In 1982, Woodside set the NCAA Division I football record for the most field goals made in a season (28), a record that has been surpassed by four players. The current record is 31 (Billy Bennett, Georgia, 2003). Woodside set and still holds several NCAA records, including:

* Single season highest percentage of field goals made under 40 yards (min. 16), 100% (23 for 23; 1982; tied with 8 others)
* Single season most times kicking two or more field goals in a game, 10 (1982, tied with 2 others)

Woodside holds many career and single-season kicking and scoring records at West Virginia University, including:

* Longest field goal, 55 yards against Louisville (1984)
* Single season field goals made, 28 (1982)
* Single season field goals attempted, 31 (1982)
* Career field goals made, 74
* Career field goals attempted, 93
* Consecutive field goals made, 15 (1981–82)

### Freshman season

After beating two scholarship kickers for the starting job, Woodside finished the season fourth in total scoring with 34 points. Woodside was successful in eight out of 12 field goal attempts and 10 out of 11 extra points. WVU finished the season with a record of 9-3, including a win in the Peach Bowl over Florida. In the bowl game, Woodside kicked four field goals, including a 49-yard field goal, second-longest in WVU history at the time and currently among the longest field goals in WVU history. The team finished the season with top-20 rankings in both national polls.

### Sophomore season

As the full-time placekicker for WVU, Woodside finished the season as the team's leading scorer with 116 points, a team record at the time for kickers and second only to Ira Errett Rodgers's 147 points scored in 1919. Woodside's 28 field goals in 31 attempts set the NCAA Division I record for most field goals in a season. It also set the record in both categories for a single season at WVU, records that stood until 2014. Against Rutgers and Syracuse, Woodside scored 14 points, among the top ten performances by a kicker in WVU history. WVU finished the season with a loss against Florida State in the Gator Bowl and was ranked in the top 20 in both national polls.

Woodside was named to the UPI All-America second team and AP All-America third team.

### Junior season

As a junior, Woodside continued to show excellent form as a placekicker. He again led the team in scoring with 100 points, currently fifth highest all time among kickers at WVU. He completed 21 of 25 field goal attempts, currently second and third all-time records at WVU. Woodside was perfect in 37 extra-point attempts. His 50-yard field goal against Pacific tied Ed Kenna's 1901 record for the longest field goal for WVU and is still among the longest recorded in school history. WVU defeated Kentucky in the Hall of Fame Bowl with Woodside kicking field goals of 39 and 23 yards. For the third consecutive season, WVU finished in the top 20 in both polls.

Woodside was named to the Sporting News All-America first team and the UPI All-America second team.

### Senior season

Woodside kicked the game-winning field goal in the fourth quarter of WVU's upset over Penn State, helping WVU beat the Nittany Lions in one of the biggest games in WVU football history—the first victory against Penn State in 29 years. Woodside led the team in total scoring for the third consecutive year with 73 points (15 for 21 in field goals and 28 for 28 in extra points). Woodside broke his own record for the longest field goal in WVU history with a successful 55-yard attempt against Louisville. Five weeks later, he kicked a field goal of 53 yards against Syracuse. At the end of his career at WVU, Woodside was responsible for four of the five longest field goals in school history. WVU completed the season with a record of 8-4, including a victory over Texas Christian University in the Bluebonnet Bowl, the fourth consecutive bowl appearance for WVU. WVU was ranked in the top 25 in both national polls.

Woodside was named to the All-America first team.

## Post-college career

Woodside was drafted in the 12th round of the 1985 NFL draft by the Buffalo Bills as the 333rd pick. He did not make the team. In 1987, he was a member of the Kansas City Chiefs, but did not attempt any field goals or extra points.

In 1999, Woodside was inducted into the West Virginia University Sports Hall of Fame.

Woodside was featured in *A Few Seconds of Panic* (2008), journalist Stefan Fatsis's everyman account of attending the 2006 Denver Broncos training camp as a 43-year-old placekicker. Woodside was among the coaches who helped prepare Fatsis with instruction on technique, form, and kicking philosophy.

Woodside continues to provide kicking instruction through camps and personal training sessions. He is known for his unfailing enthusiasm for his students and their abilities and for his belief in using positive reinforcement.

## Sources

2010 NCAA Division I Football Records

West Virginia University Football Statistics

West Virginia University Hall of Fame Biography

West Virginia University Football Press Guide, 2010 Season

Fatsis, Stefan (2008). *A Few Seconds of Panic: A 5-Foot-8, 170-Pound, 43-Year-Old Sportswriter Plays In The NFL*. Penguin Group (USA). ISBN 978-1-59420-178-3.

NFL.com Player Database


title: Pu Tian Yue

abstract: The Pu Tian Yue is considered the first national anthem of China, though it was not approved officially by the Qing government.

text:
# Pu Tian Yue

The **Pu Tian Yue** (Chinese: 普天樂) is considered the first national anthem of China, though it was not approved officially by the Qing government.

## History

In 1878 (the 4th year of the Guangxu Emperor), Zeng Jize (曾纪泽) made a diplomatic visit to Great Britain and France; he was appointed Ambassador to Russia two years later. At an international convention, a national song was needed, so he wrote the song "Pu Tian Yue" to the tune 词牌.

This song was not officially approved by the Qing government, but was recognized as the national song of China in other countries.

The only known versions are from a version played by the Victor Military Band, translated as "The World's Delight," recorded in Camden, New Jersey on 18 September 1914.

## Lyrics

The lyrics of the song are incomplete as this is the only surviving portion of them.

| Simplified Chinese | Traditional Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | English Translation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 一统旧江山， 亚细亚文明古国四千年，
最可叹：
犹太、印度与波兰，
亡国恨，
谈之心寒…… | 一統舊江山， 亞細亞文明古國四千年，
最可嘆：
猶太、印度與波蘭，
亡國恨，
談之心寒…… | Yītǒng jiù jiāngshān, Yàxìyà wénmíng gǔguó sìqiān nián!
Zuì kě tàn:
Yóutài, yìndù yǔ bōlán,
Wángguó hèn,
Tán zhī xīnhán…… | who Unified the Old Nation, the Ancient Asian Civilization of 4000 Years,
But most lamentable,
Judea, India and Poland,
The hatred of losing their country,
It is heartbreaking to discuss... |

## InfoBox

| Pu Tian Yue | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 普天 |
| Simplified Chinese | 普天乐 |
| Literal meaning | Whole Sky Song |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin pǔtiān yuè  IPA \[pʰù tʰjɛ́n ɥê\]  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping pou2 tin1 ngok6 | |
|  | |


title: Giovanni Valesio

abstract: Giovanni Luigi Valesio, also known as Giovanni Valesio or Luigi Valesio, was an Italian painter and, most prominently, an engraver of the early-Baroque, active in his native city of Bologna, and then in Rome.

text:
# Giovanni Valesio

**Giovanni Luigi Valesio**, also known as *Giovanni Valesio* or *Luigi Valesio*, (c. 1583–1633) was an Italian painter and, most prominently, an engraver of the early-Baroque, active in his native city of Bologna, and then in Rome.

## Biography

Malvasia claims he was the son of a Spanish soldier initially stationed in Reggio Calabria. He frequented the studio of Ludovico Carracci. After 1621, during the papacy of Gregory XV, Valesio relocated to Rome under the patronage of Lavinia Albergati, the wife of Orazio Ludovisi, the pope's brother. He helped Ulisse Aldrovandi in the preparation of some of his volumes of natural history. He was aided by a pupil, Giovanni Battista Coriolano. He also engraved the funeral services in Bologna performed for the Ludovisi pope. Another pupil was Oliviero Gatti of Piacenza. Valesio died in his mid-forties according to Malvasia.

Among his works in Bologna are a *Scourging of Christ* for the cathedral, an *Annunciation* for the Mendicants; church, and *St. Roch curing the Plague-stricken* for the oratory of St. Roch (San Rocco). At Rome he painted a *Religion* for the monastery attached to Santa Maria sopra Minerva. He etched several plates from his own designs, and after other masters, as well as a variety of plates for books. In these he approached the style of Agostino Carracci. Among other prints by him of *St. Michael vanquishing the Angels* after Paolo Veronese.

* *Venus whipping Cupid with Roses, interrupted by satyr*
* Baglione, Giovanni (1733) \[1641\]. *Le Vite de' Pittori, Scultori, Architetti, ed Intagliatori dal Pontificato di Gregorio XII del 1572. fino a' tempi de Papa Urbano VIII. nel 1642* \[*Lives of the painters, sculptors, architects, and engravers during the papacies of Gregory XII in 1572 to Urban VIII in 1642*\]. Naples: Giovanni Battista Passari. p. 239.
* Marchese Antonio Bolognini Amorini (1843). *Vite de Pittori ed Artifici Bolognesi*. Tipografia Governativa alla Volpe, Bologna. pp. 126–129.


title: Neozelia

abstract: Neozelia is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Neozelia

***Neozelia*** is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## Distribution

Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Neozelia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Dexiinae |
| Tribe: | Dexiini |
| Genus: | *Neozelia*
Guimarães, 1975 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Neozelia alini*
Guimarães, 1975 | |


title: German rescue swimming badge

abstract:
The German rescue swimming badge is awarded by the Wasserwacht of the German Red Cross, the DLRG and the ASB for proficiency in rescue swimming skills. The German rescue swimming badge is awarded in bronze, silver, and in gold. The awards is available as a cloth patch, as a metal badge, or as a ribbon. The rescue swimming badges in silver and gold are permitted to be worn on uniforms of the Bundeswehr, the German Police and various rescue services as a ribbon.
It is also an entry-requirement for some German Police agencies.

text:
# German rescue swimming badge

The **German rescue swimming badge** (German: *Deutsches Rettungsschwimmabzeichen*) is awarded by the Wasserwacht of the German Red Cross, the DLRG and the ASB for proficiency in rescue swimming skills. The German rescue swimming badge is awarded in bronze, silver, and in gold. The awards is available as a cloth patch, as a metal badge, or as a ribbon. The rescue swimming badges in silver and gold are permitted to be worn on uniforms of the Bundeswehr, the German Police and various rescue services as a ribbon. It is also an entry-requirement for some German Police agencies.

## History

In 1913 the DLRG offered its first rescue swimming classes. By the year 1922, 7997 rescue swimming certificates, 2038 badges in bronze, and 676 instructors' certificates were awarded.

## Bronze

***Requirements***

* At least 12 years old

***Test***

* 200 metres swim in less than 10 minutes, (100 m breaststroke and 100 m on the back without arm activity)
* 100 metres swim in clothing in less than 4 minutes. Afterwards, taking off clothes in the water.
* Three different jumps from springboard of 1 metre height
* 15 metres underwater swim on one breath
* Two 2–3 metres dives and retrieving a 5 kilo ring
* 50 metres rescue pulling or pushing stroke
* 50 metres lifesaving stroke
* Demonstrating proficiency in avoiding holds and chokes
* Demonstration of CPR
* Lifting a person out of the water
* Combination of:
    + 20 metre swim
    + Diving and retrieving a 5 kilo ring
    + 20 metres rescue pulling stroke
* Demonstrating proficiency in (written test):
    + Hazards near and inside water
    + Respiratory and cardiovascular system
    + Rescue for boat accidents or ice accidents
    + First aid for near-drowning accidents
    + Duties and responsibilities

## Silver

***Requirements***

* At least 14 years old
* Completion of First-Aid course

***Test***

* 400 metres swim (50 metres front crawl, 150 metres breaststroke, 200 metres pulling rescue stroke) in less than 15 minutes
* 300 metres swim in clothing in less than 12 minutes. Afterwards, taking off clothes in the water.
* 25 metres underwater swim on one breath
* Jump from springboard of 3 metres height
* Three 3–5 metres dives and retrieving a 5 kilo ring or a similar object
* 50 metres rescue pushing stroke in 1:30 minutes
* Demonstrating proficiency in avoiding holds and chokes
* 50 metres rescue pulling stroke in less than 4 minutes, both persons wearing clothes
* Combination of:
    + 20 metres swim
    + Diving and retrieving a 5 kg ring in 3–5 metres depth
    + Breaking a hold or choke
    + Transporting a person 25 metres by using rescue pulling stroke
    + Lifting a person out of the water
    + Demonstrating CPR for three minutes
* Demonstrating proficiency in (written test):
    + Hazards near and inside water
    + Respiratory and cardiovascular system
    + Rescue for boat accidents or ice accidents
    + First aid for near-drowning accidents
    + Duties and responsibilities
    + Using rescue devices
    + Duties and tasks of the lifeguard organization

## Gold

***Requirements***

* At least 16 years old
* Completion of First-Aid course
* Completion of rescue swimming badge in silver
* Medical certificate of physical fitness (according to DLRG template # 15401353)

***Test***

* 300 metres swim with swim fins in less than 6 minutes (250 metres swim in breaststroke or sidestroke, 50 metres pulling a partner wearing clothes with a hold on his head and axillary)
* 300 metres swim wearing clothes in less than 9 minutes. Afterwards, taking off clothes in water.
* 100 metres swim in less than 1:40 minutes
* 30 metres underwater swim on one breath while picking up at least 8 out of 10 rings from the ground across 20m within a variation of 2 m
* Three 3–5 metres dives wearing clothes and retrieving two 5 kilo rings or similar objects with 3 m in between in less than 3 minutes. The first time with a dive start. The second and third time from the water level, with a dive head first and a dive feet first.
* 50 metres rescue pulling or pushing stroke with a partner in less than 1:30 minutes (both wearing clothes).
* Demonstrating proficiency in avoiding and breaking holds and chokes
* Combination of:
    + 25 metres swim in less than 30 seconds
    + Diving and retrieving a 5 kg ring in 3–5 metres depth
    + Breaking a hold or choke
    + Transport person 25 metres by using rescue pulling stroke in less than 60 seconds
    + Lifting person out of the water
    + Demonstrating CPR for three minutes
* Demonstrating proficiency in using rescue aids:
    + How to use a throw bag with rope
    + How to use a throw ball with rope (very similar to a throw bag)
    + Devices for CPR

***Exam***

* Demonstrating proficiency in (written test):
    + Methods of cardiopulmonary resuscitation
    + Avoiding holds and chokes
    + First aid
    + Duties and tasks of the lifeguard organization (DLRG)

1. "OrdenG - nichtamtliches Inhaltsverzeichnis".
2. "Polizei NRW - Grundvoraussetzungen". Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
3. "Die Dresdner Zeit - DLRG". Archived from the original on 2010-07-29. Retrieved 2010-05-22.

Wasserrettung im ASB (in German)

## InfoBox

| German rescue swimming badge | |
| --- | --- |
| German rescue swimming badge in silver as a cloth badge as awarded by the Wasserwacht | |
| Type | Badge & Ribbon |
| Awarded for | Proficiency in rescue swimming skills |
| Description | Awarded in three classes: gold, silver and bronze |
| Presented by | German Red Cross (Wasserwacht) or DLRG |
| Eligibility | Civilians, members of the military, police, or rescue services |
| Status | Currently awarded |
| Established | 1913 |
|  | |
| Silver swimming badge as a metal badge | |
|  | |


title: Inventory of Conflict and Environment

abstract: The Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE) is a project initiated by Jim Lee, School of International Service (SIS) at American University in Washington, D.C. He has also written extensively on environment and conflict, including the book "Hot and Cold Wars". The ICE project makes use of case research and computer applications in international relations research. The cases can be searched through a pattern matching tool. ICE establishes a perspective in which disaggregated data is combined with geographic information in the study of conflicts. ICE Case studies are sets of categorical research projects meant to spur further research in specific areas of international dispute. The ICE cases are related to the Trade and Environment Database project (TED). Since 1991, the TED and ICE projects have produced over a range of case study projects. ICE has about 300 cases. Among the practical uses of such case studies, ICE provides information on environmental refugees, conflict dimensions, countries involved and related issues. ICE case studies have been of interest in both research and policy arenas. The ICE cases can be found HERE. Conflict and environment are modern and age-old problems and the cases represent this continuum of impact. The history of conflict and environment dates back many thousands of years. AT the root of these cases are control over resources and migrations of peoples. These two drivers will remain at the core of environmental conflict cases, now and in the future.

text:
# Inventory of Conflict and Environment

The **Inventory of Conflict and Environment** (ICE) is a project initiated by Jim Lee, School of International Service (SIS) at American University in Washington, D.C. He has also written extensively on environment and conflict, including the book "Hot and Cold Wars". The ICE project makes use of case research and computer applications in international relations research. The cases can be searched through a pattern matching tool. ICE establishes a perspective in which disaggregated data is combined with geographic information in the study of conflicts.

ICE Case studies are sets of categorical research projects meant to spur further research in specific areas of international dispute. The ICE cases are related to the Trade and Environment Database project (TED). Since 1991, the TED and ICE projects have produced over a range of case study projects. ICE has about 300 cases. Among the practical uses of such case studies, ICE provides information on environmental refugees, conflict dimensions, countries involved and related issues. ICE case studies have been of interest in both research and policy arenas. The ICE cases can be found HERE.

Conflict and environment are modern and age-old problems and the cases represent this continuum of impact. The history of conflict and environment dates back many thousands of years. AT the root of these cases are control over resources and migrations of peoples. These two drivers will remain at the core of environmental conflict cases, now and in the future.

## ICE Cases and the ICE Search Engine

ICE project is an evolving search engine and a tool for looking at international conflicts in the context of events and in contexts of similar and/or different typologies. It is also a tool for scenario creation for analyzing new cases. Several researchers, students and universities have been part of the ICE project. It is the product of melding together approaches to the separate fields of environment and conflict studies.

The ICE system identifies the elements of conflict as aspects of a parsed scenario. Using ICE, an evaluation of any specific event or series of events facilitates consideration of an array of factors. These factors include several types of information, including general, environmental, conflict, and decisions. These are represented by a series of indicators grouped into basket of categories. These factors are also searchable items on the search engine.

The "inferential" ICE search engine offers a pattern matching system and an additional weighting component for the researcher's evaluation and analysis. The Ice Search and Create Scenario Tool is an upgraded version with more user options. The SST lets the user imagine new cases, input relevant attributes and see how it compares to other ICE cases. These scenarios come with a simple automated case analysis and can be saved or results downloaded.


title: Notes from the Treehouse

abstract:
Notes from the Treehouse is the debut studio album by the British singer-songwriter Alessi Laurent-Marke, otherwise known as Alessi's Ark, released in 2009. It was produced by Mike Mogis of Bright Eyes and recorded at his studio in Omaha, Nebraska.
Rough Trade also exclusively sold the album with a limited edition CD that included four acoustic tracks of songs not on the album, including a cover of Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Simple Man" and came in a sleeve with artwork by Laurent-Marke. This limited edition CD was recorded by Ben Lovett of Mumford & Sons. The track "Memory Box" was premiered in an episode of the FOX television series Dollhouse. The album was released in the US for the first time on 18 September 2012. The release was preceded by a competition on Alessi's Ark's website and Facebook page to design a new cover for the US version of the album, which was won by Evalie Wagner.

text:
# Notes from the Treehouse

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| BBC | (favorable) |
| *Daily Mirror* |  |
| Drowned in Sound |  |
| *The Observer* |  |

***Notes from the Treehouse*** is the debut studio album by the British singer-songwriter Alessi Laurent-Marke, otherwise known as Alessi's Ark, released in 2009. It was produced by Mike Mogis of Bright Eyes and recorded at his studio in Omaha, Nebraska. Rough Trade also exclusively sold the album with a limited edition CD that included four acoustic tracks of songs not on the album, including a cover of Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Simple Man" and came in a sleeve with artwork by Laurent-Marke. This limited edition CD was recorded by Ben Lovett of Mumford & Sons.

The track "Memory Box" was premiered in an episode of the FOX television series *Dollhouse*.

The album was released in the US for the first time on 18 September 2012. The release was preceded by a competition on Alessi's Ark's website and Facebook page to design a new cover for the US version of the album, which was won by Evalie Wagner.

## Track listing

All songs by Alessi Laurent-Marke unless otherwise noted.

1. "Magic Weather" – 2:40
2. "The Horse" – 2:14
3. "Over The Hill" – 3:27
4. "Ribbon Lakes" – 2:43
5. "Constellations" – 5:06
6. "The Asteroids Collide" – 4:08
7. "Woman" – 2:54
8. "Memory Box" – 3:29
9. "Hummingbird" – 4:53
10. "The Dog" – 2:27
11. "Glendora" – 6:03
12. "Cotton And The Thread" – 3:01

### iTunes Bonus Tracks

1. "For One Year" – 2:42
2. "King Bee" – 1:42

### Rough Trade Bonus CD

1. "Witch" – 2:18
2. "Pinewoods" – 4:35
3. "Money" – 1:40
4. "Simple Man" – 3:29 (Ronnie Van Zant, Gary Rossington)

## Credits

## InfoBox

| Notes from the Treehouse | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Alessi's Ark | |
| Released | 4 May 2009 (UK), 18 September 2012 (US) |
| Genre | Folk, pop |
| Label | Virgin |
| Producer | Mike Mogis |
| Alessi's Ark chronology | |
| *Friend Ships EP*
(2009) ***Notes from the Treehouse***
(2009) *Live Session*
(2009) | |


title: Wesley Silcox

abstract: Wesley Silcox is an American former professional rodeo cowboy who specialized in bull riding. He competed in the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) and Championship Bull Riding (CBR) circuits, and was the 2007 PRCA World Champion bull rider.

text:
# Wesley Silcox

**Wesley Silcox** (born May 30, 1985) is an American former professional rodeo cowboy who specialized in bull riding. He competed in the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) and Championship Bull Riding (CBR) circuits, and was the 2007 PRCA World Champion bull rider.

## Background

Wesley Silcox was born on May 30, 1985, in Payson, Utah. His first contact with rodeo was with team roping and tie-down roping. It wasn't until he attended Payson (Utah) High School that he tried bull riding. His father was a retired bull rider. He watched DVDs to help learn the sport. At Utah State High School, he won their rodeo association bull riding title. Then he qualified for the National High School Rodeo Association finals and placed fourth. He attended Utah Valley State College (West Orem).

## Career

Silcox joined the PRCA in 2004. In his rookie season, he finished 30th in the World Standings. In 2005, he qualified for the National Finals Rodeo (NFR) for the first time. He then qualified for the NFR from 2006 through 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2015.

In 2007, Silcox won the 2007 PRCA bull riding world championship. He also won the NFR Average Champion title that year. His total was 596 with 7 head out of 10.

He qualified in 2008, and then missed qualifying in 2009 by a small amount. Then he qualified for 2010 and 2011. Then he had a long stretch, not making it back again until 2015, and for the final time. In October, he competed at the Justin Boots Playoffs in Omaha, Nebraska, where he dislocated his shoulder. The Justin Sportsmedicine Team treated him on the spot. For last couple months, he had spent his time rehabbing and preparing for the NFR at the beginning of December. He entered the NFR in fourth place. Under his belt were six rodeo wins and two co-championships. His regular season earnings were $105,000, and he was expected to do well, taking into account his history at every past NFR. However, this was not his year. Although he won Rounds 5 and 10 and placed in Round 9, he suffered a concussion in Round 6. This concussion caused him to miss Rounds 7 and 8.

Silcox qualified for the National Circuit Finals Rodeo (NFCR) three times in 2006, 2011 and 2014. He was also the PRCA Xtreme Bulls Tour champion in 2010 with a total of $37,758.

Silcox also competed in the now-defunct Championship Bull Riding (CBR) organization, qualifying for its World Finals event seven times from 2005 through 2010. In 2012, he did not qualify for the event the normal way, but he and J.W. Harris were invited to compete at the event as a result of some riders not being able to compete at the event due to injuries and also because they were both superstar bull riders of the PRCA and CBR. Silcox and Harris would end up being the best-performing riders at the 2012 CBR World Finals, with Silcox winning the event average and Harris finishing second. Silcox would then qualify for the CBR World Finals in 2013, and win the event average for a second year in a row. He would compete at the CBR World Finals as a special-invite alternate rider again in 2017.

Silcox's final professional bull riding outs were at the PRCA-sanctioned Fort Worth Stock Show & Rodeo in early 2019.

### Championships/qualifications

* Seven-time CBR World Finals qualifier (2005-2010, 2013); Two-time CBR World Finals alternate (2012, 2017)
* Seven-time NFR qualifier (2005-2008, 2010-2011, 2015)
* Three-time NCFR qualifier (2006, 2011, 2014)
* 2007 PRCA World Champion bull rider
* 2007 NFR Bull Riding Average champion
* 2010 PRCA Xtreme Bulls Tour champion
* 2012 CBR World Finals Average champion
* 2013 CBR World Finals Average champion

## Personal life

Silcox married Jerika Sperry on October 15, 2010. They live in Santaquin, Utah, with their son and daughter. He is an avid hunter and sportsman. He has suffered some injuries by the bulls Crossfire Hurricane and Western Rodeo's Dippin' Dots.

### Sources

## InfoBox

Wesley Silcox
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Wesley Silcox |
| Nickname | Wes |
| Born | (1985-05-30) May 30, 1985
Payson, Utah, United States |
| Height | 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) |
| Weight | 135 lb (61 kg) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Rodeo |
| Event | Bull riding |
| Turned pro | 2004 |
| Retired | 2019 |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Highest world ranking | 2007 PRCA Bull Riding World Champion
 |


title: Pseudochaeta (subgenus)

abstract: Pseudochaeta is a subgenus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Pseudochaeta (subgenus)

***Pseudochaeta*** is a subgenus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Pseudochaeta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Exoristinae |
| Tribe: | Goniini |
| Genus: | *Pseudochaeta* |
| Subgenus: | *Pseudochaeta*
Coquillett, 1895 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pseudochaeta argentifrons*
Coquillett, 1895 | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Mayfield, Staffordshire

abstract: Mayfield is a village on the outskirts of Ashbourne in Derbyshire, about 9 miles from Uttoxeter, situated in East Staffordshire. The village is divided into Mayfield, Church Mayfield, Lower Mayfield, Upper Mayfield and Middle Mayfield. It has a population of approximately 2000. It lies on the banks of the River Dove. The Dove is the boundary between Derbyshire and Staffordshire. Mayfield is on the Staffordshire side of the border but it has an Ashbourne postal address because its nearest postal town, Ashbourne, is in Derbyshire. Derbyshire is not used by Royal Mail.

text:
# Mayfield, Staffordshire

**Mayfield** is a village on the outskirts of Ashbourne in Derbyshire, about 9 miles from Uttoxeter, situated in East Staffordshire.

The village is divided into Mayfield, Church Mayfield, Lower Mayfield, Upper Mayfield and Middle Mayfield. It has a population of approximately 2000. It lies on the banks of the River Dove. The Dove is the boundary between Derbyshire and Staffordshire. Mayfield is on the Staffordshire side of the border but it has an Ashbourne postal address because its nearest postal town, Ashbourne, is in Derbyshire. Derbyshire is not used by Royal Mail.

## History

Mayfield was mentioned in the Domesday Book, in which it was called 'Mavreveldt'. The name is possibly derived from the Old English for 'open land growing with madder' or perhaps, 'assembly open land'.

It was the scene of a siege during the retreat of Bonnie Prince Charlie, whose followers terrorised the local villagers forcing them to take refuge in John the Baptist's church. Several musket ball holes, reputedly from weapons fired during the siege, can still be seen in one of the doors of the church.

There has been a church in Mayfield for over a thousand years. The Domesday Survey of 1086 recorded a priest in Mayfield, one of only twenty-five priests recorded for the county of Staffordshire. There is now no trace of the original Church, which would have been a Saxon wooden building standing on or near to the site of the present church. The Saxon church was replaced during the reign of Henry I by a Norman stone building in about 1125. The church was extended in the 15 and 16th Centuries, with the tower being built in 1515. The final extension was in 1854.

On the 13 June 1944 an Royal Air Force Vickers Wellington (LP397) from RAF Castle Donington was on a cross country exercise. 25 minutes later the aircraft entered a thuderstorm shortly after the aircraft went into a nose dive & crashed near the village. All Six of the bomber crew died in the crash.

## Economy

Mayfield's mill, in one form or another, has been standing on the banks of the Dove since the 12th Century. Today Mayfield Yarns produces warped and twisted yarns. The parish is also home to several farms.

## School

Henry Prince First School in Mayfield shut down in summer 2019.

## Local customs

Every summer Mayfield continues the well dressing tradition where wells and springs are decorated with tableaux created by pressing flower petals into clay. The first Well Dressing festival in Mayfield was held in 1896.

The preparation of the boards takes several days. Clay is spread over the wet boards then the outline of the design pricked out with coffee beans. "Petalling" follows and finally the boards are erected by the wells. The wells are blessed by local clergy (Church of England, Catholic and Methodist) and remain for a week for people to view.

## Local groups

There is a thriving scout group that opened in 2015. The group takes children from the Village and surrounding areas and is run by volunteers. The group scout leader is Katy Lewis.

Mayfield Panthers is the football club and caters for all ages through both Summer and Winter Leagues.

Mayfield Heritage Group aims to promote and protect heritage and history in and around Mayfield.

The Mayfield Memorial Hall is a charity providing a venue and fundraising events for Mayfield, Ashbourne and surrounding area.

Mayfield Recreational Association (the MRA) provide outdoor and sporting facilities for children, young people and adults in and around Mayfield. They offer a football field, multi-use games area, bowling green, playground and pavilion.

MARNA is a community group formed in 2019 to improve facilities in Mayfield and put on events for children and older people.

Senior Social is a club for the over-sixties in the village.

## Notable residents

* William Barton (1598?–1678) an English hymnologist and vicar of Mayfield.
* Thomas Moore (1779-1852) Irish writer, poet and lyricist. His daughter, Olivia Byron Moore, is buried in the Mayfield churchyard
* Sir Bertram Windle FRS, FSA, (1858 in Mayfield Vicarage – 1929) a British anatomist, administrator, archaeologist, scientist, educationalist, writer and vitalist

## InfoBox

| Mayfield | |
| --- | --- |
| Hanging Mill Bridge, Mayfield | |
| MayfieldLocation within Staffordshire | |
| Population | 2,000 |
| OS grid reference | SK154448 |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | ASHBOURNE |
| Postcode district | DE6 3 |
|  | |
| Police | Staffordshire |
| Fire | Staffordshire |
| Ambulance | West Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Paul Williams (wide receiver)

abstract: Paul Edward Williams is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Fresno State Bulldogs and was selected by the Tennessee Titans in the third round of the 2007 NFL draft. Williams was also a member of the Houston Texans. He is the uncle of Lynn Williams, Uswnt forward.

text:
# Paul Williams (wide receiver)

**Paul Edward Williams** (born December 2, 1983) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Fresno State Bulldogs and was selected by the Tennessee Titans in the third round of the 2007 NFL draft.

Williams was also a member of the Houston Texans. He is the uncle of Lynn Williams, Uswnt forward.

## College career

### Statistics

| Year | G | Rec | Yds | Yds/G | Avg | Lg | TD |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | 2 | 3 | 20 | 10 | 6.7 | 15 | 0 |
|
| 2004 | 5 | 5 | 70 | 14 | 14 | 43 | 0 |
|
| 2005 | 13 | 43 | 729 | 56.1 | 17.0 | 98 | 7 |
|
| 2006 | 6 | 21 | 500 | 38.2 | 10.9 | 38 | 1 |
|
| Total | 26 | 72 | 1,048 | 40.3 | 14.2 | 98 | 8 |

## InfoBox

Paul Williams
| No. 11, 17 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Wide receiver |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1983-12-02) December 2, 1983<br>Hanford, California, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight: | 205 lb (93 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | Fresno State |
| NFL draft: | 2007 / round: 3 / pick: 80 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * First-team All-WAC (2006) | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Receptions: 1  Receiving yards: 7 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |