title: Rene Trudell

abstract: Joseph Rene Edward Trudell was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 129 games in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers between 1946 and 1948. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1938 to 1949, was spent in the minor leagues.

text:
# Rene Trudell

**Joseph Rene Edward Trudell** (January 31, 1919 – July 25, 1984) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 129 games in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers between 1946 and 1948. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1938 to 1949, was spent in the minor leagues.

## Biography

Born in Mariapolis, Manitoba, Trudell served in the Canadian military during the Second World War. Following the war, Trudell joined the New York Rangers senior affiliate, the New York Rovers playing on a line with fellow Manitobans Cal Gardner and Church Russell. Described by the press as 'flashy', the trio were dominate, with all three players being called up to the Rangers and making their debuts on February 10, 1946. From their debut, the three remained intact as a line until December 1947, with the unit being nicknamed 'Whiz Kids' and the 'rover-boy line.'

After spending parts of three seasons with the Rangers, on April 26, 1948, Trudell was traded to the reigning Stanley Cup champion Toronto Maple Leafs, alongside Gardner, Bill Juzda, and the rights to Frank Mathers for Wally Stanowski and Elwyn Morris, who subsequently sold him to the Springfield Indians, where he would play for a final season before retiring at the age of 30.

Ultimately Trudell spent his entire NHL career with the Rangers, scoring 24 goals and 28 assists for 52 points across 129 career games.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1935–36 | West Kildonan North Stars | MJHL | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1936–37 | Winnipeg Canadians | MJHL | | 15 | 17 | 7 | 24 | 7 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1937–38 | Portage la Prairie Terriers | MJHL | | 21 | 14 | 14 | 28 | 20 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1937–38 | Hudson's Bay Seniors | MJHL | | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 1938–39 | Portage la Prairie Terriers | MJHL | | 18 | 12 | 11 | 23 | 40 | | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| 1939–40 | Harringay Racers | ENL | |  | 20 | 15 | 35 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1940–41 | Toledo Babcocks | MOHL | | 22 | 8 | 21 | 29 | 46 | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 1941–42 | Yorkton Terriers | S–SSHL | | 30 | 11 | 28 | 39 | 62 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1942–43 | Winnipeg RCAF | WNDHL | | 13 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 26 | | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| 1942–43 | Winnipeg RCAF | Al-Cup | |  |  |  |  |  | | 12 | 4 | 13 | 17 | 30 |
| 1943–44 | Winnipeg RCAF | WNDHL | | 9 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 20 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1944–45 | Winnipeg RCAF | WNDHL | | 10 | 12 | 3 | 15 | 6 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 1945–46 | New York Rovers | EAHL | | 40 | 29 | 32 | 61 | 44 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1945–46 | New York Rangers | NHL | | 16 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1946–47 | New York Rangers | NHL | | 59 | 8 | 16 | 24 | 38 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1947–48 | New York Rangers | NHL | | 54 | 13 | 7 | 20 | 30 | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 1948–49 | Springfield Indians | AHL | | 48 | 18 | 28 | 46 | 34 | | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 0 |
| NHL totals | | | | 129 | 24 | 28 | 52 | 72 | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |

## InfoBox

| Rene Trudell | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Trudell with the Rangers, c. 1947 | | | |
| Born | (1919-01-31)January 31, 1919
Transcona, Manitoba, Canada | | |
| Died | July 25, 1984(1984-07-25) (aged 65)
San Francisco, California, United States | | |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) | | |
| Weight | 165 lb (75 kg; 11 st 11 lb) | | |
| Position | Right wing | | |
| Shot | Right | | |
| Played for | New York Rangers
Harringay Racers | | |
| Playing career | 19381949 | | |


title: Renholdningsselskabet af 1898

abstract: Renholdningsselskabet af 1898, commonly known as R98, is a Danish company owned by Copenhagen and Frederiksberg municipalities. It serves the people there by collecting waste, recycling glass and paper, as well as other specialist waste services. R98 is a non-profit company and must therefore not make money on the handling of waste.

text:
# Renholdningsselskabet af 1898

**Renholdningsselskabet af 1898** (Danish for "The 1898 Cleansing Company"), commonly known as **R98**, is a Danish company owned by Copenhagen and Frederiksberg municipalities. It serves the people there by collecting waste (including garden waste, hazardous waste, clinical waste and bulky waste), recycling glass and paper, as well as other specialist waste services. R98 is a non-profit company and must therefore not make money on the handling of waste.

## History

The company started in 1898 under the name *Kjøbenhavns Grundejeres Renholdningsselskab*, shortened to KGR. Then its task was to empty and wash latrine buckets, in the jargon called "removal of night soil". The buckets were carried to Amager, where they built a cleaning station. From this Amager got the unattractive nickname *Lorteøen* (the shit island).

In 1984 the container department Renoflex was eliminated from R98 because of problems with solutions for industrial waste and garbage collection outside the coverage.

In 2003 tenders were invited for the collection of garden refuse and bulky refuse in containers. This was due to (for instance) dissatisfaction from other haulage contractors because the task without supplies was carried out by Renoflex, and they thought this was unfair. This led to a splitting up of the contract into two districts (north and south) that as of 2006 are served by two separate companies.

In a 2005 case R98's 30-year contract with the municipalities for the collection of refuse was declared illegal. After this the planning of the call for tenders of this area started, and at the same time one agreed to that the service in the course of time was to be transferred to be a municipal task. Because of the size of the tasks, tenders were invited over a short period of years.

The company should be finally eliminated as of 2011 and the necessary staff transferred to the two municipalities.


title: Renhuai

abstract: Renhuai is a county-level city located in the north of Guizhou province, China, bordering Sichuan province to the west. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zunyi. The city is served by Zunyi Maotai Airport.

text:
# Renhuai

**Renhuai** (simplified Chinese: 仁怀; traditional Chinese: 仁懷; pinyin: *Rénhuái*) is a county-level city located in the north of Guizhou province, China, bordering Sichuan province to the west. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zunyi. The city is served by Zunyi Maotai Airport.

## Administrative divisions

Renhuai is divided into 5 subdistricts, 14 towns and 1 ethnic township:

subdistricts * Yanjin Subdistrict 盐津街道
* Zhongshu Subdistrict 中枢街道
* Canglong Subdistrict 苍龙街道
* Tanchang Subdistrict 坛厂街道
* Luban Subdistrict 鲁班街道

towns * Changgang Town 长岗镇
* Wuma Town 五马镇
* Maoba Town 茅坝镇
* Jiucang Town 九仓镇
* Xitou Town 喜头镇
* Daba Town 大坝镇
* Sanhe Town 三合镇
* Hema Town 合马镇
* Huoshi Town 火石镇
* Xuekong Town 学孔镇
* Longjing Town 龙井镇
* Meijiuhe Town 美酒河镇
* Gaodaping Town 高大坪镇
* Maotai Town 茅台镇

ethnic township * Houshan Miao and Bouyei Ethnic Township 后山苗族布依族乡

## Climate

| Climate data for Renhuai, elevation 890 m (2,920 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 23.0
(73.4) | 30.4
(86.7) | 33.4
(92.1) | 34.7
(94.5) | 37.4
(99.3) | 35.1
(95.2) | 36.1
(97.0) | 38.0
(100.4) | 38.3
(100.9) | 33.5
(92.3) | 28.2
(82.8) | 23.1
(73.6) | 38.3
(100.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.9
(46.2) | 11.1
(52.0) | 16.1
(61.0) | 21.6
(70.9) | 25.1
(77.2) | 27.1
(80.8) | 30.3
(86.5) | 30.5
(86.9) | 26.3
(79.3) | 19.9
(67.8) | 15.7
(60.3) | 9.7
(49.5) | 20.1
(68.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.2
(41.4) | 7.6
(45.7) | 11.9
(53.4) | 16.8
(62.2) | 20.3
(68.5) | 22.7
(72.9) | 25.6
(78.1) | 25.3
(77.5) | 21.8
(71.2) | 16.5
(61.7) | 12.2
(54.0) | 6.8
(44.2) | 16.1
(60.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.4
(38.1) | 5.4
(41.7) | 9.0
(48.2) | 13.5
(56.3) | 16.8
(62.2) | 19.7
(67.5) | 22.2
(72.0) | 21.7
(71.1) | 18.6
(65.5) | 14.2
(57.6) | 9.8
(49.6) | 4.9
(40.8) | 13.3
(55.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −3.8
(25.2) | −2.9
(26.8) | −1.5
(29.3) | 3.7
(38.7) | 7.8
(46.0) | 12.8
(55.0) | 14.3
(57.7) | 15.1
(59.2) | 10.9
(51.6) | 4.8
(40.6) | −0.5
(31.1) | −3.1
(26.4) | −3.8
(25.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30.2
(1.19) | 25.4
(1.00) | 47.2
(1.86) | 78.8
(3.10) | 134.1
(5.28) | 172.9
(6.81) | 159.2
(6.27) | 115.0
(4.53) | 104.0
(4.09) | 99.2
(3.91) | 42.6
(1.68) | 29.4
(1.16) | 1,038
(40.88) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 15.9 | 14.0 | 15.4 | 15.8 | 18.3 | 17.6 | 13.2 | 12.8 | 13.1 | 18.0 | 14.1 | 15.1 | 183.3 |
| Average snowy days | 3.4 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 83 | 80 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 80 | 74 | 72 | 75 | 82 | 81 | 83 | 78 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 26.9 | 40.9 | 71.6 | 99.0 | 110.7 | 98.7 | 179.8 | 178.9 | 121.1 | 62.4 | 59.4 | 38.6 | 1,088 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 8 | 13 | 19 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 43 | 44 | 33 | 18 | 19 | 12 | 24 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Renhuai 仁怀市 | |
| --- | --- |
| County-level & Sub-prefectural city | |
|  | |
|  | |
| RenhuaiLocation of the seat in GuizhouRenhuaiRenhuai (Southwest China) | |
| Coordinates (Renhuai municipal government): 27°47′31″N 106°24′05″E / 27.7919°N 106.4013°E / 27.7919; 106.4013 | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Guizhou |
| Prefecture-level city | Zunyi |
| Municipal seat | Yanjin Subdistrict |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,789.53 km2 (690.94 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 546,241 |
| Density | 310/km2 (790/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


title: Repeatome

abstract:
The repeatome can be defined as the complement of repeated sequences in a genome. The eukaryotic repeatomes typically comprise variable amounts of multiple components including transposable elements (TEs) and endogenous viruses, simple sequence repeats, segmental duplications, ribosomal DNA and other ribozymes, multi-copy gene families, pseudogenes, as well as highly conserved and repeated protein domains.
Because of their relative high duplication rate as compared to other genomic components, TEs are typically predominant contributors to eukaryotic repeatomes and the product of their decay is thought to be a major source of genomic dark matter.

text:
# Repeatome

The **repeatome** can be defined as the complement of repeated sequences in a genome. The eukaryotic repeatomes typically comprise variable amounts of multiple components including transposable elements (TEs) and endogenous viruses, simple sequence repeats, segmental duplications, ribosomal DNA and other ribozymes, multi-copy gene families, pseudogenes, as well as highly conserved and repeated protein domains. Because of their relative high duplication rate as compared to other genomic components, TEs are typically predominant contributors to eukaryotic repeatomes and the product of their decay is thought to be a major source of genomic dark matter.


title: Repeating waveforms

abstract: Repeating waveforms is a technique for digital synthesis common in PC sound cards. The waveform amplitude values are stored in a buffer memory, which is stored in a phase generator. When addressed, the retrieved value is used as the basis of the synthesized sound. In the phase generator, a value proportional to the desired signal frequency is periodically added to an accumulator. The high order bits of the accumulator form the output address, while the typically larger number of bits in the accumulator and addition value results in an arbitrarily high frequency resolution.

text:
# Repeating waveforms

**Repeating waveforms** is a technique for digital synthesis common in PC sound cards.

The waveform amplitude values are stored in a buffer memory, which is stored in a phase generator. When addressed, the retrieved value is used as the basis of the synthesized sound.

In the phase generator, a value proportional to the desired signal frequency is periodically added to an accumulator. The high order bits of the accumulator form the output address, while the typically larger number of bits in the accumulator and addition value results in an arbitrarily high frequency resolution.


title: Göltzsch

abstract: The Göltzsch is a river of Saxony, Germany. It is a right tributary of the White Elster, which it joins near Greiz.

text:
# Göltzsch

The **Göltzsch** (German pronunciation: \[ˈɡœlt͡ʃ\] ) is a river of Saxony, Germany. It is a right tributary of the White Elster, which it joins near Greiz.

## InfoBox

| Göltzsch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| States | Saxony |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | White Elster |
| coordinates | 50°38′34″N 12°11′54″E / 50.6429°N 12.1984°E / 50.6429; 12.1984 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | White ElsterSaaleElbeNorth Sea |


title: HMS Grafton (1750)

abstract: HMS Grafton was a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built at Portsmouth Dockyard to the draught specified by the 1745 Establishment, and launched on 29 March 1750. The ship served in the failed Louisbourg Expedition (1757).

text:
# HMS Grafton (1750)

**HMS *Grafton*** was a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built at Portsmouth Dockyard to the draught specified by the 1745 Establishment, and launched on 29 March 1750. The ship served in the failed Louisbourg Expedition (1757).

*Grafton* was commissioned in February 1755 under Captain Charles Holmes, in the months immediately before the commencement of the Seven Years' War. On 11 May 1755 she was assigned as a reinforcement for the British fleet commanded by Admiral Edward Boscawen, and sailed for North America when war was formally declared in 1756.

*Grafton* served until 1767, when she was sold out of the Navy.

## Bibliography

* Winfield, Rif (2007). *British Warships of the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates*. Barnsley, United Kingdom: Seaforth. ISBN 9781844157006.

## InfoBox

| "HMS *Grafton* after the storm off Louisbourg, 1757." | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Great Britain | |
| Name | HMS *Grafton* |
| Ordered | 28 August 1744 & 6 August 1745 |
| Builder | Peirson Lock, Portsmouth Dockyard |
| Laid down | 11 September 1745 |
| Launched | 29 March 1750 |
| Commissioned | February 1755 |
| In service | 1755–1763 |
| Fate | Sold at Chatham Dockyard, 1767 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | 1745 Establishment 70-gun third rate ship of the line |
| Tons burthen | 1,414 5694(bm) |
| Length | * 160 ft 0 in (48.8 m) (gundeck) * 131 ft 4 in (40.0 m) (keel) |
| Beam | 45 ft 4 in (13.8 m) |
| Depth of hold | 19 ft 4 in (5.9 m) |
| Propulsion | Sails |
| Sail plan | Full-rigged ship |
| Complement | 520 |


title: HD 63433

abstract: HD 63433 is a G-type main sequence star located 73 light-years from Earth in the zodiacal constellation Gemini, visually close to the star Pollux. It has nearly the same radius and mass of the Sun, hence being classified as a Sun-like star. However, it is much younger than the Sun, less than one tenth as old with an age of about 400 million years. With an apparent magnitude of 6.9, it is not visible to the naked eye, but can be seen with a small telescope or binoculars. Based on its kinematic, rotational and lithium abundance properties, it is part of the Ursa Major Moving Group. There are three exoplanets orbiting it, one is classified as an Earth-sized planet, while the two others are mini-Neptunes.

text:
# HD 63433

**HD 63433** (**TOI-1726**, **V377 Geminorum**) is a G-type main sequence star located 73 light-years from Earth in the zodiacal constellation Gemini, visually close to the star Pollux. It has nearly the same radius and mass of the Sun, hence being classified as a Sun-like star. However, it is much younger than the Sun, less than one tenth as old with an age of about 400 million years. With an apparent magnitude of 6.9, it is not visible to the naked eye, but can be seen with a small telescope or binoculars. Based on its kinematic, rotational and lithium abundance properties, it is part of the Ursa Major Moving Group. There are three exoplanets orbiting it, one is classified as an Earth-sized planet, while the two others are mini-Neptunes.

## Characteristics

HD 63433 is a G-type main sequence star with a radius of 0.912 *R*, a mass of 0.99 *M*, an effective temperature of 5640  and a spectral type G5V. Its properties are quite similar to those of the Sun, which has a spectral type G2V and a temperature of 5772 K. Therefore, it is classified as a solar analog. HD 63433, however, is much younger than the Sun, having an age of 414 million years, just 9% of the solar age of 4.6 billion years. It has a surface gravity of 33.8  and a rotational period of 6.45 days, which is 3.8 times faster than the Sun.

With an apparent magnitude of 6.92m, it is below the limit for naked-eye visibility, generally defined as 6.5m, which would mean that this star is not visible to the naked eye, but easily visible using a small telescope or binoculars. Despite being faint, HD 63433 is actually the third-brightest star with transiting exoplanets confirmed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, with only Pi Mensae (5.65m) and HR 858 (6.38m) being brighter.

According to stellar kinematics, lithium abundance and stellar rotation, HD 63433 is part of the Ursa Major moving group. It was initially identified as a possible member of this group by Gaidos (1998) and included as a possible member in later analyses, until HD 63433's membership in this moving group was finally confirmed by Mann et al. in 2020. As it is part of this moving group, its age is estimated at 414 ± 23 million years, the same as the group.

It is located in the northern hemisphere, about 73 light-years from the Earth, in the constellation of Gemini. It is visually close to Pollux, the brightest star in the constellation. HD 63433 is predicted to approach within 7.33 light-years of the Sun in 1.33 million years. That will make it one of the nearest stars to the Sun. Its closest neighbor is the orange dwarf HD 63991, located at a distance of 2.7 light years.

Nearest stars to HD 63433
| Name | Distance (light-years) |
| --- | --- |
| HD 63991 | 2.7 |
| LSPM J0801+2342 | 6.1 |
| HD 68017 | 9 |
| BD+31 1781 | 9.1 |
| G 90-52 | 9.2 |

## Variability

HD 63433 belongs to the class of BY Draconis variables, stars have variations in their luminosity due to their rotation together with sunspots and other chromospheric activities. The brightness of the star varies by 0.05 magnitudes over a period of 6.46 days.

It was found to be variable by Gaidos *et al.* in 2000. The star was given the variable-star designation V377 Geminorum in 2006.

## Planetary system

The star HD 63433 is orbited by 3 exoplanets, all discovered by the transit method.

The first ones to be discovered, HD 63433 b and HD 63433 c, are mini-Neptunes that were discovered in by Mann et al. in 2020 using the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. In 2024, an additional planet was discovered, after an analysis of a transit signal detected by TESS. Named HD 63433 d, it is an Earth-sized planet.

According to theoretical models, the compositions of the mini-Neptunes HD 63433 b and c are mostly silicate and water, with no iron dominance, surrounded by a gaseous envelope which, in the case of planet c, makes up around 2% of the planet.

The planetary system of HD 63433 is quite young, at around 400 million years old, it is only 9.13% as old as the Solar System. HD 63433 d is also the smallest planet that is less than 500 million years old.

| Temperature
comparisons | HD 63433 b | HD 63433 c | HD 63433 d |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Global equilibrium temperature | 769 – 967 K
496 – 694 °C
925 – 1281 °F | 540 – 679 K
267 – 406 °C
513 – 763 °F | 1040 K
767 °C
1413 °F |

The HD 63433 planetary system
| Companion
(in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis
(AU) | Orbital period
(days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | 0.0503±0.0027 | 4.21 | 0.16+0.36
−0.12 | 88.73±1 | 1.073+0.046
−0.044 R🜨 |
| **b** | \<21.76 M🜨 | 0.0719+0.0044
−0.0031 | 7.11 | 0.24+0.27
−0.18 |  | 2.14+0.087
−0.069 R🜨 |
|  | 15.54±3.86 M🜨 | 0.1458±0.015 | 20.55 | 0.161+0.014
−0.013 |  | 2.692+0.108
−0.088 R🜨 |

### HD 63433 b

The middle planet, HD 63433 b, is a mini-Neptune planet that was discovered together with HD 63433 c. HD 63433 b is 2.14 times larger than Earth, but is about 45% smaller than Neptune. The planet has an upper mass limit of 21.7 *M*🜨, which is 21% greater than the mass of Neptune (17.15 *M*🜨 ). These values calculate an upper density limit of 13 g/cm3, 2 times greater than that of Earth, and similar to that of the chemical element Mercury. HD 63433 b orbits its parent star at a distance of 0.0719 astronomical units (10,760,000 km) – about 5 times closer than Mercury is to the Sun – and completes one revolution every 7 days and 3 hours. The relative proximity of its star makes it hot, with an equilibrium temperature between 769 and 967 Kelvin (496 and 694 °C).

HD 63433 b was probably a mini-Neptune that later lost its atmosphere. Some factors, such as the fact that no absorption of Ly-α was detected during its transit, and its mass-loss timescale being shorter than the age of the planetary system, indicate that it has already lost its primordial atmosphere, and could be a rocky planetary core. However, if HD 63433 b were a rocky core, it would need to be unusually massive and, therefore, a water-rich composition in addition to an atmosphere with a high mean molecular weight could explain both the radius and the non-detection of the Ly-α.

### HD 63433 c

The outermost planet, HD 63433 c, is a mini-Neptune planet discovered together with HD 63433 b. It is 2.7 times larger than Earth, but 30% smaller than the Solar System's ice giants, Neptune and Uranus. Being 15.5 times more massive than the Earth, it is more massive than Uranus (14.54 *M*🜨), but still less massive than Neptune (17.15 *M*🜨). The density of HD 63433 c calculated at 4.6 g/cm3, slightly lower than that of Earth, but greater than the densities of all gas giants in the Solar System.

Orbiting its star at a distance of 0.145 astronomical units (21,700,000 km) in a orbital period of 20 days, it is the outermost planet in its planetary system, but still close to its star, making it a warm planet, with a planetary equilibrium temperature estimated between 267 and 406 °C.

Due to the high radiation received from its star, the atmosphere of HD 63433 c, made up of hydrogen, is slowly being stripped away and escaping from the planet, like a hot air balloon. The hot gas escapes into the space at a velocity of 50 km/s, forming a gas cocoon 12 times larger than the planet itself. As its atmosphere evaporates, HD 63433 c will slowly become a super-Earth planet.

### HD 63433 d

HD 63433 d was the last planet to be discovered in the system, 4 years after planets b and c. With a diameter of ~13,690 km, it is very similar to Earth in size, being only 7% larger, but its mass is currently unknown. It is the innermost planet orbiting HD 63433, having a semi-major axis (mean distance from its star) of 0.0503 astronomical units (7,520,000 km) and an orbital period of just 4 days. The extreme proximity to its star makes it extremely hot, having a daytime temperature estimated at 1,260 °C (2,300 °F), hot enough to melt all the minerals present on its surface, as well as being tidally locked, meaning that one half of the planet is always facing towards its star, while the other is always facing away from it. The planet also possibly lacks a substantial atmosphere.

It is believed that the dayside of the planet, always facing its star due to tidal locking, is fully composed of lava due to the high surface temperature, in addition to possibly having volcanic activity. Meanwhile, the nightside of the planet, which never faces its star, may be the opposite, resembling Pluto with glaciers of frozen nitrogen.

HD 63433 d was discovered in 2024, through an analysis of a transit observation made by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). As two other planets had already been discovered in the system, the transit signals of these objects were removed, thus revealing an additional transit signal that reappeared every 4.2 days. Further investigation allowed researchers to confirm that this signal was from another orbiting exoplanet, now called HD 63433 d. The discovery was announced on January 10, 2024, in The Astronomical Journal.

## Scientific importance

The HD 63433 planetary system plays an important role in understanding the evolution of planetary systems in the first billion years after formation. As HD 63433 is relatively bright (6.9) and close (73 ly away), its planets b and  can have their atmospheres characterized by the Hubble Space Telescope and James Webb Space Telescope. This star is also a favorable target for studies of atmospheric mass loss in exoplanets, as it is a young and active star with close-in mini-Neptune planets, in addition to having a negative radial velocity (−16.07 km/s).

## Notes and references

1. "MAST: Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes". Space Telescope Science Institute. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
2. Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "*Gaia* Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **674**: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875.  Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
3. "HD 63433 | NASA Exoplanet Archive". *exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
4. Capistrant, Benjamin K.; Soares-Furtado, Melinda; Vanderburg, Andrew; Jankowski, Alyssa; Mann, Andrew W.; Ross, Gabrielle; Srdoc, Gregor; Hinkel, Natalie R.; Becker, Juliette (2024-01-09), "TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) XI: An Earth-sized Planet Orbiting a Nearby, Solar-like Host in the 400Myr Ursa Major Moving Group", *The Astronomical Journal*, **167** (2): 54, arXiv:2401.04785, Bibcode:2024AJ....167...54C, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad1039
5. Notsu, Yuta; Honda, Satoshi; Maehara, Hiroyuki; Notsu, Shota; Namekata, Kosuke; Nogami, Daisaku; Shibata, Kazunari (2017-02-01). "Spectroscopic observations of active solar-analog stars having high X-ray luminosity, as a proxy of superflare stars". *Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan*. **69** (1): 12. arXiv:1611.03659. doi:10.1093/pasj/psw116. ISSN 0004-6264.
6. "VSX : Detail for V0377 Gem". *www.aavso.org*. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
7. "HD 63433". *simbad.cds.unistra.fr*. Retrieved 2024-01-11.
8. Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012), "XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation", *Astronomy Letters*, **38** (5): 331, arXiv:1108.4971, Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A, doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015, S2CID 119257644.
9. Mann, Andrew W.; Johnson, Marshall C.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Kraus, Adam L.; Rizzuto, Aaron C.; Wood, Mackenna L.; Bush, Jonathan L.; Rockcliffe, Keighley; Newton, Elisabeth R.; Latham, David W.; Mamajek, Eric E.; Zhou, George; Quinn, Samuel N.; Thao, Pa Chia; Benatti, Serena (2020-09-24). "TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME). III. A Two-planet System in the 400 Myr Ursa Major Group". *The Astronomical Journal*. **160** (4): 179. arXiv:2005.00047. Bibcode:2020AJ....160..179M. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abae64. ISSN 0004-6256.
10. "HD 63433". *SIMBAD*. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
11. Bonanno, A.; Schlattl, H.; Paterno\`, L. (August 2002). "The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS". *Astronomy & Astrophysics*. **390** (3): 1115–1118. arXiv:astro-ph/0204331. Bibcode:2002A&A...390.1115B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020749. ISSN 0004-6361.
12. "★ HD 63433". *Stellar Catalog*. Retrieved 2024-01-11.
13. Macrobert, Alan. "Binoculars: Halfway to a Telescope". *Sky & Telescope*. American Astronomical Society. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
14. "Sun Fact Sheet". *nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov*. Retrieved 2024-01-11.
15. Curtis, Heber Doust (1903-01-01). "On the limits of unaided vision". *Lick Observatory Bulletin*. **38**: 67–69. Bibcode:1903LicOB...2...67C. doi:10.5479/ADS/bib/1903LicOB.2.67C. ISSN 0075-9317. S2CID 124815809.
16. Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (January 14, 2024). "Earth-sized exoplanet discovered in 'our solar backyard' by international team". *The Jerusalem Post*. Archived from the original on January 20, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
17. Johnson, H. L.; Mitchell, R. I.; Iriarte, B.; Wisniewski, W. Z. (1966-01-01). "UBVRIJKL Photometry of the Bright Stars". *Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory*. **4**: 99–110. Bibcode:1966CoLPL...4...99J.
18. Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V. V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; Bastian, U.; Schwekendiek, P.; Wicenec, A. (2000-03-01). "The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars". *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **355**: L27–L30. Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H. ISSN 0004-6361.
19. "NASA Exoplanet Space Institute". *exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu*. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
20. Gaidos, Eric J. (November 1998). "Nearby Young Solar Analogs. I. Catalog and Stellar Characteristics". *Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific*. **110** (753): 1259–1276. Bibcode:1998PASP..110.1259G. doi:10.1086/316251. ISSN 0004-6280.
21. Bailer-Jones, C.A.L.; et al. (2018), "New stellar encounters discovered in the second Gaia data release", *Astronomy & Astrophysics*, **616**: A37, arXiv:1805.07581, Bibcode:2018A&A...616A..37B, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833456, S2CID 56269929.
22. Gaidos, E. J.; Henry, G. W.; Henry, S. M. (August 2000). "Spectroscopy and Photometry of Nearby Young Solar Analogs". *The Astronomical Journal*. **120** (2): 1006–1013. doi:10.1086/301488. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
23. Kazarovets, E. V.; Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. (August 2006). "The 78th Name-List of Variable Stars" (PDF). *Information Bulletin on Variable Stars*. **5721**: 1. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
24. Mallorquín, M.; Béjar, V. J. S.; Lodieu, N.; Osorio, M. R. Zapatero; Tabernero, H.; Mascareño, A. Suárez; Zechmeister, M.; Luque, R.; Pallé, E.; Montes, D. (2023-03-01). "Dynamical masses of two young transiting sub-Neptunes orbiting HD 63433". *Astronomy & Astrophysics*. **671**: A163. arXiv:2303.15411. Bibcode:2023A&A...671A.163M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245397. ISSN 0004-6361.
25. "HD 63433". *Open Exoplanet Catalogue*. Archived from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
26. Gohd, Chelsea (January 11, 2024). "Discovery Alert: Earth-sized Planet Has a 'Lava Hemisphere'". *science.nasa.gov*. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
27. "Neptune Fact Sheet". *nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov*. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
28. "Facts About Earth - NASA Science". *science.nasa.gov*. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
29. Zhang, Michael; Knutson, Heather A.; Wang, Lile; Dai, Fei; Santos, Leonardo A. dos; Fossati, Luca; Henry, Gregory W.; Ehrenreich, David; Alibert, Yann; Hoyer, Sergio; Wilson, Thomas G.; Bonfanti, Andrea (January 2022). "Detection of Ongoing Mass Loss from HD 63433c, a Young Mini-Neptune". *The Astronomical Journal*. **163** (2): 68. arXiv:2106.05273. Bibcode:2022AJ....163...68Z. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac3f3b. ISSN 1538-3881.
30. "Puffy Planets Lose Atmospheres, Become Super-Earths". *hubblesite.org*. February 3, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
31. Thomson, Jess (January 12, 2024). "Hellish World With 2,294 F 'Lava Hemisphere' Discovered by NASA". *Newsweek*. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
32. Robert, Lea (January 12, 2024). "Newfound Earth-size exoplanet has a scorching-hot lava side". *Space*. Archived from the original on January 12, 2024. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
33. Gough, Evan (January 12, 2024). "Half of this Exoplanet is Covered in Lava". *Universe Today*.
34. Staff, Buzz (16 January 2024). "NASA Telescope Discovers Half-Lava Exoplanet Of Same Size As Earth". *News18*. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
35. Whitwam, Ryan (January 15, 2024). "Astronomers Discover Earth-Sized Planet That's Half Lava". *ExtremeTech*. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
36. Szondy, David (January 11, 2024). "Tidally locked exo-Earth has a lava ocean hemisphere". *New Atlas*. Archived from the original on January 16, 2024. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
37. "'Extra hot and young' Earth-sized exoplanet with a 'lava hemisphere' discovered". *wionews.com*. January 17, 2024.
1. The age of the Sun is around 4.6 billion years.
2. From a logarithm of 4.52, later divided by 980.665.
3. The age of the Solar System is 4.532 billion years.
4. Neptune is 3.883 times larger than Earth.
5. Assuming albedos of 0.6 and 0 respectively.
6. Assuming albedos of 0.6 and 0 respectively.
7. Assuming an albedo of 0, similar to the measured albedo of TRAPPIST-1b.
1. Obtained with a right ascension of 07h 49m 55.06s and a declination of 27° 21 47.5 on this website.
2. The density of Earth is 5.513 g/cm3.

## InfoBox

HD 63433
|
A light curve for V377 Geminorum, plotted from *TESS* data, with the 6.46 day rotation period shown in red, | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| Constellation | Gemini |
|
| Right ascension | 07h 49m 55.05s |
| Declination | 27° 21 47.45 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 6.92 |
| Characteristics | |
| Evolutionary stage | Main sequence |
| Spectral type | G5V |
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| Variable type | BY Draconis |
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| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | −16.07±0.13 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −10.0268±0.0846 mas/yr
Dec.: −11.3143±0.0487 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 44.6848 mas |
| **Distance** | 73.035±0.073 ly
(22.4035±0.0225 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | 5.19 |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 0.99±0.03 |
| **Radius** | 0.912±0.034 |
| **Luminosity** | 0.753±0.026 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.52±0.05 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 5640±74 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | 0.03±0.05 dex |
| **Rotation** | 6.45±0.05 |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 7.3±0.3 km/s |
| **Age** | 414±23 Myr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| V377 Gem, BD+27°1490, HD 63433, HIP 38228, SAO 79729, PPM 98012, TOI-1726, TYC 1933-747-1, GSC 01933-00747, 2MASS J07495506+2721473 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Gęstowarka

abstract: Gęstowarka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skępe, within Lipno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

text:
# Gęstowarka

**Gęstowarka** \[ɡɛ̃stɔˈvarka\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skępe, within Lipno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.

## InfoBox

| Gęstowarka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Gęstowarka | |
| Coordinates: 52°50′49″N 19°22′14″E / 52.84694°N 19.37056°E / 52.84694; 19.37056 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Lipno |
| Gmina | Skępe |


title: Republic-Michigamme High School

abstract: Republic-Michigamme High School (RMHS) services the communities of Republic and Michigamme, Michigan. It is operated by the Republic-Michigamme School District. The current building was opened in 1964 and encompasses kindergarten to grade 12. The school's mascot is the red-tailed hawk, and the school colors are orange and black. The Hawks basketball team competes in Class D of the Michigan High School Athletic Association's Skyline Conference.

text:
# Republic-Michigamme High School

**Republic-Michigamme High School** (RMHS) services the communities of Republic and Michigamme, Michigan. It is operated by the Republic-Michigamme School District. The current building was opened in 1964 and encompasses kindergarten to grade 12.

The school's mascot is the red-tailed hawk, and the school colors are orange and black. The Hawks basketball team competes in Class D of the Michigan High School Athletic Association's Skyline Conference.

## Notable alumni

46°22′16″N 87°58′59″W / 46.371°N 87.983°W / 46.371; -87.983

## InfoBox

| Republic-Michigamme High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 227 Maple Street
Republic, (Marquette County), Michigan 49879
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public high school |
| Principal | Kevin D. Luokkala |
| Staff | 10.01 (FTE) |
| Enrollment | 86 (2022-23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 8.59 |
| Color(s) | Orange and black |
| Athletics conference | Copper Mountain Conference |
| Nickname | Hawks |
| Website |  |


title: HMS Majestic (1853)

abstract: HMS Majestic was the second ship to bear the name. She was an 80-gun second rate ship of the line, built at Chatham Dockyard and launched on 1 December 1853. She spent 12 years on the stocks beforehand. She was fitted with both sail and screw propulsion. She served in the Crimean War, and acted as part of Liverpool's harbour defences from 1860–66, during which time she was noted for blocking two ships commissioned by the American Confederacy from leaving Laird's Shipyard in Birkenhead. She was eventually broken up in 1868 after 15 years in service.

text:
# HMS Majestic (1853)

**HMS *Majestic*** was the second ship to bear the name. She was an 80-gun second rate ship of the line, built at Chatham Dockyard and launched on 1 December 1853. She spent 12 years on the stocks beforehand. She was fitted with both sail and screw propulsion. She served in the Crimean War, and acted as part of Liverpool's harbour defences from 1860–66, during which time she was noted for blocking two ships commissioned by the American Confederacy from leaving Laird's Shipyard in Birkenhead. She was eventually broken up in 1868 after 15 years in service.

## InfoBox

| *Sweethearts and Wives* by John Lee, depicting sailors heading out to duty on HMS *Majestic* (visible in the upper right) in 1860, when it served as part of the port defences of Liverpool. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | HMS *Majestic* |
| Builder | Chatham dockyard |
| Launched | 1 December 1853 |
| Fate | Broken up, 1868 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Second rate ship of the line |
| Tons burthen | 2589 tons |
| Length | 190 ft (58 m) |
| Beam | 57 ft (17 m) |
| Propulsion | Sails and screw |
| Armament | * 80 guns: * 12 × 8 in * 68 × 32 pdrs |


title: 1952–53 Nationalliga A season

abstract: The 1952–53 Nationalliga A season was the 15th season of the Nationalliga A, the top level of ice hockey in Switzerland. Eight teams participated in the league, and EHC Arosa won the championship.

text:
# 1952–53 Nationalliga A season

The **1952–53 Nationalliga A season** was the 15th season of the Nationalliga A, the top level of ice hockey in Switzerland. Eight teams participated in the league, and EHC Arosa won the championship.

## Regular season

| Pl. | Team | GP | W | T | L | GF–GA | Pts. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | EHC Arosa | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 98:39 | 28 |
| 2. | Young Sprinters Neuchâtel | 14 | 10 | 0 | 4 | 69:43 | 20 |
| 3. | Grasshopper-Club | 14 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 58:54 | 15 |
| 4. | Zürcher SC | 14 | 6 | 0 | 8 | 78:71 | 12 |
| 5. | HC Davos | 14 | 5 | 1 | 8 | 71:76 | 11 |
| 6. | SC Bern | 14 | 5 | 1 | 8 | 43:57 | 11 |
| 7. | Lausanne HC | 14 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 40:85 | 8 |
| 8. | EHC Basel-Rotweiss | 14 | 3 | 1 | 10 | 37:69 | 7 |

## Relegation


title: Vexillum houarti

abstract: Vexillum houarti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

text:
# Vexillum houarti

***Vexillum houarti*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 52.4 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in Vietnam.

## InfoBox

| *Vexillum houarti* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Vexillum houarti* (paratype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Turbinelloidea |
| Family: | Costellariidae |
| Genus: | *Vexillum* |
| Species: | ***V. houarti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vexillum houarti***<br>Thach, 2016 | |
|


title: Jesus Freak (film)

abstract: Jesus Freak is a 2003 American micro-budget drama directed by Morgan Nichols. It stars Laura Lee Bahr, Regan Forman, Pete Kuzov, and Oded Gross, and tells the story of a teenage girl who, while struggling to find her identity in her small-minded town, brings home a man who is either her savior, a migrant Mexican, or both. The film was shot on location in Portales, New Mexico, where screenwriter and star Laura Lee Bahr grew up.

text:
# Jesus Freak (film)

***Jesus Freak*** is a 2003 American micro-budget drama directed by Morgan Nichols. It stars Laura Lee Bahr, Regan Forman, Pete Kuzov, and Oded Gross, and tells the story of a teenage girl who, while struggling to find her identity in her small-minded town, brings home a man who is either her savior, a migrant Mexican, or both. The film was shot on location in Portales, New Mexico, where screenwriter and star Laura Lee Bahr grew up.

## Cast

* Laura Lee Bahr as Lily
* Regan Forman as Christy
* Pete Kuzov as John
* Oded Gross as Tom
* Josh Kantor as Jesus
* Robin Mullins as Lily's Mother

## Awards, honors, and festivals

## Reception

Susanna Ulrich of the Los Angeles Film Festival said of *Jesus Freak*: "By turns wistful, poignant and offbeat, the debut feature from director Morgan Nichols ultimately captures the confusion of adolescence with a rare, touching grace." *Variety* said "There's a Claire Danes quality to Bahr's gentle, nuanced performance that solidly anchors the film."

## InfoBox

| Jesus Freak | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Morgan Nichols |
| Written by | Laura Lee Bahr |
| Produced by | Amy Dawn Anderson
Pete Kuzov |
| Starring | Laura Lee Bahr
Regan Forman
Pete Kuzov
Oded Gross |
| Cinematography | David S. Danesh |
| Music by | Dan Adams |
| Production
company | Movie Farm |
| Release date | * 2003 (2003) |
| Running time | 86 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


abstract: The Northwest Georgia Regional Library System (NGRL) is a public library system across the Northwest Georgia counties of Gordon, Murray, and Whitfield. NRGL participates in PINES, a public library network of 281 libraries in 140 counties throughout Georgia. Any resident of Georgia may receive a PINES library card which allows them access to any of the 8 million books in its collection across the state. The system is also a member of GALILEO, an online database for Georgian residents consisting over 100 databases on a wide variety of topics.

text:
# Northwest Georgia Regional Library System

The **Northwest Georgia Regional Library System (NGRL)** is a public library system across the Northwest Georgia counties of Gordon, Murray, and Whitfield.

NRGL participates in PINES, a public library network of 281 libraries in 140 counties throughout Georgia. Any resident of Georgia may receive a PINES library card which allows them access to any of the 8 million books in its collection across the state. The system is also a member of GALILEO, an online database for Georgian residents consisting over 100 databases on a wide variety of topics.

## History

The first library constructed in the Northwest Georgia Regional Library System was the Calhoun-Gordon library which was constructed through efforts of the Calhoun Woman's Club in 1904. The next known library was constructed in 1921 in Dalton, Georgia as part of a service organized by The Dalton Woman's Club. It was originally named the Dalton Regional Library, and patrons who wished to use library services would be required to pay a small subscription fee for the first few years of its operation. The county allocated funds to allow the library to purchase books for a children's section. By 1936 the library was already boasting a circulation of over 4000 books per year.

In 1945, nearby Catoosa County Library in Catoosa County joined with the county of Dalton to create the Dalton Regional Library. The main branch of the Dalton library was moved to a new location, the W.C. Martin House in 1948. In 1957 and 1958 the Gordon County Library and Murray County Library also joined the growing system.

By 1971, Catoosa County had a second library in the system, the Fort Oglethorpe Branch Library. Bookmobile service for the region started out of the Whitfield library in 1975. Later in this decade, in 1977 the Murray County Board of Education donated land on which to build a new 4,000 square foot library for the county. The Appalachian Regional Commission provided $160,000 for the actual construction of the library which began in early 1979. On January 20, 1980 the new library was dedicated to the public.

In 1982 the Dalton Public Library left the W.C. Martin House for the recently constructed new regional headquarters. Through a special LSCA grant in 1984 an addition for a Special Collections Room was added to this new location. Another library was temporarily added to the system in 1992. The Fairmount Library Deposit, now an independent municipal library, started under the auspices of the Northwest Georgia Regional Library system who donated their time and libraries to begin this new library and organize it to the Dewey Decimal system. For a short people of time in the early 1990s this library was a part of the regional library system before it left to become independently run.

In 2008 the Catoosa County libraries left the NGRL to become their own independent library system. As a response, and in order to secure more books for their patrons, the NGRL joined the PINES network in 2010. This opened up access to almost 8 million book to the residents of the tri-county system.

## Branches

| Name | Address | Website |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Calhoun-Gordon County Library | 100 N. Park Avenue, Calhoun, GA 30701 | http://ngrl.org/calhoun/ |
| Chatsworth-Murray Library | 706 Old Dalton-Ellijay Road, Chatsworth, GA 30705 | http://ngrl.org/chatsworth/ |
| Dalton-Whitfield Regional Library | 310 Cappes Street, Dalton, GA 30720 | http://ngrl.org/dalton/ |
|

## Library systems in neighboring counties

## InfoBox

| Northwest Georgia Regional Library System | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Northwest Georgia |
| Established | 1921 |
| Branches | 3 |
| Collection | |
| Size | 244,334 |
| Access and use | |
| Circulation | 317,573 (2015) |
| Population served | 200,915 (2015) |
| Members | 30,359 (2015) |
| Other information | |
| Director | Darla Chambliss |
| Website | http://ngrl.org/ |


title: Where Have All the People Gone?

abstract: Where Have All the People Gone? is a 1974 American made-for-television science fiction drama film starring Peter Graves, Kathleen Quinlan, George O'Hanlon, Jr. and Verna Bloom.

text:
# Where Have All the People Gone?

***Where Have All the People Gone?*** is a 1974 American made-for-television science fiction drama film starring Peter Graves, Kathleen Quinlan, George O'Hanlon, Jr. and Verna Bloom.

## Plot

On a camping trip in the Sierra Nevada mountains in central California, Steven Anders and his two teenage children, Deborah and David, are exploring a cave when they experience an earthquake. After emerging, they hear from a ranch-hand who was outside that there was a bright solar flash prior to the earthquake. He soon falls ill and dies, whereupon his body turns to a powdery substance. As the family comes down from the mountain to the nearest town, they discover that everyone has turned to the powdery substance inside their clothing, and there are few survivors.

Owing to fear and anxiety, most people they find are focused only on their own survival, but as the family tries to make their way home to Malibu (where the mother had returned earlier from the camping trip), they find two people that need their help, as well as a man who invites them to be neighbors.

They face dangers ranging from wild dogs, who seem to have been driven mad from the solar flare, to a gunman who steals their car. They rescue a woman, Jenny, and later a young boy whose family was killed by two men who stole their car. Apart from the physical journey, they struggle to overcome the emotional trauma of the events.

They find their way home and discover a note left for them by the mother, who has also died and turned into a powdery substance. They are informed that a virus outbreak that began after the solar flare is responsible for most of the deaths, and that some people have a genetic resistance. Despairing, Jenny tries to commit suicide by drowning herself in the ocean, but she is rescued. At the conclusion, they exude a hopeful outlook by embarking on a trek to northern California.

## Cast

## Production

The film was made for NBC and directed by John L Moxey. The teleplay was written by Lewis John Carlino and Sandor Stern, from a story by Carlino. Starlog cited the movie as an intended TV pilot that was not picked up that was "better than many shows that ended up being made".

## Reception

The website Moria found that while the movie was open-ended it found the movie's avoidance of the usual post-apocalyptic clichés to be a real plus. It also liked the mystery the movie presented and enjoyed the resolution, although its scientific validity was questionable. It noted the movie could have served as a pilot for an on-going TV series. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction found the movie to be routine, with competent direction, and a few interesting twists. Apocalypse Movies liked it, calling it a rare TV movie to address post-apocalypse issues.

## Home media

The film was released on region 1 DVD in 2011. As of June 2020, it was available to stream on YouTube

## InfoBox

| *Where Have All the People Gone?* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Written by | Lewis John Carlino
Sandor Stern |
| Directed by | John Llewellyn Moxey |
| Starring | Peter Graves |
| Music by | Robert Prince |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Charles W. Fries |
| Producer | Gerald I. Isenberg |
| Production locations | Agoura, California
Malibu Canyon Road, Santa Monica Mountains, California
Los Angeles
Malibu, California |
| Cinematography | Michael D. Margulies |
| Editor | John A. Martinelli |
| Running time | 74 minutes |
| Production companies | The Jozak Company
Alpine Productions Inc.
Metromedia Producers Corporation |
| Original release | |
| Network | NBC |
| Release | October 8, 1974 (1974-10-08) |


title: Nadin

abstract: Nadin is a surname and a given name. It may refer to:

text:
# Nadin

**Nadin** is a surname and a given name. It may refer to:

## Surname

* Bob Nadin (born 1933), Canadian ice hockey referee
* Joanna Nadin, English writer, Labour Party policy writer and special adviser to Tony Blair
* Mihai Nadin (born 1938), Romanian computer scientist
* Peter Nadin (born 1954), British-born American artist and poet
* Simon Nadin (born 1965), British rock climber and professional photographer

## Given name


title: North Fork Eel River

abstract: The North Fork Eel River is the smallest of four major tributaries of the Eel River in northwestern California in the United States. It drains a rugged wilderness area of about 286 square miles (740 km⁲) in the California Coast Ranges, and flows through national forests for much of its length. Very few people inhabit the relatively pristine watershed of the river; there are no operational stream gauges and only one bridge that crosses the river, near the boundary between Trinity and Mendocino Counties.

text:
# North Fork Eel River

The **North Fork Eel River** is the smallest of four major tributaries of the Eel River in northwestern California in the United States. It drains a rugged wilderness area of about 286 square miles (740 km2) in the California Coast Ranges, and flows through national forests for much of its length. Very few people inhabit the relatively pristine watershed of the river; there are no operational stream gauges and only one bridge (Mina Road) that crosses the river, near the boundary between Trinity and Mendocino Counties.

## Course

It is formed in southern Trinity County deep within the Six Rivers National Forest by the confluence of its East and West Forks. The East Fork, the larger of the two, is sometimes considered the main stem. The river flows south-southeast through the North Fork Wilderness of the national forest, receiving Red Mountain and Hulls Creeks, both from the left. After the Hulls Creek confluence it turns west then south through a gorge into Mendocino County. A few miles after crossing the county line, the river again swings west and flows into the Eel River about 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Spyrock.

## Watershed

Primary human usage of the basin include very limited farming, ranching, grazing and logging. A study conducted in 1996 reported that the North Fork Eel River basin has only 200 full-time residents. About 50 percent of the land is government-owned, 48% are private, and 2% belongs to the Round Valley Indian Reservation. Recreational uses, such as hunting and boating, are more common. For rafting, the North Fork Eel River is considered a very "difficult" river, shallow and fluctuating highly in flow, with Class IV and III rapids decreasing in size closer to the mouth.

## Ecology

The river historically was abundant with steelhead trout, and supported two distinct runs, one in the winter and one in the spring. The total historic population was estimated at 6,930 fish. Coho salmon might also have been present. However, logging and resultant severe erosion caused by the storms in 1964 caused hillsides to slump into the river near the mouth, filling its channel with debris and large boulders. The heavy flows also created several waterfalls that pose barriers to migrating fish, and the average temperature of the river was raised, reducing habitat quality.

## Wilderness

Established in 1984, the **North Fork Wilderness** comprises 8,158 acres and is managed by the U.S. Forest Service. This wilderness area encompasses the entire watershed of the North Fork Eel River. Centered around a mixed conifer lined gorge, the area is home to a significant population of black-tailed deer.

## InfoBox

| North Fork Eel River | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of the Eel River drainage basin, including the North Fork Eel River | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| Region | Trinity County, Mendocino County |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Confluence of East and West Forks |
| location | Six Rivers National Forest, Trinity County |
| coordinates | 40°12′49″N 123°23′14″W / 40.21361°N 123.38722°W / 40.21361; -123.38722 |
| elevation | 2,123 ft (647 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Eel River |
| location | About 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Spyrock, Mendocino County |
| coordinates | 39°57′24″N 123°26′14″W / 39.95667°N 123.43722°W / 39.95667; -123.43722 |
| elevation | 574 ft (175 m) |
| Length | 35.5 mi (57.1 km) |
| Basin size | 286 sq mi (740 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Mina, CA |
| average | 644 cu ft/s (18.2 m3/s) |
| minimum | 0.13 cu ft/s (0.0037 m3/s) |
| maximum | 133,000 cu ft/s (3,800 m3/s) |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Eel River |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Red Mountain Creek, Hulls Creek |
| right | Wilson Creek |
|  | |
| National Wild and Scenic River | |
| Designated | January 19, 1981 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: HD 68988

abstract: HD 68988 is a star in the northern constellation of Ursa Major. It has been given the proper name Násti, which means star in the Northern Sami language. The name was selected in the NameExoWorlds campaign by Norway, during the 100th anniversary of the IAU. HD 68988 is too faint to be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 8.20. The star is located at a distance of 199 light years from the Sun based on parallax. It is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −69 km/s and is predicted to come as close as 78 light-years in 617,000 years. The stellar classification of HD 68988 has been given as G0V, G2V, and G2IV. The age of this star was estimated as six billion years in 2002, but was later revised down to one billion years in 2015. It is rotating slowly and is chromospherically inactive. The star has 16% more mass than the Sun and an 8% greater radius with a high metallicity; what astronomers term the abundance of heavier elements. It is radiating 1.3 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,919 K.

text:
# HD 68988

**HD 68988** is a star in the northern constellation of Ursa Major. It has been given the proper name **Násti**, which means star in the Northern Sami language. The name was selected in the NameExoWorlds campaign by Norway, during the 100th anniversary of the IAU. HD 68988 is too faint to be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 8.20. The star is located at a distance of 199 light years from the Sun based on parallax. It is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −69 km/s and is predicted to come as close as 78 light-years in 617,000 years.

The stellar classification of HD 68988 has been given as G0V, G2V, and G2IV. The age of this star was estimated as six billion years in 2002, but was later revised down to one billion years in 2015. It is rotating slowly and is chromospherically inactive. The star has 16% more mass than the Sun and an 8% greater radius with a high metallicity; what astronomers term the abundance of heavier elements. It is radiating 1.3 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,919 K.

## Planetary system

There are two exoplanet: HD 68988 b was discovered in 2002 and HD 68988 c was discovered in 2006. The orbit of the inner exoplanet is surprisingly eccentric for such a close in orbit, and over time it may become circularized, although orbital parameters were significantly revised in 2021, resulting in wider orbit.

The HD 68988 planetary system
| Companion
(in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis
(AU) | Orbital period
(days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **b / Albmi** | \>1.86 ± 0.16 MJ | 0.0704 ± 0.0041 | 6.27711 ± 0.00021 | 0.1249 ± 0.0087 |  |  |
|  | 15.0+2.8
1.5 MJ | 13.2+5.3
2.0 | 16100+11000
3500 | 0.45+0.130
0.081 |  |  |

## InfoBox

HD 68988 / Násti
| Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 | |
| --- | --- |
| Constellation | Ursa Major |
|
| Right ascension | 08h 18m 22.1727s |
| Declination | +61° 27 38.5973 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 8.20 |
| Characteristics | |
|
| Spectral type | G0V or G2V or G2IV |
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| B−V color index | 0.652±0.015 |
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| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | −69.45±0.11 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: 128.329±0.073 mas/yr
Dec.: 30.270±0.059 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 16.4066 ± 0.0513 mas |
| **Distance** | 198.8 ± 0.6 ly
(61.0 ± 0.2 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | 4.52 |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 1.16±0.01 |
| **Radius** | 1.08±0.01 |
| **Luminosity** | 1.297±0.002 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.42±0.01 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 5919±11 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | 0.29±0.01 dex |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 6.4 km/s |
| **Age** | 1.0±0.4 Gyr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| BD+61°1038, HD 68988, HIP 40687, SAO 14494 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


abstract: The 1954 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State College during the 1954 college football season. Led by third-year head coach Al Kircher, the team was 4–6 overall and 3–4 in the Pacific Coast Conference. Three home games were played on campus in Pullman at Rogers Field, with one in Spokane in late September. The Cougars defeated rival Washington for the second straight year, but were shut out at home by neighbor Idaho in the Battle of the Palouse, which was the Vandals' first win in the series in 29 years. The Washington rivalry game was held in Pullman for the first time since 1948 and was the last until 1982; all three were Cougar victories. Of the fifteen games played in Spokane from 1950 through 1980, Washington State won only three, while winning five times in Seattle.

text:
# 1954 Washington State Cougars football team

1954 Pacific Coast Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 2 UCLA $ | 6 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| No. 17 USC ^ | 6 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 8 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Oregon | 5 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| California | 4 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 5 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Washington State | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Stanford | 2 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 6 |  | 0 |
| Idaho | 1 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Washington | 1 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
| Oregon State | 1 |  | 6 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 8 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion * ^ – Selected as Rose Bowl representative
UCLA won rivalry game over USC,
but no-repeat rule was in effect Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1954 Washington State Cougars football team** was an American football team that represented Washington State College during the 1954 college football season. Led by third-year head coach Al Kircher, the team was 4–6 overall and 3–4 in the Pacific Coast Conference. Three home games were played on campus in Pullman at Rogers Field, with one in Spokane in late September.

The Cougars defeated rival Washington for the second straight year, but were shut out at home by neighbor Idaho in the Battle of the Palouse, which was the Vandals' first win in the series in 29 years.

The Washington rivalry game (now the Apple Cup) was held in Pullman for the first time since 1948 and was the last until 1982; all three were Cougar victories. Of the fifteen games played in Spokane from 1950 through 1980, Washington State won only three (1958, 1968, 1972), while winning five times in Seattle.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 17 | at No. 17 USC |  | L 0–39 | 37,645 |  |
| September 25 | Pacific (CA)* |  | W 18–0 | 12,000 |  |
| October 2 | at No. 12 Texas* |  | L 14–40 | 27,000 |  |
| October 9 | Oregon State |  | W 34–6 | 15,000 |  |
| October 16 | at California |  | L 7–17 | 27,000 |  |
| October 23 | Idaho |  | L 0–10 | 17,000 |  |
| October 30 | at Stanford |  | W 30–26 | 13,000 |  |
| November 6 | at Michigan State* |  | L 6–54 | 45,849 |  |
| November 13 | at Oregon |  | L 14–26 | 16,000 |  |
| November 20 | Washington |  | W 26–7 | 18,000 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game | | | | | |

## Roster

## NFL Draft

Four Cougars were selected in the 1955 NFL draft, which was thirty rounds (360 selections).

| Player | Position | Round | Overall | Franchise |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Duke Washington | Back | 10 | 118 | Philadelphia Eagles |
| Tom Gunnari | Tackle | 23 | 274 | San Francisco 49ers |
| Bob Peringer | End | 27 | 317 | Green Bay Packers |
| Bruce Nevitt | Center | 27 | 319 | Los Angeles Rams |

## InfoBox

| 1954 Washington State Cougars football | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conference | Pacific Coast Conference |
| Record | 4–6 (3–4 PCC) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | Rogers Field, Memorial Stadium |
|


title: Lovelace Bridges

abstract: The Lovelace Bridges were built by William King, 1st Earl of Lovelace (1805-1893) on his estate at East Horsley, Surrey, in the 1860s. Fifteen bridges were built to facilitate the transport of timber by horse-drawn carts. The bridges were built where the tracks crossed existing bridleways or roads. Ten bridges still exist. The bridges were constructed from local flint and brick; they all had plaques with their name and dates. Most of the bridges are horseshoe shaped "Moorish" design, between a span of six feet at Meadow Plat to eighteen feet for the Dorking Arch, which crosses Crocknorth road. The Earl had his own brickworks in West Horsley/Ockham and the lime for the mortar would have been local, possibly from chalk pits in Kiln Field Coppice. The saw mill was near Brockhole Cross, near the junction with Outdowns on the Epsom Road. There is a Lovelace Bridges Trail produced by the Horsley Countryside Preservation Society and there is a project to conserve the bridges managed by Forestry England.

text:
# Lovelace Bridges

The **Lovelace Bridges** were built by William King, 1st Earl of Lovelace (1805-1893) on his estate at East Horsley, Surrey, in the 1860s. Fifteen bridges were built to facilitate the transport of timber by horse-drawn carts. The bridges were built where the tracks crossed existing bridleways or roads. Ten bridges still exist.

The bridges were constructed from local flint and brick; they all had plaques with their name and dates. Most of the bridges are horseshoe shaped "Moorish" design, between a span of six feet at Meadow Plat to eighteen feet for the Dorking Arch, which crosses Crocknorth road. The Earl had his own brickworks in West Horsley/Ockham and the lime for the mortar would have been local, possibly from chalk pits in Kiln Field Coppice. The saw mill was near Brockhole Cross, near the junction with Outdowns on the Epsom Road.

There is a Lovelace Bridges Trail produced by the Horsley Countryside Preservation Society and there is a project to conserve the bridges managed by Forestry England.

## Remaining bridges

| Bridge | Listed Building | | Location | Grid Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Grade | Reference number | | |
| Briary Hill East Bridge | II | 1294884 | Honeysuckle Bottom, East Horsley | TQ 09956 50813 |
| Briary Hill West Bridge | II | 1029417 | Honeysuckle Bottom, East Horsley | TQ 09854 50818 |
| Dorking Arch Bridge | II | 1187984 | Crocknorth Road, East Horsley | TQ 09983 51163 |
| Hermitage Bridge | II | 1377858 | Sheepwalk Lane, East Horsley | TQ 10200 50209 |
| Meadow Plat Bridge |  |  | Effingham | TQ 107508 |
| Oldlands Bridge | II | 1029395 | Outdowns, Effingham (no public access) | TQ 10686 52185 |
| Raven Arch Bridge | II | 1029416 | Honeysuckle Bottom, East Horsley | TQ 09625 51058 |
| Robin Hood Bridge | II | 1294880 | Green Dene, East Horsley | TQ 09694 51332 |
| Stoney Dene Bridge | II | 1246731 | Effingham | TQ 10567 51746 |
| Troy Bridge | II | 1029426 | Sheepwalk Lane, East Horsley | TQ 09576 50226 |

## Lost bridges

The following bridges no longer exist: Outdowns Bridge, Pine Grove Bridge, Horse Close Bridge, Oakhanger Bridge and Falcon Arch.


title: Vexillum huangorum

abstract: Vexillum huangorum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

text:
# Vexillum huangorum

***Vexillum huangorum*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines and Taiwan

* Salisbury, R. A. & Gori, S. (2012). A new costellarid species (Gastropoda: Costellaridae) from Taiwan. Visaya. 3(5): 57-60

## InfoBox

| *Vexillum huangorum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Turbinelloidea |
| Family: | Costellariidae |
| Genus: | *Vexillum* |
| Species: | ***V. huangorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vexillum huangorum***<br>Salisbury & Gori, 2012 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Vexillum* (*Costellaria*) *huangorum* Salisbury & Gori, 2012 | |


title: Northeastern Japan Arc

abstract: The Northeastern Japan Arc, also Northeastern Honshū Arc, is an island arc on the Pacific Ring of Fire. The arc runs north to south along the Tōhoku region of Honshū, Japan. It is the result of the subduction of the Pacific Plate underneath the Okhotsk Plate at the Japan Trench. The southern end of the arc converges with the Southwestern Japan Arc and the Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc at the Fossa Magna (ja) at the east end of the Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line (ITIL). This is the geologic border between eastern and western Honshū. Mount Fuji is at the point where these three arcs meet. To the north, the Northeastern Japan arc extends through the Oshima Peninsula of Hokkaidō. The arc converges in a collision zone with the Sakhalin Island Arc and the Kuril Island Arc in the volcanic Ishikari Mountains of central Hokkaidō. This collision formed the Teshio and Yūbari Mountains. The Ōu Mountains form the backbone of the volcanic part of the inner arc that run from Natsudomari Peninsula in Aomori Prefecture south to Mount Nikkō-Shirane in Tochigi and Gunma prefectures. The volcanic front consists of four north to south lines of Quaternary volcanoes and calderas, which extend the length of the range. It also includes the Quaternary volcanoes of southwestern Hokkaido. The Dewa Mountains and the Iide Mountains are non-volcanic uplift ranges that run parallel to the west of the Ōu Mountains. The outer arc ranges are the Kitakami and the Abukuma Mountains. These mountains are made from pre-tertiary rock. The mountains rose in the Cenozoic and have since been worn smooth by erosion.

text:
# Northeastern Japan Arc

The **Northeastern Japan Arc**, also **Northeastern Honshū Arc**, is an island arc on the Pacific Ring of Fire. The arc runs north to south along the Tōhoku region of Honshū, Japan. It is the result of the subduction of the Pacific Plate underneath the Okhotsk Plate at the Japan Trench. The southern end of the arc converges with the Southwestern Japan Arc and the Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc at the Fossa Magna (ja) at the east end of the Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line (ITIL). This is the geologic border between eastern and western Honshū. Mount Fuji is at the point where these three arcs meet. To the north, the Northeastern Japan arc extends through the Oshima Peninsula of Hokkaidō. The arc converges in a collision zone with the Sakhalin Island Arc and the Kuril Island Arc in the volcanic Ishikari Mountains of central Hokkaidō. This collision formed the Teshio and Yūbari Mountains.

The Ōu Mountains form the backbone of the volcanic part of the inner arc that run from Natsudomari Peninsula in Aomori Prefecture south to Mount Nikkō-Shirane in Tochigi and Gunma prefectures. The volcanic front consists of four north to south lines of Quaternary volcanoes and calderas, which extend the length of the range. It also includes the Quaternary volcanoes of southwestern Hokkaido. The Dewa Mountains and the Iide Mountains are non-volcanic uplift ranges that run parallel to the west of the Ōu Mountains.

The outer arc ranges are the Kitakami and the Abukuma Mountains. These mountains are made from pre-tertiary rock. The mountains rose in the Cenozoic and have since been worn smooth by erosion.


title: Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands

abstract: Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands is a municipality with town status in Manitoulin District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada, approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Espanola. Its main town is Little Current, located on the northeast side of Manitoulin Island. However, its territory also includes most of the small islands surrounding Manitoulin, even those at the far western end of Manitoulin. The town was created on January 1, 1998, by amalgamating the Town of Little Current with the Township of Howland and the unorganized small islands in Lake Huron. It is the administrative headquarters of the Aundeck Omni Kaning First Nations band government.

text:
# Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands

**Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands** is a municipality with town status in Manitoulin District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada, approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Espanola. Its main town is Little Current, located on the northeast side of Manitoulin Island. However, its territory also includes most of the small islands surrounding Manitoulin, even those at the far western end of Manitoulin.

The town was created on January 1, 1998, by amalgamating the Town of Little Current with the Township of Howland and the unorganized small islands in Lake Huron.

It is the administrative headquarters of the Aundeck Omni Kaning First Nations band government.

## Communities

Little Current is the largest community within the town, as well as its administrative centre. Formerly an independent town, Little Current was named variously by different groups for the swift strong currents of water running between the narrow passageway which connects the North Channel and Georgian Bay. Past names for the community included Waebijewung, Le Petit Courant and Shaftesbury.

The town also includes the smaller communities of Cold Springs, Dinner Point Depot, Eads Bush, Green Bay, Honora, Rockville, and Sheguiandah.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

## Economy

In the late 19th century lake vessels stopped here to take on wood for fuel. A settlement developed, with George Abotossaway, an Anishinaabe man, selling fuel to the steamers. The westbound passengers on board the vessels were usually from Upper Canada. One group included the Turner family which disembarked and, being merchants, set up a general store still in business today.

The lumbering trade was foremost in the region at the time and saw mills were established at nearby Low Island, now a park in the community. Settlers cleared the land for farming.

Today the local economy continues to include farming and lumbering but tourism is a main aspect.

## Transportation

Being a safe haven from the ravages of Lake Huron, the community may be found on Canadian Hydrographic Chart #2205. It is well marked from the east by Strawberry Island Lighthouse and from the west by a series of navigational markers.

The only land access to Manitoulin is the Little Current Swing Bridge, located on Highway 6, crossing the North Channel of Lake Huron to the mainland, where the highway continues northward to Espanola. In summer the swing bridge opens to marine traffic on the hour for 15 minutes from sunrise to sunset, delaying road traffic.

Historically, Little Current was the western terminus of the Algoma Eastern Railway before the AER's acquisition by the Canadian Pacific Railway. After acquisition, the portion from McKerrow to Little Current was designated as the Little Current subdivision of the CPR, and became a spur of its Sault Ste. Marie line. Passenger rail ridership through Espanola and Little Current continued for some time due to the relatively difficult road access to the island, but passenger operations along the spur ended in 1963, and the line became an infrequently-used "ghost railway". Over the following decades, the CPR gradually removed sections of the track: in the 1980s, the section connecting Goat Island to Manitoulin Island across the Little Current Swing Bridge (which was converted to service road traffic only), and in the 1990s, the section connecting Espanola to Goat Island. Currently only a small portion of the track still exists, which connects the Domtar pulp and paper mill in Espanola to the CPR line using the junction at McKerrow; this stretch of track is the only surviving remnant of the AER.

In April 2018, Ontario Northland announced that it would begin bus service on Manitoulin Island, with buses stopping at Little Current upon arrival from Sudbury before travelling around the island using a circular route. The new route also includes Sheguiandah. This new route marked the first time the island had seen bus service in decades. Manitoulin Island service ended in 2019.

## Climate

The climate is characterized by warm, humid summers (sometimes rainy/cooler) and snowy, rigorous winters. The cold season does not have many differences with other North American places of the same parallel. However, the obvious differing factor is that all weather is dictated by Lake Huron. As such, the lake generates microclimates similar to coastal cities, thousands of miles away; one example is Asahikawa, on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido.

| Climate data for Little Current, 1981-2010 normals | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 8
(46) | 10
(50) | 19
(66) | 27
(81) | 29
(84) | 33
(91) | 36
(97) | 36
(97) | 31
(88) | 23
(73) | 18
(64) | 13
(55) | 36
(97) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −5.9
(21.4) | −3.8
(25.2) | 1.5
(34.7) | 10.3
(50.5) | 17.7
(63.9) | 22.5
(72.5) | 25.1
(77.2) | 24.1
(75.4) | 18.7
(65.7) | 11.7
(53.1) | 3.6
(38.5) | −2.9
(26.8) | 10.2
(50.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −16.7
(1.9) | −15.6
(3.9) | −10.5
(13.1) | −1.5
(29.3) | 4.0
(39.2) | 8.9
(48.0) | 11.9
(53.4) | 11.0
(51.8) | 7.0
(44.6) | 1.9
(35.4) | −4.1
(24.6) | −11.9
(10.6) | −1.3
(29.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −41
(−42) | −41
(−42) | −32
(−26) | −15
(5) | −5
(23) | −1
(30) | 2
(36) | 0
(32) | −7
(19) | −8
(18) | −29
(−20) | −38
(−36) | −41
(−42) |
| Source: Environment Canada, The Weather Network | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Culture

Each year the town hosts "Haweater Weekend," a weeklong celebration which takes its name from the Haweaters, the name given to one who is born on Manitoulin Island. The main celebrations take place on the first weekend of August, and include a fireworks display, a video dance, street vendors, and a parade.

The prominent American sportsman John W. Galbreath (1897-1988), owner of the Pittsburgh Pirates Major League Baseball club as well as the Darby Dan Farm thoroughbred horse racing operation, owned a summer retreat here and named one of his horses after the village. Little Current won the 1974 Preakness and Belmont Stakes and was voted that year's United States Champion 3-Yr-Old Colt.

## Media

### Radio

The town has two radio stations, CFRM and CHAW. Some radio stations from Sudbury can also be heard in the area, as can Elliot Lake's CKNR.

| Frequency | Call sign | Branding | Format | Owner | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FM 94.1 | CKNR-FM | Moose FM | Adult contemporary | Vista Broadcast Group |  |
| FM 97.5 | CBCE-FM | CBC Radio One | Talk radio, public radio | Canadian Broadcasting Corporation | Rebroadcaster of CBCS-FM Sudbury |
| FM 100.7 | CFRM-FM | Hits 100 | Community radio/adult hits | Manitoulin Radio Communication |  |
| FM 102.1 | CJTK-FM-2 | KFM | Christian music | Harvest Ministries Sudbury | Rebroadcaster of CJTK-FM Sudbury |
| FM 103.1 | CHAW-FM | Country 103 | Country music | Manitoulin Radio Communication |

### Newspaper

The town's primary community newspaper is the weekly *Manitoulin Expositor*, which is the oldest still-extant newspaper in Northern Ontario.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands had a population of 2,641 living in 1,205 of its 1,903 total private dwellings, a change of -2.6% from its 2016 population of 2,712. With a land area of 489.19 km2 (188.88 sq mi), it had a population density of 5.4/km2 (14.0/sq mi) in 2021.

Canada census – Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands community profile

|  | 2021 | 2011 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 2,641 (-2.6% from 2016) | 2706 (-0.2% from 2006) |
| Land area | 489.19 km2 (188.88 sq mi) | 495.68 km2 (191.38 sq mi) |
| Population density | 5.4/km2 (14/sq mi) | 5.5/km2 (14/sq mi) |
| Median age | 55.6 (M: 55.6, F: 56) |  |
| Private dwellings | 1,205 (total) | 2029 (total) |
| Median household income |  |  |

References: 2021 2011 earlier

## InfoBox

| Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands | |
| --- | --- |
| Town (single-tier) | |
| Town of Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands | |
|  | |
| Northeastern Manitoulin and the IslandsNortheastern Manitoulin and the Islands | |
| Coordinates: 45°58′N 81°56′W / 45.967°N 81.933°W / 45.967; -81.933 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| District | Manitoulin |
| Established | January 1, 1998 |
| Government | |
| Type | Town |
| Mayor | Alan MacNevin |
| MP | Carol Hughes (NDP) |
| MPP | Michael Mantha (NDP) |
| Area | |
| Land | 495.68 km2 (191.38 sq mi) |
| Population (2011)\[1\] | |
| Total | 2,706 |
| Density | 5.5/km2 (14/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Postal code | P0P 1K0 |
| Area code | 705 |
| Highways | Highway 6
Highway 540 |
| Website | www.townofnemi.on.ca |


title: Northeastern Loyal and Brave Army

abstract: Following the defeat of the forces of Ding Chao at Harbin in February 1932, Feng Zhanhai withdrew his forces to Shanhetun, a village in the Wuchang District. He then called for volunteers, and the Public Safety Bureaus in the local districts turned over to them their police and militia, and established Feng as the General in command of a force, the Northeastern Loyal and Brave Army, of 15,000 men in the hills with the capital of Jilin City to his south and the metropolis of Harbin to his north. There he was able to wreak havoc on the Japanese rail communications on the Chinese Eastern Railway running through his area of control. In response the Japanese and Manchukoans launched two campaigns to clear Feng's Army out of the countryside. From June to July 1932 the Feng Zhanhai Subjugation Operation cleared the districts of Shuangcheng, Acheng, Yushu, Wuchang, and Shulan of Feng's Anti-Japanese forces. This forced Feng to retreat to the west. In September 1932 during the Second Feng Zhanhai Subjugation Operation a force of 7,000 Manchukuoans cornered the now 10,000 men Volunteer force "bandits" of Feng retreating from the previous attack. Although surrounded, over half the guerrillas were able to slip through the encirclement and make good their escape to Rehe. Later Feng's force joined in opposing the invasion of Rehe, and was forced to draw back into the area inside the Great Wall. Subsequently he participated in Feng Yuxiang's Anti Japanese Allied Army, as its Fourth Route Army commander in chief, against Japan and their Manchukuoan allied forces in the Dolonor area of Chahar. Following the dispersal of that force by Chiang Kai-shek, his force was formed into the 91st Division which Feng commanded until July 1938 when the Division suffered heavy casualties during the battle of Wuhan.

text:
# Northeastern Loyal and Brave Army

Following the defeat of the forces of Ding Chao at Harbin in February 1932, Feng Zhanhai withdrew his forces to Shanhetun, a village in the Wuchang District. He then called for volunteers, and the Public Safety Bureaus in the local districts turned over to them their police and militia, and established Feng as the General in command of a force, the **Northeastern Loyal and Brave Army**, of 15,000 men in the hills with the capital of Jilin City to his south and the metropolis of Harbin to his north. There he was able to wreak havoc on the Japanese rail communications on the Chinese Eastern Railway running through his area of control.

In response the Japanese and Manchukoans launched two campaigns to clear Feng's Army out of the countryside. From June to July 1932 the Feng Zhanhai Subjugation Operation cleared the districts of Shuangcheng, Acheng, Yushu, Wuchang, and Shulan of Feng's Anti-Japanese forces. This forced Feng to retreat to the west. In September 1932 during the Second Feng Zhanhai Subjugation Operation a force of 7,000 Manchukuoans cornered the now 10,000 men Volunteer force "bandits" of Feng retreating from the previous attack. Although surrounded, over half the guerrillas were able to slip through the encirclement and make good their escape to Rehe.

Later Feng's force joined in opposing the invasion of Rehe, and was forced to draw back into the area inside the Great Wall. Subsequently he participated in Feng Yuxiang's Anti Japanese Allied Army, as its Fourth Route Army commander in chief, against Japan and their Manchukuoan allied forces in the Dolonor area of Chahar. Following the dispersal of that force by Chiang Kai-shek, his force was formed into the 91st Division which Feng commanded until July 1938 when the Division suffered heavy casualties during the battle of Wuhan.

## Sources


title: Northeastern Mandarin

abstract: Northeastern Mandarin is the subgroup of Mandarin varieties spoken in Northeast China with the exception of the Liaodong Peninsula and few enclaves along Amur and Ussuri rivers. The classification of Northeastern Mandarin as a separate dialect group from Beijing Mandarin was first proposed by Li Rong, author of the Language Atlas of China, in 1989. However, many researchers do not accept the distinction.

text:
# Northeastern Mandarin

**Northeastern Mandarin** (simplified Chinese: 东北话; traditional Chinese: 東北話; pinyin: *Dōngběihuà*; lit. 'Northeast Speech' or 东北官话/東北官話 *Dōngběiguānhuà* "Northeast Mandarin") is the subgroup of Mandarin varieties spoken in Northeast China with the exception of the Liaodong Peninsula and few enclaves along Amur and Ussuri rivers. The classification of Northeastern Mandarin as a separate dialect group from Beijing Mandarin was first proposed by Li Rong, author of the *Language Atlas of China*, in 1989. However, many researchers do not accept the distinction.

## Geographical distribution

Northeastern Mandarin varieties are spoken in the northeastern part of China, in the provinces of Liaoning (except its southern part from Dalian to Dandong where Jiaoliao Mandarin is spoken), Jilin and Heilongjiang, and in some northern parts of Inner Mongolia. The number of speakers was estimated in 1987 as 82 million.

## Dialects

The *Language Atlas of China* divided Northeastern Mandarin into three subgroups, following a classification be Hè Wēi based on the occurrence of nasal initials in words having a zero initial in Beijing:

* *Jí–Shěn* (吉沈) in the east, including Jilin dialect and Shenyang dialect, has a zero initial in these words, as in Beijing.
* *Hā–Fù* (哈阜) in the west, including Harbin dialect and Changchun dialect, have nasal initials in these words.
* *Hēi–Sōng* (黑松) in the north, including Qiqihar dialect, have zero or nasal initials in random variation.

More distant varieties tend to be more similar to the Beijing dialect than closer ones, so that the speech of Harbin is closer to that of Beijing than that of Jilin and Changchun, which in turn are closer than that of Shenyang.

A form of Northeastern Mandarin (with some words from Udege and Nanai) has been spoken since approximately 1800 by the Taz people nearby in the Russian Far East, primarily in Primorsky Krai.

Overseas, Northeastern Mandarin is spoken in increasingly larger communities in New York City Chinatowns/Flushing in the United States.

## Phonology

Northeastern Mandarin shares similarities with the Beijing dialect, such as a similar development of the entering tone and the preservation of initial \[w\], where the dialects of Hebei province, which surrounds Beijing, have \[v\]. However, in northeastern Chinese, final *-ian* or *-üan* is pronounced with an \[æ\] rather than with \[ɛ\] or \[e\] as in the standard. The \[ʐ\] initial of Beijing (spelled *r-* in pinyin) is generally elided in northeastern varieties.

## Cultural and regional identity

Mandarin variants like Northeastern Mandarin often contribute to a strong regional identity. Because of its informal usage of words and tones, comedians often use Northeast dialects when performing. Comedian Zhao Benshan is recognized nationwide for his performances which make humorous use of Northeastern dialect and Northeastern *Errenzhuan* folk dance and song traditions.

**Works cited**

* Kurpaska, Maria (2010), *Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects"*, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
* Li, Chris Wen-Chao (2004), "Conflicting Notions of Language Purity: The Interplay of Archaising, Ethnographic, Reformist, Elitist and Xenophobic Purism in the Perception of Standard Chinese", *Language & Communication*, **24** (2): 97–133, doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2003.09.002.
* Liu, Jin (2011), "Deviant Writing and Youth Identity: Representation of Dialects with Chinese Characters on the Internet", *Chinese Language and Discourse*, **2** (1): 58–79, doi:10.1075/cld.2.1.03liu.
* Simmons, Richard VanNess (2016), "The Dōngbĕi Varieties of Mandarin", *Journal of Asian Pacific Communication*, **26** (1): 56–80, doi:10.1075/japc.26.1.03van.
* Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987), *Language Atlas of China*, Hong Kong: Longman, ISBN 978-962-359-085-3.
* Yan, Margaret Mian (2006), *Introduction to Chinese Dialectology*, Munich: LINCOM Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6.

## InfoBox

| Northeastern Mandarin | |
| --- | --- |
| 东北话<br>*Dōngběihuà* | |
| Native to | Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia provinces of China; (Overseas, United States-New York City, Russia-primarily in Primorsky Krai) |
| Region | Northeast China, Russian Far East (Taz) |
| Native speakers | (82 million cited 1987) |
| Language family | Sino-Tibetan |
| Dialects |  |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |  |
| ISO 639-6 | `dbiu` |
| Linguist List | `cmn-nem` |
| *Glottolog* | `nort3283` |
| Linguasphere | `79-AAA-bc` |
|  | |