title: Mendoza Line

abstract: The Mendoza Line is baseball jargon for a.200 batting average, the supposed threshold for offensive futility at the Major League level. It derives from light-hitting shortstop Mario Mendoza, who failed to reach.200 five times in his nine big league seasons. When a position player's batting average falls below.200, the player is said to be "below the Mendoza Line".

text:
# Mendoza Line

The **Mendoza Line** is baseball jargon for a .200 batting average, the supposed threshold for offensive futility at the Major League level. It derives from light-hitting shortstop Mario Mendoza, who failed to reach .200 five times in his nine big league seasons. When a position player's batting average falls below .200, the player is said to be "below the Mendoza Line".

## Origin

Mendoza was a lightly used shortstop from Chihuahua, Mexico, who played for three franchises during a nine-season Major League career. While his fielding was highly regarded, his hitting was not. His batting average was between .180 and .199 in five seasons out of nine.

When he had trouble staying above .200 in 1979, teammates began to chide him. "...Tom Paciorek and Bruce Bochte used it to make fun of me," Mendoza said in 2010. "Then they were giving George Brett a hard time because he had a slow start that year, so they told him, 'Hey, man, you're going to sink down below the Mendoza Line if you're not careful.' And then Brett mentioned it to Chris Berman from ESPN, and eventually it spread and became a part of the game."

Berman deflects credit back to Brett in popularizing the term. "Mario Mendoza — it's all George Brett," Berman said. "We used it all the time in those 1980s *SportsCenters*. It was just a humorous way to describe how someone was hitting."

Mendoza ended up finishing 1979 below his own "line", at .198. His hitting improved modestly in 1980 and 1981, enough that even with another sub-.200 in his final season of 1982 he raised his career batting average to .215.

Mendoza returned to his native land in 1983 and played seven seasons in the Mexican League. He ironically achieved a more than respectable .291 lifetime batting average in the Mexican League.

## Use outside of baseball

The term is also used outside of baseball to convey a similar connotation of unacceptably subpar performance:

* "The U.S. 10-year note yield declined below 2%... before moving back above the Mendoza Line... to 2.09% by early afternoon."
* "A sub-$2,000 per theater average... is the Mendoza Line of box office numbers..."
* "Republican pollster Neil Newhouse... argues that these numbers have crossed below the political 'Mendoza line'..."
* On an episode of *How I Met Your Mother,* Barney explains the "Vicky Mendoza Diagonal" line, which determines how attractive a girl must be in order for him to date her depending on how "crazy" she is.
* In an episode of *Beverly Hills, 90210*, Brandon and Steve's professor says "And look, if you've done the reading you don't have to worry, you will not fall below the Mendoza Line for a grade of a C." to which a student asks "Umm, the Mendoza Line? Was that in the chapters?"
* Then-Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Andy Dalton's play was described as defining the "Dalton Line", the minimum level of performance expected of a starting quarterback in the National Football League.

## Further reading

* Pepper, Al (2002). *Mendoza's Heroes: Fifty Batters Below .200*. Pocol Press. ISBN 978-1929763115.
* Dickson, Paul (1999). *The New Dickson Baseball Dictionary*. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0151003808.


title: Verê

abstract: Verê is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil.

text:
# Verê

**Verê** is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil.

25°52′51″S 52°54′28″W / 25.8808°S 52.9078°W / -25.8808; -52.9078

## InfoBox

| Verê | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southern |
| State | Paraná |
| Mesoregion | Sudoeste Paranaense |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 7,174 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Mi Oya

abstract: The Mi Oya is a 108 km (67 mi) long river, in Sri Lanka. It is the fifteenth-longest river in the country. It begins in Saliyagama and flows northwest, emptying into the Indian Ocean through Puttalam. Its catchment area receives approximately 1,596 million cubic metres of rain per year, and approximately 3 percent of the water reaches the sea. It has a catchment area of 1,024 square kilometres.

text:
# Mi Oya

The **Mi Oya** is a 108 km (67 mi) long river, in Sri Lanka. It is the fifteenth-longest river in the country. It begins in Saliyagama and flows northwest, emptying into the Indian Ocean through Puttalam.

Its catchment area receives approximately 1,596 million cubic metres of rain per year, and approximately 3 percent of the water reaches the sea. It has a catchment area of 1,024 square kilometres.

## InfoBox

| Mi Oya | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Saliyagama |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Puttalam |
| coordinates | 08°05′44″N 79°48′37″E / 8.09556°N 79.81028°E / 8.09556; 79.81028 |
| elevation | Sea level |
| Length | 109 km (68 mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| maximum | 37 106 Sq.m |
|  | |


title: Vokesimurex garciai

abstract: Vokesimurex garciai is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Vokesimurex garciai

***Vokesimurex garciai*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 69 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Morrosquillo at a depth of 35 m.

* Petuch E.J. (1987). New Caribbean molluscan faunas. Charlottesville, Virginia: The Coastal Education and Research Foundation. 154 pp., 29 pls; addendum 2 pp., 1 pl
* Merle D., Garrigues B. & Pointier J.-P. (2011) Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the world. Part Muricinae. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 648 pp
* Houart, R. (2014). Living Muricidae of the world. Muricinae. Murex, Promurex, Haustellum, Bolinus, Vokesimurex and Siratus. Harxheim: ConchBooks. 197 pp

## InfoBox

| *Vokesimurex garciai* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Vokesimurex garciai* (holotype at the Smithsonian Institution) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Vokesimurex* |
| Species: | ***V. garciai*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vokesimurex garciai***<br>(Petuch, 1987) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Haustellum messorius garciai* E.J. Petuch, 1987 * *Murex garciai* Petuch, 1987 * *Vokesimurex woodringi garciai* (E.J. Petuch, 1987) | |


title: Pine Top, Kentucky

abstract: Pine Top is an unincorporated community within Knott County, Kentucky, United States.

text:
# Pine Top, Kentucky

**Pine Top** is an unincorporated community within Knott County, Kentucky, United States.

## InfoBox

| Pine Top, Kentucky Omaha | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Pine TopPine Top | |
| Coordinates: 37°16′21″N 82°52′57″W / 37.27250°N 82.88250°W / 37.27250; -82.88250 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Knott |
| Elevation | 1,132 ft (345 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 41843 |
| GNIS feature ID | 508824 |


title: Vermont Woman

abstract: Vermont Woman, a monthly newspaper, was published in South Hero, Vermont. Its circulation was 10,000.

text:
# Vermont Woman

***Vermont Woman***, a monthly newspaper, was published in South Hero, Vermont. Its circulation was 10,000.

## History

The founder and publisher of *Vermont Woman*, a monthly newspaper, was Suzanne (Sue) Gillis. Gillis financially backed the paper. In 1990, the paper was shut down due to financial challenges. Gillis then went on to become the founding publisher for the community weekly newspaper, *Vermont Times.* In 1995, Gillis became the founding publisher of the award-winning community weekly, *Provincetown Banner.* Thirteen years later, in 2003, *Vermont Woman* was re-launched by Gillis. The paper has since won a number of awards, including the *New England Newspapers and Publishers Association's* designation of *New England Newspaper of the Year* in 2007, 2008, and in 2011.

In 2010, Gillis was inducted in the *New England Newspapers Hall of Fame* for her commitment to independent publishing and for providing a forum for women's voices and perspectives. Rickey Gard Diamond, was the first editor of the paper, which launched in 1985 with 44 pages and an initial circulation of 20,000. In 2012, long-time editor Rickey Gard Diamond and *Vermont Woman*, won a national award from the *National Newspapers Association*, 3rd place in the category of *Best Investigative or In-Depth Story or Series, Non-daily Division, circulation 10,000 or more*.

*Vermont Woman* published its final issue on September 9, 2019.

*Vermont Woman* hosted a lecture series from 1986 to 2009. This series featured speakers like Ann Richards, Valerie Plame Wilson, Gloria Steinem, and Helen Thomas.

## *Vermont Woman* Speaker Series

Videos are courtesy of CCTV Archives, CCTV Center for Media & Democracy.

| Ref | Program Name | Link to Program at CCTV-Vermont |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | *Vermont Woman* Series- Gov. Ann Richards | Link to video |
| 2 | Chocolate And Jazz Festival - Vermont Woman of the Year | Link to video |
| 3 | Media Makers: #8- Sue Gillis And Ricky Diamond, Vermont Woman | Link to video |
| 4 | Vermont Woman Interview | Link to video |
| 5 | *Vermont Woma*n 3rd Anniversary w/ Helen Thomas | Link to video |
| 6 | Local Media Show: The *Vermont Woman* | Link to video |
| 7 | Sandy Baird Commentary: Abortion In Film- A Woman's Right Not To Choose | Link to video |
| 8 | Helen Thomas-Vermont Woman Lecture Series | Link to video |
| 9 | International Women's Day Celebration In Burlington | Link to video |
| 10 | ERA Public Speakout | Link to video |
| 11 | Gloria Steinem - Outrageous Acts for Simple Justice | Link to video |
| 12 | Gloria Steinem For Sanders For Congress | Link to video |
| 13 | Valerie Plame Wilson - Taking on the White House | Link to video |

## Awards

### New England Newspapers and Publishers Association Awards

| Year | Award | Place | Recipient |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | Newspaper of the Year | -- | Vermont Woman |
| 2009 | General Excellence | 1st | Vermont Woman |
| 2008 | Newspaper of the Year | -- | Vermont Woman |
| 2007 | Newspaper of the Year | -- | Vermont Woman |
|  | Feature Photo | 1st | Margaret Michniewicz |
|  | Cover Story "Inconvenient Truth" | 1st | Carrie Chandler |
|  | Cover Story "Quest for the Cure" | 3rd | Mary Fratini |
|  | Feature Photo | 2nd | Lynn Monty |
| 2006 | General Excellence | 3rd | Vermont Woman |
|  | Feature Writing | 1st | Mary Fratini |
|  | Headline Writing | 1st | Margaret Michniewicz |
|  | Photo - General News | 3rd | Margaret Michniewicz |

1. "Vermont Woman newspaper - MondoTimes.com". *www.mondotimes.com*. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
2. "Vermont Woman Circulation" (PDF). *vermontwoman.com*. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
3. Calhoun-Fago, D'Ann (October 1, 1989). *A Diversity of Gifts: Vermont Women at Work*. Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press. p. 170. ISBN 0881501441.
4. "Vermont Woman newspaper". *MondoTimes.com*. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
5. "Vermont's International Women's Day Celebration". Vermont Woman. 4 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
6. Maurice, Maggie (30 October 1985). "Women's Publication Makes its Vermont Debut". Burlington Free Press. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
7. "Vermont Woman Prints Last Issue". *The Burlington Free Press*. Burlington, VT. 12 July 1990. p. 7. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
8. David W., Dunlap (25 December 2015). "167 Commercial Street - BEKS Condominium Unit 2". `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
9. "Careers:Business Monday, March 10, 1995 - burlingtonfreepress.com". *burlingtonfreepress.com*. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
10. "A journal about perspective - Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
11. "Vermont Woman wins paper of the year - Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
12. "Vermont Woman Wins Yearly Award". Burlington Free Press. 10 February 2009. p. 21. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
13. "Newspaper of the Year | NENPA". *www.nenpa.com*. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
14. ""Vermont Woman Newspaper Publisher Suzanne Gillis Inducted into the New England Newspaper Hall of Fame". Vermont Business Magazine. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
15. ""Vermont Woman" Newspaper Publisher Suzanne Gillis Inducted into the New England Newspaper Hall of Fame". Vermont Business Magazine. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
16. Media, Vermont Woman. "NNA Award - Rickey Gard Diamond : Vermont Woman Newspaper". *vermontwoman.com*. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
17. "Vermont Woman Publishes Final Issue - sevendaysvt.com". *sevendaysvt.com*. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
18. "Formative newspaper Vermont Woman ceases publication after more than three decades". *burlingtonfreepress.com*. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
19. "On These Shoulders We Stand by Suzanne Gillis - vermontwoman.com". *vermontwoman.com-date=2019-09-09*.
20. "Vermont Woman-Spanning 34 years 1985-2019 by Suzanne Gillis - vermontwoman.com". *vermontwoman.com-date=2019-09-09*.
21. "Vermont Newspaper Annual Speakers Event - vermontwoman.com". *vermontwoman.com*. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
22. "Ann Richards to Speak at Vermont Woman - vermontwoman.com". *vermontwoman.com*. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
23. "November 2007 | I, Spy - Debriefing Outed CIA Agent Valerie Plame Wilson". *www.vermontwoman.com*. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
24. "Vermont Woman Speaker Series Brought the Community Together to Be Inspired & Informed - vermontwoman.com". *vermontwoman.com*. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
25. "Creative Commons License". *creativecommons.org*. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
26. "New England Newspaper of the year 2011". *New England Newspaper and Press Association*. New England Newspaper & Press Association. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
27. "Vermont Woman Wins Yearly Award". Burlington Free Press. 10 February 2009. p. 21. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
28. "Vermont Woman Wins Yearly Award". Burlington Free Press. 10 February 2009. p. 21. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
29. "Vermont Woman wins paper of the year - Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
30. "2007 Vermont Press Association Awards - Newspapers.com". *Newspapers.com*. Retrieved 2018-11-04.

## InfoBox

Vermont Woman
| Type | Monthly/quarterly |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Tabloid, Digital |
| Owner(s) | Suzanne Gillis |
| Publisher | Suzanne Gillis |
| Editor | Kate Mueller |
| Founded | 1985-2019 |
| Ceased publication | 2019 |
| Headquarters | 307 Route 2, South Hero, Vermont United States) |
| Circulation | 10,000 |
| Website | https://www.vermontwoman.com |


title: Xavier Tilliette

abstract: Xavier Tilliette was a French philosopher, historian of philosophy, theologian, and Jesuit Catholic priest. A former student of Jean Wahl and of Vladimir Jankélévitch, he was a member of the Society of Jesus (1938) and professor emeritus at the Catholic Institute of Paris (1969), having taught also at the Pontifical Gregorian University of Rome (1972), the Lateran University, and the Centre Sèvres in Paris.

text:
# Xavier Tilliette

**Xavier Tilliette** (23 July 1921 – 10 December 2018) was a French philosopher, historian of philosophy, theologian, and Jesuit Catholic priest. A former student of Jean Wahl and of Vladimir Jankélévitch, he was a member of the Society of Jesus (1938) and professor emeritus at the Catholic Institute of Paris (1969), having taught also at the Pontifical Gregorian University of Rome (1972), the Lateran University, and the Centre Sèvres in Paris.

## Biography

Xavier Tilliette also taught philosophy at various universities as a "visiting professor" in France and abroad: Lima, Santiago, Berlin, Bremen, Fribourg, Heidelberg, Hamburg, Munich, Bonn, Tübingen, Turin, Ferrara, Urbino, Rome, Macerata, Naples, Palermo. He spoke fluent English, Italian, German and Spanish, in addition to Latin, Greek and Hebrew, and he read Portuguese and Danish.

A specialist in Schelling and Jaspers, he has been developing since the 1970s a "philosophical Christology" which he initiated. In the tradition of Schelling and of Maurice Blondel, he defended and illustrated the idea of a Christian philosophy born from Revelation. He was also a specialist of Claudel, of phenomenology (Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty), and of German idealism.

Xavier Tilliette was twice winner of a prize from the French Academy. Several of his works were translated into English, Italian, German, and Spanish.

Among his teachers, disciples, or friends, along with Wahl and Jankélévitch, were Hans Urs von Balthasar, Karl Rahner, Henri de Lubac, Gaston Fessard, Hans Georg Gadamer, Jürgen Habermas, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Paul Sartre, Louis Bouyer, Jean Daniélou, Emmanuel Levinas, Paul Ricœur, Gabriel Marcel, Ambroise-Marie Carré, Yves Congar, Michel de Certeau, Stanislas Fumet, Maurice de Gandillac, Paul Doncœur, Pierre Blet, Marcel Brion, Robert Bresson, Enrico Castelli, Luigi Pareyson, Giuseppe Riconda, Michel Henry, Claude Bruaire, Jean Greisch, François Varillon, Albert Vanhoye, Jean-Luc Marion, Jean-Louis Vieillard-Baron, Francesco Tomatis.

He was a member of the Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici and of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (*Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften of Munich*), the Centro studi filosofico-religiosi Luigi Pareyson, and, since 2006, a corresponding member Accademia di estetica internazionale de Rapallo.

Xavier Tilliette was knight of the Légion d'honneur and of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. Tilliette died in Paris on 10 December 2018 at the age of 97.

## Selected bibliography

Xavier Tilliette wrote more than 2,000 essays, books, or articles; his more comprehensive bibliography contains over 250 pages.

**Books in French**

* 1960 *Karl Jaspers*, Aubier, coll. « Théologie »
* 1962 *Existence et Littérature*, Desclée de Brouwer
* 1962 *Philosophes contemporains, Gabriel Marcel, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Karl Jaspers*, Desclée de Brouwer
* 1964 *Jules Lequier ou le tourment de la liberté*, Desclée de Brouwer
* 1970 *Maurice Merleau-Ponty ou la mesure de l'homme*, Seghers
* 1970 *Schelling. Une philosophie en devenir*, t. I, *Le Système vivant, 17941821*, t. II, *La Dernière Philosophie, 18211854*, Vrin, rééd. 1992
* 19741977 *Le Christ des philosophes*, 3 fascicules, ICP
* 1978 *Schelling. Textes esthétiques. Présentation et notes*, Klincksieck, coll. « L'esprit et les formes »
* 1984 *La Mythologie comprise. L'interprétation schellingienne du paganisme*, Bibliopolis, Naples
* 1986 *La Christologie idéaliste*, préface de Joseph Doré, Desclée de Brouwer, coll. « Jésus et Jésus-Christ », 240 p.
* 1987 *L'Absolu et la Philosophie. Essais sur Schelling*, coll. « Épiméthée », PUF
* 1990 *Le Christ de la philosophie*, Cerf, coll. « Cogitatio Fidei », 295 p., prix Montyon de l'Académie française 1991
* 1992 *La Semaine sainte des philosophes*, Desclée, coll. « Jésus et Jésus-Christ »
* 1993 *Le Christ des philosophes : Du Maître de sagesse au divin Témoin*, Culture et Vérité, Namur
* 1995 *Recherches sur l'intuition intellectuelle, de Kant à Hegel*, Vrin
* 1999 *Schelling*, Biographie, Calmann-Lévy, coll. « La vie des philosophes »
* 2001 *Les philosophes lisent la Bible*, Cerf, 200 p., prix du Cardinal Grente de l'Académie française ainsi que pour l'ensemble de son œuvre
* 2001 *La Mémoire et l'Invisible*, éd. Ad Solem, Genève
* 2002 *Jésus romantique*, Desclée-Mame
* 2003 *Fichte. La science de la liberté*, préface de Reinhard Lauth, Vrin
* 2005 *Le Jésuite et le Poète, Éloge jubilaire à Paul Claudel*, éd. de Paris, Versailles
* 2006 *L'Église des philosophes, de Nicolas de Cuse à Gabriel Marcel*, Cerf Recension en ligne in *Esprit & Vie*
* 2006 *Philosophies eucharistiques, de Descartes à Blondel*, Cerf, 180 p., médaille Humboldt 2006
* 2007 *Une introduction à Schelling*, Honoré Champion

**With other authors**

* *Jean Wahl et Gabriel Marcel*, avec Emmanuel Lévinas et Paul Ricœur, Beauchesne, 1976, 96 p., ISBN 2-7010-0240-0
* *Hommage au Père Marcel Régnier*, *Archives de philosophie*, 1999, Présentation en ligne

**Written in Italian or in German**

* *Il Cristo dei non-credenti e altri saggi di filosofia cristiana*, Editoria Ave, Roma, 1994
* *Omaggi, Filosofi italiani del nostro tempo : Michele Federico Sciacca, Enrico Castelli Gattinara di Zubiena, Luigi Pareyson, Augusto Del Noce, Alberto Caracciolo, Italo Mancini, Enrico Garulli, Arturo Massolo, Pasquale Salvucci*, Morcelliana, Brescia, 1997, 92 p.
* *Del male e del bene*, con Giuseppe Riconda (a cura di Francesco Tomatis), Città Nuova Editrice, Roma, 2001
* *Che cos'è cristologia filosofica*, Morcelliana, 2004
* *Schellings Pyrmonter Elegie. Der Briefwechsel mit Eliza Tapp, 18491854* (en collaboration), V. Klostermann, Frankfurt-am-Main, 2000

**Essays published in the following reviews**

1. Stancampiano Simone,*Xavier Tilliette: Fede e sapere in dialogo*, *Giornale di filosofia*.
2. Tilliette Xavier was considered the best French specialist of Schelling. See CNRS Archived 2010-04-27 at the Wayback Machine.
3. *Le Christ des philosophes*, Recension en ligne by Jean-Louis Vieillard-Baron.
4. « La cristologia filosofica di Xavier Tilliette » by Giuliano Sansonetti.
5. "Xavier Tilliette - Les Editions du cerf". *www.editionsducerf.fr* (in French). Retrieved 2017-12-16.
6. Recension en ligne Archived November 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine in *Esprit & Vie*.
7. "Emmanuel Lévinas: les problèmes de la subjectivité". *ghansel.free.fr* (in French). Retrieved 2017-12-16.
8. "Le jésuite et philosophe Xavier Tilliette est mort". *Le Monde* (in French). Retrieved 22 August 2021.

## Further reading

* *La filosofia come santità della ragione. Scritti in onore di Xavier Tilliette*, A cura di Antonio Russo & Jean-Louis Vieillard-Baron, Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2004
* Simone Stancampiano, *La cristologia filosofica in Xavier Tilliette*, Centro Studi Luigi Pareyson, Trauben, 2007 (online)

## InfoBox

| The ReverendXavier Tilliette | |
| --- | --- |
| Xavier Tilliette in 2017 | |
| Born | (1921-07-23)23 July 1921
Corbie, Third French Republic |
| Died | 10 December 2018(2018-12-10) (aged 97)
Paris, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation(s) | Philosopher
Historian of philosophy
Theologian
Catholic priest |


title: Louis Lliboutry

abstract: Louis Lliboutry was a French glaciologist, geophysicist, and mountaineer. While in Chile in the early 1950s, he analysed and explained the formation of snow penitents in the Andes, which marked his first contribution to glaciology. He founded in Grenoble in 1958 the Laboratory of Alpine Glaciology and headed it for 25 years; he also set up at that period a pioneering syllabus in geophysics. His contributions to mechanics of viscous media and to geodynamics are internationally acknowledged.

text:
# Louis Lliboutry

**Louis Lliboutry** (born 19 February 1922 in Madrid; died on 21 October 2007 in Grenoble) was a French glaciologist, geophysicist, and mountaineer. While in Chile in the early 1950s, he analysed and explained the formation of snow penitents in the Andes, which marked his first contribution to glaciology. He founded in Grenoble in 1958 the Laboratory of Alpine Glaciology and headed it for 25 years; he also set up at that period a pioneering syllabus in geophysics. His contributions to mechanics of viscous media (such as ice and the Earth's mantle) and to geodynamics are internationally acknowledged.

## Biography

### Early years

Louis Antonin François Lliboutry was born in Madrid on 19 February 1922, the son of French parents originating from the Perpignan region. Repatriated in 1936 during the Spanish Civil War, he soon revealed his interest for research and exploration, instilled by Jules Verne's novels, while Jean-Henri Fabre's *Souvenirs entomologiques* led him to observe and collect insects. He also remembers his early passion for Meccano, which perhaps explains why he later became a researcher in mechanics.

After high-school studies in Perpignan and Montpellier, he entered during the German Occupation the École Normale Supérieure, a French grande école in Paris. In April 1945 he passed an *agrégation* in physics where he tied for third place. Louis Néel, later a Nobel laureate in physics, proposed to Lliboutry a position of teaching assistant in his laboratory in Grenoble. While preparing there his *doctorat d'État*, Lliboutry discovered mountaineering and climbed many peaks in the Savoy and Dauphiné Alps. He recalls it was in August 1945, during a stay at the "École de haute montagne" (Mountaineering School) in Chamonix, that he first cut steps in the ice of the Bossons Glacier and he realized he was ″*climbing on water*″.

In June 1950 he defended his thesis on the variations in magnetization of a steel bar under shocks and strain. Néel acknowledges him as a peerless collaborator, ″*inventive, bright, slightly temperamental*″. However Lliboutry could not see himself flourishing in his former patron's laboratory, and he avows he came within an ace of renouncing an academic career. Through the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he managed to get a several-years' temporary leave to train high-school teachers at the University of Chile. He took up his duties in Santiago in March 1951.

### Andean years

He soon contacted the Club alpin français which was at that time preparing an expedition to Fitz Roy (3,405 metres (11,171 ft)), a still unconquered Argentine summit in the Patagonian Andes. As the scientist of the expedition, he had twice the opportunity to meet Juan Perón at the Casa Rosada: for logistics when they headed south, and for a decoration when they returned. While staying at the base camp, he made a new topographic survey of the surrounding area, then poorly mapped on Argentine documents which showed very approximate elevations. He climbed twice to Camp III, 400 metres (1,300 ft) below the summit, which was reached by Lionel Terray and Guido Magnone in February 1952 after more than a month's approach and waiting.

His duties at the "*Pedagógico*" (Pedagogical Institute) of the University of Chile left him enough time to explore the High Andes of Santiago where some glaciers, especially rock glaciers, were not mapped yet. The topographical survey he carried out will still be used nearly forty years later. In March 1952, about 4,700 metres (15,400 ft) above sea level in Nevado Juncal close to Aconcagua, he first observed snow penitents, mysterious structures already encountered by Charles Darwin and attributed by natives to carving of névé by strong winds. Lliboutry qualitatively explained their formation, due to complex phenomena of melting and infrared-radiation re-emitted by the penitents. This marks his first important contribution to glaciology.

Lliboutry spent his last year in Chile (1955) writing a book of nearly 500 pages, *Nieves y glaciares de Chile*, which foreshadowed the two volumes of his future *Traité de glaciologie* (more than 1,000 pages). In the following decades, his expertise in glaciology and geophysics will be called upon several times in Latin America, notably by the Peruvian government and UNESCO, before and after the Yungay disaster (a debris flow caused by the outburst of lakes near the Huascarán Glacier, making 20,000 casualties on 31 May 1970).

### The glaciologist

He returned to France in 1956 where he secured a position of associate professor with the Grenoble University. He soon entered into contact with Paul-Émile Victor at the French Polar Expeditions, and also with various Swiss, American, and Canadian institutes involved in glaciology. During the next decade, Lliboutry roamed Greenland and Spitsbergen, but the new "Laboratory of Alpine Glaciology" he founded in Grenoble in 1958 will first focus its interest on the near-by Alpine glaciers.

The laboratory founded in 1958 changed its name twenty years later to Laboratory of Glaciology and Geophysics of the Environment, which Lliboutry will head until 1983; then, in 2017 (ten years after his death), to Institute of Geosciences of the Environment, incidentally losing its specificity of glaciology.

### The geophysicist

As early as the 1950s, Lliboutry became interested in the Earth's internal structure, and it is remarkable that book chapters and monographs he wrote between 1973 and 2000 are more devoted to geodynamics than glaciology. He notices that the Earth's mantle, even if it deforms a million times slower than glaciers, finally presents with ice a much greater analogy than what can be established between ice and more usual viscous fluids which deform a thousand billion times more quickly. In Grenoble, he set up in 1959 at the master level a new syllabus in general geophysics which will flourish in the 1960s when the Earth's sciences will be refounded by the plate tectonics "theory".

Two articles published in 1969 and 1970 on the modelling of convection within the Earth's mantle showed him, with Claude Allègre, Xavier Le Pichon and Dan McKenzie, in the very closed circle of European scientists at the leading edge of the new theory. He was the first to notice that the viscosity of the asthenosphere, due to partial melting (of the order of one percent), is analogous to what happens in so-called "temperate glaciers" where ice is also partially melted in the same order of magnitude, with the coexistence of a liquid phase and a solid phase. He also modelled the postglacial rebound of the lithosphere as observed in Fennoscandia or Canada following the disappearance of Quaternary ice caps, which allowed him to infer the mechanical properties of the Earth's mantle, its rheology and its viscosity.

On a different note, his most original publication is probably an article published in 1974. Plate kinematics arbitrarily consider one of the lithospheric plates constituting the Earth's surface (usually the Antarctic Plate) as fixed, and the movement of other plates is described relative to it. "Absolute" movements are much more difficult to determine; to achieve this, one usually makes use of hot spots, supposed time-invariant while plates drift over them. Starting from a "simple" principle (the resulting moment of the absolute velocities of the plates on the Earth as a whole is a null vector), Lliboutry managed to compute this absolute movement for all the plates known in his time, without having to involve the "hot spots referential". Both approaches are remarkably consistent.

## Distinctions and legacy

From 1976 to 1980, he has presided the European Geophysical Society, then, between 1983 and 1987, the International Commission on Snow and Ice, an emanation of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Elected an honorary member of the International Glaciological Society, he was the 1993 recipient of the Seligman Crystal, a prize granted by this Society for major breakthroughs in glaciology (one recipient every two years on the average).

In Chile, the mountain Cerro Lliboutry (1,980 metres (6,500 ft)), close to the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, was named in his honour. First climbed in 2005, it is henceforth designated as *el Lliboutry* in Chilean mountaineering guidebooks. His name was also officially given in 1983 to the Lliboutry Glacier, which flows from the Boyle Mountains to the Bourgeois Fjord in the Antarctic Peninsula.

Louis Lliboutry was awarded the Légion d'honneur (Chevalier) in 1991 and the Palmes académiques (Commandeur) in 1977.

A recent book in French recalls how he contributed to launch modern glaciology.

## Selected publications

In this selection, each publication is signed ″Louis Lliboutry″ as the only author.

* *L'aimantation des aciers dans les champs magnétiques faibles : effets des tensions, des chocs, des champs magnétiques transversaux* (Thesis) (in French). Paris: Masson. 1950.
* "La région du Fitz-Roy (Andes de Patagonie)". *Revue de géographie alpine* (in French). **41** (4): 607–694. 1953.
* Lliboutry, Louis (1954). "Le massif du Nevado Juncal (Andes de Santiago), ses pénitents et ses glaciers". *Revue de géographie alpine* (in French). **42** (3): 465–495. doi:10.3406/rga.1954.1142.
* Lliboutry, Louis (1954). "The origin of penitents". *Journal of Glaciology*. **2** (15): 331–338. doi:10.3189/S0022143000025181. S2CID 129096835.
* *Nieves y glaciares de Chile : fundamentos de glaciología* (in Spanish). Santiago: Ediciones de la Universidad de Chile. 1956.
* *Physique de base pour biologistes, médecins, géologues* (in French). Paris: Masson. 1963 \[1st pub. 1959\].
* *Traité de glaciologie Volume 1: Neige, glace, hydrologie nivale* (in French). Paris: Masson. 1964.
* *Traité de glaciologie Volume 2: Glaciers, variations du climat, sols gelés* (in French). Paris: Masson. 1965.
* *in* Jean Goguel, ed. (1971). "Physique des glaciers". *Géophysique*. Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, **8** (in French). Paris: Gallimard. pp. 960–1026.
* *in* Jean Coulomb and Georges Jobert, ed. (1973). "Chapter 1: Mécanique des solides : bases physiques". *Traité de géophysique interne* (in French). Vol. 1: Sismologie et pesanteur. Paris: Masson. pp. 1–48.
* *in* Jean Coulomb and Georges Jobert, ed. (1973). "Chapter 3: Frottement, rupture et origine des séismes". *Traité de géophysique interne* (in French). Vol. 1: Sismologie et pesanteur. Paris: Masson. pp. 67–82.
* *in* Jean Coulomb and Georges Jobert, ed. (1973). "Chapter 17: Isostasie, propriétés rhéologiques du manteau supérieur". *Traité de géophysique interne* (in French). Vol. 1: Sismologie et pesanteur. Paris: Masson. pp. 473–505.
* *in* Jean Coulomb and Georges Jobert, ed. (1976). "Chapter 41: Courants de convection et dynamique des plaques". *Traité de géophysique interne* (in French). Vol. 2: Magnétisme et géodynamique. Paris: Masson. pp. 501–571.
* *Tectonophysique et géodynamique* (in French). Paris: Masson. 1982.
* *Very Slow Flows of Solids: Basics of Modeling in Geology and Glaciology*. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 1987.
* *Sciences géométriques et télédétection* (in French). Paris: Masson. 1992.
* *Géophysique et géologie* (in French). Paris: Masson. 1998.
* *Quantitative Geophysics and Geology*. Londres: Springer. 2000.

## Notes and references

## Bibliography

* Lliboutry, Louis (1999). *Les glaciers furent mes frères : de l'exploration des Andes chiliennes à l'émergence de la glaciologie moderne* (in French). p. 460. ISBN 978-2951391901.
* Turrel, Marc (2017). *Louis Lliboutry, le Champollion des glaces* (in French). Grenoble: UGA Éditions. p. 460. ISBN 978-2377470112.

## InfoBox

| Louis Lliboutry | |
| --- | --- |
| On top of Cerro Polo, facing Fitz Roy | |
| Born | Louis Antonin François Lliboutry
(1922-02-19)19 February 1922
Madrid, Spain |
| Died | 21 October 2007(2007-10-21) (aged 85)
Grenoble, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Alma mater | École Normale Supérieure |
| Known for | Founder and director of the Laboratory of Alpine Glaciology (Grenoble) |
| Spouse | Claude Micanel (1929-2017) |
| Children | Emmanuel and Olivier |
| Awards | Seligman Crystal of the International Glaciological Society 1993 |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Glaciology and Geodynamics |
| Institutions | University of Chile, Santiago and Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France |
| Thesis | *L'aimantation des aciers dans les champs magnétiques faibles : effets des tensions, des chocs, des champs magnétiques transversaux*  (1950) |
| Doctoral advisor | Louis Néel |
|  | |


title: MicroRNA and microRNA target database

abstract: This microRNA database and microRNA targets databases is a compilation of databases and web portals and servers used for microRNAs and their targets. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent an important class of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that regulate gene expression by targeting messenger RNAs.

text:
# MicroRNA and microRNA target database

This **microRNA database and microRNA targets databases** is a compilation of databases and web portals and servers used for microRNAs and their targets. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent an important class of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that regulate gene expression by targeting messenger RNAs.

## microRNA target gene databases

| Name | Description | type | Link | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **StarBase** | starBase is designed for decoding **miRNA-lncRNA**, miRNA-mRNA, miRNA-**circRNA**, miRNA-**pseudogene**, miRNA-sncRNA, **protein-lncRNA**, protein-sncRNA, protein-mRNA and protein-pseudogene interactions and **ceRNA networks** from 108 CLIP-Seq (HITS-CLIP, PAR-CLIP, iCLIP, CLASH) datasets. It also provides **Pan-Cancer Analysis** for microRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs and protein-coding genes from 6000 tumor samples. | database | website |  |
| **StarScan** | StarScan is developed for scanning small RNA (miRNA, piRNA, siRNA) mediated RNA cleavage events in lncRNA, circRNA, mRNA and pseudo genes from degradome sequencing data. | web-based software | website |  |
| **Cupid** | Cupid is a method for **simultaneous prediction of miRNA-target interactions and their mediated competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) interactions**. It is an integrative approach significantly improves on miRNA-target prediction accuracy as assessed by both mRNA and protein level measurements in breast cancer cell lines. Cupid is implemented in 3 steps: Step 1: re-evaluate candidate miRNA binding sites in 3' UTRs. Step2: interactions are predicted by integrating information about selected sites and the statistical dependency between the expression profiles of miRNA and putative targets. Step 3: Cupid assesses whether inferred targets compete for predicted miRNA regulators. * Only the source code for step 3 is provided. | software (MATLAB) | website |  |
| **TargetScan** | Predicts biological targets of miRNAs by searching for the presence of sites that match the seed region of each miRNA. In flies and nematodes, predictions are ranked based on the probability of their evolutionary conservation. In zebrafish, predictions are ranked based on site number, site type, and site context, which includes factors that influence target-site accessibility. In mammals, the user can choose whether the predictions should be ranked based on the probability of their conservation or on site number, type, and context. In mammals and nematodes, the user can choose to extend the predictions beyond conserved sites and consider all sites. | database, webserver | website |  |
| **TarBase** | A comprehensive database of experimentally supported animal microRNA targets | database | website |  |
| **Diana-microT** | DIANA-microT 3.0 is an algorithm based on several parameters calculated individually for each microRNA and it combines conserved and non-conserved microRNA recognition elements into a final prediction score. | webserver | webserver |  |
| **miRecords** | an integrated resource for microRNA-target interactions. | database | website |  |
| **PicTar** | PicTar is Combinatorial microRNA target predictions. | database, webserver, predictions | website |  |
| **PITA** | PITA, incorporates the role of target-site accessibility, as determined by base-pairing interactions within the mRNA, in microRNA target recognition. | webserver, predictions | predictions |  |
| **RepTar** | A database of inverse miRNA target predictions, based on the RepTar algorithm that is independent of evolutionary conservation considerations and is not limited to seed pairing sites. | database | website |  |
| **RNA22** | The first link (predictions) provides RNA22 predictions for all protein coding transcripts in human, mouse, roundworm, and fruit fly. It allows you to visualize the predictions within a cDNA map and also find transcripts where multiple miR's of interest target. The second web-site link (custom) first finds putative microRNA binding sites in the sequence of interest, then identifies the targeted microRNA. | webserver, predictions | predictions custom |  |
| **miRTarBase** | The experimentally validated microRNA-target interactions database. As a database, miRTarBase has accumulated more than three hundred and sixty thousand miRNA-target interactions (MTIs), which are collected by manually surveying pertinent literature after NLP of the text systematically to filter research articles related to functional studies of miRNAs. Generally, the collected MTIs are validated experimentally by reporter assay, western blot, microarray and next-generation sequencing experiments. While containing the largest amount of validated MTIs, the miRTarBase provides the most updated collection by comparing with other similar, previously developed databases. | database | website |  |
| **miRwalk** | Aggregates and compare results from other miRNA-to-mRNA databases | database, webserver |  |  |
| **MBSTAR** | Multiple Instance approach for finding out true or functional microRNA binding sites. | webserver, predictions | predictions |  |
| . | | | | |

## microRNA databases

| Name | Description | type | Link | References |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **deepBase** | deepBase is a database for annotating and discovering small and long ncRNAs (microRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs...) from high-throughput deep sequencing data. | database | website |  |
| **miRBase** | miRBase database is a searchable database of published miRNA sequences and annotation. | database | website |  |
| **microRNA.org** | microRNA.org is a database for Experimentally observed microRNA expression patterns and predicted microRNA targets & target downregulation scores. | database | website |  |
| **miRGen 4.0** | DIANA-miRGen v4: indexing promoters and regulators for more than 1500 microRNAs | database | website |  |
| **MirGeneDB** | MirGeneDB is a database of manually curated microRNA genes that have been validated and annotated. MirGeneDB 2.1 includes more than 16,000 microRNA gene entries representing more than 1,500 miRNA families from 75 metazoan species. All microRNAs can be browsed, searched and downloaded. | database | website |  |
| **miRNAMap** | miRNAMap: genomic maps of microRNA genes and their target genes in mammalian genomes | database | website |  |
| **PMRD** | PMRD: plant microRNA database | database | website |  |
| TargetScan | TargetScan7.0 classifies microRNAs according to their level of conservation (i.e., species-specific, conserved among mammals, or broadly conserved among vertebrates) and aggregates them into families based upon their seed sequence. It also annotates conserved isomiRs using small RNA sequencing datasets. | database | website |  |
| VIRmiRNA | **VIRmiRNA** is the first dedicated resource on experimental **viral miRNA** and their **targets**. This resource also provides inclusive knowledge about anti-viral miRNAs known to play role in antiviral immunity of host. | Database | website |  |

## Further reading


title: 1912 Oklahoma elections

abstract: The 1912 Oklahoma elections were held on November 5, 1912, in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Oklahoma voters participated in the 1912 United States presidential election and the 1912 United States House of Representatives elections. Elections also took place for the Oklahoma Corporation Commission and Oklahoma Supreme Court.

text:
# 1912 Oklahoma elections

The **1912 Oklahoma elections** were held on November 5, 1912, in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Oklahoma voters participated in the 1912 United States presidential election and the 1912 United States House of Representatives elections. Elections also took place for the Oklahoma Corporation Commission and Oklahoma Supreme Court.

## Federal

### President

1912 United States presidential election in Oklahoma
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Woodrow Wilson** | **119,156** | **46.95%** |
|  | Republican | William Howard Taft (incumbent) | 90,786 | 35.77% |
|  | Socialist | Eugene V. Debs | 41,674 | 16.42% |
|  | Prohibition | Eugene W. Chafin | 2,185 | 0.86% |
| Total votes | | | **253,801** | **100%** |

### Senate

1912 United States Senate election in Oklahoma
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Robert L. Owen (Incumbent)** | **126,418** | **50.43%** |
|  | Republican | Joseph Dickerson | 83,429 | 33.28% |
|  | Socialist | John Wills | 40,860 | 16.3% |
| Turnout | | |  | 15.13% |

### House

| District | Incumbent | | | This race | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| Oklahoma 1 | Bird S. McGuire | Republican | 1907 | Incumbent re-elected. | * Y **Bird S. McGuire** (Republican) 45.0% * John J. Davis (Democratic) 43.6% * Achilles W. Renshaw (Socialist) 10.5% * Thomas P. Hopley (Prohibition) 0.7% |
| Oklahoma 2 | Dick T. Morgan | Republican | 1908 | Incumbent re-elected. | * Y **Dick T. Morgan** (Republican) 43.8% * J. J. Carney (Democratic) 42.7% * P. D. McKenzie (Socialist) 13.4% |
| Oklahoma 3 | James S. Davenport | Democratic | 1910 | Incumbent re-elected. | * Y **James S. Davenport** (Democratic) 49.5% * R. T. Daniel (Republican) 38.0% * Lewis B. Irvin (Socialist) 11.7% * H. L. Storm (Independent) 0.6% |
| Oklahoma 4 | Charles D. Carter | Democratic | 1907 | Incumbent re-elected. | * Y **Charles D. Carter** (Democratic) 51.3% * E. N. Wright (Republican) 24.4% * Fred W. Holt (Socialist) 24.2% |
| Oklahoma 5 | Scott Ferris | Democratic | 1907 | Incumbent re-elected. | * Y **Scott Ferris** (Democratic) 56.2% * C. O. Clark (Republican) 22.7% * H. H. Stallard (Socialist) 20.9% |
| Oklahoma at-large
3 seats on a general ticket | None (New seat) | | | New seat.
**Democratic gain**. |  |
| | None (New seat) | | | | New seat.
**Democratic gain**. |
| | None (New seat) | | | | New seat.
**Democratic gain**. |

## State

### Corporation Commission

1912 Oklahoma Corporation Commission election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **J.E. Love (incumbent)** | **120,446** | **48.6%** | **−6.3%** |
|  | Republican | P.J. Loewen | 85,698 | 34.6% | −6.5% |
|  | Socialist | C.E. Hedgepeth | 41,283 | 16.6% | +12.7% |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | Swing | N/A |  |

### Supreme Court

1912 Oklahoma Supreme Court District 1 election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **John B. Turner (incumbent)** | **120,342** | **58.0%** | **+0.8%** |
|  | Republican | Charles A. Cooke | 87,431 | 42.0% | −0.8% |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | Swing | N/A |  |

### Court of Criminal Appeals

1912 Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals Southern District election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Henry Marshall Furman (incumbent)** | **120,257** | **48.4%** | **−7.6%** |
|  | Republican | George M. Ralls | 86,834 | 34.9% | −9.0% |
|  | Socialist | E.S. Hurt | 41,274 | 16.6% | New |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | Swing | N/A |  |

### State questions

#### State question 38

Initiative petition No. 23

The gist of the proposition is as follows: That Section 9, Article 9 of the Constitution be amended so that any foreign or domestic railroad, transportation or transmission company or corporation may lease, sell or otherwise dispose of its property or franchise to, or may lease, buy or otherwise acquire the property or franchise of any like company or corporation. This amendment is not operative until the consent of the Corporation Commission to the proposed transfer is first given in writing and the Legislature may impose other restrictions on the right to consolidate.

State question
| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Yes** | **164,530** | **72.1** |
| No | 63,586 | 27.9 |
|
|
| **Total votes** | **228,116** | **100.00** |
|
|
|

#### State question 40

Initiative petition No. 25

The gist of the proposition is as follows: That the State Capitol be located at Guthrie.

State question
| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **No** | **103,106** | **54.4** |
| Yes | 86,549 | 45.6 |
|
|
| **Total votes** | **189,655** | **100.00** |
|
|
|

#### State question 45

Legislative Referendum No. 17 Submitted by House Joint Resolution No. 2, page 416, Session Laws 1911.

The gist of the proposition is as follows: That Section 12, Article 10 of the Constitution be amended so that the Legislature shall have the power to levy such taxes as will maintain all public schools for at least five months in the year.

State question
| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **No** | **65,436** | **39.5** |
| Yes | 100,042 | 60.5 |
| Required majority | **123714** | |
|
|
| **Total votes** | **165,478** | **100.00** |
|
|
|

## InfoBox

1912 Oklahoma elections
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |


title: WTPS-LP

abstract: WTPS-LP is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Napoleon, Ohio. The station is owned by St. Paul Lutheran Church. It airs a contemporary Christian music format. The station was assigned the WTPS-LP call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on February 4, 2002.

text:
# WTPS-LP

**WTPS-LP** (94.1 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Napoleon, Ohio. The station is owned by St. Paul Lutheran Church. It airs a contemporary Christian music format.

The station was assigned the WTPS-LP call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on February 4, 2002.

## InfoBox

WTPS-LP
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 94.1 MHz |
| Branding | *WTPS 94.1 LPFM* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Contemporary Christian |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | St. Paul Lutheran Church |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 131752 |
| Class | L1 |
| ERP | 100 watts |
| HAAT | 14 metres |
| Transmitter coordinates | 41°23′36.4″N 84°08′33.7″W / 41.393444°N 84.142694°W / 41.393444; -84.142694 |
| Links | |
| Public license information | LMS |
| Website | Official Website |


title: Verigy

abstract: Verigy Ltd was a Cupertino, California-based semiconductor automatic test equipment manufacturer. The company existed as a business within Hewlett-Packard before it was spun off in 2006 as a standalone company. It was purchased by Advantest in 2011.

text:
# Verigy

**Verigy Ltd** was a Cupertino, California-based semiconductor automatic test equipment manufacturer. The company existed as a business within Hewlett-Packard before it was spun off in 2006 as a standalone company. It was purchased by Advantest in 2011.

## History

Verigy was started by Hewlett-Packard, reported to David Packard in its early days, and was spun off from Agilent Technologies in 2006. The company went public on the NASDAQ in June 2006. The CEO was Keith Barnes, who later became Chairman and CEO. The CFO was Bob Nikl. In 2011 Mr. Barnes moved to Chairman of the Board of Directors and Jorge Titinger became CEO and President. The company's NASDAQ symbol was VRGY.

Verigy designs, develops, manufactures, sells and services advanced semiconductor test systems for the flash memory, high-speed memory and system-on-chip (SoC) markets. Verigy's products are used worldwide in design validation, characterization, and high-volume manufacturing test. The company began doing business as Verigy on June 1, 2006 with its global headquarters located in Singapore.

On December 6, 2007, Verigy announced the acquisition of Inovys, a privately held company that provides stuff for design debug, failure analysis and yield acceleration for complex semiconductor devices and processes.

On June 15, 2009, Verigy acquired Touchdown Technologies, a privately held company that designs, manufactures, and supports advanced Microelectromechanical systems probe cards to support the wafer test needs of semiconductor manufacturers worldwide.

On November 18, 2010, Verigy announced its intent to merge with LTX-Credence. On December 7, 2010, Advantest Japan made an all-cash offer for the company, announcing that it planned to acquire Verigy in March 2011, topping LTX-Credence's bid. On July 4, 2011, after two reviews of the transaction by the Department of Justice the company announced that Advantest Corporation (NYSE: ATE, TYO: 6857) completed its acquisition of Verigy in an all-cash deal valued at $1.100 billion. The resulting company was the largest manufacturer of semiconductor test equipment in the world. Trading of Verigy ordinary shares was suspended subsequently.

## Products

The main test system platforms offered by Verigy were V101 for the low-cost IC market; V6000 for the flash and DRAM memory market; V93000 for the SoC/SiP market; and V93000 HSM for the high-speed memory market.

In addition it offered software for design debug, failure analysis and yield acceleration.

## Market listing and competition

Verigy announced its initial public offering of 8.5 million shares of common stock on June 13, 2006, priced at $15.00 per share, and is listed on the NASDAQ National Market under the ticker symbol **VRGY**. Agilent spun off the remaining Verigy stock to its shareholders in November 2006. Sale of its shares were suspended on its sale to Adventest in 2011.

Verigy's principal competitors in the ATE business were Teradyne and its 2011 prospective merger partner, LTX-Credence

## InfoBox

Verigy Ltd
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | Nasdaq: VRGY |
| Industry | Semiconductor Test Solutions |
| Founded | Spun out of Agilent Technologies in 2006 and taken public on NASDAQ:VRGY |
| Defunct | 2011 (2011) |
| Fate | Acquired by Advantest Corporation of Japan. |
| Headquarters | Singapore
United States |
| Key people | Chairman & CEO, Keith Barnes
CFO, Bob Nikl |
| Revenue | US Approximately $800 million in 2007 Company acquired in 2011 for $1.100 billion in an all-cash transaction |
| Parent | Advantest Corporation |
| Website | www.advantest.com |


title: Merry-Go-Round (1923 film)

abstract: Merry-Go-Round is a 1923 American feature film directed by Erich von Stroheim (uncredited) and Rupert Julian, starring Norman Kerry and Mary Philbin, and released by Universal Pictures. A copy of the film is held in a collection and it has been released on DVD.

text:
# Merry-Go-Round (1923 film)

***Merry-Go-Round*** is a 1923 American feature film directed by Erich von Stroheim (uncredited) and Rupert Julian, starring Norman Kerry and Mary Philbin, and released by Universal Pictures. A copy of the film is held in a collection and it has been released on DVD.

## Plot

As described in a film magazine, Count Franz Maxmilian (Kerry), a happy-go-lucky, irresponsible count, is attached to the Austrian court of Emperor Francis Joseph (Vaverka) and by the Emperor’s mandate is affianced to Gisella (Wallace), the daughter of the Minister of War and a woman he does not love. Having by chance met the innocent little organ-grinder Agnes (Philbin), a peasant toiling in Vienna’s amusement park, representing a type of womanhood with which he is totally unfamiliar, he experiences a strong attraction. By the dictates of court etiquette, the hated union is solemnized. The organ-grinder, not knowing that the admirer is a member of royalty, believes he has deserted her. War is declared, and the unhappy remorse-stricken count goes to the front. During hostilities, his unloved royal spouse dies. The count later returns, renounces his title, and marries the little organ-grinder.

## Cast

## Pre-Production

Paul Kohner, Universal’s manager for overseas publicity approached von Stroheim following the success of *Blind Husbands* (1919) with several proposals for the director’s next project. The 20-year-old Kohner, a highly literate and sophisticated Bavarian émigré shared a nostalgia for Europe with the working-class von Stroheim. The topic of pre-war Vienna stirred von Stroheim’s memories of his childhood and youth. A story began to take shape with the central themes built around the Prater, Vienna’s world-famous amusement park and its main attraction, the Merry-Go-Round, from which the film’s title is taken.

Producer Irving Thalberg encouraged von Stroheim to proceed with writing the script, but with a caveat fully establishing Thalberg’s oversight: von Stroheim was not to be part of the cast in the production, a condition that would provide Thalberg and Universal with the option of replacing von Stroheim as director in the midst of filming, without the expense of recasting and reshooting his character. Von Stroheim and his agent consented to this provision reluctantly.

Thalberg carefully vetted von Stroheim’s screenplay submissions, ultimately paying the director $5,000 for the collaboratively written scenario. In order to circumvent von Stroheim’s excessive use of film stock in a script calling for almost one thousand scenes, Thalberg insisted that each scene be limited by pre-timed estimates in continuity, to ensure the picture emerged at “an acceptable length.”

## Production

*Merry-Go-Round* went into production on 25 August 1922. On 6 October 1922, after six weeks, Universal removed director Von Stroheim from the project and immediately replaced him with director Rupert Julian. Shooting was completed on 8 January 1923.

The production, from the beginning, was fraught with internecine struggles pitting Universal executives against Von Stroheim and his technical assistants over content, scheduling and budgetary control of the film. Universal unit production manager for the film, James Winnard Hum, serving as proxy for head of production Thalberg, was daily on the set and in direct communication with Von Stroheim and his advisors. Mutual recriminations and accusations of bad faith abounded on both sides. Von Stroheim cultivated a “them vs. us” atmosphere among his staff and workers, most of whom were loyalists enlisted from his recently completed *Foolish Wives*. Production manager Hum felt that von Stroheim was “stalling” on portions of the filming in order to assert his control over the shooting schedule.

Von Stroheim felt confident that an appeal to Universal president Carl Laemmle would resolve the matter in his favor, curbing Thalberg’s authority, an expectation of which he was quickly disabused. After a number of delays in filming, including the derailment of a prop streetcar, the overloading of the studio electrical system due to excessive night shooting, an inebriated lead man (Norman Kerry), the general disaffection of the extras, and delays caused by a search for an appropriate orangutan, the upper echelon at Universal mobilized against von Strohiem. Thalberg was authorized to terminate von Stroheim as director. Biographer Richard Koszarski offers an excerpt from Thalberg’s notification to von Stohiem:

> “The fact that more productions have not been completed is due largely to your totally inexcusable and repeated acts of insubordination, your extravagant ideas which you have been unwilling to sacrifice in the slightest particular, repeated an unnecessary delays occasioned by your attitude in arguing against practically every instruction that has been given you in good faith, and by your apparent idea that you are greater and more powerful than the organization that employs you...you have time and again demonstrated your disloyalty to our company, encouraged and fostered discontent, distrust and disrespect in the minds of your fellow employees, and have attempted to create an organization loyal to yourself , rather than the company you are employed to serve...”

Upon von Stroheim’s departure, Universal instantly replaced him with Rupert Julian. The production proceeded with most of von Strohiem’s crew and cast intact but some expressions of discontent at von Strohiem’s departure.

The question as to the relative contributions to *Merry-Go-Round* from von Stroheim and Julian remain in dispute. Based on testimony by Hum, Louis Germonprez (von Strohiem’s business manager) and von Stroheim agreed that about a third of the scenes had been completed by von Stroheim. Thalberg and Julian reported that about 25 percent had been completed (271 scenes). Though Julian’s contribution appears to have closely followed the original script, few of the von Stroheim-directed scenes were incorporated into the picture.

## Theme

*Merry-Go-Round* represents the earliest appearance of a female protagonist as the center of interest in a von Stroheim film, a significant departure from the centrality of the male Prussian officer and pseudo-aristocrat that von Stroheim himself had made infamous as “the man you love to hate.” Though not fully realized in this film, his “tentative shift in focus from the seducer to the victim marks a new phase in von Stroheim’s career.” The character of Count Maximilian (Norman Kerry) is presented as less a caricature of a nobleman than an individual capable of “dramatic maturation”, another shift that distinguishes *Merry-Go-Round*. Heroine Agnes Urban’s (Mary Philbin) emotional struggles are examined with empathy, marking the first time von Stroheim creates “a dramatically successful female, an indication of a general shift in his interest.”

Von Stroheim's nostalgic recreation of Vienna's Belle Époque serves as a sentimental tribute to the Habsburg monarchy and its ancien regime, both of which suffered social and economic collapse during World War I. Despite acknowledging the decadence and abuses of the Austrian ruling class, *Merry-Go-Round* presents their decline and fall with regret.

Von Strohiem’s obsession with “minute details and rituals” reveals more than von Stroheim’s concern with the precise cinematic depiction of props, but a tribute to Austrian aristocratic social order, whose military echelon he portrayed with dignity and fidelity. Von Stroheim arranged for the transportation of the original royal carriage of the deceased Emperor Franz Joseph to Hollywood for use in the film. More than a relic from the Habsburg dynasty, it serves as a tribute to the lost Austrian Empire.

## Reception

Despite the fact that von Stroheim’s name had been expunged from the credits, viewers who attended the premiere at New York’s Rivoli Theater were well aware that he had conceived, if not executed, *Merry-Go-Round*. Reviews were mixed, but the picture was ranked the year’s second best film by *The Film Daily*.

The film was the eighth most successful that year at the box office in the United States and Canada.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Merry-Go-Round | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Erich von Stroheim
Rupert Julian |
| Written by | Finis Fox (scenario)
Irving Thalberg (scenario)
Rupert Julian (scenario)
Erich von Stroheim (scenario) |
| Story by | Harvey Gates |
| Produced by | Carl Laemmle |
| Starring | Norman Kerry
Mary Philbin
Edith Yorke
Dale Fuller |
| Cinematography | Charles Kaufman
William H. Daniels
Ben Reynolds |
| Edited by | James C. McKay |
| Distributed by | Universal Pictures |
| Release date | * September 3, 1923 (1923-09-03) |
| Running time | 110 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Vrancea County

abstract: Vrancea is a county (județ) in Romania, with its seat at Focșani. It is mostly in the historical region of Moldavia but the southern part, below the Milcov River, is in Muntenia.

text:
# Vrancea County

**Vrancea** (Romanian pronunciation: \[ˈvrant͡ʃe̯a\]) is a county (județ) in Romania, with its seat at Focșani. It is mostly in the historical region of Moldavia but the southern part, below the Milcov River, is in Muntenia.

## Demographics

At the 2021 census, the county had a population of 335,312 and a population density of 69.0/km2 (178.8/sq mi).

| Year | County population |
| --- | --- |
| 1948 | 290,183 |
| 1956 | 326,532 |
| 1966 | 351,292 |
| 1977 | 369,740 |
| 1992 | 392,651 |
| 2002 | 387,632 |
| 2011 | 340,310 |
| 2021 | 335,312 |

## Geography

Vrancea County covers an area of 4,857 km2 (1,875 sq mi). A curvedly shaped mountainous area, known in Romanian as the *Carpații de Curbură*, lies in the western part of the county, at the Southern end of the Eastern Carpathians, with heights over 1,400 m (4,600 ft). To the East, the heights decrease into hilly areas and the lower valley of the Siret River.

The main tributary of the Siret, which crosses the county, is the Putna River. A right tributary of the Putna is the Milcov, a river that divides Moldavia from Muntenia.

### Seismic hazard

The territory of Vrancea County is the most seismically active zone of Romania, with yearly earthquakes whose focal depths are between 80 and 160 km (50 and 99 mi) and therefore affect wide regions.

The earthquakes with the epicenter in Vrancea are caused by the movements of the nearby fault blocks. Devastating earthquakes measuring 7 to 8 on the Richter scale have been recorded.

The deadliest were the 1977 Vrancea earthquake, which killed over 1,500 people in Romania and Bulgaria, and the 1940 Vrancea earthquake which killed over 1,000 people. The most powerful was the 1802 Vrancea earthquake with an estimated intensity of 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale, but which killed only 4 people. Other notable earthquakes were the 1738 Vrancea earthquake, the 1838 Vrancea earthquake and the 1986 Vrancea earthquake.

### Neighbours

AB AR AG BC BH BN BT BV BR BZ CS CL CJ CT CV DB DJ GL GR GJ HR HD IL IS IF MM MH MS NT OT PH SM SJ SB SV TR TM TL VS VL VN

## Economy

The county is famous for its wines, being the biggest wine producer in Romania. Over 11% of the county surface is covered with vines. The county's best known wine regions are Panciu8,100 ha (20,000 acres), Odobești7,000 ha (17,000 acres), and Cotești.

In addition, the county's main industries are the following:

* Foods and beverages;
* Textiles;
* Paper manufacturing and furniture making;
* Mechanical parts and components;
* Cookware and bakeware production.

## Tourism

County's main destinations:

## Politics

The Vrancea County Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections, consists of 32 counsellors, with the following party composition:

|  | Party | Seats | Current County Council | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | PNL-USR PLUS Alliance | **17** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Social Democratic Party (PSD) | **15** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|

## Administrative divisions

Vrancea County has 2 municipalities, 3 towns and 68 communes

## InfoBox

| Vrancea County Județul Vrancea | |
| --- | --- |
| County | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 45°47′N 26°58′E / 45.79°N 26.97°E / 45.79; 26.97 | |
| Country | Romania |
| Development region | Sud-Est |
| Historical region | Moldavia, Muntenia |
| Capital | Focșani |
| Government | |
| President of the County Board | Vacant () |
| Prefect | Marius–Eusebiu Iorga |
| Area | |
| Total | 4,857 km2 (1,875 sq mi) |
| Rank | 31st |
| Population (2021-12-01) | |
| Total | 335,312 |
| Rank | 31st |
| Density | 69/km2 (180/sq mi) |
| Telephone code | (+40) 237 or (+40) 337 |
| ISO 3166 code | RO-VN |
| GDP (nominal) | US$ 1.82 billion (*2015*) |
| GDP per capita | US$ 5,352 (*2015*) |
| Website | County Council
County Prefecture |


title: Pitcairnia odontopoda

abstract: Pitcairnia odontopoda is a species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae. This species is native to Bolivia.

text:
# Pitcairnia odontopoda

***Pitcairnia odontopoda*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae. This species is native to Bolivia.

## InfoBox

| *Pitcairnia odontopoda* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Pitcairnia* |
| Species: | ***P. odontopoda*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pitcairnia odontopoda***<br>Baker | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Hepetis odontopoda* (Baker) Mez | |


title: Marshall Daugherty

abstract: Marshall Harrison Daugherty was an American sculptor active in the mid-to-late 20th century.

text:
# Marshall Daugherty

**Marshall Harrison Daugherty** (September 6, 1915 – April 28, 1991) was an American sculptor active in the mid-to-late 20th century.

## Life and career

Daugherty was born on September 6, 1915, in Seattle, Washington.

He studied at Yale University with Robert Eberhard and with Carl Milles at Cranbrook Educational Community in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.

Around 1934, when Daugherty was in his late teens, he met writer Harry Stillwell Edwards at Kingfisher Cabin on Edwards' plantation at Holly Bluff, near Macon, Georgia, where Daugherty was chair of the art department at Mercer University. Daugherty founded the department in 1946 with Tony Stansfeld. Daugherty later sculpted a bust of Edwards.

Daugherty married Gertrude Earle "Trudy" Baker, with whom he had two daughters: Deryl Dantzler and Carla McAuley.

Of the statue of John Wesley that was erected in 1969 in Reynolds Square, Savannah, Georgia, Marshall said: "The moment is as he looks up from his Bible toward his congregation, about to speak and stretching out his right hand in love, invitation, and exhortation. In contrast, the hand holding the Bible is intense and powerful – the point of contact with the Almighty."

Daugherty died on April 28, 1991, aged 75. He had lost his eyesight around a decade earlier. His wife survived him by twenty years; she died on June 13, 2011, aged 92.

## Selected works

In 1981, Daugherty's final statue was made for Trav and Kate Paine, in memory of his five-year-old daughter, Alice, who died from a genetic disorder the previous year, having been ill for three years. The statue was stolen in September 2010, but it was recovered the following month after investigative work by Natalie Spires, a family member and prosecutor.

## InfoBox

| Marshall Daugherty | |
| --- | --- |
| John Wesley Statue, Reynolds Square, Savannah, Georgia | |
| Born | Marshall Harrison Daugherty
September 6, 1915
Seattle, Washington, U.S. |
| Died | April 28, 1991(1991-04-28) (aged 75) |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Sculpture |


title: Midway Aerodrome

abstract: Midway Aerodrome is located adjacent to Midway, British Columbia, Canada.

text:
# Midway Aerodrome

**Midway Aerodrome** (TC LID: **CBM6**) is located adjacent to Midway, British Columbia, Canada.

## History

In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed as **RCAF Aerodrome - Midway, British Columbia** at 49°01′N 118°47′W / 49.017°N 118.783°W / 49.017; -118.783 with no listed variation and elevation of 1,950 ft (590 m). The aerodrome was listed as an "all way field" with dimensions listed as follows:

| Runway name | Length | Width | Surface |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 3,400 ft (1,000 m) | 1,000 ft (300 m) | Turf |

1. *Canada Flight Supplement*. Effective 0901 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.
2. Staff writer (c. 1942). *Pilots Handbook of Aerodromes and Seaplane Bases Vol. 2*. Royal Canadian Air Force. p. 144.

## InfoBox

| Midway Aerodrome | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | Village of Midway |
| Location | Midway, British Columbia |
| Time zone | PST (UTC−08:00) |
| Summer (DST) | PDT (UTC−07:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 1,896 ft / 578 m |
| Coordinates | 49°00′36″N 118°47′23″W / 49.01000°N 118.78972°W / 49.01000; -118.78972 |
| Map | |
| CBM6Location in British Columbia | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  08/26 3,500 1,067 Turf | |
| Source: Canada Flight Supplement | |


title: Lotus T128 (Le Mans Prototype)

abstract: The Lotus T128 is a Le Mans Prototype 2 (LMP2) designed by former Sauber technical director James Key and built by Advanced Design and Engineering Systems Solutions (ADESS) and Kodewa. It was used by Kodewa in the 2013 FIA World Endurance Championship under the name Lotus. Stéphane Chosse, the founder of ADESS, first proposed building a Le Mans prototype car in March 2011. The vehicle's construction began in February 2013, eleven months after Kodewa acquired two chassis. The T128's aerodynamic study was carried out using a computer-aided software mesh tool from Altair Engineering, and aerodynamics was the main priority in its design, with Chosse taking a similar approach as when he was involved in Formula One. It uses a naturally aspirated V8 engine from the BMW S65, which is also used in the company's M3 model, and produces around 450 horsepower (340 kW). The programme was officially announced during the 2012 24 Hours of Le Mans race weekend, and its scheduled first test in December was delayed by seven weeks to allow for the installation of additional parts. Both cars failed to finish the season-opening 2013 6 Hours of Silverstone but finished in the top six at Spa-Francorchamps. A legal dispute over unpaid invoices arose during the 24 Hours of Le Mans, resulting in the cars being temporarily seized by bailiffs until a Le Mans court ordered their return after Lotus proved that the invoices were fictitious. Both cars failed to finish the race and the subsequent round in São Paulo. Lotus took their only podium of the season at the 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas, but finished no higher than sixth in the final three races. The two T128s finished seventh and eighth in the FIA Endurance Trophy for LMP2 Teams. After the season, Lotus moved into LMP1 and replaced the T128s with a new car, the CLM P1/01.

text:
# Lotus T128 (Le Mans Prototype)

The **Lotus T128** is a Le Mans Prototype 2 (LMP2) designed by former Sauber technical director James Key and built by Advanced Design and Engineering Systems Solutions (ADESS) and Kodewa. It was used by Kodewa in the 2013 FIA World Endurance Championship under the name Lotus. Stéphane Chosse, the founder of ADESS, first proposed building a Le Mans prototype car in March 2011. The vehicle's construction began in February 2013, eleven months after Kodewa acquired two chassis. The T128's aerodynamic study was carried out using a computer-aided software mesh tool from Altair Engineering, and aerodynamics was the main priority in its design, with Chosse taking a similar approach as when he was involved in Formula One. It uses a naturally aspirated V8 engine from the BMW S65, which is also used in the company's M3 model, and produces around 450 horsepower (340 kW).

The programme was officially announced during the 2012 24 Hours of Le Mans race weekend, and its scheduled first test in December was delayed by seven weeks to allow for the installation of additional parts. Both cars failed to finish the season-opening 2013 6 Hours of Silverstone but finished in the top six at Spa-Francorchamps. A legal dispute over unpaid invoices arose during the 24 Hours of Le Mans, resulting in the cars being temporarily seized by bailiffs until a Le Mans court ordered their return after Lotus proved that the invoices were fictitious. Both cars failed to finish the race and the subsequent round in São Paulo. Lotus took their only podium of the season at the 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas, but finished no higher than sixth in the final three races. The two T128s finished seventh and eighth in the FIA Endurance Trophy for LMP2 Teams. After the season, Lotus moved into LMP1 and replaced the T128s with a new car, the CLM P1/01.

## Development

### Concept

In March 2011, Stéphane Chosse, founder of the German-based Advanced Design and Engineering Systems Solutions (ADESS), announced preliminary plans to build a Le Mans Prototype car. A year later, German racing team Kodewa ordered two chassis for the 2013 FIA World Endurance Championship. ADESS and Kodewa developed it in the Bavarian capital of Munich's high-technology park. The T128 was also designed to meet the 2014 Le Mans Prototype 1 (LMP1) regulations, which significantly improved driver safety and visibility. The project was overseen by Kodewa co-founder Romulus Kolles, Lotus F1 Team manager Patrick Louis, Gravity Charouz Racing manager Antonin Charouz, and Petr Ptacek, owner of Czech car manufacturer Praga. Former Sauber technical director James Key assisted them. With Lotus as title sponsor, the Kodewa team adopted the Lotus name. Kodewa planned to sell the T128 to client teams for use in other championships.

### Design

Altair Engineering's computer-aided design software was used for the car study. ADESS engineers used the HyperMesh tool to obtain numerical simulations using finite elements. Finally, the use of the Radioss software enabled the simulation of crash tests, which influenced the design of the monohull's front nose. The scale wind tunnel at the Mercedes-Benz Formula One team's Brackley headquarters was used to develop the design's aerodynamics. Choose stated that the car's aerodynamics were the main priority in its design, and he took a similar approach to his years in Formula One. The rollover protection structure is integrated into the carbon fibre reinforced polymer chassis. Automotive futurist Daniel Simon designed the car's black and gold livery. The suspension setup at the front and rear of the vehicle was a double wishbone pushrod actuated torsion bar with dampers housed inside the car's monocoque. It had bodywork elements that directed airflow into the chassis.

Its engine, a naturally aspirated V8 variant of the BMW S65 used in the company's M3 model, was angled at 90 degrees, and rebadged by Praga. For the best efficiency rate, engineers used the S65 production block, reducing its capacity to 3,600 cc (220 cu in). The engine produces 450 hp (340 kW) and a maximum speed of 9,500 revolutions per minute (rpm). When the driver reaches 7,000 rpm, the engine produces 405 NM of torque. Hewland Transmissions custom-designed and installed a six-speed sequential gearbox onto the car's engine. A single intake was mounted on the car's roof to allow airflow into it. The Brembo brake discs were made of carbon ceramic materials and also features power steering. The T128 monocoque began production in February 2013, and it was homologated a month later. After the car's launch, Igor Zamorano of *Motorpasión* wrote of his feeling that its front resembled the Audi R18.

### Preparation and drivers

During the 2012 24 Hours of Le Mans weekend, Lotus publicly announced its T128 programme. The first picture of the car was made public on 1 August. Lotus planned to test the T128 in the first week of December 2012, but due to late part fitting, those plans were postponed to the third week of January 2013. That month, the team announced their intention to compete in the World Endurance Championship. Lotus also confirmed the return of Thomas Holzer and Kevin Weeda from the previous season. Less than a month later, the team re-signed James Rossiter and Vitantonio Liuzzi to drive one of the two T128s alongside Weeda. Lotus entered just one T128 for the pre-season test session at the Circuit Paul Ricard on March 28. Christophe Bouchut would share the No. 31 car with Liuzzi and Rossiter, and Dominik Kraihamer would share the No. 32 car with Weeda and 2009 Le Mans Series LMP1 champion Jan Charouz. During the various sessions, a ruptured oil tank limited the sole car's running for several hours before a replacement arrived and Rossiter drove some installation laps.

## Racing history

### Season-opening European leg

Lotus were expected to bring two T128s to the season-opening 6 Hours of Silverstone and changed the driver lineups of both cars. Weeda, Bouchut (in for Rossiter who was racing in the Japanese Super Formula Championship) and Liuzzi drove the No. 31 T128 and Holzer, Kraihamer and Charouz raced the No. 32 vehicle. Due to variable weather conditions, Kraihamer and Charouz qualified fifth on the grid in class, while Liuzzi and Bouchut qualified sixth. During the first hour, the No. 31 car was forced into the pit lane due to electrical issues, while Charouz and Nicolas Minassian's No. 49 Pecom Racing Nissan Oreca 03 entry collided.

Later, the No. 31 car's steering issues prevented it from finishing, and the No. 32 car's electrical problems prevented it from completing enough laps to be classified in the final results. Rossiter returned to Lotus for the season's second race, the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps, and replaced Bouchut as one of the three drivers of the No. 32 car. Both cars started from the fourth row of the grid with Liuzzi and Rossiter's No. 31 T128 seventh and Holter and Kraihamer's sister No. 32 vehicle eighth. Due to alternator issues, both vehicles were slowed down in the race but were still able to finish in their respective class positions (albeit switched with the No. 32 in seventh and the No. 31 in eighth).

Bouchut set the fastest time for the No. 31 car in the first qualifying session for the 24 Hours of Le Mans, placing him 15th in class, while Holzer secured 16th for the No. 32 car in the third (and final) qualifying session. Soon after, the No. 32 was relegated to the back of the Le Mans Prototype 2 (LMP2) grid for failing to have all three of their drivers set qualifying lap times within 110 per cent of the class leader's pole time. Weeda spun entering the second Mulsanne Chicane and beached the No. 31 car across the kerbs in the second hour due to the changing weather. The car pulled over at the side of the track after 17 laps and was declared retired four hours later with electrical problems. The No. 32 crew were impeded by the left door becoming loose twice and it later lost its rear body cover. Furthermore, the trio's lack of experience due to their young combined age and reoccurring engine overheating issues dropped the car down the order. In the 17th hour, a bell housing failure in the No. 32 car damaged its fitted auxiliaries, curtailing Lotus's race prematurely.

Lotus filed a lawsuit against Chosse, ADESS, and SCE Solutions on June 17 after learning that the team's owners, Romulus and Colin Kolles, were in debt. Choose filed a complaint in a French court, claiming that the owners of Kolles owed them "a seven-figure amount" in unpaid invoices. On June 18, Chosse responded, and at 17:00 local time, a bailiff seized the two Lotus T128s. Lotus presented fictitious invoices from ADESS, and on the afternoon of June 19, the Le Mans court decided in favour of Lotus. The court mandated that Lotus receive both vehicles back. As of 2018, the legal battle is ongoing,

### Podium in the Americas

For the 6 Hours of São Paulo, Rossiter was absent because of a Super GT commitment in Japan and Liuzzi was committed to racing in the Superstars Series, leaving Weeda and Bouchut to operate the No. 31 car as a two-person entry. Kraihamer and Holzer were among the top five in their class, while the second Lotus of Weeda and Bouchut were two places further back on the grid due to slower traffic. When Kraihamer lost control of the rear of the No. 32 car and hit the left-hand side of Stéphane Sarrazin's faster No. 8 Toyota TS030 Hybrid, the No. 32 car's race ended early. As a result, both vehicles ploughed into the turn three outside tyre barrier. Both drivers were unhurt. Bouchut's No. 31 vehicle had gearbox problems from the start of the race and was forced into the pit lane. Bouchut was able to return to the track but the car was not classified in the final results.

Lotus mechanics changed the No. 31 car's engine after practice for the inaugural 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas, the fourth since the start of the season, resulting in a three-minute stop-and-go penalty for the team. The No. 31 car set the sixth-fastest average LMP2 lap time in qualifying, and Charouz went into the rear of Sarrazin's No. 8 Toyota TS030 Hybrid as they approached the first corner, sending the latter car into a spin. Rossiter collided with Pierre Kaffer's No. 49 Pecom Racing Nissan Oreca 03 at the first turn of the race. Due to extensive damage to the suspension of the T128, Rossiter was forced to withdraw the car from the race. But Kraihamer, Charouz, and Holzer's No. 32 car finished third to earn the team's only podium result of the season.

### Season-ending races in Asia

As the team concentrated on finding the ideal setup for the 6 Hours of Fuji, both Lotus T128s qualified for the race in dry and sunny conditions, starting in eighth and ninth places (the No. 31 car ahead of the No. 32 vehicle). Typhoon Wipha's passing brought heavy rain to the area, preventing any competitive action and limiting the overall race winner to only 16 laps behind the safety car. Hence, both Lotus cars finished the race eighth and tenth. Bouchut replaced Rossiter, who was unavailable due to a Super Formula commitment at the Suzuka Circuit, for the 6 Hours of Shanghai. The No. 31 car qualified seventh, while the No. 32 car started eighth. In the first hour, Holzer and Niclas Jönsson's No. 57 AF Corse Ferrari 458 Italia collided, damaging the No. 32 car's left-rear corner and forcing it into the garage. The other T128 retired due to engine failure while the No. 31 recovered to seventh in class.

While Rossiter was announced as returning to co-drive the No. 31 for the season-ending 6 Hours of Bahrain, he was unable to attend, and thus Lucas Auer, the Formula Three European Championship fourth-place finisher and nephew of former Formula One driver Gerhard Berger, filled his place for his debut sports car endurance race. On the LMP2 grid, the two Lotus T128s qualified seventh and eighth. In the first hour, Liuzzi collided with the No. 35 OAK Racing Nissan Morgan LMP2, sending the No. 31 car into the gravel trap. A few minutes later, Kraihamer made an error and collided with Richard Lietz's No. 92 Porsche 911 RSR left-rear corner. The Lotus stopped for 20 laps at turn ten before being declared a non-finisher due to heavy damage. Competing with the T128, the Lotus team accumulated 37 and 11 points for both cars, placing them seventh and eighth respectively in the FIA Endurance Trophy for LMP2 Teams. After the season, Lotus switched to the LMP1 class and replaced the T128s with the new CLM P1/01 car.

## Results summary

(key) Races in **bold** indicates pole position. Races in *italics* indicates fastest lap.

|
|  |
Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
| Year | Team | Chassis | Engine | Class | Drivers | No. | Rds. | Rounds | | | | | | | | | FIA LMP2 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Pts. | Pos. |
| 2013 | Lotus | Lotus T128 | Praga Judd 3.6 L V8 | LMP2 | Lucas Auer
Christophe Bouchut
Vitantonio Liuzzi
James Rossiter
Kevin Weeda | 31 | 8
1, 3–4, 7
1–2, 5–8
2–3, 5–6
1–8 | SIL
Ret | SPA
6 | LMS
Ret | SÃO
Ret | COA
Ret | FUJ
7 | SHA
Ret | BHR
Ret | 11 | 8th |
| | | | | Jan Charouz
Thomas Holzer
Dominik Kraihamer | 32 | 1–8
1–8
1–8 | SIL
NC | SPA
5 | LMS
Ret | SÃO
Ret | COA
3 | FUJ
6 | SHA
6 | BHR
Ret | 37 | 7th |
| Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Lotus T128
| Lotus T128 at the 2013 24 Hours of Le Mans | |
| --- | --- |
| Category | Le Mans Prototype 2 (LMP2) |
| Constructor | Lotus (Adess AG and Kodewa) |
| Designer(s) | James Key |
| Technical specifications | |
| Chassis | Carbon fibre honeycomb monocoque |
| Suspension (front) | Independent double wishbone pushrod system |
| Suspension (rear) | Independent double wishbone pushrod system |
| Width | 1,997 mm (78.6 in) |
| Engine | Praga 3.6 L (3,600 cc) 90-degree V8 Normally aspirated mid, longitudinally mounted |
| Transmission | Hewland TLSN 200 6-speed sequential manual Viscous mechanical locking differential |
| Fuel | petrol |
| Tires | Dunlop radial |
| Competition history | |
| Notable entrants | Lotus |
| Notable drivers | Kevin Weeda
James Rossiter
Vitantonio Liuzzi
Thomas Holzer |
| Debut | 2013 6 Hours of Silverstone |
| Last event | 2013 6 Hours of Bahrain |
| Races Wins Poles F/Laps  8 0 0 0 | |
| Constructors' Championships | 0 |
| Drivers' Championships | 0 |


abstract: The 1912 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Oregon Agricultural College as a member of the Northwest Conference (NWC) during the 1912 college football season. In their second and final season under head coach Sam Dolan, the Aggies compiled a 3–4 record, finished last in the NWC, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 57 to 40.

text:
# 1912 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team

1912 Northwest Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| Washington $ | 4 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 0 |  | 0 |
| Idaho | 2 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Whitman | 2 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Oregon | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Washington State | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Oregon Agricultural | 1 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1912 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team** was an American football team that represented Oregon Agricultural College (now known as Oregon State University) as a member of the Northwest Conference (NWC) during the 1912 college football season. In their second and final season under head coach Sam Dolan, the Aggies compiled a 3–4 record (1–3 against NWC opponents), finished last in the NWC, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 57 to 40.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 12 | O.A.C. alumni* |  | W 2–0 |  |  |
| October 19 | at Multnomah Athletic Club* |  | L 0–9 |  |  |
| November 1 | at Washington State |  | L 9–10 |  |  |
| November 9 | vs. Washington | * Multnomah Field * Portland, OR | L 3–9 | 4,000 |  |
| November 16 | Whitman* | * Bell Field * Covallis, OR | W 20–3 | 2,500 |  |
| November 23 | vs. Oregon | Albany, OR | L 0–3 | 7,000 |  |
| November 28 | at Occidental* |  | W 23–6 |  |  |
| * \*Non-conference game | | | | | | | |

## Season summary

The Oregon Agricultural College Aggies opened their 1912 season with a pair of non-conference tune-up games, a 2-0 tussle against a team of former OAC players, followed by a more serious game against the Multnomah Amateur Athletic Club in Portland on October 19. The Multnomah game went scoreless into the third quarter before Kellogg of OAC committed a 15-yard penalty on a passing play, bringing the ball on the Aggie's 30 yard line. Multnomah elected to free kick for points and converted from the spot for a 3–0 lead. Wolff added a fourth quarter touchdown for the home team on a one-yard run, sealing the victory for the Portland club, 9–0.

OAC opened the 1912 Northwest Conference season on November 1 with a 10–9 loss against Washington State College. In what was later proclaimed as "if not the best, one of the best games ever seen on Rogers Field," the Cougars battled back from a 9–7 deficit in the fourth quarter for the win, with a drive culminating in a 27-yard field goal providing the final margin of victory. The comeback thrilled Washington State fans, with the local newspaper remarking that "a new precedent has been established, for it is not within the memory of the oldest living alumnus that a WSC football team has come from behind and won a game after their opponents had taken a lead."

On November 9 OAC went up against the University of Washington at Multnomah Field in Portland. Coming off a 34-point crushing in 1911, the Huskies were decided favorites in the contest, with one Corvallis newspaper acknowledging "OAC most emphatically has a chance – a bare, fighting chance, perhaps, but while there is life there is hope, and there is plenty of life around these parts." Fan travel from Corvallis to Portland was coordinated, with an estimated 400 to 600 OAC fans anticipated to take advantage of a special $2.60 group travel rate to see the game in the city. In front of 4,000 cheering spectators, Washington made use of superior depth to emerge with a 9–3 win, with Huskies head coach Gil Dobie using 18 players in the victory. With the score tied 3 to 3, the Washington coach inserted five fresh reserves in the fourth quarter; one of these picked off a pass by Dewey of the Aggies in the final four minutes of the game, a critical turnover which led to the winning score for Washington.

The third game of the season for the OAC Aggies brought the football team of Whitman College of Walla Walla, Washington to Corvallis. The Whitman Missionaries should not be regarded as a "patsy" opponent, having already shellacked a common opponent, the Washington State Cougars, by a score of 30–0, while having crushed the Oregon Webfoots by as nearly as impressive a margin, 20–0. Indeed, coming into the game Whitman was regarded as the odds-on favorite. Playing on a muddy field, the Aggies turned in their best performance of the year, topping Whitman by a score of 20–3. Dewey, Shaw, and Larson scored touchdowns for the Aggies in the win, with Niles adding a garbage time field goal for head coach Archie Hahn and his Whitman squad in the closing minutes of the fourth quarter to avoid the shutout.

The 1–2 Aggies next headed for a neutral field in neighboring Albany, Oregon, for their November 23 matchup against their arch in-state rivals, the University of Oregon Webfoots in the fifteenth installment of what would later come to be known as the Civil War. Although the final score was close, the game was dominated by the Eugene squad, with Oregon's Johnny Parsons breaking off three long runs against the Aggies, finishing the day with over 200 total yards gained. Penalties and multiple missed kicks proved the bane for the Oregon team, with a number of long punts by OAC substitute Larson responsible for keeping Oregon out of the end zone. A 22-yard kick by Fenton for the Webfoots in the second quarter proved to be the game's only scoring in Oregon's 3–0 victory.

With the conference schedule finished, the Beavers traveled south to play Occidental College of Los Angeles in their final game of the year, scheduled for Thanksgiving Day, Thursday, November 28. The contract provided for a traveling squad of seventeen – eleven starters and six reserves – together with head coach Dolan. The Aggies were short two of their starters, with star left halfback Blackwell out with a badly sprained ankle and fullback Jim Evendon gone with a knee injury. Adding to the OAC injury woes were dings to left end Bennie Robertson (back) and right halfback Shaw (nose). Despite the physical shortcomings, the team managed to end the year on a promising note, delivering a punishing 23–6 win to Oxy. In the game Occidental took a 6–0 lead in the second quarter with a 70-yard run from scrimmage, but OAC quickly answered with a Shaw touchdown and a conversion to take a 7–6 lead. In the second half a fumble was recovered by Reynolds and returned all the way to the Occidental one-yard line, but OAC was unable to push the ball in and was forced to settle for three points. Two additional touchdowns, the first on a run by Robertson, concluded the scoring.

OAC ended the year with 3 wins and 4 losses, although putting up just the Whitman win against three losses in conference play. For the year, powered by its two big wins, the Beavers outscored their opponents 57 to 40.

## Roster

• Left end: Bennie Robertson
• Left tackle: "Prunes" Moore
• Left guard: Hofer
• Center: Chrisman
• Right guard: Otto Sitton (captain)
• Right tackle: Everett May
• Right end: Kellogg

• Quarterback: Dewey
• Left Halfback: Blackwell
• Right Halfback: Shaw
• Fullback: Jim Evendon

\- 1912 All-Northwest First Team pick of Roscoe Fawcett *(Oregonian)*
Average weight: Linemen: 174 pounds; Backfield 162 pounds.

Substitute linemen: Hoffman, Laythe
Backfield substitutes: "Shrimp" Reynolds (QB), Rasmussen, Richardson
Utility substitutes: Larson, Hewitt, Anderson, McKensie
Injured in Multnomah game and lost for year: "Amy" Hauser

Note: players played both offense and defense in this era, akin to modern rugby or soccer.

## InfoBox

| 1912 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Northwest Conference |
| Record | 3–4 (1–3 Northwest) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Otto Sitton |
| Home stadium | Bell Field |
|