# List of MPs elected in the 2008 Ghanaian parliamentary election

| **Colonial Era** | |
| --- | --- |
| 1951 Assembly | (election) |
| 1954 Assembly | (election) |
| 1956 Assembly | (election) |
| **First Republic** | |
| 1957 Parliament | (election) |
| 1965 Parliament | (election) |
| **Second Republic** | |
| 1969 Parliament | (election) |
| **Third Republic** | |
| 1979 Parliament | (election) |
| **Fourth Republic** | |
| 1st Parliament | (1992) |
| 2nd Parliament | (1996) |
| 3rd Parliament | (2000) |
| 4th Parliament | (2004) |
| 5th Parliament | (2008) |
| 6th Parliament | (2012) |
| 7th Parliament | (2016) |
| 8th Parliament | (2020) |

The election of Members of Parliament (MPs) to the 5th Parliament of the Fourth Republic was held on 7 December 2008. The Speaker is not an elected member of parliament. There are a total of 230 constituencies in Ghana.

## Current composition

| Affiliation | Members |
| --- | --- |
| National Democratic Congress (NDC) | 116 |
| New Patriotic Party (NPP) | 107 |
| Independent | 4 |
| People's National Convention (PNC) | 2 |
| Convention People's Party (CPP) | 1 |
|
| **Total** | 230 |
| **Government Majority** | 2 |

## List of MPs elected in the general election

The following table is a list of MPs elected on 7 December 2008, ordered by region and constituency. The previous MP and previous party column shows the MP and party holding the seat prior to the election.

| Ashanti Region - 39 seats | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Constituency | Elected MP | Elected Party | Majority | Previous MP | Previous Party |
| Adansi-Asokwa | Kobina Tahir Hammond | NPP | 4,440 | Kobina Tahir Hammond | NPP |
| Afigya Sekyere East | Hennric David Yeboah | NPP | 23,679 | Hennric David Yeboah | NPP |
| Afigya Sekyere West | Albert Kan-Dapaah | NPP | 23,679 | Albert Kan-Dapaah | NPP |
| Ahafo Ano North | Richard Akuoko Adiyiah | NPP | 1,388 | Kwame Owusu Frimpong | NPP |
| Ahafo Ano South | Stephen Kwaku Balado Manu | NPP | 5,577 | Stephen Kwaku Balado Manu | NPP |
| Akrofuom | Kwabena Appiah-Pinkrah | NPP | 4,246 | Kwabena Appiah-Pinkrah | NPP |
| Amansie West | Grace Addo | NPP | 28,487 | Kofi Krah Mensah | NPP |
| Asante-Akim North | Kwame Anyimadu-Antwi | NPP | 27,005 | Kwadwo Baah-Wiredu | NPP |
| Asante-Akim South | Gifty Ohene-Konadu | NPP | 9,995 | Gifty Ohene Konadu | NPP |
| Asawase | Muntaka Mohammed Mabarak | NDC | 9,116 | Gibril Adamu Mohammed | NDC |
| Asokwa | Maxwell Kofi Jumah | NPP | 21,136 | Maxwell Kofi Jumah | NPP |
| Atwima-Kwanwoma | Kojo Appiah-Kubi | NPP | 17,445 | Matthew Kwaku Antwi | NPP |
| Atwima-Mponua | Isaac Kwame Asiamah | NPP | 11,140 | Isaac Kwame Asiamah | NPP |
| Atwima-Nwabiagya | Benito Owusu Bio | NPP | 32,693 | Benito Owusu Bio | NPP |
| Bantama | Cecilia Abena Dapaah | NPP | 29,701 | Cecilia Abena Dapaah | NPP |
| Bekwai | Joseph Osei-Owusu | Independent | 26,140 | Ignatius Kofi Poku Edusei | NPP |
| Bosome-Freho | Nana Yaw Edward Ofori-Kuragu | Independent | 1,076 | Nana Yaw Edward Ofori-Kuragu | NPP |
| Bosomtwe | Simon Osei Mensah | NPP | 15,695 | Simon Osei Mensah | NPP |
| Effiduase-Asokore | Frank Boakye Agyen | NPP | 14,403 | Grace Coleman | NPP |
| Ejisu-Juaben | Kwabena Owusu-Aduomi | NPP | 46,643 | Akwasi Osei-Adjei | NPP |
| Ejura-Sekyedumase | Issifu Pangabu Mohammed | NDC | 2,726 | Issifu Pangabu Mohammed | NDC |
| Fomena | Nana Abu Bonsra | NPP | 8,357 | Nana Abu Bonsra | NPP |
| Kumawu | Yaw Baah | NPP | 8,097 | Yaw Baah | NPP |
| Kwabre East | Kofi Frimpong | NPP | 30,630 | Kofi Frempong | NPP |
| Kwabre West | Emmanuel Asamoah Owusu-Ansah | NPP | 23,717 | Emmanuel Asamoa Owusu-Ansah | NPP |
| Kwadaso | Owusu Afriyie Akoto | NPP | 39,264 | Josephine Hilda Addoh | NPP |
| Mampong | Francis Addai-Nimoh | NPP | 20,472 | Peter Abum Sarkodie | NPP |
| Manhyia | Mathew Opoku Prempeh
(Minority Leader) | NPP | 48,651 | Kwame Addo-Kufuor | NPP |
| New Edubease | Ernest Kofi Yakah | NDC | 2,884 | Ernest Kofi Yakah | NDC |
| Nhyiaeso | Richard Winfred Anane | NPP | 27,144 | Richard Winfred Anane | NPP |
| Nsuta-Kwamang | Kwame Osei Prempeh | NPP | 10,500 | Kwame Osei Prempeh | NPP |
| Obuasi | Edward Michael Ennin | NPP | 19,543 | Edward Michael Ennin | NPP |
| Odotobri | Emmanuel Akwasi Gyamfi | NPP | 19,768 | Emmanuel Akwasi Gyamfi | NPP |
| Offinso North | Augustine Collins Ntim | NPP | 3,014 | Kofi Konadu Apraku | NPP |
| Offinso South | Ben Abdallah Banda | NPP | 12,000 | Owusu Achaw Duah | NPP |
| Oforikrom | Elizabeth Agyemang | NPP | 19,132 | Elizabeth Agyeman | NPP |
| Old Tafo | Anthony Akoto Osei | NPP | 25,785 | Anthony Akoto Osei | NPP |
| Suame | Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu | NPP | 35,493 | Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu | (NPP) |
| Subin | Isaac Osei | NPP | 30,168 | Sampson Kwaku Boafo | NPP |
| Brong Ahafo Region - 24 seats | | | | | |
| Constituency | Elected MP | Elected Party | Majority | Previous MP | Previous Party |
| Asunafo North | Robert Sarfo-Mensah | NPP | 3,093 | Robert Sarfo-Mensah | NPP |
| Asunafo South | George Boakye | NPP | 653 | Eric Opoku | NDC |
| Asutifi North | Paul Okoh | NPP | 1,327 | Paul Okoh | NPP |
| Asutifi South | Collins Dauda | NDC |  | Collins Dauda | NDC |
| Atebubu-Amantin | Emmanuel Owusu-Mainu | NDC | 3,395 | Emmanuel Owusu Manu | NDC |
| Berekum | Kwaku Agyenim-Boateng | NPP | 2,756 | Nkrabeah Effah Dartey | NPP |
| Dormaa East | Yaw Ntow Ababio | NPP | 4,898 | Yaw Ntow Ababio | NPP |
| Dormaa West | Kwaku Agyemang-Manu | NPP | 953 | Yaw Asiedu-Mensah | NPP |
| Jaman North | Alexander Asum-Ahensah | NDC | 2,983 | Alexander Asum-Ahensah | NDC |
| Jaman South | Yaw Afful | NPP | 6,506 | Anna Nyamekye | NPP |
| Kintampo North | Stephen Kunsu | NDC | 4,373 | Stephen Kunsu | NDC |
| Kintampo South | Yaw Effah-Baafi | NDC | 2,346 | Yaw Effah-Baafi | NDC |
| Nkoranza North | Major. Derrick Oduro | NPP | 1,069 | Major Derek Oduro | NPP |
| Nkoranza South | Kwame Aporfo Twumasi | NPP | 1,586 | Kwame Aporfo Twumasi | NPP |
| Pru | Masoud Baba Abdul-Rahman | NDC | 4,096 | Masoud Baba Abdul-Rahman | NDC |
| Sene | Felix Twumasi-Appiah | NDC | 3,598 | Felix Twumasi-Appiah | NDC |
| Sunyani East | Kwasi Ameyaw-Cherimeh | NPP | 14,935 | Joseph Henry Mensah | NPP |
| Sunyani West | Ignatius Baffour Awuah | NPP | 9,815 | Kwadwo Adjei Darko | NPP |
| Tain | Ahmed Ibrahim | NDC | 2,917 | Joe Danquah | NPP |
| Tano North | Ernest Akobuor Debrah | NPP | 5,923 | Ernest Akobuor Debrah | NPP |
| Tano South | Andrews Adjei-Yeboah | NPP | 2,622 | Andrews Adjei-Yeboah | NPP |
| Techiman North | Christopher Ameyaw-Akumfi | NPP | 2,139 | Alex Kyeremeh | NDC |
| Techiman South | Simons Addai | NDC | 1,757 | Simons Addai | NDC |
| Wenchi | Prof. George Yaw Gyan-Baffuor | NPP | 5,021 | Prof. George Yaw Djan-Baffuor | NPP |
| Central Region - 19 seats | | | | | |
| Constituency | Elected MP | Elected Party | Majority | Previous MP | Previous Party |
| Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese | Anthony Christian Dadzie | NDC | 6,554 | Andrew Kingsford Mensah | NPP |
| Agona East | John Agyabeng | NPP | 34 | John Agyabeng | NPP |
| Agona West | Samuel Kweku Obodai | NPP | 6,338 | Samuel Kweku Obodai | NPP |
| Ajumako-Enyan-Essiam | Cassiel Ato Forson | NDC | 2,925 | Isaac Eduasar Edumadze | NPP |
| Asikuma-Odoben-Brakwa | Paul Collins Appiah-Ofori | NPP | 471 | Paul Collins Appiah-Ofori | NPP |
| Assin North | Kennedy Agyapong | NPP | 5,347 | Ken Ohene Agyapong | NPP |
| Assin South | Dominic Kwaku Fobih | NPP | 2,628 | Dominic Kwaku Fobih | NPP |
| Awutu-Senya | David Nana Larbie | NDC | 2,293 | Oppey Abbey | NPP |
| Cape Coast | Ebo Barton-Odro | NDC | 7,268 | Christine Churcher | NPP |
| Effutu | Mike Allen Hammah | NDC | 13,114 | Samuel Owusu Agyei | NPP |
| Gomoa East | Ekow Panyin Okyere Eduamoah | NDC | 5,608 | Richard Sam Quarm | NPP |
| Gomoa West | Francis Kojo Arthur | NDC | 3,474 | Joe Kingsley Hackman | NPP |
| Hemang Lower Denkyria | Rev. Benjamin Bimpong Donkor | NPP | 476 | Rev. Benjamin Bimpong Donkor | NPP |
| Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abirem | Joseph Samuel Annan | NDC | 3,458 | Paa Kwesi Nduom | CPP |
| Mfanstsiman East | George Kuntu Blankson | NDC | 1,734 | George Kuntu Blankson | NDC |
| Mfantsiman West | Aquinas Tawiah Quansah | NDC | 3,176 | Stephen Asamoah Boateng | NPP |
| Twifo-Atti Morkwaa | Elizabeth Amoah Tetteh | NDC | 1,415 | Elizabeth Amoah Tetteh | NDC |
| Upper Denkyria East | Nana Amoakoh | NPP | 11,422 | Nana Amoako | NPP |
| Upper Denkyria West | Benjamin Kofi Ayeh | NPP | 11,422 | Benjamin Kofi Ayeh | NPP |
| Eastern Region - 28 seats | | | | | |
| Constituency | Elected MP | Elected Party | Majority | Previous MP | Previous Party |
| Abetifi | Peter Wiafe Pepera | NPP | 9,724 | Eugene Atta Agyepong | NPP |
| Abirem | Esther Obeng Dapaah | NPP | 5,889 | Esther Obeng Dapaah | NPP |
| Aburi-Nsawam | Osei Bonsu Amoah | NPP | 12,297 | Magnus Opare-Asamoah | NPP |
| Afram Plains North | Emmanuel Aboagye Didieye | NDC | 10,133 | Joseph Tsatsu Agbenu | NDC |
| Afram Plains South | Raphael Kofi Ahaligah | NDC | 5,453 | Raphael Kofi Ahaligah | NDC |
| Akim Abuakwa North | Samuel Kwadwo Amoako | NPP | 5,046 | Joseph Boakye Danquah Adu | NPP |
| Akim Abuakwa South | Samuel Atta Akyea | NPP | 5,066 | Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo | (NPP) |
| Akim Oda | Yaw Owusu-Boateng | NPP | 12,845 | Yaw Osafo-Maafo | NPP |
| Akim Swedru | Joseph Ampomah Bosompem | NPP | 8,469 | Felix Owusu Adjapong
(Majority Leader) | NPP |
| Akropong | William Ofori Boafo | NPP | 9,721 | William Ofori Boafo | NPP |
| Akwatia | Kofi Asare | NPP | 2,040 | Kiston Akomena Kissi | NPP |
| Asuogyaman | Joses Asare-Akoto | NDC | 1,135 | Kofi Osei-Ameyaw | NPP |
| Atiwa | Kwasi Annoh Ankama | NPP | 18,572 | Yaw Brempong-Yeboah | NPP |
| Ayensuano | Samuel Ayeh-Paye | NPP | 3,892 | Godfred Kwame Otchere | NPP |
| Fanteakwa | Kwabena Amankwah Asiamah | NPP | 5,246 | Kwadjo Agyei Addo | NPP |
| Kade | Ofosu Asamoah | NPP | 11,852 | Ofosu Asamoah | NPP |
| Lower Manya | Michael Teye Nyuanu | NDC | 4,697 | Michael Teye Nyuanu | NDC |
| Lower West Akim | Gifty Klenam | NPP | 8,310 | James Appietu-Ankrah | NPP |
| Mpraeso | Seth Kwame Acheampong | NPP | 9,930 | Francis Osafo-Mensah | NPP |
| New Juaben North | Hackman Owusu-Agyeman | NPP | 8,819 | Hackman Owusu-Agyeman | NPP |
| New Juaben South | Beatrice Bernice Boateng | NPP | 13,561 | *Yaw Barimah* | NPP |
| Nkawkaw | Seth Adjei Baah | Independent | 5,821 | Kwabena Adusa Okerchiri | NPP |
| Ofoase-Ayirebi | David Oppon-Kusi | NPP | 6,222 | David Oppon-Kusi | NPP |
| Okere | Dan Botwe | NPP | 5,245 | Brandford Kwame Daniel Adu | NPP |
| Suhum | Frederick Opare-Ansah | NPP | 1,424 | Frederick Opare-Ansah | NPP |
| Upper Manya | Stephen Amoanor Kwao | NDC | 7,759 | Stephen Amoanor Kwao | NDC |
| Upper West Akim | Joseph Sam Amankwanor | NDC | 2,948 | Samuel Sallas Mensah | NDC |
| Yilo Krobo | Raymond Tawiah | NDC | 4,687 | Raymond Tawiah | NDC |
| Greater Accra Region - 27 seats | | | | | |
| Constituency | Elected MP | Elected Party | Majority | Previous MP | Previous Party |
| Ablekuma Central | Theophilus Tettey Chaie | NDC | 4,074 | Victor Okuley Nortey | NPP |
| Ablekuma North | Justice Joe Appiah | NPP | 15,480 | Kwamena Bartels | NPP |
| Ablekuma South | Fritz Baffour | NDC | 5,283 | Theresa Ameley Tagoe | NPP |
| Abokobi-Madina | Amadu Bukari Sorogho | NDC | 6,705 | Amadu Bukari Sorogho | NDC |
| Ada | Alex Narh Tettey-Enyo | NDC | 12,695 | Alex Narh Tettey-Enyo | NDC |
| Adenta | Kojo Adu Asare | NDC | 3,584 | Kwadjo Opare-Hammond | NPP |
| Ashaiman | Alfred Kwame Agbesi | NDC | 18,943 | Alfred Kwame Agbesi | NDC |
| Ayawaso Central | Sheikh Ibrahim Cudjoe Quaye | NPP | 847 | Sheikh Ibrahim Cudjoe Quaye | NPP |
| Ayawaso East | Mustapha Ahmed | NDC | 42,053 | Mustapha Ahmed | NDC |
| Ayawaso East Wuogon | Akosua Frema Osei-Opare | NPP | 3,099 | Akosua Frema Osei-Opare | NPP |
| Dade Kotopon | Nii Amasah Namoale | NDC | 12,601 | Nii Amasah Namoale | NDC |
| Dome Kwabenya | Aaron Michael Oquaye
(Second Deputy Speaker) | NPP | 11,158 | Aaron Michael Oquaye | NPP |
| Domeabra-Obom | Daoud Anum Yemoh | NPP | 7,966 | Daoud Anum Yemoh | NPP |
| Korle Klottey | Nii Armah Ashietey | NDC | 2,622 | Nii Adu Daku Mante | NPP |
| Kpone-Katamanso | Joseph Nii Laryea Afotey Agbo | NDC | 10,029 | Joseph Nii Laryea Afotey Agbo | NDC |
| Krowor | Nii Oakley Quaye-Kumah | NDC | 6,203 | Abraham Laryea Odai | NPP |
| Ledzokuku | Nii Nortey Duah | NDC | 11,465 | Gladys Nortey Ashitey | NPP |
| Ningo-Prampram | Enoch Teye Mensah | NDC | 12,143 | Enoch Teye Mensah | NDC |
| Odododiodio | Jonathan Nii Tackie Komey | NDC | 9,317 | Jonathan Nii Tackie Komey | NDC |
| Okaikwei North | Elizabeth K. T. Sackey | NPP | 2,832 | Elizabeth Kwatsoe Tawiah Sackey | NPP |
| Okaikwei South | Nana Akomea | NPP | 10,000 | Nana Akomea | NPP |
| Sege | Alfred Wallace Gbordzor Abayateye | NDC | 12,695 | Alfred Wallace Gbordzor Abayateye | NDC |
| Shai-Osudoku | David Tetteh Assumeng | NDC | 9,126 | David Tetteh Assumeng | NDC |
| Tema East | Samuel Evans Ashong Narh | NPP | 7,433 | Ishmael Ashitey | NPP |
| Tema West | Irene Naa Torshie Addo | NPP | 8,642 | Abraham Osei-Aidooh | NPP |
| Trobu-Amasaman | Ernest Attuquaye Armah | NDC | 2,852 | Sameul Nee-Aryeetey Attoh | NPP |
| Weija | Shirley Ayorkor Botchway | NPP | 11,410 | Shirley Ayorkor Botchwey | NPP |
| Northern Region - 26 seats | | | | | |
| Constituency | Elected MP | Elected Party | Majority | Previous MP | Previous Party |
| Bimbilla | Dominic Aduna Bingab Nitiwul | NPP | 11,910 | Mohammed Ibn Abass | NDC |
| Bole | Joseph Akati Saaka | NDC | 5,668 | John Dramani Mahama | NDC |
| Bunkpurugu-Yunyoo | Duut Emmanuel Kwame | NDC | 2,405 | Joseph Yaani Labik | Independent |
| Chereponi | Doris Asibi Seidu | NPP | 1,540 | Doris Asibi Seidu | NPP |
| Damango-Daboya | Sammy B. Wusah | NDC | 2,454 | Alex Seidu Sofo | NPP |
| Gushiegu | Thomas Kwesi Nasah | NDC | 697 | Rita Tani Iddi | NPP |
| Karaga | Iddrisu Dawuda | NDC | 3,578 | Iddrisu Dawuda | NDC |
| Kpandai | Lipkalimor Kwajo Tawiah | NDC | 552 | Lipkalimor Kwajo Tawiah | NDC |
| Kumbungu | Imoro Yakubu Kakpagu | NDC | 12,059 | Yakubu K. Imoro | NDC |
| Mion | Ahmed Alhassan Yakubu | NDC | 85 | Ahmed Alhassan Yakubu | NDC |
| Nalerigu | Tia Alfred Sugri | NDC | 4,006 | Hajia Alima Mahama | NPP |
| Nanton | Iddrisu Abdul-Kareem | NPP | 691 | Alhassan Yakubu | NDC |
| Saboba | Bukari Nikpe Joseph | NDC | 1,387 | Charles Binipom Bintin | NPP |
| Salaga | Ibrahim Dey Abubakari | NDC | 3,046 | Abubakar Boniface Siddique | NPP |
| Savelugu | Hajia. Mary Salifu Boforo | NDC | 6,434 | Hajia Mary Salifu Boforo | NDC |
| Sawla-Tuna-Kalba | Donald Dari Soditey | NDC | 4,222 | Donald Dari Saditey | NDC |
| Tamale Central | Inusah Fuseini | NDC | 21,142 | Inusah Fuseini | NDC |
| Tamale North | Abubakari Sumani | NDC | 19,873 | Abubakari Sumani | NDC |
| Tamale South | Haruna Iddrisu | NDC | 32,976 | Haruna Iddrisu | NDC |
| Tolon | Umar Abdul-Razak | NDC | 654 | Umar Abdul-Razak | NDC |
| Walewale (East)
(formerly West Mamprusi) | Iddrisu Zakari Alidu | NDC | 1,011 | Iddrisu Zakari Alidu | NDC |
| Wulensi | Saani Iddi | Independent | 1,636 | Kofi Karim Wumbei | NPP |
| Yagaba-Kubori
(Walewale West) | Abdul-Rauf Tanko Ibrahim | NDC | 1,330 | Abdul-Rauf Tanko Ibrahim | NDC |
| Yapei-Kusawgu | Amadu Seidu | NDC | 145 | Seidu Amadu | NDC |
| Yendi | Sulemana Ibun Iddrisu | NDC | 617 | Malik Al-Hassan Yakubu
(Second Deputy Speaker) | NPP |
| Zabzugu-Tatale | Jabaah John Bennam | NPP | 6,654 | Mohammed Jagri | NDC |
| Upper East Region - 13 seats | | | | | |
| Constituency | Elected MP | Elected Party | Majority | Previous MP | Previous Party |
| Bawku Central | Adamu Dramani | NPP | 2,772 | Mahama Ayariga | NDC |
| Binduri | Stephen Yakubu | NPP | 746 | Mark Anthony Awuni | NDC |
| Bolgatanga | Akolbire Emmanuel Opam-Brown | NDC | 18,593 | David Apasara | NDC |
| Bongo | Albert Abongo | NDC | 7,256 | Albert Abongo | NDC |
| Builsa North | Timothy Awotiirim Ataboadey | NDC | 1,271 | Agnes A. Chigabatia | NPP |
| Builsa South | Alhassan Azong | PNC | 59 | Abolimbisa Roger Akantagriwen | NDC |
| Chiana-Paga | Allowe Leo Kabah | NPP | 943 | Pele Tumbakura Abugu | NDC |
| Garu - Tempane | Dominic Azimbe Azumah | NDC | 668 | Dominic Azimbe Azumah | NDC |
| Nabdam | Moses Aduku Asaga | NDC | 272 | Moses Aduku Asaga | NDC |
| Navrongo Central | Joseph Kofi Adda | NPP | 1,130 | Joseph Kofi Adda | NPP |
| Pusiga | Simon Atingban Akunye | NDC | 3,782 | Simon Atingban Akunye | NDC |
| Talensi | John Akologu Tia | NDC | 2,079 | John Akologu Tia | NDC |
| Zebilla | Cletus Apul Avoka
(Majority Leader) | NDC | 2,504 | John Akparibo Ndebugre | PNC |
| Upper West Region - 10 seats | | | | | |
| Constituency | Elected MP | Elected Party | Majority | Previous MP | Previous Party |
| Jirapa | Edward Salia | NDC | 12,636 | Edward Salia | NDC |
| Lambussie | John Duoghr Baloroo | NPP | 1,797 | Alice Teni Boon | NDC |
| Lawra-Nandom | Ambrose P. Dery | NPP | 1,540 | Benjamin Bewa-Nyog Kunbuor | NDC |
| Nadowli East | Puozaa Mathias Asuma | NDC | 4,113 | Mathias Asoma Puozaa | NDC |
| Nadowli West | Alban Sumana Kingsford Bagbin
(Majority Leader) | NDC | 9,266 | Alban Sumana Kingsford Bagbin
(Minority Leader) | NDC |
| Sissala East | Alhassan Dubie Halutie | NDC | 217 | Moses Dani Baah | PNC |
| Sissala West | Haruna Bayirga | PNC | 649 | Haruna Bayirga | PNC |
| Wa Central | Abdul-Rashid Hassan Pelpuo | NDC | 7,871 | Abdul-Rashid Hassan Pelpuo | NDC |
| Wa East | Godfrey Tangu Bayon | NPP | 1,010 | Issahaku Salia | NDC |
| Wa West | Joseph Yieleh Chireh | NDC | 4,927 | Joseph Yieleh Chireh | NDC |
| Volta Region - 22 seats | | | | | |
| Constituency | Elected MP | Elected Party | Majority | Previous MP | Previous Party |
| Akan | Joseph Kwadwo Ofori | NDC | 5,741 | John Kwadjo Gyampong | NDC |
| Anlo | Clement Kofi Humado | NDC | 27,824 | Clement Kofi Humado | NDC |
| Avenor-Ave | Edward Korbly Doe Adjaho
(First Deputy Speaker) | NDC | 16,867 | Edward Korbly Doe Adjaho | NDC |
| Biakoye | Emmanuel Kwasi Bandua | NDC | 7,947 | Emmanuel Kwasi Bandua | NDC |
| Buem | Henry Ford Kamel | NDC | 7,426 | Henry Ford Kamel | NDC |
| Central Tongu | Joe Kwashie Gidisu | NDC | 12,488 | Joe Kwashie Gidisu | NDC |
| Ho Central | George Kofi Nfodjoh | NDC | 40,808 | George Kofi Nfodjoh | NDC |
| Ho East | Juliana Azumah-Mensah | NDC | 3,856 | Juliana Azumah-Mensah | NDC |
| Ho West | Emmanuel Kwasi Bedzrah | NDC | 21,451 | Francis Aggrey Agbotse | NDC |
| Hohoe North | Prince Jacob Hayibor | NDC | 19,945 | Prince Jacob Hayibor | NDC |
| Hohoe South | Joseph Zaphenat Amenowode | NDC | 19,851 | Joseph Zaphenat Amenowode | NDC |
| Keta | Richard Lassey Agbenyefia | NDC | 25,672 | Dan Kwasi Abodakpi | NDC |
| Ketu North | James Klutse Avedzi | NDC | 13,230 | James Klutse Avedzi | NDC |
| Ketu South | Albert Kwasi Zigah | NDC | 51,274 | Albert Kwasi Zigah | NDC |
| Krachi East | Wisdom Gidisu | NDC | 4,177 | Wisdom Gidisu | NDC |
| Krachi West | Francis Y. Osei Sarfo | NDC | 3,792 | Francis Y. Osei Sarfo | NDC |
| Nkwanta North | Joseph K. Nayan | NPP | 746 | Joseph K. Nayan | NPP |
| Nkwanta South | Gershon Kofi Bediako Gbediame | NDC | 5,900 | Gershon Kofi Bediako Gbediame | NDC |
| North Dayi | Akua Sena Dansua | NDC | 27,108 | Akua Sena Dansua | NDC |
| North Tongu | Charles Hodogbey | NDC | 18,811 | Charles Hodogbey | NDC |
| South Dayi | Simon Edem Asimah | NDC | 12,283 | Daniel Kwame Ampofo | NDC |
| South Tongu | Woyome Kobla Mensah | NDC | 25,518 | Kenneth Dzirasah | NDC |
| Western Region - 22 seats | | | | | |
| Constituency | Elected MP | Elected Party | Majority | Previous MP | Previous Party |
| Ahanta West | Samuel Johnfiah | NPP | 11,478 | Samuel Johnfiah | NPP |
| Amenfi Central | George Kofi Arthur | NDC | 1,751 | George Kofi Arthur | NDC |
| Amenfi East | Joseph Baiden-Aidoo | NPP | 2,333 | Joseph Baiden-Aidoo | NPP |
| Amenfi West | John Gyetuah | NDC | 5,313 | John Gyetuah | NDC |
| Aowin | Mathias Kwame Ntow | NDC | 3,898 | Samuel Adu Gyamfi | NPP |
| Bia | Michael Coffie Boampong | NDC | 14,605 | Michael Coffie Boampong | NDC |
| Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai | Christopher Addae | NPP | 2,227 | Christopher Addae | NPP |
| Effia-Kwesimintsim | Joe Baidoo-Ansah | NPP | 14,041 | Joe Baidoo-Ansah | NPP |
| Ellembelle | Emmanuel Armah Kofi Buah | NDC | 1,649 | Frederick Worsemao Armah Blay
(First Deputy Speaker) | CPP |
| Essikado-Ketan | Joe Ghartey | NPP | 8,662 | Joe Ghartey | NPP |
| Evalue Gwira | Catherine Afeku | NPP | 11,671 | Kojo Armah | CPP |  |
| Jomoro | Samia Nkrumah | CPP | 16,571 | Lee Ocran | NDC |
| Juabeso | Sampson Ahi | NDC | 17,619 | Sampson Ahi | NDC |
| Mpohor-Wassa East | Anthony Evans Amoah | NPP | 1,511 | Anthony Evans Amoah | NPP |
| Prestea-Huni Valley | Francis Adu-Blay Koffie | NDC | 3,810 | Albert Kwaku Obbin | NPP |
| Sefwi-Akontombra | Herod Cobbina | NDC | 2,316 | Herod Cobbina | NDC |
| Sefwi-Wiawso | Paul Evans Aidoo | NDC | 750 | Paul Evans Aidoo | NDC |
| Sekondi | Papa Owusu-Ankomah | NPP | 3,427 | Papa Owusu-Ankomah | NPP |
| Shama | Gabriel Kodwo Essilfie | NDC | 806 | Angelina Baiden-Amissah | NPP |
| Suaman | Stephen Michael Essuah Kofi Ackah | NDC | 758 | Stephen Michael Essuah Kofi Ackah | NDC |
| Takoradi | Kwabena Okyere Darko-Mensah | NPP | 11,043 | Gladys Asmah | NPP |
| Tarkwa-Nsuaem | Mrs. Gifty Eugenia Kusi | NPP | 11,014 | Gifty Eugenia Kusi | NPP |

## Postponed polls

* Parliamentary elections in the Akwatia constituencies had problems and were therefore deferred. The Supreme Court of Ghana ordered that the election be re-run in six polling stations. Following this, the collated results made Kofi Asare of the NPP the duly elected MP for the constituency.
* Results for the Asutifi South were deferred but confirmed later with Collins Dauda being sworn in.

## Changes

* The MP for Kwabre West, Emmanuel Owusu-Ansah died on Friday 22 June 2012 after a short illness.
* The MP for Bawku Central, Adamu Dramani Sakande was jailed for 2 years by the Supreme Court of Ghana for forgery on 27 July 2012. This follows a case brought in the High court by Mr Sumaila Biebel, a cattle dealer in 2009 stating that Dramani did not qualify to be an MP as he held both a British and a Burkinabé passport.
* Henry Ford Kamel, MP for Buem and Minister for the Volta Region in the Mahama NDC government died on 25 December 2012 at the Military Hospital in Accra following complications related to diabetes.

## By-elections

* *Jirapa constituency* \- 7 April 2009 - Edward Salia NDC died after a period of illness necessitating this by-election. Francis Bawaana Dakurah of the NDC won the seat with a majority of 9,337 (59.0%) beating the NPP candidate and immediate past District Chief Executive, Justin Bayelah Dakurah to second place.
* *Chereponi constituency* \- 29 September 2009 - Doris Asibi Seidu died on 31 July 2009 after an illness. The Electoral Commission of Ghana organised a by-election for 29 September 2009. Samuel Abdulai Jabanyite (NDC) was declared the winner and duly elected MP.
* *Atiwa constituency* \- 31 August 2010 - A by-election was scheduled for 31 August 2010 following the death of Kwasi Annoh Ankama, NPP MP for Atiwa. He died during a trip to London. Kwesi Amoako Atta also of the NPP, won the seat with a vote of 20,282 (75%). This gave him a majority of 14,092 (52.1%).
* *Wulensi constituency* \- 31 July 2012 - Following the death of the independent MP Saani Iddi in early June, the Electoral Commission of Ghana set the above date for a by-election following registration of candidates on 3 July and 4 July 2012. All four contesting parties won an injunction in court to postpone the by-election as they wanted the Electoral Commission of Ghana to use the new voters' register which was being finalised rather than the old register used in previous elections.
* *Kwabre West constituency* \- The by-election planned for 14 August 2012 was postponed following a court order.


abstract: Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II is an electoral constituency represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 61. It is located in western Brandenburg, comprising the city of Potsdam and small parts of the Potsdam-Mittelmark and Teltow-Fläming districts. Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II was created for the inaugural 1990 federal election after German reunification. Since 2021, it has been represented by the Chancellor of Germany, Olaf Scholz of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

text:
# Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II

**Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II** is an electoral constituency (German: *Wahlkreis*) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 61. It is located in western Brandenburg, comprising the city of Potsdam and small parts of the Potsdam-Mittelmark and Teltow-Fläming districts.

Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II was created for the inaugural 1990 federal election after German reunification. Since 2021, it has been represented by the Chancellor of Germany, Olaf Scholz of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

## Geography

Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II is located in western Brandenburg. As of the 2021 federal election, it comprises the independent city of Potsdam as well as the municipalities of Kleinmachnow, Michendorf, Nuthetal, Schwielowsee, Stahnsdorf, and Teltow from the Potsdam-Mittelmark district and the Ludwigsfelde municipality from the Teltow-Fläming district.

## History

Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II was created after German reunification in 1990, then known as *Potsdam*. It acquired its current name in the 2002 election. In the 1990 through 1998 elections, it was constituency 276 in the numbering system. In the 2002 and 2005 elections, it was number 61. In the 2009 election, it was number 62. Since the 2013 election, it has been number 61.

Originally, the constituency comprised the independent city of Potsdam and a few surrounding municipalities in the district of Potsdam-Land (abolished in 1993). It acquired its current configuration in the 2002 election, when it took on many more municipalities from the Potsdam-Mittelmark district and a few from the Teltow-Fläming district. Upon the abolition of the Fahrland Amt ahead of the 2005 election, the former municipality of Seeburg was transferred out of the constituency. At the same time, it gained the former municipalities of Derwitz and Groß Schulzendorf. In the 2009 election, it lost the municipalities of Blankenfelde-Mahlow and Rangsdorf. Because of a growing population in Potsdam itself, it lost the municipality of Großbeeren in the 2017 election and the municipality of Werder (Havel) in the 2021 election.

| Election | No. | Name | Borders |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | 276 | Potsdam | * Potsdam city * Potsdam-Land district (only eastern municipalities) |
| | | | 1994 |
| | | | 1998 |
| 2002 | 61 | Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II |  |
| | | | 2005 |
| 2009 | | 62 |  |
| 2013 | | 61 |
| | | 2017 |  |
| | | 2021 |  |
| | | 2025 |

## Members

Due to the dominance of Potsdam, Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II has been a stronghold of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), which won the constituency in every election except in the 2013 CDU landslide.

The constituency was first represented by Emil Schnell (SPD) from 1990 to 2002, followed by Andrea Wicklein from 2002 to 2013. The constituency was won by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) in the 2013 election, and represented by Katherina Reiche. She resigned in 2015 to become CEO of the Association of Local Utilities (VKU). In the 2017 election, SPD candidate Manja Schüle was elected. She resigned in November 2019 after being appointed to the state government of Brandenburg. Vice-Chancellor and SPD lead candidate Olaf Scholz was elected in 2021.

| Election | | Member | Party | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1990 | Emil Schnell | SPD | 34.0 |
| | 1994 | | | 42.0 |
| | 1998 | | | 41.1 |
|  | 2002 | Andrea Wicklein | SPD | 41.8 |
| | 2005 | | | 40.7 |
| | 2009 | | | 28.7 |
|  | 2013 | Katherina Reiche | CDU | 32.6 |
|  | 2017 | Manja Schüle | SPD | 26.1 |
|  | 2021 | Olaf Scholz | SPD | 34.0 |

## Election results

### 2021 election

| Federal election (2021): Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | SPD | Olaf Scholz | | 64,271 | 34.0 | 7.6 | 50,965 | 27.0 | 8.5 |
|  | Greens | Annalena Baerbock | | 35,452 | 18.8 | 10.5 | 35,865 | 19.0 | 8.9 |
|  | CDU | Saskia Ludwig | | 26,050 | 13.8 | 10.3 | 26,287 | 13.9 | 10.4 |
|  | AfD | Tim Krause | | 17,302 | 9.2 | 3.0 | 18,658 | 9.9 | 3.4 |
|  | FDP | Linda Teuteberg | | 16,872 | 8.9 | 1.4 | 20,210 | 10.7 | 1.5 |
|  | Left | Norbert Müller | | 14,701 | 7.8 | 8.9 | 19,110 | 10.1 | 8.2 |
|  | Human Environment Animal Protection |  | | | | | 4,562 | 2.4 | 0.5 |
|  | FW | Andreas Menzel | | 3,439 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 3,115 | 1.6 | 0.8 |
|  | PARTEI | Orson Baecker | | 3,367 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 2,795 | 1.5 | 0.3 |
|  | dieBasis | Dorit Rust | | 3,019 | 1.6 |  | 2,977 | 1.6 |  |
|  | Volt | Benjamin Körner | | 1,004 | 0.5 |  | 1,022 | 0.5 |  |
|  | Independent | Lu Yen Roloff | | 845 | 0.4 |  |  | | |
|  | Pirates |  | | | | | 705 | 0.4 |  |
|  | Unabhängige |  | | | | | 613 | 0.3 |  |
|  | ÖDP | Daniel Margraf | | 804 | 0.4 |  | 575 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
|  | Team Todenhöfer |  | | | | | 469 | 0.2 |  |
|  | Humanists | Lukas Minogue | | 458 | 0.2 |  | 368 | 0.2 |  |
|  | Independent | Edmund Müller | | 442 | 0.2 |  |  | | |
|  | Independent | Ingo Charnow | | 393 | 0.2 |  |  | | |
|  | DKP | Frank Ehrhardt | | 369 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 271 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
|  | NPD |  | | | | | 239 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
|  | MLPD |  | | | | | 79 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
|  | Independent | Antje Grütte | | 57 | 0.0 |  |  | | |
| Informal votes | | | | 1,702 |  |  | 1,662 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 188,845 |  |  | 188,885 |  |  |
| **Turnout** | | | | 190,547 | 81.9 | 2.4 |  | | |
|  | SPD **hold** | | **Majority** | 28,819 | 15.2 | 14.0 |  | | |

### 2017 election

| Federal election (2017): Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | SPD | Manja Schüle | | 50,588 | 26.1 | 6.2 | 35,773 | 18.5 | 6.5 |
|  | CDU | Saskia Ludwig | | 48,095 | 24.9 | 7.4 | 48,015 | 24.8 | 6.3 |
|  | Left | Norbert Müller | | 31,840 | 16.5 | 3.9 | 35,106 | 18.1 | 2.9 |
|  | AfD | René Springer | | 23,890 | 12.3 |  | 26,133 | 13.5 | 7.8 |
|  | Greens | Annalena Baerbock | | 15,549 | 8.0 | 0.8 | 19,079 | 9.8 | 0.7 |
|  | FDP | Linda Teuteberg | | 14,425 | 7.5 | 5.7 | 17,768 | 9.2 | 5.9 |
|  | PARTEI |  | | 4,575 | 2.4 |  | 3,410 | 1.8 |  |
|  | Human Environment Animal Protection |  | | | | | 3,656 | 1.9 |  |
|  | FW |  | | 2,484 | 1.3 |  | 1,606 | 0.8 | 0.3 |
|  | BGE |  | | | | | 1,073 | 0.6 |  |
|  | Pirates |  | | 1,041 | 0.5 | 2.5 |  | | |
|  | NPD |  | | | | | 682 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
|  | DM |  | | | | | 662 | 0.3 |  |
|  | DKP |  | | 551 | 0.3 |  | 328 | 0.2 |  |
|  | Independent | Müller | | 472 | 0.2 |  |  | | |
|  | ÖDP |  | | | | | 432 | 0.2 |  |
|  | MLPD |  | | | | | 146 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Informal votes | | | | 2,292 |  |  | 1,933 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 193,510 |  |  | 193,869 |  |  |
| **Turnout** | | | | 195,802 | 79.1 | 4.7 |  | | |
|  | SPD **gain** from CDU | | **Majority** | 2,493 | 1.2 |  |  | | |

### 2013 election

| Federal election (2013): Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | CDU | Katherina Reiche | | 58,399 | 32.6 | 8.6 | 56,449 | 31.4 | 9.9 |
|  | SPD | N Andrea Wicklein | | 57,669 | 32.2 | 3.5 | 44,723 | 24.9 | 1.2 |
|  | Left | Norbert Müller | | 35,914 | 20.0 | 8.5 | 37,294 | 20.7 | 4.7 |
|  | Greens | Annalena Baerbock | | 12,903 | 7.2 | 2.5 | 16,241 | 9.0 | 1.7 |
|  | AfD |  | | | | | 10,282 | 5.7 |  |
|  | Pirates | Cornelius Everding | | 5,445 | 3.0 |  | 4,814 | 2.7 | 0.4 |
|  | FDP | Jacqueline Krüger | | 3,200 | 1.8 | 5.5 | 5,900 | 3.3 | 7.3 |
|  | NPD | Florian Stein | | 3,147 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 2,067 | 1.1 | 0.1 |
|  | Independent | Rolf Hercher | | 1,243 | 0.7 |  |  | | |
|  | FW |  | | | | | 1,045 | 0.6 |  |
|  | Independent | Christoph Hörstel | | 719 | 0.4 |  |  | | |
|  | PRO |  | | | | | 610 | 0.3 |  |
|  | Independent | Edmund Ernst Müller | | 500 | 0.3 |  |  | | |
|  | MLPD |  | | | | | 265 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
|  | REP |  | | | | | 207 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
| Informal votes | | | | 3,088 |  |  | 2,330 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 179,139 |  |  | 179,897 |  |  |
| **Turnout** | | | | 182,227 | 74.4 | 1.6 |  | | |
|  | CDU **gain** from SPD | | **Majority** | 730 | 0.4 |  |  | | |

### 2009 election

| Federal election (2009): Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | SPD | Y Andrea Wicklein | | 48,720 | 28.7 | 12.2 | 44,450 | 26.0 | 11.4 |
|  | Left | Rolf Kutzmutz | | 48,515 | 28.6 | 2.3 | 43,354 | 25.4 | 1.4 |
|  | CDU | Katherina Reiche | | 40,708 | 24.0 | 2.6 | 36,600 | 24.4 | 2.8 |
|  | Greens | Cornelia Behm | | 16,479 | 9.7 | 5.0 | 18,279 | 10.7 | 1.9 |
|  | FDP | Jan Syré | | 12,356 | 7.3 | 3.8 | 17,986 | 10.5 | 2.9 |
|  | Pirates |  | | | | | 5,171 | 3.0 |  |
|  | NPD | Dieter Woche | | 3,061 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 2,129 | 1.2 | 0.5 |
|  | FWD |  | | | | | 942 | 0.6 |  |
|  | DVU |  | | | | | 939 | 0.6 |  |
|  | BüSo |  | | | | | 345 | 0.2 |  |
|  | REP |  | | | | | 269 | 0.2 |  |
|  | MLPD |  | | | | | 202 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Informal votes | | | | 4,387 |  |  | 3,560 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 169,839 |  |  | 170,666 |  |  |
| **Turnout** | | | | 174,226 | 72.8 | 6.6 |  | | |
|  | SPD **hold** | | **Majority** | 205 | 0.1 | 14.5 |  | | |

## InfoBox

| 61 Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II | |
| --- | --- |
| Electoral district
for the Bundestag | |
| Potsdam – Potsdam-Mittelmark II – Teltow-Fläming II in 2025 | |
| State | Brandenburg |
| Population | 302,700 (2019) |
| Electorate | 232,797 (2021) |
| Major settlements | Potsdam |
| Area | 556.2 km2 |
| Current electoral district | |
| Created | 1990 |
| Party | SPD |
| Member | Olaf Scholz |
| Elected | 2021 |


title: Pact of Free Cities

abstract: The Pact of Free Cities originated as a cooperation agreement between the mayors of Bratislava, Budapest, Prague, and Warsaw—Matúš Vallo, Gergely Karácsony, Zdeněk Hřib, and Rafał Trzaskowski respectively—signed on 16 December 2019 at Central European University in Budapest. The goals of the signatories include sharing information about best practices in urban development, mitigating the housing crisis, and global warming. Since 2019, the pact has grown to include dozens of cities, mostly in Europe but also including Los Angeles in the United States.

text:
# Pact of Free Cities

The **Pact of Free Cities** originated as a cooperation agreement between the mayors of Bratislava, Budapest, Prague, and Warsaw—Matúš Vallo, Gergely Karácsony, Zdeněk Hřib, and Rafał Trzaskowski respectively—signed on 16 December 2019 at Central European University in Budapest. The goals of the signatories include sharing information about best practices in urban development, mitigating the housing crisis, and global warming. Since 2019, the pact has grown to include dozens of cities, mostly in Europe but also including Los Angeles in the United States.

## Background

According to Hřib, the initiative was first thought up by Karácsony, who, after winning an election against Fidesz' preferred candidate in October 2019, is facing reduction in local government autonomy. The first call to plan the pact was in November 2019. The mayors all control a significant part of their countries' economies: 25, 26, 17, and 27 percent of GDP respectively for Prague, Bratislava, Warsaw, and Budapest. The mayors all come from the same generation; the oldest is Trzaskowski (47) and the youngest Hřib (38). All are from pro-European parties that are in the opposition at the national level. According to Euractiv.pl, the pact is ideologically inspired by the 2013 book *If Mayors Ruled the World: Dysfunctional Nations, Rising Cities* by American sociologist Benjamin Barber.

They published an article on the website of European Council on Foreign Relations to explain their decision, stating that they believe in "an open society based on our cherished common values of freedom, human dignity, democracy, sustainability, equality, the rule of law, social justice, tolerance, and cultural diversity". The pact has also been described as "anti-populist"; at the signing ceremony, Hřib said that populism provides "a simple and wrong answer to the problems" facing their cities and countries. Karácsony contrasted what he called the grassroots democracy practiced by cities with the populist approach: "The national populists advocate centralisation, and treat voters as ‘subjects’." Although the cities are the capitals of the four Visegrád Group countries, the initiative does not mention the Visegrád Group. Hřib stated that the alliance is a "pro-European, positive alliance, which is also open to other cities".

The venue, Central European University, was described as symbolic, given the Viktor Orbán government's attacks on the university which forced it to move most of its educational programs to Vienna.

## Aims

The goals of the signatories include sharing information about best practices in urban development, housing crisis, and global warming. They also are lobbying for European Union policies that are tailored for cities and for the ability to access European funding directly, rather than through national governments which have been accused of politicizing the disbursal of funds. Karácsony sees such direct access as a good alternative to blanket defunding of EU countries under rule of law conditionality.

In 2020, the mayors criticized the Polish government for its stance on climate change (it was the only EU country not to agree to become carbon-neutral by 2050). Trzaskowski wanted to be able to access European Green Deal funds in order to implement environmentally friendly policies in Warsaw. In August 2020, the mayors declared support for the 2020 Belarusian protests, stating "The future of Belarus should be in the hands of Belarusians, and not of Europe's last dictator, Alexander Lukashenko and his aides". In 2021, Hřib stated that the pact sent "a clear message that there are strong actors in Visegrad who are committed to liberal and progressive values of the EU".

## Reception

The pact is opposed by Visegrád national governments. However, transparency advocates, mayor of Berlin Michael Müller, and the European Green Party declared their support.

## Members

As of May 2024, the alliance has 38 member cities.

### Founding cities

### Joined in 2021

### Joined in 2022

### Joined in 2023

### Joined in 2024

1. Walker, Shaun (16 December 2019). "Islands in the illiberal storm: central European cities vow to stand together". *the Guardian*. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
2. "Společné hodnoty i tlak na unii. Hřib podepsal smlouvu s dalšími hlavními městy visegrádské čtyřky". *iROZHLAS* (in Czech). Retrieved 29 October 2020.
3. "Central European mayors sign 'pact of free cities'". *France 24*. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
4. Szymanski, Wojciech (11 November 2019). "Ein Pakt der Hauptstädte: das "kleine Visegrad"". *Deutsche Welle* (in German). Retrieved 31 October 2020.
5. Gadzała, Łukasz (13 February 2020). "Prezydenci wyszehradzkich stolic chcą bezpośrednich funduszy europejskich dla miast". *www.euractiv.pl* (in Polish). Retrieved 30 October 2020.
6. Wójcik, Anna (17 December 2019). "Pakt Wolnych Miast. Prezydenci Budapesztu, Bratysławy, Pragi i Warszawy razem przeciw populistom". *oko.press*. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
7. Gergely Karácsony; Matúš Vallo; Rafał Trzaskowski; Zdeněk Hřib (16 December 2019). "How grassroots democracy can cure the ills of central Europe". *ECFR*. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
8. Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Eastern European mayors forge anti-populism pact | DW | 16.12.2019". *DW.COM*. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
9. "Democracy Digest: V4 Mayors Unite Against Populism". *Balkan Insight*. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
10. "Central European capitals sign "Pact of Free Cities" against populism". *Kafkadesk*. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
11. "Oto Zdeněk Hřib, burmistrz-Pirat, który postawił się Rosji, Chinom i… własnemu rządowi". *KrytykaPolityczna.pl* (in Polish). 3 September 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
12. DIMITROVA, ASENIYA. "Mayors of Bratislava, Budapest, Prague and Warsaw sign Free Cities Pact". *www.themayor.eu*. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
13. "Pakt Wolnych Miast pisze do Brukseli. "Rząd Polski postanowił się postawić poza marginesem"". *TVN24 Biznes* (in Polish). Retrieved 30 October 2020.
14. "'Free Cities' pact stands behind Belarusians - Warsaw mayor". *www.thefirstnews.com*. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
15. "Trzaskowski podpisał się pod oświadczeniem ws. Białorusi". *www.rp.pl* (in Polish). Retrieved 30 October 2020.
16. Plevák, Ondřej (2021-05-28). "Prague mayor: There are 'strong' progressive forces in Visegrad". *www.euractiv.com*. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
17. "Central Europe mayors pitch for EU cash to fight populism". *POLITICO*. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
18. "Müller begrüßt den heute geschlossenen "Pakt der freien Städte" der Visegrád-Hauptstädte". *saarnews* (in German). Retrieved 31 October 2020.
19. "European Greens support Visegrad's Mayors 'Pact of Free Cities' to fight populism". *European Greens*. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
20. "Vitalij Kličko (51) v Praze: Primátor rozstříleného Kyjeva jedná o obnově měst po ruské invazi" \[Vitali Klitschko (51) in Prague: Mayor of shelled Kyiv discusses urban reconstruction after Russian invasion\]. *Blesk* (in Czech). 26 September 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
21. Hudec, Michal (17 September 2021). "The island in illiberal storm' is getting bigger". *Euractiv*. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
22. "Klitschko: Kyiv joins Free Cities Pact". *Interfax-Ukraine*. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
23. MLADEN PLEŠE (25 Aug 2021). "Tomašević dobio prvi važan poziv iz inozemstva; ide na sastanak Pakta slobodnih gradova". *Telegram.hr* (in Croatian). Retrieved 1 September 2021.
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27. Rafał Trzaskowski on Facebook


abstract: The Individual large hill/10 km competition at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 was held on 4 March 2023.

text:
# FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 – Individual large hill/10 km

The **Individual large hill/10 km** competition at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 was held on 4 March 2023.

## Results

### Ski jumping

The ski jumping part was held at 10:30.

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Distance (m) | Points | Time difference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 45 | Jarl Magnus Riiber | Norway | 147.0 | 152.6 |  |
| 2 | 41 | Ryota Yamamoto | Japan | 140.0 | 143.7 | +0:36 |
| 3 | 43 | Kristjan Ilves | Estonia | 139.5 | 137.0 | +1:02 |
| 4 | 46 | Julian Schmid | Germany | 131.0 | 131.5 | +1:24 |
| 5 | 48 | Johannes Lamparter | Austria | 130.0 | 131.2 | +1:26 |
| 6 | 47 | Jens Lurås Oftebro | Norway | 131.0 | 129.4 | +1:33 |
| 7 | 38 | Matteo Baud | France | 134.5 | 126.3 | +1:45 |
| 8 | 37 | Stefan Rettenegger | Austria | 133.5 | 125.1 | +1:50 |
| 9 | 33 | Martin Fritz | Austria | 131.0 | 119.3 | +2:13 |
| 10 | 44 | Vinzenz Geiger | Germany | 126.0 | 118.7 | +2:16 |
| 11 | 31 | Espen Andersen | Norway | 131.0 | 117.9 | +2:19 |
| 12 | 32 | Lukas Greiderer | Austria | 130.5 | 116.1 | +2:26 |
| 13 | 39 | Laurent Mühlethaler | France | 127.0 | 115.8 | +2:27 |
| 14 | 22 | Marco Heinis | France | 126.0 | 112.1 | +2:42 |
| 15 | 35 | Eero Hirvonen | Finland | 127.5 | 111.9 | +2:43 |
| 16 | 29 | Yoshito Watabe | Japan | 127.0 | 111.2 | +2:46 |
| 17 | 28 | Akito Watabe | Japan | 126.0 | 110.5 | +2:48 |
| 18 | 34 | Johannes Rydzek | Germany | 127.5 | 110.3 | +2:49 |
| 19 | 40 | Ilkka Herola | Finland | 126.0 | 110.2 | +2:50 |
| 20 | 36 | Jørgen Graabak | Norway | 124.5 | 108.1 | +2:58 |
| 21 | 5 | Jiří Konvalinka | Czech Republic | 124.0 | 105.2 | +3:10 |
| 22 | 8 | Matic Garbajs | Slovenia | 121.5 | 103.6 | +3:16 |
| 22 | 25 | Samuel Costa | Italy | 122.5 | 103.6 | +3:16 |
| 24 | 23 | Sora Yachi | Japan | 123.0 | 103.2 | +3:18 |
| 25 | 42 | Manuel Faißt | Germany | 120.0 | 101.0 | +3:26 |
| 26 | 20 | Gašper Brecl | Slovenia | 120.0 | 99.4 | +3:33 |
| 27 | 26 | Antoine Gérard | France | 119.0 | 99.0 | +3:34 |
| 28 | 17 | Ondřej Pažout | Czech Republic | 121.0 | 97.5 | +3:40 |
| 29 | 11 | Jan Vytrval | Czech Republic | 119.0 | 95.0 | +3:50 |
| 30 | 16 | Otto Niittykoski | Finland | 119.0 | 94.9 | +3:51 |
| 31 | 4 | Chingiz Rakparov | Kazakhstan | 117.0 | 90.8 | +4:07 |
| 32 | 24 | Raffaele Buzzi | Italy | 116.5 | 90.1 | +4:10 |
| 33 | 21 | Ben Loomis | United States | 115.5 | 89.1 | +4:14 |
| 34 | 12 | Iacopo Bortolas | Italy | 114.0 | 87.8 | +4:19 |
| 35 | 15 | Tomáš Portyk | Czech Republic | 113.0 | 85.3 | +4:29 |
| 36 | 30 | Thomas Rettenegger | Austria | 117.5 | 83.6 | +4:36 |
| 37 | 13 | Niklas Malacinski | United States | 111.0 | 83.2 | +4:38 |
| 38 | 14 | Waltteri Karhumaa | Finland | 109.0 | 80.2 | +4:50 |
| 39 | 27 | Aaron Kostner | Italy | 110.0 | 77.9 | +4:59 |
| 40 | 19 | Jared Shumate | United States | 107.5 | 76.4 | +5:05 |
| 41 | 3 | Matija Zelnik | Slovenia | 105.0 | 73.6 | +5:16 |
| 42 | 1 | Andrii Pylypchuk | Ukraine | 108.5 | 73.4 | +5:17 |
| 43 | 18 | Stephen Schumann | United States | 105.0 | 70.5 | +5:28 |
| 44 | 9 | Oleksandr Shumbarets | Ukraine | 105.0 | 70.1 | +5:30 |
| 45 | 10 | Dmytro Mazurchuk | Ukraine | 108.0 | 69.3 | +5:33 |
| 46 | 2 | Vitaliy Hrebeniuk | Ukraine | 99.0 | 63.0 | +5:58 |
| 47 | 7 | Andrzej Szczechowicz | Poland | 99.0 | 54.8 | +6:31 |
| 48 | 6 | Magzhan Amankeldiuly | Kazakhstan | 95.5 | 51.0 | +6:46 |

### Cross-country skiing

The cross-country skiing part was held at 15:00.

| Rank | Bib | Athlete | Country | Start time | Cross-country
time | Cross-country
rank | Finish time | Deficit |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1 | Jarl Magnus Riiber | Norway | +0:00 | 23:42.6 | 11 | 23:42.6 |  |
|  | 6 | Jens Lurås Oftebro | Norway | +1:33 | 23:11.0 | 5 | 24:44.0 | +1:01.4 |
|  | 5 | Johannes Lamparter | Austria | +1:26 | 23:21.3 | 6 | 24:47.3 | +1:04.7 |
| 4 | 3 | Kristjan Ilves | Estonia | +1:02 | 23:49.6 | =16 | 24:51.6 | +1:09.0 |
| 5 | 8 | Stefan Rettenegger | Austria | +1:50 | 23:02.8 | 3 | 24:52.8 | +1:10.2 |
| 6 | 4 | Julian Schmid | Germany | +1:24 | 23:49.6 | =16 | 25:13.6 | +1:31.0 |
| 7 | 7 | Matteo Baud | France | +1:45 | 23:32.0 | 7 | 25:17.0 | +1:34.4 |
| 8 | 20 | Jørgen Graabak | Norway | +2:58 | 22:48.4 | 1 | 25:46.4 | +2:03.8 |
| 9 | 19 | Ilkka Herola | Finland | +2:50 | 22:57.0 | 2 | 25:47.0 | +2:04.4 |
| 10 | 2 | Ryota Yamamoto | Japan | +0:36 | 25:12.5 | 35 | 25:48.5 | +2:05.9 |
| 11 | 15 | Eero Hirvonen | Finland | +2:43 | 23:07.4 | 4 | 25:50.4 | +2:07.8 |
| 12 | 11 | Espen Andersen | Norway | +2:19 | 23:35.2 | 9 | 25:54.2 | +2:11.6 |
| 13 | 13 | Laurent Mühlethaler | France | +2:27 | 23:33.4 | 8 | 26:00.4 | +2:17.8 |
| 14 | 10 | Vinzenz Geiger | Germany | +2:16 | 23:48.3 | 15 | 26:04.3 | +2:21.7 |
| 15 | 12 | Lukas Greiderer | Austria | +2:26 | 23:41.6 | 10 | 26:07.6 | +2:25.0 |
| 16 | 18 | Johannes Rydzek | Germany | +2:49 | 23:43.5 | 12 | 26:32.5 | +2:49.9 |
| 17 | 9 | Martin Fritz | Austria | +2:13 | 24:20.1 | 22 | 26:33.1 | +2:50.5 |
| 18 | 17 | Akito Watabe | Japan | +2:48 | 23:46.7 | 14 | 26:34.7 | +2:52.1 |
| 19 | 22 | Samuel Costa | Italy | +3:16 | 23:51.7 | 20 | 27:07.7 | +3:25.1 |
| 20 | 25 | Manuel Faißt | Germany | +3:26 | 23:45.1 | 13 | 27:11.1 | +3:28.5 |
| 21 | 14 | Marco Heinis | France | +2:42 | 25:03.1 | 32 | 27:45.1 | +4:02.5 |
| 22 | 27 | Antoine Gérard | France | +3:34 | 24:12.7 | 21 | 27:46.7 | +4:04.1 |
| 23 | 16 | Yoshito Watabe | Japan | +2:46 | 25:09.2 | 33 | 27:55.2 | +4:12.6 |
| 24 | 32 | Raffaele Buzzi | Italy | +4:10 | 23:51.1 | 19 | 28:01.1 | +4:18.5 |
| 25 | 24 | Sora Yachi | Japan | +3:18 | 24:52.4 | 27 | 28:10.4 | +4:27.8 |
| 26 | 28 | Ondřej Pažout | Czech Republic | +3:40 | 24:40.8 | 24 | 28:20.8 | +4:38.2 |
| 27 | 29 | Jan Vytrval | Czech Republic | +3:50 | 24:43.2 | 25 | 28:33.2 | +4:50.6 |
| 28 | 21 | Jiří Konvalinka | Czech Republic | +3:10 | 25:26.6 | 36 | 28:36.6 | +4:54.0 |
| 29 | 30 | Otto Niittykoski | Finland | +3:51 | 24:54.8 | 29 | 28:45.8 | +5:03.2 |
| 30 | 39 | Aaron Kostner | Italy | +4:59 | 23:50.6 | 18 | 28:49.6 | +5:07.0 |
| 31 | 33 | Ben Loomis | United States | +4:14 | 24:55.7 | 30 | 29:09.7 | +5:27.1 |
| 32 | 35 | Tomáš Portyk | Czech Republic | +4:29 | 24:44.1 | 26 | 29:13.1 | +5:30.5 |
| 33 | 38 | Waltteri Karhumaa | Finland | +4:50 | 24:27.7 | 23 | 29:17.7 | +5:35.1 |
| 34 | 34 | Iacopo Bortolas | Italy | +4:19 | 25:02.9 | 31 | 29:21.9 | +5:39.3 |
| 35 | 36 | Thomas Rettenegger | Austria | +4:36 | 24:52.8 | 28 | 29:28.8 | +5:46.2 |
| 36 | 31 | Chingiz Rakparov | Kazakhstan | +4:07 | 25:35.7 | 37 | 29:42.7 | +6:00.1 |
| 37 | 26 | Gašper Brecl | Slovenia | +3:33 | 26:18.7 | 42 | 29:51.7 | +6:09.1 |
| 38 | 37 | Niklas Malacinski | United States | +4:38 | 25:43.5 | 39 | 30:21.5 | +6:38.9 |
| 39 | 43 | Stephen Schumann | United States | +5:28 | 25:11.7 | 34 | 30:39.7 | +6:57.1 |
| 40 | 40 | Jared Shumate | United States | +5:05 | 25:45.8 | 40 | 30:50.8 | +7:08.2 |
| 41 | 45 | Dmytro Mazurchuk | Ukraine | +5:33 | 25:36.1 | 38 | 31:09.1 | +7:26.5 |
| 42 | 23 | Matic Garbajs | Slovenia | +3:16 | 28:03.0 | 46 | 31:19.0 | +7:36.4 |
| 43 | 44 | Oleksandr Shumbarets | Ukraine | +5:30 | 26:39.8 | 44 | 32:09.8 | +8:27.2 |
| 44 | 46 | Vitaliy Hrebeniuk | Ukraine | +5:58 | 26:26.9 | 43 | 32:24.9 | +8:42.3 |
| 45 | 41 | Matija Zelnik | Slovenia | +5:16 | 27:20.0 | 45 | 32:36.0 | +8:53.4 |
| 46 | 47 | Andrzej Szczechowicz | Poland | +6:11 | 26:09.5 | 41 | 32:40.5 | +8:57.9 |
| 47 | 42 | Andrii Pylypchuk | Ukraine | +5:17 | 28:21.3 | 47 | 33:38.3 | +9:55.7 |
|  | 48 | Magzhan Amankeldiuly | Kazakhstan | +6:46 | Did not start | | | |

## InfoBox

| Individual large hill/10 km
at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Planica Nordic Centre |
| Location | Planica, Slovenia |
| Dates | 4 March |
| Competitors | 48 from 14 nations |
| Winning time | 23:42.6 |
| Medalists | |
| Norway  Norway  Austria | |
|


title: PF-98

abstract: The Type 98 (PF-98) is a 120mm unguided anti-tank rocket system developed by Norinco for the People's Liberation Army as a successor to the Type 65 and Type 78 recoilless guns. It is also known by its nickname, "Queen Bee". It can be equipped with a firing control system which can calculate and adjust for projectile drop before the rocket fires.

text:
# PF-98

The **Type 98** (PF-98) is a 120mm unguided anti-tank rocket system developed by Norinco for the People's Liberation Army as a successor to the Type 65 and Type 78 recoilless guns. It is also known by its nickname, "Queen Bee". It can be equipped with a firing control system which can calculate and adjust for projectile drop before the rocket fires.

## Development

The PLA began to search for a successor for the Type 78 in the 1990s. The older, 1950s-era equipment began to show its age. The Type 98 was revealed with a garrison unit in Macao in 1999, while some elite units began to receive the weapon after 2000.

The design makes the accurate delivery of a 120 mm multi-purpose high-explosive or high-explosive anti-tank projectile with negligible recoil possible. The weapon can be tripod- or shoulder-fired.

## Design

### Launcher

PF-98 reusable tube launcher is a fibreglass-wrapped smoothbore gun and weighs under 10 kg (22 lb). Two variants, battalion-level and company-level, are available. Both variants share the same launch tube and rocket projectiles. Their difference in capabilities and usage lies in their sighting system and tripod mount. Both PF-98 variants are fitted with a proprietary rail mount that can be equipped with a fire control system, daylight optics, or night vision scope. The Battalion version features a fire control system, medium-range night vision scope, and large tripod. The tripod of the battalion version allows an elevation of +30° to −6°, and a horizontal traverse of 360°. The company version has daylight optics, close-range night vision scope, and a small fixed tripod to support the launcher in the prone position. The weapon can be operated by one soldier or a crew of two. The accessories can be mounted interchangeably.

The **PF-98A** is the improved variant of PF-98, which was incorporated into service in 2006. The PF-98A launcher's firing tube, tripod and carrying handle are modified to reduce weight. The new launcher weighs 7 kg (15 lb). It's also fitted with improved night-vision scope and fire control systems. The PF-98A launcher can be distinguished from its predecessor by its octagon-shaped forward and rear shock absorbers, which prevent the launcher from rolling on uneven surfaces.

The PLA deployed PF-98 to both Company and Battalion firepower units for direct infantry fire support, with iterative improvements such as new fire-control systems, lighter launcher tubes, and programmable munitions. Since the deployment of more sophisticated missiles at battalion/company-level firepower units, PF-98 launchers have been transferred to infantry squads of lower echelons. In late 2018, the lightweight PF-98A was deployed for infantry use on a squad level.

### Sights

Three types of sight systems are available for PF-98 series: fire control systems, daylight (4x) telescopic sights, and night-vision scopes. PF-98 battalion version is fitted with the fire control system and night-vision scope, while the company version is fitted with the daylight telescopic sight and night-vision scope. An integrated fire control/night vision system is available for the PF-98A variants.

#### Fire control systems

The fire-control of the battalion version Type 98 consists of a Y/MK/PF-98(Y)-120 (4x) optical sight, which includes a fire-control computer, a laser rangefinder, an outside display, an LED display inside the optical sight, and a keyboard with 25 buttons. After pressing the range-finding button on the extension cord, the system will automatically irradiate the target and make ballistic calculations. The operator can input additional information such as target speed, direction, crosswind, temperature and altitude using the keyboard. After calculating the lead of the moving target, the computer will put a light spot in the gunner’s optical sight. The soldier then uses the light spot as the crosshair to guarantee a hit. This mechanism reduces the reaction time and makes for increased accuracy. This fire control system went through two upgrades, Type 00 and Type 01. Type 00 features revised aiming reticles. Type 01 fire control system featured a smaller fire control unit with a new ballistic computer, a new rangefinder unit, and a revised keyboard layout with 12 buttons.

Type 98A fire control system features a new laser rangefinder, speed calculation unit, and ballistic computer. The Type 98A FCS will automatically track the target and calculate the aiming assist light spot based on the range, target speed, selected ammo type, temperature and altitude. In late 2018, a new integrated fire control system is observed in PLAGF military exercises. The new fire control system is fitted with a night-vision scope on the top, and the keyboard is moved to the left side. New FCS is capable of airburst programming.

PF-98 Fire Control Systems
| Name | Introduction | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Type 98 | 1998 | Original fire control system. |
| Type 00 | 2000 | Improved Type 98 FCS with revised reticles. |
| Type 01 | 2001 | Improved Type 00 FCS with revised keyboard, new rangefinder, new ballistic computer, and smaller size. |
| Type 98A | 2006 | Improved Type 01 FCS with new ballistic computer, new battery, new rangefinder, target speed measurement unit, and automatic tracking function. |
| Integrated FCS | 2018 | Improved Type 98A FCS with integrated night-vision device, airburst programming function. |

#### Optical sights

The company version Type 98 is fitted with an Y/MK/PF-98(L)-120 (4x) telescopic optical sight. Inside the scope, a light spot at the top will flash every second/half a second to assist the shooter's leading calculation. The company level's optical sight has the same ranging marks and reticles as the one on the PF-89.

Both company and battalion version PF-98 have dedicated night vision scope, with the battalion version having a longer range. For PF-98A, company and battalion version no longer has different night-vision scope. The battery duration for night-vision is improved from 7 hours on PF-98, to 40 hours on PF-98A. The weight of the scope is also reduced from 2.85 kg to 1.2 kg.

### Projectiles

Type 98 High Explosive Anti Tank (HEAT) projectile, military designation **DZP-98**, is armed with a tandem-warhead and an electronically timed fuse. The round can pierce the reactive armor of a main battle tank, and has an armor-piercing depth of about 800 mm RHA (under 90 degrees, after ERA) at a maximum effective range of 800 m. The maximum flying range is 2000 m. The HEAT rounds weights 8.03 kg (17.7 lb). Type 98A HEAT projectile features lightweight material, reducing the cartridge weight to 7.91 kg (17.4 lb). The case for booster charge is fitted with a small drogue parachute to reduce its fly out distance for improved safety inside backblast area.

Type 98 Multipurpose High Explosive Incendiary (HEI) projectile, military designation **DZY-98**, has a warhead with 2000 steel balls and zirconium incendiary material. This projectile is capable of piercing 400 mm armor and spread fragments inside the vehicle, or producing fragments to kill other personnel within 25 m of the point of impact. The maximum range is between 1,800 and 2,000 m with fire control system or 800 m with daylight optics. The multipurpose round wrights around 7.6 kg (16.8 lb). Type 98A HEI projectile features lightweight material, reducing the cartridge weight to 7.42 kg (16.4 lb). Other technical parameters are kept the same.

Type 98 Thermobaric (FAE) projectile, military designation **DZT-98**, is armed with a thermobaric warhead capable of eliminating targets within a 90 m3 room. The maximum range is between 1,800 and 2,000 m with fire control system or 800 m with daylight optics. Type 98 FAE projectiles are kept the same in Type 98A upgrade.

Type 98A Bunker Buster, military designation **DZD-98A**, is developed and deployed with Type 98A rocket launcher. The round can penetrate about 100 mm RHA at 60 degrees or 0.8 m (2.6 ft) of C35 concrete. The maximum range is between 1,800 and 2,000 m with fire control system or 800 m with daylight optics.

PF-98 Projectiles
| Designation | DZP98 | DZP98A | DZY98 | DZY98A | DZT98 | DZD98A | DZR98A |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ammo type | High-explosive anti-tank | High-explosive anti-tank | Multipurpose incendiary | Multipurpose incendiary | Thermobaric | Assault/Bunker buster | Airburst incendiary |
| Cartridge diameter | 120 mm | 120 mm | 120 mm | 120 mm | 120 mm | 120 mm | 120 mm |
| Cartridge weight | 8.03 kg (17.7 lb) | 7.91 kg (17.4 lb) | 9.15 kg (20.2 lb) | 7.42 kg (16.4 lb) | 7.42 kg (16.4 lb) | 8.6 kg (19 lb) | N/A |
| Cartridge length | 970 mm | 970 mm | 827 mm | 827 mm | 825 mm | 942 mm | N/A |
| Effective range (FCS) | 800 m (2,600 ft) | 800 m (2,600 ft) | 2,000 m (6,600 ft) | 2,000 m (6,600 ft) | 2,000 m (6,600 ft) | 2,000 m (6,600 ft) | N/A |
| Effective range (optics) | 400 m (1,300 ft) | 400 m (1,300 ft) | 800 m (2,600 ft) | 800 m (2,600 ft) | 800 m (2,600 ft) | 800 m (2,600 ft) | N/A |
| Minimal range | 40 m (130 ft) | 40 m (130 ft) | 40 m (130 ft) | 40 m (130 ft) | 40 m (130 ft) | 60 m (200 ft) | N/A |
| Penetration (RHA) | 800 mm/90°
230 mm/68° | 800 mm/90°
230 mm/68° | 400 mm/90°
44 mm/55° | 400 mm/90°
44 mm/55° | N/A | 100 mm/60°
800 mm (2.6 ft) of C35 concrete | N/A |
| Velocity | 246 m/s (810 ft/s) | 246 m/s (810 ft/s) | 205 m/s (670 ft/s) | 205 m/s (670 ft/s) | N/A | N/A | N/A |

## Variants

**PF98**Battalion and company level version. **PF98A**Lightweight version with improved fire control system, night-vision scope, and tripod.

## Users

## InfoBox

| Type 98 | |
| --- | --- |
| A PF-98A rocket launcher at the China People's Revolution Military Museum in Beijing during the 2007 *Our troops towards the sun* exhibition. | |
| Type | **With firing control system**: rocket launcher system
**With only telescopic sight**: Unguided anti-tank rocket launcher |
| Place of origin | China |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1998–present |
| Used by | People's Liberation Army
Bangladesh Army |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1990s |
| Manufacturer | Norinco |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 10 kg (22 lb) (launcher, PF-98)
7 kg (15 lb) (launcher, PF-98A) |
| Length | 1191 mm |
| Crew | 1–2 |
| --- | |
| Caliber | 120 mm |
| Elevation | −6° / +30° |
| Traverse | 360° |
| Rate of fire | 4–6 rounds per minute |
| Muzzle velocity | 310 m/s |
| Maximum firing range | 800 m (HEAT)
1800 m (HEI) |
| Sights | Y/MK/PF-98(Y)-120 (4x optical/fire control)
Y/MK/PF-98(L)-120 (4x optical) |


title: Fabrice Leggeri

abstract: Fabrice Joël Roger Leggeri is a French senior civil servant who was Director of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) from 2015 to 2022. In February 2024, Leggeri announced in an interview with Le Journal du Dimanche that he would be candidate number three on the National Rally list for the 2024 European Parliament election in France. He declared that he was determined to "combat the migratory overload, which the European Commission and Eurocrats do not consider as a problem, but rather as a project".

text:
# Fabrice Leggeri

**Fabrice Joël Roger Leggeri** (born 28 March 1968) is a French senior civil servant who was Director of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) from 2015 to 2022.

In February 2024, Leggeri announced in an interview with *Le Journal du Dimanche* that he would be candidate number three on the National Rally list for the 2024 European Parliament election in France. He declared that he was determined to "combat the migratory overload, which the European Commission and Eurocrats do not consider as a problem, but rather as a project".

## Biography

Leggeri graduated in History (1990) and Contemporary History (1991) from the University of Paris. In 1992 he got a diploma at Sciences Po. He graduated from the École normale supérieure in 1993 and from École nationale d'administration (ENA) in Strasbourg in 1996.

From 1996 to 1999, he worked in France's Ministry of the Interior on cross-border traffic, frontiers and visas. The following year he was project leader to the director for territorial, administration and political affairs at the French Ministry of Interior From 2000 to 2003, he was seconded to the European Commission as a national expert.

As vice-prefect in two French regions (Upper Normandy in 2003–2005, Châteaulin District in 2005–2007), Leggeri coordinated police forces and law enforcement agencies and setting up operational action plans to maintain public order and security.

From 2007 he headed the division for international and European law at the French Ministry of Defence. In 2001 he moved to Seoul to serve as deputy head of the French Embassy in South Korea.

Between 2013 and 2014, he headed the division for the fight against irregular migration at the French Ministry of Interior, also in charge of Schengen.

### Executive Director of Frontex

In 2015 Leggeri was appointed Executive Director of the EU's Frontex agency, based in Warsaw.

In May 2015, the European Ombudsman issued recommendations for Frontex to improve its modalities to ensures respect for the fundamental rights and human dignity of the individuals being returned. The Ombudsman highlighted the need for Frontex to improve transparency, amend its code of conduct and promote independent and effective monitoring of joint return operations.

Under Leggeri's mandate, Frontex saw an exponential increase in its mandate, staffing (doubling to 500) and resources, as the new European Border and Coast Guard Agency, with the entry into force of the new Regulation 2019/1896.

At the same time, the Agency was subject of multiple and growing critiques due to the lack of a systematic monitoring of human rights compliance in its work, and the growing reports of illegal pushbacks conducted by EU Member States' coast guards and border police, with the alleged knowledge or complicity of Frontex.

In July 2020, Leggeri appeared in front of the European Parliament's civil liberties committee, claiming that only one incident of pushback had been reported to his Agency.

In October 2020, the European Ombudsman opened an inquiry into about Frontex's handling of requests for public access to documents, following multiple complaints. Documents released by Frontex are only accessible for 15 days on the Agency's own portal and are claimed to remain under the Agency's copyright.

In October 2020, MEPs from The Left group in the European Parliament called for his resignation following journalistic investigations highlighting the role of Frontex in the pushback of asylum seekers towards Turkey. The Agency's investment of 100 million EUR in surveillance drones was also put under scrutiny. European Commissioner Ylva Johansson requested an investigation on the pushback reports and called for an extraordinary meeting of the Frontex management board on 10 November. The replies of Frontex to the commission were later published by Greek media Efsyn.

On 1 December Leggeri appeared in front of the European Parliament to respond of accusations of involvement of Frontex in pushbacks. MEPs from The Left group asked again for his resignation.

### Misleading the European Parliament and unregistered meetings with lobbyists

In February 2021, under Leggeri's leadership, Frontex was accused of its staff meeting "with scores of unregistered lobbyists that represent the weapons, surveillance and biometrics industries". The investigation also indicated that Frontex misled the European Parliament. In 2018, Leggeri told MEPs in response to a question: “Frontex only met with registered lobbyists who are registered in the EU Transparency Register … no meetings were held in 2017.” But according to the documents obtained, Frontex “held at least four meetings with industry” that year, CEO wrote. “Of the 24 private bodies that participated in these meetings – mostly companies – over half (58 percent or 14 bodies) were not registered in the EU Transparency Register.” Overall, their research found that from 2017 to 2019, Frontex met with 138 private groups: 108 companies, 10 research centers or think tanks, 15 universities and one non-governmental organization. Human rights organizations were notably absent.

### 2021 "Hiring Chaos" and the Frontex “Potemkin corps”

In early 2021, reports emerged in the media of serious recruitment and HR issues at Frontex. At least one report spoke of a “comically incompetent” HR department at the agency. In video press briefing on 28 January 2021 European Commissioner for Home Affairs Ylva Johansson, said "We are counting on a functioning and robust Frontex. It is fundamental: we have a new regulation in force for Frontex since December 2019 and we see that many things that should be there are not there yet...For example, there should be three deputy executive directors and there isn't even one; we should have a fundamental rights officer and there is only a provisional one; we should have 40 fundamental rights observers, we have zero. There is a lot of work to be done to have a robust and functioning Frontex. There is a huge responsibility that falls on the general manager (Fabrice Leggeri) and the management committee. I expect them to focus on addressing these issues". Reported problems at Frontex included first-person accounts of offers for the Standing Corps being made and then withdrawn the following day; recruits being brought to Poland for training only to be told they had failed a medical test the previous month and then abandoned; inadequate provisions made for COVID protection during training; and nonexistent communication with new staff about key practical issues. These issues, combined with the fact that the Standing Corps cannot be armed under current regulations because the agency's new 2019 mandate did not include the necessary legal basis under which it can acquire, register, store and transport firearms, have led some to refer to the Standing Corps internally as a “Potemkin Corps”, i.e. something for show only.

### Allegations of "harassment, misconduct and migrant pushbacks"

On 7 December 2020, the EU's anti-fraud watchdog, OLAF, raided the offices of Frontex Executive Director Fabrice Leggeri, as well as his head of Cabinet Thibauld de La Haye Jousselin as part of an investigation into allegations of "harassment, misconduct and migrant pushbacks". According to an internal document seen by the Greek Newspaper Ekathimerini, Leggeri “actively resisted” the recruitment of the required 40 fundamental rights officers provided for in the regulation of the new European Border and Coast Guard Agency, answering frequent questions from agency staff in early 2020 that “it is not a priority.” The author also accuses Leggeri of being in charge of a “comically incompetent” human resources department.

Leggeri complained about the lack of a warrant for the OLAF action in 2020.

## InfoBox

| Fabrice Leggeri | |
| --- | --- |
| Leggeri in 2024 | |
|  | |
| Member of the European Parliament
for France | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
16 July 2024 | |
| Director of Frontex | |
| **In office**
16 January 2015  28 April 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Ilkka Laitinen |
| Succeeded by | Hans Leijtens |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Fabrice Joël Roger Leggeri
(1968-03-28) 28 March 1968
Mulhouse, France |
| Political party | National Rally (2024–present) |
| Alma mater | École normale supérieure |
| Occupation | Civil ServantPolitician |
|  | |


title: Paap (TV series)

abstract:
Paap is an Indian Bengali-language family drama-murder mystery directed by Anupam Hari which started streaming on popular Bengali OTT platform hoichoi from 2 October 2019. The series stars Puja Banerjee who made her debut in Bengali web series through this web series. The series also features Saheb Bhattacharya, Solanki Roy, Rahul Banerjee, Ishani Das, Rajat Ganguly, Bhaswar Chattopadhyay, Rupsa Dasgupta, Priyanka Mondal, Indrajit Chakraborty in the key roles.
Durga Puja is the most important festival for Bengalis, where all the family members meet and enjoy this precious festival together. The actual meaning of the Bengali word ‘Paap’ is ‘Sin’. The series is based on an ancient Durga Puja celebration of a family, where all members and relatives of the family have come to become a part of the celebration. Meanwhile, an unwanted guest comes who had a mysterious past life and have some long-kept secrets about the family. At the same time, two dead bodies are discovered in the house and the puja house becomes a crime scene and there are many mysteries to unveil.

text:
# Paap (TV series)

***Paap*** (English: Sin) is an Indian Bengali-language family drama-murder mystery directed by Anupam Hari which started streaming on popular Bengali OTT platform hoichoi from 2 October 2019. The series stars Puja Banerjee who made her debut in Bengali web series through this web series. The series also features Saheb Bhattacharya, Solanki Roy, Rahul Banerjee, Ishani Das, Rajat Ganguly, Bhaswar Chattopadhyay, Rupsa Dasgupta, Priyanka Mondal, Indrajit Chakraborty in the key roles. Durga Puja is the most important festival for Bengalis, where all the family members meet and enjoy this precious festival together. The actual meaning of the Bengali word ‘Paap’ is ‘Sin’. The series is based on an ancient Durga Puja celebration of a family, where all members and relatives of the family have come to become a part of the celebration. Meanwhile, an unwanted guest comes who had a mysterious past life and have some long-kept secrets about the family. At the same time, two dead bodies are discovered in the house and the puja house becomes a crime scene and there are many mysteries to unveil.

## Cast

## Episodes

| Season | Episodes | | Originally released | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 5 | | October 2, 2019 (2019-10-02) | |
|  | 5 | | June 4, 2021 (2021-06-04) | |

## Season 1 (2019)

On 28 September 2019 on the day of Mahalaya, hoichoi released the trailer of the series.Paap was released on 2 October 2019 with five episodes.

### Season 1 Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Suchipatra" | Anupam Hari | 2 October 2019 (2019-10-02) |
| 2 | "Agontuk" | Anupam Hari | 2 October 2019 (2019-10-02) |
| 3 | "Aro Aghat" | Anupam Hari | 2 October 2019 (2019-10-02) |
| 4 | "Mukhobondho" | Anupam Hari | 2 October 2019 (2019-10-02) |
| 5 | "Porbo Ek" | Anupam Hari | 2 October 2019 (2019-10-02) |

## Season 2 (2021)

On 4 June 2021 hoichoi released the second season of the original web series. The second season has been called as the "Antim Pawrbo" (Last Chapter). In this season hoichoi released five new episodes. In this season, the cast almost remained same like the first season except Tiya, which is now played by Mishmee Das while Solanki Roy in first. Also, this time the season is directed by Joydeep Mukherjee.

### Season 2 Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Original release date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Bohurupi" | Joydeep Mukherjee | 4 June 2021 (2021-06-04) |
| 2 | "Chabikathi" | Joydeep Mukherjee | 4 June 2021 (2021-06-04) |
| 3 | "Sondhikhon" | Joydeep Mukherjee | 4 June 2021 (2021-06-04) |
| 4 | "Obhisondhi" | Joydeep Mukherjee | 4 June 2021 (2021-06-04) |
| 5 | "Uposonghar" | Joydeep Mukherjee | 4 June 2021 (2021-06-04) |

## InfoBox

| *Paap* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Drama, Thriller |
| Directed by | Anupam Hari, Joydeep Mukherjee |
| Country of origin | India |
| Original languages | Bengali
Hindi |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 10 |
| Production | |
| Production company | SVF |
| Original release | |
| Network | Hoichoi |
| Release | 2 October 2019 (2019-10-02)
4 June 2021 (2021-06-04) |


title: FPS (ice hockey)

abstract: Forssan Palloseura is a Finnish ice hockey team based in the town of Forssa. As of the 2024–25 season, FPS plays in the Finnish third tier, Suomi-sarja. FPS play their home games in the Forssa Ice Hall that has a capacity of 3,000. Forssan Palloseura played two seasons in the Finnish Elite League from 1975 to 1977.

text:
# FPS (ice hockey)

**Forssan Palloseura** is a Finnish ice hockey team based in the town of Forssa. As of the 2024–25 season, FPS plays in the Finnish third tier, Suomi-sarja. FPS play their home games in the Forssa Ice Hall that has a capacity of 3,000. Forssan Palloseura played two seasons in the Finnish Elite League from 1975 to 1977.

## Home arena

Forssan Palloseura's home arena is the 1988 built Forssa Ice Hall that has a capacity of 3,000 spectators.

## InfoBox

| FPS | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Forssa, Finland |
| League | Mestis |
| Founded | 1931 |
| Home arena | **Forssa Ice Hall**<br>(capacity: 3,000) |
| Colours |  |
| General manager | Kimmo Hintsanen |
| Head coach | Kalle Honkonen |
| Captain | Otto Hakamaa |
| Website | http://www.forssanpalloseura.fi |


title: Fallypride

abstract: Fallypride is a high affinity dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist used in medical research, usually in the form of fallypride (ⁱ⁸F) as a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer in human studies.

text:
# Fallypride

**Fallypride** is a high affinity dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist used in medical research, usually in the form of **fallypride (18F)** as a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer in human studies.

## InfoBox

Fallypride (18F)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Pregnancy
category | * N/A |
| ATC code | * none |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | * Research compound |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 5-(3-18F-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxy-N-\[(2S)-1-prop-2-enylpyrrolidin-2-yl\]methyl\]benzamide | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C20H29FN2O3 |
| Molar mass | 364.461 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * COC1=CC(=CC(=C1OC)C(=O)NC\[C@@H\]2CCCN2CC=C)CCCF | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C20H29FN2O3/c1-4-10-23-11-6-8-16(23)14-22-20(24)17-12-15(7-5-9-21)13-18(25-2)19(17)26-3/h4,12-13,16H,1,5-11,14H2,2-3H3,(H,22,24)/t16-/m0/s1 * Key:OABRYNHZQBZDMG-INIZCTEOSA-N | |


title: Paisley East railway station

abstract: Paisley East was an unopened railway station in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland.

text:
# Paisley East railway station

**Paisley East**  was an unopened railway station in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland.

## History

The station was originally part of the Paisley and Barrhead District Railway. The line was opened in 1897 and used for freight until the 1960s but none of the stations opened for passenger travel.

As can be seen on the linked map, it was situated on the north side of Glasgow Road on the site of what became the Kelburn cinema, now the Kelburn Retirement Flats near the Sherwood Church. From the station to Seedhill Road, the line ran down Lacy Street along a very high wall. The station was first turned into a garage then demolished in 1928. However, the branch continued into Paisley East goods at Cecil Street crossing Lacy Street at street level. The branch from Blackbyres junction to Paisley East goods closed on 31 December 1960.

The location of the station and the goods yard can be fixed today (as of 2009) because John Lyon's coal shop was still there (at 52 Glasgow Road) with a lion sculpture above the entrance. The shop is now a hairdresser's salon. The station was directly opposite at the other side of Glasgow Road.

A rail tour operated by the Stephenson Locomotive Society on 1 September 1951. started at Paisley East Goods at Cecil Street and made its way to Barrhead South.

| Preceding station | Historical railways | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dykebar
*Line and station closed* |  | Caledonian Railway
Paisley and Barrhead District Railway |  | Paisley Gilmour Street
*Line never completed;
Station open* |

| Railway stations in Paisley |
| --- |
|  |
| Glasgow, Paisley &  Greenock Railway   Glasgow, Paisley,  Kilmarnock & Ayr Rly   *Walkinshaw N & S Junctions*  (P&BDR) Ferguslie    Paisley St James (GP&GR)  Paisley Gilmour Street  Paisley & Renfrew Rly  *Wallneuk Junction*       Paisley  Hamilton Street   (P&RR)  (P&RR)    Greenlaw  Goods   Paisley Abercorn (P&RR)  (P&BDR) Stanely      (P&BDR) Glenfield    *Arkleston Junction*  (PCL) Paisley West    Paisley East (P&BDR)  (PCL) Paisley Canal         Glasgow & Paisley  Joint Railway   (BB G&SWR) Potterhill    Hawkhead (PCL)  (P&BDR) Dykebar      Paisley Canal Line  Gleniffer Goods Depot     *Blackbyres  West Junction* (P&BDR)   Paisley & Barrhead  District Railway   Barrhead Branch (G&SWR)   ---  Railways  BB G&SWR Barrhead Branch G&SWR  CR Caledonian Railway  G&PJR Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway Joint CR / G&SWR  G&SWR Glasgow and South Western Railway  GP&GR Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway Caledonian Railway  GPK&AR Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway G&SWR  P&BDR Paisley and Barrhead District Railway Caledonian Railway  P&RR Paisley and Renfrew Railway G&SWR  PCL Paisley Canal Line G&SWR |

### Notes

### Sources

* Jowett, Alan (March 1989). *Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day* (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137.
* Jowett, Alan (2000). *Jowett's Nationalised Railway Atlas* (1st ed.). Penryn, Cornwall: Atlantic Transport Publishers. ISBN 978-0-906899-99-1. OCLC 228266687.
* Canadian National Magazine By Canadian National Railways V. 40, no. 12 (January 1955)
* Seller, W.S.; Stevenson, J.L. (1980). *The Last Trains, Volume 2: Glasgow & Central Scotland*. Edinburgh: Moorfoot Publishing. ISBN 0-9066-0602-0. OCLC 25917538.
* Smith, W.A.C. and Anderson, P. An illustrated history of Glasgow's railways Irwell Press 1993
* Thomas, John (Introduction) (n.d.) \[post-1977 and pre-1982\]. Smith, W. A. C. (compiler) (ed.). *Rails Around Glasgow*. Paisley: Scottish Steam Railtours Group. ISBN 0-9506-9090-2.

## InfoBox

| Paisley East | |
| --- | --- |
| Paisley East station in the early 1920s | |
| General information | |
| Location | Paisley, Renfrewshire
Scotland |
| Coordinates | 55°50′49″N 4°24′30″W / 55.847015°N 4.408441°W / 55.847015; -4.408441 |
| Grid reference | NS493641 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Paisley and Barrhead District Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 1897 | Built but never opened for passengers |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: FRACTRAN

abstract:
FRACTRAN is a Turing-complete esoteric programming language invented by the mathematician John Conway. A FRACTRAN program is an ordered list of positive fractions together with an initial positive integer input n. The program is run by updating the integer n as follows:
  - for the first fraction f in the list for which nf is an integer, replace n by nf
  - repeat this rule until no fraction in the list produces an integer when multiplied by n, then halt. Conway 1987 gives the following FRACTRAN program, called PRIMEGAME, which finds successive prime numbers: Starting with n=2, this FRACTRAN program generates the following sequence of integers:
  - 2, 15, 825, 725, 1925, 2275, 425, 390, 330, 290, 770,... After 2, this sequence contains the following powers of 2: 2 2 = 4, 2 3 = 8, 2 5 = 32, 2 7 = 128, 2 11 = 2048, 2 13 = 8192, 2 17 = 131072, 2 19 = 524288, … The exponent part of these powers of two are primes, 2, 3, 5, etc.

text:
# FRACTRAN

**FRACTRAN** is a Turing-complete esoteric programming language invented by the mathematician John Conway. A FRACTRAN program is an ordered list of positive fractions together with an initial positive integer input *n*. The program is run by updating the integer *n* as follows:

1. for the first fraction *f* in the list for which *nf* is an integer, replace *n* by *nf*
2. repeat this rule until no fraction in the list produces an integer when multiplied by *n*, then halt.

Conway 1987 gives the following FRACTRAN program, called PRIMEGAME, which finds successive prime numbers:

$\left({\frac {17}{91},{\frac {78}{85},{\frac {19}{51},{\frac {23}{38},{\frac {29}{33},{\frac {77}{29},{\frac {95}{23},{\frac {77}{19},{\frac {1}{17},{\frac {11}{13},{\frac {13}{11},{\frac {15}{2},{\frac {1}{7},{\frac {55}{1}\right)}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$

Starting with *n*=2, this FRACTRAN program generates the following sequence of integers:

* 2, 15, 825, 725, 1925, 2275, 425, 390, 330, 290, 770, ... (sequence A007542 in the OEIS)

After 2, this sequence contains the following powers of 2:

$2^{2}=4,\\,2^{3}=8,\\,2^{5}=32,\\,2^{7}=128,\\,2^{11}=2048,\\,2^{13}=8192,\\,2^{17}=131072,\\,2^{19}=524288,\\,\dots $ (sequence A034785 in the OEIS)

The exponent part of these powers of two are primes, 2, 3, 5, etc.

## Understanding a FRACTRAN program

A FRACTRAN program can be seen as a type of register machine where the registers are stored in prime exponents in the argument $n$.

Using Gödel numbering, a positive integer $n$ can encode an arbitrary number of arbitrarily large positive integer variables. The value of each variable is encoded as the exponent of a prime number in the prime factorization of the integer. For example, the integer

$60=2^{2}\times 3^{1}\times 5^{1}$

represents a register state in which one variable (which we will call $v\_{2}$) holds the value 2 and two other variables ( $v\_{3}$ and $v\_{5}$) hold the value 1. All other variables hold the value 0.

A FRACTRAN program is an ordered list of positive fractions. Each fraction represents an instruction that tests one or more variables, represented by the prime factors of its denominator. For example:

$f\_{1}={\frac {21}{20}={\frac {3\times 7}{2^{2}\times 5^{1}}}}$

tests $v\_{2}$ and $v\_{5}$. If $v\_{2}\geq 2$ and $v\_{5}\geq 1$, then it subtracts 2 from $v\_{2}$ and 1 from $v\_{5}$ and adds 1 to v3 and 1 to $v\_{7}$. For example:

$60\cdot f\_{1}=2^{2}\times 3^{1}\times 5^{1}\cdot {\frac {3\times 7}{2^{2}\times 5^{1}=3^{2}\times 7^{1}}}$

Since the FRACTRAN program is just a list of fractions, these test-decrement-increment instructions are the only allowed instructions in the FRACTRAN language. In addition the following restrictions apply:

* Each time an instruction is executed, the variables that are tested are also decremented.
* The same variable cannot be both decremented and incremented in a single instruction (otherwise the fraction representing that instruction would not be in its lowest terms). Therefore each FRACTRAN instruction consumes variables as it tests them.
* It is not possible for a FRACTRAN instruction to directly test if a variable is 0 (However, an indirect test can be implemented by creating a default instruction that is placed after other instructions that test a particular variable.).

## Creating simple programs

### Addition

The simplest FRACTRAN program is a single instruction such as

$\left({\frac {3}{2}\right)}$

This program can be represented as a (very simple) algorithm as follows:

| FRACTRAN
instruction | Condition | Action |
| --- | --- | --- |
| $\frac {3}{2}$ | $v\_{2}$ \> 0 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{2}$
Add 1 to $v\_{3}$ |
|  | $v\_{2}$ = 0 | Stop |

Given an initial input of the form $2^{a}3^{b}$, this program will compute the sequence $2^{a-1}3^{b+1}$, $2^{a-2}3^{b+2}$, etc., until eventually, after $a$ steps, no factors of 2 remain and the product with $\frac {3}{2}$ no longer yields an integer; the machine then stops with a final output of $3^{a+b}$. It therefore adds two integers together.

### Multiplication

We can create a "multiplier" by "looping" through the "adder". In order to do this we need to introduce states into our algorithm. This algorithm will take a number $2^{a}3^{b}$ and produce $5^{ab}$:

| Current state | Condition | Action | Next state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | $v\_{7}$ \> 0 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{7}$
Add 1 to $v\_{3}$ | A |
| | $v\_{7}$ = 0 and
$v\_{2}$ \> 0 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{2}$ | B |
| | $v\_{7}$ = 0 and
$v\_{2}$ = 0 and
$v\_{3}$ \> 0 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{3}$ | A |
| | $v\_{7}$ = 0 and
$v\_{2}$ = 0 and
$v\_{3}$ = 0 | Stop |  |
| B | $v\_{3}$ \> 0 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{3}$
Add 1 to $v\_{5}$
Add 1 to $v\_{7}$ | B |
| | $v\_{3}$ = 0 | None | A |

State B is a loop that adds $v\_{3}$ to $v\_{5}$ and also moves $v\_{3}$ to $v\_{7}$, and state A is an outer control loop that repeats the loop in state B $v\_{2}$ times. State A also restores the value of $v\_{3}$ from $v\_{7}$ after the loop in state B has completed.

We can implement states using new variables as state indicators. The state indicators for state B will be $v\_{11}$ and $v\_{13}$. Note that we require two state control indicators for one loop; a primary flag ( $v\_{11}$) and a secondary flag ( $v\_{13}$). Because each indicator is consumed whenever it is tested, we need a secondary indicator to say "continue in the current state"; this secondary indicator is swapped back to the primary indicator in the next instruction, and the loop continues.

Adding FRACTRAN state indicators and instructions to the multiplication algorithm table, we have:

| FRACTRAN
instruction | Current state | State
indicators | Condition | Action | Next state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $\frac {3}{7}$ | A | None | $v\_{7}$ \> 0 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{7}$
Add 1 to $v\_{3}$ | A |
| $\frac {11}{2}$ | | | $v\_{7}$ = 0 and
$v\_{2}$ \> 0 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{2}$ | B |
| $\frac {1}{3}$ | | | $v\_{7}$ = 0 and
$v\_{2}$ = 0 and
$v\_{3}$ \> 0 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{3}$ | A |
|  | | | $v\_{7}$ = 0 and
$v\_{2}$ = 0 and
$v\_{3}$ = 0 | Stop |  |
| $\frac {5\cdot 7\cdot 13}{3\cdot 11},{\frac {11}{13}}$ | B | $v\_{11}$, $v\_{13}$ | $v\_{3}$ \> 0 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{3}$
Add 1 to $v\_{5}$
Add 1 to $v\_{7}$ | B |
| $\frac {1}{11}$ | | | $v\_{3}$ = 0 | None | A |

When we write out the FRACTRAN instructions, we must put the state A instructions last, because state A has no state indicators - it is the default state if no state indicators are set. So as a FRACTRAN program, the multiplier becomes:

$\left({\frac {455}{33},{\frac {11}{13},{\frac {1}{11},{\frac {3}{7},{\frac {11}{2},{\frac {1}{3}\right)}}}}}}$

With input 2*a*3*b* this program produces output 5*ab*.

### Subtraction and division

In a similar way, we can create a FRACTRAN "subtractor", and repeated subtractions allow us to create a "quotient and remainder" algorithm as follows:

| FRACTRAN
instruction | Current state | State
indicators | Condition | Action | Next state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $\frac {7\cdot 13}{2\cdot 3\cdot 11},{\frac {11}{13}}$ | A | $v\_{11}$, $v\_{13}$ | $v\_{2}\>0$ and
$v\_{3}\>0$ | Subtract 1 from $v\_{2}$
Subtract 1 from $v\_{3}$
Add 1 to $v\_{7}$ | A |
| $\frac {1}{3\cdot 11}$ | | | $v\_{2}$ = 0 and
$v\_{3}$ \> 0 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{3}$ | X |
| $\frac {5\cdot 17}{11}$ | | | $v\_{3}$ = 0 | Add 1 to $v\_{5}$ | B |
| $\frac {3\cdot 19}{7\cdot 17},{\frac {17}{19}}$ | B | $v\_{17}$, $v\_{19}$ | $v\_{7}$ \> 0 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{7}$
Add 1 to $v\_{3}$ | B |
| $\frac {11}{17}$ | | | $v\_{7}$ = 0 | None | A |
| $\frac {1}{3}$ | X |  | $v\_{3}$ \> 0 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{3}$ | X |
|  | | | $v\_{3}$ = 0 | Stop |  |

Writing out the FRACTRAN program, we have:

$\left({\frac {91}{66},{\frac {11}{13},{\frac {1}{33},{\frac {85}{11},{\frac {57}{119},{\frac {17}{19},{\frac {11}{17},{\frac {1}{3}\right)}}}}}}}}$

and input 2*n*3*d*11 produces output 5*q*7*r* where *n* = *qd* \+ *r* and 0 ≤ *r* \< *d*.

## Conway's prime algorithm

Conway's prime generating algorithm above is essentially a quotient and remainder algorithm within two loops. Given input of the form $2^{n}7^{m}$ where 0 ≤ *m* \< *n*, the algorithm tries to divide *n*+1 by each number from *n* down to 1, until it finds the largest number *k* that is a divisor of *n*+1. It then returns 2*n*+1 7*k*-1 and repeats. The only times that the sequence of state numbers generated by the algorithm produces a power of 2 is when *k* is 1 (so that the exponent of 7 is 0), which only occurs if the exponent of 2 is a prime. A step-by-step explanation of Conway's algorithm can be found in Havil (2007).

For this program, reaching the prime number 2, 3, 5, 7... requires respectively 19, 69, 281, 710,... steps (sequence A007547 in the OEIS).

A variant of Conway's program also exists, which differs from the above version by two fractions: $\left({\frac {17}{91},{\frac {78}{85},{\frac {19}{51},{\frac {23}{38},{\frac {29}{33},{\frac {77}{29},{\frac {95}{23},{\frac {77}{19},{\frac {1}{17},{\frac {11}{13},{\frac {13}{11},{\frac {15}{14},{\frac {15}{2},{\frac {55}{1}\right)}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$

This variant is a little faster: reaching 2, 3, 5, 7... takes it 19, 69, 280, 707... steps (sequence A007546 in the OEIS). A single iteration of this program, checking a particular number *N* for primeness, takes the following number of steps: $N-1+(6N+2)(N-b)+2\sum \limits \_{d=b}^{N-1}\left\lfloor {\frac {N}{d}\right\rfloor ,}$ where $b\<N$ is the largest integer divisor of *N* and $\lfloor x\rfloor $ is the floor function.

In 1999, Devin Kilminster demonstrated a shorter, ten-instruction program: $\left({\frac {7}{3},{\frac {99}{98},{\frac {13}{49},{\frac {39}{35},{\frac {36}{91},{\frac {10}{143},{\frac {49}{13},{\frac {7}{11},{\frac {1}{2},{\frac {91}{1}\right).}}}}}}}}}}$ For the initial input *n = 10* successive primes are generated by subsequent powers of 10.

## Other examples

The following FRACTRAN program:

$\left({\frac {3\cdot 11}{2^{2}\cdot 5},{\frac {5}{11},{\frac {13}{2\cdot 5},{\frac {1}{5},{\frac {2}{3},{\frac {2\cdot 5}{7},{\frac {7}{2}\right)}}}}}}}$

calculates the Hamming weight H(*a*) of the binary expansion of *a* i.e. the number of 1s in the binary expansion of *a*. Given input 2*a*, its output is 13H(*a*). The program can be analysed as follows:

| FRACTRAN
instruction | Current state | State
indicators | Condition | Action | Next state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $\frac {3\cdot 11}{2^{2}\cdot 5},{\frac {5}{11}}$ | A | $v\_{5}$, $v\_{11}$ | $v\_{2}$ \> 1 | Subtract 2 from $v\_{2}$
Add 1 to $v\_{3}$ | A |
| $\frac {13}{2\cdot 5}$ | | | $v\_{2}$ = 1 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{2}$
Add 1 to $v\_{13}$ | B |
| $\frac {1}{5}$ | | | $v\_{2}$ = 0 | None | B |
| $\frac {2}{3}$ | B | None | $v\_{3}$ \> 0 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{3}$
Add 1 to $v\_{2}$ | B |
| $\frac {2\cdot 5}{7}$ | | | $v\_{3}$ = 0 and
$v\_{7}$ \> 0 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{7}$
Add 1 to $v\_{2}$ | A |
| $\frac {7}{2}$ | | | $v\_{3}$ = 0 and
$v\_{7}$ = 0 and
$v\_{2}$ \> 0 | Subtract 1 from $v\_{2}$
add 1 to $v\_{7}$ | B |
|  | | | $v\_{2}$ = 0 and
$v\_{3}$ = 0 and
$v\_{7}$ = 0 | Stop |  |

1. Guy 1983, p. 26; Conway & Guy 1996, p. 147
2. Guy 1983, p. 33
3. Havil 2007, p. 176
4. John Baez, Puzzle #4, The *n*-Category Café
* Guy, Richard K. (1983). "Conway's Prime Producing Machine". *Mathematics Magazine*. **56** (1). Taylor & Francis: 26–33. doi:10.1080/0025570X.1983.11977011.
* Conway, John H. (1987). "FRACTRAN: A Simple Universal Programming Language for Arithmetic". *Open Problems in Communication and Computation*. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. pp. 4–26. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4808-8\_2. ISBN 978-1-4612-9162-6.
* Conway, John H.; Guy, Richard K. (1996). *The Book of Numbers*. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. ISBN 0-387-97993-X.
* Havil, Julian (2007). *Nonplussed!*. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12056-0.
* Roberts, Siobhan (2015). "Criteria of virtue". *Genius At Play - The Curious Mind of John Horton Conway*. Bloomsbury. pp. 115–119. ISBN 978-1-62040-593-2.


title: FRAC des Pays de la Loire

abstract: The FRAC des Pays de la Loire is a public collection of contemporary art of the Pays de la Loire region in France, part of the national FRAC network. It is in Carquefou. A second venue is expected to open in Nantes in April 2021.

text:
# FRAC des Pays de la Loire

The **FRAC des Pays de la Loire** is a public collection of contemporary art of the Pays de la Loire region in France, part of the national FRAC network. It is in Carquefou. A second venue is expected to open in Nantes in April 2021.

## History

Its purpose is to build an international collection and organize exhibitions in the region. It has also run a residency program since 1984.

The collection was created in 1982 and first settled in the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud. In 1988, it moved to the Villa of La Garenne-Lemot in Clisson. Since 2000, it has been based in Carquefou in a building designed by Jean-Claude Pondevie, specially conceived to meet its conservation and exhibition missions.

It was directed by Jean de Loisy from 1983 to 1986, by Guy Trotosa from 1986 to 1988, by Jean-François Taddei from 1988 to 2004, by Laurence Gateau from 2004 to 2021, and from 2022 onwards by Claire Staebler.

Links were forged between the Frac and the Nantes metropolitan area on the occasion of the Estuaire biennale held in 2007, 2009 and 2012. This gives greater visibility to the Frac des Pays de la Loire by offering a place of exhibition in town. It is in this context that Bruno Peinado proposes in 2014, an exhibition L'Écho / What separates. This exhibition takes place at the same time in the premises of the Frac in Carquefou and at the HAB Galerie, on Île de Nantes.

In 2013, the share of the budget allocated to artistic production decreasing, the Frac resorted to private sponsorship to carry out its missions. In this perspective, new forms of action are emerging, reaching a wider audience.

## The collection

The collection brings together more than 1700 art works. Its acquisition policy is to purchase works from emerging artists as well as historical art pieces. It includes painting, photography, sculpture, installation, sound, performance from Martine Aballéa, Alighiero Boetti, Christian Boltanski, Monica Bonvicini, Tea Djordjadze, Anne-Lise Coste, Lili Dujourie, Jimmie Durham, Raymond Hains, Ana Jotta, Véronique Joumard, Orlan, Gina Pane, Richard Prince, Martha Rosler, Jean-Michel Sanejouand, Peter Saul, Beat Streuli, Rosemarie Trockel, Valie Export, James Welling, among others.

## Selected exhibitions

## Selected publications

As part of its mission to support contemporary art, the FRAC des Pays de la Loire publishes exhibition catalogs and artists' books.

* *Martin Boyce*, published with JPR Ringier, 2009, ISBN 978-3905770742
* *Monica Bonvicini: This Hammer Means Business*, published with Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König and Museion Bozen/Bolzano, 2009, ISBN 978-3865607188
* Anne Tronche, *Jean-Michel Sanejouand. Rétrospectivement...*, 2012, French, ISBN 978-2081282704
* *Bruno Peinado. L’écho / Ce qui sépare*, 2016, French / English, ISBN 978-2906247789
* *Delphine Coindet. Un choix de sculpture*, 2017, French, ISBN 978-2906247925
* *X*, 2021, French and English, ISBN 979-10-97400-05-7