title: 1983 Buckeye Tennis Classic

abstract: The 1983 Buckeye Tennis Classic, also known as the Columbus Open, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hardcourts at the Buckeye Boys Ranch in Grove City, a suburb of Columbus, Ohio in the United States that was part of the 1983 Volvo Grand Prix circuit. It was the 14th edition of the tournament and was held from August 1 through August 7, 1983. Sixth-seeded Brian Teacher won the singles title, his second at the event after 1981, and earned $20,000 first-prize money.

text:
# 1983 Buckeye Tennis Classic

The **1983 Buckeye Tennis Classic**, also known as the Columbus Open, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hardcourts at the Buckeye Boys Ranch in Grove City, a suburb of Columbus, Ohio in the United States that was part of the 1983 Volvo Grand Prix circuit. It was the 14th edition of the tournament and was held from August 1 through August 7, 1983. Sixth-seeded Brian Teacher won the singles title, his second at the event after 1981, and earned $20,000 first-prize money.

## Finals

### Singles

Brian Teacher defeated  Bill Scanlon 7–6, 6–4

* It was Teacher's 2nd singles title of the year and the 8th and last of his career.

### Doubles

Scott Davis /  Brian Teacher defeated  Vijay Amritraj /  John Fitzgerald 6–1, 4–6, 7–6<sup>(16–14)</sup>

## InfoBox

| 1983 Buckeye Tennis Classic | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | August 1–7 |
| Edition | 14th |
| Category | Grand Prix |
| Draw | 32S / 16D |
| Prize money | $100,000 |
| Surface | Hard / outdoor |
| Location | Columbus, Ohio, United States |
| Venue | Buckeye Boys Ranch |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| Brian Teacher | |
| Doubles | |
| Scott Davis /  Brian Teacher | |
|  | |


title: Open Fun Football Schools

abstract: The Danish organization Cross Cultures Project Association (CCPA) uses grassroots sports as a tool for social cohesion in society and post-conflict reconciliation. In 1998 they introduced the Open Fun Football Schools program in the war torn Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Open Fun Football Schools project is organized by CCPA in cooperation with the Football Association of Norway (NFF) The project has developed into a broad Nordic cooperation, which so far involves larger regional operations in the Balkans, the Caucasus, Moldova and the Middle East. Furthermore, CCPA has been UEFA Charity Partner since 2002. In 2009 they received the Sport for Peace Award at the Beyond Sport Awards. The Open Fun football Schools is directed towards supporting the development of civil society and the strength of the project is to be found in its ability to generate social capital; strengthen relations between people and build community platforms engaging a wide scope of relevant stakeholders. This program concentrates on bringing children from war zones together through football. In this way grassroots sport creates a “space” that is not politically contaminated. “Football constitutes a universal language, which can be used by everyone. It is a language of fun, enjoyment and team spirit that derive from the game”. Football is emotions and, therefore, football can function as a “driver” that unites people across cultural or religious differences. It is a new and joyful way of playing football, giving participants the chance to gain some new experiences. It is more important that children learn that playing football is “fun”.

text:
# Open Fun Football Schools

The Danish organization **Cross Cultures Project Association (CCPA)** uses grassroots sports as a tool for social cohesion in society and post-conflict reconciliation. In 1998 they introduced the **Open Fun Football Schools** program in the war torn Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Open Fun Football Schools project is organized by CCPA in cooperation with the Football Association of Norway (NFF) The project has developed into a broad Nordic cooperation, which so far involves larger regional operations in the Balkans, the Caucasus, Moldova and the Middle East. Furthermore, CCPA has been UEFA Charity Partner since 2002. In 2009 they received the Sport for Peace Award at the Beyond Sport Awards.

The Open Fun football Schools is directed towards supporting the development of civil society and the strength of the project is to be found in its ability to generate social capital; strengthen relations between people and build community platforms engaging a wide scope of relevant stakeholders.

This program concentrates on bringing children from war zones together through football. In this way grassroots sport creates a “space” that is not politically contaminated. “Football constitutes a universal language, which can be used by everyone. It is a language of fun, enjoyment and team spirit that derive from the game” (CEO Anders Levinsen). Football is emotions and, therefore, football can function as a “driver” that unites people across cultural or religious differences. It is a new and joyful way of playing football, giving participants the chance to gain some new experiences. It is more important that children learn that playing football is “fun”.

## The fun football concept

The Open Fun Football Schools are built on the experience of what war is doing to people and how it is dividing communities. It is a humanitarian project that uses joyful games and the pedagogical “fun-football-concept” as a tool to stimulate the process of democracy, peace, stability and social cohesion in South Eastern Europe, Moldova and Trans Caucasus by re-establishing friendships and sports co-operation between otherwise opposed population groups. At the same time, they contribute to a promotion of football as a game.

## Impact

The project started in war-torn Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1998 with 12 football schools involving 2254 boys and girls, and 189 voluntary coaches and school leaders. Since then the project has evolved from being a reconciliation tool developed in the post-war context of Bosnia-Herzegovina to a tool to bridge understanding and tolerance across existing divides between population groups. In 2000 the schools had become a conflict-prevention measure in Macedonia. In the summer of 2003, Open Fun Football Schools staged a total of 78 schools involving 16,000 youngsters (13,000 boys and 3,000 girls) and 1,400 and school leaders from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro. Since then the program has spread to the Caucasus and Moldova and the Middle East with schools in Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Moldova and Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq. Currently 750 Open Fun Football schools have been implemented for a total of 150,000 boys and girls from 7–12 years old and approximately 13,000 voluntary coaches and leaders have been trained during regional seminars according to the specific fun football concept (duration 3–5 days).

## Resources

ccpa.dk, Peoplebuildingpeace.org Open Fun Football Schools Sustainability Report 2006 International Platform on sport and Development www.playthegame.org


title: Natasha Cooper

abstract: Natasha J. Cooper is an English crime fiction writer.

text:
# Natasha Cooper

**Natasha J. Cooper** (born 1951 in Kensington, London) is an English crime fiction writer.

## Biography

Cooper is the second of five children. She was born into a family of academics. Since childhood Cooper dreamed of becoming a writer. But due to her dyslexia this seemed impossible. Nevertheless, her grandmother, Catherine Wright, encouraged her to try making her dream come true.

After her formal education she started working in publishing. As a young editor she won the *Tony Godwin Memorial Trust Award*. After ten years in publishing Cooper decided to begin writing herself. She started with historical novels using a pen name. While working on her first series about the civil servant and romantic novelist Willow King, Cooper discovered her favored genre: crime fiction. Cooper wrote her second series about a fictional barrister named Trish Maguire. Trish has a sensitive social conscience and is always meddling in affairs outside her professional scope. Cooper's third series focuses on the character Karen Taylor, a forensic psychologist. the fourth in this series, Vengeance in Mind, was shortlisted for the CWA Gold Dagger.

Additionally Cooper writes book reviews for the Times, the Times Literary Supplement, and the Globe and Mail. She also has a column in *Crime Time*. In 2007 she chaired the *Harrogate Crime Writing festival*.

## Bibliography

### Aliases

* **as Daphne Wright**
    + *Distant Kingdom* (1987)
    + *The Longest Winter* (1989)
    + *Parrot Cage* (1990)
    + *Never Such Innocence* (1991)
    + *Dreams of Another Day* (1992)
    + *The Tightrope Walkers* (1993)
* **as Kate Hatfield**
    + *Drowning in Honey* (1995)
    + *Angels Alone* (1996)
    + *Marsh Light* (1997)
* **as Clare Layton**
    + *Those Whom the Gods Love* (2001)
    + *Clutch of Phantoms* (2007)

### Willow King

* *Festering Lilies* (1990)
* *Poison Flowers* (1991)
* *Bloody Roses* (1992)
* *Bitter Herbs* (1994)
* *Rotten Apples* (1995)
* *Fruiting Bodies* (1996)
* *Sour Grapes* (1997)

### Trish Maguire

* *Creeping Ivy* (1998)
* *Fault Lines* (1999)
* *Prey to All* (2000)
* *Out of the Dark* (2002)
* *A Place of Safety* (2003)
* *Keep Me Alive* (2004)
* *Gagged and Bound* (2005)
* *A Greater Evil* (2007)
* *A Poisoned Mind* (2008)

### Karen Taylor

* *No Escape* (2009)
* *Life Blood* (2010)
* *Face of the Devil* (2011)
* *Vengeance in Mind* (2012)

### More books

* *No More Victims* (2008)

1. "Books by Clare Layton". amazon.com. Retrieved 21 August 2011.

## Sources


abstract: Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers (MRSECs) are university based research centers supported by the MRSEC Program of the Division of Materials Research at the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). The centers support interdisciplinary research on materials science. MRSECs are a significant component of NSF's center-based research portfolio. MRSECs were established by NSF in 1994 but their roots go back to the post-Sputnik era. These centers required significant changes in the conduct of materials research and education. Since much of the information regarding current MRSECs is available from websites only a brief overview of the current program is provided. The main purpose of this article is to review the historical aspects of MRSECs and the significance of their impact on materials research and education in the U.S.

text:
# Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers

**Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers** (**MRSECs**) are university based research centers supported by the MRSEC Program of the Division of Materials Research at the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). The centers support interdisciplinary research on materials science. MRSECs are a significant component of NSF's center-based research portfolio. MRSECs were established by NSF in 1994 but their roots go back to the post-Sputnik era. These centers required significant changes in the conduct of materials research and education.

Since much of the information regarding current MRSECs is available from websites only a brief overview of the current program is provided. The main purpose of this article is to review the historical aspects of MRSECs and the significance of their impact on materials research and education in the U.S.

## Program summary

Research in MRSECs is carried out in interdisciplinary research groups (IRGs), teams of six to a dozen or more researchers. MRSECs range in size from two to four IRGs. The topics of the IRGs within a center may be focused on closely related scientific or technological topics or can cover distinct areas of research.

MRSEC awards are for six years with competitions held every three years. Competitions are open to all US academic institutions. Only one award is made per institution. Funding levels for a given MRSEC currently range approximately several million dollars/y. Each center has considerable flexibility to distribute its funds consistent with its proposed and approved research and education proposal. Typical MRSECs allocate funds for support of "seed projects,"

MRSECs feature partnerships with other academic institutions, national laboratories, and industry as well as international collaborations. The centers also feature extensive experimental and computational facilities, which are generally accessible to outside users.

A key mandate for these centers is workforce development. The largest component of the center's funding supports students (undergraduate and graduate), and postdoctoral researchers. In addition, MRSECs have outreach activities involving K - 12 students and public education through collaborations with museums and other public institutions.

## Historical background

### Pre-1960

The modern study of materials intersects many of the traditional scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, engineering, and increasingly the biosciences and mathematics. Until the middle of the 20th century these various disciplines approached the study of materials with their own distinctive methodologies. Interdisciplinary collaborations, especially at academic institutions, were not the norm. Past exceptions were the successful collaborative approaches leading to the intense technological developments during the Second World War, including the military and peaceful applications of nuclear energy production.

The late 1950s the U.S. government increased its support of interdisciplinary, collaborative research at academic institutions. The launch of the Russian space satellite Sputnik on October 4, 1957, profoundly impacted how scientific and technological research was conducted in the United States. Two new agencies were founded: The National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) and the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA, later DARPA) within the Department of Defense. NASA was to define US-supported space exploration. ARPA was tasked more broadly with technology and science, often with potential military applications. In addition, the National Defense Education Act of 1958 sought to increase the number of trained engineers, scientists, and mathematicians.

The post Sputnik enthusiasm for more investment in science research led to a broader recommendation in March 1958 for coordinating materials research in the United States by President Eisenhower's Science and Advisory Committee (PSAC). A subsequent report entitled "Strengthening American Science", was submitted to President Eisenhower in December 1958. This report led, by Executive Order of President Eisenhower on March 13, 1959, to the formation of the Federal Council for Science and Technology. One of the early actions of this council was the establishment of a "Coordinating Committee on Materials Research and Development" (CCMRD), which was chaired by John W. Williams, Director of Research of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). The ultimate outcome was the establishment of three university based Interdisciplinary Laboratories (IDLs) in mid 1960 under the supervision of ARPA.,

The idea of an interdisciplinary laboratory in the solid state and materials sciences had already proved extremely successful in industrial laboratory settings (such as the Bell Laboratories and others) leading, for example, to the development of the transistor and the laser. The establishment of such laboratories in an academic environment arose naturally from the demands of the post-Sputnik era for a large, highly trained, scientific workforce.

### Interdisciplinary Laboratories (IDLs) 1960-1972

MRSECs evolved from the Interdisciplinary Laboratories (IDLs) initiated by the Department of Defense in 1960. The creation of three Interdisciplinary Laboratories, at Cornell University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Northwestern University, was announced by ARPA on July 11, 1960. The contracts required that these universities "shall establish an interdisciplinary materials research program and shall furnish the necessary personnel and facilities for the conduct of research in the science of materials..." In the following year (1961) eight additional IDLs were created: Brown University, University of Chicago, Harvard, University of Maryland, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of North Carolina, Purdue University, and Stanford University. A 12th IDL was added at the University of Illinois in 1962, which was administered by the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). Subsequently, there were three more AEC contracts and two contracts through NASA. The role of the AEC in establishing a strong materials research community was well known since the advent of nuclear reactors and the importance of materials in reactor cost, efficiency, and safety. As early as 1955 John von Neumann, renowned mathematician and contributor to the Manhattan Project, in his role as commissioner of the AEC and member of the AEC General Advisory Committee (GAC), strongly endorsed a materials-focused institute in an academic setting.

The impact of the IDLs on the training of students was significant. By 1969 over 360 new doctorate degrees were awarded. A report by the National Academy of Sciences concluded that these center based programs were instrumental in defining "materials science and engineering" as a new interdisciplinary activity which was evidenced by a rapid increase of materials science departments between 1960 and 1970 and beyond. In addition, to the building of new facilities infrastructure these centers of excellence led to the training of not only materials scientists, but also physicists, chemists, engineers and other professionals.

The National Academy study noted that though the IDLs were considered a success, there was room for growth of interdisciplinary collaborations among faculty from disparate university departments. However, it was acknowledged that joint block funding and joint use of shared experimental facilities by students and faculty from diverse departments had planted the seeds for increased interdisciplinarity in materials research.

### The Materials Research Laboratories (MRLs) 1972-1994

In late 1969 an amendment to the Military Authorization Act, sponsored by Senator Mike Mansfield, placed restrictions on the funding of long-term basic research by agencies of the Department of Defense, including ARPA/DARPA. (ARPA was changed to DARPA in 1972). Consequently, a decision was made in 1970 to transfer the IDLs to the National Science Foundation. The block type IDL grant for multidisciplinary research and shared facilities would mean a distinct departure of NSF's funding approach at that time which was support of predominantly small, single investigator grants in a particular discipline. After an in-depth review by NSF of the IDL program a transfer of the then existing 12 IDLs to NSF was recommended. However, the transfer came with several major critical provisions. These included the following:

"The laboratories, now renamed 'Materials Research Laboratories', would retain locally administered block (or 'core') funding intended to 'facilitate research in materials science and engineering which is either difficult or unfeasible to carry out under traditional funding of individual research.' Most importantly, the new component added by NSF was that 'scientific excellence is viewed as a necessary, but no longer sufficient, condition to qualify for MRL core support.' In addition, the MRLs would be judged by their ability to foster 'coherent, multidisciplinary and multi-investigator projects requiring the expertise of two or more materials related disciplines.' These so-called thrust groups are the heart of the current core funding at MRLs; at their best they have achieved a transformation in the way materials research is done at universities and in the way graduate education proceeds."

Acceptance by NSF of the new materials laboratories in 1972 led to the creation of the Division of Materials Research (DMR). Its initial portfolio consisted of the MRL program as well as individual investigator programs closely related to materials science which were drawn from other parts of NSF. Initially, the MRL program made up approximately 40% of the DMR budget. By 1985, with the growth of individual investigator and small group programs, the MRL program was funded at a level of about 20% of the total DMR budget.

Between 1972 and 1985, a number of additional MRLs were added and some of the existing centers were phased out. The following table summarizes this information:

TABLE 1 Interdisciplinary Laboratories (IDLs) and Materials Research Laboratories (MRLs) 1960–1996. Laboratories were identified as IDLs between 1960 and 1972 and MRLs starting in 1972. Laboratories terminated in 1994 and 1996 were eligible to participate in competition with other institutions for the new Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers (MRSECs) in 1994 and 1996, respectively.

| INSTITUTION | YEAR STARTED | YEAR TERMINATED |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cornell U. | 1960 | 1994 |
| U. Pennsylvania | 1960 | 1996 |
| Northwestern U. | 1960 | 1996 |
| Brown U. | 1961 | 1988 |
| U. Chicago | 1961 | 1994 |
| Harvard U. | 1961 | 1994 |
| U. Maryland | 1961 | 1977 |
| Mass. Institute of Technology | 1961 | 1994 |
| U. North Carolina | 1961 | 1978 |
| Purdue U. | 1961 | 1987 |
| Stanford U. | 1961 | 1994 |
| U. Illinois Urbana-Chanpaign | 1962 (with AEC) | 1994 |
| Carnegie Mellon U. | 1973 | 1987 |
| U. Mass. Amherst | 1973 | 1994 |
| Pennsylvania State U. | 1974 | 1987 |
| Case Western U. | 1974 | 1987 |
| Ohio State U. | 1982 | 1987 |
| UC Santa Barbara | 1992 | 1996 |

MRL technical accomplishments are significant and have been detailed in a number of studies. Another important impact has been the cultural change at U.S. universities in how research could be conducted across traditional departmental boundaries. This trend was initiated by the IDLs but greatly strengthened by the MRL program because of the new NSF guidelines concerning requirements for interdisciplinarity. A new generation of students would be trained in a highly collaborative and interdisciplinary environment and the experiences of the IDL/MRL programs in the fields of materials and condensed matter sciences would be the proving ground for other center type endeavors in a wide range of fields.

### Impact of IDLs/MRLs on other NSF Centers

The mid-1980s saw a convergence of a number of favorable trends for the establishments of NSF center based activities in a wide range of fields. There was a strong interest in government investments in basic science that could be leveraged by matching funds from industry and other sources. In addition, the role of multidisciplinary teams in conducting research and educating students was widely appreciated.

The first new centers-based initiative at NSF was the creation of the Engineering Research Centers (ERCs) in 1985. Although the role of the previous 25-year history of funding the materials laboratories in preparing universities to accept a wider role in conducting interdisciplinary research was instrumental for the creation of new types of centers, this historical connection was not widely appreciated. Both NSF and the Office of Science Technology Policy, viewed the creation of ERCs as the major new initiative in 1985 for leveraging NSF funds. The following description of the announcement of the ERC program in 1985 is illuminating:

"George A. Keyworth II, President's Reagan Science Advisor and Director of the Office of Science Technology Policy, refers to the creation of the ERCs by the National Science Foundation as: 'the single most important thing that we've done as an Administration in increasing efficiency and effectiveness of federal R&D dollars.' He said the centers address a widely recognized need in various fields of science and technology: 'Continued pushing of the frontiers in those fields was constrained by the difficulty of assembling multidisciplinary teams to work on the problems. Our universities are, justifiably and understandably, structured to pursue disciplinary research. On the other hand, we increasingly find ourselves as a nation confronting the solving of problems that have technically based solutions. We need to expose our young people to a problem-solving environment....These Centers - I'd rather call them Science and Technology Centers - are multidisciplinary mechanism by which chemists, physicists, neurobiologists, engineers, etc, can get together and solve exciting, intellectually demanding, real-world problems.' "

It was pointed out by William O. Baker that the above comments about the economic potential of the ERCs are nearly the same as those describing the original IDLs in the early 1960s. Baker concludes that "it is refreshing indeed to find such current agreement on the concept that has involved so significant a portion of our best academic talent."

The first six ERC awards were made in 1985. These awards are generally for five years with one other 5 year renewal possible for a total funding length of 10 years. In the same year NSF made five-year awards for five supercomputing centers and made plans for the development of a program for Science and Technology Centers (STCs) that would ultimately touch all areas of NSF programs. The first 11 STCs were established in 1988. The 13 centers that are part of the 2013 class of STCs cover a wide range of subjects ranging from studies of brain and intelligence to modeling of atmospheric processes to the study of quantum materials.

Because of concerns about the impact on center funding on individual investigator awards the National Science Board required that center awards cannot be renewed without open recompetition. Since the establishment of ERCs and STCs a large number of other centers have been established across all major NSF disciplines and now represent an essential element of the NSF funding portfolio.

### Establishment of MRSECs (1994 - 1996)

The majority of MRLs were started between 1972 and 1984 with only a few later additions. The MRL competition of 1992 led to the start of only one new center: the MRL at the University of California Santa Barbara. The lack of new awards, coupled with the National Science Board re-competition requirement, provided one impetus for the development of the NSF Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers (MRSEC) program. Previously, MRLs, once funded, could be continually supported without a need to compete against other center candidates. The MRSEC program limits awards to a fixed time period, currently six years. Additional support is possible, but only on the basis of a new proposal that competes nationally against all other applicants.

The transition from the MRL to the MRSEC programs occurred through two competitions held in 1993/4 and 1995/96, respectively. The competitions were open to all US academic institutions, including those with then current MRL awards. Institutions with awards made under the Materials Research Group (MRG) program, which was initiated at NSF in 1984, were eligible to participate in the competition. All MRL and MRG awards were discontinued after 1996. In all, 10 MRLs and 17 MRGs participated in the competitions of 1994–96. As seen in Table 2, nine of the MRLs were successful in transitioning to MRSECs, and six MRSEC awards went to institutions with prior MRG awards. Importantly, new MRSEC awards were made to six institutions that never had any substantial NSF center or large group support in materials research.

TABLE. Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers (Spring 2023).

| INSTITUTION | START YEAR |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brandeis U. | 2020 |
| U.Cal. Irvine | 2020 |
| U.Cal. San Diego | 2020 |
| U.Cal. Santa Barbara | 2023 |
| U. Chicago | 2020 |
| Columbia U. | 2020 |
| U. of Delaware | 2020 |
| Harvard U. | 2020 |
| U. of Illinois, UC | 2023 |
| U. of Minnesota | 2020 |
| Northwestern U. | 2023 |
| Ohio State U. | 2020 |
| Penn. State U. | 2020 |
| Princeton U. | 2020 |
| U. Tennessee | 2023 |
| U. Texas | 2023 |
| U. Washington | 2023 |
| U. Wisconsin | 2023 |

## National Academy study of MRSEC program (2007)

An assessment of the MRSEC program was published by the National Academy of Sciences in 2007. The Executive Summary summarizes the impact of the program:

"MRSEC awards continue to be in great demand. The intense competition for them within the community indicates a strong perceived value."

The report lists a number of key areas where the MRSEC program has an impact, including providing the resources and environment that fosters:

* interdisciplinary, collaborative research;
* interdisciplinary training for the future scientific and technical workforce;
* rapid response to new ideas, including support for higher-risk projects, than is possible with single-investigator grants;
* increased institutional, local, and/or state support for materials research;
* attraction of high quality students and junior faculty;
* development of infrastructure helpful for organizing and managing experimental and computational facilities and educational and industrial outreach.

Among the report's recommendations are an increase in the grant size of the centers, which would allow adequate resources for education and outreach, while ensuring that the support for research activities is not compromised. In addition, the NAS study recommended strengthening the cooperative aspects of MRSECs and continue the progress made in the past toward building a national cooperating network of centers. The report concludes that such a network, once fully established, would "strengthen materials science and engineering in the United States as a discipline and as a factor in U.S. competitiveness."

## Further reading


title: Optic nerve glioma

abstract: Optic nerve glioma, a form of glioma which affects the optic nerve, is often one of the central nervous system manifestations of neurofibromatosis 1. Optic gliomas are usually pilocytic tumors, and can involve the optic nerve or optic chiasm. Optic gliomas are usually associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 in 30% of people with the condition. Optic nerve gliomas have low mortality but extremely high prevalence of vision loss and eye-bulging exophthalmos) in children. As of 2014, approximately 1000 cases had been reported.

text:
# Optic nerve glioma

**Optic nerve glioma** (or **optic glioma**), a form of glioma which affects the optic nerve, is often one of the central nervous system manifestations of neurofibromatosis 1.

Optic gliomas are usually pilocytic tumors, and can involve the optic nerve or optic chiasm. Optic gliomas are usually associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 in 30% of people with the condition.

Optic nerve gliomas have low mortality but extremely high prevalence of vision loss and eye-bulging exophthalmos) in children. As of 2014, approximately 1000 cases had been reported.

## Diagnosis

Optic nerve gliomas are diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scans. The tumor adopts a fusiform appearance, appearing wider in the middle and tapered at the ends. Enlargement of the optic nerve along with a downward kink in the mid-orbit is usually observed. While CT scans allow for optic nerve evaluation, MRI allows for intracranial evaluation to observe if the tumor has extended to other regions such as the optic chiasm and hypothalamus.

## Treatment

The main goal of treating optic gliomas is to preserve vision for as long as possible. The tumor's slow and self-limiting growth indicates that it is not immediately problematic in most benign cases, with long-term studies showing that people with optic glioma may still have stable functional vision without intervention. As a result, the first and preferred course of action is usually observation of optic glioma over time.

Once the first signs of visual deterioration and/or tumor progression are observed, interventional treatments will then commence. These include radiation therapy, chemotherapy and surgical excision. While being the most effective therapy, radiation has shown damaging effects on the already compromised intellect as well as an increase in vascular issues and second tumor formation in children with neurofibromatosis 1. However, fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy (FSRT) is gaining traction as the most preferred interventional treatment for optic nerve glioma due to its combination of the therapeutic efficiency of radiation therapy without the negative side effects. Chemotherapy has also been shown to be a safer alternative to most radiation therapies and surgery for very young children (under the age of 3). However, the optimal chemotherapeutic therapy has not been defined, with risks of different toxicities still observed in older children. Surgery is considered the final choice of treatment, due to the high risk of blindness and damage to the affected eye. It is considered in only certain scenarios, such as relieving a cosmetically unappealing bulging eye (exophthalmos), removing an enlarging and/or expanding tumor or a combination of both.

## Prognosis

Optic gliomas alternate between periods of inactivity and growth, making their clinical presentation variable and clinical course unpredictable. Once the optic chiasm is involved, the prognosis for life and vision worsens.

## InfoBox

| Optic nerve glioma | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Magnetic resonance image of a large retrobulbar optic nerve tumor causing massive proptosis | |
| Specialty | Oncology |


title: Pendleton, Indiana

abstract: Pendleton is a town in Fall Creek Township, Madison County, Indiana, United States. The population was 4,717 at the 2020 census, up from 4,253 in 2010.

text:
# Pendleton, Indiana

**Pendleton** is a town in Fall Creek Township, Madison County, Indiana, United States. The population was 4,717 at the 2020 census, up from 4,253 in 2010.

## History

Pendleton was platted in 1830, and incorporated as a town in 1854. It was named for town founder Thomas Pendleton.

### Fall Creek Massacre

The Fall Creek Massacre is the name given to the brutal murders of a peaceful group of Seneca and Miami Indians by white settlers. The massacre occurred on March 22, 1824, in Madison County between Fall Creek and Deer Lick Creek. James Hudson's trial was held October 7–9, 1824. Trials of the other men were held in 1825. The trial set an important precedent in recognizing the civil rights of Native Americans. The three men were hanged for their crimes in Pendleton. This marked the first time white men were executed for the murder of Native Americans in the United States. A historical marker in Falls Park marks the place of the hanging. The inscription reads: "Three white men were hung here in 1825 for killing Indians."

### Attack on Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass wrote of being attacked by a mob as he promoted the Abolition cause in 1843. His party had erected a platform in nearby woods. A crowd of "rough characters", largely from "Andersonville", tried to silence them, then severely beat them. He defended himself with a stick, but was knocked unconscious. He was nursed back to health over days by the Quaker Neal Hardy and his wife. Douglass never regained full use of his injured hand.

### 2019 tornado

Pendleton was struck by a strong tornado during the evening of May 27, 2019, during a major tornado outbreak. Moderate damage was reported to the town, with search and rescue efforts beginning that night. The tornado received a rating of high-end EF-2, with winds of 130 miles per hour (210 km/h).

## Geography

Pendleton is located in southern Madison County. It is bordered to the north by the city of Anderson, the county seat. It is bordered to the west by the town of Lapel and to the southwest by the town of Ingalls.

Interstate 69 passes through the west side of the town and travels along its northern border, with access from Exits 219 and 222. I-69 leads southwest 30 miles (48 km) to Indianapolis and north-northeast 91 miles (146 km) to Fort Wayne. U.S. Route 36 passes through the southeast side of Pendleton, leading southwest to Indianapolis and east 62 miles (100 km) to Greenville, Ohio. Indiana State Road 9 passes through the east side of Pendleton, leading north 10 miles (16 km) to Anderson and south 15 miles (24 km) to Greenfield. State Road 38 passes through the center of Pendleton as State Street, leading east-southeast 21 miles (34 km) to New Castle and west-northwest 14 miles (23 km) to Noblesville. State Road 132 (Lapel Road) leads northwest from Pendleton 7 miles (11 km) to Lapel.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Pendleton has a total area of 13.43 square miles (34.78 km2), of which 0.07 square miles (0.18 km2), or 0.52%, are water. Fall Creek passes through the town west of its center, flowing southwest to the White River in Indianapolis.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1850 | 389 |  |  |
| 1870 | 675 |  |  |
| 1880 | 614 |  | −9.0% |
| 1890 | 996 |  | 62.2% |
| 1900 | 1,512 |  | 51.8% |
| 1910 | 1,293 |  | −14.5% |
| 1920 | 1,244 |  | −3.8% |
| 1930 | 1,538 |  | 23.6% |
| 1940 | 1,681 |  | 9.3% |
| 1950 | 2,082 |  | 23.9% |
| 1960 | 2,472 |  | 18.7% |
| 1970 | 2,243 |  | −9.3% |
| 1980 | 2,130 |  | −5.0% |
| 1990 | 2,309 |  | 8.4% |
| 2000 | 3,873 |  | 67.7% |
| 2010 | 4,253 |  | 9.8% |
| 2020 | 4,717 |  | 10.9% |
| US Decennial Census | | | |

Pendleton is part of the Indianapolis–Carmel–Anderson metropolitan statistical area.

### 2010 census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 4,253 people, 1,754 households, and 1,154 families in the town. The population density was 380.8 inhabitants per square mile (147.0/km2). There were 1,893 housing units at an average density of 169.5 per square mile (65.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.6% White, 1.0% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.

There were 1,754 households, of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.2% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.94.

The median age in the town was 37.6 years. 26.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.4% were from 25 to 44; 24.5% were from 45 to 64; and 15% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47.3% male and 52.7% female.

### 2000 census

As of the 2000 United States Census, of 2000, there were 3,873 people, 1,550 households, and 1,052 families in the town. The population density was 577.6 inhabitants per square mile (223.0/km2). There were 1,631 housing units at an average density of 243.2 per square mile (93.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.27% White, 0.39% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.21% from other races, and 0.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.52% of the population.

There were 1,550 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.94.

The town population contained 25.7% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $46,204, and the median income for a family was $54,556. Males had a median income of $39,545 versus $25,753 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,074. About 3.7% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

## Arts and culture

### Museums and other points of interest

The Pendleton Historic District covers an area roughly bounded by Fall Creek, the Conrail right-of-way, and Madison and Adams streets. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places along with Madison County Bridge No. 149.

## Education

The town houses the schools for South Madison Community School Corporation. The district has three elementary schools: Pendleton Elementary (formerly South Elementary), East Elementary and Maple Ridge Elementary. Pendleton Heights High School sits atop a hill on the edge of the east side of town and serves as the local high school. A newly constructed Pendleton Heights Middle School opened in August 2009 across from the high school. The former middle school, located in the downtown area just north of Pendleton Elementary, now serves as Pendleton Elementary School - Intermediate.

The town has a lending library, the Pendleton Community Public Library.

### Newspaper

*The Times-Post* is a weekly newspaper serving Pendleton and the surrounding communities. The paper was formerly known as *The Pendleton Times*, and was the first to feature Jim Davis' original comic strip "Gnorm Gnat" and "Jon", a prototype of *Garfield*.

### Radio

WEEM (91.7 FM) is a radio station located on the campus of Pendleton Heights High School and run by the students. It is a non-commercial, 1200 watt station that covers about 20 miles (32 km) and also supports a mobile application on both iOS and Google Play. The format of the station is contemporary rock. WEEM has been operational since 1970. WEEM competes in the annual IASB State Radio Contest.

## Transportation

**Highways**

### Ambulance service

According to the Indiana EMS commission, Pendleton Emergency Ambulance operates one of only two volunteer Advanced Life Support (ALS) ambulance services in Indiana.

## Prisons

Three facilities of the Indiana Department of Corrections are in Fall Creek Township, near Pendleton

The Pendleton Correctional Facility is located on the south edge of town. Famous former inmates include: John Dillinger, Harry Pierpont, Jim "Goose" Ligon and Homer Van Meter. The Pendleton Reformatory is a maximum security prison and is located at 4490 Reformatory Rd.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Pendleton, Indiana | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Downtown Pendleton | |
| Motto: "Strong roots empower healthy growth." | |
| Location in Madison County, Indiana | |
| Coordinates: 40°00′10″N 85°45′48″W / 40.00278°N 85.76333°W / 40.00278; -85.76333 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | Madison |
| Township | Fall Creek |
| Platted | 1830 |
| Government | |
| Type | Town council |
| Area | |
| Total | 13.43 sq mi (34.79 km2) |
| Land | 13.36 sq mi (34.61 km2) |
| Water | 0.07 sq mi (0.18 km2) |
| Elevation | 876 ft (267 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 4,717 |
| Density | 352.99/sq mi (136.29/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 46064 |
| Area code | 765 |
| FIPS code | 18-58662 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2396852 |
| Website | town.pendleton.in.us |


title: Pentti Papinaho

abstract: Pentti Papinaho was a Finnish sculptor especially known for his public works featuring military, patriotic or religious themes, active particularly in the Tavastia region of Finland.

text:
# Pentti Papinaho

**Pentti Papinaho** (2 June 1926 — 8 March 1992) was a Finnish sculptor especially known for his public works featuring military, patriotic or religious themes, active particularly in the Tavastia region of Finland.

## Education

Papinaho studied at art school 1947—1951, followed by further studies in sculpture at the Fine Arts Academy of Finland 1951—1951.

Later, he taught for many years at various art schools in the Lahti and Orimattila area, alongside his own creative career.

## Work

Papinaho's work can be seen at the same time both as representative and abstract.

Many of his works feature humans and horses, and he is renowned for his mastery of both human and equine anatomies.

In addition to large-scale sculpture, Papinaho is also known as a medal designer.

Papinaho's works are included in the collections of many art museums, including Ateneum (Finnish National Gallery) in Helsinki, and the Hermitage Museum of St Petersburg.

### Selected works

(Images of many of Papinaho's works can be seen on the Finnish wiki page.)

## Honours and awards

In 1976, Papinaho was awarded the *Pro Finlandia* medal of the Order of the Lion of Finland, as well as the *Pro Arte* medal.

In 1982, the honorary title of *Professori* was conferred on Papinaho by the President of Finland.

He also received multiple awards in sculpture contests.

## Personal life

Pentti Papinaho was born to Jalmari Papinaho and Annikki née Mannisenmäki.

He was married to Annikki née Kottila. The couple had four children.

In 1986, to mark his 60th birthday, Papinaho established a charitable foundation in his name, supporting fine arts in the Päijät-Häme region.

Papinaho died of a sudden attack of illness at the relatively young age of 65. He was in the middle of a productive artistic period, and left behind several unfinished works.

## InfoBox

| *Professori*Pentti Papinaho | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1926-06-02)2 June 1926
Multia, Finland |
| Died | 8 March 1992(1992-03-08) (aged 65)
Orimattila, Finland |
| Alma mater | Fine Arts Academy of Finland |
| Known for | Sculpture |


title: Pentti Oinonen

abstract: Pentti Juhani Oinonen is a Finnish politician and a former member of the Parliament of Finland, representing the Finns Party and later Blue Reform. He was elected to Finnish Parliament in 2007 for Northern Savonia, and maintained his seat in 2011. In 2015 Oinonen was re-elected again, this time for Savonia-Karelia. On 13 June 2017, Oinonen and 19 others left the Finns Party parliamentary group to found the New Alternative parliamentary group, which later became known as Blue Reform. In March 2018, Oinonen announced that he was leaving politics and would not run in any future elections.

text:
# Pentti Oinonen

**Pentti Juhani Oinonen** (born 11 June 1952 in Kontiolahti) is a Finnish politician and a former member of the Parliament of Finland, representing the Finns Party and later Blue Reform. He was elected to Finnish Parliament in 2007 for Northern Savonia, and maintained his seat in 2011. In 2015 Oinonen was re-elected again, this time for Savonia-Karelia.

On 13 June 2017, Oinonen and 19 others left the Finns Party parliamentary group to found the New Alternative parliamentary group, which later became known as Blue Reform. In March 2018, Oinonen announced that he was leaving politics and would not run in any future elections.

## InfoBox

| Pentti Oinonen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Finnish Parliament
for Savonia-Karelia | |
| **In office**
22 April 2015  16 April 2019 | |
| Member of the Finnish Parliament
for Northern Savonia | |
| **In office**
21 March 2007  21 April 2015 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1952-06-11) 11 June 1952
Kontiolahti, Finland |
| Political party | Blue Reform (2017–2019)
Finns Party (until 2017) |
|  | |


title: Pennypack Creek

abstract: Pennypack Creek is a 22.6-mile-long (36.4 km) creek in southeastern Pennsylvania in the United States. It runs southeast through lower Bucks County, eastern Montgomery County and the northeast section of Philadelphia, before emptying into the Delaware River.

text:
# Pennypack Creek

**Pennypack Creek** is a 22.6-mile-long (36.4 km) creek in southeastern Pennsylvania in the United States. It runs southeast through lower Bucks County, eastern Montgomery County and the northeast section of Philadelphia, before emptying into the Delaware River.

## Name

The creek draws its name from the Lenape word *pënëpèkw* meaning "downward-flowing water" or "deep, dead water; water without much current." Early cartographers gave various spellings for the name, including **Pennishpaska**, **La Riviere de Pennicpacka**, and **Pennishpacha Kyl**. In early Swedish patents it was called **Pemipacka**. Thomas Holme called it **Dublin Creek**, while in later maps it is called **Pennypack** and **Pennepack**.

## Course

The Pennypack creek was first surveyed by Thomas Holme in 1687. The creek begins in two branches, one in Horsham, the other in Warminster, joining in Bryn Athyn. The creek then flows through Lower Moreland, Abington and Northeast Philadelphia.

## Early use as an industrial waterway

Pennypack Creek was once the site of several mills. When William Penn founded the province of Pennsylvania in 1682, the Pennypack valley was occupied by Swedish colonists, who continued to live as English settlement began. Penn ordered the first bridge built across the creek along the King's Highway (now Frankford Avenue) in 1697; the bridge still stands. Despite the lack of navigability beyond the Fall Line (near the Frankford Avenue bridge), several early settlers built mills along the Pennypack, including Penn's "Pemmapecka Mill," built in 1701. The mills contributed to the growth of Holmesburg, the neighborhood near the mouth of the creek, and provided local farmers a place to sell their grain that was nearer than the city of Philadelphia. Fetter's Mill was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

## Conversion to parkland

With the development of steam power in the Industrial Revolution, water power's influence on industry declined. As a result, many of the mills on the Pennypack closed, and by 1905 the land around it was acquired by the city for parkland. The creek now runs through Pennypack Park in Philadelphia and Lorimer Park in Montgomery County.

Segments of park trail help form the East Coast Greenway, a 3,000 mile long trail system connecting Maine to Florida.

## Historic bridges

Several historic bridges cross Pennypack Creek and its tributaries.

* The Frankford Avenue Bridge, a triple-span stone-arch bridge built in 1697, carries Frankford Avenue. It is the oldest stone bridge in the United States still in use.
* The Fetters Mill Road Bridge, a Pratt through-truss bridge built in 1883, is still in use.
* The Krewstown Road Bridge, a stone arch bridge built in 1800 and rehabilitated 1907, is still in use.
* The Holme Avenue Bridge, a closed-spandrel concrete arch bridge built in 1918, is still in use.
* The Roosevelt Boulevard Bridge, a closed-spandrel concrete arch bridge built in 1920, is still in use.
* The Holme Avenue Bridge, a closed-spandrel concrete arch bridge across Wooden Bridge Run built in 1921, is still in use.
* The Ryan Avenue Bridge, a closed-spandrel concrete arch bridge over Sandy Run built in 1929, is still in use.
* The Rhawn Street Bridges, two closed-spandrel concrete arches bridge built in 1930, are still in use.

40°04′30″N 75°03′38″W / 40.07501°N 75.06056°W / 40.07501; -75.06056


title: Percival Lakes

abstract: The Percival Lakes form a string of S-shaped ephemeral salt lakes in the north of Western Australia. They lie at the southern region of the Great Sandy Desert and east of Karlamilyi National Park. They stretch in an east-west direction for 350 km (220 mi) and north-south for 160 km (99 mi). The surface elevation is 256 m (840 ft). The Canning Stock Route runs in close proximity to some of the lakes, and crosses the salt pan of Tobin Lake near the eastern end. The lakes were named during the aerial expedition of Donald George Mackay in 1933, after the designer of the Percival Gull aircraft being used.

text:
# Percival Lakes

The **Percival Lakes** form a string of S-shaped ephemeral salt lakes in the north of Western Australia. They lie at the southern region of the Great Sandy Desert and east of Karlamilyi National Park. They stretch in an east-west direction for 350 km (220 mi) and north-south for 160 km (99 mi). The surface elevation is 256 m (840 ft). The Canning Stock Route runs in close proximity to some of the lakes, and crosses the salt pan of Tobin Lake near the eastern end. The lakes were named during the aerial expedition of Donald George Mackay in 1933, after the designer of the Percival Gull aircraft being used.

## InfoBox

| Percival Lakes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Percival Lakes | |
| Location | Western Australia |
| Coordinates | 21°30′S 124°30′E / 21.500°S 124.500°E / -21.500; 124.500 |
| Type | Salt lake |
| Basin countries | Australia |
|  | |
| Surface elevation | 256 m (840 ft) |
|  | |


title: Perineura

abstract:
Perineura is a genus of sawflies belonging to the family Tenthredinidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe and North America. Species:
  - Perineura rubi
  - Perineura turbata Rohwer

text:
# Perineura

***Perineura*** is a genus of sawflies belonging to the family Tenthredinidae.

The species of this genus are found in Europe and North America.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Perineura* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Perineura rubi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder: | Symphyta |
| Family: | Tenthredinidae |
| Genus: | *Perineura*<br>Hartig, 1837 |
|


title: Pennsylvania Route 501

abstract: Pennsylvania Route 501 is a north–south state highway in south central Pennsylvania that runs for 38.7 miles (62.3 km). Its southern terminus is at U.S. Route 222 and PA 272 north of Lancaster, and its northern terminus is PA 895 southeast of Pine Grove. The route heads north from Lancaster and runs through suburban and rural areas in northern Lancaster County, passing through Lititz and crossing US 322 in Brickerville. PA 501 continues into Lebanon County and heads into the Lebanon Valley, where it passes through Schaefferstown and intersects US 422 in Myerstown. The route passes through western Berks County, where it has an interchange with Interstate 78 (I-78)/US 22 near the community of Bethel. PA 501 crosses Blue Mountain into Schuylkill County and continues to its northern terminus. The portion of the road in northern Lancaster County was originally established as two private turnpikes in the 19th century, becoming a public road in 1926. PA 501 was designated in 1928 to run from PA 72 in Lancaster north to PA 5 in Brickerville while PA 243 was designated onto the road running between US 22/PA 3 in Myerstown and PA 43 in Bethel. PA 501 was extended north to US 422 in Myerstown during the 1930s. By 1946, the route replaced PA 243 and continued north to US 22 in Bethel. PA 501 was extended to a new alignment of US 22 north of Bethel by 1953. The southern terminus was cut back to its current location by 1960 to eliminate a concurrency with US 222. By 1966, PA 501 was extended north to PA 895. In 2013, the route was realigned to bypass the center of Schaefferstown to the west.

text:
# Pennsylvania Route 501

**Pennsylvania Route 501** (**PA 501**) is a northsouth state highway in south central Pennsylvania that runs for 38.7 miles (62.3 km). Its southern terminus is at U.S. Route 222 (US 222) and PA 272 north of Lancaster, and its northern terminus is PA 895 southeast of Pine Grove. The route heads north from Lancaster and runs through suburban and rural areas in northern Lancaster County, passing through Lititz and crossing US 322 in Brickerville. PA 501 continues into Lebanon County and heads into the Lebanon Valley, where it passes through Schaefferstown and intersects US 422 in Myerstown. The route passes through western Berks County, where it has an interchange with Interstate 78 (I-78)/US 22 near the community of Bethel. PA 501 crosses Blue Mountain into Schuylkill County and continues to its northern terminus.

The portion of the road in northern Lancaster County was originally established as two private turnpikes in the 19th century, becoming a public road in 1926. PA 501 was designated in 1928 to run from PA 72 in Lancaster north to PA 5 (now US 322) in Brickerville while PA 243 was designated onto the road running between US 22/PA 3 (now US 422) in Myerstown and PA 43 in Bethel. PA 501 was extended north to US 422 in Myerstown during the 1930s. By 1946, the route replaced PA 243 and continued north to US 22 in Bethel. PA 501 was extended to a new alignment of US 22 north of Bethel by 1953. The southern terminus was cut back to its current location by 1960 to eliminate a concurrency with US 222. By 1966, PA 501 was extended north to PA 895. In 2013, the route was realigned to bypass the center of Schaefferstown to the west.

## Route description

### Lancaster County

PA 501 begins at an intersection with US 222/PA 272 in the community of Glen Moore in Manheim Township, Lancaster County, north of the city of Lancaster. From here, the route heads north on Lititz Pike, a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane, with the southbound direction running concurrent with southbound US 222. The road passes through business areas and runs to the east of a residential neighborhood before reaching an interchange with the US 30 freeway, where the road is a four-lane divided highway. At this point, the concurrency with southbound US 222 ends and PA 501 continues north as a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane. The route heads through suburban residential areas with some businesses, passing through Overlook and Brooklawn. Farther north, the road narrows to two lanes. In the community of Neffsville, PA 501 intersects PA 722, with that route turning north for a concurrency before it splits to the east on East Oregon Road. Past this, PA 501 passes near more suburban residential and commercial development, gaining a center left-turn lane again. The road becomes two lanes again and runs between farm fields to the west and the Lancaster Airport to the east before it crosses into Warwick Township.

The route widens into a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane and passes between businesses to the west and farmland to the east. The road narrows to three lanes and passes through the residential community of Kissel Hill before it enters commercial areas. PA 501 continues into the borough of Lititz and becomes South Broad Street, running past more businesses before becoming lined with homes. The route continues north and loses the center turn lane before it heads into the commercial downtown and intersects PA 772. At this point, PA 772 turns north for a concurrency with PA 501 before it splits east along East Main Street. PA 501 becomes North Broad Street and crosses Norfolk Southern's Lititz Secondary railroad line at-grade east of the former Lititz station, heading out of the downtown area and passing through residential neighborhoods. The route leaves Lititz for Warwick Township again and becomes Furnace Hills Pike, running past commercial establishments as a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane. The road narrows to two lanes and runs near residential neighborhoods before it crosses into Elizabeth Township, heading northeast through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes. PA 501 winds north through more rural land and comes to a junction with US 322 (28th Division Highway) in the community of Brickerville. The route passes through more farmland and woods and comes to a bridge over the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-76), at which point it heads into forested areas. The road traverses South Mountain and curves to the northwest.

### Lebanon, Berks, and Schuylkill counties

PA 501 crosses into Heidelberg Township in Lebanon County and becomes Stiegel Pike, continuing north through forests with some farms and homes and passing through the community of Waldeck. The route heads northeast before it turns to the northwest and enters the agricultural Lebanon Valley in the southeastern portion of Lebanon County, which is home to an Amish community. The road heads north and bypasses the community of Schaefferstown to the west, coming to an intersection with PA 419/PA 897. PA 501 continues north through farmland with occasional homes, passing through the community of Reistville. The route enters Jackson Township and becomes South College Street as it continues through rural areas. Farther north, the road runs near a few commercial establishments and passes under Norfolk Southern's Harrisburg Line, at which point it enters the borough of Myerstown. PA 501 heads past industrial buildings before it crosses Tulpehocken Creek and continues north into residential areas. At the intersection with Main Avenue, the route becomes North College Street and passes more homes before it reaches an intersection with US 422 in a business area. Past this intersection, the road passes homes and leaves Myerstown for Jackson Township again. The route heads north through a mix of farmland and woodland with a few residences.

PA 501 enters Tulpehocken Township in Berks County and becomes Lancaster Avenue, heading northeast through farmland with some commercial development before it passes residences and some businesses in the community of Mount Aetna. The road curves north and runs through farmland, crossing Little Swatara Creek into Bethel Township. The route heads through agricultural areas with some homes and makes a sharp curve to the east. PA 501 turns north to remain along Lancaster Avenue, with Rehrersburg Road continuing east, and runs through more rural land. The road enters the community of Bethel and becomes lined with homes before it intersects Old Route 22 in the center of the community. At this point, the route turns west and remains along Lancaster Avenue, curving to the north into business areas as a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane and reaching an interchange with I-78/US 22. Past this interchange, PA 501 narrows to two lanes and heads through farmland, turning northwest as it passes to the east of a warehouse. The road continues through a mix of farms and trees with some homes, heading to the north. The route runs through agricultural land before it enters forested areas and begins to ascend Blue Mountain. PA 501 turns west as it continues to climb the mountain. At the summit, the route crosses the Appalachian Trail and enters Pine Grove Township in Schuylkill County, where it becomes Bethel Road and descends the mountain. The route turns north at the base of Blue Mountain and runs through a mix of farms and woods with a few homes. PA 501 crosses Lower Little Swatara Creek and reaches its northern terminus at an intersection with PA 895 in the community of Marstown, located southeast of the borough of Pine Grove.

## History

The portion of PA 501 between Lancaster and Lititz was chartered as the Lancaster and Lititz Turnpike in 1838, a private turnpike. The roadway between Lititz and Lexington was chartered as the Lititz and Lexington Turnpike in 1882. In 1894, the Lancaster and Lititz Turnpike was leased by the Lancaster Traction Company, which established a trolley line along the turnpike. This trolley line continued to operate until 1938. On October 7, 1926, both the Lancaster and Lititz Turnpike and the Lexington Turnpike were sold to the state and Lancaster County at $70,000 and $4,000, respectively.

| Pennsylvania Route 243 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Myerstown  Bethel |
| Existed | 1928–1946 |

When routes were first legislated in Pennsylvania in 1911, the current route of PA 501 was not given a route number. PA 501 was designated in 1928 to run from PA 72 (Prince Street) in Lancaster north to PA 5 (now US 322) in Brickerville, running along a paved road. The route headed east from PA 72 on Liberty Street before it turned north and followed Lititz Avenue out of Lancaster, continuing along its current alignment to Brickerville. PA 243 was designated in 1928 to run from US 22/PA 3 (now US 422) in Myerstown north to PA 43 (now Old Route 22) in Bethel, following an unpaved road. PA 243 was paved by 1930. The road between Brickerville and Myerstown and Bethel and Pine Grove was an unnumbered, unpaved road. In the 1930s, PA 501 was extended north from US 322 in Brickerville to US 422 and the southern terminus of PA 243 in Myerstown along a paved road. Also, US 222 was designated concurrent with the route between PA 72 at Prince Street and Oregon Pike. By this time, the unnumbered road between Bethel and Pine Grove was paved except for a portion crossing Blue Mountain.

By 1946, PA 501 was extended north from Myerstown to US 22 (which had replaced PA 43) in Bethel, replacing the entire length of PA 243. The remainder of the road between Bethel and Pine Grove was paved by 1950. By 1953, the route was extended north to a new alignment of US 22 (which also now carries I-78) north of Bethel. By 1960, the southern terminus of PA 501 was cut back to its current location, eliminating a concurrency with US 222. PA 501 was extended north to PA 895 near Pine Grove by 1966.

In 1970, plans were made for a realignment of PA 501 in Schaefferstown to bypass the community. The route of PA 501 through Schaefferstown saw heavy traffic and noise from trucks, with frequent accidents. On July 1, 1970, a public meeting was held, with three proposed routes presented. At the time, construction was expected to begin in 1971 provided funding was available. Plans for the PA 501 realignment resurfaced in 2010. Prior to the realignment, the route entered the community from the south on Carpenter Street and turned west to run concurrent with PA 419/PA 897 on Main Street before heading north along its current routing. The PA 501 realignment project cost $10.4 million. On September 2, 2010, a court ruling was made overturning a decision that prevented farmland from being taken to construct the road. Construction on the bypass began in summer 2011. The realignment was originally expected to be completed in April 2013 but was pushed back due to utility relocation issues. The new alignment of PA 501 in Schaefferstown opened to traffic on September 9, 2013.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lancaster | Manheim Township | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 222 (PA 272 / Lititz Pike / Oregon Pike) | Southern terminus; south end of US 222 southbound concurrency |
| | | 0.548–
0.618 | 0.882–
0.995 |

US 30 to PA 283 west York, Harrisburg, Philadelphia | Interchange; north end of US 222 southbound concurrency |
| | | 2.806 | 4.516 |
PA 722 west (Petersburg Road) / Valley Road | South end of PA 722 concurrency |
| | | 3.223 | 5.187 |
PA 722 east (East Oregon Road) | North end of PA 722 concurrency |
| | Lititz | 6.636 | 10.680 |
PA 772 west (West Orange Street) | South end of PA 772 concurrency |
| | 6.752 | 10.866 |
PA 772 east (East Main Street) | North end of PA 772 concurrency |
| | Elizabeth Township | 11.758 | 18.923 | US 322 (28th Division Highway) Cornwall, Ephrata |  |
| Lebanon | Heidelberg Township | 17.463 | 28.104 | PA 419 / PA 897 (Heidelberg Avenue) Cornwall, Lebanon, Kleinfeltersville |  |
| | Myerstown | 23.238 | 37.398 | US 422 (West Lincoln Avenue) Lebanon, Reading |  |
| Berks | Bethel Township | 31.030–
31.132 | 49.938–
50.102 | I-78 / US 22 Harrisburg, Allentown | Exit 13 (I-78/US 22); diamond interchange |
| Schuylkill | Pine Grove Township | 38.695 | 62.274 |

PA 895 (Rock Road) to I-81 / PA 125 Pine Grove, Deer Lake | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Pennsylvania Route 501KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Route 501 | |
| --- | --- |
| PA 501 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by PennDOT | |
| Length | 38.695 mi (62.274 km) |
| Existed | 1928–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 222 / PA 272 in Lancaster |
| Major intersections | US 30 / US 222 in Lancaster
PA 722 in Neffsville
PA 772 in Lititz
US 322 in Brickerville
PA 419 / PA 897 in Schaefferstown
US 422 in Myerstown
I-78 / US 22 in Bethel |
| North end | PA 895 near Pine Grove |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| Counties | Lancaster, Lebanon, Berks, Schuylkill |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| I-495   PA 502 | |
| PA 242 **PA 243**  PA 244 | |


title: Pernelle Carron

abstract: Pernelle Carron is a French former competitive ice dancer. With partner Lloyd Jones, she is the 2013 Winter Universiade champion, 2010 Cup of Nice champion, three-time NRW Trophy champion, and 2010 French national champion. She won bronze at two Grand Prix events, 2011 Cup of China and 2007 Skate Canada International, and competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.

text:
# Pernelle Carron

**Pernelle Carron** (born 20 August 1986) is a French former competitive ice dancer. With partner Lloyd Jones, she is the 2013 Winter Universiade champion, 2010 Cup of Nice champion, three-time NRW Trophy champion, and 2010 French national champion. She won bronze at two Grand Prix events, 2011 Cup of China and 2007 Skate Canada International, and competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.

## Personal life

Carron was born on 20 August 1986 in Gleize, France. She studied interior architecture and design at CREAD School in Lyon.

## Career

### Early partnerships

Pernelle Carron started skating at age six. She started skating because her aunt has Down Syndrome and all the family was going skating with her. Her aunt, Clothilde Fedry, participated several times at the Special Olympics and won the bronze medal as a solo figure skater.

Carron skated with Edouard Dezutter for twelve years and finished 13th at the 2005 World Junior Championships.

In the summer of 2005, Carron teamed up with Mathieu Jost. Together, they were the 2006 and 2007 French national bronze medalists and the 2008 and 2009 French national silver medalists. Carron and Jost also won a bronze medal at the 2007 Skate Canada International, finished 6th at the 2009 European Championships, and were ninth in their only appearance at the World Championships. Carron ended her partnership with Jost in April 2009.

### Partnership with Lloyd Jones

Carron teamed up with Lloyd Jones in April 2009. They were coached by Muriel Boucher-Zazoui and Romain Haguenauer in Lyon, France, at the start of their partnership.

In their first season together, Carron and Jones won the NRW Trophy and became the French national champions. Carron and Jones were 12th at the European Championships and at that season's World Championships.

In the 2010–2011 season, they again won the 2010 NRW Trophy, as well as the 2010 Coupe de Nice, and finished 5th and 4th in two Grand Prix assignments, 2011 Skate Canada and the 2010 Trophee Eric Bompard, respectively. At the French Championships, they finished second to Nathalie Pechalat / Fabian Bourzat. They moved up to 9th at the European Championships and again finished 12th at Worlds. After the season ended, they moved to the United States to be coached by Natalia Linichuk.

In 2011–12, Carron and Jones began their season by taking silver at the 2011 Cup of Nice. They then won their first Grand Prix medal together, bronze, at the 2011 Cup of China. At the end of the season, they moved to the United Kingdom to be coached by Marika Humphreys.

After retiring from competition the two skated in ice shows. They appeared as the principal couple for Holiday on Ice's Passion Tour. Carron has also worked as an ice skating coach and choreographer.

## Programs

### With Jones

| Season | Short dance | Free dance | Exhibition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013–2014
 | * Foxtrot: De-Lovely
by Cole Porter * Quickstep: Anything Goes
by Cole Porter |  |  |
| 2012–2013
 | * Polka: Cotton Eyed Joe * Waltz: Tennessee Waltz * Polka: Cotton Eyed Joe |  |  |
| 2011–2012
 | * Mambo * Historia de un amor
by Perez Prado * Mambo No. 8 | * Jazz Night |  |
| 2010–2011
 |  | --- | * Seaside Rendez Vous
by Queen |
|  | Original dance |  |  |
| 2009–2010
 |  |  |  |

### With Jost

| Season | Original dance | Free dance | Exhibition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008–2009
 |  | * Venez Milord
by Édith Piaf * La Foule
by Édith Piaf * Venez Milord
by Édith Piaf  ---  * Butterflies and Hurricanes
by Muse |  |
| 2007–2008
 |  |  |  |
| 2006–2007
 | Maria de Buenos Aires
by Astor Piazzolla: * Yo Soy Maria * Aria de los Analista * Milonga de la Anuciacion | * Venez Milord
by Edith Piaf * La Foule
by Edith Piaf * Venez Milord
by Edith Piaf |  |

### With Dezutter

| Season | Original dance | Free dance |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2004–2005
 | * Charleston * Slow foxtrot * Charleston | * Adagio Remix |
| 2003–2004
 | * Swing: In the Mood
by Glenn Miller * Blues: Petite Fleur
by Sydney Bechet * Swing: In the Mood
by Glenn Miller | Moulin Rouge!: * Sparkling Diamonds
by Jim Broadbent * Come What May * Pitch – Spectacular Spectacular
by Jim Broadbent |

## Competitive highlights

*GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix*

### With Jones

| International | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Event | 09–10 | 10–11 | 11–12 | 12–13 | 13–14 |
| Winter Olympics |  |  |  |  | 15th |
| World Champ. | 12th | 12th | 21st | 12th |  |
| European Champ. | 12th | 9th | 7th | 10th | 13th |
| GP Bompard | 9th | 4th |  | 8th |  |
| GP Cup of China |  |  | 3rd |  | 4th |
| GP Rostelecom |  |  | 6th |  |  |
| GP Skate America |  |  |  |  | 6th |
| GP Skate Canada |  | 5th |  | 7th |  |
| Cup of Nice |  | 1st | 2nd |  |  |
| Golden Spin |  |  |  |  | 2nd |
| Ice Challenge | 6th |  |  |  |  |
| NRW Trophy | 1st | 1st |  | 1st |  |
| Winter Universiade |  |  |  |  | 1st |
| National | | | | | |
| French Champ. | 1st | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd |  |
| Masters | 3rd | 2nd |  |  |  |
| Team events | | | | | |
| World Team Trophy |  |  |  | 6th T
5th P |  |
| T = Team result; P = Personal result; Medals awarded for team result only. | | | | | |

### With Jost

| International | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Event | 2005–06 | 2006–07 | 2007–08 | 2008–09 |
| World Champ. |  |  |  | 9th |
| European Champ. |  | 9th | 9th | 6th |
| GP Bompard | 11th | 8th | 5th | 5th |
| GP Cup of China |  | 5th |  |  |
| GP Skate America |  |  |  | 5th |
| GP Skate Canada |  |  | 3rd |  |
| Schäfer Memorial | 7th |  |  | 1st |
| Universiade |  | 3rd |  |  |
| National | | | | |
| French Champ. | 3rd | 3rd | 2nd | 2nd |

### With Dezutter

| International | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Event | 99–00 | 00–01 | 01–02 | 02–03 | 03–04 | 04–05 |
| Junior Worlds |  |  |  |  | 15th | 13th |
| JGP China |  |  |  | 6th |  |  |
| JGP Croatia |  |  |  |  | 6th |  |
| JGP Czech Rep. |  |  |  |  | 5th |  |
| JGP France |  |  |  |  |  | 3rd |
| JGP Italy |  |  |  | 8th |  |  |
| JGP Poland |  |  | 9th |  |  |  |
| JGP Romania |  |  |  |  |  | 6th |
| JGP Sweden |  |  | 9th |  |  |  |
| National | | | | | | |
| French Champ. | 1st N | 1st N | 4th J | 3rd J |  |  |
| Levels: N = Novice; J = Junior | | | | | | | |

Media related to Pernelle Carron at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Pernelle Carron | |
| --- | --- |
| Carron and Jones in 2011 | |
| Born | (1986-08-20) 20 August 1986
Gleizé, France |
| Height | 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in) |
| Figure skating career | |
| Country | France |
| Partner | **Lloyd Jones** |
| Skating club | Club de Courchevel
CSGL Lyon, ALPAD |
| Began skating | 1992 |
| Retired | September 5, 2014 |
| Medal record      Representing  France  Figure skating: Ice dancing  Winter Universiade  2013 Trentino  Ice dancing  2007 Turin  Ice dancing | |


title: Pernell Whitaker vs. Jake Rodríguez

abstract: Pernell Whitaker vs. Jake Rodríguez, billed as "Collision Course" was a professional boxing match contested on November 18, 1995 for the WBC and lineal welterweight titles.

text:
# Pernell Whitaker vs. Jake Rodríguez

**Pernell Whitaker vs. Jake Rodríguez**, billed as "**Collision Course**" was a professional boxing match contested on November 18, 1995 for the WBC and lineal welterweight titles.

## Background

For the fifth defense of his WBC and lineal welterweight titles, Pernell Whitaker was matched against Jake Rodríguez. Rodríguez was a former IBF light welterweight champion had previously been the chief sparring partner of Whitaker's, working as such for both of Whitaker's previous fights against Julio César Vásquez and Gary Jacobs. Having sparred with Rodríguez for 100 rounds, it was one of the rare occasions that Whitaker had come into a fight with knowledge of his opponent as he did not study any video of his opponents prior to his fights. Whitaker would enter the fight as a 10–1 favorite over Rodríguez.

The co-main event featured Félix Trinidad defending his IBF welterweight title against the IBF's number-one ranked contender Larry Barnes. Trinidad would win the fight by technical knockout in the fourth round. The expected victories of Trinidad and Whitaker was expected to set up a unification bout between the two welterweight champions at some point in 1996. However, the two fighters were unable to reach an agreement to face one another until 1999.

## The fight

Whitaker had little trouble with Rodríguez, using his superior hand-speed and counter punching to dominate the fight. After five one-sided rounds in his favor, Whitaker would end the fight in the sixth. Midway through the round, a series of body shots followed by a right-left combination sent Rodríguez to his knees. Rodríguez would get up and continue the fight but Whitaker sent him down again with a left hand to the body. Rodríguez was unable to answer the 10-count and Whitaker was named the winner by knockout at 2:45 of the round. It was Whitaker's first knockout in a title fight since his KO of Juan Nazario in 1990.

## Fight card

| Weight Class | Weight |  | vs. |  | Method | Round | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Welterweight | 147 lb | **Pernell Whitaker** (c) | def. | Jake Rodríguez | KO | 6/12 | Note 1 |
| Welterweight | 147 lb | **Félix Trinidad** (c) | def. | Larry Barnes | TKO | 4/12 | Note 2 |
| Lightweight | 135 lb | **Santos Lopez** | def. | Eddie Hopson | TKO | 10/10 |
| Heavyweight | 200+ lb | **Andrew Golota** | def. | Jason Waller | TKO | 2/10 |
| Lightweight | 135 lb | **Jeff Fenech** | def. | Tialano Tovar | TKO | 8/10 |
| Welterweight | 147 lb | **Jermal Corbin** | def. | Otilio Villarreal | MD | 8/8 |
| Heavyweight | 200+ lb | **Gary Bell** | def. | Jameel McCline | KO | 1/4 |

**^Note 1** For WBC and lineal Welterweight titles
**^Note 2** For IBF Welterweight title

## InfoBox

Collision Course
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | November 18, 1995 |
| Venue | Convention Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey |
| Title(s) on the line | WBC/lineal Welterweight Titles |
| Tale of the tape | |
| Boxer Pernell Whitaker Jake Rodríguez  Nickname  "Sweet Pea"  "The Snake"  Hometown Norfolk, Virginia, U.S. Arroyo, Puerto Rico  Pre-fight record  36–1–1  28–3–2  Height  5 ft 6 in (168 cm)  5 ft 8 in (173 cm)  Weight  147 lb (67 kg)  146 lb (66 kg)  Style  Southpaw  Southpaw  Recognition WBC/lineal
Welterweight champion  Former IBF
Light Welterweight Champion | |
| Result | |
| Whitaker defeats Rodríguez by KO in the fourth round | |


title: Pennsylvania Route 863

abstract: Pennsylvania Route 863 is a state highway in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley region of the state. The route runs 13.99 mi (22.51 km) from U.S. Route 222 in Upper Macungie Township north to PA 143 in Lynnport in Lynn Township. The route is a two-lane undivided road that runs southeast–northwest through rural areas in western Lehigh County. Along the way, PA 863 has an interchange with Interstate 78 (I-78)/US 22 in Weisenberg Township. The road, which was originally unpaved, was turned into a bituminous road in the 1940s and a paved road by 1950. It was designated PA Route 863 on March 8, 1962.

text:
# Pennsylvania Route 863

**Pennsylvania Route 863** (**PA 863**) is a state highway in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley region of the state. The route runs 13.99 mi (22.51 km) from U.S. Route 222 (US 222) in Upper Macungie Township north to PA 143 in Lynnport in Lynn Township. The route is a two-lane undivided road that runs southeast–northwest through rural areas in western Lehigh County. Along the way, PA 863 has an interchange with Interstate 78 (I-78)/US 22 in Weisenberg Township.

The road, which was originally unpaved, was turned into a bituminous road in the 1940s and a paved road by 1950. It was designated PA Route 863 on March 8, 1962.

## Route description

PA 863 begins at a roundabout intersection with US 222 in Upper Macungie Township, Lehigh County, which is in the Lehigh Valley. It uses two-lane undivided Independent Road after turning left off Schantz Road immediately north of the roundabout and heads northwest through agricultural areas with some trees and homes, entering Weisenberg Township. The route winds through wooded areas and curves to the west, turning north as it passes more farms. PA 863 crosses Old Route 22 and becomes Golden Key Road, passing businesses as it intersects I-78/US 22 at a diamond interchange. The road continues through commercial areas and passes to the east of a few warehouses, heading through an S-curve.

The route passes through Hynemansville and runs northwest through a mix of farms, woods, and residences. PA 863 heads through Seiberlingville and continues northwest through agricultural areas with some woods and homes. The route heads west into Lynn Township and passes through Stines Corner before it winds north through wooded areas. The road heads west by farms before it turns north and crosses Kistler Creek, winding through forested areas with some fields. The route turns east onto Allemaengel Road and curves north into farmland. Allemaengel Road splits to the east and PA 863 continues north along Behler Road, crossing Ontelaunee Creek before coming to Lynnport, where it ends at PA 143.

## History

When Pennsylvania first legislated routes in 1911, present-day PA 863 was not legislated as part of a route. The present route of PA 863 existed as an unpaved road by 1915. By 1941, the road was a low-type bituminous road between US 222 and Kistler Valley Road and a high-type bituminous road between Kistler Valley Road and PA 143. By 1950, this roadway was paved. PA 863 was designated on March 8, 1962, to follow its current alignment between US 222 and PA 143. The route was created in order to provide a route number at the interchange with I-78/US 22 near New Smithville. The route has remained on the same alignment since.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Lehigh County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Upper Macungie Township | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 222 (Hamilton Boulevard) Allentown, Reading | Roundabout; southern terminus |
| Weisenberg Township | 3.444 | 5.543 | I-78 / US 22 Harrisburg, Allentown | Exit 45 (I-78/US 22) |
| Lynn Township | 13.988 | 22.512 | PA 143 (Kings Highway) Lenhartsville, New Tripoli | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Pennsylvania Route 863KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Route 863 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by PennDOT | |
| Length | 13.988 mi (22.512 km) |
| Existed | March 8, 1962–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 222 in Upper Macungie Township |
| Major intersections | I-78 / US 22 in Weisenberg Township |
| North end | PA 143 in Lynnport |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| Counties | Lehigh |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PA 862   PA 864 | |


title: Pennsylvania Route 858

abstract: Pennsylvania Route 858 is a 16.465-mile-long (26.498 km) state highway located in Susquehanna County in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA 706 in Rush Township. The northern terminus is the New York state line in Little Meadows. The route from there continues into Tioga County as County Route 41. The route was assigned in 1928, completed a year later, and has remained the same since, with an exception of its southern terminus changing designations from PA 67.

text:
# Pennsylvania Route 858

**Pennsylvania Route 858** (**PA 858**, designated by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation as **SR 0858**) is a 16.465-mile-long (26.498 km) state highway located in Susquehanna County in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA 706 in Rush Township. The northern terminus is the New York state line in Little Meadows. The route from there continues into Tioga County as County Route 41 (CR 41). The route was assigned in 1928, completed a year later, and has remained the same since, with an exception of its southern terminus changing designations from PA 67.

## Route description

PA 858 begins at an intersection with PA 706 in the Rush Township community of Rushville. The highway begins its long trek in Susquehanna County by progressing northward in a patch of forests. PA 858, which runs west of a creek, is sparsely populated and homes are rare. PA 858 winds its way in and out of forests, heading on a northeast direction. Soon after, there is an intersection with Keefs Hill Road, a locally maintained highway. After Keefs Hill Road, PA 858 heads back into a dense patch of trees. In the forest, is an intersection with C. Warner Road, and soon after comes one for Shadduck Road.

Although the dense forest ends, trees continue to surround the highway. The route turns a short drift off its alignment at an intersection with Miller Road. The route turns from the northward direction it was heading to a northwestern direction and intersects eventually with Guilton Road. The dense forestry returns, and PA 858 begins winding its way along. Residential homes have all but disappeared from the route, with trees showing the way into Middletown Center. PA 858 passes a pond to the east, intersecting with the former alignment of PA 859, now a locally maintained highway known as Vet Davis Road and Camp Corby Road.

After leaving Middletown Center, PA 858 continues northward and sometimes northeastward. After Middletown Center, PA 858 is surrounded by nothing but trees. There is a break in the trees when PA 858 intersects with an unnamed road, which serves as a connector to Township Road 768 (TR 768). The state traffic route continues to the northwest, intersecting with TR 687. As PA 858 continues, it enters Apolacon Township, where the dense forestry begins to break, and homes begin to show the way. After a short pond is passed, the highway enters the borough of Little Meadows. At Maple Avenue, PA 858 runs on its final stretch, passing homes all the way to the New York state line. There, PA 858 ends and becomes CR 41 upon entering Tioga County, New York.

## History

PA 858 was first assigned in the mass numbering of state traffic routes in Pennsylvania in 1928. However, the southern terminus of the highway was not an intersection with PA 706. Instead, it was an intersection with PA 67. When it was assigned, it only ran from U.S. Route 106 to Town House Road, since the rest had not been completed yet. The final, already paved segment of PA 858 was completed by the next year. In 1932, the route south of Town House Road was paved. In 1972, PA 67 was decommissioned, and the route at the southern terminus became PA 706.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Susquehanna County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rush Township | 0.000 | 0.000 | PA 706 | Southern terminus |
| Little Meadows | 16.465 | 26.498 | CR 41 (Pennsylvania Avenue) | New York state line; northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Pennsylvania Route 858KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Route 858 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by PennDOT | |
| Length | 16.465 mi (26.498 km) |
| Existed | 1928–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | PA 706 in Rush Township |
| North end | CR 41 at New York state line in Little Meadows |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| Counties | Susquehanna |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PA 857   PA 859 | |


title: Pennsylvania Route 850

abstract: Pennsylvania Route 850 is a 44-mile-long (71 km) state highway located in Juniata and Perry counties in Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at PA 35 in Tuscarora Township. The eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 11/US 15 in Marysville. PA 850 is a two-lane undivided road that runs through rural areas in the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians. The route heads southeast from PA 35 and crosses PA 75 in Honey Grove before it traverses Tuscarora Mountain and leaves Juniata County for Perry County. PA 850 continues southeast and crosses PA 17 in Kistler before running east concurrent with PA 274 between Fort Robinson and Loysville. The route turns back to the southeast and heads south concurrent with PA 233 into Landisburg. PA 850 heads east, crossing PA 74 in Alinda before following PA 34 southeast between Dromgold and Shermans Dale. From here, the route continues east to its terminus in Marysville. PA 850 was designated in 1928 to run from PA 274 in Fort Robinson northwest to Kistler, with the road between Landisburg and Dromgold designated as part of PA 233. In 1937, the route was extended to its current length between PA 35 in Tuscarora Township and PA 14 in Marysville, replacing the portion of PA 233 between Landisburg and Dromgold.

text:
# Pennsylvania Route 850

**Pennsylvania Route 850** (**PA 850**) is a 44-mile-long (71 km) state highway located in Juniata and Perry counties in Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at PA 35 in Tuscarora Township. The eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 11 (US 11)/US 15 in Marysville. PA 850 is a two-lane undivided road that runs through rural areas in the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians. The route heads southeast from PA 35 and crosses PA 75 in Honey Grove before it traverses Tuscarora Mountain and leaves Juniata County for Perry County. PA 850 continues southeast and crosses PA 17 in Kistler before running east concurrent with PA 274 between Fort Robinson and Loysville. The route turns back to the southeast and heads south concurrent with PA 233 into Landisburg. PA 850 heads east, crossing PA 74 in Alinda before following PA 34 southeast between Dromgold and Shermans Dale. From here, the route continues east to its terminus in Marysville. PA 850 was designated in 1928 to run from PA 274 in Fort Robinson northwest to Kistler, with the road between Landisburg and Dromgold designated as part of PA 233. In 1937, the route was extended to its current length between PA 35 in Tuscarora Township and PA 14 (now US 11/US 15) in Marysville, replacing the portion of PA 233 between Landisburg and Dromgold.

## Route description

PA 850 begins at an intersection with PA 35 in Tuscarora Township, Juniata County, heading southeast on a two-lane undivided road. The route passes through farm fields with some woodland before heading into more wooded areas and turning to the northeast. The road comes to McCullochs Mills and curves southeast again, heading through more woodland with a few farms and residences. PA 850 turns northeast and then southeast again, crossing the Tuscarora Creek. PA 850 comes to an intersection with PA 75 in the community of Honey Grove, where it briefly turns south to form a concurrency with that route and cross Laurel Run, before heading southeast into forested areas and crossing through a gap in Tuscarora Mountain, turning to the northeast.

PA 850 crosses into Northeast Madison Township in Perry County and runs east through more forests with a few agricultural clearings and residences, passing through Walsingham. The road curves south and then northeast again as it traverses another portion of Tuscarora Mountain, passing through a tract of Tuscarora State Forest. The route turns south into open agricultural areas, heading more to the southeast as it comes to a junction with PA 17 in Kistler. PA 850 winds southeast through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes, passing through Bixler. In Fort Robinson, the route comes to an intersection with PA 274. At this point, PA 274 forms a concurrency with PA 850 and the two routes head east on Shermans Valley Road, passing through a mix of farms and woods and crossing into Tyrone Township. The road heads through agricultural areas with some homes before coming into the community of Loysville, where PA 850 splits from PA 274 by heading to the southeast. The route heads south past homes prior to turning east out of Loysville and running through farmland with some woods and residences. The road turns to the south and comes to an intersection with PA 233. Here, PA 850 heads south along with PA 233 through more farmland along with some homes. The road crosses into the borough of Landisburg and becomes Carlisle Street, passing homes. In the center of town, PA 233 turns to the west and PA 850 turns east onto Main Street, running past more residences.

The road heads back into Tyrone Township and becomes Landisburg Road, entering open agricultural areas. The route soon crosses into Spring Township and intersects PA 74 in Alinda. Here, PA 850 runs through more farmland with a few homes, turning southeast. The road heads into forested areas and turns northeast in Falling Spring, running a short distance to the north of the Shermans Creek. The route heads east and enters Carroll Township, coming to an intersection with PA 34 in Dromgold. At this point, PA 34 and PA 850 form a concurrency and continue southeast on Spring Road, passing farm fields and woods with homes as it runs east of the creek. The road crosses Shermans Creek and heads into business areas, with PA 850 splitting from PA 34 at a roundabout in Shermans Dale by heading east on Valley Road. The route runs through farmland and woodland with some homes in a valley, crossing into Rye Township. PA 850 continues through more rural valley areas, passing through Grier Point, crossing the Appalachian Trail, and running through Keystone. Residential developments near the road increase as it heads through Glenvale and turns to the east-northeast. PA 850 enters the borough of Marysville and becomes Valley Street, passing homes and coming to its eastern terminus at US 11/US 15.

## History

When Pennsylvania first legislated routes in 1911, what is now PA 850 was not assigned a number. PA 850 was designated in 1928 to run from PA 274 in Fort Robinson northwest to Kistler along an unpaved road. The same year, the section of the current route between Landisburg and Dromgold was designated as the northernmost portion of PA 233, which was unpaved. By 1930, the section of the present route between Shermans Dale and Marysville was an unnumbered unpaved road, with a short paved section to the west of Marysville. In 1937, PA 850 was extended west from Kistler to PA 35 in Tuscarora Township and was extended east from Fort Robinson to PA 14 (now US 11/US 15) in Marysville. The route replaced the portion of PA 233 between Landisburg and Dromgold. The entire length of the route was paved in the 1930s. On July 20, 2020, construction began to build a roundabout at the intersection with PA 34 in Shermans Dale. The roundabout opened to traffic on October 22, 2021.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Juniata | Tuscarora Township | 0.000 | 0.000 | PA 35 Shade Gap, Mifflintown | Western terminus |
| | | 5.058 | 8.140 |
PA 75 north Port Royal | West end of PA 75 overlap |
| | | 5.085 | 8.184 |
PA 75 south East Waterford, Fort Loudon | East end of PA 75 overlap |
| Perry | Northeast Madison Township | 13.875 | 22.330 | PA 17 (Tuscarora Path/Blain Road) Ickesburg, Blain |  |
| | | 17.872 | 28.762 |
PA 274 west Blain | West end of PA 274 overlap |
| | Tyrone Township | 19.912 | 32.045 |
PA 274 east (Shermans Valley Road) New Bloomfield | East end of PA 274 overlap |
| | 21.984 | 35.380 |
PA 233 north (Green Park Road) Greenpark | West end of PA 233 overlap |
| | Landisburg | 22.838 | 36.754 |
PA 233 south (Doubling Gap Road) Newville | East end of PA 233 overlap |
| | Spring Township | 24.091 | 38.771 | PA 74 (Waggoners Gap Road) Ickesburg, Carlisle |  |
| | Carroll Township | 29.427 | 47.358 |
PA 34 north (Spring Road) New Bloomfield, Newport | West end of PA 34 overlap |
| | 31.875 | 51.298 |
PA 34 south (Spring Road) Carlisle | Roundabout; east end of PA 34 overlap |
| | Marysville | 44.890 | 72.243 |
US 11 / US 15 (State Road) to I-81 Duncannon, Harrisburg | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Pennsylvania Route 850KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Route 850 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by PennDOT | |
| Length | 44.890 mi (72.243 km) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | PA 35 in Tuscarora Township |
| Major intersections | PA 75 in Tuscarora Township
PA 17 in Northeast Madison Township
PA 274 in Northeast Madison Township to Tyrone Township
PA 233 from Tyrone Township to Landisburg
PA 74 in Spring Township
PA 34 in Carroll Township |
| East end | US 11 / US 15 in Marysville |
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| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| Counties | Juniata, Perry |
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| Highway system | |
|  | |
| PA 849   PA 851 | |