title: New Day (Patti LaBelle song)

abstract: "New Day" is a song recorded by America singer Patti LaBelle. It was written by LaBelle along with Pierre Medor, Dwayne Nesmith, Tiffany Palmer, Carlos Ricketts, and Jason Rome for her 2004 studio album Timeless Journey, while production was helmed by Rome along with The Corner Boys. Released as the first single from the album, it became a minor hit for the singer, reaching number 36 on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100, marking LaBelle's first appearance on the Hot 100 since 1997. An EP of dance remixes titled New Day Club Mixes, was released to support the song in dance clubs, and was remixed by a variety of dance producers such as Louis Vega, Quentin Harris, Kryia & Velez, and Darryl James. It reached number eleven on the Hot Dance Club Songs.

text:
# New Day (Patti LaBelle song)

**"New Day"** is a song recorded by America singer Patti LaBelle. It was written by LaBelle along with Pierre Medor, Dwayne Nesmith, Tiffany Palmer, Carlos Ricketts, and Jason Rome for her 2004 studio album *Timeless Journey*, while production was helmed by Rome along with The Corner Boys. Released as the first single from the album, it became a minor hit for the singer, reaching number 36 on the US *Billboard* Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 93 on the *Billboard* Hot 100, marking LaBelle's first appearance on the Hot 100 since 1997. An EP of dance remixes titled *New Day Club Mixes*, was released to support the song in dance clubs, and was remixed by a variety of dance producers such as Louis Vega, Quentin Harris, Kryia & Velez, and Darryl James. It reached number eleven on the Hot Dance Club Songs.

## Live performances

Patti gave a notable performance of the track at the MGM Grand Las Vegas when she headlined *VH1 Divas 2004*.

## Charts

| Chart (2004) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 93 |
| US Dance Club Songs (*Billboard*)
*Dance Mixes* | 11 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 36 |

## InfoBox

| "New Day" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Patti LaBelle | |
| from the album  *Timeless Journey* | |
| Released | March 23, 2004 |
| Length | 3:19 |
| Label | Def Soul Classics |
| Songwriter(s) | * Patti LaBelle * Pierre Medor * Dwayne Nesmith * Tiffany Palmer * Carlos Ricketts * Jason Rome |
| Producer(s) | * Rome * The Corner Boys |
| Patti LaBelle singles chronology | |
| "Does He Love You"
(1997) "**New Day**"
(2004) "Gotta Go Solo"
(2004) | |


title: New Gibraltar Democracy

abstract: New Gibraltar Democracy (NGD) was a conservative and Christian-democratic political party in Gibraltar founded in 2005 by Gibraltarian barrister Charles Gomez. The party's aim was "to create a new vision for politics in Gibraltar" In the 2007 General Election, NGD Leader Charles Gomez polled 1,210 votes in an electorate of just over 14,000. Making it the best performance for a first time independent candidate in Gibraltar's history.

text:
# New Gibraltar Democracy

**New Gibraltar Democracy** (**NGD**) was a conservative and Christian-democratic political party in Gibraltar founded in 2005 by Gibraltarian barrister Charles Gomez. The party's aim was "to create a new vision for politics in Gibraltar"

In the 2007 General Election, NGD Leader Charles Gomez polled 1,210 votes in an electorate of just over 14,000. Making it the best performance for a first time independent candidate in Gibraltar's history.

## Election results

### *Parliament of Gibraltar*

| Election year | \# of
overall votes | % of
overall vote | \# of
overall seats won | ± |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | 1,210 | 1.0 | 0 / 15 | New |
|

## InfoBox

| New Gibraltar Democracy | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Leader | Charles Gomez |
| Founded | 2005 |
| Dissolved | 2007 |
| Headquarters | Secretary's Lane, Gibraltar |
| Ideology | Conservatism
Christian democracy |
| Political position | Centre-right |
| Colours | Yellow and white |
| Website | |
| N/A | |
|  | |


title: New Chronology (Rohl)

abstract:
The New Chronology is an alternative chronology of the ancient Near East developed by English Egyptologist David Rohl and other researchers beginning with A Test of Time: The Bible - from Myth to History in 1995. It contradicts mainstream Egyptology by proposing a major revision of the established Egyptian chronology, in particular by re-dating Egyptian kings of the Nineteenth through Twenty-fifth Dynasties, bringing forward conventional dating by up to 350 years. Rohl asserts that the New Chronology allows him to identify some of the characters in the Hebrew Bible with people whose names appear in archaeological finds. The New Chronology, one of several proposed radical revisions of the conventional chronology, has not been accepted in academic Egyptology, where the conventional chronology or small variations of it remains standard. Amélie Kuhrt, head of Ancient Near Eastern History at University College London, in one of the standard reference works of the discipline, notes, Many scholars feel sympathetic to the critique of weaknesses in the existing chronological framework [...], but most archaeologists and ancient historians are not at present convinced that the radical redatings proposed stand up to close examination.
Rohl's most vocal critic has been Kenneth Kitchen, one of the leading experts on biblical history and the author of the standard work on the conventional chronology of the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt, the period most directly affected by the New Chronology's redating of the Nineteenth to Twenty-fifth Dynasties.

text:
# New Chronology (Rohl)

The **New Chronology** is an alternative chronology of the ancient Near East developed by English Egyptologist David Rohl and other researchers beginning with *A Test of Time: The Bible - from Myth to History* in 1995. It contradicts mainstream Egyptology by proposing a major revision of the established Egyptian chronology, in particular by re-dating Egyptian kings of the Nineteenth through Twenty-fifth Dynasties, bringing forward conventional dating by up to 350 years. Rohl asserts that the New Chronology allows him to identify some of the characters in the Hebrew Bible with people whose names appear in archaeological finds.

The New Chronology, one of several proposed radical revisions of the conventional chronology, has not been accepted in academic Egyptology, where the conventional chronology or small variations of it remains standard. Amélie Kuhrt, head of Ancient Near Eastern History at University College London, in one of the standard reference works of the discipline, notes,

> Many scholars feel sympathetic to the critique of weaknesses in the existing chronological framework \[...\], but most archaeologists and ancient historians are not at present convinced that the radical redatings proposed stand up to close examination.

Rohl's most vocal critic has been Kenneth Kitchen, one of the leading experts on biblical history and the author of the standard work on the conventional chronology of the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt, the period most directly affected by the New Chronology's redating of the Nineteenth to Twenty-fifth Dynasties.

## Rohl's New Chronology

David Rohl's published works *A Test of Time* (1995), *Legend* (1998), *The Lost Testament* (2002), and *The Lords of Avaris* (2007) set forth Rohl's theories for re-dating the major civilisations of the ancient world. *A Test of Time* proposes a down-dating (bringing closer to the present), by several centuries, of the New Kingdom of Egypt, thus needing a major revision of the conventional chronology of ancient Egypt. Rohl asserts that this would let scholars identify some of the major events in the Hebrew Bible with events in the archaeological record and identify some of the well-known biblical characters with historical figures who appear in contemporary ancient texts. Lowering the Egyptian dates also dramatically affects the dating of dependent chronologies, such as that currently used for the Greek Heroic Age of the Late Bronze Age, removing the Greek Dark Ages, and lowering the dates of the Trojan War to within two generations of a ninth-century-BC Homer and his most famous composition, the *Iliad*.

The New Chronology lowers the Egyptian dates (established within the traditional chronology) by up to 350 years at points before the universally accepted fixed date of 664 BC for the sacking of Thebes by Ashurbanipal. For example, the New Chronology would redate the beginning of Egypt's 19th Dynasty from 1295 BC to 961 BC.

Before the 1995 publication of *A Test of Time*, Thomas L. Thompson, a theologian associated with Biblical Minimalism, had insisted that any attempt to write history based on a direct integration of biblical and extra-biblical sources was "not only dubious but wholly ludicrous". Rohl explained his view on the issue in *The Lost Testament* (2007): "Is the Old Testament history or myth? The only way to answer that question is to investigate the biblical stories using the archaeological evidence, combined with a study of the ancient texts of the civilisations which had a role to play in the Bible story. But this has to be done with an open mind. In my view the biblical text – just like any other ancient document – should be treated as a potentially reliable historical source until it can be demonstrated to be otherwise." Rohl had previously remarked in *A Test of Time* (1995) that he "did not originally set out to challenge our current understanding of the Old Testament narratives. This has come about simply because of the need to explore the ramifications of my TIP \[Egyptian Third Intermediate Period\] research. I have no religious axe to grind – I am simply an historian in search of some historical truth."

Rohl's redating is based on criticism of three of the four arguments which he considers are the original foundations of the conventional chronology for the Egyptian New Kingdom:

* He asserts that the identification of "Shishaq \[Shishak\], King of Egypt" (1 Kings 14:25f; 2 Chronicles 12:2-9) with Shoshenq I, first proposed by Jean-François Champollion, is based on incorrect conclusions. Rohl argues instead that Shishaq should be identified with Ramesses II (probably pronounced Riamashisha), which would move the date of Ramesses' reign forward some 300 years.
* Rohl also asserts that the record in the Ebers Papyrus of the rising of Sirius in the ninth regnal year of Amenhotep I, which is used in conventional chronology to fix that year to either 1542 BC or 1517 BC, has been misread, and instead should be understood as evidence for a reform in the Egyptian calendar.
* Papyrus Leiden I.350, which dates to the 52nd year of Ramesses II, records a lunar observation which places that year of Ramesses's reign in one of 1278, 1253, 1228 or 1203 BC within the date-range of the conventional chronology. Having questioned the value of the Ebers Papyrus, Rohl argues that, since the lunar cycle repeats itself every 25 years, it is only useful for fine tuning a chronology and could equally apply to dates 300 years later as in the New Chronology.

Thus, Rohl is of the opinion that none of these three foundations of the conventional Egyptian chronology are secure, and that the sacking of Thebes by the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal in 664 BC is the earliest fixed date in Egyptian history.

### Evidence adduced

Rohl bases his revised chronology (the New Chronology) on his interpretation of numerous archeological finds and genealogical records from Egypt. For example:

* Rohl notes that no Apis bull burials are recorded in the Lesser Vaults of the Serapeum of Saqqara for the Twenty-first and early Twenty-second Dynasties. He also argues that the reburial sequence of the mummies of the New Kingdom pharaohs in the Royal Cache (TT 320) shows that these two dynasties were contemporary (thus explaining why there are too few Apis burials for the period). Rohl finds that in the royal burial ground at Tanis it appears that the tomb of Osorkon II of the 22nd Dynasty was built before that of Psusennes I of the 21st Dynasty; in Rohl's view this can only be explained if the two dynasties were contemporary.
* Rohl offers inscriptions that list three non-royal genealogies which, when one attributes 20 to 23 years to a generation, show, according to Rohl, that Ramesses II flourished in the 10th century BC as Rohl advocates. In the conventional chronology, all three genealogies would be missing seven generations. He also argues that there are no genealogies that confirm the conventional dates for Ramesses II in the 13th century BC.
* One of Rohl's methods is the use of archaeoastronomy, which he employs to fix the date of a near-sunset solar eclipse during the reign of Akhenaten and observed from the city of Ugarit. Based on calculations, using computer astronomy programs, Rohl asserts that the only time when this eclipse could have occurred during the whole second millennium BC was on 9 May 1012 BC. This is approximately 350 years later than the conventional dates for Akhenaten (1353-1334 BC).
* Rohl's dates for Amenemhat III of the Twelfth Dynasty in the 17th century BC have found support in the work of astronomer David Lappin, whose research finds matches for a sequence of 37 out of 39 lunar month lengths recorded in 12th Dynasty contracts; the conventional chronology matches at best 21. According to Lappin, this pattern provides "startling" support for Rohl's chronology.

### Shishaq

Most Egyptologists accept Shishaq as an alternative name for Shoshenq I. Rohl disputes that Shoshenq's military activity fits the biblical account of Shishaq on the grounds that the two kings' campaigns are completely different and Jerusalem does not appear in the Shoshenq inscription as a subjected town. He also points out that Ramesses did campaign against Israel and that he had a short form of his formal name which was in use in Palestine. That name was Sysw, whilst the early Hebrew alphabet did not distinguish between S and SH, so the biblical name may have originally been Sysq. Rohl has also argued that the qoph ending may be a later misreading of the early sign for waw which in the 10th century was identical to the 7th century sign for qoph. Thus 7th-century Sysq may have been a mistaken later reading of 10th-century Sysw.

The theory that Ramesses II (hypocoristicon *Sysa*), rather than Shoshenq I, should be identified with the biblical Shishak is not widely accepted.

Kevin Wilson agrees only partially with David Rohl. Wilson accepts that there is a mismatch between the triumphal relief of Shoshenq I and the biblical description of King Shishak. However, he does not think that this discrepancy gives sufficient reason for doubting the identification of Shoshenq I with King Shishak of the Bible. Wilson writes about Shoshenq's inscription, "Contrary to previous studies, which have interpreted the relief as a celebration of his Palestine campaign, neither the triumphal relief nor any of its elements can be utilized as a source for historical data about that campaign. … the triumphal relief can unfortunately play no role in the reconstruction of Shoshenq’s campaign." Wilson's view is not supported by Kenneth Kitchen who states: "That the great topographical list of Shoshenq I at Karnak is a document of the greatest possible value for the history and nature of his campaign against Judah and Israel is now clearly established beyond all dispute, thanks to the labours expended on that list by a series of scholars. However, the composition and interpretation of the list still require further examination and clarification". Other leading scholars who have studied the campaign relief point out that it is indeed a unique list of subjected towns and not a copy of an earlier campaign by a more celebrated pharaoh. This originality makes it far more likely that it is a true representation of cities and locations brought under Egyptian control by the military activities of Shoshenq I.

## Implications of the New Chronology

The implications of a radical down-dating of the conventional Egyptian chronology, such as that proposed by Rohl and other revisionists, are complex and wide-ranging. The New Chronology affects the historical disciplines of Old Testament studies, Levantine archaeology, Aegean and Anatolian archaeology and Classical studies, and raises major issues concerning Mesopotamian chronology and its links with Egypt and Anatolia.

### Implications for Egypt and her neighbours

Redating the reign of Ramesses II to three centuries later than that given by the conventional chronology would reposition the date of the Battle of Kadesh and revise the linked chronology of Hittite history, and would need a revision of the chronology of Assyrian history before 911 BC. Given the dependence of Hittite chronology on Egyptian chronology, a lowering of Egyptian dates would result in a lowering of the end of the Hittite New Kingdom and a resulting reduction (or complete removal) of the Anatolian Dark Age.

During the Amarna period, a chronological synchronism between Egypt and Assyria is attested through the correspondence of Pharaoh Akhenaten and a King Ashuruballit. In the conventional chronology, this Ashuruballit is identified with Ashur-uballit I of the early Middle Assyrian Empire, but the New Chronology has proposed the addition of an otherwise unknown King Ashuruballit "II" during the Middle Assyrian "dark age" as the author of the Amarna letters. Given that the Ashuruballit I synchronism with Akhenaten has become the crucial link between Egyptian and Mesopotamian history in recent years, this issue is a key area of focus and dispute.

### Implications for the Bible

As explained above, the New Chronology rejects the identification of Shoshenq I with the biblical Shishaq, and instead offers Ramesses II (also known by his nickname "Sysa") as the real historical figure behind the Shishaq narrative.

Rohl identifies Labaya, a local ruler in Canaan whose activities are documented in the Amarna Letters, with Saul, and identifies David with Dadua ("Tadua"), also mentioned in Amarna Letter EA256. Saul and Labaya share the same demise - "both die in battle - against a coalition of city states from the coastal plain - on or near Mount Gilboa, both as a result of betrayal." Both also have a surviving son whose name translates as "Man of Baal."

The New Chronology places Solomon at the end of the wealthy Late Bronze Age rather than in the relatively impoverished Early Iron Age. Rohl and other New Chronology researchers contend that this fits better with the Hebrew Bible's description of Solomon's wealth.

Furthermore, Rohl shifts the Israelite Sojourn, Exodus and Conquest from the end of the Late Bronze Age to the latter part of the Middle Bronze Age (from the Nineteenth Dynasty to the Thirteenth/Hyksos period). Rohl claims that this solves many of the problems associated with the historicity issue of the biblical narratives. He makes use of the archaeological reports from Avaris, in the eastern Nile Delta, which show that a large Semitic-speaking population lived there during the Thirteenth Dynasty. These people were culturally similar to the population of Middle Bronze Age (MB IIA) Canaan. Rohl identifies these Semites as the people upon whom the biblical tradition of the Israelite Sojourn in Egypt was subsequently based.

Towards the end of the Middle Bronze Age (late MB IIB) archaeologists have revealed a series of city destructions which John Bimson and Rohl have argued correspond closely to the cities attacked by the Israelite tribes in the Joshua narrative. Most importantly, the heavily fortified city of Jericho was destroyed and abandoned at this time. On the other hand, there was no city of Jericho in existence at the end of the Late Bronze Age, drawing William Dever to conclude that "Joshua destroyed a city that wasn’t even there". Rohl claims that it is this lack of archaeological evidence to confirm biblical events in the Late Bronze Age which lies behind modern scholarly skepticism over the reliability of the Hebrew Bible narratives before the Divided Monarchy period. He gives the example of Israeli professor of archaeology, Ze'ev Herzog, who caused an uproar in Israel and abroad when he gave voice to the "fairly widespread" view held among his colleagues that "there had been no Exodus from Egypt, no invasion by Joshua and that the Israelites had developed slowly and were originally Canaanites," concluding that the Sojourn, Exodus and Conquest was “a history that never happened.” However, Rohl contends that the New Chronology, with the shift of the Exodus and Conquest events to the Middle Bronze Age, removes the principal reason for that widespread academic skepticism.

## Identifications in the New Chronology

### Geographical identifications

Rohl, in addition to his chronology, also has some geographical ideas that are different from the conventional notions. These include:

* The Garden of Eden (the urheimat \[homeland\] of the Sumerians), according to Rohl, was located in what is now northwestern Iran, between Lake Urmia and the Caspian Sea.
* The Tower of Babel, according to Rohl, was built in the ancient Sumerian capital of Eridu.
* The site of the ancient city of Sodom is "a little over 100 metres beneath the surface of the Dead Sea," a few kilometers south-by-southeast from En-Gedi.
* The Amalekites defeated by King Saul were not the ones living in the Negev and/or the Sinai, but a northern branch of this people, "in the territory of Ephraim, on the highlands of Amalek" - or, in an alternative translation "in the Land of Ephraim, the mountains of the Amalekites" (Judges 12:15). This is supported by the report that, immediately following his destruction of the Amalekites, "Saul went to Carmel and set up a monument" (I Samuel 15:12). Once Saul is removed from the Negev and the Sinai, "Saul's kingdom as described in the Bible is precisely the area ruled over by Labaya according to the el-Amarna letters."

## Reception

### In Egyptology

Mainstream Egyptology has not adopted the New Chronology, continuing to employ the standard chronology in mainstream academic publications. Rohl's most vocal critic has been Professor Kenneth Kitchen, formerly of Liverpool University, who called Rohl's thesis "100% nonsense." By contrast, other Egyptologists recognise the value of Rohl's work in challenging the bases of the Egyptian chronological framework. Professor Erik Hornung acknowledges that "...there remain many uncertainties in the Third Intermediate Period, as critics such as David Rohl have rightly maintained; even our basic premise of 925 \[BC\] for Shoshenq’s campaign to Jerusalem is not built on solid foundations." Academic debate on the New Chronology, however, has largely not taken place in Egyptological or archaeological journals. Most discussions are to be found in the Institute for the Study of Interdisciplinary Sciences' *Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum* (1985–2006).

Chris Bennett (1996), while saying "I am quite certain that Rohl’s views are wrong" notes that besides academic debate on problems with the conventional chronology, such as those associated with the Thera eruption, a "far deeper challenge ... has been mounted in the public arena." The history of this challenge to mainstream consensus outside of academic debate originates with the 1991 *Centuries of Darkness* by Peter James, together with Rohl, co-founder of the Institute for the Study of Interdisciplinary Sciences. *Centuries of Darkness* postulated 250 years of non-existent "phantom time" in the conventional chronology based on an archaeological "Dark Age".

Kenneth Kitchen's arguments against the New Chronology have focused on Rohl's Third Intermediate Period revision which proposes an overlap between the 21st and 22nd Dynasties. In particular Kitchen challenges the validity of the chronological anomalies raised by Rohl, questioning whether they are true anomalies and offering his own explanations for the apparent problems raised by Rohl. Kitchen accuses New Chronologists of being obsessed with trying to close gaps in the archaeological record by lowering the dating.

Grouping all radical revisions of Egyptian chronology together without distinction, Erik Hornung, in his Introduction to the *Handbook of Ancient Egyptian Chronology*, makes the following statement:

> We will always be exposed to such attempts, but they could only be taken seriously if not only the arbitrary dynasties and rulers, but also their contexts, could be displaced.... In the absence of such proofs we can hardly be expected to "refute" such claims, or even to respond in any fashion ... It is thus neither arrogance nor ill-will that leads the academic community to neglect these efforts which frequently lead to irritation and distrust outside of professional circles (and are often undertaken with the encouragement of the media). These attempts usually require a rather lofty disrespect of the most elementary sources and facts and thus do not merit discussion. We will therefore avoid discussion of such issues in our handbook, restricting ourselves to those hypotheses and discussions which are based on the sources.

Bennett (1996), whilst not accepting Rohl's thesis, suggests that such out-of-hand rejection may be inappropriate in Rohl's case, since "there is a world of difference between \[Rohl's\] intellectual standing and that of Velikovsky, or even Peter James" since, unlike "popular radicalisms" such as those of Velikovsky, Bauval or Hancock, "Rohl has a considerable mastery of his material."

Professor Amélie Kuhrt, head of Ancient Near Eastern History at University College, London, in one of the standard reference works of the discipline, states:

> An extreme low chronology has been proposed recently by a group devoted to revising the absolute chronology of the Mediterranean and Western Asia: P. James et al., *Centuries of Darkness*, London, 1991; similar, though slightly diverging revisions, are upheld by another group, too, and partly published in the *Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum*. The hub for the dating of other cultures is Egypt, so much of the work of both groups focuses on Egyptian evidence. Many scholars feel sympathetic to the critique of weaknesses in the existing chronological framework presented in these volumes, but most archaeologists and ancient historians are not at present convinced that the radical redatings proposed stand up to close examination.

### Radiocarbon dating

In 2010, a series of corroborated radiocarbon dates were published for dynastic Egypt which suggest some minor revisions to the conventional chronology, but do not support Rohl's proposed revisions.

In 1995, Rohl published his version of the New Chronology, in the best-selling book *A Test of Time*, accompanied by a 1995 Channel 4 three-part series *Pharaohs and Kings - A Biblical Quest*. *A Test of Time* takes up the general scenario presented by James, adding many details omitted in 1991, including the "dramatic results" pertaining to Biblical chronology. Whilst the New Chronology has not been broadly accepted in academia, it has been widely disseminated to the public since the 1990s via Rohl's best-selling books and the 1995 Channel 4 television documentary, aired in the United States in 1996 on The Learning Channel. Berthoud (2008) contrasts the "near-unanimous" rejection of Rohl's theories in Egyptology with the "sensational effect" his books, combined with the television series, had on the general public.

The reaction of some leading figures from the academic establishment has been very hostile. Kenneth Kitchen presented a "savage review" of *Centuries of Darkness* in the *Times Literary Supplement*, and the British Museum banned *A Test of Time* from its museum store.

### By evangelicals

In December 1999, the Dutch language internet journal *Bijbel, Geschiedenis en Archeologie* (Bible, History and Archaeology) devoted space to a debate about Rohl's New Chronology. According to evangelical scholar, J.G. van der Land, editor of the journal, Rohl's time-line resolves some archaeological anomalies surrounding ancient Egypt, but creates conflicts with other areas that make it untenable. His arguments were then countered by Peter van der Veen and Robert Porter. In the final article in the issue, van der Land identified some new issues for Rohl's chronology arising from recent finds in Assyrian letters.

## Sources


title: New China Life Insurance

abstract: New China Life Insurance Co., Ltd. also known as New China Insurance (NCI) or Xinhua Baoxian Jituan is a Chinese life insurance company based in Beijing. The Chinese government owns more than half of the shares of the company via sovereign fund Central Huijin, via state-owned enterprise Baosteel Group and a financial service company China Securities Finance. The company is a constituent of the CSI 300 Index, FTSE China A50 Index and Hang Seng China Enterprises Index, and is a former constituent of the SSE 50 Index. The company was ranked 427th in 2016 Fortune Global 500 and 297th in 2016 Forbes Global 2000.

text:
# New China Life Insurance

| New China Life Insurance Co., Ltd. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Simplified Chinese | 新华人寿保险股份有限公司 |
| Traditional Chinese | 新華人壽保險股份有限公司 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Xīnhuá rénshòu bǎoxiǎn gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī | |
| New China Insurance Group | |
| Simplified Chinese | 新华保险集团 |
| Traditional Chinese | 新華保險集團 |
| Transcriptions | |
|  | |

**New China Life Insurance Co., Ltd.** also known as **New China Insurance** (NCI) or **Xinhua Baoxian Jituan** (Chinese: 新华保险集团) is a Chinese life insurance company based in Beijing. The Chinese government owns more than half of the shares of the company via sovereign fund Central Huijin, via state-owned enterprise Baosteel Group and a financial service company China Securities Finance.

The company is a constituent of the CSI 300 Index, FTSE China A50 Index and Hang Seng China Enterprises Index, and is a former constituent of the SSE 50 Index (blue chip of Shanghai Stock Exchange).

The company was ranked 427th in 2016 Fortune Global 500 and 297th in 2016 Forbes Global 2000.

## Equity investments

The company invested the premium received to several publicly traded company of China, notably Hikvision (0.51% stake in 2015), Industrial Bank (0.21% stake in 2015) and Tianqi Lithium (5.20% stake in 2015).

## Shareholders

Top 10 shareholders *As of 31 December 2015*

## InfoBox

New China Life Insurance Co., Ltd.
|
|  |
| Company type | State-owned enterprise; Public |
| Traded as |  |
| Industry | Financial services |
| Founded | September 1996 (1996-09) |
| Headquarters | NCI Tower, Beijing, China |
| Services | Life insurance |
| Revenue | CN¥157.918 billion (2015) |
| Net income | CN¥8.601 billion (2015) |
| Total assets | CN¥660.560 billion (2015) |
| Total equity | CN¥57.835 billion (2015) |
| Owner |  |
| Website | newchinalife.com |
| **Footnotes / references**<br>in a consolidated basis | |


title: Nova Scotia Route 302

abstract: Route 302 is a collector road in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. It is in Cumberland County and connects Amherst at Trunk 2 with Southampton at Trunk 2. It is designated as part of the Fundy Shore Scenic Drive.

text:
# Nova Scotia Route 302

**Route 302** is a collector road in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

It is in Cumberland County and connects Amherst at Trunk 2 with Southampton at Trunk 2. It is designated as part of the Fundy Shore Scenic Drive.

## Communities

## History

| Trunk 2A | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | SouthamptonUpper Nappan |
| Length | 15 km (9.3 mi) |

The entirety of Collector Highway 302 was originally part of and older westerly route of Trunk Highway 2, but was re-designated as **Trunk Highway 2A** when Trunk 2 was realigned. The route also intersected former Trunk 26 in Athol, now named Little Forks Road.

## InfoBox

| Route 302 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route 302 passes through Athol, Nova Scotia. | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Nova Scotia Department of Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal | |
| Length | 23 km (14 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Trunk 2 in Southampton |
| Major intersections | Route 242 in Maccan |
| North end | Trunk 2 in Upper Nappan |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Nova Scotia |
| Counties | Cumberland |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 301   Route 303 | |


title: New Jersey Route 101

abstract: Route 101 was a proposed state highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It was planned in 1939 as a freeway from Kearny to Hackensack, but it was never built. Route S101 was a northern extension of Route 101 planned at the same time from Hackensack through Paramus to the New York state line at Montvale. The section from Hackensack to Paramus was never built; the section from Paramus to the state line was built as part of the Garden State Parkway instead. Both designations were repealed in the 1953 renumbering.

text:
# New Jersey Route 101

**Route 101** was a proposed state highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It was planned in 1939 as a freeway from Kearny to Hackensack, but it was never built. **Route S101** was a northern extension of Route 101 planned at the same time from Hackensack through Paramus to the New York state line at Montvale. The section from Hackensack to Paramus was never built; the section from Paramus to the state line was built as part of the Garden State Parkway (Route 444) instead. Both designations were repealed in the 1953 renumbering.

## Route description

Route 101 was planned to begin at Harrison Avenue in Kearny, Hudson County. From here, the route was to head north into the New Jersey Meadowlands in Bergen County, where it would pass through Lyndhurst, Rutherford, and East Rutherford. Route 101 would continue north through Carlstadt before running in between Moonachie Road and the Hackensack River. The route was to pass through Little Ferry and into the eastern part of Hackensack, where Route 101 was to terminate at an intersection with Route 4. From this point, Route S101 was planned to continue north to the border in Montvale.

## History

Route 101 was first legislated in 1939 to connect Kearny and Hackensack. In 1951, a northward extension of the route, Route S101, was legislated to continue from Hackensack to the New York border in Montvale. As neither of these roads had been built, the designations were repealed in the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hudson | Kearny |  |  | Harrison Avenue |  |
| Bergen | Hackensack |  |  | Route 4 |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Route 101 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by New Jersey State Highway Department | |
| Existed | 1939–by 1953 |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Harrison Avenue in Kearny |
| North end | Route 4 in Hackensack |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Jersey |
| Counties | Hudson, Bergen |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 100   Route 109 | |


title: Microthelys

abstract:
Microthelys is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Its species are native to Mexico, Central America and Ecuador.
  - Microthelys constricta (Szlach.) Szlach. - central Mexico
  - Microthelys hintoniorum (Todzia) Szlach., Rutk. & Mytnik - Nuevo León
  - Microthelys intagana Szlach. - Ecuador
  - Microthelys markowskiana (Szlach.) Szlach. - Oaxaca
  - Microthelys minutiflora Garay - from San Luis Potosí south to Guatemala
  - Microthelys nutantiflora (Schltr.) Garay - Guatemala, Costa Rica
  - Microthelys rubrocallosa Garay - from central Mexico south to Guatemala

text:
# Microthelys

***Microthelys*** is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Its species are native to Mexico, Central America and Ecuador.

1. *Microthelys constricta* (Szlach.) Szlach. \- central Mexico
2. *Microthelys hintoniorum* (Todzia) Szlach., Rutk. & Mytnik \- Nuevo León
3. *Microthelys intagana* (Dodson & Dressler) Szlach. \- Ecuador
4. *Microthelys markowskiana* (Szlach.) Szlach. \- Oaxaca
5. *Microthelys minutiflora* (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Garay \- from San Luis Potosí south to Guatemala
6. *Microthelys nutantiflora* (Schltr.) Garay \- Guatemala, Costa Rica
7. *Microthelys rubrocallosa* (B.L.Rob. & Greenm.) Garay \- from central Mexico south to Guatemala

* Garay, L.A. (1980) Botanical Museum Leaflets 28 (4): 336.
* Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.C. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2003) Genera Orchidacearum 3: 227 ff. Oxford University Press.
* Berg Pana, H. 2005. *Handbuch der Orchideen-Namen. Dictionary of Orchid Names. Dizionario dei nomi delle orchidee*. Ulmer, Stuttgart

## InfoBox

| *Microthelys* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Tribe: | Cranichideae |
| Subtribe: | Spiranthinae |
| Genus: | *Microthelys*<br>Garay |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Ecuadoria* Dodson & Dressler | |


title: Markus Wuckel

abstract: Markus Wuckel is a German football manager and former player.

text:
# Markus Wuckel

**Markus Wuckel** (born 5 April 1967) is a German football manager and former player.

## Playing career

Wuckel began his career in the youth teams of BSG Stahl Blankenburg and later joined Stahl Brandenburg, playing in the youth team until 1984. The following season, Wuckel played his first nine matches in the DDR-Oberliga, scoring once. After transferring to 1. FC Magdeburg for the 1985-86 season Wuckel quickly earned a reputation as a goal-getter. In his time in Magdeburg he played in 116 Oberliga matches, scoring 47 goals, twelve FDGB-Pokal matches (9 goals) and 2 matches in the UEFA Cup. When Magdeburg failed to qualify for a professional league following German reunification, Wuckel joined 1. SC Göttingen 05 who played in the then third-tier Oberliga Nord. He later played for several sides in the 2. Bundesliga such as VfB Oldenburg, Arminia Bielefeld, Rot-Weiss Essen und VfB Leipzig before he joined 1. FC Saarbrücken in 1997 where he ended his playing career in the following year.

Wuckel played in 125 DDR-Oberliga matches, scoring 48 goals, 43 2. Bundesliga matches with 7 goals and 74 matches in the Regionalliga with 24 goals. In the Oberliga he played 29 matches and scored 16 goals.

Additionally, Wuckel played for his country in four matches, scoring twice. In addition he scored 11 goals in 24 matches for the East German Olympic team and another 11 goals in 28 matches for the Under-21 national team.

## Post-playing career

After a management and marketing education Wuckel passed the manager seminar with the DFB. Afterwards he was director, manager and president of his home club Blankenburger FV, before managing 1. FC Wernigerode in the Verbandsliga Sachsen-Anhalt. He later managed Arminia Bielefeld's women's team between 2004 and 2021.

Wuckel owns a footballing school in Boltenhagen on the Baltic Sea.

## InfoBox

Markus Wuckel
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1967-04-05) 5 April 1967 | | |
| Place of birth | East Germany | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Stahl Blankenburg | | |
| 0000–1984 | Stahl Brandenburg | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1984–1985 | Stahl Brandenburg | 9 | (1) |
| 1985–1991 | 1. FC Magdeburg | 116 | (47) |
| 1991–1992 | 1. SC Göttingen | 29 | (16) |
| 1992–1993 | VfB Oldenburg | 35 | (6) |
| 1993–1995 | Arminia Bielefeld | 49 | (25) |
| 1995–1996 | Rot-Weiß Essen | 24 | (7) |
| 1996–1997 | VfB Leipzig | 8 | (1) |
| 1997–1998 | 1. FC Saarbrücken | 23 | (4) |
| Total |  | **293** | **(107)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1987–1990 | East Germany | 4 | (2) |
| Managerial career | | | |
|  | Blankenburger FV | | |
|  | 1. FC Wernigerode | | |
| 2004–2021 | Arminia Bielefeld (women) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


abstract: This is a list of the French Singles & Airplay Chart Reviews number-ones of 1983.

text:
# List of number-one singles of 1983 (France)

This is a list of the French Singles & Airplay Chart Reviews **number-ones of 1983**.

## Summary

### Singles Chart

| Week | Date | Artist | Single |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 8 January | Dorothée | "Hou! La menteuse" |
| 2 | 15 January | | |
| 3 | 22 January | | |
| 4 | 29 January | | |
| 5 | 5 February | Rose Laurens | "Africa" |
| 6 | 12 February | | |
| 7 | 19 February | | |
| 8 | 26 February | | |
| 9 | 5 March | | |
| 10 | 12 March | | |
| 11 | 19 March | | |
| 12 | 26 March | | |
| 13 | 2 April | Les Forbans | "Chante" |
| 14 | 9 April | | |
| 15 | 16 April | | |
| 16 | 23 April | Culture Club | "Do You Really Want to Hurt Me" |
| 17 | 30 April | | |
| 18 | 7 May | Michael Jackson | "Billie Jean" |
| 19 | 14 May | | |
| 20 | 21 May | | |
| 21 | 28 May | | |
| 22 | 4 June | Toto Cutugno | "L'Italiano" |
| 23 | 11 June | | |
| 24 | 18 June | | |
| 25 | 25 June | | |
| 26 | 2 July | | |
| 27 | 9 July | | |
| 28 | 16 July | | |
| 29 | 23 July | | |
| 30 | 30 July | | |
| 31 | 6 August | | |
| 32 | 13 August | | |
| 33 | 20 August | | |
| 34 | 27 August | | |
| 35 | 3 September | Eurythmics | "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" |
| 36 | 10 September | | |
| 37 | 17 September | | |
| 38 | 24 September | | |
| 39 | 1 October | Irene Cara | "Flashdance... What a Feeling" |
| 40 | 8 October | | |
| 41 | 15 October | | |
| 42 | 22 October | | |
| 43 | 29 October | | |
| 44 | 5 November | | |
| 45 | 12 November | | |
| 46 | 19 November | | |
| 47 | 26 November | | |
| 48 | 3 December | | |
| 49 | 10 December | | |
| 50 | 17 December | Claude Barzotti | "Le Rital" |
| 51 | 24 December | Irene Cara | "Flashdance... What a Feeling" |
| 52 | 31 December | Renaud | "Dès que le vent soufflera" |


title: Murraya

abstract: Murraya is a genus of flowering plants in the citrus family, Rutaceae. It is distributed in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The center of diversity is in southern China and Southeast Asia. When broadly circumscribed, the genus has about 17 species. A narrower circumscription contains only eight species, others being placed in Bergera and Merrillia.

text:
# Murraya

***Murraya*** (/ˈmʌriə/) is a genus of flowering plants in the citrus family, Rutaceae. It is distributed in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The center of diversity is in southern China and Southeast Asia. When broadly circumscribed, the genus has about 17 species. A narrower circumscription contains only eight species, others being placed in *Bergera* and *Merrillia*.

## Description

Plants in the genus *Murraya* are shrubs or trees with pinnate leaves arranged alternately, usually glandular, aromatic, and leathery to membranous in texture. The leaflets vary in shape and have smooth or toothed edges. The inflorescence is a panicle, cyme, or small raceme of flowers growing at the ends of branches or in the leaf axils; some flowers are solitary. The fragrant flowers have 4 or 5 sepals and white petals and up to 10 straight stamens. The fruit is a fleshy berry with pulp but without the juice vesicles present in some related fruits. It is up to 1.3 centimetres (0.51 in) long and orange, red, or black.

## Taxonomy

The genus *Murraya* was first formally described in 1771 by Carl Linnaeus in *Mantissa Plantarum Altera* from an unpublished description by Johann Gerhard König. The genus name commemorates the 18th-century German-Swedish herbal doctor Johan Andreas Murray, a student of Linnaeus. In 1986, Paul P.-H. But and co-authors separated off some species of *Murraya* as *M.* sect. *Bergera* based on chemical evidence. Evidence from pollen morphology and multiple molecular phylogenetic studies showed that when broadly circumscribed, *Murraya* was not monophyletic, and treating *M.* sect. *Bergera* as the separate genus *Bergera* has widespread support.

*Murraya* is in the subfamily Aurantioideae, which also includes the genus *Citrus*. It is in the tribe Clauseneae.

### Species list

Studies have repeatedly shown that two sections into which *Murraya* has been divided, *M.* sect. *Murraya* and *M.* sect. *Bergera*, should be treated as separate genera. *Murraya* sensu stricto was revised in 2021, with eight species being accepted:

Species that have been placed in *Murraya* sect. *Bergera* belong in *Bergera*, although as of September 2021, names for many have not been published. Further species still accepted in *Murraya* by Plants of the World Online are:

## Uses

*Murraya* species are used in landscaping. Some species can be grafted onto citrus rootstocks. Species have been used in traditional medicine, with various parts of the plants used to treat fever, pain, and dysentery. *M. paniculata* has been used to induce labor. It has been used in Cuba for painful inflammatory conditions.

In Myanmar, *Murraya* species are used to make thanaka, a cosmetic paste that is typically applied onto the face.

## Chemistry

Compounds isolated from *Murraya* include many types of coumarins and alkaloids. The novel alkaloid yuehchukene was found in *M. paniculata*, and it has since been isolated from other *Murraya*. It is found in red-fruited species with larger petals, but not in black-fruited species with smaller petals. Some species also contain the carbazole girinimbine.

## Spelling competition

In July 2021, 14-year old Zaila Avant-garde of Harvey, Louisiana, won the final of the 2021 Scripps National Spelling Bee by correctly spelling the word "Murraya", and was the first African American to win the 96-year-old event.

## InfoBox

| *Murraya* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Murraya paniculata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Rutaceae |
| Subfamily: | Aurantioideae |
| Genus: | *Murraya*<br>J.Koenig ex L. |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Munich Studio of Chicago

abstract: The Munich Studio of Chicago was a stained-glass window company that operated in Chicago from 1903 to 1932. It was founded by German stained-glass artist Max Guler.

text:
# Munich Studio of Chicago

The **Munich Studio of Chicago** was a stained-glass window company that operated in Chicago from 1903 to 1932. It was founded by German stained-glass artist Max Guler.

## History

Munich Studio of Chicago was established in 1903, by German immigrant artist Max Guler (1870–1937). Guler studied China painting in his native town of Munich and had arrived in Chicago in 1896. He and his two partners, salesman L. Holzchuh and manager/bookkeeper Denis Shanahan, formed a soon-successful firm that hired numerous artisans and eventually made windows for probably 150 churches throughout the Midwest, until the Great Depression arrested church construction and put the company out of business in 1932. Guler and his key artisans thereafter worked for the Drehobl Art Glass Company of Chicago (still in business today), and Guler died in 1937.

Guler was a highly gifted designer of windows. According to Drehobl's son: “Guler was a short, stout man whose greatest enjoyment was to sit at his drawing board dreaming of new ways to express a Biblical event or quotation” in “pictorial windows beautifully grouped in rich, gorgeous colors.” Guler was also proficient in creating and painting windows, although he usually left that work to his master artisans, including: Peter Kugel, who specialized in portraits and flesh tinting; Herman Schulze, who painted landscapes, floral designs, cloth textures and drapery folds; and George Wieroeder and Joseph Lazar, who cut, fired and leaded the glass. These men worked together to execute Guler's beautifully detailed pencil drawings and watercolor renderings.

Guler's rich colors were achieved by hand-painting sections of glass (from France, Germany and the US) with glass paints: ground glass mixed with iron oxide, yellow stain and other colorants; then firing the painted glass in a kiln. Windows made with this detailed painting are known as Munich-style stained-glass, or Munich windows.

Munich Studio windows are characterized by the use of:

* rich jewel colors
* detailed painting of realistic details and convincing depictions of wood, stone, skies and botanically accurate plants
* architectural framing using depictions of pilasters resembling Gothic-style stone towers edging the sides, and ornate architectural canopies of pointed Gothic spires above the scenes that indicate the importance of the figures (much as fabric canopies identified royal persons in Renaissance paintings) and fill the tall vertical space of each window
* perspective: Unlike simple, flat scenes in Medieval windows, Munich Studio windows portray depth through the use of perspective painting, with some figures at forefront, others behind them, and often arched stone windows, beyond which distant landscape scenes can be glimpsed outside, a device commonly employed in Italian Renaissance and Baroque paintings.
* Asymmetric placement of figures that adds movement to the scene, directing the eye from top to bottom and side to side

## List of projects

Partial Munich Studio catalog listings from 1910 to 1925 note thirty-two major church installations in Chicago; and ninety-six in churches in other Midwestern states than Illinois. Most of the listings below are from two Munich Studio catalogs in the Chicago History Museum archives (see below) unless otherwise cited, and list the churches in which windows were installed, or the priests who ordered them.

Chicago, IL: Our Lady of Sorrows (c.1900)

Chicago, IL: Presentation Church

Chicago, IL: St. Agnes (1905)

Chicago, IL: St. Bride Church (1910)

Chicago, IL: St. Bridget's

Chicago, IL: St. Dominic's

Chicago, IL: St. Jarlath's Church

Chicago, IL: St. Leo's (1914)

Chicago, IL: St. Margaret Mary (1924)

Chicago, IL: St. Nicholas Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral (1915)

Chicago, IL: St. Philip Benizi Church (1904)

Chicago, IL: St. Phillip's (1916)

Chicago, IL: St. Veronica (1905)

Chicago, IL: (Fr. D.J. Cremins)

Chicago Heights, IL: (Fr. F. Grzes)

Des Plaines, IL: (Fr. J. Linden)

Freeport, IL: Chapel St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum

Keithsburg, IL: St. Mary's

Monmouth, IL: Immaculate Conception Church

Niles Center, IL

Quincy, IL: St. Peter's Church

Rock Island, IL: St. Joseph's

Rutland, IL: Sacred Heart (1910, now in Sacré-Coeur Retreat, Magnolia, IL)

Saumonauk, IL: St. John's Church

Walton, IL: (Fr. C.F. Conley)

West Brooklyn, IL: (Fr. M. Krug)

Woodstock, IL: St. Mary's Church

Anthon, IA: (Fr. Geo. Cooke) St. Joseph Catholic Church (1912)

Bellevue, IA: St. Joseph's Church (1910)

Anton, IA: (Fr. Geo. Cooke)

Cedar Falls, IA: St. Patrick's

Council Bluffs, IA: Chapel at St. Bernard's Hospital

Davenport, IA: St. Paul's

Dubuque, IA: St. Joseph's College New Chapel

Lyons, IA: St. Boniface

Mapleton, IA: St. Mary's

Marcus, IA: Holy Name Church (1916)

Mary Hill, IA: Visitation

Mt. Carmel, IA: (Fr. F.H. Huesmann)

Riverside, IA: St. Mary's Catholic Church (1906)

Rock Valley, IA: St. Mary's Catholic Church (1915)

Salix, IA: St. Joseph Parish (1926)

Sheldon, IA: St. Patrick's Church (1912)

Waterloo, IA: Sacred Heart Church

West Point, IA: The Assumption

Worthington, IA: (Fr. J.H. Schilmoeller)

Plymouth, IN: (Fr. J. Tremmel)

Arkansas City, KS: Sacred Heart Church (1920)

Concordia, KS: Nazareth Academy Sacred Heart Chapel (1907)

Horton, KS: (Fr. Jos. Hildebrand)

Kansas City, KS: Holy Name

Lawrence, KS: St. John the Evangelist Church (1924)

Maryville, KS: St. Mary's Church

Olmitz, KS: (Fr. John Huna)

Rosedale, KS: (Fr. A. Dornseifer) Holy Name Church

St. Mary's, KS: Immaculata Chapel

Victoria, KS: Basilica of Saint Fidelis (1916)

Winchester, KY: St. Joseph's Church

Adrian, MI: Adrian Dominican Motherhouse-Holy Rosary Chapel (1908)

Battle Creek, MI: St. Philip's Church

Detroit, MI: Chapel St. Francis Home for Boys

Detroit, MI: Our Lady of the Rosary

Fowler, MI Most Holy Trinity Church (1916)

Gross Point Farms, MI: St. Paul Catholic Church (1924)

Hudson, MI: Sacred Heart Church (1905)

Ionia, MI: (Fr. H.D. McCarthy)

Menominee, MI: St. John the Baptist Catholic Church (1921, now Menominee Co. Historical Museum)

Saginaw, MI: St. Joseph Catholic Church (1923)

Wyandotte, MI: Our Lady of Mount Carmel (1915)

Lismore, MN: St. Anthony's Church

Easton, MN: (Fr. C. Hennekes)

Hannibal, MO: (Fr. D.F. O’Sullivan)

Louisiana, MO: St. Joseph's

Montrose, MO: (Fr. William Hovestadt)

Billings, MT: St. Patrick Co-Cathedral

Bozeman, MT: Holy Rosary

Grand Forks, ND: St. Mary's (1914)

Grand Forks, ND: St. Michael's

Ewing, NE: (Fr. Joseph Rose)

Madison, NE: (Fr. E.S. Muenich)

Omaha, NE: St Patrick's Church

O’Neill, NE: St. Patrick's

Paul, NE: (Fr. C. Broermann)

Schuyler, NE: St. Augustine's Church

Stuart, NE: St. Boniface Church

Waverly, NY: St. James Church

Cleveland, OH: (Rev. John Becha, St. Adalbert)

Cleveland, OH: Holy Rosary

Cleveland, OH: Immaculate Heart of Mary Church

Columbus, OH: St. Dominic Church

New Berlin, OH: St. Augustine Church

Tiffin, OH: St. Joseph

Tiffin, OH: St. Mary

Tippecanoe City, OH: Immaculate Conception Church

Youngstown, OH: Sacred Heart of Jesus Church

Perry, OK: St Rose of Lima. Stroseperry.com

Ambridge, PA: St. Stanislaus Church (1929, windows relocated to Good Samaritan Church, Ambridge)

Cambridge Springs, PA: St. Anthony's Church

Conemaugh, PA: Sacred Heart Church (1923, now Church of the Transfiguration)

Moscow, PA: St. Catherine of Siena (1924)

Pittsburgh, PA: All Saints Church

Warren, PA: (Fr. M.J. Orzechowski)

Huron, SD: (Fr. D. Desmond)

Memphis, TN: (Fr. W.G. Scanlon) St. Agnes Academy?

Athens, WI: St. Anthony's Church

Decada, WI: (Fr. C. Flasch)

Luxemburg, WI: Immaculate Conception Church

Milwaukee, WI: St. Augustine's Church

Milwaukee, WI: The Jesu Church

Mineral Point, WI: St. Paul's Church

New Munster, WI: St. Alphonsus

New Munster, WI: St. Mary's Church

Sparta, WI: St. Patrick's

St. Francis, WI: St. John's Institute

Sturgeon Bay, WI: St. Joseph Church (1910)

Waterford, WI: (Fr. Thomas Hennessey)

Waterford, WI: (Fr. J.P. Pierron)

Mannington, WV: St. Patrick's Rectory

## Munich Studio of Chicago catalogs and advertising

## Sources

## InfoBox

Munich Studio of Chicago
|
|  |
| Company type | Stained-glass art company |
| Founded | 1903 |
| Defunct | 1932 |
| Headquarters | Chicago, Illinois |
| Area served | Midwest |
| Owner | Max Guler |


title: Grafton Preceptory

abstract: Grafton Preceptory was a priory in Temple Grafton, Warwickshire, England that belonged to the Knights Hospitalier. The village had no connection with the Knights Templer, but acquired this name due to an administrative error during the reign of Henry VIII, by which time the Hospitaliers had been associated with the site for over three hundred years. The Preceptory was closely associated with Balsall Preceptory and the office of Preceptor for these two was often united.

text:
# Grafton Preceptory

**Grafton Preceptory** was a priory in Temple Grafton, Warwickshire, England that belonged to the Knights Hospitalier. The village had no connection with the Knights Templer, but acquired this name due to an administrative error during the reign of Henry VIII, by which time the Hospitaliers had been associated with the site for over three hundred years. The Preceptory was closely associated with Balsall Preceptory and the office of Preceptor for these two was often united.

## InfoBox

Grafton Preceptory
| Location within Warwickshire | |
| --- | --- |
| Monastery information | |
| Order | Knights Hospitalier |
| Established | 12th century |
| Disestablished | 1540 |
| Site | |
| Location | Temple Grafton, Warwickshire |
| Coordinates | 52°11′18″N 1°49′00″W / 52.18833°N 1.81667°W / 52.18833; -1.81667 |


title: Grafton Primary

abstract: Grafton Primary is an Australian electro-noir band from Sydney. The band consists of brothers Benjamin and Joshua Garden who attended primary school in Grafton, New South Wales. They select drummers and bass players for live shows. Grafton Primary has independently released an EP, Relativity (2007), and two albums, Eon (2008) and Neo (2013). The group has been picked up by Triple J and has toured widely.

text:
# Grafton Primary

**Grafton Primary** is an Australian electro-noir band from Sydney. The band consists of brothers Benjamin and Joshua Garden who attended primary school in Grafton, New South Wales. They select drummers and bass players for live shows. Grafton Primary has independently released an EP, *Relativity* (2007), and two albums, *Eon* (2008) and *Neo* (2013). The group has been picked up by Triple J and has toured widely.

## Members

## Discography

### Studio albums

| Title | Details | Peak chart positions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | AUS
(Hit Seekers)
 |
| *Eon* | * Released: October 2008 * Label: Resolution Music (RESGP009) * Format: CD, digital download | 5 |
| *Neo* | * Released: 2013 * Label: Grafton Primary * Format: digital download | - |

### Extended plays

| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Relativity* | * Released: 2007 * Label: Resolution Music (RESGP004) * Format: CD |

### Singles

| Year | Title | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | "She Knows It" | *Eon* |
| | "Relativity" | non album singles |
| | | "I Can Cook" |
| 2009 | | "All Stars" |
| 2010 | | "The Eagle" |
| 2012 | | "When the Evolution Comes" |
| 2017 | | "The Silence" |

## Awards and nominations

### AIR Awards

The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | *Relativity* | Best Independent Single/EP | Nominated |
| | *Relativity* | Best Independent Dance/Electronic Album | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| Grafton Primary | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Genres | New wave, synth-pop, electronica |
| Years active | 2006–present |
| Labels | Independent |
|  | |
| Members | Benjamin Garden
Joshua Garden |


title: Grafton Post Office (Grafton, Vermont)

abstract: The Grafton Post Office is a historic former post office building at 205 Main Street in Grafton, Vermont. Built in 1855 in the Greek Revival style, it was the town's post office for over 100 years, and served for a time thereafter as the local historical society museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. It is still owned by the historical society, but leased for commercial retail purposes.

text:
# Grafton Post Office (Grafton, Vermont)

The **Grafton Post Office** is a historic former post office building at 205 Main Street in Grafton, Vermont. Built in 1855 in the Greek Revival style, it was the town's post office for over 100 years, and served for a time thereafter as the local historical society museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. It is still owned by the historical society, but leased for commercial retail purposes.

## Description and history

The former Grafton Post Office is located on the east side of Grafton village, on the north side of Main Street (Vermont Route 121), just west of its junction with Chester Road (Vermont Route 35). It stands west of the former Grafton District Schoolhouse No. 2, and across the street from the public library, both individually listed on the National Register. The post office is a small single-story wood frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof, clapboard siding, and a fieldstone foundation. The main facade is three bays wide, with the entrance in the leftmost bay. Trim consists of simple corner boards and short gable returns. The interior, consisting of a single large room, with two smaller rooms in ells to the rear, has retained only some of its original features.

The post office was built in 1855 for the town's third postmaster, and served in that capacity until 1958. It was lifted off its foundation by flooding occasioned by the Great New England Hurricane of 1938, at which time it was set on its present foundation, a short distance removed from its original location. In 1962 the building was sold to the Grafton Historical Society, which housed its museum there until 1978. The society continues to own the building, leasing it out.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Grafton Post Office | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 205 Main St., Grafton, Vermont |
| Coordinates | 43°10′26″N 72°36′25″W / 43.17389°N 72.60694°W / 43.17389; -72.60694 |
| Area | 0.1 acres (0.040 ha) |
| Built | 1855 |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| Part of | Grafton Village Historic District (ID10000171) |
| NRHP reference No. | 05000807 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | August 06, 2005 |
| Designated CP | April 7, 2010 |


title: Governorate of Ambon

abstract: Ambon was a governorate of the Dutch East India Company, consisting of Ambon Island and ten neighbouring islands. Steven van der Hagen captured Fort Victoria on 22 February 1605 from the Portuguese in the name of the Dutch East India Company. Until 1619, Ambon served as the capital of the Dutch possessions in East Asia. In that year Batavia was founded to function as the staple port for the Dutch East India Company in Asia. The island was the world center of clove production until the 19th century. The Dutch prohibited the rearing of the clove-tree in all the other islands subject to their rule, in order to secure the monopoly to Ambon.

text:
# Governorate of Ambon

**Ambon** was a governorate of the Dutch East India Company, consisting of Ambon Island and ten neighbouring islands. Steven van der Hagen captured Fort Victoria on 22 February 1605 from the Portuguese in the name of the Dutch East India Company. Until 1619, Ambon served as the capital of the Dutch possessions in East Asia. In that year Batavia was founded to function as the staple port for the Dutch East India Company in Asia. The island was the world center of clove production until the 19th century. The Dutch prohibited the rearing of the clove-tree in all the other islands subject to their rule, in order to secure the monopoly to Ambon.

## History

In 1513, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to land on Ambon Island, and it became the new centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku following their expulsion from Ternate. The Portuguese, however, were regularly attacked by native Muslims on the island's northern coast, in particular Hitu, which had trading and religious links with major port cities on Java's north coast. They established a factory in 1521, but did not obtain peaceable possession of it until 1580. Indeed, the Portuguese never managed to control the local trade in spices, and failed in attempts to establish their authority over the Banda Islands, the nearby centre of nutmeg production. The creole trade language Portugis however was spoken well into the 19th century and many families still have Portuguese names and claim Portuguese ancestry.

The Portuguese were dispossessed by the Dutch on 22 February 1605, when Steven van der Hagen took over Fort Victoria without a single shot. Ambon was the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) from 1610 to 1619 until the founding of Batavia, now Jakarta, by the Dutch. Around 1615, the English founded a settlement on the island at Cambello, which lasted until 1623.

## Amboyna massacre

In 1623, the Dutch uncovered a plot by VOC-employed Japanese mercenary soldiers to seize Fort Victoria and assassinate the governor, purportedly in conspiracy with the English merchants. During questioning most suspects were waterboarded. Among those who confessed, 10 VOC mercenary soldiers and 10 English East India Company employees were found guilty of treason and were executed by a local Dutch court. On request of England, the involved judges were recalled to the Netherlands and put on trial, but were finally (in 1632) judged to have acted lawfully. Decades later, Oliver Cromwell used embellished versions of this event, dubbed the "Amboyna massacre", as one of the pretexts to start both the First Anglo-Dutch war (in 1652) and the Second Anglo-Dutch War (in 1665), while John Dryden produced his tragedy *Amboyna; or the Cruelties of the Dutch to the English Merchants* on request of one of the English negotiators of the Secret Treaty of Dover during the Third Anglo-Dutch War. The 17th-century propaganda of a deliberate and gruesome slaughter of innocent merchants surfaces even in modern popular historical narratives.

### Capture by the British

In 1795, the Batavian Republic was established with the help of French forces in the territory of the Dutch Republic. The latest stadtholder, William V, Prince of Orange, asked the British in the Kew Letters to temporarily occupy the Dutch colonies. Indeed, in 1796, British Admiral Rainier sailed to Ambon to take the colony, which was accepted by governor of Ambon, Alexander Cornabé. The territory was restored to the Dutch at the Peace of Amiens in 1802, but the Dutch East India Company had been nationalized in the meantime, which meant that Ambon become a colony of the Batavian Republic and later the Kingdom of Holland.

Ambon was retaken by the British in 1810, but once more restored to the Dutch by virtue of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814. It then remained, as part of the Dutch East Indies, a colony of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, until in 1949 Maluku was transferred to Indonesia, under agreements that Moluccans could choose or opt out of the new country. After a proclamation of independence the Moluccan islands were invaded by the Indonesian army in 1950 during the Invasion of Ambon.

## List of governors

## Sources

* Ricklefs, M.C. (1999). *A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300* (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. pp. 25, 28. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.

3°40′0″S 128°10′0″E / 3.66667°S 128.16667°E / -3.66667; 128.16667

## InfoBox

| Governorate of AmbonGouvernement Amboyna | |
| --- | --- |
| 1605–1796 | |
| Flag    Coat of arms | |
| Amboina around 1651 | |
| Status | Dutch colony |
| Capital | Fort Victoria |
| Common languages | Dutch |
| Governor |  |
|  | |
| 1605–1611 | Frederick de Houtman |
| 1618–1625 | Herman van Speult |
| 1701–1706 | Balthasar Coyett |
| 1724–1729 | Stephanus Versluys |
| 1794–1796 | Alexander Cornabé |
|  | |
| Historical era | Imperialism |
|  | |
| Dutch capture | 22 February 1605 |
| British takeover | 1796 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Graciela de Holman

abstract: Graciela "Chela" de Holman was a Salvadoran businesswoman and restaurateur. She co-founded the International Gastronomic Festival of El Salvador to promote Salvadoran cuisine at a gourmet standard.

text:
# Graciela de Holman

**Graciela "Chela" de Holman** (1930/1931 – 19 March 2021) was a Salvadoran businesswoman and restaurateur. She co-founded the International Gastronomic Festival of El Salvador to promote Salvadoran cuisine at a gourmet standard.

## Career

Holman began working in the restaurant business at a young age. She started her first restaurant around 1970 with 1000 colónes, and went on to open several gourmet restaurants in the country: Le Mar, Siete Mares, La Tablita, Chalet Suizo, and Chela's. During the Salvadoran Civil War, some of the restaurants were targeted in bombings, forcing her to rebuild. She eventually expanded to Guatemala and opened a U.S. location of Chela's in Miami.

In 1994, Holman was a founding member of the Tourism Committee for the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of El Salvador. To promote Salvadoran cuisine, which was not well known abroad, she co-organized the first International Gastronomic Festival of El Salvador in that year. This festival became an annual event, and helped grow domestic restaurant offerings. Holman continued as a member of the organizing committee for later offerings of the festival. She also served as President of the Tourism Committee.

Over the course of her career, Holman won 27 professional awards. She also received the "Golden Palm" Award, the highest award from the Chamber of Commerce, in 1997. She remained a member of the Advisory Committee for the Chamber in later years, and advised the Ministry of Tourism as late as March 2021.

## Personal life

Holman had eight children, twenty-one grandchildren, and twenty-eight great-grandchildren. She died on 19 March 2021 at the age of 90.


title: Graciela Vélez

abstract: Graciela Vélez Valdez is a Mexican former professional tennis player. Valdez represented the Mexico Fed Cup team in 14 ties, between 1994 and 2004, winning three singles and seven doubles rubbers. She was a two-time silver medalist for Mexico at the Central American and Caribbean Games.

text:
# Graciela Vélez

**Graciela Vélez Valdez** (born 29 June 1977) is a Mexican former professional tennis player.

Valdez represented the Mexico Fed Cup team in 14 ties, between 1994 and 2004, winning three singles and seven doubles rubbers. She was a two-time silver medalist for Mexico at the Central American and Caribbean Games.

## ITF finals

### Singles: 2 (1–1)

| Outcome | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Winner | 1. | 25 September 1994 | Guadalajara, Mexico | Hard | Karin Palme | 6–2, 6–3 |
| Runner-up | 1. | 5 October 2003 | Guadalajara, Mexico | Clay | Carla Tiene | 4–6, 1–6 |

### Doubles: 5 (2–3)

| Outcome | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Runner-up | 1. | 18 October 1993 | Chihuahua, Mexico | Hard | Monica Bonilla | Soňa Málková
Tjaša Jezernik | 6–7(1–7), 1–6 |
| Runner-up | 2. | 25 September 1994 | Guadalajara, Mexico | Hard | Sumara Passos | Aranzazu Gallardo
Ana Paola González | 4–6, 2–6 |
| Winner | 1. | 26 August 1996 | San Salvador, El Salvador | Clay | Nuria Niemes | Joanne Moore
Kristine Kurth | 7–5, 1–6, 6–1 |
| Runner-up | 3. | 23 March 1997 | Victoria, Mexico | Hard | Karin Palme | Paola Arrangoiz
Alina Jidkova | 7–5, 0–6, 2–6 |
| Winner | 2. | 14 June 2002 | Pachuca, Mexico | Clay | Erika Clarke | Celeste Contín
Ana Lucía Migliarini de León | 6–0, 6–1 |

## InfoBox

Graciela Vélez
| Full name | Graciela Vélez Valdez |
| --- | --- |
| Country (sports) | Mexico |
| Born | (1977-06-29) 29 June 1977 |
| Prize money | $16,877 |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 71–62 |
| Career titles | 1 ITF |
| Highest ranking | No. 353 (20 February 1995) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 43–38 |
| Career titles | 2 ITF |
| Highest ranking | No. 331 (17 October 1994) |


title: Raf-like Ras-binding domain

abstract: Raf-like Ras-binding domain is an evolutionary conserved protein domain. This is the Ras-binding domain found in proteins related to Ras.

text:
# Raf-like Ras-binding domain

**Raf-like Ras-binding domain** is an evolutionary conserved protein domain. This is the Ras-binding domain found in proteins related to Ras.

## Examples

Human proteins containing this domain include:

## InfoBox

| Raf-like Ras-binding domain | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | RBD |
| Pfam | PF02196 |
| InterPro | IPR003116 |
| SMART | RBD |
| SCOP2 | 1rrb / SCOPe / SUPFAM |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary  PDB 1c1yB:56-131, 1guaB:56-131, 1rfa :56-131 1rrb :56-131 1wfyA:366-374, 1wxmA:19-91 | |


title: Raelene Boyle

abstract: Raelene Ann Boyle is an Australian retired athlete, who represented Australia at three Olympic Games as a sprinter, winning three silver medals, and was named one of 100 National Living Treasures by the National Trust of Australia in 1998. Boyle was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1996 and subsequently became a board member of Breast Cancer Network Australia (BCNA). In 2017, she was named a Legend in the Sport Australia Hall of Fame.

text:
# Raelene Boyle

**Raelene Ann Boyle** AM, MBE (born 24 June 1951) is an Australian retired athlete, who represented Australia at three Olympic Games as a sprinter, winning three silver medals, and was named one of 100 National Living Treasures by the National Trust of Australia in 1998. Boyle was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1996 and subsequently became a board member of Breast Cancer Network Australia (BCNA). In 2017, she was named a Legend in the Sport Australia Hall of Fame.

## Early life

Boyle was born on 24 June 1951, the daughter of Gilbert and Irene Boyle, in Coburg, a suburb of Melbourne. She was educated at Coburg High School in Melbourne.

## Sporting career

After strong performances in the 1968 Australian Championships and Olympic trials, Boyle was selected to represent Australia at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, at the age of 16. At 17, she won a silver medal in the 200-metre sprint and placed 4th in the 100 metres. Setting world junior records in both distances, of 22.73 and 11.20 seconds. The 200-metre record lasted 12 years before being broken; the 100-metre 8 years.

Boyle competed in the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, where she contributed to Australia's number one position on the medal tally with three gold medals, in the 100 and 200-metre sprints and the 4 × 100-metre relay.

At the 1972 Olympics in Munich, Boyle collected two more silver medals, in the 100-metre and 200-metre sprints. In both races, she came second to East German Renate Stecher.

In 1974, at the Christchurch British Commonwealth Games, Boyle duplicated her results at the Edinburgh Games, winning three more gold medals in the same three events. Breaking the games record in both the 100 metres 11.27 and 200 metres with a 22.50 clocking.

In January 1976, she and her team-mates beat an eight year old world record for the 4 × 200 metre relay in Brisbane.

At the 1976 Olympics in Montreal, Boyle finished fourth in the final of the 100-metre sprint, but was disqualified from the 200-metre-race for making two false starts. A video replay later showed that she had not false started on her first start. However, Boyle did receive the honour of acting as the flag bearer for the Australian team, the first woman to do so.

Boyle was unable to replicate her previous Commonwealth success at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton, winning only a silver medal in the 100-metre sprint before withdrawing from the 200m and relay due to injury.

Boyle was selected to compete in the 1980 Olympics in Moscow but eventually withdrew from the team for what she stated were personal reasons, during the long dispute within Australian sporting circles over whether to join the USA led boycott of the Games.

Her final major competitive appearance was at the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane, where she won gold in the 400-metre sprint, and silver in the 4 × 400-metre relay.

Through her successful career, Boyle won seven gold and two silver medals at the Commonwealth Games, in addition to her three silver medals at the Olympic Games.

Many East German athletes were later revealed to have used anabolic steroids within a systematic state-sponsored doping program. Boyle has stated she believes that she would have won gold at the 1972 Olympics if not for drug use by her competitor. The IOC only banned the use of anabolic steroids in 1975.

## Honours

## Personal life

Boyle was diagnosed with cancer in 1996 and ovarian cancer in 2000 and 2001.

Boyle works to raise community awareness about breast cancer and has been a very active board member of Breast Cancer Network Australia (BCNA) since 1999.

Boyle currently lives on the Sunshine Coast in Queensland with her partner Judy Wild.

## InfoBox

Raelene Boyle
AM MBE
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Raelene Ann Boyle |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Born | (1951-06-24) 24 June 1951<br>Coburg, Victoria, Australia |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Running |
| Medal record      Women's athletics  Representing  Australia  Olympic Games  1968 Mexico City  200 metres  1972 Munich  100 metres  1972 Munich  200 metres  Commonwealth Games  1970 Edinburgh  100 metres  1970 Edinburgh  200 metres  1970 Edinburgh  4×100m relay  1974 Christchurch  100 metres  1974 Christchurch  200 metres  1974 Christchurch  4×100m relay  1982 Brisbane  400 metres  1978 Edmonton  100 metres  1982 Brisbane  4×400m relay | |


title: Grace de Laguna

abstract: Grace Mead de Laguna was an American philosopher who taught at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania.

text:
# Grace de Laguna

**Grace Mead de Laguna** (28 September 1878 – 17 February 1978) was an American philosopher who taught at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania.

## Life

Grace Mead Andrus was born on 28 September 1878 in East Berlin, Connecticut. She was the youngest child, and only daughter, of Wallace R. Andrus and Annis Andrus (*née* Mead). Both parents were of Connecticut ancestry dating back to the 17th century. Her mother, Annis, had been a school teacher. Her father had served with the 17th Connecticut Volunteers during the Civil War, He would later work as a land agent for the Northern Pacific Railway whilst it was being built. This led to the family moving, whilst Grace was young, to the (then) Washington Territory, first to Cheney, then Tacoma, where she received a pioneer upbringing.

Grace Andrus took the AB from Cornell University in 1903, where she was Phi Beta Kappa. And, upon presentation of a dissertation titled “The Mechanical Theory in Pre-Kantian Rationalism”, she received her PhD in philosophy there in 1906.

Whilst studying for the latter she met Theodore de Laguna, an instructor there, whom she married in 1905.

After holding a position at the University of Michigan from 1905, Theodore served, from 1907, as a professor of philosophy at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania. Grace became an assistant professor there in 1912, an associate professor in 1916 and a full professor in 1928. She became chair of philosophy at Bryn Mawr after Theodore's death in 1930. She would retire as Professor Emerita in 1944. She continued to write, publishing her third book in 1963.

Her daughter, born in 1906, was the anthropologist Frederica de Laguna, whom Grace would accompany on several anthropological field trips. Her son Wallace de Laguna, who was born in 1910, was a geologist who worked for the U.S. Geological Survey and later for the Oak Ridge National Laboratories in Tennessee.

Grace de Laguna died, aged 99, on 17 February 1978 in Devon, Pennsylvania.

## Works

**Books**

**Articles/Book Chapters**

1. Montoya, Leopoldo M. (2000). "De Laguna, Grace Mead (1878-1978), philosopher". *American National Biography*. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.2001773. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved 2019-08-31. de Laguna, Grace Mead (28 September 1878–17 February 1978), philosopher, was born Grace Mead Andrus in East Berlin, Connecticut, the daughter of Wallace R. Andrus, a soldier and accountant, and Annis Mead, a schoolteacher. De Laguna received a pioneer upbringing. In 1883, when she was about four years old, the family moved to Cheney in what is now eastern Washington State ... where she attended a small school. They later moved to Tacoma where de Laguna went to high school...
2. Hull, Richard T. (2013), *Biography: Grace Mead Andrus De Laguna*, American Philosophical Association Centennial Series, Philosophy Documentation Center, pp. 79–81, doi:10.5840/apapa2013514, retrieved 2019-09-01 \[**Subscription required/first page preview**\]
3. Stearns, Isabel S. (1978). "Grace Andrus de Laguna 1878-1978". *Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association*. **51** (5): 577–578. ISSN 0065-972X. JSTOR 3129815.
4. de Laguna, Frederica (2004) "Becoming an Anthropologist: My Debt to European and Other Scholars Who Influenced Me." In: *Coming to Shore: Northwest Coast Ethnology, Traditions, and Visions,* ed. by Marie Mauzé, Michael E. Harkin, and Sergei Kan, p. 25. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. \[Google Books preview\]
5. Calore, Gary S. (2005-01-01). "DE LAGUNA, Grace Mead Andrus (1878–1978)". In Shook, John R. (ed.). *Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers*. A&C Black. ISBN 9781843710370.
6. Hinsdale, B. A. (Burke Aaron); Demmon, Isaac Newton (1906). *History of the University of Michigan*. Cornell University Library. Ann Arbor : Published by the University. THEODORE DE LEO de LAGUNA was born at Oakland, California, July 22, 1876, son of Alexander de Leo and Frederica Henrietta (Bergner) de Laguna. On the father's side he is of Spanish, French, and Italian origin; his maternal ancestry is German. After a preparatory training in the public schools of his native place he entered the University of California, and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1896 and Master of Arts three years later. He pursued post-graduate studies at Cornell University, where he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1901. He taught in the Philippine Islands from 1901 to 1903, after which he returned to this country and was Honorary Fellow in Philosophy at Cornell University in 1903-1904, and Assistant in Philosophy the following year. In 1905 he accepted a call to the University of Michigan as Assistant Professor of Education. He is a member of the American Philosophical Association. He has contributed articles on Ethics and Aesthetics to "The Philosophical Review" and to the first volume of the University of California Publications in Philosophy. He was married September 9, 1905, to Grace Mead Andrus.
7. Anellis, Irving H. (2005). "de Laguna, Theodore de Leo (1876–1930)". *The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers*. Shook, John R., Hull, Richard T. Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum. ISBN 9781849723589. OCLC 276357640.
8. Hundleby, Catherine. "de Laguna, Grace Mead (1878–1978) | Encyclopedia.com". *www.encyclopedia.com*. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
9. McClellan, Catharine. “Frederica De Laguna and the Pleasures of Anthropology.*Arctic Anthropology*, vol. 43, no. 2, 2006, pp. 28–44. *JSTOR*, www.jstor.org/stable/40316665. \[free to read with registration\] from page 32: *"After her husband's death she continued to teach at Bryn Mawr, chairing the department of philosophy and becoming the first woman president of the American Philosophical Association (Eastern Division). "Deily," as she preferred to be called, accompanied or joined Freddy on Alaskan field trips four times. In 1931 and 1932 she was in Yukon Island in Kachemak Bay and in 1933 on Prince William Sound, where she helped with the cooking and cataloguing. In 1954 she went north again when Freddy was doing ethnography in Yakutat. Mother and daughter spent several sabbaticals or summers together both in the Southwest and the Pacific Northwest and in 1959 they were in Berkeley where Freddy was a visiting professor. Over the years Deily thus came to know well several anthropologists and their major intellectual positions. In 1961 she debated Clyde Kluckhohn on anthropological relativism at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association held in Philadelphia, taking the position that certain cultural universals do exist..."*
10. Laguna, Wallace De (1963). *Geology of Brookhaven National Laboratory and Vicinity, Suffolk County New York*. U.S. Government Printing Office.
11. "Grace Mead Andrus De Laguna". *The New York Times*. 1978-02-25. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-09-01.

**Portraits**

**Other Resources**

## InfoBox

| Grace Mead de Laguna | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Grace Mead Andrus
(1878-09-28)September 28, 1878
East Berlin, Connecticut, United States |
| Died | February 17, 1978(1978-02-17) (aged 99)
Devon, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Alma mater | Cornell University |
| Occupation | Academic Philosopher |
| Employer | Bryn Mawr College |
| Spouse | Theodore de Laguna m. 1905 |
| Children | Frederica de Laguna, Wallace de Laguna |


title: Grace de Gier

abstract: Grace Salazar Carreño, better known as Grace de Gier, is a Colombian indie pop and alternative rock singer and songwriter. Born in Duitama and based in the Netherlands, she released her first studio album in 2020, titled Mágico, and has since recorded a few singles and Extended Plays. In December 2022 she was recognized as the best pop rock singer of the year at the Mara International Awards.

text:
# Grace de Gier

**Grace Salazar Carreño**, better known as **Grace de Gier**, is a Colombian indie pop and alternative rock singer and songwriter. Born in Duitama and based in the Netherlands, she released her first studio album in 2020, titled *Mágico*, and has since recorded a few singles and Extended Plays. In December 2022 she was recognized as the best pop rock singer of the year at the Mara International Awards.

## Biography

### Early years

The daughter of Jorge Salazar and Luding Carreño, Grace was born in the municipality of Duitama, Boyacá and settled in the Netherlands in the late 2000s. Inspired by rock and pop bands like The Killers, The Cranberries, The Cure, Roxette and Garbage, she decided to start a solo career framed in indie pop and alternative rock, while retaining some elements of traditional Colombian music.

### Career

After recording a few singles, in September 2020 she released her first full-length album, entitled *Mágico* composed of ten songs. Her single "Llévame", which featured a video clip recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic, was recognized by the newspaper *El País* as one of the ten most outstanding songs for the year 2021. After releasing the single and video clip of "Ansiedad", in mid-2021 she released her first song in English, entitled "You Know", which managed to enter the charts in the Netherlands.

In early 2022 she presented a three-song EP entitled "Tell Me", and in November she toured the city of Bogotá. "And Now", one of the songs included in the EP, reached the second position in a radio chart in England, and the single "Dime" was included in the Dutch Top 40 Tipparade. In December 2022 she was recognized at the Mara International Awards as the best pop rock singer of the year, in a ceremony held in the city of Medellín.

### Present day

In March 2023, she released the single "Your Name", which, according to *Rolling Stone* magazine, is a preview of a new EP to be released that same year. Drummer Alejandro Duque, known for his work with bands like Aterciopelados and Bajo Tierra, participated in the recording of the song.

## Personal life

The singer is married to Rolf de Gier, has two children and currently resides in the city of Heerhugowaard. Her siblings Andrés ("Tell Me"), ("And Now"), Ludyng ("Llévame") and Valentina ("And Now") have participated as actors in some of her videos. She composed the song "Dame Tu Mano" as a dedication to her youngest son, who suffered from a severe case of hydrops fetalis and managed to recover from the disease.

## Style and influences

According to *Rolling Stone*, her music is inspired by the music of the 1990s, and "the legacy of The Cranberries, Alanis Morissette or PJ Harvey can be perceived". According to the magazine, her debut album *Mágico* "showed her close to pop, but her most recent songs reveal an artist closer to alternative rock", and the artist herself has stated that bands like The Killers, The Cure, Garbage, The Cranberries and Roxette have been an important influence in her musical style, which has also incorporated elements of traditional Colombian music.

## Discography

### Studio albums

| Year | Title | Discography |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | *Mágico* | See Music |

### Singles and EP

| Year | Title | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | "Llévame" |  |
| 2021 | "You Know" |  |
| | "Tell Me" | Extended Play |
| 2022 | "Dime" |  |
| 2023 | "Your Name" |  |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Event | Category | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | Mara International Awards | Best pop rock singer of the year | Won |

## InfoBox

| Grace de Gier | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Grace Salazar Carreño |
| Born | Duitama, Colombia |
| Genres | Pop, rock, alternative |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter |
| Instrument(s) | Voice, guitar |
| Years active | 2020–present |
| Labels | See Music<br>Independent |
| Spouse | Rolf de Gier |


title: New England Holocaust Memorial

abstract: The New England Holocaust Memorial in Boston, Massachusetts, is dedicated to the Jewish people who were murdered by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust.

text:
# New England Holocaust Memorial

42°21′40″N 71°03′26″W / 42.36125°N 71.05727°W / 42.36125; -71.05727

The **New England Holocaust Memorial** in Boston, Massachusetts, is dedicated to the Jewish people who were murdered by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust.

## Description

Founded by Stephan Ross, a Holocaust survivor, and erected in 1995, the memorial consists of six glass towers under which visitors may walk. Engraved on the outside walls of each tower are groups of numbers representing the six million Jews murdered in the Holocaust. Inscribed on the inner walls are quotes from survivors of each camp. Underneath the towers, steam rises up through metal grates from a dark floor with twinkling lights on it.

Each tower symbolizes a different major extermination camp (Majdanek, Chełmno, Sobibor, Treblinka, Bełżec, and Auschwitz-Birkenau), as well as menorah candles, the six million Jews murdered in the Holocaust (one million per tower), and the six years that the mass extermination took place, 1939-1945. Each tower consists of twenty-four individual panels of glass. Twenty-two of the panels are inscribed with seven digit numbers and two of the panels are inscribed with messages. In total, there are 132 panels from the six towers inscribed with numbers; however, each panel is identical. A single panel contains 17,280 unique numbers which are subsequently repeated throughout the memorial. Numbers are arranged in eight by ten blocks, with each block consisting of sets of six numbers arranged in a six by six grid. In total there are 2,280,960 non-unique numbers listed on the 132 panels. A digital tour, which explains some holocaust history and meaning behind the monument, is available through QR codes as of July 2021.

The New England Holocaust Memorial is located a few steps off the Freedom Trail, making it a popular tourist attraction.

The site is maintained by the Boston National Historic Park and is located in Carmen Park, along Congress and Union Streets, near Faneuil Hall. Carmen Park was named in recognition of William Carmen's service to the community and his vision and leadership in creating the New England Holocaust Memorial.

## Messages

On some of the panels of the glass towers are messages, for instance the Sobibor tower includes the following:

> FROM OUR BARRACKS we could see
> the gas chambers.
> A heart-rending cry of women and
> children reached us there.
> We were overcome
> by a feeling of helplessness.
> There we were, watching and
> unable to do anything.
> WE HAD ALREADY worked out
> a plan of escape.
> But at that moment I decided —
> We must not simply escape.
> We must destroy the fascists and the camp.
> Alexander Pechersky

New England Holocaust Memorial

> ILSE, A CHILDHOOD FRIEND of mine,
> once found a raspberry in the camp
> and carried it in her pocket all day
> to present to me that night on a leaf.
> IMAGINE A WORLD in which
> your entire possession is
> one raspberry and
> you gave it to your friend.
> Gerda Weissmann Klein

New England Holocaust Memorial

## Threats and vandalism

The Boston memorial as well as the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., was targeted for destruction in a 2002 white supremacist terror plot by a neo-Nazi and his white supremacist girlfriend. In the 2002 federal trial, the jury convicted both defendants on all counts.

In the early morning hours of June 28, 2017, one of the 9-foot (2.7 m) glass panels on the memorial was smashed with a rock. The 21-year-old suspect was charged with malicious destruction of property and destruction of a place of memorial. The suspect was denied bail due to violations of probation. The lawyer for the suspect said he suffers from mental health issues.

On August 14, 2017, the memorial was damaged for the second time in two months by a 17-year-old who threw a rock at one of the glass panels. The suspect was quickly accosted and restrained by a Drug Enforcement Administration Special Agent and Boston firefighter, both of whom were off duty, until Boston police could take the suspect into custody. Initial charges of willful destruction of property were quickly filed, and the incident is under investigation as a possible hate crime.

On March 22, 2021, members of the Nationalist Social Club photographed themselves in front of the memorial and posted it to social media. This was viewed by many American Jews as a provocation.

In February 2023, the memorial was again desecrated.

## InfoBox

| New England Holocaust Memorial | |
| --- | --- |
| The memorial as seen from the Boston City Hall Plaza stairs (2017) | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Address | 98 Union St |
| Town or city | Boston, Massachusetts |
| Inaugurated | October 22, 1995 |
| Height | 16.5 m (54 ft) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Stanley Saitowitz |


title: Nova Scotia Route 303

abstract: Route 303 is a collector road in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. It is located in Digby County and connects the Bay Ferries Limited terminal at Pollys Point where the ferry to Saint John, New Brunswick docks, with Conway at Exit 26 on Highway 101.

text:
# Nova Scotia Route 303

**Route 303** is a collector road in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

It is located in Digby County and connects the Bay Ferries Limited terminal at Pollys Point where the ferry to Saint John, New Brunswick docks, with Conway at Exit 26 on Highway 101.

## Communities

## InfoBox

| Route 303 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Nova Scotia Department of Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal | |
| Length | 11 km (6.8 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Hwy 101 in Conway |
| Major intersections | Route 217 in Digby |
| North end | Bayview Shore Road - Digby Ferry |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Nova Scotia |
| Counties | Digby |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Route 302   Route 304 | |