title: Murder of Glory Chau and Moon Siu

abstract: Glory Chau Wing-ki and Moon Siu Yuet-yee were a couple murdered in the Kok Cheung section of Tai Kok Tsui, Hong Kong, presumably on 1 March 2013. Their youngest son, Henry Chau Hoi-leung and his friend Angus Tse Chun-kei, were indicted for the murder, which they initially denied being involved in. During Chau and Tse's interviews with the police, they admitted that after the murder, they chopped up the parents' dead bodies and cooked the remains with salt to make them look "like barbecue pork." They kept part of the remains in lunch boxes, which they stored in the refrigerator. The gruesome details of the murder sparked a huge amount of media coverage in Hong Kong. On 20 March 2015, High Court deputy judge Michael Stuart-Moore found Chau guilty of double murder while finding his accomplice Tse not guilty on both counts of murder. He described Chau as "an extremely dangerous man" and "an actor" who would lie to anybody.

text:
# Murder of Glory Chau and Moon Siu

**Glory Chau** **Wing-ki** (aged 65) and **Moon Siu Yuet-yee** (aged 63) were a couple murdered in the Kok Cheung section of Tai Kok Tsui, Hong Kong, presumably on 1 March 2013. Their youngest son, **Henry Chau** **Hoi-leung** (29 at the time of the murder) and his friend **Angus Tse** **Chun-kei** (35 at the time of the murder), were indicted for the murder, which they initially denied being involved in. During Chau and Tse's interviews with the police, they admitted that after the murder, they chopped up the parents' dead bodies and cooked the remains with salt to make them look "like barbecue pork." They kept part of the remains in lunch boxes, which they stored in the refrigerator. The gruesome details of the murder sparked a huge amount of media coverage in Hong Kong.

On 20 March 2015, High Court deputy judge Michael Stuart-Moore found Chau guilty of double murder while finding his accomplice Tse not guilty on both counts of murder. He described Chau as "an extremely dangerous man" and "an actor" who would lie to anybody.

## Background

The main culprit of the case, Henry Chau Hoi-leung, was born on June 7, 1983, and was 29 years old when the case happened. According to Chau's friends, Chau has "lived in his own world" since he was a child. According to his friend who has known him for many years, Chau resented his parents because his parents forced him to learn piano when he was in elementary school. In secondary school, he also failed to keep up with his academic performance due to emotional problems, had difficulty getting along with his classmates, and failed the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination. Later, his parents arranged for Chau to study in Australia. During this period, he suffered discrimination and bullying many times, as well as the experience of "being beaten by black people every time they saw him". After Chau returned to Hong Kong in 2003, he would not express his thoughts to his friends, and his personality was relatively withdrawn.

The second defendant in the case is Angus Tse Chun-kei, who is of Macanese descent from his father. A friend of his recalled that Tse had a gentle and pure personality, and Tse once dated his sister. Later, Tse went to New Zealand and met a woman, but was cheated out of money by her. After returning to Hong Kong in 2010, he tried to commit suicide three times at home by burning charcoal, taking rat poison, and swallowing mercury. His sister rescued him when she returned home in time. However, he suffered permanent brain damage, slowed on the uptake, and had poor memory because of this. Later, Tse's mentality was to "muddle through his days".

## Timeline of events

On 12 March 2013, five days after filing a missing persons report, the two Chau brothers heard from the police that there were no (departure) records of their parents leaving Hong Kong. Thus on 13 March 2013, Henry Chau Hoi-leung and his older brother approached *Apple Daily*, claiming that they had not heard from their parents since 2 March. Chau stated that before their disappearance, his parents had informed him that they were planning to travel to mainland China. The brothers then created a Facebook page titled, "My missing dad and mom", and asked their friends and the public for any information that could link to their parents' whereabouts.

On 14 March 2013, Henry Chau was invited to the police station for further questioning. *Apple Daily* released articles about the Chau brothers' struggle to find their missing parents. During the police interview, Chau texted his friends in a WhatsApp group "HK-Tekken" and confessed to the crime. Chau even described the details and reasons for the murder.

On 15 March 2013, a day after the interview, Chau and his friend, Angus Tse Chun-kei, were indicted for killing and dismembering Chau's parents in Tse's Tai Kok Tsui flat in the Hoi Hing Building, Kok Cheung Street. According to reports, Chau invited his parents to visit Tse's flat, telling them that it was a new flat he had just rented, and murdered his parents with Tse.

## Deaths of Glory Chau and Moon Siu

During further interrogation and investigation, Chau claimed that he and Tse coordinated the attack the moment Glory Chau and Moon Siu arrived in the living room because this was the time "when they felt ready." Chau described his accomplice Tse as a "very powerful" man who covered Moon Siu's mouth from behind while slashing her throat. Henry Chau admitted to stabbing his father in the back of the neck, but stated Tse had finished the job by slashing Glory Chau's throat. The autopsy report further confirmed the cause of death.

Chau returned to the Tai Kok Tsui crime scene four days after the incident, at the time when Tse already had all the body parts dismembered, salted, refrigerated, and demoisturized. Chau described his role in the double murder as 'killing only', while Tse dismembered the bodies.

According to Chau, Tse initially attempted to disguise the remains as bricks by covering them with cement and sand. Then he came up with an easier plan to cook the remains of the bodies and disguise them as *char siu*, barbecued pork. Some of the remains were also covered with sand and thrown into the sea. During the investigation held on 15 March 2013, the heads of the two victims were found inside the two separate refrigerators. In those refrigerators, lunch boxes containing microwaved human flesh, and three bags containing chopped limbs and other body parts were found. According to the video interviews shown to the jury, Chau said that his father was "an arrogant man who left \[Chau\] without a moment of peace" while his mother "always looked sadly when \[Chau\] did not contribute to the family." "I thought that if I could resolve the emotional connection with my parents, it would be a solution," he said. "If they died, I could be reborn." He blamed his parents for his failures in life, such as his father distracting his studies by watching television at a high volume, and his mother forcing him to practice the piano and humiliating him in front of a girl.

## Trial proceedings

The Court of First Instance, HKSAR v. Chau Henry and Another (20/03/2015, HCCC376/2013), began the first hearing on 4 August 2014, with both Chau and Tse as the defendants. The initial jury of seven was reduced to six during the first week of testimony. Soon after, another jury member asked for dismissal due to the psychological stress burdening him. On 13 August 2014, High Court Deputy Judge Michael Stuart-Moore announced that the case would have to be restarted with a fresh jury of nine.

The trial resumed in February 2015. Throughout the course of the trial, Chau's defense argued on the basis of diminished responsibility due to his mental instability, while the prosecution stressed the meticulous planning of Henry Chau and his multiple confessions.

On 9 March 2015, the defense lawyer, Nicholas Adams, called psychiatrist Chung Ka-fai to the stand. Chung diagnosed Chau with bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Chung stated that Chau had experienced many suicidal thoughts after dropping out of college, being rejected by women, and being unemployed, giving a possible psychological trigger for the murder.

The consultant of Siu Lam Psychiatric Centre, Lui Sing-Heung, conducted an IQ test for Tse and Chau. Chau's IQ was found to be 126, higher than average, while Tse's IQ is 84. Lui argued the possibility that Chau, having such a higher IQ than Tse, could have manipulated and framed Tse for the murder. On 20 March 2015, the verdict was passed. High Court deputy judge Michael Stuart-Moore found Chau guilty of double murder while finding his accomplice Tse not guilty on both counts of murder. Chau was sentenced to life imprisonment while Tse was sentenced to one year for preventing the lawful burial of the bodies. As Tse had already been detained for two years on remand, he was released immediately.

The case was adapted into two episodes of the Chinese-language miniseries *Stained* (心冤; debuted 2017) produced by Fox Networks Group Asia and directed by Patrick Kong. The case was also adapted in the TVB 2018 Anniversary drama *OMG, Your Honour* (是咁的，法官閣下) as the final case.

The case was also adapted into a 2022 film *The Sparring Partner* (正義迴廊), directed by Ho Chuek-Tin and produced by Philip Yung, premiered at The 46th Hong Kong International Film Festival and released on October 27, 2022 in theatres.

### Names in native languages

1. "【逆子弒父母】 退休夫婦慘遭逆子謀財害命 - 即時新聞 - 要聞 - 20130315". *Apple Daily 蘋果日報*. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
2. "Son chopped up his parents and put heads in the fridge, Hong Kong court hears". *South China Morning Post*. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
3. thearcoiriscb (29 March 2017). "Top 5 Most Popular Murders/Killings in Hong Kong". *The Arcoiris*. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
4. "Son who killed and dismembered parents found guilty of gruesome Hong Kong double murder". *South China Morning Post*. 20 March 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
5. "周凱亮逼學琴 留學遭欺凌". Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
6. "被女人呃錢曾三料自殺". Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
7. "香港逆子弒雙親碎屍案開審 子割喉殺父友殺其母". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
8. "周凱亮：殺人計劃構思半年". *now.com*. 12 August 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
9. "Henry Chau 'decided to murder his parents for putting pressure on him'". *South China Morning Post*. 11 August 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
10. "Grisly murder trial told of accused's food fear - the Standard". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
11. "弒雙親碎屍案警指次被告稱冇殺人". *Yahoo 新聞香港*. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
12. Chu, Julie (15 March 2015). "Son who chopped up parents and kept heads in the fridge jailed for life in Hong Kong". *South China Morning Post*. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
13. "HKSAR v. Chau Henry and Another \[2015\] HKCFI 782; HCCC 376/2013 (20 March 2015)". *www.hklii.hk*. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
14. "Sordid details of murder case too much for jury". *China Daily*. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
15. "Parents victim of defendant's 'death wish' - the Standard". Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
16. "周凱亮IQ126: 次被告僅84 專家：智商差距大難做朋友：周或卸責同黨 - 蘋果日報 - 要聞港聞 - 20150312". *Apple Daily 蘋果日報*. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
17. "Henry Chau: Hong Kong man who killed his parents found guilty". *NewsComAu*. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
18. 許育民 (14 December 2017). "【心冤】重現大角咀血腥肢解父母案 吳肇軒兇殘演繹冷血兒子". *香港01* (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Retrieved 6 November 2018.
19. 鄺, 鈺瑩. "【是咁的，法官閣下】肢解父母案真有其事 犯案手法極凶殘". Hong Kong 01. Retrieved 27 November 2018.

## InfoBox

| Moon Siu Yuet-yee, Glory Chau Wing-ki | |
| --- | --- |
| Glory Chau (left) and Moon Siu (right) | |
| Disappeared | Hoi Hing Building, Kok Cheung, Tai Kok Tsui, Hong Kong |
| Died | presumably on 1 March 2013, Glory Chau (aged 65), Moon Siu Yuet-yee (aged 63) |
| Cause of death | Murder |
| Body discovered | Tai Kok Tsui, Hong Kong, 15 March 2013 at Angus Tse's flat in Kok Cheung |
| Nationality | Hong Konger |
| Children | 2 |


title: Nirav

abstract: Nirav or Neerav means "quiet or calm." The name Neerav is derived from Sanskrit. In Hindu origin, the meaning of name Neerav is "silent". This name commonly used by Hindus. It is widely used in Bengali, Gujarati, Punjabi, Sanskrit, and Malayalam. The name is used not only in India but also in Nepal.

text:
# Nirav

**Nirav** or **Neerav** (originally Sanskrit) means "quiet or calm."

The name Neerav is derived from Sanskrit. In Hindu origin, the meaning of name Neerav is "silent". This name commonly used by Hindus. It is widely used in Bengali, Gujarati, Punjabi, Sanskrit, and Malayalam. The name is used not only in India but also in Nepal.

## People

* Neerav Bavlecha, Indian professional dancer and choreographer. He judged popular Malayalam dance reality series titled D 4 Dance
* Nirav Shah, Indian cinematographer
* Nirav D. Shah, American epidemiologist, economist and attorney, known for being Maine CDC director during COVID-19 pandemic


title: Marcel Peeper

abstract: Marcel Benjamin Peeper is a Dutch former footballer who played as either a left back or left midfielder. During his career, marred by a serious injury whilst on international duty, he played professionally in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany, making nearly 400 official appearances.

text:
# Marcel Peeper

**Marcel Benjamin Peeper** (born 9 September 1965) is a Dutch former footballer who played as either a left back or left midfielder.

During his career, marred by a serious injury whilst on international duty, he played professionally in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany, making nearly 400 official appearances.

## Club career

Born in Amsterdam, Peeper started in the youth program of local club AFC Ajax, and played for HFC Haarlem, FC Twente, Sparta Rotterdam and FC Groningen in his country. He also competed abroad, with K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen (Belgium) and Wuppertaler SV (Germany).

Peeper made his debut in the Eredivisie in the 1985–86 season, appearing in 24 games for Haarlem and going scoreless in the process. With Lokeren, after three years in the Belgian Second Division with K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen, he helped them to the 12th position in the 1996–97 edition of the Pro League.

The 1990 injury, suffered while on international duty, was a career breaker. Peeper worked hard to get back into shape but was forced to acknowledge, years later, that he was never the same again. He was never recalled by the Dutch team, and Twente tried to get him medically disqualified from playing again, losing money when he made the move to Lokeren.

## International career

Peeper won one cap for the Netherlands, playing in a 28 March 1990 friendly with the Soviet Union in Kiev. His match lasted 18 minutes, as he was stretchered off after being injured by Sergei Gorlukovich and breaking his leg.

## Personal life

Peeper is one quarter Jewish.

## InfoBox

Marcel Peeper
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Marcel Benjamin Peeper | | |
| Date of birth | (1965-09-09) 9 September 1965 | | |
| Place of birth | Amsterdam, Netherlands | | |
| Position(s) | Wingback | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Ajax | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1985–1989 | Haarlem | 115 | (9) |
| 1989–1992 | Twente | 36 | (1) |
| 1993 | Sparta Rotterdam | 11 | (0) |
| 1993–1997 | Lokeren | 132 | (19) |
| 1997–1999 | Groningen | 39 | (0) |
| 1999–2000 | Wuppertaler SV | 5 | (0) |
| Total |  | **333** | **(29)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1990 | Netherlands | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Santi Protomartiri a Via Aurelia Antica

abstract: Santi Protomartiri a Via Aurelia Antica is a 20th-century parochial church and titular church in western Rome, dedicated to the First Martyrs of the Church of Rome.

text:
# Santi Protomartiri a Via Aurelia Antica

**Santi Protomartiri a Via Aurelia Antica** is a 20th-century parochial church and titular church in western Rome, dedicated to the First Martyrs of the Church of Rome (died AD 64–67).

## History

Built in 1968, it was made a titular church to be held by a cardinal-priest on 30 April 1969. In 1985, Pope John Paul II visited this church.

Cardinal-protectors

## InfoBox

| Santi Protomartiri a Via Aurelia Antica | |
| --- | --- |
| Church of the Holy Protomartyrs on the Old Aurelian Way | |
| Chiesa dei Santi Protomartiri Romani | |
| Facade | |
| Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
| 41°53′41″N 12°26′29″E / 41.8946°N 12.4413°E / 41.8946; 12.4413 | |
| Location | Via Angelo di Pietro 50, Q. Aurelio, Rome |
| Country | Italy |
| Language(s) | Italian |
| Denomination | Catholic Church |
| Tradition | Roman Rite |
| Website | santiprotomartiriromani.wordpress.com |
| History | |
| Status | titular church |
| Dedication | First Martyrs of the Church of Rome |
| Consecrated | 1968 |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Francesco Fornari |
| Architectural type | Romanesque Revival |
| Groundbreaking | 1968 |
| Completed | 1968 |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Rome |


title: Patrick Dixon (cricketer)

abstract: Patrick O'Madigan Dixon was an Irish cricketer. A right-handed batsman, right-arm medium pace and leg-break bowler, he played just once for the Ireland cricket team, a first-class match against Scotland in June 1932. He also played two first-class matches for Dublin University against Northamptonshire in 1926. His brother Thomas also represented Ireland at cricket.

text:
# Patrick Dixon (cricketer)

**Patrick O'Madigan Dixon** (9 October 1907 – 14 September 1987) was an Irish cricketer. A right-handed batsman, right-arm medium pace and leg-break bowler, he played just once for the Ireland cricket team, a first-class match against Scotland in June 1932.

He also played two first-class matches for Dublin University against Northamptonshire in 1926. His brother Thomas also represented Ireland at cricket.

## InfoBox

Patrick Dixon
| Cricket information | |
| --- | --- |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | * Right-arm medium * Leg-break |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 3  Runs scored 69  Batting average 11.50  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 47  Balls bowled 18  Wickets 0  Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings 1/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 6 December 2022 | |


title: Mohamoud Diriye Abdi Joof

abstract: Mohamoud Diriye Abdi Joof is a Somali politician who served as the minister of social services for Khatumo State from 2012 to 2016.

text:
# Mohamoud Diriye Abdi Joof

**Mohamoud Diriye Abdi Joof** is a Somali politician who served as the minister of social services for Khatumo State from 2012 to 2016.

## InfoBox

| Mohamoud Diriye Abdi Joof | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister of social services | |
| **In office**<br>2012–2016 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Las Anod, Somalia |
|  | |


title: Murder of Gillian Johnston

abstract: Gillian Johnston was a chemist and shop worker from Northern Ireland who was murdered by the IRA on 18 March 1988; she was aged 21 at the time of her murder.

text:
# Murder of Gillian Johnston

**Gillian Johnston** was a chemist and shop worker from Northern Ireland who was murdered by the IRA on 18 March 1988; she was aged 21 at the time of her murder.

## Overview

Johnston was a 21-year-old chemist and shop worker from Tonaghgorm, Legg, near Belleek, County Fermanagh. She was engaged for two years, having dated her fiancé since she was fifteen. Johnston and her fiancé were sitting in her father's car, outside her home, when members of the IRA murdered her by firing 27 bullets into Gillian, killing her and wounding her fiancé.

## After

The IRA later claimed the murder was a mistake and that the intended target had been Johnston's brother, whom they had claimed was a member of the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR). The IRA later stated it had been mistaken about Johnston's brother, as well.

The IRA disbanded the unit which carried out the attack in reaction to public revulsion at the killing of Johnston and the killing of Harry Keys. The Gardaí linked a man in his mid-20s, a key member of the Ballyshannon ASU, to the murders of Keys, Johnston, and of William Hassard and Frederick Love. There was unconfirmed speculation that this unit was also responsible for the Remembrance Day bombing in Enniskillen in November 1987. Johnston was described by her employer as:

> "... the kind of girl who was always smiling. I don't think I ever heard her say a bad word about anyone, people are just horrified."

## Sources

* McKittrick, Kelters, Feeney, Thompson. *Lost Lives: The stories of the men, women and children who died as a result of the Northern Ireland troubles* (1999/2006); ISBN 1-84018-227-X


title: Paul Rouvray

abstract: Paul Rouvray is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Adelaide in the Australian Football League (AFL). Although originally drafted by Melbourne, it was at Adelaide that Rouvray played his first AFL game. An original squad member from 1991, Rouvray didn't break into the team until round 19 of the 1992 season. He was the full-back in the 1992 SANFL Grand Final for Glenelg and finished on the losing side. Rouvray, who was also used as a wingman, made nine AFL appearances in 1993 and another 11 in 1994. He was then traded to the Sydney Swans, in a swap with Peter Caven but never earned a call up to the seniors. He finished his career at Glenelg in 1999, having played 113 games.

text:
# Paul Rouvray

**Paul Rouvray** (born 18 April 1972) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Adelaide in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Although originally drafted by Melbourne, it was at Adelaide that Rouvray played his first AFL game. An original squad member from 1991, Rouvray didn't break into the team until round 19 of the 1992 season. He was the full-back in the 1992 SANFL Grand Final for Glenelg and finished on the losing side.

Rouvray, who was also used as a wingman, made nine AFL appearances in 1993 and another 11 in 1994. He was then traded to the Sydney Swans, in a swap with Peter Caven but never earned a call up to the seniors. He finished his career at Glenelg in 1999, having played 113 games.

## InfoBox

| Paul Rouvray | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Paul Justin Rouvray | | |
| Date of birth | (1972-04-18) 18 April 1972 | | |
| Original team(s) | Glenelg | | |
| Draft | 25th, 1989 VFL draft
Melbourne | | |
| Height | 189 cm (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Weight | 93 kg (205 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1992–1994 | Adelaide | 21 (2) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1994. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: G-44 Qeqertarsuaq

abstract: G-44 Qeqertarsuarmi timersoqatigiiffik is a football club based in Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland. They play in the Coca Cola GM.

text:
# G-44 Qeqertarsuaq

**G-44 Qeqertarsuarmi timersoqatigiiffik** is a football club based in Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland. They play in the Coca Cola GM.

## Achievements

## InfoBox

G-44 Qeqertarsuaq
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Godhavn-44 Qeqertarsuarmi timersoqatigiiffik |
| Founded | 1944 |
| Ground | Qeqertarsuaq Stadium<br>Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland |
| Capacity | 1,000 |
| League | Coca Cola GM |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Fremantle walking tours and trails

text:
# Fremantle walking tours and trails

The historic city of Fremantle, Western Australia has many walking tours and trails. A variety of books and pamphlets describe these trails. The walking through or around Fremantle is celebrated in at least one song, a poem, and recollections.

## Books

Books from the 1960s such as Birch's are both "a handbook and official guide". The Education Department of WA published a guide in 1980.

David Hutchison's *Fremantle Walks* and his earlier book from 1986 provide a well based set of information about the features of Fremantle.

Specific sections of Fremantle such as the "West End" and other parts have been isolated in specific books such Seddon's 2000 publication *Looking at an old suburb*. In the 2000s, books such as *Richard and Moira's Freo footsteps* appeared.

## Annual events

The local university, Notre Dame, holds its annual commencement walk around the streets of the West End of Fremantle.

## City of Fremantle

The city has provided over time maps and guides to walking around Fremantle.

The City of Fremantle has engaged consultants to review the objects and subjects of tours and events, such as the 1995 report.

### Fremantle Trails

The City of Fremantle has a set of *Fremantle Trails* ranging through a range of subjects:

### Walking the City

David Hutchison's 2006 *Fremantle Walks* includes the following themed subjects with maps:

## Other tours and guides

At various stages in Fremantle history, there have been events and special tours that have been isolated single events.

Also tourism promotion guides that do not identify specific trails have been published over decades as "what's on" and are basically advertising for businesses prepared to be included.

## Walking tours

More recently organised tours are provided by providers such as *Two Feet and a Heartbeat* and other groups.

## Freopedia

The Freopedia project installed QR coded-signs at significant historic buildings and sites throughout Fremantle, along the Freopedia Heritage Tour. The QR codes link to the Wikipedia articles about those buildings and sites.

1. O'Malley, Lorraine (1940), *Walking down Fremantle*, retrieved 15 June 2014
2. Colebatch, Hal GP (April 2016), "Fremantle oddments", *Quadrant*, **60** (4): 61, ISSN 0033-5002
3. Edwards, Carl (2010), *Giant lettered sheds : life in the port city of Fremantle in the 1950s*, Bookpal, ISBN 978-1-921791-85-7
4. Birch, John E. V; Fremantle (W.A. : Municipality). Council (1962), *The city of Fremantle, Western Australia : a handbook and official guide*, Fremantle City Council, retrieved 15 June 2014
5. Cook, Penny; Western Australia. Education Dept (1980), *Walking in Fremantle*, Education Dept. of Western Australia, ISBN 978-0-7244-8523-9
6. Hutchison, D. E. (David Eric); Fremantle Arts Centre Press (2006), *Fremantle walks*, Fremantle Arts Centre Press, ISBN 978-1-921064-30-2
7. Hutchison, D. E. (David Eric); Lombardo's Fishing Boat Harbour (1986), *Guide to Fremantle*, Lombardo's Fishing Boat Harbour, retrieved 15 June 2014
8. Seddon, George; Haddy, Barbara (2000), *Looking at an old suburb : a walking guide to four blocks of Fremantle*, G. Seddon and B. Haddy, ISBN 978-1-74052-034-8
9. Skead, Richard; Goldney, Moira (2015), *Richard and Moira's Freo footsteps : walks around Fremantle from (and back to) Clancy's Fish Pub)*, Western Weasel Words, retrieved 3 October 2021
10. Ebbs, Michelle (9 February 2011), *Fremantle parade marks start of academic year*, ResearchOnline@ND, retrieved 15 June 2014
11. Western Australia. Dept. for Planning and Infrastructure; Fremantle (W.A. : Municipality). Council (2003), *City of Fremantle access & facilities guide : your guide for walking, cycling and using public transport in the City of Fremantle*, Dept. for Planning and Infrastructure, retrieved 15 June 2014
12. Bosworth, Michal; Walker, Meredith; Hutchison, D. E. (David Eric), 1927-; Pike, Penelope; Fremantle (W.A. : Municipality). Council; Fremantle Heritage Asset Management and Data Base Project (1995), *City of Fremantle thematic historical framework*, The Council, retrieved 15 June 2014`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
13. An earlier version was produced in 2008,Fremantle Trails; Fremantle (W.A. : Municipality). Council (2008), *Fremantle Trails*, City of Fremantle\],c\[2008?\], retrieved 15 June 2014, the Fremantle Trails website has updated items
14. http://www.mcb.wa.gov.au/OurCemeteries/Fremantle-Cemetery/HeritageWalkTrail.aspx Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Fremantle Cemetery Heritage Walk
15. Hutchison, D. E. (David Eric); Fremantle Arts Centre Press (2006), *Fremantle walks*, Fremantle Arts Centre Press, ISBN 978-1-921064-30-2
16. *Your guide to Perth & Fremantle*, Countrywide Publications, 1986, retrieved 15 June 2014
17. Urban Walkabout (Firm) (2012), *Fremantle*, Surry Hills, NSW Urban Walkabout, retrieved 15 June 2014
18. "Fremantle Historical Walking Tours - Two Feet & a Heartbeat". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
19. "Wikipedia: How a project launched in Monmouth has gone global". 31 January 2013.


title: Nirvana in Fire 2

abstract: Nirvana in Fire 2 is a 2017 Chinese television series starring Huang Xiaoming, Liu Haoran, Tong Liya and Zhang Huiwen. It is the sequel to Nirvana in Fire, which is based on Hai Yan's novel with the same name. The stories take place after the events of the original series, which revolves around the Langya Hall. The series aired on Dragon TV and Beijing TV from December 18, 2017 to February 12, 2018. Although the series has earned a Douban score of 8.5 from more than 144,766 user reviews, Nirvana in Fire 2 did not achieve the same success in ratings compared to the first season. Some cited the show's slow start and detached nature from first season's plot/characters as reasons for its lower popularity.

text:
# Nirvana in Fire 2

***Nirvana in Fire 2*** (Chinese: 琅琊榜之风起长林) is a 2017 Chinese television series starring Huang Xiaoming, Liu Haoran, Tong Liya and Zhang Huiwen. It is the sequel to *Nirvana in Fire*, which is based on Hai Yan's novel with the same name. The stories take place after the events of the original series, which revolves around the Langya Hall. The series aired on Dragon TV and Beijing TV from December 18, 2017 to February 12, 2018.

Although the series has earned a Douban score of 8.5 from more than 144,766 user reviews, *Nirvana in Fire 2* did not achieve the same success in ratings compared to the first season. Some cited the show's slow start and detached nature from first season's plot/characters as reasons for its lower popularity.

## Synopsis

During the chaotic Northern and Southern Dynasties, the northern frontier of the Liang Dynasty is protected by the powerful Changlin Army led by Xiao Tingsheng (Sun Chun) and Xiao Pingzhang (Huang Xiaoming). During an expedition, Grand Secretary Xun Baishui (Bi Yanjun) cuts off supplies to the front line, and Xiao Pingzhang becomes severely wounded as he leads the defense on Liang's northern border. His younger brother, Xiao Pingjing (Liu Haoran), leaves Langya Pavilion to visit him. There, Xiao Pingzhang and his father, Xiao Tingsheng, send Xiao Pingjing to where the supply ships sank in order to get to the bottom of the conspiracy. Unbeknownst to Xiao Pingjing, Xiao Tingsheng and his friend, Master Li, also send Lin Xi (Zhang Huiwen) to the same city, so that she can assist Xiao Pingjing.

It turns out that 30 years ago, Ye Qin, a neighboring kingdom, was suffering from the plague, yet Liang kept its borders shut for self-protection. In order to take revenge for his fallen kingdom, Puyang Ying (Guo Jingfei) travels to Liang under a hidden identity, and colludes with top martial artist the Marquis of Mozi (Cheng Taishen) and Xun Baishui to weaken the Xiao Family’s power. To exact revenge, he tricks the Empress into mandating an order to poison two cities in Liang, thereby recreating the conditions of the plague his kingdom suffered from.

Xiao Pingzhang dies from Puyang Ying's poison during the war, and a year later, the Liang Emperor (Liu Jun) passes away from sickness. His son, Xiao Yuanshi ascends the throne as a child emperor guided by Xiao Tingsheng. The Yu Dynasty takes the chance to gather forces to invade, and Xiao Pingjing plans a preemptive attack to defeat the Yu's army. Learning of these plans from Xiao Yuanqi, Xun Baishui coaxes the new Emperor (Hu Xianxu) into releasing an edict banning the Changlin Army from going into battle. Xiao Pingjing violates the edict, and he destroys Yu's army, ensuring that Liang would be safe from the Yu in the north. Upon his return to the capital, Xiao Pingjing's father, Xiao Tingsheng passes away due to his deteriorating health. Xiao Pingjing finally succumbs to the grief caused by the death of his brother and his father, and he leaves the capital to return to Langya Pavilion.

Years go by and Xiao Yuanqi begins to gain recognition and power from defeating the Donghai Army and reclaiming 7 of 10 eastern areas that were captured. In reality, those victories were planned by the Marquis of Mozi, who became the ruler of the Donghai. The Marquis of Mozi coordinated with Xiao Yuanqi so that Xiao Yuanqi could gain recognition from creating the impression that he recaptured lost territories for the Liang. After using assassins sent by Marquis of Mozi to kill Grand Secretary Xun Baishui, Xiao Yuanqi severs his relationship with the Marquis of Mozi by killing all the assassins that the Marquis of Mozi have sent to help him. Without Xun Baishui to rival his influence in the capital, Xiao Yuanqi stages a rebellion against Xiao Yuanshi. Xiao Pingjing predicts the danger against Yuanshi and he gathers the disbanded Changlin Army to march on Yuanqi's army that has occupied the capital and taken Yuanshi hostage. Ultimately, Pingjing defeats Yuanqi, and Pingjing leaves the capital to live his life with Lin Xi.

## Cast

### Main

### Supporting

Liang Imperial Family * Liu Jun as the Emperor
* Mei Ting as Empress Xun
* Hu Xianxu as Xiao Yuanshi, Crown Prince
* Sun Chun as Xiao Tingsheng, Prince Changlin
* Li Bin as Xiao Jingting, Prince Ning
* Wen Jing as Consort Shu
* Liu Lin as Princess Dowager Laiyang
* Qiao Xin as Xun Anru

Liang Imperial Court * Zhang Bo as Xun Feizhan
* Bi Yanjun as Xun Baishui
* Guo Jingfei as Puyang Ying
* You Yong as Song Fu
* Yue Yang as Prefect Zhang
* Feng Qian as Li Gu
* Xia Fan as Dong Qing
* Dong Yuelin as Ji Chen
* Jin Zehao as Yue Yinchuan
* Zhang Juanyi as Tan Heng
* Chen Muyang as Di Ming
* Shao Weitong as He Cheng

Others * Cheng Taishen as Marquis Mozi
* Wang Qingxiang as Lin Chen
* Jia Yuanyuan as Head Aunt
* Zhang Yanyan as Sister Yun
* Zhang Haowei as Lin Jiu
* Wang Yongquan as Old Master Li
* Feng Hui as Lin Shen
* Xing Minshan as Duan Tongzhou
* Wei Zhi as Prince Hui
* Zhao Da as Tuoba Yu
* Shi Shi as Princess Tuoba Chonghua
* Jin Song as Qin Lingshuo, Prince Kang
* Tan Kai as Ruan Ying
* Zhu Mengyao as Pei'er
* Chao Haowei as Lu Zhao
* Zhang Lingxin as Lady Qi

## Production

In early 2016, producer Hou Hongliang had confirmed though interviews that a sequel to *Nirvana in Fire* would probably include a new cast of characters and story, while retaining the backdrop of Langya Hall. Wei Wei, the *Nirvana in Fire* casting director, confirmed on Sina Weibo in July 2016 that a sequel to the acclaimed drama had entered pre-production and would begin filming in November. The series is set to air exclusively via streaming website iQiyi. The main cast was unveiled in October 2016, with the rest of the supporting cast announced later in December.

On December 15, the cast and production crew officially began filming at Hengdian Studios. Filming lasted for 5 months and ended in May 2017 at Mongolia before finally entering post-production.

In March 2017, Daylight Entertainment announced that the series would be showcased at the Entertainment Expo Hong Kong. The first teaser video was unveiled in June 2017 via iQiyi's conference, with an estimated premiere date at the end of 2017.

## Original soundtrack

| Nirvana in Fire 2
Original Soundtrack (OST) | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Meng Ke/Lu Liang | |
| Released | January 8, 2018 |
| Genre | Mandopop
Instrumental |
| Language | Mandarin |
| Label | Xingwen Jiayi |
| Producer | Meng Ke
Lu Liang |

The *Nirvana in Fire 2 OST* album was released on January 8, 2018, with music composed by Meng Ke, season 1's main composer, and Lu Liang. The drama's theme song "Qing Ping Yuan (清平愿)", which was composed by Dong Suoda and written by Hai Yan, was not included in the album.

*琅琊榜之风起长林* 电视剧原声带配乐专辑 *Nirvana in Fire 2* soundtrack

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Singers | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Fly High Changlin (风起长林)" |  | Meng Ke, Lu Liang |  | 1:29 |
| 2. | "Xiao Family (萧家)" |  |  |  | 2:47 |
| 3. | "Wind (风)" |  |  |  | 1:58 |
| 4. | "Travel (远行)" |  |  |  | 1:52 |
| 5. | "Hot Blood (热血)" |  |  |  | 1:10 |
| 6. | "Worry (伤感)" |  |  |  | 1:13 |
| 7. | "Lin Chen's Letter (蔺晨之信)" |  |  |  | 1:51 |
| 8. | "Emotional Interweave (情感交织)" |  |  |  | 0:41 |
| 9. | "Sadness (忧伤)" |  |  |  | 1:38 |
| 10. | "Reproduction of Season 1 Theme (第一部主题再现)" |  |  |  | 0:43 |
| 11. | "Longing (思念)" |  |  |  | 0:40 |
| 12. | "Chang Lin General (长林军)" |  |  |  | 2:58 |
| 13. | "Expedition (出征)" |  |  |  | 2:31 |
| 14. | "Chang Lin Boy (长林男儿)" |  |  |  | 2:31 |
| 15. | "Tragedy (悲壮)" |  |  |  | 2:57 |
| 16. | "Battle to the Death (战死)" |  |  |  | 2:33 |
| 17. | "Final Battle (最后的决战)" |  |  |  | 3:17 |
| 18. | "Heroic (英勇)" |  |  |  | 2:02 |
| 19. | "Opponents (对战)" |  |  |  | 2:09 |
| 20. | "Fighting (战斗)" |  |  |  | 2:27 |
| 21. | "Desolate (苍凉)" |  |  |  | 3:19 |
| 22. | "Latent Crisis (潜藏危机)" |  |  |  | 3:48 |
| 23. | "Love (爱意)" |  |  |  | 2:17 |
| 24. | "Poignant (凄美)" |  |  |  | 2:25 |
| 25. | "Lonely (孤独)" |  |  |  | 2:15 |
| 26. | "Parting (离别)" |  |  |  | 3:19 |
| 27. | "Low (低落)" |  |  |  | 4:09 |
| 28. | "Desolation (凄凉)" |  |  |  | 2:56 |
| 29. | "Distant (悠远)" |  |  |  | 1:55 |
| 30. | "Trap (圈套)" |  |  |  | 3:13 |
| 31. | "Qing Ping Yuan (清平愿)" | Hai Yan | Dong Suoda | Huang Qishan (version 1), Duo Liang (version 2) | 4:06 |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominee | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | 24th Shanghai Television Festival | Best Television Series | *Nirvana in Fire 2* | Nominated |  |
| | | Best Director | Kong Sheng, Li Xue | Nominated | |
| | | Best Cinematography | Sun Molong | Nominated | |

## InfoBox

| *Nirvana in Fire 2* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Also known as | Nirvana in Fire: The Wind Blows in Chang Lin |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 瑯琊榜之風起長林 |
| Simplified Chinese | 琅琊榜之风起长林 |
|
| Hanyu Pinyin | Lángyábǎng Zhī Fēngqǐ Chánglín |
|  | |
|  | |
| Genre | Wuxia
Historical fiction
Politics |
| Written by | Hai Yan |
| Directed by | Kong Sheng
Li Xue |
| Starring | Huang Xiaoming
Liu Haoran
Tong Liya
Zhang Huiwen |
| Country of origin | China |
| Original language | Chinese |
| No. of episodes | 50 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Hou Hongliang |
| Production locations | Hengdian World Studios
Mongol |
| Running time | 45 minutes |
| Production companies | Daylight Entertainment
iQiyi Pictures |
| Original release | |
| Network | Dragon TV, Beijing TV |
| Release | 18 December 2017 (2017-12-18)
12 February 2018 (2018-02-12) |
| Related | |
| *Nirvana in Fire* | |


title: Mantispa

abstract: Mantispa is the type genus of insects in the family Mantispidae and subfamily Mantispinae. Species have a fairly worldwide distribution.

text:
# Mantispa

***Mantispa*** is the type genus of insects in the family Mantispidae and subfamily Mantispinae (order Neuroptera). Species have a fairly worldwide distribution (but not Australia).

## Description

The defining characteristic of *Mantispa* is the presence of dark, short, thick setae on the mesothorax and occiput (rear head segment).

## Species

The Catalogue of Life lists:

* Media related to Mantispa at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Mantispa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Mantispa styriaca* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Neuroptera |
| Family: | Mantispidae |
| Subfamily: | Mantispinae |
| Genus: | *Mantispa*
Illiger, 1798 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Amycla* Rafinesque, 1815
*Mantispilla* Enderlein, 1910 | |


title: Sappho at Leucate

abstract: Sappho at Leucate, also known as The Death of Sappho, is an oil-on-canvas painting executed by the French painter Antoine-Jean Gros in 1801. It has the dimensions of 122 by 100 cm. It is held in the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire Baron-Gérard, in Bayeux.

text:
# Sappho at Leucate

***Sappho at Leucate***, also known as ***The Death of Sappho***, is an oil-on-canvas painting executed by the French painter Antoine-Jean Gros in 1801. It has the dimensions of 122 by 100 cm. It is held in the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire Baron-Gérard, in Bayeux.

## Description and style

The painting depicts Ancient Greek poet Sappho's alleged suicide by jumping from a cliff in Lefkada, thus accepting the legendary claim that she took her own life as a result of an unrequited love she had for the young Phaon, who is actually a mythological character.

The figure of Sappho stands out on the edge of a cliff, in a nocturnal landscape illuminated by the rays of the moon, which appears reflected in the dark sea in front of her. The scene seems to anticipate the one illustrated by Italian poet Giacomo Leopardi in the poem "Last Song of Sappho" of 1822. She takes with her transparent veil, her lyre, which she helds high. Behind her, there is a sacrificial altar. In contrast to a static vision of the neoclassical ideal, Gros therefore outlines the traits of a romantic figure, who entrusts the end of his life for love to nature.

Charles Blanc in 1845 commented that "undertaking the pictorial representation of despair represented a fundamental deviation from the principles of Greek art". Art historian William Vaughan stated that "The Sappho of Gros is the demonstration of how an effect of an emotional nature can be transmitted by resorting to precision no less than to skill".

## InfoBox

| Sappho at Leucate | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Antoine-Jean Gros |
| Year | 1801 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 122 cm × 100 cm (48 in × 39 in) |
| Location | Musée d'Art et d'Histoire Baron-Gérard, Bayeux |


title: Ville vesten

abstract: Ville vesten was a Norwegian Reality TV series hosted by Liv Marit Wedvik that aired on TV3.

text:
# Ville vesten

***Ville vesten*** was a Norwegian Reality TV series hosted by Liv Marit Wedvik that aired on TV3.

## Plot

Twelve Norwegian contestants drive a herd of cattle through Arizona's desert. The show tests cowboy knowledge and eliminates contestants along the drive. The winner receives a sum of money for cattle at a cattle auction in Willcox, Arizona.

## Ratings

The series was broadcast on Sunday evenings in prime time, but was moved after it flopped. The first episode was watched by 95,000 viewers, the second episode was watched by 61,000 viewers.

## InfoBox

| *Ville vesten* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Reality TV |
| Presented by | Liv Marit Wedvik |
| Country of origin | Norway |
| Original language | Norwegian |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| Original release | |
| Network | TV3 |
| Release | 2006 (2006) |


title: Patrick Mimran

abstract: Patrick Mimran is a contemporary French multimedia artist, composer, and the former CEO of Lamborghini. He is most widely known for Lamborghini's turn-around in the early 1980s and his art exhibit, "The Billboard Project".

text:
# Patrick Mimran

**Patrick Mimran** (born 1956 in Paris, France) is a contemporary French multimedia artist, composer, and the former CEO of Lamborghini. He is most widely known for Lamborghini's turn-around in the early 1980s and his art exhibit, "The Billboard Project".

## Biography

### Business

#### Lamborghini: 1978-1987

Before becoming an artist, Patrick Mimran was the owner and CEO of Lamborghini. In 1981, at the age of 24, Mimran and his brother, Jean Claude, purchased the company's failing assets for US$3 million. The brothers had purchased the company out of receivership by 1984 and began investing heavily in the company's expansion, developing a comprehensive restructuring program. Under the Mimrans' management, Lamborghini's model line was expanded from the Countach to include the Jalpa sports car and the LM002 off-road vehicle. Patrick served as CEO until 1987 when he sold the company to Chrysler.

### Art

#### Multimedia artist: 1990-present

After years as a successful businessman, Mimran turned to art. Mimran's artwork has ranged through media including painting, photography, video art, sculpture, and installations. Mimran's work has been exhibited in museums including the Leonardo da Vinci Museum for Science and Technology, Palazzo Venezia and Kunstpalais Erlangen, as well as festivals including the Venice Architecture Biennale, Art Cologne, Art Paris and Art Karlsruhe.

##### Musical composition

He also works in electronic music, composing the score for Maurice Béjart’s ballet Kurozuka\[3\] (performed at the Bunkan Kalkan Theatre, Tokyo)\[4\] and collaborating with Peter Greenaway. Mimran composed scores for Greenaway projects including the multidisciplinary film and art installation "Stairs 1 Geneva", the 1996 film, *The Pillow Book*, the 1996 public art event "La Cosmologia di Piazza del Popolo Roma", and the art installation, "In the Dark", which was featured in the 1996 exhibition, "Spellbound: Art and Film" at the Hayward Gallery of London. In addition to musical scores, Mimran has released four albums. *Novels For The Moons* (1981), his first album, was heavily influenced by German electronic pioneers and released on the imprint Lamborghini Records. He subsequently released *Back to Earth* (1983), *Honni Soit – Qui Mal Y Pense* (1987) with vocalist James Bowman, and *Service Entrance* (2017), a collection of soft piano music.

##### Sculpture

Mimran's "Jet Set Giraffe" sculpture, standing at 7.5 meters, is considered the tallest giraffe sculpture in the world. It was installed in the Monte Carlo's Grand Casino Garden from 2009 to 2013, when it was moved to its permanent home at the Colchester Zoo in Essex, England. The giraffe, made of glass fiber and steel, appears to be solid metallic silver but transforms into a silhouette lit by 214 colorful lights at night.

##### The Billboard Project: 2000-2012

Patrick Mimran is best known in the United States for his Billboard Project, a comprehensive series of billboards which he initiated in 2000 in London and later expanded to New York, Miami, Venice, and Tokyo. For the project, Mimran used advertisement billboards as a platform for short aphorisms that provided commentary about art and the relationships between artists, critics, curators and art dealers. The billboards attracted a fan base.

##### Wearable art

In 2015, Mimran turned 25 of his paintings into wearable art by developing the cashmere scarf line, Allezzou Fashion.

##### Digital art

Around 2017 Mimran developed the Aphos App, a digital rendition of his "Billboard Project" which allows users anywhere in the world to create their own boards with quotes, aphorisms, and comments about art, politics, news, fashion, music, or any subject related to their daily lives and interests.

## Exhibits

2013 L'art prend la ville !, DeFacto Gallery, La defense, Paris, France Billboard Project, Istituto degli Innocenti, Mudi, Piazza SS Annunziata 12, Florence, Italy GHOSTS, Recent paintings, Palazzo Malipiero, Ramo Malipiero, Venice, Italy IN THE MIROR OF REALITY, La galleria, Venice, Italy 2012 iRonic, Bietigheim-Bissingen Trash Can Project, Campo san manuele, Venice, Italy After, New Photographs, Palazzo Malipiero, Venice, Italy 2011 Ironic. Die feinsinnige Ironie der Kunst, Kunstpalais Patrick Mimran billboard, Palais Stutterheim, Erlangen, Germany Patrick Mimran, Group Show, Galerie Dorothea van der Koelen Art in movimento, La Galeria Venezia After, New Photographs, Palazzo Malipiero, Venice, Italy Patrick Mimran, Photographs, Art Paris 2011 Paul Ardenne, Realite revisitee, Analix Forever Patrick Mimran, Billboard Project, Galerie Dorothea van der Koelen, Art Cologne Patrick Mimran, Billboard Project, Galerie Dorothea van der Koelen, Art Karlsruhe 2010 Nuit Blanche, Billboard project, Toronto, Canada La Galleria, Photos of my billboard project, Dorothea van der Koelen, Venice, Italy 2009 Trash Can Project, Campo san manuele, Venice, Italy, Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci Patrick Mimran, Billboard project, Milan, Italy Patrick Mimran, Billboard project, Galerie Dorothea Van der koelen, Italy Les Photaumnales, Musee departemental de la haute-garonne, Beauvais oise France Patrick Mimran, car park in New York 2008 11th Mostra internazionale di architecttura La biennale di Venezia, Billboards in the city, Venice, Italy Patrick Mimran Billboard Project, Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, Milan, Italy Prelevements Urbains, Le mois de la photo à Paris, Passage de Retz, Paris, France Patrick Mimran “Temple Steps” recent photographs, Bay 100, Miami, USA 2007 Billboard project, 24th 25th 26th street, 31, Chelsea, New York, USA Recent Paintings Muramatsu Gallery, Tokyo, Japan Billboard Project Tokyo, Japan New York Parkings, Palazzo Malipiero, Venice, Italy Trash Can Project, Campo san manuele, Venice, Italy Lyon Billboard Project, Lyon, France Brahmatic A video Installation, National Museum Leonardo da vinci, Milan, Italy Recent paintings, video and photographs, Palazzo Venezia, Rome, Italy Vertigo revisited a Video Installaton, Kent Gallery, Miami, USA Biennale de Florence, Florence, Italy 2006 Installation video paintings and photographs Brahmatic, Solo show, Moscow world fine art fair, Moscow, Russia Billboard project, 20 billboards in Moscow, Moscow, Russia Billboard project, 24th 25th 26th street, Chelsea, New York, USA Billboard project, Bridge of the Academia, Venice, Italy Billboard project, Piazza del Popolo, Roma, Italy Billboard project, Museo d’arte moderna, Bologna, Italy 2005 Billboard project, Bridge of the Academia, Venice, Italy Billboard project 24th 25th 26th street, Chelsea, New York, USA 2004 Brahmâtic, Fondazione Querini Stampalia, Venice, Italy Altered states, The Milk Studio, New York, USA Billboard project, Bridge of the Academia, Venice, Italy Billboard project, 24th 25th 26th street, Chelsea, New York, USA L’oeuf” 2nd international biennale of sculpture of Monte-Carlo, Montecarlo, Monaco 2003 The Tower of Babel, Eggenberg Palace, Graz, Austria Babel.TV" Group exhibition displaying, Graz, Austria Discomatic, Espace Bellevue, Biarritz, France Discomatic, Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad, Valencia, Spain Billboard project Museo di Ca' Pesaro, Venice, Italy Billboard project, 24th 25th 26th street, Chelsea, New York, USA Paintings, Museo Nacional De Artes Visuales, Parque Rodó, Montevideo, Uruguay Vertigo, Circulo de Bellas Artes Alcala 42, Madrid, Spain 2002 Vertigo, The Game in 20th Century Art, Palacio de Montemuzo, Zaragoza Spain Billboard project, 24th 25th 26th street, Chelsea, New York, USA Jet Set Giraffe, The Parade of Animals Second edition of the International Sculpture, Festival of Monte-Carlo Jardins du Casino, Monte Carlo, Monaco Vertigo, Games in the Art of the 20th century, Espace Bellevue, Biarritz, France 2001 Babel.TV, Marlborough Chelsea, New York, USA Babel.TV, Orangerie de Bagatelle, Paris, France Billboard Project, West 24th and West 26th Street between 10th and 11th Avenues, Chelsea, New York, USA 2000 Paintings for billboard, Cromwell Road, London, Great Britain First Baby, Walking Man, From Rodin to Mimran, Jardin du Palais Royal, Paris, France Walking Man, From Rodin to Mimran, Lange Voorhoot, The Hague, The Netherlands 1999 Recent Paintings, Marlborough Gallery, New York, USA The rhythm of time, The Almodin, Valencia, Spain 1996 Paintings, Marlborough Gallery New York, NY 1971 Sweet Murder, Galerie Laudann, Lausanne, Switzerland Sweet Murder, Maison des jeunes et de la culture, Thonon les bains, France

## Bibliography

* *Paul Ardenne, Patrick Mimran, partage des correspondances*, Editions du Regard, Paris, 2001.
* *Paul Ardenne, Babel/TV*, Editions du Regard, 2001.
* *Urban Samples/Prélèvements urbains (photographies)*, Editions Monografik, 2008.
* Beate Reifenscheid and Dorothea van der Koelen; Arte in Movimento – Kunst in Bewegung, Dokumente unserer Zeit XXXIV; Chorus-Verlag; Mainz 2011; ISBN 978-3-926663-44-3


title: Moisie, Quebec

abstract: Moisie is a district (secteur) of the city of Sept-Îles, Quebec, Canada. Prior to February 12, 2003, Moisie was an independent city; on that date, it and the Municipality of Gallix were merged into Sept-Îles.

text:
# Moisie, Quebec

**Moisie** (Quebec French pronunciation: \[vɪl  mwazi\] ) is a district (*secteur*) of the city of Sept-Îles, Quebec, Canada.

Prior to February 12, 2003, Moisie was an independent city; on that date, it and the Municipality of Gallix were merged into Sept-Îles.

## History

Originally Moisie was a small fisherman village located at the mouth of the Moisie River. Its name, taken from this river, has been in use since the 17th century and its meaning and origin are unknown. The village, which was at sea level, was relocated in 1967 after several storm surge floods.

Molson Inc. established a smelter on the other bank of the river in the late 19th century. The company was plowing through three feet of pure iron black sand lying on the beaches as raw material for the forge. Prospectors later explored the region upstream of the river which led to the discovery of large iron ore deposits around Labrador City and Schefferville.

Between 1933 and 1949, the Hudson's Bay Company had a post at Moisie, operating as an outpost of Sept Iles.

On January 1, 1955, the Municipality of Moisie was created out of territory ceded by the Township of Letellier.

The community became home to RCAF Station Moisie in the late 1950s, when the Royal Canadian Air Force established a Pinetree Line early warning radar station nearby. The facility was later renamed CFS Moisie and closed by the early 1990s after defence cutbacks.

On October 29, 1983, the Municipality of Moisie and the Municipality of Rivière-Pigou merged to form the City of Moisie. On February 12, 2003, the City of Moisie was amalgamated into Sept-Îles.

## Demographics

Historical census populations – Moisie, Quebec
| Year Pop. ±%  1956  672       1961  1,063 +58.2%  1966  1,014 −4.6%  1971  988 −2.6%  1976  1,089 +10.2% | Year Pop. ±%  1981  1,499 +37.6%  1986  1,118 −25.4%  1991  776 −30.6%  1996  897 +15.6%  2001  930 +3.7% |
| --- | --- |
| Population counts are not adjusted for boundary changes or mergers.
Source: Statistics Canada | |

Media related to Moisie at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Moisie | |
| --- | --- |
| District and former city | |
|  | |
| MoisieLocation of Moisie, Quebec | |
| Coordinates: 50°11′29″N 66°5′40″W / 50.19139°N 66.09444°W / 50.19139; -66.09444 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Côte-Nord |
| RCM | Sept-Rivières |
| Municipality | Sept-Îles |
| Municipality | January 1, 1955 |
| City | October 29, 1983 |
| Amalgamated | February 12, 2003 |
| Area | |
| Land | 1,396.99 km2 (539.38 sq mi) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 930 |
| Density | 0.7/km2 (2/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| Postal code | G0G 2B0 |
| Area code(s) | 418, 581, and 367 |
| Geographical code | 24 97005 |


title: Muhammad Ramzan (preacher)

abstract: Muhammad Ramzan (1769–1825) was an Indian Islamic scholar, Sufi saint and preacher. He worked to persuade recent converts to Islam from Hinduism to abandon Hindu customs and religious festivals and to follow Muslim ones instead. Ramzan told converted Rajputs, Meo and Jats were in no way different from their Hindu counterparts in culture, customs and celebrations of religious festivals. He also said that they were not only pir-parast and grave worshipers, they were also idolators They celebrated Holi, Diwali and other Hindu festivals with zeal and dressed in the Hindu fashion.

text:
# Muhammad Ramzan (preacher)

**Muhammad Ramzan** (1769–1825) was an Indian Islamic scholar, Sufi saint and preacher. He worked to persuade recent converts to Islam from Hinduism to abandon Hindu customs and religious festivals and to follow Muslim ones instead.

Ramzan told converted Rajputs, Meo and Jats (Muslim Rajputs) were in no way different from their Hindu counterparts in culture, customs and celebrations of religious festivals. He also said that they were not only pir-parast and grave worshipers, they were also idolators They celebrated Holi, Diwali and other Hindu festivals with zeal and dressed in the Hindu fashion.

## Early life and death

Ramzan was born in Meham district Rohtak, Punjab in 1769 to Shah Abdul Azeem (d. 1828), a Majzoob Sufi. His grand father Shah Abdul Hakeem (1709- 1773) was an Urdu writer.

Ramzan was dissatisfied with the Sufi religious system under his father, whose Rajput devotees present him with a tithe from every thing taken in their raids. At age 14, Ramzan he left his family to study with Abdul Qadir and Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi, the sons of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi. There he studied for fourteen years (1783-1796). He has worked as a preacher throughout his life.

### Death

Ramzan was killed by Bohras at Mandsaur in Madhya Pradesh after returning from "Hajj" on 18 January 1825.

## Scholarly work

Ramzan wrote in local language and dialects, sometime in the form of poems that could be recited and held debates with the scholars of other religious.

* Aqaid-e-Azeem
* Bulbul Bagh-e-Nabi (poetry)
* Akhir Gutt
* Rangeeli (poetry)
* Waseehat Nama
* Translation of Qaseeda Amali
* Adab Chokra (children education)
* Bohri Biaz
* Fatawa-e-Muhammadi
* Barq Laamaa Risala
* Alim o Frayz Risala Ramzani
* Radd e Rawafiz Risala (Persian)

## Further reading

* MATAR AL AJDAD (1964) by Prof:Manzoor-ul-haq Siddiqui
* Tazkira E Ulamaye Hind (November 1914) by Rehman Ali
* Urdu Ki Shakh Haryanvi Zuban Main Talifat (February 1932)by Hafiz Mehmood Sheerani
* Punjab Mein Urdu by Hafiz Mehmood Khan Shirani
* Tarikh E Zbane Urdu by Prof : Masoud Husain Khan
* HADI E HARYANA (October 1963) by Prof:Manzoor-ul-haq Siddiqui
* Tazkira E Sufiya E Mewat by Muhammad Habib ur Rehman Khan Mewati
* The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India by K.S. Lal
* TIME FOR STOCK TAKING ( The Tabligh Movement or Millionsof Bearded Militants on the March )by Sita Ram Goel
* Family Tree ( خاندانی شجرہ ) Compiled by Shafa Ullah Siddiqui

## InfoBox

| Hazrat Shah Muhammad Ramzan | |
| --- | --- |
| محمد رمضان مہمی | |
| Born | 1769
Meham |
| Died | 1825
Madhya Pradesh |
| Occupation | Scholar/Wali |


title: Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet

abstract: Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet was a French engineer. He is widely credited with establishing the first scientific approach to road building about the year 1764. Among his innovations was the use of a base layer of large stone covered with a thin layer of smaller stone. The advantage of this two-layer configuration was that when rammed or rolled by traffic the stones jammed into one another forming a strong wear resistant surface which offered less obstruction to traffic. Trésaguet was born in Nevers, the youngest son from a family of engineers. He began his career as a sub inspector in the Corps des Ponts et Chaussées, in Paris. He later moved to Limoges, Haute-Vienne as chief engineer in 1764. In 1775 he was appointed inspector general of roads and bridges for all of France. He published a paper describing his road building methods.

text:
# Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet

**Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet** (15 January 1716  1796) was a French engineer. He is widely credited with establishing the first scientific approach to road building about the year 1764. Among his innovations was the use of a base layer of large stone covered with a thin layer of smaller stone. The advantage of this two-layer configuration was that when rammed or rolled by traffic the stones jammed into one another forming a strong wear resistant surface which offered less obstruction to traffic.

Trésaguet was born in Nevers, the youngest son from a family of engineers. He began his career as a sub inspector in the Corps des Ponts et Chaussées (Bridges and Highways Corps), in Paris. He later moved to Limoges, Haute-Vienne as chief engineer in 1764. In 1775 he was appointed inspector general of roads and bridges for all of France. He published a paper describing his road building methods.

## Method of road building

First of all, an earth foundation was excavated parallel with but about ten inches below the finished surface of the new road. This was convex in cross section to encourage water to drain off the finished surface.

Next, large stones were laid on edge and any protruding pieces on their upper edges broken off to leave an even surface. This stone foundation was covered with a second course of smaller rounded stones.

Finally, a third layer of hard broken stone, (about the size of walnuts) was spread by a shovel to produce the surface layer.

This system was used continuously in France from 1775 until 1820 when the country changed to the cheaper Macadam method.

* Arthur G. Bruce, *Highway Design and Construction*, International Textbook Company, Scranton, Pennsylvania (1934)

## InfoBox

| Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1716-01-15)15 January 1716<br>Nevers, Nièvre, France |
| Died | 1796 (aged about 80) |
| Known for | Establishing the first scientific approach to road building |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Engineering, road building |
| Institutions | Corps des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris; chief engineer, Limoges |
|  | |


title: Paul Rowen

abstract: Paul John Rowen is a British Liberal Democrat politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Rochdale from 2005 until the 2010 general election, when he was defeated by Labour Party candidate Simon Danczuk.

text:
# Paul Rowen

**Paul John Rowen** (born 11 May 1955) is a British Liberal Democrat politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Rochdale from 2005 until the 2010 general election, when he was defeated by Labour Party candidate Simon Danczuk.

## Early life and career

Born in Rochdale, Rowen went to the Bishop Henshaw RC Memorial High School in Rochdale. From the University of Nottingham, he graduated with a BSc in Chemistry and Geology in 1976. From 1977 to 1980, he taught Science at Kimberley School in Nottinghamshire. From 1980 to 1986, he was Head of Chemistry at St Albans RC High School, Warren Lane in Oldham (now closed), then Head of Science at Our Ladys RC High School from 1986 to 1990. From 1990 to 2005, he was Deputy Headteacher of Yorkshire Martyrs Catholic College on Westgate Hill Street in Tong, West Yorkshire.

## Parliamentary career

Rowen contested the Rochdale seat in the 2001 general election, and won the seat in 2005 by around 400 votes; this reclaimed the seat for the Liberal Democrats since they lost the seat in 1997.

In the House of Commons he became a Liberal Democrat spokesman for Work and Pensions, having previously worked on disability issues.

He is a member of the Beveridge Group.

## Outside Parliament

Rowen is the Patron of the Greater Manchester branch of domestic violence charity the ManKind Initiative.

He is also a paid director of a Ugandan property company called Corinya.

## Personal life

Rowen lists on his website that he enjoys hill-walking, travel and reading.

He is a practising Roman Catholic.

## Notes and references

### News items

## InfoBox

| Paul Rowen | |
| --- | --- |
| Rowen during the 2009 Liberal Democrat Conference | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Rochdale | |
| **In office**
6 May 2005  12 April 2010 | |
| Preceded by | Lorna Fitzsimons |
| Succeeded by | Simon Danczuk |
| Majority | 444 (1.1%) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Paul John Rowen
(1955-05-11) 11 May 1955
Rochdale, Lancashire, England |
| Political party | Liberal Democrat |
| Alma mater | University of Nottingham |
|  | |


title: Frenzy (Mojo Nixon album)

abstract: Frenzy is the second album by Mojo Nixon and Skid Roper, released in 1986. The album was re-released on CD in 1987, with the EP Get Out Of My Way! added to the end. The CD uses the Get Out of My Way! mix of "Stuffin' Martha's Muffin," which filters the telephone conversation part of Nixon's opening monologue to sound like he is talking on the phone, instead of the original Frenzy LP mix. "Transylvanian Xmas" is a version of "Joy to the World," performed by Roper on harmonica with the melody tweaked to sound spooky; Nixon plays bongos. "Jesus at McDonalds" is a newer recording of the song from their first LP, Mojo Nixon and Skid Roper.

text:
# Frenzy (Mojo Nixon album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Robert Christgau | B+ |
| *MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |

***Frenzy*** is the second album by Mojo Nixon and Skid Roper, released in 1986.

The album was re-released on CD in 1987, with the EP *Get Out Of My Way!* added to the end. The CD uses the *Get Out of My Way!* mix of "Stuffin' Martha's Muffin," which filters the telephone conversation part of Nixon's opening monologue to sound like he is talking on the phone, instead of the original *Frenzy* LP mix. "Transylvanian Xmas" is a version of "Joy to the World," performed by Roper on harmonica with the melody tweaked to sound spooky; Nixon plays bongos. "Jesus at McDonalds" is a newer recording of the song from their first LP, *Mojo Nixon and Skid Roper*.

## Critical reception

*Trouser Press* wrote that "the musical accompaniment to Nixon’s often hysterical socio-political commentary is mostly a frisky down-home mixture of blues, R&B and rockabilly." The *Los Angeles Times* wrote that "the duo ravages the basic blues structure with violent strokes of new wave madness."

## Track listing

All songs written by Mojo Nixon and published by Tallywacker Tunes/La Rana Music except as indicated.

1. "The Amazing Bigfoot Diet"
2. "Stuffin' Martha's Muffin"
3. "I Hate Banks"
4. "Feeling Existential"
5. "Be My Lover" (Michael Bruce) Ezra Music BMI
6. "Where the Hell's My Money?"
7. "Gonna Put My Face On a Nuclear Bomb"
8. "Ain't Got No Boss"
9. "I'm Living With a Three-Foot Anti-Christ"
10. "Gonna Eat Them Words"
11. "Twilight's Last Gleaming" (Joey Harris) Harris Control BMI
12. "23 Mile Ride"
13. "In a Gadda Da Vida" (Doug Ingle) Ten East/Cotillion/Itasca BMI
14. "The Ballad of Wendell Scott"
15. "Get Out of My Way!" (CD Re-release)
16. "Rutabagas" (CD Re-release)
17. "Burn Down the Malls" (CD Re-release)
18. "Son of Santa" (CD Re-release)
19. "Transylvanian Xmas" (Traditional; arranged by Skid Roper) (CD Re-release)
20. "Jesus at McDonalds" (CD Re-release)

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Frenzy | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Mojo Nixon and Skid Roper | |
| Released | 1986 |
| Studio | Hit City West, Los Angeles |
| Genre |  |
| Label | Restless |
| Producer | Ron Goudie |
| Mojo Nixon and Skid Roper chronology | |
| *Get Out of My Way!*
(1986) ***Frenzy***
(1986) *Bo-Day-Shus!!!*
(1987) | |


title: Moisie River

abstract: The Moisie River is a river in eastern Quebec. Known as the Nahanni of the East, it is a wild river of North America. It has been proposed to protect the river with the Moisie River Aquatic Reserve.

text:
# Moisie River

The **Moisie River** is a river in eastern Quebec. Known as the Nahanni of the East, it is a wild river of North America.

It has been proposed to protect the river with the Moisie River Aquatic Reserve.

## Course

The Moisie River basin lies between the basins of the Rapides River to the west and the Matamec River to the east. It covers an area of 19,273 square kilometres (7,441 sq mi). The Moisie flows south from Lake Opocopa near the Labrador border to the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River east of Sept-Îles, Quebec. The town of Moisie is located at its mouth. The river is 410 kilometres (250 mi) in length, which is calculated from the most commonly-used starting point of canoe trips, bridge of highway 389 over Pékans River (at 52°43′48.19″N 67°24′47.31″W / 52.7300528°N 67.4131417°W / 52.7300528; -67.4131417 ) is 373 km.

Moisie tributaries include:

## Name

The origin of the name are unknown, but researchers have speculated that the river might have been named after an explorer or a settler since Moisy is a rather common surname in France. That is largely contested since there seems to be no proof of anyone with that name in the archives. Another popular theory is that it come from the Old French word *moise* or *moyse*, meaning "wet river bank."

The **Mishta-shipiunnu** ("Innu from the Moisie River") call it *Mishta-shipu* ("Great River"; *mishau* \- ″big, great″ and *shipu* \- ″river"). Like for thousands of years, they continue to use the river to reach their northern hunting and fishing grounds. Large parts of the river were also protected by private fishing clubs.

There were recent attempts to develop hydroelectric projects on the Moisie. However, in 2003, the Quebec government protected a large part of the river's watershed as an aquatic reserve and has prevented activities such as logging, mining, and power projects, but has permitted traditional uses such as hunting and fly-fishing.

## Environment

A map of the Ecological regions of Quebec shows the river's tributary, the Rivière aux Pékans, rising to the northwest of Fermont just west of the Spruce/lichen domain of the boreal zone, and flowing south through the eastern spruce/moss domain. The last section of the Moisie River flows through the fir/white birch domain of the boreal zone.

The river is the most important spawning ground for the Atlantic salmon in eastern North America.

## Usage

The Moisie River is popular with experienced canoeists concerning its whitewater. It flows through a deep valley of glacial origin. The width of the valley varies considerably. At the spout of the river, the valley is very narrow, but it is wider in areas that are not obstructed by rapids.

The views of mountains and cliffs have caused the river to be used for canoe camping. The Quebec North Shore & Labrador Railway follows the lower section of the Moisie River and provides access to the Quebec-Labrador plateau from which canoeists can reach its headwaters.

The river's remoteness makes it have very few access points, and if an accident occurs involving a canoeist, the most common form of evacuation is by seaplane. Still, because of the narrow valley, some canoeists travel many kilometres to reach a spot for a plane to land. The railway crosses the river at the last whitewater rapid on the river, which is also the largest and the most well known. The rapids have been called train tracks because of their close proximity to the railway.

A forest fire in the summer of 2014 destroyed a lot of the ecosystem surrounding the river and made it unsafe for campers and canoeists to explore and venture.

The river is very remote and has very few inhabitants, with few cabins along the river.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Moisie River | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Côte-Nord |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Lake Opocopa |
| location | Rivière-Mouchalagane |
| coordinates | 52°30′50″N 66°33′56″W / 52.51389°N 66.56556°W / 52.51389; -66.56556 |
|  | |
| Mouth | Gulf of Saint Lawrence |
| location | Sept-Îles |
| coordinates | 50°12′00″N 66°04′03″W / 50.20000°N 66.06750°W / 50.20000; -66.06750 |
| elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 410 km (250 mi) |
| Basin size | 19,273 km2 (7,441 sq mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| average | 490 m3/s (17,000 cu ft/s) |
|  | |


title: Molecular switch

abstract: A molecular switch is a molecule that can be reversibly shifted between two or more stable states. The molecules may be shifted between the states in response to environmental stimuli, such as changes in pH, light, temperature, an electric current, microenvironment, or in the presence of ions and other ligands. In some cases, a combination of stimuli is required. The oldest forms of synthetic molecular switches are pH indicators, which display distinct colors as a function of pH. Currently synthetic molecular switches are of interest in the field of nanotechnology for application in molecular computers or responsive drug delivery systems. Molecular switches are also important in biology because many biological functions are based on it, for instance allosteric regulation and vision. They are also one of the simplest examples of molecular machines.

text:
# Molecular switch

A **molecular switch** is a molecule that can be reversibly shifted between two or more stable states. The molecules may be shifted between the states in response to environmental stimuli, such as changes in pH, light, temperature, an electric current, microenvironment, or in the presence of ions and other ligands. In some cases, a combination of stimuli is required. The oldest forms of synthetic molecular switches are pH indicators, which display distinct colors as a function of pH. Currently synthetic molecular switches are of interest in the field of nanotechnology for application in molecular computers or responsive drug delivery systems. Molecular switches are also important in biology because many biological functions are based on it, for instance allosteric regulation and vision. They are also one of the simplest examples of molecular machines.

## Biological molecular switches

In cellular biology, proteins act as intracellular signaling molecules by activating another protein in a signaling pathway. In order to do this, proteins can switch between active and inactive states, thus acting as molecular switches in response to another signal. For example, phosphorylation of proteins can be used to activate or inactivate proteins. The external signal flipping the molecular switch could be a protein kinase, which adds a phosphate group to the protein, or a protein phosphatase, which removes phosphate groups.

## Acidochromic molecular switches

The capacity of some compounds to change in function of the pH was known since the sixteenth century. This effect was even known before the development of acid-base theory. Those are found in a wide range of plants like roses, cornflowers, primroses and violets. Robert Boyle was the first person to describe this effect, employing plant juices (in the forms of solution and impregnated paper).

Molecular switches are most commonly used as pH indicators, which are molecules with acidic or basic properties. Their acidic and basic forms have different colors. When an acid or a base is added, the equilibrium between the two forms is displaced.

## Photochromic molecular switches

A widely studied class are photochromic compounds which are able to switch between electronic configurations when irradiated by light of a specific wavelength. Each state has a specific absorption maximum which can then be read out by UV-VIS spectroscopy. Members of this class include azobenzenes, diarylethenes, dithienylethenes, fulgides, stilbenes, spiropyrans and phenoxynaphthacene quinones.

Chiroptical molecular switches are a specific subgroup with photochemical switching taking place between an enantiomeric pairs. In these compounds the readout is by circular dichroism rather than by ordinary spectroscopy. Hindered alkenes such as the one depicted below change their helicity (see: planar chirality) as response to irradiation with right or left-handed circularly polarized light

Chiroptical molecular switches that show directional motion are considered synthetic molecular motors: When attached to the end of a helical poly (isocyanate) polymer, they can switch the helical sense of the polymer.

## Host–guest molecular switches

In host–guest chemistry the bistable states of molecular switches differ in their affinity for guests. Many early examples of such systems are based on crown ether chemistry. The first switchable host is described in 1978 by Desvergne & Bouas-Laurent who create a crown ether via photochemical anthracene dimerization. Although not strictly speaking switchable the compound is able to take up cations after a photochemical trigger and exposure to acetonitrile gives back the open form.

In 1980 Yamashita et al. construct a crown ether already incorporating the anthracene units (an anthracenophane) and also study ion uptake vs photochemistry.

Also in 1980 Shinkai throws out the anthracene unit as photoantenna in favor of an azobenzene moiety and for the first time envisions the existence of molecules with an on-off switch. In this molecule light triggers a trans-cis isomerization of the azo group which results in ring expansion. Thus in the trans form the crown binds preferentially to ammonium, lithium and sodium ions while in the cis form the preference is for potassium and rubidium (both larger ions in same alkali metal group). In the dark the reverse isomerization takes place.

Shinkai employs this devices in actual ion transport mimicking the biochemical action of monensin and nigericin: in a biphasic system ions are taken up triggered by light in one phase and deposited in the other phase in absence of light.

## Mechanically-interlocked molecular switches

Some of the most advanced molecular switches are based on mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures where the bistable states differ in the position of the macrocycle. In 1991 Stoddart devices a molecular shuttle based on a rotaxane on which a molecular *bead* is able to shuttle between two *docking stations* situated on a molecular *thread*. Stoddart predicts that when the stations are dissimilar with each of the stations addressed by a different external stimulus the shuttle becomes a molecular machine. In 1993 Stoddart is scooped by supramolecular chemistry pioneer Fritz Vögtle who actually delivers a switchable molecule based not on a rotaxane but on a related catenane

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Photo switchable catenane Vögtle 1993** |  | **Molecular switch Kaifer and Stoddart 1994** |
|

This compound is based on two ring systems: one ring holds the photoswichable azobenzene ring and two paraquat docking stations and the other ring is a polyether with to arene rings with binding affinity for the paraquat units. In this system NMR spectroscopy shows that in the azo trans-form the polyether ring is free to rotate around its partner ring but then when a light trigger activates the cis azo form this rotation mode is stopped

Kaifer and Stoddart in 1994 modify their molecular shuttle such a way that an electron-poor tetracationic cyclophane bead now has a choice between two docking stations: one biphenol and one benzidine unit. In solution at room temperature NMR spectroscopy reveals that the bead shuttles at a rate comparable to the NMR timescale, reducing the temperature to 229K resolves the signals with 84% of the population favoring the benzidine station. However, on addition of trifluoroacetic acid, the benzidine nitrogen atoms are protonated and the bead is fixed permanently on the biphenol station. The same effect is obtained by electrochemical oxidation (forming the benzidine radical ion) and significantly both processes are reversible.

In 2007 molecular shuttles were utilized in an experimental DRAM circuit. The device consists of 400 bottom silicon nanowire electrodes (16 nanometer (nm) wide at 33 nm intervals) crossed by another 400 titanium top-nanowires with similar dimensions sandwiching a monolayer of a bistable rotaxane depicted below:

Each bit in the device consists of a silicon and a titanium crossbar with around 100 rotaxane molecules filling in the space between them at perpendicular angles. The hydrophilic diethylene glycol stopper on the left (gray) is specifically designed to anchor to the silicon wire (made hydrophilic by phosphorus doping) while the hydrophobic tetraarylmethane stopper on the right does the same to the likewise hydrophobic titanium wire. In the ground state of the switch, the paraquat ring is located around a tetrathiafulvalene unit (in red) but it moves to the dioxynaphthyl unit (in green) when the fulvalene unit is oxidized by application of a current. When the fulvalene is reduced back a metastable high conductance '1' state is formed which relaxes back to the ground state with a chemical half-life of around one hour. The problem of defects is circumvented by adopting a defect-tolerant architecture also found in the Teramac project. In this way a circuit is obtained consisting of 160,000 bits on an area the size of a white blood cell translating into 1011 bits per square centimeter.

## Further reading


title: Mombasa Air Services

abstract: Mombasa Air Services, a Kenya air charter firm, was created when John Cleave purchased Rapid Air, a Civil Aviation Board licensed air charter firm with bases in Nyeri and Diani Beach. Flight operations were switched to the coast city of Mombasa, to serve the newly growing coast tourism industry and the company name was changed to Mombasa Air Services. During the seventies, eighties and nineties, Mombasa was restricted by existent colonial legislation, from receiving international scheduled services, which were all directed to the capital city of Nairobi. During the seventies and eighties, the Kenya coast was a recently discovered exotic tourism destination and direct charter flights from Europe grew rapidly and many new beach hotels were built to receive an increasing number of tourist arrivals from Europe. During the colonial era, a number of large land areas were set aside as wildlife conservancies under the protection of the Kenya Game Department, which, after independence, became the Kenya Wildlife Service. Kenya is known as the birthplace of the safari, an expedition or journey into the bush to see and shoot wildlife. These adventures were made famous by the rich and famous that included, in 1909, the former American President Theodore Roosevelt. Hunting, however became banned, and the growing global realization of the value of protecting wildlife, coupled with long range jet travel meant that the Kenya coast, with unspoilt tropical beaches close to world-famous wildlife parks, generated a steady demand for local tourist flights to visit the game parks. MAS grew a fleet of piston engined aircraft to handle the local charter demand to game parks and other places of tourist interest. At its peak the charter firm had 12 aircraft, some owned and some leased. All the aircraft were maintained by CMC Aviation owned by the publicly traded Cooper Motor Corporation. To provide capital and purchase larger, more reliable turbo-prop aircraft to operate scheduled services, the firm was sold to CMC who subsequently sold to the Sameer Group and the operations moved to Nairobi. The purchase of turbo-prop aircraft did not occur at that time, and the start up of domestic scheduled tourist services from Mombasa to the game parks was delayed until the nineties. Aircraft to right is a Cessna 402B, 5Y-ATI operated by Malindi Air Services, during 1979 and possibly later. This ten seat aircraft flew daily, on a schedule run to Lamu from Malindi. Also operated on multi day "Flug Safaris" from Malindi, or Mombasa to Game Parks such as Amboseli, Samburu, and the Masai Mara.

text:
# Mombasa Air Services

**Mombasa Air Services**, a Kenya air charter firm, was created when John Cleave purchased Rapid Air, a Civil Aviation Board licensed air charter firm with bases in Nyeri and Diani Beach. Flight operations were switched to the coast city of Mombasa, to serve the newly growing coast tourism industry and the company name was changed to Mombasa Air Services. During the seventies, eighties and nineties, Mombasa was restricted by existent colonial legislation, from receiving international scheduled services, which were all directed to the capital city of Nairobi. During the seventies and eighties, the Kenya coast was a recently discovered exotic tourism destination and direct charter flights from Europe grew rapidly and many new beach hotels were built to receive an increasing number of tourist arrivals from Europe.

During the colonial era, a number of large land areas were set aside as wildlife conservancies under the protection of the Kenya Game Department, which, after independence, became the Kenya Wildlife Service. Kenya is known as the birthplace of the safari, an expedition or journey into the bush to see and shoot wildlife. These adventures were made famous by the rich and famous that included, in 1909, the former American President Theodore Roosevelt. Hunting, however became banned, and the growing global realization of the value of protecting wildlife, coupled with long range jet travel meant that the Kenya coast, with unspoilt tropical beaches close to world-famous wildlife parks, generated a steady demand for local tourist flights to visit the game parks.

MAS grew a fleet of piston engined aircraft to handle the local charter demand to game parks and other places of tourist interest. At its peak the charter firm had 12 aircraft, some owned and some leased. All the aircraft were maintained by CMC Aviation owned by the publicly traded Cooper Motor Corporation. To provide capital and purchase larger, more reliable turbo-prop aircraft to operate scheduled services, the firm was sold to CMC who subsequently sold to the Sameer Group and the operations moved to Nairobi. The purchase of turbo-prop aircraft did not occur at that time, and the start up of domestic scheduled tourist services from Mombasa to the game parks was delayed until the nineties.

Aircraft to right is a Cessna 402B, 5Y-ATI operated by Malindi Air Services, during 1979 and possibly later. This ten seat aircraft flew daily, on a schedule run to Lamu from Malindi. Also operated on multi day "Flug Safaris" from Malindi, or Mombasa to Game Parks such as Amboseli, Samburu, and the Masai Mara.

## Fleet

## Status

At December 2010, this airline is out of service but Mombasa Air Safari is now under the same ownership as the original Mombasa Air Services, and continues to operate from Moi Airport and Ukunda.

## Destinations

Air Charter services throughout East Africa but mainly to Amboseli, Tsavo, Mara, Samburu, Lamu and Lake Nakuru in Kenya, and in Tanzania Lake Manyara, Ngorongoro and the Serengeti plus Zanzibar.

## Key people

John Cleave, Christine Cronchey, Robert Grumbley, Twig Walsh, and Chris Gallagher.

## Sources

* Kenya Civil Aviation Authority
* World Airline Directory. 1981.
* Kenya Air Operators Association


title: Mohawk Chapel

abstract: His Majesty's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks in Brantford, Ontario is the oldest surviving church building in Ontario and was the first Anglican church in Upper Canada. It is one of only three Chapels Royal in Canada. In 1981, the chapel was designated a National Historic Site of Canada.

text:
# Mohawk Chapel

**His Majesty's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks** in Brantford, Ontario is the oldest surviving church building in Ontario and was the first Anglican church in Upper Canada. It is one of only three Chapels Royal in Canada. In 1981, the chapel was designated a National Historic Site of Canada.

## History

Constructed in 1785 by the British Crown, the chapel was given to the Mohawk people led by Joseph Brant for their support of the Crown during the American Revolution. They had migrated to Canada after Britain lost the Thirteen Colonies and were awarded land for resettlement. Originally called *St. Paul's*, the church is commonly referred to as the *Mohawk Chapel*. It is part of the Anglican Diocese of Huron and has a chaplain appointed by the Bishop of Huron, in consultation with the congregation.

In 1850, the remains of Joseph Brant were moved from the original burial site in Burlington to a tomb at the Mohawk Chapel. His son, John Brant, was also interred in the tomb. Next to Brant's tomb is a boulder memorializing the writer Pauline Johnson, who was born in the nearby Six Nations Reserve and attended services in the chapel.

In 1904, it was designated as a Chapel Royal by King Edward VII.

## Design

Architecturally, the chapel is a simple building with a rectangular floor plan; it is constructed of a wood frame faced with painted clapboards. It has been renovated several times. In November 2001, it suffered minor damage during two failed arson attempts.

Originally, the entrance faced east to the canoe landing site on the bank of the Grand River, the transportation route. Eight stained glass windows, installed between 1959 and 1962, depict events from the history of the Six Nations of the Iroquois.

## Chaplains and associated clergy

1786 to 1827 (the first missionaries - no resident clergy):

* The Reverend John Stuart of Kingston
* The Reverend Dr. Addison of Niagara
* The Reverend R. Leeming of Ancaster
* The Reverend Mr. Hough of England

1827 to present (chapel incumbents - resident clergy):

* The Reverend Robert Lugger (1827–1837)
* The Reverend Canon Jame Campbell Usher (1837)
* The Reverend A. Nelles (1837–1884)
* Archbishop R. Ashton (1885–1915)
* The Reverend C. M. Turnell (1915–1917)
* The Reverend C. H. P. Owen (1922–1929)
* The Reverend H. W. Snell (1929–1945)
* The Reverend Canon W. J. Zimmerman (1945–1981)
* The Reverend John Stables (1982–1999)
* The Reverend Norman Casey (2000–2003)
* The Reverend Larry Brown (2004–2016)
* The Reverend Rosalyn Elm (2017–present)

## Notes and sources

43°07′28″N 80°14′06″W / 43.124432°N 80.235°W / 43.124432; -80.235

## InfoBox

| His Majesty's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks | |
| --- | --- |
| Mohawk Chapel, Brantford, Ontario | |
|  | |
| Denomination | Anglican Church of Canada |
| Website | mohawkchapel.ca |
| History | |
| Dedication | Chapel Royal |
| Dedicated | 1904 |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Carpenter Gothic |
| Years built | 1785 |
| Administration | |
| Province | Canada |
| Diocese | Huron |
|  | |
| National Historic Site of Canada | |
| Designated | 1981 |
|  | |
|  | |