title: Paul Merton in India

abstract: Paul Merton in India is a travel documentary broadcast on Five in 2008. It follows comedian Paul Merton as he travels around various places in the country, such as Delhi and the Punjab, sampling various offbeat and out of the normal aspects of India. The series was commissioned after the success of the previous series Paul Merton in China. It was broadcast on Fox History & Entertainment in India and on AXS TV in the USA.

text:
# Paul Merton in India

***Paul Merton in India*** is a travel documentary broadcast on Five in 2008. It follows comedian Paul Merton as he travels around various places in the country, such as Delhi and the Punjab, sampling various offbeat and out of the normal aspects of India.

The series was commissioned after the success of the previous series *Paul Merton in China*.

It was broadcast on Fox History & Entertainment in India and on AXS TV in the USA.

## InfoBox

| *Paul Merton in India* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Travel documentary |
| Presented by | Paul Merton |
| Narrated by | Paul Merton |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of series | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 5 |
| Production | |
| Production location | India |
| Running time | 60 minutes (inc. adverts) |
| Production company | Tiger Aspect Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | Five |
| Release | 8 October (2008-10-08) <br>5 November 2008 (2008-11-05) |
| Related | |
|  | |


title: North Macedonia–Slovenia relations

abstract:
North Macedonia–Slovenia relations are foreign relations between the Republic of North Macedonia and the Republic of Slovenia. Both countries are members of the Council of Europe, and NATO. The two countries have very close political and economic relations. Once part of SFR Yugoslavia, the two republics declared independence in 1991 and recognised each other's independence on 12 February 1992. Diplomatic relations between both countries were established on 17 March 1992. Slovenia supports North Macedonia's sovereignty, territorial integrity, its Euro-integration and visa liberalisation.
North Macedonia is a European Union candidate and Slovenia is a European Union member state.

text:
# North Macedonia–Slovenia relations

**North Macedonia–Slovenia relations** are foreign relations between the Republic of North Macedonia and the Republic of Slovenia. Both countries are members of the Council of Europe, and NATO. The two countries have very close political and economic relations. Once part of SFR Yugoslavia, the two republics declared independence in 1991 (Slovenia in June, North Macedonia in September) and recognised each other's independence on 12 February 1992. Diplomatic relations between both countries were established on 17 March 1992. Slovenia supports North Macedonia's sovereignty, territorial integrity, its Euro-integration and visa liberalisation. North Macedonia is a European Union candidate and Slovenia is a European Union member state.

## Economic relations

A significant number of Slovenian investments ended up in North Macedonia. In 2007, about 70 million euros were invested. In January 2009, the prime minister of North Macedonia Nikola Gruevski announced, that he expects more Slovenian investments in infrastructure and energy projects. Over 70 Slovenian companies are present on the market of North Macedonia.

## Agreements

* Free Trade Agreement
* Agreement on Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments
* Treaty on the Regulation of Reciprocal Property Law Relations and the Convention on the Avoidance of Double Taxation relating to Income and Property Tax

## Resident diplomatic missions

* North Macedonia has an embassy in Ljubljana.
* Slovenia has an embassy in Skopje.

## InfoBox

North Macedonia–Slovenia relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  |  |
|
North Macedonia |
Slovenia |
|  | |


title: Pegzilarginase

abstract: Pegzilarginase, sold under the brand name Loargys, is a medication used for the treatment of hyperargininemia. The most common side effects include allergic reactions. Pegzilarginase was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2023.

text:
# Pegzilarginase

**Pegzilarginase**, sold under the brand name **Loargys**, is a medication used for the treatment of hyperargininemia.

The most common side effects include allergic reactions.

Pegzilarginase was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2023.

## Medical uses

Pegzilarginase is indicated for the treatment of arginase 1 deficiency, also known as hyperargininemia.

## Society and culture

In October 2023, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization under exceptional circumstances for the medicinal product Loargys, intended for the treatment of hyperargininemia. The applicant for this medicinal product is Immedica Pharma AB. Pegzilarginase was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2023.

### Brand names

Pegzilarginase is the international nonproprietary name.

Pegzilarginase is sold under the brand name Loargys.

## InfoBox

Pegzilarginase
| Clinical data | |
| --- | --- |
| Trade names | Loargys |
| Other names | AEB-1102 |
| Routes of
administration | Intravenous |
| ATC code |  |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem SID |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C1554H2492N416O463S6 |
| Molar mass | 34603.84 g·mol−1 |


title: Marco Lemmi

abstract: Marco Lemmi was an Italian photographer and painter, in the latter, mainly of landscapes. He was born in Livorno and studied under the painter Natale Betti. For some time, he worked in a business, the casa Giamari. He then moved to Florence, where he studied under Antonio Puccinelli, and helped complete an altarpiece of Sant'Isidoro, for a church of Sardinia. In 1863, he returned to Livorno painting mainly landscapes and portraits including General Robaudi, Marchese Spinola, and Admiral Chrotien, President of the Republic of Uruguay. He painted Rest after the Hunt for King Vittorio Emanuele and La padula for Count cavalliere Tommasi. Veduta of San Rossore after the rain was bought by the Niemarck, and he painted some works for the King of Spain, Amedeo of Savoy, who awarded him with the order of the knights of Isabel the Catholic.

text:
# Marco Lemmi

**Marco Lemmi** (February 26, 1834 – 1900) was an Italian photographer and painter, in the latter, mainly of landscapes.

He was born in Livorno and studied under the painter Natale Betti. For some time, he worked in a business, the casa Giamari. He then moved to Florence, where he studied under Antonio Puccinelli, and helped complete an altarpiece of *Sant'Isidoro*, for a church of Sardinia. In 1863, he returned to Livorno painting mainly landscapes and portraits including General Robaudi, Marchese Spinola, and Admiral Chrotien, President of the Republic of Uruguay. He painted *Rest after the Hunt* for King Vittorio Emanuele and *La padula* for Count cavalliere Tommasi. *Veduta of San Rossore after the rain* was bought by the Niemarck, and he painted some works for the King of Spain, Amedeo of Savoy, who awarded him with the order of the knights of Isabel the Catholic.


title: Mounika

abstract: Vijaya Rekha, known by her stage name Mounika, is an Indian film and television actress who appeared in South Indian films and Tamil television serials. She was the third wife of director Balu Mahendra.

text:
# Mounika

**Vijaya Rekha**, known by her stage name **Mounika**, is an Indian film and television actress who appeared in South Indian films and Tamil television serials. She was the third wife of director Balu Mahendra.

## Personal life

Mounika was living together with Balu Mahendra. Balu Mahendra has confirmed his relationship with Mounika in many of his interviews and also in his blog. They started living together in 1996 and married in 1998, but went public about their marriage only in 2004.

## Film career

Mounika was introduced by Balu Mahendra in the film *Un Kannil Neer Vazhindal* that was released in 1985.

## Partial filmography

### Films

* *Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.*

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1985 | *Un Kannil Neer Vazhindal* | Handicap lady |  |
| 1985 | *Yathra* | Singer Girl on the bus | Malayalam film |
| 1987 | *Rettai Vaal Kuruvi* | Dancer in group |  |
| 1990 | *Komaram Bheem* | Komaram Bheem's wife | Telugu film |
| 1991 | *Thalattu Ketkuthamma* | Valli |  |
| 1992 | *Vanna Vanna Pookkal* | Shenbagam | Debut as lead |
| 1992 | *Raasukutti* |  | Guest appearance |
| 1993 | *Amaravathi* | Geetha, Balasubramaniam's daughter |  |
| 1994 | *May Madham* |  |  |
| 1996 | *Subash* | Arumugasamy's wife |  |
| 1997 | *Thambi Durai* |  |  |
| 1999 | *Mugam* | Anjala |  |
| 2000 | *Manasu* | Lakshmi |  |
| 2001 | *En Iniya Ponnilave* | Rosie |  |
| 2010 | *Baana Kaathadi* | Ramesh's mother |  |
| 2018 | *Kadaikutty Singam* | Mangamma Rani (Samiyadi) |  |
| 2020 | *Meendum Oru Mariyathai* |  |  |
| 2021 | *Anandham Vilayadum Veedu* | Thangam |  |
| 2023 | *Kannagi* | Sarala |  |

### Voice Artist

| Year | Film | Actress |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1996 | *Kalki* | Shruti |
| 1997 | *Raman Abdullah* | Eswari Rao |
| 2002 | *Kannathil Muthamittal* | Eswari Rao |
| 2003 | *Julie Ganapathy* | Ramya Krishnan |
|

## Television

| Year | Title | Role | Channel |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1997 | *Nimmathi Ungal Choice-2* | Kannama | Sun TV |
| 1997–1999 | *Galatta Kudumbam* |  | |
| 2000 | *Sontham* | Akhila | |
| 2000 | *Take It Easy Vazhkai* |  | |
| | *Balu Mahendravin Kathai Neram* |  | |
| 2000–2001 | *Akhila* |  | Gemini TV |
| 2001–2002 | *Aalu Magalu* |  | |
| 2003–2007 | *Sorgam* | Kanchana/Seetha (Maayamma) | Sun TV |
| 2006 | *Sharadha* |  | Raj TV |
| 2008–2009 | *Anandham Vilaiyadum Veedu* |  | Kalaignar TV |
| 2019–2020 | *Agni Natchathiram* | Jeyanthi Selvam | Sun TV |
| | *Ayutha Ezhuthu* | Kaaliammal | Star Vijay |
| 2023–present | *Aaha Kalyanam* | | Koodeswari |

* "Mounika". spicyonion.com. Retrieved 9 February 2015.

## InfoBox

| Mounika | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Vijaya Rekha |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Other names | Mounika, Mounica |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, voice artist |
| Spouse | Balu Mahendra  (m. 1998; died 2014) |


title: Viola organista

abstract: The viola organista is a musical instrument designed by Leonardo da Vinci. It uses a friction belt to vibrate individual strings, with the strings selected by pressing keys on a keyboard. Leonardo's design has intrigued instrument makers for more than 400 years, but though similar instruments have been built, no extant instrument constructed directly from Leonardo's incomplete designs is known. Sometimes it is mistakenly referred to as the harpsichord viola, which is a different instrument.

text:
# Viola organista

The **viola organista** is a musical instrument designed by Leonardo da Vinci. It uses a friction belt to vibrate individual strings (similar to how a violin produces sounds), with the strings selected by pressing keys on a keyboard (similar to an organ). Leonardo's design has intrigued instrument makers for more than 400 years, but though similar instruments have been built, no extant instrument constructed directly from Leonardo's incomplete designs is known. Sometimes it is mistakenly referred to as the harpsichord viola, which is a different instrument.

## Description

Leonardo designed many different and elaborate models of viola organista, as preserved in his notebooks of 1488–1489 and in the drawings in the Codex Atlanticus and Manuscript H.

The first known instrument actually constructed using Leonardo's concept, is Hans Heyden's Geigenwerk of 1575. While the concept is the same, the design is very different; modern versions of the instrument have been more or less based on Heyden's design. An etching of the Geigenwerk from 1620 shows an instrument of about the stature and shape of a harpsichord (i.e., a piano-shape with flat sides and hard angles). The fully chromatic keyboard appears to have 44 keys, extending about three-and-a-half octaves from low E to a high B. (see illustration) This keyboard range is consistent with harpsichords of the day, although harpsichord keyboards more typically started on low C or low F. The number of strings can't be directly determined, but the design implies one string per key, or 44 strings.

In the etching there appear to be five bow-wheels in the instrument, and a foot-pedal, presumably for turning the wheels. A scale given below the drawing has numbers from one to six; if it assumed these refer to *feet*, then the instrument is a bit over 6 feet long, which again is a scale in keeping with harpsichords of the day. The actual tuning of the instrument is not specified, but given the number of keys and the size of the instrument, it probably extended from around E2 to B5. Variations on this design have been produced over the past four centuries, with varying range, number of keys, and number of bow-wheels.

## Construction

It is not known if Leonardo ever built a working prototype of this instrument. The first similar instrument actually to be constructed was the *Geigenwerk* of 1575 by Hans Heyden, a German instrument inventor. However, the *Geigenwerk* is not based on Leonardo's designs. It uses several friction wheels instead of a friction belt to vibrate the strings, and requires two people to play it: one to turn the crank to put the rosined wheels in motion, and the other to work the keys.

Georg Gandi, an organist in Ilmenau, constructed a similar instrument with some improvements in 1709 and called it the *piano viol*. In 1741, two inventors – Le Voir in Paris and Hohlfeld in Berlin – independently constructed versions of a *bowed piano*, similar to Heyden's design. In 1754, a horsehair covering was added to the wheels of the bowed piano, which was termed the *viola da gamba piano*. Other instrument makers continued to improve the design through the remainder of the 18th and into the early 19th centuries, though it never became widespread or common.

These instruments remained primarily museum curiosities until a few modern instrument builders began to take an interest in creating reconstructions of the *Geigenwerk*, but calling them *viola organista*. Akio Obuchi built several instruments as early as 1993.

In 2013, Polish musician Sławomir Zubrzycki completed the construction of another modern replica of the Geigenwerk called *viola organista* and played it in performance at the Academy of Music in Kraków. Zubrzycki's instrument contains four bow-wheels (spun by a foot-pedal operated by the player), 49 keys, and a range extending from F1 to F5. In 2015, the musician Björk included this instrument – also played by Sławomir Zubrzycki – in a recording of the song "Black Lake" for the album *Vulnicura Strings*.

Another modern instrument similar in concept, if not design, is the *wheelharp*, created by Jon Jones and Mitchell Manger in 2013, and debuted at the NAMM Show that year, in Anaheim, California.

Another modern adaptation (a combination with a lute harp) is the *Omniwerk*, built by Prague-based harpsichord maker Jukka Ollika.

## Further reading


title: Philip Smithells

abstract: Philip Ashton Smithells was a New Zealand physical educationalist and university professor. He was born in Leeds, Yorkshire, England in 1910, the son of the British chemist Arthur Smithells. He received his education at Bedales School and at Clare College of the University of Cambridge. He became a lecturer in physical education at the University of Otago. He lived in Wanganui during his retirement, where he died on 13 January 1977. He was survived by his second wife, Olive Smithells, his two daughters from his first marriage, and his three sons from his second marriage.

text:
# Philip Smithells

**Philip Ashton Smithells** (12 April 1910  13 January 1977) was a New Zealand physical educationalist and university professor.

He was born in Leeds, Yorkshire, England in 1910, the son of the British chemist Arthur Smithells. He received his education at Bedales School and at Clare College of the University of Cambridge. He became a lecturer in physical education at the University of Otago. He lived in Wanganui during his retirement, where he died on 13 January 1977. He was survived by his second wife, Olive Smithells, his two daughters from his first marriage, and his three sons from his second marriage.


title: Sarada Mohanty

abstract: Sarada Mohanty was an Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament, representing Odisha in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India's Parliament as a member of the Janata Dal. Mohanty died on 8 July 2015, at the age of 90.

text:
# Sarada Mohanty

**Sarada Mohanty** (7 March 1925 – 8 July 2015) was an Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament, representing Odisha in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India's Parliament as a member of the Janata Dal.

Mohanty died on 8 July 2015, at the age of 90.

## InfoBox

| Sarada Mohanty | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha | |
| **In office**<br>1990–1996 | |
| Constituency | Odisha |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1925-03-07)7 March 1925 |
| Died | 8 July 2015(2015-07-08) (aged 90) |
| Political party | Janata Dal |
| Spouse | Bidyabati Mohanty |
| Source: | |


title: Wyatt Wingfoot

abstract: Wyatt Wingfoot is a fictional supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. While having no superpowers, he has spent much time in the company of the Fantastic Four due to his friendship with Human Torch, and his relationship with occasional Fantastic Four member She-Hulk. Wingfoot is an excellent athlete, marksman, hand-to-hand fighter, tracker and animal trainer, and has been of timely help in numerous potentially devastating situations.

text:
# Wyatt Wingfoot

**Wyatt Wingfoot** is a fictional supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

While having no superpowers, he has spent much time in the company of the Fantastic Four due to his friendship with Human Torch, and his relationship with occasional Fantastic Four member She-Hulk. Wingfoot is an excellent athlete, marksman, hand-to-hand fighter, tracker and animal trainer, and has been of timely help in numerous potentially devastating situations.

## Publication history

Wyatt Wingfoot first appeared in *Fantastic Four* #50 (May 1966) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. The character was inspired by Olympic athlete Jim Thorpe (1887-1953), who was a member of the Sac and Fox Nation.

## Fictional character biography

Wyatt, son of "Big Will" Wingfoot — "the greatest Olympic decathlon star this country ever had!", was born on the fictional Keewazi Indian reservation in Oklahoma. He left to attend college at the equally fictional Metro College in New York City. There, Wingfoot became roommates and friends with Johnny Storm. Wyatt has occasional adventures with Storm and the other members of the Fantastic Four. He accompanied the Fantastic Four to Wakanda, first met the Black Panther, and helped him and the Fantastic Four against Klaw. Wingfoot also assisted in tracking down a "threat" to frightened citizens, which turned out to be the lost canine of the Inhumans, the teleporting Lockjaw. With the Human Torch, he went on a quest to rescue the Inhumans from the "Negative Zone" barrier; he also encountered Prester John. Some time later, alongside the Fantastic Four and the Keewazi tribe, he battled the Tomazooma robot. Wyatt eventually completed his degree and graduated from college to return to the reservation as a teacher.

Before returning to his tribe, alongside the Fantastic Four he battled the Miracle Man. Alongside the Fantastic Four and Agatha Harkness, he battled Annihilus. Alongside the Human Torch, Wyatt encountered the Hulk and battled Blastaar. Alongside the Fantastic Four, Wyatt battled Doctor Doom. With his tribe, Wyatt was then ensorcelled by the Miracle Man, but was rescued by the Thing and the original Ghost Rider. With his tribe, Wyatt was possessed by the demon Dryminestes, but was restored to normal by the Human Torch and Daimon Hellstrom. Wyatt later helped the Human Torch battle Texas Twister. Alongside the Thing, Ka-Zar, and American Eagle, Wyatt battled Klaw.

After the death of Wingfoot's grandfather, the Keewazi chief, the Council of Elders called on Wyatt to accept the position as tribal chieftain. At the same time, the alien known as Terminus came to Oklahoma to devour Earth's resources, and the Fantastic Four arrived for battle. Wyatt met the foursome's new member She-Hulk, and he helped the team battle Terminus. Wingfoot postponed his investiture as chief of the Keewazi, and followed the Fantastic Four instead, returning to New York with Mister Fantastic and She-Hulk. Alongside the Fantastic Four, he journeyed to an alternate Earth, and helped battle the Warlord. He soon began an intimate relationship with She-Hulk, and helped her confront magazine publisher T.J. Vance. He continued this relationship after the Thing returned and She-Hulk left the team, and ended up becoming involved in her adventures as well. He was part of a group of innocent citizens kidnapped by a teleportation beam when S.H.I.E.L.D. went after She-Hulk. They went after the corrupt S.H.I.E.L.D. officer in charge, endangering everyone on board and anyone the helicarrier might crash in to. She-Hulk soon neutralized the threat, and Wyatt survived the crash of the helicarrier. Alongside the Fantastic Four, Wyatt then battled Doctor Doom (actually Kristoff). Alongside the Fantastic Four, Wyatt later investigated a temporal zone surrounding Central City, California. Wyatt then attended the wedding of Johnny Storm and Alicia Masters (actually Lyja in disguise). Wyatt later became engaged to She-Hulk; alongside her, he battled Carlton Beatrice, and then broke off the engagement. Wyatt later accompanied Ka-Zar and Shanna the She-Devil back to the Savage Land.

Wyatt joined She-Hulk for some adventures in her own series. There, like many of the cast members, he became aware of his own reality as a fictional being.

Wingfoot eventually returned to his tribe when they discovered large oil deposits under their land. He helped broker a deal between the United States government and the Keewazi.

Wyatt was briefly seen being interviewed on the news show 'Lateline' about his association with the group.

Wyatt is referred to as one of Johnny Storm's best friends, along with Peter Parker. The two of them held an intervention for Johnny Storm following his loss of powers and subsequent erratic behavior.

## Powers and abilities

Wyatt Wingfoot has no superhuman powers. He is a superb athlete, and a highly skilled tracker, animal trainer, horseman, motorcyclist, dancer and marksman. He is also an excellent hand-to-hand combatant.

Wyatt sometimes rides a gyro-cruiser, provided by the Wakanda Design Group.

## Other versions

### 1602

"Lord Wingfoot" appears in the *Marvel 1602* miniseries *1602: Fantastick Four* as a rival to John Storm for the hand of Doris Evans. According to Storm the man is a "godless brute". At the end of the series, when Mistress Evans has thrown them both over for William Shakespeare, Storm and Wingfoot resolve their differences over a drink.

### Last Avengers Story

In one alternate future, Wyatt has married She-Hulk and they have had a child called Jessie. She joins the Avengers to help defeat Ultron.

### Earth X

In the alternate future of *Earth X*, Wyatt has become Captain America's new partner **Redwing**, named after the Falcon's bird partner and wearing his winged harness. Together they battle the multi-minded alien menace 'Hydra' which has taken many people they both know, including She-Hulk, Sam Wilson himself and Sharon Carter.

### Heroes Reborn

During the "Heroes Reborn" company-wide crossover, an alternate-universe analog of Wingfoot was purportedly a government agent assigned to monitor independent spaceflight and extraterrestrial meetings, but was in reality a spy working for that universe's version of Doctor Doom. It turned out later that the spy was the Skrull Kl'rt and the real Wingfoot managed to escape.

## In other media

### Video games

## InfoBox

| Wyatt Wingfoot | |
| --- | --- |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Marvel Comics |
| First appearance | *Fantastic Four* #50 (May 1966) |
| Created by | Stan Lee (writer)
Jack Kirby (artist) |
| In-story information | |
| Full name | Wyatt Wingfoot |
| Supporting character of | Fantastic Four
She-Hulk |


title: Paul Meschino

abstract: F. Paul Meschino is a Canadian architect, who was the gold medal graduate of the School of Architecture, University of Toronto in 1939. Meschino was posted to Newfoundland during the Second World War, but "was granted an early release from the Canadian Navy to work for the St. John's Housing Corporation". Paul Meschino was the "architect and designer of the area of St. John’s known as Churchill Park".

text:
# Paul Meschino

**F. Paul Meschino** is a Canadian architect, who was the gold medal graduate of the School of Architecture, University of Toronto in 1939. Meschino was posted to Newfoundland during the Second World War, but "was granted an early release from the Canadian Navy to work for the St. John's Housing Corporation". Paul Meschino was the "architect and designer of the area of St. John’s known as Churchill Park".

1. Sharpe, Christopher (2005) "Just beyond the fringe: Churchill Park garden suburb in St. John's, Newfoundland" *Canadian Geographer*, 49 (4), 400-410.
2. Dwyer, Anna. "Churchill Park: a Canadian first" *Memorial University Gazette*. (11-30-2000)
3. ""Park architect" *Memorial University Gazette*. (08-13-2000)". Archived from the original on 2007-03-09. Retrieved 2017-09-08.

## InfoBox

| Paul Meschino | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Alma mater | University of Toronto |
| Occupation | Architect |
|  | |
| Projects | Churchill Park area of St. John’s |
|  | |


title: North Hollywood Shootout (album)

abstract: North Hollywood Shootout is American jam band Blues Traveler's tenth studio album, released on August 26, 2008, and produced by David Bianco, a 1996 Grammy winner. In a notable departure from previous Blues Traveler releases, the album includes a spoken word piece featuring Bruce Willis. This album marked the band's return to Universal Music Group, which owns their previous label A&M Records, and also their current label, Verve Forecast Records.

text:
# North Hollywood Shootout (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Paste* | 6/10 |

***North Hollywood Shootout*** is American jam band Blues Traveler's tenth studio album, released on August 26, 2008, and produced by David Bianco, a 1996 Grammy winner. In a notable departure from previous Blues Traveler releases, the album includes a spoken word piece featuring Bruce Willis.

This album marked the band's return to Universal Music Group, which owns their previous label A&M Records, and also their current label, Verve Forecast Records (along with the catalog of Sanctuary Records, another label the band was on at one point).

## History

During early writing and production of this album, the members of Blues Traveler began to experiment with re-arrangements of various older songs, and put this album on hold to record *Cover Yourself* for their twentieth anniversary. The recording sessions for the two albums were held back-to-back.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Forever Owed" | 4:43 |
| 2. | "You, Me and Everything" | 4:21 |
| 3. | "Love Does" | 3:31 |
| 4. | "Borrowed Time" | 3:38 |
| 5. | "The Beacons" | 3:14 |
| 6. | "Orange in the Sun" | 3:53 |
| 7. | "What Remains" | 4:48 |
| 8. | "How You Remember It" | 4:06 |
| 9. | "The Queen of Sarajevo" | 4:01 |
| 10. | "Free Willis (Ruminations from Behind Uncle Bob's Machine Shop)" | 5:51 |
| 11. | "The Landing" (iTunes exclusive) |  |
| 12. | "Alleviate" (Japan exclusive) |  |

Early reports cite the disc as having 11 tracks, but the supposedly official track listing released to amazon.com had only 10 tracks listed on it. However, a later version of the track listing released on the Barnes and Noble website included the supposedly missing 11th track (apparently track 10), "The Landing," along with a 30-second sample of the song. "The Landing" eventually became an iTunes exclusive song.

## Personnel

* John Popper - vocals, harmonica
* Chandler Kinchla - guitars
* Ben Wilson - Keyboards
* Tad Kinchla - Bass
* Brendan Hill - Drums
* Bruce Willis - Vocals, harmonica on "Free Willis"
* Dave Ralicke - Baritone, Tenor and Alto Sax
* Jordan Katz - Trumpet

## InfoBox

| North Hollywood Shootout | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Blues Traveler | |
| Released | August 26, 2008 |
| Recorded | Feb 2007; Early 2008 |
| Genre | Rock, psychedelic rock |
| Length | 42:05 |
| Label | Verve Forecast |
| Producer | David Bianco |
| Blues Traveler chronology | |
| *Cover Yourself*
(2007) ***North Hollywood Shootout***
(2008) *Suzie Cracks the Whip*
(2012) | |


title: Peggy Duff

abstract: Peggy Duff was a British political activist who started off her career with a protest against the treatment of German prisoners of war in Britain after the Second World War. She was principally known for her contribution to the peace movement as the organiser of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Duff was described by Noam Chomsky, a friend of hers, as "one of the people who really changed modern history".

text:
# Peggy Duff

**Peggy Duff** (8 February 1910 – 16 April 1981) was a British political activist who started off her career with a protest against the treatment of German prisoners of war in Britain after the Second World War. She was principally known for her contribution to the peace movement as the organiser of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Duff was described by Noam Chomsky, a friend of hers, as "one of the people who really changed modern history".

## Background

Duff was born as **Margaret Doreen Eames** in Chiswick, Middlesex. She was the elder daughter and middle child of Frank Eames, a stockbroker's clerk, and Evelyn Rose Eames (née Pitman. From 1921, she attended Hastings Secondary School for Girls; in a 1929 reference by the school's headmistress described her as being "very public-spirited". She then went to Bedford College, University of London, where she read English. After university she worked as a journalist and in 1933 married Bill Duff, a fellow journalist. He was killed during the Second World War while covering an American air raid on the Burma railway for an armed forces' newspaper. The couple had two daughters and a son (photo-journalist Euan Duff).

## Political activism

Duff began her involvement in peace campaigning in the late 1930s. During the Second World War, she joined Common Wealth, an idealistic socialist party to the left of Labour, which had been set up by Sir Richard Acland. After the 1945 election, in which Common Wealth ceded its vote to the Labour Party, Duff was employed by Victor Gollancz's organization Save Europe Now, which sent food and clothing to occupied Germany and Austria from rationed Britain, and campaigned for the repatriation of prisoners of war. From 1949 to 1955 she was business manager of *Tribune* newspaper, then identified with the supporters of Labour MP Aneurin Bevan.

Briefly working with Gollancz again, Duff became the secretary of the National Campaign for the Abolition of Capital Punishment, set up in August 1955, in part as a response to a number of controversial executions (including that of Ruth Ellis). In 1956, she was elected as a Labour member of St Pancras Borough Council, on which she became Chief Whip for the Labour group. Duff was a councillor on Camden London Borough Council, for the Camden ward, from 1964 until 1968. She also supported the rights of tenants of council housing, but in doing so gave the green light to controversial architectural redevelopments and slum clearance programmes that are often considered to have blighted the ward she served.

## Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

At the Labour Party Conference in 1957, Aneurin Bevan, then Shadow Foreign Secretary, astonished his supporters by denouncing demands for unilateral nuclear disarmament. In November that year, Duff responded by joining with others to establish the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), which aimed to persuade Britain to "renounce unconditionally the use or production of nuclear weapons and refuse to allow their use by others in her defence". Duff became the Organising Secretary for the campaign, and her energy and resilience became well known to its supporters. Canon John Collins, Chair of CND, noted that she never gave the impression of efficiency "and seemed thoroughly slapdash", but that her work had impressive results. She organised the second and subsequent Aldermaston Marches from 1959 to 1963.

## Later life and death

In 1965, Duff commenced work for the International Confederation for Disarmament and Peace, resigning as General Secretary of CND in 1967. She resigned from the Labour Party on 10 May that year over Prime Minister Harold Wilson's diplomatic support for the United States in the Vietnam War and refusal to condemn the Greek dictatorship of "the Colonels". She subsequently wrote her memoirs, *Left, Left, Left* (Allison & Busby, 1971). Duff also edited and wrote part of *War or Peace in the Middle East?* (1978), in which she argued for "no more blank cheques for Israel". She died of breast cancer in University College Hospital, aged 71, and was buried at Hampstead Cemetery.

## Legacy

Noam Chomsky called Duff "one of those heroes who is completely unknown, because she did too much," and stated that "she should have won the Nobel Peace Prize about twenty times." He described her as a "leading figure", in both the CND and the anti-Vietnam War movement.

Camden London Borough Council erected a blue plaque at 11 Albert Street, Camden Town, London, in tribute to her, reading: "Peggy Duff, 1910 – 1981, first General Secretary of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and local councillor, lived here."

## InfoBox

| Peggy Duff | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Margaret Doreen Eames
(1910-02-08)8 February 1910 |
| Died | 16 April 1981(1981-04-16) (aged 71)
London, United Kingdom |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Bedford College, University of London |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, activist |
| Known for | Organiser of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) |
| Children | 3 incl. Euan Duff |


title: Marco Lazzara

abstract: Marco Lazzara is an Italian countertenor who sings a wide-ranging repertoire from baroque composers to those of the 20th century and has performed in a number of notable premieres and revivals of rarely performed operas. He has recorded widely on the Bongiovanni, Ricordi, Nuova Era, Forlane, Opera Rara and Dynamic labels.

text:
# Marco Lazzara

**Marco Lazzara** (born 1962) is an Italian countertenor who sings a wide-ranging repertoire from baroque composers to those of the 20th century and has performed in a number of notable premieres and revivals of rarely performed operas. He has recorded widely on the Bongiovanni, Ricordi, Nuova Era, Forlane, Opera Rara and Dynamic labels.

## Career

Lazzara received diplomas in piano, organ, harpsichord and singing, followed by studies at the Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena, and made his professional debut in 1989. In the field of baroque music, Lazzara has sung as a leading soloist with the Alessandro Stradella Consort in a series of performances and world premiere recordings, including, Stradella's *Il barcheggio*, *Moro per amore*, and *Esule dalle sfere* and Nicola Porpora's *Dorindo dormi ancor?* on the Bongiovanni label. He also appears in the world premiere recording of Niccolò Piccinni's *Salve Regina* and *Dixit Dominus* on Bongiovanni. Lazzara was the first countertenor to sing the role of Orfeo in Gluck's *Orfeo ed Euridice* in Italy with a series of 1996 performances in Mantua, Pisa and Ravenna. In 2001, he sang the title role of Antonio Cesti's *Il Tito* in its first modern revival since 1983. The production at the Opéra national du Rhin in Strasbourg with William Christie and Les Arts Florissants premiered a newly edited score by music scholar Alan Curtis.

In the bel canto repertoire, Lazzara sang the role of Lurcanio in Simon Mayr's *Ginevra di Scozia* in a series of performances (and world premiere recording) in April 2001 at the Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi in Trieste to mark the bicentenary of the opera's premiere and its first performance in modern times. Lazzara has also recorded an album of arias and duets by Rossini with Annick Massis (*Duo d'amore*) on the Forlane label, and a solo album of arias and songs by Bellini on the Dynamic label. The latter contains the first recording of Francesco Florimo's "Tu che al pianger" based on a theme from Bellini's *La straniera*.

Lazzara's performances in 20th century works include the role of Edgar in the Italian premiere of Aribert Reimann's *Lear* at the Teatro Regio di Torino in October 2001; Manichino di Donna in the world premiere of Azio Corghi's *Il Dissoluto Assolto* at the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos, Lisbon, in March 2006 (reprised for its Italian premiere at La Scala the following September); Il delegato in the world premiere of Bruno de Franceschi's *Il paradiso degli esuli* (Pisa, 27 October 1994); and Sesto Simbolo in the world premiere of Adriano Guarnieri's *Pietra di diaspro* at the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma on 10 June 2007 (reprised for the Ravenna Festival later that year). Lazzara has also performed as a soloist in Giacomo Manzoni's *Trame d'Ombre* (*Webs of Shadows*) at Carnegie Hall (April 2000) and in the first Italian performance of Alfred Schnittke's cantata based on the Faust legend, *Seid nüchtern und wachet*. The latter performance was broadcast live by RAI Radio 3 on 22 April 2007. He will be present in Schnittke's Faust cantata in September 2012 at the Salle Pleyel in Paris, with Vladimir Fedoseyev conducting.

## Discography

* Bellini: *Arias* – Marco Lazzara (countertenor), Angela Castellarin (piano). Label: Dynamic 271
* Vivaldi: *Cantatas* – Marco Lazzara (countertenor), Orchestra da Camera di Genova, Antonio Plotino (conductor). Label: Dynamic 222
* Mayr: *Ginevra di Scozia*Elizabeth Vidal (soprano); Daniela Barcellona (mezzo-soprano); Antonio Siragusa (tenor); Luca Grassi (baritone); Giuseppina Piunti (soprano); Marco Lazzara (countertenor); Orchestra del Teatro Verdi di trieste; Tiziano Severini (conductor). Label: Opera Rara ORC23
* Scarlatti: *Abramo, il tuo sembiante* (Christmas cantata) – Marco Lazzara (countertenor); Giovanni Dagnino (bass); Silvia Piccollo (soprano); The Stradella Consort; Esteban Velardi (conductor). Label: Nuova Era 7117
* *Duo d'amore* (arias and duets by Rossini) – Marco Lazzara (countertenor); Annick Massis (soprano); Orchestra della Svizzera Italiana; Enrique Mazzola (conductor). Label: Forlane 16807
* Stradella: *Il barcheggio* – Valentina Valente (soprano); Marco Lazzara (countertenor); Giovanni Dagnino (bass); Alessandro Stradella Consort; Estevan Velardi (conductor) Label: Bongiovanni GB 2102
* Stradella: *Moro per amore* – Mark Beasley (tenor); Marco Lazzara (countertenor); Roberta Invernizzi (soprano); Riccardo Ristori (bass); Silvia Piccollo (soprano); Alessandro Stradella Consort; Estevan Velardi (conductor). Label: Bongiovanni GB 2153
* Stradella: *Esule dalle sfere* – Roberta Invernizzi (soprano); Marco Lazzara (countertenor); Riccardo Ristori (bass); Mario Nuvoli (tenor); Alessandro Stradella Consort; Estevan Velardi (conductor). Label: Bongiovanni GB 2165
* Porpora: *Dorindo dormi ancor?* – Rosita Frisani (soprano); Marco Lazzara (countertenor); Roberta Invernizzi (soprano); Alessandro Stradella Consort; Estevan Velardi (conductor). Label: Bongiovanni GB 2181
* Piccinni: *Salve Regina* and *Dixit Dominus*Maria Luigia Borsi (soprano); Marco Lazzara (countertenor); Elena Cecchi Fedi (soprano); Gregory Bonfatti (tenor); Cappella S. Cecilia della Cattedrale di Lucca; Orchestra Città Lirica; Gianfranco Cosmi (conductor). Label: Bongiovanni GB 2338
* Fabio Vacchi: *Luoghi immaginari* – Marco Lazzara (countertenor); EnsembleMusica20; Guido Maria Guida, Mauro Bonifacio (conductors). Label: Ricordi/BMG CRMCD 1043


title: Mostyn

abstract: Mostyn is a village and community in Flintshire, Wales, and electoral ward lying on the estuary of the River Dee, located near the town of Holywell. It has a privately owned port that has in the past had a colliery and ironworks and was involved in the export of commodities, and in present times services the offshore wind industry and shipped the wings for the Airbus A380 which were manufactured at Broughton.

text:
# Mostyn

**Mostyn** is a village and community in Flintshire, Wales, and electoral ward lying on the estuary of the River Dee, located near the town of Holywell. It has a privately owned port that has in the past had a colliery and ironworks and was involved in the export of commodities, and in present times services the offshore wind industry and shipped the wings for the Airbus A380 which were manufactured at Broughton.

## History

Mostyn was mentioned in the Doomsday Book of 1086. Henry Bolingbroke (later Henry IV) landed here in 1399 before attacking Richard II at Flint Castle. Coal was mined at Mostyn Colliery and iron production started in the mid nineteenth century. The combination of a colliery, iron works and the docks made this a profitable enterprise. Nineteen hundred people were employed at one time. The coal eventually became exhausted and the ironworks closed in 1965. Between 1848 and 1966 there was a railway station in the village on the Chester to Holyhead line. Mostyn once served as a port from which ferries used to sail (until 2004) to Dublin on the Liverpool-Dublin route. Today, manufactured wings for the Airbus A380 aircraft leave Mostyn on the ship *Ville de Bordeaux*, after travelling down the River Dee by barge from the Airbus wing factory at Broughton, Flintshire. See Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit for more details of the transportation. Mostyn's port area is home to the headquarters of Warwick International Group Limited, manufacturers of bleach activators for detergent applications.

## Port of Mostyn

The Port of Mostyn is privately owned and is one of the oldest ports in the country; in the past, it handled cargoes including steel, coal, timber, woodpulp, animal feedstuffs and fertilizers. Nowadays, it specialises in the assembly and installation of wind turbines. It has been involved in the construction of North Hoyle (constructed 2003–2004), Burbo Bank (2006–2007), Rhyl Flats (2008–2009) and Gwynt y Môr (2012–2015); it was involved in part of the work building Robin Rigg and Walney windfarms.

In early 2023, the Port of Mostyn applied to Natural Resources Wales (NRW) for a marine licence. This was to build a new 350 metre-long quay wall and reclaim 4.5 hectares of land behind it to create new berths for ships, as well as deepening existing berths and re-dredging the approach channel.

## Mostyn Hall

Mostyn Hall is a large Grade I listed country house, set in extensive gardens; it lies around half a mile to the north-west of the village. It is surrounded by gardens and parkland, and is approached from the south driveway. The former gatehouse, *Porth Mawr*, lies to the south-west and a complex of farm buildings to the west.

## The village

Just down the A548 road from Mostyn at Llanerch-y-Mor is the now closed Mostyn Fun Ship. The ship started life as the *Duke of Lancaster*, a car ferry and cruise ship. After it was permanently dry-docked in Mostyn, it earned its later name from its new operation as an arcade and bar.

## Governance

Mostyn is also an electoral ward, coterminous with the community. It elects one county councillor to Flintshire County Council. A by-election was held on 31 July 2014 after the disqualification of the longstanding Independent councillor, Patrick Heesom,

On the 5th May 2022, as part of the most recent 2022 Welsh local elections, Mostyn elected Pamela Banks who was represented as an Independent, by a 26% majority as former councillor Patrick Heesom saw defeat.

## Demographics

### Languages

According to the United Kingdom Census 2021, 14.9 per cent of all usual residents aged 3+ in Mostyn can speak Welsh. 22.5 per cent of the population noted that they could speak, read, write or understand Welsh. The 2011 census noted 18.2 per cent of all usual residents aged 3 years and older in the village could speak Welsh.

### Country of Birth

The 2011 Census noted that 98.0 per cent of the population was born in the United Kingdom; 64.0 per cent of the population was born in Wales and 33.1 per cent of the population was born in England.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Mostyn | |
| --- | --- |
| St. Margaret's Church, Mostyn | |
| MostynLocation within Flintshire | |
| Population | 1,844 (2011) |
| OS grid reference | SJ155805 |
| Principal area |  |
| Preserved county |  |
| Country | Wales |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | HOLYWELL |
| Postcode district | CH8 |
| Dialling code | 01745 |
|  | |
| Police | North Wales |
| Fire | North Wales |
| Ambulance | Welsh |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament |  |
| Website | mostyn-council.wales |
|


title: Phalonidia nonaxyra

abstract: Phalonidia nonaxyra is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Napo Province, Ecuador.

text:
# Phalonidia nonaxyra

***Phalonidia nonaxyra*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Napo Province, Ecuador.

## InfoBox

| *Phalonidia nonaxyra* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Phalonidia* |
| Species: | ***P. nonaxyra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phalonidia nonaxyra***<br>Razowski, 1994 | |
|


title: Piloti (band)

abstract: Piloti is a rock band from Belgrade. Formed in 1981, and initially immersed in the Yugoslav new wave scene, the band later moved towards mainstream pop rock, they came to prominence in the 1980s and early 1990s as one of the leading pop rock acts in former Yugoslavia. The band disbanded in 1997, only to be reformed in 2009 under the name Kiki Lesendrić & Piloti.

text:
# Piloti (band)

**Piloti** (Serbian Cyrillic: Пилоти, trans. *The Pilots*) is a rock band from Belgrade. Formed in 1981, and initially immersed in the Yugoslav new wave scene, the band later moved towards mainstream pop rock, they came to prominence in the 1980s and early 1990s as one of the leading pop rock acts in former Yugoslavia. The band disbanded in 1997, only to be reformed in 2009 under the name **Kiki Lesendrić & Piloti**.

## History

### New wave years (1981—1982)

The band was formed in 1981, by the former members of **Kako**, a band whose greatest claim to fame was appearing as one of the seven opening acts for Bijelo Dugme spectacular concert at the Belgrade JNA stadium in 1979. The inaugural lineup of Piloti was: Zoran "Kiki" Lesendrić (vocals, guitar), Dragan Andrić (bass guitar), Goran Bogićević (guitar) and Nenad Antanasijević (drums).

Their debut album *Piloti* (*The Pilots*) was released on August 27, 1981 by PGP-RTB and produced by the former Generacija 5 guitarist Dragan Jovanović. All of the tracks were composed and written by Lesandrić, with the exception of "Imam diplomu", "Svi smo mi ponekad anđeli" and "Veseli momci", co-written by Lesandrić and Goran Bogićević. Song "Ne veruj u idole" ("Don't Believe in Idols") became an instant hit, and was included on several new wave compilation records.

After the success with their debut album, the followup, entitled *Dvadeset godina* (*Twenty Years*) was released on April 20, 1982 by PGP-RTB, and was produced by Saša Habić. All tracks were composed and written by Lesandrić including the minor hits "Dvadeset godina" ("Twenty Years"), "Noć u gradu" ("A Night in the City"), "Džoni je krenuo u rat" ("Johnny Went to War") and "Ja sam jurio za vetrom" ("I Have Chased the Wind"). During late 1982, the band started working on their third album, *Zvuci civilizacije* (*The Sounds of Civilisation*), which was never released because of Lesandrić's army obligations, and the band went on hiatus.

### Mainstream rock years (1984-1991)

Piloti re-assembled during the late 1984 with the entirely new line-up, featuring Kiki Lesendrić, as the only returnee from the original lineup, and the newly arrived Zoran "Ćera" Obradović (drums), Safet "Saja" Petrovac (guitar), and Miško Plavi, formerly of D' Boys (bass guitar).

The band's third album *Kao ptica na mom dlanu* (*Like a Bird on My Palm*) was released on May 25, 1987 by PGP-RTB and produced by Dušan Petrović "Šane". The author of all songs was Lesendrić, except for "Noć čeka nas" ("The Night Is Waiting for Us") which he co-wrote with Bogićević and "Pišem po zidu" ("I'm Writing on the Wall") with Ilija Stanković. A large number of musicians contributed to the album recording: Dejan Grujić (bass guitar), Darko Grujić (keyboard), Vlada Negovanović (guitar), Enco Lesić (keyboards), Valdet Šaćiri (keyboards), Jovan Maljoković (saxophone), Nenad Stefanović "Japanac" (bass guitar), Bane Lesendrić (backing vocals), Oliver Mandić, Momčilo Bajagić "Bajaga", Kornelije Kovač, Zana Nimani and others. The greatest hit from this album was the title track, and other hit songs were "Kada sanjamo" ("When we Dream"), "Rekla je da u mojoj glavi čuje gitare i bubnjeve" ("She Said She Heard Guitars and Drums in My Head") and "Devojka bez imena" ("A Girl with no Name").

The fourth album *Osmeh letnje noći* (*A Midsummer Night Smile*) was published on May 11, 1988 by PGP-RTB, and produced by the band themselves for the first time. The author of all the songs was Lesandrić. Musicians who contributed to this album were Saša Lokner (keyboards), Bane Lesendrić (backing vocals), Viktorija (backing vocals in song "Sa tvoje strane ulice") and Zoran Vračević (percussion). The greatest hit from this album was "Leto" ("Summer") and minor hits were "Ako misliš da sam tužan" ("If You Think I'm Sad") and "Ona" ("She"). During 1989, guitarist Petrovac left the band and Bane Lesandrić, Kiki's brother joined.

The fifth album *Neka te Bog čuva za mene* (*May God Save You for Me*) was published on March 29, 1990 for PGP-RTB in band's production. The author of songs was Kiki, except for "Jedino što nam ostaje" ("The Only Thing Left") (a cover of Pete Townshend) and "Tiho, tiho" ("Silently, Silently") by Bane Lesandrić. Laza Ristovski contributed to this album by playing the keyboards on two songs. The special guests were Goran Bregović (Guitar solo on "Tiho, tiho"), Jovan Maljoković (saxophone), Darko Grujić (backing vocals) and Zana vocalist Jelena Galonić (backing vocals). The greatest hit from the album was "Tajna je u tebi skrivena" ("The Secret Is Hidden inside You") and minor hits were "Tiho, tiho" and "Neka te bog čuva za mene". The following year, on August 22, 1991 PGP-RTB published Piloti's *Greatest Hits* album.

### Commercial peak, disbandment (1993-1997)

In 1993 Piloti published the soundtrack for the movie *Zaboravljeni* (*The Forgotten Ones*) for PGP-RTS. The songs were written by Lesandrić, Marina Tucaković, Goran Bregović (the track "Spavaju li oči nebeske" ("Do the Eyes in the Sky Sleep")) and Laza Ristovski (the title track). Guests on the album were Goran Bregović, Marko Nafta, Nenad Stefanović "Japanac", Bata Božanić and others. The album brought their greatest hit "Zaboravljeni", and other two hits were "Čini mi se da" ("It Seems to Me") and "Kao da je mesec stao za nas dvoje" ("As if the Moon Had Stopped for the Two of Us").

Between 1993 and 1996, Piloti were on hiatus while Kiki Lesendrić worked with many Serbian artists. The band was back on stage in 1996 for the Budva Summer Festival with the song "Neverna si" ("You Are Unfaithful") and in November 1996 Komuna published their last album *Dan koji prolazi zauvek* (*A Day which Is Passing Forever*) produced by Kiki Lesendrić and Igor Borojević. All songs were composed by Kiki and Zoran Babović. Guests were Nenad Stefanović "Japanac" (bass guitar), Nenad Jelić (percussions, vocal), Ana Popović (guitar), Goran Bregović, Maksa Ćatović, Aca Milenković, Miša Amadeus and others. Minor hits from this album were "Neverna si" and "Dan koji prolazi zauvek". The band was dissolved in 1997, and Bread Ventures Records published the greatest hits album *Ne veruj u idole* the same year.

### Kiki Lesendrić & Piloti (2009-present)

Having released his debut solo album, the 2008 *Mesec na vratima* (*The Moon at the Door*), Lesendrić started a promotional tour, *Svet je lep kada sanjamo* (*The World Is Beautiful when We Dream*), during which he started performing as *Kiki Lesendrić & Piloti*. During the same year, PGP-RTS released the greatest hits compilation album *Najveći hitovi*.

The band performed a 22-date tour of Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Poland and Italy. The recordings of the 2009 Belgrade Beer Fest and Novi Sad Spens Sports Center performances were released on a live album and DVD released in 2010 as *Svet je lep kada sanjamo - turneja 2009*

In 2012, the band released the album *Slučajno i zauvek* (*Accidentally and Forever*). Beside Lesendrić, a part of the material on the album was written by Mlađan Dinkić and a part by Đorđe Balašević.

At the beginning of 2016, the band released their latest studio album, *Širom zatvorenih očiju* (*Eyes Wide Shut*). The song "Manje-više" ("More or Less") was recorded with the members of the Croatian band Luminize, and the song "Manje-više" with pop singer Sara Jo.

## Legacy

In 2000, the song "Kao ptica na mom dlanu" was polled No.74 on Rock Express Top 100 Yugoslav Rock Songs of All Times list. In 2011, the same song was polled, by the listeners of Radio 202, one of 60 greatest songs released by PGP-RTB/PGP-RTS during the sixty years of the label's existence.

The lyrics of the song "Imam diplomu" ("I Have a Degree") were featured in Petar Janjatović's book *Pesme bratstva, detinjstva & potomstva: Antologija ex YU rok poezije 1967 - 2007* (*Songs of Brotherhood, Childhood & Offspring: Anthology of Ex YU Rock Poetry 1967 - 2007*).

## Discography

### Studio albums

* *Piloti* (1981)
* *Dvadeset godina* (1982)
* *Kao ptica na mom dlanu* (1987)
* *Osmeh letnje noći* (1988)
* *Neka te bog čuva za mene* (1990)
* *Zaboravljeni* (1993)
* *Dan koji prolazi zauvek* (1996)
* *Mesec na vratima* (2008)
* *Slučajno i zauvek* (as Kiki Lesendrić & Piloti; 2012)
* *Širom zatvorenih očiju* (as Kiki Lesendrić & Piloti; 2016)
* *Mali tragovi na nebu* (as Kiki Lesendrić & Piloti; 2022)

### Compilation albums

* *Najveći hitovi 1981-1991* (1991)
* *Ne veruj u idole - Hitovi* (1997)
* *Najveći hitovi* (2009)
* *Rekla je da u mojoj glavi čuje gitare i bubnjeve* (2017)

### Live albums

* *Svet je lep kada sanjamo - turneja 2009* (as Kiki Lesendrić & Piloti, 2010)

### Video albums

* *Svet je lep kada sanjamo - turneja 2009* (as Kiki Lesendrić & Piloti, 2010)

## InfoBox

| Piloti | |
| --- | --- |
| Kiki Lesendrić & Piloti performing live in 2009 | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Kiki Lesendrić & Piloti |
| Origin | Belgrade, Serbia |
| Genres | New wave, rock, pop rock |
| Years active | 1981  1997
2009  present |
| Labels | PGP-RTB, PGP-RTS, Komuna, Bread Ventures Records |
|  | |
| Members | Kiki Lesendrić
Filip Pat
Vladan Vučković
Marko Kuzmanović
Vladimir Negovanović |
|  | |
| Past members | Dragan Andrić
Goran Bogićević
Nenad Antanasijević
Zoran Obradović
Safet Petrovac
Miško Plavi
Zoran Babović
Bane Lesandrić |


title: Hypericum harperi

abstract: Hypericum harperi, the sharplobe St. Johnswort or Harper's St. John's wort, is a perennial flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae. It is an aquatic herb native to southeast North America. H. harperi has a diploid chromosome number of 24.

text:
# Hypericum harperi

***Hypericum harperi***, the **sharplobe St. Johnswort** or **Harper's St. John's wort**, is a perennial flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae. It is an aquatic herb native to southeast North America. *H. harperi* has a diploid chromosome number of 24.

## Taxonomy

Webb, in his dissertation, referred to *H. incertum* as the cypress pond St. John's wort. When Steudel transferred the species of *Brathys* to *Hypericum*, he created the nom. nov. for *Brathys lanceolata* due to the name *H. lanceolatum* already existing for an Old World species. After finishing his dissertation, Webb annotated the type of *B. lanceolata*/*H. incertum* and henceforth used the name *H. harperi*.

Though similar to *H. denticulatum* var. *acutifolium* (and previously identified as that variety), *H. harperi* remains distinct in its aquatic habitat and related aerenchymatous stem base. In addition to morphological differences, *H. harperi* contains C-glycosyl flavones which var. *acutifolium* lacks. No other species of this *H. denticulatum* complex has the extensive rhizomes of *H. harperi*, a specialization indicative of its aquatic habitat and an adaptation shared with its coinhabitants *Rhynchospora careyana*, *Oxypolis canbyi*, and *Lobelia boykinii*.

## Description

*Hypericum harperi* is a rhizomatous herb with slender, pinkish rhizomes, with a branched base growing 0.3–1 m (1 ft 0 in – 3 ft 3 in) tall. The flowering branches are typically from median or upper stem nodes. The brown to reddish aerial stems are spongy and become green upward. The green primary stems have four lines and are covered with glandular dots. The internodes are 8–20 mm (0.31–0.79 in) long, about as long as the leaves. The sessile leaves are ascending and become deflexed when fading. The leaves are 10–30 mm (0.39–1.18 in) long and 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) wide. The lanceolate leaves have a plane margin with an acute apex and a cuneate base. There are one to three basal veins and a midrib either unbranched or possessing a single branch. The laminar glands are dense but inconspicuous. The inflorescence possess up to about 30 flowers with flowering branches up to 16 lower nodes. The whole inflorescence is a pyramidal to subcorymbiform shape. The pedicels are 1.5–2 mm (0.059–0.079 in) long; the bracts are 2–6 mm (0.079–0.236 in) long. The star-shaped flowers are 4–10 mm (0.16–0.39 in) in diameter, with orange-yellow petals that number about twice the sepals. The sepals are 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long, with three to five veins. The sepals are typically unequal, lanceolate, and have linear glands that become punctiform distally. The 50 to 80 stamens are about 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long. The ovoid ovary is 1–1.5 mm (0.039–0.059 in) long with two to three styles ranging 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long. The seeds are 0.5 mm (0.020 in) long.

## Habitat and distribution

*Hypericum harperi* grows in swamps as well as wet pine barrens, especially the shallows of depressional wetlands (Carolina bays). It rarely will occur in open, seasonal depressions. It grows in the coastal plain of South Carolina, Georgia, and northern Florida. It occurs at elevations between 0–200 m (0–656 ft). It occurs alongside *Taxodium ascendens*, *Nyssa biflora*, and other similar species.

## InfoBox

| *Hypericum harperi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Hypericaceae |
| Genus: | *Hypericum* |
| Section: | *H. sect. Trigynobrathys* |
| Species: | ***H. harperi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hypericum harperi***<br>R.Keller | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: X-Men: Phoenix – Endsong

abstract: X-Men: Phoenix – Endsong is an American five-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics in 2005. It was written by Greg Pak with art by Greg Land. Greg Pak said "The biggest new character is actually the Phoenix Force it/herself, whom we're exploring as a thinking, learning sentient creature with a big and terrifying and moving emotional arc of her own."

text:
# X-Men: Phoenix – Endsong

***X-Men: Phoenix – Endsong*** is an American five-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics in 2005. It was written by Greg Pak with art by Greg Land.

Greg Pak said "The biggest new character is actually the Phoenix Force it/herself, whom we're exploring as a thinking, learning sentient creature with a big and terrifying and moving emotional arc of her own."

## Plot

The Shi'ar resurrect the dormant Phoenix Force prematurely and without a host, in hopes of destroying it. The Phoenix escapes to Earth where it resurrects Jean Grey and forcefully bonds with her again, despite Jean's pleas that it is "too early."

Wolverine finds Jean standing completely naked in a field, before the Shi'ar fire a miniature black hole at the two. The Phoenix Force teleports Jean and Wolverine to the North Pole. Seeing an injured Logan, Jean is able to resurface and gain control. She asks him to stop the Phoenix. Wolverine stabs her with his claws many times, but she will not remain dead. He does however manage to weaken the Phoenix greatly, and Jean embeds herself in the ice in the hopes of subduing them both. The Phoenix however breaks away from Jean while she is within the ice.

The X-Men arrive at the North Pole in the Blackbird, and in the ensuing battle, the Phoenix attempts to force herself onto Scott and use him to strengthen her powers. She uses his memories of Jean to provoke Scott, but realizes that he now loves Emma Frost and possesses her. Emma, who is unable to contain the Phoenix Force, is manipulated by Quentin Quire, who hopes to use the Phoenix to resurrect Sophie of the Stepford Cuckoos. His actions results in the Phoenix growing more enraged and uncontrollable. Cyclops realizes that Jean is the only hope of containing the Phoenix. He frees her from the ice, and Jean is able to rip the Phoenix Force out of Emma Frost. The Phoenix is shocked, but Jean merely replies, "Don't you remember? I am you." The Phoenix taunts Jean about losing Cyclops' love; distressed, Jean begins to lose control. Cyclops realizes that Jean needs to feel the love he and her teammates have for her, and has Emma and the Stepford Cuckoos contact all of the current and former X-Men around the world to focus their love into Jean.

Jean regains control and transcends into the White Phoenix of the Crown in time to save the team from another black hole created by the Shi’ar. Before she departs, Jean asks Scott to remove his visor because she wants to see his eyes. Enveloped in his optic blast, she leaves for the White Hot Room to gather the missing pieces of herself, giving Scott one last goodbye.

## Reception

The series was very popular, and "surprised many readers with its nuance and depth." The success led to a sequel featuring the continuing story of the Phoenix Force, *X-Men: Phoenix - Warsong*.

## Timeline

*X-Men: Phoenix - Endsong* takes place during *Uncanny X-Men* #460.

## Collected editions

The mini-series was collected into a hardcover volume, published in July 2005 (ISBN 0-7851-1641-9).

A trade paperback containing the five issues was published in February 2006 (ISBN 0-7851-1924-8).

## InfoBox

| *X-Men: Phoenix - Endsong* | |
| --- | --- |
| X-Men Phoenix - Endsong #1 (March 2005). Art by Greg Land | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Marvel Comics |
| Schedule | Monthly |
| Format | Limited series |
| Genre |  |
| Publication date | March - June 2005 |
| No. of issues | 5 |
| Main character(s) | X-Men
Phoenix Force
Shi'ar |
| Creative team | |
| Written by | Greg Pak |
| Penciller(s) | Greg Land |
| Inker(s) | Matt Ryan |
| Letterer(s) | Clem Robins |
| Colorist(s) | Justin Ponsor |
| Editor(s) | Mike Marts
Stephanie Moore
Sean Ryan |
| Collected editions | |
| *Hardcover* | ISBN 0-7851-1641-9 |


title: Patterson v. New York

abstract: Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197 (1977), was a legal case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States that stated that the Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment did not prevent the burdening of a defendant to prove the affirmative defense of extreme emotional disturbance as defined by law in the state of New York. The court found that the State of New York had reclassified provocation as an excuse, rather than mens rea, which the prosecution had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt, as was the situation in Mullaney v. Wilbur (1975).

text:
# Patterson v. New York

***Patterson v. New York***, 432 U.S. 197 (1977), was a legal case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States that stated that the Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment did not prevent the burdening of a defendant to prove the affirmative defense of extreme emotional disturbance as defined by law in the state of New York.

The court found that the State of New York had reclassified provocation ("extreme emotional disturbance") as an excuse (an affirmative defense requiring proof by preponderance of the evidence), rather than *mens rea*, which the prosecution had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt, as was the situation in *Mullaney v. Wilbur* (1975).

## Background

During his brief and unstable marriage, the appellant, Gordon Patterson, Jr., became estranged from his wife, Roberta. She resumed an association with John Northrup, a neighbor to whom she had been engaged prior to her marriage to appellant. On December 27, 1970, Patterson borrowed a rifle from an acquaintance and went to the residence of his father-in-law. There, he observed his wife through a window in a state of semiundress in the presence of John Northrup. He entered the house and killed Northrup by shooting him twice in the head.

Patterson was charged with second-degree murder. In New York, there were two elements of that crime: (1) "intent to cause the death of another person" and (2) "causing the death of such person or of a third person."  N.Y. Penal Law. Malice aforethought is not an element of the crime. The State of New York allowed a person accused of murder to raise an affirmative defense that he "acted under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance for which there was a reasonable explanation or excuse."

The New York law required that the defendant in any prosecution for second-degree murder prove by a preponderance of the evidence the affirmative defense of extreme emotional disturbance to reduce the crime to manslaughter.

A trial court jury found Patterson guilty for murder. On appeal, the New York Court of Appeals found the law (and verdict) not to violate Patterson's Constitutional rights as guaranteed under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The case was appealed to the US Supreme Court and was argued March 1, 1977 and decided June 17, 1977

Victor Rubino argued the cause for the appellant. With him on the briefs was Betty Friedlander. John Finnerty argued the cause for the appellee. With him on the brief was Alan Marrus.

## Decision

The Supreme Court affirmed and decided that shifting the burden of proof of a mitigating circumstance affirmative defense to the defendant is allowed by the Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution.

## Further reading

* Goldwag, Celia (1978). "The Constitutionality of Affirmative Defenses after *Patterson v. New York*". *Columbia Law Review*. **78** (3). Columbia Law Review Association, Inc.: 655–678. doi:10.2307/1122046. JSTOR 1122046.
* Sullivan, T. V. (1978). "Burdens of Persuasion in Criminal Proceedings: The Reasonable Doubt Standard after *Patterson v. New York*". *University of Florida Law Review*. **31** (2): 385–417.

## InfoBox

| Patterson v. New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued March 1, 1977
Decided June 17, 1977 | |
| Full case name | *Patterson v. New York* |
| Citations | 432 U.S. 197 (*more*)97 S. Ct. 2319, 53 L. Ed. 2d 281, 1977 U.S. LEXIS 120 |
| Holding | |
| Shifting the burden of proof for a mitigating circumstance affirmative defense to the defendant does not violate the Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Warren E. Burger  Associate Justices William J. Brennan Jr. **·**  Potter Stewart
Byron White **·**  Thurgood Marshall
Harry Blackmun **·**  Lewis F. Powell Jr.
William Rehnquist **·**  John P. Stevens | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | White, joined by Burger, Stewart, Blackmun, Stevens |
| Dissent | Powell, joined by Brennan, Marshall |
| Rehnquist took no part in the consideration or decision of the case. | |
| Laws applied | |
| U.S. Const. Amend. XIV | |


title: North Burnet–Gateway, Austin, Texas

abstract: North Burnet–Gateway (NBG) is a 2,300 acre neighborhood in northwest Austin, Texas bordered by Walnut Creek to the north, US 183 to the south and southwest, Metric Boulevard to the east, Braker Lane to the northwest, and MoPac to the west.

text:
# North Burnet–Gateway, Austin, Texas

**North Burnet–Gateway** (**NBG**) is a 2,300 acre neighborhood in northwest Austin, Texas bordered by Walnut Creek to the north, US 183 to the south and southwest, Metric Boulevard to the east, Braker Lane to the northwest, and MoPac (Loop 1) to the west.

## History

In 2006, the City of Austin established the *North Burnet/Gateway 2035 Master Plan*. It adopted the *North Burnet/Gateway Neighborhood Plan* on November 1, 2007, and the *North Burnet/Gateway Regulating Plan* in 2009.

## Education

### Public primary and secondary education

North Burnet-Gateway is served by the Austin Independent School District. Students in the neighborhood are zoned for one of three elementary schools (Pillow Elementary School, Summit Elementary School, or Davis Elementary School), one of two middle schools (Burnet Middle School or Murchison Middle School) and Anderson High School.

### Higher education

The Austin Community College Northridge Campus is located in North Burnet-Gateway, as is the University of Texas at Austin J. J. Pickle Research Campus.

## Economy

The Domain, a commercial and residential complex sometimes referred to Austin's "second downtown", is located in North Burnet-Gateway.

## Recreation

The North Burnet-Gateway neighborhood is bordered to the north by the Walnut Creek greenbelt.

## Sports

North Burnet-Gateway is the site of Q2 Stadium, home to Austin FC soccer club.

30°23′35″N 97°43′16″W / 30.393°N 97.721°W / 30.393; -97.721

## InfoBox

| North Burnet-Gateway | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood | |
| Neighborhood Boundaries | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| City | Austin |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Codes | 78758, 78759 |
| Area codes | 512, 737 |


title: Peggy Drake

abstract: Peggy Drake, was an Austrian born American film and television actress. She primarily appeared in B-movies of the 1940s.

text:
# Peggy Drake

**Peggy Drake** (6 October 1922  19 September 2014), was an Austrian born American film and television actress. She primarily appeared in B-movies of the 1940s.

## Career

Born Lieselotte Mayer in Vienna, Austria, she moved to the United States with her family at the age of three. Her acting career started with an uncredited role in the film *Too Many Girls* (1940). Her career was short-lived, appearing in five films between 1940 and 1942, most notably in the serial film *King of the Mounties*, a continuation of the *King of the Royal Mounted* film series.

While filming *The Tuttles of Tahiti* with Charles Laughton (on a sound stage in Culver City), Drake became seriously ill with pneumonia, delaying filming for two months, and causing her to lose so much weight that she had to adopt a diet of sweet potato pudding to regain her figure before filming resumed.

She left the business after 1942, but has appeared occasionally in film in uncredited roles. She appeared in one episode of the television series *A Family at War* (1970).

She died on 19 September 2014, aged 91.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1940 | *Too Many Girls* | Coed | Uncredited |
| 1941 | *The Chocolate Soldier* | Minor Role | Uncredited |
| 1942 | *The Tuttles of Tahiti* | Tamara |  |
| 1942 | *Sweater Girl* |  | Uncredited |
| 1942 | *King of the Mounties* | Carol Brent | Serial, (final film role) |

## InfoBox

| Peggy Drake | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Lieselotte Mayer
(1922-10-06)6 October 1922
Vienna, Austria |
| Died | 19 September 2014(2014-09-19) (aged 91)
Santa Clarita, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1940–1942; 1970 |


abstract: The University of Bath Department of Psychology is a department within the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of The University of Bath. The department is consistently ranked within the top five departments in the United Kingdom for undergraduate Psychology degrees. In 2017, the department's BSc/MSci programme was ranked 1st in the Guardian's university guide, 2nd in The Complete University Guide and 3rd in The Times & Sunday Times Good University Guide 2017.

text:
# University of Bath Department of Psychology

The **University of Bath Department of Psychology** is a department within the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of The University of Bath. The department is consistently ranked within the top five departments in the United Kingdom for undergraduate Psychology degrees. In 2017, the department's BSc/MSci programme was ranked 1st in the Guardian's university guide, 2nd in The Complete University Guide and 3rd in The Times & Sunday Times Good University Guide 2017.

## Location and facilities

The department is based in the 10 West (10W) building on the far West of the University of Bath's Claverton Down campus. The building was opened in July 2016 by Professor Dame Vicki Bruce and cost £30 million.

The department has several specialised laboratories, as well as general use PC labs. This includes a virtual reality lab, sensory & pain labs, an eye tracker lab, a psychobiology lab, an electroencephalography (EEG) lab, a developmental psychology lab and a social psychology lab. The department also has a BioPac lab, which allows for measuring physiological factors including galvanic skin response, electromyography and EEG.

## History

In September 2016, Professor Gregory Maio replaced Professor Bas Verplanken as the head of department. The department celebrated its 20th anniversary in May 2017.

Recent studies conducted in the department involve hoarding behaviour, smart energy meters, recognition of facial expressions by adolescents with conduct disorder and cycling safety.

## Programmes

### Undergraduate

The department offers four different undergraduate programmes, two of which are Bachelors of Science (BSc) and two of which are Undergraduate Master's (MSci). All of these courses are accredited by The British Psychological Society, giving graduates a Graduate Basis for Chartered Membership of the society.

* BSc (Hons) Psychology - 3 years
* BSc (Hons) Psychology (with placement year) - 4 years
* MSci (Hons) Psychology - 4 years
* MSci (Hons) Psychology (with placement year) - 5 years

The undergraduate programmes are highly competitive, with 58% of applicants receiving offers, and the average applicant having 152 UCAS points, or A\*AA at A level. 71% of entrants studied Psychology prior to attending the university. The most common jobs following graduation are health professionals, followed by business and public service associate professionals and teaching and educational professionals.

### Postgraduate

The department also has several postgraduate degree programmes:

* MSc Applied Clinical Psychology
* MSc Health Psychology
* Doctorate in Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy)
* Masters of Research (MRes)
* Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
* Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

## Research

The department undertakes research in many areas of psychology, including cognitive, developmental, clinical, health, social and environmental psychology.

The department has four main research themes:

Other research interests of the department include pain, health psychology, neuroimaging and brain stimulation, emotion and decision making, social cognition, education technology, multisensory perception and organizational psychology.

The department is home to The Centre for Applied Autism Research (CAAR).

## Rankings

In 2017, the department's BSc/MSci programme was ranked 1st in the Guardian's university guide, 2nd in The Complete University Guide and 3rd in The Times & Sunday Times Good University Guide 2017.

## InfoBox

University of Bath Department of Psychology
| Type | Academic department |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1997 |
| Affiliation | University of Bath |
| Head of Department | Professor Gregory Maio |
| Academic staff | Approx. 50 |
| Students | 1000 |
| Undergraduates | 800 |
| Postgraduates | 200 |
| Location | Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom |
| Website | bath.ac.uk/psychology/ |


title: Virtual memory compression

abstract: Virtual memory compression is a memory management technique that utilizes data compression to reduce the size or number of paging requests to and from the auxiliary storage. In a virtual memory compression system, pages to be paged out of virtual memory are compressed and stored in physical memory, which is usually random-access memory (RAM), or sent as compressed to auxiliary storage such as a hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD). In both cases the virtual memory range, whose contents has been compressed, is marked inaccessible so that attempts to access compressed pages can trigger page faults and reversal of the process. The footprint of the data being paged is reduced by the compression process; in the first instance, the freed RAM is returned to the available physical memory pool, while the compressed portion is kept in RAM. In the second instance, the compressed data is sent to auxiliary storage but the resulting I/O operation is smaller and therefore takes less time. In some implementations, including zswap, zram and Helix Software Company’s Hurricane, the entire process is implemented in software. In other systems, such as IBM's MXT, the compression process occurs in a dedicated processor that handles transfers between a local cache and RAM. Virtual memory compression is distinct from garbage collection (GC) systems, which remove unused memory blocks and in some cases consolidate used memory regions, reducing fragmentation and improving efficiency. Virtual memory compression is also distinct from context switching systems, such as Connectix's RAM Doubler and Apple OS 7.1, in which inactive processes are suspended and then compressed as a whole.

text:
# Virtual memory compression

**Virtual memory compression** (also referred to as **RAM compression** and **memory compression**) is a memory management technique that utilizes data compression to reduce the size or number of paging requests to and from the auxiliary storage. In a virtual memory compression system, pages to be paged out of virtual memory are compressed and stored in physical memory, which is usually random-access memory (RAM), or sent as compressed to auxiliary storage such as a hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD). In both cases the virtual memory range, whose contents has been compressed, is marked inaccessible so that attempts to access compressed pages can trigger page faults and reversal of the process (retrieval from auxiliary storage and decompression). The footprint of the data being paged is reduced by the compression process; in the first instance, the freed RAM is returned to the available physical memory pool, while the compressed portion is kept in RAM. In the second instance, the compressed data is sent to auxiliary storage but the resulting I/O operation is smaller and therefore takes less time.

In some implementations, including zswap, zram and Helix Software Company’s Hurricane, the entire process is implemented in software. In other systems, such as IBM's MXT, the compression process occurs in a dedicated processor that handles transfers between a local cache and RAM.

Virtual memory compression is distinct from garbage collection (GC) systems, which remove unused memory blocks and in some cases consolidate used memory regions, reducing fragmentation and improving efficiency. Virtual memory compression is also distinct from context switching systems, such as Connectix's RAM Doubler (though it also did online compression) and Apple OS 7.1, in which inactive processes are suspended and then compressed as a whole.

## Types

There are two general types of virtual memory compression : (1) sending compressed pages to a swap file in main memory, possibly with a backing store in auxiliary storage, and (2) storing compressed pages side-by-side with uncompressed pages.

The first type (1) usually uses some sort of LZ class dictionary compression algorithm combined with entropy coding, such as LZO or LZ4, to compress the pages being swapped out. Once compressed, they are either stored in a swap file in main memory, or written to auxiliary storage, such as a hard disk. A two stage process can be used instead wherein there exists both a backing store in auxiliary storage and a swap file in main memory and pages that are evicted from the in-memory swap file are written to the backing store with a much increased write bandwidth (eg. pages/sec) so that writing to the backing store takes less time. This last scheme leverages the benefits of both previous methods : fast in-memory data access with a large increase in the total amount of data that can be swapped out and an increased bandwidth in writing pages (pages/sec) to auxiliary storage.

One example of a class of algorithms for type (2) virtual memory compression is the WK (Wilson-Kaplan et. al) class of compression algorithms. These take advantage of in-memory data regularities present in pointers and integers. Specifically, in (the data segment -- the WK algorithms are not suitable for instruction compression) target code generated by most high-level programming languages, both integers and pointers are often present in records whose elements are word-aligned. Furthermore, the values stored in integers are usually small. Also pointers close to each other in memory tend to point to locations that are themselves nearby in memory. Additionally, common data patterns such as a word of all zeroes can be encoded in the compressed output by a very small code (two bits in the case of WKdm). Using these data regularities, the WK class of algorithms use a very small dictionary ( 16 entries in the case of WKdm ) to achieve up to a 2:1 compression ratio while achieving much greater speeds and having less overhead than LZ class dictionary compression schemes.

## Benefits

By reducing the I/O activity caused by paging requests, virtual memory compression can produce overall performance improvements. The degree of performance improvement depends on a variety of factors, including the availability of any compression co-processors, spare bandwidth on the CPU, speed of the I/O channel, speed of the physical memory, and the compressibility of the physical memory contents.

On multi-core, multithreaded CPUs, some benchmarks show performance improvements of over 50%.

In some situations, such as in embedded devices, auxiliary storage is limited or non-existent. In these cases, virtual memory compression can allow a virtual memory system to operate, where otherwise virtual memory would have to be disabled. This allows the system to run certain software which would otherwise be unable to operate in an environment with no virtual memory.

## Shortcomings

### Low compression ratios

One of the primary issues is the degree to which the contents of physical memory can be compressed under real-world loads. Program code and much of the data held in physical memory is often not highly compressible, since efficient programming techniques and data architectures are designed to automatically eliminate redundancy in data sets. Various studies show typical data compression ratios ranging from 2:1 to 2.5:1 for program data, similar to typically achievable compression ratios with disk compression.

### Background I/O

In order for virtual memory compression to provide measurable performance improvements, the throughput of the virtual memory system must be improved when compared to the uncompressed equivalent. Thus, the additional amount of processing introduced by the compression must not increase the overall latency. However, in I/O-bound systems or applications with highly compressible data sets, the gains can be substantial.

### Increased thrashing

The physical memory used by a compression system reduces the amount of physical memory available to processes that a system runs, which may result in increased paging activity and reduced overall effectiveness of virtual memory compression. This relationship between the paging activity and available physical memory is roughly exponential, meaning that reducing the amount of physical memory available to system processes results in an exponential increase of paging activity.

In circumstances where the amount of free physical memory is low and paging is fairly prevalent, any performance gains provided by the compression system (compared to paging directly to and from auxiliary storage) may be offset by an increased page fault rate that leads to thrashing and degraded system performance. In an opposite state, where enough physical memory is available and paging activity is low, compression may not impact performance enough to be noticeable. The middle ground between these two circumstanceslow RAM with high paging activity, and plenty of RAM with low paging activityis where virtual memory compression may be most useful. However, the more compressible the program data is, the more pronounced are the performance improvements as less physical memory is needed to hold the compressed data.

For example, in order to maximize the use of a compressed pages cache, Helix Software Company's Hurricane 2.0 provides a user-configurable compression rejection threshold. By compressing the first 256 to 512 bytes of a 4 KiB page, this virtual memory compression system determines whether the configured compression level threshold can be achieved for a particular page; if achievable, the rest of the page would be compressed and retained in a compressed cache, and otherwise the page would be sent to auxiliary storage through the normal paging system. The default setting for this threshold is an 8:1 compression ratio.

### CPU utilization overhead

In hardware implementations, the technology also relies on price differentials between the various components of the system, for example, the difference between the cost of RAM and the cost of a processor dedicated to compression. The relative price-to-performance differences of the various components tend to vary over time. For example, the addition of a compression co-processor may have minimal impact on the cost of a CPU.

### Prioritization

In a typical virtual memory implementation, paging happens on a least recently used basis, potentially causing the compression algorithm to use up CPU cycles dealing with the lowest priority data. Furthermore, program code is usually read-only, and is therefore never paged-out. Instead code is simply discarded, and re-loaded from the program’s auxiliary storage file if needed. In this case the bar for compression is higher, since the I/O cycle it is attempting to eliminate is much shorter, particularly on flash memory devices.

## History

Virtual memory compression has gone in and out of favor as a technology. The price and speed of RAM and external storage have plummeted due to Moore's Law and improved RAM interfaces such as DDR3, thus reducing the need for virtual memory compression, while multi-core processors, server farms, and mobile technology together with the advent of flash based systems make virtual memory compression more attractive.

### Origins

Acorn Computers' Unix variant, RISC iX, was supplied as the primary operating system for its R140 workstation released in 1989. RISC iX provided support for demand paging of compressed executable files. However, the principal motivation for providing compressed executable files was to accommodate a complete Unix system in a hard disk of relatively modest size. Compressed data was not paged out to disk under this scheme.

Paul R. Wilson proposed compressed caching of virtual memory pages in 1990, in a paper circulated at the ACM OOPSLA/ECOOP '90 Workshop on Garbage Collection ("Some Issues and Strategies in Heap Management and Memory Hierarchies"), and appearing in ACM SIGPLAN Notices in January 1991.

Helix Software Company pioneered virtual memory compression in 1992, filing a patent application for the process in October of that year. In 1994 and 1995, Helix refined the process using test-compression and secondary memory caches on video cards and other devices. However, Helix did not release a product incorporating virtual memory compression until July 1996 and the release of Hurricane 2.0, which used the Stac Electronics Lempel–Ziv–Stac compression algorithm and also used off-screen video RAM as a compression buffer to gain performance benefits.

In 1995, RAM cost nearly $50 per megabyte, and Microsoft's Windows 95 listed a minimum requirement of 4 MB of RAM. Due to the high RAM requirement, several programs were released which claimed to use compression technology to gain “memory”. Most notorious was the SoftRAM program from Syncronys Softcorp. SoftRAM was exposed as fake because it did not perform any compression at all. Other products, including Hurricane and MagnaRAM, included virtual memory compression, but implemented only run-length encoding, with poor results, giving the technology a negative reputation.

In its 8 April 1997 issue, PC Magazine published a comprehensive test of the performance enhancement claims of several software virtual memory compression tools. In its testing PC Magazine found a minimal (5% overall) performance improvement from the use of Hurricane, and none at all from any of the other packages. However the tests were run on Intel Pentium systems which had a single core and were single threaded, and thus compression directly impacted all system activity.

In 1996, IBM began experimenting with compression, and in 2000 IBM announced its Memory eXpansion Technology (MXT). MXT was a stand-alone chip which acted as a CPU cache between the CPU and memory controller. MXT had an integrated compression engine which compressed all data heading to/from physical memory. Subsequent testing of the technology by Intel showed 520% overall system performance improvement, similar to the results obtained by PC Magazine with Hurricane.

### Recent developments

* In early 2008, a Linux project named zram (originally called compcache) was released; in a 2013 update, it was incorporated into ChromeOS and Android 4.4
* In 2010, IBM released Active Memory Expansion (AME) for AIX 6.1 which implements virtual memory compression.
* In 2012, some versions of the POWER7\+ chip included AME hardware accelerators using the 842 compression algorithm for data compression support, used on AIX, for virtual memory compression. More recent POWER processors continue to support the feature.
* In December 2012, the zswap project was announced; it was merged into the Linux kernel mainline in September 2013.
* In June 2013, Apple announced that it would include virtual memory compression in OS X Mavericks, using the Wilson-Kaplan WKdm algorithm.
* A 10 August 2015 "Windows Insider Preview" update for Windows 10 (build 10525) added support for RAM compression.


title: Gallinamide A

abstract: Gallinamide A is potent and selective inhibitor of the human cysteine protease Cathepsin L1 that was first used as a moderate antimalarial agent. Gallinamide A is produced by marine cyanobacteria from Schizothrix species and Symploca sp. which have also shown to have possible anticancer agent, infectious diseases like leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis and possible uses in Alzheimer's disease, among others.

text:
# Gallinamide A

**Gallinamide A** is potent and selective inhibitor of the human cysteine protease Cathepsin L1 that was first used as a moderate antimalarial agent. Gallinamide A is produced by marine cyanobacteria from *Schizothrix species* and *Symploca sp.* which have also shown to have possible anticancer agent, infectious diseases like leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis and possible uses in Alzheimer's disease, among others.

## History

Gallinamide A was first isolated from a Panamanian collection of marine cyanobacteria in 2009 (*Schizothrix* species) for activity against the malaria causing parasite *Plasmodium falciparum*. Later, was subsequently and independently isolated by Taori and co-workers from a Floridian Cyanobacteria collection in Key Largo from *Symploca* sp. and given the name **symplostatin 4**. Gallinamide A, among other cyanobacteria metabolites such as viridamide A & B, dragonamide E, and almiramide E; are lipodepsipeptides that proved to show anti-infective activities. Gallinamide A was originally isolated with a modest antimalarial activity, which was then proven to be a potent inhibitor of cysteine protease cathepsin L with a IC50 5.0 ug/mL, nonetheless, human cathepsin L is involved in many diseases, gallinamide A was tested in HeLa cervical cancer cells with a IC50 12 mM and in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells with an IC50 of mM.

## Mechanism of action

Gallinamide A is a potent and selective irreversible inhibitor of human Cathepsin L1, with a high selectivity towards cysteine cathepsin protease family.

## Total synthesis

The first stereoselective synthesis was reported by Conroy and co-workers.

## Clinical study

Gallinamide A is a potent inhibitor of cathepsin L with an IC50 value of 17.6 pM. Also, was tested for its antimalarial activity against the W2 chloroquine-resistant strain of the malaria parasite. This compound showed moderate *in vitro* activity against *Plasmodium falciparum* (IC50 = 8.4 μM), cytotoxicity to mammalian Vero cells (TC50 = 10.4 μM) and activity against *Leishmania donovani* of (IC50 = 9.3 μM), but was inactive up to the highest tested concentrations against *Trypanasoma cruzi* (16.9 μM). No *in vivo* or human testing has been perform since it is only for research development.

## InfoBox

Gallinamide A
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI | |
| SMILES * O=C1O\[C@@\]3(C)\[C@H\](C(=O)N\[C@@\]13\[C@@H\](O)\[C@@H\]2/C=C\CCC2)CCCl | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C31H52N4O7 |
| Molar mass | 592.778 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Hypericum hookerianum

abstract: Hypericum hookerianum, or Hooker's St. John's Wort, is a perennial shrub in the flowering plant family Hypericaceae native to eastern and southern Asia. The specific name hookerianum is named for William Jackson Hooker.

text:
# Hypericum hookerianum

***Hypericum hookerianum***, or **Hooker's St. John's Wort**, is a perennial shrub in the flowering plant family Hypericaceae native to eastern and southern Asia. The specific name *hookerianum* is named for William Jackson Hooker.

## Description

*Hypericum hookerianum* is a glabrous shrub that ranges from 6–8 ft (1.8–2.4 m) in height. Its moderately hard wood is closely grained. The terete branches of the shrub are a reddish brown. Its obtuse leaves are either sessile or possess short stalks and taper to a point at their apex. The leaves range beneath from greyish-green to a rusty hue and are faintly translucent. The leaves are among the largest of the genus, measuring between 2–4 in (51–102 mm) long. The cymes of the shrub have few flowers or are corymbose and possess bracts. The branches of the panicle are dichotomous or trichotomous and bear many opposite leaves that grow smaller as they approach the flowers. The deeply cupped flowers are golden yellow and measure 2 in (51 mm) wide. The petals are nearly obovate with denticulate margins and are longer than the stamens. The stamens are numerous and are each united into five bundles. The small, spherical anthers are orange to yellow. The ovary is broadly ovate and tapers upwards, terminating into five styles that are recurved at their apex. The stigma is obtuse and downy. The calyx is composed of five large, lax, and obovate sepals. The sepals are united at their base and their membranous margins are denticulate. It flowers in July.

## Distribution and ecology

*Hypericum hookerianum* can be found in southern India, the Himalayas, from north-western Thailand to Bangladesh, China, and California.

The aphids *Aulacorthum solani*, *Myzus ornatus*, and *Myzus persicae* feed on the shrub.

## Uses

The extract of the leaf of *Hypericum hookerianum* is a strong antioxidant and can enhance spontaneous motor activity.

## InfoBox

| *Hypericum hookerianum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Young flower | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Hypericaceae |
| Genus: | *Hypericum* |
| Section: | *H. sect. Ascyreia* |
| Species: | ***H. hookerianum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hypericum hookerianum***<br>Wight & Arnott | |
|