title: Promises (The Hunters album)

abstract: Promises is the second full-length album by Canadian rock band The Hunters. The album was released on April 17, 2012 on Stomp Records, their first on a record label. The first single, "Van Party Forever" was released on June 5 and the music video features the band playing with The Sainte Catherines during their farewell tour. The second music video is made entirely of shots from their journey to The Fest 11 in Gainesville. It was filmed during Hurricane Sandy and features the band driving all the way from Florida to Québec in a rental car as all flights were cancelled. It was released on November 27, 2012. A documentary webseries about Promises promotional tour was released in January 2013. Titled Driving on Promises, the ten episodes cover the whole tour through Quebec and Ontario. It is based on their roadie's log book. The album was recorded and produced by Hugo Mudie and Marc-André Beaudet, both from The Sainte Catherines.

text:
# Promises (The Hunters album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Hour Community |  |
| The Punk Site |  |

***Promises*** is the second full-length album by Canadian rock band The Hunters. The album was released on April 17, 2012 on Stomp Records, their first on a record label.

The first single, "Van Party Forever" was released on June 5 and the music video features the band playing with The Sainte Catherines during their farewell tour.

The second music video is made entirely of shots from their journey to The Fest 11 in Gainesville. It was filmed during Hurricane Sandy and features the band driving all the way from Florida to Québec in a rental car as all flights were cancelled. It was released on November 27, 2012.

A documentary webseries about *Promises* promotional tour was released in January 2013. Titled *Driving on Promises*, the ten episodes cover the whole tour through Quebec and Ontario. It is based on their roadie's log book.

The album was recorded and produced by Hugo Mudie and Marc-André Beaudet, both from The Sainte Catherines.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Raphaël Potvin and Dominic Pelletier; all music is composed by The Hunters

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "01/01/11" | 3:38 |
| 2. | "Last Stop: Cancer" | 3:28 |
| 3. | "Sparrows" | 3:22 |
| 4. | "Faux-Fire, Faux-Gold" | 2:33 |
| 5. | "Van Party Forever" | 3:25 |
| 6. | "Blind River" | 1:47 |
| 7. | "Classics" | 2:51 |
| 8. | "Eleven" | 3:49 |
| 9. | "Martine Blues" | 5:15 |
| 10. | "Canicule" | 3:53 |
| 11. | "White Fireworks" | 3:40 |
| 12. | "Where I'm Never Coming Back To" | 1:03 |
| 13. | "Chasing Down the Sun" |  |

## Personnel

**The Hunters**

* Dominic Pelletier – lead vocals, guitar, harmonica
* Danahé Rousseau-Côté – guitar
* Raphaël Potvin – bass guitar, vocals
* William Duguay-Drouin – drums, percussion, piano

**Production**

* Produced by Hugo Mudie, Marc-André Beaudet and The Hunters
* Mixed and engineered by Marc-André Beaudet; assisted by Hugo Mudie
* Mastered by Ryan Morey

**Art**

* Front and back picture by Alexandra Quinn
* Artwork and layout by Jimmi Francoeur
* Art direction by Jimmi Francoeur, Hugo Mudie and The Hunters

## InfoBox

| Promises | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Hunters | |
| Released | April 17, 2012 |
| Recorded | February – March 2011
at Studio DNA Creations in Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Genre | Punk rock, Rock |
| Length | 42:44 |
| Label | Stomp Records |
| Producer | Hugo Mudie
Marc-André Beaudet |
| The Hunters chronology | |
| *Dissent Lasts...*
(2008) ***Promises***
(2012) *Art Electric*
(2014) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Promises* | |
| 1. "Van Party Forever"
Released: June 5, 2012 2. "Faux-Fire, Faux-Gold"
Released: November 27, 2012 | |
|  | |


title: Professional Pilots Rumour Network

abstract:
The Professional Pilots Rumour Network, or PPRuNe, is an Internet forum catering to airline pilots and others in the aviation industry.
The site was originally presented by Danny Fyne as an email list in 1993. It progressed to a bulletin board and then to web-based Internet forum, and acts as a "rumour exchange" for airline pilots. PPRuNe is known in European and Anglophone pilot circles and is cited by media in reports relating to aviation.
Since the site has more than 250,000 registered members, many of them pilots, the site is sometimes at the center of debates about aviation issues in the news.
Commercial pilots often share insights and perspectives about aviation mishaps, sometimes eyewitness accounts. The site was acquired in August 2008 by Internet Brands.

text:
# Professional Pilots Rumour Network

**The Professional Pilots Rumour Network**, or **PPRuNe**, is an Internet forum catering to airline pilots and others in the aviation industry. The site was originally presented by Danny Fyne (later assisted by Robin Lloyd) as an email list in 1993. It progressed to a bulletin board and then to web-based Internet forum, and acts as a "rumour exchange" for airline pilots.

PPRuNe is known in European and Anglophone pilot circles and is cited by media in reports relating to aviation. Since the site has more than 250,000 registered members, many of them pilots, the site is sometimes at the center of debates about aviation issues in the news. Commercial pilots often share insights and perspectives about aviation mishaps, sometimes eyewitness accounts.

The site was acquired in August 2008 by Internet Brands.

## InfoBox

PPRuNe
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | Online community |
| Founded | 1996 |
| Headquarters | El Segundo, California |
| Owner | MH Sub I, LLC d/b/a Internet Brands |
| URL | www.pprune.org |


title: Prosartes trachycarpa

abstract: Prosartes trachycarpa, the roughfruit fairybells, rough-fruited fairybells or rough-fruited mandarin, is a North American species of plants in the lily family. The species is widespread, known from British Columbia to Ontario and south to Arizona and New Mexico. One isolated population was reported from Isle Royale in Lake Superior.

text:
# Prosartes trachycarpa

***Prosartes trachycarpa***, the **roughfruit fairybells**, **rough-fruited fairybells** or **rough-fruited mandarin**, is a North American species of plants in the lily family. The species is widespread, known from British Columbia to Ontario and south to Arizona and New Mexico. One isolated population was reported from Isle Royale in Lake Superior.

## Description

This herbaceous perennial is 30 centimeters (12 in) to 80 centimeters (31 in) in height. The stems are only sparingly branched and have a softly fuzzy texture when young and become smooth or nearly so with age. The leaves are alternate and are about 4 centimeters (1.6 in) to 12 centimeters (4.7 in) long.

The flowers are delicate and hang down from the stem tips, each flower has four pedals. The berry is larger than a Saskatoon, pincherry or chokecherry, about the size of a grocery store cherry or small grape. The rough-fruited fairybell can be found in the same locale as other native fruits such as Saskatoons and chokecherries. Berries begin yellow, then orange and when fully ripe are red, often with all three colors on the same raceme. Typically 2—3 berries grow on each stem tip. The surface of the fruit feels fuzzy and velvety. The berries are edible, but bland.

The species is listed amongst plants found in the Prince Albert National Park and Riding Mountain National Park and are considered a common range plant of northern Saskatchewan.

## Uses

The berries have historically been eaten by Blackfeet Native Americans.

## InfoBox

| Roughfruit fairybells | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Liliales |
| Family: | Liliaceae |
| Genus: | *Prosartes* |
| Species: | ***P. trachycarpa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prosartes trachycarpa***
S. Watson | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Disporum trachycarpum* (S.Watson) Benth. & Hook.f. * *Lethea trachycarpa* (S.Watson) Farw. * *Disporum canadense* Shafer * *Disporum majus* (Hook.) Britton * *Disporum trachycarpum* var. *subglabrum* Kelso * *Uvularia lanuginosa* var. *major* Hook. | |


title: Proscaline

abstract: Proscaline is a psychedelic and hallucinogenic drug. It has structural properties similar to the drugs mescaline, isoproscaline, and escaline. In PiHKAL, Alexander Shulgin reports that a dose of 30–60 mg produces effects lasting 8–12 hours.

text:
# Proscaline

**Proscaline** (**4-propoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine** or **4-propoxy-3,5-DMPEA**) is a psychedelic and hallucinogenic drug. It has structural properties similar to the drugs mescaline, isoproscaline, and escaline. In *PiHKAL*, Alexander Shulgin reports that a dose of 30–60 mg produces effects lasting 8–12 hours.

## Chemistry

Proscaline is in a class of compounds commonly known as phenethylamines, and is the 4-propoxy homolog of mescaline. The full name of the chemical is 4-propoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.

## Legality

Proscaline is a Class A controlled substance in the UK.

Proscaline is unscheduled and unregulated in the United States, but it could be considered an analog of a schedule I drug, mescaline, under the Federal Analog Act and thus be subject to the same control measures and penalties for possession and manufacture as a Schedule I drug.

## InfoBox

Proscaline
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 2-(3,5-Dimethoxy-4-propoxyphenyl)ethan-1-amine | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C13H21NO3/c1-4-7-17-13-11(15-2)8-10(5-6-14)9-12(13)16-3/h8-9H,4-7,14H2,1-3H3 YKey: HYWLMSUAZVDUFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y * InChI=1/C13H21NO3/c1-4-7-17-13-11(15-2)8-10(5-6-14)9-12(13)16-3/h8-9H,4-7,14H2,1-3H3Key: HYWLMSUAZVDUFW-UHFFFAOYAZ | |
| SMILES * COc1cc(cc(OC)c1OCCC)CCN | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C13H21NO3 |
| Molar mass | 239.315 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Gertrude of Hackeborn

abstract: Gertrude of Hackeborn (1232–1292) was the abbess of the Benedictine convent of Helfta, near Eisleben in modern Germany. Gertrude was born in 1232 near Halberstadt, Saxony-Anhalt. She was a member of the Thuringian Hackeborn dynasty and elder sister of Mechtilde. At a young age, she entered the Benedictine convent of Roderdorf, which followed Cistercian traditions. She was elected abbess in 1251 at the age of nineteen. She founded the convent of Hederleben in 1253 with the help of her two brothers, Albert and Louis, but it suffered from a lack of water, so she received the castle of Helpeda (Helfta) and its surrounding land from them and moved her community there in 1258. During her time as abbess, Benedictine practice, Cistercian austerity, and Dominican and Beguine spirituality came together to make the convent of Helfta famous across the Holy Roman Empire for its practices of asceticism and mysticism. Gertrude required her nuns to be educated in the liberal arts, but most importantly in the Bible. Abbess Gertrude bought or had the nuns copy "all the good books she could get". She is described as a cultured woman of remarkable character, uniting love, gentleness, and piety with practical wisdom, and good sense. Under the leadership of the Abbess Gertrude, the monastery at Helfta was highly regarded for its spiritual and intellectual vitality. Despite the protection of some powerful families, it was pillaged at least twice during Gertrude's time. In 1270, she tended the sick and gave shelter to Beguine Mechthild of Magdeburg.

text:
# Gertrude of Hackeborn

**Gertrude of Hackeborn** (1232–1292) was the abbess of the Benedictine convent of Helfta, near Eisleben in modern Germany.

Gertrude was born in 1232 near Halberstadt, Saxony-Anhalt. She was a member of the Thuringian Hackeborn dynasty and elder sister of Mechtilde. At a young age, she entered the Benedictine convent of Roderdorf, which followed Cistercian traditions. She was elected abbess in 1251 at the age of nineteen. She founded the convent of Hederleben in 1253 with the help of her two brothers, Albert and Louis, but it suffered from a lack of water, so she received the castle of Helpeda (Helfta) and its surrounding land from them and moved her community there in 1258.

During her time as abbess, Benedictine practice, Cistercian austerity, and Dominican and Beguine spirituality came together to make the convent of Helfta famous across the Holy Roman Empire for its practices of asceticism and mysticism. Gertrude required her nuns to be educated in the liberal arts, but most importantly in the Bible. Abbess Gertrude bought or had the nuns copy "all the good books she could get". She is described as a cultured woman of remarkable character, uniting love, gentleness, and piety with practical wisdom, and good sense. Under the leadership of the Abbess Gertrude, the monastery at Helfta was highly regarded for its spiritual and intellectual vitality. Despite the protection of some powerful families, it was pillaged at least twice during Gertrude's time.

In 1270, she tended the sick and gave shelter to Beguine Mechthild of Magdeburg.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Gertrude of Hackeborn". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.


title: Proma Tagore

abstract: Proma Tagore is a Canadian poet and editor, who was awarded an Honour of Distinction from the Dayne Ogilvie Prize for LGBT writers in 2014. Born in Kolkata, India, Tagore emigrated to Canada with her family at the age of four. She resides in Victoria and Vancouver, British Columbia. She has published a poetry collection, language is not the only thing that breaks, and a non-fiction work of literary analysis, The Shapes of Silence: Writing by Women of Colour and the Politics of Testimony. She was also editor of In Our Own Voices: Learning and Teaching Toward Decolonisation, an anthology of essays by students and educators on the subject of racial discrimination and decolonization.

text:
# Proma Tagore

**Proma Tagore** is a Canadian poet and editor, who was awarded an Honour of Distinction from the Dayne Ogilvie Prize for LGBT writers in 2014.

Born in Kolkata, India, Tagore emigrated to Canada with her family at the age of four. She resides in Victoria and Vancouver, British Columbia.

She has published a poetry collection, *language is not the only thing that breaks*, and a non-fiction work of literary analysis, *The Shapes of Silence: Writing by Women of Colour and the Politics of Testimony*. She was also editor of *In Our Own Voices: Learning and Teaching Toward Decolonisation*, an anthology of essays by students and educators on the subject of racial discrimination and decolonization.

## Works

* *In Our Own Voices: Learning and Teaching Toward Decolonisation* (Larkuma Press, 2006. ISBN 0-9733821-2-0)
* *The Shapes of Silence: Writing by Women of Colour and the Politics of Testimony* (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009. ISBN 9780773534551)
* *language is not the only thing that breaks* (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2011. ISBN 9781551523996)

## InfoBox

| Proma Tagore | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Kolkata, India |
| Occupation | poet, editor |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Period | 2000s-present |
| Notable works | *language is not the only thing that breaks* |


title: Promachocrinus kerguelensis

abstract: Promachocrinus kerguelensis is a species of free-swimming, stemless crinoids. It was the only member of its genus until several species were discovered in 2023. P. keruguelensis a coldwater crinoid which is found in the seas around Antarctica and surrounding island groups, including under the sea ice.

text:
# Promachocrinus kerguelensis

***Promachocrinus kerguelensis*** is a species of free-swimming, stemless crinoids. It was the only member of its genus until several species were discovered in 2023. *P. keruguelensis* a coldwater crinoid which is found in the seas around Antarctica and surrounding island groups, including under the sea ice.

## Description

This crinoid is one of two living genera that has ten radial ossicles, each giving rise to a pair of arms; there is a single canal in each radial ossicle and no basal rays. At the base are a number of clawed structures known as cirri.

## Distribution and habitat

*P. kerguelensis* is endemic to the waters of Antarctica. Its range includes the Graham Land peninsula, the South Shetland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Bouvet Island, Heard Islands and the Kerguelen Islands. The type locality is at the Kerguelen Islands, and it is from here that it gets its specific name. It occurs at depths between about 20 and 1,080 m (100 and 3,500 ft). This is a common and abundant species in the waters around Antarctica, but molecular studies have suggested that it may not be a single species. As many as five or six different "phylogroups" have been identified, each having a circumpolar distribution, being sympatric (living alongside each other) and being adapted to a wide range of depths. The large depth range of this species may be because its non-feeding larvae have a yolk which makes them buoyant, giving them a wide dispersal potential but a limited ability to select where to settle.

## Ecology

These crinoids inhabit either rocky areas or soft sediments and can move about using their cirri to grip the substrate, or swim by flapping their arms. They are suspension feeders, choosing locations with strong currents and extending their arms, catching plankton and suspended particles floating past with the tube feet on the pinnules. The tube feet are covered with sticky mucus that traps the food particles, which are then rolled into balls and moved along the ambulacral groove in the arms by cilia which propel them to the mouth.

They are parasitized by the myzostomid polychaete *Myzostoma divisor*.

## InfoBox

| *Promachocrinus kerguelensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Crinoidea |
| Order: | Comatulida |
| Family: | Antedonidae |
| Genus: | *Promachocrinus* |
| Species: | ***P. kerguelensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Promachocrinus kerguelensis***<br>Carpenter, 1879 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Promachocrinus joubini* Vaney, 1910 * *Promachocrinus vanhoffenianus* Minckert, 1905 | |


title: Promachocrinus fragarius

abstract: Promachocrinus fragarius, commonly known as the Antarctic strawberry feather star, is a species of stemless, free-swimming crinoid. It was one of several new species of Promachocrinus to be described in 2023. The discovery of the species gained significant media attention.

text:
# Promachocrinus fragarius

***Promachocrinus fragarius***, commonly known as the **Antarctic strawberry feather star**, is a species of stemless, free-swimming crinoid. It was one of several new species of *Promachocrinus* to be described in 2023. The discovery of the species gained significant media attention.

## Description

The team which discovered the species said it was dubbed the 'Antarctic strawberry feather star' due to "the resemblance of its body to a strawberry". Its colour can range from "purple" to "dark-reddish", and it was described as having "ten rays" and "twenty arms".

## Distribution and habitat

*P. fragarius* is found in the waters of Antarctica at depths between 65 m (213 ft) and 1,170 m (3,840 ft). The type locality is at the South Sandwich Islands.

The dispersal of *Promachocrinus* larvae was heavily influenced by Antarctic currents.

## InfoBox

| *Promachocrinus fragarius* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Crinoidea |
| Order: | Comatulida |
| Family: | Antedonidae |
| Genus: | *Promachocrinus* |
| Species: | ***P. fragarius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Promachocrinus fragarius***<br>McLaughlin, Wilson & Rouse, 2023 | |
|


title: Pro Lombardy Independence

abstract: Pro Lombardy Independence was an independentist party active in Lombardy, Italy. The party, which was launched in 2011, was led by Alfredo Gatta; the spokesman is Alessandro Ceresoli. The first objective of the party was the independence of the present-day Lombardy region, but it hopes for a unification of the 'Historical Lombardy', which in its eyes includes Emilia, the provinces of Novara and Verbano-Cusio-Ossola and the commune of Tortona, and the 'Swiss Lombardia'. According to its former president Giovanni Roversi, 'We don't want independence to build walls nor in opposition to other peoples: for us, a Sicilian is a European brother as is a citizen from Bavaria or from Galicia. We have an inclusive speech”. The party was a member of the European Free Alliance.

text:
# Pro Lombardy Independence

**Pro Lombardy Independence** (*Pro Lombardia Indipendenza*) was an independentist party active in Lombardy, Italy.

The party, which was launched in 2011, was led by Alfredo Gatta; the spokesman is Alessandro Ceresoli.

The first objective of the party was the independence of the present-day Lombardy region, but it hopes for a unification of the 'Historical Lombardy', which in its eyes includes Emilia (part of the Emilia-Romagna region), the provinces of Novara and Verbano-Cusio-Ossola and the commune of Tortona (all three part of the Piedmont Region), and the 'Swiss Lombardia' (the Canton of Ticino and parts of the Canton of Graubünden).

According to its former president Giovanni Roversi, 'We don't want independence to build walls nor in opposition to other peoples: for us, a Sicilian is a European brother as is a citizen from Bavaria or from Galicia. We have an inclusive speech”.

The party was a member of the European Free Alliance.

## Leadership

* President: Alberto Reboldi (2011–2013), Giovanni Roversi (2013–2019), Alfredo Gatta (2019-present)
* Spokesperson: Giacomo Consalez (2013–2015), Giovanni Roversi (2011–2013), Juri Orsi (2015–2019), Alessandro Ceresoli (2019–present)

## InfoBox

| Pro Lombardy Independence Pro Lombardia Indipendenza | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Leader | Alfredo Gatta |
| Founded | 2011 |
| Ideology | Separatism
Lombard nationalism
Direct democracy |
| National affiliation | Autonomies and Environment Pact |
| European affiliation | European Free Alliance (Observer) |
| Slogan | **Lombardy next state in Europe** |
| Website | |
| www.prolombardia.eu | |
|  | |


title: Progarnia

abstract: Progarnia is a genus of parasitic alveolates belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa.

text:
# Progarnia

***Progarnia*** is a genus of parasitic alveolates belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa.

## History

The genus was described in 1995 by Lainson.

## Description

Merogony occurs principally in leucocytes and thrombocytes and to a lesser extent in the erythrocytes. No pigment is produced.

Gametogony, like merogony, occurs principally in leucocytes and thrombocytes and to a lesser extent in the erythrocytes. Again no pigment is produced.

Nothing is currently known about parasitic forms outside the blood.

## Hosts

The only known host is the spectacled caiman (*Caiman crocodilus crocodilus*).

## Geographic distribution

This genus has been described in South America.

## InfoBox

| *Progarnia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Apicomplexa |
| Class: | Aconoidasida |
| Order: | Haemospororida |
| Family: | Garniidae |
| Genus: | *Progarnia*<br>Lainson, 1995 |
|
| Species | |
| *Progarnia archosauriae* | |


title: Probability box

abstract: A probability box is a characterization of uncertain numbers consisting of both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties that is often used in risk analysis or quantitative uncertainty modeling where numerical calculations must be performed. Probability bounds analysis is used to make arithmetic and logical calculations with p-boxes. An example p-box is shown in the figure at right for an uncertain number x consisting of a left (upper) bound and a right (lower) bound on the probability distribution for x. The bounds are coincident for values of x below 0 and above 24. The bounds may have almost any shape, including step functions, so long as they are monotonically increasing and do not cross each other. A p-box is used to express simultaneously incertitude, which is represented by the breadth between the left and right edges of the p-box, and variability, which is represented by the overall slant of the p-box.

text:
# Probability box

A **probability box** (or **p-box**) is a characterization of uncertain numbers consisting of both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties that is often used in risk analysis or quantitative uncertainty modeling where numerical calculations must be performed. Probability bounds analysis is used to make arithmetic and logical calculations with p-boxes.

An example p-box is shown in the figure at right for an uncertain number *x* consisting of a left (upper) bound and a right (lower) bound on the probability distribution for *x*. The bounds are coincident for values of *x* below 0 and above 24. The bounds may have almost any shape, including step functions, so long as they are monotonically increasing and do not cross each other. A p-box is used to express simultaneously incertitude (epistemic uncertainty), which is represented by the breadth between the left and right edges of the p-box, and variability (aleatory uncertainty), which is represented by the overall slant of the p-box.

## Interpretation

Probability that *x* is 2.5 or less is between 4% and 36%95th percentile is between 9 and 16**Dual interpretation of p-boxes**

There are dual interpretations of a p-box. It can be understood as bounds on the cumulative probability associated with any *x*-value. For instance, in the p-box depicted at right, the probability that the value will be 2.5 or less is between 4% and 36%. A p-box can also be understood as bounds on the *x*-value at any particular probability level. In the example, the 95th percentile is sure to be between 9 and 16.

If the left and right bounds of a p-box are sure to enclose the unknown distribution, the bounds are said to be *rigorous*, or absolute. The bounds may also be the tightest possible such bounds on the distribution function given the available information about it, in which case the bounds are therefore said to be *best-possible*. It may commonly be the case, however, that not every distribution that lies within these bounds is a possible distribution for the uncertain number, even when the bounds are rigorous and best-possible.

## Mathematical definition

P-boxes are specified by left and right bounds on the distribution function (or, equivalently, the survival function) of a quantity and, optionally, additional information constraining the quantity's mean and variance to specified intervals, and specified constraints on its distributional shape (family, unimodality, symmetry, etc.). A p-box represents a class of probability distributions consistent with these constraints.

A distribution function on the real numbers $\mathbb {R} $, is a function $D:\mathbb {R} \rightarrow \[0,1\],$ for which *D*(*x*) ≤ *D*(*y*) whenever *x* \< *y*, and the limit of D at +∞ is 1 and the limit at −∞ is 0. A p-box is a set of distributions functions *F* satisfying the following constraints, for specified distribution functions *F* *F*, and specified bounds *m*1  *m*2 on the expected value of the distribution and specified bounds *v*1  *v*2 on the variance of the distribution.

$$\begin{aligned}&{\underline {F}(x)\leq F(x)\leq {\overline {F}(x),\\\\[4pt\]&m\_{1}\leq \int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }x\\,\mathrm {d} F(x)\leq m\_{2}\\\\[4pt\]&v\_{1}\leq \int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }x^{2}\\,\mathrm {d} F(x)-\left(\int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }x\\,\mathrm {d} F(x)\right)^{2}\leq v\_{2}\\\\[4pt\]&F\in \mathbf {F} \end{aligned}}}$$

where integrals of the form $\textstyle \int \_{-\infty }^{\infty }\cdots \\,\mathrm {d} F(x)$ are Riemann–Stieltjes integrals.

Thus, the constraints are that the distribution function *F* falls within prescribed bounds, the mean of the distribution is in the interval *m*, the variance of the distribution is in the interval *v*, and the distribution is within some admissible class of distributions **F**. The Riemann–Stieltjes integrals do not depend on the differentiability of *F*.

P-boxes serve the same role for random variables that upper and lower probabilities serve for events. In robust Bayes analysis a p-box is also known as a distribution band. A p-box can be constructed as a closed neighborhood of a distribution $F\in \mathbb {D} $ under the Kolmogorov, Lévy or Wasserstein metric. A p-box is a crude but computationally convenient kind of credal set. Whereas a credal set is defined solely in terms of the constraint **F** as a convex set of distributions (which automatically determine *F*, *F*, *m*, and *v*, but are often very difficult to compute with), a p-box usually has a loosely constraining specification of **F**, or even no constraint so that **F** = $\mathbb {D} $. Calculations with p-boxes, unlike credal sets, are often quite efficient, and algorithms for all standard mathematical functions are known.

A p-box is minimally specified by its left and right bounds, in which case the other constraints are understood to be vacuous as $\textstyle \left\\{{\overline {F},{\underline {F},\[-\infty ,+\infty \],\[0,+\infty \],\mathbb {D} \right\\}.}}$ Even when these ancillary constraints are vacuous, there may still be nontrivial bounds on the mean and variance that can be inferred from the left and right edges of the p-box.

## Where p-boxes come from

P-boxes may arise from a variety of kinds of incomplete information about a quantity, and there are several ways to obtain p-boxes from data and analytical judgment.

### Distributional p-boxes

When a probability distribution is known to have a particular shape (e.g., normal, uniform, beta, Weibull, etc.) but its parameters can only be specified imprecisely as intervals, the result is called a distributional p-box, or sometimes a parametric p-box. Such a p-box is usually easy to obtain by enveloping extreme distributions given the possible parameters. For instance, if a quantity is known to be normal with mean somewhere in the interval \[7,8\] and standard deviation within the interval \[1,2\], the left and right edges of the p-box can be found by enveloping the distribution functions of four probability distributions, namely, normal(7,1), normal(8,1), normal(7,2), and normal(8,2), where normal(μ,σ) represents a normal distribution with mean μ and standard deviation σ. All probability distributions that are normal and have means and standard deviations inside these respective intervals will have distribution functions that fall entirely within this p-box. The left and right bounds enclose many non-normal distributions, but these would be excluded from the p-box by specifying normality as the distribution family.

### Distribution-free p-boxes

Even if the parameters such as mean and variance of a distribution are known precisely, the distribution cannot be specified precisely if the distribution family is unknown. In such situations, envelopes of all distributions matching given moments can be constructed from inequalities such as those due to Markov, Chebyshev, Cantelli, or Rowe that enclose all distribution functions having specified parameters. These define distribution-free p-boxes because they make no assumption whatever about the family or shape of the uncertain distribution. When qualitative information is available, such as that the distribution is unimodal, the p-boxes can often be tightened substantially.

### P-boxes from imprecise measurements

When all members of a population can be measured, or when random sample data are abundant, analysts often use an empirical distribution to summarize the values. When those data have non-negligible measurement uncertainty represented by interval ranges about each sample value, an empirical distribution may be generalized to a p-box. Such a p-box can be specified by cumulating the lower endpoints of all the interval measurements into a cumulative distribution forming the left edge of the p-box, and cumulating the upper endpoints to form the right edge. The broader the measurement uncertainty, the wider the resulting p-box.

Interval measurements can also be used to generalize distributional estimates based on the method of matching moments or maximum likelihood, that make shape assumptions such as normality or lognormality, etc. Although the measurement uncertainty can be treated rigorously, the resulting distributional p-box generally will not be rigorous when it is a sample estimate based on only a subsample of the possible values. But, because these calculations take account of the dependence between the parameters of the distribution, they will often yield tighter p-boxes than could be obtained by treating the interval estimates of the parameters as unrelated as is done for distributional p-boxes.

### Confidence bands

There may be uncertainty about the shape of a probability distribution because the sample size of the empirical data characterizing it is small. Several methods in traditional statistics have been proposed to account for this sampling uncertainty about the distribution shape, including Kolmogorov–Smirnov and similar confidence bands, which are distribution-free in the sense that they make no assumption about the shape of the underlying distribution. There are related confidence-band methods that do make assumptions about the shape or family of the underlying distribution, which can often result in tighter confidence bands. Constructing confidence bands requires one to select the probability defining the confidence level, which usually must be less than 100% for the result to be non-vacuous. Confidence bands at the (1  α)% confidence level are defined such that, (1  α)% of the time they are constructed, they will completely enclose the distribution from which the data were randomly sampled. A confidence band about a distribution function is sometimes used as a p-box even though it represents statistical rather than rigorous or sure bounds. This use implicitly assumes that the true distribution, whatever it is, is inside the p-box.

An analogous Bayesian structure is called a Bayesian p-box, which encloses all distributions having parameters within a subset of parameter space corresponding to some specified probability level from a Bayesian analysis of the data. This subset is the credible region for the parameters given the data, which could be defined as the highest posterior probability density region, or the lowest posterior loss region, or in some other suitable way. To construct a Bayesian p-box one must select a prior distribution, in addition to specifying the credibility level (analogous to a confidence level).

### C-boxes

C-boxes (or confidence structures) are estimators of fixed, real-valued quantities that depend on random sample data and encode Neyman confidence intervals at every level of confidence. They characterize the inferential uncertainty about the estimate in the form of a collection of focal intervals (or sets), each with associated confidence (probability) mass. This collection can be depicted as a p-box and can project the confidence interpretation through probability bounds analysis.

Unlike traditional confidence intervals which cannot usually be propagated through mathematical calculations, c-boxes can be used in calculations in ways that preserve the ability to obtain arbitrary confidence intervals for the results. For instance, they can be used to compute probability boxes for both prediction and tolerance distributions.

C-boxes can be computed in a variety of ways directly from random sample data. There are confidence boxes for both parametric problems where the family of the underlying distribution from which the data were randomly generated is known (including normal, lognormal, exponential, Bernoulli, binomial, Poisson), and nonparametric problems in which the shape of the underlying distribution is unknown. Confidence boxes account for the uncertainty about a parameter that comes from the inference from observations, including the effect of small sample size, but also potentially the effects of imprecision in the data and demographic uncertainty which arises from trying to characterize a continuous parameter from discrete data observations.

C-boxes are closely related to several other concepts. They are comparable to bootstrap distributions, and are imprecise generalizations of traditional confidence distributions such as Student's *t*-distribution. Like it, c-boxes encode frequentist confidence intervals for parameters of interest at every confidence level. They are analogous to Bayesian posterior distributions in that they characterize the inferential uncertainty about statistical parameters estimated from sparse or imprecise sample data, but they can have a purely frequentist interpretation that makes them useful in engineering because they offer a guarantee of statistical performance through repeated use. In the case of the Bernoulli or binomial rate parameter, the c-box is mathematically equivalent to Walley's imprecise beta model with the parameter *s*=1, which is a special case of the imprecise Dirichlet process, a central idea in robust Bayes analysis.

Unlike confidence bands which are confidence limits about an entire distribution function at some particular confidence level, c-boxes encode confidence intervals about a fixed quantity at all possible confidence levels at the same time.

### Envelopes of possible distributions

When there are multiple possible probability distributions that might describe a variable, and an analyst cannot discount any of them based on available information, a p-box can be constructed as the envelope of the various cumulative distributions. It is also possible to account for the uncertainty about which distribution is the correct one with a sensitivity study, but such studies become more complex as the number of possible distributions grows, and combinatorially more complex as the number of variables about which there could be multiple distributions increases. An enveloping approach is more conservative about this uncertainty than various alternative approaches to handle the uncertainty which average together distributions in stochastic mixture models or Bayesian model averages. The unknown true distribution is likely to be within the class of distributions encompassed by the p-box. In contrast, assuming the true distribution is one of the distributions being averaged, the average distribution is sure to be unlike the unknown true distribution.

### P-boxes from calculation results

P-boxes can arise from computations involving probability distributions, or involving both a probability distribution and an interval, or involving other p-boxes. For example, the sum of a quantity represented by a probability distribution and a quantity represented by an interval will generally be characterized by a p-box. The sum of two random variables characterized by well-specified probability distributions is another precise probability distribution typically only when the copula (dependence function) between the two summands is completely specified. When their dependence is unknown or only partially specified, the sum will be more appropriately represented by a p-box because different dependence relations lead to many different distributions for the sum. Kolmogorov originally asked what bounds could be placed about the distribution of a sum when nothing is known about the dependence between the distributions of the addends. The question was only answered in the early 1980s. Since that time, formulas and algorithms for sums have been generalized and extended to differences, products, quotients and other binary and unary functions under various dependence assumptions.

These methods, collectively called probability bounds analysis, provide algorithms to evaluate mathematical expressions when there is uncertainty about the input values, their dependencies, or even the form of mathematical expression itself. The calculations yield results that are guaranteed to enclose all possible distributions of the output variable if the input p-boxes were also sure to enclose their respective distributions. In some cases, a calculated p-box will also be best-possible in the sense that *only* possible distributions are within the p-box, but this is not always guaranteed. For instance, the set of probability distributions that could result from adding random values without the independence assumption from two (precise) distributions is generally a proper subset of all the distributions admitted by the computed p-box. That is, there are distributions within the output p-box that could not arise under any dependence between the two input distributions. The output p-box will, however, always contain all distributions that are possible, so long as the input p-boxes were sure to enclose their respective underlying distributions. This property often suffices for use in risk analysis.

## Special cases

Precise probability distributions and intervals are special cases of p-boxes, as are real values and integers. Because a probability distribution expresses variability and lacks incertitude, the left and right bounds of its p-box are coincident for all *x*-values at the value of the cumulative distribution function (which is a non-decreasing function from zero to one). Mathematically, a probability distribution *F* is the degenerate p-box {*F*, *F*, E(*F*), V(*F*), *F*}, where E and V denote the expectation and variance operators. An interval expresses only incertitude. Its p-box looks like a rectangular box whose upper and lower bounds jump from zero to one at the endpoints of the interval. Mathematically, an interval \[*a*, *b*\] corresponds to the degenerate p-box {H(*a*), H(*b*), \[*a*, *b*\], \[0, (*b**a*)2/4\], $\mathbb {D} $}, where H denotes the Heaviside step function. A precise scalar number *c* lacks both kinds of uncertainty. Its p-box is just a step function from 0 to 1 at the value *c*; mathematically this is {H(*c*), H(*c*), *c*, 0, H(*c*)}.

## Applications

P-boxes and probability bounds analysis have been used in many applications spanning many disciplines in engineering and environmental science, including:

## Criticisms

*No internal structure*. Because a p-box retains little information about any internal structure within the bounds, it does not elucidate which distributions within the p-box are most likely, nor whether the edges represent very unlikely or distinctly likely scenarios. This could complicate decisions in some cases if an edge of a p-box encloses a decision threshold.

*Loses information*. To achieve computational efficiency, p-boxes lose information compared to more complex Dempster–Shafer structures or credal sets. In particular, p-boxes lose information about the mode (most probable value) of a quantity. This information could be useful to keep, especially in situations where the quantity is an unknown but fixed value.

*Traditional probability sufficient*. Some critics of p-boxes argue that precisely specified probability distributions are sufficient to characterize uncertainty of all kinds. For instance, Lindley has asserted, "Whatever way uncertainty is approached, probability is the *only* sound way to think about it." These critics argue that it is meaningless to talk about 'uncertainty about probability' and that traditional probability is a complete theory that is sufficient to characterize all forms of uncertainty. Under this criticism, users of p-boxes have simply not made the requisite effort to identify the appropriate precisely specified distribution functions.

*Possibility theory can do better*. Some critics contend that it makes sense in some cases to work with a possibility distribution rather than working separately with the left and right edges of p-boxes. They argue that the set of probability distributions induced by a possibility distribution is a subset of those enclosed by an analogous p-box's edges. Others make a counterargument that one cannot do better with a possibility distribution than with a p-box.

## Additional references


title: Probability Surveys

abstract: Probability Surveys is an open-access electronic journal that is jointly sponsored by the Bernoulli Society and the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. It publishes review articles on topics of interest in probability theory.

text:
# Probability Surveys

***Probability Surveys*** is an open-access electronic journal that is jointly sponsored by the Bernoulli Society and the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. It publishes review articles on topics of interest in probability theory.

## Managing Editors

## InfoBox

*Probability Surveys*
| Discipline | Mathematics |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Mikhail A. Lifshits |
| Publication details | |
| History | begun 2002 |
| Publisher | Bernoulli Society, Institute of Mathematical Statistics (The Netherlands, USA) |
| Open access | yes |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Probab. Surv.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1549-5787
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Probability and Mathematical Statistics

abstract: Probability and Mathematical Statistics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering mathematical aspects of the probability theory. It was founded in 1980 as the initiative of the Wrocław probability community led by Kazimierz Urbanik and Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski, and statistics community represented by Witold Klonecki. They served as editors of the journal during the first twenty-five years of its existence, with Kazimierz Urbanik shouldering the role of the editor-in-chief. Beginning with 2007, Probability and Mathematical Statistics became an affiliated journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. PMS is indexed by Scopus, MathSciNet, Index Copernicus and Journal Citation Reports (IF=0.617). PMS is an open-access journal.

text:
# Probability and Mathematical Statistics

***Probability and Mathematical Statistics*** is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering mathematical aspects of the probability theory. It was founded in 1980 as the initiative of the Wrocław probability community led by Kazimierz Urbanik and Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski, and statistics community represented by *Witold Klonecki*. They served as editors of the journal during the first twenty-five years of its existence, with Kazimierz Urbanik shouldering the role of the editor-in-chief. Beginning with 2007, Probability and Mathematical Statistics became an affiliated journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. PMS (ISSN 0208-4147) is indexed by Scopus, MathSciNet, Index Copernicus and Journal Citation Reports (IF=0.617). PMS is an open-access journal.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in

## InfoBox

*Probability and Mathematical Statistics*
| Discipline | Mathematics |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | K. Bogdan (Wrocław), M. Musiela (Oxford), J. Rosiński (Knoxville), W. Szczotka (Wrocław), and W.A. Woyczyński (Cleveland) |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1980–present |
| Publisher | Wrocław University and Wrocław University of Science and Technology (Poland) |
| Frequency | Biannually |
| Open access | Open access |
| Impact factor | 0.617 (2019) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Probab. Math. Stat.* |
| MathSciNet | *Probab. Math. Statist.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0208-4147 (print)
2300-8113 (web)
 |
| *Probability and Mathematical Statistics* | |
| ISSN | 2300-8113
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Prosopochrysa

abstract: Prosopochrysa is a genus of flies in the family Stratiomyidae.

text:
# Prosopochrysa

***Prosopochrysa*** is a genus of flies in the family Stratiomyidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Prosopochrysa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Stratiomyidae |
| Subfamily: | Stratiomyinae |
| Tribe: | Prosopochrysini |
| Genus: | *Prosopochrysa*
Meijere, 1907 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Chrysochlora vitripennis*
Doleschall, 1856 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Procoschrysa* Ôuchi, 1940 * *Prosochrysa* Ôuchi, 1940 * *Prosophochrysa* James, 1975 | |


title: Product Perfect

abstract: Product Perfect was the debut album of Fàshiön Music, released in 1979. It is their only album to feature guitarist–vocalist Luke James. The album has more of a "punk" sound than its synth-driven successors. It was re-released on CD in 2008.

text:
# Product Perfect

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | A− |

***Product Perfect*** was the debut album of Fàshiön Music (later known as Fashion), released in 1979. It is their only album to feature guitarist–vocalist Luke James. The album has more of a "punk" sound than its synth-driven successors.

It was re-released on CD in 2008.

## Track listing

*All tracks written by James/Cottrell/Davis/Mulligan.*

### Original UK and US release

1. "Product Perfect" – 3:51
2. "Die in the West" – 4:12
3. "Red, Green and Gold" – 4:40
4. "Burning Down" – 3:27
5. "Big John/Hanoi Annoys Me/Innocent" – 7:24
6. "Citinite" – 5:18
7. "Don't Touch Me" – 3:00
8. "Bike Boys" – 5:05
9. "Fashion" – 3:30
10. "Technofascist" – 3:35

### Release on CD (2008)

1. "Product Perfect"
2. "Die in the West"
3. "Red, Green and Gold"
4. "Burning Down"
5. "Big John"
6. "Hanoi Annoys Me"
7. "Innocent"
8. "Citinite"
9. "Don't Touch Me"
10. "Bike Boys"
11. "Fashion"
12. "Technofascist"

This CD release was issued by Luke and mastered from mp3. Two of the tracks from side 2 are alternate versions to those on the LP.

Luke also issued a CD with all the singles and b-sides. Mastering source unknown.

## Personnel

Fàshiön Music Additional personnel

## InfoBox

| Product Perfect | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Fàshiön Music | |
| Released | 19 July 1979 (UK)
17 September 1979 (USA) |
| Recorded | Grosvenor Studios, Birmingham |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 43:41 |
| Label | IRS |
| Producer | Fàshiön Music and Miki Cottrell |
| Fàshiön Music chronology | |
| ***Product Perfect***
(1979) *Fabrique*
(1982) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Product Perfect* | |
| 1. "The Innocent"
Released: 28 September 1979 2. "Silver Blades"
Released: March 1980 | |
|  | |


title: German submarine U-532

abstract: German submarine U-532 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She was laid down at the Deutsche Werft (yard) in Hamburg as yard number 347 on 7 January 1942, launched on 26 August and commissioned on 11 November with Kapitänleutnant Ottoheinrich Junker in command. U-532 began her service career with training as part of the 4th U-boat Flotilla from 11 November 1942. She was reassigned to the 2nd flotilla for operations on 1 April 1943, then the 33rd flotilla on 1 October 1944. She carried out four patrols, sank eight ships and damaged two others. She was a member of three wolfpacks. She surrendered on 13 May 1945 at Loch Eriboll in Scotland; she was then transferred to Loch Ryan for Operation Deadlight. She was sunk on 9 December 1945.

text:
# German submarine U-532

**German submarine *U-532*** was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* during World War II.

She was laid down at the Deutsche Werft (yard) in Hamburg as yard number 347 on 7 January 1942, launched on 26 August and commissioned on 11 November with *Kapitänleutnant* Ottoheinrich Junker in command.

*U-532* began her service career with training as part of the 4th U-boat Flotilla from 11 November 1942. She was reassigned to the 2nd flotilla for operations on 1 April 1943, then the 33rd flotilla on 1 October 1944.

She carried out four patrols, sank eight ships and damaged two others. She was a member of three wolfpacks.

She surrendered on 13 May 1945 at Loch Eriboll in Scotland; she was then transferred to Loch Ryan for Operation *Deadlight*. She was sunk on 9 December 1945.

## Design

German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. *U-532* had a displacement of 1,144 tonnes (1,126 long tons) when at the surface and 1,257 tonnes (1,237 long tons) while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m (251 ft 10 in), a pressure hull length of 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in), a beam of 6.86 m (22 ft 6 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.67 m (15 ft 4 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4,400 metric horsepower (3,240 kW; 4,340 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1,000 shaft horsepower (1,010 PS; 750 kW) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m (6 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nautical miles (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 13,850 nautical miles (25,650 km; 15,940 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). *U-532* was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 as well as a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

## Service history

### First patrol

The boat departed Kiel on 25 March 1943, moved through the North Sea, negotiated the gap between Iceland and the Faroe Islands and entered the Atlantic Ocean. There, east of Greenland, she was intercepted by the escorts of Convoy ONS 5 and damaged in a 15-hour engagement.

She entered Lorient on the French Atlantic coast on 15 May 1943.

### Second patrol

Her second foray involved a move to the Far East. Departing Lorient on 3 July 1943, she had rounded Africa by the 27th and entered the Indian Ocean. On 19 September she sank *Fort Longueuil* southwest of the Chagos Archipelago (south southwest of the Indian mainland). Two Indian crewmen, the only survivors, came ashore on a raft in Sumatra, after spending 134 days adrift; they became prisoners of the Japanese on 1 February 1944.

*U-532* went on to sink other ships, such as the *Tashina*, (using the deck gun) on 1 October 1943, northeast of the Maldive Islands. She also damaged *British Purpose* south of Mangalore on the 20th. This ship fell out of line in her convoy after being hit; the following vessel in the line, the *California Standard*, struck her a glancing blow but the damage was slight.

The submarine docked in Penang, in Malaya (now Malaysia) on 30 October 1943. She was in the first wave of U-boats in the newly formed Monsun Gruppe operating out of Japanese-occupied Penang.

### Third patrol

The pickings continued to be rich; amongst other victims, she sank *Tulagi* northeast of Cape Comorin in southern India on 27 March 1944. The ship capsized and sank in less than 30 seconds.

*U-532* moved from Penang to Singapore in May 1944 and on to Batavia (now Jakarta in Indonesia) in December.

### Fourth patrol

For her fourth sortie, the boat sank *Baron Jedburgh* on 10 March 1945 and the *Oklahoma* on the 28th. She returned to Europe in May following the German capitulation.

## Fate

The submarine docked at Liverpool on 10 May 1945 before moving to Loch Eriboll and to Loch Ryan (both in Scotland) on the 17th, for Operation *Deadlight*. She then arrived at Barrow in Furness on 25 May 1945 under the escort of HMS Grindall, departing again on 7 June 1945 escorted by HMS Gardiner.

She was sunk at 56°08′N 10°07′W / 56.133°N 10.117°W / 56.133; -10.117 by a torpedo from the British submarine *Tantivy* on 9 December 1945.

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Ship Name | Nationality | Tonnage
(GRT) | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19 September 1943 | *Fort Longueuil* | United Kingdom | 7,128 | Sunk |
| 29 September 1943 | *Banffshire* | United Kingdom | 6,479 | Sunk |
| 1 October 1943 | *Tashina* | United Kingdom | 7,267 | Sunk |
| 11 October 1943 | *Jalabala* | British India | 3,610 | Sunk |
| 20 October 1943 | *British Purpose* | United Kingdom | 5,845 | Damaged |
| 11 January 1944 | *Triona* | United Kingdom | 7,283 | Damaged |
| 26 January 1944 | *Walter Camp* | United States | 7,176 | Sunk |
| 27 March 1944 | *Tulagi* | United Kingdom | 2,281 | Sunk |
| 10 March 1945 | *Baron Jedburgh* | United Kingdom | 3,656 | Sunk |
| 28 March 1945 | *Oklahoma* | United States | 9,298 | Sunk |

## Bibliography

* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). *German U-boat commanders of World War II : a biographical dictionary*. Translated by Brooks, Geoffrey. London, Annapolis, Md: Greenhill Books, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-186-6.
* Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (1999). *Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945* \[*German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945*\]. Der U-Boot-Krieg (in German). Vol. IV. Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn: Mittler. ISBN 3-8132-0514-2.
* Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). *U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels*. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-593-4.

56°08′N 10°07′W / 56.133°N 10.117°W / 56.133; -10.117

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Nazi Germany | |
| Name | *U-532* |
| Ordered | 15 August 1940 |
| Builder | Deutsche Werft, Hamburg |
| Yard number | 347 |
| Laid down | 7 January 1942 |
| Launched | 26 August 1942 |
| Commissioned | 11 November 1942 |
| Fate | Surrendered on 13 May 1945 at Loch Eriboll in Scotland, then Loch Ryan. Sunk on 9 December 1945 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Type IXC/40 submarine |
| Displacement | * 1,144  (1,126 long tons) surfaced * 1,257 t (1,237 long tons) submerged |
| Length |  |
| Beam | * 6.86 m (22 ft 6 in) o/a * 4.44 m (14 ft 7 in) pressure hull |
| Height | 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in) |
| Draught | 4.67 m (15 ft 4 in) |
| Installed power | * 4,400 PS (3,200 kW; 4,300 bhp) (diesels) * 1,000 PS (740 kW; 990 shp) (electric) |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | * 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) surfaced * 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph) submerged |
| Range | * 13,850 nmi (25,650 km; 15,940 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced * 63 nmi (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) submerged |
| Test depth | 230 m (750 ft) |
| Complement | 4 officers, 44 enlisted |
| Armament |  |
| Service record | |
| Part of: |  |
| Identification codes: | M 50 614 |
| Commanders: | * *F.Kapt.* Ottoheinrich Junker * 11 November 1942 – 13 May 1945 |
| Operations: | * 4 patrols: * 1st patrol: * 25 March – 15 May 1943 * 2nd patrol: * 3 July – 30 October 1943 * 3rd patrol: * a. 4 January – 19 April 1944 * b. 17 – 18 May 1944 * c. 1 December 1944 * 4th patrol: * 13 January – 13 May 1945 |
| Victories: | * 8 merchant ships sunk
(46,895 GRT) * 2 merchant ships damaged
(13,128 GRT) |


title: Proacerella vasconica

abstract: Proacerella vasconica is a species of proturan in the family Acerentomidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia.

text:
# Proacerella vasconica

***Proacerella vasconica*** is a species of proturan in the family Acerentomidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China).

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Proacerella vasconica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Order: | Protura |
| Family: | Acerentomidae |
| Genus: | *Proacerella* |
| Species: | ***P. vasconica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Proacerella vasconica***<br>Aldaba, 1983 | |
|


title: Proszówka

abstract: Proszówka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gryfów Śląski, within Lwówek Śląski County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Gryfów Śląski, 17 kilometres (11 mi) south-west of Lwówek Śląski, and 114 kilometres (71 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław. The most prominent landmark of Proszówka is the Gryf Castle, a medieval stronghold of local Polish dukes of the Piast dynasty. Other landmarks are the 17th-century Baroque chapel of St. Leopold and the 18th-century palace complex.

text:
# Proszówka

**Proszówka** \[prɔˈʂufka\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gryfów Śląski, within Lwówek Śląski County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Gryfów Śląski, 17 kilometres (11 mi) south-west of Lwówek Śląski, and 114 kilometres (71 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.

The most prominent landmark of Proszówka is the Gryf Castle, a medieval stronghold of local Polish dukes of the Piast dynasty. Other landmarks are the 17th-century Baroque chapel of St. Leopold and the 18th-century palace complex.

## InfoBox

| Proszówka | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Palace in Proszówka | |
| Proszówka | |
| Coordinates: 51°00′28″N 15°25′30″E / 51.00778°N 15.42500°E / 51.00778; 15.42500 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Lwówek Śląski |
| Gmina | Gryfów Śląski |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Gertrud Dahlgren

text:
# Gertrud Dahlgren

## Life

**Gertrud Dahlgren** (1931–2009) was a Swedish botanist. She was born at Klippan in Scania, and after graduating from university at Helsingborg went to the University of Lund for graduate studies. There she obtained her M.Sc. in chemistry and biology. She was married to fellow botanist Rolf Dahlgren (1932–1987), who was killed in a car accident. Gertrud Dahlgren had three children, Elisabet, Karin and Anders. She died in February 2009 at the age of 78.

## Career

At Lund, Gertrud Dahlgren pursued studies in systematic botany. Henning Weimarck, who held the chair in Systematic Botany, had initiated a new line of research in the mid-1950s, the field of biosystematics, which was to become Gertrud Dahlgren's chosen field, and to receive international attention. She achieved her Ph.D. in 1967 for her work on the genus *Sanguisorba*, and in particular two Swedish species, *S. officinalis* and *S. minor*. She was appointed to the position of Associate professor at Lund, and continued her work in biostematics, with especial interest in *Ranunculus* and *Erodium*, and editing a textbook on systematic botany, which was later translated into German. In 1979 she was appointed head of the department of Systematic Botany at Lund, a position she held till 1987 when, following the death of her husband, she turned to continuing his work on angiosperm taxonomy. In 1992 she was elected to the *Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapet i Lund* (Royal Physiographic Society in Lund).

The standard author abbreviation G.Dahlgren is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

## Selected publications

* Dahlgren, Gertrud; Cronberg, Nils (1996). "Species differentiation and relationships in *Ranunculus* subgenus *Batrachium* (Ranunculaceae) elucidated by isozyme electrophoresis". *Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis*. **31** (3): 91–104.
* Dahlgren, Gertrud, ed. (1976). *Systematisk botanik* \[*Systematische Botanik*\] (2nd ed.). Lund: LiberLäromedel. ISBN 9140039668.
* Dahlgren, Gertrud (July 1989). "An updated angiosperm classification". *Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society*. **100** (3): 197–203. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb01717.x.
* 1989. The last Dahlgrenogram: System of classification of the dicotyledons. pp. 249–260, in K. Tan, R. R. Mill & T. S. Elias (eds.), Plant taxonomy, phytogeography and related subjects. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
* 1991. Steps toward a natural system of the Dicotyledons: Embryological characters. Aliso 13: 107–165.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Gertrud Dahlgren | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1931<br>Klippan |
| Died | 2009 (78) |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Known for | Dahlgren system |
| Spouse | Rolf Dahlgren |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Systematic Botany |
| Institutions | University of Lund |
| Author abbrev. (botany) | G.Dahlgren |
|  | |


title: Gertrud Dorka

abstract: Gertrud Dorka was a German archaeologist, prehistorian, museum director and teacher. She was the museum director of the State Museum for Prehistory and Early History between 1947 and 1958.

text:
# Gertrud Dorka

**Gertrud Dorka** (19 March 1893 – 14 February 1976) was a German archaeologist, prehistorian, museum director and teacher. She was the museum director of the State Museum for Prehistory and Early History between 1947 and 1958.

## Early life and education

Dorka was born on 19 March 1893 in Orlau in Germany (now Orłowo in Poland). Her father was a teacher. She qualified to be a teacher in 1914 however the family fled to Berlin at the outbreak of World War I. She then taught in various schools in Pankow, a borough of Berlin.

She became a guest student at the University of Berlin, where she studied anthropology, history, prehistory and geology. In 1918, she began studying under Albert Kiekebusch at the Märkisches Museum and participated in excavations.

She studied anthropology, geography and prehistory at the University of Berlin and the University of Kiel between 1930 and 1936. She completed her doctorate about the town of Pyrzyce in 1936 at the University of Kiel under Gustav Schwantes. After finishing her doctorate, she was offered a job in a museum in Kiel on the condition that she join the Nazi Party but she refused and she began working as a teacher again instead.

## Career

Dorka was evacuated to Zeitz with her school classes at the start of World War II. She returned to Berlin in 1946 and resumed working as a teacher.

In late 1946, Berlin city council decided to merge the cities museums because of financial reasons. Dorka became the museum director of the State Museum for Prehistory and Early History on 1 September 1947. Not long after, she began searching through the rubble of museums destroyed by air raids for artefacts. She also managed to secure several items from the Märkisches Museum collection and repatriated museum property which had been relocated to an estate in Lebus during the war. The building had been destroyed and looted by both the Red Army and by locals. In a bid to retrieve stolen items, Dorka bribed the locals, especially the children, with sweets to barter with and managed to collect 280 boxes of artefacts including some related to Heinrich Schliemann. The museum officially opened in 1955. The museum was merged with the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation near the end of the 1950s.

During the 1950s, Dorka led excavations in Berlin, which was still in the process of being rebuilt. These excavations took place in the districts of Britz, Mariendorf and Hermsdorf. Her most important excavation from this period was of the 6th century AD grave found in Britz on 28 March 1951. The grave included the bones of a two young women as well as iron tools, bronze buckles, a bone comb, a glass bowl and a gold coin. She retired as museum director on 31 March 1958.

After her retirement, Dorka published a book on archaeological discoveries in Neukölln, a borough of Berlin.

She was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1973.

She died in Berlin on 14 February 1976. In November 1996, a street, Gertrud-Dorka-Weg, in Berlin was named after her.

## InfoBox

| Gertrud Dorka | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1893-03-19)19 March 1893
Orlau, Germany |
| Died | 14 February 1976(1976-02-14) (aged 82)
Berlin, Germany |


title: Protocol engineering

abstract: Protocol engineering is the application of systematic methods to the development of communication protocols. It uses many of the principles of software engineering, but it is specific to the development of distributed systems.

text:
# Protocol engineering

**Protocol engineering** is the application of systematic methods to the development of communication protocols. It uses many of the principles of software engineering, but it is specific to the development of distributed systems.

## History

When the first experimental and commercial computer networks were developed in the 1970s, the concept of protocols was not yet well developed. These were the first distributed systems. In the context of the newly adopted layered protocol architecture (see OSI model), the definition of the protocol of a specific layer should be such that any entity implementing that specification in one computer would be compatible with any other computer containing an entity implementing the same specification, and their interactions should be such that the desired communication service would be obtained. On the other hand, the protocol specification should be abstract enough to allow different choices for the implementation on different computers.

It was recognized that a precise specification of the expected service provided by the given layer was important. It is important for the verification of the protocol, which should demonstrate that the communication service is provided if both protocol entities implement the protocol specification correctly. This principle was later followed during the standardization of the OSI protocol stack, in particular for the transport layer.

It was also recognized that some kind of formalized protocol specification would be useful for the verification of the protocol and for developing implementations, as well as test cases for checking the conformance of an implementation against the specification. While initially mainly finite-state machine were used as (simplified) models of a protocol entity, in the 1980s three formal specification languages were standardized, two by ISO and one by ITU. The latter, called SDL, was later used in industry and has been merged with UML state machines.

## Principles

The following are the most important principles for the development of protocols:

* Layered architecture: A protocol layer at the level n consists of two (or more) entities that have a service interface through which the service of the layer is provided to the users of the protocol, and which uses the service provided by a local entity of level (n-1).
* The service specification of a layer describes, in an abstract and global view, the behavior of the layer as visible at the service interfaces of the layer.
* The protocol specification defines the requirements that should be satisfied by each entity implementation.
* Protocol verification consists of showing that two (or more) entities satisfying the protocol specification will provide at their service interfaces the specified service of that layer.
* The (verified) protocol specification is used mainly for the following two activities:

1. The development of an entity implementation. Note that the abstract properties of the service interface are defined by the service specification (and also used by the protocol specification), but the detailed nature of the interface can be chosen during the implementation process, separately for each entity.
2. Test suite development for conformance testing. Protocol conformance testing checks that a given entity implementation conforms to the protocol specification. The conformance test cases are developed based on the protocol specification and are applicable to all entity implementations. Therefore standard conformance test suites have been developed for certain protocol standards.

## Methods and tools

Tools for the activities of protocol verification, entity implementation and test suite development can be developed when the protocol specification is written in a formalized language which can be understood by the tool. As mentioned, formal specification languages have been proposed for protocol specification, and the first methods and tools where based on finite-state machine models. Reachability analysis was proposed to understand all possible behaviors of a distributed system, which is essential for protocol verification. This was later complemented with model checking. However, finite-state descriptions are not powerful enough to describe constraints between message parameters and the local variables in the entities. Such constraints can be described by the standardized formal specification languages mentioned above, for which powerful tools have been developed.

It is in the field of protocol engineering that model-based development was used very early. These methods and tools have later been used for software engineering as well as hardware design, especially for distributed and real-time systems. On the other hand, many methods and tools developed in the more general context of software engineering can also be used of the development of protocols, for instance model checking for protocol verification, and agile methods for entity implementations.

## Constructive methods for protocol design

Most protocols are designed by human intuition and discussions during the standardization process. However, some methods have been proposed for using constructive methods possibly supported by tools to automatically derive protocols that satisfy certain properties. The following are a few examples:

* Semi-automatic protocol synthesis: The user defines all message sending actions of the entities, and the tool derives all necessary reception actions (even if several messages are in transit).
* Synchronizing protocol: The state transitions of one protocol entity are given by the user, and the method derives the behavior of the other entity such that it remains in states that correspond to the former entity.
* Protocol derived from service specification: The service specification is given by the user and the method derives a suitable protocol for all entities.
* Protocol for control applications: The specification of one entity (called the plant - which must be controlled) is given, and the method derives a specification of the other entity such that certain fail states of the plant are never reached and certain given properties of the plant's service interactions are satisfied. This is a case of supervisory control.

## Books

* Ming T. Liu, *Protocol Engineering, Advances in Computers*, Volume 29, 1989, Pages 79-195.
* G.J. Holzmann, *Design and Validation of Computer Protocols*, Prentice Hall, 1991.
* H. König, *Protocol Engineering*, Springer, 2012.
* M. Popovic, *Communication Protocol Engineering*, CRC Press, 2nd Ed. 2018.
* P. Venkataram, S.S. Manvi, B.S. Babu, *Communication Protocol Engineering*, 2014.


title: Protocol data unit

abstract: In telecommunications, a protocol data unit (PDU) is a single unit of information transmitted among peer entities of a computer network. It is composed of protocol-specific control information and user data. In the layered architectures of communication protocol stacks, each layer implements protocols tailored to the specific type or mode of data exchange. For example, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) implements a connection-oriented transfer mode, and the PDU of this protocol is called a segment, while the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses datagrams as protocol data units for connectionless communication. A layer lower in the Internet protocol suite, at the Internet layer, the PDU is called a packet, irrespective of its payload type.

text:
# Protocol data unit

In telecommunications, a **protocol data unit** (**PDU**) is a single unit of information transmitted among peer entities of a computer network. It is composed of protocol-specific control information and user data. In the layered architectures of communication protocol stacks, each layer implements protocols tailored to the specific type or mode of data exchange.

For example, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) implements a connection-oriented transfer mode, and the PDU of this protocol is called a *segment*, while the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses datagrams as protocol data units for connectionless communication. A layer lower in the Internet protocol suite, at the Internet layer, the PDU is called a packet, irrespective of its payload type.

## Packet-switched data networks

In the context of packet switching data networks, a protocol data unit (PDU) is best understood in relation to a service data unit (SDU).

The features or services of the network are implemented in distinct *layers*. The physical layer sends ones and zeros across a wire or fiber. The data link layer then organizes these ones and zeros into chunks of data and gets them safely to the right place on the wire. The network layer transmits the organized data over multiple connected networks, and the transport layer delivers the data to the right software application at the destination.

Between the layers (and between the application and the top-most layer), the layers pass service data units (SDUs) across interfaces. The higher layer understands the structure of the data in the SDU, but the lower layer at the interface does not; moreover, the lower layer treats the SDU as the payload, undertaking to get it to the same interface at the destination. In order to do this, the *protocol* (lower) layer will add to the SDU certain data it needs to perform its function; which is called encapsulation. For example, it might add a port number to identify the application, a network address to help with routing, a code to identify the type of data in the packet and error-checking information. All this additional information, plus the original service data unit from the higher layer, constitutes the *protocol data unit* at this layer.

The SDU and metadata added by the lower layer can be larger than the maximum size of that layer's PDU (known as the maximum transmission unit; MTU). When this is the case, the PDU must be split into multiple payloads of a size suitable for transmission or processing by the lower layer; a process known as IP fragmentation.

The significance of this is that the PDU is the structured information that is passed to a matching protocol layer further along on the data's journey that allows the layer to deliver its intended function or service. The matching layer, or "peer", decodes the data to extract the original service data unit, decide if it is error-free and where to send it next, etc. Unless we have already arrived at the lowest (physical) layer, the PDU is passed to the peer using services of the next lower layer in the protocol "stack". When the PDU passes over the interface from the layer that constructed it to the layer that merely delivers it (and therefore does not understand its internal structure), it becomes a service data unit to that layer. The addition of addressing and control information (encapsulation) to an SDU to form a PDU and the passing of that PDU to the next lower layer as an SDU repeats until the lowest layer is reached and the data passes over some medium as a physical signal.

The above process can be likened to the mail system in which a letter (SDU) is placed in an envelope on which is written an address (addressing and control information) making it a PDU. The sending post office might look only at the postcode and place the letter in a mailbag so that the address on the envelope can no longer be seen, making it now an SDU. The mailbag is labeled with the destination postcode and so becomes a PDU until it is combined with other bags in a crate when it is now an SDU, and the crate is labeled with the region to which all the bags are to be sent, making the crate a PDU. When the crate reaches the destination matching its label, it is opened and the bags (SDUs) removed only to become PDUs when someone reads the code of the destination post office. The letters themselves are SDUs when the bags are opened but become PDUs when the address is read for final delivery. When the addressee finally opens the envelope, the top-level SDU, the letter itself, emerges.

## Examples

### OSI model

Protocol data units of the OSI model are:

Given a context pertaining to a specific OSI layer, *PDU* is sometimes used as a synonym for its representation at that layer.

### Internet protocol suite

Protocol data units for the Internet protocol suite are:

On TCP/IP over Ethernet, the data on the physical layer is carried in Ethernet frames.

### Internetwork packet exchange (IPX)

* For IPX, the IPX packet is the network layer PDU for IPX, and can simultaneously be used in the transport layer as well.
* The SPX packet on top of IPX, is a transport layer PDU.
* The link-layer PDU is the frame.

### ATM

The data link layer PDU in Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks is called a *cell*.

### Media access control protocol data unit

A **media access control protocol data unit** (**MAC PDU** or **MPDU**) is a message that is exchanged between media access control (MAC) entities in a communication system based on the layered OSI model.

In systems where the MPDU may be larger than the MAC service data unit (MSDU), the MPDU may *include* multiple MSDUs as a result of packet aggregation. In systems where the MPDU is smaller than the MSDU, then one MSDU may *generate* multiple MPDUs as a result of packet segmentation.

## Further reading

* Alani, Mohammed M. (2014). *Guide to OSI and TCP/IP models*. Cham: Springer. ISBN 9783319051529.
* Wetteroth, Debbra (November 27, 2001). *OSI Reference Model for Telecommunications* (Illustrated ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. ISBN 978-0-07-138041-6.


title: Prosotas dilata

abstract: Prosotas dilata is a species of lineblue belonging to the blue butterfly family (Lycaenidae). The butterfly is found on the Nicobar Islands of India. It is now considered as a subspecies of the common lineblue.

text:
# Prosotas dilata

***Prosotas dilata*** is a species of lineblue (genus *Prosotas*) belonging to the blue butterfly family (Lycaenidae). The butterfly is found on the Nicobar Islands of India. It is now considered as a subspecies of the common lineblue (*Prosotas nora*).

## Cited references

1. Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). "*Prosotas nora ssp. dilata*". *The Global Lepidoptera Names Index*. Natural History Museum.  Retrieved April 23, 2018.
2. "*Prosotas* Druce, 1891" at Markku Savela's *Lepidoptera and some other life forms*

## InfoBox

| *Prosotas dilata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Prosotas* |
| Species: | ***P. dilata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prosotas dilata***<br>(Evans, 1932) | |
|


title: Ghenadie Orbu

abstract: Ghenadie Orbu is a Moldovan professional footballer who plays as a striker for Victoria Bardar.

text:
# Ghenadie Orbu

**Ghenadie Orbu** (born 8 July 1982) is a Moldovan professional footballer who plays as a striker for Victoria Bardar.

## InfoBox

Ghenadie Orbu
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1982-07-08) 8 July 1982 | | |
| Place of birth | Chișinău, Moldovan SSR | | |
| Height | 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Victoria Bardar | | |
| Number | 9 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2001–2015 | Dacia Chișinău | 361 | (91) |
| 2015 | Dinamo-Auto Tiraspol (loan) | 11 | (2) |
| 2015 | Speranța Nisporeni | 3 | (0) |
| 2015–2016 | Codru Lozova | 21 | (22) |
| 2016– | Victoria Bardar | 128 | (89) |
| International career | | | |
| 2002 | Moldova | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 10 September 2016<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 20 October 2015 | | | |


title: Ghenadie Olexici

abstract: Ghenadie Olexici is a Moldovan former footballer.

text:
# Ghenadie Olexici

**Ghenadie Olexici**  (born 23 August 1978) is a Moldovan former footballer.

## Club career

Olexici signed a one-year contract with FC Alania Vladikavkaz in February 2008, but one month later he joined FC Zimbru Chişinău. He moved to Shinnik in July 2008.

## International career

Olexici has made 42 appearances for the senior Moldova national football team. He played 9 games in UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying.

## InfoBox

Ghenadie Olexici
| Olexici with Shinnik Yaroslavl in 2008 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1978-08-23) 23 August 1978 | | |
| Place of birth | Chişinău, Moldavian SSR, Soviet Union | | |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1995–1997 | MHM-93 Chișinău | 4 | (0) |
| 1997–2004 | FC Zimbru Chișinău | 100 | (6) |
| 2004–2007 | FC Amkar Perm | 67 | (2) |
| 2008 | FC Zimbru Chișinău | 8 | (1) |
| 2008–2009 | FC Shinnik Yaroslavl | 38 | (4) |
| 2010–2011 | Milsami Orhei | 13 | (3) |
| International career | | | |
| 2001–2007 | Moldova | 42 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Prospect Hawks Football Club

abstract: The Prospect Hawks Football Club is an Australian rules football club which was a member of the Tasmanian State Football League (TSL) from 2014 until 2016. The club is based in Prospect, a Western suburb of Launceston. The club is a rebranding of Western Storm Football Club, the latter of which had competed stand alone in the TSL in 2014 and 2015, in partnership with the local Prospect Senior and Junior Football Clubs.

text:
# Prospect Hawks Football Club

The **Prospect Hawks Football Club** is an Australian rules football club which was a member of the Tasmanian State Football League (TSL) from 2014 until 2016. The club is based in Prospect, a Western suburb of Launceston. The club is a rebranding of **Western Storm Football Club**, the latter of which had competed stand alone in the TSL in 2014 and 2015, in partnership with the local Prospect Senior and Junior Football Clubs.

## Club details

The Prospect Hawks Football Club represents the western side of Launceston and areas surrounded by the Great Western Tiers. The club was established as the Western Storm Football Club and entered the Tasmanian state league competition in 2014. The club replaced the South Launceston Football Club at the end of the 2013 season, with the latter exiting the competition due to not pursuing a further licence in the Tasmanian State League beyond the season, despite eventually winning the 2013 premiership. Regardless, the history making 2014 Western Storm list was made up of significant numbers of past premiership players joining the new franchise from South Launceston. Originally, former Hawthorn AFL player Mitch Thorp was selected as coach of the side, though he resigned prior to the 2014 season to become assistant-coach at SANFL club Glenelg.

After a disastrous season on and off the field in 2015, the club was rebranded in 2016 as the Prospect Hawks Football Club, in partnership with local senior and junior clubs in Prospect, to try to improve the club's connection to the western Launceston community. However, the club was unable to put together a competitive senior team, and withdrew from senior competition in 2016 with the intention of returning by 2018; it still fielded a team in the TSL reserves, but was highly uncompetitive. The club's TSL licence was terminated at the end of 2016.

### Home stadium

During its time as the Western Storm, the club played all its home games at the Aurora Stadium in Launceston. As the Prospect Hawks, it split its games between Aurora Stadium and Prospect Park.

### Training ground

The club is headquartered and trains at **Prospect Vale Park** in the Meander Valley Council region.

### Guernsey

The club guernsey home strip in 2014 was a predominantly dark grey with a significant lighter blue lightning strike sprawled across the front of the guernsey. The away strip was identical with respect to the same lightning strike though it is coloured in a predominantly white background. In the 2015, a new guernsey featured a more prominent impression of the Club's 'Thor' logo, and design combined the club's colours of grey, blue and white.

After relaunching as the Prospect Hawks, the club adopted a design of brown and gold vertical stripes, consistent with that of Australian Football League team Hawthorn.

## Results

### State League

| Season | Win–loss | Ladder | Finals | Captain(s) | Best & fairest |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | 13-5 | 2nd | Grand Final (Runner Up) | Jaye Blackberry | Matt Hanson |
| 2015 | 2–16 | 10th |  | Jaye Blackberry | Matt Hanson |
| 2016 | Withdrew |  |  |  |  |

### Attendance records

**Record Home Attendance – Tasmanian State League**
● 1,500 v North Launceston on 3 May 2014 at Aurora Stadium

**Record Finals Attendance – Tasmanian State League**
● 5,842 v North Launceston on 21 September 2014 (2014 TSL Grand Final) at Aurora Stadium

### Foxtel Cup

Despite only forming as a new club in late 2013, the Western Storm were granted an invitation to compete in the 2014 Foxtel Cup knockout competition ahead of 2013 runners-up Burnie due to its connections to 2013 premiers South Launceston. The Western Storm were the only Tasmanian club to win a preliminary game in the competition's history, and were knocked out in the Semi Final stage.

| **Game #1** 29 April 2014
20:05 CST | **West Adelaide** | **57–61**
stand alone game | **Western Storm** | Adelaide Oval match report match statistics |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  | 2.1 (13)
4.4 (28)
7.4 (46)
8.9 (57) | match report | 4.2 (26)
7.4 (46)
9.6 (60)
9.7 (61) |  |
|  |  | **Goals** |  |
| | Hopton 2, Watchman 2, Dijksman,
Schott, De Zylva. |  | Collis 2, McCulloch 2, Brown,
Thomas, McGee,
Russell, Barker. |  |
|  |  | **Bests** |  |
| | De Zylva, Jennings,
Dijksman, Nelson. |  | Hanson, Hills, Blackberry,
Reinmuth, McCulloch. |  |

| **Semi Final #1** 24 June 2014
18:35 WST | **Western Storm** | **23–97**
stand alone game | **West Perth** | Patersons Stadium match report
match statistics |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  | 0.2 (2)
0.3 (3)
1.5 (11)
3.5 (23) | match report | 3.3 (21)
7.5 (47)
11.6 (72)
15.7 (97) |  |
|  |  | **Goals** |  |
| | A.Russell, W.Hanson, L.Barker |  | M.McPhee 3, S.Martin 3, M.Johnson 2
M.Guadagnin, K.Shannon, M.Crisp,
B.Antonio, R.Bartholomew,
T.Manzone, S.Marusic |  |
|  |  | **Bests** |  |
| | J.Blackberry, M.Hanson, B.Thorp, T.Bardenhagen, J.Child |  | A.Lynch, J.Thrum, L.Meadows,
S.Martin, B.Antonio, S.Marusic |  |

## InfoBox

| Prospect Hawks | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| Full name | Prospect Hawks Football Club |
| 2015 (TSL) season | |
| After finals | 10° |
| Club details | |
| Founded | 2014 (2014) |
| Colours |  |
| Competition | Tasmanian State League |
| President | Michelle Strickland |
| Ground(s) | Aurora Stadium |
| Uniforms | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Protadisura

abstract: Protadisura is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

text:
# Protadisura

***Protadisura*** is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Protadisura* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Subfamily: | Heliothinae |
| Genus: | *Protadisura*<br>Matthews, 1991 |
|


title: Pseudagrion sudanicum

abstract: Pseudagrion sudanicum, the blue-sided sprite is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is found in Botswana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitats are intermittent rivers and freshwater marshes.

text:
# Pseudagrion sudanicum

***Pseudagrion sudanicum***, the **blue-sided sprite** is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is found in Botswana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitats are intermittent rivers and freshwater marshes.

## InfoBox

| Blue-sided sprite | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Suborder: | Zygoptera |
| Family: | Coenagrionidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudagrion* |
| Species: | ***P. sudanicum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudagrion sudanicum***
Le Roi, 1915 | |
|


title: Protorthodes texicana

abstract: Protorthodes texicana is a moth in the family Noctuidae first described by J. Donald Lafontaine in 2014. It is known from west-central Texas and southern Mexico. The length of the forewings is 12–14 mm. The forewings are pale brown with a dusting of darker-brown scales. The subbasal, antemedial, postmedial and subterminal lines are buff, partially bordered by darker-brown scales. The reniform spot is gray brown, darker than the forewing and with a pale-buff outline, as well as a slight constriction on the anterior and posterior margin. The orbicular spot is similar in color. The hindwings are pale fuscous, basally with darker fuscous on the discal spot, the veins and the marginal area. Adults are on wing from late March to late May and in early October.

text:
# Protorthodes texicana

***Protorthodes texicana*** is a moth in the family Noctuidae first described by J. Donald Lafontaine in 2014. It is known from west-central Texas and southern Mexico.

The length of the forewings is 12–14 mm. The forewings are pale brown with a dusting of darker-brown scales. The subbasal, antemedial, postmedial and subterminal lines are buff, partially bordered by darker-brown scales. The reniform spot is gray brown, darker than the forewing and with a pale-buff outline, as well as a slight constriction on the anterior and posterior margin. The orbicular spot is similar in color. The hindwings are pale fuscous, basally with darker fuscous on the discal spot, the veins and the marginal area. Adults are on wing from late March to late May and in early October.

## Etymology

The species name is derived from Texas and Mexico, the two areas from which it has been recorded.

## InfoBox

| *Protorthodes texicana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
|  | |
| Female | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Protorthodes* |
| Species: | ***P. texicana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protorthodes texicana***<br>Lafontaine, 2014 | |
|


title: Giannina Chiantoni

abstract: Giannina Chiantoni was an Italian actress. She appeared in more than twelve films from 1910 to 1955.

text:
# Giannina Chiantoni

**Giannina Chiantoni** (24 June 1881 – 17 May 1972) was an Italian actress. She appeared in more than twelve films from 1910 to 1955.

## Selected filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | *King Lear* |  |  |
| 1933 | *Mr. Desire* |  |  |
| 1937 | *Doctor Antonio* | Rosa |  |
| | *The Countess of Parma* |  |  |
| 1955 | *Magic Village* | Sindaco |  |

## InfoBox

| Giannina Chiantoni | |
| --- | --- |
| Giannina Chiantoni, from a 1907 publication. | |
| Born | (1881-06-24)24 June 1881
Bernalda, Italy |
| Died | 17 May 1972(1972-05-17) (aged 90)
Bologna, Italy |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1910-1955 |