title: Pakistani women in STEM

abstract: While STEM fields all over the world are dominated by men, the number of Pakistani women in 'STEM' is low due to one of the highest gender gaps in STEM fields. However, over the time, some Pakistani women have emerged as scientists in fields like Physics, Biology and computer sciences.

text:
# Pakistani women in STEM

While STEM (Science, technology, engineering and mathematics) fields all over the world are dominated by men, the number of Pakistani women in 'STEM' is low due to one of the highest gender gaps in STEM fields. However, over the time, some Pakistani women have emerged as scientists in fields like Physics, Biology and computer sciences.

## Gender gap in Pakistan

Pakistan has one of the highest gender gaps in the world, and it is the third least performer in gender parity according to a report published by World Economic Forum in 2020. The low literacy rate of women in Pakistan, despite women making almost half the population, is one of the factors in a high gender gap in STEM fields. This literacy rate is even lower in science and technology.

### Facts

According to UNESCO, among students enrolled in bachelor's degrees, 47% are women while 53% are men. The number of women pursuing doctoral studies is only 36%, while the percentage of men is 64%. There is also a significant gender gap in research sector, with women making only 34% of researchers.

Among students in universities, the field of natural sciences is reported to have only 40% women students, while medical sciences have 45%, engineering has 21% and agricultural sciences have only 12%.

### Engineering gender gap

According to the World Economic Forum, only 4.9% of engineering jobs are held by women in Pakistan. The numbers are particularly low in the energy sector with only 3% female engineers in the power transmission sector. The field of artificial intelligence has also seen few numbers of women engineers, with only 22% part of the workforce.

### Bridging the gap

Efforts have been done by the government of Pakistan as well as women who are part of STEM fields, to reduce the wide gender gap in STEM. Since 2018, the government of Pakistan has worked to improve wage equality and its position on educational attainment index. Workplace sexual harassment laws have also been made to encourage women to become part of the workforce in both STEM fields as well as non STEM fields. Many private organizations like Women in tech, Women Engineers Pakistan have been founded to encourage STEM education in women.

## Notable women

Some notable Pakistani women contributing to STEM are:

* Nergis Mavalvala : is Pakistani-American physicist known for her breakthrough research in gravitational waves detection in 2015. She has also received the prestigious MacArthur Foundation Award in 2010. Nergis became the first female Dean of school of sciences at MIT in 2020.
* Tasneem Zehra Husain : is theoretical physicist and among the few Pakistani women to obtain a doctorate in physics. She is also the first Pakistani woman working on string theory. Husain has represented Pakistan at the Meeting of Nobel Laureates in Lindau, Germany and led the Pakistan team to the World Year of Physics (WYP) Launch Conference in Paris.
* Asma Zaheer : is computer scientist and the first Pakistani to receive "the best of IBM award, 2019".
* Azra Quraishi : She was a botanist who is credited for increasing potato yield by 5% in Pakistan. This improved Pakistan's position in trade and brought Azra, national recognition. She was awarded the Norman Borlaug Award in 1997.
* Arfa Karim : was a computer prodigy who became the youngest person to become a Microsoft certified Professional in 2004. She was personally invited by Bill Gates to the Microsoft headquarters in USA. Arfa was also named in the Guinness book of world records.
* Mariam Sultana : is an astrophysicist. She became the first female astrophysicist in Pakistan after she obtained her PhD in 2012.
* Talat Shahnaz Rahman is a condensed matter physicist. Her research topics include surface phenomena and excited media, including catalysis, vibrational dynamics, and magnetic excitations.
* Aban Markar Kabraji: is a biologist and scientist of Parsi origin. She is a regional director of the Asia Regional Office of IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature. She was awarded the Tamgha-e-Imtiaz for her outstanding contribution and dedication to the cause of environmental protection, sustainable development and nature conservation.
* Asifa Akhtar: is a biologist who has worked in the area of chromosomes. She became the first international female vice president of the biology and medicine section at Germany's prestigious Max Planck Society. Asifa has also been awarded the European Life Science Organization (ELSO) award.
* Farzana Aslam: is a physicist and astronomer. She has worked in the area of polymer composite sensitized with semiconductor nanoparticles, photon and laser sciences. For her contributions, Farzana was awarded a commendation award at the Photon 04 conference held by Institute of Physics at Glasgow.


abstract:
The city of Thessaloniki in Macedonia, Greece, for several centuries the second-most important city of the Byzantine Empire, played an important role for Christianity during the Middle Ages and was decorated by impressive buildings. Because of Thessaloniki's importance during the early Christian and Byzantine periods, the city contains several Paleochristian monuments that have significantly contributed to the development of Byzantine art and architecture throughout the Byzantine Empire and Serbia. The evolution of Imperial Byzantine architecture and the prosperity of Thessaloniki go hand in hand, especially during the first years of the Empire, when the city continued to flourish. Despite the capture of Thessaloniki by the Ottoman Empire in 1430, the Christian monuments were not destroyed, and travelers such as Paul Lucas and Abdulmejid I document the city's wealth in Christian monuments during the Ottoman control of the city. In 1988, fifteen monuments of Thessaloniki were listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites:
  - City Walls
  - Rotunda of Saint George
  - Church of Acheiropoietos
  - Church of St. Demetrios
  - Latomou Monastery
  - Church of St. Sophia
  - Church of Panagia Chalkeon
  - Church of St. Panteleimon
  - Church of the Holy Apostles
  - Church of St. Nicholas Orphanos
  - Church of St. Catherine
  - Church of Christ Saviour
  - Blatades Monastery
  - Church of Prophet Elijah
  - Byzantine Bath

text:
# Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki

The city of Thessaloniki in Macedonia, Greece, for several centuries the second-most important city of the Byzantine Empire, played an important role for Christianity during the Middle Ages and was decorated by impressive buildings. Because of Thessaloniki's importance during the early Christian and Byzantine periods, the city contains several Paleochristian monuments that have significantly contributed to the development of Byzantine art and architecture throughout the Byzantine Empire and Serbia. The evolution of Imperial Byzantine architecture and the prosperity of Thessaloniki go hand in hand, especially during the first years of the Empire, when the city continued to flourish. Despite the capture of Thessaloniki by the Ottoman Empire in 1430, the Christian monuments were not destroyed, and travelers such as Paul Lucas and Abdulmejid I document the city's wealth in Christian monuments during the Ottoman control of the city.

In 1988, fifteen monuments of Thessaloniki were listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites:

1. City Walls (4th/5th centuries)
2. Rotunda of Saint George (4th century)
3. Church of Acheiropoietos (5th century)
4. Church of St. Demetrios (7th century)
5. Latomou Monastery (6th century)
6. Church of St. Sophia (8th century)
7. Church of Panagia Chalkeon (11th century)
8. Church of St. Panteleimon (14th century)
9. Church of the Holy Apostles (14th century)
10. Church of St. Nicholas Orphanos (14th century)
11. Church of St. Catherine (13th century)
12. Church of Christ Saviour (14th century)
13. Blatades Monastery (14th century)
14. Church of Prophet Elijah (14th century)
15. Byzantine Bath (14th century)

## InfoBox

Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| --- | --- |
| Inside the crypt of Hagios Demetrios | |
| Location | Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |
| Criteria | Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv) |
| Reference | 456 |
| Inscription | 1988 (12th Session) |
| Area | 5.327 ha (13.16 acres) |
| Coordinates | 40°38′18″N 22°57′54″E / 40.63833°N 22.96500°E / 40.63833; 22.96500 |
| Location of Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki in Greece | |


title: Pandora Marie

abstract: Marie "Pandora" Medina, aka Pandora or Pandora Marie, is an American dancer and choreographer who specializes in the "tutting" and "popping" dance styles. She is a member of the Style Elements Crew, The LXD and Venus Fly. Pandora's career has spanned over fifteen years, primarily as part of the popping dance funk culture.

text:
# Pandora Marie

**Marie "Pandora" Medina**, aka **Pandora** or **Pandora Marie** (born **Marie Faye Medina**, July 25, 1981), is an American dancer and choreographer who specializes in the "tutting" and "popping" dance styles. She is a member of the Style Elements Crew, *The LXD* and Venus Fly. Pandora's career has spanned over fifteen years, primarily as part of the popping dance funk culture.

## Dance career

Pandora Marie has worked with musicians such as Common and Pharrell, Justin Bieber, Trey Songs, Flo-Rida, Sean Kingston, David Guetta, Steve Aoki, Skrillex, LMFAO and Gina Rodriguez. Pandora is best known for the Step Up 3D "tutting" scene, a standing ovation on *So You Think You Can Dance*, a Microsoft Surface commercial, her lead role as Autumn in Jon M Chu's The LXD (The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers), and her supporting role as Karla in the Youssef Delara and Michael D. Olmos movie *Filly Brown*. The Danish magazine *Gaffa* described Pandora as "one of the best Electric Boogie dancers in the world" after her performance in the Danish show "Menneske Robotten" ("The Human Robot"). The reviewer went on to state that Pandora Marie, and her fellow dancer Koichiro Mori made the dance look easy despite being technically difficult.

In recent years Pandora Marie has expanded her work into the theater and other creative directions. She has performed in theatrical pieces for Little Box Of Hope and DS2DIO, and has worked with Cirque du Soleil and Cirque Éloize. Pandora has also held the principal role of Clara in *The Nutcracker* in Tivoli, Copenhagen, Denmark and performed many principal roles in award-winning theatrical productions throughout the US, Scandinavia, and Europe.

## Personal life

Pandora is the co-founder and Artistic Director of Little Box Of Hope (a production company / creative collective) alongside her fiancé. She also has worked with G Koop and Darrick Quali-D Fields and has original songs, poetry and music sold on iTunes, Spotify and other music platforms.

Pandora is both Native American and Mexican American. Her native tribes are Chickasaw and Choctaw and she is a citizen of the Chickasaw Nation.

In 2011 Pandora Marie participated in the "Rise Up and Dance" project, teaching kids to dance as a way to give them a purpose in life. She said, "Dancing is what saved me from going down the wrong path. I want to help and inspire kids just like I was inspired by the dancers in my neighborhood".

## Working with Jon M. Chu

In 2009 Pandora was contacted on YouTube and personally cast by *Now You See Me 2* director Jon M. Chu in the role of Autumn in the popular online dance series *The LXD: Legion of Extraordinary Dancers*. This relationship led to many other collaborations such as Disney's *Step Up* film series, NASA's Earth Chorus, *The Conan O'Brien Show*, BMW Mini Cooper, Google Zietgeist Conference and more. Her dancing in *Step Up 3D* was described by one reviewer by stating that Pandora Marie "will have you so hypnotized with her finger tuts... it’ll be nothing short of bewitching".

## Awards and honors

Pandora was presented with an award for "Most Outstanding Female Popper" and has held titles in dance competitions all around the world ("battles") Radiotron, UK B. Supreme, Freestyle Style Session, How The West Was Won, Take It Personal, Floor Wars, and more. She is considered to be an influential figure in street-dance culture.

## Filmography

## Television and film roles

Feature films * *Step Up 3D* (Principal Dancer, Director: Jon M. Chu)
* *Filly Brown* (Actress / Principal Dancer, Edward J. Olmos Productions)

Web series * *The LXD* (Actress / Principal Dancer, Director: Jon M. Chu)

Television Short films * *S2DIO City* "The Bell" (Principal Dancer, Director: Chris Scott)
* *Dancing With Devotion* (Principal Dancer, Director: Alexander Mercado)
* *The Siren* (Principal Dancer; Director: Roxy Shih)

## Music videos

* Justin Bieber \- "Santa Claus Is Coming To Town" (Featured Dancer)
* Justin Bieber - "Eenie Meenie" (Featured Dancer)
* The Mast - "UpUpUp" (Principal Dancer)
* David Guetta / Flo Rida \- "Club Can't Handle Me" (Featured Dancer)
* Trey Songz \- "Already Taken" (Featured Dancer)
* Common \- "Universal Mind Control" (Featured Dancer)

## Theatrical and concert stage performances

Theater performances * Cirque Du Soleil / Cirque Eloize "I.D." show (Principal Dancer, International Tour)
* *Carmen* (Principal Dancer, Denmark)
* *The Nutcracker* (Principal Dancer, Denmark)
* *Menneske Robotten* ("Human Robot"; Principal Dancer, Denmark)
* "Awaken Tour" (Pandora Marie Solo Act, National Tour)
* "Illuminated Manuscript" ("Ereshkigal"; featured dancer)

Concerts

## Commercials

* Microsoft Surface (Featured Dancer)
* The Cosmopolitan Rose.Rabbit.Lie (Principal Dancer)
* *Otra Vez* / Sierra Nevada (Principal Dancer)

## InfoBox

| Pandora Marie | |
| --- | --- |
| Pandora Marie in Los Angeles | |
| Born | Marie Faye Medina
(1981-07-25) July 25, 1981
Santa Ana, California, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Dancer, choreographer |
| Years active | 2002–present |
| Awards |
Performing Arts "Achievement Award" - Lowak Sho'li (Carry The Fire) First American Humanities Forum (Chickasaw Nation)
Most Outstanding Female Popper - LA Hip-Hop Dance Awards
Radiotron 2003 (LA)
Radiotron 2004 (LA)
B. Supreme London (UK)
Freestyle Style Session (LA)
How The West Was Won (LA)
Take It Personal (AZ)
Floor Wars (LA)
Cloud Cypher (Canada)
 |
| Website | Little Box Of Hope
Pandora Marie |


title: Palette (painting)

abstract: A palette is a surface on which a painter arranges and mixes paints. A palette is made of materials such as wood, paper, glass, ceramic or plastic, and can vary greatly in size and shape. Watercolor palettes are generally made of plastic or porcelain in a rectangular or wheel format, and have built in wells and mixing areas for colors. For acrylic painting, "stay wet" palettes exist, which prevent the paints from drying out and becoming inert. A classical palette is most often oval, but can also be rectangular, and is tapered to ensure optimal distribution of weight. It has a thumbhole and insert for brushes, and is designed to be held in the non-dominant hand while the other is used to mix and paint. However, some well-known artists have used more unconventional palettes; for instance, Picasso used a sheet of newspaper. Palettes are also a universal symbol of painting and art in general, alongside paintbrushes, for example in the symbol of Microsoft Paint.

text:
# Palette (painting)

A **palette** (/ˈpælɪt/) is a surface on which a painter arranges and mixes paints. A palette is made of materials such as wood, paper, glass, ceramic or plastic, and can vary greatly in size and shape. Watercolor palettes are generally made of plastic or porcelain in a rectangular or wheel format, and have built in wells and mixing areas for colors. For acrylic painting, "stay wet" palettes exist, which prevent the paints from drying out and becoming inert.

A classical palette is most often oval, but can also be rectangular, and is tapered to ensure optimal distribution of weight. It has a thumbhole and insert for brushes, and is designed to be held in the non-dominant hand while the other is used to mix and paint. However, some well-known artists have used more unconventional palettes; for instance, Picasso used a sheet of newspaper.

Palettes are also a universal symbol of painting and art in general, alongside paintbrushes, for example in the symbol of Microsoft Paint.


title: Panaqolus changae

abstract: Panaqolus changae is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Itaya River and the Momón River in Peru. The species reaches 8.5 cm SL and its specific epithet honors Fonchii Chang, a Peruvian ichthyologist of the National University of San Marcos. It appears in the aquarium trade, where it is referred to either as the Iquitos tiger pleco, referencing the fact that the species is known to occur near the city of Iquitos, or by its L-number, which is L-226.

text:
# Panaqolus changae

***Panaqolus changae*** is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Itaya River and the Momón River in Peru. The species reaches 8.5 cm (3.3 inches) SL and its specific epithet honors Fonchii Chang, a Peruvian ichthyologist of the National University of San Marcos. It appears in the aquarium trade, where it is referred to either as the Iquitos tiger pleco, referencing the fact that the species is known to occur near the city of Iquitos, or by its L-number, which is L-226.

## InfoBox

| *Panaqolus changae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Loricariidae |
| Genus: | *Panaqolus* |
| Species: | ***P. changae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Panaqolus changae***<br>(Chockley & Armbruster, 2002) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Panaque changae* | |


title: Palliative surgery

abstract: Palliative surgery is surgical intervention targeted to make a patient’s symptoms less severe, thus make the patient’s quality of life better despite negligible impact on the patient’s survival. Palliative surgery focuses on supplying the greatest benefit to the patient using the least invasive intervention. Palliative surgery provides symptom relief and preservation of the quality of life in terminal disease states. The uses of palliative surgery can range from extensive debulking operations to less complex operations. The main purposes of palliative surgery are: evaluation of the extent of the disease, control of locoregional spread, control of a fungating tumour, discharge or haemorrhage, control of pain, surgical reconstruction or rehabilitation to improve quality of life.

text:
# Palliative surgery

**Palliative surgery** is surgical intervention targeted to make a patient’s symptoms less severe, thus make the patient’s quality of life better despite negligible impact on the patient’s survival. Palliative surgery focuses on supplying the greatest benefit to the patient using the least invasive intervention. Palliative surgery provides symptom relief and preservation of the quality of life in terminal disease states. The uses of palliative surgery can range from extensive debulking operations to less complex operations.

The main purposes of palliative surgery are: evaluation of the extent of the disease, control of locoregional spread, control of a fungating tumour, discharge or haemorrhage, control of pain, surgical reconstruction or rehabilitation to improve quality of life.


title: Palliard Press

abstract: Palliard Press was a small, independent comic book publishing house co-founded by Phil Foglio, illustrator of such titles as Buck Godot, Girl Genius, and Robert Asprin's MythAdventures, and Greg Ketter, owner of DreamHaven Books in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Palliard Press published several titles over its short existence, most notably the humorous science fiction miniseries Buck Godot: Zap Gun For Hire: The Gallimaufry, the erotic series XXXenophile, and What's New with Phil & Dixie, all illustrated by Foglio. Palliard also published a collection of Tim Barela's gay comic strip, Leonard and Larry.

text:
# Palliard Press

**Palliard Press** was a small, independent comic book publishing house co-founded by Phil Foglio, illustrator of such titles as Buck Godot, Girl Genius, and Robert Asprin's *MythAdventures*, and Greg Ketter, owner of DreamHaven Books in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Palliard Press published several titles over its short existence, most notably the humorous science fiction miniseries *Buck Godot: Zap Gun For Hire: The Gallimaufry*, the erotic series *XXXenophile*, and *What's New with Phil & Dixie*, all illustrated by Foglio. Palliard also published a collection of Tim Barela's gay comic strip, *Leonard and Larry*.

## InfoBox

Palliard Press
| Status | Defunct |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Phil Foglio and Greg Ketter |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Headquarters location | Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Publication types | Books |


title: Palo Verde Valley Transit Agency

abstract: RidePV, formerly Palo Verde Valley Transit Agency, is a public transportation operator in Riverside County, California, United States. Palo Verde Valley Transit operates in the eastern portion of Riverside county, with the focus city of Blythe

text:
# Palo Verde Valley Transit Agency

**RidePV, formerly Palo Verde Valley Transit Agency,** is a public transportation operator in Riverside County, California, United States. Palo Verde Valley Transit operates in the eastern portion of Riverside county, with the focus city of Blythe

## History

In 2009, PVVTA was fined by the California Air Resources Board for failure to comply with the boards fleet rule of exceeding Particulate matter emission total. As well as for failure to submit an annual report on time.

In 2024, Palo Verde Valley Transit Agency changed its name to RidePV

## Services

### Fixed-Route

The fixed-route services currently consists of 6 local deviated fixed routes operating as the Desert Roadrunner

| Route | **Terminals** | | Via |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1 Blue Route** | Blythe Main Street Park and Ride | | 14th Av, Lovekin Bl |
| **2 Gold Route** | **Blythe** Hobsonway & SR 95 | **Blythe** Palo Verde College | Hobsonway, Lovekin Bl, 6th Av |
| | | | **Blythe** Hobsonway & 7th St |
| **3 Red Route** | **Blythe** Main Street Park and Ride | **Blythe** Ironwood State Prison | I-10 |
| **4 Green Route** | Blythe Main Street Park and Ride | | Hobsonway, Neighbours Bl |
| **5 Silver Route** | **Blythe** Hobsonway & SR 95 | **Blythe** Hobsonway & Mesa Dt | Hobsonway, Neighbours Bl |
| **6 Wellness Express** | **Blythe** Main Street Park and Ride | **Indio** Highway 111 & Golf Center Pkwy | I-10 |

#### Transit Center

PVVTA operates one Transit Center at the Main Street Park and Ride. Allows transfers to other bus routes within the system. This transit center allows transfers to Camel Express transit, which serves Quartzite. PVVTA also coordinates with Sunline Transit to allow transfers within Coachella Valley

### Demand response

#### TRIP and Mobility Management ADA Service

TRIP provides public transportation services for persons who are outside the areas served by the Desert Roadrunner deviated fixed route service. It is aimed at seniors, over the age of 60, with disabilities, and those living in Desert Center or in Southern Palo Verde Valley.

Mobility Management, is a ADA service for physically or cognitively unable to use regular bus service. Mobility Management operates curb to- curb service with minibuses or vans, complementing the Desert Roadrunner fixed-route bus system.

#### Micro Transit

PVVTA also offers a demand response service within its service area called XTend-A-Ride

## InfoBox

RidePV
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1978 |
| Headquarters | Blythe, California |
| Locale | Eastern Riverside County |
| Service area | Palo Verde Valley |
| Service type | bus service, paratransit |
| Routes | 6 |
| Destinations | Blythe, Palm Springs |
| Annual ridership | 45,807 |
| Website | RidePV |


abstract: The 1968 United States Senate election in Oregon was held on November 5, 1968. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Wayne Morse was seeking a fifth term, but narrowly lost re-election to 36 year-old Republican State Representative Bob Packwood in a very close race.

text:
# 1968 United States Senate election in Oregon

The **1968 United States Senate election in Oregon** was held on November 5, 1968. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Wayne Morse was seeking a fifth term, but narrowly lost re-election to 36 year-old Republican State Representative Bob Packwood in a very close race.

## Democratic primary

The general primary was held May 28, 1968. Incumbent Senator Wayne Morse defeated former Representative Robert B. Duncan. Duncan, an outspoken supporter of the Vietnam War, had previously been the Democratic nominee in the 1966 United States Senate election in Oregon, and the anti-war Morse had endorsed Duncan's opponent Mark Hatfield, an anti-war Republican.

### Candidates

### Results

Democratic primary for the United States Senate from Oregon, 1968
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Wayne Morse (incumbent)** | **185,091** | **49.03%** |
|  | Democratic | Robert B. Duncan | 174,795 | 46.30% |
|  | Democratic | Phil McAlmond | 17,658 | 4.68% |
| Total votes | | | **377,544** | **100.00%** |

## General election

### Candidates

### Results

General election results
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Bob Packwood** | **408,646** | **50.20%** |
|  | Democratic | Wayne Morse (incumbent) | 405,353 | 49.80% |
| Total votes | | | **813,999** | **100.00%** |
|  | Republican **gain** from Democratic | | | | | |

### Results by County

| County | Wayne Morse Democratic | | Bob Packwood Republican | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | % | # | % | # |
| Baker | **50.5%** | **3,192** | 49.5% | 3,129 |
| Benton | 45.7% | 8,571 | **54.3%** | **10,185** |
| Clackamas | 49.1% | 31,305 | **50.8%** | **32,395** |
| Clatsop | 47.7% | 6,091 | **52.2%** | **6,674** |
| Columbia | **56.5%** | **6,244** | 43.4% | 4,802 |
| Coos | **58.7%** | **12,369** | 41.2% | 8,687 |
| Crook | **51.2%** | **1,852** | 48.7% | 1,760 |
| Curry | **59.7%** | **2,815** | 40.2% | 1,893 |
| Deschutes | 47.6% | 5,396 | **52.3%** | **5,923** |
| Douglas | 46.5% | 12,063 | **53.4%** | **13,835** |
| Gilliam | 46.1% | 518 | **53.8%** | **605** |
| Grant | **51.0%** | **1,440** | 48.9% | 1,380 |
| Harney | **50.4%** | **1,437** | 49.5% | 1,412 |
| Hood River | 49.8% | 2,640 | **50.0%** | **2,651** |
| Jackson | 45.2% | 15,508 | **54.7%** | **18,773** |
| Jefferson | 47.9% | 1,445 | **52.0%** | **1,569** |
| Josephine | 38.7% | 5,578 | **61.2%** | **8,800** |
| Klamath | 45.7% | 7,740 | **54.2%** | **9,122** |
| Lake | 43.8% | 1,109 | **56.1%** | **1,422** |
| Lane | **51.6%** | **41,289** | 48.3% | 38,619 |
| Lincoln | 48.8% | 5,170 | **51.2%** | **5,424** |
| Linn | **50.0%** | **12,161** | 49.9% | 12,150 |
| Malheur | 39.1% | 3,249 | **60.8%** | **5,050** |
| Marion | 44.0% | 24,381 | **55.9%** | **30,946** |
| Morrow | 48.8% | 963 | **51.1%** | **1,010** |
| Multnomah | **54.3%** | **131,052** | 45.6% | 110,166 |
| Polk | 44.4% | 5,535 | **55.5%** | **6,919** |
| Sherman | 43.4% | 473 | **56.5%** | **615** |
| Tillamook | **53.5%** | **3,923** | 46.4% | 3,401 |
| Umatilla | 44.5% | 7,273 | **55.4%** | **9,051** |
| Union | **54.9%** | **4,252** | 45.0% | 3,480 |
| Wallowa | 46.9% | 1,291 | **53.0%** | **1,458** |
| Wasco | **50.8%** | **4,203** | 49.1% | 4,064 |
| Washington | 43.8% | 25,886 | **56.1%** | **33,202** |
| Wheeler | 48.6% | 374 | **51.3%** | **395** |
| Yamhill | 46.2% | 6,565 | **53.7%** | **7,629** |

## InfoBox

1968 United States Senate election in Oregon
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Bob Packwood** Wayne Morse   Party Republican Democratic  Popular vote **408,646** 405,353  Percentage **50.20%** 49.80% | |
| ---  County results
**Packwood:**      50-60%      60-70%
**Morse:**      50–60% | |
| ---  **U.S. senator before election**
Wayne Morse
Democratic **Elected U.S. Senator**
Bob Packwood
Republican | |


title: Vinanitelo, Fianarantsoa II

abstract: Vinanitelo is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Fianarantsoa II, which is a part of Haute Matsiatra Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 10,000 in 2001 commune census. Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 99.8% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are beans, maize, cassava and sweet potatoes. Services provide employment for 0.2% of the population.

text:
# Vinanitelo, Fianarantsoa II

**Vinanitelo** is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Fianarantsoa II, which is a part of Haute Matsiatra Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 10,000 in 2001 commune census.

Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 99.8% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are beans, maize, cassava and sweet potatoes. Services provide employment for 0.2% of the population.

## References and notes

21°43′S 47°16′E / 21.717°S 47.267°E / -21.717; 47.267

## InfoBox

| Vinanitelo | |
| --- | --- |
| VinaniteloLocation in Madagascar | |
| Coordinates: 21°43′S 47°16′E / 21.717°S 47.267°E / -21.717; 47.267 | |
| Country | Madagascar |
| Region | Haute Matsiatra |
| District | Fianarantsoa II |
| Elevation | 1,090 m (3,580 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 10,000 |
| Time zone | UTC3 (EAT) |


title: Moncouche Lake (Lac-Saint-Jean-Est)

abstract: The Moncouche Lake is a freshwater body at the head of the Moncouche River, in the unorganized territory of Lac-Moncouche, in the Lac-Saint-Jean-Est Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, in province of Quebec, in Canada. Moncouche Lake is located in the western part of the Laurentides Wildlife Reserve. Its location is almost at the limit of the administrative regions of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean and Capitale-Nationale. A forest road runs along the southeast shore of Moncouche Lake. Some secondary forest roads serve this area for forestry and recreational tourism activities. Forestry is the main economic activity in the sector; recreational tourism, second. The surface of lake Moncouche is usually frozen from the beginning of December to the end of March, however the safe circulation on the ice is generally made from mid-December to mid-March.

text:
# Moncouche Lake (Lac-Saint-Jean-Est)

The **Moncouche Lake** is a freshwater body at the head of the Moncouche River, in the unorganized territory of Lac-Moncouche, in the Lac-Saint-Jean-Est Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, in province of Quebec, in Canada. Moncouche Lake is located in the western part of the Laurentides Wildlife Reserve. Its location is almost at the limit of the administrative regions of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean and Capitale-Nationale.

A forest road runs along the southeast shore of Moncouche Lake. Some secondary forest roads serve this area for forestry and recreational tourism activities.

Forestry is the main economic activity in the sector; recreational tourism, second.

The surface of lake Moncouche is usually frozen from the beginning of December to the end of March, however the safe circulation on the ice is generally made from mid-December to mid-March.

## Geography

The main hydrographic slopes near Lake Moncouche are:

Lac Moncouche comprises is connected (southwest side) to Saint-Véran Lake and is landlocked between the mountains. Lac Moncouche has a length of 3.1 kilometres (1.9 mi), a width of 0.9 kilometres (0.56 mi), an altitude of 399 metres (1,309 ft). The Moncouche River (coming from Saint-Véran Lake) crosses this lake for 2.9 kilometres (1.8 mi) to the southwest. The mouth of the lake is located to the southwest and is located at:

From the mouth of Lake Moncouche, the current successively descends the Moncouche River over 6.0 kilometres (3.7 mi) generally towards the south; the Métabetchouane River generally north on 83.9 kilometres (52.1 mi) to the south shore of Lac Saint-Jean; the current crosses the latter on 22.8 kilometres (14.2 mi) towards the northeast, then follows the course of the Saguenay River via la Petite Décharge on 172.3 kilometres (107.1 mi) to Tadoussac where the current merges with the Estuary of Saint Lawrence.

## Toponymy

The toponym Lac Moncouche was formalized on December 5, 1968, by the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Moncouche Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Moncouche LakeLocation in Quebec | |
| Location | Lac-Moncouche (TNO), Lac-Saint-Jean-Est Regional County Municipality, Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean |
| Coordinates | 47°57′28″N 71°57′26″W / 47.95778°N 71.95722°W / 47.95778; -71.95722 |
| Lake type | Natural |
| Primary inflows | (clockwise from the mouth) Discharge of Lac Saint-Véran and discharge of lac Constantineau. |
| Primary outflows | Moncouche River |
| Basin countries | Canada |
|  | |
| Max. length | 3.4 km (2.1 mi) |
| Max. width | 1.0 km (0.62 mi) |
| Surface elevation | 399 m (1,309 ft) |


title: Lustrum (novel)

abstract: Lustrum is a historical novel by British author Robert Harris. It is the sequel to Imperium and the middle volume of a trilogy about the life of Cicero. For its 2010 release in the United States and Italy, it was retitled Conspirata. The book continues in the format of the first novel, with the story told in the first-person from the point of view of Cicero's secretary Tiro. It follows on immediately from Imperium, starting with the beginning of Cicero's consulship and ending with his exile as a result of the enmity of Clodius. The novel was shortlisted for the 2010 Walter Scott Prize. It and the other novels in the trilogy were also adapted for the stage in 2017 by Mike Poulton.

text:
# Lustrum (novel)

***Lustrum*** (US: ***Conspirata***; 2009) is a historical novel by British author Robert Harris. It is the sequel to *Imperium* and the middle volume of a trilogy about the life of Cicero (106–43 BC). For its 2010 release in the United States and Italy, it was retitled *Conspirata*.

The book continues in the format of the first novel, with the story told in the first-person from the point of view of Cicero's secretary Tiro. It follows on immediately from *Imperium*, starting with the beginning of Cicero's consulship and ending with his exile as a result of the enmity of Clodius.

The novel was shortlisted for the 2010 Walter Scott Prize. It and the other novels in the trilogy were also adapted for the stage in 2017 by Mike Poulton.

## InfoBox

Lustrum
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Robert Harris. |
| Language | English |
| Series | Cicero trilogy |
| Genre | Historical novel |
| Publisher | Hutchinson |
| Publication date | 8 October 2009 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (hardback) |
| Pages | 464 pp (first edition hardback) |
| ISBN | 0-09-180100-1 (first edition hardback) |
| OCLC | 441126456 |
| Preceded by | *Imperium* |
| Followed by | *Dictator* |


title: Reverse walkthrough

abstract: A reverse walkthrough is a process in which the reader or consumer of a technical product takes the author through it. A reverse walkthrough is a confirmation that the consumers of a technical product have the same understanding as the author of that product. The author(s) ask questions about the content to confirm that the reader has understood it. This is common in software engineering for software reviews or use case/ business process reviews when the developer reads the source/use case/process back to the author. The reverse walkthrough should be made when the consumers of the technical product have reviewed it and there is a risk that their understanding may not be reflective of the original intent.

text:
# Reverse walkthrough

A reverse **walkthrough** is a process in which the reader or consumer of a technical product takes the author through it. A reverse walkthrough is a confirmation that the consumers of a technical product have the same understanding as the author of that product. The author(s) ask questions about the content to confirm that the reader has understood it.

This is common in software engineering for software reviews or use case/ business process reviews when the developer reads the source/use case/process back to the author.

The reverse walkthrough should be made when the consumers of the technical product have reviewed it and there is a risk that their understanding may not be reflective of the original intent.

## Terms used here

"Technical Product" here can refer to a workflow, software code, use case specification or diagram that is fairly complex.

Consumers of a technical product are those engineers that need to interpret the code, specification or diagram.

## Objectives and participants

A reverse walkthrough is meant to confirm a common understanding about the contents from consumers of a technical product.

Often the author may ask, "what is meant by \__" or "how will you implement this flow?".

A walkthrough is normally organized and directed by the author of the technical document. Any combination of interested or technically qualified personnel (from within or outside the project) may be included, such as the Analyst, Designer, Architect, Developer and Quality Assurance engineers.


title: Nancagua

abstract: Nancagua is a Chilean city and commune in Colchagua Province, O'Higgins Region.

text:
# Nancagua

**Nancagua** (Spanish pronunciation: \[naŋˈkaɣwa\]) is a Chilean city and commune in Colchagua Province, O'Higgins Region.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Nancagua spans an area of 111.3 km2 (43 sq mi) and has 15,634 inhabitants (7,959 men and 7,675 women). Of these, 9,264 (59.3%) lived in urban areas and 6,370 (40.7%) in rural areas. The population grew by 8.5% (1,220 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

## Administration

As a commune, Nancagua is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2021-2024 alcalde is Mario Bustamante.

1. "Municipality of Nancagua" (in Spanish). 13 December 2010. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011.
2. "National Statistics Institute" (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 December 2010.
3. "Chile Time". WorldTimeZones.org. Archived from the original on 2007-09-11. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
4. "Chile Summer Time". WorldTimeZones.org. Archived from the original on 2007-09-11. Retrieved 2010-07-28.

## InfoBox

| Nancagua | |
| --- | --- |
| City and Commune | |
| Church of Nancagua | |
|

NancaguaLocation in Chile | |
| Coordinates: 34°40′S 71°13′W / 34.667°S 71.217°W / -34.667; -71.217 | |
| Country | Chile |
| Region | O'Higgins |
| Province | Colchagua |
| Government | |
| Type | Municipality |
| Alcalde | Mario Bustamante |
| Area | |
| Total | 111.3 km2 (43.0 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 194 m (636 ft) |
| Population (2012 Census) | |
| Total | 15,409 |
| Density | 140/km2 (360/sq mi) |
| Urban | 9,264 |
| Rural | 6,370 |
| Sex | |
| Men | 7,959 |
| Women | 7,675 |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (CLT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-3 (CLST) |
| Area code | (+56) 72 |
| Website | Municipality of Nancagua |


title: Oliva sargenti

abstract: Oliva sargenti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Olividae, the olives.

text:
# Oliva sargenti

***Oliva sargenti*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Olividae, the olives.

## Description

**Original description:** "Shell small for subgenus, ovate in outline, with rounded sides; spire low, body inflated, wider at mid-body than at shoulder; color pale bluish-white overlaid with loose network of very fine, pale tan triangles in netted pattern; triangles often aligned in zig-zag fashion, running length of shell from suture to anterior end; zig-zag and netted pattern overlaid with 2 wide bands of dark brown spots; one above mid-body, one below; in mature specimens, color pattern obscured by milky, bluish-white enamel glaze; columella with 14-15 well-developed plications; anterior end of columella with characteristic reddish patch; edge of suture bordered with numerous fine, hairstreak brown flammules and intermittent large pale blue flammules; interior of aperture white; inner edge of lip bordered with dark brown flammules; protoconch large, pale tan."

## Distribution

**Locus typicus:** "Malmok, Aruba Island, Netherlands Antilles."

## InfoBox

| *Oliva sargenti* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Olividae |
| Genus: | *Oliva* |
| Species: | ***O. sargenti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oliva sargenti***<br>Petuch, 1987 | |
|


title: Zana Ramadani

abstract: Zana Ramadani is a German politician, feminist activist, and author of Albanian descent. She was born in Skopje, but fled to West Germany as a child. She was chair of the Junge Union, the youth organization of the CDU, in Wilnsdorf in Central Germany. She came to prominence when she founded the German branch of the feminist protest group FEMEN in 2012, and was involved in a number of topless protests against sexual exploitation. One high-profile protest involved invading the stage of Heidi Klum's television casting show Germany's Next Topmodel during the finale of cycle 8 sporting the slogan "Heidi horror picture show" as a critique of the beauty ideal propagated by the fashion industry. In another, the group appeared on the street in Hamburg's red-light district, with Ramadani wearing the slogan "Destroy the Sex Industry!". Ramadani's book Die verschleierte Gefahr: Die Macht der muslimischen Mütter und der Toleranzwahn der Deutschen was published in March 2017. It critiques Islam and the role of Muslim mothers. According to a Süddeutsche Zeitung interview in April 2017, she frequently receives death threats from conservative Muslims, and after she was pregnant, the Muslim threats also included beating her to cause a miscarriage. As police would not give her protection, she applied for a firearms license.

text:
# Zana Ramadani

**Zana Ramadani** (born 1984) is a German politician, feminist activist, and author of Albanian descent. She was born in Skopje, but fled to West Germany as a child. She was chair of the Junge Union, the youth organization of the CDU (Conservative Party), in Wilnsdorf in Central Germany.

She came to prominence when she founded the German branch of the feminist protest group FEMEN in 2012, and was involved in a number of topless protests against sexual exploitation. One high-profile protest involved invading the stage of Heidi Klum's television casting show *Germany's Next Topmodel* during the finale of cycle 8 sporting the slogan "Heidi horror picture show" as a critique of the beauty ideal propagated by the fashion industry. In another, the group appeared on the street in Hamburg's red-light district (the Reeperbahn), with Ramadani wearing the slogan "Destroy the Sex Industry!".

Ramadani's book *Die verschleierte Gefahr: Die Macht der muslimischen Mütter und der Toleranzwahn der Deutschen* was published in March 2017. It critiques Islam and the role of Muslim mothers.

According to a Süddeutsche Zeitung interview in April 2017, she frequently receives death threats from conservative Muslims, and after she was pregnant, the Muslim threats also included beating her to cause a miscarriage. As police would not give her protection, she applied for a firearms license.

## InfoBox

| Zana Ramadani | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1984-01-10) 10 January 1984<br>Skopje, Yugoslavia (Now North Macedonia) |
| Known for | *Die verschleierte Gefahr: Die Macht der muslimischen Mütter und der Toleranzwahn der Deutschen* (2017) |


title: Ol-Vir

abstract: Ol-Vir is a supervillain appearing in media published by DC Comics. He first appeared in Legion of Super-Heroes #294, and is often depicted as a member of the Legion of Super-Villains.

text:
# Ol-Vir

**Ol-Vir** is a supervillain appearing in media published by DC Comics. He first appeared in *Legion of Super-Heroes* (vol. 2) #294 (December 1982), and is often depicted as a member of the Legion of Super-Villains.

## Fictional character biography

In the 30th century, the Apokoliptan tyrant Darkseid steals the abilities of Mordru and the Time Trapper to enthrall the entire population of the planet Daxam. He then transports the planet to a star system with a yellow sun, giving the Daxamites powers equivalent to those of Superman. The enslaved Daxamites wreak havoc throughout United Planets territory, with one of them – a child named Ol-Vir – attacking the prison planet Takron-Galtos. Legion of Super-Heroes member Chameleon Boy contains Ol-Vir by tossing him into a cell with Fatal Five member Validus. The Legion engages Darkseid in battle, eventually causing him to lose control of the Daxamites and retreat.

Sometime later, Nemesis Kid leads the Legion of Super-Villains in an assault on the Legion. Ol-Vir participates in the attack, but is defeated when Element Lad transmutes his costume into lead \- a Daxamite's primary weakness. He and Validus later attack the Legion, during which Saturn Girl realizes that Validus is her and Lightning Lad's son, who Darkseid had stolen at birth and transformed into a monster. Disappointed by Ol-Vir's failure, Darkseid kills him.

### Post-Infinite Crisis

In the aftermath of *Infinite Crisis*, most of the Legion's original continuity is restored, resurrecting Ol-Vir in the process.

## Powers and abilities

Generally, the abilities of Ol-Vir (and other Daxamites) are identical to those of Superman and other natives of the planet Krypton (super-strength; speed; flight; x-ray, heat, microscopic and telescopic vision powers; invulnerability and super hearing). However, they are vulnerable to lead rather than Kryptonite.

## InfoBox

| Ol-Vir | |
| --- | --- |
| Ol-Vir as depicted in *Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds* #3 (April 2009). Art by George Pérez (penciller), Scott Koblish (inker), and Hi-Fi Design (colorist). | |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | DC Comics |
| First appearance | Legion of Super-Heroes (vol. 2) #294 (December 1982) |
| Created by | Paul Levitz<br>Keith Giffen |
| In-story information | |
| Alter ego | Ol-Vir |
| Species | Daxamite |
| Place of origin | Daxam (31st century) |
| Team affiliations | Legion of Super-Villains |
| Abilities | Powers and abilities identical to those of Superman (superhuman strength, super speed, flight, stamina and freezing breath, super hearing, multiple extrasensory and vision powers, and longevity) |


title: Moncoutant

abstract: Moncoutant is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Moncoutant-sur-Sèvre.

text:
# Moncoutant

**Moncoutant** (French pronunciation: \[mɔ̃kutɑ̃\]) is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Moncoutant-sur-Sèvre.

## Geography

Moncoutant is located in a bocage area in northern Deux-Sèvres, on the Sèvre Nantaise, 50 km north of Niort and 15 km south of Bressuire.

## Economy

Moncoutant is a mainly agricultural town. However, it also has numerous shops and a few industries. Since 2001, it has also become a tourist center, thanks to the opening of the fishing holiday center

## History

## Points of interest

## InfoBox

| Moncoutant | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Moncoutant-sur-Sèvre | |
| The town hall in Moncoutant | |
| Location of Moncoutant | |
| MoncoutantMoncoutant | |
| Coordinates: 46°43′28″N 0°35′15″W / 46.7244°N 0.5875°W / 46.7244; -0.5875 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Deux-Sèvres |
| Arrondissement | Bressuire |
| Canton | Cerizay |
| Commune | Moncoutant-sur-Sèvre |
| Area**1** | 26.32 km2 (10.16 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 3,157 |
| Density | 120/km2 (310/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 79320 |
| Elevation | 153–226 m (502–741 ft)
(avg. 180 m or 590 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Moncouche River

abstract:
The Moncouche River is a tributary of the east bank of the Métabetchouane River, crossing the Laurentides Wildlife Reserve, flowing in the province from Quebec, to Canada. The course of this river crosses the:
  - unorganized territory of Belle-Rivière, in the Lac-Saint-Jean-Est Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean;
  - unorganized territory of Lac-Jacques-Cartier, in the MRC of La Côte-de-Beaupré Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Capitale-Nationale. Forestry is the main economic activity in this valley; recreational tourism, second. The surface of the Moncouche River is usually frozen from the end of November to the beginning of April, however the safe circulation on the ice is generally done from mid-December to the end of March.

text:
# Moncouche River

The **Moncouche River** (French: rivière Moncouche) is a tributary of the east bank of the Métabetchouane River, crossing the Laurentides Wildlife Reserve, flowing in the province from Quebec, to Canada. The course of this river crosses the:

Forestry is the main economic activity in this valley; recreational tourism, second.

The surface of the Moncouche River (except the rapids zones) is usually frozen from the end of November to the beginning of April, however the safe circulation on the ice is generally done from mid-December to the end of March.

## Geography

The main watersheds near the Moncouche river are:

The Moncouche River rises at the mouth of Starr Lake (length: 3.3 kilometres (2.1 mi); altitude: 477 metres (1,565 ft)). This misshapen lake looks like a big X or a star; it has two large bays to the north, two in the center and two to the south.

From its source (mouth of Lake Starr), the course of the Moncouche River descends on 14.7 kilometres (9.1 mi) with a drop of 80 metres (260 ft), according these segments:

* 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) southward, to the northeast shore of Saint-Véran Lake;
* 2.9 kilometres (1.8 mi) to the southwest crossing Saint-Véran (altitude: 399 metres (1,309 ft)) over its full length;
* 3.3 kilometres (2.1 mi) to the southwest crossing Moncouche Lake (altitude: 399 metres (1,309 ft)) over its full length. Note: Saint-Véran Lake and Moncouche Lake are interconnected, thus providing 6.2 kilometres (3.9 mi) for pleasure boating.
* 1.0 kilometre (0.62 mi) to the south, until the confluence of the rivière aux Montagnais (coming from the east);
* 5.0 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the southwest, in particular by bypassing an island and crossing Lake Méandre, until it meets the Métabetchouane River.

From the confluence of the Moncouche river, the current descends the Métabetchouane River northward on 83.9 kilometres (52.1 mi) to the south shore of lac Saint-Jean; thence, the current crosses the latter on 22.8 kilometres (14.2 mi) towards the northeast, then follows the course of the Saguenay River via La Petite Décharge on 172.3 kilometres (107.1 mi) to Tadoussac where it merges with the Saint Lawrence estuary.

## Toponymy

The toponym "rivière Moncouche" was formalized on December 5, 1968, at the Place Names Bank of the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Moncouche River | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean |
| Regional County Municipality | Le Domaine-du-Roy Regional County Municipality and Lac-Saint-Jean-Est Regional County Municipality |
| Municipalities | Belle-Rivière and Saint-André-du-Lac-Saint-Jean |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Starr Lake |
| location | Belle-Rivière |
| coordinates | 47°59′58″N 71°54′37″W / 47.99951°N 71.91031°W / 47.99951; -71.91031 |
| elevation | 477 m (1,565 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Métabetchouane River |
| location | Lac-Jacques-Cartier |
| coordinates | 47°55′11″N 72°00′18″W / 47.91972°N 72.005°W / 47.91972; -72.005 |
| elevation | 397 m (1,302 ft) |
| Length | 14.7 km (9.1 mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Lac-Jacques-Cartier |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | (upward from the mouth) Décharge du lac des Agrions, rivière aux Montagnais, décharge du lac Constantineau, décharge des lacs Fourchets, Étel, Vulcain et du Daguet, décharge du lac Purpurin. |
| right | (upward from the mouth) Décharge d'un lac non identifié, décharge de trois lacs non identifiés, décharge du Petit lac Moncouche (via le Moncouche Lake), décharge des lacs Maggis et Martinbeault (via Saint-Véran Lake), décharge du lac des Polypores (via le Saint-Véran Lake). |


title: Mongkun

abstract: Mongkun is a village in Homalin Township, Hkamti District, in the Sagaing Region of northwestern Burma. It is located 1.7 kilometres west of Tawngbohla, and has an average elevation of 138 metres.

text:
# Mongkun

**Mongkun** is a village in Homalin Township, Hkamti District, in the Sagaing Region of northwestern Burma. It is located 1.7 kilometres west of Tawngbohla, and has an average elevation of 138 metres.

## InfoBox

| Mongkun | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| MongkunLocation in Burma | |
| Coordinates: 24°44′N 95°2′E / 24.733°N 95.033°E / 24.733; 95.033 | |
| Country | Burma |
| Region | Sagaing Region |
| District | Hkamti District |
| Township | Homalin Township |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (MST) |


title: Monica Rutherford

abstract: Monica Kathleen Rutherford is a retired artistic gymnast from England. She competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in all artistic gymnastics events with the best ranking of 59th on the vault. After marrying Brian Phelps, an Olympic diver, she changed her last name to Phelps. Following her career as a gymnast, Rutherford successfully coached for many years at the OLGA club in Poole, Dorset. She has since retired and, now resides in France.

text:
# Monica Rutherford

**Monica Kathleen Rutherford** (born 29 March 1944) is a retired artistic gymnast from England. She competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in all artistic gymnastics events with the best ranking of 59th on the vault.

After marrying Brian Phelps, an Olympic diver, she changed her last name to Phelps.

Following her career as a gymnast, Rutherford successfully coached for many years at the OLGA club in Poole, Dorset. She has since retired and, now resides in France.

## InfoBox

Monica Rutherford
| Monica Rutherford at the 1964 Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1944-03-29) 29 March 1944<br>Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England |
| Height | 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in) |
| Weight | 61 kg (134 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Artistic gymnastics |
| Club | Fulwell Gymnastics Club Sunderland |


title: Molien's formula

abstract:
In mathematics, Molien's formula computes the generating function attached to a linear representation of a group G on a finite-dimensional vector space, that counts the homogeneous polynomials of a given total degree that are invariants for G. It is named for Theodor Molien. Precisely, it says: given a finite-dimensional complex representation V of G and R n = C [ V ] n = Sym n , the space of homogeneous polynomial functions on V of degree n, if G is a finite group, the series can be computed as:
  - ∑ n = 0 ∞ dim  t n = − 1 ∑ g ∈ G det − 1. Here, R n G is the subspace of R n that consists of all vectors fixed by all elements of G; i.e., invariant forms of degree n. Thus, the dimension of it is the number of invariants of degree n. If G is a compact group, the similar formula holds in terms of Haar measure.

text:
# Molien's formula

In mathematics, **Molien's formula** computes the generating function attached to a linear representation of a group *G* on a finite-dimensional vector space, that counts the homogeneous polynomials of a given total degree that are invariants for *G*. It is named for Theodor Molien.

Precisely, it says: given a finite-dimensional complex representation *V* of *G* and $R\_{n}=\mathbb {C} \[V\]\_{n}=\operatorname {Sym} ^{n}(V^{\*})$, the space of homogeneous polynomial functions on *V* of degree *n* (degree-one homogeneous polynomials are precisely linear functionals), if *G* is a finite group, the series (called **Molien series**) can be computed as:

$$\sum \_{n=0}^{\infty }\dim(R\_{n}^{G})t^{n}=(\\#G)^{-1}\sum \_{g\in G}\det(1-tg|V^{\*})^{-1}.$$

Here, $R\_{n}^{G}$ is the subspace of $R\_{n}$ that consists of all vectors fixed by all elements of *G*; i.e., invariant forms of degree *n*. Thus, the dimension of it is the number of invariants of degree *n*. If *G* is a compact group, the similar formula holds in terms of Haar measure.

## Derivation

Let $\chi \_{1},\dots ,\chi \_{r}$ denote the irreducible characters of a finite group *G* and *V*, *R* as above. Then the character $\chi \_{n}$ of $R\_{n}$ can be written as:

$$\chi \_{n}=\sum \_{i=1}^{r}a\_{i,n}\chi \_{i}.$$

Here, each $a\_{i,n}$ is given by the inner product:

$$a\_{i,n}=\langle \chi \_{n},\chi \_{i}\rangle =(\\#G)^{-1}\sum \_{g\in G}{\overline {\chi \_{i}(g)\chi \_{n}(g)=(\\#G)^{-1}\sum \_{g\in G}{\overline {\chi \_{i}(g)\sum \_{|\alpha |=n}\lambda (g)^{\alpha }}}}}$$

where $\textstyle \lambda (g)^{\alpha }=\prod \_{i=1}^{m}\lambda \_{i}(g)^{\alpha \_{i}}$ and $\lambda \_{1}(g),\dots ,\lambda \_{m}(g)$ are the possibly repeated eigenvalues of $g:V^{\*}\to V^{\*}$. Now, we compute the series:

$$\begin{aligned}\sum \_{n=0}^{\infty }a\_{i,n}t^{n}&=(\\#G)^{-1}\sum \_{g\in G}{\overline {\chi \_{i}(g)\sum \_{\alpha }(\lambda \_{1}(g)t)^{\alpha \_{1}\cdots (\lambda \_{m}(g)t)^{\alpha \_{m}\\\&=(\\#G)^{-1}\sum \_{g\in G}{\overline {\chi \_{i}(g)(1-\lambda \_{1}(g)t)^{-1}\cdots (1-\lambda \_{m}(g)t)^{-1}\\\&=(\\#G)^{-1}\sum \_{g\in G}{\overline {\chi \_{i}(g)\det(1-tg|V^{\*})^{-1}.\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}$$

Taking $\chi \_{i}$ to be the trivial character yields Molien's formula.

## Example

Consider the symmetric group $S\_{3}$ acting on **R**3 by permuting the coordinates. We add up the sum by group elements, as follows. Starting with the identity, we have

$\det {\begin{pmatrix}1-t&0&0\\0&1-t&0\\0&0&1-t\end{pmatrix}=(1-t)^{3}}$.

There is a three-element conjugacy class of $S\_{3}$, consisting of swaps of two coordinates. This gives three terms of the form

$$\det {\begin{pmatrix}1&-t&0\\\-t&1&0\\0&0&1-t\end{pmatrix}=(1-t)(1-t^{2}).}$$

There is a two-element conjugacy class of cyclic permutations, yielding two terms of the form

$$\det {\begin{pmatrix}1&-t&0\\0&1&-t\\\-t&0&1\end{pmatrix}=\left(1-t^{3}\right).}$$

Notice that different elements of the same conjugacy class yield the same determinant. Thus, the Molien series is

$$M(t)={\frac {1}{6}\left({\frac {1}{(1-t)^{3}+{\frac {3}{(1-t)(1-t^{2})}+{\frac {2}{1-t^{3}\right)={\frac {1}{(1-t)(1-t^{2})(1-t^{3})}.}}}}}}}$$

On the other hand, we can expand the geometric series and multiply out to get

$$M(t)=(1+t+t^{2}+t^{3}+\cdots )(1+t^{2}+t^{4}+\cdots )(1+t^{3}+t^{6}+\cdots )=1+t+2t^{2}+3t^{3}+4t^{4}+5t^{5}+7t^{6}+8t^{7}+10t^{8}+12t^{9}+\cdots $$

The coefficients of the series tell us the number of linearly independent homogeneous polynomials in three variables which are invariant under permutations of the three variables, i.e. the number of independent symmetric polynomials in three variables. In fact, if we consider the elementary symmetric polynomials

$$\sigma \_{1}=x+y+z$$

$$\sigma \_{2}=xy+xz+yz$$

$$\sigma \_{3}=xyz$$

we can see for example that in degree 5 there is a basis consisting of $\sigma \_{3}\sigma \_{2}$, $\sigma \_{3}\sigma \_{1}^{2}$, $\sigma \_{2}^{2}\sigma \_{1}$, $\sigma \_{1}^{3}\sigma \_{2}$, and $\sigma \_{1}^{5}$.

(In fact, if you multiply the series out by hand, you can see that the $t^{k}$ term comes from combinations of $t$, $t^{2}$, and $t^{3}$ exactly corresponding to combinations of $\sigma \_{1}$, $\sigma \_{2}$, and $\sigma \_{3}$, also corresponding to partitions of $k$ with $1$, $2$, and $3$ as parts. See also Partition (number theory) and Representation theory of the symmetric group.)

* David A. Cox, John B. Little, Donal O'Shea (2005), *Using Algebraic Geometry*, pp. 295–8
* Molien, Th. (1897). "Uber die Invarianten der linearen Substitutionsgruppen". *Sitzungber. Konig. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. (J. Berl. Ber.)*. **52**: 1152–1156. JFM 28.0115.01.
* Mukai, S. (2002). *An introduction to invariants and moduli*. Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics. Vol. 81. ISBN 978-0-521-80906-1.
* Stanley, Richard P. (1979). "Invariants of finite groups and their applications to combinatorics". *Bull. Amer. Math. Soc*. New Series. **1**: 475–511. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1979-14597-X. MR 0526968.

## Further reading


title: William Alexander Fraser (writer)

abstract: William Alexander Fraser was a Canadian writer. Fraser was born at River John in Pictou County, Nova Scotia of Scots parents. William moved to the United States to study. Until the age of 14, he studied in New York City and Boston. Then he returned to Canada, where he began to live with his uncle in Elgin County in Southwestern Ontario. In Canada, Fraser became an engineer and was involved in the development of the first oil wells in Western Ontario. He also engaged in early petroleum prospecting in Alberta. Then he went to Asia for 7 years to search for oil. William lived and worked in Burma and India. He met the writer Rudyard Kipling. They were friends for the rest of his life. In 1889 he married Jessie Maud Barber. Returning to his homeland, Fraser spent 6 years searching for oil in Western Canada for the Canadian government. He sank the first well at Pelican Falls, Alberta. Fraser later searched for precious metals in the Cobalt District of Northern Ontario. The illness forced Fraser to quit his job as a geologist. He moved to Georgetown, where he lived for many years. In the last years of his life, Fraser settled in Toronto, where he died in his residence in his seventy-fifth year. Fraser is the author of 250 short stories. The short stories of Bulldog Carney are set in and around Edmonton, Alberta in the pre-WWI years. One of his favorite topics was the description of animal life. Fraser came up with the idea of introducing the Silver Cross for mothers whose sons had died in the First World War.

text:
# William Alexander Fraser (writer)

**William Alexander Fraser** (24 March 1859 — 9 November 1933) was a Canadian writer.

Fraser was born at River John in Pictou County, Nova Scotia of Scots parents. William moved to the United States to study. Until the age of 14, he studied in New York City and Boston. Then he returned to Canada, where he began to live with his uncle in Elgin County in Southwestern Ontario. In Canada, Fraser became an engineer and was involved in the development of the first oil wells in Western Ontario. He also engaged in early petroleum prospecting in Alberta.

Then he went to Asia for 7 years to search for oil. William lived and worked in Burma and India. He met the writer Rudyard Kipling. They were friends for the rest of his life. In 1889 he married Jessie Maud Barber.

Returning to his homeland, Fraser spent 6 years searching for oil in Western Canada for the Canadian government. He sank the first well at Pelican Falls, Alberta.

Fraser later searched for precious metals in the Cobalt District of Northern Ontario. The illness forced Fraser to quit his job as a geologist.

He moved to Georgetown, where he lived for many years.

In the last years of his life, Fraser settled in Toronto, where he died in his residence in his seventy-fifth year.

Fraser is the author of 250 short stories. The short stories of Bulldog Carney are set in and around Edmonton, Alberta in the pre-WWI years.

One of his favorite topics was the description of animal life.

Fraser came up with the idea of introducing the Silver Cross for mothers whose sons had died in the First World War.

## Works


title: Mont Gond

abstract: Mont Gond is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, overlooking Derborence in Valais. It is located between the Diablerets and the Rhone valley. Etang de Trente Pas is a small lake and bog below Mont Gond.

text:
# Mont Gond

**Mont Gond** is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, overlooking Derborence in Valais. It is located between the Diablerets and the Rhone valley. Etang de Trente Pas is a small lake and bog below Mont Gond.

## InfoBox

| Mont Gond | |
| --- | --- |
| Mont Gond, from Quille du Diable | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,710 m (8,890 ft) |
| Prominence | 395 m (1,296 ft) |
| Parent peak | Diablerets |
| Coordinates | 46°17′07.9″N 7°15′48.7″E / 46.285528°N 7.263528°E / 46.285528; 7.263528 |
| Geography | |
| Mont GondLocation in Switzerland | |
| Location | Valais, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Bernese Alps |


title: Mont Grand Matoury Nature Reserve

abstract: The Mont Grand Matoury Nature Reserve is a nature reserve in French Guiana, France. The reserve is located about eight kilometres south of Cayenne in the commune of Matoury It has been named after the eponymous mountain which measures 234 metres (768 ft), It was first protected in 1942, and extended in 2006.

text:
# Mont Grand Matoury Nature Reserve

The **Mont Grand Matoury Nature Reserve** (French: *Réserve naturelle nationale du mont Grand Matoury*) is a nature reserve in French Guiana, France. The reserve is located about eight kilometres south of Cayenne in the commune of Matoury It has been named after the eponymous mountain which measures 234 metres (768 ft), It was first protected in 1942, and extended in 2006.

## Overview

The nature reserve is located at a spot where many different environments meet. The lowlands of the coast with mangrove forests meet the old-growth forests of the highland. Numerous creeks flow through the area, and the reserve is surrounded by swamps and savannahs.

In 1942, an area of 166 hectares (410 acres) around the mountain was designated as a nature reserve. The Mirande trail gives access to the mountain. The visitor can either follow a botanical circuit or a more sportive hiking trail. On 6 September 2006, the area was incorporated in the current 2,123-hectare (5,250-acre) reserve.

## Flora and fauna

Mont Grand Matoury Nature Reserve is home to a great variety of wildlife. 75 species of mammals including 37 bats have been identified, 293 species of birds, and 351 species of butterflies are home to the area. Birds in the reserve include the roadside hawk, crane hawk, smooth-billed ani, hummingbirds, and the Amazonian motmot.

The palm *Astrocaryum minus* was first described by Trail in 1877, and assumed lost. In 1995, the palm was rediscovered at Mont Grand Matoury, and is nowadays considered a distinct species. The reserve is also home to a pre-Columbian Amerindian site.

## InfoBox

| Mont Grand Matoury Nature Reserve | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
| *Pierella hyalinus* | |
|  | |
| Location | French Guiana, France |
| Nearest city | Matoury |
| Coordinates | 4°51′49″N 52°21′23″W / 4.8637°N 52.3565°W / 4.8637; -52.3565 |
| Area | 21.23 km2 (8.20 sq mi) |
| Established | 6 September 2006 |
| Governing body | National Forests Office |
| Website | Reserves-Naturelles.org (in French) |


title: William Christian Hackett

abstract: William Christian Hackett, or W. C. Hackett is an American Catholic philosopher. He is also a translator, involved in the reception of French Phenomenology into English, and a novelist. His novel, Outside the Gates, retells the true story of Jewish existentialist philosopher Jean Wahl's escape from Drancy Internment Camp and underground flight to the Free zone during the German Occupation of France in 1941. Hackett is the translator of Wahl's Human Existence and Transcendence, published in 1944 after his escape, that is partially retold by the novel. Hackett is a professor of philosophy at Saint Meinrad Seminary and School of Theology in St. Meinrad, Indiana.

text:
# William Christian Hackett

**William Christian Hackett**, or **W. C. Hackett** (born 1979) is an American Catholic philosopher. He is also a translator, involved in the reception of French Phenomenology into English, and a novelist.

His novel, *Outside the Gates*, retells the true story of Jewish existentialist philosopher Jean Wahl's escape from Drancy Internment Camp and underground flight to the Free zone during the German Occupation of France in 1941. Hackett is the translator of Wahl's *Human Existence and Transcendence*, published in 1944 after his escape, that is partially retold by the novel.

Hackett is a professor of philosophy at Saint Meinrad Seminary and School of Theology in St. Meinrad, Indiana.

## Works

### Fiction

* *Outside the Gates*, Angelico Press, 2021. Honorable Mention. Catholic Media Association Book Awards 2022.

### Theory

* *Anthropomorphism and Christian Theology: The Apophatics of the Sensible.* Bloomsbury, 2024.
* *Philosophy in Word and Name: Myth, Wisdom, Apocalypse*, Angelico Press, 2020.
* *Quiet Powers of the Possible: Interviews in Contemporary French Phenomenology*, Fordham University Press, 2016. (with Tarek Dika)

### Translations

* *From Theology to Theological Thinking*, by Jean-Yves Lacoste, University of Virginia Press, 2014 (second edition, 2023).
* *God, the Flesh, and the Other: From Irenaeus to Duns Scotus*, by Emmanuel Falque, Northwestern University Press, 2014.
* *Human Existence and Transcendence*, by Jean Wahl, University of Notre Dame Press, 2016.
* *Saint Bonaventure and the Entrance of God into Theology*, by Emmanuel Falque, St. Bonaventure University Press, 2018. (with Brian Lapsa)
* *The Expansion of Metaphysics*, by Miklos Vető, Cascade Press, 2018.


title: William Crichton, 1st Earl of Dumfries

abstract: William Crichton, 1st Earl of Dumfries the ninth Lord Crichton, was born to William Crichton and Katherine Carmichael. The title Lord Crichton passed to William after his cousin Robert was hanged outside Westminster Hall for his involvement with a murder. A challenge arose to his claim to the title and lands from an illegitimate son of Robert, but a decree arbitral from King James VI found in favour of William's rights to the title, and compensated Robert's son with lands around Perth. On 31 July 1617, King James VI stayed at Sanquhar Castle while travelling through Scotland. During this visit, Crichton is reported to have burnt a bond recording a large debt owed to him the King. In 1622, the King gave Crichton the title Viscount of Ayr. Eleven years later, King Charles I of England gave Crichton the title Earl of Dumfries and Baron Crichton of Cumnock. Then in 1635, Crichton was given Lefnoreis Castle and surrounding lands. By the time of his death in 1642 or 1643, due to the family's financial difficulties William and his sons had sold Sanquhar Castle and the estates in the area to William Douglas, 1st Earl of Queensberry, and relocated the family to Cumnock.

text:
# William Crichton, 1st Earl of Dumfries

**William Crichton, 1st Earl of Dumfries** the ninth Lord Crichton, was born to William Crichton (brother of the sixth and seventh Lords Crichton) and Katherine Carmichael.

The title Lord Crichton passed to William after his cousin Robert was hanged outside Westminster Hall for his involvement with a murder. A challenge arose to his claim to the title and lands from an illegitimate son of Robert, but a decree arbitral from King James VI found in favour of William's rights to the title, and compensated Robert's son with lands around Perth.

On 31 July 1617, King James VI stayed at Sanquhar Castle while travelling through Scotland. During this visit, Crichton is reported to have burnt a bond recording a large debt owed to him the King. In 1622, the King gave Crichton the title **Viscount of Ayr**. Eleven years later, King Charles I of England gave Crichton the title **Earl of Dumfries and Baron Crichton of Cumnock**. Then in 1635, Crichton was given Lefnoreis Castle and surrounding lands (on which a descendant would later build Dumfries House).

By the time of his death in 1642 or 1643, due to the family's financial difficulties William and his sons had sold Sanquhar Castle and the estates in the area to William Douglas, 1st Earl of Queensberry, and relocated the family to Cumnock.

## Family

He first married Euphemia Seton, daughter of Sir James Seton of Touch and widow of Patrick Hamilton, and they produced five children.

He then married Ursula Barnham, daughter of Stephen Barnham and widow of Sir Robert Swift High Sheriff of Yorkshire. She and William produced no children.

## InfoBox

| William Crichton | |
| --- | --- |
| Lord Crichton of Sanquhar
Viscount of Ayr (1622-1642/3)
Earl of Dumfries (1633-1642/3) | |
| Issue | William Crichton, 2nd Earl of Dumfries
James Crichton
John Crichton
Mary Crichton
Catherine Crichton |
| Father | William Crichton, tutor of Sanquhar |
| Mother | Katherine Carmichael |


title: Moiseikin Jewellery House

abstract: Moiseikin is a Russian rooted jewellery production company headquartered in Hong Kong. The production is mainly based on minerals and gems that are mined in the Ural Mountains.

text:
# Moiseikin Jewellery House

**Moiseikin** is a Russian rooted jewellery production company headquartered in Hong Kong. The production is mainly based on minerals and gems that are mined in the Ural Mountains.

## The company

The company was founded in 1993 by businessman Viktor Moiseikin and is named after him.

Moiseikin has developed and patented internationally some technologies of jewellery production such as Waltzing Brilliance. According to *Rapaport Magazine*, "this technology both secures the diamonds and allows them to rotate gently around the axis created by the two points of contact"—and "this is the first patented jewelry invention for Russia in the past 100 years".

The company showcases its works at international luxury exhibitions. It also provides prizes for ceremonies such as "Person of the Year" business event held annually in Ekaterinburg.

Since 2019, the company has expanded into China.

## Examples

In 2005 the company exhibited a "million-dollar-clock" at *Dubai International Jewellery Week* in Dubai. As reported by Dubai press, the item weighs over 65 kg, includes over 2,000 diamonds, other jewels and a kilogram worth of gold.

In 2014 the company presented a massive souvenir made of marble depicting former and acting Russian presidents Dmitry Medvedev and Vladimir Putin playing chess.

## InfoBox

Moiseikin
|
|  |
| Industry | jewellery, luxury goods |
| Founded | 1993 in Yekaterinburg |
| Founder | Viktor Moiseikin |
| Website | www.moiseikin.com |


title: William Drinkwater

abstract: Sir William Leece Drinkwater was a First Deemster of the Isle of Man. Drinkwater came from an old Liverpool family and was born on 28 March 1812. His grandfather was James Drinkwater, Mayor of Liverpool in 1810 who married Elinor Leece, of Ballamona, Braddan. The long European peace, which followed the Battle of Waterloo, resulted in many English children being sent to France for education, among them William Leece Drinkwater, who attended Angoulëme College and became fluent in French. He then attended the Royal Institution School in Liverpool and then St John's College, Cambridge. He graduated with a BA degree in 1834 and later took an MA degree. He was called to the English Bar in 1837 and subsequently practised in the Northern circuit acting as a reporting barrister in the Common Pleas Division. Ten years later Drinkwater was appointed Second Deemster of the Isle of Man, and eight years later First Deemster. As a judge his record was one of which any man would have had good reason to be proud. His profound knowledge of both English and Manx law, his common sense and his impeccable impartiality made him almost the perfect judge. His position as Deemster entitled him to a seat in the Legislative Council and his record as a member of the Legislature was as distinguished as that of his career as a judge. In politics he was a conservative. He was also very independent and this independence often brought him into conflict with Sir Henry Loch, who was very autocratic in his methods and ruled Legislative Council with a rod of iron. Drinkwater was the only member of the Council willing to put up a fight and seldom came off second best. Despite their frequent bickerings in the Council and Tynwald Court, Loch and Drinkwater were friends in private life. In 1877, on the recommendation of Lieutenant Governor Sir Henry Loch, he was knighted. In the autumn of 1897 he resigned his Deemstership and retired from public life. After retiring from the bench and Legislature, Drinkwater continued to take a great interest in the Isle of Man Hospital being Chairman of the Committee. He had married his first cousin, Elenor Drinkwater Bourne (1818-1897), in 1841. He died on 22 May 1909 and his funeral was a private affair with only seven family members present: at the time of his death he had one surviving child, George Leece Drinkwater (1852-1930). Sir William Leece Drinkwater was a descendant of the ancient family of Drinkwater, of Bent, in Chesire. According to Burke's Landed Gentry, the Drinkwater's Crest is 'Three wheat ears, two in saltire, one in pale or, encircled by a ducal coronet ppr.'

text:
# William Drinkwater

**Sir William Leece Drinkwater** (28 March 1812 – 22 May 1909) was a First Deemster of the Isle of Man.

Drinkwater came from an old Liverpool family and was born on 28 March 1812. His grandfather was James Drinkwater, Mayor of Liverpool in 1810 who married Elinor Leece, of Ballamona, Braddan.

The long European peace, which followed the Battle of Waterloo, resulted in many English children being sent to France for education, among them William Leece Drinkwater, who attended Angoulëme College and became fluent in French. He then attended the Royal Institution School in Liverpool and then St John's College, Cambridge. He graduated with a BA degree in 1834 and later took an MA degree.

He was called to the English Bar (Inner Temple) in 1837 and subsequently practised in the Northern circuit acting as a reporting barrister in the Common Pleas Division.

Ten years later Drinkwater was appointed Second Deemster of the Isle of Man, and eight years later First Deemster. As a judge his record was one of which any man would have had good reason to be proud. His profound knowledge of both English and Manx law, his common sense and his impeccable impartiality made him almost the perfect judge.

His position as Deemster entitled him to a seat in the Legislative Council and his record as a member of the Legislature was as distinguished as that of his career as a judge. In politics he was a conservative. He was also very independent and this independence often brought him into conflict with Sir Henry Loch, who was very autocratic in his methods and ruled Legislative Council with a rod of iron. Drinkwater was the only member of the Council willing to put up a fight and seldom came off second best. Despite their frequent bickerings in the Council and Tynwald Court, Loch and Drinkwater were friends in private life.

In 1877, on the recommendation of Lieutenant Governor Sir Henry Loch, he was knighted.

In the autumn of 1897 he resigned his Deemstership and retired from public life. After retiring from the bench and Legislature, Drinkwater continued to take a great interest in the Isle of Man Hospital being Chairman of the Committee. He had married his first cousin, Elenor Drinkwater Bourne (1818-1897), in 1841. He died on 22 May 1909 and his funeral was a private affair with only seven family members present: at the time of his death he had one surviving child, George Leece Drinkwater (1852-1930).

Sir William Leece Drinkwater was a descendant of the ancient family of Drinkwater, of Bent, in Chesire. According to Burke's Landed Gentry, the Drinkwater's Crest is 'Three wheat ears, two in saltire, one in pale or, encircled by a ducal coronet ppr.'

## Offices of State


title: William Drew Washburn Jr.

abstract: William Drew Washburn Jr. was an American politician and businessman.

text:
# William Drew Washburn Jr.

**William Drew Washburn Jr.** (April 3, 1863  October 10, 1929) was an American politician and businessman.

## Early life and education

Born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Washburn attended Minneapolis Public Schools and graduated from Phillips Andover Academy in 1883. In 1888, Washburn graduated from Yale University.

## Career

Washburn was in the newspaper, real estate, and railroad business. He served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1901 to 1903, 1905–1907, 1909 to 1913, 1917 to 1919, and 1921 to 1926. Washburn was a Republican.

## Personal life

Washburn is a member of the political Washburn family. His father, William D. Washburn, served in the United States Congress and Minnesota Legislature.

## InfoBox

| William Drew Washburn Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Minnesota House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
1921 – 1926
1917 – 1918
1909 – 1912
1901 – 1906 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | April 3, 1863
Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S. |
| Died | October 10, 1929 (aged 66)
Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Relations | Washburn family |
| Parent | William D. Washburn (father) |
| Education | Yale University |
|  | |


title: Monika Correa

abstract: Monika Correa is an Indian textile artist known for her experimental weaves. She is largely a self-taught weaver which has allowed her to break free from the inhibitions of an academically trained artist and explore the possibility of textile as a medium of art. Her textile creations are a part of leading collections at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York; Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis and Tate, London to name a few.

text:
# Monika Correa

**Monika Correa** (née **Sequeira**; born 1938) is an Indian textile artist known for her experimental weaves. She is largely a self-taught weaver which has allowed her to break free from the inhibitions of an academically trained artist and explore the possibility of textile as a medium of art.

Her textile creations are a part of leading collections at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York; Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis and Tate, London to name a few.

## Biography

Monika has completed her B.Sc. in Microbiology from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai in 1958. Later, she married the notable Indian architect Charles Correa in 1961. They had two children, Nakul and Nondita.

In 1962, Monika had accompanied her husband when he was called to teach at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). En route this trip, they traveled via Helsinki, Finland where she saw the traditional Rya & Ryijy rugs and was thoroughly impressed by them. This sparked Correa's interest and motivated her to learn weaving. Subsequently, in America, she got a chance to meet Marianne Strengell through György Kepes, a painter and professor at MIT. Former had then retired as the head of the textiles department from the Cranbrook Academy of Art. Strengell taught Correa the fundamentals of weaving and gave her a design of the loom when the latter was returning to India.

## Career

After Correa returned to India in 1963, she got the loom built for herself according to the design shared by Strengell. She had also told Correa about Nelly Sethna, her former student who also lived in Bombay. Sethna had sent a young weaver to accommodate Correa with the basic setup.

### Weavers’ Service Center

Correa trained for three months between 1964 and 1965 at the Weavers’ Service Center (WSC) in Mumbai. It was a research institute headed by Pupul Jayakar and funded by the Government of India. At the WSC, Correa met Indian modern artists like K. G. Subramanyan and Prabhakar Barwe. At that time, Subramanyan was working on fibre sculptures made of wool which had a deep influence on Correa.

### Commissions

Initially, Correa began making dhurries (floor carpets) which had simple forms of stripes and solid surfaces. However, not impressed by the idea of people walking on the dhurries, she decided to turn her handlooms into a canvas. She gradually moved to create vertical, wall mounted works which made the process of weaving itself visible.

Correa's breakthrough moment came about when she was asked by Pilloo Pochkhanawala to create weaves for Bombay Arts Festival in 1966. Alongside K. G. Subramanyan and Nelly Sethna, Correa created two pieces for the festival – one of which was the work titled 'Original Sin', for which she had used hand-spun wool.

Following the recognition received at this event, bulk of Correa's work came about as exclusive commissions. Some of her creations include weaves for Philip Johnson’s The Four Seasons Restaurant at the Seagram Building in New York and The Constitutional Court of South Africa in Johannesburg among others.

### Experimentation

The innovative aspect of Correa's work has been her re-structuring of the reed used for weaving. With the help of a carpenter, she cut off the top of the reed which consisted of iron filings stuck with tar. This allowed her to screw it on the wooden rack of the loom. Being able to unscrew at her will meant that she was able to release the reed according to her requirement. This enabled her to collect the wefts and then, by shifting the reed she could displace them slightly, thus allowing a sense of movement within the weave. Correa has applied this technique to her tapestries which make her experimental weaves quite unique and fascinating.

## Notable works

* Original Sin (1966, 1972)
* Banyan Tree (1984)
* Axis Mundi (1997–99)

## Exhibitions

### Solo exhibitions

* 2019 - *Woven* at Frieze London, Jhaveri Contemporary
* 2014 - *Echoes in Fiber: The Textile Art of Monika Correa*, Pucker Gallery, Boston
* 2013 - *Meandering Warps*, Chemould Prescott Road, Mumbai

### Group exhibitions

* 2019 - *Taking a Thread for a Walk*, Museum of Modern Art, New York
* 2016 - *Rewind*, Dhaka Art Summit, Dhaka
* 2015 - *Approaching Abstraction*, Jhaveri Contemporary, Mumbai

## InfoBox

| Monika Correa | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1938 (age 8586)<br>Bombay Presidency, British India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | Textile artist |
| Known for | Experimental weaves |
| Spouse | Charles Correa  (m. 1961; died 2015) |
| Children | 2 |
| Website | monikacorrea.com |


title: Monte Argentario

abstract: Monte Argentario is a comune (municipality) and a peninsula belonging to the Province of Grosseto in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 150 kilometres (93 mi) south of Florence and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Grosseto. The peninsula is connected with the mainland by three spits of land which form two lagoons, the Laguna di Ponente on the west side and the Laguna di Levante on the east side of the middle dam. The two main villages on Monte Argentario are Porto Santo Stefano, chief town, facing north, and Porto Ercole facing south. The panoramic road Strada panoramica starts in Porto Santo Stefano allowing splendid views of the coast and the Tuscan Archipelago. Monte Argentario borders the comune of Orbetello, which is located on the middle dam between the two lagoons.

text:
# Monte Argentario

**Monte Argentario** is a *comune* (municipality) and a peninsula belonging to the Province of Grosseto in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 150 kilometres (93 mi) south of Florence and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Grosseto. The peninsula is connected with the mainland by three spits of land which form two lagoons, the *Laguna di Ponente* on the west side and the *Laguna di Levante* on the east side of the middle dam. The two main villages on Monte Argentario are Porto Santo Stefano, chief town, facing north, and Porto Ercole facing south.

The panoramic road *Strada panoramica* starts in Porto Santo Stefano allowing splendid views of the coast and the Tuscan Archipelago.

Monte Argentario borders the *comune* of Orbetello, which is located on the middle dam between the two lagoons.

## Geography

Monte Argentario is a promontory stretching towards the Tyrrhenian Sea in correspondence of the two southernmost islands of the Tuscan Archipelago, Giglio and Giannutri. The promontory was an island in the past, but the sea currents and the Albegna river joined it with the mainland through two so-called tomboli (stretches of land), the Tombolo of Giannella and the Tombolo of the Feniglia.

The highest peak of Monte Argentario is the Punta Telegrafo at 635 metres (2,083 ft) above sea level. The landscape and the coast are mainly rocky, with numerous harbors, usually with rock beaches. The municipal seat is in the northern settlement, Porto Santo Stefano. The other main settlement in the township is Porto Ercole.

Argentarola cave lies close to Argentario promontory. The high quality speleothems that have been collected from this cave have allowed scientists to study the 215,000 year history of sea-level oscillations in this region.

### Climate

| Climate data for Monte Argentario (1991-2020) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.83
(47.89) | 9.50
(49.10) | 12.33
(54.19) | 15.61
(60.10) | 20.38
(68.68) | 25.29
(77.52) | 28.88
(83.98) | 29.03
(84.25) | 23.61
(74.50) | 18.23
(64.81) | 13.21
(55.78) | 9.72
(49.50) | 17.88
(64.19) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.09
(42.96) | 6.20
(43.16) | 8.53
(47.35) | 11.45
(52.61) | 15.81
(60.46) | 20.36
(68.65) | 23.47
(74.25) | 23.81
(74.86) | 19.11
(66.40) | 14.89
(58.80) | 10.57
(51.03) | 7.15
(44.87) | 13.95
(57.12) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.15
(39.47) | 3.92
(39.06) | 5.87
(42.57) | 8.51
(47.32) | 12.51
(54.52) | 16.75
(62.15) | 19.55
(67.19) | 20.00
(68.00) | 15.97
(60.75) | 12.53
(54.55) | 8.54
(47.37) | 5.14
(41.25) | 11.12
(52.02) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 59.25
(2.33) | 47.31
(1.86) | 50.38
(1.98) | 44.65
(1.76) | 38.85
(1.53) | 17.60
(0.69) | 9.61
(0.38) | 15.61
(0.61) | 66.19
(2.61) | 75.55
(2.97) | 102.25
(4.03) | 72.13
(2.84) | 599.38
(23.59) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.23 | 5.37 | 5.77 | 5.87 | 4.90 | 2.13 | 1.17 | 1.86 | 4.50 | 5.73 | 9.23 | 7.90 | 60.66 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75.15 | 71.66 | 69.63 | 67.35 | 64.45 | 60.78 | 56.79 | 58.68 | 67.44 | 75.84 | 79.08 | 75.26 | 68.51 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 1.83
(35.29) | 0.94
(33.69) | 2.62
(36.72) | 4.85
(40.73) | 8.09
(46.56) | 11.29
(52.32) | 12.82
(55.08) | 13.50
(56.30) | 12.28
(54.10) | 10.44
(50.79) | 6.97
(44.55) | 2.84
(37.11) | 7.37
(45.27) |
| Source: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## History

The promontory, probably already inhabited by the Etruscans, was a personal property of the Domitii Ahenobarbi family, who obtained it in return for the money they lent to the Roman Republic in the Punic Wars. The current name probably finds its origin here, since *Argentarii* was the name of money lenders in ancient Rome.

Later an imperial possession, it was ceded to the church by Constantine the Great in the 4th century AD. In the Middle Ages, due to the reduced traffic passing on the nearby Via Aurelia, the area was sparsely settled. In the heart of the Middle Ages, the promontory became a possession of the Monastery of San Paolo in Rome. It represented in the so-called Carolingian Gate at the Monastery of St. Anastius outside Rome. Following the history of Orbetello, the promontory was a possession of the Aldobrandeschi, the Orsini, King Ladislaus of Naples and Siena, until Spain acquired it in the late 16th century. The Spaniards heavily fortified the two ports, as the main stronghold of the State of Presidi. In 1815, after Napoleon's defeat, the Argentario was handed over to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, to which it belonged until 1860, when it became part of the newly united Kingdom of Italy.

The painter Michelangelo Merisi, known as Caravaggio, died of a fever at Porto Ercole in 1610.

During World War II, the settlements of Argentario were heavily bombed, with numerous losses. The port of Santo Stefano was destroyed, and was rebuilt only in the 1950s. The railway that connected Orbetello to the mainland was never rebuilt.

## Main sights

* *Monastery of the Presentation* and Punta Telegrafo.
* *Rocca Spagnola* (Spanish Fortress), in Porto Santo Stefano.
* *Forte Filippo* and *Forte Stella*, in Porto Ercole.
* The church of St. Erasmus, in the historical centre of Porto Ercole, not far from the *Porta Pisana*.
* The *Via panoramica* (Panoramic Road), running alongside the coast.
* Argentario Aquarium

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Monte Argentario | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Monte Argentario | |
|  | |
| Monte Argentario within the Province of Grosseto | |
| Location of Monte Argentario | |
| Monte ArgentarioLocation of Monte Argentario in ItalyMonte ArgentarioMonte Argentario (Tuscany) | |
| Coordinates: 42°26′N 11°7′E / 42.433°N 11.117°E / 42.433; 11.117 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Tuscany |
| Province | Grosseto (GR) |
| *Frazioni* | Cala Moresca, Cala Piccola, Carrubo, Porto Ercole, Porto Santo Stefano, Pozzarello, Santa Liberata, Sbarcatello, Terrarossa |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Francesco Borghini |
| Area | |
| Total | 60.3 km2 (23.3 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 5 m (16 ft) |
| Population (1 January 2022) | |
| Total | 11,994 |
| Density | 200/km2 (520/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Santostefanesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 58019 |
| Dialing code | 0564 |
| Patron saint | Sts. Erasmus and Stephen |
| Saint day | June 2 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Monte Astu

abstract: Monte Astu or Monte Asto is a mountain in the department of Haute-Corse on the island of Corsica, France.

text:
# Monte Astu

**Monte Astu** or **Monte Asto** is a mountain in the department of Haute-Corse on the island of Corsica, France.

## Location

The peak is on the border between the communes of Lama and Sorio. It is to the east of the D8 road from Pietralba via Lama to Urtaca. It is the highest point of a ridge that includes the 1,509 metres (4,951 ft) Cima di Grimaseta and 1,512 metres (4,961 ft) Petra San Ghiaccu to the south and the 1,371 metres (4,498 ft) Monte a l'Alturaia, 1,299 metres (4,262 ft) Cima a Muzzelli and 1,063 metres (3,488 ft) Monte Ambrica to the north. Another ridge runs eastward through the 1333 Monti di Peru, 1042 A Genucula and 717 Croce d'Aculaghja to San-Gavino-di-Tenda. The Fiume di Gargalagne, a tributary of the Ostriconi, drains the west of the ridge. Streams from the southeast of the ridge feed the Fiumi Raghiunti, the upper section of the Aliso River.

## Physical

Monte Asto has an elevation of 1,535 metres (5,036 ft) and clean prominence of 1,063 metres (3,488 ft). It is isolated by 17.96 kilometres (11.16 mi) from its nearest higher neighbour, Cima a i Mori to the south of southwest.

Monte Astu is the highest point in the Tenda massif between Saint-Florent and L'Île-Rousse in Haute-Corse. This is a granitic mole partially detached from its mica schist encasement which still remains on its periphery and on its roof.

## Hiking

The route to the summit from Lama is 12.8 kilometres (8.0 mi) there and back, with a vertical of 1,043 metres (3,422 ft). It is considered difficult, and takes about six hours. The path winds through Corsican maquis shrubland along a marked path past the Refuge de Prunincu to the ridge overlooking the Puleghio ravine. ffA small climb across riprap is needed to reach the summit, not advised for people with vertigo.

From the summit there is a beautiful panorama over northern Corsica, including the Agriates Desert, the Monte Cinto massif, Cap Corse and the Tuscan Archipelago. The view includes the eastern plain, the Saint-Florent bay to the north and L'Île-Rousse to the west.

1. "Topographic map of Monte Astu". *opentopomap.org*. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
2. Node: Monte Astu (26863790).
3. Rando 17 : Monte Astu.
4. Monte Asto, France, Peakbagger.
5. Lahondere, Rossi & Lahondere 1999, p. 28.
6. Le Monte Astu à partir de Lama.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Monte Astu | |
| --- | --- |
| Monte Astu | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,535 m (5,036 ft) |
| Prominence | 1,063 m (3,488 ft) |
| Isolation | 17.95 km (11.15 mi) |
| Listing | Mountains of Corsica |
| Coordinates | 42°34′52″N 9°12′36″E / 42.5812°N 9.2100°E / 42.5812; 9.2100 |
| Geography | |
| Monte Astu | |
| Country | France |
| Department | Haute-Corse |