title: Netrani Island

abstract: Netrani is a small island of India located in the Arabian Sea. It is the only heart island which is present in India.It is off the coast of Karnataka situated approximately 10 nautical miles (19 km) from the temple town of Murudeshwara in Bhatkal Taluka. The island can be seen from the mainland over 15 km away. Views above give this island the appearance of being heart-shaped. Its animal inhabitants include wild goats and a lot of pigeons. It has scuba diving and a lot of different water sports facilities available to have fun and is easily accessible from Bhatkal, Mangalore, Goa, Mumbai or Bangalore. It is a good place to go for day out picnics. There are dive shops at Murdeshwar and Goa which regularly organize trips to the island. It is known locally as Nitra Gudo. The famous Hindu temple Jai Bajrangbali Temple is located here.

text:
# Netrani Island

**Netrani** (historically known as **Bajrangi Island**, **Pigeon Island** and also **Heart Shaped Island**) is a small island of India located in the Arabian Sea. It is the only heart island which is present in India.It is off the coast of Karnataka situated approximately 10 nautical miles (19 km) from the temple town of Murudeshwara in Bhatkal Taluka. The island can be seen from the mainland over 15 km (9.3 miles) away. Views above give this island the appearance of being heart-shaped. Its animal inhabitants include wild goats and a lot of pigeons. It has scuba diving and a lot of different water sports facilities available to have fun and is easily accessible from Bhatkal, Mangalore, Goa, Mumbai or Bangalore. It is a good place to go for day out picnics. There are dive shops at Murdeshwar and Goa which regularly organize trips to the island. It is known locally as Nitra Gudo. The famous Hindu temple Jai Bajrangbali Temple is located here.

## Coral reef

Netrani is a coral island whose reefs teem with many varieties of butterfly fish, trigger fish, parrot fish, eel and shrimp. Divers have also reported seeing orcas and whale sharks around the island. Fish eagles thrive on sea snakes and fish. A species of mongoose was also spotted here, confirming mammalian inhabitants apart from bats. Whale sharks were also spotted by snorkelers. Eighty nine varieties of coral fish were found in one study.

A 16-metre (52 ft) rock used for target practice by the Indian Navy raised concerns for causing harm to the island's ecosystem. In 2012, the Karnataka High Court issued a stay on target practice.

### Scuba Diving

Netrani Island has several dive sites with visibility ranging from 15 to 20 meters (49.2 to 65.6 feet). Diving is popular between June and September and is done from a boat anchored close to the island; steep cliffs and sharp rocks discourage climbing to the island proper. There are healthy coral reef with a huge variety of reef fish around the island. After initial resistance from the local fishermen, diving is now actively promoted by the Karnataka Tourism.

## Bajrangbali temple

An ancient Hanuman temple is visited by thousands every year. The god Hanuman is said to have landed here and created a clay figurine of Lord Rama. This story is said to exist in Vibhishan Purana, where it is mentioned in 42.9.7: "Lord Hanuman was flying to save Laxmana Then He Rested Here for a While and made a figurine of Lord Rama and Worshipped here and left the place."

The 2022 Kannada Docudrama film Gandhada Gudi featuring Puneeth Rajkumar and Amoghavarsha consists of a scuba diving portion exploring the underwater sea life and coral reefs of Nethrani Islands.

## InfoBox

Netrani Island
| Netrani Island | |
| --- | --- |
| Netrani IslandLocation in Karnataka | |
| Geography | |
| Coordinates | 14°00′59″N 74°19′33″E / 14.0165°N 74.3259°E / 14.0165; 74.3259 |
| Total islands | one |
| Administration | |
| **India** | |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Uttara Kannada |
| Taluk | Bhatkal |
| Demographics | |
| Population | uninhabitated |
| Additional information | |
| Official website | http://www.netraniisland.com |


title: Podhradní Lhota

abstract: Podhradní Lhota is a municipality and village in Kroměříž District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants. Podhradní Lhota lies approximately 33 kilometres (21 mi) north-east of Kroměříž, 23 km (14 mi) north-east of Zlín, and 254 km (158 mi) east of Prague.

text:
# Podhradní Lhota

**Podhradní Lhota** is a municipality and village in Kroměříž District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.

Podhradní Lhota lies approximately 33 kilometres (21 mi) north-east of Kroměříž, 23 km (14 mi) north-east of Zlín, and 254 km (158 mi) east of Prague.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 504 |  |
| 1880 | 508 | +0.8% |
| 1890 | 467 | −8.1% |
| 1900 | 468 | +0.2% |
| 1910 | 491 | +4.9% |
| 1921 | 511 | +4.1% |
| 1930 | 547 | +7.0% |
| 1950 | 530 | −3.1% |
| 1961 | 582 | +9.8% |
| 1970 | 552 | −5.2% |
| 1980 | 538 | −2.5% |
| 1991 | 515 | −4.3% |
| 2001 | 533 | +3.5% |
| 2011 | 512 | −3.9% |
| 2021 | 430 | −16.0% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## Sights

Ruins of the Nový Šaumburk castle is located in the municipality.

## InfoBox

| Podhradní Lhota | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| View from the south | |
|  | |
| Podhradní LhotaLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°25′15″N 17°47′42″E / 49.42083°N 17.79500°E / 49.42083; 17.79500 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Zlín |
| District | Kroměříž |
| First mentioned | 1271 |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.81 km2 (1.47 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 386 m (1,266 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 456 |
| Density | 120/km2 (310/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 768 71 |
| Website | www.podhradnilhota.cz |


title: George A. Marsh

abstract: The George A. Marsh was a three-masted schooner built in Michigan City Indiana in 1882 as a lumber carrier. In 1914, the Marsh was sold to a Belleville, Ontario man as a coal carrier. The Marsh met her demise on August 8, 1917, when she sank during a storm, with a loss of twelve of the fourteen crew. Many wrecks explored by Save Ontario Shipwrecks are not fully intact, unlike the George A. Marsh (1882) a three masted schooner, which sank on August 8, 1917, during a summer gale off Amherst Island near Kingston, Ontario The wreck of the Marsh rests upright and very intact in Lake Ontario, in roughly 80 feet of water.

text:
# George A. Marsh

The ***George A. Marsh*** was a three-masted schooner built in Michigan City Indiana in 1882 as a lumber carrier. In 1914, the Marsh was sold to a Belleville, Ontario man as a coal carrier.

The *Marsh* met her demise on August 8, 1917, when she sank during a storm, with a loss of twelve of the fourteen crew (and including seven children between the ages of one and thirteen).

Many wrecks explored by Save Ontario Shipwrecks are not fully intact, unlike the George A. Marsh (1882) a three masted schooner, which sank on August 8, 1917, during a summer gale off Amherst Island near Kingston, Ontario The wreck of the *Marsh* rests upright and very intact in Lake Ontario, in roughly 80 feet of water.

44°07′36.59″N 76°36′10.08″W / 44.1268306°N 76.6028000°W / 44.1268306; -76.6028000

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | *George A. Marsh* |
| Completed | 1887 |
| Fate | Sank 8 August 1917 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 174.87 (gross) |
| Length | 36 m (118 ft) |
| Beam | 9.4 m (31 ft) |
| Height | 2.7 m (8.9 ft) |


title: Poļina Jeļizarova

abstract: Poļina Jeļizarova is a Latvian runner who specializes in the 3000 metres steeplechase. She was born in Liepāja, Latvia. She won the gold medal at the 2005 European Junior Championships, finished fourth at the 2006 World Junior Championships, sixth at the 2008 World Junior Championships, seventh at the 2009 European U23 Championships, eleventh at the 2009 Summer Universiade, ninth at the 2011 European U23 Championships, sixth at the 2012 European Championships, thirteenth at the 2012 Summer Olympics and eighth at the 2013 European Indoor Championships. She reached the final, but did not finish, at the 2014 European Championships. She is the current Latvian record holder in 3000 m steeplechase event with 9:27.21 minutes. Jeļizarova was named 2005 Rising Star of the Year in Latvia.

text:
# Poļina Jeļizarova

**Poļina Jeļizarova** (born 1 May 1989) is a Latvian runner who specializes in the 3000 metres steeplechase. She was born in Liepāja, Latvia.

She won the gold medal at the 2005 European Junior Championships, finished fourth at the 2006 World Junior Championships, sixth at the 2008 World Junior Championships, seventh at the 2009 European U23 Championships, eleventh at the 2009 Summer Universiade, ninth at the 2011 European U23 Championships, sixth at the 2012 European Championships, thirteenth at the 2012 Summer Olympics and eighth (in the 3000 metres) at the 2013 European Indoor Championships. She reached the final, but did not finish, at the 2014 European Championships.

She is the current Latvian record holder in 3000 m steeplechase event with 9:27.21 minutes. Jeļizarova was named 2005 Rising Star of the Year in Latvia.

## InfoBox

Poļina Jeļizarova
| Jeļizarova at the start of the 2012 Olympic steeplechase final | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Latvian |
| Born | (1989-05-01) 1 May 1989<br>Liepāja, Latvia |
| Height | 1.55 m (5 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 47 kg (104 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Latvia |
| Sport | Track and field |
| Event(s) | 3000 m steeplechase, 3000 m |
| Coached by | Viktors Lācis |


title: Poganówko

abstract: Poganówko is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Kętrzyn, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

text:
# Poganówko

**Poganówko** \[pɔɡaˈnufkɔ\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Kętrzyn, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Poganówko | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Poganówko | |
| Coordinates: 53°59′49″N 21°23′35″E / 53.99694°N 21.39306°E / 53.99694; 21.39306 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Kętrzyn |
| Gmina | Kętrzyn |


title: Marymount International School of Rome

abstract: Marymount International School Rome is a private, international, Catholic, co-educational day school that follows the American grading system and a part of the Global Network of RSHM Schools which includes 19 Marymount schools in Europe, North America, and South America founded by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary (RSHM). The school offers an English-language American and International curriculum from Early Childhood through Grade 12, a longstanding International Baccalaureate (IB) diploma program and an American High School Diploma, as well as AP courses, and extracurricular activities, which take place on their 40-acre campus in northern Rome. Facilities include several science laboratories, two libraries with multi-media centers, art and music studios, an Auditorium, the Early Childhood Center Outdoor Classroom, Garden and Playground, and the Dining Hall in addition to a regulation-size soccer field and several other sports areas. The one-to-one laptop program in the Secondary School is supported by high-speed Internet connections in the classrooms. Enrichment opportunities are offered across all Grade Levels. Marymount is accredited by the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO), Council of International Schools (CIS) and the Middle States Association (MSA).

text:
# Marymount International School of Rome

**Marymount International School Rome** is a private, international, Catholic, co-educational day school that follows the American grading system and a part of the Global Network of RSHM Schools which includes 19 Marymount schools in Europe, North America, and South America founded by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary (RSHM).

The school offers an English-language American and International curriculum from Early Childhood through Grade 12 (ages 2 to 18), a longstanding International Baccalaureate (IB) diploma program and an American High School Diploma, as well as AP courses, and extracurricular activities, which take place on their 40-acre campus in northern Rome.

Facilities include several science laboratories, two libraries with multi-media centers, art and music studios, an Auditorium, the Early Childhood Center Outdoor Classroom, Garden and Playground, and the Dining Hall in addition to a regulation-size soccer field and several other sports areas. The one-to-one laptop program in the Secondary School is supported by high-speed Internet connections in the classrooms. Enrichment opportunities are offered across all Grade Levels.

Marymount is accredited by the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO), Council of International Schools (CIS) and the Middle States Association (MSA).

## InfoBox

| Marymount International School Rome | |
| --- | --- |
| The Villa at Marymount International School Rome | |
| Location | |
| Rome, Italy | |
| Information | |
| Type | Private School, international school |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Roman Catholic |
| Established | 1946 (1946) |
| Head of school | Ms. Sarah Gallagher |
| Staff | 100+ |
| Grades | Early Childhood - Grade 12; International Baccalaureate Diploma Program, American High School Diploma, Advanced Placement |
| Enrollment | 840 |
| Average class size | 15-20 students |
| Color(s) | Blue and white |
| Mascot | Royals |
| Website | www.marymountrome.com |


title: Narfi frá Hrísey

abstract: Narfi fra Hrisey was an ice hockey team in Hrísey, Iceland, founded in 1964. The team played in the Icelandic Men's Hockey League in the 2005, 2006, and 2008 seasons. They did not win a game in the 2007–08 season, and finished in fourth place in all three of their seasons.

text:
# Narfi frá Hrísey

**Narfi fra Hrisey** was an ice hockey team in Hrísey, Iceland, founded in 1964. The team played in the Icelandic Men's Hockey League in the 2005, 2006, and 2008 seasons. They did not win a game in the 2007–08 season, and finished in fourth place in all three of their seasons.

## Season-by-season record

| **Season** | **GP** | **W** | **L** | **T** | **OTL** | **GF** | **GA** | **P** | **Results** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007–08 | 18 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 250 | 0 | 4th |
| 2005–06 | 18 | 1 | 15 | 0 | 1 | 38 | 129 | 4 | 4th (Lost 3rd place game) |
| 2004–05 | 18 | 4 | 12 | 2 | - | 78 | 137 | 10 | 4th |

## InfoBox

| Narfi fra Hrisey | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Hrísey, Iceland |
| Founded | 1964 |
| Folded | 2008 |
| Colours | White, Orange <br> |


title: Otto Nielsen

abstract: Otto Nielsen was a Norwegian songwriter, revue writer, cabaret singer and radio personality. He participated in Norwegian cultural life for five decades, starting from the 1930s, and played an important role behind the scene as program manager for the radio program series "Søndagsposten" for over twenty years.

text:
# Otto Nielsen

**Otto Nielsen** (19 June 1909 – 9 October 1982) was a Norwegian songwriter, revue writer, cabaret singer and radio personality. He participated in Norwegian cultural life for five decades, starting from the 1930s, and played an important role behind the scene as program manager for the radio program series "*Søndagsposten*" for over twenty years.

## Personal life

Nielsen was born in Trondheim as a son of Karl Otto Severin Nielsen and his wife Anna Louise Kaspersen Berg. He was married to dancer and choreographer Elsa Emilie Ramberg from 1938 to 1945, and to nurse Aslaug Josefine Becker Fossum from 1953.

## Career

### 1930s

Nilsen co-formed the song duo *Gerd og Otto* in 1930, together with his younger sister Gerd. The group had its first appearance at Trøndelag Teater in Trondheim. Their first recordings were *Et luftslott på månen*/*Haveorkesteret* and *På turné*/*Hans og Grete* from 1934, and the duo issued several 78 rpm records during the 1930s. The duo also produced children's programs for *Trøndelag Kringkaster* in Trondheim, and Nielsen co-wrote the first Norwegian operetta for radio, *Postboks 39*. He also wrote a children's operetta, *Spilledåsen* in 1939.

### 1940s

Following the outbreak of World War II, Nielsen was arrested in November 1942 and held at Møllergata 19 for three weeks, and again arrested in November 1943 and held at the Grini concentration camp until May 1945. While staying at Grini he orchestred several cabarets for the prisoners. His song *Det har vi* was first performed inside the camp in 1944, and the song found its way out and became very popular. Another of Nielsen's Grini songs was *Grinimarsjen*. The duo *Gerd and Otto's* most popular hit was the song *En grønnmalt benk* from 1948.

### 1950s

Nilsen was program editor for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation's program series *Søndagsposten* from 1958 to 1979. In this position he played an important role behind the Norwegian cultural scene. Several singer-songwriters saw their first songs performed in this program, including Kari Bremnes, Birgitte Grimstad, Lars Klevstrand and Stein Ove Berg. Among Nielsen's songs from the 1950s are *Prinsessen i berget det blå* (1952), *Litjvisa mi* (1958) and *Gamlemor og Vesleblakken* (1959).

### 1960s

In the 1960s Nielsen wrote songs such as *Hemmeligheten* from 1961 and *Fiskeribølgen* from 1964. His song *Pappa'n til Tove Mette* from 1964 had a melody composed by Willy Andresen, and *På ski* (1965) had a melody by Robert Normann. Nielsen composed the melody for Alf Prøysen's popular song *Du skal få en dag i mårå*  (1966). He wrote the song text for *Jeg vil være tung*, with melody composed by Arne Bendiksen. His book *Søndagspostens bok* was issued in 1967.

### 1970s and 1980s

The album *Hajnhojnn i bajnn og 13 andre trønderviser* was released in 1975. Nielsen received the Spellemannprisen honorary award in 1975, and the revue award Leonard Statuette for 1979. Nielsens and his sister Gerd (Røstad) made a re-recording of some of their best known songs in 1982, issued on the Polydor album *Svanesang i stereo*.

The street *Otto Nielsens vei* at Tyholt in Trondheim is named after him.

## InfoBox

| Otto Nielsen | |
| --- | --- |
| Otto Nielsen in 1964 | |
| Born | Otto Louis Nielsen
(1909-06-19)19 June 1909
Trondheim, Norway |
| Died | 9 October 1982(1982-10-09) (aged 73)
Oslo, Norway |
| Nationality | Norwegian |
| Occupation(s) | Song and cabaret writer, singer, radio host |


title: Netravali

abstract: Netravali is a census town in Sanguem taluka, South Goa district in the state of Goa, India.

text:
# Netravali

**Netravali** is a census town in Sanguem taluka, South Goa district in the state of Goa, India.

## Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary

* Located in Sanguem Taluka in Eastern Goa.
* Area : 211.05 km2
* Major attractions : black panther, giant squirrel, slender loris, great pied hornbills
* Best time to visit : October to March

If you are a wildlife lover and have explored the three main wildlife sanctuaries of Goa, do not think that your wildlife trip has been completed. This is because there is also a new wildlife sanctuary which deserve a visit. Situated in Eastern Goa, Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary is a major attraction for nature-enthusiasts and wildlife lovers as well. Just few years back, Netravali was declared a wildlife sanctuary by the government of Goa to protect its Western Ghat range. Netravali is connected to the Madei Wildlife Sanctuary and together the two parks cover an area of 420 km2, of which Netravali has 211.05 km2 area. The Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary lies between the Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary to its north and Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary to its south.

### Flora

Not only the wildlife, but the variety of forests in Netravali deserves tourist appreciation too. Netravali has moist-deciduous forest interspersed with semi-evergreen and evergreen forests.

### Fauna

Here, you can spot wildlife like black panthers, great pied hornbills, king cobras, giant squirrels, slender loris. Apart from these wildlife species, you can also see a number of other animals also.

### Where to stay

Accommodation is available in forest rest houses run by the GTDC (Goa Tourism Development Corporation).

### How to reach

Dabolim airport is 65 km away from the Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary. From the airport, you have to hire taxis to reach the sanctuary. Margao (45 km) one of the major railway stations of Goa, is the nearest railhead. Buses and taxis are available from Margao and Panaji (75 km) to Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary.

## Savari Waterfall

* Located in Sanguem Taluka in Eastern Goa.
* Major attractions: waterfall, jungle walk, mountain climbing
* Best time to visit: Any time during the year (preferably summer to get relief from the heat).

If you are adventurous enough, you have the zeal to walk the distance, no fear of the wild animals, this is the destination you can have fun and enjoy. Filled with greenery, the animals sound on the way make the journey more beautiful. And do not be surprised if you start shouting just to listen to your own voice.

### Safety

There is a danger of wild animals attacking, but no incidents have been reported.

### Responsibility

You are responsible for keeping the environment safe. Do not light fire. Dispose of waste in once place only. Do not pollute the place.

## Mainapi Waterfall

Mainapi is the smaller of the two waterfalls at Netravali, more pristine and secluded. A trek of about 2 hours takes you to the falls (the last half an hour or so of which gets quite steep and tricky). You can stand under the cascading falls, swim in the pools of water at its base, and maybe even have a little picnic lunch on the rocks.

## InfoBox

| Netravali | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| NetravaliLocation in Goa, IndiaNetravaliNetravali (India) | |
| Coordinates: 15°05′N 74°13′E / 15.09°N 74.22°E / 15.09; 74.22 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Goa |
| District | South Goa |
| Languages | |
| Official | Konkani |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | GA |
| Website | goa.gov.in |


title: Pol Arias

abstract: Pol Arias Dourdet is an Andorran swimmer. He competed in the men's 400 metre freestyle event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Pol Arias

**Pol Arias Dourdet** (born 8 August 1996) is an Andorran swimmer. He competed in the men's 400 metre freestyle event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Pol Arias
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Pol Arias Dourdet |
| Born | (1996-08-08) 8 August 1996<br>Andorra |
| Height | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 80 kg (176 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |


title: Georg Christian Lehms

abstract: Georg Christian Lehms was a German poet and novelist who sometimes used the pen-name Pallidor. He published poetry, novels, libretti for operas, and the texts of cantatas.

text:
# Georg Christian Lehms

**Georg Christian Lehms** (German: \[leːms\]; 1684 – 15 May 1717) was a German poet and novelist who sometimes used the pen-name *Pallidor*. He published poetry, novels, libretti for operas, and the texts of cantatas.

## Life

Born in Liegnitz (now in Poland) in 1684, Lehms attended the *Gymnasium* (high school) in Görlitz and later studied at the University of Leipzig.

After spending some time at the court of Johann Georg, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, at the end of 1710 Lehms gained a position as court librarian and poet in Darmstadt, capital of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, where by 1713 he had been appointed to the Prince's council.

Lehms died of tuberculosis on 15 May 1717, aged about thirty-three.

## Works

Lehms's "gallant" novels (a term referring to fiction aimed at readers of both sexes) were among the earliest of such productions in German literature and began to appear early in his career under the pen-name of *Pallidor*. The first of these was *Die unglückselige Princessin Michal und der verfolgte David* ('The hapless Princess Michal and David pursued'), published in Hanover in 1707, followed in 1710 by *Des israelitischen Printzens Absolons und seiner Prinzcessin Schwester Thamar Staats- Lebens- und Helden-Geschichte* ('The Heroic Life and History of the Israelite Prince Absolom and his Princess Sister Tamar'), published by Zieger in Nuremberg; in 1712 the series continued with *Der weise König Salomo* ('Wise King Solomon').

Lehms made his name with the collection *Teutschlands Galante Poetinnen* (Germany's Gallant Poetesses).

The title page of *Teutschlands Galante Poetinnen* sums up the work thus:

> Germany's Gallant Poetesses / with Ingenious and Pleasant Samples therefrom; together with an Appendix of those Ladies of Foreign Lands / who likewise made Themselves known to the Interest of the World by the Beauty of their Poetry, and a Preface. Demonstrating that the Female Gender has no less Skill for Studying / than the Male / Performed by Georg Christian Lehms, Franckfurt am Mayn / To be had from Samuel Tobias Hocker. Printed by Anton Heinscheidt. *Anno* 1715.

Lehms wrote libretti for operas and cantatas. The cantatas, while being religious works performed as part of the Lutheran services of the Darmstadt court, can be seen as influenced by secular poetry like the cantatas of Neumeister. They were set to music by Christoph Graupner, the Kapellmeister, and his assistant Gottfried Grünewald. The texts were published and it is assumed that Johann Sebastian Bach obtained a copy. While working at Weimar, Bach set words by Lehms for his first two solo cantatas. He avoided the poet's larger-scale work, going on to use the more intimate texts for another eight of his surviving cantatas. There is also evidence for a lost cantata (Cantata BWV Anh. 209) set to words by Lehms.

### Selected works

* *Die unglückselige Princessin Michal und der verfolgte David* (The hapless Princess Michal and persecuted David) (Hanover: Nicolaus Förster, 1707)
* *Des israelitischen Printzens Absolons und seiner Prinzcessin Schwester Thamar Staats- Lebens- und Helden-Geschichte* (The Heroic Life and History of the Israelite Prince Absolom and of his Princess Sister Tamar)(Nuremberg: Zieger, 1710)
* *Der weise König Salomo, in einer Staats- und Helden-Geschichte* (The Royal and Heroic History of Wise King Solomon) (Hamburg & Leipzig: Johann von Wiering, 1712)
* *Das singende Lob Gottes, in einem Jahrgang andächtiger und Gottgefälliger Kirch-Music* (The Hymning of God, in an Annual Volume of devotional Church Music pleasing to God) (Darmstadt: Johann Georg John, 1712)
* *Teutschlands Galante Poetinnen* (Germany's Gallant Poetesses), in two parts, (Frankfurt am Main: Samuel Tobias Hocker, 1714–15; new editions at Darmstadt, Josef Gotthard Blaschke Verlag, 1966, and Leipzig, 1973)

### Bach cantatas based on texts by Lehms

The table of cantatas which Bach set to music is sortable by time of first performance, occasion in the liturgical year, BWV catalogue, Incipit and translation of the incipit.

|
|  |
Cantatas set by Bach on texts by Lehms
| Date | Occasion | BWV | Incipit | Translation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15 July 1714 | Seventh Sunday after Trinity | 54 | **Widerstehe doch der Sünde** | Stand firm against sin |
| 12 August 1714 | Eleventh Sunday after Trinity | 199 | **Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut** | My heart swims in blood |
| 25 December 1725 | Christmas Day | 110 | **Unser Mund sei voll Lachens** | May our mouth be full of laughter |
| 26 December 1725 | St. Stephen's Day | 57 | **Selig ist der Mann** | Blessed is the Man |
| 27 December 1725 | Third Day of Christmas | 151 | **Süßer Trost, mein Jesus kömmt** | Sweet comfort, my Jesus comes |
| 1 January 1726 | New Year's Day | 16 | **Herr Gott, dich loben wir** | Lord God, we praise You |
| 13 January 1726 | First Sunday after Epiphany | 32 | **Liebster Jesu, mein Verlangen** | Beloved Jesus, my desire |
| 20 January 1726 | Second Sunday after Epiphany | 13 | **Meine Seufzer, meine Tränen** | My sighs, my tears |
| 28 July 1726 | Sixth Sunday after Trinity | 170 | **Vergnügte Ruh, beliebte Seelenlust** | Delightful rest, beloved pleasure of the soul |
| 8 September 1726 | Twelfth Sunday after Trinity | 35 | **Geist und Seele wird verwirret** | Spirit and soul become confused |
| c.1714? 1725? | Seventh Sunday after Trinity | Anh. 209 | **Liebster Gott, vergißt Du mich** |  |

## Notes and references

## Sources

* E. Noack, "Georg Christian Lehms, ein Textdichter Johann Sebastian Bachs", in *Bach-Jahrbuch* 1970, pp. 7–18
* Liselotte Brögelmann: *Studien zum Erzählstil im idealistischen Roman* (Studies on the narrative style in the idealistic novel), Dissertation, University of Göttingen 1953 (typescript)
* Christiane Brokmann-Noorens: *Weibliche Bildung im 18. Jahrhundert* (The Education of Women in the 18th century), Dissertation, University of Oldenburg, 1992, ISBN 3-8142-0429-8
* Alfred Dürr: *Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach* (The cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach), 6th Edition, Munich / Bärenreiter, Cassel, 1995
* Christoph Wolff (ed.): *Die Welt der Bach-Kantaten* (The World of the Bach cantatas), special edition in 3 vols., Metzler, Stuttgart / Bärenreiter, Cassel 2006, ISBN 3-476-02127-0 Metzler, Stuttgart / Bärenreiter, Kassel 2006, ISBN 3-476-02127-0
* Gerhard Dünnhaupt: "Georg Christian Lehms", in *Personalbibliographien zu den Drucken des Barock*, vol. 4., Stuttgart: Hiersemann 1991, pp. 2576–88. ISBN 3-7772-9122-6

### Works online


title: Imagine Radio

abstract: Imagine Radio was an early Internet radio service that operated from 1998 to 1999. The website was founded by Rotem Perelmuter and P. Michael Briseno, launched by publisher Imagine Media in March 1998, and spun off as a new company that July. Users could listen to 20 pre-programmed stations or create their own custom stations by selecting artists and ranking them on a scale of zero to five. Due to legal restrictions, users could not play specific songs, but their custom stations played songs by higher-rated artists more frequently. Audio was streamed in RealAudio and Windows Media Player formats. Viacom acquired the service in February 1999, and used it to help build its MTV Interactive division. The site was closed, but its functionality was incorporated into MTV.com, VH1.com, and Radio SonicNet, another company Viacom acquired that year. The purchase and closure led to a legal dispute between the co-founders and MTV Networks.

text:
# Imagine Radio

**Imagine Radio** was an early Internet radio service that operated from 1998 to 1999. The website was founded by Rotem Perelmuter and P. Michael Briseno, launched by publisher Imagine Media in March 1998, and spun off as a new company that July. Users could listen to 20 pre-programmed stations or create their own custom stations by selecting artists and ranking them on a scale of zero to five. Due to legal restrictions, users could not play specific songs, but their custom stations played songs by higher-rated artists more frequently. Audio was streamed in RealAudio and Windows Media Player formats.

Viacom acquired the service in February 1999, and used it to help build its MTV Interactive division. The site was closed, but its functionality was incorporated into MTV.com, VH1.com, and Radio SonicNet, another company Viacom acquired that year. The purchase and closure led to a legal dispute between the co-founders and MTV Networks.


abstract: Georgia's 111th House district elects one member of the Georgia House of Representatives. Its current representative is Republican Reynaldo Martinez.

text:
# Georgia's 111th House of Representatives district

**Georgia's 111th House district** elects one member of the Georgia House of Representatives. Its current representative is Republican Reynaldo Martinez.

## Geography

Following redistricting for the 2022 Georgia House of Representatives election the district contained parts of the counties of Gwinnett and Walton.

## Elected representatives

| Representative | Party | Years of service | Hometown | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Geoff Cauble | Republican | 2012–2019 | Locust Grove |  |
| El-Mahdi Holly | Democrat | 2019–2023 | Stockbridge | Redistricted to 116th District |
| Reynaldo Martinez | Republican | 2023–present | Loganville |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Georgia (U.S. state)'s 111th State
House of Representatives
district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Representative | Reynaldo Martinez
Loganville |


title: Merlin and the Dragons

abstract: Merlin and the Dragons is a 1991 animated film adapted from a story by Jane Yolen and illustrations by Alan Lee. It was directed by Dennis Woodyard and Hu Yihong and includes a musical score by composer Michel Rubini. The production is a retelling of the Arthurian legend, with Merlin the magician, based on material from Nennius and Geoffrey of Monmouth. Yolen is a prolific author of Arthurian-themed texts, and this production continues her series of retellings of the Merlin story. The half-hour film is narrated and voiced by Kevin Kline and was originally broadcast as an episode of the PBS program Long Ago and Far Away, which first aired on November 9, 1991. The film has been released on VHS, DVD, and CD by Lightyear Entertainment as part of the "Stories to Remember" series; the CD includes the narration only and adds illustrations by Iain McCraig. The story was later adapted by Yolen and illustrated by Li Ming, under the title "Merlin and the Dragons".

text:
# Merlin and the Dragons

***Merlin and the Dragons*** is a 1991 animated film adapted from a story by Jane Yolen and illustrations by Alan Lee. It was directed by Dennis Woodyard (as Dennis J. Woodyard) and Hu Yihong and includes a musical score by composer Michel Rubini. The production is a retelling of the Arthurian legend, with Merlin the magician, based on material from Nennius and Geoffrey of Monmouth. Yolen is a prolific author of Arthurian-themed texts, and this production continues her series of retellings of the Merlin story. The half-hour film is narrated and voiced by Kevin Kline and was originally broadcast as an episode of the PBS program *Long Ago and Far Away*, which first aired on November 9, 1991.

The film has been released on VHS, DVD, and CD by Lightyear Entertainment as part of the "Stories to Remember" series; the CD includes the narration only and adds illustrations by Iain McCraig.

The story was later adapted by Yolen and illustrated by Li Ming, under the title "*Merlin and the Dragons"* (Cobblehill Books, 1995).

## Plot summary

A young King Arthur is woken from sleep by dreams questioning his right to rule, and consults Merlin, who narrates a story of his own of a young boy capable of precognition. The boy, called Emrys, is feared in his village and therefore called a demon. Eventually, King Vortigern forces his village to build him a fortress, which repeatedly collapses; whereupon his prophets advise the sacrifice of Emrys' life to support it. When Emrys is brought before Vortigern, he reveals a pool of water eroding the foundations of the fortress. When the pool is exposed, two dragons emerge from the stones therein, and the red is slain by the white. Time passes, and Emrys perceives an army coming to kill Vortigern. Soon after, Vortigern is defeated, and the story ends with Merlin revealing that he is Emrys and that Arthur's father is Uther Pendragon, whereupon Merlin and Arthur return to his mother.

1. Salda, Michael N. "Arthurian Animation". The Arthuriana/Camelot Project Bibliographies and Reprints. University of Rochester, May 2005 (retrieved 1 August 2013). Salda, Michael N. *Arthurian Animation: A Study of Cartoon Camelots on Film and Television*. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013.
2. Yolen first expressed her interest in Merlin in the anthology *Merlin's Booke* (1986) and has since expanded a number of these stories into novels for children, including *The Dragons Boy* and *The Young Merlin Trilogy*. She speaks about her work in a 1988 interview with Raymond H. Thompson available as part of *Taliesin's Successors: Interviews with Authors of Modern Arthurian Literature*.
3. Lenburg, Jeff (1999). *The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons*. Checkmark Books. pp. 295–296. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
4. Nastali, Dan, and Raymond H. Thomson. "Yolen Jane." *The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, Updated Paperback Edition with Supplement*. Ed. Norris J. Lacy. New York: Garland, 1996. 614.


title: Pogonocherus dimidiatus

abstract: Pogonocherus dimidiatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Blessig in 1873. It is known from Russia, China, North Korea, South Korea, and Japan.

text:
# Pogonocherus dimidiatus

***Pogonocherus dimidiatus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Blessig in 1873. It is known from Russia, China, North Korea, South Korea, and Japan.

## InfoBox

| *Pogonocherus dimidiatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pogonocherini |
| Genus: | *Pogonocherus* |
| Species: | ***P. dimidiatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pogonocherus dimidiatus***<br>Blessig, 1873 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eupogonocherus seminiveus* (Bates, 1873) * *Pogonocherus seminiveus* Bates, 1873 * *Pogonocherus tristiculus* Kraatz, 1879 | |


title: Marymount MRT station

abstract: Marymount MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the Circle line in Bishan, Singapore. Located underneath Marymount Road near the junction of Marymount Lane and Bishan Street 21, this station provides MRT access to residents living in the western part of Bishan New Town and Shunfu, as well as students and staff of the nearby Raffles Institution. The station is named after the road of the same name on the surface, Marymount Road, which in turn took its name from the Marymount Convent of the Little Sisters of the Poor. It serves nearby businesses, housing developments and Raffles Institution, Shunfu market & food centre, Bao Guang Fo Tang and Shunfu residential area.

text:
# Marymount MRT station

**Marymount MRT station** is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the Circle line in Bishan, Singapore.

Located underneath Marymount Road near the junction of Marymount Lane and Bishan Street 21, this station provides MRT access to residents living in the western part of Bishan New Town and Shunfu, as well as students and staff of the nearby Raffles Institution.

The station is named after the road of the same name on the surface, Marymount Road, which in turn took its name from the Marymount Convent of the Little Sisters of the Poor. It serves nearby businesses, housing developments and Raffles Institution, Shunfu market & food centre, Bao Guang Fo Tang and Shunfu residential area.

## History

On 10 February 2004, Marymount Road was temporarily closed for realignment works. The options for station names were 'Marymount' and 'Shunfu', and in the end Marymount was chosen. This station was a terminus for the Circle line until the opening of the HarbourFront portion of the Circle line on 8 October 2011. Before Upper Thomson opened in 2021, this station was the nearest MRT station within the Thomson area.

## Art in Transit

In this station's Art in Transit, Joshua Yang's artwork *Superstring* consists of individual pieces constructed with only one continuous line that winds around itself to let the viewer explore real and virtual spaces.

## InfoBox

| **CC16**
Marymount
玛丽蒙
மேரிமவுண்ட்
 | |
| --- | --- |
| Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station | |
| Exit B of Marymount MRT station. | |
| General information | |
| Location | 60 Marymount Road
Singapore 573993 |
| Coordinates | 1°20′57″N 103°50′22″E / 1.349078°N 103.839492°E / 1.349078; 103.839492 |
| Operated by | SMRT Trains Ltd (SMRT Corporation) |
| Line(s) | Circle Line |
| Platforms | 2 (1 island platform) |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | Bus, Taxi |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Platform levels | 1 |
| Parking | No |
| Bicycle facilities | Yes |
| Accessible | Yes |
| History | |
| Opened | 28 May 2009 (2009-05-28) |
| Electrified | Yes |
| Previous names | Shunfu, Pemimpin |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| June 2024 | 6,610 per day |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Mass Rapid Transit Following station  Bishantowards Dhoby Ghaut or Marina Bay  Circle Line  Caldecotttowards HarbourFront | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  MarymountMarymount station in Singapore | |


title: Neustadt (Wied)

abstract: Neustadt (Wied) or Neustadt an der Wied is a municipality in the district of Neuwied in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated about 30 kilometres south-east of Bonn in the Rhine-Westerwald Nature Park. Neustadt is part of the Asbach collective municipality.

text:
# Neustadt (Wied)

**Neustadt (Wied)** or *Neustadt an der Wied* is a municipality in the district of Neuwied in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated about 30 kilometres (20 miles) south-east of Bonn in the Rhine-Westerwald Nature Park. Neustadt is part of the Asbach collective municipality.

## InfoBox

| Neustadt | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Neustadt (Wied) within Neuwied district | |
| Neustadt Neustadt | |
| Coordinates: 50°37′15″N 7°25′44″E / 50.62083°N 7.42889°E / 50.62083; 7.42889 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Neuwied |
| Municipal assoc. | Asbach |
| Subdivisions | 56 |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Thomas Junior (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.83 km2 (13.83 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 175 m (574 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 6,666 |
| Density | 190/km2 (480/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 53577 |
| Dialling codes | 02683 |
| Vehicle registration | NR |
| Website | www.neustadt-wied.com |


title: Polar circle

abstract: A polar circle is a geographic term for a conditional circular line (arc) referring either to the Arctic Circle or the Antarctic Circle. These are two of the keynote circles of latitude (parallels). On Earth, the Arctic Circle is currently drifting northwards at a speed of about 14.5 m per year and is now at a mean latitude of 66°33′50.1″ N; the Antarctic Circle is currently drifting southwards at a speed of about 14.5 m per year and is now at a mean latitude of 66°33′50.1″ S. Polar circles are often equated with polar regions of Earth. Due to their inherent climate environment, the bulk of the Arctic Circle, much of which is sea, is sparsely settled whereas this applies to all of Antarctica which is mainly land and sheltered ice shelves. If Earth had no atmosphere, then both polar circles (arcs) would see at least a day a year when the center of the Sun is continuously above the horizon and at least a day a year when it is always below the horizon – a polar day and a polar night as is the case for longer, within the circles. Up to and including the associated poles, known geographically as the frigid zones, such duration extends up to half of the year, namely, close to the poles. Instead, atmospheric refraction and the Sun's light reaching the planet as an extended object rather than a point source means that just within each circle the Earth's surface does not experience any proper polar night, 24 hours where the sun does not rise. By these same two factors, just outward of each circle still experiences a polar day. The latitude of the polar circles is + or −90 degrees minus the axial tilt. This predominant, average tilt of the Earth varies slightly, a phenomenon described as nutation. Therefore, the latitudes noted above are calculated by averaging values of tilt observed over many years. The axial tilt also exhibits long-term variations as described in the reference article.

text:
# Polar circle

A **polar circle** is a geographic term for a conditional circular line (arc) referring either to the Arctic Circle or the Antarctic Circle. These are two of the keynote circles of latitude (parallels). On Earth, the Arctic Circle is currently drifting northwards at a speed of about 14.5 m per year and is now at a mean latitude (i.e. without taking into account the astronomical nutation) of 66°33′50.1″ N; the Antarctic Circle is currently drifting southwards at a speed of about 14.5 m per year and is now at a mean latitude of 66°33′50.1″ S. Polar circles are often equated with polar regions of Earth. Due to their inherent climate environment, the bulk of the Arctic Circle, much of which is sea, is sparsely settled whereas this applies to all of Antarctica which is mainly land and sheltered ice shelves.

If Earth had no atmosphere, then both polar circles (arcs) would see at least a day a year when the center of the Sun is continuously above the horizon *and* at least a day a year when it is always below the horizon  a polar day and a polar night as is the case for longer, *within* the circles. Up to and including the associated poles (North and South), known geographically as the frigid zones, such duration extends up to half of the year, namely, close to the poles. Instead, atmospheric refraction and the Sun's light reaching the planet as an extended object rather than a point source means that just within each circle the Earth's surface does not experience any proper polar night, 24 hours where the sun does not rise. By these same two factors, just outward of each circle still experiences a polar day (a day in which the sun does not fully set).

The latitude of the polar circles is + or 90 degrees (which refers to the North and South Pole, respectively) minus the axial tilt (that is, of the Earth's axis of daily rotation relative to the ecliptic, the plane of the Earth's orbit). This predominant, average tilt of the Earth varies slightly, a phenomenon described as nutation. Therefore, the latitudes noted above are calculated by averaging values of tilt observed over many years. The axial tilt also exhibits long-term variations as described in the reference article (a difference of 1 second of arc (″) in the tilt is equivalent to a change of about 31 metres north or south in the positions of the polar circles on the Earth's surface).

## Correspondence to polar night and day

The polar circles would almost precisely match the boundaries for the zones where the polar night and the polar day would occur throughout the winter solstice and summer solstice day respectively. They do so loosely due to two effects. The first one is atmospheric refraction, in which the Earth's atmosphere bends light rays near the horizon. The second effect is caused by the angular diameter of the Sun as seen from the Earth's orbital distance (which varies very slightly during each orbit). These factors mean the ground-observed boundaries are 80 to 100 kilometres (50 to 62 mi) away from the circle. A further global factor for this numerical range is Earth's nutation, which is a very small change in tilt. Observers higher above sea level can see a tiny amount of the Sun's disc (see horizon) where at lower places it would not rise. For the Arctic Circle, being 80100 km north of the circle in winter, and 80100 km south of the circle in summer; the inverse directions apply to the other circle.


title: Otto Niebergall

abstract: Otto Niebergall was a German politician (KPD). During the twelve Nazi years, most of which he spent abroad, he was a resistance activist. After 1945 many of those who before 1933 had been committed members of the Communist Party of Germany and who lived in what in 1949 became West Germany, moved across to the Soviet sponsored zone, which after 1949 became communist East Germany. Others stopped being communists or ceased to involve themselves in politics. Otto Niebergall continued to be a politically engaged Communist politician. For much of the time he managed to combine this with living in West Germany, which was unusual.

text:
# Otto Niebergall

**Otto Niebergall** (5 January 1904 – 13 February 1977) was a German politician (KPD). During the twelve Nazi years, most of which he spent abroad, he was a resistance activist.

After 1945 many of those who before 1933 had been committed members of the Communist Party of Germany and who lived in what in 1949 became West Germany, moved across to the Soviet sponsored zone, which after 1949 became communist East Germany. Others stopped being communists or ceased to involve themselves in politics. Otto Niebergall continued to be a politically engaged Communist politician. For much of the time he managed to combine this with living in West Germany, which was unusual.

## Life

### Early years

Otto Niebergall was born into a working-class family just outside Kusel, a small industrial town in the hills to the north-east of Saarbrücken. He trained for work as a machinist, an electrician and a miner, and these were the sectors in which he worked as a young man. In 1918 he was a co-founder of the Saarbrücken Young Socialists (*"Arbeiterjugend"*) group. He was also actively engaged in the local branch of the Metal Workers' Union (*"Deutscher Metallarbeiter-Verband"* / DMV). In 1920 he relocated to Hamborn in the Ruhr region which at this time, like the Saarland, remained under French military occupation. In Hamborn, still aged only 16, he joined the Young Communists, in which he subsequently became a member of the district leadership team (*"Unterbezirksleitung"*). The early 1920s were years of desperate austerity and of widespread quasi-military civil unrest in many parts of Germany. Niebergall joined the "Red Ruhr Army", established in the area as a response to the Freikorps units of unemployed demobilised former soldiers which had emerged in the aftermath of military defeat, and which continued to be active despite the failure in 1920 of the Kapp Putsch.

### After the revolutions

Around 1922 he moved back to Saarbrücken and joined the recently formed Communist Party of Germany. Between 1924 and 1935 he was a member of the secretariat of the Communist Party for the Saar region leadership. He was elected to the leadership team (*"Bezirksleitung"*) itself in 1925. In 1925 he also became area leader for the quasi-military Alliance of Red Front-Fighters (*"Roter Frontkämpferbund"* / RFB) and a member of the party's "Military-Political Structure" (*"Militärpolitischer Apparat"*), the title by which the party identified its intelligence/information service. He also represented the Communist Party as a Saarbrücken municipal councillor between 1926 or 1929 (sources differ) and, formally, 1935.

In 1930 Otto Niebergall married Barbara "Bebi" Hertel whose political outlook was broadly similar to his own. Widespread economic destitution returned at the end of the 1920s as the aftermath of the Wall Street Crash spread round the globe. In Germany the government responded to the ensuing surge in political extremism with a range of measures that included outlawing the RFB. Niebergall nevertheless led and sustained the organisation in the region, as a result of which, in 1932, he received an eleven month prison sentence, which he served in Zweibrücken.

### Nazi years

The political context changed in January 1933 when the Nazis took power and lost little time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship. In the carefully choreographed aftermath of the Reichstag fire at the end of February activists and politicians associated with the (shortly to become illegal) Communist Party found themselves high on the government target list. Many were arrested while others fled abroad. In the short-term, however, German communists in the Saarland were in less danger than those in other parts of Germany because the territory was still occupied by the French army. Between March and October 1934 Otto Niebergall did indeed travel abroad, in order to attend the Comintern's International Lenin School in Moscow. Barbara stayed behind, campaigning against unification of the territory with Nazi Germany, a matter which was nevertheless settled in favour of the German government by an overwhelming referendum vote in January 1935.

In February 1935, a few weeks after that referendum vote, the Niebergalls fled to France. Otto became for a time the area leader for the Communist Party in the Saarland and Rhenish Palatinate. Sources are vague about where he was when, but he appears to have conducted his political activity from abroad, planning escape routes out of Nazi Germany and organising the production and distribution inside Germany of political German-language newspapers. In 1936 he received a special assignment from Herbert Wehner, a member of the party's exiled leadership team still at this point based in Paris who was co-ordinating the party's "foreign policy". In July of that year a military coup in Spain triggered the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Niebergall was mandated to use his contacts to organise and deploy a group of volunteers and material in order to fight against a threatened Fascist take-over in Spain. He was travelling a good deal during this period, but sources indicate that between 1937 and 1940 he was based in Brussels, organising Civil War support and at the same time continuing, as a regional party leader responsible for his home territory and the surrounding regions, attempting to create a "Popular Front" movement in the Saarland. In January/February 1939 Niebergall was a delegate to the party's "Berne Conference". The naming of the conference after the Swiss capital was a mark of the need for secrecy felt by the exiled German communists attending it. The conference actually took place at Draveil, just outside Paris, on the city's south side.

War resumed in September 1939, and after eight months during which western Europe held its breath, on 10/11 May 1940 the German army invaded Belgium. Otto Niebergall was arrested on 11 May 1940 while Barbara, with their son who was only a few months old, stayed behind in Brussels. Barbara Niebergall would be arrested in Brussels by the Gestapo in 1941. Identified, eventually, as a "political prisoner" she would spend the later war years in the women's concentration camp at Ravensbrück, but survived. By that time her husband had been deported to the south-west of France where he was interned at Saint-Cyprien in a camp set up a couple of years earlier to accommodate returning fighters from the Spanish Civil War. The camp (which would close down in October 1940) had not been constructed with high security in mind and Otto Niebergall escaped from it on 13 July 1940.

In September 1940 he became a leader of the German Communist Party, based in Toulouse. He achieved significant promotion within the exiles party during the next few years, described by April 1941 as a leader of the German Communist Party leadership for France, Belgium and Luxemburg. In effect there appears to have been a German contingent within the French Resistance. Niebergall was a leading member of it, identified by the code name "Gaston".

He became the first president of the "Free Germany Committee for the west" (*"Comité Allemagne libre pour l'ouest"* / C.A.L.P.O.), inaugurated in September 1943, inspired (and encouraged) by the inauguration of an equivalent organisation by exiled German communists in Moscow a couple of months earlier. This brought him into contact with Willi Kreikemeyer and Harald Hauser in connection with fund transfers from the United States of America through the mysterious Noel Field. Niebergall also worked closely with the remarkable Luise Kraushaar who is described in at least one source as his secretary during much of his time with the French Resistance. He remained the organisation's president even after the 1944 liberation of Paris in which he participated, and following which the C.A.L.P.O. ceased to be illegal in newly liberated parts of France and - at least in the Paris region which quickly became a magnet for refugees from further east - transformed itself into a desperately needed welfare organisation, providing support for the most acutely needy war victims. An important priority, even under circumstances in which communication could be hugely challenging, was for covert co-ordination to maintain contact with resistance groups inside Germany. It later became clear that during the fighting which preceded the liberation of Paris in August 1944 he was in contact with resistance activists inside Germany plotting to assassinate Hitler.

### After the war: two Germanys

Otto Niebergall returned to Saarbrücken in August 1945. The western two thirds of Germany was now divided into four large military occupation zones. As after the previous great war, however, special arrangements applied to the Saarland which would continue to be administered as a "French protectorate" till 1956. Between 1945 and 1948 Niebergall served as the party's chairman of the zone secretariat - effectively local Communist Party leader - for the French occupation zone (which included, but extended far beyond, the Saar Protectorate). During 1946/47 and again, after the restoration of democratic processes, between 1953 and 1957, he served as a municipal councillor in Saarbrücken. Between 1946 and 1949 he was also a member of the central committee of the newly created Socialist Unity Party (*"Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands"* / SED). The SED had been launched in the Soviet occupation zone through a contentious merger involving the Communist Party and the Social Democrats. After 1949 would become the ruling party in the German Democratic Republic, a new kind of German one-party dictatorship. As matters turned out the SED never gained traction further west, in the British, American and French occupation zones; but in 1946 Germany's semi-permanent postwar division was far from a foregone conclusion, and the Soviet backed authorities in East Berlin, increasingly mistrusted in the west, appear to have been looking for ways to use the SED as part of a scheme to bring the whole of Germany into the Soviet sphere of influence. It was only after the events of 1949 that the Inner German border became a fixed reality both physically and in the minds of men, and any residual links between Niebergall and the East German ruling party became less important that his continuing membership, in what became West Germany, of the surviving Communist Party of Germany. The French military governor, Gilbert Grandval, expelled Otto Niebergall from the French occupied Saarland in 1947. In the western occupation zones Soviet-style communism found little support, but in the Saarland, with its concentration of mining and heavy industry, leftwing politics had deep roots: during and after 1946 the Soviets and their allies worked hard to enhance political links between the Saar Protectorate and the Soviet occupation zone (later East Germany).

Niebergall had not been expelled from the entire French occupation zone, and in 1948 he settled in Mainz together with his wife, Barbara, his wife's youngest sister, Irma Strauch and his young son. The boy had been very young when Barbara Niebergall had been arrested by the Gestapo, and since that time he had been looked after and bought up by Irma, his aunt. Between May 1948 and February 1950 Niebergall served as party chairman for Rhineland-Palatinate. He also served as a national politician, a member of the West German parliament (*"Bundestag"*) between 1949 and 1953.

The Communists received 15 seats in the 1949 West German election, but over the next four years rising Cold War tensions, the involvement of Soviet troops in brutal of the June 1953 uprising over in East Germany, and a growing perception that the Communist Party in West Germany was not so much a movement focused on workers' rights as an ill-disguised tool of a threatening Soviet foreign policy all sapped electoral support. In the 1953 election the party failed to obtain a sufficient national vote share to break through the 5% threshold needed to obtain seats in the Bundestag. Niebergall spent much or all of his time over the next couple of years in East Berlin from where, between 1953 and 1955, he headed up the Central Party Control Commission of the Communist Party. Since the Communist Party had effectively ceased to exist in East Germany back in 1946 when it had been subsumed into the Socialist Unity Party, this placed him in the anomalous position of heading up from East Germany a commission that purported to be responsible for enforcing party discipline in a (declining) Communist Party that restricted its activities to West Germany. These contradictions may explain why in 1955 he formally returned to the Saarland.

The party was banned in August 1956 by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. The ban was "due to the aggressive and combative methods that the party used in its Marxist-Leninist party struggle to achieve its goals". From the perspective of one relatively sympathetic source Otto Niebergall now faced renewed persecution. Since returning to the west Niebergall had sat as a Communist member of the municipal council of Saarbrücken, a position that he now lost. He returned once again to East Germany. In the east he was a member, between 1957 and 1971, of the (West German) Communist Party Central Committee (which would have been illegal if he had returned to the west).

Despite continuing political rivalry, after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953, at first imperceptibly, cold war tensions between the two parts of Germany became less acute, or at least slightly less unmanageable. 1968 saw the creation in West Germany of the German Communist Party. The name was different, but only slightly. Much the same could be said for the politics, the close links to the Soviet sponsored East German sister party, and the party membership. But the "new" party was not banned. Otto Niebergall joined in 1968, becoming in 1971 a member of the regional party executive in Rhineland-Palatinate, and becoming head of the new party's History Commission. In or before 1971 he relocated from east to west for the last time, again making his home in Mainz. However, by now he was for most purposes retired. In 1972 he was elected chairman of the "Interests Association of German Former Resistance Fighters (*"Interessengemeinschaft ehemaliger Deutscher Widerstandskämpfer"* / IEDW).

Otto Niebergall died on 14 February 1977 in Mainz.

## Awards and honours

## InfoBox

| Otto Niebergall | |
| --- | --- |
| Otto Niebergall in 1949 | |
| Born | (1904-01-05)5 January 1904
Kusel, German Empire |
| Died | 13 February 1977(1977-02-13) (aged 73)
Mainz, West Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Political activist
Politician |
| Political party | KPD
DKP |
| Spouse | Barbara "Bebi" Hertel (1930) |


title: Senoculus maronicus

abstract: Senoculus maronicus is a species of spider found in French Guiana.

text:
# Senoculus maronicus

***Senoculus maronicus*** is a species of spider found in French Guiana.

## InfoBox

| *Senoculus maronicus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Senoculidae |
| Genus: | *Senoculus* |
| Species: | ***S. maronicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Senoculus maronicus***<br>Taczanowski, 1872 | |
|


title: Geoff Davies (Australian cricketer)

abstract: Geoffrey Robert Davies is a former Australian cricketer. He played 73 first-class matches, mostly for New South Wales, between 1965/66 and 1971/72. He toured New Zealand with the Australian team in 1966-67 and 1969-70, and was once 12th man for the Australian Test team. Davies was a middle-order batsman and leg-spin bowler. When he was chosen to tour New Zealand in 1967 The Canberra Times said he was "destined to become a permanent member of the Australian side – if he retains his promise". He played as the professional for East Lancashire in the Lancashire League in 1967 and was one of the league's leading players, scoring 695 runs at an average of 48.98 and taking 40 wickets at 15.97. He scored 112 and took 6 for 43 in the second innings in New South Wales' victory over Queensland in 1967-68. He was considered a contender for the 1968 tour of England, but was not selected.

text:
# Geoff Davies (Australian cricketer)

**Geoffrey Robert Davies** (born 22 July 1946) is a former Australian cricketer. He played 73 first-class matches, mostly for New South Wales, between 1965/66 and 1971/72. He toured New Zealand with the Australian team in 1966-67 and 1969-70, and was once 12th man for the Australian Test team.

Davies was a middle-order batsman and leg-spin bowler. When he was chosen to tour New Zealand in 1967 *The Canberra Times* said he was "destined to become a permanent member of the Australian side – if he retains his promise". He played as the professional for East Lancashire in the Lancashire League in 1967 and was one of the league's leading players, scoring 695 runs at an average of 48.98 and taking 40 wickets at 15.97. He scored 112 and took 6 for 43 in the second innings in New South Wales' victory over Queensland in 1967-68. He was considered a contender for the 1968 tour of England, but was not selected.

## InfoBox

Geoff Davies
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Geoffrey Robert Davies |
| Born | (1946-07-22) 22 July 1946<br>Randwick, New South Wales, Australia |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm leg-spin and googly |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1965-66 to 1971-72 | New South Wales |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC List A  Matches 73 4  Runs scored 3903 79  Batting average 36.13 19.75  100s/50s 6/22 0/0  Top score 127 42  Balls bowled 6786 52  Wickets 107 0  Bowling average 32.18   5 wickets in innings 2 0  10 wickets in match 0 n/a  Best bowling 6/43   Catches/stumpings 70/0 0/0 | |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 12 July 2017 | |


title: Prahalada (film)

abstract: Prahalada is a 1939 Indian Tamil language film directed by B. N. Rao. It deals with the story of Prahlada and his devotion to Lord Vishnu. It was one of the earliest adaptations this mythologic story after the 1932 Telugu version. The story has subsequently been adapted 20 times in numerous languages including Hindi, Gujarati, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Bengali and Assamese with most of them being successful at the box office. It is also the one of those rare instances where a story has been adapted so many times, generally to box-office success. The film's story is based on the story of Narasimha and Prahlada. It features M. G. Ramachandran as Lord Indra This was the sixth film of Ramachandran who later became one of the popular actors of the Tamil film industry. The film also featured a sword fight sequence between M.G. Ramachandran and Santhanalakshmi.

text:
# Prahalada (film)

***Prahalada*** is a 1939 Indian Tamil language film directed by B. N. Rao. It deals with the story of Prahlada and his devotion to Lord Vishnu. It was one of the earliest adaptations this mythologic story after the 1932 Telugu version. The story has subsequently been adapted 20 times in numerous languages including Hindi, Gujarati, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Bengali and Assamese with most of them being successful at the box office. It is also the one of those rare instances where a story has been adapted so many times, generally to box-office success. The film's story is based on the story of Narasimha and Prahlada. It features M. G. Ramachandran as Lord Indra This was the sixth film of Ramachandran who later became one of the popular actors of the Tamil film industry. The film also featured a sword fight sequence between M.G. Ramachandran and Santhanalakshmi.

## Plot

The story is from a short episode in the Vishnu Purana, a holy text of Vaishnavites, that narrates the story of Prahlada, an ardent devotee of Lord Vishnu much against the wish of his father Hiranyakashipu, a demon. All of Hiranyakashipu's attempts to change his son's attitude are in vain. Finally, when he decides to kill his son, Lord Vishnu comes to the rescue of the son, in the form of Narasimha (a man-lion form), and kills the king.

## Cast

*Cast according to the opening credits*

## Production

The production was by Salem Shankar Films and Central Studios in Coimbatore. The story and the dialogues of the Tamil film were closely followed for the Malayalam version. The script and dialogues of the Malayalam version was by N. P. Chellappan Nair. The film was an average success at the box office.

## Adaptations

The story was first filmed in Telugu as *Bhakta Prahlada* in 1932 and later in many languages including Hindi, Gujarati, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Bengali and Assamese. It is also the only story which has been made so many times, often with box-office success.

## InfoBox

| Prahalada | |
| --- | --- |
| A poster of *Prahalada* | |
| Directed by | B. N. Rao |
| Written by | T. C. Vadivelu Naicker |
| Produced by | Salem Sankar |
| Starring |  |
| Music by | Sharma Brothers |
| Distributed by | Salem Sankar Films |
| Release date | * 12 December 1939 (1939-12-12) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


abstract:
In enzymology, a methylated-DNA-[protein]-cysteine S-methyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - DNA + protein L-cysteine ⇌ DNA + protein S-methyl-L-cysteine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are DNA containing 6-O-methylguanine and protein L-cysteine, whereas its two products are DNA and protein S-methyl-L-cysteine. The S-methyl-L-cysteine residue irreversibly inactivates the protein, allowing only one transfer for each protein. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is DNA-6-O-methylguanine:[protein]-L-cysteine S-methyltransferase.

text:
# Methylated-DNA—(protein)-cysteine S-methyltransferase

In enzymology, a **methylated-DNA-\[protein\]-cysteine S-methyltransferase** (EC 2.1.1.63) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

DNA (containing 6-O-methylguanine) + protein L-cysteine $\rightleftharpoons $ DNA (without 6-O-methylguanine) + protein S-methyl-L-cysteine

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are DNA containing 6-O-methylguanine and protein L-cysteine, whereas its two products are DNA and protein S-methyl-L-cysteine. The S-methyl-L-cysteine residue irreversibly inactivates the protein, allowing only one transfer for each protein.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **DNA-6-O-methylguanine:\[protein\]-L-cysteine S-methyltransferase**.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, 11 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1EH6, 1EH7, 1EH8, 1MGT, 1QNT, 1SFE, 1T38, 1T39, 1WRJ, 1YFH, and 2G7H.

* Foote RS, Mitra S, Pal BC (1980). "Demethylation of O6-methylguanine in a synthetic DNA polymer by an inducible activity in Escherichia coli". *Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun*. **97** (2): 654–9. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(80)90314-9. PMID 7008792.
* Olsson M, Lindahl T (1980). "Repair of alkylated DNA in Escherichia coli. Methyl group transfer from O6-methylguanine to a protein cysteine residue". *J. Biol. Chem*. **255** (22): 10569–71. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)70341-X. PMID 7000780.
* Pegg AE, Byers TL (1992). "Repair of DNA containing O6-alkylguanine". *FASEB J*. **6** (6): 2302–10. doi:10.1096/fasebj.6.6.1544541. PMID 1544541. S2CID 41168151.

## InfoBox

| methylated-DNA-\[protein\]-cysteine S-methyltransferase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.1.1.63 |
| CAS no. | 77271-19-3 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Pogonus

abstract: Pogonus is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, found worldwide. There are more than 50 described species in Pogonus.

text:
# Pogonus

***Pogonus*** is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, found worldwide. There are more than 50 described species in *Pogonus*.

## Species

These 57 species belong to the genus *Pogonus*:

* Media related to Pogonus at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Pogonus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pogonus chalceus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Trechinae |
| Tribe: | Pogonini |
| Genus: | *Pogonus*<br>Dejean, 1821 |
|
| Subgenera | |
|  | |


title: VicRoads

abstract: VicRoads is a government joint venture in the state of Victoria, Australia. In the state, it is responsible for driver licensing and vehicle registration. It is owned and operated through a joint venture between the Victorian government and a consortium made up of Aware Super, Australian Retirement Trust and Macquarie Asset Management. Before July 2019, it was the road and traffic authority in Victoria, responsible also for maintenance and construction of the arterial road network, and road safety policy and research. These functions were transferred or delegated to the Department of Transport on 1 July 2019. The main VicRoads administration is located in the Rialto Towers in Melbourne. There is also a regional administration office in Ballarat, which is now home to the VicRoads call centre. In addition VicRoads operates many offices servicing the public in registration and licensing throughout metropolitan Melbourne and regional Victoria.

text:
# VicRoads

**VicRoads** is a government joint venture in the state of Victoria, Australia. In the state, it is responsible for driver licensing and vehicle registration. It is owned and operated through a joint venture between the Victorian government and a consortium made up of Aware Super, Australian Retirement Trust and Macquarie Asset Management.

Before July 2019, it was the road and traffic authority in Victoria, responsible also for maintenance and construction of the arterial road network, and road safety policy and research. These functions were transferred or delegated to the Department of Transport on 1 July 2019.

The main VicRoads administration is located in the Rialto Towers in Melbourne. There is also a regional administration office in Ballarat, which is now home to the VicRoads call centre. In addition VicRoads operates many offices servicing the public in registration and licensing throughout metropolitan Melbourne and regional Victoria.

## Governance

In 1983, the Country Roads Board was replaced by the Road Construction Authority, under the Transport Act 1983. In 1989, the Road Traffic Authority was merged with the Road Construction Authority to form the Roads Corporation, trading under the name VicRoads.

VicRoads was re-established on 1 July 2010 under the Transport Integration Act, which establishes a framework for an integrated and sustainable transport system in Victoria and empowers the key Victorian Government agencies with responsibility for the State's land and water transport system. The Act provides that VicRoads' primary object is to provide, operate and maintain the road system consistent with the vision statement in the Act and objectives which emphasise transport integration and sustainability. The statute also requires VicRoads to "...manage the road system in a manner which supports a sustainable Victoria by seeking to increase the share of public transport, walking and cycling trips as a proportion of all transport trips in Victoria..."

In July 2016, the government announced the creation of Transport for Victoria, a new statutory authority combining planning functions of Public Transport Victoria and VicRoads as well as functions of other agencies.

On 1 July 2018, the Major Road Projects Authority was formed, with the function of administering specified road projects transferred from VicRoads to the new authority. On 1 January 2019, the Department of Transport and its major project authority, the Major Transport Infrastructure Authority (MTIA) was formed. The Major Road Projects Authority was renamed Major Road Projects Victoria (MRPV) and became part of MTIA.

In April 2019, it was announced that VicRoads would cease to exist as an independent entity from 30 June 2019 with its functions merged with those of Public Transport Victoria into a new division of the Department of Transport. Announcing the reforms, Premier Daniel Andrews argued that the reform would go "one step beyond" the formation of Transport for Victoria, and said that merging the two agencies would lead to planning of an integrated and mode-agnostic transport network. Although the Rail, Tram and Bus Union supported the government's decision, the Australian Services Union, representing a large number of VicRoads administrative staff, opposed the merger. On 1 July 2019, most of VicRoads functions were absorbed into the Department of Transport, excluding registration and licensing functions and some heavy vehicle functions, which remained under VicRoads.

## Operations

From 1 July 2019, VicRoads' remaining functions were registration and licensing, and heavy vehicle compliance, enforcement and investigation functions.

On 1 January 2020, all road management functions and responsibilities of VicRoads were transferred to and vested in the Head, Transport for Victoria, an office established under section 64A of the *Transport Integration Act 2010* and currently held by the Secretary of Department of Transport. This meant that any reference to VicRoads in road management standards and other technical information must be construed as a reference to Head, Transport for Victoria.

In March 2021, the Victorian Government made an in-principle decision to progress a joint venture model for VicRoads registration, licensing and custom plates. On 30 June 2022 the Roads Corporation ceased to exist through a legislative abolition. On 1 July 2022 partial privatisation formally went into effect for VicRoads through a joint venture model with Aware Super, Australian Retirement Trust and Macquarie Asset Management.

## InfoBox

VicRoads
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Corporation overview | |
| Formed | 1 July 1989 (1989-07-01) |
| Preceding agencies | * Road Construction Authority * Road Traffic Authority * Department of Transport |
| Type | Joint Venture |
| Employees | 3,006 (June 2018) |
| Minister responsible |  |
| Parent department | Department of Transport |
| Key document |  |
| Website | vicroads.vic.gov.au |
| Agency ID | PROV VA 2982 |
| Footnotes | |
|  | |


title: Nanc-lès-Saint-Amour

abstract: Nanc-lès-Saint-Amour is a former commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. On 1 April 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Les Trois-Châteaux.

text:
# Nanc-lès-Saint-Amour

**Nanc-lès-Saint-Amour** (French pronunciation: \[nɑ̃  sɛ̃.t‿amuʁ\], literally *Nanc near Saint-Amour*) is a former commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. On 1 April 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Les Trois-Châteaux.

## Population

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±%  1793 361       1806 383 +6.1%  1821 369 −3.7%  1831 397 +7.6%  1841 393 −1.0%  1851 399 +1.5%  1861 395 −1.0%  1872 392 −0.8%  1881 425 +8.4%  1891 393 −7.5%  1901 374 −4.8%  1911 382 +2.1% | Year Pop. ±%  1921 337 −11.8%  1931 340 +0.9%  1946 333 −2.1%  1954 286 −14.1%  1962 257 −10.1%  1968 233 −9.3%  1975 224 −3.9%  1982 227 +1.3%  1990 246 +8.4%  1999 261 +6.1%  2006 277 +6.1%  2012 293 +5.8% |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Nanc-lès-Saint-Amour | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Les Trois-Châteaux | |
|  | |
| Location of Nanc-lès-Saint-Amour | |
| Nanc-lès-Saint-AmourNanc-lès-Saint-Amour | |
| Coordinates: 46°25′25″N 5°21′34″E / 46.4236°N 5.3594°E / 46.4236; 5.3594 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Jura |
| Arrondissement | Lons-le-Saunier |
| Canton | Saint-Amour |
| Commune | Les Trois-Châteaux |
| Area**1** | 5.29 km2 (2.04 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | 296 |
| Density | 56/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 39160 |
| Elevation | 209–596 m (686–1,955 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Neustadt (Mainz)

abstract: Neustadt, with 29,982 inhabitants, is a borough in the north of Mainz, Germany. It is located northwest of the old town, beyond the wide Kaiserstrasse. Characteristic are the great number of squares and traffic-calmed streets, the pubs and cafés, the small shops, the Turkish shops and smaller craft businesses. The Neustadt lives from its mixture of old-established Mainzers, newcomers, immigrants and young students. Neustadt is the most densely populated district in Mainz.

text:
# Neustadt (Mainz)

**Neustadt**, with 29,982 inhabitants (Dec. 2023), is a borough in the north of Mainz, Germany. It is located northwest of the old town, beyond the wide Kaiserstrasse. Characteristic are the great number of squares and traffic-calmed streets, the pubs and cafés, the small shops, the Turkish shops and smaller craft businesses. The Neustadt lives from its mixture of old-established Mainzers, newcomers, immigrants and young students. Neustadt is the most densely populated district in Mainz.

## History

In 2022 Neustadt will celebrate its 150-year jubilee. The idea of expanding the city of Mainz into the socalled "Gartenfeld" (literally *garden field*), which was interspersed with improvised buildings, had been around for a long time. On 4 April 1866, the city council chose a draft by Eduard Kreyßig out of several competing plans. The realisation had to wait until after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71.

The area called "Gartenfeld" lay outside the fortress walls of Mainz. There, in the rayon zone, no stone buildings were allowed to stand that could offer protection to advancing troops. The walls severely constricted the Fortress of Mainz. At this time, Mainz already had the highest population density in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. A statistic from 1869 by Alfred Börckel, court counsellor and librarian of the Mainz municipal library, illustrates the predicament: the number of people occupying the space of one Prussian acre was 8 in Barmen, 11 in Potsdam, 24 in Darmstadt, 28 in Berlin, 65 in Hamburg and 71 in Cologne - but in Mainz the figure was 89. In other cities, the population grew ever faster in the second half of the 19th century. In Mainz, the flats were hopelessly overcrowded, sanitary facilities were lacking and a cholera epidemic threatened to break out at any time. Mainz lagged behind in economic development at a time when factories were springing up everywhere else. The reason for this was also the disproportion between the civilian city area, which was about 1.2 km2, and the area used for military purposes or closed off, which was about 7 km2.

The military agreed to the demolition of the old walls only after long, tough negotiations between the city of Mainz and the Prussian War Ministry, after the fortress of Metz in Lorraine formed the new bulwark to France. With the release for development, the previously existing city area doubled in one fell swoop. On 21 September 1872, the city expansion contract was finally signed. This day can be called the founding day of the New Town of Mainz. At the beginning of February 1873, imperial approval was granted. In mid-March 1873, the city began to demolish the ramparts in the area of today's Kaiserstraße and to build on the garden field. However, it also had to build new ramparts further northwest, on the Rheingau Wall, at a cost of four million guilders. Between 1500 and 2000 florins per Hessian acre were paid for the garden plots.

The fortress of Mainz became the property of the German Empire in accordance with the Imperial Act of 25 May 1873 and became an imperial fortress. The New Town on a plan from 1898

Master builder Eduard Kreyßig (1830-1897) shaped the architectural and urban planning face of the New Town. His basic idea was the development of the garden field through a symmetrical, grid-like street system of longitudinal and transverse axes, broken up by green avenues and squares. His plans were inspired by the 19th century redesign of Paris by Georges-Eugène Haussmann. Shortly before taking up his post, Kreyßig had visited the Exposition Universelle (1867) in Paris and admired Haussmann's revolutionary ideas.

Three major northwest–southeast axes (Rheinallee, Bonifaziusstraße \[today's Hindenburgstraße\] and Boppstraße) were to connect the New Town with the Old Town. Construction was first carried out along these main axes. Instead of the ramparts of the garden front, Schönborn's bastion belt, a magnificent boulevard was created, which was then also called "Boulevard" - today's Kaiserstraße. The buildings from this era are still recognisable today, although they were badly affected by the Bombing of Mainz in World War II. They are typical Gründerzeit residential buildings, some with splendid facades, as well as some functional buildings such as the Christuskirche, which is visible from afar, the old army bread bakery (Neues Proviantamt) and the main railway station. In 1912, a magnificent central synagogue was built in Hindenburgstraße. This spacious Art Nouveau building fell victim to the National Socialists only 26 years later in the Kristallnacht. It was set on fire and later blown up.

Even today, the main problems with the development of the garden field is obvious, the terrain was very low and therefore frequently flooded. The city builder's plans called for the entire area to be filled in, which was also necessary for the construction of the sewage system. However, due to the size of this huge area, the filling up could only be done step by step. First, the roads were raised. The individual plan squares were then gradually filled in around the houses that had already been built. As a result, many houses in the New Town have particularly deep basements.

The backfilling work was not completed everywhere. Thus, at some points in the Neustadt today, one can find places that still show the low level, e.g. the low level of the Wallaustraße.

A curiosity is the house at No. 77 Wallaustrasse, which has a gateway on the first floor and is entered via the part planned as a cellar. At the time of construction, it was expected that the site would be filled in, which has not yet happened. The Rhine bank, which was also newly filled in, was fortified for military purposes.

The garden field tax, a kind of luxury tax because of the generous amount of space, was levied on the new property owners. Until the Second World War, large areas were still vacant in the area of Goetheplatz and in the northern Neustadt. There were still numerous gardens, for example on Raupelsweg and along Scheffelstraße. Housewives could bleach their laundry on meadows, children and young people could play.

A new rampart, the Rheingau Wall, was built around the new town. It was built in the neo-Prussian fortification style and consisted, among other things, of the cavaliers Prinz Holstein and Hauptstein, Judensand, Fort Hartenberg, the Gonsenheim Gate and the Mombach Gate. In the new town itself, there were again many barracks - such as the Alicekaserne (infantry barracks 1903) a cavalry barracks in Wallstraße (Neue Golden' Rosskaserne) - a garrison hospital in Rheinstraße and magazine rooms of the military administration.

The new, more open city demanded that the railway line be moved away from the banks of the Rhine. Kreyßig moved it to the west side of the city from 1880 with the consequence of tunneling under the citadel and building a new central station. The construction of this station in 1884 was also the initiative of the city's master builder and made possible the connection to another railway line, the Hessian Ludwig Railway, which in 1871 was routed along Gastell's company grounds in the direction of Gonsenheim to Alzey.

After 1918, all fortifications were slighted on behalf of the French military administration..

## Literature

* Claus Wolf (2004). *Die Mainzer Stadtteile* (in German). Emons Verlag. ISBN 3-89705-361-6.

## InfoBox

| Neustadt | |
| --- | --- |
| Borough of Mainz | |
|  | |
| Location of Neustadt within Mainz | |
| Neustadt Neustadt | |
| Coordinates: 50°0′N 8°15′E / 50.000°N 8.250°E / 50.000; 8.250 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Urban district |
| City | Mainz |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201929) | Christoph Hand (Greens) |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.32 km2 (2.44 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 115 m (377 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 85 m (279 ft) |
| Population (2023) | |
| Total | 29,982 |
| Density | 4,700/km2 (12,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 55118 |
| Dialling codes | 06131 |
| Website | Neustadt.de |


abstract: The Pogrom against the disabled took place on the night of 30 November 1943 in Athens, Greece by the collaborationist Security Battalions. Disabled veterans from the Greco-Italian front of the World War II who were treated in hospitals in Athens were arrested by the Security Battalions who then handed them over to the Nazi forces in the prisons of Haidari and Hatzikosta. 283 disabled veterans were executed.

text:
# Pogrom against the wounded veterans (1943)

The **Pogrom against the disabled** took place on the night of 30 November 1943 in Athens, Greece by the collaborationist Security Battalions. Disabled veterans from the Greco-Italian front of the World War II who were treated in hospitals in Athens were arrested by the Security Battalions who then handed them over to the Nazi forces in the prisons of Haidari and Hatzikosta. 283 disabled veterans were executed.

## Background

After the fall of the Greek front and the German invasion of Greece about 15000 disabled from the war found shelter in the hospitals of Athens. Disabled people lived in harsh conditions but organized to improve the living conditions in the hospitals creating *Hospital Committees* to manage the food and medical supplies. They participated in the demonstrations in March 1943 against the mobilization of Greeks to the Eastern front and in July 1943 against the expansion of the Bulgarian occupation zone. As a result, the disabled war veterans became a target for the Security Battalions.

## Events

On the night of 30 November the Security Battalions, under the supervision of Jürgen Stroop, the SS and Police Leader Greece, surrounded each of the nineteen hospitals in Athens with trucks and forcibly arrested disabled people. Many of disabled people died either during transport or in the prisons because their unhealed wounds bled as a result of the beatings by the Nazi collaborators. The disabled veterans, without their crutches or wooden prosthetic limbs, were piled into the trucks and taken to the Hatzikosta and Haidari camps. A total of 283 executions took place.


title: Otter Tail County Courthouse

abstract: The Otter Tail County Courthouse is the seat of county government and a historic building located in Fergus Falls, Minnesota, United States. Otter Tail County's first county seat was Ottertail City. After the decline of that city, it was moved to Fergus Falls in 1872. The previous courthouse was completed in 1881, and it was damaged by a tornado in June 1919. A bond issue was defeated by county voters in August of the same year because of confusion over whether the county was going to build a new courthouse, repair the old building, or wait for building costs to decrease. Another storm took off part of the courthouse's temporary roof a short time later. In November 1920, Judge William L. Parsons ruled that Otter Tail County no longer had a courthouse. That allowed the county commissioners to issue bonds and levy a 1% property tax to build a new building. The present courthouse was designed by the St. Paul architectural firm of Buechner & Orth, and it was completed in 1922 by L.P. Jorgenson for $322,000. The three-story brick and Bedford stone structure is an excellent example of the Beaux Arts style, although it is similar to other courthouses of the same style in the state. The law enforcement center was built behind the courthouse in 1962. Designed by Glenn W. Cording Associates, the same light color brick was used so it blends in with the older courthouse. The two buildings were joined together in 1972. The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

text:
# Otter Tail County Courthouse

The **Otter Tail County Courthouse** is the seat of county government and a historic building located in Fergus Falls, Minnesota, United States. Otter Tail County's first county seat was Ottertail City. After the decline of that city, it was moved to Fergus Falls in 1872. The previous courthouse was completed in 1881, and it was damaged by a tornado in June 1919. A bond issue was defeated by county voters in August of the same year because of confusion over whether the county was going to build a new courthouse, repair the old building, or wait for building costs to decrease. Another storm took off part of the courthouse's temporary roof a short time later. In November 1920, Judge William L. Parsons ruled that Otter Tail County no longer had a courthouse. That allowed the county commissioners to issue bonds and levy a 1% property tax to build a new building.

The present courthouse was designed by the St. Paul architectural firm of Buechner & Orth, and it was completed in 1922 by L.P. Jorgenson for $322,000. The three-story brick and Bedford stone structure is an excellent example of the Beaux Arts style, although it is similar to other courthouses of the same style in the state. The law enforcement center was built behind the courthouse in 1962. Designed by Glenn W. Cording Associates, the same light color brick was used so it blends in with the older courthouse. The two buildings were joined together in 1972. The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

## InfoBox

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| Otter Tail County Courthouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
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| Location | 121 W. Junius Ave.<br>Fergus Falls, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 46°16′48″N 96°04′30″W / 46.279917°N 96.075000°W / 46.279917; -96.075000 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1922, 1972 |
| Architect | Buechner & Orth |
| Architectural style | Beaux Arts |
| NRHP reference No. | 84001637 |
| Added to NRHP | May 10, 1984 |