title: NetCache

abstract: NetCache is a former web cache software product which was owned and developed by NetApp between 1997 and 2006, and a hardware product family incorporating the NetCache software.

text:
# NetCache

**NetCache** is a former web cache software product which was owned and developed by NetApp between 1997 and 2006, and a hardware product family incorporating the NetCache software.

## History

The NetCache software started as a commercial fork of the Harvest Object Cache developed by Internet Middleware Corporation (IMC), which consisted of former Harvest project developers including Peter B. Danzig, a professor at University of Southern California. In late 1996 the software was named **Internet Middleware Object Cache**, and it was referred to as Cached 2 and later Cached 3.

In 1997 IMC was acquired by NetApp, and the software was renamed NetCache, with Danzig becoming chief architect and CTO of NetCache division.

In 2006 NetApp sold the NetCache business (but not technology) to Blue Coat Systems, who had a similar line of ProxySG appliances which became the more expensive product for existing NetApp customers.

## Hardware appliance

The hardware NetCache appliance included the NetApp Data ONTAP microkernel, with its Write Anywhere File Layout file system, achieving four times the throughput as software equivalents available at time, according to NetApp comparisons. Starting with ONTAP version 9.5 similar functionality was introduced under FlexCache name.

### Models

As of November 2005, three hardware models were being offered:

* C1300 - Lowest cost device. Small form factor chassis. Targeted at branch and small offices.
* C2300 - Mid range device. Targeted at larger office environments.
* C3300 - High end device. Targeted for use in company headquarters, datacentres and ISPs. Storage capacity of up to 2.4TB.

Former models include:

* C1200 - Replaced by the C1300 in 2005.
* C6200 - High Performance device. Phased out in 2005.

### Product reviews

## InfoBox

| Original author(s) | NetApp |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Final release | 6.0.7 |
|  | |
| Platform | Cross platform; Data ONTAP |
| Type | web cache |


title: Glass databases

abstract: Glass databases are a collection of glass compositions, glass properties, glass models, associated trademark names, patents etc. These data were collected from publications in scientific papers and patents, from personal communication with scientists and engineers, and other relevant sources.

text:
# Glass databases

**Glass databases** are a collection of glass compositions, glass properties, glass models, associated trademark names, patents etc. These data were collected from publications in scientific papers and patents, from personal communication with scientists and engineers, and other relevant sources.

## History

Since the beginning of scientific glass research in the 19th century, thousands of glass property-composition datasets were published. The first attempt to summarize all those data systematically was the monograph **"Glastechnische Tabellen"**. World War II and the Cold War prevented similar efforts for many years afterwards.

In 1956, **"Phase Diagrams for Ceramists"** was published the first time, containing a collection of phase diagrams. This database is known today as **"Phase Equilibria Diagrams"**.

in 1983, the **"Handbook of Glass Data"** was published, followed by the creation of the Japanese database **Interglad** in 1991. The "Handbook of Glass Data" was later digitalized and substantially expanded under the name **SciGlass**. Currently, SciGlass contains properties of about 400,000 glass compositions, **INTERGLAD** about 380,000, and "Phase Equilibria Diagrams" includes about 31,000 diagrams.

in 2019, the SciGlass data was made publicly available on GitHub under the ODC Open Database License (ODbL).

In 2023, the re-emergence of the SciGlass database as SciGlass Sage offered "AI" assistance, a property predictor powered by random forest regression models, and a generator using predictive models in conjunction with genetic algorithms.

In 2024, **SciGlass Next** was created as an open-access web database utilizing the SciGlass data available on GitHub. The database is hosted in the public domain of Friedrich Schiller University Jena.

The website provides comprehensive documentation, including step-by-step instructions and glossaries of properties and symbols used.

Most features are covered, including:

* Glasses: 422,000+ glasses and melts. Sourced from 40,000+ literature sources, including 19,700+ patents.
* Data Tables: Search data and export tables for post-processing.
* Data Visualization: Interactive data visualization with scatter plots, histograms, ternary plots, and curve fitting.
* Authentication: Secured Single Sign-On (SSO) authentication of users.
* ML Predictions (Future): Python-backed ML predictions for glass properties.
* Sidebar Quick Lookup: Categories of patent index, trademark index, author index, subject index, spectral index and glass formation.

## Glass database contents

The following list of glass database contents is not complete, and it may not be up to date. For full features see the references section below. All databases contain citations to the original data sources and the chemical composition of the glasses or ceramics.

## Application

* Experimental planning, expected properties and appropriate glass compositions can be estimated from similar data.
* Calculation of glass properties based on many independent data sources.
* Scientific understanding of glass composition-property relations.
* Design of glass compositions that are not patented by competitors.
* System design and optimization including design for purpose and design for cost.

## InfoBox

SciGlass Next
| Screenshot of the SciGlass Next homepage | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | Scientific database |
| URL | sciglass.uni-jena.de |
| Commercial | No |
| Registration | Required with institutional email |
| Launched | 2024 |
| Content license | Open Database License |
| Written in | Javascript/Python |


title: Pyrgus alpinus

abstract: Pyrgus alpinus is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found from Ghissar to western China and northern India.

text:
# Pyrgus alpinus

***Pyrgus alpinus*** is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found from Ghissar to western China and northern India.

## Subspecies

* *Pyrgus alpinus alpinus*
* *Pyrgus alpinus alichurensis* de Jong, 1975 (southern and eastern Pamirs)
* *Pyrgus alpinus mustagatae* Alberti, 1952 (Chinese eastern Pamirs)

## InfoBox

| *Pyrgus alpinus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hesperiidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrgus* |
| Species: | ***P. alpinus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrgus alpinus***<br>(Erschoff, 1874) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Syrichthus alpina* Erschoff, 1874 * *Pyrgus alpina* | |


title: Pro Wrestling Tees

abstract: Pro Wrestling Tees is a website and store for professional wrestlers to sell their merchandise and is the largest website of its kind. The site regularly organizes meet ups for wrestlers and their fans around wrestling events. The company provides a platform for well-known professional wrestlers to sell their merchandise all over the world.

text:
# Pro Wrestling Tees

**Pro Wrestling Tees** is a website and store for professional wrestlers to sell their merchandise and is the largest website of its kind. The site regularly organizes meet ups for wrestlers and their fans around wrestling events. The company provides a platform for well-known professional wrestlers to sell their merchandise all over the world.

## History

The brand was founded in 2013 by Ryan Barkan headquartered on the North side of Chicago. It first started as a digital print shop in 2008, where Barkan sold custom T-shirts under the company One Hour Tees.

In 2010, Barkan received an email by a well-known independent wrestler Colt Cabana to help create a shirt for his friend CM Punk that would say, "I Broke Big Show’s Hand". After that, Ryan received more orders from Colt Cabana and later Colt offered Barkan a deal for promoting One Hour Tees on Colt's podcast, *The Art of Wrestling*. After getting featured on Colt's podcast, the brand bloomed and got the attention of the wrestlers such as The Young Bucks, Joey Ryan, Kevin Steen, Christopher Daniels and Frankie Kazarian.

In 2013, Ryan started the website ProWrestlingTees.com which is a marketplace of over 1,200 wrestlers who sell their own merchandise worldwide. In 2014, the company signed partnership deals with New Japan Pro-Wrestling.

In 2017, they signed a deal with Hot Topic to supply them the wrestling clothing and merchandise. In 2019, they become the official merchandise partner for All Elite Wrestling, launching ShopAEW.com.

## Business model

Barkan came up with the idea for ProWrestlingTees.com along with Colt Cabana to help wrestlers sell merchandise worldwide. The website was formed as a platform for the professional wrestlers and their families to design and sell their own apparel and other items including DVDs, posters and action figures. The wrestlers own their individual stores on the website and also own all the photos and products that they sell on ProWrestlingTees.com. The profits received from the merchandise directly go to the wrestlers or their families.

## Partnerships

The company has direct business with many famous wrestlers including: Chris Jericho, Hulk Hogan, Randy Savage, Ric Flair, The Young Bucks, CM Punk, Shawn Michaels, Cody Rhodes, Kenny Omega, Andre the Giant, Scott Hall, Mick Foley, Steve Austin, Roddy Piper, and many others. Colt Cabana was the first ever professional wrestler to have a store in the company's website.

## Sales figures

During All In weekend, Pro Wrestling Tees sold half a million dollars in merchandise. In April 2019, Pro Wrestling Tees announced they paid out over $5 million in royalties. On December 3, 2020, Pro Wrestling Tees owner Ryan Barkan stated on his Instagram page that Sting's AEW t-shirt quickly broke the single day record for t-shirt sales.

During the Brodie Lee Celebration of Life, Pro Wrestling Tees' Shop AEW store released a t-shirt in memory of Brodie Lee with all proceeds benefiting The Huber Family. In less than two hours, it set a new record for most shirts sold within 24 hours, breaking Sting's previous record. In just under four hours, it became the highest selling t-shirt of 2020, breaking Orange Cassidy's previous record.

## InfoBox

Pro Wrestling Tees
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | Professional wrestling merchandise |
| Owner | Ryan Barkan |
| Products | Designed shirts
DVDs
Posters
Action figures |
| URL | prowrestlingtees.com |
| Commercial | Yes |
| Launched | June 1, 2013 |


title: Nucella canaliculata

abstract: Nucella canaliculata, commonly known as the channeled dog winkle or the channeled purple, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. The shell grows to a maximum length of about 4 cm (1.6 in). This species is distributed in the northeastern Pacific Ocean from the Aleutian Islands to California.

text:
# Nucella canaliculata

***Nucella canaliculata***, commonly known as the **channeled dog winkle** or the **channeled purple**, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. The shell grows to a maximum length of about 4 cm (1.6 in). This species is distributed in the northeastern Pacific Ocean from the Aleutian Islands to California.

## Description

*Nucella canaliculata* has a robust shell with a strong spire, a short notch to house the siphon, and up to seven whorls. The whorls are demarcated from each other by deep grooves and are sculpted with many low spiral ridges of approximately even size. The surface of the shell is matt; small individuals are often orange while larger ones are grayish or pale brown. The margins of the aperture are often yellow, and the animal's soft parts are protected by a horny operculum. The maximum length of this species is about 4 cm (1.6 in). This dog winkle can be distinguished from the frilled dog winkle (*Nucella lamellosa*) by the absence of frilled decoration, and from the northern striped dog winkle (*Nucella ostrina*) by the evenness of the size of the sculpted ridges.

## Distribution

This dog winkle is native to the Pacific coasts of North America. Its range extends from the Aleutian Islands off Alaska to San Luis Obispo County, California, but it is uncommon to the north of Puget Sound or to the south of San Francisco Bay. It is found on both exposed and sheltered rocks in the intertidal zone and is particularly common in wave-exposed areas of the Olympic Peninsula and near mussel beds.

## Ecology

*N. canaliculata* is a predator and feeds on mussels and barnacles by drilling a hole through the shell. Researchers found that the dog winkle was more successful at drilling into the barnacle *Semibalanus cariosus* when it drills between the lateral plates rather than through them. A toxin is then injected through the hole which causes the barnacle's muscles to relax and the opercular valves to gape, whereupon the dog winkle can easily consume the soft tissues.

## InfoBox

| *Nucella canaliculata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *N. canaliculata* surrounded by thatched barnacles (*Semibalanus cariosus*), and pile worms (*Nereis vexillosa*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Nucella* |
| Species: | ***N. canaliculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nucella canaliculata***<br>(Duclos, 1832) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Purpura canaliculata* Duclos, 1832 * *Purpura decemcostata* Middendorff, 1849 * *Thais canaliculata var. compressa* Dall, 1915 | |


title: Iridium Communications

abstract: Iridium Communications Inc. is a publicly traded American company headquartered in McLean, Virginia, United States. Iridium operates the Iridium satellite constellation, a system of 75 satellites: 66 are active satellites and the remaining nine function as in-orbit spares. Iridium Satellites are used for worldwide voice and data communication from handheld satellite phones, satellite messenger communication devices and integrated transceivers, as well as for two-way satellite messaging service from supported conventional mobile phones. The nearly polar orbit and communication between satellites via inter-satellite links provide global service availability.

text:
# Iridium Communications

**Iridium Communications Inc.** (formerly **Iridium Satellite LLC**) is a publicly traded American company headquartered in McLean, Virginia, United States. Iridium operates the Iridium satellite constellation, a system of 75 satellites: 66 are active satellites and the remaining nine function as in-orbit spares. Iridium Satellites are used for worldwide voice and data communication from handheld satellite phones, satellite messenger communication devices and integrated transceivers, as well as for two-way satellite messaging service from supported conventional mobile phones. The nearly polar orbit and communication between satellites via inter-satellite links provide global service availability.

## History

The Iridium communications service was launched on November 1, 1998, formerly known as Iridium SSC. The first Iridium call was made from Vice President of the United States Al Gore to Gilbert Grosvenor, the great-grandson of Alexander Graham Bell and chairman of the National Geographic Society. Motorola provided the technology and major financial backing. The logo of the company represents the Big Dipper. The company derives its name from the chemical element iridium, which has an atomic number of 77, equaling the initial number of satellites which were calculated to be required for global coverage. However, due to optimizations of orbit trajectories, technology updates and real-world conditions, only 66 are required for global coverage. A total of 95 satellites were launched in this constellation, with 66 active and the remaining 29 satellites operating as spares.

On August 13, 1999, nine months after the launch of the organization, the founding company went into Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The handsets could not operate as promoted until the entire constellation of satellites was in place, requiring a massive initial capital cost of billions of dollars. The cost of service dissuaded many potential users. Reception indoors was difficult and the handheld devices, when compared to terrestrial cellular mobile phones were bulkier and more expensive, both of which discouraged adoption among potential users.

Mismanagement is another major factor that was cited in the original program's failure. In 1999, CNN writer David Rohde detailed how he applied for Iridium service and was sent information kits, but was never contacted by a sales representative. He encountered programming problems on Iridium's website, and a "run-around" from the company's representatives. After Iridium filed bankruptcy, it cited "difficulty gaining subscribers."

The initial commercial failure of Iridium had a damping effect on other proposed commercial satellite constellation projects, including Teledesic. Other schemes (Orbcomm, ICO Global Communications, and Globalstar) followed Iridium into bankruptcy protection, while a number of other proposed schemes were never even constructed.

In August 2000, Motorola announced that the Iridium satellites would have to be deorbited. Despite this, they remained in orbit and operational. In December 2000, the US government stepped in to save Iridium by providing US$72 million in exchange for a two-year contract. They also approved the fire sale of the company from US bankruptcy court for $25 million in March 2001. This erased over $4 billion in debt.

Iridium service was restarted in 2001, by the newly founded Iridium Satellite LLC, which was owned by a group of private investors.

On February 10, 2009, the Iridium 33 satellite collided with a defunct Russian satellite, named Kosmos 2251, 800 kilometres (500 mi) over Siberia. Two large debris clouds were created.

### Iridium NEXT launch campaign

Iridium replaced its original constellation by sending 75 new Iridium satellites into space on SpaceX Falcon 9 rockets in a series of 8 launches. The campaign also consisted of upgrades to Iridium ground infrastructure.

The Iridium NEXT launch campaign was announced in 2007. Within three years, Iridium completed financing and began work on launching new satellites. In June 2010, Iridium announced a fixed-price contract with Thales Alenia Space for the design and construction of the next-generation satellites for the upgraded constellation. Two weeks later, Iridium announced a $492 million contract designating the Falcon 9 as a major provider of launch services for the Iridium NEXT campaign, becoming the largest single commercial launch deal ever signed (simultaneously representing a benchmark in cost-effective satellite delivery to space).

On January 14, 2017, 10 years after the campaign was first announced, the first of eight Iridium NEXT launches took place with SpaceX from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. Over the next two years, Iridium sent an additional 65 satellites into low Earth orbit to completely replace the original satellite constellation. The final Iridium NEXT launch took place on January 11, 2019, less than two years after the first launch.

The Iridium NEXT network covers the entire Earth, including poles, oceans and airways, with 66 satellites, with the remaining nine acting as active backups, for a total of 75 launched. Six remain on the ground as spares for a total of 81 built.

## Present status

Iridium Satellite LLC merged with a special-purpose acquisition company (GHQ) created by the investment bank Greenhill & Co. in September 2009 to create Iridium Communications Inc. The public company trades on NASDAQ under the symbol "IRDM". The company surpassed one million subscribers in March 2018. Revenue for the full year 2018 was $523.0 million with operational EBITDA of $302.0 million, a 14% increase from $265.6 million in the prior year.

Iridium manages several operations centers, including Tempe, Arizona and Leesburg, Virginia, United States.

The system is being used by the U.S. Department of Defense.

Matt Desch is the current CEO of Iridium LLC.

### Hosted Payload Alliance

Iridium is a founding member of the Hosted Payload Alliance (HPA), a satellite industry alliance program. Membership in the HPA is open to satellite operators, satellite manufacturers, system integrators, and other interested parties.

### Air safety communications

In July 2011, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued a ruling that approves the use of Iridium for Future Air Navigation System (FANS) data links, enabling satellite data links with air-traffic control for aircraft flying in the FANS environment, including areas not served by Inmarsat (above or below 70 degrees latitude) which includes polar routes.

### Global Maritime Distress and Safety System

In January 2020, the Iridium constellation was certified for use in the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). The certification ended a monopoly on the provision of maritime distress services that had previously been held by Inmarsat since the system became operational in 1999.

### Adoption of standard-based solutions for cellphones

In 2023, Qualcomm and Iridium announced an agreement that was supposed to bring two-way satellite messaging service to Android smartphones. The service, called Snapdragon Satellite, should have been supported starting with devices that feature Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 chipsets, which was expected to be launched in the second half of 2023. The solution for smartphones was supposed to utilize Iridium's L Band spectrum for downlink and uplink.

On November 9, 2023, Iridium announced that Qualcomm had notified them about the end of their partnership due to a lack of interest in Qualcomm's and Iridium's proprietary solution by smartphone manufacturers. A Qualcomm spokesman stated "Smartphone makers have indicated a preference towards standards-based solutions for satellite-to-phone connectivity. We expect to continue to collaborate with Iridium on standards-based solutions while discontinuing efforts on the proprietary solution that was introduced earlier this year."

In 2024, Iridium introduceed Project Stardust, a 3GPP standard-based satellite-to-cellphone service focusing on messaging, emergency communications and IoT for devices like cars, smartphones, tablets and related consumer applications. The solution will be supported using a version of the NB-IoT standard for 5G non-terrestrial networks (NTN). Scheduled for launch in 2026, it won't replace the company’s proprietary solution for voice and high-speed data; instead it will co-exist with that offering on the Iridium's existing global low-earth orbit satellite network.

## Russo-Ukrainian War

From 2015-2022, Iridium Satellite was selling navigation systems directly to its Russian subsidiary, Iridium Communications. In 2022, the Moscow-based subsidiary gave the National Guard of Russia access to the satellite constellation.

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Iridium structured their operations to comply with US sanctions and stopped shipment of end-user equipment to Russia. Despite this, In 2023, Iridium Communications, via some unknown intermediaries, imported machines made by the American parent company for receiving and converting voice and images.

## Iridium satellite constellation

The Iridium system requires 66 active satellites in low Earth orbit to complete its constellation and 9 spare satellites are kept in-orbit to serve in case of failure. The satellites are in six polar orbital planes at a height of approximately 485 miles (780 km). Satellites communicate with neighboring satellites via Ka band intersatellite links to relay communications to and from ground stations. The original constellation was launched in the late 1990s before the company went through bankruptcy. In January 2017, Iridium began to launch its next-generation satellites through its $3 billion launch campaign, Iridium NEXT. The new satellites were sent into space on SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicles from Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 4 in California over the course of eight launches between January 2017 and January 2019. On January 14, 2017, SpaceX launched 10 of the new Iridium satellites into orbit. The second launch of Iridium NEXT satellites took place on June 25, 2017 on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket out of Vandenberg Air Force Base. This was the second of eight scheduled launches. The third launch of 10 NEXT satellites took place on October 9, 2017. On December 22, 2017, ten additional satellites were deployed after a successful launch on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. On May 22, SpaceX successfully launched an additional five Iridium NEXT satellites from Vandenberg Air Force Base.

On January 11, 2019, the final ten satellites were placed in orbit by SpaceX.

## Subscriber equipment

### Handsets

Iridium offers four satellite handsets: the 9555, 9575A (which is only available to US government customers), the Extreme, and the Extreme PTT.

### Wi-Fi Hotspots

In 2014, Iridium began to offer the Iridium Go! hotspot, which can also be used as a distress beacon under certain circumstances. As of September 2020, Iridium's manufacturing contractor, Beam Communications, had built 50,000 of these devices.

### One-way pagers

Two pagers were made for the Iridium network – the Motorola 9501 and Kyocera SP-66K. These are one-way devices that could receive messages sent in the form of SMS.

Messages are delivered to pre-selected "MDAs" which cover a certain geographic area. Three of these MDAs may be selected on a web-based portal or updated automatically if the paging service is bound to an Iridium phone. Each country has its own MDA based on its country code; some of the larger countries are divided into several MDAs, while separate MDAs exist for sections of ocean and common aeronautic routes.

Pagers are assigned with telephone numbers in area code 480 and can also be contacted using email, SMS and the web-based interface used to send messages to Iridium phones.

### Two-way satellite messengers

In 2017, Garmin announced inReach SE+ and inReach Explorer+ satellite communicators, which use Iridium satellite network for global coverage. Garmin inReach mini, a satellite messenger, was announced a year later. These devices can send and receive text messages with any cell phone number, email address or another inReach device, as well as to provide location sharing, navigation and direct communication options to emergency services.

ZOLEO satellite communicator uses global Iridium network when cellular or Wi-Fi coverage is unavailable. It does so by means of Bluetooth connection to provide two-way messaging to connected smartphone or tablet devices.

### Other satellite phones

Several other Iridium-based telephones exist, such as payphones, and equipment intended for installation on ships and aircraft. The DPL handset made by NAL Research combined with a 9522 transceiver is used for some of these products. This handset provides a user interface nearly identical to that of the 9505 series phones.

### Standalone transceiver units

These can be used for data-logging applications in remote areas (as in data collection satellites). Some types of buoys, such as those used for the tsunami warning system, use Iridium satellites to communicate with their base. The remote device is programmed to call or send short burst data (SBD) messages to the base at specified intervals, or it can be set to accept calls in order for it to offload its collected data.

The following transceivers have been released over the years:

* Iridium Core 9523 – Similar to the 9522B, a modular transceiver released in 2012
* Iridium 9522B – A transceiver released in late 2008, is smaller than the 9522A and has similar features. It also supports Circuit-Switched Data (CSD), not just SBD.
* Iridium 9522A – Based on the 9522, some variants have built in GPS and autonomous reporting functions. Supports SBD.
* Motorola 9522 – Last Motorola transceiver, supports outgoing SMS but no SBD.
* Motorola 9520 – Original transceiver module, does not support outgoing SMS or SBD. Designed for use in vehicles with accompanying handset

#### Short burst data modems

These devices support only SBD for Internet of things (IoT) services and do not use a SIM card.

* Iridium 9601 – Supports only SBD, several tracking devices and other products have been built around this modem. It was an Iridium manufactured product designed as an OEM module for integration into applications that only use the Iridium Short Burst Data Service. Short Burst Data applications are supported through an RS-232 interface. Examples of these applications include maritime vessel tracking or automatic vehicle tracking.
* Iridium 9602 – Smaller, cheaper version of 9601 (released in 2010).
* Iridium 9603 – One-fourth the volume and half the footprint of 9602

### Iridium OpenPort

Iridium OpenPort is a broadband satellite voice and data communications system for maritime vessels. The system is used for crew calling and e-mail services on sea vessels such as merchant fleets, government and navy vessels, fishing fleets and personal yachts.

Iridium operates at only 2.2 to 3.8 kbit/s, which requires very aggressive voice compression and decompression algorithms. (By comparison, AMR used in 3G phones requires a minimum of 4.75 kbit/s, G.729 requires 6.4 kbit/s, and iLBC requires 13.33 kbit/s.) Latency for data connections averages 1800 ms round-trip, with a mode of 1300 to 1400 ms and a minimum around 980 ms. Latency is highly variable depending on the path data takes through the satellite constellation as well the need for retransmissions due to errors, which may be around 2 to 3% for mobile originated packets under good conditions.

### Iridium Certus

One of the Iridium NEXT services is Iridium Certus, a globally available satellite broadband which is capable of up to 704 Kbps of bandwidth across maritime, aviation, land mobile, government, and IoT applications. Terminals for the service are provided by Cobham, Intellian Technologies and Thales.

### Iridium STL

Iridium is providing Satellite Time & Location (STL) service. It was developed by Satelles company, which was later acquired by Iridium Communications in April 2024.

According to the company, it is the only LEO satellite based commercial positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) service (as of April 2024).

## InfoBox

Iridium Communications Inc.
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as |  |
| Industry | Satellite telecommunications |
| Founded | 2001 (2001) |
| Headquarters | McLean, Virginia, U.S. |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Matthew J. Desch (CEO) Thomas J. Fitzpatrick (CFO) Suzi McBride (COO) |
| Products | Satellite communications equipment |
| Services | Satellite voice and data services |
| Revenue | US$560.4 million (2019) |
| Operating income | US$10.1 million (2019) |
| Net income | –US$162.0 million (2019) |
| Total assets | US$3.62 billion (2019) |
| Total equity | US$1.46 billion (2019) |
| Number of employees | 497+ (2019) |
| Website | iridium.com |


title: Wharton County Junior College

abstract:
Wharton County Junior College (WCJC) is a public community college with its main campus in Wharton, Texas. The college also has campuses in Richmond, Sugar Land, and Bay City. WCJC offers a range of postsecondary educational programs and services including associate degrees, certificates, and continuing-education courses. State Representative Phil Stephenson served on the Wharton County Junior College board of trustees from 1997 to 2012, when he was first elected to the legislature from District 85 in Fort Bend, Wharton, and Jackson counties. As defined by the Texas Legislature, the official service area of WCJC is the following:
  - all of Wharton County,
  - the territory within the Kendleton, Lamar, and Needville school districts, and the territory within the incorporated area and extraterritorial jurisdiction of Sugar Land, all in Fort Bend County,
  - the territory within the Wallis-Orchard Independent School District in Austin County,
  - the territory within the Columbus, Rice Consolidated, and Weimar school districts in Colorado County,
  - the territory within the Ganado Independent School District in Jackson County,
  - the territory within the Bay City, Boling, Matagorda, Palacios, Tidehaven, and Van Vleck school districts in Matagorda County.

text:
# Wharton County Junior College

**Wharton County Junior College** (**WCJC**) is a public community college with its main campus in Wharton, Texas. The college also has campuses in Richmond, Sugar Land, and Bay City.

WCJC offers a range of postsecondary educational programs and services including associate degrees, certificates, and continuing-education courses.

State Representative Phil Stephenson served on the Wharton County Junior College board of trustees from 1997 to 2012, when he was first elected to the legislature from District 85 in Fort Bend, Wharton, and Jackson counties.

As defined by the Texas Legislature, the official service area of WCJC is the following:

## InfoBox

Wharton County Junior College
| Wharton County Junior College
Sugar Land campus | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Public community college |
| Established | 1946 |
| Accreditation | SACS |
| President | Betty A. McCrohan |
| Students | 6,099 (Fall 2021) |
| Location | Wharton, Texas, United States
29°19′29″N 96°05′06″W / 29.324642°N 96.084935°W / 29.324642; -96.084935 |
| Mascot | Pioneers |
| Website | www.wcjc.edu |
|  | |


title: Puyalón de Cuchas

abstract: Puyalón de Cuchas is an Aragonese left-wing nationalist political party formed in 2008, after a split from the Chunta Aragonesista.

text:
# Puyalón de Cuchas

**Puyalón de Cuchas** (or simply **Puyalón**) is an Aragonese left-wing nationalist political party formed in 2008, after a split from the Chunta Aragonesista.

## Objectives

The main objectives of Puyalón are achieving full national sovereignty for Aragón and building a socialist society. The party also supports the minority languages of Aragón: Catalan and Aragonese, feminism, ecologism and the integration of immigrants.

## History

The first participation by Puyalón in elections was in the local elections of 2011, when the party gained a town councillor in Artieda. In the European elections of 2014 Puyalón supported (and participated in) The Peoples Decide (LPD), gaining 1,241 votes (0.27% of the vote in Aragón). In the municipal elections of 2015 Puyalón gained two town councillors, one in Artieda (Raúl Ramón Iguácel) and another in Pastriz (Rubén Ramos, elected in the list Ganar Pastriz).

In the 2019 Spanish general election Puyalón won 835 votes (0.11% in Aragon), fielding candidates in all three Aragonese constituencies: Huesca (148 votes, 0.12%), Teruel (66 votes, 0.08%) and Zaragoza (621 votes, 0.11%). In the 2019 European parliament election in Spain, Puyalón supported the Republics Now coalition, the successor of the 2014 LPD coalition. Republics Now won 1,805 votes (0.27%) in Aragon.

On 25 May 2023, the party announced it would not contest the 2023 Spanish general election.

1. http://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/noticias/aragon/casi-todos-miembros-colectivo-puyalon-dan-baja-cha\_380745.html Casi todos los miembros del colectivo Puyalón se dan de baja de CHA.
2. La militancia de la organización independentista aragonase ta llamada a aldericar esti 15 de febreru les llínees organizativas de Puyalón de Cuchas, coles que “pretenden afitar inda más la organización y siguir avanzando ante la situación de crisis global y nacional, según a les agresiones contra'l país, les sos xentes y la so cultura”. Otru importante alderique que llevaren acabo, ye la decisión a participar nes próximes Elecciones europees d'esti mesmu añu.
3. "La FABZ y Noviembre Antifaixista llaman a participar en la manifestación "Barrios unidos contra el fascismo" - AraInfo". Archived from the original on 2015-04-12. Retrieved 2015-04-12.
4. "Resultados Electorales en Aragón: Elecciones Europeas 2014 en EL PAÍS".
5. The best result was in Artieda, were Puyalón gained the 37,77% of the vote.
6. Cuchas, Puyalón de (2023-05-25). "NO NOS PRESENTAMOS A ESTAS ELECCIONES PERO LA LUCHA SIGUE". *Puyalón de Cuchas* (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2023-06-04.

## InfoBox

| Puyalón de Cuchas | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Spokesperson | Zésar Corella |
| Founded | 2008 (2008) |
| Split from | Chunta Aragonesista |
| Headquarters | Zaragoza |
| Newspaper | *Socialismo aragonés* |
| Student wing | SEIRA |
| Youth wing | Purna |
| Ideology | Aragonese nationalism
Eco-socialism
Left-wing nationalism
Aragonese independence
Feminism
Euroscepticism
Antifascism |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| National affiliation | Ahora Repúblicas (since 2019) |
| Regional affiliation | Zaragoza en Común (2015–2019) |
| Trade union affiliation | Sindicato Obrero Aragonés (SOA-STA) |
| Colors | Yellow
Red |
| Town councillors in Aragón | 1 / 4,143 |
| Website | |
| puyalon.org | |
|  | |


title: Pavlov (Žďár nad Sázavou District)

abstract: Pavlov is a municipality and village in Žďár nad Sázavou District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. Pavlov lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Žďár nad Sázavou, 25 km (16 mi) east of Jihlava, and 129 km (80 mi) south-east of Prague.

text:
# Pavlov (Žďár nad Sázavou District)

**Pavlov** is a municipality and village in Žďár nad Sázavou District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

Pavlov lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Žďár nad Sázavou, 25 km (16 mi) east of Jihlava, and 129 km (80 mi) south-east of Prague.

## Administrative parts

The hamlet of Starý Telečkov is an administrative part of Pavlov.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 508 |  |
| 1880 | 584 | +15.0% |
| 1890 | 578 | −1.0% |
| 1900 | 546 | −5.5% |
| 1910 | 488 | −10.6% |
| 1921 | 496 | +1.6% |
| 1930 | 513 | +3.4% |
| 1950 | 411 | −19.9% |
| 1961 | 403 | −1.9% |
| 1970 | 384 | −4.7% |
| 1980 | 356 | −7.3% |
| 1991 | 362 | +1.7% |
| 2001 | 329 | −9.1% |
| 2011 | 318 | −3.3% |
| 2021 | 326 | +2.5% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Pavlov | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Church of Saints James and Philip | |
|  | |
| PavlovLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°27′3″N 15°54′50″E / 49.45083°N 15.91389°E / 49.45083; 15.91389 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Vysočina |
| District | Žďár nad Sázavou |
| First mentioned | 1370 |
| Area | |
| Total | 11.63 km2 (4.49 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 574 m (1,883 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 343 |
| Density | 29/km2 (76/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 594 44 |
| Website | www.pavlovzr.cz |


title: Meki River

abstract: The Meki is a river in central Oromia, Ethiopia. It empties into Hora-Dambal at the latitude and longitude 8°4′8″N 38°52′53″E. O.G.S. Crawford identifies the Meki with a river on a map which was drawn in 1662 to illustrate Manuel de Almeida's history of Ethiopia. Crawford explains that the cartographer learned of this stream from the Jesuit missionaries residing in Ethiopia at the time of Emperor Susenyos.

text:
# Meki River

The **Meki** is a river in central Oromia, Ethiopia. It empties into Hora-Dambal at the latitude and longitude 8°4′8″N 38°52′53″E / 8.06889°N 38.88139°E / 8.06889; 38.88139.

O.G.S. Crawford identifies the Meki with a river on a map which was drawn in 1662 (there named "Machy") to illustrate Manuel de Almeida's history of Ethiopia. Crawford explains that the cartographer learned of this stream from the Jesuit missionaries residing in Ethiopia at the time of Emperor Susenyos.

1. O.G.S. Crawford, "Some Medieval Theories about the Nile", *Geographical Journal*, **114** (1949), p. 19f


title: Neil Burgess Jr.

abstract: Neil Burgess Jr. was a leading American aircraft propulsion engineer and designer. Working at General Electric with Gerhard Neumann, they won the 1958 Collier Trophy for their work on the General Electric J79 turbojet engine which powered the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter.

text:
# Neil Burgess Jr.

**Neil Burgess Jr.** (August 2, 1918 – April 20, 1997) was a leading American aircraft propulsion engineer and designer. Working at General Electric with Gerhard Neumann, they won the 1958 Collier Trophy for their work on the General Electric J79 turbojet engine which powered the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter.

## Biography

Born Neil Burgess Junior on 2 August 1918 to Roy Neil Burgess and Lucia L. Payne of Melrose, Massachusetts. He started working for GE in the 1930s. Burgess earned a Masters in electrical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1939. In 1943 he married Evelyn Ruth Lent (1922-2000) and they had five children: Cynthia, Mark Neil, Susan, Nancy, and Wendy. In 1983, he retired as General Electric vice president for commercial engine marketing serving almost 50 years in engineering and marketing. Burgess died 20 April 1997 in Cincinnati, Ohio.

## J79

The J79 and the F-104 were developed concurrently. The J79 was the first engine to exceed Mach 2, Burgess and Neumann solved the problems of rapid acceleration without compressor stall while maintaining reliability and lower fuel consumption over a wide speed range. They reduced compressor stalls by developing the J79's revolutionary "variable stator" that fine-tunes air compression at the engine inlet. The variable stator worked so well that engineers did not believe that engine test cell performance readings. The J79 started test runs in June 1954 and flew on the F-104 maiden flight on 17 February 1956. The first J79 allowed the F-104 to achieve Mach 1.1 in full power and Mach 2.2 with afterburner.

## Collier Trophy

Awarded in 1958 to the USAF and industry team's co-development of the F-104 airframe by Clarence "Kelly" Johnson of Lockheed Skunk Works and J79 engine by Neil Burgess and Gerhard Neumann of General Electric. Also Maj Howard C Johnson, USAF, for world landplane altitude record and Capt Walter W Irwin, USAF, for world landplane speed record both in the F-104 with the J79 engine. Using the F-104, Major Johnson established a world land plane altitude record of 91,243 Feet; and Captain Irwin, established a world straightaway speed record of 1,404.09 miles per hour.

## InfoBox

| Neil Burgess Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| 1958 Collier Trophy with (left to right) Walter W. Irwin, Howard C. Johnson, USA VP Nixon, Gerhard Neumann, Neil Burgess, Clarence Leonard "Kelly" Johnson | |
| Born | (1918-08-02)August 2, 1918
Melrose, Massachusetts |
| Died | April 20, 1997(1997-04-20) (aged 78)
Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | M.S. electrical engineering (1939) |
| Alma mater | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| Occupation(s) | Aircraft engineer and innovator |
| Employer | General Electric |
| Known for | General Electric J79 |
| Spouse | Evelyn Ruth Lent (1922-2000) |
| Children | Cynthia
Mark Neil Burgess
Susan
Nancy (1944-2008)
Wendy (1957-) |
| Parent(s) | Roy Neil Burgess (1875-1950)
Lucia L. Payne (1870-1937) |
| Awards | Collier Trophy (1958)
GE Aircraft Engines Hall of Fame

Conquistadores del Cielo (Aerospace Executive Association) |


title: Girls' College

abstract: Girls' College is an independent, day and boarding high school for girls in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. The school was founded in 1983. Girls' College is a member of the Association of Trust Schools and the Head is a member of the Conference of Heads of Independent Schools in Zimbabwe.

text:
# Girls' College

**Girls' College** is an independent, day and boarding high school for girls in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. The school was founded in 1983.

Girls' College is a member of the Association of Trust Schools and the Head is a member of the Conference of Heads of Independent Schools in Zimbabwe.

## History

The Girls' College Trust was formed in September 1982 for the purpose of establishing a private, multi-racial, interdenominational secondary school for girls in Bulawayo. In January 1983, Girls' College opened with an initial enrollment of seventy-five Form One pupils and six teachers with Ross Fuller as the headmaster of the institution. The school is located at what was the Queens Court residential hotel, which had closed down in 1982. The introduction of Forms Two and Three took place in May 1983 and the first sitting for Cambridge O level examinations at the school was in November 1984. The Sixth Form was introduced in 1985 with the first sitting for Cambridge A-level examinations.

Girls' College grew in terms of enrollment and infrastructure. The Ross Fuller Hall was opened in 1991, surrounding residences were bought and turned into hostels. A building across the road from the main school premises was acquired and named Palmer House with the purpose of establishing commercial classes. Another building, adjacent to Palmer House was constructed for art and IT subjects. Tennis courts and a swimming pool were also constructed. A 'Garden of Remembrance' was also built on the main school premise to commemorate teachers and pupils who had died.

Ross Fuller retired in 2003 and was succeeded by Hazel Vorster. Upon her resignation in 2007, she was temporarily replaced by Mr Todd until Lesley Ross was ready to take her place as headmistress in 2008.

## The badge

It features a central crossed crosslet in red (an insignia which forms part of the coat-of-arms for the City of Bulawayo). The school motto, “Our Hope Is Constant In Thee”, found underneath the crosslet, affirms the school's Christian basis. Above the crosslet are three interlocking gold-coloured amulets which are symbolic, on three different levels, depending on the context in which one wishes to view them. It symbolises the teachers, pupils, and parents; or the academic, cultural, and physical aspects of the school; or the commercial, industrial, and educational professions which co-operated to establish the school.

## List of College Heads

* Ross Fuller (1983–2003)
* Hazel Vorster (2003–2007)
* Mr Todd (2007–2008)
* Lesley Ross (2008–present)

## Notable alumnae

## InfoBox

| Girls' College | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
| 62 Livingstone Road, Suburbs
Bulawayo
Zimbabwe | |
| Information | |
| Type | Independent, day and boarding high school |
| Motto | **Our Hope Is Constant In Thee** |
| Founded | 1983 |
| Oversight | Girls' College Trust |
| Headmistress | Les Ross |
| Gender | Girls |
| Number of pupils | 567 (2016) |
| Houses | Maleme Mtshelele
Matobo |
| Tuition | * US$1,600 per term (day) * US$3,750 per term (boarding) |
| Affiliations |  |
| Website | www.girlscollegebulawayo.org |
| 1. The academic year has 3 terms. | |


title: Pro Wrestling League

abstract: The Pro Wrestling League (PWL) is an Indian sport wrestling promotion that was first established in 2015. It was initiated by ProSportify and Wrestling Federation of India.

text:
# Pro Wrestling League

The **Pro Wrestling League** (**PWL**) is an Indian sport wrestling promotion that was first established in 2015. It was initiated by ProSportify and Wrestling Federation of India.

## Structure

The Pro Wrestling League includes six franchises, which represent cities throughout India. The teams are formed via auction.

The league adheres to United World Wrestling rules for all weight categories. All the seasons so far of PWL hosted six teams, each consisting of 9 players. During the group stage all the team meet each other once. While the top after group stages qualifies to the playoffs. During group stages out of 9 weight categories 7 category bouts are held, the teams gets to block any one category bouts they want, they have to play all bouts even if they win the match before the last bout. During the playoffs all the 9 category bouts are held and a team wins a match when it wins 5 bouts.

## Bidding

In every season of PWL, all players participate in a bidding system. Players are listed in an auction where each team owner bags a chosen player after making the highest bid.

## Teams

| Team |
| --- |
| Delhi Sultans |
| Haryana Hammers |
| Mumbai Maharathi |
| NCR Punjab Royals |
| UP Dangal |
| MP Yoddha |

## Winners

| Year | Winners |
| --- | --- |
| 2015 | Mumbai Garuda |
| 2017 | NCR Punjab Royals |
| 2018 | NCR Punjab Royals |
| 2019 | Haryana Hammers |

## InfoBox

Pro Wrestling League
| **Most recent season or competition:**
*2019 Pro Wrestling League* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Sport | Wrestling |
| First season | 2015 |
| Administrator | Wrestling Federation of India |
| No. of teams | 6 |
| Singles entrants | 54 (as of Jan 2018) |
| Country | India |
| Most recent
champion(s) | Haryana Hammers (1st title) |
| Most titles | NCR Punjab Royals (2 titles) |
| Tournament format | League Format |
| Official website | www.prowrestlingleague.com |


title: Shivaji Tupe

abstract: Shivaji Tupe was an Indian artist from Nashik. He was known for his work in watercolor medium and sketches that illustrated the beauty of nature. He was more interested in portraying the scenic beauty of river banks such as Godavari Ghaats in Nashik and Gangaa Ghaats of Banaras, over five decades.

text:
# Shivaji Tupe

**Shivaji Tupe** was an Indian artist from Nashik. He was known for his work in watercolor medium and sketches that illustrated the beauty of nature. He was more interested in portraying the scenic beauty of river banks such as Godavari Ghaats in Nashik and Gangaa Ghaats of Banaras, over five decades.

## Early life and education

Shivaji Tupe was born in the family with art background. He was born in a small village Sinnar in Nashik district. His interest in art was no surprise for his family. Tupe took the painting as passion, rather than just a profession. He completed his formal education in arts from J.J. School of arts in Mumbai in 1957.

## Work and achievements

Shivaji Tupe is well known among the community for putting the aesthetics of Godaghaat on canvas. He fell in love with architecture of ancient temples such as Naroshankar temple, kalaram temple, Sundarnarayan temple etc. His paintings mainly covered the holy culture of temples, Ghaat areas of Godavari and ‘Waada culture’ of Nashik. His work about life in the lanes of town and Waada culture is acclaimed by the art lovers. Tupe roamed all across the country in the search of subjects and Ghaats. The Gangaa Ghaat of Banaras appealed him and he sketched the life of Banaras through his pen-ink medium. He always said that he travelled all across the country but the beauty of Nashik Ghaats captured his mind the most. He was associated with Nashik Kala Niketan. He used to teach art there. Later, he was appointed as the secretary at Nashik Kala Niketan. Solo exhibitions of Tupe's paintings have been organized on many occasions. His art and love towards Godaghaats had earned him fame and a place of respect in art society, also recognition from entities like Lalit Kala Akademi, the Bombay Art Society and Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata. Among the many awards won by him, the K. R. Paranjape Gunjan Kala Puraskar is an important achievement.

## InfoBox

| Shivaji Tupe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1935 (1935)
Sinnar, Nashik, Maharashtra, India |
| Died | 8 August 2013(2013-08-08) (aged 77–78)
Nashik, Maharashtra, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Education | Sir J. J. School of Art |
| Known for | Water-colour Painting, Sketching |
| Notable work | Paintings of riverbanks of Godavari |
| Awards | K. R. Paranjape Gunjan Kala Puraskar |


title: Pun (surname)

abstract:
Pun is a surname. It may be:
  - A surname of the Magar people in Nepal (पुन)
  - An English surname of unexplained origin
  - A Cantonese spelling of the Chinese surname transcribed as Pān in Hanyu Pinyin (潘) According to statistics cited by Patrick Hanks, there were 783 people with this surname on the island of Great Britain and six on the island of Ireland as of 2011. The 2010 United States Census found 1,197 people with the surname Pun, making it the 21,736th-most-common name in the country. This represented an increase from 861 people (26,614th-most-common) in the 2000 Census. In both censuses, more than four-fifths of the bearers of the surname identified as Asian. Notable people with this surname include:
  - Tul Bahadur Pun VC (1923–2011), Nepali rifleman of the Royal Gurkha Rifles, Honorary Lieutenant-recipient of the Victoria Cross
  - Om Prasad Pun, Nepali boxer
  - Narayan Singh Pun (1949-2008), Nepali politician, member of the House of Representatives, pilot and lieutenant colonel in the Royal Nepal Army, founding president of Nepal Samata Party
  - Serge Pun, Burmese businessman of Chinese descent. Founder of Serge Pun & Ltd, Chairman of, multi-national Real estate firm and Yoma Bank
  - Mahabir Pun, Nepali teacher and social entrepreneur, Magsaysay Award winner for extending wireless technologies in rural parts of Nepal, web (wireless) pioneers of Nepal.
  - Pun Kwok-shan, Hong Kong politician
  - Nanda Kishor Pun, Nepali politician, second Vice-President of Nepal, former chief commander of the People's Liberation Army
  - Barsaman Pun, Nepali politician, former Minister of Energy, Water Resource & Irrigation and currently Minister of Finance.
  - Dipprasad Pun, CGC, Nepali sergeant of the Royal Gurkha Rifles, recipient of the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross
  - Sagar Pun, Nepali cricketer
  - Pun Wai-yan, Hong Kong rugby union player
  - Raymond Pun (潘宏), American research librarian
  - Pun Sing-lui (潘星磊), Hong Kong performance artist

text:
# Pun (surname)

**Pun** is a surname. It may be:

According to statistics cited by Patrick Hanks, there were 783 people with this surname on the island of Great Britain and six on the island of Ireland as of 2011. The 2010 United States Census found 1,197 people with the surname Pun, making it the 21,736th-most-common name in the country. This represented an increase from 861 people (26,614th-most-common) in the 2000 Census. In both censuses, more than four-fifths of the bearers of the surname identified as Asian.

Notable people with this surname include:

* Tul Bahadur Pun VC (1923–2011), Nepali rifleman of the Royal Gurkha Rifles, Honorary Lieutenant-recipient of the Victoria Cross
* Om Prasad Pun (born 1942), Nepali boxer
* Narayan Singh Pun (1949-2008), Nepali politician, member of the House of Representatives, pilot and lieutenant colonel in the Royal Nepal Army, founding president of Nepal Samata Party
* Serge Pun (潘繼澤; born 1953), Burmese businessman of Chinese descent. Founder of Serge Pun & (Hong Kong) Ltd, Chairman of (SPA Group), multi-national Real estate firm and Yoma Bank (Burma-largest Private Bank)
* Mahabir Pun (born 1955), Nepali teacher and social entrepreneur, Magsaysay Award winner for extending wireless technologies in rural parts of Nepal, web (wireless) pioneers of Nepal.
* Pun Kwok-shan (潘國山; born 1961), Hong Kong politician
* Nanda Kishor Pun (born 1966), Nepali politician, second Vice-President of Nepal, former chief commander of the People's Liberation Army
* Barsaman Pun (born 1971), Nepali politician, former Minister of Energy, Water Resource & Irrigation and currently Minister of Finance.
* Dipprasad Pun, CGC (born 1980), Nepali sergeant of the Royal Gurkha Rifles (British Army), recipient of the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross
* Sagar Pun (born 1993), Nepali cricketer
* Pun Wai-yan (潘慧欣; born 1995), Hong Kong rugby union player
* Raymond Pun (潘宏), American research librarian
* Pun Sing-lui (潘星磊), Hong Kong performance artist

1. Noonan, Michael (2008). "The politicization of language in west-central Nepal". In Saxena, Anju; Borin, Lars (eds.). *Lesser-Known Languages of South Asia: Status and Policies, Case Studies and Applications of Information Technology*. Walter de Gruyter. p. 173. ISBN 9783110197785.
2. Hanks, Patrick; Coates, Richard; McClure, Peter, eds. (2016). *The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland*. Oxford University Press. p. 2179. ISBN 9780192527479.
3. "How common is your last name?". *Newsday*. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

## InfoBox

Pun
| Language(s) | Chinese, English, Magar or Magar Kham |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | |
| Variant form(s) | Chinese: Pan, Poon |


title: Pearlena Lewis

abstract: Pearlena Lewis, was a participant at the Jackson Woolworth sit-in, during the Civil Rights Movement.

text:
# Pearlena Lewis

**Pearlena Lewis** (November 25, 1953 – July 2001), was a participant at the Jackson Woolworth sit-in, during the Civil Rights Movement.

## Early life

Pearlena Lewis was the oldest of seven siblings. She was raised by her father, Clarence E. Lewis, a minister, and her mother, Margaret Tucker, in the segregated South.

Lewis explained that segregation made her feel as if something were wrong with her as a child. Her father helped her learn about the segregation in a way that taught her to not feel hurt or insufficient, but to realize it was wrong and to do something about it. As her father continued moving up in ministry, Lewis' family joined what was known as the "black middle class".

However, Lewis continued to feel the pain of inadequacy. She recalls, "On T.V., all of the commercials were white. In the magazines you saw white. All the models were white. Everything seemed to be saying 'white is right'."

She was heavily involved in the church, and though she did not agree, she was considered a leader and role model in school. It was hard for Lewis to find work. Her father forbade her and her sisters to work as a domestic for a white family, because he did not trust the white men.

## Sit-in

In her senior year of high school, Lewis met Medgar Evers at a church service. He recruited her to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) North Jackson Youth Council. Before agreeing, Lewis researched the Council thoroughly. Lewis and her friend Corlia Liddell both decided to join. Lidell was elected president of the youth council, and Lewis was elected vice president.

Because Lewis was from Jackson, Evers agreed for her to participate in the Woolworth's sit-in. They held strategy sessions a week before the event, during which they planned their transportation and media messages. Lewis stated, "We were just tired of sitting around and listening to adults say, 'Let's try this; let's try that.' I thought we had waited long enough." As a distraction from the sit-in, picketing started at J. C. Penneys.

Lewis partnered with two other black students - Memphis Norman and Anne Moody \- and with and John Salter, Jr., a white professor, during the event. They each had strategic timing for when they would enter, and where they should sit. Another (white) student from Tougaloo, Joan Trumpauer (now Mulholland) stood outside as a look-out for any counter-protesters, and later took a seat at the counter; Lois Chaffee, a white faculty member at Tougaloo, also sat at the counter.

Though they were refused service, they remained sitting in the white section of the restaurant. Verbal abuse began, including racial slurs. Verbal abuse escalated to physical fighting. Sugar, salt, ketchup, mustard, anything on the counter, were poured over their heads and smeared on their bodies. Lewis was pulled from her chair to the ground, but she fought her way back into her seat. Moody and Lois were also pulled from their seats. Norman was knocked to the ground by a punch to his face, and once on the floor, was kicked repeatedly in the face. Salter received a cigarette burn on the back of his neck, he was hit in the jaw with brass knuckles, and a pepper water mix was thrown into his eyes. Mulholland started to fear for their lives just before things started to draw to a close. The sit-in ended at about 2:00 p.m. when the president of Tougaloo College got a hold of the National Office of Woolworth, who advised the store manager to shut the store down.

An undercover policeman arrested Norman and one of his attackers, former police officer Benny Oliver (who had been kicking Norman in the face), but would not escort the participants outside, although the shop was surrounded by an angry crowd, so the president of Tougaloo College, Dr. A. D. Beittel, arrived and led the protestors out of the establishment.

The sit-in participants ultimately returned to NAACP headquarters. Later that night, people came together to plan and organize more demonstrations. This event started the Jackson movement to stand up and fight back.

Bill Minor, then the Mississippi correspondent covering civil rights events for the *New Orleans Times-Picayune* and who was there that day, says the Jackson Woolworth's sit-in was "the signature event of the protest movement in Jackson. The first one there was with real violence." The following year, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed into law.

## Legacy

Lewis was a natural leader in everything she did. Before Evers died, he asked her to continue the Jackson movement. He believed strongly in her spirit and strength.

## Death

Lewis died in July, 2001. She is recognized as a strong figure in the NAACP and for her work in Jackson.


title: Pulligny

abstract: Pulligny is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Pulligny

**Pulligny** (French pronunciation: \[pyliɲi\]) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.

## Geography

The river Madon flows through the commune.

## InfoBox

| Pulligny | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Pulligny | |
|  | |
| Location of Pulligny | |
| PullignyPulligny | |
| Coordinates: 48°32′34″N 6°08′32″E / 48.5428°N 6.1422°E / 48.5428; 6.1422 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Meurthe-et-Moselle |
| Arrondissement | Nancy |
| Canton | Neuves-Maisons |
| Intercommunality | Moselle et Madon |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Denis Gardel |
| Area**1** | 9.3 km2 (3.6 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,146 |
| Density | 120/km2 (320/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 54437 /54160 |
| Elevation | 225–340 m (738–1,115 ft)
(avg. 234 m or 768 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Mekia Kealakaʻi

abstract: Mekia Kealakai was a musician, composer and conductor of the Royal Hawaiian Band, as well as musical director of the Kawaihau Orchestra and Glee Club.

text:
# Mekia Kealakaʻi

**Mekia Kealakai** (October 15, 1867– March 31, 1944) was a musician, composer and conductor of the Royal Hawaiian Band, as well as musical director of the Kawaihau Orchestra and Glee Club.

## Early life

He was born on Oahu, and incorrigible in his youth. He was sent to the Reformatory School of Honolulu, where he learned music from Royal Hawaiian Band conductor Henri Berger, who eventually made him a member of the band. He toured the mainland United States with the band in 1895, and off and on during his life span would be associated with the band until his retirement as a musician.

Kealakai, who played guitar, trombone and flute, eventually left the Royal Hawaiian Band, and at one time was a musical director of the Kawaihau Orchestra and Glee Club, touring the mainland United States. Within a couple of years, he had formed the Royal Hawaiian Orchestra and was playing in Idaho. While performing at the 1901 World's Fair, Kealakaʻi met and married hula dancer Mele Nawa\`aheihei who remained with him the rest of her life. In 1914, under the name Major (English translation of Mekia) Kealakai, he published *The Ukulele and How to Play It: Self Instructor for the Ukulele and Taro-Patch Fiddle*.

## Conductor of the Royal Hawaiian Band

Honolulu mayor John H. Wilson, who had managed the Royal Hawaiian Band when Kealakai was member, recruited him in 1920 to conduct the band. During his tenure, Kealakai initiated a program to mentor Hawaii's youth in music education. He took a year's sabbatical from Hawaii in 1926 and embarked on a musical tour of Europe. After teaching at his old reformatory school upon his return to Hawaii, he was once again appointed conductor of the Royal Hawaiian Band, and remained with them until his retirement in 1932.

## Compositions

His composition of "Kawaihau Waltz" was first recorded as a duet by the guitarists David K. Kaili and Pale K. Lua on the Victor label in 1914, and in 1915 on the same label as the "B" side of "My Bird Of Paradise", by guitarists Helen and Frank Ferera in 1915. Ferera recorded the song three more times, in 1918 as a trio with Helen Ferera and Irene Greenus, in 1921 as a duet with Anthony J. Franchini, and in 1922 as a quartet instrumental. It was subsequently also recorded by numerous other artists. Many of Kealakai's compositions have continued to be recorded by Hawaiian artists such as Alfred Apaka, Sunday Manoa, The Brothers Cazimero, Andy Cummings, Gabby Pahinui and Sonny Chillingworth

Partial listing.

* "E Pele E"
* "Halena Medley"
* "Kawaihau Waltz"
* "Lei Awapuhi"
* "Na Lani Eha"
* "Pohai Ke Aloha" (co-written with Lena Machado)
* "Waipi‘o (to Kahalelaukoa) Beyond the Rainbow

## Retirement and legacy

He outlived his wife by five years, and died at his Ewa Beach home in 1944. A scholarship fund was set up in his name by the Royal Hawaiian Band.

He was inducted into the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame in 1996.

## Footnotes

## Further reading

* Kealakai, Major (1914). *The Ukulele and How to Play It: Self Instructor for the Ukulele and Taro-Patch Fiddle*. Los Angeles, CA: Southern California Music Co. OCLC 6680698.

## InfoBox

| Mekia Kealakai | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1867-10-15)October 15, 1867
Oahu, Kingdom of Hawaii |
| Died | March 31, 1944(1944-03-31) (aged 76)
ʻEwa Beach, Territory of Hawaii |
| Occupation(s) | Songwriter, composer |


title: Pussy (energy drink)

abstract: Pussy is a carbonated energy drink produced by Pussy Drinks Ltd in the UK. The drink and brand were created by Jonnie Shearer around Christmas 2004. In April 2013, part of the advertising campaign for Pussy was banned in the UK by the Advertising Standards Authority for being sexually explicit.

text:
# Pussy (energy drink)

**Pussy** is a carbonated energy drink produced by Pussy Drinks Ltd in the UK. The drink and brand were created by Jonnie Shearer around Christmas 2004. In April 2013, part of the advertising campaign for Pussy was banned in the UK by the Advertising Standards Authority for being sexually explicit.

## Ingredients

Pussy is made from carbonated water, sugar, grape juice, and a mixture of herbs and other fruit. Its caffeine content comes from guarana. Pussy is advertised as "100% natural" as it does not contain artificial additives.

## History

Shearer came up with the idea of a natural energy drink after leaving university in 2004. Inspired by the Virgin brand name of Virgin Group, Shearer decided to name his drink Pussy.

Shearer launched the company in 2006, and started marketing Pussy in 2007. Initially Shearer ran the company from his bedroom, and delivered the drinks to clubs and bars himself. By the summer of 2011 Pussy was sold in 3000 shops in the UK, including Tesco and Selfridges, and exported to 18 countries, with sales of up to 200,000 cans per month. By April 2012, Pussy sales had increased to 500,000 a month.

As of 2024, the company has one employee.

## Advertising

In the winter of 2012 Pussy Drinks Ltd started a UK advertising campaign with two styles of posters used on billboards and trailers. The first advert features the word "Pussy" in large lower-case letters above the phrase "The drink's pure, it's your mind that's the problem." with a picture of a can to the right. The second advert featured the word "Outrageous." in large letters above the phrase "An energy drink that actually tastes good." with a picture of a can to the left.

The ASA received 156 complaints about the posters of which six issues were considered. The ASA accepted that people would see the word *pussy* as a slang term for vagina. The ASA suggested that Pussy Drinks Ltd were aware of the double meaning and played upon it in the first poster, referring to secondary meaning which was not "pure" and was a "problem". As such the poster was deemed sexually explicit and offensive. The ASA also ruled that older children would be aware of the double meaning, the poster was unsuitable to be placed where children might see it. Similar complaints about the second poster were disallowed, as were complaints that the first poster was offensive to religious people. Two of the issues were upheld, and the ASA banned the first poster.

In response, Pussy Drinks Ltd questioned why people would assume a vulgar meaning of the word "pussy" and asked if it was offensive that the ancient Egyptians worshipped cats. Richard Branson compared the ASA's banning of one Pussy advert to the banning of the Sex Pistols in the 1970s, saying that the ban would increase brand exposure and sales, a process known as the Streisand effect.

Since 2009 Pussy has been endorsed by two-time World Superbike champion Troy Corser, who sometimes promotes the drink on his headgear.

## InfoBox

Pussy (or amina)
| Type | Energy drink |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | Pussy Drinks Ltd |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Introduced | 2006 |
| Ingredients | Carbonated water,<br>fruit juice, herbs |
| Website | pussynaturalenergy.com |


title: O Sexo dos Anjos

abstract: O Sexo dos Anjos is a Brazilian telenovela produced and aired in the 6pm time slot by Rede Globo from September 25, 1989, to March 9, 1990, in 143 chapters. It replaced Pacto de Sangue in the same time slot and was succeeded by Gente Fina. Written by Ivani Ribeiro, with collaboration with Solange Castro Neves, it was inspired by O Terceiro Pecado, and it was directed by Roberto Talma along with collaborators Flávio Colatrello Jr. and Fábio Sabag.

text:
# O Sexo dos Anjos

**O Sexo dos Anjos** is a Brazilian telenovela (soap opera) produced and aired in the 6pm time slot by Rede Globo from September 25, 1989, to March 9, 1990, in 143 chapters. It replaced *Pacto de Sangue* in the same time slot and was succeeded by *Gente Fina*.

Written by Ivani Ribeiro, with collaboration with Solange Castro Neves, it was inspired by *O Terceiro Pecado*, and it was directed by Roberto Talma along with collaborators Flávio Colatrello Jr. and Fábio Sabag.

## Synopsis

The Angel of Death (Bia Seidl) sends to Earth an emissary, Adriano (Felipe Camargo), to look for a young woman Isabela (Isabela Garcia). But he ends up falling in love with the girl and, tries to bargain her soul for that of her mean sister's, Ruth (Sílvia Buarque). Death does not accept the exchange, but agrees to give the young woman another chance. She commits only two sins; if he commits the third, she will die. Meanwhile, Ruth usually mistreats her brother, the deaf Tomás (Marcos Frota) - whom she blames as being the cause of all her troubles - and lives fighting with Diogo (Caíque Ferreira), a friend of the family, until she finds out she's in love with him.

One story also focused on the romance of Gigi (Carla Marins) and Zé Paulo (Irving São Paulo), watched closely by the boy's mother, Vera (Norma Benguell), who does not accept the poor girl as his son's girlfriend. Vera herself hides a passion for Durval (Paulo Figueiredo), the boyfriend of her sister Leonor (Myrian Pérsia), mother of Isabela, Ruth and Tomás.

In life, families seem like a mysterious figure of Father Aurélio (Mário Gomes), a man who hides his past and his true identity. He is Renato, an environmentalist who suffers the persecution of powerful landowners for defending a nature. But the Angel of Death descends to Earth to watch the work of his emissary, Adriano. Under the identity of the mysterious Diana, she ends up being interested in Renato.

## Cast

| Actor | Character |
| --- | --- |
| Isabela Garcia | Isabela |
| Felipe Camargo | Adriano |
| Bia Seidl | Angel of Death / Diana |
| Mário Gomes | Renato / Priest Aurélio (false) |
| Sílvia Buarque | Ruth |
| Caíque Ferreira | Diogo |
| Marcos Frota | Tomás |
| Carla Marins | Gigi |
| Irving São Paulo | Zé Paulo |
| Norma Bengell | Vera |
| Paulo Figueiredo | Durval |
| Myrian Pérsia | Leonor |
| Bianca Byington | Neide |
| Eloísa Mafalda | Francisquinha |
| Otávio Müller | Rogê |
| Tonico Pereira | Aranha |
| Humberto Martins | Otávio |
| Stepan Nercessian | Antônio |
| Rodolfo Bottino | Cássio |
| Rosana Garcia | Lucinha |
| Inês Galvão | Luísa |
| João Camargo | Araquém |
| Lutero Luiz | Bastião |
| Ilva Niño | Anésia |
| João Rabello | Cuca |
| Emiliano Queiroz | Priest Julião |
| Ana Borges | Marilu |
| Cosme dos Santos | Demétrio |
| Leina Krespi | Jandira |
| Edson Silva | Jair |
| Paula Burlamaqui | Bia |
| Tony Vermont | Léo |
| Graziela Di Laurentis | Baby |
|

## InfoBox

| *O Sexo dos Anjos* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Telenovela |
| Created by | Ivani Ribeiro |
| Based on | O Terceiro Pecado
by Ivani Ribeiro |
| Starring | Isabela Garcia
Felipe Camargo
Bia Seidl
Mário Gomes
Sílvia Buarque
Caíque Ferreira
Marcos Frota
Carla Marins
Irving São Paulo
Norma Bengell
Paulo Figueiredo
Myrian Pérsia
Eloísa Mafalda
Bianca Byington
Rodolfo Bottino |
| Opening theme | "Matinê no Rian" |
| Composers | João Penca e Seus Miquinhos Amestrados and Paula Toller |
| Country of origin | Brazil |
| Original language | Portuguese |
| No. of episodes | 143 |
| Original release | |
| Network | Rede Globo |
| Release | September 25, 1989 (1989-09-25)
March 9, 1990 (1990-03-09) |


title: Problepsis mitis

abstract: Problepsis mitis is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Mauritius.

text:
# Problepsis mitis

***Problepsis mitis*** is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Mauritius.

## InfoBox

| *Problepsis mitis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Problepsis* |
| Species: | ***P. mitis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Problepsis mitis***<br>de Joannis, 1932 | |
|


title: Shelor Family

abstract: The Shelor Family was an American folk music group formed in Meadows of Dan, Virginia in the 1920s. Their music, which was recorded during the Bristol sessions in 1927, had a profound impact on country and bluegrass music. The original family band included Joe Blackard, his daughter Clarice, Jesse Shelor and Pyrhus Shelor (fiddle), and later resurfaced on an album of field recordings arranged in 1975.

text:
# Shelor Family

The **Shelor Family** (also known as **Dad Blackard's Moonshiners**) was an American folk music group formed in Meadows of Dan, Virginia in the 1920s. Their music, which was recorded during the Bristol sessions in 1927, had a profound impact on country and bluegrass music. The original family band included Joe Blackard (banjo, vocals), his daughter Clarice (piano, vocals), Jesse Shelor (fiddle, vocals) and Pyrhus Shelor (fiddle), and later resurfaced on an album of field recordings arranged in 1975.

## History

Born in December 1894, Jesse Shelor began playing the fiddle at ten years-old under the tutelage of the regionally popular musician Wallace Spangler. Spangler’s two sons Tump and Babe were also fiddle players, and Babe appears on the County compilation album *The Old-Time Virginia Fiddlers*. In 1917, Jesse Shelor was drafted into the armed forces during the First World War, but was discharged after most of his division was wiped out by the Spanish influenza. He renewed his music career with his mentor Spangler and married Joe Blackard's daughter, Clarice, in 1919. Working as a mailman and playing banjo on the side, Blackard offered the songs "Young Beichan", "The Holy Twig", "Fine Sally", and "Bow and Balance to Me" to writer Cecil Sharp for his book *English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians* in 1918. Like the Shelor family, the Blackard family included several musicians including bluegrass fiddlers Delmar and Buddy Pendleton.

In the 1920s, Jesse and Pyrus Shelor joined Joe and Clarice Blackard to perform under the name "The Shelor Family" for dances and other social functions. While on the lookout for new artists, record producer Ralph Peer took the advice of Ernest Stoneman, and traveled to Bristol, then a crossroads for folk musicians. Although the initial response was lackluster at best, musicians soon came in droves, including the Shelor Family, to record for Peer when Stoneman revealed he was being paid $50 per side. On August 2, 1927, the group, along with Jesse and Clarice Shelor's seven-year-old son Joseph holding sheet music, recorded the songs "Sandy River Belle", "Big Ben Gal" (incorrectly labeled Big Bend Gal), "Billy Grimes the Rover", and "Suzanna Gal" at a millinery shop. Released under the name Dad Blackard's Moonshiners, the four sides are a part of the Bristol sessions, which had a significant impact on future waves of country and bluegrass musicians.

Even though the Shelor Family was offered the opportunity to record again, the group never returned, but the family and the generations that followed continued to stay involved in music both professionally and semi-professionally. Among the most successful performers of the Shelor Family is Sammy Shelor, who leads the commercially successful bluegrass band Lonesome River Band. In 2009, Field Recorders' Collective released an album of material performed by descendants of Jesse and Clarice Shelor, recorded by Ray Alden in 1975.


title: What Did Jack Do?

abstract: What Did Jack Do? is a 2017 American black-and-white short film written and directed by David Lynch. It premiered on November 8, 2017, at the Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain in Paris. It was later released to Netflix on January 20, 2020. In the film, a detective interrogates a capuchin monkey who possibly committed a murder.

text:
# What Did Jack Do?

***What Did Jack Do?*** is a 2017 American black-and-white short film written and directed by David Lynch. It premiered on November 8, 2017, at the Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain in Paris. It was later released to Netflix on January 20, 2020. In the film, a detective (played by Lynch) interrogates a capuchin monkey who possibly committed a murder.

## Plot

The film's synopsis reads "In a locked down train station, a homicide detective conducts an interview with a tormented monkey."

## Cast

* "Jack Cruz" as the monkey (credited as "Himself") Lynch performed the audio dialogue for the monkey character (addressed as "Jack"), with some light audio production effects added.
* David Lynch as Detective
* "Toototabon" as herself, a chicken
* Emily Stofle as Waitress

## Production

Lynch first mentioned the project in December 2014, in an interview about his upcoming work recorded during his "Naming" exhibition at the Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art: "Right now I'm mostly writing \[*Twin Peaks*\], I've got a painting going and I'm building a chair. I love to build things and this is for a monkey film. I'm working with a monkey named Jack and that'll come out sometime. It is not a chimpanzee, the monkey came from South America."

The film was eventually shot in 2016, and premiered on November 8, 2017, at the Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain in Paris, as part of the launch of Lynch's *Nudes* photo book published by the Fondation. Lynch had talked about the premiere during an interview with the *Cahiers du cinéma* recorded on October 30, 2017, and published in December: "I will be in Paris for the release of this book. I will sign copies at the Paris Photo fair. And then I will show my "monkey film" at the Fondation Cartier. It's a strange film of 17 minutes". On May 20, 2018, the short had its U.S. premiere during Lynch's "Festival of Disruption" in New York. On January 20, 2020, the date of Lynch's 74th birthday, the short was made available for streaming to Netflix.

## Reception

In his write-up of the film, Bloody Disgusting's John Squires called *What Did Jack Do?* an "oddball gem". Writing for IndieWire Tambay Obensen referred to the film as "bizarre and unsettling" while at the same time calling it "very funny" whether that was the director's intention or not. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 14 reviews, with an average score of 7.8/10.

## InfoBox

| What Did Jack do? | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | David Lynch |
| Written by | David Lynch |
| Produced by | Sabrina S. Sutherland |
| Starring | David Lynch |
| Cinematography | Scott Ressler |
| Edited by | David Lynch |
| Distributed by | Netflix |
| Release dates | * November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08) (France) * January 20, 2020 (2020-01-20) (Netflix) |
| Running time | 17 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Pyrgulopsis minkleyi

abstract: Nymphophilus minckleyi is a species of very small freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.

text:
# Pyrgulopsis minkleyi

***Nymphophilus minckleyi*** is a species of very small freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.

## Distribution

This species is endemic to Cuatro Ciénegas valley, in the Chihuahuan Desert, Mexico.

## Ecology

Predators of *Mexithauma quadripaludium* include the cichlid fish *Herichthys minckleyi*.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrgulopsis minkleyi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Lateral view of a shell of *Nymphophilus minckleyi* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Hydrobiidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrgulopsis* |
| Species: | ***P. minkleyi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrgulopsis minkleyi***<br>(D. W. Taylor, 1966) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Nymphophilus minckleyi* D. W. Taylor, 1966 | |


title: Peace, order, and good government

abstract: In many Commonwealth jurisdictions, the phrase "peace, order, and good government" (POGG) is an expression used in law to express the legitimate objects of legislative powers conferred by statute. The phrase appears in many Imperial Acts of Parliament and Letters Patent, most notably the constitutions of Barbados, Canada, Australia and formerly New Zealand and South Africa. It is often contrasted with "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness", a spiritually analogous phrase found in the US Declaration of Independence.

text:
# Peace, order, and good government

In many Commonwealth jurisdictions, the phrase "**peace, order, and good government**" (**POGG**) is an expression used in law to express the legitimate objects of legislative powers conferred by statute. The phrase appears in many Imperial Acts of Parliament and Letters Patent, most notably the constitutions of Barbados, Canada, Australia and formerly New Zealand and South Africa.

It is often contrasted with "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness", a spiritually analogous phrase found in the US Declaration of Independence.

## Background

Legal documents often contain a residual clause which expresses which entity will have authority over jurisdictions that have not otherwise been delineated or are in dispute. While specific authorities are often enumerated in legal documents as well, the designation of a residual power helps provide direction to future decision-makers and in emerging issue areas.

At its origin, the preferred phrase was "peace, *welfare* and good government," but this eventually evolved into "peace, *order* and good government," which soon became part of the standard phraseology used in British colonies to denote the residual power of the government. Although this phrase is used in the constitutional documents of several commonwealth countries, it has taken on a particular importance in the Canadian constitution due to repeated disputes about the nature of residual federal power in Canada.

## Canada

In Canada, "peace, order and good government" (in French, ***"paix, ordre et bon gouvernement"***) is sometimes abbreviated as **POGG** and is often used to describe the principles upon which that country's Confederation took place.

A similar phrase, "peace, welfare, and good government", had been used the Act of Union 1840 that created the Province of Canada. The now familiar phrase "peace, order and good government" was originally used in the British North America Act, 1867 (now known as the *Constitution Act, 1867*) enacted by the Imperial Parliament, and it defines the principles under which the Parliament of Canada should legislate. Specifically, the phrase appears in section 91 of the federal Act, which is part of the block of sections that divide legislative powers between the federal and provincial levels of government.

> It shall be lawful for the Queen, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate and House of Commons, to make Laws for the Peace, Order, and good Government of Canada, in relation to all Matters......

POGG is a head of power arising from opening words of section 91 and is distinct from the enumerated powers under that section. The broad language suggests to some although not to others that there is a comprehensive grant of residual legislative authority to the federal government. Although the residual nature of the clause remains, the scope of the clause has been limited by the jurisprudence of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC). The JCPC narrowed the scope of the clause to the three distinct branches which remain while also broadly interpreting the scope of provincial authority over property and civil rights under section 92(13) of the Constitution Act, 1867. The jurisprudence has been defined into three branches: Emergency Branch, Gap or Purely Residual Branch, and National Concern Branch, as defined in the Supreme Court of Canada judgment Re: Anti-Inflation Act.

### Interpretation doctrines

Although the text of the act gives Parliament residuary powers to enact laws in any area that has not been allocated to the provincial governments, subsequent jurisprudence has limited the scope of the "peace, order, and good government" power. The limitation on the scope of this clause stems from the narrow interpretation of its branches and the expansive interpretation of provincial powers under section 92 of the Constitution Act, 1867. Particularly limiting is the breadth of provincial power over property and civil rights under s. 92(13). Although the Emergency Branch and the National Concern Branch may be viewed as delimited federal competencies like the enumerated clauses under section 91 (see e.g. *AG Canada v AG Ontario (Labour Conventions)*, \[1937\] AC 326 (PC)), the clause remains residuary.

The powers under POGG must be interpreted in light of the subsequent jurisprudence on the limitations of the clause and the expansive powers of the provinces under their enumerated heads of power. If a matter does not fall within one of the enumerated classes in section 92, section 91, or the emergency or national concern branches, then it falls within the narrowly defined residual branch of POGG. The POGG power is best understood as a narrowly defined residual power limited to the following three branches.

#### The Gap or Purely Residual Branch

POGG's gap-filling power covers issues such as drafting oversights and matters not within the boundaries of a province. Drafting oversights include things the drafters of the Constitution forgot to think about but would unambiguously have allocated to Parliament if they had. For instance, section 92 allocates responsibility for provincially incorporated companies to the legislatures but section 91 says nothing about federally incorporated companies: the gap branch allocates this jurisdiction to Parliament, per *John Deere Plow Co v Wharton*, 1915. Matters not within the boundaries of a particular province include Canadian territorial lands and waters that are within provincial boundaries such as the seabed off the coast of Newfoundland, per *Reference Re Seabed and Subsoil of Continental Shelf Offshore Newfoundland*, \[1984\] 1 S.C.R. 86.

The gap branch is rarely relied on because there is so little left to default to the federal government after taking into account the enumerated provincial power over property and civil rights under section 92(13) which applies to any transaction, person or activity that is found within the province. Historically new subject matters, such as aeronautics, do not necessarily fall residually to the federal government, per *Johannesson v West St Paul (Rural Municipality of)*, 1952.

#### The Emergency Branch

Parliament may invoke emergency powers under the emergency branch of POGG. This began in 1882, when the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (then the supreme authority over Canadian law) ruled in *Russell v. The Queen* that the federal government could legislate with regard to alcohol, because even though this would probably have been considered provincial jurisdiction in ordinary circumstances, the federal government was acting to ensure order in Canada. This concept further evolved during the 1920s, when in the 1922 Board of Commerce case, it was stated that POGG could be invoked in times of war and famine, to allow Parliament to intervene in matters of provincial jurisdiction. POGG was later used this way in the *Anti-Inflation Reference* of 1976, when the Supreme Court of Canada allowed Parliament to regulate inflation on the grounds that it posed a considerable economic problem for Canada. In that case, a great degree of deference was exercised in accepting what the federal government deemed to be an emergency.

#### The National Concern Branch

The "national concern" doctrine (sometimes referred to as "national dimensions") was an alternate means of applying the POGG powers that found use in the mid-20th century. It allowed Parliament to legislate on matters that would normally fall to the provincial government when the issue became of such importance that it concerned the entire country.

The doctrine originated from a statement by Lord Watson in the Local Prohibition case (1896), wherein he stated:

*Their Lordships do not doubt that some matters, in their origin local and provincial, might attain such dimensions as to affect the body politic of the Dominion, and to justify the Canadian Parliament in passing laws for their regulation or abolition in the interest of the Dominion.*

After this case the doctrine was completely ignored until 1946 when Viscount Simons brought it back in the case of *Ontario v. Canada Temperance Foundation*, \[1946\] A.C. 193 (P.C.). The test as stated in *Temperance Foundation* was whether the matter "goes beyond local or provincial concern or interests and must from its inherent nature be the concern of the Dominion as a whole".

#### Current approach to interpretation

The above branches of the power are currently governed by the principles stated by Le Dain J. in *R. v. Crown Zellerbach Canada Ltd.*:

> The national concern doctrine is separate and distinct from the national emergency doctrine of the peace, order and good government power, which is chiefly distinguishable by the fact that it provides a constitutional basis for what is necessarily legislation of a temporary nature;
>
> The national concern doctrine applies to both new matters which did not exist at Confederation and to matters which, although originally matters of a local or private nature in a province, have since, in the absence of national emergency, become matters of national concern;
>
> For a matter to qualify as a matter of national concern in either sense it must have a singleness, distinctiveness and indivisibility that clearly distinguishes it from matters of provincial concern and a scale of impact on provincial jurisdiction that is reconcilable with the fundamental distribution of legislative power under the Constitution;
>
> In determining whether a matter has attained the required degree of singleness, distinctiveness and indivisibility that clearly distinguishes it from matters of provincial concern it is relevant to consider what would be the effect on extra‑provincial interests of a provincial failure to deal effectively with the control or regulation of the intra‑provincial aspects of the matter.

### Sociological value

Despite its technical purpose, the phrase "peace, order and good government" has also become meaningful to Canadians. This tripartite motto is sometimes said to define Canadian values in a way comparable to “liberté, égalité, fraternité” (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France or “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness” in the United States.

It has been used by some scholars to make broad characterizations of Canada's political culture. US sociologist Seymour Martin Lipset, for example, contrasted POGG with the American tripartite motto to conclude Canadians generally believe in a higher degree of deference to the law. As Canadian historian Donald Creighton argued in his report to the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations, the expression was used interchangeably in the 19th century by Canadian and Imperial officials with the expression *peace, welfare and good government*. The term *welfare* referred not to its more narrow modern echoes, but to the protection of the common wealth, the general public good. *Good government* referred to good public administration, on the one hand, but also had echoes of what we now talk of as good governance, which incorporates the notion of appropriate self-governance by civil society actors, since one element of good government was thought to be its limitation to its appropriate sphere of responsibility.

## Elsewhere in the Commonwealth

The phrase "peace, order and good government" appears in many 19th and 20th century British Acts of Parliament, such as the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865, the British Settlements Act 1887, the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900, the South Africa Act 1909, Hong Kong Letters Patent 1917, and the West Indies Act 1962 and the Government of Ireland Act 1920. In the Constitution of Malta, the phrase is followed by the qualifier "in conformity with full respect for human rights, generally accepted principles of international law and Malta’s international and regional obligations in particular those assumed by the treaty of accession to the European Union".

In *Ibrelebbe v. The Queen* \[1964\] AC 900, 923, the words "peace, order and good government" contained in the Ceylon Constitution Order-in-Council (1946) were said by the Privy Council to: "connote, in British constitutional language, the widest law-making powers appropriate to a sovereign". Likewise in Australia, the High Court found in *Union Steamship v King* \[1988\] HCA 55 that the grant of power to legislate 'for peace, order/welfare and good government' was a plenary power to legislate within/for the territory.

However, in New Zealand, those powers are not considered as unlimited. In *The Trustees Executors and Agency Co. Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation* (1933) 49 CLR 220, Justice Evatt of the High Court of Australia wrote a separate judgement analyzing the power to make laws for the "peace, order and good government of New Zealand" under the New Zealand Constitution. Evatt held that laws dealing only with circumstances, persons or things outside of New Zealand, while not *prima facie* invalid could, in some cases, fail to satisfy the description of being for the peace, order and good government *of New Zealand*. A law that failed to satisfy that description would be beyond legislative power and invalid, but Evatt J noted that cases of this kind would be "very rare".

In *R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex p Bancoult (No 1)* \[2000\] EWHC 413, the High Court of England and Wales struck down an ordinance made in 1971 by the Commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory expelling the entire population of the Chagos Archipelago to make way for an American military base at Diego Garcia, purportedly under his power to legislate for the "peace, order and good government" of the territory. Lord Justice Laws, ordering the British government to allow the inhabitants to return to their former homes, condemned the depopulation of the islands in the name of "peace, order and good government" with the words:

> It was Tacitus who said: "They make a desert and call it peace – *Solitudinem faciunt pacem appellant* (Agricola 30). He meant it as an irony; but here, it was an abject legal failure." Despite this, in 2008 the House of Lords in *R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex parte Bancoult (No 2)* held that the plenary power exists to the extent that even legislation removing all inhabitants from a territory is valid; this was later confirmed in the 2016 UK Supreme Court case *R (on the application of Bancoult (No 2)) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs*.

## Citations

## General and cited references

* Creighton, D. G. *British North America at Confederation: A Study Prepared for the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations*. Ottawa, Queen's Printer, 1939.
* Dyck, Rand. *Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches*. Third ed. Scarborough, Ontario: Nelson Thomson Learning, 2000.
* That Section 4(1) of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 as Enacted stated "Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Parliament of Southern Ireland and the Parliament of Northern Ireland shall respectively have power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland with the following limitations, namely, that they shall not have power to make laws except in respect of matters exclusively relating to the portion of Ireland within their jurisdiction, or some part thereof, and (without prejudice to that general limitation) that they shall not have power to make laws in respect of the following matters in particular, namely:—"