title: World Rugby Sevens Series hosts

abstract: The World Rugby Sevens Series hosts have included several different counties. Eight counties currently host a leg of the World Rugby Sevens Series. Several other countries previously hosted tournaments, most recently England, France and New Zealand, all three of which were terminated following the 2022–23 season.

text:
# World Rugby Sevens Series hosts

The **World Rugby Sevens Series hosts** have included several different counties. Eight counties currently host a leg of the World Rugby Sevens Series. Several other countries previously hosted tournaments, most recently England, France and New Zealand, all three of which were terminated following the 2022–23 season.

## Current hosts

Hosts are current as of the upcoming 2023–24 series. Interruptions to events are recorded in the footnotes.

| Event | Venue | City | Joined | First held
at current site |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dubai | The Sevens | Dubai | 1999–2000 | 2008–09 |
| South Africa | Cape Town Stadium | Cape Town | 1999–2000 | 2015–16 |
| Australia | Perth Rectangular Stadium | Perth | 1999–2000 | 2023–24 |
| USA | Dignity Health Sports Park | Carson, CA (Los Angeles) | 2003–04 | 2003–04 |
| Canada | BC Place | Vancouver | 2015–16 | 2015–16 |
| Hong Kong | Hong Kong Stadium | Hong Kong | 1999–2000 | 1999–2000 |
| Singapore | National Stadium | Singapore | 2000–01 | 2001–02 |
| Spain | Metropolitano Stadium | Madrid | 2021–2022 | 2023–24 |

## Past hosts

### Former hosts of current events

| Event | Venue | City | First held | Last held |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | Lang Park | Brisbane | 1999–2000 | |
| | Ballymore Stadium | Brisbane | 2001–02 | 2002–03 |
| | Adelaide Oval | Adelaide | 2006–07 | 2010–11 |
| | Robina Stadium | Gold Coast | 2011–12 | 2014–15 |
| | Sydney Football Stadium | Sydney | 2015–16 | 2017–18 |
| | | Sydney Showground Stadium | 2018–19 | |
| | | Bankwest Stadium | 2019–20 | |
| | | Sydney Football Stadium | 2022–23 | |
| Canada | Commonwealth Stadium | Edmonton | 2021 | |
| Dubai | Dubai Exiles Rugby Ground | Dubai | 1999–2000 | 2007–08 |
| Singapore | National Stadium | Singapore | 2001–02 | 2005–06 |
| South Africa | Danie Craven Stadium | Stellenbosch | 1999–2000 | |
| | ABSA Stadium | Durban | 2000–01 | 2001–02 |
| | Outeniqua Park | George | 2002–03 | 2010–11 |
| | Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium | Port Elizabeth | 2011–12 | 2014–15 |
| Spain | Estadio Ciudad de Málaga | Málaga | 2021–22 | |
| | Estadio de La Cartuja | Seville | 2021–22 | |
| USA | Petco Park | San Diego | 2006–07 | 2008–09 |
| | Sam Boyd Stadium | Whitney, NV (Las Vegas) | 2009–10 | 2018–19 |

1. Currently known for sponsorship reasons as Suncorp Stadium.
2. Currently known for sponsorship reasons as cbus Super Stadium.
3. This was the first Sydney Football Stadium, which occupied the site of the current stadium opened in 2022.
4. Currently known for sponsorship reasons as GIANTS Stadium.
5. The Dubai Sevens was held during the 2001–02 series, but downgraded from full Sevens Series status due to team withdrawals in the wake of 9/11.
6. This is the first National Stadium, which occupied the site of the current National Stadium.
7. The Singapore Sevens was canceled in 2002–03, but was held in every other season within the listed time span.
8. Currently known as Jonsson Kings Park Stadium.

### Hosts of discontinued events

| Event | Venue | City | Joined | Last held/Folded |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Argentina | Estadio José María Minella | Mar del Plata | 1999–2000 | 2001–02 |
| Chile | San Carlos | Santiago | 2001–02 | |
| China | Yuanshen Stadium | Shanghai | 2001–02 | |
| | Olympic Sports Centre | Beijing | 2002–03 | |
| England | Twickenham | London | 1999–2000 | 2022–23 |
| Fiji | National Stadium | Suva | 1999–2000 | |
| Japan | Chichibunomiya Rugby Stadium | Tokyo | 1999–2000 | 2014–15 |
| France | Stade Sébastien Charléty | Paris | 1999–2000 | 2005–06 |
| | Stade Chaban-Delmas | Bordeaux | 2003–04 | |
| | Stade Jean-Bouin | Paris | 2004–05 | 2018–19 |
| | Stade Ernest-Wallon | Toulouse | 2021–22 | 2022–23 |
| New Zealand | Westpac Stadium | Wellington | 1999–2000 | 2016–17 |
| | Waikato Stadium | Hamilton | 2017–18 | 2022–23 |
| Malaysia | Petaling Jaya Stadium | Kuala Lumpur | 2000–01 | 2001–02 |
| Scotland | Murrayfield | Edinburgh | 2006–07 | 2010–11 |
| | Scotstoun Stadium | Glasgow | 2011–12 | 2014–15 |
| Uruguay | Estadio Domingo Burgueño | Punta Del Este | 1999–2000 | |
| Wales | Cardiff Arms Park | Cardiff | 2000–01 | 2002–03 |

1. Mar del Plata hosted the 2001 Rugby World Cup Sevens instead of a leg within the 2000–01 World Sevens Series.
2. Beijing was intended to host an event in the 2003–04 series, but it was canceled due to the SARS outbreak in China.
3. The original Stade Jean-Bouin, which was later replaced by an entirely new stadium on the same site, hosted the series in 2004–05
4. Stade Jean-Bouin, rebuilt on the same site and opened in 2013, hosted the series from 2015–16 to 2018–19.

## Tournament hosts

*Italics indicates was cancelled*

| Tournament | 99–00 | 00–01 | 01–02 | 02–03 | 03–04 | 04–05 | 05–06 | 06–07 | 07–08 | 08–09 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | Brisbane | ~~*Brisbane*~~ | Brisbane | Brisbane |  |  |  | Adelaide | Adelaide | Adelaide |
| UAE | Dubai | Dubai | ~~*Dubai*~~ | Dubai | Dubai | Dubai | Dubai | Dubai | Dubai | Dubai |
| South Africa | Stellenbosch | Durban | Durban | George | George | George | George | George | George | George |
| NewZealand | Wellington | Wellington | Wellington | Wellington | Wellington | Wellington | Wellington | Wellington | Wellington | Wellington |
| USA |  |  |  |  | LosAngeles | LosAngeles | LosAngeles | San Diego | San Diego | San Diego |
| Hong Kong | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | HongKong |  | HongKong | HongKong | HongKong | HongKong |
| England |  | London | London | London | London | London | London | London | London | London |
| Canada |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| France | Paris |  |  |  | Bordeaux | Paris | Paris |  |  |  |
| Singapore |  |  | Singapore | ~~*Singapore*~~ | Singapore | Singapore | Singapore |  |  |  |
| Japan | Tokyo | Tokyo |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Scotland |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Edinburgh | Edinburgh | Edinburgh |
| Argentina | MardelPlata |  | MardelPlata |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Wales |  | Cardiff | Cardiff | Cardiff |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| China |  | Shanghai | Beijing | ~~*Beijing*~~ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Malaysia |  | KualaLumpur | KualaLumpur | ~~*KualaLumpur*~~ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Chile |  |  | Santiago | ~~*Santiago*~~ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Uruguay | PuntadelEste |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fiji | Suva |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Rounds** | **10** | **9 / *10***() | **11 / *12***() | **7 / *11***() | **8** | **7** | **8** | **8** | **8** | **8** |

| Tournament | 09–10 | 10–11 | 11–12 | 12–13 | 13–14 | 14–15 | 15–16 | 16–17 | 17–18 | 18–19 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | Adelaide | Adelaide | GoldCoast | GoldCoast | GoldCoast | GoldCoast | Sydney | Sydney | Sydney | Sydney |
| UAE | Dubai | Dubai | Dubai | Dubai | Dubai | Dubai | Dubai | Dubai | Dubai | Dubai |
| South Africa | George | George | PortElizabeth | PortElizabeth | PortElizabeth | PortElizabeth | CapeTown | CapeTown | CapeTown | CapeTown |
| NewZealand | Wellington | Wellington | Wellington | Wellington | Wellington | Wellington | Wellington | Wellington | Hamilton | Hamilton |
| USA | LasVegas | LasVegas | LasVegas | LasVegas | LasVegas | LasVegas | LasVegas | LasVegas | LasVegas | LasVegas |
| Hong Kong | HongKong | HongKong | HongKong | HongKong | HongKong | HongKong | HongKong | HongKong | HongKong | HongKong |
| England | London | London | London | London | London | London | London | London | London | London |
| Canada |  |  |  |  |  |  | Vancouver | Vancouver | Vancouver | Vancouver |
| France |  |  |  |  |  |  | Paris | Paris | Paris | Paris |
| Singapore |  |  |  |  |  |  | Singapore | Singapore | Singapore | Singapore |
| Japan |  |  | Tokyo | Tokyo | Tokyo | Tokyo |  |  |  |  |
| Scotland | Edinburgh | Edinburgh | Glasgow | Glasgow | Glasgow | Glasgow |  |  |  |  |
| Argentina |  |  |  | ~~*La Plata*~~ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Wales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| China |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Malaysia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Chile |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Uruguay |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fiji |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Rounds** | **8** | **8** | **9** | **9 / *10***() | **9** | **9** | **10** | **10** | **10** | **10** |

1 The 2001 Brisbane tournament was cancelled by IRB in response to the Australian Government's sporting sanctions against Fiji.  3 The Dubai tournament was downgraded in status and excluded from the 2001–02 series standings after several teams withdrew in the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001.  3 The SARS outbreak in Asia prevented the events in Beijing, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur being played, and the Santiago event was withdrawn due to funding issues.  4 The schedule for the 2012–13 Series was released to the general public in late June 2012. At the time, the schedule included a new event to be held in La Plata, Argentina. However, on 16 August, the Argentine Rugby Union pulled out of hosting an event in 2012–13, citing demands associated with the country's 2012 entry into The Rugby Championship.    1. Radley, Paul (29 July 2020). "2020 Dubai Rugby Sevens cancelled because of coronavirus". *The National News*. Abu Dhabi. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020.
2. "HSBC World Rugby Sevens Series 2022 schedule unveiled". *World Rugby*. 12 October 2021. Archived from the original on 12 October 2021.
3. "Plans revised for HSBC World Rugby Sevens Series 2021". *World Rugby*. 29 July 2020. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020.
4. "World Rugby cancels Sevens events in Cape Town and Singapore". *ESPN*. 4 September 2021. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021.
5. Funnell, Camille (15 January 2001). "Australia misses out on hosting World Rugby Sevens tournament". *abc.net.au*. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013.
6. "2021 Hamilton, Sydney Sevens cancelled due to COVID-19". *ESPN*. 1 September 2020. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021.
7. Ekin, Kim (3 September 2021). "Four stages of World Rugby Sevens Series cancelled in space of an hour". *Rugby Pass*. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021.
8. "Sydney to host Australia World Rugby Sevens Series event from 2015-16". World Rugby. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
9. Traub, Matt (5 March 2021). "HSBC World Rugby Sevens Series 2021 Schedule Unveiled". *Sports Travel Magazine*. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021.
10. Jones, Terry (9 July 2021). "Rugby sevens world tour coming to Commonwealth Stadium". *The Edmonton Sun*. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021.
11. Egan, Phil (30 June 2020). "World Rugby Sevens Series cancelled". *OTB Sports*. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022.
12. "World Rugby Sevens Series legs in Hong Kong and Paris cancelled". *Inside the Games*. 5 August 2021. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021.
13. "HSBC World Rugby Sevens Series 2023 schedule confirmed". *Rugby Asia 24/7*. 1 June 2022. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022.
14. "ARU loses World Sevens Series round". *espnscrum.com*. 1 January 2001. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
15. Malin, Ian (24 October 2001). "England to miss Dubai's downgraded sevens". *The Guardian*. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016.
16. "Singapore 7s cancelled". ESPN Scrum. 19 April 2003. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014.
17. "IRB Sevens World Series 2002/03". *International Rugby Board*. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
18. "HSBC Sevens World Series expands to 10 rounds". *irbsevens.com*. 2012-06-26. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)


title: Paul Giblin

abstract: Paul Giblin is an American investigative journalist based in Phoenix, Arizona.

text:
# Paul Giblin

**Paul Giblin** is an American investigative journalist based in Phoenix, Arizona.

## Education and Professional career

He graduated from University of Arizona in 1988. He worked for the *East Valley Tribune* in Mesa, Arizona. He writes for the *Arizona Guardian*. He is a civilian spokesman for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Afghanistan.

Giblin and Ryan Gabrielson won a Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting in 2009, with the *East Valley Tribune*, citing "their adroit use of limited resources to reveal, in print and online, how a popular sheriff's focus on immigration enforcement endangered investigation of violent crime and other aspects of public safety."

Giblin also won a George Polk Award for Justice Reporting in 2008.

## Works


title: Neochthonius

abstract:
Neochthonius is a genus of pseudoscorpions belonging to the family Chthoniidae. Species:
  - Neochthonius amplus
  - Neochthonius imperialis Muchmore, 1996
  - Neochthonius stanfordianus Chamberlin, 1929
  - Neochthonius troglodytes Muchmore, 1969

text:
# Neochthonius

***Neochthonius*** is a genus of pseudoscorpions belonging to the family Chthoniidae.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Neochthonius* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Pseudoscorpiones |
| Family: | Chthoniidae |
| Genus: | *Neochthonius*<br>Chamberlin, 1929 |
|


title: Montescardia tessulatella

abstract: Montescardia tessulatella is a moth of the family Tineidae. It is found in most of Europe, except the Iberian Peninsula, the Benelux, Britain, Ireland, the Balkan and Greece. The wingspan is 20–28 mm.

text:
# Montescardia tessulatella

***Montescardia tessulatella*** is a moth of the family Tineidae. It is found in most of Europe, except the Iberian Peninsula, the Benelux, Britain, Ireland, the Balkan and Greece.

The wingspan is 20–28 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Montescardia tessulatella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tineidae |
| Genus: | *Montescardia* |
| Species: | ***M. tessulatella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Montescardia tessulatella***<br>(Lienig & Zeller, 1846) | |
|


title: Perrier's sifaka

abstract:
Perrier's sifaka is a lemur endemic to Madagascar. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of diademed sifaka
It has a very small range in northeastern Madagascar where its habitat is dry deciduous or semihumid forest. Part of its range is in protected areas. It is an almost entirely black sifaka and measures about 90 cm (35 in), half of which is a bushy tail. Females are slightly larger than males. It moves in small family groups through the canopy feeding on fruit, leaves, flowers, buds, and seeds. Groups have territories around one hectare and vocalise with each other. The main threats faced by this sifaka are habitat destruction and fragmentation due to slash-and-burn agriculture, charcoal gathering, and logging. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as "critically endangered".

text:
# Perrier's sifaka

**Perrier's sifaka** (***Propithecus perrieri***) is a lemur endemic to Madagascar. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of diademed sifaka It has a very small range in northeastern Madagascar where its habitat is dry deciduous or semihumid forest. Part of its range is in protected areas. It is an almost entirely black sifaka and measures about 90 cm (35 in), half of which is a bushy tail. Females are slightly larger than males.

It moves in small family groups through the canopy feeding on fruit, leaves, flowers, buds, and seeds. Groups have territories around one hectare and vocalise with each other. The main threats faced by this sifaka are habitat destruction and fragmentation due to slash-and-burn agriculture, charcoal gathering, and logging. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as "critically endangered".

## Description

It has a length of 85 to 92 cm, of which 42–46 cm are tail. Its pelage is almost entirely black, covering everywhere on its body except for the face and ears. It has small, forward-facing eyes. The species has masses ranging from 3.7 to 6.0 kg. Minimal sexual dimorphism is seen, but females are slightly larger in weight on average.

## Distribution

Perrier's sifaka has a very limited range in northeastern Madagascar between the Irodo River to the north and the Lokia River to the south. The species' geographic range is concentrated on the Analamerana Special Reserve managed by Madagascar National Parks and in the Andrafiamena Protected Area managed by the NGO Fanamby. Its presence in the Ankarana Special Reserve has been reported a few decades ago, but could not be confirmed in the last decade.

Its habitat consists of dry deciduous and semihumid forest. Groups of this species have a home range around a hectare.

## Past distribution

The hypothesis that northern sifaka species had their distribution contract is supported by phylogeographic, genetic, and fossil data. In contrast to the other sifaka species, *P. tattersalli* and *P. perrieri* have a disjunct and restricted distribution in the northern part of Madagascar, far removed from the northern limit of their sister species. (Supplementary figure 1 in Salmona et al. 2017) In addition, bones attributed to *P.* cf. *verreauxi* (i.e. western sifaka) and *P.* cf *diadema* (i.e. eastern sifaka) were found in Ankarana (Figure 1 in Salmona et al., 2017, Jungers et al. 1995) and bones of *P.* cf *diadema* were reported at Andavakoera (Montagne des Français, Figure 1 in Salmona et al., 2017; Godfrey et al. 1996). Although these sifaka subfossils were not radiocarbon dated, they suggest that the paleodistributions of both sifaka species were much wider than today and possibly overlapping.

## Demographic History

Using population genetic analyses, Salmona et al. 2017 inferred the demographic history of *P.perrieri*. Their analyses show that *P. perrieri* underwent a major demographic decline, which most likely occurred after the mid-Holocene transition (in the last 5,000 years). While mid-Holocene climate change probably triggered major demographic changes in northern lemur species range and connectivity, human settlements that expanded over the last four millennia in northern Madagascar likely played a role in the loss and fragmentation of the forest cover.

## Diet

The diet of Perrier's sifaka resembles that of other sifakas, consisting of fruit, leaves, flowers, buds, petioles, and seeds. Sifakas are naturally suited for this herbivorous diet because they have long gastrointestinal tracts and enlarged ceca. Groups of sifaka do not show any aggression towards other groups when feeding, let alone come into contact with each other. Sifakas in general show seasonal variation in diet. During the wet season, Perrier's sifakas contribute most of their feeding time, about 70 to 90%, to fruits and seeds, but in the dry season, most of the species' feeding time is spent on leaves and flowers.

## Behavior

Perrier's sifakas use vocalizations to communicate including warning calls and have even been observed to make a sound described as sneezing.

### Social Structure

Sifakas have groups of two to six individuals. Dispersal of sex is unbiased, which is uncommon among most species. Aggression between groups is extremely low, as is the overall encounter rates between groups. Society is largely matriarchal and females have feeding priority. Mating habits have not been thoroughly studied yet.

### Lifecycle

The reproductive cycle is bound to the season and sifakas reproduce either every year or every two years. Infants have a slow growth rate given the large abundance of food on Madagascar, but dental development is just the opposite. A hypothesis has been put forth that this is to reduce the dependency period of the offspring and increase the chance of survival for the mother, which does not have to expend energy and time to raise her offspring. Most females do not place much effort into individual offspring, as half of sifaka infants die before the age of one. Infants become independent at the age of two and reach sexual maturity at the age of four for females and five for males. Males use genital swelling to communicate that they are ready for sex.

## Conservation status

Perrier's sifaka is one of the most endangered primates due to the limited distribution and low population density. It is listed in CITES Appendix I. A recent conservation plan for Perrier's sifaka has been developed following the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (SSC) Lemur Red List reassessment meeting in Antananarivo in 2012. While selective logging still seems to be one of the main threads in Analamerana special reserve, deforestation for slash and burn agriculture and for charcoal production is predominant in Andrafiamena-Andavakoera protected area. Given the small total population size, persistence of local threats, and the paucity of wildlife patrols, an appraisal of its population levels and an effective control of habitat loss are urgently needed. This requires a unified regional management plan, since the species’ natural range and potential areas of migration/seasonal presence overlap with three areas of different protective status, independently managed by Madagascar National Parks (Analamerana and Ankarana) and Fanamby (Andrafiamena). Given the diverse group of stakeholders involved (e.g. park services, ministries, universities, tour operators, local businesses, farmers, etc.), *P. perrieri* conservation requires a clearly defined institution, committed to leading its conservation plan with incentives for inclusive action that take advantage of the strengths of the different participants .

## InfoBox

| Perrier's sifaka | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| CITES Appendix I (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Strepsirrhini |
| Family: | Indriidae |
| Genus: | *Propithecus* |
| Species: | ***P. perrieri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Propithecus perrieri***
Lavauden, 1931 | |
|
|  | |
| Distribution of *P. perrieri* | |


title: Peter D. Welch

abstract: Peter D. Welch was a scientist and researcher in the area of computer simulation, as well as applied mathematics, applied statistics, and computer science. A former IBM researcher, he is best known for his work with Welch's method to reduce signal noise.

text:
# Peter D. Welch

**Peter D. Welch** was a scientist and researcher in the area of computer simulation, as well as applied mathematics, applied statistics, and computer science. A former IBM researcher, he is best known for his work with Welch's method to reduce signal noise.

## Education

Welch attended University of Chicago. He received his M.S. in Mathematics from the University of Wisconsin (1951), M.S. in Physics from New Mexico State University (1956) and Ph.D. in mathematical statistics from Columbia University (1963).

## Career

Welch joined IBM Research at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, where he conducted research and development for over three decades. At IBM Research he worked in the areas of speech recognition, spectral estimation, queueing theory, seismic signal processing, fast Fourier methodology, pattern recognition, computer and communication system performance modeling, simulation output analysis, and graphics system design.

Welch played a role in promoting simulation as a rigorous discipline during his service as the Simulation Department Area Editor of Operations Research (1983-1987). Welch's paper on the "use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra" or Welch's method, has been cited over 5,000 times and remains widely used to reduce noise caused by imperfect and finite data.

Welch died in 2023, at the age of 94.

## Awards

Welch received the Institute for Operations Research and Management Sciences (INFORMS) Simulation Society "Distinguished Service Award" in 2010 and its "Lifetime Professional Achievement Award" in 2013. The INFORMS Lifetime Professional Achievement Award cites Welch's 62-year career marked by "contributions of fundamental importance not only in the field of computer simulation but also in the broader fields of applied mathematics, applied statistics, computer science." Since the mid-1970s, states INFORMS, "Peter has made groundbreaking contributions to the theory and practice of computer simulation, to the dissemination of knowledge in that field, and to the development of simulation-related software systems."

## InfoBox

| Peter D. Welch | |
| --- | --- |
| Peter D. Welch (2012) | |
| Education |  |
| Occupation(s) | Scientist and researcher |


title: Matrix difference equation

abstract:
A matrix difference equation is a difference equation in which the value of a vector of variables at one point in time is related to its own value at one or more previous points in time, using matrices. The order of the equation is the maximum time gap between any two indicated values of the variable vector. For example,
  - x t = A x t − 1 + B x t − 2 is an example of a second-order matrix difference equation, in which x is an n × 1 vector of variables and A and B are n × n matrices. This equation is homogeneous because there is no vector constant term added to the end of the equation. The same equation might also be written as
  - x t + 2 = A x t + 1 + B x t or as
  - x n = A x n − 1 + B x n − 2 The most commonly encountered matrix difference equations are first-order.

text:
# Matrix difference equation

A **matrix difference equation** is a difference equation in which the value of a vector (or sometimes, a matrix) of variables at one point in time is related to its own value at one or more previous points in time, using matrices. The **order** of the equation is the maximum time gap between any two indicated values of the variable vector. For example,

$$\mathbf {x} \_{t}=\mathbf {Ax} \_{t-1}+\mathbf {Bx} \_{t-2}$$

is an example of a second-order matrix difference equation, in which **x** is an *n* × 1 vector of variables and **A** and **B** are *n* × *n* matrices. This equation is homogeneous because there is no vector constant term added to the end of the equation. The same equation might also be written as

$$\mathbf {x} \_{t+2}=\mathbf {Ax} \_{t+1}+\mathbf {Bx} \_{t}$$

or as

$$\mathbf {x} \_{n}=\mathbf {Ax} \_{n-1}+\mathbf {Bx} \_{n-2}$$

The most commonly encountered matrix difference equations are first-order.

## Nonhomogeneous first-order case and the steady state

An example of a nonhomogeneous first-order matrix difference equation is

$$\mathbf {x} \_{t}=\mathbf {Ax} \_{t-1}+\mathbf {b} $$

with additive constant vector **b**. The steady state of this system is a value **x*** of the vector **x** which, if reached, would not be deviated from subsequently. **x*** is found by setting **x***t* = **x***t*−1 = **x*** in the difference equation and solving for **x*** to obtain

$$\mathbf {x} ^{\*}=\[\mathbf {I} -\mathbf {A} \]^{-1}\mathbf {b} $$

where **I** is the *n* × *n* identity matrix, and where it is assumed that \[**I****A**\] is invertible. Then the nonhomogeneous equation can be rewritten in homogeneous form in terms of deviations from the steady state:

$$\left\[\mathbf {x} \_{t}-\mathbf {x} ^{\*}\right\]=\mathbf {A} \left\[\mathbf {x} \_{t-1}-\mathbf {x} ^{\*}\right\]$$

## Stability of the first-order case

The first-order matrix difference equation \[**x***t***x**\*\] = **A**\[**x***t*−1**x**\*\] is stablethat is, **x***t* converges asymptotically to the steady state **x***if and only if all eigenvalues of the transition matrix **A** (whether real or complex) have an absolute value which is less than 1.

## Solution of the first-order case

Assume that the equation has been put in the homogeneous form **y**t = **Ay***t*−1. Then we can iterate and substitute repeatedly from the initial condition **y**0, which is the initial value of the vector **y** and which must be known in order to find the solution:

$$\begin{aligned}\mathbf {y} \_{1}&=\mathbf {Ay} \_{0}\\\mathbf {y} \_{2}&=\mathbf {Ay} \_{1}=\mathbf {A} ^{2}\mathbf {y} \_{0}\\\mathbf {y} \_{3}&=\mathbf {Ay} \_{2}=\mathbf {A} ^{3}\mathbf {y} \_{0}\end{aligned}$$

and so forth, so that by mathematical induction the solution in terms of t is

$$\mathbf {y} \_{t}=\mathbf {A} ^{t}\mathbf {y} \_{0}$$

Further, if **A** is diagonalizable, we can rewrite **A** in terms of its eigenvalues and eigenvectors, giving the solution as

$$\mathbf {y} \_{t}=\mathbf {PD} ^{t}\mathbf {P} ^{-1}\mathbf {y} \_{0},$$

where **P** is an *n* × *n* matrix whose columns are the eigenvectors of **A** (assuming the eigenvalues are all distinct) and **D** is an *n* × *n* diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are the eigenvalues of **A**. This solution motivates the above stability result: **A***t* shrinks to the zero matrix over time if and only if the eigenvalues of A are all less than unity in absolute value.

## Extracting the dynamics of a single scalar variable from a first-order matrix system

Starting from the *n*-dimensional system **y***t* = **Ay***t*−1, we can extract the dynamics of one of the state variables, say *y*1. The above solution equation for yt shows that the solution for *y*1,*t* is in terms of the n eigenvalues of **A**. Therefore the equation describing the evolution of *y*1 by itself must have a solution involving those same eigenvalues. This description intuitively motivates the equation of evolution of *y*1, which is

$$y\_{1,t}=a\_{1}y\_{1,t-1}+a\_{2}y\_{1,t-2}+\dots +a\_{n}y\_{1,t-n}$$

where the parameters ai are from the characteristic equation of the matrix **A**:

$$\lambda ^{n}-a\_{1}\lambda ^{n-1}-a\_{2}\lambda ^{n-2}-\dots -a\_{n}\lambda ^{0}=0.$$

Thus each individual scalar variable of an n-dimensional first-order linear system evolves according to a univariate nth-degree difference equation, which has the same stability property (stable or unstable) as does the matrix difference equation.

## Solution and stability of higher-order cases

Matrix difference equations of higher orderthat is, with a time lag longer than one periodcan be solved, and their stability analyzed, by converting them into first-order form using a block matrix (matrix of matrices). For example, suppose we have the second-order equation

$$\mathbf {x} \_{t}=\mathbf {Ax} \_{t-1}+\mathbf {Bx} \_{t-2}$$

with the variable vector **x** being *n* × 1 and **A** and **B** being *n* × *n*. This can be stacked in the form

$$\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {x} \_{t}\\\mathbf {x} \_{t-1}\\\end{bmatrix}={\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {A} &\mathbf {B} \\\mathbf {I} &\mathbf {0} \\\end{bmatrix}{\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {x} \_{t-1}\\\mathbf {x} \_{t-2}\end{bmatrix}}}$$

where **I** is the *n* × *n* identity matrix and **0** is the *n* × *n* zero matrix. Then denoting the 2*n* × 1 stacked vector of current and once-lagged variables as **z***t* and the 2*n* × 2*n* block matrix as **L**, we have as before the solution

$$\mathbf {z} \_{t}=\mathbf {L} ^{t}\mathbf {z} \_{0}$$

Also as before, this stacked equation, and thus the original second-order equation, are stable if and only if all eigenvalues of the matrix **L** are smaller than unity in absolute value.

## Nonlinear matrix difference equations: Riccati equations

In linear-quadratic-Gaussian control, there arises a nonlinear matrix equation for the reverse evolution of a current-and-future-cost *matrix*, denoted below as **H**. This equation is called a discrete dynamic Riccati equation, and it arises when a variable vector evolving according to a linear matrix difference equation is controlled by manipulating an exogenous vector in order to optimize a quadratic cost function. This Riccati equation assumes the following, or a similar, form:

$$\mathbf {H} \_{t-1}=\mathbf {K} +\mathbf {A} '\mathbf {H} \_{t}\mathbf {A} -\mathbf {A} '\mathbf {H} \_{t}\mathbf {C} \left\[\mathbf {C} '\mathbf {H} \_{t}\mathbf {C} +\mathbf {R} \right\]^{-1}\mathbf {C} '\mathbf {H} \_{t}\mathbf {A} $$

where **H**, **K**, and **A** are *n* × *n*, **C** is *n* × *k*, **R** is *k* × *k*, *n* is the number of elements in the vector to be controlled, and *k* is the number of elements in the control vector. The parameter matrices **A** and **C** are from the linear equation, and the parameter matrices **K** and **R** are from the quadratic cost function. See here for details.

In general this equation cannot be solved analytically for **H***t* in terms of t; rather, the sequence of values for **H***t* is found by iterating the Riccati equation. However, it has been shown that this Riccati equation can be solved analytically if **R** = **0** and *n* = *k* \+ 1, by reducing it to a scalar rational difference equation; moreover, for any k and n if the transition matrix **A** is nonsingular then the Riccati equation can be solved analytically in terms of the eigenvalues of a matrix, although these may need to be found numerically.

In most contexts the evolution of **H** backwards through time is stable, meaning that **H** converges to a particular fixed matrix **H*** which may be irrational even if all the other matrices are rational. See also Stochastic control § Discrete time.

A related Riccati equation is

$$\mathbf {X} \_{t+1}=-\left\[\mathbf {E} +\mathbf {B} \mathbf {X} \_{t}\right\]\left\[\mathbf {C} +\mathbf {A} \mathbf {X} \_{t}\right\]^{-1}$$

in which the matrices **X**, **A**, **B**, **C**, **E** are all *n* × *n*. This equation can be solved explicitly. Suppose $\mathbf {X} \_{t}=\mathbf {N} \_{t}\mathbf {D} \_{t}^{-1},$ which certainly holds for *t* = 0 with **N**0 = **X**0 and with **D**0 = **I**. Then using this in the difference equation yields

$$\begin{aligned}\mathbf {X} \_{t+1}&=-\left\[\mathbf {E} +\mathbf {BN} \_{t}\mathbf {D} \_{t}^{-1}\right\]\mathbf {D} \_{t}\mathbf {D} \_{t}^{-1}\left\[\mathbf {C} +\mathbf {AN} \_{t}\mathbf {D} \_{t}^{-1}\right\]^{-1}\\\&=-\left\[\mathbf {ED} \_{t}+\mathbf {BN} \_{t}\right\]\left\[\left\[\mathbf {C} +\mathbf {AN} \_{t}\mathbf {D} \_{t}^{-1}\right\]\mathbf {D} \_{t}\right\]^{-1}\\\&=-\left\[\mathbf {ED} \_{t}+\mathbf {BN} \_{t}\right\]\left\[\mathbf {CD} \_{t}+\mathbf {AN} \_{t}\right\]^{-1}\\\&=\mathbf {N} \_{t+1}\mathbf {D} \_{t+1}^{-1}\end{aligned}$$

so by induction the form $\mathbf {X} \_{t}=\mathbf {N} \_{t}\mathbf {D} \_{t}^{-1}$ holds for all t. Then the evolution of **N** and **D** can be written as

$$\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {N} \_{t+1}\\\mathbf {D} \_{t+1}\end{bmatrix}={\begin{bmatrix}-\mathbf {B} &-\mathbf {E} \\\mathbf {A} &\mathbf {C} \end{bmatrix}{\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {N} \_{t}\\\mathbf {D} \_{t}\end{bmatrix}\equiv \mathbf {J} {\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {N} \_{t}\\\mathbf {D} \_{t}\end{bmatrix}}}}$$

Thus by induction

$$\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {N} \_{t}\\\mathbf {D} \_{t}\end{bmatrix}=\mathbf {J} ^{t}{\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {N} \_{0}\\\mathbf {D} \_{0}\end{bmatrix}}$$


title: Harold B. Franklin

abstract:
Harold B. Franklin was an American cinema chain executive who later moved into production of stage shows and films.
He co-produced the musical comedy Revenge with Music (1934). He produced the 1940 melodrama parody film The Villain Still Pursued Her.

text:
# Harold B. Franklin

**Harold B. Franklin** (4 May 1889 – 21 April 1941) was an American cinema chain executive who later moved into production of stage shows and films. He co-produced the musical comedy *Revenge with Music* (1934). He produced the 1940 melodrama parody film *The Villain Still Pursued Her*.

## Life

Harold B. Franklin was born in New York City, New York, on 4 April 1889. He started his career as a vaudeville booking agent. In 1914 he became a theater manager.

### Cinema executive

Franklin joined Adolph Zukor's Famous Players–Lasky and became vice-president of Publix Theatres. At the start of 1928 the Fox Film Corporation bought West Coast Theaters (Wesco), with over 232 houses. Franklin continued in charge of Wesco, based in Los Angeles. *Dynamite*, directed by Cecil B. DeMille, premiered on 25 July 1929 at the Carthay Circle Theatre in Los Angeles. The next day Franklin wrote to DeMille asking him to cut almost forty minutes from the 129-minute film so that when it went into general release the smaller houses could get more daily screenings. DeMille said he would try, but the longer version is the one that has survived. In 1930 Franklin lobbied against Daylight Saving, which he said cut 10% to 30% of gross theater sales. Industries involved in outdoor activities such as sports and barbecues were in favor of Daylight saving.

On 6 April 1930 Harley L. Clarke was elected president of Fox Films and Fox Theaters, replacing William Fox. Clarke wanted more control over the Fox West Coast Theater chain, which Franklin had been running without much interference. After six months he offered Franklin a contract buy-out, which he accepted. Franklin then became president of Hughes Franklin Theatres. In 1932 RKO had a management shake-up driven by David Sarnoff, chairman of the board and president of RKO's parent, RCA. Franklin became president of the theater division, Keith-Albee-Orpheum. Franklin reorganized the division and eliminated twenty-eight unprofitable theaters, but gross revenues declined due to lack of good pictures and a general downturn in cinema attendance. Franklin was transferred to become president of the RKO circuit.

### Producer

In 1933 Franklin left RKO and joined up with Archibald Selwyn to form Frankwyn Productions, a stage production company. He also became president of Standard Theatres. *Continental Varieties*, a vaudeville review co-produced Selwyn and Franklin, opened at the Little Theatre on 3 October 1934 and ran for 77 performances. Yip Harburg wrote the lyrics. Franklin's independent production company filmed *Gambling* in August–September 1934 at the ESSI studio in Astoria, Queens, directed by Rowland V. Lee. The picture was adapted from a 1929 stage melodrama written by George M. Cohan, in which he also starred. Cohan was again the star of the film. The film was a failure, described as "a stodgy adaptation of a definitely dated play directed in obsolete theatrical technique.

Franklin briefly worked for Columbia in 1935. He managed the "Motion Pictures' Greatest Year" campaign in 1938. In 1940 Franklin's independent film company Franklin-Blank released *The Villain Still Pursued Her*, which was distributed by RKO. The script by Elbert Franklin was based on the play *The Fallen Saved*. The film is a parody of Victorian melodramas, described as "more silly than funny". Buster Keaton introduced some genuinely humorous moments. The film was a flop when it was released, but still has some fans.

Franklin died in Mexico City, Mexico, on 21 April 1941.

## Work

### Theater productions

Franklin is credited as producer of the following stage pieces:CITEREFHarold\_B.\_Franklin,\_IBDB

* Lady Jane (Play, Comedy) Sep 10, 1934 - Oct 1934
* Continental Varieties (Musical, Revue,) Oct 03, 1934 - Nov 13, 1934
* Conversation Piece (Play, Romantic Comedy) Oct 23, 1934 - Dec 08, 1934
* L'Aiglon (Play, Drama, Tragedy, Revival) Nov 03, 1934 - Dec 1934
* Revenge with Music (Musical) Nov 28, 1934 - Apr 27, 1935

### Films

Franklin is credited as producer in the following:

### Books

Franklin wrote two books:

* 'Franklin, Harold B. (1927). *Motion picture theatre management*. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran. p. 365.
* 'Franklin, Harold B. (1929). *Sound Motion Pictures, from the Laboratory to Their Presentation*. Garden City, N.Y. p. 401.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Harold B. Franklin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1889-05-04)4 May 1889
New York City, New York, USA |
| Died | 21 April 1941(1941-04-21) (aged 51)
Mexico City, Mexico |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Theatrical producer and manager |


title: Mujić

abstract:
Mujić is a Bosnian surname. Its literal meaning is "descendant of Mujo" and it may indicate Muslim religious affiliation of its bearers. People with the name include:
  - Deniz Mujić, Austrian footballer of Bosnian descent
  - Muhamed Mujić (1933–2016), Bosnian footballer
  - Muzafer Mujić, Bosnian physiologist
  - Nazif Mujić (1970–2018), Bosnian actor

text:
# Mujić

**Mujić** is a Bosnian surname. Its literal meaning is "descendant of *Mujo*" (*Mujo* being a nickname for a person with the given name of either *Mustafa* or *Muhamed*) and it may indicate Muslim religious affiliation of its bearers. People with the name include:

## InfoBox

Mujić
| Origin | |
| --- | --- |
| Language(s) | Bosnian via Turkish from Arabic |
| Meaning | son of *Mujo*, in which *Mujo* is a Serbo-Croatian hypocorism of either Mustafa or Muhamed |
| Region of origin | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
|  | |


title: Moscow Defence Zone

abstract: The Moscow Defence Zone was a front of the Red Army during World War II to defend Moscow from the German advance. It was set up on 2 December 1941 to manage the troops of 24th and 60th Armies and part of the anti-aircraft defences.

text:
# Moscow Defence Zone

The **Moscow Defence Zone** was a front of the Red Army during World War II to defend Moscow from the German advance. It was set up on 2 December 1941 to manage the troops of 24th and 60th Armies and part of the anti-aircraft defences.

## History

The Moscow Defence Zone was established on December 2, 1941. It controlled the armies earmarked for the defence of Moscow, the 24th and 60th Armies.


title: Émile Lisbonne

abstract: Émile Lisbonne was a French lawyer and Radical politician. He was briefly Minister of Health in 1933, and again for a few days in 1934.

text:
# Émile Lisbonne

**Émile Lisbonne** (20 June 1876 – 21 December 1947) was a French lawyer and Radical politician. He was briefly Minister of Health in 1933, and again for a few days in 1934.

## Early years

Émile Lisbonne was born on 20 June 1876 in Nyons, Drôme. He was a relative of Eugène Lisbonne, an attorney and senator for Hérault who was Senate rapporteur for the 1881 law on freedom of the press. His father was Jules Lisbonne, an attorney in Nyons, municipal councilor and deputy mayor. Émile Lisbonne attended the *lycée* in Avignon, then studied at the Faculty of Law in Aix-en-Provence and the Faculty of Law in Paris.

Lisbonne's father died in 1900 and he had to support his mother and two sisters. He became a prosecutor, and served in various different courts in France. He enlisted in the army at the start of World War I (1914–18) and served with bravery. As a magistrate he was sometimes called to sit on military tribunals, and was shocked by some of the expedient judgments. As a senator he would be rapporteur of a bill to establish a special court of military justice.

## National politics

Lisbonne ran in the by-election on 6 January 1924 that followed the death of the senator for the Drôme, and was elected in the second round of voting. He sat with the Democratic and Radical Left and Radical Socialist group. After his election he was named honorary vice-president of the tribunal of the Seine. He was reelected in the first round on 20 October 1929. He was chosen Minister of Health in the first ministry of Albert Sarraut on 27 October 1933. The ministry fell on 24 November 1933. Lisbonne was Minister of Health in the cabinet of Édouard Daladier that took office on 30 January 1934. It was replaced after a few days by the Doumerge cabinet of 9 February 1934.

Lisbonne was one of the few left-wing Radicals in the senate. Later he left the Radical party and joined the socialists. He was one of the few senators who gave their support to the Popular Front in 1936. He was defeated in the elections of 23 October 1938.

## Later career

Lisbonne continued to serve in the general council of the Drôme as representative for Buis-les-Baronnies. During World War II (1939–45) the Vichy regime dissolved the general councils. Lisbonne, who was closely associated with the left, was placed under house arrest in Aveyron. He returned to the Drôme after the Liberation of France. In 1947 he was named a member of the Superior Council of the Magistracy. Lisbonne died in Paris on 21 December 1947 at the age of 71.

## Publications

* Émile Lisbonne (1937). preface. *Plaie hideuse*. By Jules Blanc (in French). Paris: Éditions du Semeur. p. 176.
* Émile Lisbonne (1938). preface. *La Société des nations et les émigrés politiques, gardes blancs, espions et territoristes autour de l'Office Nansen*. By Léo Lambert (in French). Paris: Imprimerie coopérative Étoile; Éditions universelles. p. 36.
* Émile Lisbonne. preface. *Der Völkerbund und die politischen Fluchtlinge, Weissgardisten, Spione und Terroristen im schatten des Nansen-amtes*. By Léo Lambert. (in German). Paris: Editions universelles. p. 40.

1. Jolly 1960–1977.
2. Laget 2015.
3. Réau 1993, PT430.
4. Larmour 1964, p. 30.
5. LISBONNE Emile – Senate of France.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Émile Lisbonne | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Health | |
| **In office**
26 October 1933  26 November 1933 | |
| Preceded by | Charles Daniélou |
| Succeeded by | Alexandre Israël |
| Minister of Health | |
| **In office**
30 January 1934  9 February 1934 | |
| Preceded by | Alexandre Israël |
| Succeeded by | Louis Marin |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1876-06-20)20 June 1876
Nyons, Drôme, France |
| Died | 21 December 1947(1947-12-21) (aged 71)
Paris, France |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
|  | |


title: Morgan Creek (California)

abstract: Morgan Creek is a 4.1-mile-long (6.6 km) stream in Mono and Inyo counties of eastern California, in the western United States. It flows from the high eastern Sierra Nevada in the Inyo National Forest, through Round Valley, to its confluence with Pine Creek near the Owens River northeast of Bishop in the Owens Valley.

text:
# Morgan Creek (California)

**Morgan Creek** is a 4.1-mile-long (6.6 km) stream in Mono and Inyo counties of eastern California, in the western United States.

It flows from the high eastern Sierra Nevada in the Inyo National Forest, through Round Valley, to its confluence with Pine Creek near the Owens River northeast of Bishop in the Owens Valley.

## Course

Morgan Creek flows from Sierra Crest headwaters, through Upper Morgan Lake and Lower Morgan Lake, with a right tributary draining Bear Creek Spire through Spire Lake and Split Lake. A left tributary is from the Mount Morgan cirque, the Finch Lake cirque, and two other cirques on the south.

The Morgan Creek mouth is the confluence with Pine Creek, northeast of the Pine Creek—Rock Creek and Rock Creek—Owens River confluences.

## InfoBox

| Morgan Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of the mouth of Morgan Creek in California | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| Counties | Mono, Inyo |
| Municipality | Inyo National Forest |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Sierra Crest |
| coordinates | 37°23′28″N 118°45′04″W / 37.391232°N 118.751092°W / 37.391232; -118.751092 |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Pine Creek |
| coordinates | 37°21′38″N 118°41′51″W / 37.36047°N 118.697405°W / 37.36047; -118.697405 |
| Basin features | |
| River system | NW Owens Valley |


title: Peter Erskine (businessman)

abstract: Peter Anthony Erskine is a businessman and a former Chief Executive of O2.

text:
# Peter Erskine (businessman)

**Peter Anthony Erskine** (born 10 November 1951) is a businessman and a former Chief Executive of O2 (which he helped to create in 2001).

## Early life

Erskine was born in south-west Essex. His father worked for Tate & Lyle. Erskine attended Churchfields Junior School and later Bancroft's School in north-east London. He studied Psychology at the University of Liverpool, graduating in 1973.

## Career

In 1990 he joined Unitel (now known as Allstream Inc.).

### BT Cellnet

In 1998 he became Managing Director of BT Cellnet, the fledgling mobile phone network company of BT Group.

### O2

In the formation of O2 in 2001, he became the first Chief Executive. MMO2 became O2 in early 2002. When sold in 2005 for £17.7bn, O2 became Telefónica Europe. Under his leadership, O2 (UK) became the leading mobile phone company in the UK. He became Chief Executive of Telefónica Europe on 23 January 2006.

He helped to create The O2, when it was re-named in May 2005.

## Personal life

He lives in Henley-on-Thames, previously living in Shiplake. He married Janet Green in 1975 at the age of 23, a teacher he had met at university. He has three sons (born 1978, 1979 and 1982) and a daughter (born September 1986).


title: Mathias Wolf Farm

abstract: Mathias Wolf Farm is a historic home and farm located in Madison Township, Jefferson County, Indiana. The farmhouse was built about 1854, and is a 1+1⁄2-story, central passage plan, vernacular Gothic Revival style limestone dwelling. Also on the property are the contributing smokehouse, outhouse, transverse-frame barn, and shed. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

text:
# Mathias Wolf Farm

**Mathias Wolf Farm** is a historic home and farm located in Madison Township, Jefferson County, Indiana. The farmhouse was built about 1854, and is a 1+12-story, central passage plan, vernacular Gothic Revival style limestone dwelling. Also on the property are the contributing smokehouse, outhouse, transverse-frame barn, and shed.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Mathias Wolf Farm | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Mathias Wolf Farmhouse, March 2016 | |
|  | |
| Location | 4137 E. Pleasant Ridge Rd., Madison Township, Jefferson County, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 38°45′45″N 85°18′38″W / 38.76250°N 85.31056°W / 38.76250; -85.31056 |
| Area | 3 acres (1.2 ha) |
| Built | c. 1854 (1854) |
| Architectural style | Gothic Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 16000335 |
| Added to NRHP | June 7, 2016 |


title: Hannah Rose

abstract: Hannah Rose Cox, who goes by the stage name Hannah Rose, is an American Pop musician. She released a studio album, Hannah Rose, with Dream Records, in 2013. She won the NashNext competition as a country-music artist. In 2020, Hannah Rose returned to her pop music roots and in 2021 released her first single “Tidal Wave” on all streaming platforms. She has since released five other singles including “Karma”, “Everything”, and “Tears on a Saturday”, which Hannah Rose produced herself.

text:
# Hannah Rose

**Hannah Rose Cox** (born May 17, 1995), who goes by the stage name **Hannah Rose**, is an American Pop musician. She released a studio album, *Hannah Rose*, with Dream Records, in 2013. She won the NashNext competition as a country-music artist. In 2020, Hannah Rose returned to her pop music roots and in 2021 released her first single “Tidal Wave” on all streaming platforms. She has since released five other singles including “Karma”, “Everything”, and “Tears on a Saturday”, which Hannah Rose produced herself.

## Early life

Hannah Rose was born on May 17, 1995, as Hannah Rose Cox, in Great Falls, Montana, whose father is a pastor, John Joseph Cox, and mother is Wendy Lee Cox (*née*, Bonewitz). She grew up in Santa Barbara, California, where she was raised with her two siblings, an older sister, Shaina, and a younger sister, Nikki. She is a 2013 graduate of Grace Brethren High School.

## Music career

Her music recording career commenced in 2013, with the studio album, *Hannah Rose*, released by Dream Records on May 7, 2013, just days before her eighteenth birthday. The album was reviewed by Christian Music Zine, CM Addict, Indie Vision Music, Louder Than the Music, and New Release Tuesday.

## Personal life

She currently resides in Simi Valley, California, where she attends worship services at New Hope Christian Fellowship.

## Discography

Studio albums

## InfoBox

| Hannah Rose | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Hannah Rose Cox |
| Also known as | Hannah Rose |
| Born | (1995-05-17) May 17, 1995<br>Great Falls, Montana |
| Origin | Simi Valley, California |
| Genres | Pop ; Country music ; CCM |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, singer-songwriter |
| Years active | 2011- present |
| Labels | Dream Records 2011-2014 |
|  | |
| Website | onehannahrose.com |


title: Rockville, Rhode Island

abstract: Rockville is a village in the town of Hopkinton, Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. The zip code is 02873.

text:
# Rockville, Rhode Island

**Rockville** is a village in the town of Hopkinton, Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. The zip code is 02873.

## Notable people

## Notable Locations

41°31′16″N 71°45′40″W / 41.521°N 71.761°W / 41.521; -71.761

## InfoBox

| Rockville, Rhode Island | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Post Office | |
| Rockville, Rhode Island | |
| Coordinates: 41°31′11″N 71°45′40″W / 41.51972°N 71.76111°W / 41.51972; -71.76111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Rhode Island |
| County | Washington |
| Town | Hopkinton |
| Elevation | 322 ft (98 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Zip code | 02873 |
| Area code | 401 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1217862 |


title: Moving Hearts

abstract: Moving Hearts is an Irish Celtic rock band formed in 1981. They followed in the footsteps of Horslips in combining Irish traditional music with rock and roll, and also added elements of jazz to their sound.

text:
# Moving Hearts

**Moving Hearts** is an Irish Celtic rock band formed in 1981. They followed in the footsteps of Horslips in combining Irish traditional music with rock and roll, and also added elements of jazz to their sound.

## Career

The group was formed in 1981 when Dónal Lunny (bouzouki) and Christy Moore (vocals, guitar and bodhrán), of Planxty, wanted to explore the possibilities of linking contemporary music to Irish traditional music. They initially intended to form a trio with guitarist Declan Sinnott, but then expanded the group to include established Irish musicians Keith Donald (alto sax), Eoghan O'Neill (bass), Brian Calnan (drums), and Davy Spillane (uilleann pipes). In their first year together, Moving Hearts performed to packed audiences during their three-night-a-week residency at the Baggot Inn on Baggot Street in Dublin.

This laid the basis for a powerful, new Irish sound, which was coupled on the band's first two albums, *Moving Hearts* and *The Dark End of the Street*, with songs of explicit political engagement, often concerning the situation in Northern Ireland. The band was organised as a cooperative effort, with all profits and costs borne by the seven band members and three members of the road crew.

Calnan was replaced for the group's second album by Matt Kelleghan, and, in 1982, Moore left to pursue his solo career and was replaced by Mick Hanly.

Moving Hearts played many prestigious gigs including the Montreux Jazz Festival, The Bottom Line in New York and the Lorient Festival in Brittany, and the line-up with Hanly was recorded on the 1983 album *Live Hearts*. They also played on two tracks on Van Morrison's 1983 album *A Sense of Wonder*.

For a period after Hanly's departure, Flo McSweeney and Anthony Drennan came in on vocals and lead guitar. The following year the group performed as an instrumental group, recording the album, *The Storm*. At this point the line-up consisted of Spillane and Declan Masterson on uilleann pipes, Lunny on bouzouki, synthesiser & bodhrán, Donald on sax, Noel Eccles on percussion, Matt Kelleghan on drums, O'Neill on bass and Greg Boland on guitar.

The group ceased touring in 1984, appearing only at occasional festivals such as the Preseli Folk Festival–now the Fishguard Folk Festival–in 1986. In 1990, the band performed at Dublin's Point Theatre for a sold out farewell concert, with McSweeney on vocals.

Moving Hearts re-formed in 2007, announcing concerts in Dublin and at the Hebridean Celtic Festival in Stornoway. The new line-up was: Lunny, Spillane, O'Neill, Donald, Kellaghan, Eccles, Drennan, Kevin Glackin and Graham Henderson.

They continue to reunite for occasional concerts every few years. The 2022 line up is Lunny, Spillane, Donald, O'Neill, Eccles, Drennan, Bradley and Henderson.

## Discography

### Studio albums

### Live albums

### Compilation albums

* *Anthology* (1981) – Vinyl LP with 9 tracks from two studio albums (*Moving Hearts* & *Dark End of the Street*)
* *Dark End of the Street* (1981) – Musicassette with two entire studio albums (*Moving Hearts* & *Dark End of the Street*)
* *Dark End of the Street* (1982) – Vinyl LP with 10 tracks from two studio albums (*Moving Hearts* & *Dark End of the Street*)
* *Dónal Lunny's Definitive Moving Hearts* (2003) – CD with 13 tracks
* *The Platinum Collection* (2007) – CD with 14 tracks

## Filmography

## InfoBox

| Moving Hearts | |
| --- | --- |
| Moving Hearts on stage at the Leeds Folk Festival, 1983 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Dublin, Ireland |
| Genres | Celtic rock, folk rock |
| Years active | 1981 to 1985
2007
Intermittently later |
|  | |
| Members | Dónal Lunny
Davy Spillane
Eoghan O'Neill
Keith Donald
Noel Eccles
Anton Drennan
Graham Henderson
Liam Bradley |
|  | |
| Past members | Christy Moore
Declan Sinnott
Mick Hanly
Brian Calnan
Declan Masterson
Greg Boland
Kevin Glackin
Matt Kellaghan
Flo McSweeney
Jimmy Smyth
James Delaney |
|  | |
| Website | movingheartsmusic.com |


title: Émile Levassor

abstract: Émile Constant Levassor was a French engineer and a pioneer of the automobile industry and car racing in France.

text:
# Émile Levassor

**Émile Constant Levassor** (21 January 1843 – 14 April 1897) was a French engineer and a pioneer of the automobile industry and car racing in France.

## Biography

Levassor was born in Marolles-en-Hurepoix. After studying engineering and graduating from École Centrale Paris, he started his career in 1872 in a company that produced wood-working machines, where he met René Panhard. The company also built gas engines and when, in 1886, a Belgian industrialist Edouard Sarazin got a licence to build Daimler engines he chose Levassor to build them in France. When Sarazin died in 1887, Levassor married his widow, Louise, and together with Panhard they started building cars. Levassor, Peugeot and Daimler all met in 1888 at Peugeot's Valentigny Factory to share their knowledge, a summit that led Levassor and Peugeot to cooperate in experimenting with Daimler and Benz engines. However, Levassor gave more thought to the design and operation of the new car than had Benz, Daimler or Peugeot, all of whom had been more concerned with introducing a successful engine into what was still basically a small carriage.

The Panhard of 1891, with an engine built under Daimler licence, introduced a series of innovations that effectively created the modern car. Levassor moved the engine from the rear to the front of the car and cooled it via a front-mounted water radiator rather than relying, as had been customary, on natural aspiration, which was often insufficient. He also introduced a crankshaft to link the engine with the gearing, eschewing the bicycle-style belt drive of previous cars; and he installed a clutch pedal and a gear stick, situated between the seats, to operate the gearbox, thus creating the first modern transmission. The siting of the engine on the front of the car rather than the rear provided far more room for passengers. The resultant configuration – unfortunately for Levassor – was soon called the systeme Panhard.

Levassor also took part in motor racing, finishing fifth in Paris to Rouen race in 1894, and arriving first in (but not winning) the Paris–Bordeaux–Paris race the following year (both in his own cars).

## Personal life

In May 1890 Emile Levassor married Mme. Louise Sarazin, the widow of Edouard Sarazin, an influential and entrepreneurial Patents lawyer who owned licences for Deutz and Daimler engine manufacture. Both types of engine were manufactured in Paris by Perin, Panhard & Cie and Panhard & Levassor.

## Death

In 1896, when taking part in the 1896 Paris–Marseille–Paris race, he was seriously injured in a crash while trying to avoid hitting a dog. He never recovered from the injury, and died in Paris the following year.

## InfoBox

| Émile Levassor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1843-01-21)21 January 1843
Marolles-en-Hurepoix, France |
| Died | 14 April 1897(1897-04-14) (aged 54)
Paris, France |
| Education | École Centrale Paris |
| Occupation | automobile industry |
| Spouse | Louise Sarazin |


title: Monetary economics

abstract: Monetary economics is the branch of economics that studies the different theories of money: it provides a framework for analyzing money and considers its functions, and it considers how money can gain acceptance purely because of its convenience as a public good. The discipline has historically prefigured, and remains integrally linked to, macroeconomics. This branch also examines the effects of monetary systems, including regulation of money and associated financial institutions and international aspects. Modern analysis has attempted to provide microfoundations for the demand for money and to distinguish valid nominal and real monetary relationships for micro or macro uses, including their influence on the aggregate demand for output. Its methods include deriving and testing the implications of money as a substitute for other assets and as based on explicit frictions.

text:
# Monetary economics

**Monetary economics** is the branch of economics that studies the different theories of money: it provides a framework for analyzing money and considers its functions (such as medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account), and it considers how money can gain acceptance purely because of its convenience as a public good. The discipline has historically prefigured, and remains integrally linked to, macroeconomics. This branch also examines the effects of monetary systems, including regulation of money and associated financial institutions and international aspects.

Modern analysis has attempted to provide microfoundations for the demand for money and to distinguish valid nominal and real monetary relationships for micro or macro uses, including their influence on the aggregate demand for output. Its methods include deriving and testing the implications of money as a substitute for other assets and as based on explicit frictions.

## History

The foundational concept of any modern **theory of money** is the understanding that the value of fiat money depends upon exchange and not weight (compare with the Arrow–Debreu model).

## Research areas

Traditionally, research areas in monetary economics have included:

## History

### Islamic Golden Age

At around the same time in the medieval Islamic world, a vigorous monetary economy was created during the 7th–12th centuries on the basis of the expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the dinar). Innovations introduced by Muslim economists, traders and merchants include the earliest uses of credit, cheques, promissory notes, savings accounts, transactional accounts, loaning, trusts, exchange rates, the transfer of credit and debt, and banking institutions for loans and deposits.

### 1500s to 1700s

In the Indian subcontinent, Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), introduced a silver coin called a *rupiya*, weighing 178 grams. Its use was continued by the Mughal rulers. The history of the rupee traces back to Ancient India circa 3rd century BC. Ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Lydian staters, several other Middle Eastern coinages and the Chinese wen. The term is from *rūpya*, a Sanskrit term for silver coin, from Sanskrit rūpa, beautiful form.

The imperial taka was officially introduced by the monetary reforms of Muhammad bin Tughluq, the emperor of the Delhi Sultanate, in 1329. It was modeled as representative money, a concept pioneered as paper money by the Mongols in China and Persia. The tanka was minted in copper and brass. Its value was exchanged with gold and silver reserves in the imperial treasury. The currency was introduced due to the shortage of metals.

Both the Kabuli rupee and the Kandahari rupee were used as currency in Afghanistan prior to 1891, when they were standardized as the Afghan rupee. The Afghan rupee, which was subdivided into 60 paisas, was replaced by the Afghan afghani in 1925.

Until the middle of the 20th century, Tibet's official currency was also known as the Tibetan rupee.

Serious interest in the concepts behind money occurred during the dramatic period of inflation in the late 15th to early 17th centuries known as the Price Revolution, during which the value of gold fell precipitously, sometimes fluctuating wildly, because of the importation of gold from the New World, primarily by Spain.

At the end of this period, the first modern texts on monetary economics were beginning to appear.

During the eighteenth century, the concept of banknotes became more common in Europe. David Hume referred to it as "this new invention of paper".

In 1705, John Law in Scotland published *Money and Trade Considered*, which examined the failure of metal-based money during the previous hundred and fifty years. He proposed replacing that system with a land bank system of paper money based on the value of real estate. He succeeded in getting this proposal implemented. However, his bank failed due to a bubble of speculation collapsing into extreme inflation; perhaps because he failed to take the lessons of the Spanish Price Revolution seriously.

In 1720, Isaac Gervaise wrote *The System or Theory of the Trade of the World*. He criticised mercantilism and state-supported credit for the inflation problems of his era.

*Della Moneta*, was published by Ferdinando Galiani in 1751, and is arguably the first modern text on economic theory. It was printed twenty-five years before Adam Smith's more famous book, *The Wealth of Nations*, which touched on some of the same topics. *Della Moneta* covered many modern monetary concepts, including the value, origin, and regulation of money. It carefully examined the possible causes for money's value to fluctuate.

The year following, 1752, *Of the Balance of Trade* was published by Hume. He argued that one need not worry about the import or export of goods creating a surplus or shortage of either money or goods because an excess or shortage of money will always increase or decrease demand until equilibrium is reached. In modern economic terms, this is as equilibration through the price–specie flow mechanism.

* *Handbook of Monetary Economics*, Elsevier.

Friedman, Benjamin M., and Frank H. Hahn, ed., 1990. v. 1 links for description & contents and chapter-outline previews \_____, 1990. v. 2 links for description & contents and chapter-outline previews. Friedman, Benjamin, and Michael Woodford, 2010. v. 3A & 3B links for description & and chapter abstract & TOC.    (JEL: E4) Money and Interest Rates (JEL: E5) Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit Presentation of Money, credit and finance an slideshow What is money? A slideshow https://www.slideshare.net/MitchGreen/lesson-1-what-is-money#btnNext


title: Peter Eržen

abstract: Peter Eržen is a Slovenian ski jumper. He competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics and the 1968 Winter Olympics.

text:
# Peter Eržen

**Peter Eržen** (born 13 December 1941) is a Slovenian ski jumper. He competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics and the 1968 Winter Olympics.

## InfoBox

Peter Eržen
| Peter Eržen in 1960 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Slovenian |
| Born | (1941-12-13) 13 December 1941<br>Kranj, Yugoslavia |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Ski jumping |


title: John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park

abstract: John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park is a Florida State Park located on Key Largo in Florida. It includes approximately 70 nautical square miles (240 km⁲) of adjacent Atlantic Ocean waters. The park is approximately 25 miles in length and extends 3 miles into the Atlantic Ocean along the prominent Hawk Channel passage. It was the first underwater park in the United States. The park was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 14, 1972. The primary attractions of the park are the coral reefs and their associated marine life. In Fiscal Year 2004 the park had more than a million visitors, making it the most popular park in the Florida State Parks system. The Florida Keys and the Flower Garden Banks in the Gulf of Mexico off the Texas coast are the only living coral reef formations in the continental United States.

text:
# John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park

**John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park** is a Florida State Park located on Key Largo in Florida. It includes approximately 70 nautical square miles (240 km2) of adjacent Atlantic Ocean waters. The park is approximately 25 miles in length and extends 3 miles into the Atlantic Ocean along the prominent Hawk Channel passage. It was the first underwater park in the United States. The park was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 14, 1972. The primary attractions of the park are the coral reefs (such as Molasses Reef) and their associated marine life.

In Fiscal Year 2004 the park had more than a million visitors, making it the most popular park in the Florida State Parks system. The Florida Keys and the Flower Garden Banks in the Gulf of Mexico off the Texas coast are the only living coral reef formations in the continental United States.

## History

Plans to designate the reefs off Key Largo for a park started in the 1930s. The state-sanctioned Everglades National Park Commission proposed a national park for the Everglades, including the reefs off Key Largo. Opposition from property owners, outdoorsmen, and Monroe County Commissioners stopped the plan. When Everglades National Park was created in 1947, the boundaries did not include Key Largo or any of the reefs.

By the late 1950s, citizens were growing concerned of the damage occurring to the reefs along the Florida Keys. Seashells, corals, sponges, sea horses, and other marine life were being hammered, chiseled, and even dynamited from the reefs to provide souvenirs for tourists. Dr. Gilbert L. Voss of the Marine Institute of Miami and John D. Pennekamp, an editor with the *Miami Herald*, teamed up to lead a fight to protect the reefs from further damage. Pennekamp had strong credentials for the fight. He had been active in establishing Everglades National Park, had been the first chairman of the Florida Board of Parks and Historic Memorials, and had been a consultant with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

These efforts led the Florida Board of Parks and Historic Memorials to designate the state-controlled reefs off Key Largo a permanent preserve. In the spring of 1960, President Dwight D. Eisenhower proclaimed the adjacent, federally controlled area of the reefs as the Key Largo Coral Reef Preserve. Florida Governor Leroy Collins later changed the name of the park to John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park, in recognition of John Pennekamp's efforts to save marine life. A land base and access to U.S. 1 (the Overseas Highway) were acquired by purchase and donation. The park opened in 1963.\* History of John Pennekamp State Park at Florida Keys History Museum

## Recreational activities

The reefs may be viewed from glass-bottom boats, snorkeling, and scuba diving above the coral formations. Other activities available in the park are canoeing, kayaking, fishing, hiking, swimming and wildlife viewing. The park offers tropical hammocks and a picnic area with available grills. Full-facility and youth/group campgrounds are available.

The visitor center features a 30,000-US-gallon (110,000 L; 25,000 imp gal) saltwater aquarium and six smaller aquariums. The State Park also has a natural history exhibit about the park's different biological communities and ecosystems and a theater showing nature Films and videos.

## Christ of the Abyss

One of the most famous sites in the Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park is the *Christ of the Abyss*, located near North Dry Rocks, and within the existing Key Largo management area that was incorporated into the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary "on November 16, 1990". The 8+12-foot-tall (2.6 m) statue of Jesus Christ weighs 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) and stands in nearly 25 feet (7.6 m) of water. It is a popular site for scuba divers and snorkelers. The statue is located at latitude 25.123373 and longitude -80.297073.

The statue is a third casting of *Il Cristo Degli Abissi* in the Mediterranean Sea near Genoa, Italy, which was placed there in 1954. The *Christ of the Abyss* was donated to the Underwater Society of America in 1961 by Italian scuba entrepreneur Egidio Cressi and placed in its current location in 1965. In their current positions, the two statues face each other.

## Climate

John Pennekamp has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen *Aw*).

| Climate data for John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park (1991–2020 normals, extremes 2004–present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 84
(29) | 89
(32) | 87
(31) | 93
(34) | 93
(34) | 94
(34) | 95
(35) | 93
(34) | 97
(36) | 91
(33) | 88
(31) | 86
(30) | 97
(36) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 81.7
(27.6) | 83.1
(28.4) | 85.0
(29.4) | 87.0
(30.6) | 88.4
(31.3) | 90.9
(32.7) | 91.9
(33.3) | 91.9
(33.3) | 90.9
(32.7) | 89.0
(31.7) | 85.2
(29.6) | 83.1
(28.4) | 92.9
(33.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 76.2
(24.6) | 78.0
(25.6) | 79.7
(26.5) | 82.5
(28.1) | 85.1
(29.5) | 88.1
(31.2) | 89.8
(32.1) | 90.1
(32.3) | 88.8
(31.6) | 85.9
(29.9) | 81.4
(27.4) | 78.1
(25.6) | 83.6
(28.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 62.6
(17.0) | 64.5
(18.1) | 66.8
(19.3) | 70.7
(21.5) | 74.2
(23.4) | 77.2
(25.1) | 78.5
(25.8) | 78.8
(26.0) | 77.8
(25.4) | 75.3
(24.1) | 69.9
(21.1) | 65.8
(18.8) | 71.8
(22.1) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 45.8
(7.7) | 49.2
(9.6) | 52.5
(11.4) | 59.2
(15.1) | 66.8
(19.3) | 71.4
(21.9) | 72.8
(22.7) | 72.8
(22.7) | 72.1
(22.3) | 65.4
(18.6) | 57.4
(14.1) | 51.7
(10.9) | 43.5
(6.4) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 34
(1) | 38
(3) | 44
(7) | 52
(11) | 60
(16) | 68
(20) | 70
(21) | 71
(22) | 65
(18) | 54
(12) | 46
(8) | 37
(3) | 34
(1) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.13
(54) | 2.01
(51) | 2.22
(56) | 3.33
(85) | 4.76
(121) | 7.91
(201) | 5.81
(148) | 6.89
(175) | 8.18
(208) | 7.87
(200) | 3.31
(84) | 2.53
(64) | 56.95
(1,447) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 7.5 | 6.2 | 5.1 | 6.7 | 7.1 | 10.9 | 13.0 | 14.5 | 16.1 | 11.6 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 115.5 |
| Source: NOAA (precip days 20062020) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Monroe County, Florida, U.S. |
| Nearest city | Key Largo, Florida |
| Coordinates | 25°07′12″N 80°24′18″W / 25.12000°N 80.40500°W / 25.12000; -80.40500 |
| Area | 53,000 acres (210 km2) |
| Established | 1963 |
| Visitors | 1,000,000 (in 2004) |
| Governing body | Florida Department of Environmental Protection |


title: Hans-Wilhelm Scheidt

abstract: Hans-Wilhelm Scheidt (1907–1981) was a German Reichsamtsleiter of the NSDAP, the German Nazi Party, and liaison in Oslo during the German invasion in April 1940. Born in Moscow and growing up in Germany, he joined the NSDAP in 1929. From 1935 he was assigned with Alfred Rosenberg's department of foreign affairs, and from 1939 he was responsible for the Nordic countries. He played a central role during the German invasion of Norway, when he was present in Oslo and persuaded Vidkun Quisling to carry through his coup d'état. Scheidt's books include Die Schandverträge (1934) and Der Arbeitsdienst, eine Willensäußerung der deutschen Jugend (1935).

text:
# Hans-Wilhelm Scheidt

**Hans-Wilhelm Scheidt**  (1907–1981) was a German Reichsamtsleiter of the NSDAP, the German Nazi Party, and liaison in Oslo during the German invasion in April 1940.

Born in Moscow and growing up in Germany, he joined the NSDAP in 1929. From 1935 he was assigned with Alfred Rosenberg's department of foreign affairs, and from 1939 he was responsible for the Nordic countries. He played a central role during the German invasion of Norway, when he was present in Oslo and persuaded Vidkun Quisling to carry through his coup d'état.

Scheidt's books include *Die Schandverträge* (1934) and *Der Arbeitsdienst, eine Willensäußerung der deutschen Jugend* (1935).


title: Robert Lilligren

abstract: Robert Lilligren is an American politician and member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party. He was an elected member of the Minneapolis City Council. He was first elected in 2001, to represent the 8th Ward of the Minneapolis City Council. Following the defeat of Green Party member Dean Zimmermann, during the 2005 municipal elections, Lilligren represented the 6th Ward of the City of Minneapolis. When first elected to office, Lilligren was serving as a volunteer on eight different community boards and commissions including: vice-chair of Phillips West Neighborhood organization, the Midtown Greenway Coalition, the Hennepin County-appointed I-35W Project Advisory Committee, and as a board member for several affordable housing groups throughout South Minneapolis. He lost his re-election bid in 2013 to Abdi Warsame. He was appointed to the Metropolitan Council by Governor Tim Walz in March 2019.

text:
# Robert Lilligren

**Robert Lilligren** (born July 2, 1960) is an American politician and member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party. He was an elected member of the Minneapolis City Council. He was first elected in 2001, to represent the 8th Ward of the Minneapolis City Council. Following the defeat of Green Party member Dean Zimmermann, during the 2005 municipal elections, Lilligren represented the 6th Ward of the City of Minneapolis. When first elected to office, Lilligren was serving as a volunteer on eight different community boards and commissions including: vice-chair of Phillips West Neighborhood organization, the Midtown Greenway Coalition (a bike/walk advocacy group), the Hennepin County-appointed I-35W Project Advisory Committee, and as a board member for several affordable housing groups throughout South Minneapolis. He lost his re-election bid in 2013 to Abdi Warsame. He was appointed to the Metropolitan Council by Governor Tim Walz in March 2019.

## Personal

Lilligren, as a member of the White Earth Band of Ojibwe, is the first American Indian tribal member to serve on the Minneapolis City Council. In addition, he was one of two openly gay city council members; an avid reader, and a classically trained singer. He does not own a car.

## History

Shortly after Lilligren moved to Minneapolis in 1984, crack arrived in Minneapolis and specifically his neighborhood of Phillips West. \[5\] Lilligren stayed on his block, purchasing rundown apartment buildings and renovating them with Joe Olson, his business partner. They currently own several buildings in South Minneapolis and still reside in those buildings. A key focus of Robert's first term in office was helping to jump start the stalled Sears project – a 2 million square foot vacant and dark building- which is now the up and running Midtown Exchange. His leadership helped to set and exceed historically high minority and women workforce and contractor goals for the project. He drafted language into the project's Request for Proposals (RFP) that allowed for the creation of the Global Market at the Midtown Exchange. This open market brings opportunities for local entrepreneurs – many from new arrival and immigrant communities – and makes fresh food and produce more available to inner-city residents as well as being a regional attraction. Presently, he has shifted his focus to the reopening of Nicollet Avenue at Lake Street, making this revitalizing effort a top priority. The decision by the Minneapolis City Council in the 1970s to close Nicollet Avenue was never a popular one. It was a crisis response to a budget draining situation. The City of Minneapolis’ closing of Nicollet was responsible for dividing our communities and taking redevelopment momentum from this important intersection. The 6th Ward is at the center of a lot of major, long-term transportation and energy projects going on in the City of Minneapolis. These public and public-purpose proposals will bring significant investment in the Ward and throughout Minneapolis. 6th Ward residents, business owners, workers and other stakeholders will need to be involved in these efforts to ensure that the public investment reflects the communities’ interests. Some other on- going projects include:

1. **35W/Lake Street Transit/Access Project** The intersection of 35W and Lake Street is once again the site of intense design efforts. For decades almost all levels of government have been interested in further investment in the 35W and Lake Street area, though there has been disagreement about the scope and nature of the work. This time around the City of Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Metropolitan Council/Metro Transit and MN Dept. of Transportation (MnDOT) have joined efforts in a planning process that puts transit first. This means building a new bridge and creating a connection to the Midtown Greenway where streetcars will be installed.

2. **Xcel Hiawatha High Voltage Power Line** In addition, for the last several years Xcel Energy has sought to build a high voltage power line along the Midtown Greenway corridor from Hiawatha Avenue to 35W with substations at Hiawatha and at Oakland Ave at the Greenway. Xcel is currently working with community representatives to design the two substations. These large-scale, long-term projects along with continued investment in alternative energy generation, onsite energy storage, energy conservation, and the pedestrian and biking realms will continue to better serve all of the Midtown area, South Minneapolis, to provide greater options, improve the environment, promote energy independence and keep housing affordable.

## Notable work

## Appointments

City Council Committee Positions * Committee of the Whole - Chair
* Executive Committee - Member
* Community Development - Member
* Transportation and Public Works - Member (Former Vice Chair)
* Information Services Policy Steer Group - Member (Founding Chair)
* Minneapolis Community Development Agency – Secretary
* Rules and Taxes Committees - Member

Other Council Appointments * Transportation Advisory Board (TAB) – Member/Chair Programming Committee
* Northern Lights Express (Duluth to Minneapolis passenger rail) Alliance - Minneapolis representative
* Transit Improvement Board Advisory Committee (GEARS) - Minneapolis representative
* I-35W Solutions Alliance – Vice Chair
* Bike/Walk Twin Cities Advisory Council to Transit for Livable Communities
* Met Council Transportation Committee (TAB representative) - Non-voting member
* Meet Minneapolis Convention and Visitors Association Board – Executive Committee
* Neighborhood Revitalization Program Policy Board - Alternate
* Citywide Labor Management Committee - Member
* Midtown Community Works Partnership Executive Committee - Member
* Minneapolis Bioscience Corridor Governance Board – Member
* Minneapolis Rail Policy Group – Member
* Southwest Corridor LRT Policy Advisory Committee - Minneapolis representative (completed 2010)
* Minneapolis Metropolitan Council Workgroup – Member (completed 2011)
* Civilian Review Authority Redesign Committee - Chair (completed 2007)
* Neighborhood Revitalization Program Workgroup – Chair (completed 2010)
* Minneapolis Empowerment Zone Governance Board - Member (completed 2010)

Other Community Work * Native American Community Development Institute Founding Board Chair
* Women's Environmental Institute Board Member
* OutFront MN Board Member
* Bikeon(.org,) Founding Board Member
* Inter-Tribal Elder Services Ex-Officio Board Member
* Minneapolis Crisis Nursery Capital Campaign Committee (completed)
* Minneapolis American Indian Center Capital Campaign Committee (completed)
* LSS Center for Changing Lives Capital Campaign Committee (completed)

1. "Minneapolis 2001 General Election Results". Retrieved 2013-12-05.
2. "Minneapolis November 8, 2005 General Results" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-12-05.
3. "Council Members and Districts Robert Lilligren District 7". Retrieved 2021-02-06.
4. "Ward 6 Office Hours - City of Minneapolis". Minneapolismn.gov. 2013-08-06. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
5. "Allina raises hopes for a Lake Street revival - Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal". Bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
6. "Priorities - City of Minneapolis". Minneapolismn.gov. 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
7. "Appointments - City of Minneapolis". Minneapolismn.gov. 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2013-12-05.

## Further reading