abstract: Manchester East was one of six single-member parliamentary constituencies created in 1885 by the division of the existing three-member Parliamentary Borough of Manchester. The others were: Manchester South, Manchester North, Manchester North East, Manchester North West and Manchester South West. They were all abolished in 1918.

text:
# Manchester East (UK Parliament constituency)

**Manchester East**  was one of six single-member parliamentary constituencies created in 1885 by the division of the existing three-member Parliamentary Borough of Manchester. The others were: Manchester South, Manchester North, Manchester North East, Manchester North West and Manchester South West. They were all abolished in 1918.

## Boundaries

The constituency was created by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, and was defined as consisting of the following areas:

* The Parish of Bradford,
* The Parish of Ardwick,
* The Parish of Beswick,
* The part of the Parish of Chorlton-upon-Medlock north of the centres of Cavendish Street, Grosvenor Street, Upper Brook Street, Dover Street, St. Leonards Street, and Cheltenham Street.

The next redistribution took place under the terms of the Representation of the People Act 1918. The Manchester East seat was divided between the two new constituencies of Manchester Ardwick and Manchester Clayton.

## Members of Parliament

| Election | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1885 | Arthur Balfour | Conservative |
|  | 1906 | Thomas Horridge | Liberal |
|  | Jan. 1910 | John Edward Sutton | Labour |
|  | 1918 | *constituency abolished* | |

## Election results 1885-1918

### Elections in the 1880s

General election 1885: Manchester East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Arthur Balfour** | **4,536** | **55.0** |  |
|  | Liberal | Alfred Hopkinson | 3,712 | 45.0 |  |
| Majority | | | 824 | 10.0 |  |
| Turnout | | | 8,248 | 84.3 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 9,779 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **win** (new seat) | | | | |

General election 1886: Manchester East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Arthur Balfour** | **4,160** | **54.2** | **−0.8** |
|  | Liberal | John Hattersley Crosfield | 3,516 | 45.8 | +0.8 |
| Majority | | | 644 | 8.4 | −1.6 |
| Turnout | | | 7,676 | 78.5 | 5.8 |
| Registered electors | | | 9,779 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | -0.8 |  |

Balfour was appointed Secretary of State for Scotland, requiring a by-election.

By-election, 11 Aug 1886: Manchester East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Arthur Balfour** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

### Elections in the 1890s

General election 1892: Manchester East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Arthur Balfour** | **5,147** | **52.0** | **2.2** |
|  | Liberal | Joseph Edwin Crawford Munro | 4,749 | 48.0 | +2.2 |
| Majority | | | 398 | 4.0 | 4.4 |
| Turnout | | | 9,896 | 86.7 | +8.2 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,418 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | 2.2 |  |

Balfour was appointed First Lord of the Treasury, requiring a by-election.

1895 Manchester East by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Arthur Balfour** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | | | |

General election 1895: Manchester East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Arthur Balfour** | **5,386** | **53.9** | **+1.9** |
|  | Liberal | Joseph Edwin Crawford Munro | 4,610 | 46.1 | 1.9 |
| Majority | | | 776 | 7.8 | +3.8 |
| Turnout | | | 9,996 | 83.4 | 3.3 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,991 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +1.9 |  |

### Elections in the 1900s

General election 1900: Manchester East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Conservative** | **Arthur Balfour** | **5,803** | **63.4** | **+9.5** |
|  | Liberal | Alfred Scott | 3,350 | 36.6 | 9.5 |
| Majority | | | 2,453 | 26.8 | +19.0 |
| Turnout | | | 9,153 | 71.9 | 11.5 |
| Registered electors | | | 12,727 |  |  |
|  | Conservative **hold** | | Swing | +9.5 |  |

General election 1906: Manchester East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Thomas Horridge** | **6,403** | **59.1** | **+22.5** |
|  | Conservative | Arthur Balfour | 4,423 | 40.9 | 22.5 |
| Majority | | | 1,980 | 18.2 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 10,826 | 85.1 | +13.2 |
| Registered electors | | | 12,724 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **gain** from Conservative | | Swing | +22.5 |  |

This was a notable result as Arthur Balfour had led the Conservative Party into the 1906 general election as leader. He therefore became the first leader of the opposition to lose his seat.

### Elections in the 1910s

General election January 1910: Manchester East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **John Sutton** | **6,110** | **54.5** | ***New*** |
|  | Conservative | Edward Elvy Robb | 5,091 | 45.5 | +4.6 |
| Majority | | | 1,019 | 9.0 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 11,201 | 88.6 | +3.5 |
|  | Labour **gain** from Liberal | | Swing |  |  |

General election December 1910: Manchester East
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **John Sutton** | **5,524** | **54.3** | **−0.2** |
|  | Conservative | Richard Gregory Proby | 4,653 | 45.7 | +0.2 |
| Majority | | | 871 | 8.6 | −0.4 |
| Turnout | | | 10,177 | 80.5 | −6.1 |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing | -0.2 |  |

**General Election 1914–15**:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;

## Sources

Election results:

Horridge:

Sutton:

## InfoBox

| Manchester East | |
| --- | --- |
| Former borough constituency<br>for the House of Commons | |
| 18851918 | |
| Created from | Manchester |
| Replaced by | Manchester Ardwick and Manchester Clayton |


title: Mandai Depot

abstract: Mandai Depot is an integrated train and bus depot located in Mandai, Singapore. The train depot serves as the maintenance and control centre of the Thomson-East Coast line while the bus depot is used for the Sembawang-Yishun Bus Package. The facility is located on a 32 ha site bounded by Mandai Road, Seletar Expressway and Lorong Lada Hitam, on the former site of Orchidville. The depot is located between Woodlands station and Springleaf station on the Thomson–East Coast Line and has three reception tracks: one track northbound towards Woodlands station and two tracks southbound towards Springleaf station.

text:
# Mandai Depot

**Mandai Depot** (Malay: Depot Mandai; Chinese: 万礼车厂) is an integrated train and bus depot located in Mandai, Singapore. The train depot serves as the maintenance and control centre of the Thomson-East Coast line while the bus depot is used for the Sembawang-Yishun Bus Package.

The facility is located on a 32 ha (79 acres) site bounded by Mandai Road, Seletar Expressway and Lorong Lada Hitam, on the former site of Orchidville.

The depot is located between Woodlands station and Springleaf station on the Thomson–East Coast Line and has three reception tracks: one track northbound towards Woodlands station and two tracks southbound towards Springleaf station.

## History

First announced by the Land Transport Authority on 16 June 2011, construction of the depot commenced at the end of 2012 and is expected to be an at-grade depot. The largest orchid farm, Orchidville, was moved on 11 December 2012 to Sungei Tengah, and construction of the depot had begun in January 2013.

Contract T201 for the construction of Mandai Depot and its associated facilities was awarded to Jurong Primewide Pte Ltd at a sum of S$329 million in October 2013. Construction began in December 2013, with completion in 2019.

Contract T206 for the construction of bored tunnels between Woodlands, Woodlands South and Mandai Depot was awarded to Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co., Ltd at a sum of S$421 million on 18 October 2013. Construction will start in 2014, with completion in 2020. The contract includes completion of twin bored tunnels between Woodlands and Woodlands South, twin bored tunnels between Woodlands South and crossover tunnels to Mandai Depot, as well as a single bored tunnel between Woodlands and Mandai Depot.

In October 2020, the bus depot was handed over to Tower Transit, which had secured the contract for the Sembawang-Yishun Bus Package the previous month.

## Design

The depot includes a rail administration building, stabling yards, test track, storage warehouses and maintenance workshops. The administration building will house the Operation Control Centre (OCC) and Depot Control Centre (DCC) for the Thomson–East Coast Line. The stabling yards have a capacity for 90 trains, and stabling capacity supplemented by the East Coast Integrated Depot. The workshops have the capability of servicing and maintaining 11 trains simultaneously. A 66kV substation will be built to support the operation of the TEL.

The bus depot is situated on the roof of the train stabling yard, and provides parking and maintenance facilities for at least 550 buses for the Sembawang-Yishun Bus Package under the Bus contracting model.

## InfoBox

Mandai Depot
|
|  |
| Location | |
| Location | Mandai Road |
| Coordinates | 1°25′10″N 103°47′49″E / 1.419357°N 103.796960°E / 1.419357; 103.796960 |
| Characteristics | |
| Owner | Land Transport Authority |
| Operator | SMRT Trains (SMRT Corporation) |
| Type | At-grade |
| Roads | Mandai Road, SLE |
| Rolling stock | Kawasaki-Sifang T251 |
| Routes served | TEL  Thomson–East Coast Line |
| History | |
| Opened | 31 January 2020 |


abstract: Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponnese is a travel book by English author Patrick Leigh Fermor, published in 1958. It covers his journey with his wife Joan and friend Xan Fielding around the Mani peninsula in southern Greece.

text:
# Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponnese

***Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponnese*** is a travel book by English author Patrick Leigh Fermor, published in 1958. It covers his journey with his wife Joan and friend Xan Fielding around the Mani peninsula in southern Greece.

## Travel

The book chronicles Leigh Fermor's travels around the Mani peninsula in southern mainland Greece. The region is typically viewed as inhospitable and isolated from much of the remainder of Greece due its harsh geography. The Taygetus mountains run down the middle of the peninsula, limiting most settlements to small villages on or near the coast. They begin near Kalamata, and then proceed south along the Mani coastline (mostly by boat or caique), ending the book in the town of Gytheon.

Leigh Fermor's book almost never mentions his travelling companions, and only rarely delves into first-person experiences. Much of the book concentrates on the history of the Maniots and of their larger place in Greek and European history; the middle portion of the book contains lengthy digressions on art history, icons, religion, and myth in Maniot society.

His future wife Joan accompanied him on the trip and took a number of photographs for the original version of the book.

The cover of the book was designed by John Craxton.

## Reception

*Mani* is sometimes listed as a companion volume to Leigh Fermor's book *Roumeli: Travels in Northern Greece*.

## Translation

It was translated into Greek by future prime minister Tzannis Tzannetakis while in internal exile imposed by the Greek military junta. The translation was revised after his release with Leigh Fermor who added a further chapter on olives.

## Later life

Patrick and Joan Leigh Fermor later settled in the Mani peninsula, living in a house near Kardamyli that the two designed and built.

## InfoBox

Mani
| First edition (UK) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Patrick Leigh Fermor |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Travel |
| Publisher | John Murray |
| Publication date | 1958 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 320 |


title: Ultimatum (The Office)

abstract: "Ultimatum" is the thirteenth episode of the seventh season of the American comedy television series The Office, and the show's 139th episode overall. Written by Carrie Kemper, and directed by David Rogers, the episode first aired in the United States on January 20, 2011 on NBC. The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees at the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictitious Dunder Mufflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael Scott attempts to court Holly Flax after her relationship with A.J. seemingly ends as a result of an ultimatum that he propose to her by the end of the year. Meanwhile, Pam Halpert starts a New Year's resolution initiative at the office, but her coworkers struggle to keep their resolutions or find motivation to do so. The episode achieved a viewership of 8.29 million during its initial airing in the United States, according to Nielsen Media Research. John Krasinski's Jim Halpert was only seen in the episode's cold open, and does not appear in the rest of the episode.

text:
# Ultimatum (The Office)

"**Ultimatum**" is the thirteenth episode of the seventh season of the American comedy television series *The Office*, and the show's 139th episode overall. Written by Carrie Kemper, and directed by David Rogers, the episode first aired in the United States on January 20, 2011 on NBC.

The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees at the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictitious Dunder Mufflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) attempts to court Holly Flax (Amy Ryan) after her relationship with A.J. (Rob Huebel) seemingly ends as a result of an ultimatum that he propose to her by the end of the year. Meanwhile, Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) starts a New Year's resolution initiative at the office, but her coworkers struggle to keep their resolutions or find motivation to do so.

The episode achieved a viewership of 8.29 million during its initial airing in the United States, according to Nielsen Media Research. John Krasinski's Jim Halpert was only seen in the episode's cold open, and does not appear in the rest of the episode.

## Synopsis

Michael Scott anticipates news regarding the status of Holly Flax and A.J.'s relationship, after Holly's ultimatum that A.J. propose to her by the end of the year. To prepare for either outcome, Michael fills a "happy box" with celebration treats and a "sad box" with consolation items, as well as two videos of himself to be used to calm himself down should he get too excited or too depressed. When Michael sees no ring on Holly's finger, he is at first ecstatic, and launches into celebration in his office. When he approaches Holly to talk, however, Holly receives a phone call from A.J., during which she tells him she loves him. Michael finds out later, through Phyllis Vance and Erin Hannon, that Holly caved on the ultimatum and that she and A.J. are still together.

Pam Halpert, inspired by the cheerful office administrator from Vance Refrigeration, puts up a New Year's Resolution board in the office so everyone can post their resolutions. These include Michael resolving to floss, Kevin Malone resolving to eat more vegetables, Ryan Howard resolving to "live life like it's an art project," and Creed Bratton resolving to do a cartwheel. When Dwight Schrute reveals his resolution is to "meet a loose woman", he goes out on the town along with fellow single men Darryl Philbin and Andy Bernard, in the hopes of meeting some women. Darryl suggests they try a bookstore, actually wanting to fulfill his own resolution to "read more" by purchasing an e-book reader.

Still upset about Holly, Michael interrupts Pam's resolution-board meeting to chastise his employees for giving up on their resolutions, taking out his frustration on Kevin by force-feeding him broccoli as well as berating Creed for not attempting a cartwheel. Holly sees the parallel Michael is making between these abandoned resolutions and her own abandoned ultimatum, and abruptly leaves the room, visibly upset. Michael attempts to apologize to Holly, but she declines to talk. Michael has her join Kevin and Creed in his office so he can apologize to the two of them, simultaneously apologizing to Holly indirectly. Holly is later caught by the cameras telling A.J. that she wants to take a break from their relationship at least until she returns to Nashua.

As the new year's resolutions get out of hand, Pam tosses the resolution board into a dumpster, saying she has learned her lesson.

## Production

The episode was written by Carrie Kemper, the sister of cast member Ellie Kemper, her first writing credit on the series. It was directed by David Rogers, his third directing credit; Rogers also serves as an editor for the series. Jim is only present during the cold open. He is then absent without explanation for the rest of the episode. In a deleted scene, his voice is heard when he talks to Pam on the phone as he is driving to make a sale. In real life, John Krasinski was filming *Big Miracle* in Alaska during filming of the episode.

## Reception

In its original American broadcast on January 20, 2011, "Ultimatum" was viewed by an estimated 8.29 million viewers and received a 4.5 rating/12% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, reaching a season-high for the demo and increasing in more than a million viewers from the previous episode. In Canada, the episode was watched by 212,000 viewers, the lowest watched program of the night.

## InfoBox

| "**Ultimatum**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *The Office* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 7<br>Episode 13 |
| Directed by | David Rogers |
| Written by | Carrie Kemper |
| Featured music |  |
| Cinematography by | Matt Sohn |
| Editing by | David Rogers |
| Production code | 713 |
| Original air date | January 20, 2011 (2011-01-20) |
|
|


title: Ultimatum (2009 film)

abstract: Ultimatum is a 2009 French-Israeli-Italian drama film co-written and directed by Alain Tasma, starring Gaspard Ulliel and Jasmine Trinca. The film was released in France on 30 September 2009 by Mars Distribution.

text:
# Ultimatum (2009 film)

***Ultimatum*** is a 2009 French-Israeli-Italian drama film co-written and directed by Alain Tasma, starring Gaspard Ulliel and Jasmine Trinca. The film was released in France on 30 September 2009 by Mars Distribution.

## Plot

1990, New Year's Eve; the United Nations calls on Iraq to withdraw its soldiers from Kuwait on pain of NATO military intervention. In the West, people imagine the possibility of a third world war, while in Jerusalem, there are concerns about chemical and biological weapons.

Luisa, a 23-year-old Franco-Italian, studies ancient history in Jerusalem. Nathanaël, also 23, is a painter and works as a security guard in East Jerusalem. As Saddam Hussein threatens to launch SCUD missiles at Israel, the young couple deals with the ramifications of world events on their relationship.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Ultimatum | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Alain Tasma |
| Screenplay by |  |
| Based on | En retard pour la guerre
by Valérie Zenatti |
| Produced by | * Thomas Anargyros * Édouard de Vésinne |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Dominique Bouilleret |
| Edited by | Marie-Sophie Dubus |
| Music by | Cyril Morin |
| Production
companies |  |
| Distributed by | Mars Distribution |
| Release date | * 30 September 2009 (2009-09-30) (France) |
| Running time | 102 minutes |
| Countries |  |
| Languages |  |


title: Ulrich Walser House

abstract: The Ulrich Walser House is a house located at 711 North 2nd Street in Alma, Wisconsin, United States. It was constructed in 1895 by Ulrich Walser and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Ulrich Walser, a prominent builder, lived in this house until his death in 1950. It was constructed in Queen Anne style. The building is currently a private residence.

text:
# Ulrich Walser House

The **Ulrich Walser House** is a house located at 711 North 2nd Street in Alma, Wisconsin, United States. It was constructed in 1895 by Ulrich Walser and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Ulrich Walser, a prominent builder, lived in this house until his death in 1950. It was constructed in Queen Anne style. The building is currently a private residence.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ulrich Walser House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Ulrich Walser House | |
| Location | 711 N. 2nd St.<br>Alma, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 44°19′34″N 91°55′02″W / 44.32611°N 91.91722°W / 44.32611; -91.91722 |
| Built | 1895 |
| Built by | Ulrich Walser |
| Architectural style | Queen Anne/Stick Style |
| MPS | Alma MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 82000638 |
| Added to NRHP | May 13, 1982 |


title: Mand Bandu Kadim

abstract: Mand Bandu Kadim is a village in Sultanpur Lodhi tehsil in Kapurthala district of Punjab, India. It is located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the city of Sultanpur Lodhi, 35 kilometres (22 mi) away from district headquarter Kapurthala. Kadim is Arabic word for old. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).

text:
# Mand Bandu Kadim

**Mand Bandu Kadim** is a village in Sultanpur Lodhi tehsil in Kapurthala district of Punjab, India. It is located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the city of Sultanpur Lodhi, 35 kilometres (22 mi) away from district headquarter Kapurthala. Kadim is Arabic word for old. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).

## List of cities near the village

## Air travel connectivity

The closest International airport to the village is Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport.

## InfoBox

| Mand Bandu Kadim | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Mand Bandu KadimLocation in Punjab, IndiaMand Bandu KadimMand Bandu Kadim (India) | |
| Coordinates: 31°14′46″N 75°05′51″E / 31.245987°N 75.097615°E / 31.245987; 75.097615 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Kapurthala |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati raj (India) |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Other spoken | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 144626 |
| Telephone code | 01822 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Vehicle registration | PB-09 |
| Website | kapurthala.gov.in |


title: Man of the Forest (1926 film)

abstract: Man of the Forest is a 1926 American silent Western film directed by John Waters and written by Zane Grey, Max Marcin and Fred Myton. The film stars Jack Holt, Georgia Hale, El Brendel, Warner Oland, Tom Kennedy, George Fawcett and Ivan Christy. The film was released on December 27, 1926, by Paramount Pictures. Henry Hathaway directed a remake in 1933 starring Randolph Scott, with Scott darkening his hair and wearing a moustache to match stock footage of Holt playing the part. Noah Beery Sr. portrayed Warner Oland's part as Clint Beasley in the remake while Tom Kennedy reprised his role as the Sheriff.

text:
# Man of the Forest (1926 film)

***Man of the Forest*** is a 1926 American silent Western film directed by John Waters and written by Zane Grey, Max Marcin and Fred Myton. The film stars Jack Holt, Georgia Hale, El Brendel, Warner Oland, Tom Kennedy, George Fawcett and Ivan Christy. The film was released on December 27, 1926, by Paramount Pictures.

Henry Hathaway directed a remake in 1933 starring Randolph Scott, with Scott darkening his hair and wearing a moustache to match stock footage of Holt playing the part. Noah Beery Sr. portrayed Warner Oland's part as Clint Beasley in the remake while Tom Kennedy reprised his role as the Sheriff.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Man of the Forest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | John Waters |
| Screenplay by | Zane Grey
Max Marcin
Fred Myton |
| Produced by | Jesse L. Lasky
Adolph Zukor |
| Starring | Jack Holt
Georgia Hale
El Brendel
Warner Oland
Tom Kennedy
George Fawcett
Ivan Christy |
| Cinematography | Charles Edgar Schoenbaum |
| Production
company | Famous Players–Lasky Corporation |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * December 27, 1926 (1926-12-27) |
| Running time | 65 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Man of the Forest (novel)

abstract: Man of the Forest was a 1920 novel by Zane Grey.

text:
# Man of the Forest (novel)

***Man of the Forest*** was a 1920 novel by Zane Grey.

## Adaptations

The novel was adapted three times into film

## InfoBox

Man of the Forest
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Zane Grey |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Western |
| Publisher | Harper & Brothers, Grosset & Dunlap |
| Publication date | 1920 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 383 |
| LC Class | PS3513 .R6545 M36 |


title: Man of the Forest (story)

abstract: Man of the Forest Mikheil Javakhishvili story. First published in 1923. This short story is the writer's first work of "The second period of the creativity". One day Paolo Iashvili told an amazing story, which later laid the basis for this story.

text:
# Man of the Forest (story)

**Man of the Forest** (Georgian: ტყის კაცი; *Tkis kaci*) Mikheil Javakhishvili story. First published in 1923. This short story is the writer's first work of "The second period of the creativity". One day Paolo Iashvili told an amazing story, which later laid the basis for this story.

## Characters

* "Pavle" - the main character. Forest man. Mikheil Javakhishvili's father was a prototype of the Pavle.
* "Nika" - Pavle Child.
* "Gogia" - Pavle Child.
* "Mate Narikashvili" - the church watchman.
* "Naskhida" - Pavle village.
* "Pelo" - Pavle's wife.
* "Priest" - he cures Nick.

## InfoBox

Man of the Forest
| Author | Mikheil Javakhishvili |
| --- | --- |
| Original title | *ტყის კაცი* |
| Language | Georgian |
| Genre | Philosophical fiction<br>Tragedy |
| Publication date | 1923 |
| Publication place | Georgia |
| Media type | Print (hardback) |
| Pages | 50 pages |


title: Unemployment Action Center

abstract: The Unemployment Action Center, sometimes abbreviated as UAC, is a non-profit organization run by students of nine law schools in the New York City area. The purpose of UAC is to provide free legal representation to people who were denied unemployment benefits by the New York State Department of Labor, or against appeals by employers from an initial determination granting unemployment insurance.

text:
# Unemployment Action Center

The **Unemployment Action Center**, sometimes abbreviated as **UAC**, is a non-profit organization run by students of nine law schools in the New York City area. The purpose of UAC is to provide free legal representation to people who were denied unemployment benefits by the New York State Department of Labor, or against appeals by employers from an initial determination granting unemployment insurance.

## History

UAC was founded in 1981 as a clinical program at New York University School of Law and now adds over 100 participants each year. Law student volunteers have represented thousands of claimants, and contribute their efforts without compensation.

In 1985, The UAC was incorporated as a non-profit organization.

## Participating law schools

(in alphabetical order)

## Similar organizations

The University of Connecticut School of Law has a center modeled on the New York example that was established in 2002.


title: Unemployment Convention, 1919

abstract:
Unemployment Convention, 1919 is an International Labour Organization Convention. It was established in 1919:
Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the "question of preventing or providing against unemployment",...

text:
# Unemployment Convention, 1919

**Unemployment Convention, 1919** is an International Labour Organization Convention.

It was established in 1919:

> Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the "question of preventing or providing against unemployment",...

## Ratifications

As of 2013, the convention had been ratified by 57 states. Of the ratifying states, three have subsequently denounced the treaty.

| Country | Date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Argentina | November 30, 1933 |
| Australia | June 15, 1972 |
| Austria | June 12, 1924 |
| Belgium | August 25, 1930 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | June 2, 1993 |
| Bulgaria | February 14, 1922 | denounced July 20, 1960 |
| Central African Republic | June 9, 1964 |
| Chile | May 31, 1933 |
| Colombia | June 20, 1933 |
| Cyprus | October 8, 1965 |
| Denmark | October 13, 1921 |
| Djibouti | August 3, 1978 |
| Ecuador | February 5, 1962 |
| Egypt | July 3, 1954 |
| Estonia | December 20, 1922 |
| Ethiopia | June 11, 1966 |
| Finland | October 19, 1921 |
| France | August 25, 1925 |
| Germany | June 6, 1925 |
| Greece | November 19, 1920 |
| Guyana | June 8, 1966 |
| Hungary | March 1, 1928 |
| Iceland | February 17, 1958 |
| India | July 14, 1921 | denounced April 16, 1938 |
| Ireland | September 4, 1925 |
| Italy | April 10, 1923 |
| Japan | November 23, 1922 |
| Kenya | January 13, 1964 |
| Luxembourg | April 16, 1928 |
| Malta | January 4, 1965 |
| Mauritius | December 2, 1969 |
| Montenegro | June 3, 2006 |
| Morocco | October 14, 1960 |
| Myanmar | July 14, 1921 |
| Netherlands | February 6, 1932 |
| New Zealand | March 29, 1938 |
| Nicaragua | April 12, 1934 |
| North Macedonia | November 17, 1991 |
| Norway | November 23, 1921 |
| Papua New Guinea | May 1, 1976 |
| Poland | June 21, 1924 |
| Romania | June 13, 1921 |
| Serbia | November 24, 2000 | ratified as Serbia and Montenegro |
| Seychelles | February 6, 1978 |
| Slovenia | May 29, 1992 |
| South Africa | February 20, 1924 |
| Spain | July 4, 1923 |
| South Korea | November 7, 2011 |
| Sudan | June 18, 1957 |
| Sweden | September 27, 1921 |
| Switzerland | October 9, 1922 |
| Syrian Arab Republic | July 26, 1960 | As the United Arab Republic |
| Turkey | July 14, 1950 |
| Ukraine | May 16, 1994 |
| United Kingdom | July 14, 1921 |
| Uruguay | June 6, 1933 | denounced November 11, 1982 |
| Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela | November 20, 1944 |

## InfoBox

Unemployment Convention, 1919
| C2 | |
| --- | --- |
| ILO Convention | |
| Date of adoption | November 28, 1919 |
| Date in force | July 14, 1921 |
| Classification | Unemployment |
| Subject | Employment policy and Promotion |
| Previous | Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919 |
| Next | Maternity Protection Convention, 1919 |


title: Umudlu (Sarov), Tartar

abstract: Umudly is a village in the Tartar Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Sarov.

text:
# Umudlu (Sarov), Tartar

40°27′24″N 46°55′26″E / 40.45667°N 46.92389°E / 40.45667; 46.92389

**Umudly** (also, **Umutly**) is a village in the Tartar Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Sarov.

## InfoBox

| Umudlu | |
| --- | --- |
| UmudluUmudlu | |
| Coordinates: 40°27′24″N 46°55′26″E / 40.45667°N 46.92389°E / 40.45667; 46.92389 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Tartar |
| Municipality | Sarov |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Management information base

abstract: A management information base (MIB) is a database used for managing the entities in a communication network. Most often associated with the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), the term is also used more generically in contexts such as in OSI/ISO Network management model. While intended to refer to the complete collection of management information available on an entity, it is often used to refer to a particular subset, more correctly referred to as MIB-module. Objects in the MIB are defined using a subset of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) called "Structure of Management Information Version 2 (SMIv2)" RFC 2578. The software that performs the parsing is a MIB compiler. The database is hierarchical (tree-structured) and each entry is addressed through an object identifier (OID). Internet documentation RFCs discuss MIBs, notably RFC 1155, "Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP based internets", and its two companions, RFC 1213, "Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets", and RFC 1157, "A Simple Network Management Protocol".

text:
# Management information base

A **management information base** (**MIB**) is a database used for managing the entities in a communication network. Most often associated with the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), the term is also used more generically in contexts such as in OSI/ISO Network management model. While intended to refer to the complete collection of management information available on an entity, it is often used to refer to a particular subset, more correctly referred to as MIB-module.

Objects in the MIB are defined using a subset of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) called "Structure of Management Information Version 2 (SMIv2)" RFC 2578. The software that performs the parsing is a MIB compiler.

The database is hierarchical (tree-structured) and each entry is addressed through an object identifier (OID). Internet documentation RFCs discuss MIBs, notably RFC 1155, "Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP based internets", and its two companions, RFC 1213, "Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets", and RFC 1157, "A Simple Network Management Protocol".

## ASN.1

Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) is a standard and flexible notation that describes data structures for representing, encoding, transmitting, and decoding data. It provides a set of formal rules for describing the structure of objects that are independent of machine-specific encoding techniques and is a precise, formal notation that removes ambiguities.

ASN.1 is a joint ISO and ITU-T standard, originally defined in 1984 as part of CCITT X.409:1984. ASN.1 moved to its own standard, X.208, in 1988 due to its broader applicability. The substantially revised 1995 version is covered by the X.680 standards series.

An adapted subset of ASN.1, Structure of Management Information (SMI), is specified for use in SNMP to define sets of related MIB objects; these sets are termed MIB modules.

## MIB hierarchy

The MIB hierarchy can be depicted as a tree with a nameless root, the levels of which are assigned by different organizations. The top-level MIB OIDs belong to different standards organizations, while lower-level object IDs are allocated by associated organizations. This model permits management across all layers of the OSI reference model, extending into applications such as databases, email, and the Java reference model, as MIBs can be defined for all such area-specific information and operations.

A managed object (sometimes called a MIB object or object) is one of any number of specific characteristics of a managed device. Managed objects are made up of one or more object instances, which are essentially variables. An OID uniquely identifies a managed object in the MIB hierarchy.

Two types of managed objects exist:

* Scalar objects define a single object instance.
* Tabular objects define multiple related object instances that are grouped in MIB tables.

An example of a managed object is *`atInput`*, which is a scalar object that contains a single object instance, the integer value that indicates the total number of input AppleTalk packets on a router interface.

### SNMPv1 and SMI-specific data types

The first version of the Structure of Management Information (SMIv1) specifies the use of a number of SMI-specific data types, which are divided into two categories: simple data types and application-wide data types.

#### Simple data types

Three simple data types are defined in the SNMPv1 SMI:

* The *integer* data type is a signed integer in the range of −231 to 231−1.
* *Octet strings* are ordered sequences of 0 to 65,535 octets.
* *Object IDs* represent object identifiers that are allocated according to the rules specified in ASN.1.

#### Application-wide data types

The following application-wide data types exist in the SNMPv1 SMI:

* *Network addresses* represent addresses from a particular protocol family. SMIv1 supports only 32-bit (IPv4) addresses. SMIv2 uses Octet Strings to represent addresses generically, and thus are usable in SMIv1 too. SMIv1 had an explicit IPv4 address datatype.
* *Counters* are non-negative integers that increase until they reach a maximum value and then roll over to zero. SNMPv1 specifies a counter size of 32 bits.
* *Gauges* are non-negative integers that can increase or decrease between specified minimum and maximum values. Whenever the system property represented by the gauge is outside of that range, the value of the gauge itself will vary no further than the respective maximum or minimum, as specified in RFC 2578.
* *Time ticks* represent time since some event, measured in hundredths of a second.
* *Opaques* represent an arbitrary encoding that is used to pass arbitrary information strings that do not conform to the strict data typing used by the SMI.
* *Integers* represent signed integer-valued information. This data type redefines the integer data type, which has arbitrary precision in ASN.1 but bounded precision in the SMI.
* *Unsigned integers* represent unsigned integer-valued information, which is useful when values are always non-negative. This data type redefines the integer data type, which has arbitrary precision in ASN.1 but bounded precision in the SMI.

### SNMPv1 MIB tables

The SNMPv1 SMI defines highly structured tables that are used to group the instances of a tabular object (that is, an object that contains multiple variables). Tables are composed of zero or more rows, which are indexed in a way that allows an SNMP manager to retrieve or alter an entire row with a single `Get`, `GetNext`, or `Set` command.

### SMIv2

The second version of the SMI (SMIv2) is described in RFC 2578 and RFC 2579. It enhances and adds to the SMIv1-specific data types, such as including bit strings, network addresses, and counters. Bit strings are defined only in SMIv2 and comprise zero or more named bits that specify a value. Network addresses represent an address from a particular protocol family. Counters are non-negative integers that increase until they reach a maximum value and then return to zero. In SMIv1, a 32-bit counter size is specified. In SMIv2, 32-bit and 64-bit counters are defined.

SMIv2 also specifies information modules, which specify a group of related definitions. Three types of SMI information modules exist: MIB modules, compliance statements, and capability statements.

* MIB modules contain definitions of interrelated managed objects.
* Compliance statements provide a systematic way to describe a group of managed objects that must be implemented for conformance to a standard.
* Capability statements are used to indicate the precise level of support that an agent claims with respect to a MIB group. An NMS can adjust its behavior toward agents according to the capabilities statements associated with each agent.

## Updating MIB modules

MIB modules are occasionally updated to add new functionality, remove ambiguities and fix defects. These changes are made in conformance to section 10 of RFC 2578 and section 5 of RFC 2579. An example of a MIB module that has been updated many times is the important set of objects that was originally defined in RFC 1213, also known as "MIB-II". This MIB module has since been split up and can be found in MIB modules such as RFC 4293 "Management Information Base for the Internet Protocol (IP)", RFC 4022 "Management Information Base for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)", RFC 4113 "Management Information Base for the User Datagram Protocol (UDP)", RFC 2863 "The Interfaces Group MIB" and RFC 3418 "Management Information Base (MIB) for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)".

## Example

Example of MIB for SNMP RFC 3418

```
└── SNMPv2-MIB(.1.3.6.1.2.1)
  └── system(.1)
    ├── sysDescr (.1)
    ├── sysObjectID (.2)
    ├── sysUpTime (.3)
    ├── sysName (.5)
    ├── sysContact (.4)
    ├── sysLocation (.6)
    ├── sysServices (.7)
    ├── sysORLastChange (.8)
    └── sysORTable (.9)
      └── sysOREntry (.1)
        ├── sysORIndex (.1)
        ├── sysORID (.2)
        ├── sysORDescr (.3)
        └── sysORUpTime (.4)

```

To call the value of sysName one would use:

```
# snmpwalk 10.32.13.36 -v2c -c public sysName
SNMPv2-MIB::sysName.0 = STRING: SOME_HOSTNAME

```
or
```
# snmpwalk 10.32.13.36 -v2c -c public .1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5
SNMPv2-MIB::sysName.0 = STRING: SOME_HOSTNAME

```
or
```
# snmpwalk 10.32.13.36 -v2c -c public .1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0
SNMPv2-MIB::sysName.0 = STRING: SOME_HOSTNAME

```

## Index

There are a large number of MIBs defined by standards organizations like the IETF, private enterprises and other entities.

### IETF maintained

There are 318 RFCs in the first 5000 RFCs from the IETF that contain MIBs. This list is a mere fraction of the MIBs that have been written:

* **SNMP - SMI**: RFC 1155 — Defines the Structure of Management Information (SMI)
* **MIB-I**: RFC 1156 — Historically used with CMOT, not to be used with SNMP
* **SNMPv2-SMI**: RFC 2578 — Structure of Management Information Version 2 (SMIv2)
* **MIB-II**: RFC 1213 — Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets
* **SNMPv2-MIB**: RFC 3418 — Management Information Base (MIB) for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
* **TCP-MIB**: RFC 4022 — Management Information Base for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
* **UDP-MIB**: RFC 4113 — Management Information Base for the User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
* **IP-MIB**: RFC 4293 — Management Information Base for the Internet Protocol (IP)
* **IF-MIB**: RFC 2863 — The Interfaces Group MIB
* **ENTITY-MIB**: RFC 4133 — Entity MIB (Version 3)
* **ENTITY-STATE-MIB**: RFC 4268 — Entity State MIB
* **ALARM-MIB**: RFC 3877 — Alarm Management Information Base (MIB)
* Fibre Channel
    + **FC-MGMT-MIB**: RFC 4044 Fibre Channel Management MIB
    + **FIBRE-CHANNEL-FE-MIB**: RFC 2837 Definitions of Managed Objects for the Fabric Element in Fibre Channel Standard
* **HPR-IP-MIB**: RFC 2584 — Definitions of Managed Objects for APPN/HPR in IP Networks

### IEEE maintained

The IETF and IEEE have agreed to move MIBs relating to IEEE work (for example Ethernet and bridging) to their respective IEEE workgroup. This is in process and a few items are complete.

1. *Recommendation X.680*, ITU
2. *MIBs*, IEEE 802

### MIB browsers


title: Manauara Esporte Clube

abstract: Manauara Esporte Clube, commonly known as Manauara, is a Brazilian football club based in Manaus, Amazonas.

text:
# Manauara Esporte Clube

**Manauara Esporte Clube**, commonly known as **Manauara**, is a Brazilian football club based in Manaus, Amazonas.

## History

The club was founded in 2020 and won the second level of Amazonas in 2021. In the 2023 season, qualified for the first time for the Campeonato Brasileiro Série D.

## Honours

## InfoBox

Manauara
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Manauara Esporte Clube |
| Nickname(s) | *Orange Robot* |
| Founded | 30 November 2020 (2020-11-30) |
| Ground | Estádio Municipal Carlos Zamith
Arena da Amazônia |
| President | Marcus Souza |
| Head coach | Christian de Souza |
| League | Campeonato Brasileiro Série D
Campeonato Amazonense |
| 2023 | Amazonense, 2nd of 9 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Unica (river)

abstract: The Unica is a river in Slovenia. It starts as the underground confluence of the Pivka and the Rak in Planinska jama. This is the largest confluence of underground rivers in Europe. 300 meters (980 ft) further, the Unica emerges near Planina. It flows north through the Planina Karst Field through the municipalities of Postojna, Cerknica, and Logatec, where it returns underground. It then flows for about another 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) underground, emerging 142 meters (466 ft) lower at multiple springs near Vrhnika to form the Ljubljanica River.

text:
# Unica (river)

The **Unica** is a river in Slovenia. It starts as the underground confluence of the Pivka and the Rak in Planinska jama. This is the largest confluence of underground rivers in Europe. 300 meters (980 ft) further, the Unica emerges near Planina. It flows north through the Planina Karst Field (*Planinsko Polje*) through the municipalities of Postojna, Cerknica, and Logatec, where it returns underground. It then flows for about another 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) underground, emerging 142 meters (466 ft) lower at multiple springs near Vrhnika to form the Ljubljanica River.

## InfoBox

| Unica | |
| --- | --- |
| Unica flows out of the cave | |
| Location | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Underground confluence of the Pivka and the Rak in Planina Cave |
| coordinates | 45°49′11.17″N 14°14′46.51″E / 45.8197694°N 14.2462528°E / 45.8197694; 14.2462528 |
| elevation | 500 m (1,600 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Ljubljanica near Vrhnika |
| elevation | 308 m (1,010 ft) (underground) |
| Length | 20 km (12 mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| average | 13 m3/s (460 cu ft/s) (at the source in Planina Cave), 24 m3/s (850 cu ft/s) (at the outflow in Vrhnika) |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | LjubljanicaSavaDanubeBlack Sea |


title: Manolo Falcó

abstract: Manuel Falcó y Girod, 13th Marquess of Castel-Moncayo, GE, best known as Manolo Falcó, is a Spanish peer and banker. He is the current global head of banking, capital markets and advisory at Citigroup, a position he has held since September 2018.

text:
# Manolo Falcó

**Manuel Falcó y Girod, 13th Marquess of Castel-Moncayo**, GE (born April 30, 1964), best known as **Manolo Falcó**, is a Spanish peer and banker. He is the current global head of banking, capital markets and advisory at Citigroup, a position he has held since September 2018.

## Family

Falcó was born in Woodland, California, to one of the most important families in the peerage of Spain. His father, Carlos Falcó, 5th Marquess of Griñón, was at the time a graduate student at the University of California, Davis, where he met Manuel's mother, Jeannine Girod. The couple married in 1963.

Through his father, Falcó is a grandchild of the 9th Duke of Montellano and a great-grandchild of the 8th Duke of Arión, who was President of Club Puerta de Hierro. He is also a descendant of *El Gran Capitán*, amongst others.

As Carlos' eldest child, Manuel inherited the Marquessate of Castel-Moncayo (Grandee of Spain) in September 2020.

## Career

Falcó's banking career at Citi spans more than 20 years. Prior to it, he began working for S.G. Warburg in Madrid, followed by London. After 10 years at the firm, he joined Citi in Madrid and became head of operations for Spain and head of investment banking for Spain and Portugal. He then moved back to London to lead the EMEA investment banking division of Citi, and in September 2018, he became the global head of that branch.

## Titles and styles

### Titles

### Styles

* 10 August 1964  20 May 1981: Don Manuel Falcó y Girod
* 9 March 1978  4 September 2020: *The Most Excellent* Don Manuel Falcó y Girod
* 4 September 2020  present: *The Most Excellent* The Marquess of Castel-Moncayo


title: Manolo García

abstract: Manuel García García-Pérez (*Poblenou, Barcelona, is a Spanish singer and painter. His first LPs were recorded with the rock bands Los Rápidos, Los Burros and El Último de la Fila. His singing style is a mixture of pop rock, flamenco and Arabic music. Today, García continues to have a successful solo career. Manolo became famous as the frontman of the Rock group "El Último de La Fila", during the eighties and nineties. His fanbase extends not only to Spain but to most of Latin America and Spanish speakers in the USA. Manolo is an example of an integral artist in Spain and Spanish speaking America.

text:
# Manolo García

**Manuel García García-Pérez** (\*Poblenou, Barcelona, is a Spanish singer and painter. His first LPs were recorded with the rock bands Los Rápidos, Los Burros and El Último de la Fila. His singing style is a mixture of pop rock, flamenco and Arabic music. Today, García continues to have a successful solo career.

Manolo became famous as the frontman of the Rock group "El Último de La Fila" (The Last In Line), during the eighties and nineties. His fanbase extends not only to Spain but to most of Latin America and Spanish speakers in the USA. Manolo is an example of an integral artist in Spain and Spanish speaking America.

## Albums

* *Arena en los Bolsillos* (BMG, 1998)
* *Nunca el Tiempo es Perdido* (BMG, 2001)
* *Para que no se duerman mis sentidos* (BMG, 2004)
* *Saldremos a la lluvia* (BMG, 2008)
* *Los días intactos* (BMG, 2011)
* *Todo es ahora* (BMG, 2014)
* *Geometría del rayo* (Sony, 2018)
* *Acústico acústico acústico (En directo)* (Sony, 2020)
* *Mi Vida en Marte* (Sony, 2022)
* *Desatinos desplumados* (Sony, 2022)

http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/12/09/eps/1418127291\_106246.html


title: Mangamahu

abstract: Mangamahu is a hill-country farming and forestry community in the middle reaches of the Whangaehu River valley, in the Whanganui District and Rangitikei District of Manawatū-Whanganui, New Zealand. It is centred on the village of Mangamahu, which is situated on river flats where the Mangamahu stream flows into the Whangaehu river. Mangamahu has a primary school which has been open since 1894 and a War Memorial Hall built in 1952. The hotel and the general store at Mangamahu closed in the early 1970s due to improved roads, and a decline in wool and meat prices. Farmland on poorer hill soils at the lower end of the valley then began a conversion to pine plantations. The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "gentle stream" for Mangamahu.

text:
# Mangamahu

**Mangamahu** is a hill-country farming and forestry community in the middle reaches of the Whangaehu River valley, in the Whanganui District and Rangitikei District of Manawatū-Whanganui, New Zealand. It is centred on the village of Mangamahu, which is situated on river flats where the Mangamahu stream flows into the Whangaehu river. Mangamahu has a primary school (5 - 10 children) which has been open since 1894 and a War Memorial Hall built in 1952.

The hotel and the general store at Mangamahu closed in the early 1970s due to improved roads, and a decline in wool and meat prices. Farmland on poorer hill soils at the lower end of the valley then began a conversion to pine plantations.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "gentle stream" for *Mangamahu*.

## History

### Pre-European history

The Mangamahu river flats were formed by huge mud slides or "lahars" (c. 1200 and 1520 AD) flowing down the Whangaehu river from the crater lake of Mount Ruapehu.

The river flat on which Mangamahu School is situated is the site of an old Ngati Apa Maori camp-site named *Kohanga.* This was occupied in summer by bird-snaring and eel-trapping groups from further down the Whangaehu, and also used as a way station by those travelling the trail up the ridge between the Whangaehu river and Mangamahu stream, from the fortified pa at *Manumanu* (near the mouth of the Mangawhero river) to Karioi, and then across the Rangipo Desert and Lake Taupo to the Waikato and Rotorua.

Kohanga and Manumanu were destroyed during the musket wars in 1840 and 1843, and most of the surviving inhabitants of the upper valley moved west to Parikino on the Whanganui River.

### European settlement

British colonists began buying the land in the 1870s. James MacDonald was the first white settler, introducing sheep to his clearing in the bush at 'Glenaladale' in 1872. His wife joined him there in 1875.

During the 1880s the old Maori trail through Mangamahu was developed into a bench track for pack horses (Hales Track). It followed the Whangaehu river flats to the Mangamahu Stream, then went up the northern ridgeline of the Mangamahu Stream to Bald Hill, and on to Karioi. It gave settlers access to the nearer forest-covered hills of the area, (now Ruakiwi, Inzevar, Aranui and Mt View farms) and enabled packhorses to bring wool from sheep grazing on the high back-country tussock lands at Ngamatea and Waiouru. From Waiouru the trail went on to Moawhango and then to Napier.

In 1879 Arthur Ellis and Allan Robinson bought 140 hectares on the site of the present Mangamahu village. To assist the many settlers and labourers moving up and down Hales Track, they developed a supply store to which a post office was attached in 1889. Then in 1891 they built an accommodation house, and by 1894 this was a licensed 12-bedroom hotel. A blacksmith's shop and saddlery were added and served customers as far away as Taihape and Raetihi.

In 1891, work began on widening Hales Track into a wagon road, The Ridge Road. From 1894 to 1908, Mangamahu village was a busy district supply centre with wagons moving up the Ridge Road to farms and railway construction sites in the central high country as far away as Ngamatapouri and the Waimarino, and with travellers going across the island from Wanganui to Napier.

The tracks and roads in the hills behind the village were still very difficult to negotiate and Royal Mail contractor Annie Shaw (Barb Wire Annie) became a well known for her grit in getting her pack-horses delivering the mail across the hills in the winter mud from 1904 to 1910.

Then in 1908 the Main Trunk Railway line through the centre of the island was completed and Mangamahu's importance as a transport hub greatly shrunk. The Ridge Road was closed in 1922. Access to Ruakiwi, Inzevar, Aranui and Mt View farms was changed to the new "River Road" that had been cut out of the steep papa bluffs to follow the river. It is now known as the Upper Whangaehu Valley Road. Farm houses and woolsheds up on the cold windy ridges were dismantled and rebuilt down by the river. The macrocarpa tree shelter belts around the old farm houses are now significant landmarks.

### 20th century

Merv Addenbrooke was born at Mangamahu in 1901. He worked as a bushman, fencer and shearer on local farms there until 1930. Merv's 1991 autobiography *Home from the Hill* (in NZ public libraries and also online) has detailed anecdotes about his childhood and farm-working days in Mangamahu between 1905 and 1930. In 1930 Merv married and moved to a dairy farm at Putaruru. He died in 1993.

By 1945, Mangamahu village had a school (with 12 pupils), general store/post office, a hotel, a bus and taxi service, a general carrier and a timber mill. In the surrounding district there were farmers, shepherds, fencers, roadmen, bridge builders, itinerant shearers and scrub-cutters. In the 1940s, most of the scrub-cutters were middle-aged Catholic men who could not get a divorce, and who wanted to disappear from sight. But by 1948, the first Fijian Indians scrub-cutters had arrived.

The dusty corrugated gravel road to Wanganui was a boneshaking one-hour journey, while the River Road, from Mangamahu to Mount View, was narrow and winding with steep bluffs and many slips in winter. Not many people had cars, and gathering at the Mangamahu store each evening at 5pm to meet Tommy Thompson's bus was an important social gathering.

There were many sporting activities, especially rugby, golf and pony club, but also tennis, cricket and badminton. The rifle shooting club that had flourished in the 1920s and 1930s had died out, but pig hunting was still popular.

The Tangiwai disaster greatly affected Mangamahu during the Christmas week of 1953. A lahar down the Whangaehu river from the Mt Ruapehu crater lake reached Mangamahu at 7am on Christmas morning. Wreckage of a passenger train and dozens of bodies were in the muddy flow. Over the next four weeks, local settlers recovered the bodies of about sixty victims from out of the river gorges near Mangamahu.

In 1951 the first topdressing planes arrived, spreading super-phosphate to make more grass grow on the steep hills of the sheep-farms. Not much fertilizer at first, but by 1960 the local carrier was carting 2000 tonne a year to the various airstrips in the district. The topdressing enabled much more wool and sheep-meat to be produced, and Mangamahu bard John Archer describes the unexpected social consequences.

> The valley grew so wealthy, from the super-pilots' loads
>
> The farmers all bought big new motor cars,
>
> and they tar-sealed our back-country roads.
>
> The farmers' wives drove out every day,
>
> to the big bright shops in town -
>
> And the Mangamahu store went bankrupt,
>
> the Mangamahu pub closed down.

In 1973 the price of oil skyrocketed, and this was followed by a reform government that abolished farm subsidies that had encouraged farmers to produce more than the market could absorb. Sheep farming became uneconomic on the more marginal dissected slip-prone hills in the middle of the valley, and "Queen Street farmers", investors from Auckland, bought up thousands of hectares to plant pine plantations. The pine trees greatly reduced erosion of the soft soil forming the steep hills in the Mangamahu valleys.

Massey University lecturer Paul Kaplan headed a team of six researchers who interviewed nearly every adult in Mangamahu to find out how social conditions affected farm production. Two findings of his made the national news. He discovered that when Mangamahu farmers reached their early fifties, many did things like upgrading their farmhouse kitchens, while decreasing active involvement in managing their farms, instead of getting out onto the hills and increasing production.

So to maintain productivity, said Kaplan, the farmer's oldest son ideally needed to take over management of the family farm ideally in their 20s or early 30s (many of the young women had left the valley and usually did not inherit, or were involved in the management of the family farm). The farmer could then trust his son with 'the chequebook,' and the energetic young man would spend the winter on the hill-tops improving the land.

The 1989 comedy *Came a Hot Friday* is about two 1949 con-men had some woolshed and river scenes filmed at Mangamahu. A suspension bridge was specially built over the Whangaehu River at Tokorangi farm for a car crash at the end of the film.

In 1991 Murray George Rabel undertook an economic study of "The Impact on Farmers of Changes in Rural Servicing Infrastructure".

### 21st century

After the downturn in 1973, former sheep paddocks began to be planted in pines, and a corresponding decline in the output of fat lambs, wethers, wool and cattle from the valley. By the 1990s, huge numbers of pine trees had been planted. Consequently, there were fewer heavy truck-and-trailer journeys on the valley roads, and road-maintenance costs were low. But Pinus radiata takes only 25 years to grow to a loggable size in New Zealand, and by 2009 thousands of tonnes of pine awaited removal on the valley's sub-standard roads.

On 28 June 2013, the Wanganui Chronicle reported that Wyley's Bridge, the main access to Mangamahu, needed urgent repairs so trucks could keep using it until a new bridge was built. Inferior timber had been used when the wood and wire-rope suspension bridge was built in 1957, and the bridge transoms were now rotting.

Andy Collins, a leading farmer at Mangamahu, stated that 15 to 20 million dollars of agricultural product were produced in the valley each year. This consisted of nearly 5000 cattle, more than 100,000 sheep, 500 tonne of wool, 600 tonne of kiwifruit, 1000 tonne of maize and a small number of deer. An average of 2000 tonne of fertilizer was carried into the valley each year.

Repairs were started on the bridge a week later, and then construction started on a new 'coat-hanger' bridge that was opened in mid-2015.

In 2016 Lilburn's Mangamahu experiences provoked her to document the challenges and possibilities faced by those who remained in place as they aged.

The Welcome to Nowhere music festival was held in the area between 2017 and 2024.

## Education

Mangamahu Primary School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of 4 as of August 2024.

## InfoBox

| Mangamahu | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| Mangamahu Church, pictured in 2023 | |
| Mangamahu | |
| Coordinates: 39°49′0″S 175°22′0″E / 39.81667°S 175.36667°E / -39.81667; 175.36667 | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Manawatū-Whanganui |
| Territorial authority | Whanganui District<br>Rangitikei District |


title: Union Sportive Tyrosse Rugby Côte Sud

abstract: Union Sportive Tyrossaise Rugby Côte Sud is a French rugby union club, currently playing in the third division of the French league system, in Fédérale 1. Tyrosse were relegated from the Rugby Pro D2 competition down to Fédérale 1 after the 2005–06 season. Tyrosse were formed in 1919.

text:
# Union Sportive Tyrosse Rugby Côte Sud

**Union Sportive Tyrossaise Rugby Côte Sud** (also known as just **US Tyrosse**) is a French rugby union club, currently playing in the third division of the French league system, in Fédérale 1. Tyrosse were relegated from the Rugby Pro D2 competition down to Fédérale 1 after the 2005–06 season. Tyrosse were formed in 1919.

## Honours

* **Groupe B:**
    + Champion : 1981
* **Challenge de l'Espérance:**
    + Champions : 1982

## Famous players

## Further reading

* *Rugby mode de vie: Ethnographie d'un club Saint-Vincent-de-Tyrosse*, de Sébastien Darbon, coll. Cahiers de Gradhiva, éd. Jean-Michel Place, 1997.

## InfoBox

US Tyrosse
| Full name | Union Sportive Tyrosse Rugby Côte Sud |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1919 |
| Location | Saint-Vincent-de-Tyrosse, France |
| Ground(s) | Stade La Fougère (Capacity: 5,000) |


title: Union Springs Academy

abstract: Union Springs Academy is a private, co-ed Seventh-day Adventist prep school in Union Springs in Cayuga County, New York. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system. The academy was started in 1921 when the Seventh-day Adventist church purchased the buildings and land from the Seminary of Friends.

text:
# Union Springs Academy

**Union Springs Academy** is a private, co-ed Seventh-day Adventist prep school in Union Springs in Cayuga County, New York. It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system. The academy was started in 1921 when the Seventh-day Adventist church purchased the buildings and land from the Seminary of Friends.

## History

It was founded by the New York Conference of Seventh-day Adventists in 1921, and sits on a hill overlooking the village of Union Springs, New York. The academy traces its roots to various “home-schools” which began in western and central New York in 1901. USA is situated on a hill overlooking Cayuga Lake, the largest of the Finger Lakes. The present school campus was formerly a Quaker boarding school known as Oakwood Seminary. Over the years the campus has grown to include buildings for administration and classrooms, dormitories, church, faculty housing, farm, orchard and athletic facilities.

## Academics

The required curriculum includes classes in the following subject areas: Religion, English, Oral Communications, Social Studies, Mathematics, Science, Physical Education, Health, Computer Applications, Fine Arts, and Electives.

## Spiritual aspects

All students take religion classes each year that they are enrolled. These classes cover topics in biblical history and Christian and denominational doctrines. Instructors in other disciplines also begin each class period with prayer or a short devotional thought, many which encourage student input. Weekly, the entire student body gathers together in the auditorium for an hour-long chapel service. Outside the classrooms there is year-round spiritually oriented programming that relies on student involvement.

## Accreditation

Union Springs Academy is registered with the Board of Regents of the University of New York and accredited by the Accrediting Association of Seventh-day Adventist Schools, Colleges, and Universities which is a recognized member of the National Council for Private School Accreditation.

## InfoBox

| Union Springs Academy | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Spring Street Rd
Union Springs, New York 13160
United States | |
| Coordinates | 42°50′39″N 76°41′04″W / 42.844250°N 76.684373°W / 42.844250; -76.684373 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Seventh-day Adventist Church |
| Grades | 9 - 12 Academy |
| Accreditation | Adventist Accrediting Association |
| Website | www.unionspringsacademy.org |


title: Unified Development Ordinance

abstract: A Unified Development Ordinance (UDO), also referred to as Unified Development Code (UDC), is a kind of American land-use planning regulation. A UDO is a document in which traditional zoning and subdivision regulations are combined with other desired city regulations, such as design guidelines and water management, into a single document. It serves as a local policy instrument. A UDO may help local governments to respond better to the way development occurs and help avoid overlapping regulations.

text:
# Unified Development Ordinance

A **Unified Development Ordinance** (UDO), also referred to as **Unified Development Code** (UDC), is a kind of American land-use planning regulation. A UDO is a document in which traditional zoning and subdivision regulations are combined with other desired city regulations, such as design guidelines and water management, into a single document. It serves as a local policy instrument. A UDO may help local governments to respond better to the way development occurs and help avoid overlapping regulations.

1. "Zoning, Subdivision, and Land Use Codes". *www.completecommunitiesde.org*.
2. "Property Topics and Concepts". *American Planning Association*.


title: Manshiyat Khan al-Shih

abstract: Manshiyat Khan al-Shih is a Syrian village in the Qatana District of the Rif Dimashq Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Manshiyat Khan al-Shih had a population of 2,146 in the 2004 census.

text:
# Manshiyat Khan al-Shih

**Manshiyat Khan al-Shih** (Arabic: منشية خان الشيح) is a Syrian village in the Qatana District of the Rif Dimashq Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Manshiyat Khan al-Shih had a population of 2,146 in the 2004 census.

## InfoBox

| Manshiyat Khan al-Shih منشية خان الشيح | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Syria |
| Governorate | Rif Dimashq Governorate |
| District | Qatana District |
| Nahiyah | Qatana |
| Population (2004 census) | |
| Total | 2,146 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Under the Sun (Paul Kelly album)

abstract: Under the Sun is the second album by Australian rock group Paul Kelly & The Coloured Girls and was originally released in December 1987 by Mushroom Records. In the North American and European markets, it was released by A&M Records in 1988 with the band credited as Paul Kelly & The Messengers, with a different track order and listing. On the Australian albums charts, it peaked at #19, with the single "To Her Door" peaking at #14. Another single, "Dumb Things," peaked at #36 in early 1989 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) singles charts; it reached #16 on the Billboard Modern Rock chart. The song was included in the soundtrack for the 1988 Yahoo Serious film Young Einstein. "To Her Door" won an ARIA Award in 1988 for 'Best Video' directed by Claudia Castle. In 2001, the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) listed the Top 30 Australian songs of all time, including "To Her Door," written by Kelly.

text:
# Under the Sun (Paul Kelly album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Robert Christgau | B |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |

***Under the Sun*** is the second album by Australian rock group Paul Kelly & The Coloured Girls and was originally released in December 1987 by Mushroom Records. In the North American and European markets, it was released by A&M Records in 1988 with the band credited as Paul Kelly & The Messengers, with a different track order and listing.

On the Australian albums charts, it peaked at #19, with the single "To Her Door" peaking at #14. Another single, "Dumb Things," peaked at #36 in early 1989 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) singles charts; it reached #16 on the *Billboard* Modern Rock chart. The song was included in the soundtrack for the 1988 Yahoo Serious film *Young Einstein*.

"To Her Door" won an ARIA Award in 1988 for 'Best Video' directed by Claudia Castle. In 2001, the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) listed the Top 30 Australian songs of all time, including "To Her Door," written by Kelly.

## Background

After relocating from Melbourne to Sydney in 1985, Paul Kelly began to play and record with a full-time band, which included Michael Armiger on bass guitar, Michael Barclay on drums, Steve Connolly on guitar, eventually bassist Jon Schofield, and keyboardist Peter Bull joined. Through a joke based on Lou Reed's song "Walk on the Wild Side", the band became known as Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls. In September 1986 the band released their debut double LP *Gossip*. Due to possible racist connotations the band changed its name, for international releases, to Paul Kelly and the Messengers. They made an American tour, initially supporting Crowded House and then head-lining, travelling across the United States by bus. Jon Schofield replaced Armiger on bass guitar, Chris Coyne on tenor saxophone and Chris Wilson on harmonica

On the Australian albums charts, it peaked at #19 with the single "To Her Door" peaking at #14. First single from the album, "Bradman," had been released in January 1987 as a double-A side with "Leaps and Bounds" from *Gossip* but had little chart success. The third and fourth singles, "Forty Miles to Saturday Night" and "Don't Stand So Close to the Window" also had little chart success. Another single, "Dumb Things," peaked at #36 in early 1989 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) singles charts; it reached #16 on the *Billboard* Modern Rock chart. The song was included in the soundtrack for the 1988 Yahoo Serious film *Young Einstein*.

In 1988, "To Her Door" won an ARIA Award for 'Best Video' directed by Claudia Castle. In 2001, the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) listed the Top 30 Australian songs of all time, including "To Her Door," written by Kelly.

"Desdemona" was featured in an episode of the Australian TV show *Packed To The Rafters*.

## Track listing

All tracks written by Paul Kelly unless otherwise indicated.

**Original Australian LP/MC release**

1. "Dumb Things" (aka "I've Done all the Dumb Things) – 2:31
2. "Same Old Walk" – 4:08
3. "Big Heart" – 3:22
4. "Don't Stand So Close to the Window" (Paul Kelly, A McGregor) – 2:35
5. "Forty Miles to Saturday Night" – 3:11
6. "I Don't Remember a Thing" – 2:04
7. "Know Your Friends" – 3:37
8. "To Her Door" – 3:18
9. "Under the Sun" – 4:18
10. "Untouchable" – 2:04
11. "Desdemona" – 3:46
12. "Happy Slave" – 2:30
13. "Crosstown" – 2:23
14. "Bicentennial" – 3:04

**Bonus tracks for Australian CD release**

1.
2. "Bradman" – 7:26
3. "Pastures of Plenty" (Woody Guthrie) – 2:26

**North American/European release**

1. "Dumb Things" – 2:31 ^^
2. "Same Old Walk" – 4:08
3. "Big Heart" – 3:22
4. "Don't Stand So Close to the Window" (Paul Kelly, A McGregor) – 2:35
5. "Forty Miles to Saturday Night" – 3:11 ^^
6. "Untouchable" – 2:04
7. "Know Your Friends" – 3:37
8. "To Her Door" – 3:18 ^^
9. "Under the Sun" – 4:18
10. "Desdemona" – 2:07
11. "Happy Slave" – 3:46
12. "Crosstown" – 2:30
13. "Little Decisions" – 2:25
14. "Bicentennial" – 3:04

(^^) The European release featured slightly different mixes of these tracks.

## Personnel

**Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls**

**Additional musicians**

**Recording details**

* Producer  Alan Thorne and Paul Kelly except "Dumb Things", produced by Martin Armiger and Paul Kelly
* Engineer  Alan Thorne
    + Assistant engineer  Kathy Naunton
* Recording & mixing studio  Alberts and Trafalgar Studios

**Art work**

* Design  Melanie Nissen
* Photography  Francine McDougall (cover photo), Isabel Snyder

## Charts

| Chart (1987/88) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian (Kent Music Report) | 19 |
| New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) | 25 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Platinum | 70,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

| **Format** | **Country** | **Label** | **Catalogue No.** | **Year** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LP/CD/Cassette | AUS | Mushroom | RML 53248 | November 1987 |
| LP/CD | USA | A&M Records | SP 5157 | 1988 |
| CD | Germany | A&M | 396979-1 | 1988 |
| CD | AUS | Mushroom/White | MUSH322812 | 1997 |
|

## InfoBox

| Under the Sun | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Paul Kelly | |
| Released | November 1987 |
| Genre | Australian Rock |
| Length | 45:14 |
| Label | Mushroom/White (Australia)
A&M (U.S.) |
| Producer | Alan Thorne and Paul Kelly except Dumb Things, produced by Martin Armiger and Paul Kelly |
| Paul Kelly chronology | |
| *Gossip*
(1986) ***Under the Sun***
(1987) *So Much Water So Close to Home*
(1989) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Under the Sun* | |
| 1. "To Her Door"
Released: September 1987 2. "Forty Miles to Saturday Night"
Released: February 1988 3. "Don't Stand So Close to the Window"
Released: May 1988 4. "Dumb Things"
Released: 1988 | |
| *Under the Sun* | |
|  | |
| 1988 North American/European release (A&M Records) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Undulambia flavicostalis

abstract: Undulambia flavicostalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Peru.

text:
# Undulambia flavicostalis

***Undulambia flavicostalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Undulambia flavicostalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Undulambia* |
| Species: | ***U. flavicostalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Undulambia flavicostalis***<br>(Hampson, 1917) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Nymphula flavicostalis* Hampson, 1917 | |


title: Undulambia semilunalis

abstract: Undulambia semilunalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1897 and it is found in Brazil.

text:
# Undulambia semilunalis

***Undulambia semilunalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1897 and it is found in Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Undulambia semilunalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Undulambia* |
| Species: | ***U. semilunalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Undulambia semilunalis***<br>(Hampson, 1897) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ambia semilunalis* Hampson, 1897 * *Cymoriza mimica* Warren | |


title: Undulated antshrike

abstract: The undulated antshrike is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.

text:
# Undulated antshrike

The **undulated antshrike** (***Frederickena unduliger***) is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The undulated antshrike was described by the Austrian ornithologist August von Pelzeln in 1868 and given the binomial name *Thamnophilus unduliger*.

The undulated antshrike's taxonomy is unresolved. The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society, the International Ornithological Committee, and the Clements taxonomy assign it three subspecies, the nominate *F. u. unduliger* (Pelzeln, 1868), *F. u. diversa* (Zimmer, JT, 1944), and *F. u. pallida* (Zimmer, JT, 1944). BirdLife International's *Handbook of the Birds of the World* (HBW) includes a fourth subspecies, *F. u. fulva* (Zimmer, JT, 1944) that the other taxonomies recognize as a full species, the fulvous antshrike.

## Description

The undulated antshrike is a large dark antbird, 22 to 25 cm (8.7 to 9.8 in) long and weighing 75 to 85 g (2.6 to 3.0 oz). The species exhibits significant sexual dimorphism, though both sexes of all subspecies have a crest, a brown to pale yellow iris, a heavy black bill with a hook at the end like true shrikes, and black legs and feet. Adult males of all three subspecies are mostly black with irregular thin white bars everywhere but the throat. Adult females of the nominate subspecies are mostly cinnamon with wavy black bars; their forehead and crest are rufous and black and their tail is black with thin gray bars. Females of subspecies *F. u. pallida* are paler overall than the nominate and have no bars on their mantle and their underparts. Females of *F. u. diversa* are intermediate between the other two.

## Distribution and habitat

The undulated antshrike is a bird of the western Amazon Basin. The nominate subspecies is found in northwestern Brazil along the upper Rio Negro and possibly as far south as the Rio Solimões (upper Amazon). Subspecies *F. u. diversa* is found from eastern Peru south of the rios Amazon and Marañón east into Brazil as far as the Rio Juruá and south into northwestern Bolivia as far as southern La Paz and Beni departments. *F. u. pallida* is found in Brazil south of the Amazon between the rios Purus and Madeira, and probably south into the eastern part of north-central Bolivia's Pando Department.

The undulated antshrike inhabits lowland evergreen forest such as *terra firme*. It greatly favors dense, viny, vegetation in the understorey, especially at openings such as those formed by fallen trees and along watercourses. In elevation it ranges up to about 1,100 m (3,600 ft).

## Behavior

### Movement

The undulated antshrike is presumed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.

### Feeding

The undulated antshrike's diet has not been detailed but is assumed to include large insects and other arthropods. It forages singly or in pairs in dense foliage and vine tangles, mostly on the ground and up to about 3 m (10 ft) above it. It hops from branch to branch and along the ground to find prey. It typically jerks its tail sideways while foraging. It occasionally joins mixed-species feeding flocks that pass through its territory.

### Breeding

Only one study has been made of the undulated antshrike's breeding biology; three nests were observed. Its nesting season in Peru included October and November. The nests were a large woven cup. The three nests each had two eggs that were white with purplish markings. Both parents incubated the eggs during the day and the female alone at night. Both parents provisioned the nestlings. The incubation period, time to fledging, and other details of parental care are not known.

### Vocalization

The song of the undulated antshrike's subspecies *F. u. diversa* is a "short series of 8-13 directly connected 'wuiw' notes, increasing in strength and pitch". The songs of the other two subspecies are not known well though they apparently differ from that of *diversa*. What is thought to be a typical call is "a long (e.g. 1 second), nasal, downward-inflected churr" written as "*TCHEErrrrl*". Other calls that may be from different populations are "a squeal followed by a sharp note" and a "short scratchy call repeated in short series".

## Status

The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so includes the fulvous antshrike in its assessement of the undulated antshrike, and together they are assessed as being of Least Concern. It has a large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. The undulated antshrike is considered uncommon to rare in most of its range. It occurs in several large protected areas and its range "includes vast areas of intact suitable habitat". "This antshrike is probably an indicator of high-quality forest, as it is generally absent from disturbed areas."

## InfoBox

| Undulated antshrike | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thamnophilidae |
| Genus: | *Frederickena* |
| Species: | ***F. unduliger*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Frederickena unduliger***
(Pelzeln, 1868) | |
|
|  | |
| Range of combined undulated and fulvous antshrikes (see taxonomy section) | |


title: Manilal Chaturbhai Shah

abstract: Manilal Chaturbhai Shah was an Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament representing Bombay State in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India's Parliament as member of the Indian National Congress.

text:
# Manilal Chaturbhai Shah

**Manilal Chaturbhai Shah** was an Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament representing Bombay State in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India's Parliament as member of the Indian National Congress.

## InfoBox

| Manilal Chaturbhai Shah | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha | |
| **In office**<br>1952-1960 | |
| Constituency | Bombay State |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
|  | |


title: Mantoux test

abstract: The Mantoux test or Mendel–Mantoux test is a tool for screening for tuberculosis (TB) and for tuberculosis diagnosis. It is one of the major tuberculin skin tests used around the world, largely replacing multiple-puncture tests such as the tine test. The Heaf test, a form of tine test, was used until 2005 in the UK, when it was replaced by the Mantoux test. The Mantoux test is endorsed by the American Thoracic Society and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It was also used in the USSR and is now prevalent in most of the post-Soviet states, although Soviet mantoux produced many false positives due to children's allergic reaction.

text:
# Mantoux test

The **Mantoux test** or **Mendel–Mantoux test** (also known as the **Mantoux screening test**, **tuberculin sensitivity test**, **Pirquet test**, or **PPD test** for purified protein derivative) is a tool for screening for tuberculosis (TB) and for tuberculosis diagnosis. It is one of the major tuberculin skin tests used around the world, largely replacing multiple-puncture tests such as the tine test. The Heaf test, a form of tine test, was used until 2005 in the UK, when it was replaced by the Mantoux test. The Mantoux test is endorsed by the American Thoracic Society and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It was also used in the USSR and is now prevalent in most of the post-Soviet states, although Soviet mantoux produced many false positives due to children's allergic reaction.

## History

Tuberculin is a glycerol extract of the tubercle bacillus. Purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin is a precipitate of species-nonspecific molecules obtained from filtrates of sterilized, concentrated cultures. The tuberculin reaction was first described by Robert Koch in 1890. The test was first developed and described by the German physician Felix Mendel in 1908. It is named after Charles Mantoux, a French physician who built on the work of Koch and Clemens von Pirquet to create his test in 1907. However, the test was unreliable due to impurities in tuberculin which tended to cause false results.

Esmond R. Long and Florence B. Seibert identified the active agent in tuberculin as a protein. Seibert then spent a number of years developing methods for separating and purifying the protein from *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*, obtaining purified protein derivative (PPD) and enabling the creation of a reliable test for tuberculosis. Her first publication on the purification of tuberculin appeared in 1934. By the 1940s, Seibert's PPD was the international standard for tuberculin tests. In 1939, Russian M.A. Linnikova created a modified version of PPD. In 1954, the Soviet Union started mass production of PPD-L, named after Linnikova.

## Procedure

In the Mantoux test, a standard dose of 5 tuberculin units (TU - 0.1 ml), according to the CDC, or 2 TU of Statens Serum Institute (SSI) tuberculin RT23 in 0.1 ml solution, according to the National Health Service, is injected intradermally (between the layers of dermis) on the flexor surface of the left forearm, mid-way between elbow and wrist. The injection should be made with a tuberculin syringe, with the needle bevel facing upward. When placed correctly, injection should produce a pale wheal of the skin, 6 to 10 mm in diameter. The result of the test is read after 48–96 hours, ideally after 72 hours/3rd day. This procedure is termed the 'Mantoux technique'. A person who has been exposed to the bacteria would be expected to mount an immune response in the area of skin containing the bacterial proteins. This response is a classic example of 'delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction' (DTH), a type IV of hypersensitivities. T cells and myeloid cells are attracted to the site of reaction in 1–3 days and generate local inflammation. The reaction is read by measuring the diameter of induration (palpable raised, hardened area) across the forearm (perpendicular to the long axis) in millimeters. If there is no induration, the result should be recorded as "0 mm". Erythema (redness) should not be measured. In the Pirquet version of the test tuberculin is applied to the skin via scarification.

## Classification of tuberculin reaction

The results of this test must be interpreted carefully. The person's medical risk factors determine at which increment (5 mm, 10 mm, or 15 mm) of induration the result is considered positive. A positive result indicates TB exposure.

* 5 mm or more is positive in
    + An HIV-positive person
    + Persons with recent contacts with a TB patient
    + Persons with nodular or fibrotic changes on chest X-ray consistent with old healed TB
    + Patients with organ transplants, and other immunosuppressed patients
* 10 mm or more is positive in
    + Recent arrivals (less than five years) from high-prevalence countries
    + Injection drug users
    + Residents and employees of high-risk congregate settings (e.g., prisons, nursing homes, hospitals, homeless shelters, etc.)
    + Mycobacteriology lab personnel
    + Persons with clinical conditions that place them at high risk (e.g., diabetes, prolonged corticosteroid therapy, leukemia, end-stage renal disease, chronic malabsorption syndromes, low body weight, etc.)
    + Children less than four years of age, or children and adolescents exposed to adults in high-risk categories
* 15 mm or more is positive in
    + Persons with no known risk factors for TB

A tuberculin test conversion is defined as an increase of 10 mm or more within a two-year period, regardless of age. Alternative criteria include increases of 6, 12, 15 or 18 mm.

## False positive result

TST (tuberculin skin test) positive is measured by size of induration. The size of the induration considered to be a positive result depends on risk factors. For example, a low-risk patient must have a larger induration for a positive result than a high-risk patient. High-risk groups include recent contacts, those with HIV, those with chest radiograph with fibrotic changes, organ transplant recipients, and those with immunosuppression.

According to the Ohio Department of Health and US Department of Health, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine does not protect against TB infection. It does, though, give 80% of children protection against tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis. Therefore, a positive TST/PPD in a person who has received BCG vaccine is interpreted as latent TB infection (LTBI). Due to the test's low specificity, most positive reactions in low-risk individuals are false positives. A false positive result may be caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria or previous administration of BCG vaccine. Vaccination with BCG may result in a false-positive result for many years after vaccination.

False positives can also occur when the injected area is touched, causing swelling and itching. If the swelling is less than 5 mm, it is possibly due to error by the healthcare personnel causing inflammation to the area.

Another source of false positive results can be allergic reaction or hypersensitivity. Although rare (about 0.08 reported reactions per million doses of tuberculin), these reactions can be dangerous and precautions should be taken by having epinephrin available.

## False negative result

Reaction to the PPD or tuberculin test is suppressed by the following conditions:

This is because the immune system needs to be functional to mount a response to the protein derivative injected under the skin. A false negative result may occur in a person who has been recently infected with TB, but whose immune system hasn't yet reacted to the bacteria.

In case a second tuberculin test is necessary it should be carried out in the other arm to avoid hypersensitising the skin.

## BCG vaccine and the Mantoux test

The role of Mantoux testing in people who have been vaccinated is disputed. The US recommends that tuberculin skin testing is not contraindicated for BCG-vaccinated persons, and prior BCG vaccination should not influence the interpretation of the test. The UK recommends that interferon-γ testing should be used to help interpret positive Mantoux tests of over 5 mm, and repeated tuberculin skin testing must not be done in people who have had BCG vaccinations. In general, the US recommendation may result in a larger number of people being falsely diagnosed with latent tuberculosis, while the UK approach has an increased chance of missing patients with latent tuberculosis who should be treated.

According to the US guidelines, latent tuberculosis infection diagnosis and treatment is considered for any BCG-vaccinated person whose skin test is 10 mm or greater, if any of these circumstances are present:

* Was in contact with another person with infectious TB
* Was born or has lived in a high TB prevalence country
* Is continually exposed to populations where TB prevalence is high

## Anergy testing

In cases of anergy, a lack of reaction by the body's defence mechanisms when it comes into contact with foreign substances, the tuberculin reaction will occur weakly, thus compromising the value of Mantoux testing. For example, anergy is present in AIDS, a disease which strongly depresses the immune system. Therefore, anergy testing is advised in cases where there is suspicion that anergy is present. However, routine anergy skin testing is not recommended.

## Two-step testing

Some people who have been infected with TB may have a negative reaction when tested years after infection, as the immune system response may gradually wane. This initial skin test, though negative, may stimulate (boost) the body's ability to react to tuberculin in future tests. Thus, a positive reaction to a subsequent test may be misinterpreted as a new infection, when in fact it is the result of the boosted reaction to an old infection.

Use of two-step testing is recommended for initial skin testing of adults who will be retested periodically (e.g., health care workers). This ensures any future positive tests can be interpreted as being caused by a new infection, rather than simply a reaction to an old infection.

* The first test is read 48–72 hours after injection.
    + If the first test is positive, consider the person infected.
    + If the first test is negative, give a second test one to three weeks after the first injection.
* The second test is read 48–72 hours after injection.
    + If the second test is positive, consider the person infected in the distant past.
    + If the second test is negative, consider the person uninfected.

A person who is diagnosed as "infected in the distant past" on two-step testing is called a "tuberculin reactor".

The US recommendation that prior BCG vaccination be ignored results in almost universal false diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in people who have had BCG (mostly foreign nationals).

## The latest interpretation for Mantoux test results

According to the guidelines published by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2005, the results are re-categorized into 3 parts based on their previous or baseline outcomes:

* Baseline test: ≥10 mm is positive (either first or second step); 0 to 9 mm is negative
* Serial testing without known exposure: Increase of ≥10 mm is positive
* Known exposure:
    + ≥5 mm is positive in patients with baseline of 0 mm
    + ≥10 mm is positive in patients with negative baseline or previous screening result of \>0 mm

## Recent developments

In addition to tuberculin skin tests such as (principally) the Mantoux test, interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) have become common in clinical use in the 2010s. In some contexts they are used instead of TSTs, whereas in other contexts TSTs and IGRAs both continue to be useful.

The QuantiFERON-TB Gold blood test measures the patient's immune reactivity to the TB bacterium, and is useful for initial and serial testing of persons with an increased risk of latent or active tuberculosis infection. Guidelines for its use were released by the CDC in December 2005. QuantiFERON-TB Gold is FDA-approved in the United States, has CE Mark approval in Europe and has been approved by the MHLW in Japan. The interferon gamma release assay is the preferred method for patients who have had immunosuppression and are about to start biological therapies.

T-SPOT.TB is another IGRA; it uses the ELISPOT method.

## Heaf test

The Heaf tuberculin skin test was used in the United Kingdom, but discontinued in 2005. The equivalent Mantoux test positive levels done with 10 TU (0.1 ml at 100 TU/ml, 1:1000) are

* \<5 mm induration (Heaf 0–1)
* 5–15 mm induration (Heaf 2)
* \>15 mm induration (Heaf 3–4)

## InfoBox

| Mantoux test | |
| --- | --- |
| The Mantoux skin test consists of an intradermal injection of one-tenth of a milliliter (ml) of PPD tuberculin. The circular shape is known as a wheal response. | |
| Synonyms | Mantoux screening test |
| Purpose | screen for tuberculosis |