title: European University (Georgia)

abstract: European University is a university in Tbilisi, Georgia. The university was established in 2011 by Lasha Kandelakishvili. There are three faculties at the European University: Faculty of Law, Education, Business and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. The current rector of the university is Nino Taliashvili.

text:
# European University (Georgia)

**European University** (Georgian: ევროპის უნივერსიტეტი) is a university in Tbilisi, Georgia. The university was established in 2011 by Lasha Kandelakishvili. There are three faculties at the European University: Faculty of Law, Education, Business and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. The current rector of the university is Nino Taliashvili.

## History

On January 21, 2011, the university was certified for 5 years by the Board of Authorization of Higher Education Institutions. Certification was renewed multiple times, with the current 6-year accreditation being dated June 16, 2021. The maximum number of students is 3,500. The university began offering an *Integrated Master’s Educational Program in Veterinary* in 2022.

From 29 October 2021 European University is an individual associate member of the European University Association.

The university currently offers 16 higher educational programs, each of which is accredited by the Higher Education Accreditation Board, including the English Language Education Program for Graduate Physicians.

European University has two campuses as well as a dormitory. The university has a logo, seal, and title page, approved by the Rector.

In 2022, European University has become the owner of Jo Ann Medical Center which was renamed Jo Ann University Hospital. The hospital will be chaired by Tamar Zarginava, Vice-Rector of the European University.

## Study programs

The university includes three faculties, each of which offers educational programs in Georgian and/or English.

### The Faculty of Law, Education, Business and Technology

The core educational unit of the university is the Faculty of Law, Education, Business, and Technology. The dean of the faculty is Ioseb Kelenjeridze.

The Faculty of Law, Education, Business, and Technology offers 10 educational programs.

**Bachelor's degree programs:**

* Business Administration
* Tourism
* Law
* Informatics
* International Relations

**Master's degree programs:**

* Management
* Education Administration

**Integrated Education Programs:**

* Integrated (Bachelor-Master) Educational Program of Secondary Education Teachers of Mathematics
* Integrated (Bachelor-Master) Educational Program of Secondary Education Teachers of Chemistry, Physics and Biology

**Teaching training program**

### The Faculty of Medicine

The Faculty of Medicine has been operating since 2014. It has established collaborations with approximately 70 clinics throughout Georgia, providing students with hands-on clinical training in real-world scenarios. The dean of the faculty is Natia Jojua.

The Faculty of Medicine conducts 5 educational programs:

**One-Cycle Undergraduate Medical Education:**

* Medical Doctor program MD in the Georgian language
* Medical Doctor program MD in the English language
* Dental Medicine program in Georgian language
* Dental Medicine program in English language

**Bachelor's degree program:**

* Psychology

### The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine was established in 2019. The first batch of students entered the faculty in 2022. The dean of the faculty is Vazha Kvachrelishvili. The faculty offers Integrated Master's Educational Program in Veterinary.

## Organisation and management

Lasha Kandelakishvili has been the Rector of European University from 2012 until October 31, 2019. Nino Taliashvili has served as the university's rector since 2019. Vice-Rector for International Relations is Tamar Zarginava and Vice-Rector for Quality Enhancement is Sophio Khundadze. The governing body of the university is *The Governing Board of European University*.

### Administration

* President ― Lasha Kandelakishvili
* Rector ― Nino Taliashvili

## Research

At the European University, international peer-reviewed publications are published by four different scientific research institutes:

### Scientific Research Institute of Law

In 2015, with the Faculty of Law, Education, Business and Technology of the European University Scientific Research Institute of Law was established. The periodical of the European University Institute of Law is the international refereed and peer-reviewed journal "Law and World". Scientific quality academic articles of the legal field are published in the journal in Georgian, English, French, German and Spanish languages with mandatory resumes in English.

The Institute of Law has hosted international scientific conferences: "Current Problems of Justice and Ways to Solve Them" (2015),"Modern Trends in Criminal Science" (2016), "Actual Problems of Justice" (2018, 2019, 2020), and "Actual Problems of Justice: Juvenile Justice" (2021).

### Scientific Research Institute of Economic and Social Issues of Globalization

The Research Institute of Economic and Social issues of Globalization was founded in 2016. The Faculty of Law, Education, Business and Technology of European University and the institute issue an international peer-reviewed scientific-practical journal "Globalization and Business", where articles are focused on the business and actual problems of innovative and technological processes of Georgia's and other countries' social-economic development under the modern conditions of globalization. The Institute cooperates with Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University and Saint Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia.

### Medical Research Institute

Medical Research Institute of European University was founded in 2020 on the basis of the "National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases" (NCTBLD). 4 scientists are working in the Medical Research Institute, whose director is professor Zaza Avaliani. The institute publishes an international peer-reviewed journal, "Biomedical and Core Clinical Research Practice".

### Andria Apakidze Institute of Archaeology

Academician Andria Apakidze Institute of Archeology together with the Historical-Archaeological Museum of the European University publishes the scientific-research journal "Archaeology".

The Historical-Archaeological Museum of the university is responsible to the Rector and the purpose of the museum is to search for, purchase, protect, preserve, restore, conserve, exhibit, and popularize exhibits.

## Academic rankings

Times Higher Education Impact Rankings ranked the European University 1001+ in the world in 2022. The European University is Georgia's only university listed in the Times Higher Education Impact Rankings 2022.

## Student life

The European University futsal team was formed in 2016. On students' suggestion, the EU Choreographic Ensemble was founded in 2015. Since its establishment, the ensemble has performed 12 dances featuring contemporary choreographic features. In 2018, the EU girls' volleyball team was founded and in 2019, the EU foreign girls' basketball team was created.

## InfoBox

Ltd European University
| ევროპის უნივერსიტეტი | |
| --- | --- |
| Main entrance to the University | |
| Other name | EU |
| Motto | *განათლება ქმნის მომავალს* |
| Motto in English | "Education Shapes the Future" |
| Type | Private |
| Established | January 21, 2011 (2011-01-21) |
| Rector | Nino Taliashvili |
| Location | Tbilisi, Georgia |
| Campus | Urban |
| Colours | White and blue |
| Website | eu.edu.ge/en |


title: Naved Ahmed (Indian cricketer)

abstract: Naved Ahmed is an Indian first-class cricketer who plays for Bengal.

text:
# Naved Ahmed (Indian cricketer)

**Naved Ahmed** (born 1 July 1986) is an Indian first-class cricketer who plays for Bengal.

## InfoBox

Naved Ahmed
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Naved Shakeel Ahmed |
| Born | (1986-07-01) 1 July 1986<br>Fatehpur, India |
| Batting | Right-hand bat |
| Bowling | Right-arm offbreak |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
|  | Bengal |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 11 October 2017 | |


title: Ottosdal Commando

abstract: Ottosdal Commando was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve.

text:
# Ottosdal Commando

**Ottosdal Commando** was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve.

## History

### Origin

### Operations

#### With the SADF

#### With the SANDF

##### Disbandment

This unit, along with all other Commando units was disbanded after a decision by South African President Thabo Mbeki to disband all Commando Units. The Commando system was phased out between 2003 and 2008 "because of the role it played in the apartheid era", according to the Minister of Safety and Security Charles Nqakula.

## Unit Insignia

## Leadership

## InfoBox

| Ottosdal Commando | |
| --- | --- |
| Ottosdal Commando emblem | |
| Active | 1949- |
| Country | South Africa |
| Allegiance |  |
| Branch |  |
| Type | Infantry |
| Role | Light Infantry |
| Size | One Battalion |
| Part of | South African Infantry Corps<br>Army Territorial Reserve |
| Garrison/HQ | Ottosdal |


title: Union (United States coin)

abstract: The Union was a proposed $100 coin of the United States dollar. It was canceled before any pattern coins could be minted.

text:
# Union (United States coin)

The **Union** was a proposed $100 coin of the United States dollar. It was canceled before any pattern coins could be minted.

## History

In 1854, San Francisco businessmen sent a petition to Secretary of the Treasury James Guthrie for a $50 coin to be struck due to the fact that no banknotes of any denomination circulated in California. Guthrie responded to the petition by introducing a measure to produce gold $50 and $100 coins, called half union and union, respectively. Although the measure passed the Senate on June 16, 1854, it was ultimately defeated in the House.

United States Mint engraver George T. Morgan made sketches of a possible design for a $100 coin in 1876, should the half union ever be a success. When the mint concluded that the half union (a gold coin weighing about 2.7 troy ounces or 83.6 grams) was infeasible, the idea of a union coin was discarded and forgotten.

## Fantasy coins

Around 2005, Morgan's original sketches were discovered and published so the numismatic community could see what could have been. Private mints have since struck fantasy pieces of Morgan's design for collectors, in both silver and gold.

## Modern union coins

The $100 denomination has been produced by the US Mint since 1997 in the form of the American Platinum Eagle bullion coin. The bullion American Liberty union of 2015, 2019, and 2021 as well as the proof American Liberty 225th Anniversary union of 2017 were struck in 24 karat gold.

1. "1877 $50 J-1546 (Proof) Patterns - PCGS CoinFacts". *PCGS*. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
2. 2015 100 Dollar 1-oz Silver Union NGC Proof. *GovMint.com*. GovMint.com, 2016.
3. "American Eagle Platinum Bullion Coins | U.S. Mint". *www.usmint.gov*. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
4. "American Liberty High Relief Gold Coin | U.S. Mint". *www.usmint.gov*. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
5. "American Liberty 225th Anniversary Coin | U.S. Mint". *www.usmint.gov*. Retrieved 2019-05-01.

## InfoBox

Union
| United states | |
| --- | --- |
| Value | 100 US Dollars |
| Composition | 90% Au<br>10% Cu |
| Obverse | |
|  | |
| Design | Liberty holding the caduceus and a branch (fantasy coin shown) |
| Designer | George T. Morgan |
| Design date | 1876 |
| Reverse | |
|  | |
| Design | Eagle (fantasy coin shown) |
| Designer | George T. Morgan |
| Design date | 1876 |


title: Portrait of Julia, Lady Peel

abstract: The Portrait of Julia, Lady Peel is an 1827 portrait painting by the English artist Sir Thomas Lawrence depicting Julia Peel, the wife of the politician Sir Robert Peel. She married Peel in 1820. When she sat for Lawrence her husband was Home Secretary and he later went on to serve for two spells as Prime Minister. It was exhibited at the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition in 1827. The painting was sold by her grandson in 1896. It is now in the Frick Collection in New York City.

text:
# Portrait of Julia, Lady Peel

The ***Portrait of Julia, Lady Peel*** is an 1827 portrait painting by the English artist Sir Thomas Lawrence depicting Julia Peel, the wife of the politician Sir Robert Peel. She married Peel in 1820. When she sat for Lawrence her husband was Home Secretary and he later went on to serve for two spells as Prime Minister.

It was exhibited at the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition in 1827. The painting was sold by her grandson in 1896. It is now in the Frick Collection in New York City.

## Bibliography

* Gash, Norman. *Mr Secretary Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel to 1830*. Faber & Faber, 2011.
* Hurd, Douglas. *Robert Peel: A Biography*. Hachette UK, 2017.
* Stott, Annette Schmidt, Benjamin & Goodfriend, Joyce. *Going Dutch: The Dutch Presence in America 1609-2009*. Brill, 2009.

## InfoBox

| Julia, Lady Peel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Thomas Lawrence |
| Year | 1827 |
| Type | Oil on canvas, portrait |
| Dimensions | 90.8 cm × 70.8 cm (35.7 in × 27.9 in) |
| Location | Frick Collection, New York City |


title: Mechanical Bull (album)

abstract: Mechanical Bull is the sixth studio album by American rock band Kings of Leon, released in Ireland, Germany, Sweden and Australia on September 20, 2013, in the United Kingdom on September 23, 2013, and in North America on September 24, 2013 by RCA Records. In late 2013 the album received a nomination at the 56th Grammy Awards for Best Rock Album.

text:
# Mechanical Bull (album)

***Mechanical Bull*** is the sixth studio album by American rock band Kings of Leon, released in Ireland, Germany, Sweden and Australia on September 20, 2013, in the United Kingdom on September 23, 2013, and in North America on September 24, 2013 by RCA Records. In late 2013 the album received a nomination at the 56th Grammy Awards for Best Rock Album.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AnyDecentMusic? | 6.4/10 |
| Metacritic | 70/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The A.V. Club* | B− |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | B+ |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *The Independent* |  |
| *NME* | 6/10 |
|  |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *Spin* | 8/10 |
| *Uncut* | 9/10 |

*Mechanical Bull* received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, the album has a weighted averagescore of 70 out of 100 based on 30 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The album debuted at No. 2 on the *Billboard* 200, based on 110,000 copies sold in its first week. It has sold 347,000 copies in the United States as of August 2016. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at No. 1 on the Official Albums Chart, selling 71,000 copies in the first week. The album has sold 323,240 copies in the UK as of October 2016. *Mechanical Bull* is the first Kings of Leon album that sold more copies in the United States than in the UK.

## Promotion

The first single to promote the album, "Supersoaker", was released on July 17, 2013. This single was followed by the release of the second single titled "Wait for Me" on August 6, 2013. During the Heineken Open'er Festival 2013, Kings of Leon performed "Don't Matter", another song from this album. The third single "Temple" impacted US active rock and adult album alternative (triple A) radio on October 14, 2013 and modern rock radio on October 15, 2013. The band released the Official Video for "Beautiful War" on November 22, 2013. The song has been described by the Guardian as "a slow-grower about love and fighting," and a "distant cousin of U2's With or Without You". "Beautiful War" and "Don't Matter" were released as singles exclusively in the United Kingdom on December 9, 2013 and June 16, 2014 respectively. "Family Tree" was sent to US modern rock radio as the album's sixth overall single on June 17, 2014. An adult album alternative release followed on July 1, 2014.

To promote the album, on September 24, 2013, the band appeared on *Good Morning America* and performed "Supersoaker". They have also performed "Temple" on *Jimmy Kimmel Live!*, *Late Night with Jimmy Fallon* and *Saturday Night Live*.

### Singles

"Supersoaker" reached to number 2 on the US Adult Alternative Songs chart and number 9 on the US Alternative chart. The song also peaked at number 1 on the Canada Rock chart.

"Wait for Me" reached to number 14 on the US Hot Rock Songs chart and number 10 on the US Adult Alternative Songs chart. Five days after being released in the UK, it debut at number 31 on the UK Singles Chart.

"Temple" peaked at number 1 on the Canada Rock chart.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Caleb Followill, Nathan Followill, Jared Followill and Matthew Followill

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Supersoaker" | 3:50 |
| 2. | "Rock City" | 2:56 |
| 3. | "Don't Matter" | 2:50 |
| 4. | "Beautiful War" | 5:09 |
| 5. | "Temple" | 4:10 |
| 6. | "Wait for Me" | 3:30 |
| 7. | "Family Tree" | 3:50 |
| 8. | "Comeback Story" | 3:59 |
| 9. | "Tonight" | 4:33 |
| 10. | "Coming Back Again" | 3:28 |
| 11. | "On the Chin" | 3:46 |
| Total length: | | 42:00 |

Deluxe edition
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 12. | "Work On Me" | 4:04 |
| 13. | "Last Mile Home" | 4:11 |
| Total length: | | 50:46 |

Saturn exclusive edition
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 12. | "Work On Me" | 4:04 |
| 13. | "Last Mile Home" | 4:11 |
| 14. | "Molly's Chambers" (Live at the O2 Arena) |  |
| 15. | "Sex on Fire" (Live at the O2 Arena) |  |
| 16. | "On Call" (Live at the O2 Arena) |  |
| 17. | "Use Somebody" (Live at the O2) |  |

## Personnel

Kings of Leon Technical personnel

## Charts and certifications

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | September 20, 2013 | CD, digital download | Sony Music Entertainment |
| | | | Germany |
| | | | Ireland |
| | | | Sweden |
| United Kingdom | | September 23, 2013 | RCA Records |
| United States | | September 24, 2013 |

## InfoBox

| Mechanical Bull | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kings of Leon | |
| Released | September 20, 2013 |
| Recorded | 2013 |
| Studio | The Neon Leon (Nashville) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 42:01 |
| Label | RCA |
| Producer | Angelo Petraglia |
| Kings of Leon chronology | |
| *Come Around Sundown*
(2010) ***Mechanical Bull***
(2013) *WALLS*
(2016) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover art | |
|  | |
| Deluxe edition cover | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Mechanical Bull* | |
| 1. "Supersoaker"
Released: July 17, 2013 2. "Wait for Me"
Released: August 6, 2013 3. "Temple"
Released: October 14, 2013 4. "Beautiful War"
Released: December 9, 2013 5. "Don't Matter"
Released: June 16, 2014 6. "Family Tree"
Released: June 17, 2014 | |
|  | |


title: Health of Filipino Americans

text:
# Health of Filipino Americans

The Filipino American identity comprises principles from both the Philippines and the United States. Although the meaning of identity differs from one individual to another, the fundamental factors are the same. History, genetics, socio-economic status, culture, and education are all indirect factors that influences the identity of an ethnic group; thus, they are also reflective of a group's health beliefs and practices.

The ethnic differences between the Philippines and the United States are influential on the health practices and behaviors of Filipino Americans; however, these differences can also be regarded as being on opposite ends of a spectrum. While it is apparent that the United States exhibits a greater Western approach to health care than Eastern medicine, the health care practices in the Philippines reflect both traditional medicine as well as Western medicine. Due to the historical ties between the United States and the Philippines and societal progression, the healthcare practices of the Philippines also have an allopathic influence.

In reference to the different healthcare approaches of the United States and the Philippines, it is evident that both healthcare strategies and indirect factors are reflected in the health lifestyle of Filipino Americans. Socio-cultural factors such as established medical systems, religion, and superstitious belief are influential indirect factors of Filipino American health.

## Measurement of health of the Filipino American population

Health indicators are key in analyzing the overall public health of the Filipino American population. Main health indicators of a particular population include mortality and morbidity. By analyzing these statistics, the effect of certain health practices of the Filipino American population can be determined. Other important health indicators include leading cause of death, life expectancy, neo-natal mortality rate, and the maternal mortality ratio. It is noted that unlike many other Asian Americans, a lot of Filipino Americans suffer from a founder effect due to the Philippine islands being isolated from much of the world until Spanish discovery. This is very similar to the founder effect issues of Ashkenazi Jews, French Canadians, Cajuns, Irish, and Finnish.

### Hypertension

Based on reports of Filipino American communities throughout the United States, specifically in higher population areas of Filipinos, there is a history of a higher prevalence of hypertension exhibited among Filipino American men and women than in other ethnic communities within the United States second to African Americans. In addition, the prevalence of hypertension was greater within Filipino American communities than Filipinos living in the Philippines. There are behavior-related risk factors related with hypertension. These factors include reduced physical activity levels and excess dietary sodium intake from foods. In addition to hypertension, Filipino Americans have a genetic risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes due to similar founder effect genetic bottlenecks in Philippine island populations.

### Cancer

In general, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and strokes are the leading cause of death for Filipino Americans. For Filipino men, the greatest health concern is cardiovascular disease and diabetes, whereas breast cancer is the leading cause of death among female Filipino Americans. Filipino Americans have also high prevalence of the BRCA1 gene mutation, nearly on the same level of prevalence as Ashkenazi Jews, and is a predisposition to early breast and ovarian cancer. This is due to a founder effect among several populations in the Philippines. The prevalence of cancer is higher among Filipino Americans in comparison to other ethnic groups of the United States, which is reflective in their associated low cancer screening rates. Westernized diets and behaviors are considerably influential on the high cancer risk of the Filipino American community. Other factors such as acculturation, lack of targeted educational programs, and socio-economic status influence the morbidity and mortality rates of Filipino Americans.

### Depression

It is common among immigrant groups to experience difficulties with acculturation upon arrival. and Filipino Americans share similar mental health effects to other Asian American groups. In this case, Filipino Americans struggle with cultural alienation, stress from separation, and societal discrimination. Filipinos may struggle with assimilation due to separation from family and financial struggles, which contributes to clinical depression. It is found that Filipino men commit suicide more than Filipino women.

### Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis cases are highly prevalent among Filipino Americans. The Philippines is ranked the ninth on the list of top countries with high incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis. Poverty and health care disparities are major contributors of the tuberculosis epidemic within the Philippines. Filipino immigrants have the highest amount of tuberculosis diagnoses among all Asian immigrant groups. The difference between the tuberculosis incidence rate of Filipino Americans and United States born citizens is more than tenfold.

## Influence of socio-cultural factors

It is important to consider both the Filipino and American cultural influences on Filipino Americans to understand the root of Filipino American health practices and behaviors. Addressing culture in healthcare is complicated because of the possibility of feeding stereotypes.

Different cultural values held by an American physician may become a barrier in providing proper care to a Filipino American patient, especially for those who are recent immigrants. Filipino values of sensitivity and concern for an individual's limitations may clash with American values which tend to side on openness and frankness. Health providers whose values may not align with that of the Filipino American patient may not trust the physician and consider them as "ibang tao" (not one of us). This may create a disconnect with the patient who may respond at a superficial level.

Integration of the Filipino culture in the health care interventions of Filipino Americans can be useful in improving participation and health outcomes. Tailoring health screening recruitment strategies, educational materials that build on existing values, and employing Filipino staff who reflect the population have been seen to improve outcomes for Filipino American communities.

Although most Filipinos are familiar with prevention practices, such as health screenings, its importance is usually not well understood so it is not applied as common practice. Elderly Filipinos may choose rather to self-monitor and assess their own illness especially in its early stages. Encouraging prevention practices such as health screenings may be difficult as some adult family members may discourage participation as a means of trying to protect their loved one from external forces.

### Family and community dynamics

Like many immigrant groups, Filipino elderly and recent immigrants may already feel like a burden to their families after having gone through the process of immigrating; thus they tend to hide their health concerns to prevent imposing more stress and a greater financial burden amongst their families. Filipino families are hierarchal in that family members of a younger age are taught to obey and follow their elders, including their older siblings. Thus when patients seek care, may look to a family member to make a decision for them regarding their health options.

On the other hand, family and community relationships can be useful as a means of promoting health: engaging Filipino American communities as a whole on certain health projects can help advance health related initiatives, such as preventative care. Research shows that, in providing a sense of community and a place for different generations of immigrants to meet and learn from each other, community centers provide effective spaces for addressing preventative health.

### Language

Although most Filipinos are proficient in English, language continues to be a barrier in providing proper healthcare. Filipinos take pride in being able to speak English which is perceived as a sign of higher social status, thus they may refuse the need for an interpreter. However, communicating in English may still prove to be challenging in high-stress situations.

### Dietary acculturation

Dietary acculturation is the change in eating patterns due to adopting new diets that occurs when members of the minority group adopt eating patterns of mainstream society. High degree of dietary acculturation is associated with poorer dietary habits. Immigration to the US is associated with increased consumption of fats, sweets, dairy products but decreased consumption of meats and vegetables.

As Filipino Americans acculturate in terms of their diets, they practice bicultural patterns that reflect both a preference for food that is American and traditionally Filipino. The Western dietary acculturation scale, which measures Western eating patterns that include a high intake of fat and sugar, was a significant predictor of the increase in body mass index (BMI) and weight in Filipino Americans. High salt intake is a feature of both the Filipino and Western diet; Filipino Americans are typically aware that their traditional cultural foods have high levels of sodium and fat, which is associated with an increased risk for hypertension.

### Medical system

Medical beliefs and practices are constructed based on an individual's perspective of the world. Socio-cultural influences are considerable factors that determine an individual's belief about disease and treatment. Based on this understanding, ethnic groups (typically groups of Third World countries), follow a holistic approach to health care; thus, encompassing physical, psychological, and spiritual practices that are differentiated from Western medicine.

Folk medicine is not the only medical system used by Filipinos. In general, Filipino health practices are based on biological, spiritual, and personal understandings. In particular, Filipinos support two contrasting medical systems of western medicine and alternative medicine, otherwise referred to as holistic healing. It is a blended health belief system of both biological and supernatural causes to illnesses. Generally, Filipinos consider multiple factors that contribute a particular illness and rarely believe in a sole cause of disease. An individual may consider a natural over a non-natural cause for an illness depending on their socio-cultural influences.

### Alternative prevention and healing practices

#### Religion

The Filipino American identity is significantly influenced by cultural aspects of traditional values and religion. During the colonization of the Philippines by Spain, Catholicism was incorporated into the culture of Filipinos. As of 2015, Catholicism is still a dominating religion within the Philippines that influences the identity of Philippine society. Based on the Spanish colonial Christian influences and the predominant Catholic upbringing of Filipinos, religious affiliations are greatly considered by Filipino Americans as a source of health relief. Religion is used for preventative and treatment measures. For example, the phrase, *bahala na* is a common expression used as to provide psychological comfort. This phrase is commonly translated as *it's up to God*. Another common saying *utang na loog* is in reference of being granted a blessing from an answered prayer by God, the Virgin Mary, or a patron saint. In addition to a religious background, the Filipino culture also considers spiritual elements as reasons for disease. Oftentimes, spiritual factors are also considered for treatments. Filipino Americans of a traditional, Catholic derived influence tend to seek guidance and affirmation from spiritual or religious references.

Higher members of the Roman Catholic Church, such as ministers and priests, are considered under the category of faith healers. Whether it involves rituals for a specific individual or a large ceremonial mass, it is related to providing preventative measures and relief. A major component of faith healing by the Roman Catholic Church is the involvement of miracle cures for diseases. As indicated by Henderson and Primeaux, the confirmation of miracle cures are based on four criteria – reasonable, instantaneous, evidence of cure, and natural explanations must be ruled implausible.

Further examples of Philippine faith healing include reliance on religious ceremonies and seeking aid from patron saints. Specifically, Filipinos relate their well-being with prayer recitations, display of religious figures, and observation of religious occasions. These occasions involve the celebration of religious holidays, the attendance of Holy Hour, reconciliations, baptisms, confirmations, and weddings. In addition, religious entities are often prayed to. It is believed by Filipino Americans of Catholic upbringing that the signs and symptoms of a particular illness will either be alleviated or some type of support and stability will be provided. Filipinos heavily rely on their faith for health stability and support during the onset of an illness. The use of religion and spirituality as a reference for an individual's well-being can be regarded as an acceptance mechanism that affects which health precautions are taken.

It is arguable that religion is a major component of Filipino-American health behaviors. According to, it is not plausible to assume that familiarity is the sole factor that influences Filipino Americans to adopt a religious influence on health practices. However, there are studies find that Filipino Americans are more comfortable and willing to seek not only spiritual guidance from community institutions that are able to relate culturally. Those of Filipino descent have behaviors that reflect *personalism* in which Filipinos prefer to interact with others who they find most compatible with. Often, this familiarity and comfort is based on similar values and culture affiliations. Specifically, mental care services are avoided based on language barriers and other cultural differences. Most Filipino Americans tend to seek religious officials as their first choice of support rather than that of health care professionals. An explanation for the preference for health care services is due to the influence of historical Catholic ties of Filipino Americans.

#### Traditional healers

Faith healers are able to enter a partially conscious state in which they are possessed by religious identities. During this trance, faith healers obtain different characteristics and mannerisms, such as healing abilities. Common holy figures that are highly worshiped in the Philippines, such as Santo Niño and the Virgin Mary, are channeled through faith healers. Consequently, devout believers experience a sense of guidance and aid.

Other than trance states, there are sects of traditional healers that encourage others to focus on proper nutrition for the care of the body. Faith healers often focus on dietary needs and recommend herbal remedies. In addition, some faith healers advise those who are ill to seek health clinics for further help. When patients are not recovering they are highly encouraged to take doctor-prescribed medications and, if needed, hospitalization.

#### Herbal remedies

Most traditional Asian American cultures follow health care practices that are reflected of Chinese medicine. Chinese medicine involves disciplines in acupuncture and nutrition, with herbology being a common regimen. Herbal treatments are relied on by Filipino Americans that have not been considered assimilated or rather acculturated to the American culture. Indigenous herbal treatments issued by faith healers are encouraged to provide a balance of energy and diet. Particular blends of herbs are specific to certain ailments. With the guidance of faith healers in Chinese medicine disciplines, the treatments are believed to help align the elements within the human body, which in turn will be reflected in one's immune defense and, moreover, cause a significant decrease in one's susceptibility to disease.

### Help-seeking behaviors

There exists many social barriers towards accessibility of healthcare. Some of these include, but are not limited to, age, marital status, English proficiency, generation status, cultural beliefs and practices, etc. These barriers can greatly affect Filipino-American understanding of the U.S. healthcare system, perspectives towards mental health, and understanding in seeking professional health services. One such barrier that is often cited as being a major obstacle in Asian American health-seeking behavior is the cultural ideation of the "private self," where Asian Americans are taught to keep their emotions out of the public and reserved for closer friends or family. As a result, seeking out mental health services is made into an option of last resort, rather than as a first option. Due to cultural barriers and differences in the understanding of mental health, treatment of Filipino \[mental\] health may be adversely affected, as cultural differences can affect the reception and effectiveness of mental health services.

The internalized oppression that accompanies the colonial mentality that pervades the Filipino American identity also plays a significant role in the Filipino American perception of mental health services. Due to a complicated historical relationship between the Philippines and the United States, a certain level of caution remains when approaching Western ideas, including medicine. The Filipino American perspective on health-related issues may also differ from that of the Western framework on medicine, leading to large disparities between American and Filipino health professionals. One point of contention is regarding the loose definitions of what constitutes "mental and emotional" well-being contributes to the caution that Filipino Americans have in their help-seeking behaviors.

Filipino Americans are least likely to seek support from professional mental health providers. These variables include fear of shame as well as effects of oppression, indicated by racial discrimination and cultural mistrust. Filipino Americans turn to get support through more indigenous coping strategies, such as religion, spirituality, or family as sources for help.

### Effects of the model minority myth

In various Asian American communities, the "model minority" myth pervades. The image of the "model minority" is idealized, with the population being generally regarded as well-off and successful, implying an assumption of mental toughness and fortitude. In the Asian American youth population, specifically, there is a lower level of social support and higher levels of insurance disparities. As a result, Filipino American college students have underutilized college counseling centers, an action that would otherwise contradict the ideal of the "model minority."

Additionally, due to the existence of the norm for Asian Americans to attend a four-year university, those individuals who attend community college may feel additional social pressures that negatively affect their mental health. These may spawn from feelings of inferiority and can also contribute to lower levels of mental health-seeking behaviors, as a result of feelings of shame.

### Colonial mentality

Colonial mentality, a form of internalized oppression that considers anything American to be favorable to anything Filipino, plays an important role in the psychological well-being of Filipino Americans. Overt colonial mentality plays a negative role in Filipino Americans' psychological health by discriminating against less Americanized Filipino Americans while putting down Filipino features, characteristics, and values. Overt colonial mentality appears to contribute negatively to psychological health by discriminating against less Americanized Filipino Americans while putting down Filipino features, characteristics, and values. Covert colonial mentality appears to contribute to negatively to the "Americanized" Filipino American by inducing feelings of shame and inferiority over their own Filipino identity.

Colonial mentality and mental health help-seeking attitudes have established links with acculturation and enculturation. Colonial mentality increases willingness to acculturation or the extent to which a Filipino becomes more Americanized. Enculturation is a negative correlate to colonial mentality in that colonial mentality decreases as Filipino Americans become more enculturated. The more acculturated the individual is, the more likely the individual has a positive attitude toward seeking help while more enculturated individuals tend to have more negative attitudes toward help-seeking.

Acculturation is related to several types of psychological distress: lower academic achievement, depression, body dissatisfaction, eating disturbances, less social support, and weaker familial relationships. Enculturation has been shown to be a protective factor against depression.

### Reasons for illnesses

#### Natural vs unnatural illnesses

The cause of illnesses are distinguished into categories of natural and unnatural illnesses. Natural illnesses are based on sicknesses derived that involve external conditions. Examples of natural illnesses include from exposure to extreme temperatures of hot or cold or transmission of microbes from contaminated sources. Unnatural illnesses are described as sicknesses being obtained due to the lack of commitment to one's faith. The lack of commitment whether it be by sin or a lack of attention to religious practices, the Lord would retract his protection over the individual; thus, making him susceptible to evil influences and ultimately illnesses. It is believed by multiple cultural groups. Evil influences include supernatural forces as well as vengeful spirits \- both ancestral and non-ancestral spirits.

#### Filipino health superstitions

1. *Pasma*: *Pasma* is an illness believed to be caused by an exposure to hot and cold temperatures simultaneously. Symptoms are hot flashes and consistent perspiration of hands and feet. Preventative measures involves the wiping of sweat before it dries on the skin. Traditional healers can detect *pasma* by noticing pulse patterns. Faith healers regard pulses as crucial indicators of multiple illnesses. The belief of *pasma* is likely originated from Latin America.
2. The spontaneous fainting of an individual without an apparent natural explanation is believed that it is due to multiple spirits yearning to deliver message to the living. This sudden illness is derived from an Ilocano superstition.
3. Detrimental diseases can be obtained due to improper handling of clothes. According to indigenous Ilocano belief, when clothes that were hung out to dry were forgotten one must wait until the next morning before gathering. In addition, if a pregnant woman does not wear clean clothes the health of the child is at risk.
4. Death occurs when hair is combed at night.
5. Illness will occur if you see a black cat cross your path.
6. *Anting-Anting*: A crocodile or hog tooth is worn as a charm for protection against harm.
7. Effective medicine is obtained when roots are gathered on Good Friday.


title: Murtaza Kabir Murad

abstract: Murtaza Kabir Murad is a Bangladeshi flutist. He is also a contributor of Easy Flute School youtube channel, which proposes free lessons to learn Bansuri instrument.

text:
# Murtaza Kabir Murad

**Murtaza Kabir Murad** is a Bangladeshi flutist. He is also a contributor of Easy Flute School youtube channel, which proposes free lessons to learn Bansuri instrument.

## Early life

Murad was born to Ali Ahmed and Latifa Ahmed. In 1985, he started his musical career by taking *tabla* lessons from Khandaker Khairul Anam. He later learned how to play the flute from Alauddin. During 1992–1999, he got lessons in flute from Ustad Shamsur Rahman in Dhaka. He was listed A-grade flute player on Bangladesh Television and Bangladesh Betar.

He authored the book *"Shahaj Bashi Sheekkhya"*, the first flute learning book in Bangladesh. As of 2017, Murad is serving as a teacher in the Flute department at Chhayanaut.

## InfoBox

| Murtaza Kabir Murad | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Bangladeshi |
| Occupation | Flutist |


title: European hare

abstract: The European hare, also known as the brown hare, is a species of hare native to Europe and parts of Asia. It is among the largest hare species and is adapted to temperate, open country. Hares are herbivorous and feed mainly on grasses and herbs, supplementing these with twigs, buds, bark and field crops, particularly in winter. Their natural predators include large birds of prey, canids and felids. They rely on high-speed endurance running to escape predation, having long, powerful limbs and large nostrils. Generally nocturnal and shy in nature, hares change their behaviour in the spring, when they can be seen in broad daylight chasing one another around in fields. During this spring frenzy, they sometimes strike one another with their paws ("boxing"). This is not just competition between males, but also a female hitting a male, either to show she is not yet ready to mate or to test his determination. The female nests in a depression on the surface of the ground rather than in a burrow and the young are active as soon as they are born. Litters may consist of three or four young and a female can bear three litters a year, with hares living for up to twelve years. The breeding season lasts from January to August. The European hare is listed as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature because it has a wide range and is moderately abundant. However, populations have been declining in mainland Europe since the 1960s, at least partly due to changes in farming practices. The hare has been hunted across Europe for centuries, with more than five million being shot each year; in Britain, it has traditionally been hunted by beagling and hare coursing, but these field sports are now illegal. The hare has been a traditional symbol of fertility and reproduction in some cultures and its courtship behaviour in the spring inspired the English idiom mad as a March hare.

text:
# European hare

The **European hare** (***Lepus europaeus***), also known as the **brown hare**, is a species of hare native to Europe and parts of Asia. It is among the largest hare species and is adapted to temperate, open country. Hares are herbivorous and feed mainly on grasses and herbs, supplementing these with twigs, buds, bark and field crops, particularly in winter. Their natural predators include large birds of prey, canids and felids. They rely on high-speed endurance running to escape predation, having long, powerful limbs and large nostrils.

Generally nocturnal and shy in nature, hares change their behaviour in the spring, when they can be seen in broad daylight chasing one another around in fields. During this spring frenzy, they sometimes strike one another with their paws ("boxing"). This is not just competition between males, but also a female hitting a male, either to show she is not yet ready to mate or to test his determination. The female nests in a depression on the surface of the ground rather than in a burrow and the young are active as soon as they are born. Litters may consist of three or four young and a female can bear three litters a year, with hares living for up to twelve years. The breeding season lasts from January to August.

The European hare is listed as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature because it has a wide range and is moderately abundant. However, populations have been declining in mainland Europe since the 1960s, at least partly due to changes in farming practices. The hare has been hunted across Europe for centuries, with more than five million being shot each year; in Britain, it has traditionally been hunted by beagling and hare coursing, but these field sports are now illegal. The hare has been a traditional symbol of fertility and reproduction in some cultures and its courtship behaviour in the spring inspired the English idiom *mad as a March hare*.

## Taxonomy and genetics

The European hare was first described in 1778 by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas. It shares the genus *Lepus* (Latin for "hare") with 32 other hare and jackrabbit species, jackrabbits being the name given to some species of hare native to North America. They are distinguished from other leporids (hares and rabbits) by their longer legs and wider nostrils. The Corsican hare, broom hare and Granada hare were at one time considered to be subspecies of the European hare, but DNA sequencing and morphological analysis support their status as separate species.

There is some debate as to whether the European hare and the Cape hare are the same species. A 2005 nuclear gene pool study suggested that they are, but a 2006 study of the mitochondrial DNA of these same animals concluded that they had diverged sufficiently widely to be considered separate species. A 2008 study claims that in the case of *Lepus* species, with their rapid evolution, species designation cannot be based solely on mtDNA but should also include an examination of the nuclear gene pool. It is possible that the genetic differences between the European and Cape hare are due to geographic separation rather than actual divergence. It has been speculated that in the Near East, hare populations are intergrading and experiencing gene flow. Another 2008 study suggests that more research is needed before a conclusion is reached as to whether a species complex exists; the European hare remains classified as a single species until further data contradicts this assumption.

Cladogenetic analysis suggests that European hares survived the last glacial period during the Pleistocene via refugia in southern Europe (Italian peninsula and Balkans) and Asia Minor. Subsequent colonisations of Central Europe appear to have been initiated by human-caused environmental changes. Genetic diversity in current populations is high with no signs of inbreeding. Gene flow appears to be biased towards males, but overall populations are matrilineally structured. There appears to be a particularly large degree of genetic diversity in hares in the North Rhine-Westphalia region of Germany. It is however possible that restricted gene flow could reduce genetic diversity within populations that become isolated.

Historically, up to 30 subspecies of European hare have been described, although their status has been disputed. These subspecies have been distinguished by differences in pelage colouration, body size, external body measurements, skull morphology and tooth shape.

Sixteen subspecies are listed in the IUCN red book, following Hoffmann and Smith (2005):

* *Lepus europaeus caspicus*
* *L. e. connori*
* *L. e. creticus*
* *L. e. cyprius*
* *L. e. cyrensis*
* *L. e. europaeus*
* *L. e. hybridus*
* *L. e. judeae*
* *L. e. karpathorum*
* *L. e. medius*
* *L. e. occidentalis*
* *L. e. parnassius*
* *L. e. ponticus*
* *L. e. rhodius*
* *L. e. syriacus*
* *L. e. transsylvanicus*

Twenty-nine subspecies of "very variable status" are listed by Chapman and Flux in their book on lagomorphs, including the subspecies above (with the exceptions of *L. e. connori*, *L. e. creticus*, *L. e. cyprius*, *L. e. judeae*, *L. e. rhodius*, and *L. e. syriacus*) and additionally:

* *L. e. alba*
* *L. e. argenteogrisea*
* *L. e. biarmicus*
* *L. e. borealis*
* *L. e. caspicus*
* *L. e. caucasicus*
* *L. e. flavus*
* *L. e. gallaecius*
* *L. e. hispanicus*
* *L. e. hyemalis*
* *L. e. granatensis*
* *L. e. iturissius*
* *L. e. kalmykorum*
* *L. e. meridiei*
* *L. e. meridionalis*
* *L. e. niethammeri*
* *L. e. niger*
* *L. e. tesquorum*
* *L. e. tumak*

## Description

The European hare, like other members of the family Leporidae, is a fast-running terrestrial mammal; it has eyes set high on the sides of its head, long ears and a flexible neck. Its teeth grow continuously, the first incisors being modified for gnawing while the second incisors are peg-like and non-functional. There is a gap (diastema) between the incisors and the cheek teeth, the latter being adapted for grinding coarse plant material. The dental formula is 2/1, 0/0, 3/2, 3/3. The dark limb musculature of hares is adapted for high-speed endurance running in open country. By contrast, cottontail rabbits are built for short bursts of speed in more vegetated habitats. Other adaptions for high speed running in hares include wider nostrils and larger hearts. In comparison to the European rabbit, the hare has a proportionally smaller stomach and caecum.

This hare is one of the largest of the lagomorphs. Its head and body length can range from 60 to 75 cm (24 to 30 in) with a tail length of 7.2 to 11 cm (2.8 to 4.3 in). The body mass is typically between 3 and 5 kg (6.6 and 11.0 lb). The hare's elongated ears range from 9.4 to 11.0 cm (3.7 to 4.3 in) from the notch to tip. It also has long hind feet that have a length of between 14 and 16 cm (5.5 and 6.3 in). The skull has nasal bones that are short, but broad and heavy. The supraorbital ridge has well-developed anterior and posterior lobes and the lacrimal bone projects prominently from the anterior wall of the orbit.

The fur colour is grizzled yellow-brown on the back; rufous on the shoulders, legs, neck and throat; white on the underside and black on the tail and ear tips. The fur on the back is typically longer and more curled than on the rest of the body. The European hare's fur does not turn completely white in the winter as is the case with some other members of the genus, although the sides of the head and base of the ears do develop white areas and the hip and rump region may gain some grey.

## Distribution and habitat

The European hare is native to much of continental Europe and part of Asia. Its range extends from northern Spain to southern Scandinavia, eastern Europe, and northern parts of Western and Central Asia. It has been extending its range into Siberia. It may have been introduced to Great Britain by the Romans about 2000 years ago, based on a lack of archaeological evidence before that, although new radiocarbon dates suggest that it was introduced earlier, between 500-300BCE. It is not present in Ireland, where the mountain hare is the only native hare species. Undocumented introductions probably occurred in some Mediterranean Islands. It has also been introduced, mostly as game animal, to North America in Ontario and New York State, and unsuccessfully in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, the Southern Cone in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Peru and the Falkland Islands, Australia, both islands of New Zealand and the south Pacific coast of Russia.

The European hare primarily lives in open fields with scattered brush for shelter. It is very adaptable and thrives in mixed farmland. According to a study in the Czech Republic, the mean hare densities were highest at elevations below 200 m (660 ft), 40 to 60 days of annual snow cover, 450 to 700 mm (18 to 28 in) of annual precipitation, and a mean annual air temperature of around 10 °C (50 °F). With regards to climate, the European hare density was highest in "warm and dry districts with mild winters". In Poland, the European hare is most abundant in areas with few forest edges, perhaps because foxes can use these for cover. It requires cover, such as hedges, ditches and permanent cover areas, because these habitats supply the varied diet it requires, and are found at lower densities in large open fields. Intensive cultivation of the land results in greater mortality of young hares.

In Great Britain, the European hare is seen most frequently on arable farms, especially those with crop rotation and fallow land, wheat and sugar beet crops. In mainly grass farms, its numbers increased with are improved pastures, some arable crops and patches of woodland. It is seen less frequently where foxes are abundant or where there are many common buzzards. It also seems to be fewer in number in areas with high European rabbit populations, although there appears to be little interaction between the two species and no aggression. Although European hares are shot as game when plentiful, this is a self-limiting activity and is less likely to occur in localities where the species is scarce.

## Behaviour and life history

The European hare is primarily nocturnal and spends a third of its time foraging. During daytime, it hides in a depression in the ground called a "form" where it is partially hidden. It can run at 70 km/h (43 mph), and when confronted by predators it relies on outrunning them in the open. It is generally thought of as asocial but can be seen in both large and small groups. It does not appear to be territorial, living in shared home ranges of around 300 ha (740 acres). It communicates with each other by a variety of visual signals. To show interest it raises its ears, while lowering the ears warns others to keep away. When challenging a conspecific, a hare thumps its front feet; the hind feet are used to warn others of a predator. It squeals when hurt or scared, and a female makes "guttural" calls to attract her young. It can live for as long as twelve years.

### Food and foraging

The European hare is primarily herbivorous and forages for wild grasses and weeds. With the intensification of agriculture, it has taken to feeding on crops when preferred foods are not available. During the spring and summer, it feeds on soy, clover and corn poppy as well as grasses and herbs. During autumn and winter, it primarily chooses winter wheat, and is also attracted to piles of sugar beet and carrots provided by hunters. It also eats twigs, buds and the bark of shrubs and young fruit trees during winter. It avoids cereal crops when other more attractive foods are available, and appears to prefer high energy foodstuffs over crude dietary fiber. When eating twigs, it strips off the bark to access the vascular tissues which store soluble carbohydrates. Compared to the European rabbit, food passes through the gut more rapidly in the European hare, although digestion rates are similar. It is sometimes coprophagial eating its own green, faecal pellets to recover undigested proteins and vitamins. Two to three adult hares can eat more food than a single sheep.

European hares forage in groups. Group feeding is beneficial as individuals can spend more time feeding knowing that other hares are being vigilant. Nevertheless, the distribution of food affects these benefits. When food is well-spaced, all hares are able to access it. When food is clumped together, only dominant hares can access it. In small gatherings, dominants are more successful in defending food, but as more individuals join in, they must spend more time driving off others. The larger the group, the less time dominant individuals have in which to eat. Meanwhile, the subordinates can access the food while the dominants are distracted. As such, when in groups, all individuals fare worse when food is clumped as opposed to when it is widely spaced.

### Mating and reproduction

Fighting, and running during "March madness"

European hares have a prolonged breeding season which lasts from January to August. Females, or does, can be found pregnant in all breeding months and males, or bucks, are fertile all year round except during October and November. After this hiatus, the size and activity of the males' testes increase, signalling the start of a new reproductive cycle. This continues through December, January and February when the reproductive tract gains back its functionality. Matings start before ovulation occurs and the first pregnancies of the year often result in a single foetus, with pregnancy failures being common. Peak reproductive activity occurs in March and April, when all females may be pregnant, the majority with three or more foetuses.

The mating system of the hare has been described as both polygynous (single males mating with multiple females) and promiscuous. Females have six-weekly reproductive cycles and are receptive for only a few hours at a time, making competition among local bucks intense. At the height of the breeding season, this phenomenon is known as "March madness", when the normally nocturnal bucks are forced to be active in the daytime. In addition to dominant animals subduing subordinates, the female fights off her numerous suitors if she is not ready to mate. Fights can be vicious and can leave numerous scars on the ears. In these encounters, hares stand upright and attack each other with their paws, a practice known as "boxing", and this activity is often between a female and a male and not purely between competing males as was previously believed. When a doe is ready to mate, she runs across the countryside, starting a chase that tests the stamina of the following males. When only the fittest male remains, the female stops and allows him to copulate. Female fertility continues through May, June and July, but testosterone production decreases in males and sexual behaviour becomes less overt. Litter sizes decrease as the breeding season draws to a close with no pregnancies occurring after August. The testes of males begin to regress and sperm production ends in September.

Does give birth in hollow depressions in the ground. An individual female may have three litters in a year with a 41- to 42-day gestation period. The young have an average weight of around 130 grams (4.6 oz) at birth. The leverets are fully furred and are precocial, being ready to leave the nest soon after they are born, an adaptation to the lack of physical protection relative to that afforded by a burrow. Leverets disperse during the day and come together in the evening close to where they were born. Their mother visits them for nursing soon after sunset; the young suckle for around five minutes, urinating while they do so, with the doe licking up the fluid. She then leaps away so as not to leave an olfactory trail, and the leverets disperse once more. Young can eat solid food after two weeks and are weaned when they are four weeks old. While young of either sex commonly explore their surroundings, natal dispersal tends to be greater in males. Sexual maturity occurs at seven or eight months for females and six months for males.

### Health and mortality

European hares are large leporids and adults can only be tackled by large predators such as canids, felids and the largest birds of prey. In Poland it was found that the consumption of hares by foxes was at its highest during spring, when the availability of small animal prey was low; at this time of year, hares may constitute up to 50% of the biomass eaten by foxes, with 50% of the mortality of adult hares being caused by their predation. In Scandinavia, a natural epizootic of sarcoptic mange which reduced the population of red foxes dramatically, resulted in an increase in the number of European hares, which returned to previous levels when the numbers of foxes subsequently increased. The golden eagle preys on the European hare in the Alps, the Carpathians, the Apennines and northern Spain. In North America, foxes and coyotes are probably the most common predators, with bobcats and lynx also preying on them in more remote locations.

European hares have both external and internal parasites. One study found that 54% of animals in Slovakia were parasitised by nematodes and over 90% by coccidia. In Australia, European hares were reported as being infected by four species of nematode, six of coccidian, several liver flukes and two canine tapeworms. They were also found to host rabbit fleas (*Spilopsyllus cuniculi*), stickfast fleas (*Echidnophaga myrmecobii*), lice (*Haemodipsus setoni* and *H. lyriocephalus*), and mites (*Leporacarus gibbus*).

European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) is a disease caused by a calicivirus similar to that causing rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) and can similarly be fatal, but cross infection between the two mammal species does not occur. Other threats to the hare are pasteurellosis, yersiniosis (pseudo-tuberculosis), coccidiosis and tularaemia, which are the principal sources of mortality.

In October 2018, it was reported that a mutated form of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV2) may have jumped to hares in the UK. Normally rare in hares, a significant die-off from the virus has also occurred in Spain.

## Relationship with humans

### In folklore, literature, and art

In Europe, the hare has been a symbol of sex and fertility since at least Ancient Greece. The Greeks associated it with the gods Dionysus, Aphrodite and Artemis as well as with satyrs and cupids. The Christian Church connected the hare with lustfulness and homosexuality, but also associated it with the persecution of the church because of the way it was commonly hunted.

In Northern Europe, Easter imagery often involves hares or rabbits. Citing folk Easter customs in Leicestershire, England, where "the profits of the land called Harecrop Leys were applied to providing a meal which was thrown on the ground at the 'Hare-pie Bank'", the 19th-century scholar Charles Isaac Elton proposed a possible connection between these customs and the worship of Ēostre. In his 19th-century study of the hare in folk custom and mythology, Charles J. Billson cites folk customs involving the hare around Easter in Northern Europe, and argues that the hare was probably a sacred animal in prehistoric Britain's festival of springtime. Observation of the hare's springtime mating behaviour led to the popular English idiom "mad as a March hare", with similar phrases from the sixteenth century writings of John Skelton and Sir Thomas More onwards. The mad hare reappears in *Alice's Adventures in Wonderland* by Lewis Carroll, in which Alice participates in a crazy tea-party with the March Hare and the Hatter.

Any connection of the hare to Ēostre is doubtful. John Andrew Boyle cites an etymology dictionary by Alfred Ernout and Antoine Meillet, who wrote that the lights of Ēostre were carried by hares, that Ēostre represented spring fecundity, love and sexual pleasure. Boyle responds that almost nothing is known about Ēostre, and that the authors had seemingly accepted the identification of Ēostre with the Norse goddess Freyja, but that the hare is not associated with Freyja either. Boyle adds that "when the authors speak of the hare as the 'companion of Aphrodite and of satyrs and cupids' and 'in the Middle Ages \[the hare\] appears beside the figure of \[mythological\] Luxuria', they are on much surer ground."

The hare is a character in some fables, such as *The Tortoise and the Hare* of Aesop. The story was annexed to a philosophical problem by Zeno of Elea, who created a set of paradoxes to support Parmenides' attack on the idea of continuous motion, as each time the hare (or the hero Achilles) moves to where the tortoise was, the tortoise moves just a little further away. The German Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer realistically depicted a hare in his 1502 watercolour painting *Young Hare*.

### Food and hunting

Across Europe, over five million European hares are shot each year, making it probably the most important game mammal on the continent. This popularity has threatened regional varieties such as those of France and Denmark, through large-scale importing of hares from Eastern European countries such as Hungary. Hares have traditionally been hunted in Britain by beagling and hare coursing. In beagling, the hare is hunted with a pack of small hunting dogs, beagles, followed by the human hunters on foot. In Britain, the 2004 Hunting Act banned hunting of hares with dogs, so the 60 beagle packs now use artificial "trails", or may legally continue to hunt rabbits. Hare coursing with greyhounds was once an aristocratic pursuit, forbidden to lower social classes. More recently, informal hare coursing became a lower class activity and was conducted without the landowner's permission; it is also now illegal. In Scotland concerns have been raised over the increasing numbers of hares shot under license.

Hare is traditionally cooked by jugging: a whole hare is cut into pieces, marinated and cooked slowly with red wine and juniper berries in a tall jug that stands in a pan of water. It is traditionally served with (or briefly cooked with) the hare's blood and port wine. Hare can also be cooked in a casserole. The meat is darker and more strongly flavoured than that of rabbits. Young hares can be roasted; the meat of older hares becomes too tough for roasting, and may be slow-cooked.

## Status

The European hare has a wide range across Europe and western Asia and has been introduced to a number of other countries around the globe, often as a game species. In general it is considered moderately abundant in its native range, but declines in populations have been noted in many areas since the 1960s. These have been associated with the intensification of agricultural practices. The hare is an adaptable species and can move into new habitats, but it thrives best when there is an availability of a wide variety of weeds and other herbs to supplement its main diet of grasses. The hare is considered a pest in some areas; it is more likely to damage crops and young trees in winter when there are not enough alternative foodstuffs available.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature has evaluated the European hare's conservation status as being of least concern. However, at low population densities, hares are vulnerable to local extinctions as the available gene pool declines, making inbreeding more likely. This is the case in northern Spain and in Greece, where the restocking by hares brought from outside the region has been identified as a threat to regional gene pools. To counteract this, a captive breeding program has been implemented in Spain, and the relocation of some individuals from one location to another has increased genetic variety. The Bern Convention lists the hare under Appendix III as a protected species. Several countries, including Norway, Germany, Austria and Switzerland, have placed the species on their Red Lists as "near threatened" or "threatened".

## InfoBox

| European hare | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
| <br>Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Lagomorpha |
| Family: | Leporidae |
| Genus: | *Lepus* |
| Species: | ***L. europaeus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lepus europaeus***<br>Pallas, 1778 | |
|
|  | |
| European hare range<br>(dark red – native, red – introduced) | |


title: Never Grow Old (film)

abstract: Never Grow Old is a 2019 revisionist Western film written and directed by Ivan Kavanagh. It stars Emile Hirsch, Déborah François, John Cusack, Danny Webb, Tim Ahern and Sam Louwyck. Saban Films released the film on March 15.

text:
# Never Grow Old (film)

***Never Grow Old*** is a 2019 revisionist Western film written and directed by Ivan Kavanagh. It stars Emile Hirsch, Déborah François, John Cusack, Danny Webb, Tim Ahern and Sam Louwyck. Saban Films released the film on March 15.

## Plot

A man carrying a gun enters a frontier church in Garlow, a town on the California Trail, and a shot rings out.

In the past, the man, Patrick Tate, attends a service at the church during which the preacher claims that some in the congregation regret banning alcohol, gambling, and prostitution, but that this has made theirs a "Christian" town. After church Pat talks with his friend Ed, who offers to babysit his two kids. Pat and his family enter a store where his son asks if he wants a gun, to which Pat replies that he has a rifle. Meanwhile, a strange man enters, grunts aggressively at the storekeeper, and stares at Pat's wife Audrey. Back at home, Pat and Audrey discuss how they never made it to their goal in California. Pat wishes to move on now that the "Christian" town has quieted down, but Audrey doesn't want to leave.

In the middle of the night, three men approach Pat's home and ask for a man named Bill Crabtree. Though he gives the men directions, their leader demands that he go with them. He takes the men to Bill's wife's house, but she tells them that Bill left town a year earlier. The leader reveals that he is a bounty hunter looking for Bill, who is wanted for murder. Afterward, he asks to be taken to the saloon, where the innkeeper tells him that the preacher threatened to burn his establishment down if he didn't stop supplying alcohol and prostitutes. Over drinks, the leader introduces himself as Dutch Albert and his companions as Dumb Dumb (whose tongue is cut out) and Sicily, an Italian who does not speak English. Pat introduces himself as a carpenter and undertaker. Dutch claims that he understands how it feels to be an outsider like Pat, an Irish Catholic. Since the innkeeper has no food, the men return to Patrick's house where he wakes Audrey so she can make a meal for them. Dumb Dumb leers at her.

Dutch returns to the innkeeper and buys his hotel to turn it back into a saloon. One month later, it is in full swing with gambling and whores. The innkeeper, Jim Emmett, fetches Patrick because a man "accidentally" dies in the saloon. The sheriff is suspicious, but everyone is silent when asked what happened. At the funeral, the preacher accuses the sheriff of dereliction and demands justice. That night, Dutch wakes Patrick and orders two coffins. He takes Pat to a dugout where he kills Bill Crabtree and Crabtree's partner, whom Dutch claims robbed him. He pays Pat to bury the men.

In a card game at the saloon, Dutch cleans out a young man who cannot pay his debt. When Dutch refuses to let him leave, the boy pulls a gun, so Dutch shoots him. He claims to have killed the boy in self-defense, and no one says otherwise. Everyone hears the gunshots across the street in the church and goes to see the body; the sheriff is angry with Dutch but can do nothing. Later, back at the store, Dumb Dumb follows Audrey inside and tries to touch her face, to which she reacts sharply. He seems to grunt "I love you" before leaving in shame. When Audrey tells Pat about the incident, he claims no harm will come to her.

Mrs. Crabtree goes to see Dutch at the saloon and offers to work as a whore because she is starving. Dutch says he will take her and her daughter Emily, but not her alone. At Pat's house, a couple pass by in a wagon, saying they are headed to California and asking where the saloon is. Shortly thereafter, Pat hears gunshots and finds the man dead in the street, presumably killed by Dutch's gang. After preparing the body, he gives his children candy and Audrey a new dress, but she refuses because it is fancy and she will look out of place. Offended, he goes into town and has a drink in the saloon. He has a tense encounter with Dutch, but it is interrupted by a gunshot. Upstairs, Emily has killed the man who paid for her.

After Pat is commissioned to build a gallows to hang Emily, his wife tells him he will be implicated in her death, but he says he must. The next day, Emily is hanged. Dumb Dumb follows Audrey home and stalks her with a knife, but before he can get to her Pat comes up behind him and strangles him, hiding the body in Emily's coffin. Now realizing the depths of his depravity, Pat agrees to leave with Audrey the next day.

That night, the preacher sets the saloon ablaze. Dutch kills him and the sheriff who comes to his defense. Pat takes up the sheriff's gun but walks away from the encounter. The next day, while he buries the two, Sicily tries to kill Audrey. She hides her children and uses Pat's rifle to shoot Sicily in his arm. They fight and she stabs him in the stomach. She takes one of his guns and they shoot each other, killing Sicily. Pat's children run to the graveyard to tell him and he races home to find Audrey gravely injured. He asks Ed to take care of his family if he does not come back.

Pat retrieves his money from its hiding place and buys a blunderbuss and a pistol. He loads the blunderbuss with nails and two silver coins, which are traditionally placed on a corpse's eyes. He enters the church, as seen in the first scene, where he finds Dutch and Jim Emmett. Dutch draws on him, but Patrick fires the blunderbuss into Dutch, who shoots him in the gut. Pat then turns his pistol on Jim, killing him. He walks home and collapses on his porch, bleeding badly. His son asks if he is dying and Pat says that he is. His son says that Ed thinks his mother will survive. Pat tells his son that he loves him, his sister, and his mother more than life itself, and instructs him to go get Ed. Pat remains on the porch, dying.

## Cast

## Production

In December 2017, it was announced Emile Hirsch, John Cusack, Deborah Francois, Antonia Campbell-Hughes, Paul Ronan, Danny Webb had joined the cast of the film, with Ivan Kavanagh directing from a screenplay he wrote. In an interview published on Cineuropa prior to its US release, Ivan Kavanagh told Davide Abbatescianni that his main inspiration when writing were ”the frontier photographs from the 1850s onwards. The hardship on the people’s faces was startlingly apparent, and when you listen to the hymns they sang at the time, they are about hardship, the misery of life, and how life will be better on the other side, in Heaven. It is a very sobering and moving view of the founding of America, and of the immigrant experience. I tried to get some of that into the film, as well as paying homage to the westerns I loved as a child.”

## Release

In February 2018, Saban Films acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released in North America on March 15, 2019.

## Reception

Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 90% of 21 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.7/10. Based on eight reviews, Metacritic rated it 65/100, which it labels "generally favorable reviews".

## InfoBox

| Never Grow Old | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Ivan Kavanagh |
| Written by | Ivan Kavanagh |
| Produced by | * Jacqueline Kerrin * Dominic Wright * Nicolas Steil |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Piers McGrail |
| Edited by | Dermot Diskin |
| Music by |  |
| Production<br>company | Ripple World Pictures |
| Distributed by | Saban Films |
| Release date | * March 15, 2019 (2019-03-15) (United States) |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Countries |  |
| Language | English |
| Box office | $106,796 |


title: Nebularia aegra

abstract: Nebularia aegra is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

text:
# Nebularia aegra

***Nebularia aegra*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

## InfoBox

| *Nebularia aegra* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Mitridae |
| Genus: | *Nebularia* |
| Species: | ***N. aegra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nebularia aegra***<br>(Reeve, 1845) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cancilla aegra* (Reeve, 1845) * *Mitra aegra* Reeve, 1845 | |


abstract: Our Lady Help of Christians (German) is a historic Catholic church at the corner of East Allegheny Avenue and Gaul Street in the Port Richmond section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and serves the German-speaking population in the area. The parish was founded in 1885 and the church was constructed in 1898. The parish was merged with Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary church in 2016, and the two churches located one block away from each other operated until Our Lady Help of Christians was closed on June 4, 2018. Leading up to its closure, the Church struggled financially, with under 300 attendees per weekend and substantial deferred maintenance costs. As of 2021, the church building remains vacant but intact. Additional vacant components of the property include a rectory, convent, and school building.

text:
# Our Lady Help of Christians Church, Philadelphia

**Our Lady Help of Christians** (German) is a historic Catholic church at the corner of East Allegheny Avenue and Gaul Street in the Port Richmond section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and serves the German-speaking population in the area.

The parish was founded in 1885 and the church was constructed in 1898. The parish was merged with Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary church in 2016, and the two churches located one block away from each other operated until Our Lady Help of Christians was closed on June 4, 2018. Leading up to its closure, the Church struggled financially, with under 300 attendees per weekend and substantial deferred maintenance costs. As of 2021, the church building remains vacant but intact. Additional vacant components of the property include a rectory, convent, and school building.

## Parish boundary

All German-speaking people: east, Delaware River; south, Lehigh Ave.; west, Kensington Ave. and E St.; north, Wheatsheaf La.

## Former Masses conducted

Vigil Mass, Saturdays, 5 PM. Sundays, 10 AM. Holydays, 9 AM; 7 PM. At the time of its closing, the parish no longer celebrated any Masses in German

Students Attend: Our Lady of Port Richmond Regional School, 3233 E. Thompson St. 19134. This new school was founded through a merger of the Our Lady Help of Christians, Nativity B.V.M, and St. Adalbert Catholic Schools on the site of St. St. Adalbert.

39°59′13″N 75°06′20″W / 39.98703°N 75.10552°W / 39.98703; -75.10552


title: Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Moretto)

abstract: Our Lady of Mount Carmel is a painting in oils on canvas by Moretto da Brescia, executed c. 1522 and now in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice. It arrived in the Accademia's collection in exchange for two paintings sent to the Tempio Canoviano in Possagno. The painting is one of the most notable works of the artist's youth. Its original location is unknown as the first confirmed written record of the work dates to the 19th century. It was probably in the Confraternity of Our Lady of Mount Carmel's altar in Santa Maria del Carmine church in Brescia; a reference to a "large canvas... something of a large study in the hand of Moretto" in Bernardino Faino's 1630 guide to Brescian art may be to this work.

text:
# Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Moretto)

***Our Lady of Mount Carmel*** is a painting in oils on canvas by Moretto da Brescia, executed c.1522 and now in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice. It arrived in the Accademia's collection in exchange for two paintings sent to the Tempio Canoviano in Possagno. The painting is one of the most notable works of the artist's youth. Its original location is unknown as the first confirmed written record of the work dates to the 19th century. It was probably in the Confraternity of Our Lady of Mount Carmel's altar in Santa Maria del Carmine church in Brescia; a reference to a "large canvas ... something of a large study in the hand of Moretto" in Bernardino Faino's 1630 guide to Brescian art may be to this work.

## InfoBox

| Our Lady of Mount Carmel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Moretto da Brescia |
| Year | c.1522 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 271 cm × 298 cm (107 in × 117 in) |
| Location | Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice |


title: Otitoma timorensis

abstract: Otitoma timorensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae.

text:
# Otitoma timorensis

***Otitoma timorensis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 8½ mm, its diameter 2½ mm.

(Original description) The shell is elongately fusiform, strong and reddish brown. It contains 7 whorls, of which about 1⅓ form a smooth protoconch. The remaining whorls are moderately convex with a strong liration below the suture and from 3 to 4 lirae on their lower part, 11 on the body whorl. Moreover, the shell is covered with fine spiral striae and growth lines, and is crossed by thick, rounded, oblique ribs, 12 in number on the penultimate whorl, which give the shell an elegantly beaded appearance. The last rib before the peristome is very thick. The aperture is elongately oval. The peristome is thick, with a rather shallow sinus above, protracted lower on. The columellar margin is concave above, rather straight below, with a strong layer of enamel. The siphonal canal is straight and rather narrow.

## Distribution

This marine species is endemic to Indonesia and is found off Timor.

## InfoBox

| *Otitoma timorensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Original image of a shell of *Otitoma timorensis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Pseudomelatomidae |
| Genus: | *Otitoma* |
| Species: | ***O. timorensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Otitoma timorensis***<br>(Schepman, 1913) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Drillia timorensis* Schepman, 1913 (original combination) * *Lioglyphostomella timorensis* (M.M. Schepman, 1913) * *Thelecytharella timorensis* (Schepman, 1913) | |


title: European hazard symbols

abstract: European hazard symbols for chemicals are pictograms defined by the European Union for labelling chemical packaging and containers. They are standardised currently by the CLP/GHS classification.

text:
# European hazard symbols

**European hazard symbols** for chemicals are pictograms defined by the European Union for labelling chemical packaging (for storage and workplace) and containers (for transportation). They are standardised currently by the CLP/GHS classification.

## GHS hazard pictograms

* The European Union CLP Regulation (for "**C**lassification, **L**abelling and **P**ackaging") was introduced as EC Regulation 1272/2008. It is based on the GHS system, to secure for "physical, health and environment hazards".

## Chemical warning signage

Directive 92/58/EEC provides several safety signs for identifying dangerous materials and areas where they are handled and stored.

## Former hazard pictograms (1967–2017)

The previous hazard symbols for chemicals, were introduced in the Directive Directive 67/548/EEC, in 1967, and required to be adopted no later than 1 January 1970. The symbols were also included as a part of Directive 1999/45/EC. The symbols were replaced from 1 December 2010 to 1 June 2017, via a gradual phaseout. After 1 June 2017, Directive 67/548/EEC symbols were no longer allowed to be used.

From 1967 to 2017, these symbols were used for labeling containers and piping systems containing dangerous substances/mixtures. These symbols could also be used to identify areas where dangerous substances/mixtures were being stored in large quantities, as an alternative to the yellow triangular Directive 92/58/EEC warning signage.

Europe standard hazard pictograms for labelling – Directives 67/548/EEC, 1999/45/EC
| Hazard pictogram & *mention*, **code** | Substances examples |
| --- | --- |
| *Explosive* (**E**) | TNT, acetone peroxide, nitroglycerin, picric acid |
| *Extremely Flammable* (**F+**) | Hydrogen, acetylene, propane, butane, diethyl ether, carbon disulfide, acetaldehyde |
| *Highly Flammable* (**F**) | Ethanol, acetone, gasoline, hexamine, methanol |
| *Oxidizing* (**O**) | Oxygen, potassium nitrate, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, potassium permanganate |
| *Toxic* (**T**) | Sulfuric acid, TNT, Nitroglycerin, carbon disulfide, methanol, ammonia, formaldehyde |
| *Very toxic* (**T+**) | Prussic acid, nicotine, carbon monoxide, white phosphorus |
| *Harmful* (**Xn**) | Hexamine, butane, naphtha, acetaldehyde |
| *Irritant* (**Xi**) | Sodium hypochlorite, acetone, ethanol |
| *Corrosive* (**C**) | Sulfuric acid, Nitric acid, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, White phosphorus |
| *Dangerous for the environment* (**N**) | Sulfuric acid, turpentine, lead, mercury, Crude oil |

1. "Regulations (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006". *eur-lex.europa.eu*. European Union. 31 December 2008. pp. 325–328. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
2. "Guidance on labelling and packaging in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008" (PDF). *echa.europa.eu*. European Chemicals Agency. March 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
3. "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals" (pdf). 2021. Annex 3: Codification of Statements and Pictograms (pp 268385).
4. "Council Directive 92/58/EEC of 24 June 1992 on the minimum requirements for the provision of safety and/or health signs at work (ninth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC)". *Official Journal of the European Communities*. **35**: 34. 26 August 1992. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
5. "Directive 2014/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 amending Council Directives 92/58/EEC, 92/85/EEC, 94/33/EC, 98/24/EC and Directive 2004/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, in order to align them to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures". *Official Journal of the European Union*. **57**: 1–7. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2023. (a) warning sign 'Harmful or irritant material' is deleted.
6. "67/548/EEC - No. 196/1 - Council Directive of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous substances". *eur-lex.europa.eu*. European Economic Community. 16 August 1967. pp. 236, 238. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
7. "Directive 1999/45/EC of The European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 1999 concerning the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous preparations". *eur-lex.europa.eu*. European Union. 30 July 1999. p. 11. Retrieved 11 June 2024.


abstract: The Committee on Legal Affairs (JURI) is a committee of the European Parliament.

text:
# European Parliament Committee on Legal Affairs

The **Committee on Legal Affairs** (**JURI**) is a committee of the European Parliament.

## Responsibilities

The main responsibilities of the committee are the interpretation and application of international and European law and the compliance of European Union acts with the treaties of the European Union. It is also responsible for legislation in the areas of civil law, commercial law, intellectual property and procedural law. It is responsible for matters relating to the statutes and political immunity of MEPs and EU staff.

The member of the European Commission responsible for legal affairs is the European Commissioner for Justice, Consumers and Gender Equality. In the European Commission. The committee responds to the Justice and Home Affairs Council of the Council of the European Union.

### Pre-hearing of designated nominees to the European Commission

The committee scrutinizes the declaration of financial interests of designated nominees to the European Commission and adverts about conflicts of interest. It may declare a nominee unable to carry out his duties of a commissioner if upcoming concerns are not cleared up. In September 2019 the committee rejected two nominees of the Von der Leyen Commission, in particular Rovana Plumb and László Trócsányi.

This scrutiny should not to be confound with the subsequent hearings dealing with the European Commission candidates' portfolio.

## Members in the 8th legislature (2014–2019)

| MEP | Country | Group |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Max Andersson |  | Greens/EFA |
| Joëlle Bergeron |  | EFDD |
| Marie-Christine Boutonnet |  | Non-Inscrits |
| Jean-Marie Cavada (Vice-Chair) |  | ALDE |
| Kostas Chrysogonos |  | GUE/NGL |
| Therese Comodini Cachia |  | EPP |
| Mady Delvaux-Stehres (Vice-Chair) |  | S&D |
| Andrzej Duda |  | ECR |
| Rosa Estaràs Ferragut |  | EPP |
| Laura Ferrara |  | EFDD |
| Lidia Joanna Geringer de Oedenberg (Vice-Chair) |  | S&D |
| Mary Honeyball |  | S&D |
| Dietmar Köster |  | S&D |
| Sajjad Karim |  | ECR |
| Gilles Lebreton |  | Non-Inscrits |
| Antonio Marinho e Pinto |  | ALDE |
| Jiří Maštálka |  | GUE/NGL |
| Alessandra Moretti |  | S&D |
| Emil Radev |  | EPP |
| Felix Reda |  | Greens/EFA |
| Evelyn Regner |  | S&D |
| Pavel Svoboda (Chair) |  | EPP |
| József Szájer |  | EPP |
| Axel Voss (Vice-Chair) |  | EPP |
| Tadeusz Zwiefka |  | EPP |

## Members in the 9th legislature (2019–2024)

Source:

Following the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union chair Lucy Nethsingha was replaced by Adrián Vázquez Lázara on 17 February 2020.

| MEP | Country | Group |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Adrián Vázquez Lázara (Chair) |  | RE |
| Sergey Lagodinsky (Vice-Chair) |  | Greens/EFA |
| Marion Walsmann (Vice-Chair) |  | EPP |
| Iban García del Blanco (Vice-Chair) |  | S&D |
| Raffaele Stancanelli (Vice-Chair) |  | ECR |
| Manon Aubry |  | GUE/NGL |
| Gunnar Beck |  | ID |
| Geoffroy Didier |  | EPP |
| Angel Dzhambazki |  | EPP |
| Jean-Paul Garraud |  | ID |
| Esteban González Pons |  | EPP |
| Mislav Kolakušić |  | NI |
| Gilles Lebreton |  | ID |
| Karen Melchior |  | RE |
| Jiří Pospíšil |  | EPP |
| Franco Roberti |  | S&D |
| Marcos Ros Sempere |  | S&D |
| Liesje Schreinemacher |  | RE |
| Stéphane Séjourné |  | RE |
| József Szájer |  | EPP |
| Marie Toussaint |  | Greens/EFA |
| Axel Voss |  | EPP |
| Tiemo Wölken |  | S&D |
| Lara Wolters |  | S&D |
| Javier Zarzalejos |  | EPP |


title: Eve Risser

abstract: Eve Risser is a French jazz and improvised music performer, composer and arranger. She mostly plays piano and prepared piano, but also plays harpsichord and other instruments.

text:
# Eve Risser

**Eve Risser** (born 1982) is a French jazz and improvised music performer, composer and arranger. She mostly plays piano and prepared piano, but also plays harpsichord and other instruments.

## Life and career

Risser was born in 1982 in Colmar, France. She had piano lessons as a child and first saw graphic notation at the age of 11. This "set her imagination free. But those desires were quashed by her instructor, who situated that sort of interpretational freedom within a larger, rigorous practice of study."

Risser lived in Colmar until she was 18. She then studied in Strasbourg for four years, playing improvised music and jazz on the piano and contemporary music on the flute. She decided to concentrate on the piano after completing her studies. She reported that "When I stopped the flute, I felt so limited in my improvisations with timbres that I started to explore the inside of the piano to be able to imitate trumpets, percussions and saxophones \[...\] I realized that building stuff with my hands for the piano was super fun."

Risser was pianist in the Orchestre national de jazz from 2009 to 2013. The premiere of her *White Desert*, for a tentet with amateur choirs, was in March 2015.

## Playing style

A reviewer described her playing on the 2012 trio album *En Corps* as being "anything but conventional, highly percussive, full of muted strings, extended techniques, and repetitive phrases". A *Down Beat* reviewer of her solo piano record *Des Pas Sur La Neige* commented on Risser's "arsenal of techniques and tools that transform her instrument into a kaleidoscopic sound machine, producing unexpected tones and timbres."

## Discography

An asterisk (\*) indicates that the year is that of release.

### As leader/co-leader

| Year recorded | Title | Label | Personnel/Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007\* | *Ouature* | Umlaut | As Donkey Monkey; duo, with Yuko Oshima (drums, vocals, samples) |
| 2010 | *Split* | Umlaut | Duo, with Joris Rühl (clarinet); released with recordings by OBLIQ (2) and Christof Kurzmann |
| 2011\* | *Fenêtre Ovale* | Umlaut | Duo, with Joris Rühl (clarinets) |
| 2011\* | *Hanakana* | Umlaut | As Donkey Monkey; duo, with Yuko Oshima (drums, vocals, samples) |
| 2012\* | *En Corps* | Dark Tree | Trio, with Benjamin Duboc (bass), Edward Perraud (drums) |
| 2012\* | *A Nest at the Junction of Paths* | Umlaut | As The New Songs; quartet, with Sofia Jernberg (vocals), David Stackenäs (guitar), Kim Myhr (guitars, zither) |
| 2013 | *Des Pas Sur La Neige* | Clean Feed | Solo piano |

### As sidewoman

| Year recorded | Leader | Title | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009\* | Orchestre national de jazz | *Around Robert Wyatt* | Bee Jazz |
| 2010\* | Orchestre national de jazz | *Shut up and Dance* | Bee Jazz |
| 2011\* | PAK | *Secret Curve* | Tzadik |
| 2012\* | Orchestre national de jazz | *Piazzolla!* | Jazz Village |
| 2013\* | Orchestre national de jazz | *The Party!* | Jazz Village |
| 2013\* | Pascal Niggenkemper | *Lucky Prime* | Clean Feed |
| 2014\* | Jean-Jacques Birgé | *Game Bling* |  |

## InfoBox

| Eve Risser | |
| --- | --- |
| Risser in 2018 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | 1982 (age 4142)<br>Colmar, France |
| Genres | Jazz, improvised music |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, composer, arranger |
| Instrument(s) | Piano, harpsichord |
| Years active | 2000s–present |
|  | |
| Website | everisser.com |