title: Mazaný Filip

abstract: Mazaný Filip is a Czech comedy film released in 2003 and based on a stage play by Sklep Theatre.

text:
# Mazaný Filip

***Mazaný Filip*** is a Czech comedy film released in 2003 and based on a stage play by Sklep Theatre.

## Cast and characters

* Philip Marlowe .... Tomáš Hanák
* Velma Hatfield .... Vilma Cibulková
* Paolo Perrugini .... Oldřich Kaiser
* Jules Amthor .... Ivo Kubečka
* Barman at the Egypt Club .... Viktor Preiss
* Reception Clerk in Central .... Bohumil "Bob" Klepl
* Tornado You .... Eva Holubová (sings by Tereza Dufková)
* Benjamin Frogg, director .... Milan Šteindler
* Guest in Hotel .... Jakub Špalek
* Officer Kid .... Jan Slovák
* Kenny Mattel .... Petr Vacek
* Taxi Driver .... Lenka Vychodilová
* Old Man in the Lift .... Ivan Vyskočil
* Entertainer .... Tomáš Vorel
* Film Director .... Jaroslav Dušek
* A Friend in Studio .... Matěj Hádek
* Chandler .... Šimon Caban
* L.A. Mayor .... Miroslav Etzler
* Film Sharpener .... Martin Duba
* Make Up Artist .... Ivan Trojan
* Bedouin .... Otakáro Schmidt
* Drunkard ....Zdeněk David
* Lieutenant McGee .... Jiří Fero Burda
* Gangster Jussepe .... Petr Čtvrtníček
* Charlie Brown / Nigel Smith .... Pavel Liška
* Magician .... Aleš Najbrt
* De Soto .... Jiří Macháček
* McChesney .... Robert Nebřenský
* Cinematographer .... Martin Zbrožek
* Gogo .... Radomil Uhlíř
* Film Clappet .... Barbara Trojanová
* Ben Goodman .... František Skála
* Barman Lopez .... Michal Novotný
* Maid .... Ruth Horáčková
* Gangster Adolfo .... Miroslav Táborský
* Matěj Forman, Petr Forman, Tereza Kučerová, Václav Marhoul, Štefan Uhrík, Vlastimil Zavřel, Jan Kraus, Čestmír Suška, Standa Diviš, Monika Načeva, Aleš Týbl, Jiří David, Libor Balabán, Zdeněk Lhotský, Petr Nikl, Anna Geislerová

## Theatre

### Šlapanice Theatre

Directed by Hana Krčmová. The premiere had 14 March 2008 in Sokol House in Šlapanice.

* Phil Marlowe .... Tomáš Thomas Příkrý
* Paul Vannier .... Marek Gumeny šudoma
* Vivien Harfield .... Klára Bednářová
* Receptionist Clerk .... Veronika Přikrylová
* Kuvalick .... Mirek Hrozek
* Barman at the Egypt Club .... Marek Charvát
* Barflies .... Milan Pernica and Jiří Přichystal
* Cinematographer .... Veronika Přikrylová
* Friends .... Gabriela Zmeškalová or Eva Benešová
* Electrician .... Tereza Urbanová
* Comparsist .... Jakub Hýbela or Pavel Svoboda
* Director .... Barbora Krčmová
* Producer .... Marek Šudoma
* Film Clappet .... Tereza Hašková
* Jules Amthor .... Jakub Juráň or Miloš Borovička
* Barman in Mexico Bar .... Mirek Hrozek
* McChesney .... Roman Koplík
* Hubert, gay in bar .... Jakub Hýbela or Pavel Svoboda
* Mafioso Adolfo .... Miloš Borovička / Jakub Juráň
* Mafioso Jussepe .... Aleš Vodička
* Mafioso De Soto .... Jiří Klimeš
* Mafioso Gogo .... Marek Charvát
* Boss Perrugini .... Petr Jahoš
* School girl .... Tereza Hašková
* Sergeant .... Petr Holík
* Stážník .... Jakub Hýbela / Pavel Svoboda
* Cop Fialka .... Mirek Hrozek
* Doctor Frank Ruman .... Jiří Klimeš
* Servant ot Hospital .... Petr Holík / Jakub Hýbela / PAvel Svoboda
* Joe Bacci .... Marek Šudoma
* Cold Cook .... Petr Holík / Jakub Juráň / Miloš Borovička


title: Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus

abstract: Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus, the outrigger triggerfish is a species of triggerfish from the Indo-West Pacific. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a size of 35 cm (14 in) in length.

text:
# Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus

***Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus***, the **outrigger triggerfish** is a species of triggerfish from the Indo-West Pacific. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a size of 35 cm (14 in) in length.

* Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "*Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus*". *FishBase*. December 2008 version.

## InfoBox

| *Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Tetraodontiformes |
| Family: | Balistidae |
| Genus: | *Xanthichthys* |
| Species: | ***X. caeruleolineatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus***<br>J. E. Randall, Matsuura & Zama, 1978 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Xenobalistes punctatus* Heemstra & M. P. Smith, 1983 | |


title: Musto (company)

abstract: Musto is a clothing brand based in England, with its headquarters at International House, St Katherine's Way, London E1W 1UN. The brand was established in 1964 by Keith Musto, a British Olympic sailor and engineer. Musto sells sailing clothes, equestrian clothing, shooting apparel and lifestyle outdoor clothing.

text:
# Musto (company)

**Musto** is a clothing brand based in England, with its headquarters at International House, St Katherine's Way, London E1W 1UN. The brand was established in 1964 by Keith Musto, a British Olympic sailor and engineer. Musto sells sailing clothes, equestrian clothing, shooting apparel and lifestyle outdoor clothing.

## History

In 1979 Musto developed the first three-layer clothing system for sailors. In 1987 Keith Musto won the British Design Council Award for his ocean clothing. In 1989 Musto became the supplier to the RNLI for its offshore lifeboat crews.

In 2010 the company was granted royal warrants, naming them as official suppliers, from Queen Elizabeth and her husband.

It worked closely with equestrian Zara Phillips to launch a jointly designed equestrian clothing range named ZP176.

In 2017, Musto was acquired by Norwegian outdoor clothing maker Helly Hansen, which was then acquired in 2018 by Canadian retailer Canadian Tire.

## Sponsorship

Musto has sponsored British sailor Ellen MacArthur since 1994. They sponsored the Vestas Sailrocket and Pete Goss and his crew on Spirit of Mystery. Musto were the title sponsor of the Musto Skiff. In equestrianism, they sponsor Zara Phillips, William Fox-Pitt, Kristina Cook and Matthew Wright. They also sponsor British sports shooter Charlotte Kerwood. Simon Le Bon lead singer for Duran Duran wore Musto for The Whitbread Around the World boat race in 1985–86.

## InfoBox

Musto
|
|  |
| Genre | Clothing manufacturer |
| Founded | 1964 |
| Founder | Keith Musto |
| Headquarters | London, United Kingdom |
| Revenue | £24m (2005) |
| Owner | Canadian Tire |
| Website | www.musto.com |


title: Frank Kooiman

abstract: Frank Kooiman is a Dutch former football goalkeeper. He made his debut in Dutch professional football on 25 September 1994 for Sparta Rotterdam, replacing Edward Metgod in a game against Vitesse Arnhem.

text:
# Frank Kooiman

**Frank Kooiman** (born 13 January 1970) is a Dutch former football goalkeeper. He made his debut in Dutch professional football on 25 September 1994 for Sparta Rotterdam, replacing Edward Metgod in a game against Vitesse Arnhem.

## InfoBox

Frank Kooiman
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Frank Kooiman | | |
| Date of birth | (1970-01-13) 13 January 1970 | | |
| Place of birth | Vlaardingen, Netherlands | | |
| Height | 1.84 m (6 ft 12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1993–1996 | Sparta Rotterdam | 12 | (0) |
| 1996–1998 | VVV-Venlo | 67 | (0) |
| 1998–1999 | FC Utrecht | 33 | (0) |
| 1999–2002 | Sparta Rotterdam | 85 | (0) |
| 2002 | PSV Eindhoven | 2 | (0) |
| 2002–2006 | Sparta Rotterdam | 90 | (0) |
| 2006–2007 | FC Dordrecht | 33 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 5 August 2009<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 9 July 2007 | | | |


title: Neotaranomis sinaloae

abstract: Neotaranomis sinaloae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak & Linsley in 1982.

text:
# Neotaranomis sinaloae

***Neotaranomis sinaloae*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak & Linsley in 1982.

## InfoBox

| *Neotaranomis sinaloae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Neotaranomis* |
| Species: | ***N. sinaloae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neotaranomis sinaloae***<br>Chemsak & Linsley, 1982 | |
|


title: Roger Miller (cricketer, born 1938)

abstract: Roger Simon Miller was an English cricketer. He was a left-handed batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler who played first-class cricket for Marylebone Cricket Club. He was born in Seaford, Sussex. Miller made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1959 season, against Oxford University. Following this, he made at least eleven appearances for Sussex's Second XI. Miller made a single List A appearance for Dorset in the 1968 Gillette Cup. He scored 15 not out in the match, and picked up figures of 0-6 from the single over he bowled. He was for many years a Master at Sunningdale School in Berkshire, and played regularly for the Gemini as well as for other clubs.

text:
# Roger Miller (cricketer, born 1938)

**Roger Simon Miller** (born 16 February 1938) was an English cricketer. He was a left-handed batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler who played first-class cricket for Marylebone Cricket Club. He was born in Seaford, Sussex.

Miller made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1959 season, against Oxford University. Following this, he made at least eleven appearances for Sussex's Second XI.

Miller made a single List A appearance for Dorset in the 1968 Gillette Cup. He scored 15 not out in the match, and picked up figures of 0-6 from the single over he bowled.

He was for many years a Master at Sunningdale School in Berkshire, and played regularly for the Gemini as well as for other clubs.


title: Muqaddimat al-Adab

abstract: The Muqaddimat al-Adab is a Persian and Chagatai dictionary written by Zamakhshari to teach Arabic in the 12th century. In the 14th century, Mongolian was also added to this dictionary. The first manuscript was found in Bukhara by Abdurauf Fitrat. The oldest surviving copies of the work belong to the 13th–15th centuries. The work, which contains information about the dialects of the Oghuz, Kipchak, and Kangly Turks, was used as a textbook in madrasahs for years. It is one of the most important works after Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk for the Middle Turkic period. It was also essential for the Mongolian language in the 14th century.

text:
# Muqaddimat al-Adab

The ***Muqaddimat al-Adab*** is a Persian and Chagatai dictionary written by Zamakhshari to teach Arabic in the 12th century. In the 14th century, Mongolian was also added to this dictionary. The first manuscript was found in Bukhara by Abdurauf Fitrat. The oldest surviving copies of the work belong to the 13th–15th centuries. The work, which contains information about the dialects of the Oghuz, Kipchak, and Kangly Turks, was used as a textbook in madrasahs for years. It is one of the most important works after *Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk* for the Middle Turkic period. It was also essential for the Mongolian language in the 14th century.

## Mongolian vocabulary

Some Mongolian vocabulary in the Muqaddimat al-Adab
| English | Middle Mongol | Transcription | Modern Mongolian |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| One | نيكان (nykân) | niken | нэг (nigen) |
| Two | قويار (qwyâr) | koyar | хоёр (khoyor) |
| Three | غوربان (ğwrbân) | gurban | гурав (gurav) |
| Four | دوربان (dwrbân) | dörben | дөрөв (döröv) |
| Five | تابون (tâbwn) | tabun | тав (tav) |
| Water | اوصون (âwṣwn) | usun | ус (us) |
| Sky | كوكه (kwkh) | köke | хөх (khökh) (blue), тэнгэр (tenger) (sky) |
| Time | جاق (jâq) | caq | цаг (tsag) |
| Year | هون (hwn) | hon | жил (jil) |
| Star | هودون (hwdwn) | hodun | од (od) |
| Spring | قابور (qâbwr) | kabur | хавар (khavar) |
| Summer | جون (jun) | cun | зун (zun) |
| Autumn | نامور (nâmwr) | namur | намар (namar) |
| Winter | اوبول (âwbwl) | öbül | өвөл (övöl) |


title: Rock Creek Woods Historic District

abstract: The Rock Creek Woods Historic District is a national historic district located north of Kensington, Montgomery County, Maryland. This suburban development, consisting of 74 Contemporary houses, is nestled in a wooded valley between two creeks near Connecticut Avenue. These houses were designed by Charles Goodman and built between 1958 and 1961 by Herschel and Marvin Blumberg, developers of New Town Center in nearby Hyattsville, Maryland. The original layout, including roads, lot configurations, and sidewalks, remains unaltered. During the 1960s, the neighborhood was home to a significant Jewish population and many people in the neighborhood were active in liberal causes, particularly the peace movement. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

text:
# Rock Creek Woods Historic District

The **Rock Creek Woods Historic District** is a national historic district located north of Kensington, Montgomery County, Maryland (although the postal address is Silver Spring). This suburban development, consisting of 74 Contemporary houses, is nestled in a wooded valley between two creeks near Connecticut Avenue (MD 185). These houses were designed by Charles Goodman and built between 1958 and 1961 by Herschel and Marvin Blumberg, developers of New Town Center in nearby Hyattsville, Maryland. The original layout, including roads, lot configurations, and sidewalks, remains unaltered. During the 1960s, the neighborhood was home to a significant Jewish population and many people in the neighborhood were active in liberal causes, particularly the peace movement.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Rock Creek Woods Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 11504,11506 Connecticut Ave.,3600-3702 Spruell Dr.,3908-4020 Rickover Rd.,4004-4019 Ingersol Dr., Silver Spring, Maryland |
| Coordinates | 39°2′45″N 77°4′43″W / 39.04583°N 77.07861°W / 39.04583; -77.07861 |
| Area | 28 acres (11 ha) |
| Built | 1958 (1958) |
| Built by | Bancroft Construction Co. |
| Architect | Goodman, Charles M. |
| Architectural style | Modern Movement, Contemporary |
| NRHP reference No. | 04001354 |
| Added to NRHP | December 15, 2004 |


title: Mayflower Productions

abstract: Mayflower Productions was a British-based film production company of the 1930s and 1950s.

text:
# Mayflower Productions

**Mayflower Productions** was a British-based film production company of the 1930s and 1950s.

## Mayflower Pictures

Mayflower Pictures was formed in July 1937 by German-born film producer Erich Pommer and British actor Charles Laughton. John Maxwell was on the board. They announced they would make three films, all to star Laughton – *Vessel of Wrath* (1938), *St. Martin's Lane* (1938) and *Jamaica Inn* (1939).

The films were all made. *Jamaica Inn* was the last film directed by Alfred Hitchcock before he left for America and marking the star debut of Maureen O'Hara, who was put under contract to the company.

In March 1939 Mayflower signed a contract with Paramount for the latter to distribute four of their films in the US. The fourth film would be a version of *The Admirable Crichton* with Laughton, Elsa Lanchester and O'Hara There were also plans to make a movie about a journalist written by Bartlett Press.

However the disappointing financial performance of the films saw the company lose its main backer, John Maxwell.

Laughton went to America to appear in *The Hunchback of Notre Dame* and Pommer went with him to negotiate American distribution rights for the films; after this, war broke out, and as a German passport holder, Pommer was unable to return to England. O'Hara, Pommer and Laughton all went to work for RKO. For a time, *The Admirable Crichton* was still discussed but the film was never made. Neither was another proposed project, a biopic of Dr Samuel Johnson.

## Mayflower Productions

The company was re-activated in the late 1940s as "Mayflower Productions", the company of Maxwell Setton and Aubrey Baring. It made seven films, mostly action stories, before the company was dissolved. The company initially borrowed money from Rank or ABPC. In December 1951 Setton arranged finance from the NFFC and the Treasury Capital Issue's Committee to finance *South of Algiers* provided he could get a distributor guarantee. This meant Setton only had to get a guarantee from a distributor, not actually money. Setton and Baring ultimately parted ways after a differing of opinion of what films to make. Setton set up Marksman Films.

## Filmography

### Mayflower Pictures

### Mayflower Productions


title: Mutational signatures

abstract: Mutational signatures are characteristic combinations of mutation types arising from specific mutagenesis processes such as DNA replication infidelity, exogenous and endogenous genotoxin exposures, defective DNA repair pathways, and DNA enzymatic editing. The term is used for two distinct concepts, often conflated: mutagen signatures and tumor signatures. Its original use, mutagen signature, referred to a pattern of mutations made in the laboratory by a known mutagen and not made by other mutagens – unique to the mutagen as a human signature is unique to the signer. Uniqueness allows the mutagen to be deduced from a cell's mutations Later, the phrase referred to a pattern of mutations characteristic of a tumor type, although usually not unique to the tumor type nor to a mutagen. If a tumor mutational signature matches a unique mutagen mutational signature, it is valid to deduce the carcinogen exposure or mutagenesis process that occurred in the patient's distant past. Increasingly refined tumor signatures are becoming assignable to mutagen signatures. Deciphering mutational signatures in cancer provides insight into the biological mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and normal somatic mutagenesis. Mutational signatures have shown their applicability in cancer treatment and cancer prevention. Advances in the fields of oncogenomics have enabled the development and use of molecularly targeted therapy, but such therapies historically focused on inhibition of oncogenic drivers. More recently, mutational signatures profiling has proven successful in guiding oncological management and use of targeted therapies.

text:
# Mutational signatures

**Mutational signatures** are characteristic combinations of mutation types arising from specific mutagenesis processes such as DNA replication infidelity, exogenous and endogenous genotoxin exposures, defective DNA repair pathways, and DNA enzymatic editing.

The term is used for two distinct concepts, often conflated: mutagen signatures and tumor signatures. Its original use, mutagen signature, referred to a pattern of mutations made in the laboratory by a known mutagen and not made by other mutagens – unique to the mutagen as a human signature is unique to the signer. Uniqueness allows the mutagen to be deduced from a cell's mutations Later, the phrase referred to a pattern of mutations characteristic of a tumor type, although usually not unique to the tumor type nor to a mutagen. If a tumor mutational signature matches a unique mutagen mutational signature, it is valid to deduce the carcinogen exposure or mutagenesis process that occurred in the patient's distant past. Increasingly refined tumor signatures are becoming assignable to mutagen signatures.

Deciphering mutational signatures in cancer provides insight into the biological mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and normal somatic mutagenesis. Mutational signatures have shown their applicability in cancer treatment and cancer prevention. Advances in the fields of oncogenomics have enabled the development and use of molecularly targeted therapy, but such therapies historically focused on inhibition of oncogenic drivers (e.g. *EGFR* gain-of-function mutation and EGFR inhibitor treatment in colorectal cancer). More recently, mutational signatures profiling has proven successful in guiding oncological management and use of targeted therapies (e.g. immunotherapy in mismatch repair deficient of diverse cancer types, platinum and PARP inhibitor to exploit synthetic lethality in homologous recombination deficient breast cancer).

## General concepts

### Mechanisms – overview

The biological mutagenesis mechanisms underlying mutational signatures (e.g. COSMIC Signatures 1 to 30) include, but are not limited to:

### Genomic data

Cancer mutational signatures analyses require genomic data from cancer genome sequencing with paired-normal DNA sequencing in order to create the tumor mutation catalog (mutation types and counts) of a specific tumor. Different types of mutations (e.g. single nucleotide variants, indels, structural variants) can be used individually or in combination to model mutational signatures in cancer.

#### Types of mutations: base substitutions

There are six classes of base substitution: C\>A, C\>G, C\>T, T\>A, T\>C, T\>G. The G\>T substitution is considered equivalent to the C\>A substitution because it is not possible to differentiate on which DNA strand (forward or reverse) the substitution initially occurred. Both the C\>A and G\>T substitutions are therefore counted as part of the "C\>A" class. For the same reason the G\>C, G\>A, A\>T, A\>G and A\>C mutations are counted as part of the "C\>G", "C\>T", "T\>A", "T\>C" and "T\>G" classes respectively.

Taking the information from the 5' and 3' adjacent bases (also called flanking base pairs or trinucleotide context) lead to 96 possible mutation types (e.g. A\[C\>A\]A, A\[C\>A\]T, etc.). The mutation catalog of a tumor is created by categorizing each single nucleotide variant (SNV) (synonyms: base-pair substitution or substitution point mutation) in one of the 96 mutation types and counting the total number of substitutions for each of these 96 mutation types (see figure).

#### Tumor mutation catalog

Once the mutation catalog (e.g. counts for each of the 96 mutation types) of a tumor is obtained, there are two approaches to decipher the contributions of different mutational signatures to tumor genomic landscape:

* + The mutation catalog of the tumor is compared to a reference mutation catalogue, or mutational signatures reference dataset, such as the 21 Signatures of Mutational Processes in Human Cancer from the Catalogue of Somatic Mutation In Cancer (COSMIC) database.
    + *De novo* mutational signatures modelling can be accomplished using statistical methods such as non-negative matrix factorization to identify potential novel mutational processes.

Identifying the contributions of diverse mutational signatures to carcinogenesis provides insight into tumor biology and can offer opportunities for targeted therapy.

#### Types of mutations: indels

Signature 3, seen in homologous recombination (HR) deficient tumour, is associated with increased burden of large indels (up to 50 nucleotides) with overlapping microhomology at the breakpoints. In such tumors, DNA double-strand breaks are repaired by the imprecise repair mechanisms of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) instead of high fidelity HR repair.

Signature 6, seen in tumors with microsatellite instability, also features enrichment of 1bp indels in nucleotide repeat regions.

#### Types of mutations: structural variants

Homologous recombination deficiency leads to Signature 3 substitution pattern, but also to increase burden of structural variants. In the absence of homologous recombination, non-homologous end joining leads to large structural variants such as chromosomal translocations, chromosomal inversions and copy number variants.

## Mutational signatures

A brief description of selected mutational processes and their associated mutational signatures in cancer will be included in the sections below. Some signatures are ubiquitous across diverse cancer types (e.g. Signature 1) while some others tend to associate with specific cancers (e.g. Signature 9 and lymphoid malignancies).

Some mutational signatures feature strong transcriptional-bias with substitutions preferentially affecting one of the DNA strands, either the transcribed or untranscribed strand (Signatures 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16).

Signature 1 features a predominance of C\>T transition (genetics) in the Np\[C\>T\]G trinucleotide contexts and correlates with the age of patient at time of cancer diagnosis. The underlying proposed biological mechanism is the spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine.

Signature 5 has a predominance of T\>C substitutions in the ApTpN trinucleotide context with transcriptional strand bias.

### Homologous recombination deficiency

Signature 3 displays high mutation counts of multiple mutation classes and is associated with germline and somatic (biology) *BRCA1* and *BRCA2* mutations in several cancer types (e.g. breast, pancreatic, ovarian, prostate). This signature results from DNA double-strand break repair deficiency (or homologous recombination deficiency). Signature 3 is associated with high burden of indels with microhomology at the breakpoints.

### APOBEC enzymes

APOBEC3 family of cytidine deaminase enzymes respond to viral infections by editing viral genome, but the enzymatic activity of *APOBEC3A* and *APOBEC3B* has also been found to cause unwanted host genome editing and may even participate to oncogenesis in human papillomavirus-related cancers.

Signature 2 and Signature 13 are enriched for C\>T and C\>G substitutions and are thought to arise from cytidine deaminase activity of the AID/APOBEC enzymes family.

A germline deletion polymorphism involving *APOBEC3A* and *APOBEC3B* is associated with high burden of Signature 2 and Signature 13 mutations. This polymorphism is considered to be of moderate penetrance (two-fold above background risk) for breast cancer risk. The exact roles and mechanisms underlying APOBEC-mediated genome editing are not yet fully delineated, but activation-induced cytidine deaminase(AID)/APOBEC complex is thought to be involved in host immune response to viral infections and lipid metabolism.

Both Signature 2 and Signature 13 feature cytosine to uracil substitutions due to cytidine deaminases. Signature 2 has a higher proportion of C\[T\>C\]N substitutions and Signature 13 a higher proportion of T\[C\>G\]N substitutions. *APOBEC3A* and *APOBEC3B*-mediated mutagenesis preferentially involve the lagging DNA strand during replication.

### Mismatch repair deficiency

Four COSMIC mutational signatures have been associated with DNA mismatch repair deficiency and found in tumors with microsatellite instability: Signature 6, 15, 20 and 26. Loss of function *MLH1*, *MSH2*, *MSH6* or *PMS2* genes cause defective DNA mismatch repair.

### DNA proofreading

Signature 10 has a transcriptional bias and is enriched for C\>A substitutions in the TpCpT context as well as T\>G substitutions in the TpTpTp context. Signature 10 is associated with altered function of DNA polymerase epsilon, which result in deficient DNA proofreading activity. Both germline and somatic *POLE (gene)* exonuclease domain mutations are associated with Signature 10.

### Base excision repair

Somatic enrichment for transversion mutations (G:C\>T:A) has been associated with base excision repair (BER) deficiency and linked to defective *MUTYH*, a DNA glycosylase, in colorectal cancer. Direct DNA oxidation damage leads to the creation of 8-Oxoguanine, which if remains un-repaired, will lead to incorporation of adenine instead of cytosine during DNA replication. MUTYH encodes the mutY adenine glycosylase enzyme which excise the mismatched adenine from 8-Oxoguanine:adenine base pairing, therefore enabling DNA repair mechanisms involving *OGG1* (Oxoguanine glycosylase) and *NUDT1* (Nudix hydrolase 1, also known as *MTH1*, MutT homolog 1) to remove the damaged 8-Oxoguanine.

### Exposures to exogenous genotoxins

Selected exogenous genotoxins/carcinogens and their mutagen-induced DNA damage and repair mechanisms have been linked to specific molecular signatures.

#### Ultraviolet radiation (UV)

Signature 7 has a predominance of C\>T substitutions at sites of adjacent pyrimidines (adjacent C or T), with a particularly diagnostic subset being the CC\>TT dinucleotide mutation. This pattern arises because the major UV-induced DNA photoproducts join two adjacent pyrimidines; the photoproduct is typically the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD). Specificity for C\>T appears to be due to the million-fold acceleration of C deamination when it is part of a CPD, with the resulting uracil acting as T. CPDs are repaired via transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair, causing a strong bias for C\>T substitutions enriched on the untranscribed DNA strand. The regions of a tumor suppressor protein that are mutationally inactivated in sunlight-related skin cancers are the same as in cancers of organs not exposed to sunlight, but the nucleotide mutated is often shifted a few bases to a site where a CPD could form. Ultraviolet radiation exposure is therefore the proposed underlying mutagenic mechanism of this signature. UV also illustrates a subtlety in interpreting a tumor signature as a mutagen signature: only three-quarters of mutations induced by UV in the laboratory are UV signature mutations because UV also triggers cellular oxidative processes. Therefore even if all mutations in a tumor were caused by UV from sunlight, one quarter of the mutations are expected to not be UV signature mutations. A second carcinogen needn't be invoked to explain those mutations, but a second mutational process is required. Identification of a UV signature in a tumor of unknown primary site is clinically important as it suggests a diagnosis of metastatic skin cancer and has important treatment implications.

#### Alkylating agents

Signature 11 was identified in tumors previously exposed to Temozolamide, an alkylating agent. This signature is enriched for C\>T substitutions on guanine bases due to transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair. A strong transcriptional strand-bias is present in this signature.

#### Tobacco

Both Signature 4 (tobacco smoking, lung cancer) and Signature 29 (tobacco chewing, gingivo-buccal oral squamous cell carcinoma) display transcriptional strand-bias and enrichment for C\>A substitutions, but their respective composition and patterns (proportion of each mutation types) differ slightly. The proposed underlying mechanism of Signature 4 is the removal of DNA adducts (tobacco benzo(a)pyrene covalently bounded to guanine) by the transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) machinery.

### Immunoglobulin gene hypermutation

Signature 9 has been identified in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and malignant B-cell lymphoma and feature enrichment for T\>G transversion events. It is thought to result from error-prone polymerase **η** (*POLH* gene)-associated mutagenesis.

Recently, polymerase **η** error-prone synthesis signature has been linked to non-hematological cancers (e.g. skin cancer) and was hypothesized to contribute to YCG motif mutagenesis and could partly explain the increase TC dinucleotides substitutions.

## History

During the 1990s, Curtis Harris at the US National Cancer Institute and Bert Vogelstein at the Johns Hopkins Oncology Center in Baltimore reviewed data showing that different types of cancer had their own unique suite of mutations in p53, which were likely to have been caused by different agents, such as the chemicals in tobacco smoke or ultraviolet light from the sun. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, Michael Stratton saw the potential for the technology to revolutionize our understanding of the genetic changes inside individual tumors, setting the Wellcome Sanger Institute's huge banks of DNA-sequencing machines in motion to read every single letter of DNA in a tumor. By 2009, Stratton and his team had produced the first whole cancer genome sequences. These were detailed maps showing all the genetic changes and mutations that had occurred within two individual cancers—a melanoma from the skin and a lung tumor. The melanoma and lung cancer genomes were powerful proof that the fingerprints of specific culprits could be seen in cancers with one major cause. These tumors still contained many mutations that could not be explained by ultraviolet light or tobacco smoking. The detective work became a lot more complicated for cancers with complex, multiple or even completely unknown origins. By way of analogy, imagine a forensic scientist dusting for fingerprints at a murder scene. The forensic scientist might strike it lucky and find a set of perfect prints on a windowpane or door handle that match a known killer. However, they are much more likely to uncover a mish-mash of fingerprints belonging to a whole range of folk—from the victim and potential suspects to innocent parties and police investigators—all laid on top of each other on all sorts of surfaces. This is very similar to cancer genomes where multiple mutational patterns are commonly overlaid one over another making the data incomprehensible. Fortunately, a PhD student of Stratton's, Ludmil Alexandrov came up with a way of mathematically solving the problem. Alexandrov demonstrated that mutational patterns from individual mutagens found in a tumor can be distinguished from one another using a mathematical approach called blind source separation. The newly disentangled patterns of mutations were termed mutational signatures. In 2013, Alexandrov and Stratton published the first computational framework for deciphering mutational signatures from cancer genomics data. Subsequently, they applied this framework to more than seven thousand cancer genomes creating the first comprehensive map of mutational signatures in human cancer. Currently, more than one hundred mutational signatures have been identified across the repertoire of human cancer. In April 2022 58 new mutational signatures were described.

## Note list

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24. Alexandrov LB, Ju YS, Haase K, Van Loo P, Martincorena I, Nik-Zainal S, Totoki Y, Fujimoto A, Nakagawa H, Shibata T, Campbell PJ, Vineis P, Phillips DH, Stratton MR (November 2016). "Mutational signatures associated with tobacco smoking in human cancer". *Science*. **354** (6312): 618–622. Bibcode:2016Sci...354..618A. doi:10.1126/science.aag0299. PMC 6141049. PMID 27811275.
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title: Phoenix Military Academy

abstract: Phoenix Military Academy is a public military high school in Chicago Illinois, United States.

text:
# Phoenix Military Academy

**Phoenix Military Academy** is a public military high school in Chicago Illinois, United States.

## History

Phoenix Military Academy, (Commonly abbreviated as PMA) was founded in 2004 and originally located in the same building as Orr Academy High School. It has since been moved to Grant Campus or the older location of Orr.

## Academics

All students are required to attain 24 credits to graduate. In addition to usual core subjects such as English and the sciences, students also take two years of foreign language, Two years of the arts and are mandated to take classes to prepare for ROTC.

In June 2015, it was announced that PMA was awarded a 6 million DOD grant for a new STEM and Leadership Academy Pilot Program.

Phoenix Military Academy is rated a 6 out of 10 by GreatSchools.org, a national school quality information site. GreatSchools’ Summary Rating is based on four of the school’s themed ratings: the Test Score Rating, Student or Academic Progress Rating, College Readiness Rating, and Equity Rating and flags for discipline and attendance disparities at a school.

## InfoBox

| Phoenix Military Academy | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 145 S Campbell Ave
Chicago, Illinois 60612
United States | |
| Coordinates | 41°52′44″N 87°41′18″W / 41.8790°N 87.6884°W / 41.8790; -87.6884 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public, College-prep, Military |
| Motto | Proper Prior Planning Prevents Piss Poor Performance |
| Established | 2004 |
| School district | Chicago Public Schools |
| Principal | Ferdinand Wipachit |
| Grades | 12 |
| Gender | Coeducational |
| Enrollment | 540 |
| Color(s) | Black,   Red |
| Athletics conference | Chicago Public League |
| Team name | Firebirds |
| Newspaper | *The Phoenix Chronicle* |
| Website | phoenixmilitary.org |


title: Alice M. Birdsall

abstract: Alice M. Birdsall was Arizona's second female attorney, an expert in bankruptcy law, and a female rights advocate.

text:
# Alice M. Birdsall

**Alice M. Birdsall** (July 27, 1880-November 1958) was Arizona's second female attorney, an expert in bankruptcy law, and a female rights advocate.

## Biography

Alice Mabeth Birdsall was born on July 27, 1880, to George B. and Anna Birdsall in Waterloo, Iowa. Birdsall was a talented student and graduated from the Waterloo high school in 1895. She then studied at the Iowa State Normal School and worked as a legal clerk in her brother's law office, where she was inspired to become a lawyer upon reading Simon Greenleaf's *Treatise on the Law of Evidence*. In 1902, Birdsall moved to Whittier, California, where she was a law clerk and stenographer for the California State Legislature. Birdsall continued to work as a stenographer upon moving to Globe, Arizona and El Paso, Texas.

In 1912, Birdsall moved to Washington, D.C. to attend the Washington College of Law. She successfully petitioned that she be able to complete her coursework in one year, citing her extensive legal clerk experience. Despite working during the day and attending class at night, Birdsall graduated with the highest marks since the college had opened in 1896.

After graduating, Birdsall returned to Globe, where she joined Sarah Herring Sorin in her legal practice. Sorin, the first female lawyer in the state, became a mentor to Birdsall, now the second.

When Sorin died in 1914, Birdsall moved to Phoenix, Arizona, and began a solo law practice. As the only female lawyer in Maricopa County, Birdsall experienced prejudice from her male colleagues. However, she quickly became accepted by the Maricopa County legal community and was invited to speak at the Arizona State Bar Association banquet in 1916.

During her career, Birdsall became an expert in bankruptcy law and joined the Arizona Bar Association's bankruptcy committee in 1936. From 1915 to 1936, Birdsall additionally served as the reporter of decisions for the Arizona Supreme Court.

### Work with civic and women's organizations

Birdsall was also active in civic and women's organizations and used her legal experience to draft bylaws and legislation for women's organizations.

In 1912, the Arizona Federation of Women's Clubs asked Birdsall to help them in their endeavor to legitimize illegitimate children. Birdsall drafted a bill that was sponsored by C. Louise Boehringer in 1921 and signed into law.

Birdsall was an active feminist and suffragist. In 1915, she led an automobile parade to lobby Carl Hayden to support the suffrage amendment. Birdsall also served as the Arizona vice president for the Association of Women Lawyers. She was a leading advocate in the Arizona Federation of Business and Professional Women's Club's lobbying effort to give women the right to sit on juries. She also was an advocate for the Equal Rights Amendment.

From 1915 to 1917, she served as the Arizona chair of the Women's Liberty Loan Committee, raising millions of dollars to support World War I.

Birdsall was an active Democrat and was appointed as an Arizona delegate to the 1920 Democratic National Convention.

## Death and legacy

Birdsall retired in July 1958 and died three months later.

In 2010, Birdsall was inducted into the Arizona Women's Hall of Fame.

## InfoBox

| Alice M. Birdsall | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1880-07-27)July 27, 1880<br>Waterloo, Iowa |
| Died | 1958 (1959) |
| Education | Washington College of Law |
| Known for | Lawyer and women's rights advocate |


title: Mutsya

abstract: Mutsya is a village in Dryanovo Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.

text:
# Mutsya

**Mutsya** is a village in Dryanovo Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Mutsya | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Mutsya | |
| Coordinates: 42°57′N 25°30′E / 42.950°N 25.500°E / 42.950; 25.500 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Gabrovo Province |
| Municipality | Dryanovo |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Frank Nuovo

abstract: Frank Nuovo, an Italian American, has been a mobile phone industrial designer and a former Vice President and Chief of Design at Nokia.

text:
# Frank Nuovo

**Frank Nuovo** (born 1961), an Italian American, has been a mobile phone industrial designer and a former Vice President and Chief of Design at Nokia.

## Education

Nuovo graduated with a bachelor of science in industrial design from the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena in 1986.

## Career

Nuovo started his professional industrial design career in 1986, working with Charles Pelly's Designworks. Early projects ranged from furniture to medical instruments and from consumer electronics and transportation interiors to complex air traffic and automated control systems workstation designs. Nuovo's affiliation with Nokia began in 1989 through consultancy while working at Designworks/USA in Agoura. In 1995 he began working for Nokia full-time and he set up Nokia's first dedicated industrial design and styling group center in Los Angeles, California. Over the next decade (1995 to 2006), Nuovo led the creation of Nokia's first global design team, which, during his administration, included additional design centers in Finland and England and also included remote design teams in Denmark, China, Japan, Germany and the USA.

In late 2005, Nuovo began planning to leave his position at Nokia in order to focus on Vertu. Upon his departure from Nokia in April 2006, he maintained a role as Principal Designer at Vertu with a concentration on developing the Vertu brand and product portfolio until his departure from Vertu in 2012.

## Personal life

Nuovo opened his own design studio in Southern California called **Design Studio Nuovo**, which he operates with his designer wife and business partner, Trina Nuovo.


title: Neotatea

abstract: Neotatea is a plant genus in the family Calophyllaceae. It is found in northwestern South America, primarily southern Colombia and Venezuela. There are four species currently recognized in the genus.

text:
# Neotatea

***Neotatea*** is a plant genus in the family Calophyllaceae. It is found in northwestern South America, primarily southern Colombia and Venezuela. There are four species currently recognized in the genus.

## InfoBox

| *Neotatea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Calophyllaceae |
| Genus: | *Neotatea*<br>Maguire |
|
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Health Care Complaints Commission

abstract:
The New South Wales Health Care Complaints Commission, is an independent statutory body created by the Parliament of New South Wales, Australia to receive, assess, resolve or prosecute complaints relating to health service providers in New South Wales. The HCCC plays a unique role in maintaining the integrity of the NSW health care system by receiving and assessing complaints about health service providers in NSW. These may be:
  - Registered health practitioners, including medical practitioners, nurses and dental practitioners
  - Unregistered health practitioners, such as naturopaths, massage therapists and alternative health providers
  - Health organisations, such as public and private hospitals and medical centres The Act requires that public health and safety are the paramount considerations in all of the HCCC’s regulatory functions.

text:
# Health Care Complaints Commission

The New South Wales **Health Care Complaints Commission** (commonly referred to as the '**HCCC**'), is an independent statutory body created by the Parliament of New South Wales, Australia to receive, assess, resolve or prosecute complaints relating to health service providers in New South Wales. The HCCC plays a unique role in maintaining the integrity of the NSW health care system by receiving and assessing complaints about health service providers in NSW. These may be:

* Registered health practitioners, including medical practitioners, nurses and dental practitioners
* Unregistered health practitioners, such as naturopaths, massage therapists and alternative health providers
* Health organisations, such as public and private hospitals and medical centres

The Act requires that public health and safety are the paramount considerations in all of the HCCC’s regulatory functions.

## Purpose

Established in 1994, the HCCC independently deals with complaints about health service providers in NSW by assessing and resolving complaints wherever possible. The HCCC also investigates and prosecutes serious complaints. The HCCC works closely with the health professional councils in NSW when handling complaints to ensure the best possible protection of the public health and safety.

The *Health Care Complaints Act 1993* (NSW) defines the scope of the HCCC's work, which is to:

* receive and assess complaints relating to health service providers in NSW;
* resolve or assist in the resolution of complaints;
* investigate serious complaints that raise questions of public health and safety; and
* prosecute serious complaints.

For the most serious complaints, the HCCC can determine that:

* the complaint should be investigated
* the complaint should be referred to a more appropriate regulatory body
* the complaint should be referred to the Police or Director of Public Prosecution

For **registered practitioners**, the assessment will consider care, treatment and practitioner’s conduct with regard to the standards, guidelines and codes of conduct that apply to each profession and their legal obligations. When a complaint is about a registered health practitioner, the HCCC must consult with the relevant professional council before determining a complaint outcome.

For **unregistered practitioners**, the assessment will consider care, treatment and conduct with regard to the Code of Conduct for Unregistered Health Practitioners (the Code) and their legal obligations. The Code sets the minimum practice and ethical standards with which Unregistered health service providers are required to comply and also informs consumers about what they can expect from practitioners.

For **health organisations**, their legal obligations and the policies and systems that are in place to ensure the safety and quality of health service delivery are considered in the assessment process.

### Investigation powers

The HCCC must investigate a complaint if the complaint raises a significant risk to public health or safety, or serious questions about the care provided to a patient. For individual providers, the HCCC will investigate a complaint if the allegations would provide grounds for disciplinary action is proved. For health organisations, the investigation will consider whether critical and systemic issues are identified, and if so, make recommendations to the organisation to assist with remediating the issues.

### Prosecution powers

Following an investigation into a registered health provider, where a significant departure in clinical care and treatment and/or professional conduct has been established, the complaint may be referred internally to the Director of Proceedings (DoP), the head of the HCCC’s Legal Department.

The DoP determines whether disciplinary action is warranted, and if so, whether the prosecution should be before a Professional Standards Committee or the NSW Civil and Administrative Tribunal (NCAT). The Director of Proceedings determines the most appropriate forum for disciplinary proceedings taking into account:

* the evidence gathered during the investigation
* the nature of the complaint
* the likely outcomes

### General proceedings

In conducting all prosecutions and other legal proceedings, the Commission acts with complete propriety, fairness and in accordance with the highest professional standards.

For unregistered practitioners, the HCCC has full jurisdiction and determination over the complaint outcome. In these scenarios, the HCCC may make a **prohibition order** which may be interim (for a period of 8 weeks) or permanent. A prohibition order is a serious outcome as it legally prevents the practitioner from providing health services (or a specific health service). A full list of prohibition orders can be found on the HCCC’s website.

The HCCC may also make a **public statement** that identifies and gives warnings or information about an unregistered health practitioner and their health services. A full list of public warnings/statements can be found on the HCCC’s website.

The HCCC receives media attention when it has played a role in the investigation or prosecution of high profile complaints, or complaints that are in the public interest. Data published by the HCCC shows a continual year on year increase in the number of complaints received, often attributed by the media to a health system under pressure. Other media attention included a criticism of its performance by *The Sydney Morning Herald*, reporting that new "statistics expos\[ed\] a dramatic decline in investigations despite complaints from the public being at an all-time high."

A full list of the HCCC's Annual Reports, outlining yearly complaint activity is publicly available on its website.

## InfoBox

| Health Care Complaints Commission | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1994 (1994) |
| Jurisdiction | New South Wales |
| Location | Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Motto | Aims to protect public health and safety by resolving, investigating and prosecuting complaints against health service providers |
| Authorized by | *Health Care Complaints Act 1993* (NSW) |
| Type of tribunal | Statutory authority |
| Website | www.hccc.nsw.gov.au |
| Commissioner | |
| Currently | Sue Dawson |
| Since | December 2015 |
| Lead position ends | December 2025 |


title: Musella, Georgia

abstract: Musella is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Crawford County, Georgia, United States. The 2020 U.S. Census listed a population of 104.

text:
# Musella, Georgia

**Musella** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Crawford County, Georgia, United States.

The 2020 U.S. Census listed a population of 104.

## History

A post office called Musella was established in 1889. According to tradition, the community's name is an amalgamation Mose and Ella, the names of two first settlers. C.F. Hays & Son general store, a small and traditional country store, was built in the year 1900.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 104 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2020 | | | |

Musella was first listed as a census designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census.

### 2020 census

**Musella CDP, Georgia – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) | Pop 2020 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 34 | 32.69% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 70 | 67.31% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 0 | 0.00% |
| **Total** | **104** | **100.00%** |

## InfoBox

| Musella | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community
Census-designated place | |
| MusellaLocation within the state of GeorgiaMusellaMusella (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 32°47′52″N 84°01′56″W / 32.79778°N 84.03222°W / 32.79778; -84.03222 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Georgia |
| County | Crawford |
| Elevation | 591 ft (180 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 104 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 31066 |
| Area code | 478 |
| GNIS ID | 319174 |


title: Haplinis insignis

abstract: Haplinis insignis is a species of sheet weaver spider endemic to New Zealand.

text:
# Haplinis insignis

***Haplinis insignis*** is a species of sheet weaver spider endemic to New Zealand.

## Taxonomy

This species was described as *Mynoglenes insignis* in 1979 by A.D Blest from female specimens. In 2002, the male was described and the species was moved to the *Haplinis* genus. The holotype is stored in Otago Museum.

## Description

The male is recorded at 2.25mm in length whereas the female is 3.84mm. The female has a dark brown cephalothorax and yellow brown legs. The abdomen is grey with a black chevron pattern dorsally. The male is similar but the abdomen has no markings.

## Distribution

This species is only known from Canterbury, New Zealand.

## Conservation status

Under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, this species is listed as "Data Deficient" with the qualifiers of "Data Poor: Size" and "Data Poor: Trend".

## InfoBox

| *Haplinis insignis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient (NZ TCS) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Linyphiidae |
| Genus: | *Haplinis* |
| Species: | ***H. insignis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Haplinis insignis***
(Blest, 1979) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mynoglenes insignis* | |


abstract: As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names. Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's Minor Planet Circulars for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (DMP) and regularly updated the collection. Based on Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be added to this list below after official publication as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

text:
# Meanings of minor planet names: 314001–315000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names.

Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's *Minor Planet Circulars* for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the *Dictionary of Minor Planet Names* (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.

Based on Paul Herget's *The Names of the Minor Planets*, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be *added to this list below after official publication* as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.

## 314001–314100

| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 314040 Tavannes | 2005 AU | Tavannes is a municipality of the Swiss canton of Bern. | JPL **·** 314040 |
| 314082 Dryope | 2005 CZ36 | Dryope was the daughter of King Dryops. | JPL **·** 314082 |

## 314101–314200

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 314159 Mattparker | 2005 FW1 | Matthew Thomas Parker (b. 1980), an Australian recreational mathematician, author, and science communicator based in the United Kingdom. | IAU **·** 314159 |
| 314163 Kittenberger | 2005 GX | Kálmán Kittenberger (1881–1958), a Hungarian traveller, African researcher, zoologist, teacher, hunter and writer on natural history. | JPL **·** 314163 |

## 314201–314300

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 314301–314400

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 314401–314500

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 314501–314600

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 314601–314700

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 314650 Neilnorman | 2006 OC1 | Neil Norman (born 1972) is a British astronomer, writer, broadcaster, humorist and creator of the Comet Watch internet resource. He is a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society and creator of the Solar System Bodies and Minor Solar System Bodies internet resources. | JPL **·** 314650 |

## 314701–314800

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *There are no named minor planets in this number range* | | | |

## 314801–314900

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 314808 Martindutertre | 2006 TQ105 | Saint-Martin-du-Tertre is a French town to the north of Paris that is twinned with the municipality of San Marcello Piteglio, the discovery site for this minor planet. | JPL **·** 314808 |

## 314901–315000

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| Named minor planet | Provisional | *This minor planet was named for...* | Ref **·** Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 314988 Sireland | 2006 XO67 | Sarah Ireland (born 1996), interested in the pursuit of astronomical knowledge, following in the Canadian tradition of astronomical excellence and embodying the spirit of Beyond the International Year of Astronomy. | JPL **·** 314988 |

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title: Xicotepec

abstract: Xicotepec is one of the 217 municipalities that make up the Mexican state of Puebla in central-eastern Mexico. It is located within the Sierra Norte de Puebla and belongs to the first region of the state. Its head is the city of Xicotepec de Juárez, which has been recognized by the Mexico's Secretary of Tourism as one of the 121 pueblos mágicos in the country since 2012.

text:
# Xicotepec

**Xicotepec** (in Nahuatl: xico; tepetl, 'jicote or bumblebee; hill' 'Hill of jicotes'') is one of the 217 municipalities that make up the Mexican state of Puebla in central-eastern Mexico. It is located within the Sierra Norte de Puebla and belongs to the first region of the state. Its head is the city of Xicotepec de Juárez, which has been recognized by the Mexico's Secretary of Tourism as one of the 121 pueblos mágicos (magical towns) in the country since 2012.

## History

It is said that the first expeditionaries of this place were the Olmecs, who found on these lands a depression that seemed adequate to raise their ceremonial center; torrential rains, its special topography, the confluence of two rivers and dense vegetation made it the ideal place to live.

A Huastec warrior named Cuextécatl fought and expelled the Olmecs, withdrawing them to the coast, thus the Huastecs took possession of the place. This place gained importance and was categorized as ceremonial center, which came to satisfy the religious needs of the inhabitants of a vast region, from Teotihuacan to the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and also encouraged the emergence of human settlements in the area, allowing the confluence of various ethnic groups.

Other versions indicate that the first inhabitants established within the region were Otomi groups, which settled approximately in 300 B.C.E. Later, during the 5th century, these lands were inhabited by Totonac settlers from El Tajín.

Towards the year 1120, the region was conquered by Huemac, ruler of the Toltec people, which makes it a manor, five months later Chichimec tribes appropriated the place, remaining for more than forty years, until it was reconquered by Metlaltoyuca in 1162.

Approximately in 1325 the Acolhua tribe, led by Tlachotla, invaded the territory and integrated it into their manor.

In 1432 the territory was tributary of Texcoco. Nezahualcóyotl appointed the Xicotepec manor to Quetzalpatzin.

## Coat of arms

The glyph is an indigenous drawing from Nahuatl origin that shows two main figures; the green shape represents a hill, and on top of it a representation of a jicote.

It is necessary to clarify that the glyph is the graphic representation of the meaning name given to the city, therefore, it implies that Xicotepec is the hill of the jicotes (or bumblebees).

## Geography

Villa Ávila Camacho, also known as La Ceiba, is a town that lies in the northeast of the municipality, on the banks of the Río San Marcos. Another nearby attraction is the Tlaxcalantongo Falls, by the town of the same name.

20°18′N 97°58′W / 20.300°N 97.967°W / 20.300; -97.967

## InfoBox

| Xicotepec | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
| Xicotepec de Juárez | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of the municipality in Puebla | |
| Coordinates: 20°18′00″N 97°58′00″O | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Puebla |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Laura Guadalupe Vargas Vargas (2018-2021) |
| Elevation | 1,180 m (3,870 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central Standard Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (Central Daylight Time) |
| Area code | 764 |


title: Picea meyeri

abstract: Picea meyeri is a species of spruce native to Nei Mongol in the northeast to Gansu in the southwest and also inhabiting Shanxi, Hebei and Shaanxi. It is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 30 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 0.8 m. The shoots are yellowish-brown, glabrous or with scattered pubescence. The leaves are needle-like, 13–25 mm long, rhombic in cross-section, bluish-green with conspicuous stomatal lines. The cones are cylindric, 7–11 cm long and 3 cm broad, maturing pale brown 5–7 months after pollination, and have stiff, smoothly rounded scales. It is closely related to Picea asperata from western China. It is occasionally planted as an ornamental tree; its popularity is increasing in the eastern United States, where it is being used to replace Blue Spruce, which is more disease-prone in the humid climate there. The wood is similar to that of other spruces, but the species is too rare to be of economic value.

text:
# Picea meyeri

***Picea meyeri*** (**Meyer's spruce**; Chinese: 白杄; pinyin: *báiqiān*) is a species of spruce native to Nei Mongol in the northeast to Gansu in the southwest and also inhabiting Shanxi, Hebei and Shaanxi.

It is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 30 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 0.8 m. The shoots are yellowish-brown, glabrous or with scattered pubescence. The leaves are needle-like, 13–25 mm long, rhombic in cross-section, bluish-green with conspicuous stomatal lines. The cones are cylindric, 7–11 cm long and 3 cm broad, maturing pale brown 5–7 months after pollination, and have stiff, smoothly rounded scales.

It is closely related to *Picea asperata* from western China.

It is occasionally planted as an ornamental tree; its popularity is increasing in the eastern United States, where it is being used to replace Blue Spruce, which is more disease-prone in the humid climate there. The wood is similar to that of other spruces, but the species is too rare to be of economic value.

Media related to *Picea meyeri* at Wikimedia Commons  Data related to Picea meyeri at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *Picea meyeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | *Picea* |
| Species: | ***P. meyeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Picea meyeri***
Rehder & E.H.Wilson | |
|


title: Alice Ludwig

abstract: Alice Ludwig was a German film editor who worked on many films and television series between 1932 and 1973. After first entering the film industry during the Weimar Republic, she worked continuously during the Nazi era. Following the Second World War she edited Marriage in the Shadows (1947), an anti-Nazi work of the rubble film period. Much of her later film work was in popular melodramas such as Gabriela (1950). From the 1960s onwards she switched to working in television, her final employment being the editing over fifty episodes of the crime series Hamburg Transit.

text:
# Alice Ludwig

**Alice Ludwig** (or **Alice Ludwig-Rasch**) (15 January 1910 – 2 November 1973) was a German film editor who worked on many films and television series between 1932 and 1973. After first entering the film industry during the Weimar Republic, she worked continuously during the Nazi era. Following the Second World War she edited *Marriage in the Shadows* (1947), an anti-Nazi work of the rubble film period. Much of her later film work was in popular melodramas such as *Gabriela* (1950). From the 1960s onwards she switched to working in television, her final employment being the editing over fifty episodes of the crime series *Hamburg Transit*.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Shandley, Robert. *Rubble Films: German Cinema in the Shadow of the Third Reich*. Temple University Press, 2010

## InfoBox

| Alice Ludwig | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 15 January 1910
Berlin, German Empire |
| Died | 2 November 1973 (1973-11-03) (aged 63)
Lütjensee, Schleswig-Holstein
West Germany |
| Other names | Alice Ludwig-Rasch
Alice Ludwig Rasch
Alice Rasch |
| Occupation | Editor |
| Years active | 1932–1973 |


title: Mustafa Hajrulahović Talijan

abstract: Mustafa Hajrulahović "Talijan" was a Bosnian military officer and later a general of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in charge of the defence of Sarajevo. He graduated from the military academy in Split, Croatia in 1979. In 1991, he left the JNA with the rank of Captain and deserted to the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. For most of the war, he was the commander of the 1st Corps, but at the end of the war, he was placed in the war Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was very popular in the army and with the people. He was one of the key people in the defense of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War, in a city besieged and helpless amid a relentless onslaught of artillery and sniper fire. Hajrulahović died of a heart attack when he was visiting his mother in Hamburg, Germany. He was buried in a specially marked grave near Ali Pasha Mosque in Sarajevo.

text:
# Mustafa Hajrulahović Talijan

**Mustafa Hajrulahović "Talijan"** (22 January 1957  8 March 1998) was a Bosnian military officer and later a general of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in charge of the defence of Sarajevo.

He graduated from the military academy in Split, Croatia in 1979. In 1991, he left the JNA with the rank of Captain and deserted to the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. For most of the war, he was the commander of the 1st Corps, but at the end of the war, he was placed in the war Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was very popular in the army and with the people. He was one of the key people in the defense of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War, in a city besieged and helpless amid a relentless onslaught of artillery and sniper fire.

Hajrulahović died of a heart attack when he was visiting his mother in Hamburg, Germany. He was buried in a specially marked grave near Ali Pasha Mosque in Sarajevo.

## InfoBox

| Mustafa Hajrulahović | |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | Talijan |
| Born | (1957-01-22)22 January 1957
Banja Luka, PR Bosnia and Herzegovina, FPR Yugoslavia |
| Died | 8 March 1998(1998-03-08) (aged 41)
Hamburg, Germany |
| Allegiance | SFR Yugoslavia
Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Service/branch | Yugoslav Navy
Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Years of service | 1979–1998 |
| Rank | Divisional General |
| Commands | 1st Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | BIH Order of the Gold Coat of Arms |


title: Petite Ile

abstract: Petite Ile was an Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won major races in both Europe and North America. After showing promise as a juvenile in Ireland in 1988, she emerged a top class staying filly in the following year, winning the Phoenix Oaks Trial and the Irish St Leger as well as finishing third in the Gallinule Stakes, Irish Oaks and the Yorkshire Oaks. In 1990 she was exported to race in the United States where she won the Golden Gate Fields Handicap and the Sunset Handicap and was controversially denied an Eclipse Award. After her retirement from racing she became a broodmare in Japan where she had some success as a dam of winners.

text:
# Petite Ile

**Petite Ile** (7 April 1986  November 2006) was an Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won major races in both Europe and North America. After showing promise as a juvenile in Ireland in 1988, she emerged a top class staying filly in the following year, winning the Phoenix Oaks Trial and the Irish St Leger as well as finishing third in the Gallinule Stakes, Irish Oaks and the Yorkshire Oaks. In 1990 she was exported to race in the United States where she won the Golden Gate Fields Handicap and the Sunset Handicap and was controversially denied an Eclipse Award. After her retirement from racing she became a broodmare in Japan where she had some success as a dam of winners.

## Background

Petite Ile was a bay mare bred in Ireland by David Nagle. During her racing career she was owned by Jean-François Malle, the brother of the film director Louis Malle. She was initially sent into training with Dermot Weld but moved to the stable of John Oxx before her first race.

Her sire, Ile de Bourbon, was a top-class middle-distance performer best known for his win in the 1978 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes. As a breeding stallion he also sired Kahyasi and Ile de Chypre before being exported to Japan. Petite Ile's dam Aces Full was a great-granddaughter of the American broodmare Hildene (foaled 1938) whose other female-line descendants have included Hill Prince, First Landing and Cicada.

## Racing career

### 1988: two-year-old season

Petite Ile was ridden in all of her European races by the Australian jockey Ron Quinton. he made her debut in a maiden race over seven furlongs at Phoenix Park Racecourse in October in which she started at odds of 13/2 and finished second to the Dermot Weld-trained Topper Up. Later that month she started favourite against twenty opponents for a minor race at Leopardstown and recorded her first success, taking the lead a furlong out and winning by one and a half lengths.

### 1989: three-year-old season

Petite Ile did not run as a three-year-old until 13 May when she finished third to Blasted Heath in a Listed race at Leopardstown. Two weeks later she was tested against male opposition in the Gallinule Stakes and finished third again, beaten one and a half lengths and a length by Porter Rhodes and the Derrinstown Stud Derby Trial winner Phantom Breeze. In June the filly was stepped up in distance for the Listed Oaks Trial over eleven furlong at Phoenix Park. Starting the 2/1 second choice in a seven-runner field she stayed on strongly in the last quarter mile and won by a head from Kostroma.

For the remainder of 1989, Petite Ile was campaigned exclusively in Group One races, starting with the Irish Oaks at the Curragh in July. Starting at 14/1 in a five-runner field she made steady progress in the straight to finish third behind Alydaress and The Oaks winner Aliysa, beaten less than a length. In August she was sent to England for the Yorkshire Oaks but looked somewhat outpaced on the good to firm ground and finished third for the fourth time in five races as she came home a length and a half and a head behind Roseate Tern and Alydaress.

The ground was much softer when Petite Ile took on nine opponents in the Irish St Leger over fourteen furlong at the Curragh on 23 September. She was made the 3/1 favourite ahead of Phantom Breeze and the British challengers Lazaz (second in the Ormonde Stakes) and Daarkom (Ebor Handicap). The field was not a strong one: apart from Phantom Breeze the only Group race winner in the line-up was Beyond The Lake who started a 20/1 outsider despite his success in the Royal Whip Stakes. Petite Ile was restrained by Quinton in the early stages and turned into the straight in fifth place behind the Upper Strata. First Lazaz, and then Tyrone Bridge went to the front in the straight but the favourite made "smooth progress" to join Tyrone Bridge inside the final furlong. The pair drew away from their rivals in a strongly contested finish, with Petite Ile prevailing by a short head.

Petite Ile was put up for auction at Tattersalls in December 1989 but failed to reach her reserve price and remained in Malle's ownership.

### 1990: four-year-old season

For the 1990 season Petite Ile was sent to race in North America was she was trained by Eddie Gregson and ridden in most of her races by Corey Black. Although Gregson was based in Southern California, the filly did most of her racing at Golden Gate Fields near San Francisco, which involved a nine-hour journey. Gregson reported that the filly adapted unusually quickly to American racing.

She began her third campaign by finishing second to Sweet Roberta in the Grade III Countess Fager Handicap over nine furlongs on 22 April. Two weeks later she recorded her first win in the United States when she won the ungraded Yerba Buena Handicap from Double Wedge (Gamely Stakes) and Brown Bess (1989 American Champion Female Turf Horse). On 16 June Petite Ile was matched against male opposition in the Grade II Golden Gate Handicap and won again, beating the French import Valdali into second place with Pleasant Variety in third. Gregson said that the winner was "some filly" but also explained that she could be temperamental, commenting "She'll bite the hell out of you. She takes her pet nips, and she's gotten me and just about everybody else in the barn". In July the filly moved south and again took on male opponents when she contested the Grade II Sunset Handicap over one and a half miles at Hollywood Park Racetrack. She recorded her third consecutive win as she led from the start and came home half a length in front of the Hollywood Derby winner Live The Dream. After the race Corey Black explained "she jumped well and then she was just loafing out there. She had her ears pricked all the way. I started picking it up about the half-mile pole and she got into the bit when she felt Live The Dream coming up from behind. When I chirped to her in the middle of the turn, she sailed on away. I thought she would win by three or four, but Live The Dream held on tough. She really ran great".

After a break of over three months, due to a leg injury sustained in the Sunset, Petite Ile returned in the Yellow Ribbon Stakes at Santa Anita Park on 4 November. She took the lead on the far turn but was overtaken in the closing stages and was beaten a length into second place by the 56/1 outsider Plenty of Grace. Both Black and Gregson admitted that the filly had been taken to the front sooner than intended to avoid "traffic problems". Petite Ile ended her racing career in the Japan Cup at Tokyo Racecourse on 24 November 1990. She reached the final turn in third place but dropped back in the straight and finished twelfth of the fifteen runners behind the Australian Better Loosen Up. Before the race she had been acquired by the Japanese owner Yoshio Asakawa.

Petite Ile was widely expected to be named American Champion Female Turf Horse at the Eclipse Awards for 1990 but lost out to Laugh and Be Merry despite receiving more votes. According to the Daily Racing Form the result was due to a quirk of the bloc voting system which had produced "the worst of all scenarios".

## Breeding record

At the end of her racing career Petite Ile was retired to become a broodmare in Japan. She produced at least ten foals and six winners between 1992 and 2004:

Petite Ile died in November 2006 in Japan.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Petite Ile (IRE), bay mare, 1986
| Sire
Ile de Bourbon (USA)
1975 | Nijinsky (CAN)
1967 | Northern Dancer | Nearctic |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Natalma |
| | Flaming Page | Bull Page |
| | Flaring Top |
| | Roseliere (FR)
1965 | Misti | Medium |
| | | Mist |
| | Peace Rose | Fastnet Rock |
| | La Paix |
| Dam
Aces Full (USA)
1975 | Round Table (USA)
1954 | Princequillo | Prince Rose |
| | | Cosquilla |
| | Knights Daughter | Sir Cosmo |
| | Feola |
| | Bold Experience (USA)
1962 | Bold Ruler | Nasrullah |
| | | Miss Disco |
| | First Flush | Flushing |
| | Hildene (Family 9-b) |

## InfoBox

| Petite Ile | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Ile de Bourbon |
| Grandsire | Nijinsky |
| Dam | Aces Full |
| Damsire | Round Table |
| Sex | Mare |
| Foaled | 7 April 1986 |
| Country | Ireland |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | David Nagle |
| Owner | Jean-François Malle
Yoshio Asakawa |
| Trainer | John Oxx
Edwin J "Eddie" Gregson |
| Record | 14: 6-3-4 |
| Major wins | |
| Phoenix Oaks Trial (1989)
Irish St Leger (1989)
Yerba Buena Handicap (1990)
Golden Gate Fields Handicap (1990)
Sunset Handicap (1990) | |


title: Nevdon Jamgochian

abstract: Nevdon Jamgochian is an American artist.

text:
# Nevdon Jamgochian

**Nevdon Jamgochian** (May 3, 1971) is an American artist.

## Biography

Nevdon Jamgochian, (born May 3, 1971) is an American artist who primarily works with narratives that engage understandings of history. He was trained as a painter, but now works as a multidisciplinary artist. His exhibits incorporate photography, installation, text and performance. They are primarily concerned with memory and history. His works typically involve issues of human destruction- from genocide to animal extinction. He has won the Richard Branson Mars 2025 award from the Walden 3 foundation and has exhibited in Germany, Thailand, Turkey, Russia, Armenia the United States and China.

## Early life and education

Jamgochian was born in 1971 in San Francisco. His father, Peter as well as his paternal Grandparents, Vahan and Gertrude were painters. The Jamgochian family originated from the Kharpet district of the Ottoman empire, in the town of Egin, where they had lived since the fall of Nineveh in 612 B.C. His great grandfather, Avedis, translated the poem "Paradise Lost" into Turkish and was exiled. The family that remained were murdered by the Ottoman government during the Hamidian massacres of 1896 . The Jamgochian family founded the Armenian colony of Glendale, California in 1910 . Nevdon Jamgochian trained as an artist under the supervision of his family and later at the Savannah College of art and Design.

## Work

Many of Jamgochian's works call attention to alternate or fictive histories, which highlight the "real" history, which is hidden. For example, in his "Bagradian project" he has taken a minor character in Franz Werfel's 1933 novel "The 40 Days of Musa Dagh", and has created a fiction that this was real historical figure who had a successful life as a painter in the 20th century. Of course, this is a counter factual argument to the Turkish government's claim that the Armenian Genocide never occurred.

## Recent work

The Bagradian project consists of paints made by Jamgochian, but signed by his fictional artist- Stephan Bagradian, purportedly from the 1920s through the 1970s. He has written a 200-page "autobiography" of the artist to support this work and is touring the United States in 2015–2016 with a show "by" Bagradian. In 2014 he also has made 1,500,000 medallions with the phrase "1 Armenian" on each to mark the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide in 2015 and to represent the number of Armenians murdered at this time. He is distributing these in around the world, starting with Turkey in April. As a side project, Jamgochian also installs chrome plates with the Percy Shelly poem "Ozymandius" inscribed on it on building slated for destruction. He has done this in Thailand, Turkey and China. The idea behind the installation and poem is that nothing that humans build can last. In 2015, Jamgochian is releasing two short films. One deals with the Ottoman slaughter of 80,000 dogs through starvation and is called "Dogs as Metaphor" and the other is titled "Stuck" which documents Jamgochian's Ozymandius project in Bangkok, Thailand. He is also a writer for several arts publications, including Hyperallergic and Artcore Journal.

Nevdon Jamgochian currently lives in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and works at the International School of Kuala Lumpur (ISKL).

## InfoBox

| Nevdon Jamgochian | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | May 3, 1971<br>San Francisco |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Artist |


title: Harz (district)

abstract: Harz is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Its area is 2,104.9 km⁲ (812.7 sq mi).

text:
# Harz (district)

**Harz** is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Its area is 2,104.9 km2 (812.7 sq mi).

## History

The district was established by merging the former districts of Halberstadt, Wernigerode and Quedlinburg as well as the city of Falkenstein (from the district of Aschersleben-Staßfurt) as part of the reform of 2007.

## Towns and municipalities

The district Harz consists of the following subdivisions:

| Free towns | Free municipalities | Verbandsgemeinde |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. Ballenstedt 2. Blankenburg am Harz 3. Falkenstein 4. Halberstadt 5. Harzgerode 6. Ilsenburg 7. Oberharz am Brocken 8. Osterwieck 9. Quedlinburg 10. Thale 11. Wernigerode | 1. Huy 2. Nordharz | **Vorharz**
1. Ditfurt 2. Groß Quenstedt 3. Harsleben 4. Hedersleben 5. Schwanebeck2 6. Selke-Aue 7. Wegeleben1, 2 |
| 1seat of the Verbandsgemeinde; 2town | | |

1. "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden – Stand: 31. Dezember 2022" (PDF) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt. June 2023.
2. "Tabellen Bodenfläche". Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
3. "Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt". Archived from the original on 2017-05-15. Retrieved 2009-08-06.

51°52′N 10°53′E / 51.867°N 10.883°E / 51.867; 10.883

## InfoBox

| Harz | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saxony-Anhalt |
| Capital | Halberstadt |
| Government | |
| District admin. | Thomas Balcerowski (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 2,104.9 km2 (812.7 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2022) | |
| Total | 210,381 |
| Density | 100/km2 (260/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | HZ, HBS, QLB, WR |
| Website | www.kreis-hz.de |