title: Robert C. Tucker

abstract: Robert Charles Tucker was an American political scientist and historian. Tucker is best remembered as a biographer of Joseph Stalin and as an analyst of the Soviet political system, which he saw as dynamic rather than unchanging.

text:
# Robert C. Tucker

**Robert Charles Tucker** (May 29, 1918 – July 29, 2010) was an American political scientist and historian. Tucker is best remembered as a biographer of Joseph Stalin and as an analyst of the Soviet political system, which he saw as dynamic rather than unchanging.

## Biography

Born in Kansas City, Missouri, he was a Sovietologist at Princeton University. He graduated from Harvard College, earning an A.B. magna cum laude in 1939, followed by an A.M. in 1941. He served as an attaché at the American Embassy in Moscow from 1944–1953. He received his PhD degree from Harvard University in 1958; his doctoral dissertation was later revised and published as a book. His biographies of Joseph Stalin are cited by the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies as his greatest contribution. At Princeton he started the Russian Studies Program and held the position of Professor of Politics Emeritus and IBM Professor of International Studies Emeritus until he died.

Tucker was a scholar of Russia and politics. His viewpoints were shaped by nine years (1944–1953) of diplomatic and translation work in wartime and postwar Russia (including persistent efforts to bring his Russian wife to the United States), by wide-ranging interdisciplinary interests in the social sciences and humanities (notably history, psychology, and philosophy), and by creative initiatives to benefit from and contribute to comparative political studies (especially theories of political culture and leadership).

Tucker married a Russian, Eugenia (Evgeniia) Pestretsova, who eventually emigrated with him and taught Russian for many years at Princeton. His daughter Elizabeth is a senior editor on the radio program *Marketplace*, American Public Media. Her husband, Tucker's son-in-law Robert English, is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Southern California.

## Basic ideas

Tucker's Harvard University doctoral dissertation was in philosophy and challenged the dominant interpretations of Soviet and Western theorists. He linked the ideas of the young and mature Karl Marx and emphasized their "moralist," "ethical," and "religious" rather than political, economic, and social "essence". His revised dissertation was published as *Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx* (1961) and was followed by a collection of innovative essays on Marxian theories of revolution, modernization, and distributive justice as well as comprehensive anthologies of the writings of Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin.

Tucker presented lucidly formulated views on tsarist and Soviet politics. He affirmed that change in Soviet political leadership was even more important than continuity in Russian political culture. He contended that psychological differences were more important than ideological similarities in Soviet leadership politics and that Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, and Mikhail Gorbachev had very different personalities and mentalities. He emphasized that the different psychological make-ups of Russia's top political leaders invariably produced different perceptions of situations and options, which, in turn, periodically altered policymaking and implementation procedures as well as domestic and foreign policies. He argued that systemic changes came not only in October 1917, when the Bolsheviks seized power, and in December 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed, but also in the mid-1930s, when Lenin's one-party dictatorship was transformed into Stalin's one-man dictatorship, and in the mid-1950s, when oligarchic one-party rule filled the power vacuum created by the dictator's death. He underscored that Soviet and post-Soviet Russia's political development progressed in distinctive stages, which were the products of leading officials' choices among viable options at key junctures. Tucker's main stages were: War Communism (1917–1921), New Economic Policy (1921–1928), Revolution from Above (1928–1937), Neo-Tsarist Autocracy (1937–1953), Thaw (1953–1964), Stagnation (1964–1985), and Perestroika (1985–1991).

### Stalinism

While involuntarily remaining in Stalinist Russia, Tucker was greatly influenced by psychoanalytical theories of neurosis, paranoia, and self-idealization. He recognized such traits in Stalin and hypothesized that "psychological needs," "psychopathological tendencies", and "politicized psychodynamics" were not only core elements of Stalin's "ruling personality", but also of Stalinism as a "system of rule" and Stalinization as the process of establishing that rule—"Neo-Tsarist Autocracy".

> I hold that Stalinism must be recognized as an historically distinct and specific phenomenon which did *not* flow directly from Leninism, although Leninism was an important contributory factor. ... Stalinism, despite conservative, reactionary, or counter-revolutionary elements in its makeup, was a revolutionary phenomenon in essence; ... Stalinist revolution from above, whatever the contingencies involved in its inception and pattern, was an integral phase of the Russian revolutionary process as a whole; ... notable among the causal factors explaining why the Stalinist revolution occurred, or why it took the form it did, are the heritage of Bolshevik revolutionism, the heritage of old Russia, and the mind and personality of Stalin.

These themes were developed from comparative, theoretical, and interdisciplinary perspectives and were documented at length in Tucker's magnum opus, the two published volumes of an unfinished three-volume biography of Stalin, and in other important works on Stalin and Stalinism.

Tucker rejected the view that Stalinism was an "unavoidable," "ineluctable," or "necessary" product of Leninism. He highlighted the similarities between tsarist and Stalinist nationalism and patrimonialism, as well as the warlike brutality of the "Revolution from Above" in the 1930s. The chief causes of this revolution were Stalin's voracious appetite for personal, political, and national power and his relentless quest for personal, political, and national security. The chief consequences were the consolidation of Stalin's personal dictatorship, the creation of a military-industrial complex, and the collectivization and urbanization of the peasantry. And the chief means of achieving these ends included blood purges of party and state elites, centralized economic management and slave labor camps, and genocidal famine in Ukraine and Kazakhstan.

Stalin's irrational premonitions, trepidations, and aggressions—intermixed with his rational perceptions, predispositions, and calculations—decisively influenced Soviet domestic politics and foreign policies during and after World War II. Of particular significance were Stalin's forced resettlement of entire non-Russian nationality groups, skillful negotiations with wartime allies, atomic espionage, reimposition of harsh controls in postwar Russia, imposition of Soviet rule in Eastern Europe, and Cold War military-industrial, geopolitical, and ideological rivalry with the United States.

### De-Stalinization

When Stalin died in 1953, Tucker experienced "intense elation" for personal and political reasons. His wife, Evgenia Pestretsova, was soon granted a visa to the United States (and his mother-in-law joined them a half-decade later after a face-to-face request to Khrushchev). Tucker saw a gradually, albeit fitfully, liberalizing Soviet polity, economy, and society and an improving Soviet-American relations (with prospects for much less conflict and much more cooperation).

For Tucker, Stalin's demise posed the question "What shall take the place of Stalin*ism* as a mode of rule and pattern of policy and ideas"? The central issues in Soviet politics were the "desirability, forms, limits, and tempo" of de-Stalinization.

As Tucker detailed in *The Soviet Political Mind* (1963 and 1971, rev. ed.) and *Political Culture and Leadership in Soviet Russia* (1987), Stalin's successors did not consensually craft a post-Stalinist political system. An oligarchic system emerged as the byproduct of struggle over power and policy among reformist and conservative party and state leaders, whose factions and coalitions increasingly sought the support of subnational party and state officials. Forswearing the use of violence to resolve intraparty disputes and outmaneuvering rivals in bureaucratic infighting, Khrushchev revitalized the party and reasserted its leading role vis-à-vis the state bureaucracies. But his international and domestic "hare-brained schemes"—above all, the Cuban Missile Crisis—led to his ouster by Brezhnev's "collective leadership", whose costly and prolonged military buildup helped to produce (in Tucker's apt words) "a swollen state" and "a spent society".

Gorbachev made glasnost, perestroika, and democratization the centerpieces of a revolutionary ideology, which sparked a divisive public debate about the political content and policy implications of these concepts. More revolutionary, in the late 1980s, Gorbachev discarded the "Brezhnev doctrine", withdrawing Soviet troops from Afghanistan and allowing East European countries in the Soviet bloc to choose their own types of political system. And, most revolutionary, from late 1990 to late 1991, Gorbachev unintentionally and Boris Yeltsin intentionally spurred the disintegration of the Soviet Union, enabling the fifteen union republics to develop their own types of nation-state. Gorbachev at the time was the indirectly elected president of the Soviet Union, and Yeltsin was the directly elected president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, by far the largest and most important union republic. The rivalry between Gorbachev and Yeltsin unequivocally confirmed Tucker's contention that the personalities and mentalities of top Soviet leaders could clash viscerally and vindictively. Tucker had long insisted that intraparty conflict was a catalyst of change in both Soviet policymaking procedures and substantive policies. He observed in 1957: "Probably the most important single failing of Soviet studies in the West has been a general tendency to take pretty much at face value the Communist pretension to a 'monolithic' system of politics. ... Not monolithic unity but the fiction of it prevails in Soviet politics. The ruling party has rarely if ever been the disciplined phalanx pictured by its image-makers, and Lenin's well-known Resolution on Party Unity of 1921 has largely been honored in the breach".

Tucker was keenly aware that Soviet ideology could divide or unify leading party officials and could weaken or strengthen party discipline.

During the Gorbachev years, a reformist official ideology clashed with a conservative operational ideology, and this conflict fractured the party. In 1987, Tucker affirmed: '"Marxism-Leninism' is not at present a rigidly defined set of dogma that allows no scope for differences of interpretation on matters of importance, as it was earlier on. Gorbachev is propounding his own version of it while recognizing—and deploring—that far from all his party comrades share it". Indeed, freer expression of aspirations and grievances destabilized as well as de-Stalinized state-society relations and disintegrated as well as democratized the Soviet polity and society.

### "Dual Russia"

Tucker coined the concept of "dual Russia". This concept focuses attention on the psychological rift between the Russian state and society and on the "we-they" mentality of Russia's coercive elites and coerced masses. "The relation between the state and the society is seen as one between conqueror and conquered". Tucker stressed that this "evaluative attitude" was embraced and reinforced by the most violent and impatient state-building and social-engineering tsars, especially Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great. Tucker also stressed that Alexander II tried to narrow the gulf between the "two Russias", but his "liberalizing reform from above coincided with the rise of an organized revolutionary movement from below". Indeed, expectations and assessments of "dual Russia" seem to have greatly influenced the decisions and actions of tsars and commissars, revolutionaries and bureaucrats, and ordinary citizens of Russian and non-Russian ethnicity.

Tucker underscored that most tsars and tsarist officials viewed state-society relations as hostile, and that most of the huge serf peasantry, small urban proletariat, and tiny educated stratum had similarly hostile views. But Tucker did not observe a stable or complementary relationship between authoritarian Russian elites and obeisant Russian masses. Instead, he saw mounting pressures from social units and networks for an "unbinding" of the state's control of society. Tucker's illiterate serf and literate proletarian view the tsarist state as "an abstract entity" and "an *alien* power". His collective farmer resents enserfment and his factory worker resents exploitation in Stalin's "socialist" revolution. And his post-Stalin democratic dissident and liberal intellectual actively and passively reject "dual Russia".

Tucker used the concept of "dual Russia" to elucidate a very important component of de-Stalinization:

> The \[Khrushchev\] regime, it would appear, looks to a rise in the material standard of consumption as a means of reconciling the Russian people to unfreedom in perpetuity. But it is doubtful that a policy of reform operating within these narrow limits can repair the *rupture between the state and society* that is reflected in the revival of the image of a *dual Russia*. A *moral renovation* of the national life, a *fundamental reordering* of relations, a process of genuine "unbinding," or, in other words, an *alternation in the nature of the system*, would be needed.

In short, Tucker viewed "dual Russia" as a core element of the tsarist, Soviet, and post-Soviet political systems, and he affirmed that systemic change must be founded on spiritual healing of state-society relations.

### Political culture

Tucker distinguished between "real" and "ideal" culture and between "macro-level" and "micro-level" culture. "Real" cultural patterns consist of "*prevalent practices in a society*"; "ideal" patterns consist of "*accepted norms, values, and beliefs*". A "macro-level" culture is a society's "complex totality of patterns and sub-patterns" of traditions and orientations; "micro-level" cultural elements are "individual patterns and clusters of them". Cultural patterns are "ingrained by *custom* in the *conduct* and *thoughtways* of large numbers of people". More like an anthropologist than a political scientist, Tucker included behavior as well as values, attitudes, and beliefs in his concept of culture.

Tucker affirmed that "a strength of the concept of political culture as an analytic tool (in comparison with such macro concepts as modernization and development) is its micro/macro \[and real/ideal\] character". He studied these four characteristics individually and in various juxtapositions, configurations, and interactions. And he hypothesized that different components of political culture "can have differing fates in times of radical change", especially in revolutionary transitions from one type of political system to another and from one stage of political development to another.

Tucker corroborated this hypothesis with evidence from the Soviet Union. In 1987, he affirmed: "The pattern of thinking one thing in private and being conformist in public will not vanish or radically change simply because *glasnost* has come into currency as a watchword of policy. Changing the pattern will take time and effort and, above all, some risk-taking openness in action by citizens who speak up ... \[and\] forsake the pattern of pretence which for so long has governed public life in their country." In 1993, he elaborated: "Although communism as a belief system ... is dying out \[in post-Soviet Russia\], very many of the real culture patterns of the Soviet period, including that very "'bureaucratism' that made a comeback after the revolutionary break in 1917, are still tenaciously holding on." And, in 1995, he added: "The banning of the CPSU, the elimination of communism as a state creed, and the breakup of the USSR as an imperial formation marked in a deep sense the ending of the Soviet era. But in part because of the abruptness with which these events came about, much of the statist Soviet system and political culture survived into the 1990s."

As Tucker saw it, the "ideal" and "macro" political cultures of the Communist party collapsed with the Soviet Union, but the "real" and "micro" political cultures of tsarist and Soviet Russia adapted to the emerging governmental, commercial, legal, and moral cultures of post-Soviet Russia. He underscored the impact of tsarist political culture on Soviet political culture and, in turn, their combined impact on post-Soviet political culture. Tucker was not a historical determinist, but he observed that centuries-old statism was alive and well in Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

### Authoritarian political systems

Tucker coined the concept of "the revolutionary mass-movement regime under single-party auspices," which he viewed as a general type of authoritarian regime with communist, fascist, and nationalist variants. Tucker's purpose was to stimulate both cross-national and cross-temporal comparisons of authoritarian political systems and social movements. He hypothesized that Soviet Russian history is "one of different *movements* and of different Soviet *regimes* within a framework of continuity of organizational forms and official nomenclature".

Tucker put emphasis on the top Soviet leader's mental health and its ramifications for political change and continuity. The psychological or psychopathological needs and wants of a movement-regime's leader are "the driving force of the political mechanism," and the movement-regime is "a highly complicated instrumentality" for expressing the leader's primal emotions in political behavior. Stalin's self-glorification, lust for power, megalomania, paranoia, and cruelty are viewed as integral components of Stalinist "real culture," operative ideology, "dictatorial decision making", domestic and foreign policies, policy implementation and resistance, and state penetration and domination of society. Tucker sought not only to describe and document Stalin's motives and beliefs, but also to explain their psychological origins, interactive development, and tangible consequences for Stalin individually and for Stalinist rule.

Tucker's focus on the diverse mind-sets and skill-sets of Soviet leaders supported his early critique of the totalitarian model, which he faulted for paying insufficient attention to the institutionalized pathologies and idiosyncrasies of autocrats and oligarchs. Tucker also criticized the totalitarian model for downplaying the conflicts and cleavages, inefficiencies and incompatibilities, and "departmentalism" and "localism" in purportedly "monolithic" and "monopolistic" regimes. He noted that an autocrat's top lieutenants often were bitter rivals, rank-and-file party officials often withheld negative information from their superiors, and "family groups" or "clans" often resisted state controls in informal and ingenious ways.

Having lived and worked in Stalin's Russia for nine years, Tucker had rich experiential knowledge and instinctive comprehension of everyday life in the USSR, which included family, friends, favors, work, and bureaucracy as well as fear, deprivation, persecution, surveillance, and hypocrisy. He could feel as well as analyze the similarities and differences between the realities and ideals of Soviet totalitarianism. And, because the totalitarian model was the dominant cross-national component of Sovietology, Tucker called for more and better comparative analysis of Soviet politics and for mutually beneficial ties with mainstream political science. He rejected the "theoretical isolationism" of Sovietology and its widely held presupposition that Soviet politics was "a unique subject matter".

### Political leadership

Tucker compared Soviet and tsarist Russian political leaders, as well as various types of political leadership in various contexts. In *Politics as Leadership* (1981), he argued that leadership is "the essence of politics". He analyzed the diagnostic, prescriptive, and mobilizing functions of leadership. He surveyed "the process of political leadership," "leadership through social movements," and "leadership and the human situation". He underscored that a leader's definition of a situation could be self-fulfilling and must be communicated effectively to different audiences. And he elaborated on the key sociopsychological maxim that "situations defined as real are real in their consequences":

> The political process is influenced by many a material factor, but it has its prime locus in the mind. Not only is it a mental process when leaders learn about and analyze the causes of circumstances that have arisen, when they interpret the circumstances' meaning in relation to various concerns, when they define the problem situation for their political communities and decide on what seems the proper prescription for collective action. Mental processes are also pivotally involved—now in the minds of followers or potential followers—when leadership appeals for positive response to its policy prescription.

Tucker contrasted constitutional and nonconstitutional states, especially their respective political cultures and leadership prerogatives:

> What distinguishes constitutional forms of statehood ... is that no one, be it a ruling person, a government in power or a ruling party, may act on the principle *L'Etat, c'est moi* \[I am the state\]. For the state is the body of citizens, together with the collectively self-accepted system of laws by which they are governed and which center in the constitution. ... The result is a disjunction between loyalty to the state and agreement with the policies of a particular government in power or acceptance of that government as a desirable one for the nation. ... That, it seems, is the essence of constitutionalism as a political culture; open plurality of political groups or parties is an institutional derivative of this disjunction. Where constitutionalism does not exist, even though a constitutional charter may have been formally proclaimed, the authorities treat disagreement with the given government's or ruling party's policies, or disapproval of the government itself, as disloyalty to the state. In effect, they say: *L'Etat, c'est nous* \[We are the state\].

Briefly stated, Tucker stressed the importance of political leadership. He contended that the psychological characteristics of autocrats varied greatly, as did their personal and policy priorities and their policymaking and administrative capabilities. He affirmed that oligarchs perceived opportunities and liabilities in diverse ways and often struggled over power and policy, especially at historical turning points with viable options. An avid scholar of Russian history, Tucker scrutinized the interaction between the tsarist autocracy and the revolutionary movement. He emphasized the Russian rather than the Marxian roots of Bolshevism. He highlighted the differences between Lenin's one-party dictatorship and Stalin's one-man dictatorship. He illuminated the similarities between tsarist and Stalinist state-building and social engineering. He elucidated the domestic and international politics of de-Stalinization in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. And he argued that the animosities, anxieties, and incompatibilities of the "two Russias" weakened the legitimacy, efficacy, and stability of tsarist, communist, and post-communist regimes.

### Communist studies and the social sciences

What younger generations of comparativists in political science may not know is that Tucker was at the forefront of efforts to bring the comparative study of communist systems into the discipline of political science and the field of comparative politics. In 1969, he assumed chairmanship of the Planning Group on Comparative Communist Studies sponsored by the American Council of Learned Societies under a grant from the Carnegie Corporation. During his six-year tenure as chair, the Planning Group convened a number of international conferences that shed new light on the similarities and differences among communist regimes. The proceedings of these conferences were reported to the profession through the publication of several conference volumes. Tucker's tenure as chair also saw the expansion of the Planning Group's *Newsletter on Comparative Studies of Communism*, which presented shorter discussion pieces on the subject of its masthead.

The intellectual tone for much of the work of the Planning Group under Tucker's leadership was set by his paper "Culture, Political Culture, and Soviet Studies," written for a 1971 conference on Communist Political Culture convened at Arden House in Harriman, New York. Subsequently, published in *Political Science Quarterly* (1973) and as the opening chapter in his book *Political Culture and Leadership in Soviet Russia* (1987), that paper set forth the hypothesis that "if Communism in practice tends to be an amalgam of an innovated cultural system \[Marxism\] and elements of a national cultural ethos, then divergences of national cultural ethos will be one of the factors making for developmental diversity and cultural tension between different \[Marxist\] movements". Subsequent conferences of the Planning Group explored the extent of those divergences and developmental diversities, including a third element in the amalgam that Tucker had overlooked—components of imported foreign culture, including technology—but to which he was quite receptive.

Although perhaps best known for his seminal trilogy on Stalin (the third volume of which remained unfinished at the time of his death), the corpus of Tucker's scholarly work was significant, among other reasons, for moving communism studies and particularly Soviet studies away from narrow area studies and helping to place them within the parameters of political science and the social sciences. His desire to move Soviet studies in that direction can be found in one of his earliest works—on the first page of an article entitled "Towards a Comparative Politics of Movement Regimes," published in *The American Political Science Review* (1961). This article was reprinted in an important collection of Tucker's early essays—*The Soviet Political Mind* (1963; rev. ed. 1971) — that included such important essays as "The Image of Dual Russia" — a classic piece that is still assigned in graduate and undergraduate courses on Soviet and Russian politics.

Tucker's highly regarded work on Stalin drew on the theories of psychologist Karen Horney, providing insights into the feared (and still revered by some in Russia) Soviet leader and demonstrating the significance of psychological theories for understanding political leadership. Rather than merely describing Stalin's cruelty, paranoia, and mental quirks, Tucker was more concerned with explaining Stalin's psychological make-up. And that is where Horney's theories proved invaluable to him. He found in Horney's work the study of "neurotic character structure," which included such attributes as the "search for glory" and a "need for vindictive triumph". It was Horney's 1950 book Neurosis and Human Growth that particularly inspired him while serving on the staff of the American Embassy in Moscow at the time. A half century later, he was quite candid in acknowledging the role of that work in the development of his own thinking: "Instead of dealing in such abstract categories from a book of psychology, I was now using that book as guidance in a biographer's effort to portray his subject as an individual".

Notwithstanding his "intellectual fascination with \[Horney's\] unusual hypothesis," Tucker in the end confessed that his biography of Stalin "never became —*fortunately*— the political-science tract that it started out to be". He was quick to add, however, that "neither did it become a conventional biography of a historically influential person". While this may indicate growing frustration at his own attempts to marry Soviet studies and the social sciences, he nevertheless remained sympathetic to and supportive of such attempts by his own students and colleagues.

Tucker's interest in political leadership was by no means confined to Stalin. Indeed, he addressed the subject of political leadership in a much broader context in his 1981 book *Politics as Leadership*, in which he viewed politics as leadership rather than as power. Such an approach, Tucker argued, was more useful to students of society, since it was more comprehensive and could open up more areas to political analysis than could the more orthodox view of politics as power. In his preface to the 1995 revised edition of the book, Tucker restated two fundamental propositions that had guided his inquiries into political leadership: (1) "political leadership often makes a crucial difference in the lives of states and other human communities"; and (2) "leadership—although the term itself has a positive resonance—can be a malignant force in human affairs as well as a force for good." His collected works clearly demonstrated the veracity of both propositions.

## Works

* Tucker, Robert C. (1961). *Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx*. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-7658-0644-4.
* Tucker, Robert C. (1971) \[1963\]. *The Soviet Political Mind: Stalinism and Post-Stalin Change* (Rev. ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00582-8.
* Tucker, Robert C.; Cohen, Stephen F., eds. (1965). *The Great Purge Trial*. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. LCCN 65-14751.
* Tucker, Robert C. (1969). *The Marxian Revolutionary Idea*. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00539-9.
* Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1972). Tucker, Robert C. (ed.). *The Marx-Engels Reader*. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-09040-X.
* Lenin, Vladimir (1977). Tucker, Robert C. (ed.). *The Lenin Anthology*. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-09236-4.
* Tucker, Robert C., ed. (1977). *Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation*. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-8133-2491-2.
* Tucker, Robert C. (1987). *Political Culture and Leadership in Soviet Russia*. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-95798-5.
* Tucker, Robert C. (1988). *Stalin as Revolutionary: 1879-1929*. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-00738-3.
* Tucker, Robert C. (1990). *Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941*. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-02881-X.
* Tucker, Robert C. (1995) \[1981\]. *Politics as Leadership* (Rev. ed.). Columbia, Mo: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-1023-6.
* Tucker, Robert C.; Colton, Timothy J., eds. (1995). *Patterns in Post-Soviet Leadership*. Boulder CO: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-2492-0.

* Interview by John M. Whiteley at the University of California-Irvine Quest for Peace Video Series.
* @KatrinaNation Announces the Death of Robert C. Tucker – Death announcement.
* "Memoir of a Stalin Biographer", *International Karen Horney Society*, 2002.
* Stephen F. Cohen, "In Memoriam: Robert C. Tucker," *PS: Political Science & Politics*, vol. 44, no. 1 (January, 2011), 168. Obituary.
* Lars T. Lih, Stephen F. Cohen, Robert English, Michael Kraus, and Robert Sharlet, "Robert C. Tucker, 1918-2010," *Slavic Review*, vol. 70, no. 1 (Spring, 2011), 242–245. Obituary.
* *New York Times* "Robert C. Tucker, A Scholar of Marx, Stalin and Soviet Affairs Dies at 92".  Obituary.
* *Washington Post* "Robert C. Tucker, 92, dies; scholar of Soviet-era politics and history."  Obituary.


title: Wólka Tuczępska

abstract: Wólka Tuczępska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabowiec, within Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) north-east of Zamość and 79 km (49 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Wólka Tuczępska

**Wólka Tuczępska** \[ˈvulka tuˈt͡ʂɛmpska\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grabowiec, within Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) north-east of Zamość and 79 km (49 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Wólka Tuczępska | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Wólka Tuczępska | |
| Coordinates: 50°53′N 23°32′E / 50.883°N 23.533°E / 50.883; 23.533 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Zamość |
| Gmina | Grabowiec |


title: Needletooth cusk

abstract: The needletooth cusk is a species of cusk-eel found in the Indian and the western Pacific Ocean where it occurs at depths of 1,000 to 1,750 metres. This species grows to a length of 21.5 centimetres (8.5 in) SL. It is the only known species of its genus The generic name is a compound of the Greek epetrion meaning "needle" and odous meaning "tooth", while the specific name honours the English ichthyologist Norman Bertram “Freddy” Marshall (1915-1996) who worked on deep sea fishes as the British Museum.

text:
# Needletooth cusk

The **needletooth cusk** (***Epetriodus freddyi***) is a species of cusk-eel found in the Indian and the western Pacific Ocean where it occurs at depths of 1,000 to 1,750 metres (3,280 to 5,740 ft). This species grows to a length of 21.5 centimetres (8.5 in) SL. It is the only known species of its genus The generic name is a compound of the Greek **epetrion** meaning "needle" and **odous** meaning "tooth", while the specific name honours the English ichthyologist Norman Bertram “Freddy” Marshall (1915-1996) who worked on deep sea fishes as the British Museum (Natural History).

## InfoBox

| Needletooth cusk | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Ophidiiformes |
| Family: | Ophidiidae |
| Subfamily: | Neobythitinae |
| Genus: | *Epetriodus* |
| Species: | ***E. freddyi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epetriodus freddyi***<br>Cohen & J. G. Nielsen, 1978 | |
|


title: Francis Berry

abstract: Francis Berry was a British academic, poet, critic and translator. He was born in Ipoh, Malaya, and educated at the University of London and the University of Exeter. After serving as an army soldier during World War II, and then as a schoolteacher in Malta, he held various appointments in English literature. He was professor of English Literature at the University of Sheffield from 1947 to 1970, where he was a friend of William Empson. From 1970 until his retirement in 1980, he was professor at Royal Holloway, University of London. He also wrote radio plays, and an edited translation of the Sauđarkrokur manuscripts entitled I Tell of Greenland (1977). His first collection of poetry, Gospel of Fire, was published in 1933; his Collected Poems, drawing on 11 books, appeared in 1994. His work has been praised by G. Wilson Knight and Philip Hobsbaum. His critical writing includes books on John Masefield and Herbert Read. A number of his papers are archived at the Harry Ransom Center in Austin, Texas, USA and at Leeds University Library. His son is The Telegraph Cricket correspondent Scyld Berry.

text:
# Francis Berry

**Francis Berry** (23 March 1915 – 10 October 2006) was a British academic, poet, critic and translator.

He was born in Ipoh, Malaya, and educated at the University of London and the University of Exeter. After serving as an army soldier during World War II, and then as a schoolteacher in Malta, he held various appointments in English literature. He was professor of English Literature at the University of Sheffield from 1947 to 1970, where he was a friend of William Empson. From 1970 until his retirement in 1980, he was professor at Royal Holloway, University of London. He also wrote radio plays, and an edited translation of the Sauđarkrokur manuscripts entitled *I Tell of Greenland* (1977).

His first collection of poetry, *Gospel of Fire*, was published in 1933; his *Collected Poems*, drawing on 11 books, appeared in 1994. His work has been praised by G. Wilson Knight and Philip Hobsbaum.

His critical writing includes books on John Masefield and Herbert Read. A number of his papers are archived at the Harry Ransom Center in Austin, Texas, USA and at Leeds University Library. His son is The Telegraph Cricket correspondent Scyld Berry.

## Publications

### Poetry

* *Gospel of Fire.* Francis Berry, London, E. Mathews & Marrot, 1933.
* *Snake in the Moon. Poems,* London, Williams & Norgate, 1936.
* *The Iron Christ.* *A poem*, London, Williams & Norgate, 1936.
* *Fall of a Tower and Other Poems,* London, Fortune Press, 1942.
* *Murdock and Other Poems,* London, Dakers, 1947.
* *The Galloping Centaur: Poems 1933–1951,* London, Methuen, 1952.
* *Morant Bay and other poems*, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961.
* *Ghosts of Greenland,* London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967.
* *I tell of Greenland: an edited translation of the Saudarkrokur manuscripts.* Francis Berry, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977.
* *From the Red Fort,* Bristol, Redcliffe, 1984.
* *Collected poems / Francis Berry*, Bristol, Redcliffe, 1994.

### Radio Plays

* *Illnesses and Ghosts at the West Settlement,* 1965;
* *The Sirens,* 1966;
* *The Near Singing Dome,* 1971;
* *Eyre Remembers,* 1982

### Novels

* *I Tell of Greenland*. London, Routledge, 1977.

### Critical Writings

* *Herbert Read,* London, Longman, 1953; revised edition, 1961.
* *Poets' Grammar: Person, Time and Mood in Poetry,* London, Routledge, 1958; Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press, 1974.
* *Poetry and the Physical Voice,* London, Routledge, and New York, Oxford University Press, 1962.
* *The Shakespeare Inset: Word and Picture,* London, Routledge, 1965; New York, Theatre Arts, 1966; revised edition, Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press, 1971.

1. *Daily Telegraph* obituary
2. Obituary, *The Guardian*, 31 October 2006
3. Haffenden, John, ed., *Selected Letters of William Empson*, Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 387, 423-4, 455, 686.
4. Hobsbaum, Philip, *Tradition and Experiment in English Poetry*, 1979
5. "Gospel of Fire. Poems, etc. - British Library". *explore.bl.uk*. Retrieved 9 October 2019.


title: Moshe Raviv

abstract: Moshe Raviv was an Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom, and the Philippines. During the Six-Day War, he was an aide to Israeli foreign minister Abba Eban. While Ambassador to the UK, there were two car bomb attacks on July 26, 1994 aimed at Jewish targets. One was at exploded at the Israeli embassy, injuring 14 people. Samar Alami and Jawad Botmeh, who were convicted of conspiracy to cause explosions. Jeremy Corbyn called for Alami and Botmeh to be freed. Raviv spoke out against Corbyn, condemning his support for the pair.

text:
# Moshe Raviv

**Moshe Raviv** (born 1935) was an Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom (1993 - 1998), and the Philippines (1978 - 1981). During the Six-Day War, he was an aide to Israeli foreign minister Abba Eban.

While Ambassador to the UK, there were two car bomb attacks on July 26, 1994 aimed at Jewish targets. One was at exploded at the Israeli embassy, injuring 14 people. Samar Alami and Jawad Botmeh, who were convicted of conspiracy to cause explosions. Jeremy Corbyn called for Alami and Botmeh to be freed. Raviv spoke out against Corbyn, condemning his support for the pair.

1. Weiner, Tim (July 29, 1994). "Iran and Allies Are Suspected In Bomb Wave". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
2. "United Kingdom". *Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs*. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
3. "Philippines". *Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs*. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
4. "Why Diplomacy Failed to Avert the Six Day War". *The Washington Institute*. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
5. Sugarman, Daniel (August 14, 2018). "Ambassador condemns Jeremy Corbyn's support for pair convicted over bombing of Jewish targets in UK". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 28 May 2020.


title: Phaio salmoni

abstract: Phaio salmoni is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1883. It is found in Colombia.

text:
# Phaio salmoni

***Phaio salmoni*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1883. It is found in Colombia.

## InfoBox

| *Phaio salmoni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Phaio* |
| Species: | ***P. salmoni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phaio salmoni***<br>H. Druce, 1883 | |
|


title: John Marshall (American sculptor)

abstract: John "Jack" Marshall was an American artist best known for his sculptures.

text:
# John Marshall (American sculptor)

**John "Jack" Marshall** was an American artist best known for his sculptures.

## Biography

Marshall was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, on February 27, 1932, son of Francis J. and Josephine (Ghigli) Marshall. He enlisted in the U.S. Army for three years as a linguistic specialist and was honorably discharged June 5, 1951.

He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in design from the Massachusetts College of Art. He obtained a graduate degree from Boston University in studio arts and one from the Yale School of Architecture in environmental design and installation art on a full scholarship.

He died on July 7, 2009, at his home in Keene, New Hampshire, at the age of 77.

## Achievements

Marshall held patents for the “Foam Method of Cementitious Casting” and “A Fiber-Optic Perception Device.”

His awards include: first place award in sculpture: New Haven and Providence Arts Festivals, four prizes for sculpture at The New England Annuals Arts and Crafts Festival at Silvermine Guild Arts Center in New Canaan, Connecticut, the Olivetti Award for Contemporary Sculpture and a Ford Foundation Purchase Award. He also received grants from: Blanche Coleman Foundation, Whiting Foundation, Spaulding-Potter Foundation, Thorne-Sagendorph Trust, DuPont Corp., Union Carbide Corp., the American Society of Plastics Engineers and the Comune di Santa Croce sull’Arno for a traveling exhibit throughout Tuscany.

Marshall's works have been shown regionally at the Fuller Museum in Brockton, Massachusetts, DeCordova Museum in Lincoln, Massachusetts, Baak Gallery in Cambridge, and Carl Siembab, Sunne Savage and Ellie Reiglehaupt Galleries on Newbury Street in Boston; in New York City at the Whitney Biennial, the Awards Exhibit of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, the American Institute of Architecture, Lever House, The New School, Allan Stone Gallery and most recently in a solo show at Ward Nasse Gallery in SoHo, Manhattan. In Europe he has had shows in Milan, Pisa, Florence, Copenhagen, Geneva and Zurich. His work is in numerous collections, many of which are monumental commissions: public and private in this country and internationally. He recently retired professor emeritus from teaching after almost 30 years as director of 3-D Studies at Keene State College, prior to which he had taught at the schools of Art and Architecture at Yale, the New School for Social Research and Manhattanville College. He had studios in Keene, New Hampshire, and Carrara, Italy.

* Reynolds, Mark (July 10, 2009), "Jack Marshall, Emeritus Professor of Art", *KSC Newsline*, Keene State College
* Jones, Cynthia (May 4, 1986), "Humor and expressions, not limitations: Multimedia artist scorns specialization to create all-encompassing environment. From Keene to Italy following his muse: Marshall develops distinctive style since N.H. move", *The Telegraph (Nashua)*


title: Matt Beesley

abstract: Matthew Beesley is an English rugby union player who played for Northampton Saints. He joined the team at the start of the 2016–17 season, after previously spending two seasons at National League 1 side Wharfedale. He can play as a prop or a hooker.

text:
# Matt Beesley

**Matthew Beesley** (born 3 April 1992) is an English rugby union player who played for Northampton Saints. He joined the team at the start of the 2016–17 season, after previously spending two seasons at National League 1 side Wharfedale. He can play as a prop or a hooker.

## Rugby career

### Early career

Beesley was born in Sandbach, Cheshire in 1992 and he started his playing days at his local club, Sandbach RUFC. He went to the Leeds Beckett University to study for a Sport Science degree and played rugby for the university's first team. He helped the side reach the 2014 BUCS Championship Final, which they lost 24–28 to Hartpury College at Twickenham on 28 March 2014. During his time in Leeds, Beesley was also a member of Championship side Yorkshire Carnegie's academy training squad.

### Wharfedale

After making two appearances for National League 1 side Wharfedale in the 2013–14 season, he joined them on a full-time basis for the 2014–15 season. He played in the third tier of English rugby for two full seasons; his side finished in 11th position in his first season, but a poor 2015–16 season saw the team finish in 14th position on the table, resulting in a relegation to the National League 2 North for 2016–17.

### Northampton Saints

Despite being a member of the Wharfedale team that got relegated, Beesley's performances did not go unnoticed and he was invited to Premiership side Northampton Saints for a trial. He trained with the Saints for a number of weeks in March 2016, where he also played for the Saints' second team, the Northampton Wanderers, in the Aviva A League. On 31 March, the Saints announced that they agreed terms with Beesley to join them on a full-time basis.

### Ampthill

Beesley made a quick return to the National League 1, however, as he signed with Ampthill on a dual-registration basis.

### Ealing Trailfinders

On 16 April 2018, Beesley left Northampton and Ampthill to sign for RFU Championship side Ealing Trailfinders from the 2018–19 season.

### Representative rugby

Beesley represented both Cheshire Under-20s and Cheshire at county level, and was also selected for England Counties XV and England Students.

## InfoBox

Matt Beesley
| Full name | Matthew Beesley |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1992-04-03) 3 April 1992 |
| Place of birth | Sandbach, England |
| Height | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) |
| Weight | 123 kg (19 st 5 lb; 271 lb) |
| University | Leeds Beckett University |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Prop/Hooker  **Current team** Northampton Saints  Youth career  2011–2014  Leeds Beckett University  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2013–2016 Wharfedale  65  (20)  2016–2018 Northampton Saints  9  (0)  2016–2018 Ampthill  6  (0)  2018– Ealing Trailfinders  10  (0)  Correct as of 03 April 2018 | |


title: Muazu Magaji

abstract: Muazu Ahmad Magaji is an oil and gas engineer, activist, and a Nigerian politician from Kano state.

text:
# Muazu Magaji

**Muazu Ahmad Magaji** (popularly known as Dansarauniya) is an oil and gas engineer, activist, and a Nigerian politician from Kano state.

## Early life and education

Muazu was born in Sarauniya village of Dawakin Tofa local government area of Kano State, Muazu obtained his first School Certificate in 1980; he attended Dawaking Tofa Secondary school between 1980 and 1983, and obtained his National Diploma in Mechanical engineering from Kano State Polytechnic in 1989. He graduated with his Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering from Bayero University Kano, and obtained his Masters in Oil & Gas Engineering from Robert Gordon University in 2000; he obtained qualifications in project management, oil & gas well engineering, geosciences and Information Technology in 2006.

## Career

Muazu started his career at the Kano State Civil Service Commission in 1989 and retired in 2009, when he joined Shell Oil Company for ten years.

## Politics

In 2010, President Goodluck Jonathan appointed him as the SURE-P Project Coordinator where he served between 2010 and 2013. Governor Rabiu Kwankwaso appointed him as Senior Special Assistant on Project Planning and Monitoring between 2013 and 2015. Muazu contested the governorship in 2014 and stepped down before the primary election.

Muazu was also appointed Commissioner of Works by Governor Abdullahi Umar Ganduje in 2019. On 17 April 2020 Abba Kyari, chief of Staff to President Muhammad Buhari, died of the COVID-19 infection. On his Facebook page Muazu made several comments on the death of Mr Kyari: "Win win … Nigeria is free and Abba Kyari dies in epidemic … The martyrdom of man is perfect!” Commissioner of Information Comrade Muhammad Garba announced that Muazu lost his position of Commissioner immediately, because people were saying he was celebrating the death of Mr Kyari, although Muazu denied it.

Governor Abdullahi Umar Ganduje re-appointed him as a Chairman of NNPC-AKK Pipeline Project Delivery and the Kano State Industrialization Committee

Muazu also tested Positive for COVID-19 and was isolated for about 3 to 4 weeks at one of the 3 Isolation centres in Kano. He was eventually discharged after testing negative.

## InfoBox

| EngineerMuazu Ahmad Magaji | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Commissioner | |
| **In office**
2019–2020 | |
| Governor | Abdullahi Umar Ganduje |
| Preceded by | Engineer Aminu Wudil |
| Succeeded by | Idris Unguwar Rimi |
| Senior Special Assistant | |
| **In office**
2013–2015 | |
| Governor | Rabiu Kwankwaso |
| Project Coordinator SURE-P | |
| **In office**
2010–2013 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1969-05-27) 27 May 1969
Kano, Northern Region, |
| Nationality | Nigerian |
| Political party | All Progressive Congress (APC) |
| Other political
affiliations | Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) |
| Alma mater | Bayero University Kano
Robert Gordon University
Rivers State University |
| Occupation | Engineering |
|  | |


title: Robert C. T. Lee

abstract: Robert C. T. Lee, was a Taiwanese veterinarian and politician.

text:
# Robert C. T. Lee

**Robert C. T. Lee** (Chinese: 李崇道; pinyin: *Lǐ Chóngdào*; Wade–Giles: *Li Ch'ung-tao*) (October 2, 1923 – May 15, 2016), was a Taiwanese veterinarian and politician.

## Biography

Lee was born in Shanghai, Republic of China, with his ancestral hometown in Suzhou, Jiangsu. His brother is the physicist and Nobel Prize laureate Tsung-Dao Lee.

Lee finished his undergraduate study in Guangxi, and continued his graduate studies in the United States. He received his PhD in veterinary medicine from Cornell University in New York. Lee went back to China and became a technician in the Republic of China Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

Later on Lee went to teach in universities, and was professor of veterinary medicine at National Taiwan University and later at National Chung Hsing University. In August 1981, Lee became the President of National Chung Hsing University.

Lee was also in several important positions in Taiwan, including:

After retirement, he resided in College Station, TX until his death.


title: Murphys Grammar School

abstract: Murphys Grammar School is a historic school building in Murphys, California. Built in 1860, the school was the first public school in Murphys. The school was designed in a vernacular Greek Revival style, which was popular at the time of its construction; its design includes a cornice held up by square pilasters, a pedimented gable, and a cupola over the entrance with its own cornice and square pilasters. The school operated continuously from its opening until it closed in 1973; at the time of its closing, it was the longest continuously running school west of the Mississippi River. Albert Abraham Michelson, the first American to win the Nobel Prize in Physics, attended the school. Murphys Grammar School was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 8, 1973.

text:
# Murphys Grammar School

**Murphys Grammar School** is a historic school building in Murphys, California. Built in 1860, the school was the first public school in Murphys. The school was designed in a vernacular Greek Revival style, which was popular at the time of its construction; its design includes a cornice held up by square pilasters, a pedimented gable, and a cupola over the entrance with its own cornice and square pilasters. The school operated continuously from its opening until it closed in 1973; at the time of its closing, it was the longest continuously running school west of the Mississippi River.

Albert Abraham Michelson, the first American to win the Nobel Prize in Physics, attended the school.

Murphys Grammar School was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 8, 1973.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Murphys Grammar School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The school in 2014. | |
| Murphys Grammar SchoolMurphys Grammar School | |
| Location | Jones St., Murphys, California |
| Coordinates | 38°08′09″N 120°27′28″W / 38.1358°N 120.4579°W / 38.1358; -120.4579 |
| Area | 1.8 acres (0.73 ha) |
| Built | 1860 (1860) |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 73000398 |
| Added to NRHP | June 8, 1973 |


title: × Beruladium procurrens

abstract: × Beruladium procurrens is an intergeneric hybrid plant in the umbellifer family (Apiaceae); the result of hybridisation between Berula erecta and Helosciadium nodiflorum.

text:
# × Beruladium procurrens

**× *Beruladium procurrens*** is an intergeneric hybrid plant in the umbellifer family (Apiaceae); the result of hybridisation between *Berula erecta* (lesser water parsnip) and *Helosciadium nodiflorum* (fool's water cress).

## Discovery

In July 1979 Max Walters collected an unidentified plant from Chippenham Fen, Cambridgeshire, England; it resembled *H. nodiflorum*, but grew as a floating mass in a fen ditch with small, pedunculate umbels rising above the water surface. Later that year, the specimen was exhibited as a living plant at the annual BSBI exhibition meeting at the British Museum in London. An initial putative determination of *H. repens* was made, but as the plants were found to produce poor pollen and did not develop ripe fruits a hybrid origin was deemed more likely, possibly *H. repens* x *H. nodiflorum*. Later suggestions included a depauperate example of *B. erecta*, which can be confused with *H. nodiflorum* in the vegetative state, or else an intergeneric hybrid between the two.

The original material was cultivated for a number of years in Cambridge University Botanic Garden, but this stock is no longer extant, nor was material placed in Cambridge University Herbarium (CGE). However, the original collections made by Walters are present as dried specimens in the University of Leicester Herbarium (LTR), presumably retained after being sent to then herbarium director Tom Tutin for determination.

Plants considered to be the same as those collected by Walters in 1979 still occur on Chippenham Fen and, in 2014, Alan Leslie reexamined the plants and sent them for molecular and cytogenetic analysis at the University of Leicester, which revealed a previously unknown intergeneric hybrid between *B. erecta* and *H. nodiflorum*.

## Chromosome number

The original Walters' material and the 2014 collection from Chippenham Fen are both 2n = 20, which is consistent with an intergeneric hybrid between *B. erecta* (2n = 18) and *H. nodiflorum* (2n = 22)

## Distribution

East Anglia (particularly Cambridgeshire and Suffolk). Notable sites: Chippenham Fen and Carlton Marshes.

## Description

Creeping perennial herb that roots at most nodes. Leaves simply pinnate with up to 5 pairs of leaflets, which are ovate to broadly ovate. Petioles without petiolar ring characteristic of *B. erecta*. Flowering umbels, typically small, are borne on peduncles, which vary from very short to longer than the rays of the umbel, and subtended at the base by an involucre of (1)2-3 bracts. Sterile; ripe fruit absent.

## InfoBox

| *× Beruladium procurrens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | *× Beruladium* |
| Species: | ***× B. procurrens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***× Beruladium procurrens***<br>A.C. Leslie | |
|


title: Moshe Revach

abstract: Prof. Moshe Revach is a chairman of Israel's National Trauma Board, Member Board of Directors of Maccabi Sherutei Briut, Assuta Hospitals, Be'telem Organization and the nonprofit Society of Public Hospitals which owns SAREL Supplies & Services for Medicine Ltd. Prof. Revach was formerly a director of the Rambam Medical Center, a commander of the Israeli Medical Corps and an associate professor at the Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa.

text:
# Moshe Revach

Prof. **Moshe Revach** (Hebrew: **מֹשֶה רֶוָח**) is a chairman of Israel's National Trauma Board, Member Board of Directors of Maccabi Sherutei Briut (healthcare services), Assuta Hospitals, Be'telem Organization and the nonprofit Society of Public Hospitals which owns SAREL Supplies & Services for Medicine Ltd. Prof. Revach was formerly a director of the Rambam Medical Center, a commander of the Israeli Medical Corps and an associate professor at the Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa.


title: Phil Moore (jazz musician)

abstract: Phil Moore was an American jazz pianist, arranger, and bandleader.

text:
# Phil Moore (jazz musician)

**Phil Moore** (February 20, 1918 – May 13, 1987) was an American jazz pianist, arranger, and bandleader.

## Biography

Moore was orphaned and placed in a county hospital in Portland, Oregon. He attended the Cornish School and the University of Washington in Seattle. When Moore was 13, he played piano at speakeasies and small venues in Portland.

In 1937 He married Neva Mary Peoples; a pianist, actress and a vocalist of San Francisco, Ca. He supported Lena Horne, Frank Sinatra, Bobby Short, Marshal Royal, Irving Ashby, Julie Wilson, Gene Sedric, Les Hite, and Helen Gallagher. He arranged big-band music for the Tommy Dorsey and Harry James orchestras.

In 1946, he played the role of a band leader in a short B movie, *Stars on Parade*. About this time, his relationship with Dorothy Dandridge helped bring her success in a nightclub singing career. Moore served as vocal coach for other performers in Hollywood, including Marilyn Monroe and Ava Gardner.

Phil Moore worked at MGM and Paramount studios as an arranger. He worked on scores for over 30 films, although rarely received a screen credit; it has been speculated that this was due to his race. These included *Ziegfeld Girl*, *Dumbo*, *Three Cheers for the Boys*, *Panama Hattie*, *Presenting Lily Mars*, *Cabin in the Sky*, the 1944 production of *Kismet*, and *This Gun for Hire*.

During the late 1940s, Moore toured with his group, the Phil Moore Four: Milt Hinton (bass), Marty Wilson (drums), Johnny Letman (trumpet), and Jimmy Lyons (saxophone or guitar). He recorded for RCA Victor \[with Doles Dickens (bass), Walter Bishop (drums), Edward Leroy Gibbs (guitar), and Remo Palmieri (electric guitar)\], Musicraft \[w/Doles Dickens or John Levy (bass), Walter Bishop (drums), unknown (guitar), and Johnny Letman (trumpet)\], and Black & White Records \[w/Billy Hadnott (bass), Lee Young (drums), and Irving Ashby (electric guitar)\] during this time.

He was a movie industry vocal and stagecraft grooming coach in the early careers of many, most notably Dorothy Dandridge and Marilyn Monroe. From the late 1950s he gained, and maintained until his death, a wide commercial reputation in the grooming and coaching of aspiring black and white singers, starting a school in New York named "For Singers Only."

In 1953, he recorded two bebop Christmas songs for RCA Victor — "Blink Before Christmas" and "Chinchy Old Scrooge". Created in the heyday of the "beat" era, these songs were thick with 1950s hipster slang, in the style of jazz-based pre-rap songs. This recording has become a rare collector's item.

Moore died on May 13, 1987, in Los Angeles, California, aged 69.

## Discography

### As leader

* *Dance and Dream with Phil Moore at the Piano, Volume 1* (Black & White, 1946) – 78rpm 4-disc album set.
* *Eventide: Phil Moore Orchestra* (Discovery, 1949) – 10" LP.
* *Reminiscing: Phil Moore at the Piano* (Discovery, 1949) – 10" LP.
* *Music for Moderns* (Clef, recorded 1947, released 195?)
* *Fantasy for Girl and Orchestra* (Verve, recorded 1947, released 1956)
* *Portrait of Leda* \[w/Leda Annest\] (Columbia, 1958)
* *Polynesian Paradise* (Strand, 1959)
* *Moore's Tour: An American in England* (MGM, 1959)
* *New York Sweet* (Mercury, 1963)

### As sideman

**With Gil Fuller**

## InfoBox

| Phil Moore | |
| --- | --- |
| Phil Moore and John O. Levy, c. 1947 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1918-02-20)February 20, 1918
Portland, Oregon, U.S. |
| Died | May 13, 1987(1987-05-13) (aged 69)
Los Angeles, Calilfornia |
| Genres | Jazz, swing |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument | Piano |


title: Aletopus ruspina

abstract: Aletopus ruspina is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Republic of Congo.

text:
# Aletopus ruspina

***Aletopus ruspina*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Republic of Congo.

## InfoBox

| *Aletopus ruspina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Aletopus* |
| Species: | ***A. ruspina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Aletopus ruspina***<br>(Aurivillius, 1909) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tuerta (Misa) ruspina* Aurivillius, 1909 | |


abstract: Mauritius competed at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics in Moscow, Russia, from 10–18 August 2013. A team of one athlete was announced to represent the country in the event.

text:
# Mauritius at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics

**Mauritius** competed at the **2013 World Championships in Athletics** in Moscow, Russia, from 10–18 August 2013. A team of one athlete was announced to represent the country in the event.

## Results

### Men

Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Mark | Rank | Mark | Rank |
| Jonathan Drack | Triple jump | 15.54 | 20 | did not advance | |

## InfoBox

| Mauritius at the<br>2013 World Championships in Athletics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| WA code | MRI |
| in Moscow | |
| Competitors | 1 |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| World Championships in Athletics appearances | |
|  | |
|


title: MuMATH

abstract: muMATH is a computer algebra system developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s by Albert D. Rich and David Stoutemyer of Soft Warehouse in Honolulu, Hawaii. It is implemented in the muSIMP programming language which is built on top of a LISP dialect called muLISP. It supports CP/M and TRS-DOS, Apple II and MS-DOS. The Soft Warehouse later developed Derive, another computer algebra system. The company was purchased by Texas Instruments in 1999, and development of Derive ended in 2006.

text:
# MuMATH

**muMATH** is a computer algebra system developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s by Albert D. Rich and David Stoutemyer of Soft Warehouse in Honolulu, Hawaii. It is implemented in the muSIMP programming language which is built on top of a LISP dialect called muLISP. It supports CP/M and TRS-DOS (since muMATH-79), Apple II (since muMATH-80) and MS-DOS (in muMATH-83, the final version, which was published by Microsoft).

The Soft Warehouse later developed Derive, another computer algebra system. The company was purchased by Texas Instruments in 1999, and development of Derive ended in 2006.

## Literature

* David D. Shochat, *A Symbolic Mathematics System*, Creative Computing, Oct. 1982, p. 26
* Gregg Williams, *The muSIMP/muMATH-79 Symbolic Math system, a Review*, BYTE, Nov. 1980, p. 324
* Stuart Edwards, *A Computer-Algebra-Based Calculating System*, BYTE 12/1983, pp- 481-494 (Describes a calculator application of muSIMP / muMATH doing automatic unit conversion.)


title: Murex singaporensis

abstract: Murex (Murex) singaporensis is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the rock snails or murex snails. The status of species is uncertain as unassessed.

text:
# Murex singaporensis

***Murex (Murex) singaporensis*** is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the rock snails or murex snails.

The status of species is uncertain as unassessed.

## InfoBox

| *Murex (Murex) singaporensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Caenogastropoda
clade Hypsogastropoda
clade Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Muricoidea |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Murex* |
| Species: | ***M. singaporensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Murex singaporensis***
A.Adams, 1853 | |
|


title: Toledo metropolitan area

abstract: The Toledo Metropolitan Area, or Greater Toledo, or Northwest Ohio is a metropolitan area centered on the American city of Toledo, Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the four-county Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) had a population of 646,604. It is the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio, behind Cincinnati–Northern Kentucky, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, and Akron. Located on the border with Michigan, the metropolitan area includes the counties of Fulton, Lucas, and Wood. The Greater Toledo area has strong ties to Metro Detroit, located 40 miles (64 km) north, and has many daily commuters from southern Monroe County, Michigan. Toledo is also part of the Great Lakes Megalopolis. Effective 2020, the separate micropolitan areas of Findlay, Fremont, and Tiffin were combined with the Toledo MSA to form a larger Toledo-Findlay-Tiffin Combined Statistical Area. However, when the metropolitan area delineations were published in July 2023, these micropolitan areas were detached. The wider region of Northwest Ohio adds Defiance, Hancock, Henry, Ottawa, Paulding, Putnam, Sandusky, Seneca, Van Wert, and Williams counties.

text:
# Toledo metropolitan area

The **Toledo Metropolitan Area**, or **Greater Toledo**, or **Northwest Ohio** is a metropolitan area centered on the American city of Toledo, Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the four-county Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) had a population of 646,604. It is the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio, behind Cincinnati–Northern Kentucky, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, and Akron.

Located on the border with Michigan, the metropolitan area includes the counties of Fulton, Lucas, and Wood. The Greater Toledo area has strong ties to Metro Detroit, located 40 miles (64 km) north, and has many daily commuters from southern Monroe County, Michigan. Toledo is also part of the Great Lakes Megalopolis.

Effective 2020, the separate micropolitan areas of Findlay, Fremont, and Tiffin were combined with the Toledo MSA to form a larger Toledo-Findlay-Tiffin Combined Statistical Area. However, when the metropolitan area delineations were published in July 2023, these micropolitan areas were detached.

The wider region of Northwest Ohio adds Defiance, Hancock, Henry, Ottawa, Paulding, Putnam, Sandusky, Seneca, Van Wert, and Williams counties.

## Regional education

There are several institutions of higher education that operate campuses in the area. Some of the larger schools include The University of Toledo, Mercy College of Ohio, and Davis College in Toledo. Lourdes University in Sylvania, Stautzenberger College in Maumee, Owens Community College in Perrysburg Township, and Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green.

## Regional economy

According to a 2015 article, there were three Toledo companies that made the Fortune 500 list. #399 is Owens-Illinois (O-I), which specializes in glass and glass packaging. #410 was Dana Corporation which is a global leader in the supply of thermal-management technologies among many other specialties. Lastly, at #498, Owens Corning is the world leading provider of glass fiber technology. Just outside of the Toledo metropolitan in neighboring Findlay, Ohio, #25 Marathon Petroleum Corporation is headquartered. There has been a recent revitalization of Downtown Toledo and the Warehouse District, bringing in many new restaurants and bars to the area.

The economy of Toledo has been heavily influenced by both the economy of nearby Detroit and agriculture. Recently, health care and technology firms have tried to make their way into the metropolitan, though growth in those sectors has been slow. Instead, Toledo and its suburbs are still home to several manufacturing and construction businesses and factories. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported, in 2015, that manufacturing employment in Toledo had grown by 4.1% between December 2013 and December 2014 (this was double the rate than the United States average). More so, construction job growth grew by nearly 10% in the same time period. In 2014, manufacturing added 1,700 jobs to the Toledo area, but it also saw losses in the business services. In 2014, the US Census Estimated there were roughly 285,000 people employed in the Toledo metropolitan area. In August 2015, it was reported that Toledo's unemployment rate reached a 10-year low, and in June 2015 just 5% of the regional population was unemployed, whereas the United States average unemployment was at 5.3% during the same period.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 153,559 |  |  |
| 1910 | 192,728 |  | 25.5% |
| 1920 | 275,721 |  | 43.1% |
| 1930 | 347,709 |  | 26.1% |
| 1940 | 344,333 |  | −1.0% |
| 1950 | 395,551 |  | 14.9% |
| 1960 | 594,151 |  | 50.2% |
| 1970 | 644,262 |  | 8.4% |
| 1980 | 656,940 |  | 2.0% |
| 1990 | 654,157 |  | −0.4% |
| 2000 | 659,188 |  | 0.8% |
| 2010 | 651,429 |  | −1.2% |
| 2018 (est.) | 643,640 |  | −1.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2010, there were 659,188 people, 259,973 households, and 169,384 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 83.03% White, 12.01% African American, 0.25% Native American, 1.07% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.79% from other races, and 1.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.35% of the population.

The median income for a household in the MSA was $42,686, and the median income for a family was $51,882. Males had a median income of $38,959 versus $25,738 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $20,694.

## All communities and townships in the Toledo MSA

### Fulton County

#### Communities

#### Townships

### Lucas County

#### Communities

#### Townships

### Wood County

#### Communities

#### Townships

41°39′56″N 83°34′31″W / 41.6656°N 83.5753°W / 41.6656; -83.5753

## InfoBox

| Toledo metropolitan area | |
| --- | --- |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area | |
| Toledo, OH MSA | |
| Images, from top left to right: Toledo Skyline, Downtown Bowling Green in 2003, Put-in-Bay, Goll Woods Nature Preserve in Fulton County, Toledo Walleye game, Islamic Center of Greater Toledo in Perrysburg Township, MLK Bridge in Toledo, and the Jerome Library in Bowling Green. | |
| Interactive Map of Toledo, OH MSA | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| Largest city | Toledo |
| Other cities | List |
| Counties | List |
| Area | |
| Urban | 240.4 sq mi (623 km2) |
| MSA | 1,619 sq mi (4,190 km2) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Urban | 507,643 (80th) |
| Urban density | 2,111.3/sq mi (815.2/km2) |
| MSA | 641,816 (93rd) |
| MSA density | 402.3/sq mi (155.3/km2) |
| CSA | 712,373 (66th) |
| GDP | |
| MSA | $45.846 billion (2022) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Area code(s) | 419, 567 |


title: Nepal gray langur

abstract: The Nepal gray langur is a gray langur endemic to the Himalayas in Nepal, far southwestern Tibet, northern India, northern Pakistan, Bhutan and possibly Afghanistan. It is found in forests at an elevation of 1,500 to 4,000 metres. Its easternmost limit in India is Buxa Tiger Reserve in northern West Bengal, at least up to the Rydak river. The Nepal gray langur is both terrestrial and arboreal and eats leaves. At 26.5 kilograms (58 lb), the heaviest langur ever recorded was a male Nepal gray langur.

text:
# Nepal gray langur

The **Nepal gray langur** (***Semnopithecus schistaceus***) is a gray langur endemic to the Himalayas in Nepal, far southwestern Tibet, northern India, northern Pakistan, Bhutan and possibly Afghanistan. It is found in forests at an elevation of 1,500 to 4,000 metres (4,900 to 13,100 ft). Its easternmost limit in India is Buxa Tiger Reserve in northern West Bengal, at least up to the Rydak river.

The Nepal gray langur is both terrestrial and arboreal and eats leaves. At 26.5 kilograms (58 lb), the heaviest langur ever recorded was a male Nepal gray langur.

## InfoBox

| Nepal gray langur | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| CITES Appendix I (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Cercopithecidae |
| Genus: | *Semnopithecus* |
| Species: | ***S. schistaceus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Semnopithecus schistaceus***
Hodgson, 1840 | |
|
|  | |
| Nepal Gray Langur range | |


title: Frank Catania

abstract: Frank Catania is an American lawyer and Republican Party politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from the 35th Legislative District from 1990 to 1994. A resident of Hawthorne, New Jersey, Catania was born in Paterson, New Jersey, earned his undergraduate degree at Rutgers University and a juris doctor at Seton Hall University School of Law.

text:
# Frank Catania

**Frank Catania** (born November 17, 1941) is an American lawyer and Republican Party politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from the 35th Legislative District from 1990 to 1994.

A resident of Hawthorne, New Jersey, Catania was born in Paterson, New Jersey, earned his undergraduate degree at Rutgers University and a juris doctor at Seton Hall University School of Law.

## InfoBox

| Frank Catania | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the New Jersey General Assembly
from the 35th district | |
| **In office**
November 1990  September 23, 1994Serving with Bill Pascrell | |
| Preceded by | Cyril Yannarelli |
| Succeeded by | Donald Hayden |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1941-11-17) November 17, 1941
Paterson, New Jersey |
| Political party | Republican |
| Education | Rutgers University
Seton Hall University School of Law |
|  | |


title: Motive (podcast)

abstract: Motive is a true crime podcast produced by the Chicago Sun-Times and WBEZ that debuted in 2019. Each season covers a different story over the course of eight to ten 30-minute episodes. The show has won a Peter Lisagor Award and a Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award.

text:
# Motive (podcast)

***Motive*** is a true crime podcast produced by the *Chicago Sun-Times* and *WBEZ* that debuted in 2019. Each season covers a different story over the course of eight to ten 30-minute episodes. The show has won a Peter Lisagor Award and a Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award.

## Background

The show is a true crime podcast produced by the *Chicago Sun-Times* and *WBEZ*. The show debuted in 2019 and each season has included between eight and ten 30-minute episodes. The first season covers the story of a young boy named Thaddeus "T.J." Jimenez who was convicted of murder. Jimenez was released in his 30s and was given $25 million for being wrongfully convicted. The second season of the show focuses on the story of a young woman who was studying abroad in Spain. In 2015, on Lauren Bajorek's 21st birthday she was found dead outside an apartment owned by a Spanish tour guide. The third season of the show focuses on white supremacist groups in the United States. The season specifically looks at the 1980s in Chicago.

According to the vice president of communications at WBEZ, the show has been downloaded several million times and was one of their most successful shows. The show won in multiple categories at the 2019 Peter Lisagor Awards and was a finalist in 2020. The fourth season of the show won a Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award in 2023.


title: Petruša

abstract: Petruša is a village in the municipality of Knjaževac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 120 people.

text:
# Petruša

**Petruša** is a village in the municipality of Knjaževac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 120 people.

43°39′51″N 22°19′52″E / 43.66417°N 22.33111°E / 43.66417; 22.33111

## InfoBox

| Petruša | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Petruša | |
| Coordinates: 43°39′51″N 22°19′52″E / 43.66417°N 22.33111°E / 43.66417; 22.33111 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Zaječar District |
| Municipality | Knjaževac |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 120 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: John P. McGonigle

abstract: John Patrick McGonigle was an American corrections officer and politician who served as Sheriff of Middlesex County, Massachusetts from 1985 to 1994. He was convicted of tax evasion and pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit racketeering for demanding kickbacks from two of his deputies.

text:
# John P. McGonigle

**John Patrick McGonigle** (1938 – 2022) was an American corrections officer and politician who served as Sheriff of Middlesex County, Massachusetts from 1985 to 1994. He was convicted of tax evasion and pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit racketeering for demanding kickbacks from two of his deputies.

## Early life

McGonigle graduated from Boston College in 1960 with a bachelor's degree in business administration. He earned a bachelor's degree in social work from Simmons College in 1971. He then received a master's in counseling and psychology from BC in 1976.

## Career

McGonigle worked as a juvenile probation officer, rising to the position of assistant chief probation officer of the Cambridge District Court. On January 10, 1985, Governor Michael Dukakis appointed McGonigle to fill the unexpired term of Middlesex County Sheriff Edward Henneberry, who died the month prior. McGonigle, who had never run for public office, was a surprise choice for the position. Dukakis said that the response to McGonigle's candidacy was the most "universally positive" he had seen in his six years as governor and added that he could not find anyone “who doesn't think John McGonigle is not a first rate person". McGonigle was sworn in on January 18, 1985. McGonigle was elected to a full six-year term in 1986, defeating former State Trooper Henry Sullivan 67% to 33%.

## Criminal conviction

In March 1993, *The Boston Globe* reported that two friends of McGonigle who were figures in a 1988 state investigation of no-show jobs had been hired by McGonigle as deputy sheriffs. On March 18, the Federal Bureau of Investigation seized documents from the three Middlesex County deputy sheriff's offices. On April 8, 1994, McGonigle was indicted on federal charges including racketeering, extortion, conspiracy and filing false tax returns. Prosecutors alleged that between 1986 and 1991, McGonigle extorted $350 a week from his chief deputies.

On April 13, Governor William Weld and Attorney General Scott Harshbarger suspended McGonigle without pay. Weld appointed assistant secretary of public safety and former state representative Robert C. Krekorian as acting sheriff. McGonigle challenged Weld's authority to suspend him. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court found that neither Weld nor Scott Harshbarger had the authority to suspend McGonigle and McGonigle returned to office on July 1, 1994. However, later that day, Chief Justice Paul J. Liacos ordered McGonigle to stay out of office until after the Court ruled on whether or not McGonigle should be permanently removed as sheriff.

On October 12, 1994, McGonigle was found guilty of tax evasion for failing to report money he received from deputy sheriffs. A mistrial was declared on extortion and racketeering charges, as one juror held out against conviction. On December 5, 1994, McGonigle pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit racketeering. As part of a plea agreement, three counts of extortion were dismissed. On February 8, 1995, he was sentenced to 57-months in prison and fined $10,000. He reported to the minimum-security Federal Correctional Institution, Allenwood in May 1995.

On October 21, 2002, the *Boston Herald* published an article reporting that numerous former public officials that had been convicted of crimes related to their duties, including McGonigle, were receiving pensions in violation of state law. On November 6, 2002, the Massachusetts Attorney General's office ordered the Middlesex County Retirement Board to immediately stop McGonigle's pension benefits. On February 6, 2003, the Middlesex County Retirement Board voted to strip McGonigle of his pension.

## InfoBox

| John McGonigle | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Sheriff of Middlesex County, Massachusetts | |
| **In office**
1985–1994 | |
| Preceded by | Edward Henneberry |
| Succeeded by | Brad Bailey |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1938
Everett, Massachusetts |
| Died | October 27, 2022 (aged 84)
Wakefield, Massachusetts |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Occupation | Social worker
Probation officer
Sheriff |
|  | |


title: Mavji Desai

abstract: Mavji Desai is a Member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly from Dhanera- Banaskantha, Chairman of APMC Deesa, Former Vice-Chairman of Banas Dairy, and the member of Bhartiya Janta Party.

text:
# Mavji Desai

**Mavji Desai** is a Member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly from Dhanera- Banaskantha, Chairman of APMC Deesa, Former Vice-Chairman of Banas Dairy, and the member of Bhartiya Janta Party.

## Early life

He was born on 3 October 1971 in Baiwada, Gujarat in a farmer family of Maganbhai Desai and Rukhiben Desai.

## Political career

He contested his first ever election of the Sarpanch in 2001 from Baiwada. Then he was elected as Director of APMC Deesa for three terms. At present, he is Chairman of Agriculture Producing Marketing Committee of Deesa, Vice chairman of Banaskantha District Cooperative Milk Federation, Palanpur (Banas Dairy).

On 24 November 2017 The BJP Central Election Committee nominated Mavji Desai (Rabari) as MLA candidate from Dhanera, Banaskantha.

## InfoBox

| Mavji Desai | |
| --- | --- |
| માવજી દેસાઈ | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
8 December 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Nathabhai Patel |
| Constituency | Dhanera, Banaskantha |
| Chairman, APMC Deesa | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
19 September 2013 | |
| Preceded by | Govabhai Desai |
| Vice Chairman, Banas Dairy | |
| **In office**
27 December 2015  8 October 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Jorabhai Desai |
| Succeeded by | Bhavaji Rabari |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Mavjibhai Maganbhai Desai
(1972-10-03) 3 October 1972
Baiwada, Gujarat, India |
| Citizenship | Indian |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Political party | Independent |
| Children | Two Son
One Daughter |
| Parent(s) | Maganbhai Desai (father)
Rukhiben Desai (mother) |
| Residence | Ahmedabad |
| Website | www.mavjidesai.com |
|  | |


title: Muhamed Hadžijamaković

abstract: Muhamed Hadžijamaković was one of the Bosnian Muslim leaders striving for the Bosnia Vilayet autonomy within the Ottoman Empire in the 1860s and 1870s.

text:
# Muhamed Hadžijamaković

**Muhamed Hadžijamaković** (1814 or 1815 – 25 August 1878) was one of the Bosnian Muslim leaders striving for the Bosnia Vilayet autonomy within the Ottoman Empire in the 1860s and 1870s.

## Early life and family

Hadžijamaković was born in Sarajevo into a family of Bosniak Janissary descendants. His father's name was Mehmed, but his mother's name is not known. Hadžijamaković had a brother named Sejf-aga and two sisters named Nesiba and Hasiba.

He married twice; the first marriage produced two daughters, Umihana and Fatima. The second marriage produced three sons and a daughter.

## Austro-Hungarian Empire

He ardently opposed the Austro-Hungarian occupation of the Bosnia Vilayet in 1878 and eventually became one of the main organizers of the armed resistance in Sarajevo to the invading Austro-Hungarian Army. He requested the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II for support which never arrived. He was eventually captured and executed by the Austro-Hungarians.

## Works

Hadžijamaković wrote a biography of poet Abdulvehab Ilhamija entitled *Ilhamija: Život i djelo* (*Ilhamija: Life and Work*).

## InfoBox

| Muhamed Hadžijamaković | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1814 or 1815
Sarajevo, Bosnia Eyalet, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | 25 August 1878 (aged 63–64)
Sarajevo, Bosnia Vilayet, Ottoman Empire |
| Cause of death | Executed by Austro-Hungarian troops |
| Spouse | Twice married |
| Children | 6 |


title: Municipal Theater of Santa Fe

abstract: The May 1 Municipal Theater is the premier stage theater and concert hall in Santa Fe, Argentina.

text:
# Municipal Theater of Santa Fe

The **May 1 Municipal Theater** is the premier stage theater and concert hall in Santa Fe, Argentina.

## History and overview

The theatre arose from an initiative by Mayor Sixto Sandaza, who sought to remedy the growing city's lack of a formal concert hall or architecturally significant theater. The city is the capital of Santa Fe Province, was home to 35,000 inhabitants by the 1895 Census, and had doubled in population in merely a decade. The municipality commissioned French Argentine architect Augusto Plou to design the new institution, whose construction began in 1903.

Plou's design for a French Neoclassical exterior and interiors in the style of Louis XV resulted from the day's architectural tastes among Argentine high society and government planners, alike. The façade was crowned with sculptures by local artist Nicolás Gulli, representing allegories of music and dance.

The ornate theater was inaugurated on October 5, 1905. The institution's main hall, the *Sala Mayor*, seats an audience of 850, was decorated by painter Nazareno Orlandi, and is notable also for a spiderweb chandelier transferred from the city's colonial cabildo.

An extensive modernization was completed in 1973, including the installation of electronic stagecraft and lighting equipment, as well as central air conditioning. Two secondary halls were also opened at the time: the Leopoldo Marechal Salon, which seats 250, and the smaller Juan Franze Salon, which hosts ballet recitals.

On the occasion of the theater's upcoming centennial, Mayor Ezequiel Balbarrey commissioned its refurbishment, including the removal of the modern veranda (a visual obstacle on the façade). Inaugurated on May 25, 2005, the theater's restoration was awarded a second-place prize in the subsequent Ibero-American Cultural Patrimony Restoration Contest.

31°39′09″S 60°42′29″W / 31.65250°S 60.70806°W / -31.65250; -60.70806


title: Robert Greenfield

abstract: Robert Greenfield is an American author, journalist and screenwriter.

text:
# Robert Greenfield

**Robert Greenfield** (born 1946) is an American author, journalist and screenwriter.

## Career

Greenfield began his career as a sports writer. He has published book reviews in *New West* magazine and *The New York Times Book Review*.

From 1970 to 1972, Greenfield was employed as an associate editor with *Rolling Stone'*s London bureau. During this time he interviewed numerous musicians and writers, including Jack Bruce, John Cale, Neil Young, Elton John, Nico, the Rolling Stones, Jackie Lomax, Leon Russell, Stone the Crows, Woody Allen and Germaine Greer. His 1971 interview with Keith Richards in the south of France at Villa Nellcôte, Villefranche-sur-Mer, was included in *Exile*, a collection of photographs by Dominique Tarlé (Genesis Publications; 2001).

Greenfield was a popular music critic for *Boston After Dark*. He was an adjunct professor of composition and literature at the University of San Francisco, and has also taught at Chapman University and Cabrillo College.

Prior to joining *Rolling Stone*, he worked as a freelance journalist for *Eye* and *Cavalier*. A 1969 *Eye* article profiled early free-form radio at WFMU in East Orange, New Jersey and other locations. *Esquire*, *Playboy*, and *GQ* have published his short fiction.

Greenfield writes primarily on pop culture, and has published two novels. His first novel was *Haymon’s Crowd* (1978). *Temple* (1983) is a semi-autobiographical book and play about a young man who is the grandson of a Holocaust survivor and obsessed with soul music.

In 2000, his one-man play, *Bill Graham Presents*, ran at the Canon Theater in Los Angeles. It was based on the biography Greenfield co-wrote about the rock music promoter. Ron Silver played Graham.

## Personal life

Greenfield lives in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California.

## Bibliography and filmography

### Non-fiction

* *S.T.P.: A Journey Through America With the Rolling Stones* (1974)
* *The Spiritual Supermarket: An Account of Gurus Gone Public In America* (1975)
* *Bill Graham Presents: My Life Inside Rock and Out* (1992; with Bill Graham)
* *Dark Star: An Oral Biography of Jerry Garcia* (1997)
* *Timothy Leary: A Biography* (2006)
* *Exile on Main St.: A Season in Hell with the Rolling Stones* (2006)
* *A Day in the Life: One Family, the Beautiful People, & the End of the Sixties* (2009; a biography of British socialites Tommy Weber and Susan Coriat)
* *The Last Sultan: The Life and Times of Ahmet Ertegun* (2012)
* *Ain't It Time We Said Goodbye: The Rolling Stones on the Road to Exile* (2014; memoir of The Rolling Stones UK Tour 1971)
* *Bear: The Life and Times of Augustus Owsley Stanley III* (2016)
* *Mother American Night: My Life in Crazy Times* (2018; with John Perry Barlow)

### Novels

* *Haymon’s Crowd* (1978)
* *Temple* (1983)

### Plays

* *Temple*
* *Bill Graham Presents* (2000)

### Television and film

## Awards


title: Robin tom Rink

abstract: Robin tom Rink, is a German singer-songwriter and poet from Münster.

text:
# Robin tom Rink

**Robin tom Rink**, (born 19 January 1982) is a German singer-songwriter and poet from Münster.

## History

In 2007 he moved from Berlin to Paris where he wrote his first album *The Dilettante*. He toured and played concerts with Heather Nova, Scott Matthew, Chris Wollard of Hot Water Music, Drag the River, Eleni Mandell and Nigel Harrison of Blondie. In 2010 he was invited to the Eurosonic Noorderslag.

Robin tom Rink also writes songs and lyrics for other bands. He wrote the lyrics for the album *Planet, Planet.* by the band Elyjah; The cover artwork by Zwölf agency won the Gold award at the European Design Award 2010 and the Silver Cube at the 89th Art Directors Club Awards New York.

The album *The Small Hours* was released in 2017. The Rolling Stone wrote about "songs of graceful peace".

In 2019 he was invited by the Cité internationale des arts to play in Paris.

His poems and lyrics were released by *Edition Yara* from Vienna.

He is married and lives in Cologne.

## Discography

* *The Dilettante* (2009, Cargo Records)
* *Planet Planet* (2009, Cargo Records) with Elyjah
* *Thoughts from the Lighthouse* (2010, Cargo Records)
* *The Shorelines-Live* (2012)
* *The Small Hours* (2017, Indigo Records)

## Books

* *Lyrics* Edition Yara; Vienna
* *Waldmeder-Ein Gedicht* Edition Yara; Vienna

## Compilations


title: Łodzia coat of arms

abstract: Łodzia is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by many noble families of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. A variant serves as the coat of arms of the city of Łódź. It's a classic example of the so-called canting arms well known in European heraldry as it was borne by the medieval lords de Łodzia and their clan. Hence the boat in the shield, clearly alluding to the estate's name literally meaning Boat. Coats of Arms in the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth were a symbol of a heraldic clan.

text:
# Łodzia coat of arms

**Łodzia** (obsolete Polish for "boat") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by many noble families of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. A variant serves as the coat of arms of the city of Łódź (the city's name literally means "Boat"). It's a classic example of the so-called *canting arms* well known in European heraldry as it was borne by the medieval lords de Łodzia (a feudal lordship) and their clan. Hence the boat in the shield, clearly alluding to the estate's name literally meaning *Boat*. Coats of Arms in the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth were a symbol of a heraldic clan.

## History

*Łodzia* is one of the oldest Polish coats of arms. Its earliest appearance (1303) is on a seal belonging to Wojciech of Krośno, Palatine of Kalisz. The first blazon description dates from 1411.

The first *Łodzia* coat of arms featured a golden letter M on the shield, and a boat in the crest. That version was used by Mikołaj of Łodzia in 1301. By 1315, however, all the bearers of the coat of arms had adopted the version used by Wojciech of Krośno. Initially the coat of arms had a checkerboard background, which by 1382 had been supplanted by a plain red field.

Until the 16th century, variously shaped boats were depicted. After the publication of Bartosz Paprocki's *Herby rycerstwa polskiego* (The Coats-of-Arms of Polish Chivalry, 1584), most authors adopted the present version. Paprocki was also the first to mention the crest as comprising peacock feathers with boat superimposed.

The *Łodzia* coat of arms was used by over 150 families, mostly around Kalisz, Poznań and Sieradz. After the Union of Horodło, it was also adopted by several Lithuanian families.

## Blazon

Gules, a rudderless and mastless boat Or.

## Notable bearers

Notable members of the clan and bearers of this coat of arms include:

* J. Lyčkoŭski. "Belarusian Nobility Coats of Arms". Lodzia Coat of Arms and the bearers. (in English)

## Bibliography

* Kasper Niesiecki: Herbarz Polski (Polish Armorial), Lwów, 1738
* Tadeusz Gajl: Herbarz polski od średniowiecza do XX wieku : ponad 4500 herbów szlacheckich 37 tysięcy nazwisk 55 tysięcy rodów. L&L, 2007. ISBN 978-83-60597-10-1.

## InfoBox

| Łodzia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Battle cry | Jelita, Nagody |
| Alternative name(s) | Lodzic, Navis, Nawa, Framberg, Fragenbarg, Frymbark |
| Earliest mention | 1303 (seal) |
| Families | 161 names Babolicki, Babonaubek, Bandlewski, Baranowski, Barański, Baszkowski, Baubonalik, Baubonaubek, Będlewski, Bieczyński, Bieniecki, Biliński-Taras, Billewicz, de Bnin Bniński, Bobiatyński, Bobolecki, Bolewski, Borzychowski, Borzykowski, Borzyskowski, Brocki, Brodnicki, Brodzki, Byliński, Chrząstowski, Chwiłowicz, Czarnecki, Czarniecki, Czerwiakowski, Czołczyński, Dachowski, Dobratycki, Florkowski, Glasser, Głembocki, Gorayski, Gowarzewski, de Górka, Górski, Gurski, Herman, Iłowiecki, Iwanowski, Iwiński, Jałowiecki, Katlewski, Ketnarski, Kicharski, Klimenko, Klukowski, Kłodzianowski, Kobyliński, Kokorzyński, Komornicki, Konarzewski, Kopaszewski, Korytowski, Kossowski, Kotek, Kotka, Kreczkowski, Krzecki, Krzeczkowski, Krzeszyński, Krzęcki, Księski, Księski, Kukuła, Kunowski, Kunratowski, Kurnatowski, Lachowicki, Lachowicz, Lachowski, Lebecki, Lebiedzki, Ledziński, Ludomski, Ludowicz, Łabęcki, Łodzia, Łotocki, Łódzki, Łutkiewicz, Michalski, Miczucha, Mienych, Moszczeński, Moszczyński, Moszyński, Mościński, Mulinowicz, Muszyński, Naramowski (Poznań burghers of German origin, formerly surnamed 'Zeth', purchased Castle Naramowice, allegedly ennobled and adopted into the clan by the lords of Górka and the de Bnin Opaliński), Nieziołyński, Niziołyński, Nojewski, Opaleński, de Bnin Opaliński (de Opalenica), Ordęga, Osipowicz, Osipowski, Osypowski, Oszypowski, Ożepowski, Pęperzyński, Podwodowski, Pokorszyński, Pokorzyński, Pokoszyński, Poniński, Powilewicz, Powodowski, Przekora, Puzyk, Rabieński, Rabiński, Radzewski, Rąbiński, Reczyczanin, Rogaliński, Rostkiewicz, Rostkowicz, Roszkiewicz, Roszkowski, Sabkowski, Sapkowski, Sierosławski, Słabiej, Słabkowski, Słapkowski, Służowski, Smogorzewski, Stabkowski, Starczynowski, Starkowiecki, Starkowski, Starowolski, Sulkowski, Sułkowski, Szkałowski, Szmigielski, Szołdrski, Śmigielski, Świerczewski, Taczalski, Tłocki, Tłoski, Tomicki, Trocki, Tumicki, Węgierski, Wojszek, Wyganowski, Zabiński, Zdziechowski, Zdzychowski, Zgórski, Zgurski, Żabiński, Żyrowiecki, Żytowiecki<br> |
| Cities | Łódź |


title: Person specification

abstract: A person specification describes the personal attributes desired in a potential employee. It is a companion document to a job description, describing the personal attributes being sought from applicants to ensure that they are suitable for the role. These attributes include qualifications, skills, experience, and knowledge, and sometimes personal attributes which a candidate needs to possess in order to perform the job duties. The specification should be derived from the job description and thus help form the foundation for the recruitment process. Person specifications are also good for helping potential applicants understand the job's requirements and self-select accordingly. When writing a person specification, it is often suggested by guides that the content be measurable, and it cannot contain content that would directly or indirectly discriminate unnecessarily against protected groups. Many employers currently use core competencies to build their person specification.

text:
# Person specification

A **person specification** describes the personal attributes desired in a potential employee. It is a companion document to a job description, describing the personal attributes being sought from applicants to ensure that they are suitable for the role. These attributes include qualifications, skills, experience, and knowledge, and sometimes personal attributes which a candidate needs to possess in order to perform the job duties. The specification should be derived from the job description and thus help form the foundation for the recruitment process. Person specifications are also good for helping potential applicants understand the job's requirements and self-select accordingly.

When writing a person specification, it is often suggested by guides that the content be measurable, and it cannot contain content that would directly or indirectly discriminate unnecessarily against protected groups.

Many employers currently use core competencies to build their person specification.