title: Necrosciinae

abstract: Necrosciinae is a subfamily of the stick insect family Lonchodidae, with its greatest diversity in South-East Asia. The subfamilies Necrosciinae and Lonchodinae, formerly part of Diapheromeridae, were determined to make up a separate family and were transferred to the re-established family Lonchodidae in 2018.

text:
# Necrosciinae

**Necrosciinae** is a subfamily of the stick insect family Lonchodidae, with its greatest diversity in South-East Asia.

The subfamilies Necrosciinae and Lonchodinae, formerly part of Diapheromeridae, were determined to make up a separate family and were transferred to the re-established family Lonchodidae in 2018.

## Genera

The *Phasmida Species File* includes the genera below; most belong to the tribe **Necrosciini** Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893:

### Korinnini

Auth.: Günther, 1953; distribution: India, Thailand, Malesia

1. *Kalocorinnis* Günther, 1944
2. *Korinnis* Günther, 1932

### Necrosciini

1. *Acacus* Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
2. *Acanthophasma* Chen & He, 2000
3. *Anarchodes* Redtenbacher, 1908
4. *Anasceles* Redtenbacher, 1908
5. *Andropromachus* Carl, 1913
6. *Asceles* Redtenbacher, 1908
7. *Aschiphasmodes* Karny, 1923
8. *Asystata* Redtenbacher, 1908
9. *Austrosipyloidea* Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007
10. *Brevinecroscia* Seow-Choen, 2016
11. *Brockphasma* Ho, Liu, Bresseel & Constant, 2014
12. *Calvisia* Stål, 1875
13. *Candovia* Stål, 1875
14. *Capuyanus* Bresseel & Constant, 2017
15. *Caudasceles* Seow-Choen, 2017
16. *Centrophasma* Redtenbacher, 1908
17. *Channia* Seow-Choen, 2016
18. *Cheniphasma* Ho, 2012
19. *Conlephasma* Gottardo & Heller, 2012
20. *Conogalactea* Seow-Choen, 2018
21. *Cornicandovia* Hasenpusch & Brock, 2007
22. *Cylindomena* Günther, 1935
23. *Diacanthoidea* Redtenbacher, 1908
24. *Diangelus* Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907
25. *Dianphasma* Chen & He, 1997
26. *Diardia* Redtenbacher, 1908
27. *Diesbachia* Redtenbacher, 1908
28. *Elicius* Günther, 1935
29. *Eurynecroscia* Dohrn, 1910
30. *Galactea* Redtenbacher, 1908
31. *Gargantuoidea* Redtenbacher, 1908
32. *Gibbernecroscia* Brock, Hasenpusch & Petrović, 2019
33. *Hemiplasta* Redtenbacher, 1908
34. *Hemisosibia* Redtenbacher, 1908
35. *Hennemannia* Seow-Choen, 2016
36. *Huananphasma* Ho, 2013
37. *Labanphasma* Seow-Choen, 2016
38. *Laevediacantha* Seow-Choen, 2016
39. *Lamachodes* Redtenbacher, 1908
40. *Lobonecroscia* Brock & Seow-Choen, 2000
41. *Lopaphus* Westwood, 1859
42. *Loxopsis* Westwood, 1859
43. *Macrocercius* Seow-Choen, 2017
44. *Maculonecroscia* Seow-Choen, 2016
45. *Malandella* Sjöstedt, 1918
46. *Marmessoidea* Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
47. *Meionecroscia* Redtenbacher, 1908
48. *Mesaner* Redtenbacher, 1908
49. *Micadina* Redtenbacher, 1908
50. *Moritasgus stresemanni* Günther, 1935 (monotypic)
51. *Necroscia* Audinet-Serville, 1838
52. *Neoasceles* Seow-Choen, 2016
53. *Neoclides* Uvarov, 1940
54. *Neohirasea* Rehn, 1904
55. *Neointerphasma* Ho, 2017
56. *Neonescicroa* Seow-Choen, 2016
57. *Neooxyartes* Ho, 2018
58. *Neoqiongphasma* Ho, 2013
59. *Neososibia* Chen & He, 2000
60. *Nescicroa* Karny, 1923
61. *Notaspinius* Seow-Choen, 2017
62. *Nuichua* Bresseel & Constant, 2018
63. *Oedohirasea* Ho, 2020
64. *Orthonecroscia* Kirby, 1904
65. *Orthostheneboea* Seow-Choen, 2016
66. *Orxines* Stål, 1875
67. *Otraleus* Günther, 1935
68. *Ovacephala* Seow-Choen, 2016
69. *Oxyartes* Stål, 1875
70. *Pachyscia* Redtenbacher, 1908
71. *Paracandovia* Forni, Cussigh, Brock, Jones, Nicolini, Martelossi, Luchetti & Mantovani, 2022
72. *Paradiacantha* Redtenbacher, 1908
73. *Paraloxopsis* Günther, 1932
74. *Paramarmessoidea* Seow-Choen, 2021
75. *Paramenexenus* Redtenbacher, 1908
76. *Paranecroscia* Redtenbacher, 1908
77. *Paraprosceles* Chen & He, 2004
78. *Parasinophasma* Chen & He, 2006
79. *Parasipyloidea* Redtenbacher, 1908
80. *Parasosibia* Redtenbacher, 1908
81. *Parastheneboea* Redtenbacher, 1908
82. *Paroxyartes* Carl, 1913
83. *Phaenopharos* Kirby, 1904
84. *Phamartes* Bresseel & Constant, 2013
85. *Planososibia* Seow-Choen, 2016
86. *Platysosibia* Redtenbacher, 1908
87. *Pomposa (phasmid)* Redtenbacher, 1908
88. *Pseudocentema* Chen, He & Li, 2002
89. *Pseudodiacantha* Redtenbacher, 1908
90. *Pseudoneoclides* Seow-Choen, 2016
91. *Pseudoparamenexenus* Ho, 2016
92. *Pseudosipyloidea* Ho, 2013
93. *Pseudososibia* Ho, 2017
94. *Qiongphasma* Chen, He & Li, 2002
95. *Rhamphosipyloidea* Redtenbacher, 1908
96. *Sabahphasma* Seow-Choen, 2016
97. *Scionecra* Karny, 1923
98. *Septopenna* Seow-Choen, 2016
99. *Singaporoidea* Seow-Choen, 2017
100. *Sinophasma* Günther, 1940
101. *Sipyloidea* Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
102. *Sosibia* Stål, 1875
103. *Spinohirasea* Zompro, 2002
104. *Spinomarmessoidea* Seow-Choen, 2021
105. *Spinosipyloidea* Hasenpusch & Brock, 2007
106. *Sumatranius* Seow-Choen, 2018
107. *Syringodes* Redtenbacher, 1908
108. *Tagesoidea* Redtenbacher, 1908
109. *Thrasyllus macilentus* Stål, 1877 (monotypic)
110. *Trachythorax* Redtenbacher, 1908
111. *Varieganecroscia* Seow-Choen, 2016

## InfoBox

| Necrosciinae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Yellow umbrella stick insect
(*Eurynecrosia nigrofasciata*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Phasmatodea |
| Family: | Lonchodidae |
| Subfamily: | Necrosciinae
Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 |
|


title: Orellana, Peru

abstract: Francisco de Orellana is a town in the Loreto Region where there is a statue in memory of Francisco de Orellana who, in 1542, became the first European to discover the Amazon River.

text:
# Orellana, Peru

**Francisco de Orellana** is a town in the Loreto Region where there is a statue in memory of Francisco de Orellana who, in 1542, became the first European to discover the Amazon River.

## InfoBox

| Orellana, Peru | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Location of Orellana in Peru | |
| Coordinates: 6°54′42″S 75°09′27″W / 6.9117°S 75.1575°W / -6.9117; -75.1575 | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Loreto |
| Province | Ucayali |
| District | Vargas Guerra |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |


title: Orbion

abstract: "Orbion" is an instrumental composition by Dutch disc jockey and record producer Armin van Buuren. The track was released in the Netherlands by Armind as a digital download on 13 February 2012 as the seventh single from his fourth studio album Mirage.

text:
# Orbion

"**Orbion**" is an instrumental composition by Dutch disc jockey and record producer Armin van Buuren. The track was released in the Netherlands by Armind as a digital download on 13 February 2012 as the seventh single from his fourth studio album *Mirage*.

## Reviews

According to the website "Trance History", the track "reflects \[van Buuren's\] true musical style in the choice of sounds and in the construction of a refrain always from dance floor".

## Music video

A music video to accompany the track was released to YouTube by Armada Music channel on 10 February 2012.

## Track listing

* **Digital download (ARMD1115)**

1. "Orbion" (radio edit) – 2:47
2. "Orbion" (extended version) – 9:34
3. "Orbion" (Max Graham vs. Protoculture remix) – 7:53
4. "Orbion" (Eco remix) – 7:28

## Charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Russia (Tophit) | 197 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Orbion" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Armin van Buuren | |
| from the album  *Mirage* | |
| Released | 13 February 2012 |
| Studio | Armada Studios, Amsterdam |
| Genre | Uplifting trance |
| Length | * 2:47 (radio edit) * 9:34 (extended version) |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Armin van Buuren singles chronology | |
| "Youtopia"
(2011) "**Orbion**"
(2012) "We Are Here to Make Some Noise"
(2012) | |


title: Origination of Organismal Form

abstract: Origination of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene in Developmental and Evolutionary Biology is an anthology published in 2003 edited by Gerd B. Müller and Stuart A. Newman. The book is the outcome of the 4th Altenberg Workshop in Theoretical Biology on "Origins of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene Paradigm", hosted in 1999 at the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research. It has been cited over 200 times and has a major influence on extended evolutionary synthesis research.

text:
# Origination of Organismal Form

***Origination of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene in Developmental and Evolutionary Biology*** is an anthology published in 2003 edited by Gerd B. Müller and Stuart A. Newman. The book is the outcome of the 4th Altenberg Workshop in Theoretical Biology on "Origins of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene Paradigm", hosted in 1999 at the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research. It has been cited over 200 times and has a major influence on extended evolutionary synthesis research.

## Description of the book

The book explores the multiple factors that may have been responsible for the origination of biological form in multicellular life. These biological forms include limbs, segmented structures, and different body symmetries.

It explores why the basic body plans of nearly all multicellular life arose in the relatively short time span of the Cambrian Explosion. The authors focus on physical factors (structuralism) other than changes in an organism's genome that may have caused multicellular life to form new structures. These physical factors include differential adhesion of cells and feedback oscillations between cells.

The book also presents recent experimental results that examine how the same embryonic tissues or tumor cells can be coaxed into forming dramatically different structures under different environmental conditions.

One of the goals of the book is to stimulate research that may lead to a more comprehensive theory of evolution. It is frequently cited as foundational to the development of the extended evolutionary synthesis.

## List of contributions

1. *Origination of Organismal Form: The Forgotten Cause in Evolutionary Theory*, Gerd B. Müller and Stuart A. Newman
2. *The Cambrian "Explosion" of Metazoans*, Simon Conway Morris
3. *Convergence and Homoplasy in the Evolution of Organismal Form*, Pat Willmer
4. *Homology:The Evolution of Morphological Organization*, Gerd B. Müller
5. *Only Details Determine*, Roy J. Britten
6. *The Reactive Genome*, Scott F. Gilbert
7. *Tissue Specificity: Structural Cues Allow Diverse Phenotypes from a Constant Genotype*, Mina J. Bissell, I. Saira Mian, Derek Radisky and Eva Turley
8. *Genes, Cell Behavior, and the Evolution of Form*, Ellen Larsen
9. *Cell Adhesive Interactions and Tissue Self-Organization*, Malcolm Steinberg
10. *Gradients, Diffusion, and Genes in Pattern Formation*, H. Frederik Nijhout
11. *A Biochemical Oscillator Linked to Vertebrate Segmentation*, Olivier Pourquié
12. *Organization through Intra-Inter Dynamics*, Kunihiko Kaneko
13. *From Physics to Development: The Evolution of Morphogenetic Mechanisms*, Stuart A. Newman
14. *Phenotypic Plasticity and Evolution by Genetic Assimilation*, Vidyanand Nanjundiah
15. *Genetic and Epigenetic Factors in the Origin of the Tetrapod Limb*, Günter P. Wagner and Chi-hua Chiu
16. *Epigenesis and Evolution of Brains: From Embryonic Divisions to Functional Systems*, Georg F. Striedter
17. *Boundary Constraints for the Emergence of Form*, Diego Rasskin-Gutman

## InfoBox

Origination of Organismal Form
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Editors | Gerd B. Müller and Stuart A. Newman |
| Series | Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology |
| Publisher | MIT Press |
| Publication date | 2003 |
| ISBN | 0-262-13419-5 |


title: Ornarantia bigerana

abstract: Ornarantia bigerana is a moth in the family Choreutidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is found in Brazil.

text:
# Ornarantia bigerana

***Ornarantia bigerana*** is a moth in the family Choreutidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is found in Brazil.

* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Arctiidae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.

## InfoBox

| *Ornarantia bigerana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Choreutidae |
| Genus: | *Ornarantia* |
| Species: | ***O. bigerana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ornarantia bigerana***<br>(Walker, 1863) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gauris bigerana* Walker, 1863 * *Hemerophila bigerana* | |


title: Orizatlán

abstract: Orizatlán is a town and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Orizatlán. The municipality covers an area of 308 km². As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 38,472.

text:
# Orizatlán

**Orizatlán** (officially: **San Felipe Orizatlán**) is a town and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Orizatlán. The municipality covers an area of 308 km².

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 38,472.

## Toponymy

Its name is due in its first part to the patron saint San Felipe de Jesús and in the second part to the Greek root *oryza* (rice) and the voice Náhuatl *tlan* ( place), so it is understood that it means "place of rice".

## History

The first inhabitants of the area were Huasco indigenous people who settled in the area before the conquest. Originally, San Felipe Orizatlán was Indian political society belonging to the Mayor's Office of Huejutla. The municipal capital was founded in the 16th century by indigenous people and Spaniards, thus carrying out an evangelization. In the year of 1870, the state of Hidalgo declares Orizatlán municipal head.

1. Post Office of Mexico. "Consulta Códigos Postales". *Ministry of Communications and Transport*. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
2. Telmex. "LADA Keys Consultation". *Mexico's phones*. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
3. "San Felipe Orizatlán". *Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México*. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
4. State Center for Municipal Studies of the State of Hidalgo (1988). "The Municipalities of Hidalgo". Encyclopedia Collection of the municipalities of Mexico. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|url=` (help)
5. "San Felipe Orizatlán". *Municipalities of Hidalgo*. Retrieved March 22, 2017.

## InfoBox

| San Felipe Orizatlán Orizatlán | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality and town | |
|  | |
| San Felipe OrizatlánLocation in Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 21°10′19″N 98°36′23″W / 21.17194°N 98.60639°W / 21.17194; -98.60639 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Hidalgo |
| Municipal seat | Orizatlán |
| Area | |
| Total | 308 km2 (119 sq mi) |
| Land | 118.77 km2 (45.86 sq mi) |
| Water | 425.1 km2 (164.14 sq mi) |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 38,472 |
| Density | 45.86/km2 (118.77/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-6:00 |
| Postal code | 43020 |
| Area code | 483 |
| Website | http://orizatlan.gob.mx/turistico/inicio.php |


title: Orizona

abstract: Orizona is a municipality in Goiás state, Brazil.

text:
# Orizona

**Orizona** is a municipality in Goiás state, Brazil.

## Location

Orizona is 138 km from the state capital of Goiânia, 200 km from Brasília, 150 from Catalão and 260 from Uberlândia, which is located in the rich Triângulo Mineiro of Minas Gerais. It is part of the Pires do Rio Microregion. See Citybrazil for all the regions.

Highway connections from Goiânia are made by BR-357 / GO-010 / Bonfinópolis / Vianópolis / GO-330. See Sepin for all the distances.

It borders Silvânia, Luziânia, Cristalina, Pires do Rio, Ipameri, Urutaí and Vianópolis.

## History

Orizona was founded by Joaquim Fernandes de Castro and José Pereira Cardoso in 1850 when they started construction of a chapel on the banks of the Ribeirão Santa Bárbara, a tributary of the Corumbá River. In 1890 the settlement became a district called Capela dos Correias, and in 1909 it became a city called Campo Formoso. In 1943 the name was changed to Orizona, from "oriza", meaning rice, and "zona", meaning region—Region of Rice. The name was chosen in a public contest, in which 42 people voted. It was suggested by Dr. Raphael Leme Franco, other names proposed were Caruaba, Coema, Manhana, Orizona, Porangatu, Potira, Jubara and Oriza. See Prefeitura de Orizona for the history.

**Political information**

* In January 2005 the Mayor was Itamar Dias Teixeira. The city council had 9 members and there were 10,750 eligible voters in December 2007.

## Demographics

In 2007 the population density was 7.29 inhabitants/km2. A large part of the population is still rural, relatively uncommon in the state of Goiás. In 2007 there were 7,6673 inhabitants in the urban area and 6,707 inhabitants in the rural area. The population has grown by about a thousand inhabitants since 1980.

## Economy

Orizona has been prospering with the production of high quality Cachaça made from sugarcane, which is exported to several countries. There are about 30 small rum distilleries in the town. *Cachaça*, also called *pinga*, *caninha*, *aguardente*, *cana*, or *mé,* is a rum like drink, which differs from rum in that it is made from sugarcane juice while rum is made from molasses.

Crossed by state highway GO-330 and several municipal roads, and bathed by the Corumbá and Piracanjuba rivers, the main economic activities of the area are the growing of corn, soybeans, rice sugarcane, and dairy cattle. There are several milk processing factories that receive over a million liters a day. Orizona is the fifth largest producer of milk in the state. Out of a total of two thousand milk producers, about 90% are small farmers. In addition, there are brickworks and mining companies that extract phosphates and sand.

In 2007 there were 26 industrial units and 159 retail units. There was an industrial park. There were 2 dairies: Laticínios JL Ltda. \- COAPRO - Cooperativa Agropecuária de Produtos Rurais de Orizona Ltda. In June 2005 there were 2 financial institutions: Banco Itaú S.A. - Banco do Brasil S.A.

In 2007 there were 1,497 automobiles in the city. In 2005 the biggest sectors of employment were commerce and public administration.

In 2006 there were 127,000 head of cattle, 931,400 head of poultry, and 9,600 head of swine. The main agricultural products were sugarcane, coffee, passion fruit, hearts of palm, rice, beans, manioc, corn (3,300 hectares), soybeans (25,000 hectares) and sorghum (1,800 hectares).

**Agricultural data 2006**

* Number of farms: 1,588
* Total area: 135,590 ha.
* Area of permanent crops: 1,127 ha.
* Area of perennial crops: 23,227 ha.
* Area of natural pasture: 68.933 ha.
* Area of woodland and forests: 37,359 ha.
* Persons dependent on farming: 5,000
* Farms with tractors: 289
* Number of tractors: 577
* Cattle herd: 127,000 head IBGE

## Health and education

In 2007 there was 1 hospital with 33 beds and 12 walk-in health clinics. In 2000 the infant mortality rate was 19.70, well below the national average of 33.0.

In 2006 the school system had 17 schools, 140 classrooms, 265 teachers, and 3,621 students. The adult literacy rate was 89.4%, above the national average of 86.4%. There were no institutions of higher education.

**Ranking on the Municipal Human Development Index**

* MHDI: 0.768
* State ranking: 42 (out of 242 municipalities)
* National ranking: 1,380 (out of 5,507 municipalities) For the complete list see Frigoletto.com

## InfoBox

| Orizona | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Goiás state | |
| OrizonaLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 17°02′02″S 48°17′52″W / 17.03389°S 48.29778°W / -17.03389; -48.29778 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Central-West |
| State | Goiás |
| Microregion | Pires do Rio Microregion |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,972.8 km2 (761.7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 806 m (2,644 ft) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 15,725 |
| Density | 8.0/km2 (21/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |
| Postal code | 75280-000- |
| Website | www.prefeituraorizona.go.gov.br/telefones.asp |


title: Orizont

abstract: Orizont is a 2015 Romanian drama film written and directed by Marian Crișan, adapted from the novella Moara cu Noroc by Ioan Slavici.

text:
# Orizont

***Orizont*** is a 2015 Romanian drama film written and directed by Marian Crișan, adapted from the novella *Moara cu Noroc* by Ioan Slavici.

## Plot

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Orizont | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Marian Crișan |
| Written by | Marian Crișan |
| Story by | Ioan Slavici |
| Produced by | Marian Crișan
Bobby Păunescu
Viorel Sergovici Jr.
Mihai Dorobanțu |
| Starring | András Hatházi
Rodica Lazăr
Bogdán Zsolt |
| Cinematography | Oleg Mutu |
| Production
companies | Solar Indie Junction
Rova Film |
| Release date |  |
| Country | Romania |
| Language | Romanian |


title: Oreste Migliaccio

abstract: Oreste Migliaccio (1882–1973) was a jazz pianist, composer and prominent band leader. His band Oreste and his Queensland Orchestra were popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Migliaccio was born in Naples, Italy in 1882. He immigrated to the United States, arriving at Ellis Island, New York on September 22, 1902. Five years later he married and was working as a musician and composer in the 1910s. He began composing as early as 1908 when his Gatling Gun Rag was published, followed in 1910 by Mexican Belle: Novelty Dance and Wholesale Love. He also wrote Tommy and co-wrote I've Got a Ragtime Bee in My Bonnet, both in 1911, with Georgia in 1917 and "So you're goin' to be married:" in 1918. He was still composing as late as 1927 when he co-wrote Rosy Cheeks with Harry D. Squires and J. Donald Parker. In 1919 he was working at the Opera Stars Confectionery Company in New York. It wasn't until the early 1920s that he was successfully working as a musician and led a band at the Peek-Inn in New York. By 1926 he was leading the orchestra at the Queensland Ballroom on Wyckoff Avenue in Brooklyn, New York. It was at this period that he began recording a considerable number of record sides for Edison with his Queensland Orchestra, recording over thirty sides from 1926 to 1929. On two of these recordings Migliaccio played solo piano. Edison was still recording the old-fashioned mechanical way and a few of the recorded titles were rejected. Some of the musicians who played in the band during this time included Jimmy Dorsey, Red Nichols and Don Murray. Many more of his compositions were published and recorded. So popular were the Oreste Queensland Orchestra's recordings that Jazz Oracle released some of their Edison recordings in 2005 on a CD album entitled Edison Hot Dance Obscurities, Volume 2. By 1930 he was living in Bellaire, New York in a house he had purchased. He died in 1973.

text:
# Oreste Migliaccio

**Oreste Migliaccio** (1882–1973) was a jazz pianist, composer and prominent band leader. His band Oreste and his Queensland Orchestra were popular in the 1920s and 1930s.

Migliaccio was born in Naples, Italy in 1882. He immigrated to the United States, arriving at Ellis Island, New York on September 22, 1902. Five years later he married and was working as a musician and composer in the 1910s.

He began composing as early as 1908 when his *Gatling Gun Rag* was published, followed in 1910 by *Mexican Belle: Novelty Dance* and *Wholesale Love*. He also wrote *Tommy* and co-wrote *I've Got a Ragtime Bee in My Bonnet*, both in 1911, with *Georgia* in 1917 and "So you're goin' to be married: (God bless you)" in 1918. He was still composing as late as 1927 when he co-wrote *Rosy Cheeks* with Harry D. Squires and J. Donald Parker.

In 1919 he was working at the Opera Stars Confectionery Company in New York. It wasn't until the early 1920s that he was successfully working as a musician and led a band at the Peek-Inn in New York. By 1926 he was leading the orchestra at the Queensland Ballroom on Wyckoff Avenue in Brooklyn, New York. It was at this period that he began recording a considerable number of record sides for Edison with his Queensland Orchestra, recording over thirty sides from 1926 to 1929. On two of these recordings Migliaccio played solo piano. Edison was still recording the old-fashioned mechanical way and a few of the recorded titles were rejected. Some of the musicians who played in the band during this time included Jimmy Dorsey, Red Nichols and Don Murray. Many more of his compositions were published and recorded.

So popular were the Oreste Queensland Orchestra's recordings that Jazz Oracle released some of their Edison recordings in 2005 on a CD album entitled *Edison Hot Dance Obscurities, Volume 2*.

By 1930 he was living in Bellaire, New York in a house he had purchased. He died in 1973.


abstract: State decorations of the Republic of Kosovo are regulated by the Law on Decorations. Decorations are divided into three grades: orders, medals and commemorative medals. The President also bestows the title of Honorary Ambassador of Kosovo to people who have made extraordinary contributions to the Republic of Kosovo. This is an honour bestowed very rarely with only nine recipients in the history of the Republic. The orders, decorations and medals are awarded by the President of Kosovo, though nominations might come from: Chairman of the Assembly, Prime Minister, President of the Supreme Court and the Electoral College, Chief Prosecutor of Kosovo, Minister, Chief of General Staff, General Director of Kosovo Police, President of the Municipal Assembly, President of the Academy of Sciences and Arts.

text:
# Orders, decorations, and medals of Kosovo

**State decorations** of the Republic of Kosovo are regulated by the Law on Decorations. Decorations are divided into three grades: orders, medals and commemorative medals. The President also bestows the title of Honorary Ambassador of Kosovo to people who have made extraordinary contributions to the Republic of Kosovo. This is an honour bestowed very rarely with only nine recipients in the history of the Republic.

The orders, decorations and medals are awarded by the President of Kosovo, though nominations might come from: Chairman of the Assembly, Prime Minister, President of the Supreme Court and the Electoral College, Chief Prosecutor of Kosovo, Minister, Chief of General Staff, General Director of Kosovo Police, President of the Municipal Assembly, President of the Academy of Sciences and Arts.

## Honorary Titles

1. Honorary Ambassador of Kosovo

## Orders

1. *Hero of Kosovo Order*
2. *Order of Freedom*
3. *The Order of Independence*
4. *Order Freedom Fighter "Adem Jashari"*

## Medals

1. *Presidential Medal of Merits* (Medalja Presidenciale e Meritave)
2. *Military Medal for Service in Kosovo* (Medalja Ushtarake për Shërbim në Kosovë) for military personnel
3. *Medal of Merit* (Minister of Internal Affairs)
4. Medal of Merit of the Red Cross of Kosovo (bronze, silver ad gold versions)

## Recipients

*Order of Freedom*

*Presidential Medal of Merits*:

## Military

1. *Military Medal for Service in Kosovo*


title: Estonia at the 2017 Summer Universiade

abstract: Estonia participated at the 2017 Summer Universiade in Taipei, Taiwan, from 19 to 30 August 2017.

text:
# Estonia at the 2017 Summer Universiade

**Estonia** participated at the 2017 Summer Universiade in Taipei, Taiwan, from 19 to 30 August 2017.

## Medal summary

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Silver | Juhan Mettis | Judo | Men's Open |
|

## Team

Competitors from Estonia per sport
| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Archery | 2 | 4 | **6** |
| Athletics | 9 | 13 | **22** |
| Badminton | 6 | 3 | **9** |
| Basketball | 12 | 0 | **12** |
| Fencing | 2 | 4 | **6** |
| Judo | 4 | 0 | **4** |
| Swimming | 8 | 7 | **15** |
| Table tennis | 5 | 4 | **9** |
| Taekwondo | 1 | 0 | **1** |
| Tennis | 1 | 0 | **1** |
| Weightlifting | 1 | 0 | **1** |
| *Total* | *51* | *35* | *86* |

## InfoBox

| Estonia at the
2017 Summer Universiade | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | EST |
| National federation | Eesti Akadeemiline Spordiliit |
| in Taipei, Taiwan
19 August 2017 (2017-08-19) – 30 August 2017 (2017-08-30) | |
| Competitors | 86 (51 men and 35 women) in 11 sports |
| Medals
Ranked 53rd | Gold 0 Silver 1 Bronze 0 Total 1 |
| Summer Universiade appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Ornativalva acutivalva

abstract: Ornativalva acutivalva is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Sattler in 1976. It is found in Mongolia. The wingspan is 5–6 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in July. The host plant is unknown, but might be a Tamarix species.

text:
# Ornativalva acutivalva

***Ornativalva acutivalva*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Sattler in 1976. It is found in Mongolia.

The wingspan is 5–6 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in July.

The host plant is unknown, but might be a *Tamarix* species.

## InfoBox

| *Ornativalva acutivalva* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Ornativalva* |
| Species: | ***O. acutivalva*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ornativalva acutivalva***<br>Sattler, 1976 | |
|


title: Origami Owl

abstract: Origami Owl is an American privately owned multi-level marketing custom jewelry company operating in the U.S., Puerto Rico, and Canada. The company was founded in 2010 by Isabella "Bella" Weems at the age of 14. The company has over 60,000 independent sales consultants who buy materials and tools from the company and sell products to individuals, primarily at in-house sales parties. The main product is the "Living Locket", a clear-faced hollow pendant which can be filled with a variety of charms that are meant to tell a story.

text:
# Origami Owl

**Origami Owl** is an American privately owned multi-level marketing custom jewelry company operating in the U.S., Puerto Rico, and Canada. The company was founded in 2010 by Isabella "Bella" Weems at the age of 14. The company has over 60,000 independent sales consultants who buy materials and tools from the company and sell products to individuals, primarily at in-house sales parties. The main product is the "Living Locket", a clear-faced hollow pendant which can be filled with a variety of charms that are meant to tell a story.

## History

At age 14, Isabella "Bella" Weems founded the company in 2010 with the help of her parents, Chrissy and Warren Weems. Intending to generate enough money to buy a car for her 16th birthday, Weems used $350 she saved from babysitting and $350 her parents, Chrissy Weems and Warren Weems, gave her to start her company. Her mother agreed to be her business partner, though she currently is not employed by the company.

Weems originally used vintage glass lockets purchased online and pieces of jewelry, gems, and others objects to fill them. Chrissy and Bella Weems began selling the lockets at parties at their home and in 2011 rented a kiosk in the mall to sell from. Unable to pay rent, they received a loan from a family friend that allowed them to continue their business long enough to generate enough revenue. After one and a half years, they transformed the company into a direct sales model.

## Business

The company runs a direct sales model that uses independent sales consultants. The company sells materials and tools to the consultants and receives a percentage of their profits. As of 2015, the company sells through more than 60,000 independent sales consultants (which the company calls "independent designers"), primarily using in-home parties. Consultants buy kits from the company, including chains, charms, and lockets, and make their own jewelry to sell.

The company is owned by the Weems family and a number of executives were members of the family. Weems' uncle John Weems was vice president of IT and Weems' aunt, Jessica Reinhart, worked in marketing. Weems' uncle, Jeff Reinhart, is COO. Jeff Reinhart replaced John Weems as COO. Though Isabella Weems founded the company, she worked as an intern for it after high school graduation. Chrissy Weems, Bella's mother, is the current President and Co-founder of the company.

Weems designed and produced the company's first line of products, including its main product, the "Living Locket". The lockets are clear, hollow pendants which can be filled with a selection of charms. The charms are meant to allow individuals to "tell their own story with a locket."

In 2015, the company expanded its operations into Canada. In June 2015, Brett Blake replaced Robin Crossman as the company's CEO. In July 2017, Chrissy Weems became CEO.

## InfoBox

Origami Owl
| Company type | Direct sales |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Jewelry |
| Founded | 2010 |
| Founders | * Isabella "Bella" Weems * Christian "Chrissy" Weems * Tyson Basha * Shawn Maxwell |
| Headquarters | Chandler, Arizona, United States |
| Area served | * U.S. * Canada * Puerto Rico |
| Revenue | * $250 million (2013) * $24 million (2012) * $280,000 (2011) |
| Number of employees | 373 (2013) |
| Website | thinkgoodness.com |


title: Orders Are Orders (1936 film)

abstract: Orders Are Orders is a 1936 German comedy film directed by Alwin Elling and starring Weiss Ferdl, Trude Hesterberg and Eric Helgar. It was shot at the Halensee Studios in Berlin.

text:
# Orders Are Orders (1936 film)

***Orders Are Orders*** (German: ***Befehl ist Befehl***) is a 1936 German comedy film directed by Alwin Elling and starring Weiss Ferdl, Trude Hesterberg and Eric Helgar. It was shot at the Halensee Studios in Berlin.

## Synopsis

Bavarian Sergeant Josef Murr tries to readjust to civilian life after twelve years serving in the German Army. At first he struggles to settle in various jobs, but eventually flourishes when he is called upon to impose discipline on the staff of a badly-managed hotel.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Klaus, Ulrich J. *Deutsche Tonfilme: Jahrgang 1936*. Klaus-Archiv, 1988.
* Waldman, Harry. *Nazi Films In America, 1933-1942*. McFarland & Co, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Orders Are Orders | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Alwin Elling |
| Written by | Georg Zoch |
| Starring | Weiss Ferdl
Trude Hesterberg
Eric Helgar |
| Cinematography | Eduard Hoesch |
| Music by | Fritz Wenneis |
| Production
company | Deka Film |
| Release date | * 29 May 1936 (1936-05-29) |
| Running time | 95 minutes |
| Country | Germany |
| Language | German |


title: Ornativalva pharaonis

abstract: Ornativalva pharaonis is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Sattler in 1967. It is found in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan and Israel. Adults have been recorded on wing in March and from June to November. The larvae feed on Tamarix species, including Tamarix aphylla. They have been recorded inhabiting galls created by Eriophyes tlaiae.

text:
# Ornativalva pharaonis

***Ornativalva pharaonis*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Sattler in 1967. It is found in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan and Israel.

Adults have been recorded on wing in March and from June to November.

The larvae feed on *Tamarix* species, including *Tamarix aphylla*. They have been recorded inhabiting galls created by *Eriophyes tlaiae*.

## InfoBox

| *Ornativalva pharaonis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Ornativalva* |
| Species: | ***O. pharaonis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ornativalva pharaonis***<br>Sattler, 1967 | |
|


title: Original Black Entertainment TV

abstract: OBE TV was a British television channel launched in September 2003. It showed film, food, advertisements, sports and talk shows as well as conservative Christian programmes. The channel was aimed at African audiences and showed programmes from South Africa, DR Congo, Nigeria and Ghana. Its programmes were primarily taken from the South African Broadcasting Corporation, including the SABC's news broadcasts. A timeshifted service named OBE +1 launched on Thursday 29 November 2007 and it was replaced by DMAX on 8 January 2008 while the linear channel closed down permanently in 2011.

text:
# Original Black Entertainment TV

**OBE TV** (Original Black Entertainment TV) was a British television channel launched in September 2003. It showed film, food, advertisements, sports and talk shows as well as conservative Christian programmes. The channel was aimed at African audiences and showed programmes from South Africa, DR Congo, Nigeria and Ghana. Its programmes were primarily taken from the South African Broadcasting Corporation, including the SABC's news broadcasts.

A timeshifted service named OBE +1 launched on Thursday 29 November 2007 and it was replaced by DMAX on 8 January 2008 while the linear channel closed down permanently in 2011.

## Programming

* Miracle Power - with Pastor Kingsley Appiagyei
* Bruce's Kitchen
* Home Sweet Home
* Taxi Driver - a Ghanaian series
* London Got Problem
* Centre 4
* Paridigams
* Driss's Kitchen
* Christ Apostolic Church Bethel with Apostle Ayo Omideyi
* Hotel St. James
* I Stand Accused (Ultimate Story Series)
* Tentacles
* Shot One - a interviews about Congo Gospel Artists with Bony Tongomo and Congo Soukous Artists with Tyty Ilunga
* Music Africa - a slot that shows music videos from West African artists
* Reggae Showcase - interviews, discussions and performances hosted by the artist Named Savana
* Saga Africa with Franck Akyl
* Superbook
* I am a Four Door Saloon
* Super Story
* Dada Boat
* This Life
* Papa Ajasco
* Fresh Act
* Nollywood
* Black Variety Show
* Africa Within
* Freedom Walk
* Gimme My Moonay Back
* Straight Talk (hosted By Papa Aikins)
* Goge Africa
* Mmaa Nkomo
* Dustbina Okebagou
* Mzansi Jams- Top Hit Southern African Music Show Produced by Oscar 'Oskido' Mdlongwa, Sanpoulus Maplanka, and Atterbell Maplanka
* Love and Politics
* Half Sisters
* Special Assignment
* KICC
* BO Chicken Eaters
* Sports With Kwaku
* World Music - a broadcasting slot that ranges from one up to four hours, featuring music videos by an assortment of African artists
* Shaka Zulu \- a series produced in South Africa in 1986, focusing on the Zulu king Shaka
* Teleshopping \- broadcast in slots that range from 30 minutes to two hours at midnight
* OBE TV Noticeboard - Info About funerals and Events
* Hip Life - Entertainment and Music

## InfoBox

OBETV
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | OBE TV Ltd
New OBE Channel Ltd |
| History | |
| Launched | 1 September 2003 |
| Closed | 17 November 2011 |
| Replaced by | Pulse +30mins (Original, OBE)
DMAX (OBE +1) |
| Links | |
| Website | www.obetv.co.uk |


title: Eswatini Bank

abstract: Eswatini Bank, also known as Eswatini Development & Savings Bank (EDSP), is a development finance institution, which doubles as a commercial bank in Eswatini. It is licensed and supervised by the Central Bank of Eswatini, the national banking regulator. As of April 2019 Eswatini Bank was the only indigenous commercial bank in the country, with the other three having their headquarters in neighboring South Africa.

text:
# Eswatini Bank

**Eswatini Bank**, also known as **Eswatini Development & Savings Bank (EDSP)**, is a development finance institution, which doubles as a commercial bank in Eswatini. It is licensed and supervised by the Central Bank of Eswatini, the national banking regulator. As of April 2019 Eswatini Bank was the only indigenous commercial bank in the country, with the other three having their headquarters in neighboring South Africa.

## Location

The headquarters of Eswatini Bank are located in the Engungwini Building, on Gwamile Street, in Mbabane, the capital and largest city in Eswatini.

## History

The bank was established in 1965 by Sobhuza II, who reigned from 10 December 1899 until 21 August 1982, to finance development projects in the county. In 2014, Eswatini Bank, in collaboration with MasterCard International, began issuing credit and debit card branded with the MasterCard logo.

## Ownership

Eswatini Bank is 100 percent owned by the Government of Eswatini.

## Branches

As of March 2018, the bank maintains branches at the following locations:

1. Main Branch: Engungwini Building, Gwamile Street, Mbabane
2. Mbabane Commercial Branch: Umlunguzi Wendlovu Building, Mbabane
3. Manzini Branch: Nkoseluhlaza Street, Manzini
4. Matsapha Branch: Matsapha Shopping Complex, Matsapha
5. Piggs Peak Branch: Evelyn Baring Avenue, Piggs Peak
6. Nhlangano Branch: 5th Street, Nhlangano
7. Siteki Branch: Jacaranda Avenue, Siteki
8. Matata Branch: Matata Shopping Complex, Matata
9. Simunye Branch: Simunye Shopping Complex, Simunye
10. Siphofaneni Branch: Nokuphila Shopping Complex, Siphofaneni
11. Gables Branch: The Gables Shopping Complex, Ezulwini Valley.

## InfoBox

Eswatini Bank
|
|  |
| Company type | Public |
| Industry | Finance |
| Founded | 1965 (age 5859) |
| Headquarters | Mbabane, Eswatini |
| Key people | **Sibongile Mdluli**
Chairperson
**Zakhele Lukhele**
Managing Director |
| Products | Banking |
| Owner | Government of Eswatini |
| Website | Homepage |


title: Orophia hadromacha

abstract: Orophia hadromacha is a species of moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1937, and is known from Mozambique.

text:
# Orophia hadromacha

***Orophia hadromacha*** is a species of moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1937, and is known from Mozambique.

## InfoBox

| *Orophia hadromacha* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Orophia* |
| Species: | ***O. hadromacha*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orophia hadromacha***<br>(Meyrick, 1937) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cryptolechia hadromacha* Meyrick, 1937 | |


title: Orsk Dam collapse

abstract: On 5 April, the Orsk Dam collapsed due to flooding along the Ural River, prompting evacuations. At least six people were injured and damage was estimated to be around 1.2 billion rubles.

text:
# Orsk Dam collapse

On 5 April, the Orsk Dam collapsed due to flooding along the Ural River, prompting evacuations. At least six people were injured and damage was estimated to be around 1.2 billion rubles (US$12.9 million).

## Background

The Orsk Dam was built in 2010 and was built for a water level of 5.5 metres (18 ft). At the time of its collapse, torrential rain was recorded in the area, while melting snow helped push water levels in the Ural River to 9.6 metres (31 ft).

## Collapse

The Orsk Dam collapsed in the evening of 5 April, causing evacuations. Officials in the downstream city of Orsk said that the situation was rapidly worsening, and the President of Kazakhstan, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev called it the country’s worst natural disaster in the last 80 years. The governor of Orenburg Oblast, Denis Pasler, also described the floods as the worst to hit the region in its history. In Orsk, areas heavily affected by the flooding included the Old Town, Nikel and Lesotorgovy. The dam was again breached on 6 and 7 April.

On 7 April, the Russian government declared a federal emergency as the Orsk oil refinery shut down, adding that flooding was also expected in Kurgan and Tyumen Oblasts. Some estimate that the floods caused about $227 million in damages. The Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring said that the water levels in Orenburg city could dangerous levels in the next three days. The government also said that the local hydraulic stations showed an "abnormal increase in water levels" not seen in 100 years. Orenburg's mayor Sergei Salmin also threatened to implement forced evacuations. Elsewhere in Orenburg Oblast, 127 people were evacuated after floods inundated 304 homes in Buzuluk, while in Buzuluksky District, a bridge over the Borovka River was washed away, isolating settlements in the Buzuluksky Bor National Park. A separate dam was breached in Novotroitsk, prompting evacuations.

On 8 April, hundreds of people protested against the local authorities in Orsk, accusing them of having built a poorly constructed dam for too much money. Protesters shouted "shame, shame" and "Putin, help us". The mayor of Orsk, Vasiliy Kozupitsa, met with residents and promised to provide financial support to flood victims, and increase security to prevent theft in the affected areas of the city. *The Insider* reported that many flood victims complained of robberies by marauders, despite the promises by the authorities in Orsk to increase security in the city. Residents and volunteers said that the security promised earlier by the authorities was instead used to protect the city's government buildings and politicians from protestors rather than residential areas from robberies.

On 10 April, mayor Salmin published a warning on his Telegram channel that at 19:00 local time, sirens will ring throughout Orenburg to warn citizens to evacuate due to the water levels likely reaching the predicted peak of 930 centimetres (30.5 ft), risking the flooding of areas beyond Orsk. More than 300 residences in the city were flooded. Mass evacuations in the Orenburg were ordered on 12 April after Salmin warned that flooding in the city was expected to peak on that day before receding in the following week. By then, more than 7,500 properties in the city had been flooded.

## Damage and casualties

The failure of the Orsk Dam caused over 1 billion rubles in damage, and 10,000 homes were flooded. Over 4,000 people were evacuated from the area. The Russian government declared a federal emergency. There were also reports of 15 schools being flooded and three children and six adults being injured, but not severely. Authorities said they expected the flood to reach its peak on 9 April before "stabilising" after 20 April.

Four people were initially reported to have died. However, the Russian health ministry later clarified that the fatalities had "nothing to do with the floods". On 17 April, the Russian investigative news outlet *iStories* reported that six people had died from the floods in Orsk while another died in Orenburg, citing relatives of the victims who also accused authorities of withholding the circumstances of their deaths to avoid making compensation payments.

## Reactions

Presidential spokesperson Dmitry Peskov said that President Vladimir Putin had no plans to visit the area, adding that Putin was instead "getting information and co-ordinated the work of all branches of authorities".

On 8 April, residents of Orsk staged protests in the city's central square over insufficient compensation provided by the local government for damages and the failure to fix the structural deficiencies of the dam. Demonstrators also appealed for an intervention from President Putin, who ordered a government commission to oversee the response to the disaster and deployed Emergencies Minister Alexander Kurenkov to Orenburg Oblast. In response, the governor of Orenburg Oblast, Denis Pasler, promised to provide monthly compensation payments of 10,000 rubles (approximately $108) for six months to displaced residents. The Investigative Committee of Russia also opened a criminal investigation into the collapse focusing on violations of construction safety regulations and negligence. Vaccinations against hepatitis A were also conducted.

North Korean leader Kim Jong Un offered his condolences and said that "Our people will always be with the Russian people."

## InfoBox

Orsk Dam collapse
| Satellite image of the city of Orsk during the flood (as of 11 April 2024) | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | April 5 (dam collapse) |
| Duration | April 5 - ongoing (flooding) |
| Deaths | 5 |
| Non-fatal injuries | 9 |
| Missing | 2 |


title: Ethel Whibley

abstract: Ethel Whibley, was the sister-in-law of James McNeill Whistler. Ethel was a secretary to Whistler who used Ethel as a model for a number of full-length portraits painted during the period 1888 to the mid-1890s. Her sister Beatrice married James McNeill Whistler in 1888, following the death of her first husband Edward William Godwin. In 1896 Ethel married the writer Charles Whibley. Her sister Rosalind Birnie Philip (1873-1958) subsequently acted as secretary to Whistler and was appointed Whistler's executrix at his death.

text:
# Ethel Whibley

**Ethel Whibley** (née **Philip**; 29 September 1861 – 21 April 1920), was the sister-in-law of James McNeill Whistler. Ethel was a secretary to Whistler who used Ethel as a model for a number of full-length portraits painted during the period 1888 to the mid-1890s. Her sister Beatrice (also called 'Beatrix' or 'Trixie') married James McNeill Whistler in 1888, following the death of her first husband Edward William Godwin. In 1896 Ethel married the writer Charles Whibley. Her sister Rosalind Birnie Philip (1873-1958) subsequently acted as secretary to Whistler and was appointed Whistler's executrix at his death.

## Life

Ethel was born at Chelsea, London on 29 September 1861. Ethel was 4th of ten children of the sculptor John Birnie Philip and Frances Black. Ethel married Charles Whibley in 1896 in the garden of the house occupied by James Abbott McNeill Whistler at n° 110 Rue du Bac, Paris.

Before her marriage Ethel worked for a time in 189394 as secretary to James McNeill Whistler. Whistler painted a number of full-length portraits of Ethel, including *Mother of Pearl and Silver: The Andalusian* and the watercolour *Rose and Silver: Portrait of Mrs Whibley*; and other sketches and etchings of her titled as Miss Ethel Philip or Mrs Whibley.

Correspondence between family members addressed personal, social and professional matters as Whistler's sisters-in-law acted as his models and secretaries to manage his business affairs. In correspondence Beatrice Whistler was referred to a 'Trixie' or 'Chinkie'; his sister-in-law and secretary (1890–94) Ethel Whibley was 'Bunnie'; his brother-in-law Charles Whibley was 'Wobbles'; his sister-in-law and secretary Rosalind Birnie Philip was referred to as the 'Major'; with Whistler signing family correspondence as the 'General' when he did not sign with his butterfly signature.

## James McNeill Whistler's portraits of Ethel

Portraits in oil of Ethel Whibley are titled:

## Further reading

* McLaren Young, Andrew, MacDonald, Margaret F., Spencer, Robin and Miles, Hamish, *The Paintings of James McNeill Whistler*, 2 vols, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1980 (YMSM 378. 388, 389, 395, 418, 419)
* MacDonald, Margaret F., Galassi, Susan Grace and Ribeiro, Aileen, *Whistler, Women, & Fashion*, Frick Collection/Yale University (2003)

## InfoBox

| Ethel Whibley | |
| --- | --- |
| *Mother of Pearl and Silver: The Andalusian* (1888–1900), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. | |
| Born | (1861-09-29)29 September 1861
Chelsea, London, England |
| Died | 21 April 1920(1920-04-21) (aged 58)
Paris, France |
| Other names | née Ethel Birnie Philip |
| Occupation | Secretary & model for James McNeill Whistler |
| Spouse | Charles Whibley |
| Parent(s) | John Birnie Philip and Frances Black |


title: Ethel Whitehead

abstract: Ethel Whitehead was an American suffragette and Socialist Party representative who ran for lieutenant-governor of Kansas in the August 1916 primary and general elections. Whitehead's play "The Arrest of Suffrage", written in 1912, appeared in the September 1912 issue of The Progressive Woman, and was later published in an anthology of U.S. suffrage literature by Chapman and Mills in 2011. While Whitehead did not win the 1916 election, she was an active member of the Socialist Party of America as a California delegate, with her efforts particularly concentrating on the reformation of schools. As a socialist-feminist, Whitehead constituted an intersectional presence in the Women's Movement that bound together cross-class organizations of education, social welfare politics, and economic industry.

text:
# Ethel Whitehead

**Ethel Whitehead** (1872 - ?) was an American suffragette and Socialist Party representative who ran for lieutenant-governor of Kansas in the August 1916 primary and general elections. Whitehead's play "The Arrest of Suffrage", written in 1912, appeared in the September 1912 issue of *The Progressive Woman**,* and was later published in an anthology of U.S. suffrage literature by Chapman and Mills in 2011. While Whitehead did not win the 1916 election, she was an active member of the Socialist Party of America as a California delegate, with her efforts particularly concentrating on the reformation of schools. As a socialist-feminist, Whitehead constituted an intersectional presence in the Women's Movement that bound together cross-class organizations of education, social welfare politics, and economic industry.

## Career

In 1885, Whitehead immigrated to California from England and quickly became involved in activist work there. She served as the President of the Woman's Socialist Union of California (WSUC) in 1908-1909, as well as the founder and president of the Los Angeles Children's Socialist Lyceum, a Socialist Sunday School (SSS). These schools were part of a larger pedagogical effort to supplement public school education with socialist-oriented curriculum and service; in between 1900 and 1920, there existed approximately a hundred of these institutions, intended for young children from working-class families, in America alone.

At the 1912 National Socialist Convention, Whitehead gave the following address about the necessity of SSS institutions as California delegate:

> "In organization among children the work must be always under the supervision of adults; the purpose of such organization to teach children the principles of Socialism and enable them to become versed in parliamentary usage; the whole plan to develop confidence and individual expression in the young." – Ethel Whitehead, National Convention of the Socialist Party (1912)

Whitehead also authored "When The Cry Was Stilled: a fairy story play for young socialists", published by the Young People's Socialist League of Chicago sometime between 1900 and 1915. Dramatic scripts like these, or "playlets", were often used for school festivals, fundraising events, or other recreational uses, centered around tenets of Socialism and were incorporated into the schools' curriculum.

### *The Way to Happiness*

Whitehead published a book of her own plays, "The Way to Happiness: A drama in two acts (and other plays)", printed sometime between 1907 and 1913 by The Socialist Woman Publishing Company (the Kansas-based publishing house for *The Progressive Woman*). Besides the titular work, the collection included the following plays:

* "Columbia's garden"
* "The stuff that heroes are made of"
* "Patchwork"
* "The red flag"
* "The voice of the people" (by Ella Wheeler Wilcox)
* "Woman" (by Arthur Bridwell)

### *The Arrest of Suffrage*

Whitehead is most widely recognized for her 1912 political play, which grapples with the rifts created by differences in the agendas of socialists versus that of suffragists, as well as the internal class differences in group constituencies.

The short piece depicts the conversations between active suffragist Adelaide, the working-class ally Molly, and the socially privileged "antis" Mrs. Smythe and Mrs. Brown. Molly's unrefined, heavily dialectic speech disrupts the antis' discussion concerning the suffrage movement and the unwanted responsibilities it will thrust upon them in threatening domestic partnerships and the "sanctity of \[the\] home". In her speech, Molly disavows the ethical implications of suppressing suffrage in the pretense of keeping social "peace", as it does so at expense of marginalizing the laboring class. She ultimately foregrounds the necessity of suffrage as a mode of empowerment, regardless of material protections one is afforded.

Early on in the play, Whitehead explicitly references *The Progressive Woman* as one of the journals Adelaide is distributing.

1. "Biennial report of the Secretary of State of the State of Kansas. v.20(1915-1916)". *HathiTrust*. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
2. *The Progressive Woman*. Progressive Woman Publishing Company. 1912.
3. Chapman, Mary; Mills, Angela, eds. (2011). "An Anthology of U.S. Suffrage Literature, 1846-1946". *Treacherous Texts: An Anthology of U.S. Suffrage Literature, 1846-1946*. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813549590. JSTOR j.ctt5hj5gz.
4. *The Coming Nation: A Magazine for the Creators of the New Social Order ...* 1912.
5. "Los Angeles Herald 1 May 1909 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". *cdnc.ucr.edu*. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
6. Gettleman, Marvin E. (1995). "Review of Schooling for "Good Rebels". Socialist Education for Children in the United States, 1900-1920". *International Review of Social History*. **40** (1): 138–140. doi:10.1017/S0020859000113094. JSTOR 44582311.
7. Whitehead, Ethel (1900). *When the cry was stilled: a fairy story play for young socialists*. Chicago, Ill.: Socialist Party, Young People's Dept. OCLC 032357712.
8. Teitelbaum, Kenneth (1990). ""Critical Lessons" from Our Past: Curricula of Socialist Sunday Schools in the United States". *Curriculum Inquiry*. **20** (4): 407–436. JSTOR 1179877.
9. Whithead, Ethel (1907). *The way to happiness: a drama in two acts (and other plays)*. Girard, Kan.: Progressive Woman Pub. Co. OCLC 12275239.


title: Orthogonius palangbangensis

abstract: Orthogonius palangbangensis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Tian & Deuve in 2006.

text:
# Orthogonius palangbangensis

***Orthogonius palangbangensis*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Tian & Deuve in 2006.

## InfoBox

| *Orthogonius palangbangensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Orthogonius* |
| Species: | ***O. palangbangensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthogonius palangbangensis***<br>Tian & Deuve, 2006 | |
|


title: Orinympha

abstract: Orinympha is a genus of moths of the family Yponomeutidae.

text:
# Orinympha

***Orinympha*** is a genus of moths of the family Yponomeutidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Orinympha* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Yponomeutidae |
| Genus: | ***Orinympha*** |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Orinoquia Bridge

abstract: The Second Orinoco crossing or Orinoquia Bridge is a combined road and railway bridge over the Orinoco River near Ciudad Guayana, Venezuela. It was inaugurated on November 13, 2006 and named Orinoquia Bridge. Prior to its construction, the only crossing of the Orinoco was the Angostura Bridge around 100 km upstream at Ciudad Bolívar that was opened in 1967. At the site chosen for the bridge, the Orinoco is three kilometres wide with two navigation channels separated by a small island that is revealed during the low-water season. The average discharge of the river here varies between 66 000 m³/s and 85 000 m³/s, flowing at up to 2.6 m/s and with a seasonal variation in level of 12.5 m. The crossing is composed of approximately 4.5 km of structures and carries four lanes of road traffic separated into two carriageways by a single railway track in the centre. It consists of two cable stayed navigation spans each of 300 m with a south approach 1320 m long composed of 22 60 m spans and a north approach of 636 m composed of ten 60 m spans and one of 36 m. The two navigation spans have a clearance of 41 m above water level and are supported by four 120 m tall H-shaped pylons via two planes of cable stays. Unusually, these spans do not lead directly into each other as at other multi-span cable stayed bridges such as the Millau Viaduct, but are anchored at a fixed point on the mid-stream island. The bridge was built to complement the existing Angostura Bridge and to provide a more direct connection with the important industrial city of Ciudad Guayana. In particular, it was intended to provide for a future rail connection to allow the city's heavy industrial products to be transported to the ports of Venezuela's Caribbean coast. River transport on the Orinoco includes oceangoing ships, but because of its high sediment load the Orinoco has to be constantly dredged. In addition the crossing strengthens transport links between Venezuela and Brazil to the south which is important for Brazilian exports. This was one reason why President Lula da Silva of Brazil attended the inauguration together with Venezuela's Hugo Chávez. Near the bridge, there is Orinoco powerline crossing, whose pylons are the tallest man-made structures in South America today.

text:
# Orinoquia Bridge

The **Second Orinoco crossing** or **Orinoquia Bridge** is a combined road and railway bridge over the Orinoco River near Ciudad Guayana, Venezuela. It was inaugurated on November 13, 2006 and named *Orinoquia* Bridge. Prior to its construction, the only crossing of the Orinoco was the Angostura Bridge around 100 km upstream at Ciudad Bolívar that was opened in 1967.

At the site chosen for the bridge, the Orinoco is three kilometres wide with two navigation channels separated by a small island that is revealed during the low-water season. The average discharge of the river here varies between 66 000 m³/s and 85 000 m³/s, flowing at up to 2.6 m/s and with a seasonal variation in level of 12.5 m.

The crossing is composed of approximately 4.5 km of structures and carries four lanes of road traffic separated into two carriageways by a single railway track in the centre. It consists of two cable stayed navigation spans each of 300 m with a south approach 1320 m long composed of 22 60 m spans and a north approach of 636 m composed of ten 60 m spans and one of 36 m. The two navigation spans have a clearance of 41 m above water level and are supported by four 120 m tall H-shaped pylons via two planes of cable stays. Unusually, these spans do not lead directly into each other as at other multi-span cable stayed bridges such as the Millau Viaduct, but are anchored at a fixed point on the mid-stream island.

The bridge was built to complement the existing Angostura Bridge and to provide a more direct connection with the important industrial city of Ciudad Guayana. In particular, it was intended to provide for a future rail connection to allow the city's heavy industrial products to be transported to the ports of Venezuela's Caribbean coast. River transport on the Orinoco includes oceangoing ships, but because of its high sediment load the Orinoco has to be constantly dredged. In addition the crossing strengthens transport links between Venezuela and Brazil to the south which is important for Brazilian exports. This was one reason why President Lula da Silva of Brazil attended the inauguration together with Venezuela's Hugo Chávez.

Near the bridge, there is Orinoco powerline crossing, whose pylons are the tallest man-made structures in South America today.

## InfoBox

| Orinoquia Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 08°16′24″N 62°53′02″W / 8.27333°N 62.88389°W / 8.27333; -62.88389 |
| Carries | road traffic, rail traffic |
| Crosses | Orinoco |
| Locale | Ciudad Guayana |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Cable stayed |
| Total length | 3,156 metres (10,354 ft) |
| Longest span | 300 metres (984 ft) |
| Clearance above | 41 metres (135 ft) |
| History | |
| Opened | 13 November 2006 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Orinõmme

abstract: Orinõmme is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia. Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Orissaare Parish.

text:
# Orinõmme

**Orinõmme** is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.

Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Orissaare Parish.

58°35′N 23°02′E / 58.583°N 23.033°E / 58.583; 23.033

## InfoBox

| Orinõmme | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Saare County |
| Parish | Saaremaa Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Orthomolecular psychiatry

abstract: Orthomolecular psychiatry is the use of orthomolecular medicine for mental illness. Orthomolecular psychiatry has been rejected by evidence-based medicine and has been called quackery. The approach uses unorthodox forms of individualized testing and diagnosis to attempt to establish an etiology for each patient's specific symptoms, and claims to tailor the treatment accordingly, using a combination of nutrients, dietary changes and medications that are claimed to enhance quality of life and functionality as well as to reduce or eliminate symptoms and the use of xenobiotic drugs. Scientific studies have shown mixed results; although there are some promising results from nutritional psychiatry, some forms of orthomolecular psychiatry are ineffective.

text:
# Orthomolecular psychiatry

**Orthomolecular psychiatry** is the use of orthomolecular medicine for mental illness. Orthomolecular psychiatry has been rejected by evidence-based medicine and has been called quackery. The approach uses unorthodox forms of individualized testing and diagnosis to attempt to establish an etiology for each patient's specific symptoms, and claims to tailor the treatment accordingly, using a combination of nutrients, dietary changes and medications that are claimed to enhance quality of life and functionality as well as to reduce or eliminate symptoms and the use of xenobiotic drugs. Scientific studies have shown mixed results; although there are some promising results from nutritional psychiatry, some forms of orthomolecular psychiatry are ineffective.

## History

Orthomolecular psychiatry began with Abram Hoffer and Humphry Osmond in the 1950s and was continued by Carl Pfeiffer, although proponents of orthomolecular psychiatry say that the ideas behind their approach can be traced back to the 1920s and '30s. Orthomolecular psychiatry's goal of weaning patients from conventional neuroleptic drugs follows "Pfeiffer's Law", "For every drug that benefits a patient, there is a natural substance that can achieve the same effect". In 1968, Linus Pauling first used the term *orthomolecular*.

Hoffer's therapies focused on using niacin, among other nutrients, to treat what he diagnosed as acute schizophrenia based on an unaccepted test. In 1973, a task force of the American Psychiatric Association examined niacin monotherapy of patient populations with chronic schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and rejected the practice along with the reliability of Hoffer's diagnostic approach.

The assertions by proponents of orthomolecular psychiatry were rejected in 1973 by a panel of the American Psychiatric Association. However, the underpinning ideas of orthomolecular psychiatry have become popular in alternative medical circles as a means to explain conditions such as autism, heavy metal toxicity, and chronic inflammatory disease. After 1975, orthomolecular psychiatry research was primarily reported in *Orthomolecular Psychiatry*, now the *Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine*, a publication founded by Hoffer to counter what he considered to be a medical conspiracy against his ideas.

## Diagnosis

Proponents of orthomolecular psychiatry claim to have identified the causes of some psychiatric syndromes, in particular those that cause psychosis; according to orthomolecular proponents, testing for these causes guides diagnosis and treatment. Diagnostic measures and therapies commonly employed include "individual biochemical workup", fasting, identifying suggested allergies, dietary changes, megavitamin therapy, amino acids, and other so-called "pharmacologic nutrients". These diagnoses have not been accepted by mainstream medicine.

## Specific conditions

Orthomolecularists claim that the causes of psychotic disorders include food allergy, hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism in the presence of normal thyroid values, heavy metal intoxications including those allegedly due to dental fillings, as well as several hypothesised conditions they call *pyroluria*, *histadelia* and *histapenia*.

### Pyroluria

*Pyroluria* (or *malvaria* from the term *mauve factor*) involves hypothetical excessive levels of pyrroles in the body resulting from improper hemoglobin synthesis. Carl Pfeiffer believed that pyroluria is a form of schizophrenic porphyria, similar to acute intermittent porphyria where both pyrroles and porphyrins are excreted in the human urine to an excessive degree. and orthomolecular psychiatrists have alleged that pyroluria is related to diagnoses of ADHD, alcoholism, autism, depression, down syndrome, manic-depression, schizophrenia, celiac disease, epilepsy, and psychosis. Pfeiffer's methods have not been rigorously tested, and pyrroles are not considered to be related to schizophrenia. Studies have either failed to detect hemopyrrole and kryptopyrrole in the urine of normal controls and schizophrenics, or found no correlation between these chemicals and mental illness. Few, if any, medical experts regard the condition as genuine, and few or no articles on pyroluria are found in modern medical literature; the approach is described as "snake oil" by pediatrician and author Julian Haber.

### Histadelia

*Histadelia* is a condition hypothesised by Carl Pfeiffer to involve elevated serum levels of histamine and basophils, which he says can be treated with methionine and vitamin B6 megadoses. Pfeiffer claims that "histadelia" can cause depression with or without psychosis, but no published clinical trials have tested the effectiveness of this therapy.

### Histapenia

*Histapenia* in orthomolecular medicine is the condition of high serum copper with low histamine.

## Relationship to mainstream psychiatry

Orthomolecular psychiatry has been rejected by the mainstream medical community. Critics have noted that the claims advanced by its proponents are unsubstantiated, and even false. Authoritative bodies such as the National Institute of Mental Health and American Academy of Pediatrics have criticized orthomolecular treatments as ineffective and toxic.

A 1973 task force of the American Psychiatric Association charged with investigating orthomolecular claims concluded:

> This review and critique has carefully examined the literature produced by megavitamin proponents and by those who have attempted to replicate their basic and clinical work. It concludes in this regard that the credibility of the megavitamin proponents is low. Their credibility is further diminished by a consistent refusal over the past decade to perform controlled experiments and to report their new results in a scientifically acceptable fashion. Under these circumstances this Task Force considers the massive publicity which they promulgate via radio, the lay press and popular books, using catch phrases which are really misnomers like "megavitamin therapy" and "orthomolecular treatment," to be deplorable.

## Bibliography


title: Euagoras plagiatus

abstract: Euagoras plagiatus is an Asian species of assassin bugs, in the subfamily Harpactorinae. It has been investigated as a potential biocontrol agent for Pterophorus lienigianus Z., which is a pest of eggplant.

text:
# Euagoras plagiatus

***Euagoras plagiatus*** is an Asian species of assassin bugs (insects in the family Reduviidae), in the subfamily Harpactorinae. It has been investigated as a potential biocontrol agent for *Pterophorus lienigianus* Z., which is a pest of eggplant (*Solanum melongena*).

## InfoBox

| *Euagoras plagiatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Reduviidae |
| Subfamily: | Harpactorinae |
| Tribe: | Harpactorini |
| Genus: | *Euagoras* |
| Species: | ***E. plagiatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euagoras plagiatus***<br>(Burmeister, 1834) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *? plagiatus* Burmeister, 1834 | |


title: Euaesthetus

abstract:
Euaesthetus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae. The genus was first described by Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst in 1806. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. Species:
  - Euaesthetus bipunctatus
  - Euaesthetus laeviusculus
  - Euaesthetus ruficapillus

text:
# Euaesthetus

***Euaesthetus*** is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.

The genus was first described by Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst in 1806.

The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Euaesthetus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Euaesthetus | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Staphylinidae |
| Subfamily: | Euaesthetinae |
| Genus: | *Euaesthetus*<br>Gravenhorst, 1806 |
|
| Extant species | |
| See text | |


title: Orés

abstract: Orés is a municipality in the Cinco Villas, in the province of Zaragoza, in the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Cinco Villas. It is placed 104 km to the northwest of the provincial capital city, Zaragoza. Its coordinates are: 42° 17' N, 1° 00' W, and is located at 647 m over sea level. Nowadays Orés has only 101 inhabitants, although it attained a population of almost 1000 inhabitants during the 19th century.

text:
# Orés

**Orés** is a municipality in the Cinco Villas, in the province of Zaragoza, in the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Cinco Villas. It is placed 104 km to the northwest of the provincial capital city, Zaragoza. Its coordinates are: 42° 17' N, 1° 00' W, and is located at 647 m over sea level. Nowadays Orés has only 101 inhabitants, although it attained a population of almost 1000 inhabitants during the 19th century.

Media related to Orés at Wikimedia Commons

42°17′N 1°00′W / 42.283°N 1.000°W / 42.283; -1.000

## InfoBox

| Orés | |
| --- | --- |
| municipality | |
| View of Orés | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Aragon |
| Province | Zaragoza |
| Comarca | Cinco Villas |
| Area | |
| Total | 54.5 km2 (21.0 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 647 m (2,123 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 104 |
| Density | 1.9/km2 (4.9/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Orígenes Lessa

abstract: Orígenes Lessa, journalist, short story writer, novelist, and an essayist. He was elected, on July 9, 1981 for the Chair number 10 of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, succeeding Osvaldo Orico, and was received on November 20, 1981, by the Academy Member Francisco de Assis Barbosa.

text:
# Orígenes Lessa

**Orígenes Lessa** (July 12, 1903 in Lençóis Paulista – July 13, 1986 in Rio de Janeiro), journalist, short story writer, novelist, and an essayist. He was elected, on July 9, 1981 for the Chair number 10 of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, succeeding Osvaldo Orico, and was received on November 20, 1981, by the Academy Member Francisco de Assis Barbosa.

## His life

Lessa was a son of Vicente Themudo Lessa, historian, journalist and a Protestant pastor from the State of Pernambuco, and of Henriqueta Pinheiro Themudo Lessa. In 1906, he was taken by his family to São Luís in the State of Maranhão, where he stayed until the age 9, following his father's journey as a missionary. From the experience of his childhood resulted the novel *Rua do Sol* (Street of the Sun). In 1912, he returned to São Paulo. At the age 19, he entered a Protestant seminar, which he left two years later.

In 1924, he moved to Rio de Janeiro. Voluntarily separated from his family, he faced great difficulties. In order to support himself he became a teacher. He finished a physical education course, become a calisthenics teacher of the Physical Education Institute of the YMCA. He entered the newspaper life, publishing his first articles in the section "Social-Worker Tribune" of the newspaper *O Imparcial*. He was married to the writer Elsie Lessa. Their only son is the writer and journalist Ivan Lessa. He was the grandfather of the writer Juliana Foster and also an uncle of the writer and translator Sergio Pinheiro Lopes.

## Published books

### Novels

* *O Feijão e o Sonho* (1938);
* *A desintegração da morte*, novel (1948);
* *Rua do Sol*, novel (1955);
* *João Simões continua*, novel (1959);
* *A noite sem homem*, novel (1968);
* *Beco da fome*, novel (1972);
* *O evangelho de Lázaro*, novel (1972);
* *O edifício fantasma*, novel (1984);
* *Simão Cireneu*, novel (1986).

### Short stories

* *O escritor proibido* (1929);
* *Garçon, garçonnette, garçonnière* (1930);
* *A cidade que o diabo esqueceu* (1931);
* *Passa-três* (1935);
* *Omelete em Bombaim* (1946);
* *Balbino, o homem do mar* (1960);
* *Histórias urbanas* (1963);
* *Nove mulheres* (1968);
* *Um rosto perdido* (1979);
* *Mulher nua na calçada* (1984).

### News reports

* *Não há de ser nada* (1932);
* *Ilha Grande* (1933);
* *Ok, América* (1945);
* *Oásis na mata* (1956).

### Essays

* *Getúlio Vargas na literatura de cordel* (1973);
* *O índio cor-de-rosa. Evocação de Noel Nutels* (1985);
* *Inácio da Catingueira e Luís Gama*, dois poetas negros contra o racismo dos mestiços (1982);
* *A voz dos poetas* (1984).

### Children's literature

* *O sonho de Prequeté* (1934);
* *Memórias de um cabo de vassoura* (1971);
* Napoleão em Parada de Lucas (1971 ou 1972)
* *Sequestro em Parada de Lucas* (1972);
* *Memórias de um fusca* (1972);
* *Napoleão ataca outra vez* (1972);
* *A escada de nuvens* (1972);
* *Confissões de um vira-lata* (1972);
* *A floresta azul* (1972);
* *O mundo é assim, Taubaté* (1976);
* *É conversando que as coisas se entendem* (1978);
* *Tempo quente na floresta azul* (1983).

## InfoBox

| Orígenes Lessa | |
| --- | --- |
| Orígenes Lessa (1935) | |
| Born | (1903-07-12)July 12, 1903
Lençóis Paulista, Brazil |
| Died | July 13, 1986(1986-07-13) (aged 83)
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Occupation | Journalist, writer, educator |
| Notable works | *O Feijão e o Sonho* |
| Spouse | Elsie Lessa |
| Children | Ivan Lessa |


title: Orphnaeus

abstract: Orphnaeus is a genus of centipedes in the family Oryidae. This genus was described by Danish entomologist Frederik Vilhelm August Meinert in 1870. Centipedes in this genus are found in tropical regions.

text:
# Orphnaeus

***Orphnaeus*** is a genus of centipedes in the family Oryidae. This genus was described by Danish entomologist Frederik Vilhelm August Meinert in 1870. Centipedes in this genus are found in tropical regions.

## Description

Centipedes in this genus have short ultimate legs, range from 3 cm to 13 cm in length, and have 53 to 131 pairs of legs. The minimum number of legs in this genus (53 pairs) appears in the species *Orphnaeus bevilabiatus*; the maximum number (131 pairs) appears in the species *O. madegassus.*

## Species

There are 14 valid species:

## InfoBox

| *Orphnaeus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Chilopoda |
| Order: | Geophilomorpha |
| Family: | Oryidae |
| Genus: | *Orphnaeus*
Meinert, 1870 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Orphnaeus lividus*
Meinert,1870 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Andenophilus* Verhoeff, 1941 * *Azygethus* Chamberlin, 1920 | |


title: Pilot (Smallville)

abstract: The pilot episode of the television series Smallville premiered on The WB on October 16, 2001. It was written by series developers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar, and directed by David Nutter. The Smallville pilot introduces the characters of Clark Kent, an orphaned alien with superhuman abilities, and his friends and family who live in the fictional town of Smallville, Kansas. It follows Clark as he first learns of his alien origins, and attempts to stop a vengeful student from killing Smallville High School students. The episode introduces many themes that were designed to run either the course of the season or the entire series, such as the triangular relationships of the main characters. Production was set in Vancouver, Canada, used for its "middle America" landscape, with five months devoted to casting the right actors in the lead roles. Filming for the pilot officially began four days after the last actor was cast for the series. When time constraints would not allow the production crew to physically create the sets, computer-generated imagery was used to digitally insert set pieces into a scene. When the series premiere was broadcast, it broke several of The WB's viewership records. It was generally well received by critics, and was nominated for various awards, winning two.

text:
# Pilot (Smallville)

The **pilot** episode of the television series *Smallville* premiered on The WB on October 16, 2001. It was written by series developers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar, and directed by David Nutter. The *Smallville* pilot introduces the characters of Clark Kent, an orphaned alien with superhuman abilities, and his friends and family who live in the fictional town of Smallville, Kansas. It follows Clark as he first learns of his alien origins, and attempts to stop a vengeful student from killing Smallville High School students. The episode introduces many themes that were designed to run either the course of the season or the entire series, such as the triangular relationships of the main characters.

Production was set in Vancouver, Canada, used for its "middle America" landscape, with five months devoted to casting the right actors in the lead roles. Filming for the pilot officially began four days after the last actor was cast for the series. When time constraints would not allow the production crew to physically create the sets, computer-generated imagery was used to digitally insert set pieces into a scene. When the series premiere was broadcast, it broke several of The WB's viewership records. It was generally well received by critics, and was nominated for various awards, winning two.

## Plot and themes introduced

The episode begins in 1989 when a meteor shower hits Smallville; at the same time a small spacecraft, containing an alien boy, crashes in front of Jonathan and Martha Kent's (played by John Schneider and Annette O'Toole) truck. They adopt the superhumanly powerful child and name him Clark. Gough and Millar use this opening scene to establish that the three lead characters of the series, Clark, Lana and Lex, share a common bond—they are all without one or both parents: Clark is the only survivor of his homeworld; Lana's parents are killed in the meteor shower; and Lex is alienated from his father, Lionel Luthor (John Glover), after being rendered bald by the meteor blast.

The episode jumps forward twelve years to when Clark (Tom Welling) is trying to find his identity. He is unable to handle being told of his alien origins and runs away from home. Although he is attracted to Lana Lang (Kristin Kreuk), he cannot get close to her without falling over in pain because she wears a necklace made of meteor rock (kryptonite), which is a radioactive fragment of Clark's destroyed homeworld. This was a concept Gough and Millar devised to establish a reason for Clark's clumsiness. In other media, it is usually portrayed as an act he puts on to deceive people of his true identity. Clark and Lana do share an intimate moment at a cemetery, where Lana is visiting the grave of her parents. In such scenes, Gough and Millar created a theme of loneliness through the life stories of Clark and Lana. Lana's boyfriend, Whitney Fordman (Eric Johnson), becomes jealous of Clark and Lana's friendship and ties Clark to a scarecrow pole, using Lana's necklace, indirectly, to subdue Clark. This image of Clark, in just his underwear and a red "S" painted on his chest, stretches back to Gough and Millar's foundation for the series, which was about taking Clark down to the basic elements of the Superman character.

In the second strand of the story, Lex Luthor (Michael Rosenbaum) and Clark develop a "yin and yang" relationship. Clark first saves Lex from drowning when they get into a car accident; at the end of the episode, Lex saves Clark when he is strung up in the cornfield and immobilized by kryptonite. Jeremy Creek (Adrian McMorran)—who was mutated by the meteor rocks, gaining special powers—puts the three former jocks, who tied him to a scarecrow pole during the meteor shower, into comas. He sets out to kill everyone attending the school's dance, after witnessing Clark experience the same hazing he did, but Clark is able to arrive in time to stop him.

## Production

### Casting

Gough and Millar had five months for casting, but their primary focus was on finding an actor to play Clark Kent. They received Kristin Kreuk's audition tape for the role of Lana Lang and liked it so much that they immediately showed her to the network. Tom Welling, after twice turning down the producers' attempts to get him to audition for the role of Clark Kent, eventually accepted the opportunity to be part of the show. It was David Nutter who finally convinced Welling to read the script for the pilot, after finding Welling's picture in a photo album at the casting director's office. Welling's manager did not want him to take the role because it could hurt his feature film career, but Welling liked the script and agreed to come in for an audition. Welling's reason for turning down the role was because the producers were keeping quiet on what the show was really about, which left him with the impression the show was going to be "Superman in high school", something he did not want to do. Nutter promised to let Welling read the script *if* he came in and auditioned. After auditioning, Welling was given the script to read, which he thought was "amazing". For one of his auditions, he read the graveyard scene, from the pilot, with Kristin Kreuk; the network thought they had "great chemistry". No one could agree on which actors had the best audition for Lex Luthor. Michael Rosenbaum auditioned twice, and, believing he did not take his first audition seriously, outlined a two-and-a-half-page scene from the pilot. He indicated all the places to be funny, charismatic, or menacing, and performed so well that everyone agreed he was "the guy".

John Schneider was brought in to play Jonathan Kent. Schneider was already well known as Bo Duke from *The Dukes of Hazzard*, and Gough believed Schneider's experience from *The Dukes of Hazzard* added believability to the idea that he could have grown up running a farm. Cynthia Ettinger was originally cast as Martha Kent, but during filming it was generally agreed—Ettinger included—that she was not right for the role. Annette O'Toole, who previously portrayed Lana Lang in *Superman III*, and who was fresh off the recent cancellation of her television series *The Huntress*, was cast in Ettinger's place, reshooting the scenes Ettinger had filmed.

Eric Johnson, after auditioning for the roles of Lex and Clark, was cast as Lana Lang's boyfriend Whitney Fordman. Johnson only spent one day filming his scenes for the pilot. Allison Mack toyed with the idea of auditioning for the role of Lana Lang but chose instead to audition for the role of Chloe Sullivan. The character was created just for the series and was intended to add ethnic diversity to the cast, but part of the reason Gough and Millar chose to cast Mack, against their initial intentions to give the character an ethnic background, was because they were impressed with Allison Mack's "rare ability to deliver large chunks of expositionary \[*sic*\] dialogue conversationally". Sam Jones III, who plays Pete Ross, was the last of the series regulars to be cast. Gough and Millar saw Jones four days before they began filming for the pilot. In the comics, Pete Ross is Caucasian, and the producers chose to cast Jones, who is African-American, against the mythology.

### Filming

Once Warner Bros. Television secured the rights to the show, Gough and Millar set out to write the script and find a director for the pilot. Gough and Millar were fans of director David Nutter's previous work; they considered him to be a "preeminent pilot director". David Nutter joined the project because he wanted to make a pilot that respected the audience but that was still fun and smart. Nutter also believes in creating shows that appeal to a wide variety of audiences. He wanted the final scene for the pilot, in which Clark fantasizes about dancing with Lana, to express the show's essence. According to Welling: "It brings them close—not as close as Clark would like, but at the end of \[this\] episode, he imagines that he's with her and can really see it happening".

Production was initially slated to take place in Australia, but Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada had more of the "middle America" feel for which the creators were looking. The area offered a site for the Kent farm, including their barn, and the city itself doubled as Metropolis. Vancouver provided a cheaper shooting location, and was in the same time zone as Los Angeles. Filming began in March 2001; Nutter spent sixteen days on main unit filming and an additional five days for second unit filming. Time constraints forced Nutter to film strictly from Adrien Van Viersen's 150–page storyboard when filming the opening meteor shower scene. Much of the look for *Smallville* came from Millar, who wanted the epitome of "Smalltown, USA". Construction coordinator Rob Maier explained: "It had to be cleaner than clean, nicer than nice, more beautiful than it would be in the real world. All of the people in Smallville are beautiful; all of the colors are bright and sharp". For the Kent farm, Nutter wanted to have "an old world sensibility and tone". For the pilot, the production crew only built a kitchen and dining room to represent the Kent home. All the exterior shots of the farm were taken at the Andalinis farm, owned by a local couple who also gave the crew permission to paint their forest green house yellow. Since the Vancouver farm already had a barn, the production crew only had to build a loft with stairs leading up to it.

Exterior shots of the Luthor Mansion were shot at the Hatley Castle in Victoria, two hours west of Vancouver by ferry. Time constraints forced scenes, which were shot from multiple angles, to sometimes be shot at separate locations. A scene involving Whitney (Eric Johnson) and Lana (Kristin Kreuk) sitting on her porch was shot at two different locations. Close-ups of Whitney were shot under a football stadium, while close-ups of Lana were shot in a potato-processing factory. Unable to shoot at the house being used as the Lang residence, the crew built Lana's front porch inside a sewage processing facility for the final scene of the episode where Lana walks up the stairs to her house. The local sewage treatment facility is also the site for the LuthorCorp pesticide plant, which Lex was sent to Smallville to manage. The crash site of Clark's ship was shot at the sandpits where *Mission to Mars* was filmed. Smallville's Main Street was filmed in both the town of Merritt, which is three hours east of Vancouver, and in the town of Cloverdale. Most of the filming took place in Cloverdale, since the town had a long stretch of vacant buildings that could double as Smallville's Main Street. When the production crew came to film the opening teaser, they had to decorate the town with ribbons and balloons, as well as paint some of the buildings to attain Millar's idea of "Smalltown, USA". Two sets were built just for the pilot. The Kent storm cellar was built as a cover set inside the farm's barn. For the cemetery scene between Clark and Lana, production designer Bernard Hides built the entire cemetery from scratch in an empty field.

### Effects

On-set computer-generated effects for the pilot were done by Thomas Special Effects. Certain scenes, because of time and money, had to be created digitally. The opening sequence showing the destruction of the water tower by a meteor was created on the computer. A persistent problem during production was the lack of cornfields. As realistic corn was a necessity for a show based in Kansas, this became a problem for the filmmakers. Over 10,000 stalks of corn were grown in a greenhouse for the pilot, but they only grew two feet high, which was not usable to the crew. The day the crew was filming the scene for Clark's landing there were no cornfields in the surrounding area. The cornfields had to be digitally added. Digital corn was a common substitute for the undersized corn that was grown, but for scenes where digital corn was not an option, six hundred stalks of fake corn were flown in from a manufacturer in Arizona. Other digital effects include the flattened cornfield where Lex was caught in a meteorite blast. Some scenes required physical effects, instead of computer imagery. When Lex drives his car off a bridge and hits Clark, the stunt performer, who doubled as Wolverine in the film *X-Men*, was literally hit by the car as it went over the bridge.

## Release and reception

"Pilot" premiered on The WB on October 16, 2001. 8.4 million viewers watched the pilot's debut, breaking The WB's record for highest ratings for a new series. The pilot broke The WB's ratings record for the 18–49 male demographic, with 3.9 million viewers; it became the third-highest rated debut for the overall adult 18–49 demographic, with an average 3.8 million viewers. The premiere also finished first with viewers age 12–34, leading Warner Bros. President of Entertainment Jordan Levin to credit the series with invigorating the network's Tuesday night lineup. The pilot won an Emmy Award for Sound Editing; it had also been nominated for Visual Effects but lost to UPN's *Star Trek: Enterprise*. The special effects team won a Leo Award for Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series. Casting directors Deedee Bradley, Coreen Mayrs, and Barbara Miller were nominated for an Artios Award for their work on the pilot. The pilot was nominated for two Golden Reel Awards, one for Effects & Foley Sound Editing and one for Music Sound Editing. Peter Wunstorf was also nominated for an American Society of Cinematographers Award for his work on the pilot. The pilot, along with the second episode "Metamorphosis", was released in Canada as a special pilot movie. The episodes were altered on the DVD, formatted in 1.78 widescreen, and presented with no opening segment and an alternate closing. It also contained the same special features present in the DVD box set of the first season. The DVD was released in a snap case.

The pilot received favorable reviews upon its release. Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh *Post-Gazette* thought it was a "respectful addition to Superman lore" and had "all the markings of a super series". Owen noted the Christ-like imagery of the scene, stating, "is it any wonder Clark gets tied up there since Superman, too, was 'sent to save us'?" Echoing Owen, DVD Verdict noted the same symbolism:

> Superman is, in a way, the secular pop culture stand-in for Jesus Christ, a messiah figure for our generation. The series makes this theme explicit in its pilot episode, in which Clark is symbolically 'crucified' in a cornfield. That striking bit of symbolism becomes the central preoccupation of the series; Clark is the savior who sacrifices all for the greater good of humanity, and *Smallville* shows us how he comes to accept and embrace that role.

Elizabeth White of *Media Life* believed the show had potential to be a big hit for The WB but felt it needed to survive not only its time slot—Tuesdays at 9:00 p.m. (EST)—but also the audience's expectations of "what Superman should be". *USA Today'*s Robert Bianco was a bit more mixed in his criticism. Bianco stated: "For all its innovations, there's also something rehashed and repetitive about *Smallville*... shows often look more familiar at the outset than they do as they progress. There's talent and intelligence at work in *Smallville*. Given time, maybe they'll find a more distinctive voice". Jeremy Conrad, from *IGN*, swore to himself that he would never watch *Smallville*, because he was a "huge Superman fan" and he did not like the idea the creators would be making changes to the Superman mythology. After viewing the pilot, Conrad said: "It's a very solid start to the series, and one of the better pilot episodes I've seen in a while". In The Futon Critic's 50 best episodes of 2001 rankings, the pilot was placed 31st, with Brian Ford Sullivan stating that "*Smallville* opened us to a surprisingly fresh take on the Superman myth-this time showing us the humble beginnings of a young Clark Kent".

The CW re-aired the pilot on Friday, April 8, 2011 in preparation for the series finale. The episode was watched by 1.55 million viewers and achieved a 0.5 Adults 18-49 rating, despite only 92% coverage.

**Footnotes**

**Bibliography**

## InfoBox

| "**Pilot**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Smallville* episode | |
| Clark is strung up as a scarecrow in the promotional poster for the premiere; this would lend to comparisons to Christ, as well as other character themes between Clark and Lex. | |
| Episode no. | Season 1<br>Episode 1 |
| Directed by | David Nutter |
| Written by | Alfred Gough & Miles Millar |
| Production code | 475165 |
| Original air date | October 16, 2001 (2001-10-16) |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
|
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