title: Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University

abstract: Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), formerly known as the University of Dammam, is a public university in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. It is one of the oldest and leading universities in medicine in the country's Eastern Province. It is named after Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, the last ruler of the Second Saudi State and the father of King Abdulalziz ibn Saud, the founder and first monarch of Saudi Arabia Dr. Abdullah Al-Rubaish is its President. It was a previously a part of King Faisal University. The new name is Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, it has been renamed during the visit of King Salman bin Abdelaziz to Dammam November 2016. The main campus is in the coastal area of Al-Rakah. Several colleges are scattered around the eastern province The admissions to this university is based on standardized national exams. Afterwards, students are admitted into tracks based on their grades. In their first year, students compete for majors where the top students are sorted into the colleges of their choice. The medical track is one of the most competitive in the entire university. For example, only the top 140 students would be admitted into the college of medicine, and so on. In May 2021, Dr. Ebtisam Mohammed Al-Mathal, who is the dean of human resources and a professor of parasitology in the science faculty, was appointed secretary of the board of trustees at the university.

text:
# Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University

**Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU)**, formerly known as the **University of Dammam**, is a public university in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. It is one of the oldest and leading universities in medicine in the country's Eastern Province. It is named after Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, the last ruler of the Second Saudi State and the father of King Abdulalziz ibn Saud, the founder and first monarch of Saudi Arabia

Dr. Abdullah Al-Rubaish is its President. It was a previously a part of King Faisal University (now in Al-hasa only).

The new name is Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, it has been renamed during the visit of King Salman bin Abdelaziz to Dammam November 2016.

The main campus is in the coastal area of Al-Rakah (situated between Dammam and Khobar). Several colleges are scattered around the eastern province (College of Medicine is in the main campus.)

The admissions to this university is based on standardized national exams. Afterwards, students are admitted into tracks based on their grades. In their first year, students compete for majors where the top students are sorted into the colleges of their choice. The medical track is one of the most competitive in the entire university. For example, only the top 140 students would be admitted into the college of medicine, and so on.

In May 2021, Dr. Ebtisam Mohammed Al-Mathal, who is the dean of human resources and a professor of parasitology in the science faculty, was appointed secretary of the board of trustees at the university.

## History

The University of Dammam was founded 1975 with two colleges - the College of Medicine and the College of Architecture. Both male and female students have been enrolled at the University since its inception.

Other colleges followed: Applied Medical Sciences (1995), Dentistry (2001), Applied Studies and Community Services (2003) and Nursing.

## University Colleges

* College of Medicine
* College of Dentistry University of Dammam
* Medical Applied Sciences
* Science
* Nursing
* Computer Science and Information Technology
* Engineering
* Architecture
* Business administration
* Basic Medical Sciences
* Medical Applied Sciences- Qatif
* Education-Hafer AlBatin
* Science and Arts-Khafji
* Medical Applied Sciences - Jubail (Under Construction)
* Dammam Community College
* Clinical Pharmacy (Under Construction)
* Public Health (Under Construction)
* Administrative Sciences Qatif (Under Construction)
* Design
* Medical Applied Sciences - Jubail (Under Construction)
* Clinical Pharmacy
* Public Health
* Administrative Sciences Qatif (Under Construction)
* Design

## InfoBox

Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
| جامعة الإمام عبد الرحمن بن فيصل | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Former name | King Faisal University
University of Dammam |
| Type | Public university |
| Established | 1975 (1975) |
| President | Abdullah M. Al Rubaish |
| Academic staff | 2,094 (2023) |
| Students | 85,407 |
| Undergraduates | 28,079 (2023) |
| Postgraduates | 57,328 (2020) |
| Location | Dammam, Eastern Province,  Saudi Arabia
26°23′38″N 50°11′22″E / 26.39389°N 50.18944°E / 26.39389; 50.18944 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Language | English, Arabic |
| Website | iau.edu.sa |


title: Wayne Ellis (rugby league)

abstract: Wayne Ellis is an Australian former rugby league coach. Ellis was caretaker coach of Western Suburbs in 1994. A former Western Suburbs Presidents Cup coach, Ellis was serving as the club's football manager when asked to take charge of the team for the final seven rounds of the 1994 NSWRL season, replacing Warren Ryan. His decision to play five-eighth Steve Georgallis as a lock against Newcastle was influential in securing one of his two wins as coach. He returned to his role as football manager the following season, under new coach Tommy Raudonikis.

text:
# Wayne Ellis (rugby league)

**Wayne Ellis** is an Australian former rugby league coach.

Ellis was caretaker coach of Western Suburbs in 1994.

A former Western Suburbs Presidents Cup coach, Ellis was serving as the club's football manager when asked to take charge of the team for the final seven rounds of the 1994 NSWRL season, replacing Warren Ryan. His decision to play five-eighth Steve Georgallis as a lock against Newcastle was influential in securing one of his two wins as coach. He returned to his role as football manager the following season, under new coach Tommy Raudonikis.

## InfoBox

Wayne Ellis
| Coaching information | |
| --- | --- |
| Club  **Years** **Team** **Gms** **W** **D** **L** **W%**  1994 Western Suburbs 7 2 0 5 29 | |


title: Nancai

abstract: Nancai Town is a town situated at the center of Shunyi District, Beijing. It is located south of Beixiaoying Town, west of Yang Town, North of Lisui and Renhe Towns, and east of Shuangfeng Subdistrict. It had 73,163 inhabitants within its borders in 2020. The town's name came from Cai Village that used to exist in the area, which was later split into north and south villages during the Yuan dynasty.

text:
# Nancai

**Nancai Town** (simplified Chinese: 南彩镇; traditional Chinese: 南彩鎮; pinyin: *Náncái Zhèn*) is a town situated at the center of Shunyi District, Beijing. It is located south of Beixiaoying Town, west of Yang Town, North of Lisui and Renhe Towns, and east of Shuangfeng Subdistrict. It had 73,163 inhabitants within its borders in 2020.

The town's name came from Cai Village that used to exist in the area, which was later split into north and south villages during the Yuan dynasty.

## History

History of Nancai Town
| Time | Status | Under |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1912–1949 | Yuxinzhuang | Miyun County |
| | Daxingzhuang | Sanhe County |
| 1949–1958 | 7th District | Shunyi County |
| 1958–1962 | Wuli Management District, part of Yanggezhuang People's Commune | |
| 1962–1983 | Nancai People's Commune | |
| 1983–1989 | Nancai Township | |
| 1989–1998 | Nancai Town (Incorporated Fengbo Township in 1997) | |
| 1998–present | | Shunyi District |

## Administrative divisions

In 2021, There were 27 subdivisions within Nancai Town, consisted of 1 community and 26 villages:

| Administrative Division Code | Subdisvision Names | Name Transliteration | Type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 110113106001 | 彩丰 | Caifeng | Community |
| 110113106201 | 前薛各庄 | Qian Xuegezhuang | Village |
| 110113106202 | 后薛各庄 | Hou Xuegezhuang | Village |
| 110113106203 | 南彩 | Nancai | Village |
| 110113106204 | 坞里 | Wuli | Village |
| 110113106205 | 双营 | Shuangying | Village |
| 110113106206 | 南小营 | Nan Xiaoying | Village |
| 110113106207 | 洼里 | Wali | Village |
| 110113106208 | 望渠 | Wangqu | Village |
| 110113106209 | 道仙庄 | Daoxianzhuang | Village |
| 110113106210 | 东江头 | Dong Jiangtou | Village |
| 110113106211 | 西江头 | Xi Jiangtou | Village |
| 110113106212 | 于辛庄 | Yuxinzhuang | Village |
| 110113106213 | 大兴庄 | Daxingzhuang | Village |
| 110113106214 | 太平庄 | Taipingzhuang | Village |
| 110113106215 | 水屯 | Shuitun | Village |
| 110113106216 | 九王庄 | Jiuwangzhuang | Village |
| 110113106217 | 前俸伯 | Qian Fengbo | Village |
| 110113106218 | 后俸伯 | Hou Fengbo | Village |
| 110113106219 | 河北村 | Hebeicun | Village |
| 110113106220 | 杜刘庄 | Duliuzhuang | Village |
| 110113106221 | 北彩 | Beicai | Village |
| 110113106222 | 柳行 | Liuxing | Village |
| 110113106223 | 黄家场 | Huangjiachang | Village |
| 110113106224 | 桥头 | Qiaotou | Village |
| 110113106225 | 前郝家疃 | Qian Hejiatuan | Village |
| 110113106226 | 后郝家疃 | Hou Hejiatuan | Village |

## InfoBox

| Nancai Town 南彩镇 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| Location of Nancai Town within Shunyi District | |
| Nancai TownNancai Town | |
| Coordinates: 40°07′58″N 116°42′19″E / 40.13278°N 116.70528°E / 40.13278; 116.70528 | |
| Country | China |
| Municipality | Beijing |
| District | Shunyi |
| Village-level Divisions | 1 communities
26 villages |
| Area | |
| Total | 56.22 km2 (21.71 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 33 m (108 ft) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 73,163 |
| Density | 1,300/km2 (3,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 101300 |
| Area code | 010 |


title: Neustadt (Dosse)

abstract: Neustadt (Dosse) is a town in the district of Ostprignitz-Ruppin, Brandenburg, Germany with a population of 3,575. It has a total area of 75.43 km⁲, and lies close to the river Dosse.

text:
# Neustadt (Dosse)

**Neustadt (Dosse)** is a town in the district of Ostprignitz-Ruppin, Brandenburg, Germany with a population of 3,575 (as of 2010). It has a total area of 75.43 km2, and lies close to the river Dosse.

## History

Neustadt was founded in 1407 by the Count of Ruppin. In 1788, the Prussian king Friedrich William II expanded the town and his stud. Until today, the national stud of Brandenburg (Brandenburgisches Haupt- und Landgestüt, i.e. Brandenburgian Main and State Stud) is located in Neustadt which is thus a principal place of the horse breeding in Brandenburg, especially for horses of the Brandenburger breed.

From 1815 to 1945, Neustadt was part of the Prussian Province of Brandenburg. from 1952 to 1990, it was part of the Bezirk Potsdam of East Germany.

## Areas

Babe, Helenenhof, Kampehl, Köritz, Leddin, Lindenau, Neuhof, Neuroddahn, Plänitz, Schönfeld, Spiegelberg, and Strubbergshof.

## Demography

Neustadt (Dosse): Population development
within the current boundaries (2013)
| Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1875  3,838       1890  3,768 −0.12%  1910  3,668 −0.13%  1925  4,138 +0.81%  1933  4,010 −0.39%  1939  3,873 −0.58%  1946  6,458 +7.58%  1950  6,231 −0.89%  1964  4,684 −2.02%  1971  4,486 −0.62%  1981  4,097 −0.90%  1985  3,972 −0.77%  1989  4,029 +0.36%  1990  3,946 −2.06%  1991  4,030 +2.13%  1992  4,088 +1.44%  1993  4,039 −1.20%  1994  3,963 −1.88%  1995  4,084 +3.05%  1996  4,042 −1.03% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1997  4,112 +1.73%  1998  4,200 +2.14%  1999  4,151 −1.17%  2000  4,013 −3.32%  2001  4,044 +0.77%  2002  4,013 −0.77%  2003  4,004 −0.22%  2004  3,876 −3.20%  2005  3,781 −2.45%  2006  3,718 −1.67%  2007  3,691 −0.73%  2008  3,645 −1.25%  2009  3,622 −0.63%  2010  3,575 −1.30%  2011  3,531 −1.23%  2012  3,462 −1.95%  2013  3,403 −1.70%  2014  3,391 −0.35%  2015  3,435 +1.30%  2016  3,406 −0.84% |
| --- | --- |

## Mayor

Sabine Ehrlich (SPD) was elected in May 2014 with 54,3 % of the votes for a term of five years.

## Sightseeing

The mummy of Christian Friedrich von Kahlbutz is located in Kampehl, which is a locality of Neustadt (Dosse).

## Transportation

At Neustadt, there is a train stop of the regional express on the Berlin–Hamburg Railway.

## Sons and daughters of the town

* Ludwig Jonas (1797-1859), theologian
* August Lindemann (1842-1921), architect
* Paul Gustaf Krause (1867-1945), paleontologist
* Fritz Thörner (1869-1940), writer

Media related to Neustadt (Dosse) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Neustadt | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Town church | |
|  | |
| Location of Neustadt (Dosse) within Ostprignitz-Ruppin district | |
| Neustadt Neustadt | |
| Coordinates: 52°52′00″N 12°25′59″E / 52.86667°N 12.43306°E / 52.86667; 12.43306 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Brandenburg |
| District | Ostprignitz-Ruppin |
| Municipal assoc. | Neustadt (Dosse) |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202429) | André Stimm |
| Area | |
| Total | 75.43 km2 (29.12 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 35 m (115 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 3,499 |
| Density | 46/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 16845 |
| Dialling codes | 033970 |
| Vehicle registration | OPR |
| Website | www.neustadt-dosse.de |


title: Pogonocherus arizonicus

abstract: Pogonocherus arizonicus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer in 1908. It is known from Mexico and the United States.

text:
# Pogonocherus arizonicus

***Pogonocherus arizonicus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer in 1908. It is known from Mexico and the United States.

## InfoBox

| *Pogonocherus arizonicus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pogonocherini |
| Genus: | *Pogonocherus* |
| Species: | ***P. arizonicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pogonocherus arizonicus***<br>Schäffer, 1908 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pogonocherus medianus* Linsley, 1935 | |


title: Ospemifene

abstract: Ospemifene is an oral medication indicated for the treatment of dyspareunia – pain during sexual intercourse – encountered by some women, more often in those who are post-menopausal. Ospemifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) acting similarly to an estrogen on the vaginal epithelium, building vaginal wall thickness which in turn reduces the pain associated with dyspareunia. Dyspareunia is most commonly caused by "vulvar and vaginal atrophy." The medication was approved by the FDA in February 2013 and by the European Commission for marketing in the EU in January 2015.

text:
# Ospemifene

**Ospemifene** (brand names **Osphena** and **Senshio** produced by Shionogi) is an oral medication indicated for the treatment of dyspareunia  pain during sexual intercourse  encountered by some women, more often in those who are post-menopausal. Ospemifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) acting similarly to an estrogen on the vaginal epithelium, building vaginal wall thickness which in turn reduces the pain associated with dyspareunia. Dyspareunia is most commonly caused by "vulvar and vaginal atrophy."

The medication was approved by the FDA in February 2013 and by the European Commission for marketing in the EU in January 2015.

## Medical uses

Ospemifene is used to treat dyspareunia. In the US it is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe dyspareunia, a symptom of vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA), due to menopause. In the EU it is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe symptomatic VVA in post-menopausal women who are not candidates for local vaginal oestrogen therapy.

## Contraindications

Women with "undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding; known or suspected estrogen-dependent neoplasia; active or history of deep vein thrombosis; pulmonary embolism; arterial thromboembolic disease; and are or may become pregnant" or "with known or suspected breast cancer or those with extreme hepatic impairment" should not take ospemifene. This is not a full list of contraindications.

## Side effects

Side effects associated with ospemifene include vaginal discharge, hot flashes, and diaphoresis. More serious adverse effects are similar to those of estrogens and estrogen receptor modulators. These include, but are not limited to, thromboembolism, allergic reactions, fatigue, and headache, and others could occur. There are other additional adverse effects.

Ospemifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator. As such, many of the effects produced by estrogens are produced by ospemifene. The boxed warning of the medication indicates ospemifene may thicken the endometrium, which could lead to unusual bleeding and endometrial cancer. For women taking estrogens, concurrently taking a type of drug called a progestin has been shown to decrease the occurrence of endometrial hyperplasia. In theory, progestins may be expected to attenuate ospemifene's effects on endometrial thickening. However clinical trials confirming this have not been conducted. Like estrogens, ospemifene also may increase the risk for cardiovascular events, including "stroke, coronary heart disease, venous thromboembolism," and others. The risk of thrombotic and hemorrhagic strokes is given as 0.72 and 1.45 per 1,000 women, while that of deep vein thrombosis is estimated to be 1.45 per 1,000 women. The risks of these adverse events in women taking ospemifene are lower than those in women taking estrogen alone in the form of oral conjugated estrogens. Studies have not documented the relative risk compared with women taking estrogen/progestin therapy.

## Pharmacology

### Pharmacodynamics

Ospemifene is "an estrogen agonist/antagonist that makes vaginal tissue thicker and less fragile resulting in a reduction in the amount of pain women experience with sexual intercourse." This medication should be used for the shortest amount of time possible due to associated adverse effects. Ospemifene might not have an adverse influence on coagulation, in contrast to estrogens and other SERMs like tamoxifen and raloxifene.

A binding assay was also performed to measure the affinity of ospemifene for the estrogen receptor (ERα and ERβ). The study showed that ospemifene bound ERα and ERβ with similar affinity. Ospemifene bound the estrogen receptors with a lower affinity than estradiol. Ospemifene was shown to be an antagonist of "ERE-mediated transactivation on MCF-7 cells," which the authors concluded indicates "anti-estrogenic activity in breast cancer cells."

Tissue-specific estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity of SERMs
| Medication | Breast | Bone | Liver | | | | Uterus | Vagina | Brain | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Lipids | Coagulation | SHBGTooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin | IGF-1Tooltip Insulin-like growth factor 1 | | | Hot flashes | Gonadotropins |
| Estradiol | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| "Ideal SERM" |  | + | + | ± | ± | ± |  | + | + | ± |
| Bazedoxifene |  | + | + | + | + | ? |  | ± |  | ? |
| Clomifene |  | + | + | ? | + | + |  | ? |  | ± |
| Lasofoxifene |  | + | + | + | ? | ? | ± | ± |  | ? |
| Ospemifene |  | + | + | + | + | + | ± | ± |  | ± |
| Raloxifene |  | + | + | + | + | + | ± |  |  | ± |
| Tamoxifen |  | + | + | + | + | + | + |  |  | ± |
| Toremifene |  | + | + | + | + | + | + |  |  | ± |
| **Effect:** + = Estrogenic / agonistic. ± = Mixed or neutral.  = Antiestrogenic / antagonistic. **Note:** SERMs generally increase gonadotropin levels in hypogonadal and eugonadal men as well as premenopausal women (antiestrogenic) but decrease gonadotropin levels in postmenopausal women (estrogenic). **Sources:** See template. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of ospemifene were dose-dependent over a dose range of 10 to 800 mg/day.

## History

### Approval process

Hormos Medical Ltd., which is a part of QuatRx Pharmaceuticals, filed a patent on January 19, 2005, for a solid dosage form of ospemifene. In March 2010, QuatRX Pharmaceuticals licensed ospemifene to Shionogi & Co., Ltd. for clinical development and marketing. A New Drug Application (NDA) was submitted to the FDA on April 26, 2012. Amendments to the NDA were submitted in June, July, August, October, and November 2012, and January and February 2013. It was ultimately approved by the FDA on February 26, 2013. Ospemifene (under the brand name Senshio) was subsequently approved by the European Commission for marketing in the EU in January 2015.

### Preclinial and clinical trials

Preclinical trials were performed in ovariectomized rats to model menopause. Oral ospemifene was compared with raloxifene (another SERM), its metabolites 4-hydroxy ospemifene and 4'-hydroxy ospemifene, estradiol, and ospemifene administered as an intravaginal suppository. Estradiol was used as a positive control and raloxifene was used because it is in the same drug class as ospemifene. Multiple doses of oral ospemifene were tested. 10 mg/kg/day of Ospemifene was found to cause a greater increase in vaginal weight and vaginal epithelial height than 10 mg/kg/day of raloxifene. Vaginal weight had a 1.46x increase after a two-week treatment of 10 mg/kg/day of ospemifene. The number of progesterone receptors was increased in the vaginal stroma and epithelium, which indicates that ospemifene has "estrogenic activity."

Two 12-week phase 3 clinical trials were performed for ospemifene. One evaluated the effects of Ospemifene on vaginal tissue thickness, composition and vaginal pH. The other evaluated the effects of Ospemifene on vaginal tissue and on symptoms of dyspareunia. Between the two trials, 4 signs and symptoms were measured. These included three tissue-related signs, two of which represented histological changes in the vaginal tissue (change in percent parabasal cells and change in percent superficial cells) and the third was "change in vaginal pH". Dyspareunia was evaluated in one of the trials. It was defined as "change in most bothersome symptom" of discomfort during sexual activity and further limited to symptoms of either vaginal dryness or vaginal pain." Ospemifene produced more changes in vaginal tissue and greater reduction in dyspareunia symptoms than placebo. A dose-response also was observed in the trial; ospemifene 60 mg had greater efficacy than ospemifene 30 mg. Safety was also evaluated in these phase 3 trials. There was a 5.2% increase in the incidence of hot flushes, 1.6% increase in urinary tract infections, and 0.5% increase in the incidence of headache with ospemifene over placebo. One of the phase 3 trials was a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 826 post-menopausal women. The trial patients were required to have one or more symptom of vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) that was moderate or severe in nature with fewer than 5% of cells that were superficial when examined by a vaginal smear and a vaginal pH of at least 5.0. This trial did not quantify relief of dyspareunia as a study outcome measure. The other phase 3 trial was conducted in 605 women aged 40 to 80, who were diagnosed with VVA, and whose worst symptom was dyspareunia.

## Society and culture

### Economics

In the first half of the 2013 fiscal year, Osphena generated 0.1 B yen in revenue, which is roughly equivalent to $974,944 U.S. dollars. When Osphena was put onto the market, it was predicted to earn $495 million in 2017.

## InfoBox

Ospemifene
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Osphena, Senshio |
| Other names | Deaminohydroxytoremifene |
| License data |  |
| Routes of
administration | By mouth |
| Drug class | Selective estrogen receptor modulator |
| ATC code |  |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 2-(*p*-((*Z*)-4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy)ethanol | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.190.672 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C24H23ClO2 |
| Molar mass | 378.90 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * OCCOc1ccc(/C(=C(/CCCl)c2ccccc2)c2ccccc2)cc1 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C24H23ClO2/c25-16-15-23(19-7-3-1-4-8-19)24(20-9-5-2-6-10-20)21-11-13-22(14-12-21)27-18-17-26/h1-14,26H,15-18H2/b24-23- * Key:LUMKNAVTFCDUIE-VHXPQNKSSA-N | |


title: Poliçan

abstract: Poliçan (Albanian definite form: Poliçani) is a city and a municipality situated in south-central Albania. It was formed at the 2015 local government reform by the merger of the former municipalities Poliçan, Tërpan and Vërtop, that became municipal units. The seat of the municipality is the town Poliçan. The total population is 10,953, in a total area of 272.20 km⁲. The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 4,318. Historically, Polican has been part of Berat County except from 1978 to 1991 when city was made part of Skrapar due to political pressure from the regime at that time. It was established as an industrial center.

text:
# Poliçan

**Poliçan** *(Albanian definite form:* Poliçani*)* is a city and a municipality situated in south-central Albania. It was formed at the 2015 local government reform by the merger of the former municipalities Poliçan, Tërpan and Vërtop, that became municipal units. The seat of the municipality is the town Poliçan. The total population is 10,953 (2011 census), in a total area of 272.20 km2. The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 4,318. Historically, Polican has been part of Berat County except from 1978 to 1991 when city was made part of Skrapar due to political pressure from the regime at that time. It was established as an industrial center.

## Geography

The city is situated 256m above sea level, but the proximity with the Osum river maintains a typical Mediterranean climate, with all the four seasons accentuated. Poliçan is surrounded by several hills, said from which the name is derived. Its neighbourhoods include Plirez, Pronovik, Kalluc, Poligon, Lavdar and City center.

## History

The city was built in the 1960s by the Communist government with the purpose of creating an industrial town for the production of weapons and munitions.

It was long regarded as a "ghost" town because little was revealed for security reasons about the place and its industrial activities.

## Economy

The economy of the town is concentrated in the weapons industry although with the fall of the communist regime in 1990 it caused production to collapse. The industrial sector is also active through a small factory for the production of beer.

Agricultural activities include the production of wheat, maize, beans and vegetables.

In the surrounding hills olives, chestnuts, nuts, figs, cherries and grapes are also cultivated. Grapes are mainly produced for raki. There is also a greenhouse of 0.5 km2.

## Notable people

Below are notable personalities born in Poliçan or that spent most of their lives in Poliçan:

## InfoBox

| Poliçan | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Poliçan | |
| Coordinates: 40°36′44″N 20°5′53″E / 40.61222°N 20.09806°E / 40.61222; 20.09806 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Berat |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Adriatik Zotkaj (PS) |
| Area | |
| Municipality | 272.20 km2 (105.10 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 256 m (840 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Municipality | 10,953 |
| Municipality density | 40/km2 (100/sq mi) |
| Municipal unit | 4,318 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal Code | 5403-5404 |
| Area Code | (0)368 |
| Website | www.polican.gov.al |


title: Predrag Kojović

abstract: Predrag Kojović is a Bosnian politician serving as member of the national House of Representatives since 2018. From 2014 to 2018, Kojović was a member of the Federal House of Representatives. He was the president of Our Party from 2015 to 2021.

text:
# Predrag Kojović

**Predrag Kojović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Предраг Којовић; born 2 July 1965) is a Bosnian politician serving as member of the national House of Representatives since 2018.

From 2014 to 2018, Kojović was a member of the Federal House of Representatives. He was the president of Our Party from 2015 to 2021.

## Biography

Kojović, a Bosnian Serb, was born in Travnik in 1965. He graduated in 1988 from the Faculty of Law in Sarajevo. Before the Yugoslav Wars, he worked as a journalist for *Yutel*, and from 1991 he worked as a reporter for Reuters, covering wars in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Kojović was not a member of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but he worked as a war correspondent. Later he worked as war correspondent across the world.

In 2010, Kojović was elected to the Sarajevo Cantonal Assembly. At the 2014 general election, he was elected to the Federal House of Representatives. On 16 May 2015, Kojović became the new president of Our Party, succeeding Dennis Gratz. In December 2018, he became a member of the national House of Representatives.

On 25 June 2021, Kojović resigned from his position as the president of Our Party, stating that "the reasons are of a personal nature and I sincerely hope that there will be no malicious speculations and conspiracy theories in this regard", but adding that he is staying "as a dedicated member of Our Party." However, only three days later, on 28 June, he decided to stay as the party's president until its scheduled congress in September 2021. Finally, at the party's congress, held on 4 September, he was succeeded as president by Edin Forto.

At the 2022 general election, Kojović was re-elected to the national House of Representatives, obtaining over 10,000 votes.

## Personal life

Kojović lives and works in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## InfoBox

| Predrag Kojović | |
| --- | --- |
| Kojović in 2018 | |
|  | |
| Member of the House of Representatives | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
6 December 2018 | |
| Parliamentary offices   Member of the Federal House of Representatives  **In office**
17 November 2014  6 December 2018 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Additional positions   President of Our Party  **In office**
16 May 2015  4 September 2021  Preceded by Dennis Gratz  Succeeded by Edin Forto | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1965-07-02) 2 July 1965
Travnik, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Political party | Our Party |
| Residence(s) | Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Alma mater | University of Sarajevo (LL.B.) |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Profession | Lawyer |
|  | |


title: Wayne Elsey

abstract: Wayne Elsey is the founder and former CEO of Soles4Souls, a Nashville-based nonprofit organization that collects shoes from footwear companies and shoe drives. After leaving Soles4Souls in 2012, he established Elsey Enterprises, a branding and marketing firm. In 2013 founded Funds2Orgs, a social enterprise for helping nonprofit organizations raise funds.

text:
# Wayne Elsey

**Wayne Elsey** is the founder and former CEO of Soles4Souls, a Nashville-based nonprofit organization that collects shoes from footwear companies and shoe drives. After leaving Soles4Souls in 2012, he established Elsey Enterprises, a branding and marketing firm. In 2013 founded Funds2Orgs, a social enterprise for helping nonprofit organizations raise funds.

## Career

Elsey began working in the shoe industry as a teenager, initially at a local branch of GallenKamp Shoes in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Not long after graduating from Stafford Senior High School in 1983, he started working for Stride Rite, and where he became a regional vice president at the age of 25.

From 1999 to 2004, Elsey was the president and CEO of Footwear Specialties International. Later, he managed growth and development in the occupational footwear market with Nautilus, Skidbuster, Third Watch, and Avenger. He also worked at EJ Footwear LLC (formerly known as the Endicott Johnson Corporation), Iron Age and Lake of the Woods. In 2000, Elsey was promoted to CEO/president of Nautilus Footwear. In March 2005, Elsey was named President of Kodiak-Terra USA Inc. He left Kodiak-Terra in April 2007 to work full time on Soles4Souls.

## Charity work

In 2004 Elsey founded Soles4Souls, a nonprofit organization that sends shoes to recovering communities struck by natural disasters. Soles4Souls became one of the USA's fastest growing charities, but faced criticism over claims that a $1 donation would provide a pair of shoes to someone in need, since the used shoes they received were resold to wholesalers that then sold them to small businesses in developing countries instead of directly shipping them abroad. One shoe company donated new shoes but the charity resold them and they ended up sold in discount stores in the USA. In 2010, Elsey expanded Soles4Souls to Clothes4Souls and in 2011, he added Hope4Souls.

In 2010, Elsey published his book *Almost Isn’t Good Enough* about his experience with nonprofit organizations. After leaving Soles4Souls, he started Elsey Enterprises, a branding and marketing company. During his tenure at Soles4Souls, he was accused of misusing charity funds for personal needs by borrowing $900,000 to refinance his personal property which was ruled illegal under Tennessee law. Elsey later repaid the money in full and refuted that he had mismanaged the funds, saying that he was safeguarding the funds during the economic downturn. In 2016, Elsey Enterprises acquired Shoes With Heart, a shoe drive fundraising business based in Southern California.

## InfoBox

| Wayne Elsey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Arlington, Virginia |
| Occupation | CEO of Elsey Enterprises |
| Known for | Soles4Souls |


title: Politics of Northern Nigeria

text:
# Politics of Northern Nigeria

The government of Northern Nigeria was modelled after the Westminster system. A premier acts as head of government and presides over the day-to-day affairs of government, while a governor acts as head of state and commander-in-chief of the constabulary. The Lower house of parliament, called the House of Assembly, is composed of elected representatives from the various provinces of the country. The Upper house of parliament, called the House of Chiefs, is similar to the British House of Lords. It is composed of unelected emirs of the various Native Authority Councils of the nation's provinces. Before 1963, the Queen of the United Kingdom served as the sovereign of Northern Nigeria.

## Political roots

In the period immediately after the world war II, Nigerian politics took a new direction. In 1946 the British colonial administration introduced the Richards Constitution which divided Nigeria into three regions – the North, the West and the East. Nigerian political representation was introduced at the federal and the regional level, and Nigerian political parties were allowed. The dominating political party in Northern Nigeria was the Northern People’s Congress, dominated by the Islamic political elite in the North and widely perceived as a Muslim party. To the Christian communities like the Bachama's and others throughout the Middle Belt the Northern People’s Congress was perceived as the chief political enemy, and Christian dominated parties were founded in the Middle Belt, especially the Middle Zone League and the United Middle Belt Congress which were supported by most Bachama's. To the Christians of northern Nigeria the main political aim of the period was to avoid Muslim domination and to resist what they saw as a long-standing British imperialism and Muslim Fulani sub-imperialism in northern Nigeria.

## Pre-colonial legacy

The structure of Northern Nigeria's governments is entwined in the administrative structure of the Sokoto Caliphate, In 1903, the governor of Northern Nigeria, Lord Lugard, guaranteed the administrative structure of the region when he decided to preserve the emirate system of the caliphate; in later structural adjustments the emirates were slowly translated into provinces, some of which became composed of multiple emirates.

## Northern Nigerianism

As opposed to Nigerian Nationalism, Northern Nigeria never experienced a phase of nationalism that usually preceded the independence of most African countries, Northern Nigerianism on the other hand was directed against the perceived dominance and influence of the Nigerian South. In the 1940s the Northern Nigerian delegation opted to maintain Nigeria's federal structure and subsequently voted against Independence. In 1952 another rejection of Independence by the North led to attacks on the Northern Delegation to the Lagos conference; News of the attacks led to the 1953 Kano Riots and the famous "mistake of 1914" speech delivered by the sardauna.

In the 1970s organised Northern Nigerian activism slowly led to the emergence of powerful pan-northern interest groups, these groups were however severely decapitated by the sweeping victories of Shehu Yar'adua Peoples Democratic Movement in 1993. since 1999, Northern Nigerianism has continued to suffer electoral setbacks.

## Administrative and political structures

### Emirates

The emirs of Northern Nigeria preside over the numerous emirates of the country; their number has gradually grown since the introduction of sub-class emirates in the third and fourth Nigerian Republics. Although constitutionally nominal since the first republic, they continue to be a source of authority and influence throughout Northern Nigeria. In 2014, the selection of Sanusi Lamido Sanusi as Emir Kano led to a four-day standoff purportedly instigated by the president, who was afraid of the influence that Sunusi would garner from the office.

### Local and state governments

Local politics in Northern Nigeria has been plagued by kleptocratic interest groups since the fall of the Northern Central Government. Organized kleptocracies in the form family compact political groups usually rule the Northern Nigerian grass roots. Some have speculated that cultural influence of the Nigerian South could be responsible for the endemic corruption that is plaguing Northern Nigeria's political polity.


title: Nance, Cornwall

abstract: Nance is a hamlet southwest of Carbis Bay in west Cornwall, England.

text:
# Nance, Cornwall

**Nance** is a hamlet southwest of Carbis Bay in west Cornwall, England.

## InfoBox

| Nance | |
| --- | --- |
| Gate and gorse, looking northeast from Nance | |
| NanceLocation within Cornwall | |
| OS grid reference | SW514374 |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|


title: Neodavisia singularis

abstract: Neodavisia singularis is a species of snout moth in the genus Neodavisia. It was described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1913 and is known from the US state of Florida. The wingspan is about 12 mm.

text:
# Neodavisia singularis

***Neodavisia singularis*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Neodavisia*. It was described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1913 and is known from the US state of Florida (where it was described from the Everglades).

The wingspan is about 12 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Neodavisia singularis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Neodavisia* |
| Species: | ***N. singularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neodavisia singularis***<br>(Barnes & McDunnough, 1913) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Davisia singularis* Barnes & McDunnough, 1913 | |


title: Pogonocherini

abstract: Pogonocherini is a tribe of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae.

text:
# Pogonocherini

**Pogonocherini** is a tribe of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae.

## Taxonomy

## InfoBox

| Pogonocherini | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Cerambycidae Grösse 4-6 mm. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Subfamily: | Lamiinae |
| Tribe: | Pogonocherini<br>Mulsant, 1839 |
|


title: Ostia Antica (district)

abstract: Ostia Antica is the 35th zona of Rome, Italy, four kilometers away from the coast. It is identified by the initials Z. XXXV and it is distinct from Ostia. Ostia Antica belongs to Municipio X.

text:
# Ostia Antica (district)

**Ostia Antica** is the 35th *zona* of Rome, Italy, four kilometers away from the coast. It is identified by the initials **Z. XXXV** and it is distinct from Ostia. Ostia Antica belongs to Municipio X.

## History

Under the Romans, Ostia Antica reached a peak of some 75,000 inhabitants in the 2nd and 3rd century AD. A slow decline began in the time of Constantine I, and the city became an episcopal see as part of the Diocesi of Rome as early as the 3rd century AD. St. Augustine passed through in the late 4th century; his mother, St. Monica, died here in 387 in a house property of the Diocesi of Rome. The poet Rutilius Namatianus also reported the lack of maintenance of the city in 414. Recent excavations, however, put the date of decline later. The city contained 26 operating baths in the 4th century and there is plenty of evidence of repairs on public buildings and the construction of new edifices. Though showing decay in some areas, the late period is one of transition from a city filled with workers employed in collecting, storing and moving huge amounts of grain, oil and wine (and other products) to feed Rome to one with the character of a seaside resort. The city remained prosperous into the 5th century, as it was the seat of the *Praefectus annonae*. There is expansion beyond the western and southern walls in the area of the Porta Marina. Ostia became an episcopal see as early as the 3rd century AD, with the cathedral (*titulus*) of *Santa Aurea*, erected over the tomb of St. Monica.

As the centuries passed, Ostia fell into ruin but continued to provide maritime access for visitors to Rome. Saracen pirates were a frequent concern; the naval Battle of Ostia was fought off the coast in 849. Pope Gregory IV fortified the existing borough and it was rechristened **Gregoriopoli**. By this time, the shifting course of the Tiber had landlocked the ancient port, and the town was mainly a shelter for the workers of the nearby salt mills.

In the late 15th century, the bishop Giuliano della Rovere (later Pope Julius II) commissioned the rebuilding of the main church and town walls under the direction of the architect Baccio Pontelli. The Castle of Julius II, also built at this time, remains the most striking feature of modern Ostia. The castle was abandoned after a flood in 1587 inundated its moat and turned the surrounding area into a marsh.

The castle and the town were restored again in the 20th century.

## Geography

Ostia Antica is located in the south-western part of the municipality of Rome, separated from the urban complex, along the river Tiber.

The territory of Ostia Antica includes the major part of the urban zone **13E** *Ostia Antica*.

### Boundaries

Ostia Antica borders to the north with the municipality of Fiumicino, from which is separated by the stretch of the river Tiber between Ponte di Tor Boacciana and the Canale dei Pescatori.

The zone borders eastward with *Zona* Acilia Nord (Z. XXXII), whose boundary is marked by the Canale dei Pescatori, up to Via del Mare.

To the south-east, Ostia Antica borders with *Zona* Casal Palocco (Z. XXXIV), whose border is marked by the stretch of Via del Mare between Via della Macchiarella and Via di Tor Boacciana.

To the south-west, the zone borders with *Quartiere* Lido di Ostia Ponente (Q. XXXIV), from which is separated by Via di Tor Boacciana, up to the river Tiber.

### Historical subdivision

Beside the *frazione* of the same name, which also includes the ancient borough, the territory of Ostia Antica includes the urban areas of Saline di Ostia and Bagnoletto.

### Odonymy

While in the ancient village of Ostia road and squares are mainly named after places and people related to the ancient local history, odonyms of the surrounding area all refers to archaeologists and historians. Few streets near the border with Acilia Nord are named after towns of Veneto and Lombardia. Odonyms of the zone can be categorized as follows:

## Places of interest

### Civil buildings

a fortress whose construction was promoted by Pope Gregory IV. it became the museum of the archaeological area in 19th century by decision of Pope Pius IX. * Castle of Julius II or *Rocca di Ostia*, in Viale dei Romagnoli. 15th-century Renaissance fortress (1423-86).

the castle was commissioned by cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, the later Pope Julius II, incorporating an elder defensive tower which had been built in 1423 by order of Pope Martin V.

### Archaeological sites

### Religious buildings

* Santa Aurea, in Viale dei Romagnoli. 15th-century Renaissance church (1483).

### Natural areas

it is dedicated to the people that took part in the reclamation of the area, most of whom were from Ravenna.

## Bibliography

* Patrizio Pensabene (2007). *Ostensium marmorum decus et decor*. L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN 978-88-8265-345-3.
* Sandro Lorenzatti (2007). *Ostia. Storia Ambiente Itinerari*. Genius Loci.

41°46′N 12°18′E / 41.76°N 12.30°E / 41.76; 12.30

## InfoBox

| Ostia Antica | |
| --- | --- |
| *Zona* of Rome | |
| The Castle of Julius II in Ostia Antica. | |
| Position of the *zona* within the city | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lazio |
| Province | Rome |
| Comune | Rome |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.7903 sq mi (14.9967 km2) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 11,681 |
| Density | 2,017.3/sq mi (778.90/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Sensory systems in fish

abstract: Most fish possess highly developed sense organs. Nearly all daylight fish have colour vision that is at least as good as a human's. Many fish also have chemoreceptors that are responsible for extraordinary senses of taste and smell. Although they have ears, many fish may not hear very well. Most fish have sensitive receptors that form the lateral line system, which detects gentle currents and vibrations, and senses the motion of nearby fish and prey. Sharks can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 Hz through their lateral line. Fish orient themselves using landmarks and may use mental maps based on multiple landmarks or symbols. Fish behavior in mazes reveals that they possess spatial memory and visual discrimination.

text:
# Sensory systems in fish

Most fish possess highly developed sense organs. Nearly all daylight fish have colour vision that is at least as good as a human's (see vision in fish). Many fish also have chemoreceptors that are responsible for extraordinary senses of taste and smell. Although they have ears, many fish may not hear very well. Most fish have sensitive receptors that form the lateral line system, which detects gentle currents and vibrations, and senses the motion of nearby fish and prey. Sharks can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 Hz through their lateral line.

Fish orient themselves using landmarks and may use mental maps based on multiple landmarks or symbols. Fish behavior in mazes reveals that they possess spatial memory and visual discrimination.

## Vision

Vision is an important sensory system for most species of fish. Fish eyes are similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates like birds and mammals, but have a more spherical lens. Their retinas generally have both rod cells and cone cells (for scotopic and photopic vision), and most species have colour vision. Some fish can see ultraviolet and some can see polarized light. Amongst jawless fish, the lamprey has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots. Fish vision shows adaptation to their visual environment, for example deep sea fishes have eyes suited to the dark environment.

Fish and other aquatic animals live in a different light environment than terrestrial species. Water absorbs light so that with increasing depth the amount of light available decreases quickly. The optic properties of water also lead to different wavelengths of light being absorbed to different degrees, for example light of long wavelengths (e.g. red, orange) is absorbed quite quickly compared to light of short wavelengths (blue, violet), though ultraviolet light (even shorter wavelength than blue) is absorbed quite quickly as well. Besides these universal qualities of water, different bodies of water may absorb light of different wavelengths because of salts and other chemicals in the water.

## Hearing, vibration, and the lateral line

Hearing is an important sensory system for most species of fish. For example, in the family Batrachoididae, males use their swim bladders to make advertisement calls which females use to localize males. Hearing threshold and the ability to localize sound sources are reduced underwater, in which the speed of sound is faster than in air. Underwater hearing is by bone conduction, and localization of sound appears to depend on differences in amplitude detected by bone conduction. As such, aquatic animals such as fish have a more specialized hearing apparatus that is effective underwater.

Fish can sense sound through their lateral lines and their otoliths (ears). Some fishes, such as some species of carp and herring, hear through their swim bladders.

Hearing is well-developed in carp, which have the Weberian organ, three specialized vertebral processes that transfer vibrations in the swim bladder to the inner ear.

Although it is hard to test sharks' hearing, they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey many miles away. A small opening on each side of their heads (not the spiracle) leads directly into the inner ear through a thin channel.

The lateral line shows a similar arrangement, and is open to the environment via a series of openings called lateral line pores. This is a reminder of the common origin of these two vibration- and sound-detecting organs that are grouped together as the acoustico-lateralis system. In bony fish and tetrapods the external opening into the inner ear has been lost.

## Current detection

The lateral line in fish and aquatic forms of amphibians is a detection system of water currents, consisting mostly of vortices. The lateral line is also sensitive to low-frequency vibrations. It is used primarily for navigation, hunting, and schooling. The mechanoreceptors are hair cells, the same mechanoreceptors for vestibular sense and hearing. Hair cells in fish are used to detect water movements around their bodies. These hair cells are embedded in a jelly-like protrusion called cupula. The hair cells therefore can not be seen and do not appear on the surface of skin. The receptors of the electrical sense are modified hair cells of the lateral line system.

Fish and some aquatic amphibians detect hydrodynamic stimuli via a lateral line. This system consists of an array of sensors called neuromasts along the length of the fish's body. Neuromasts can be free-standing (superficial neuromasts) or within fluid-filled canals (canal neuromasts). The sensory cells within neuromasts are polarized hair cells contained within a gelatinous cupula. The cupula, and the stereocilia which are the "hairs" of hair cells, are moved by a certain amount depending on the movement of the surrounding water. Afferent nerve fibers are excited or inhibited depending on whether the hair cells they arise from are deflected in the preferred or opposite direction. Lateral line neurons form somatotopic maps within the brain informing the fish of amplitude and direction of flow at different points along the body. These maps are located in the medial octavolateral nucleus (MON) of the medulla and in higher areas such as the torus semicircularis.

## Pressure detection

Pressure detection uses the organ of Weber, a system consisting of three appendages of vertebrae transferring changes in shape of the gas bladder to the middle ear. It can be used to regulate the buoyancy of the fish. Fish like the weather fish and other loaches are also known to respond to low pressure areas but they lack a swim bladder.

## Chemoreception (smelling)

The aquatic equivalent to smelling in air is tasting in water. Many larger catfish have chemoreceptors across their entire bodies, which means they "taste" anything they touch and "smell" any chemicals in the water. "In catfish, gustation plays a primary role in the orientation and location of food".

Salmon have a strong sense of smell. Speculation about whether odours provide homing cues, go back to the 19th century. In 1951, Hasler hypothesised that, once in vicinity of the estuary or entrance to its birth river, salmon may use chemical cues which they can smell, and which are unique to their natal stream, as a mechanism to home onto the entrance of the stream. In 1978, Hasler and his students convincingly showed that the way salmon locate their home rivers with such precision was indeed because they could recognise its characteristic smell. They further demonstrated that the smell of their river becomes imprinted in salmon when they transform into smolts, just before they migrate out to sea. Homecoming salmon can also recognise characteristic smells in tributary streams as they move up the main river. They may also be sensitive to characteristic pheromones given off by juvenile conspecifics. There is evidence that they can "discriminate between two populations of their own species".

Sharks have keen olfactory senses, located in the short duct (which is not fused, unlike bony fish) between the anterior and posterior nasal openings, with some species able to detect as little as one part per million of blood in seawater. Sharks have the ability to determine the direction of a given scent based on the timing of scent detection in each nostril. This is similar to the method mammals use to determine the direction of sound. They are more attracted to the chemicals found in the intestines of many species, and as a result often linger near or in sewage outfalls. Some species, such as nurse sharks, have external barbels that greatly increase their ability to sense prey.

The MHC genes are a group of genes present in many animals and important for the immune system; in general, offspring from parents with differing MHC genes have a stronger immune system. Fish are able to smell some aspect of the MHC genes of potential sex partners and prefer partners with MHC genes different from their own.

## Electroreception and magnetoreception

Electroreception is the ability to detect electric fields or currents. Some fish, such as catfish and sharks, have organs that detect weak electric potentials on the order of millivolts. Other fish, like the South American electric fishes Gymnotiformes, can produce weak electric currents, which they use in navigation and social communication. In sharks, the ampullae of Lorenzini are electroreceptor organs. They number in the hundreds to thousands. Sharks use the ampullae of Lorenzini to detect the electromagnetic fields that all living things produce. This helps sharks (particularly the hammerhead shark) find prey. The shark has the greatest electrical sensitivity of any animal. Sharks find prey hidden in sand by detecting the electric fields they produce. Ocean currents moving in the magnetic field of the Earth also generate electric fields that sharks can use for orientation and possibly navigation. Among teleosts, the electric catfish uses electroreception to navigate through muddy waters. These fish make use of spectral changes and amplitude modulation to determine factors such shape, size, distance, velocity, and conductivity. The abilities of the electric fish to communicate and identify sex, age, and hierarchy within the species are also made possible through electric fields. EF gradients as low as 5nV/cm can be found in some saltwater weakly electric fish. Several basal bony fishes, including the paddlefish (*Polyodon spathula*), possess electroreceptors. The paddlefish hunts plankton using thousands of tiny passive electroreceptors located on its extended snout, or rostrum. The paddlefish is able to detect electric fields that oscillate at 0.5–20 Hz, and large groups of plankton generate this type of signal.

Magnetoreception is the ability to detect the direction one is facing based on the Earth's magnetic field. In 1988, researchers found iron, in the form of single domain magnetite, in the skulls of sockeye salmon. The quantities present are sufficient for magnetoreception.

## Fish navigation

Salmon regularly migrate thousands of miles to and from their breeding grounds.

Salmon spend their early life in rivers, and then swim out to sea where they live their adult lives and gain most of their body mass. After several years wandering huge distances in the ocean where they mature, most surviving salmons return to the same natal rivers to spawn. Usually they return with uncanny precision to the river where they were born: most of them swim up the rivers until they reach the very spawning ground that was their original birthplace.

There are various theories about how this happens. One theory is that there are geomagnetic and chemical cues which the salmon use to guide them back to their birthplace. It is thought that, when they are in the ocean, they use magnetoception related to Earth's magnetic field to orient itself in the ocean and locate the general position of their natal river, and once close to the river, that they use their sense of smell to home in on the river entrance and even their natal spawning ground.

## Pain

Experiments done by William Tavolga provide evidence that fish have pain and fear responses. For instance, in Tavolga's experiments, toadfish grunted when electrically shocked and over time they came to grunt at the mere sight of an electrode.

In 2003, Scottish scientists at the University of Edinburgh and the Roslin Institute concluded that rainbow trout exhibit behaviors often associated with pain in other animals. Bee venom and acetic acid injected into the lips resulted in fish rocking their bodies and rubbing their lips along the sides and floors of their tanks, which the researchers concluded were attempts to relieve pain, similar to what mammals would do. Neurons fired in a pattern resembling human neuronal patterns.

Professor James D. Rose of the University of Wyoming claimed the study was flawed since it did not provide proof that fish possess "conscious awareness, particularly a kind of awareness that is meaningfully like ours". Rose argues that since fish brains are so different from human brains, fish are probably not conscious in the manner humans are, so that reactions similar to human reactions to pain instead have other causes. Rose had published a study a year earlier arguing that fish cannot feel pain because their brains lack a neocortex. However, animal behaviorist Temple Grandin argues that fish could still have consciousness without a neocortex because "different species can use different brain structures and systems to handle the same functions."

Animal welfare advocates raise concerns about the possible suffering of fish caused by angling. Some countries, such as Germany have banned specific types of fishing, and the British RSPCA now prosecutes individuals who are cruel to fish.

## Further references


title: George Breinton

abstract: George Breinton was an English politician.

text:
# George Breinton

**George Breinton** (fl. 1413–1425) was an English politician.

## Family

George Breinton was the son of the MP, William Breinton. He married a woman named Agnes at some point before November 1424. It is thought that the MP Thomas Breinton, was their son.

## Career

He was Mayor of Hereford in 1430–4. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Hereford in May 1413, November 1414, March 1416, 1422, 1423 and 1425.


title: Powerlifting at the 2013 World Games

abstract: The powerlifting competition at the 2013 World Games held in Cali, Colombia took place from July 30 to August 1 at the Mariano Ramos Coliseum.

text:
# Powerlifting at the 2013 World Games

The **powerlifting** competition at the 2013 World Games held in Cali, Colombia took place from July 30 to August 1 at the Mariano Ramos Coliseum.

## Participating nations

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's lightweight | Sergey Fedosienko
Russia | Sergey Gladkikh
Russia | Hsieh Tsung-ting
Chinese Taipei |
| Men's middleweight | Jarosław Olech
Poland | Kjell Egil Bakkelund
Norway | José Castillo
Ecuador |
| Men's heavyweight | Vadym Dovhanyuk
Ukraine | Anibal Coimbra
Luxembourg | Konstantin Lebedko
Russia |
| Men's super heavyweight | Andrey Konovalov
Russia | Viktor Testsov
Ukraine | Carl Yngvar Christensen
Norway |
|  | | | | | | |
| Women's lightweight | Natalia Salnikova
Russia | Chen Wei-ling
Chinese Taipei | Yukako Fukushima
Japan |
| Women's middleweight | Larysa Soloviova
Ukraine | Tetyana Akhmamyetyeva
Ukraine | Wu Hui-chun
Chinese Taipei |
| Women's heavyweight | Ana Rosa Castellain
Brazil | Yulia Medvedeva
Russia | Priscilla Ribic
United States |
| Women's super heavyweight | Olena Kozlova
Ukraine | Ielja Strik
Netherlands | Svetlana Tsvetkova
Russia |

## Medals table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Russia | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| 2 | Ukraine | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
| 3 | Brazil | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| | Poland | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 5 | Chinese Taipei | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 6 | Norway | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 7 | Luxembourg | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Netherlands | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 9 | Ecuador | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Japan | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | United States | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (11 entries) | | 8 | 8 | 8 | 24 |

## InfoBox

| Powerlifting
at the 2013 World Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | Mariano Ramos Coliseum |
| Dates | 30 July–1 August 2013 |
| Competitors | 80 from 25 nations |
|


title: Wayne England

abstract: Wayne England was an English artist whose work regularly appeared in role-playing games, wargaming rulebooks and magazines and was used on cards for collectible card games such as Magic: The Gathering. He died on 9 February 2016. Fellow Magic: The Gathering artist Christopher Rush died a day later.

text:
# Wayne England

**Wayne England** (d. 9 February 2016) was an English artist whose work regularly appeared in role-playing games, wargaming rulebooks and magazines and was used on cards for collectible card games such as *Magic: The Gathering*.

He died on 9 February 2016. Fellow *Magic: The Gathering* artist Christopher Rush died a day later.

## Works

England produced interior illustrations for *Games Workshop* since Realms of Chaos books, many *Dungeons & Dragons* books, and did the cover for *Lords of Madness* (2005). He also produced artwork for other games such as *The Wheel of Time Roleplaying Game* (Wizards of the Coast) and *Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay* (Hogshead Publishing and Black Industries), as well as for *White Dwarf* magazine.

He illustrated at least 108 different cards for the *Magic: The Gathering* collectible card game.

Of them, some of his most famous works for *Magic: The Gathering* include:

## InfoBox

| Wayne England | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1959 or 1960 |
| Died | 9 February 2016 (aged 56)<br>Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England |
| Known for | fantasy and science fiction illustration |


title: Pojoaque, New Mexico

abstract: Pojoaque, Po’su wae geh, which translates to “water gathering place”, is a unincorporated community in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,907 at the 2010 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Pojoaque as a census-designated place (CDP). Pojoaque Pueblo, a neighboring community, is an Indian reservation, and the town of Pojoaque is a collection of communities near the pueblo with people from various ethnic backgrounds. The area of Pojoaque includes the neighborhoods of Cuyamungue, Jacona, Jaconita, Nambé and El Rancho.

text:
# Pojoaque, New Mexico

**Pojoaque** (/pəˈwɑːk/; Tewa: **Pʼohsųwæ̨geh Ówîngeh/P'osuwaege Owingeh** \[p’òhsũ̀wæ̃̀gè ʔówîŋgè\]), **Po’su wae geh**, which translates to “water gathering place”, is a unincorporated community in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,907 at the 2010 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Pojoaque as a census-designated place (CDP). Pojoaque Pueblo, a neighboring community, is an Indian reservation, and the town of Pojoaque is a collection of communities near the pueblo with people from various ethnic backgrounds. The area of Pojoaque includes the neighborhoods of Cuyamungue, Jacona, Jaconita, Nambé and El Rancho.

## History

### Pojoaque

In the early 17th century, the first Spanish mission, San Francisco de Pojoaque was founded. During the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, Pojoaque was abandoned, and was not resettled until *circa* 1706. By 1712, the population had reached 79. During the revolt of 1837, New Mexico native Manuel Armijo defeated the rebels at Puertocito Pojoaque, east of Santa Cruz de la Cañada. In the early 1900s, the Pojoaque Valley School District was established to serve the educational needs of the valley.

### Pojoaque Pueblo

Pojoaque Pueblo is one of the six Tewa-speaking Rio Grande Pueblos, and a member of the Eight Northern Pueblos. The Pueblo was settled around 500 AD, with the population peaking in the 15th and 16th centuries.

In about 1900, a severe smallpox epidemic caused the pueblo to be abandoned once again by 1912. In 1934, Pojoaque Pueblo was reoccupied, and became a federally recognized Indian reservation in 1936.

Pojoaque Pueblo remains a major employer in the region, owning several business enterprises, including the gaming operations of three casino locations: Buffalo Thunder Resort, Cities of Gold Casino, and Jake's Casino. Prior to 2017, the New Mexico state gaming compacts signed by the pueblo expired, but the pueblo has continued gaming operations and resumed negotiations with the state of New Mexico.

Highway overpass at Pojoaque, "Po-suwae-geh", or "the water drinking or gathering place".

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.9 square miles (7.5 km2), all land.

Pojoaque Creek runs from the Sangre de Cristo Mountains from Nambé Lake westward. Passing through the pueblo, it joins the Rio Tesuque to form the Pojoaque River, which flows into the Rio Grande.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 1,261 |  |  |
| 2010 | 1,907 |  | 51.2% |
| 2020 | 2,071 |  | 8.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,261 people, 493 households, and 332 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 437.3 inhabitants per square mile (168.8/km2). There were 533 housing units at an average density of 184.8 per square mile (71.4/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 52.10% White, 0.56% African American, 17.37% Native American, 26.57% from other races, and 3.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 62.17% of the population.

There were 493 households, out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.5% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 28.9% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $15,875, and the median income for a family was $24,719. Males had a median income of $19,830 versus $17,105 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,968. About 17.2% of families and 18.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.4% of those under age 18 and 15.3% of those age 65 or over.

## Arts and culture

Pojoaque Pueblo opened the Poeh Museum in 1987, and the Cities of Gold Casino in the mid-1990s.

In 2008 the Pueblo opened the Buffalo Thunder resort and casino, New Mexico's largest and most expensive resort. The estimated cost for the resort project in 2004 was $250 million.

## Education

The Pojoaque Valley is served by the Pojoaque Valley School District, which administers several schools, teaching Kindergarten through twelfth grade:

* Pojoaque Valley High School
* Pojoaque Middle School
* Pojoaque Sixth Grade Academy
* Pojoaque Intermediate School
* Pablo Roybal Elementary School

Pojoaque Valley High School competes in the NMAA District 2AAAA in athletics.

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| New Mexico's Pojoaque Pueblo (9:17), C-SPAN | |

1. "New Mexico's Pojoaque Pueblo". C-SPAN. January 6, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.

## InfoBox

| Pojoaque, New Mexico | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
| Location of Pojoaque, New Mexico. | |
| Pojoaque, New MexicoLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 35°53′26″N 106°0′34″W / 35.89056°N 106.00944°W / 35.89056; -106.00944 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Mexico |
| County | Santa Fe |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.37 sq mi (11.31 km2) |
| Land | 4.37 sq mi (11.31 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 5,883 ft (1,793 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,071 |
| Density | 474.13/sq mi (183.06/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP code | 87506 |
| Area code | 505 |
| FIPS code | 35-58630 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2409085 |


title: Victor Bockarie Foh

abstract: Victor Bockarie Foh is a Sierra Leonean politician who served as Vice President of Sierra Leone from 19 March 2015 to 4 April 2018. Foh replaced Samuel Sam-Sumana as vice president, after Sam-Sumana was sacked by President Ernest Bai Koroma. An experienced career politician, Victor Foh has been a member of the All People's Congress political party since 1970. He is a member of the APC Advisory Council, which is made up of the most senior members of the APC party. From 1970 to 1982, Victor Foh served as District Officer in Bonthe, Koinadugu, Bo, Kambia, Kenema and Kono District under the presidency of Siaka Stevens. Victor Foh has held prominent government positions under all three Sierra Leone"s president from the APC party of Siaka Stevens, Joseph Saidu Momoh, and Ernest Bai Koroma. In 1980, Victor Foh was awarded the National Honour of Member of the Order of the Rokel (M.R) award by President Siaka Stevens. Foh was one of the founding members of the 1995 All People's Congress (APC) Constitution, and he served as the first Assistant National Secretary General of the APC under the 1995 party constitution. Victor Foh was the APC's vice presidential candidate, alongside APC presidential candidate Edward Turay, in the 1996 presidential election, in which the APC received only 5.4% of the votes. In 1996 Foh was elected to a seat in Parliament. From 2002 to 2012, Foh served as Secretary General of the APC. In 2012, Foh became Sierra Leone's Ambassador to China, a position he held until he was appointed as Vice President in March 2015. Foh is a 1969 graduate of Fourah Bay College with a B.A. in Economics. Foh is an ethnic Mende and a native of Bo District in Southern Sierra Leone.

text:
# Victor Bockarie Foh

**Victor Bockarie Foh** CRSL (born 12 June 1946) is a Sierra Leonean politician who served as Vice President of Sierra Leone from 19 March 2015 to 4 April 2018. Foh replaced Samuel Sam-Sumana as vice president, after Sam-Sumana was sacked by President Ernest Bai Koroma.

An experienced career politician, Victor Foh has been a member of the All People's Congress political party since 1970. He is a member of the APC Advisory Council, which is made up of the most senior members of the APC party. From 1970 to 1982, Victor Foh served as District Officer in Bonthe, Koinadugu, Bo, Kambia, Kenema and Kono District under the presidency of Siaka Stevens. Victor Foh has held prominent government positions under all three Sierra Leone"s president from the APC party of Siaka Stevens, Joseph Saidu Momoh, and Ernest Bai Koroma. In 1980, Victor Foh was awarded the National Honour of Member of the Order of the Rokel (M.R) award by President Siaka Stevens.

Foh was one of the founding members of the 1995 All People's Congress (APC) Constitution, and he served as the first Assistant National Secretary General of the APC under the 1995 party constitution. Victor Foh was the APC's vice presidential candidate, alongside APC presidential candidate Edward Turay, in the 1996 presidential election, in which the APC received only 5.4% of the votes. In 1996 Foh was elected to a seat in Parliament. From 2002 to 2012, Foh served as Secretary General of the APC. In 2012, Foh became Sierra Leone's Ambassador to China, a position he held until he was appointed as Vice President in March 2015.

Foh is a 1969 graduate of Fourah Bay College with a B.A. in Economics. Foh is an ethnic Mende and a native of Bo District in Southern Sierra Leone.

## Early life and education

Victor Bockarie Foh was born on June 12, 1946, the son of the Paramount Chief in Jimmi, Bagbo Chiefdom, Bo District in the Southern Province of Sierra Leone. Foh was born to parents of the Mende ethnic group. Foh was born to Christian parents in Bo District, and a Christian himself. Foh attended the Jimmi Bagbo primary school in Jimmi, Bo District. He attended the Bo Government secondary school (commonly known as Bo School) in Bo. Foh graduated from Fourah Bay College in 1969 with a B.A. in economics. From 1969 to 1970, Foh taught economics and government study at the Ahmadiyya Islamic Secondary School in Freetown.

## Political career

An experienced career politician, Victor Foh has been a loyal member of the All People's Congress political party since 1970. From 1970 to 1982, Victor Foh served as District Officer in Bonthe, Koinadugu, Bo, Kambia, Kenema and Kono District. Victor Foh has held government positions under all three APC presidents of Sierra Leone: Siaka Stevens, Joseph Saidu Momoh and Ernest Bai Koroma.

Foh was one of the principal writers of the 5 December 1995 All People's Congress Constitution; and he served as the first Assistant National Secretary General of the APC.

Victor Foh was the APC vice presidential candidate, along with APC presidential candidate Edward Turay, in the 1996 presidential election, in which the APC received only 5.4% of the votes. In 1996 Foh was elected to a seat in Parliament. From 2002 to 2012, Foh served as Secretary-General of the APC, and from 2012 to 2015, he was Sierra Leone's Ambassador to China.

In 2014, Foh was recognized for his distinguished and dedicated service to the state in the field of politics by the President Ernest Bai Koroma who made him a Commander of the Order of the Republic (CRSL).

On March 19, 2015, Victor Foh was sworn in as Vice President of Sierra Leone by President Ernest Bai Koroma, who appointed him to the position. Foh's sworn in ceremony was held at State House in the capital Freetown and was attended by many senior government officials. Victor Foh replaced Samuel Sam-Sumana as vice president, after he was dismissed by Koroma.

## Personal life

Victor Foh is an ethnic Mende and a native of Bo District in Southern Sierra Leone. Foh is a fluent speaker of the Mende language. Victor Foh is a Christian. Foh was previously married to Jeneba Jabbie Foh, daughter of the late West African mining magnate Al Haji Mohamed Baimba Jabbie. Victor Foh is currently married to Jonta Mumie Foh and has five adult children.

## InfoBox

| The Honourable Vice PresidentVictor Bockarie FohCRSL | |
| --- | --- |
| Foh in 2015 | |
|  | |
| Vice President of Sierra Leone | |
| **In office**
19 March 2015  4 April 2018 | |
| President | Ernest Bai Koroma |
| Preceded by | Samuel Sam-Sumana |
| Succeeded by | Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh |
| Sierra Leone Ambassador to China | |
| **In office**
2012–2015 | |
| Preceded by | Abubakarr Multi-Kamara |
| Succeeded by | Alimamy Petito Koroma |
| Secretary-General of the All People's Congress | |
| **In office**
2002–2012 | |
| Preceded by | Edward Turay |
| Succeeded by | Osman Foday Yansaneh |
| Member of Parliament of Sierra Leone | |
| **In office**
1996–2002 | |
| District officer in the Sierra Leone public service | |
| **In office**
1970–1982 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1946-06-12) 12 June 1946
Jimmi, Bagbo Chiefdom, Bo District, British Sierra Leone |
| Spouse | Jeneba Jabbie Foh (divorced) Jonta Mumie Foh (current) |
| Children | 5 |
| Residence(s) | Freetown, Sierra Leone |
| Alma mater | Fourah Bay College |
| Profession | Economist |
|  | |


title: Nance, Missouri

abstract: Nance is an extinct town in eastern Taney County, in the Ozarks of southwest Missouri. The GNIS classifies it as a populated place. The townsite sits above the east bank of the west fork of Big Creek about one mile north of U.S. Route 160 and about 1.7 miles west of the Taney - Ozark county line. The site is at an elevation of 876 feet.

text:
# Nance, Missouri

**Nance** is an extinct town in eastern Taney County, in the Ozarks of southwest Missouri. The GNIS classifies it as a populated place. The townsite sits above the east bank of the west fork of Big Creek about one mile north of U.S. Route 160 and about 1.7 miles west of the Taney - Ozark county line. The site is at an elevation of 876 feet.

## History

Early variant names were "Bauff" and "Dit". A post office called Bauff was established in 1858, and closed in 1894. The post office reopened as Dit in 1899, was renamed Nance in 1908, and was discontinued in 1925. The last given name was in honor of Jeff Nance, a local civil servant.

The community once had Nance Schoolhouse, now defunct.

36°36′39″N 92°48′01″W / 36.61083°N 92.80028°W / 36.61083; -92.80028


title: Neptis ochracea

abstract: Neptis ochracea, the yellow mountain sailer, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania. The habitat consists of montane forests. The larvae feed on Rubus species.

text:
# Neptis ochracea

***Neptis ochracea***, the **yellow mountain sailer**, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania. The habitat consists of montane forests.

The larvae feed on *Rubus* species.

## Subspecies

* *Neptis ochracea ochracea* (Democratic Republic of the Congo: Ituri, western and central Uganda, north-western Tanzania)
* *Neptis ochracea lualabae* Berger, 1981 (Democratic Republic of the Congo: Lualaba)
* *Neptis ochracea mildbraedi* Gaede, 1915 (Nigeria, Cameroon)
* *Neptis ochracea ochreata* Gaede, 1915 (Democratic Republic of the Congo: Kivu, western Uganda)
* *Neptis ochracea reductata* Larsen, 1995 (western Tanzania)
* *Neptis ochracea uluguru* Kielland, 1985 (eastern Tanzania)

## InfoBox

| *Neptis ochracea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Figure 11 | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | *Neptis* |
| Species: | ***N. ochracea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neptis ochracea***<br>Neave, 1904 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Neptis mildbraedi* Gaede, 1915 * *Neptis ochreata* Gaede, 1915 * *Neptis ochracea parvimacula* Rothschild, 1918 * *Neptis ochracea reducta* Kielland, 1978 * *Neptis ochracea usungwa* Kielland, 1985 | |


title: Poland at the 2019 Summer Universiade

abstract: Poland will participate at the 2019 Summer Universiade in Napoli, Italia.

text:
# Poland at the 2019 Summer Universiade

**Poland** will participate at the **2019 Summer Universiade** in Napoli, Italia.

## InfoBox

| Poland at the
2019 Summer Universiade | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | POL |
| NOC | Polish Olympic Committee |
| Website | http://www.pkol.pl/ |
| in Naples, Italy
3 – 14 July 2019 | |
| Competitors | 112 in 10 sports |
| Flag bearer | Paweł Halaba |
| Medals
Ranked 15th | Gold 4 Silver 2 Bronze 9 Total 15 |
| Summer Universiade appearances | |
|  | |
|


title: Osteochilus chini

abstract: Osteochilus chini is a species of cyprinid fish in the Labeoninae endemic to Sabah. Osteochilus chini, which means bony lip, feed on algae and are common in slow water habitats.

text:
# Osteochilus chini

***Osteochilus chini*** is a species of cyprinid fish in the Labeoninae endemic to Sabah.

*Osteochilus chini,* which means bony lip, feed on algae and are common in slow water habitats.

## Etymology

Named in honor of Datuk (honorific title) Chin Phui Kong (1923-ca. 2016), Malaysian ichthyologist, who helped collect type in 1956.

## InfoBox

| *Osteochilus chini* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Labeoninae |
| Genus: | *Osteochilus* |
| Species: | ***O. chini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Osteochilus chini***<br>Karnasuta, 1993 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Osteochilus kahajanensis chini* | |


title: Sensory processing sensitivity

abstract: Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is a temperamental or personality trait involving "an increased sensitivity of the central nervous system and a deeper cognitive processing of physical, social, and emotional stimuli". The trait is characterized by "a tendency to 'pause to check' in novel situations, greater sensitivity to subtle stimuli, and the engagement of deeper cognitive processing strategies for employing coping actions, all of which is driven by heightened emotional reactivity, both positive and negative". A human with a particularly high measure of SPS is considered to have "hypersensitivity", or be a highly sensitive person (HSP). The terms SPS and HSP were coined in the mid-1990s by psychologists Elaine Aron and her husband Arthur Aron, who developed the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS) questionnaire by which SPS is measured. Other researchers have applied various other terms to denote this responsiveness to stimuli that is seen in humans and other species. According to the Arons and colleagues, people with high SPS make up about 15–20% of the population. Although some researchers consistently related high SPS to negative outcomes, other researchers have associated it with increased responsiveness to both positive and negative influences. Aron and colleagues state that the high-SPS personality trait is not a disorder.

text:
# Sensory processing sensitivity

**Sensory processing sensitivity** (**SPS**) is a temperamental or personality trait involving "an increased sensitivity of the central nervous system and a deeper cognitive processing of physical, social, and emotional stimuli". The trait is characterized by "a tendency to 'pause to check' in novel situations, greater sensitivity to subtle stimuli, and the engagement of deeper cognitive processing strategies for employing coping actions, all of which is driven by heightened emotional reactivity, both positive and negative".

A human with a particularly high measure of SPS is considered to have "hypersensitivity", or be a **highly sensitive person** (**HSP**). The terms *SPS* and *HSP* were coined in the mid-1990s by psychologists Elaine Aron and her husband Arthur Aron, who developed the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS) questionnaire by which SPS is measured. Other researchers have applied various other terms to denote this responsiveness to stimuli that is seen in humans and other species.

According to the Arons and colleagues, people with high SPS make up about 15–20% of the population. Although some researchers consistently related high SPS to negative outcomes, other researchers have associated it with increased responsiveness to both positive and negative influences. Aron and colleagues state that the high-SPS personality trait is not a disorder.

## Origin and development of the terms

Elaine Aron's book *The Highly Sensitive Person* was published in 1996. In 1997 Elaine and Arthur Aron formally identified *sensory processing sensitivity* (SPS) as the defining trait of highly sensitive persons (HSPs). The popular terms *hypersensitivity* (not to be confused with the medical term hypersensitivity) or *highly sensitive* are popular synonyms for the scientific concept of SPS. By way of definition, Aron and Aron (1997) wrote that *sensory processing* here refers not to the sense organs themselves, but to what occurs as sensory information is transmitted to or processed in the brain. They assert that the trait is not a disorder but an innate survival strategy that has both advantages and disadvantages.

Elaine Aron's academic journal articles as well as self-help publications for the lay reader have focused on distinguishing high SPS from socially reticent behavior and disorders with which high SPS can be confused; overcoming the social unacceptability that can cause low self-esteem; and emphasizing the advantages of high SPS to balance the disadvantages emphasized by others.

In 2015, journalist Elizabeth Bernstein wrote in *The Wall Street Journal* that HSPs were "having a moment," noting that several hundred research studies had been conducted on topics related to HSPs' high sensitivity. The First International Scientific Conference on High Sensitivity or Sensory Processing Sensitivity was held at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. By 2015, more than a million copies of *The Highly Sensitive Person* had been sold.

### Earlier research

Research pre-dating the Arons' coining of the term "high sensitivity" includes that of German medicine professor Wolfgang Klages, who argued in the 1970s that the phenomenon of sensitive and highly sensitive humans is "biologically anchored" and that the "stimulus threshold of the thalamus" is much lower in these persons. As a result, said Klages, there is a higher permeability for incoming signals from afferent nerve fibers so that they pass "unfiltered" to the cerebral cortex.

The Arons (1997) recognized psychologist Albert Mehrabian's (1976, 1980, 1991) concept of filtering the "irrelevant", but wrote that the concept implied that the inability of HSPs' (Mehrabian's "low screeners") to filter out what is irrelevant would imply that what is relevant is determined from the perspective of non-HSPs ("high screeners").

## Attributes, characteristics and prevalence

Boterberg *et al.* (2016) describe high SPS as a "temperamental or personality trait which is present in some individuals and reflects an increased sensitivity of the central nervous system and a deeper cognitive processing of physical, social and emotional stimuli."

People with high SPS report having a heightened response to stimuli such as pain, caffeine, hunger, and loud noises. According to Boterberg *et al.*, these individuals are "believed to be easily overstimulated by external stimuli because they have a lower perceptual threshold and process stimuli cognitively deeper than most other people." This deeper processing may result in increased reaction time as more time is spent responding to cues in the environment, and might also contribute to cautious behavior and low risk-taking.

The HSP Scale, initially (1997) a questionnaire designed to measure SPS on a unidimensional scale, was subsequently decomposed into two, three, or four factors or sub-scales. Most components have been associated with traditionally accepted negative psychological outcomes including high stress levels, being easily overwhelmed, increased rates of depression, anxiety, and sleep problems, as well as autistic traits; the diathesis–stress model focused on increased vulnerability to negative influences. However, the differential susceptibility theory (DST) and biological sensitivity to context theory (BSCT) and sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) suggest increased plasticity in terms of responsiveness to both positive and negative influences; and the vantage sensitivity (VS) concept emphasizes increased responsiveness to positive experiences. Researchers such as Smolewska *et al.* (2006) said positive outcomes were more common in individuals with high aesthetic sensitivity, who tend to experience heightened positive emotions in response to rewarding stimuli and more likely to score high on "openness" on the Big Five factors model.

Research in evolutionary biology provides evidence that the trait of SPS can be observed, under various terms, in over 100 nonhuman species, Aron writing that the SPS trait is meant to encompass what personality psychologists have described under various other names. Conversely, Aron has distinguished SPS from what she considers it is not, explicitly distinguishing high SPS from possibly similar-appearing traits or disorders (such as shyness, sensation-seeking, sensory processing disorder, and autism), and further, that SPS may be a basic variable that may underlie multiple other trait differences (such as introversion versus extraversion). Contrary to common misconception, according to Aron HSPs include both introverts and extroverts, and may be simultaneously high-sensation seeking and cautious.

In humans and other species, responsive and unresponsive individuals coexist and consistently display different levels of responsiveness to environmental stimuli, the different levels of responsiveness having corresponding evolutionary costs and benefits. This observation parallels Aron's assertion that high SPS is not a disorder, but rather a personality trait with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Accordingly, Aron cautions medical professionals against prescribing psychoactive medications to "cure" the trait, which may or may not coexist with an actual disorder.

By 2015 the trait had been documented at various levels of study, including temperament and behavior psychology, brain function and neuronal sensitization, and genetics. For example, genetic studies provide evidence that higher levels of SPS are linked to the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR short/short genotype, polymorphisms in dopamine neurotransmitter genes, and the ADRA2b norepinephrine-related gene variant.

A 2015 longitudinal study based on army medical records of Swedish men showed a correlation between low resting heart rate and violence and criminality, with the authors theorising that lower sensitivity to stimulation resulted in increased likelihood of risk-taking and sensation-seeking behaviour – effectively a low sensitivity counterpart to SPS.

HSP Scale score patterns in adults were thought to be distributed as a dichotomous categorical variable with a break point between 10% and 35%, with Aron choosing a cut-off of the highest-scoring 20% of individuals to define the HSP category. A 2019 review article stated that findings suggest people fall into three sensitivity groups along a normal distribution sensitivity continuum.

## Sources and notes


title: Polystichum kruckebergii

abstract: Polystichum kruckebergii is a species of fern known by the common names Kruckeberg's sword fern and Kruckeberg's hollyfern. It is native to western North America from Alaska to Utah to California, where it grows in rocky mountain habitat in subalpine and alpine climates. This fern produces several narrow, erect leaves 10 to 25 centimeters long. Each leaf is made up of many oval to triangular leaflets, each no more than about 1.5 centimeters long. The leaflets overlap and are somewhat twisted in their axes. Their edges are cut or toothed, the teeth sometimes tipped with spines.

text:
# Polystichum kruckebergii

***Polystichum kruckebergii*** is a species of fern known by the common names **Kruckeberg's sword fern** and **Kruckeberg's hollyfern**. It is native to western North America from Alaska to Utah to California, where it grows in rocky mountain habitat in subalpine and alpine climates.

This fern produces several narrow, erect leaves 10 to 25 centimeters long. Each leaf is made up of many oval to triangular leaflets, each no more than about 1.5 centimeters long. The leaflets overlap and are somewhat twisted in their axes. Their edges are cut or toothed, the teeth sometimes tipped with spines.

## InfoBox

| *Polystichum kruckebergii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Suborder: | Polypodiineae |
| Family: | Dryopteridaceae |
| Genus: | *Polystichum* |
| Species: | ***P. kruckebergii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Polystichum kruckebergii***<br>W.H.Wagner | |
|


title: Pourewa Island

abstract: Pourewa Island lies in Tolaga Bay, just offshore from Cook's Cove in New Zealand. It was formerly known as Spöring Island, named by Lt. James Cook after the Finnish draughtsman Herman Spöring, a member of the scientific detachment aboard HM Bark Endeavour, and in 1990 a rock was taken from Pourewa Island to Spöring's birthplace in Turku (Åbo), Finland, where it forms part of a monument which was erected there to commemorate the first Finn to land in New Zealand, in 1769. It is also sometimes known as Loisel's Island, after Henri Loisel who took up a sheep farm at Waihau Bay to the south, and is said to have kept a yacht moored there, but is again officially known by its original Māori name, Pourewa.

text:
# Pourewa Island

**Pourewa Island** lies in Tolaga Bay, just offshore from Cook's Cove in New Zealand.

It was formerly known as **Spöring Island**, named by Lt. James Cook after the Finnish draughtsman Herman Spöring, a member of the scientific detachment aboard HM Bark *Endeavour*, and in 1990 a rock was taken from Pourewa Island to Spöring's birthplace in Turku (Åbo), Finland, where it forms part of a monument which was erected there to commemorate the first Finn to land in New Zealand, in 1769.

It is also sometimes known as **Loisel's Island**, after Henri Loisel who took up a sheep farm at Waihau Bay to the south, and is said to have kept a yacht moored there, but is again officially known by its original Māori name, *Pourewa*.

38°23′S 178°21′E / 38.383°S 178.350°E / -38.383; 178.350

## InfoBox

Pourewa Island
| Pourewa Island by the right with Mitre Rocks by the left and cook's cove in the foreground | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Gisborne Region |
| Coordinates | 38°23′S 178°21′E / 38.383°S 178.350°E / -38.383; 178.350 |
| Administration | |
| **New Zealand** | |


title: Washington, Sauk County, Wisconsin

abstract: Washington is a town in Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 904 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Hill Point and Sandusky are located in the town.

text:
# Washington, Sauk County, Wisconsin

**Washington** is a town in Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 904 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Hill Point and Sandusky are located in the town.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.6 square miles (92.1 km2), of which, 35.6 square miles (92.1 km2) of it is land and 0.03% is water.

## Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 904 people, 281 households, and 232 families residing in the town. The population density was 25.4 people per square mile (9.8/km2). There were 305 housing units at an average density of 8.6 per square mile (3.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.78% White, 0.22% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.66% from other races, and 0.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.88% of the population.

There were 281 households, out of which 39.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.2% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.4% were non-families. 14.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.22 and the average family size was 3.56.

The population was 34.0% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $41,563, and the median income for a family was $45,750. Males had a median income of $29,545 versus $19,276 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,920. About 7.3% of families and 11.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.6% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.

1. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Washington, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Town hall | |
| Location of Washington, Sauk County, Wisconsin | |
| Coordinates: 43°25′27″N 90°6′58″W / 43.42417°N 90.11611°W / 43.42417; -90.11611 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Sauk |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.6 sq mi (92.1 km2) |
| Land | 35.6 sq mi (92.1 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,112 ft (339 m) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 904 |
| Density | 25.4/sq mi (9.8/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 608 |
| FIPS code | 55-83700 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1584357 |