title: Loka Táttur

abstract: Loka Táttur or Lokka Táttur is a Faroese ballad which is an example of the occurrence of Norse gods in folklore. The ballad probably dates back to the late Middle Ages. The Danish botanist and clergyman Hans Christian Lyngbye published the first edition of it and other Faroese ballads in 1822, in phonetically spelt Faroese with a facing-page translation into Danish. A prose Danish translation was published by V.U. Hammershaimb in 1851 in Færöiske Kvæder. In the ballad, a farmer loses a bet with a giant, called Skrymir in some verses, who demands his son. The farmer asks first Odin, then Hœnir, and finally Loki for assistance. Odin has a field of grain grow up overnight and conceals the boy as one grain on an axe in the middle of the field. The boy is afraid because the giant's hand is brushing against the particular grain, but Odin calls him to him and returns him to his parents, telling them he has fulfilled the task. Hœnir causes seven swans to fly over the sound; the boy is a feather in the middle of a swan's head. But the giant grabs one swan and wrenches its head from its body, and the boy is afraid because the particular feather is protruding from the giant's mouth. Hœnir calls him to him and brings him back, and his work is over. Loki instructs the farmer to build a boathouse with a wide opening and to affix an iron stake to it. Then he goes to the beach, where a boat is riding at anchor, rows out to sea, casts a weighted hook to the bottom, and catches a flounder. He has the boy be a grain in the middle of the fish's roe. The giant is waiting on the beach for Loki, asking him where he has been all night. He tells him he has had little rest, rowing all about the sea, and they go out together to fish. The giant casts his line and catches three flounders; the third is black, and Loki asks him to give him that fish. The giant refuses, and begins to count the roe, thinking to find the boy in one grain. The boy is afraid, because the particular grain is squeezing out of the giant's hand. Loki calls him to him and tells him to sit behind him and not let the giant see him and when they reach shore, to jump onto the beach so lightly that he does not make a mark in the sand. As the giant is pulling the boat onto the land, the boy jumps out and is standing before him; the giant pursues him but sinks in the sand up to his knees. The boy runs as fast as he can into his father's boathouse; the giant, in hot pursuit, sticks fast in the opening; the iron stake goes into his head. Loki cuts off one of his legs, but the wound grows together at once; he cuts off the other, this time throwing sticks and stones into the gap, and the wound does not grow together. Loki takes the boy home to his parents and says that he has done the job asked of him; the giant is dead. The story is a fairytale, but features the same trio of gods, Odin, Hœnir and Loki, as in the story of Þjazi in the Prose Edda, the prose introduction to the Eddic poem Reginsmál, and also the late Icelandic Huldar saga, which has contributed to the argument that Loki is the same as Lóðurr, who appears elsewhere with Odin and Hœnir. It is also notable that Loki is a benevolent god in this story, although his slyness is in evidence as usual. Some scholars, including Hammershaimb, have pointed to the division of spheres between the three gods: Odin governing the skies and the crops they fertilise, Hœnir the seabirds and Loki the fishes, as reflecting the bases of Faroese life. Lyngbye preceded Loka Táttur with Skrímsla, which appears to tell the earlier part of the story. It calls the monster "skrímsli" and specifies that the bet was on a chess game.

text:
# Loka Táttur

***Loka Táttur*** or ***Lokka Táttur*** (tale, or *þáttr* of Loki) is a Faroese ballad (Corpus Carminum Færoensium 13D) which is an example of the occurrence of Norse gods in folklore.

The ballad probably dates back to the late Middle Ages. The Danish botanist and clergyman Hans Christian Lyngbye published the first edition of it and other Faroese ballads in 1822, in phonetically spelt Faroese with a facing-page translation into Danish (with the assistance of Jens Christian Svabo). A prose Danish translation was published by V.U. Hammershaimb in 1851 in *Færöiske Kvæder*.

In the ballad, a farmer loses a bet with a giant, called Skrymir in some verses, who demands his son. The farmer asks first Odin, then Hœnir, and finally Loki for assistance. Odin has a field of grain grow up overnight and conceals the boy as one grain on an axe in the middle of the field. The boy is afraid because the giant's hand is brushing against the particular grain, but Odin calls him to him and returns him to his parents, telling them he has fulfilled the task. Hœnir causes seven swans to fly over the sound; the boy is a feather in the middle of a swan's head. But the giant grabs one swan and wrenches its head from its body, and the boy is afraid because the particular feather is protruding from the giant's mouth. Hœnir calls him to him and brings him back, and his work is over. Loki instructs the farmer to build a boathouse with a wide opening and to affix an iron stake to it. Then he goes to the beach, where a boat is riding at anchor, rows out to sea, casts a weighted hook to the bottom, and catches a flounder. He has the boy be a grain in the middle of the fish's roe. The giant is waiting on the beach for Loki, asking him where he has been all night. He tells him he has had little rest, rowing all about the sea, and they go out together to fish. The giant casts his line and catches three flounders; the third is black, and Loki asks him to give him that fish. The giant refuses, and begins to count the roe, thinking to find the boy in one grain. The boy is afraid, because the particular grain is squeezing out of the giant's hand. Loki calls him to him and tells him to sit behind him and not let the giant see him and when they reach shore, to jump onto the beach so lightly that he does not make a mark in the sand. As the giant is pulling the boat onto the land, the boy jumps out and is standing before him; the giant pursues him but sinks in the sand up to his knees. The boy runs as fast as he can into his father's boathouse; the giant, in hot pursuit, sticks fast in the opening; the iron stake goes into his head. Loki cuts off one of his legs, but the wound grows together at once; he cuts off the other, this time throwing sticks and stones into the gap, and the wound does not grow together. Loki takes the boy home to his parents and says that he has done the job asked of him; the giant is dead.

The story is a fairytale, but features the same trio of gods, Odin, Hœnir and Loki, as in the story of Þjazi in the *Prose Edda*, the prose introduction to the Eddic poem Reginsmál, and also the late Icelandic *Huldar saga*, which has contributed to the argument that Loki is the same as Lóðurr, who appears elsewhere with Odin and Hœnir. It is also notable that Loki is a benevolent god in this story, although his slyness is in evidence as usual. Some scholars, including Hammershaimb, have pointed to the division of spheres between the three gods: Odin governing the skies and the crops they fertilise, Hœnir the seabirds and Loki the fishes, as reflecting the bases of Faroese life.

Lyngbye preceded Loka Táttur with Skrímsla (Corpus Carminum Færoensium 90C), which appears to tell the earlier part of the story. It calls the monster "skrímsli" and specifies that the bet was on a chess game.

* Hans Christian Lyngbye, *Færøiske Qvæder om Sigurd Fofnersbane og hans Æt*, Copenhagen: Randers, 1822, online at GoogleBooks: "Lokka Thaattur/Lokes Sang" pp. 50019. (in Faroese and Danish)
* "Lokes Sang", in V.U. Hammershaimb, *Færöiske Kvæder* Volume 1, Det Nordiske Literatur-Samfund, Nordiske Oldskrifter 12, Copenhagen: Berlings, 1851, pp. 21012, online at GoogleBooks (in Danish)
* Lokka táttur in modern Faroese orthography with parallel English translation at Boudicca's Bard (verse 1 omitted).
* Lokka táttur direct and stylised English translations plus additional material at Mimisbrunnr.info.


title: Marne, Germany

abstract: Marne is a town in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated near the North Sea coast, approximately 30 km (19 mi) south of Heide, and 25 km (16 mi) northeast of Cuxhaven. Marne is the seat of the Amt Marne-Nordsee.

text:
# Marne, Germany

**Marne** is a town in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated near the North Sea coast, approximately 30 km (19 mi) south of Heide, and 25 km (16 mi) northeast of Cuxhaven.

Marne is the seat of the *Amt* ("collective municipality") Marne-Nordsee.

## InfoBox

| Marne | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| Location of Marne within Dithmarschen district | |
| Marne Marne | |
| Coordinates: 53°57′N 09°00′E / 53.950°N 9.000°E / 53.950; 9.000 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Schleswig-Holstein |
| District | Dithmarschen |
| Municipal assoc. | Marne-Nordsee |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Klaus Braak (CDU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.83 km2 (1.86 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3 m (10 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 6,037 |
| Density | 1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 25709 |
| Dialling codes | 04851 |
| Vehicle registration | HEI |
| Website | www.marne.de |


title: Mount Zdarsky

abstract: Mount Zdarsky is a mountain rising at the east side of Simler Snowfield on Velingrad Peninsula, between Barilari and Holtedahl Bays on the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. First charted and named "Mont Garcia" by the French Antarctic Expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, 1908–10, presumably in association with his nearby "Cap Garcia". Charcot later transferred "Cap Garcia" to the north entrance of Barilari Bay, leaving the mountain name on the south side. To avoid confusion with Cape Garcia on the other side of Barilari Bay, the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) altered the name of this mountain in 1959 to Mount Zdarsky. It is named for Mathias Zdarsky, the Austrian pioneer exponent of ski-mountaineering, inventor of the first dependable ski binding, and author of one of the earliest skiing manuals.

text:
# Mount Zdarsky

**Mount Zdarsky** is a mountain rising at the east side of Simler Snowfield on Velingrad Peninsula, between Barilari and Holtedahl Bays on the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. First charted and named "Mont Garcia" by the French Antarctic Expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, 1908–10, presumably in association with his nearby "Cap Garcia".

Charcot later transferred "Cap Garcia" (now Cape Garcia) to the north entrance of Barilari Bay, leaving the mountain name on the south side. To avoid confusion with Cape Garcia on the other side of Barilari Bay, the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) altered the name of this mountain in 1959 to Mount Zdarsky. It is named for Mathias Zdarsky, the Austrian pioneer exponent of ski-mountaineering, inventor of the first dependable ski binding, and author of one of the earliest skiing manuals.

## InfoBox

| Mount Zdarsky | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Velingrad Peninsula on Graham Coast, Antarctic Peninsula. | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 734 m (2,408 ft) |
| Coordinates | 66°05′00″S 64°58′00″W / 66.08333°S 64.96667°W / -66.08333; -64.96667 |
| Geography | |
| Mount ZdarskyGraham Land, Antarctica | |


title: Mehinaku

abstract: The Mehinaku, Mehináko or Mehinacu are an indigenous people of Brazil. They live in the Indigenous Park of the Xingu, located around the headwaters of the Xingu River in Mato Grosso. They currently reside in area around the Tuatuari and Kurisevo Rivers. They had a population of 254 in 2011, up slightly from 200 in 2002.

text:
# Mehinaku

The **Mehinaku**, **Mehináko** or **Mehinacu** are an indigenous people of Brazil. They live in the Indigenous Park of the Xingu, located around the headwaters of the Xingu River in Mato Grosso. They currently reside in area around the Tuatuari and Kurisevo Rivers. They had a population of 254 in 2011, up slightly from 200 in 2002.

## Name

The Mehinaku are also known as the Mehináko, Meinaco, Meinacu, Meinaku, Mehináku, Mahinaku, Mehinaco, and Minaco people.

## Language

The Mehinaku speak the Mehináku language, an Arawakan language. They also speak some Portuguese. A dialect of their language, Waurá-kumá is related to the Waurá language.

## History

Like many indigenous tribes, the Mehinaku do not keep detailed, chronological historical records going back more than a few generations. The oldest known village established by the Mehinaku was set up sometime around or before 1850 and was called Yulutakitsi. However, because the community no longer exists, the exact location of its former site is unknown.

According to the Mehinaku, historical villages were located along the Tuatuari river, north of the main Aweti village. The Mehinaku claim their older villages were much larger; which is likely because European explorers had not brought the diseases that indigenous people had no immunity to. These communities were likely abandoned for a variety of reasons, overused soil, intrusion of leaf-cutter ant colonies, and a tribal taboo associated with living in places where many people had died.

In 1884, when the first German explorers arrived at the Xingu River headwaters and began to document the tribes living there, the Mehinaku had two villages and a camping site used only during the dry season. Many anthropologists believe that, at the time, the population of the region may have been more than four times what it is today, and that the villages were likely much larger.

In the 1950s, the Ikpeng, a separate tribal group, invaded Mehinaku territory and drove them from it. During the invasion, the Mehinaku chief was called \[?\] by an arrow. Another tribe, the Yawalapiti, was forced to do the same. This tribal migration forced a political shift in the upper Xingu region.

The Yawalapiti gave the Mehinaku one of their houses at a location called Jalapapuh, and Aweti agreed to divide territory along a trail between their village and the new Mehinaku center. For around a decade, the Mehinaku built communities around their new cultural center, until an outbreak of flu and measles killed around 15 people in the 1960s. After that, the Mehinaku relocated to a nearby area. The Mehinaku moved again in 1981 but did not go far from their original community. The proximity of a post where they could receive medical care gave them little incentive to relocate to their ancestral homeland, although the risks from the Ikpeng were gone by that time.

## Culture

The Mehinaku have no provision for privacy in their social arrangements, and live with a striking degree of transparency. Huts that house families of ten or twelve people have no internal walls, and are situated around an open area that is in constant view. On the rare occasions when members of the group are out of sight, their activities can be inferred by their curious fellow villagers, who are able to recognize (and draw from memory) each other's footprints. Gregor sums up the situation by writing: "Each individual's whereabouts and activities are generally known to his relatives and often to the community as a whole. A Mehinaku has little chance of staying out of the public eye for any length of time."

## Subsistence

The Mehinaku hunt, fish, and farm to provide for themselves. Their primary crops are manioc and maize.

* Gregor, Thomas. *The Mehinaku: The Drama of Daily Life in a Brazilian Indian Village*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980. ISBN 0-226-30746-8

* Gregor, Thomas. "Exposure and Seclusion: A Study of Institutionalized Isolation among the Mehinacu Indians of Brazil," *Ethnology*, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Jul., 1970), pp. 234-250. doi:10.2307/3773025

## InfoBox

Mehinaku
| Mehinakumen, ca. 1894 | |
| --- | --- |
| Total population | |
| 254 (2011) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Brazil ( Mato Grosso) | |
| Languages | |
| Mehinaku, Portuguese | |


title: Victoria Grist Windmill

abstract: Victoria Grist Windmill is an historic gristmill in Memorial Square in Victoria, Texas, United States. The windmill was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 30, 1976, and became an American Society of Mechanical Engineers Landmark in May 1991. The windmill was built in 1870 and is probably the last remaining windmill of European design in the Southwestern United States. Standing 35 feet high and supporting four 15-foot blades, the Dutch turret-mill style windmill was constructed by German immigrant Fred Meiss, Jr. and Otto Fiek near Spring Creek. The turret-style allowed the top to be turned so the sails face the wind. The millstones were made in Germany, and Rudolph Witte brought them through the port of Indianola in the 1840s. The stones were capable of grinding 500 pounds of cornmeal a week. The walls of the mill are constructed of wooden logs and covered with shakes. In 1935, the Victoria Grist Windmill was moved from its earlier location to Memorial Square.

text:
# Victoria Grist Windmill

**Victoria Grist Windmill** is an historic gristmill in Memorial Square in Victoria, Texas, United States. The windmill was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 30, 1976, and became an American Society of Mechanical Engineers Landmark in May 1991.

The windmill was built in 1870 and is probably the last remaining windmill of European design in the Southwestern United States. Standing 35 feet high and supporting four 15-foot blades, the Dutch turret-mill style windmill was constructed by German immigrant Fred Meiss, Jr. and Otto Fiek near Spring Creek. The turret-style allowed the top to be turned so the sails face the wind. The millstones were made in Germany, and Rudolph Witte brought them through the port of Indianola in the 1840s. The stones were capable of grinding 500 pounds of cornmeal a week. The walls of the mill are constructed of wooden logs and covered with shakes. In 1935, the Victoria Grist Windmill was moved from its earlier location (west of Victoria) to Memorial Square.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Victoria Grist Windmill | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Recorded Texas Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| Victoria Grist Windmill in 2008 | |
| Victoria Grist WindmillVictoria Grist Windmill | |
| Location | Memorial Park in Victoria, Texas |
| Coordinates | 28°48′1″N 97°0′0″W / 28.80028°N 97.00000°W / 28.80028; -97.00000 |
| Area | 0.1 acres (0.040 ha) |
| Built | 1870 (1870) |
| Built by | Otto Feik |
| Architect | F.G. Wittke |
| Architectural style | Tower-type windmill |
| NRHP reference No. | 76002079 |
| RTHL No. | 14443 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | April 30, 1976 |
| Designated RTHL | 1962 |


title: Mersin (electoral district)

abstract: Mersin is an electoral district of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. It elects eleven members of parliament (deputies) to represent the province of the same name for a four-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system.

text:
# Mersin (electoral district)

**Mersin** is an electoral district of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. It elects eleven members of parliament (deputies) to represent the province of the same name for a four-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system.

## Members

Population reviews of each electoral district are conducted before each general election, which can lead to certain districts being granted a smaller or greater number of parliamentary seats. Mersin elected 12 members until the most recent election in 2011, when the number of seats was dropped to eleven.

| MPs for Mersin, 1999 onwards | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Seat |  | 1999 (21st parliament) |  | 2002 (22nd parliament) |  | 2007 (23rd parliament) |  | 2011 (24th parliament) |  | June 2015 (25th parliament) |
| | | | | | | | | | |  |
| MP |  | Edip Özgenç
*DSP / YTP* |  | Ali Oksal
*CHP* | | |  | Aytuğ Atıcı
*CHP* | | |  |
| MP |  | Akif Serin
*DSP / YTP* |  | Ersoy Bulut
*CHP* |  | Vahap Seçer
*CHP* | | |  | Hüseyin Çamak
*CHP* |  |
| MP |  | Mustafa İstemihan Talay
*DSP / YTP* |  | Hüseyin Güler
*CHP / Anavatan* |  | İsa Gök
*CHP* | | |  | Durmuş Fikri Sağlar
*CHP* |  |
| MP |  | Yalçın Kaya
*MHP* |  | Hüseyin Özcan
*CHP / Anavatan* |  | Ali Rıza Öztürk
*CHP* | | |  | Baki Şimşek
*MHP* |  |
| MP |  | Hidayet Kılınç
*MHP* |  | Mustafa Özyürek
*CHP* |  | Mehmet Şandır
*MHP* | | |  | Oktay Öztürk
*MHP* |  |
| MP |  | Cahit Tekelioğlu
*MHP* |  | Şefik Zengin
*CHP* |  | Akif Akkuş
*MHP* |  | Ali Öz
*MHP* | | |  |
| MP |  | Enis Öksüz
*MHP / BBP* |  | Vahit Çekmez
*CHP* |  | Kadir Ural
*MHP* |  | Ertuğrul Kürkçü
*Independent (BDP)* |  | Dengir Mir Mehmet Fırat
*HDP* |  |
| MP |  | Ali Er
*Motherland / AK Party* | | | | |  | Mehmet Zafer Çağlayan
*AK Party* |  | Çilem Öz
*HDP* |  |
| MP |  | Rüştü Kazım Yücelen
*Motherland* |  | Ömer İnan
*AK Party* | | |  | Çiğdem Münevver Ökten
*AK Party* |  | Mustafa Muhammet Gültak
*AK Party* |  |
| MP |  | Turhan Güven
*DYP* |  | Saffet Benli
*AK Party / Motherland* |  | Kürşad Tüzmen
*AK Party* |  | Ahmet Tevfik Uzun
*AK Party* |  | Yılmaz Tezcan
*AK Party* |  |
| MP |  | Ayfer Yılmaz
*DYP* |  | Mustafa Eyiceoğlu
*AK Party* |  | Mehmet Zafer Üskül
*AK Party* |  | Nebi Bozkur
*AK Party* |  | Muhsin Kızılkaya
*AK Party* |  |
| MP |  | Ali Güngör
*MHP / Independent* |  | Dengir Mir Mehmet Fırat
*AK Party* |  | Kadir Ural
*MHP* | Seat abolished | | | | |

## General elections

### 2011

| 2011 Turkish general election: Mersin | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| List | | Candidates | Votes | Of total (%) | ± from prev. |
|  | AK Party | Mehmet Zafer Çağlayan, Ahmet Tevfik Uzun, Nebi Bozkur, Çiğdem Münevver Ökten | 311,050 | 32.00 |  |
|  | CHP | Aytuğ Atıcı, Vahap Seçer, İsa Gök, Ali Rıza Öztürk | 310,714 | 31.96 |  |
|  | MHP | Mehmet Şandır, Ali Öz | 224,477 | 23.09 |  |
|  | Independents | Ertuğrul Kürkçü | 93,876 | 9.66 |  |
|  | Büyük Birlik | *None elected* | 6954 | 0.72 |  |
|  | DP | *None elected* | 6392 | 0.66 |  |
|  | SAADET | *None elected* | 4863 | 0.50 |  |
|  | HAS Party | *None elected* | 3632 | 0.37 | *N/A* |
|  | DYP | *None elected* | 2216 | 0.23 |  |
|  | MP | *None elected* | 2122 | 0.22 |  |
|  | DSP | *None elected* | 1852 | 0.19 | '"\`UNIQ−−ref−0000000D−QINU\`"' |
|  | TKP | *None elected* | 1520 | 0.16 |  |
|  | HEPAR | *None elected* | 1487 | 0.15 |  |
|  | Nationalist Conservative | *None elected* | 891 | 0.09 |  |
|  | Labour | *None elected* | 0 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrat | *None elected* | 0 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 521,086 | 88.16 |  |

### June 2015

| Abbr. | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | CHP | **Republican People's Party** | **298,278** | **28.9%** |
|  | AK Party | Justice and Development Party | 266,760 | 25.9% |
|  | MHP | Nationalist Movement Party | 255,705 | 24.8% |
|  | HDP | Peoples' Democratic Party | 184,018 | 17.9% |
|  | SP | Felicity Party | 10,603 | 1% |
|  |  | Other | 15,267 | 1.5% |
| **Total** | | | 1,030,631 | | | | |
| *Turnout* | | | 86.62 | | | | |
| **source**: YSK | | | | | | | | |

### November 2015

| Abbr. | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | AK Party | **Justice and Development Party** | **325,723** | **31.1%** |
|  | CHP | Republican People's Party | 319,630 | 30.5% |
|  | MHP | Nationalist Movement Party | 224,219 | 21.4% |
|  | HDP | Peoples' Democratic Party | 156,873 | 15% |
|  | SP | Felicity Party | 3,765 | 0.4% |
|  |  | Other | 18,506 | 1.8% |
| **Total** | | | 1,048,716 | | | | |
| *Turnout* | | | 87.41 | | | | |
| **source**: YSK | | | | | | | | |

### 2018

| Abbr. | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | AK Party | **Justice and Development Party** | **302,200** | **27.4%** |
|  | CHP | Republican People's Party | 296,514 | 26.9% |
|  | HDP | Peoples' Democratic Party | 186,663 | 16.9% |
|  | IYI | Good Party | 151,924 | 13.8% |
|  | MHP | Nationalist Movement Party | 139,581 | 12.7% |
|  | SP | Felicity Party | 7,515 | 0.7% |
|  | HÜDA-PAR | Free Cause Party | 4,486 | 0.4% |
|  |  | Other | 13,675 | 1.2% |
| **Total** | | | 1,102,558 | | | | |
| *Turnout* | | | 88.45 | | | | |
| **source**: YSK | | | | | | | | |

## Presidential elections

### 2014

Presidential Election 2014: Mersin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Independent** | **Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu** | **496,780** | **54.56** |
|  | AK Party | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan | 291,231 | 31.98 |
|  | HDP | Selahattin Demirtaş | 122,561 | 13.46 |
| Total votes | | | **910,572** | **100.00** |
| Rejected ballots | | | 12,537 | 1.36 |
| Turnout | | | 923,109 | 77.31 |
|  | Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu **win** | | | |

36°45′N 34°00′E / 36.750°N 34.000°E / 36.750; 34.000

## InfoBox

| Mersin | |
| --- | --- |
| electoral district
for the Grand National Assembly of Turkey | |
| Mersin shown within Turkey | |
| Province | Mersin |
| Electorate | 1,304,186 |
| Current electoral district | |
| Created | 1923 |
| Seats | 13
Historical * 12 (1995-2011) |
| MPs | List |
| Turnout at last election | 88.75% |
| Representation | |
| AK Party | 4 / 13 |
| CHP | 3 / 13 |
| HDP | 2 / 13 |
| İYİ | 2 / 13 |
| MHP | 2 / 13 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Markusbierg Tunnel

abstract: The Markusbierg tunnels are a pair of parallel tunnels, which form the most easterly section of the A13 motorway through Luxembourg, near the town of Schengen. The tunnels are 1575 metres in length, and descend easterly, towards the German border at a 5% gradient. The eastern end of the tunnel runs directly to a viaduct crossing the river Moselle, which forms the border with Germany. Construction work was initiated on 15 September 1997 and the tunnels opened to public traffic on 24 July 2003, along with the rest of the A13 motorway. Total construction costs were €65m, including €15m for the installation of added security systems. Each tunnel has regular emergency crossing points into the other, to allow escape in case of emergency. In addition to the normal lighting of the tunnels, and because of their gradient and curve, the road edges are also fully illuminated, which helps to indicate the tight radius. Support staff are located near the German border.

text:
# Markusbierg Tunnel

The **Markusbierg tunnels** are a pair of parallel tunnels, which form the most easterly section of the A13 motorway through Luxembourg, near the town of Schengen. The tunnels are 1575 metres in length, and descend easterly, towards the German border at a 5% gradient. The eastern end of the tunnel runs directly to a viaduct crossing the river Moselle, which forms the border with Germany.

Construction work was initiated on 15 September 1997 and the tunnels opened to public traffic on 24 July 2003, along with the rest of the A13 motorway. Total construction costs were 65m, including €15m for the installation of added security systems.

Each tunnel has regular emergency crossing points into the other, to allow escape in case of emergency. In addition to the normal lighting of the tunnels, and because of their gradient and curve, the road edges (including the kerb) are also fully illuminated, which helps to indicate the tight radius. Support staff are located near the German border.

49°28′44″N 6°20′54″E / 49.4789°N 6.3482°E / 49.4789; 6.3482


title: Mecodema ponaiti

abstract: Mecodema ponaiti is a species of ground beetle endemic to the Poor Knights Islands, Northland, New Zealand.

text:
# Mecodema ponaiti

***Mecodema ponaiti*** is a species of ground beetle endemic to the Poor Knights Islands, Northland, New Zealand.

## InfoBox

| *Mecodema ponaiti* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Mecodema* |
| Species: | ***M. ponaiti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Mecodema ponaiti***<br>Seldon & Leschen, 2011 | |
|


title: Lomanthus

abstract: Lomanthus is a genus of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, with species native to northwestern Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. The genus was established in 2009. It was segregated from Senecio on the basis of morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence. It is placed in the tribe Senecioneae.

text:
# Lomanthus

***Lomanthus*** is a genus of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, with species native to northwestern Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. The genus was established in 2009. It was segregated from *Senecio* on the basis of morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence. It is placed in the tribe Senecioneae.

## Species

As of March 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Lomanthus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Asteroideae |
| Tribe: | Senecioneae |
| Genus: | *Lomanthus*<br>B.Nord. & Pelser |
|
| Species | |
| See text. | |


title: Married Life (1921 film)

abstract: Married Life is a 1921 British silent drama film directed by Georges Tréville and starring Gerald McCarthy, Peggy Hathaway and Roger Tréville. It was based on a play by J.B. Buckstone.

text:
# Married Life (1921 film)

***Married Life*** is a 1921 British silent drama film directed by Georges Tréville and starring Gerald McCarthy, Peggy Hathaway and Roger Tréville. It was based on a play by J.B. Buckstone.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Goble, Alan (1999). *The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film*. Bowker-Saur. ISBN 1-85739-229-9.

## InfoBox

| Married Life | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Georges Tréville |
| Written by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Production<br>company | Ideal Film Company |
| Distributed by | Ideal Film Company |
| Release date | * October 1921 (1921-10) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Évasion

abstract: Évasion is a Canadian French language discretionary service channel owned by Groupe TVA. The channel broadcasts programming devoted to travel and adventure.

text:
# Évasion

**Évasion** is a Canadian French language discretionary service channel owned by Groupe TVA. The channel broadcasts programming devoted to travel and adventure.

## History

In May 1999, a consortium consisting of BCE Inc. (50.1%), Groupe Serdy (19.9%), Grouped TVA Inc. (10%), Media Overseas (10%), and Pathé/Canal Voyage France (10%) were granted approval by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to launch a television channel called Canal Évasion, described as "a national French-language television specialty service that is dedicated exclusively to tourism, adventure and travel."

The channel was launched on January 31, 2000, as "Canal Évasion".

After various acquisitions over the years, ownership is held by the managing partner Groupe Serdy (formerly Serdy direct inc.) and Groupe TVA as a minority partner.

In December 2008, the channel unveiled a new image including a new logo and on-air presentation, including simplifying its name by dropping the "Canal".

On January 14, 2019, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved the acquisition of the channel by Quebecor Média on behalf of its subsidiary Groupe TVA.

On June 12, 2009, Serdy Direct launched an HD simulcast of Évasion.

## InfoBox

Évasion
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Canada |
| Broadcast area | National |
| Headquarters | Montreal, Quebec |
| Programming | |
| Picture format | 480i (SDTV)<br>1080i (HDTV) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Groupe TVA |
| Sister channels | Zeste |
| History | |
| Launched | January 31, 2000 (2000-01-31) |
| Former names | Canal Évasion (2000–2008) |
| Links | |
| Website | evasion.tv (in French) |


abstract: Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book is a live action television series based on the Mowgli stories from the Rudyard Kipling novels, The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book. A contemporary adaptation, the series has Mowgli joined on his adventures by a young American girl, named Nahbiri, who has accompanied her widowed doctor father to Jabalpur, India. The show was created by Timothy Scott Bogart, Guy Toubes, and James Hereth and produced by Wolfcrest Entertainment and Franklin/Waterman Worldwide, and distributed internationally by Alliance Films. It premiered on the Fox Kids in the United States on February 7, 1998 and ran until August 1 of the same year.

text:
# Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book

***Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book*** is a live action television series based on the Mowgli stories from the Rudyard Kipling novels, *The Jungle Book* and *The Second Jungle Book*. A contemporary adaptation, the series has Mowgli joined on his adventures by a young American girl, named Nahbiri, who has accompanied her widowed doctor father to Jabalpur, India. The show was created by Timothy Scott Bogart, Guy Toubes, and James Hereth and produced by Wolfcrest Entertainment and Franklin/Waterman Worldwide, and distributed internationally by Alliance Films. It premiered on the Fox Kids in the United States on February 7, 1998 and ran until August 1 of the same year.

## Episodes

The single season had 26 episodes.

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Mowgli of the Seoni: Part 1" | Unknown | Unknown | February 7, 1998 (1998-02-07) |
| 2 | "Mowgli of the Seoni: Part 2" | Unknown | Unknown | February 14, 1998 (1998-02-14) |
| 3 | "A New Beginning" | Unknown | Unknown | February 21, 1998 (1998-02-21) |
| 4 | "The Bigger Picture" | Unknown | Unknown | February 28, 1998 (1998-02-28) |
| 5 | "Side by Side" | Unknown | Unknown | March 7, 1998 (1998-03-07) |
| 6 | "What Goes Around..." | Unknown | Unknown | March 14, 1998 (1998-03-14) |
| 7 | "Friend or Foe" | Unknown | Unknown | March 21, 1998 (1998-03-21) |
| 8 | "Circus Breaker" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 9 | "The Perfect Shot" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 10 | "Song of Akela" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 11 | "The Hollow Bird" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 12 | "Fatherhood" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 13 | "Cold Lairs" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 14 | "Rashomowgli" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 15 | "Mowgli, P.I." | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 16 | "Good Intentions" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 17 | "Best Friends" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 18 | "Life Lessons" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 19 | "Outback and Back Out" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 20 | "The Guardian" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 21 | "Going to Extremes" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 22 | "Paper Chase" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 23 | "Feeling Trapped" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 24 | "Run Like the Wind" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 25 | "Return to Cold Lairs: Part 1" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |
| 26 | "Return to Cold Lairs: Part 2" | TBD | TBD | UNAIRED? |

## InfoBox

| *Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Created by | Timothy Scott Bogart
Guy Toubes
James Hereth |
| Directed by | Brent Loefke
David Briggs
Michael McGreevey
John Blizek
Timothy Scott Bogart
William Tannen |
| Starring | Sean Price-McConnell
Lindsey Peter
Bart Braverman
Richard Assad
Jaime Gutierrez Victory
Maryam d'Abo
Kavi Raz |
| Composer | Peter Bernstein |
| Country of origin | Canada
United States |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 26 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | Jeff Franklin
Steve Waterman
Timothy Scott Bogart
J. Christopher Fahlman |
| Producers | Guy Toubes
James Hereth
Dianne Dixon
Cary Glieberman
Keenan Robinson
Elliot Schick
Allan Pacheco Dent |
| Running time | 22 minutes |
| Production companies | Wolfcrest Entertainment
Franklin/Waterman Worldwide
Alliance Entertainment |
| Original release | |
| Network | FOX (Fox Kids) |
| Release | February 7 (1998-02-07)
August 1, 1998 (1998-08-01) |


title: Mehiläinen

abstract: Mehiläinen is a concern for social and healthcare services for both public and private customers, active in Finland, Sweden, Germany and Estonia. The company's largest owner is CVC Capital Partners.

text:
# Mehiläinen

**Mehiläinen** (Finnish for "bee") is a concern for social and healthcare services for both public and private customers, active in Finland, Sweden, Germany and Estonia. The company's largest owner is CVC Capital Partners.

## History

### 1909-1999

The hospital limited company Mehiläinen was founded in Helsinki in 1909 as a small private hospital. It was founded by four Finnish-speaking doctors, Reguel Löfqvist, Akseli Koskimies, Walter Sipilä and K. F. Hirvisalo. The company was named after the mythical bee Mehiläinen in the national epic *Kalevala*, who healed Lemminkäinen as he was dying. The company was first located on the Huvilankatu street.

The company bought two lots from the city of Helsinki from the newly constructed area in Pohjois-Töölö, and the first part of the hospital was completed in autumn 1932 at Hesperiankatu 17. The company created rental apartments in its old premises. In 1933 the hospital was expanded to Runeberginkatu, and the third phase was completed in 1937, at which time the building right of the lots was exhausted. The hospital had 128 places for the sick and also space for newly-born babies. The last completed part also had space for apartments and businesses.

During the Winter War the hospital first served as a first aid station for the city of Helsinki, until it became a military hospital for the Finnish Red Cross, later known as the Töölö Hospital. The hospital also served as a military hospital during the Continuation War. During the bombing of Helsinki in February 1944 the hospital was damaged and was forced to shut down almost all activities for a while.

Group services by special doctors were started in 1957.

In 1964 the city of Espoo rented 34 bed places from Mehiläinen.

In 1974 the company started offering work healthcare services. The company was renamed Sairaalaosakeyhtiö Mehiläinen in 1978.

The childbirth department of Mehiläinen was discontinued in June 1980. In 1984 the company bought the Hakaniemi medical station and its daughter company, the Kielotie medical station in Vantaa. The deal also included the Forum medical station, which only started activities in 1986.

Mehiläinen renovated its concern structure from 1994 to 1995. The Kalevankatu medical station was fused to the parent company and the Forum medical station into the Hakaniemi medical station. The Mehiläinen hospital had 90 places for the sick, a laboratory and a surgical operation room. The hospital served about 130 thousand patients per year.

### 2000-2010

CapMan and SITRA became Mehiläinen's major owners in 2000. In the next year, the Mehiläinen Hospital Limited Company and Tohtoritalo fused into Mehiläinen Oy. Tohtoritalo had been founded in 1996 as a merger between Meditori and the Vagus medical station. In 2002 the company acquired Remedi from Vaasa and Säveri from Kuopio. In the next year the company acquired a further nine companies.

In 2006 CapMan and SITRA sold the majority of Mehiläinen's shares to the Swedish investor company 3i and Mehiläinen became part of the Swedish Ambea concern. In 2007 Carema Hoivapalvelut Oy, the Finnish daughter company of Carema, the Swedish daughter company of the Ambea concern, was acquired by Mehiläinen. In 2009, the company started offering healthcare and home care services in Karis with the Carema name. Mehiläinen started offering services for child protection and mental health rehabilitation through the Leivoyhtiöt company.

In 2010 KKR and Swedish company Triton AB became the major owners of Mehiläinen.

### 2011-

In the 2010s, many Finnish municipalities privatised their social and healthcare services to Mehiläinen and other companies. In municipalities who had outsourced their social and healthcare services, there were many problems in reaching the promised level of services in organising both the municipality's own activity and control of outsourced services. According to the city of Kemi, half of the doctors agreed in the contract with Länsi-Pohja Oy were missing. According to Lasse Männistö, the CEO of Mehiläinen Länsi-Pohja Oy, the missing doctors were Kemi's own fault, as the premises were poor. According to Männistö, the company intends to amend the missing doctors by moving their work to nurses and by offering digital services.

Mediverkko and Mehiläinen announced their merger in November 2014. Janne-Olli Järvenpää, the founder and CEO of Mediverkko, became the CEO of the new company. Mediverkko was acquired by Mehiläinen in January 2015. At the time, the concern had a total revenue of over 360 million euro and over nine thousand employees.

In summer 2017 LähiTapiola bought a ten-percent share of Mehiläinen. Mehiläinen had a revenue of over 165 million euro, almost 30 percent more than in the previous year.

In May 2018 the funds controlled by Triton and KKR sold Mehiläinen to LähiTapiola, Varma, Ilmarinen and CVC Capital Partners. The company had over 14 thousand employees. From 2015 to 2018 Mehiläinen acquired over 40 companies. During one year Mehiläinen built over 700 new apartments for the elderly, the disabled and mental health rehabilitants. The Mehiläinen home service was active in over 150 municipalities.

In April 2019 the OP Financial Group announced it would sell the healthcare services of Pohjola Terveys to Mehiläinen, having offered workplace healthcare services to 800 customer companies with a total of almost 19 thousand employees. In November Mehiläinen announced it would acquire Pihlajalinna. At this time Mehiläinen's revenue reached one billion euro for the first time, at a total of 1064 million euro.

In 2020 Mehiläinen made its first foreign acquisition, when its daughter company BeeHealthy bought the Stockholm-based company Sibyllekliniken. BeeHealthy was separated into a separate company for new start-up activities selling Mehiläinen's digital services abroad. In September the Finnish Competition and Consumer Authority made a proposal to the market court to forbid the merger between Mehiläinen and Pihlajalinna. In late November Mehiläinen and Pihlajalinna announced that the deal had been cancelled.

In 2021 Mehiläinen acquired the Estonian workplace healthcare company Qvalitas as well as three dental care stations, of which the firstly acquired company Unimed fused with the later acquisitions of KW and Al Mare. In November Mehiläinen acquired the German company Dalberg Klinik AG.

## Organisation

In 2018 Mehiläinen employed over 5400 doctors, of which about 3300 were in active practice. There were over 57 medical centres and a total of over 18,800 employees. The company had eleven hospitals all over Finland.

In 2020 healthcare services amounted to 773.2 million euro and social care services to 389.3 million euro of the total revenue. Of the revenue, 596.2 million euro came from the public sector, 306.3 million euro from corporate customers and the remaining 260.0 million euro from private customers. Mehiläinen employed about 70 software developers producing its digital services.

Mehiläinen works abroad through the BeeHealthy brand. In spring 2021 BeeHealthy had 50 employees.

### Ownership

In autumn 2021 the five largest owners of Mehiläinen were the funds controlled by the Luxembourgian company CVC Capital Partners (56%), the LähiTapiola group (20%) as well as the Varma Mutual Pension Insurance Company (20%), the State Retirement Fund of Finland and the insurance company Ilmarinen.

## Products and services

The three most important business areas of Mehiläinen are private healthcare services, public healthcare services and social care services. The concern also offers mental health services.

The OmaMehiläinen service has over one million registered users. It can be used to reserve appointments, request renewal of prescriptions or view one's own healthcare records.

### Digital clinic

In 2020 the Mehiläinen digital clinic had about 550 thousand patients in Finland. The service can also be used to contact a doctor remotely. The service is used in Finland and Estonia. The digital clinic allows to handle some of the patients faster than by a traditional appointment. In Finland, for example LähiTapiola, Länsi-Pohja, Siikalatva and Varkaus offer digital services provided by Mehiläinen.

### BeeHealthy

Mehiläinen licences a service based on OmaMehiläinen and the digital clinic also abroad, for example in Greece and Italy. Healthcare companies and hospital chains can use the BeeHealthy service to provide digital appointment reservation, fulfilment of preliminary information forms, healthcare access, remote appointments, various kinds of remote coaching and follow-ups and access to one's own medical information such as laboratory test results. The application can be connected to mobile healthcare applications such as Apple Health. Foe example a diabetic can enter their own weight and sugar values into the service, after which a care team can discuss the situation with them by a telephone call or communication through the application.

## Tax responsibility

In 2006 the Swedish fund capital company 3i became Mehiläinen's main owner and Mehiläinen became part of the Swedish Ambea concern. The concern took an internal loan for the deal, which the Finnish daughter company could then pay off paying the interest to Sweden. As the buyer was a foreign company, the company did not have to pay real estate transfer tax to Finland. For the parent company, the interest paid by the daughter company is exempt from tax.

In 2010 the Swedish Triton AB became Mehiläinen's second main owner in addition to the American company KKR.

In 2011 the aggressive tax shelter that Triton had been practicing in the Jersey tax haven, while legal as such, attracted criticism. Mehiläinen was also accused of tax avoidance, as according to *Keskisuomalainen* it had taken advantage of the concern donations paid to its parent company.

According to *Helsingin Sanomat* Mehiläinen paid its taxes in 2015 normally based on its bottom line: the taxable income was 19.2 million euro, of which 3.8 million euro was paid in tax.

In May 2016 Mehiläinen's CEO commented on the company's reputation which had suffered because of the tax shelter and said that because of the controversy the company's activities had been completely revised. Mehiläinen had been separated from its Swedish parent company and both the CEO and the board had been replaced.

From 2017 to 2018 the Helsinki district court reviewed Mehiläinen's tax shelter from 2006 to 2012 when it had been part of the Swedish Ambea concern. Mehiläinen had abandoned the tax shelter in 2012 when its loans had been changed into capital. The Helsinki district court saw that Mehiläinen was guilty of tax evasion. Mehiläinen appealed the decision to the supreme court, but paid 13.8 million euro in tax even before the supreme court gave its verdict. Of the sum 8.8 million euro was tax and increased tax, the rest was late payment charges.

In May 2019 Finnwatch published a tax responsibility document about the social and healthcare business, where Mehiläinen was ranked worst of the six healthcare companies mentioned in the document. Of the companies investigated, it got the most points for its public tax strategy, while its points were decreased by its loan strategy to decrease its taxable income, the ongoing legal process and that part of its business income had been converted into capital income. Mehiläinen received a grade of -2 on a scale from -11 to +11. According to the report, Mehiläinen did not have an aggressive shareholder loan plan, but during the years before the report, it had been undercapitalised with loans taken from funds institutions, whose interests decrease the taxable income in Finland and the self-sufficiency grade of the company was significantly lower than the average in the business. In the 2018 corporate organisation plan the self-sufficiency grade of the concern had increased. Over half of Mehiläinen's doctors are employed as external service providers, and the company OmaPartners Oy partly owned by Mehiläinen pays work commitment shares to its shareholder doctors. In 2018 these shares had been paid for a total sum of 6.05 million euro.

In April 2020 Mehiläinen announced that the supreme court had declined its appeal and the legal process that had been ongoing for several years was at an end.

## Problems in activities

In 2011 the Swedish healthcare service company Carema owned by Triton received criticism about cutting expenses related to everyday healthcare services.

Because of the public controversy caused by the death of a patient in an Esperi Care nursery home in January 2019, Yle revealed that of the three largest nursery home companies in Finland, Mehiläinen had had problems related to shortages of nursery staff just as well as Esperi Care and Attendo had. The Regional State Administrative Agency had found deficiencies in Mehiläinen nursery homes, but the problems were not as severe than with the other companies Yle had investigated.

In autumn 2021 there were widespread news about problems in Mehiläinen nursery homes. The matter was bought to public attention because of the treatment of an autistic boy, but other widespread problems were found in the unit. The police started investigating the matter.

1. Hoivajätti Mehiläinen saa pääomistajan Luxemburgista ja uusia suomalaisomistajia – aikoo haukata entistä suuremman osa sote-miljardeista, *Uusimaa* 18 May 2018. Accessed on 16 November 2021.
2. Niskanen, Saara: Mehiläinen kasvaa Virossa hammashoidon palveluissa, jotka kiinnostavat myös suomalaisia – "Selkeästi suomalaisasiakkaita on", *Talouselämä*. Accessed on 11 November 2021.
3. Pääomistajat myyvät osuutensa Mehiläisestä – enemmistöomistajaksi pääomasijoittaja, *Ilta-Sanomat* 18 May 2018. Accessed on 11 November 2021.
4. Toppari, Kirsti: Helsingin korttelit kertovat osa 7 Sairaala ja vanha suojeluskuntatalo, *Helsingin Sanomat* 12 August 1994. Accessed on 13 November 2021.
5. Mehiläinen yrityksenä, Mehiläinen. Accessed on 12 November 2021.
6. Mehiläisen toimitusjohtajan tervehdys 110-vuotisjuhlapäivänä, Mehiläinen. Accessed on 13 November 2021.
7. Sairaala Osakeyhtiö Mehiläinen — Historia, Pörssitieto. Accessed on 12 November 2021.
8. Pesonen, Hannu: *Mehiläinen: 100 vuotta suomalaisten elämässä.* Otava 2009. ISBN 9789511236221. pp. 8-11.
9. Mehiläinen kiisti "härskin verokikkailun" syksyllä 2011 – Oikeus pui nyt, oliko sittenkin verojen välttelyä, YLE 11 September 2017. Accessed on 12 November 2021.
10. Sote-palvelunsa ulkoistaneissa kunnissa on ollut laajasti ongelmia, STT 10 May 2019. Accessed on 14 November 2021.
11. Kemin terveydenhuollossa suuria ongelmia – ulkoistus Mehiläiselle puolitti lääkäripalvelut, kaupunki vaatii nyt korvauksia, *Kaleva* 3 February 2020. Accessed on 14 November 2021.
12. Mehiläinen ja Mediverkko yhdistyvät terveys- ja sosiaalipalvelualan suunnannäyttäjäksi, Mehiläinen 18 November 2014. Accessed on 18 November 2014.
13. Mehiläinen ja Mediverkko yhdistyvät, *Ilta-Sanomat* 18 November 2014. Accessed on 28 April 2019.
14. Eronen, Eeva: Nyt ostettiin Mehiläinen – Ostajiin kuuluva LähiTapiola ei kommentoi tietoa 1,8 miljardin kauppahinnasta, *Talouselämä* 18 May 2018. Accessed on 19 May 2018.
15. Sote-markkinoilla käy kova rytinä – yrityskauppa joka neljäs päivä, *Uusi Suomi*. Accessed on 9 February 2019.
16. Honkamaa, Antti: TE-analyysi: Mehiläinen lentää miljardiin – moni poliitikko näkee punaista, mutta se ei estä terveysyhtiön kasvua, *Talouselämä*. Accessed on 11 November 2021.
17. Eskola, Hanna: OP karsii edelleen - myy Pohjola Terveyden työterveyspalvelut Mehiläiselle, *Kauppalehti*. Accessed on 11 November 2021.
18. Sutinen, Teija: Terveysyritys Mehiläinen ostaa Pihlajalinnan, *Helsingin Sanomat* 5 November 2019. Accessed on 8 November 2019.
19. Jurvelin, Kyösti: Hoivakohu koetteli Mehiläistä, mutta liikevaihto puhkaisi miljardin euron rajapyykin – "Jyvät erottuivat akanoista", *Kauppalehti*. Accessed on 11 November 2021.
20. Hertsi, Anneli: Mehiläinen hakee ostokohteita Ruotsista ja muilta lähialueilta – "Kaatunut fuusio vapautti energiaa muihin kasvuhankkeisiin", *Kauppalehti*. Accessed on 11 November 2021.
21. Terveydenhuolto | Mehiläinen pyrkii kansainvälisille markkinoille digipalveluilla – Suomen lähialueille on tarkoitus perustaa myös omia lääkärikeskuksia, *Helsingin Sanomat* 24 November 2020. Accessed on 11 November 2021.
22. Mehiläisen Pihlajalinnasta tekemä ostotarjous ei toteutunut aikataulussa – KKV esitti syyskuussa markkinaoikeudelle yrityskaupan kieltämistä. *Maaseudun tulevaisuus* 23 November 2020.
23. Pohjoismaiden suurin terveysjätti jää syntymättä: Pihlajalinna ja Mehiläinen eivät neuvottele enää yhdistymisestä, YLE 25 November 2020. Accessed on 11 November 2021.
24. Terveysalan yritys Mehiläinen laajenee Saksaan, *Ilta-Sanomat* 15 November 2021. Accessed on 15 November 2021.
25. Mehiläisen vuosikatsaus 2018, Mehiläinen. Accessed 3 April 2018.
26. Mehiläinen yrityksenä, Mehiläinen. Accessed on 18 April 2019.
27. Tilinpäätös 2020, Mehiläinen 2021. Accessed on 29 November 2021.
28. Holtari, Seija: Mehiläinen hakee maailmalta jättipottia, tavoitteena 800 miljoonaa euroa – "Tämä tarkoittaa väistämättä myös yrityskauppoja", *Talouselämä*. Accessed 11 November 2021.
29. Jauhiainen, Ilkka: Terveysyhtiö Mehiläinen aikoo kasvaa ulkomailla digiterveyden avulla – "Ruotsissa ja Saksassa markkinoiden keskittyminen on vasta edessä", *Kauppalehti* (subscribers only). Accessed on 11 November 2021.
30. Mehiläisen omistus ja johto, Mehiläinen. Accessed on 11 November 2021.
31. Rokka, Taru: Mehiläinen ostaa kaksi hammaslääkäriasemaa Virossa, *Talouselämä*. Accessed on 11 November 2021.
32. Digilääkäriltä vaaditaan erityistä empatiaa – video näyttää, miten monet vaivat hoituvat nyt kotisohvalta käsin, YLE 11 November 2020. Accessed on 11 November 2021.
33. Oikeus: Terveysyhtiö Mehiläinen syyllistyi veronkiertoon - asiantuntijan mukaan riita 13 miljoonasta on vasta jäävuoren huippu: "Tämä on sitä samaa moskaa", *Iltalehti*. Accessed on 12 November 2021.
34. Vårdbolaget Carema smiter undan skatt, *Hufvudstadsbladet*. Accessed on 11 November 2021.
35. Mehiläinen maksoi verottajalle 13,8 miljoonaa, vaikka korkein oikeus ei ole vielä päättänyt asiasta: "Varovaisuuden periaate", *Suomen Kuvalehti* 1 April 2019. Accessed on 12 November 2021.
36. Mehiläisen omistajilta joululahja - Ruotsille, *Keskisuomalainen* 21 December 2011. Accessed on 12 November 2021.
37. Saarinen, Juhani: Verosuunnittelun takia ryvettynyt Mehiläinen vakuuttaa nyt tunnollisuuttaan, *Helsingin Sanomat* 11 May 2016. Accessed on 11 November 2021.
38. Finnwatch vertaili sote-alan yritysten verovastuullisuutta: Mehiläinen oli viimeisenä, YLE 29 May 2019. Accessed on 12 November 2021.
39. Vertailu sote-yritysten verovastuullisuudesta, Finnwatch May 2019. Accessed on 15 June 2019.
40. KHO ei myöntänyt valituslupaa Ambea Finland AB:n Suomen sivuliikkeen verovähennysasiassa, Mehiläinen. Accessed on 12 November 2021.
41. Hoivayhtiön skandaali paisuu Ruotsissa - vanhusten kustannuksella säästetään kilpaa, *Ilta-Sanomat* 22 December 2011. Accessed on 11 November 2021.
42. Ylen selvitys: Vanhusten ravitsemus oli retuperällä Mehiläisen hoivakodissa – letkuruokinnassa ollut asukas ei saanut ravintoa 18 tuntiin, YLE. Accessed on 29 January 2019.
43. Talasterä, Johanna: Poliisi aloittaa esiselvityksen kehitysvammaisen pojan kaltoinkohtelusta hoivakodissa, YLE 8 November 2021. Accessed on 14 November 2021.


title: Mershon, Georgia

abstract: Mershon is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Pierce County, Georgia, United States. The 2020 census listed a population of 44.

text:
# Mershon, Georgia

**Mershon** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Pierce County, Georgia, United States.

The 2020 census listed a population of 44.

## History

A post office called Mershon was established in 1886. The community was named after Martin L. Mershon, a local judge.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 44 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2020 | | | |

Mershon was first listed as a census designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census.

**Mershon CDP, Georgia – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) | Pop 2020 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 34 | 77.27% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 2 | 4.55% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 1 | 2.27% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 7 | 15.91% |
| **Total** | **44** | **100.00%** |

In 2020, it had a population of 44.

## InfoBox

| Mershon, Georgia | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community
Census-designated place | |
| Mershon, Georgia | |
| Coordinates: 31°27′51″N 82°15′26″W / 31.46417°N 82.25722°W / 31.46417; -82.25722 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Georgia |
| County | Pierce |
| Elevation | 161 ft (49 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 44 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 912 |
| GNIS feature ID | 318049 |


title: Megacorma iorioi

abstract: Megacorma iorioi is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Seram in Indonesia.

text:
# Megacorma iorioi

***Megacorma iorioi*** is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Seram in Indonesia.

## InfoBox

| *Megacorma iorioi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sphingidae |
| Genus: | *Megacorma* |
| Species: | ***M. iorioi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Megacorma iorioi***<br>Eitschberger, 2003 | |
|


title: Lomanthus putcalensis

abstract: Lomanthus putcalensis, synonym Talamancalia putcalensis, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. The species is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Lomanthus putcalensis

***Lomanthus putcalensis***, synonym ***Talamancalia putcalensis***, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. The species is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Lomanthus putcalensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Lomanthus* |
| Species: | ***L. putcalensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Lomanthus putcalensis***
(Hieron.) B.Nord. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Senecio putcalensis* Hieron. * *Talamancalia putcalensis* (Hieron.) B.Nord. & Pruski | |


title: Pietro Sassoli

abstract: Pietro Sassoli (1898–1946) was an Italian composer and conductor. He worked on a number of films during his career, including Alessandro Blasetti's Mother Earth (1931). He also worked on some early Roberto Rossellini films.

text:
# Pietro Sassoli

**Pietro Sassoli** (1898–1946) was an Italian composer and conductor. He worked on a number of films during his career, including Alessandro Blasetti's *Mother Earth* (1931). He also worked on some early Roberto Rossellini films.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Verdone, Luca. *I film di Alessandro Blasetti*. Gremese Editore, 1989.

## InfoBox

| Pietro Sassoli | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 13 June 1898
Ficarolo, Veneto
Italy |
| Died | 14 April 1946
Rome,
Italy |
| Occupation(s) | Composer
Conductor |
| Years active | 1930–1946 (film) |


title: Valettia

abstract:
Valettia is a genus of crustaceans belonging to the monotypic family Valettidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe. Species:
  - Valettia coheres Stebbing, 1888
  - Valettia hystrix Thurston, 1989

text:
# Valettia

***Valettia*** is a genus of crustaceans belonging to the monotypic family **Valettidae**.

The species of this genus are found in Europe.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Valettia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Amphipoda |
| Family: | Valettidae |
| Genus: | *Valettia*<br>Stebbing, 1888 |
|


title: Čiobiškis Manor

abstract: Čiobiškis Manor is a former residential manor on the confluence of Musė and Neris rivers, the southern part of Čiobiškis. The manor complex consists of the manor, farm labourers' building and stable. It is presently (2020) undergoing reconstruction.

text:
# Čiobiškis Manor

**Čiobiškis Manor** is a former residential manor on the confluence of Musė and Neris rivers, the southern part of Čiobiškis. The manor complex consists of the manor, farm labourers' building and stable. It is presently (2020) undergoing reconstruction.

## History

### The Radziwiłł Family

Čiobiškis Manor was first mentioned in 1529, when the area belonged to the Radziwiłł family.

### The Švikovski Family

In the 18th century, it was owned by the Švikovski family.

They built Čiobiškis Manor, designed by Laurynas Gucevičius, in 1794 at the confluence of the Musės and Neris rivers.

The manor used to have a chapel but the landlords Švikovski built a church in a different place. At the end of the 18th century, the church burnt down.

### The Piłsudski Family

#### Jan Chryzostom Piłsudski (c1768-1837)

Čiobiškis Manor was then purchased by Jan Chryzostom Piłsudski (c1768-1837) in 1794.

Before selling the manor to Piłsudski, Švikovski obliged the new owner to build a new church.

Piłsudski had Čiobiškis Church built in 1810–1816. It too is thought to have been designed by Laurynas Gucevičius though that can't be proven.

After Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, Jan's son-in-law, Antoni Chodakowski (1784-1831), a Lieutenant in Napoleon's Polish Lancer Regiment, returned to Lithuania with his wife, Marcjancella Chodakowska (née Piłsudska) (1797-d.) and two sons. The family moved into Čiobiškis with Jan Piłsudski.

#### Stefan Aleksander Piłsudski (1823-1864)

When Jan died in 1837, Čiobiškis was passed down to his grandson, Stefan Aleksander Piłsudski.

In 1857, Čiobiškis was visited by Count Konstanty Tyszkiewicz, an archaeologist and ethnographer. Tyszkiewicz was performing an expedition on the river Neris, from the source to the mouth. He wrote in his book *‘Neris ir jos krantai’* (en: ‘Neris and its Banks') commenting on Čiobiškis (translated):

> “Čiobiškis is the landowner Piłsudski’s estate. \[...\] On the shores of the Neris, in the greenery of old trees and gardens, its masonry manor house was lighted by the greenhouses along the Neris shore. The chapel was bollous and graceful, although small. It has recently been built. The manor house is one of those rare and magnificent buildings, which are so rare in our country… The brave proportions and fine contours reflect the art of Gucevičius' architecture.”

#### Konstantin Aleksander Piłsudski (1852-1903)

Čiobiškis was passed down to Stefan Piłsudski's son Konstantin Aleksander Piłsudski (1852-1903) and then probably to his son, Eugeniusz Antoni Piłsudski (1888-c1914).

In 1910, Čiobiškis was sold out of the Piłsudski family to Russian colonists. It had been in the Piłsudski family for 116 years or five generations.

### Interwar Period

In 1918, the manor's ownership went to the state. Then, the more distant lands were distributed away to individuals, while the 80 territory surrounding the central buildings remained the state's property and was turned into a children's orphanage.

In 1944–1945 a partisan headquarter of the Didžioji Kova military district was organized by Jonas Misiūnas-Green Devil in the manor. In February 1945, Stasys Misiūnas-Old Man led LLA 5th district's headquarters company to permanently settle inside the attics of both laborers houses of the manor. Since February 16, the partisans newspaper "Freedom Way" began being published from the location, with Jonas Markulis-Ghost redacting.

On March 27 1945, the headquarter was betrayed by the residing orphan Kazys Snieginis and a battle between the NKVD soldiers and partisans commenced. The partisans Kazys Surmilavičius-Klevelis, leader of the district's I battalion, and partisan Adomas Lapinskas-Uosis had been on a walk when they noticed the soviets near the Neris river and attempted to warn the manor. Surmilavičius was shoot on the spot, while Lapinskas was injured, chased, and finally gunned down near the Rusių Ragas village, choosing to drown himself in the river.

Afterwards, the storming of the manor started. The laborers house of the manor was shelled by the NKVD killing 3 partisans - Juozas Marcinauskas-Pluta, Jonas Markulis-Vaiduoklis and Mykolas Tveraga-Aras during the attack. Helper Janina Marcinauskaitė-Neužmirštuolė was captured. S. Misiūnas was injured and mananged to initially evade capture, but was caught some days later - both were sentenced to 10 and 5 years in prison respectfully. The only two free survivors of the attack were partisan Česlovas Pavasaris-Giant and helper Aldona Sipavičiūtė-Velnio Išpera. NKVD soldiers captured weapons and ammunition, uniforms, typewritter and equipment, radio transmitter and two receivers, over 1,000 chervonets as well as other supplies stored in the headquarter.

On 6 July 1995 a wooden commemorative plaque was hung up to honour the partisans on the main manor's building. In 2002, a granite one was also added on the laborers house.

### Soviet Period

After World War II, it was turned into a boarding-school. In 1965 the manor and buildings were reorganized into a special education school-orphanage for troubled boys.

### Lithuanian Independence Period

In 2011 the school was closed.

Čiobiškis Manor was privately bought by Eugenija Vagnerienė and is being refurbished (2020) to be a hotel, spa and cultural centre.

https://www.15min.lt/naujiena/aktualu/lietuva/dvaras-ciobiskyje-500-metu-istorija-vaiku-socializacijos-centro-seselis-ir-ateities-vizijos-56-1232274

## Citations

54°57′8″N 24°39′21″E / 54.95222°N 24.65583°E / 54.95222; 24.65583

## InfoBox

| Čiobiškis Manor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Classical |
| Location | Vilties g. 1, Čiobiškis, Lithuania |
| Completed | 1794 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Laurynas Gucevičius |


abstract: The following is a list of women in war and their exploits from about 1800 up to about 1899. For women in warfare in the United States at this time, please see Timeline of women in war in the United States, pre-1945. Only women active in direct warfare, such as warriors, spies, and women who actively led armies are included in this list.

text:
# Women in warfare and the military in the 19th century

The following is a list of women in war and their exploits from about 1800 up to about 1899.

For women in warfare in the United States at this time, please see *Timeline of women in war in the United States, pre-1945*.

Only women active in direct warfare, such as warriors, spies, and women who actively led armies are included in this list.

## 1800s

## 1810s

## 1820s

## 1830s

## 1840s

## 1850s

## 1860s

## 1870s

## 1880s

## 1890s


title: Meg Griffiths

abstract: Meg Griffiths is a photographer based in Denton, Texas. Griffiths studied photography at Savannah College of Art and Design, completing a master's in fine arts in 2012. The following year she was named on PDN's 30 New and Emerging Photographers to Watch 2013 list. Griffiths is an Assistant Professor of Photography and Area Head in the Department of Visual Art at Texas Woman's University. Her work has been exhibited publicly across the United States. Her work has also been published in several magazines and newspapers including Oxford American, Aint Bad Magazine, Boston Globe, Photo District News, South X Southeast Magazine, Lenscratch, Le Journal de la Photographie, and Fraction Magazine. In 2017, she received the Julia Margaret Cameron Award for Best Fine Art Series.

text:
# Meg Griffiths

**Meg Griffiths** is a photographer based in Denton, Texas.

Griffiths studied photography at Savannah College of Art and Design, completing a master's in fine arts in 2012. The following year she was named on PDN's 30 New and Emerging Photographers to Watch 2013 list.

Griffiths is an Assistant Professor of Photography and Area Head in the Department of Visual Art at Texas Woman's University. Her work has been exhibited publicly across the United States. Her work has also been published in several magazines and newspapers including *Oxford American*, *Aint Bad Magazine, Boston Globe, Photo District News, South X Southeast Magazine, Lenscratch, Le Journal de la Photographie*, and *Fraction Magazine*. In 2017, she received the Julia Margaret Cameron Award for Best Fine Art Series.

## Photography

### *Casa de fruta y pan*

The series *Casa de fruta y pan* (2011-2014) includes photographs of domestic life in Cuba. The series was published in a catalog by Anti-Bad in 2015.

## InfoBox

| Meg Griffiths | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Megan Shea Griffiths<br>Bloomington, Indiana |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | University of Texas, Savannah College of Art and Design |
| Known for | Photography |


title: Veterinary pharmacist

abstract: A veterinary pharmacist is a specially trained pharmacist who dispenses veterinary drugs and supplies or products and advice to owners of companion animals and livestock. In addition, they advise the regulatory bodies and are involved in the formulation of veterinary drugs. Veterinary pharmacy is a field of pharmacy practice, in which veterinary pharmacists may compound medications, fill prescriptions, and manage drug therapies for animals. Veterinary pharmacists are licensed pharmacists who specialize in the distribution of medications for animals.

text:
# Veterinary pharmacist

A **veterinary pharmacist** is a specially trained pharmacist who dispenses veterinary drugs and supplies or products and advice to owners of companion animals and livestock. In addition, they advise the regulatory bodies and are involved in the formulation of veterinary drugs. **Veterinary pharmacy** is a field of pharmacy practice, in which veterinary pharmacists may compound medications, fill prescriptions, and manage drug therapies for animals. Veterinary pharmacists are licensed pharmacists who specialize in the distribution of medications for animals.

## Synopsis and distinction

### US profession

In the United States, this differs slightly from the title of "veterinary pharmacy specialist," who might additionally work in consulting, research, and education for veterinary pharmacy. Regular pharmacists in a variety of settings come into play in the preparation and dispensing of animal medications as well. As veterinarians treat a wide variety of animals with a wide variety of products, pharmacists can help manage these treatments through their compounding and drug knowledge. Compounding is often necessary for animal patients, as they require different dosages and medication forms from humans. Through compounding, pharmacists can adjust a medication for an animal so it is more appealing in taste or appearance. While there is currently no required veterinary pharmacy curriculum in place by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, the American Veterinary Medical Association understands that some veterinary education might be beneficial to pharmacists as community pharmacies continue to supply animal medications.

In addition to oversight by the FAO, and the OIE, which governs the Terrestrial Animal Health Code, the veterinary pharmacopeia is regulated by various governmental bodies, including

### UK profession

In the United Kingdom Veterinary Pharmacy comprises four areas of practice:

* **Public Health** issues associated with human-animal contact, treatment and prevention of zoonotic disease and vector control
* **Veterinary Medicinal Products** involving the formulation and supply of veterinary medicinal products by dispensing or over the counter sale, Regulatory control.
* **Animal Welfare** involving the provision of advice, prescribing and supply of veterinary medicinal products where legal regulations allow and animal health planning,
* **Business Administration** including marketing veterinary services and financial control.

In the UK and Ireland, the term *Veterinary Pharmacy* is not solely the domain of the pharmacist. Other veterinary health care providers may provide elements of veterinary pharmacy to varying extents. Practising veterinary pharmacy does not imply necessarily that the person concerned is a registered pharmacist. A qualification for support staff working within the animal medicines industry was created by the UK Government in 2003, and holders were designated **Suitably Qualified Persons** (SQPs). SQPs are also known as **Animal Health Advisors** and are able to carry out veterinary functions similar to pharmacists, except for dispensing veterinary only medicines prescribed by veterinarians and in the distribution category POM-V. There is a similar system in Ireland.

## Education

### US education

Currently, in the United States, the only available form of veterinary pharmacy education is that of elective courses in pharmacy schools, or in continuing pharmacy education courses. While veterinary pharmacy education is not readily incorporated into most pharmacy degree programs, select opportunities exist for pharmacy students and graduates through Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (APPEs) and residency programs. Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences are 6-week rotations at different locations that must be completed by pharmacy students during their sixth year of study. The APPE options that exist in veterinary pharmacy are school specific for sixth-year pharmacy students, while the current existing veterinary pharmacy residencies are post-graduate year one residencies (PGY1). Currently, only four programs are in existence in the US at North Carolina State, Purdue University, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and UC Davis, none of which are to be applied for through the PhORCAS match, which is the Pharmacy Online Residency Central Application Service.

### UK education

In the United Kingdom, pharmacists registered with the General Pharmaceutical Council may dispense and prescribe certain veterinary medicinal products without further training but many pharmacists would struggle to provide a confident and informed service as the amount of veterinary pharmacy included in the undergraduate programme is limited. Further, professional bodies require supplementary training for the practice of specialities.

In 1981, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB) initiated a Diploma in Agricultural and Veterinary Pharmacy (DAgVetPharm) for its Members; this was mainly focused on arable crops and livestock. Towards the end of the 2003 the agricultural element was dropped, the course was modularised with new sections added to cover emerging interest in public health and companion animal healthcare. The teaching location was subsequently transferred from the University of Aston in Birmingham to Harper Adams University where full accreditation was secured. Harper Adams University, the UK's first Agricultural University has an extensive Veterinary Pharmacy Education Programme (See https://www.harper-adams.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate/116) that includes certificates, post graduate diplomas and an MSc as well as ongoing CPD.

The Animal Medicines Training Regulatory Authority (AMTRA) registers SQPs and they may have species-specific qualifications or may have a qualification covering all species of animals. The training provided by Harper Adams University, leading to a formal academic qualification is provided for both pharmacists and SQPs.

## Practice settings

### US practice

In the United States, veterinary pharmacy can vary from a clinical setting to a community pharmacy setting. As human medications become more popularly prescribed for animals and more community pharmacies begin to stock animal medication, one of the most common settings for veterinary pharmacy is in an independent, or compounding pharmacy. A compounding pharmacy is a typical establishment for "veterinary pharmacists," as these pharmacies specialize in compounding medication to better fit the needs of a patient, as is often necessary for animal patients. Additional practice sites include mail-order pharmacies or veterinary teaching hospitals. While these positions are less commonly available, pharmacists can be beneficial resources in veterinary schools, due to their knowledge of pharmacology. Of the 28 veterinary schools in the US, 27 employ pharmacists.

### UK practice

In the United Kingdom opportunities exist for pharmacists and SQPs in clinical and non clinical environments:

* Academia
* Community Practice
* Pharmaceutical Industry
* Regulatory Affairs
* Retail establishments
* Veterinary Hospital Dispensaries
* Veterinary Practice Dispensaries

SQPs are being encouraged to act as signpost clients to pharmacists or other human health care providers if they detect public health issues particularly in response to zoonoses.

## Challenges in practice

In the United States, the main challenge to pharmacists in pursuit of a career in veterinary pharmacy is the minimal availability of concrete education on pharmacology in relation to different animals. While experts in drug usage in relation to human anatomy and physiology, the vast differences between humans and animals must be considered when preparing medications for animal patients. Some anatomical differences veterinary pharmacists need to take into account when preparing medication include:

These differences greatly affect what medications are safe and how these medications may work in different animals. Some of the most common human medications that must be altered for use in animals include levothyroxine for dogs, prednisone for cats, and insulin for both cats and dogs. It is the responsibility of the veterinary pharmacist to take into account the physiology of the individual animal to safely compound a successful and effective medication.

## History

### United States

In the **United States**, The first mention of veterinary pharmacy may date back to around 1960, when literature was published synthesizing veterinary medicine and antibiotic usage. The role of a pharmacist in veterinary practice has expanded largely due to the workings of drug company production methods, in addition to prices of veterinary medication. For instance, veterinarians historically compounded medications themselves, due to a lack of commercially available veterinary medications. While this has changed, with multiple drug companies such as Merck Animal Health selling $3.3 billion worth of drugs for pets and livestock, due to expensive approvals necessary from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), most drugs are often approved for one particular type of patient. As drugs may be approved for simply one species, compounding is extremely beneficial in veterinary medicine. Under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act, medicines may be compounded to fit the needs of more than one type of animal. Pharmacists are therefore valuable to veterinarians in their extensive knowledge of pharmacokinetics and pharmacology. An increasing number of pharmacies are stocking animal medications, which might require modification to best treat animals. For instance according to the FDA, 75,000 pharmacies compounded 6,350,000 medications for individual animals. Additionally, veterinary pharmacy has gained prominence due to the pricing of veterinary medication. As pet owners advocated for more options for their pets' medications in the US, the Fairness to Pet Owners Act was introduced into Congress, and would allow pet owners to find the cheapest medication for their pet.

### United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, pharmacists were involved in dispensing veterinary prescriptions, and even treating and euthanasing small animals up to the early 1950s, but this activity largely ceased with the escalating requirements of human health under the growing National Health Service and the passing of the Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966. There were a few pharmacies that supplied farmers, but it was not until the late 1970s when the term **Veterinary Pharmacist** came into currency. In 1981, the RPSGB Diploma course in veterinary pharmacy was initiated by professionals such as Michael Jepson and Steven Kayne, the former of whom led what was to become an institution until he retired in 2004.

* Kayne SB (ed) Introduction to Veterinary Medicine for Pharmacists and SQPs. Glasgow: Saltire Books, 2011
* VPA. What you should know about....Selling Veterinary Medicines. VPA/Riverclyde Books, 2014


title: Metaplectic structure

abstract: In differential geometry, a metaplectic structure is the symplectic analog of spin structure on orientable Riemannian manifolds. A metaplectic structure on a symplectic manifold allows one to define the symplectic spinor bundle, which is the Hilbert space bundle associated to the metaplectic structure via the metaplectic representation, giving rise to the notion of a symplectic spinor field in differential geometry. Symplectic spin structures have wide applications to mathematical physics, in particular to quantum field theory where they are an essential ingredient in establishing the idea that symplectic spin geometry and symplectic Dirac operators may give valuable tools in symplectic geometry and symplectic topology. They are also of purely mathematical interest in differential geometry, algebraic topology, and K theory. They form the foundation for symplectic spin geometry.

text:
# Metaplectic structure

In differential geometry, a **metaplectic structure** is the symplectic analog of spin structure on orientable Riemannian manifolds. A metaplectic structure on a symplectic manifold allows one to define the symplectic spinor bundle, which is the Hilbert space bundle associated to the metaplectic structure via the metaplectic representation, giving rise to the notion of a **symplectic spinor field** in differential geometry.

Symplectic spin structures have wide applications to mathematical physics, in particular to quantum field theory where they are an essential ingredient in establishing the idea that symplectic spin geometry and symplectic Dirac operators may give valuable tools in symplectic geometry and symplectic topology. They are also of purely mathematical interest in differential geometry, algebraic topology, and K theory. They form the foundation for symplectic spin geometry.

## Formal definition

A **metaplectic structure** on a symplectic manifold $(M,\omega )$ is an equivariant lift of the symplectic frame bundle $\pi \_{\mathbf {R} }\colon {\mathbf {R} }\to M\\,$ with respect to the double covering $\rho \colon {\mathrm {Mp} }(n,{\mathbb {R} })\to {\mathrm {Sp} }(n,{\mathbb {R} }).\\,$ In other words, a pair $({\mathbf {P} },F\_{\mathbf {P} })$ is a **metaplectic structure on the principal bundle** $\pi \_{\mathbf {R} }\colon {\mathbf {R} }\to M\\,$ when

a) $\pi \_{\mathbf {P} }\colon {\mathbf {P} }\to M\\,$ is a principal $\mathrm {Mp} }(n,{\mathbb {R} })$-bundle over $M$, b) $F\_{\mathbf {P} }\colon {\mathbf {P} }\to {\mathbf {R} }\\,$ is an equivariant $2$-fold covering map such that $\pi \_{\mathbf {R} }\circ F\_{\mathbf {P} }=\pi \_{\mathbf {P} }$ and $F\_{\mathbf {P} }({\mathbf {p} }q)=F\_{\mathbf {P} }({\mathbf {p} })\rho (q)$ for all $\mathbf {p} }\in {\mathbf {P} $ and $q\in {\mathrm {Mp} }(n,{\mathbb {R} }).$

The principal bundle $\pi \_{\mathbf {P} }\colon {\mathbf {P} }\to M\\,$ is also called the bundle of **metaplectic frames** over $M$.

Two metaplectic structures $({\mathbf {P} \_{1},F\_{\mathbf {P} \_{1})}}$ and $({\mathbf {P} \_{2},F\_{\mathbf {P} \_{2})}}$ on the same symplectic manifold $(M,\omega )$ are called **equivalent** if there exists a $\mathrm {Mp} }(n,{\mathbb {R} })$-equivariant map $f\colon {\mathbf {P} \_{1}\to {\mathbf {P} \_{2}}}$ such that

$F\_{\mathbf {P} \_{2}\circ f=F\_{\mathbf {P} \_{1}}}$ and $f({\mathbf {p} }q)=f({\mathbf {p} })q$ for all $\mathbf {p} }\in {\mathbf {P} \_{1}$ and $q\in {\mathrm {Mp} }(n,{\mathbb {R} }).$

Of course, in this case $F\_{\mathbf {P} \_{1}}$ and $F\_{\mathbf {P} \_{2}}$ are two equivalent double coverings of the symplectic frame $\mathrm {Sp} }(n,{\mathbb {R} })$-bundle $\pi \_{\mathbf {R} }\colon {\mathbf {R} }\to M\\,$ of the given symplectic manifold $(M,\omega )$.

### Obstruction

Since every symplectic manifold $M$ is necessarily of even dimension and orientable, one can prove that the topological obstruction to the existence of **metaplectic structures** is precisely the same as in Riemannian spin geometry. In other words, a symplectic manifold $(M,\omega )$ admits a **metaplectic structures** if and only if the second Stiefel-Whitney class $w\_{2}(M)\in H^{2}(M,{\mathbb {Z} \_{2})}$ of $M$ vanishes. In fact, the modulo $\_{2}$ reduction of the first Chern class $c\_{1}(M)\in H^{2}(M,{\mathbb {Z} })$ is the second Stiefel-Whitney class $w\_{2}(M)$. Hence, $(M,\omega )$ admits metaplectic structures if and only if $c\_{1}(M)$ is even, i.e., if and only if $w\_{2}(M)$ is zero.

If this is the case, the isomorphy classes of **metaplectic structures** on $(M,\omega )$ are classified by the first cohomology group $H^{1}(M,{\mathbb {Z} \_{2})}$ of $M$ with $\mathbb {Z} \_{2}$-coefficients.

As the manifold $M$ is assumed to be oriented, the first Stiefel-Whitney class $w\_{1}(M)\in H^{1}(M,{\mathbb {Z} \_{2})}$ of $M$ vanishes too.

## Examples

### Manifolds admitting a metaplectic structure

* Phase spaces $(T^{\ast }N,\theta )\\,,$ $N$ any orientable manifold.
* Complex projective spaces $\mathbb {P} }^{2k+1}{\mathbb {C} }\\,,$ $\\,k\in {\mathbb {N} }\_{0}\\,.$ Since $\mathbb {P} }^{2k+1}{\mathbb {C} }\\,$ is simply connected, such a structure has to be unique.
* Grassmannian $Gr(2,4)\\,,$ etc.


title: Markham Civic Centre

abstract: The Markham Civic Centre is the city hall of the city of Markham, Ontario. The brick and glass Civic Centre was designed by architect Arthur Erickson with Richard Stevens Architects Limited and was opened on May 25, 1990. The entrances, except for the great hall entrance, are named after communities in Markham. The building is adjacent to an 11.5-hectare park with a large pond reflecting the south façade.

text:
# Markham Civic Centre

The **Markham Civic Centre** is the city hall of the city of Markham, Ontario. The brick and glass Civic Centre was designed by architect Arthur Erickson with Richard Stevens Architects Limited and was opened on May 25, 1990. The entrances, except for the great hall entrance, are named after communities in Markham (Unionville, Milliken, Thornhill). The building is adjacent to an 11.5-hectare park with a large pond reflecting the south façade.

## Building structure

The three storey complex is home to

* Markham City Council chambers - Rotunda
* wedding chapel annex
* mayor and councillor offices
* city offices
* public lobby
* winter garden
* executive wing
* council chambers
* committee rooms
* council library and archives

A reflecting pond is located on the south side of the building alongside a 26,000 square foot skating rink - the largest outdoor refrigerated skating rink in the GTA, and operated in the winter months. The skating rink was constructed and officially opened in December 2011. Located next to the civic centre is the Markham Theatre and Unionville High School.

The Civic Centre is a functional building providing office space and a number of public spaces for events in the Great Hall and Lower Atrium. The split level of the Great Hall comes with a two-storey glass front viewing the reflecting pond and wedding chapel.

The Council Chambers is situated in the rotunda on the northmost side of the building. The public gallery has a capacity of about 200 people.

## Bids and winning design

Three architect firms were shortlisted to submitted designs in 1986 for the then **Markham Municipal Centre**, including Raymond Moriyama Erickson and Barton Myers Associates, but the final design was awarded to Erickson.

Erickson's original design was slightly different, but the Town intervened to keep costs at budget ($14.4 million and $5.2 million for landscaping)

When the building was about to begin construction, Erickson's Toronto office faced financial difficulties.

## Sculptures

There is a single piece of art work located to the east side of the Town Centre. The art work is a skeletal town hall theme with a bell attached.

## Markham Civic Centre Ice Rink

Located on south side of the building and open during winter, it is an artificial surface rink. During the summer the rink is used as a large water fountain.

## Previous Town Halls 1862-1990

While location of town meeting from 1850 to 1862 are not known, below is a list of some places Markham Town Council have sat:

* Markham Wesleyan Methodist (now St. Andrew's United Church since 1926) 1862-1882: Ontario Vernacular/Italianate/Gothic church used as a meeting place for Markham Village Town Council.
* Franklin House 1873-1882: hotel was used as meeting place for Markham Village Town Council; located on the north side of the old village town hall and was demolished with a parking lot now in place.
* Markham Village Town Hall (96 Main Street Markham) 1882-1946 - Italianate structure built by John Wilson 1882 was first permanent home to town council, also home to local jail, storage of volunteer fire brigade equipment and home to Masonic and Oddfellow Lodges; sold in 1946 to become a theatre and now housing private offices.
* Markham Village Fire Hall (1950-1970)- dual fire station built 1950 with room for council chambers; fire hall was later demolished and replaced by current Markham Fire & Emergency Services Station 97 - 209 Main Street North.
* Buttonville Township Offices - 8911 Woodbine Avenue (1971-1990) - Modern brick building initially built for Buttonville Township in 1950. It has since been demolished and is currently the site of Chapel Ridge Funeral Home and Cremation Centre.

43°51′24″N 79°20′13″W / 43.8566°N 79.3369°W / 43.8566; -79.3369


title: Mega Man (1995 video game)

abstract: Mega Man is an action-platform video game developed by Freestyle for the Sega Game Gear, and saw a North America-only release in October 1995. The game was sublicensed by British publisher U.S. Gold from Japanese-based company and creator of Mega Man Capcom. The game features Mega Man fighting against the mad scientist Dr. Wily and the six Robot Masters under his control, and features bosses and stages from Mega Man 4 and Mega Man 5. Mega Man received generally positive reviews from video game critics upon release, though retrospective reviews were more mixed. While the game was praised for its graphics and sound being similar to the NES titles upon which it was based, its gameplay was criticized for its excessive level of zoom and fast enemy movement that led to unfair difficulty.

text:
# Mega Man (1995 video game)

***Mega Man*** is an action-platform video game developed by Freestyle for the Sega Game Gear, and saw a North America-only release in October 1995. The game was sublicensed by British publisher U.S. Gold from Japanese-based company and creator of *Mega Man* Capcom. The game features Mega Man fighting against the mad scientist Dr. Wily and the six Robot Masters under his control, and features bosses and stages from *Mega Man 4* and *Mega Man 5*.

*Mega Man* received generally positive reviews from video game critics upon release, though retrospective reviews were more mixed. While the game was praised for its graphics and sound being similar to the NES titles upon which it was based, its gameplay was criticized for its excessive level of zoom and fast enemy movement that led to unfair difficulty.

## Gameplay

*Mega Man* is an action-platform game that is very similar to the original series. The protagonist, Mega Man, is able to run, jump, shoot, and climb his way past obstacles and enemies. It is based on elements from the NES versions of *Mega Man 4* and *Mega Man 5*. Differences from previous entries include the lack of continues after running out of lives. Mega Man's robotic canine companion Rush, using an ability called Rush Coil, assists in helping the character jump higher.

The Robot Masters featured at the beginning are Bright Man, Napalm Man, Star Man, and Stone Man. *Mega Man 4* antagonist Dr. Cossack's fortress contains Wave Man's and Toad Man's levels and respective bosses. Wily's fortress is Quick Man's stage from *Mega Man 2*, with the Wily fight taken from *Mega Man 5*.

## Development

*Mega Man* was published by British-based publisher U.S. Gold. U.S. Gold sublicensed the series from Capcom and had a different company, Freestyle, develop the game. It was released exclusively in North America on the Game Gear in 1995.

## Reception

Reception to the game was generally positive. *Mega Man* received an 87 percent from the UK-based magazine *Sega Power*. A reviewer for *GamePro* gave the game a total score of 3.75 out of 5, complimenting its graphics and sound, but noting that the small Game Gear screen increases the difficulty. *Mean Machines* gave it a 75 percent, with Gus Swan calling it a "close conversion of the Megaman  \[*sic*\] style".

Retrospective reviews for the game have been mixed. *1UP.com*'s Nadia Oxford elaborated, "Mega Man often has to fight with his enemies in such close quarters, he might as well hold their hands and try his luck at a friendship. The constant screen-scrolling and sticky controls makes for a very frustrating game, although the Game Gear's low battery life ends the torment in a couple of hours anyway." *GameSpot* contributors Christian Nutt and Justin Speer described it as "a decent, if somewhat sluggish, translation of the *Mega Man* series". Damien Butt from *Retro Gamer*, while giving it praise for its graphics, was more mixed towards its gameplay, criticizing its difficulty and the enemies moving too fast for the player. Robert Workman for *GameZone* believed the game deserved a second chance for re-release, praising it for its controls, visuals, and sound.

In 2013, due to an ESRB listing, there was speculation that the Game Gear title was being released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console. Despite the listing, nothing came of it. Because of its North American exclusivity, copies of the game garner a high price point, with complete copies going for $200 as of 2013, and $1,800 as of 2023.

## InfoBox

| Mega Man | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover art | |
| Developer(s) | Freestyle |
| Publisher(s) | U.S. Gold |
| Producer(s) | Richard Siddall
Daniel Llewellyn |
| Programmer(s) | Michael Hart
Paul Carter |
| Artist(s) | Paul Gregory |
| Series | *Mega Man* |
| Platform(s) | Game Gear |
| Release |  |
| Genre(s) | Action, platform |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |