title: Open-end spinning

abstract: Open-end spinning is a technology for creating yarn without using a spindle. It was invented and developed in Czechoslovakia in Výzkumný ústav bavlnářský / Cotton Research Institute in Ústí nad Orlicí in 1963.

text:
# Open-end spinning

**Open-end spinning** is a technology for creating yarn without using a spindle. It was invented and developed in Czechoslovakia in Výzkumný ústav bavlnářský / Cotton Research Institute in Ústí nad Orlicí in 1963.

## Method

It is also known as **break spinning** or **rotor spinning**. The principle behind open-end spinning is similar to that of a clothes dryer spinning full of sheets. If you could open the door and pull out a sheet, it would spin together as you pulled it out. Sliver from the card goes into the rotor, is spun into yarn and comes out, wrapped up on a bobbin, all ready to go to the next step. There is no roving stage or re-packaging on an auto-coner. This system is much less labour-intensive and faster than ring spinning with rotor speeds up to 140,000 rpm. The Rotor design is the key to the operation of the open-ended spinners. Each type of fibre may require a different rotor design for optimal product quality and processing speed.

The first open-end machines in the United Kingdom were placed, under great secrecy, by Courtaulds into Maple Mill, Oldham in 1967.

One disadvantage of open-end spinning is that it is limited to coarser counts, another is the structure of the yarn itself with fibres less in parallel compared to ring-spun yarns, for example, consequently cloth made from open-end yarn has a "fuzzier" feel and poorer wear resistance.

## History

The global demand for spun fibre is huge. Converting raw fibre to yarn is a complicated process. Many manufacturers compete to provide the spinning machines that are essential to meeting the demand by delivering increases in spinning productivity and additional improvements in yarn quality. Over the past three centuries spinning technology has been continuously improved through thousands of minor innovations, and occasional major advances that have collectively increased the quality and lowered the cost of producing yarn dramatically.

Major technology advances have included:

Development stages of open-end spinning
| 1937 | Berthelsen developed a relatively perfect open end. |
| --- | --- |
| 1949 | Julius Meimberg patented the rotor (open-end) spinning |
| 1965 | Czech KS200 rotor spinning machine was introduced at 30,000 rotor rpm. |
| 1967 | Improved BD200 with G5/1 Rieter were presented with first mill of OE coming under production. |
| 1971–1975 | There was a considerable increase in machine manufacturer and newer and improved version of machines were launched with increased speed at 100,000 rpm. |
| 1975 | Also witnessed first automated machine from Suessen equipped with Spincat and Cleancat which opened up the industrial rotor spinning breakthrough. |
| 1977 | Witnessed Schlafhorst with Autocoro machines, which made a mark in open-end market. |
|

The number of manufacturers who can successfully compete has been reduced, as the technical complexity of the spinning machines has increased. However, there are many competent companies serving the global market for spinning machines who continue to pursue innovative ways to increase spinning productivity and yarn quality.

## Characteristics

A good open-end machine should have:

* Higher productivity

This is a major criterion, as productivity reduces the cost of manufacturing. The O.E. machines that are now in market boasts of many a basic needs like, longer length of machine, higher speeds, able to process coarser hank, fewer changes for count, easy access to parts (less downtime for cleaning), longer production time between cleaning schedules, computerized controls for less power consumption and lower downtime and complete report generation giving leads to problem area are some points to discuss. * High-content sliver cans (up to 18”)

In early days large machines were equipped with less distance between rotors (gauge of machine). This led to creeling of very small cans, which required frequent can changes. All major manufacturers currently allow cans up to 18” diameter leading to less breakage, less joining of yarn, hence better quality and higher productivity. Originally round cans were used. Rectangular cans are used because they double sliver capacity in the same sliver can footprint. * Larger packages of yarn (4 to 5 kg)

The final package size has continued to increase. The final package size is important because it reduces tube change frequency and thus reduces idle time for creeling. Current yarn packages typically weigh 4–5 kg. The Savio Super Spinner 3000 currently has the largest package size at 6 kg. * Less power consumption

Using individual motors and electronic controls for each of the various drives of the machine maximizes energy efficiency and minimizes downtime. * Automation

All spinning machines, whether ring or open-end, need yarn joining to repair breaks or start new sliver cans. Joining the yarn has historically been a labor-intensive activity and a source of quality defects. Autopiecing units are robots that automate this process. Market leaders like Schlafhorst, Rieter, Savio, have machines that incorporate good quality autopiecers and autodoffing. This automation leads to less material handling costs and helps improve quality of the final product. * Flexibility of spinning components

Many vendors are offering machines that can be programmed to produce many different types of yarns. The ability to rapidly change production results in the flexibility to serve multiple markets. A contemporary spinning mill should be able to produce a range of products: denim, knitting, towels, structured fabrics, construction fabrics, and various other products like core spun, multi count, etc. * Handling count range.

Machines need to be easily programmed to spin yarns from 4sNe to 60sNe. This ability allows a single machine to produce yarns that cater to many different end-user requirements.

## Advantages

* Disappearance of simplex frame.
* Under certain circumstances, elimination of the second passage draw frame.
* In some cases, with the use of auto-leveller at the cards, elimination of even the draw frame passage.
* Bigger supply of cans to open-end and bigger packages to weaving.
* Elimination of winding.
* Less labor and power cost per kilogram of yarn.
* Higher productivity almost 7 times in the case of 10s and high efficiency.
* Fully automated mill a reality.

## Disadvantages

* Restricted only coarse counts.
* High capital cost.
* Usage restricted in case yarn is weak.
* Yarn realization in the case of waste mixing will be poor, resulting in increased mixing cost.
* Wear and tear of rotors, combing rollers, and navels are very high when high trash content mixing is used resulting in heavy replacement cost.
* In case reeling is done additional reeling cost is involved resulting in higher manufacturing cost.

## Products

* Linen / Flax yarns
* Cotton Yarns
* Polyester Cotton Blended yarn
* Tencel 100%
* Polyester 100%
* Polyester / Cotton / Linen / Viscose Multi blend
* Dyed yarn (and fibre)
* Acrylic/Rayon
* Recycle Polyester 100% and different Blends


title: Open-crotch pants

abstract: Open-crotch pants, also known as open-crotch trousers or split pants, are worn by toddlers throughout mainland China. Often made of thick fabric, they are designed with either an unsewn seam over the buttocks and crotch or a hole over the central buttocks. Both allow children to urinate and defecate without the pants being lowered. The child simply squats, or is held by the parent, eliminating the need for diapers. The sight of the partially exposed buttocks of kaidangku-clad children in public places frequently astonishes foreign visitors, who often photograph them. They have been described as being "as much a sign of China as Chairman Mao's portrait looming over Tiananmen Square." In China they are often seen as a relic of the country's rural past, with younger mothers, particularly in cities, preferring to diaper their children instead. However, Western advocates of the elimination communication method of toilet training have pointed to the advantages of their use, specifically that children complete their toilet training more quickly and at an earlier age. Other benefits claimed include the elimination of diaper rash and reduction of the environmental problems caused by disposable diapers.

text:
# Open-crotch pants

**Open-crotch pants** (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: 開襠褲; pinyin: *kāidāngkù*), also known as **open-crotch trousers** or **split pants**, are worn by toddlers throughout mainland China. Often made of thick fabric, they are designed with either an unsewn seam over the buttocks and crotch or a hole over the central buttocks. Both allow children to urinate and defecate without the pants being lowered. The child simply squats, or is held by the parent, eliminating the need for diapers. The sight of the partially exposed buttocks of *kaidangku*-clad children in public places frequently astonishes foreign visitors, who often photograph them. They have been described as being "as much a sign of China as Chairman Mao's portrait looming over Tiananmen Square."

In China they are often seen as a relic of the country's rural past, with younger mothers, particularly in cities, preferring to diaper their children instead. However, Western advocates of the elimination communication method of toilet training have pointed to the advantages of their use, specifically that children complete their toilet training more quickly and at an earlier age. Other benefits claimed include the elimination of diaper rash and reduction of the environmental problems caused by disposable diapers.

## Use

Toilet training begins very early in China, sometimes within days of birth and usually no later than a month. Frequently babies are held closely by parents, grandparents or other extended family members caring for them, sensitive to when they need to relieve themselves. A child who appears ready to urinate or defecate is held over the toilet or any other receptacle available if a commode cannot be reached in time. The adult makes a high-pitched soft whistle while holding the child in a  (Chinese: ), or bunched-up position, a term sometimes used for the whole process, imitating the sound of running water or urine, to get the child to relax the appropriate muscles.

Open-crotch pants are worn when the child is first taken out of the house. Mostly male children wear them; girls (and occasionally some boys) are put in infant-size sundresses. Their use continues even after wearers have gained some control over their bodily functions, since they may not have yet gained the stature or motor skills necessary to use a toilet. Instead, when outdoors, they use a wastebasket or large potted plant. If neither of those is available, caretakers often let the children use the sidewalk or any other available uncovered surface and clean it up themselves afterwards.

## History

In 2003 *The New York Times* described open-crotch pants as having been in use in China for "decades". Seven years earlier, in her memoir *Red China Blues*, Chinese Canadian journalist Jan Wong speculates that their use evolved from chronic shortages of cloth, soap and water. While those items were in short supply, "people weren't" she wrote. "Someone was always available to *ba* a Chinese baby."

Their use continued during the 20th century as China modernized in other ways. During the later years of Mao Zedong's rule, brightly colored *kaidangku* on the streets of Beijing offered a sharp contrast to the austere blue and gray tones of adult clothing prescribed by the Cultural Revolution. Even after the economic liberalizations promoted by Deng Xiaoping in the subsequent decades and the ensuing introduction of more Western culture and ideas, they remained in use for the vast majority of children in the People's Republic of China. When Wong, then a Chinese correspondent for Toronto's *The Globe and Mail*, bore a son in Beijing in 1990, only one hotel in the city sold disposable diapers. Since they charged US$1 apiece, she decided to toilet-train him the traditional Chinese way.

Western manufacturers of consumer products, including disposable diapers, continued to push for entry into the vast Chinese market. In 1998 the American company Procter & Gamble (P&G) was able to introduce its popular Pampers brand to China; competitors soon followed. However, Chinese parents at first saw no reason to abandon *kaidangku* for diapers, and the company struggled to gain market share. After re-engineering its diapers to be softer and selling them at a lower price than it offered them for in the U.S., P&G launched its "Golden Sleep" campaign in 2007 suggested by its market research, with advertisements claiming that babies slept better in diapers, which could in turn be better for their cognitive development.

Even before that, attitudes had begun to change. Within five years of Pampers' introduction, about $200 million in disposable diapers were being sold in China annually, and many manufacturers reported their sales were growing by double-digit percentages. One of the foreign manufacturers, Japan's Unicharm, said in 2002 that its MamyPoko brand was so popular it was planning to build a plant in China to make them. The shift in attitudes had drastically reduced the use of open-crotch pants—upscale retailers no longer carried them, and Chinese parenting magazines depicted babies wearing diapers exclusively.

Attitudes among Chinese had changed, as well. Mothers the *Times* talked to in 2003 dismissed *kaidangku* as out of step with the values of China's growing middle class. "Split pants? That's so old-fashioned!" one Shanghai woman said. "It's not hygienic. It's bad for the environment. Only poor people who live on farms wear them." A Guangzhou woman quoted in *China Daily* a year later agreed, calling them "uncivilized". People who could afford to buy diapers for their children did so, she asserted, and a Beijing post-natal care center advised mothers to use diapers no matter what the cost.

Zhao Zhongxin, an education professor at Beijing Normal University, said open-crotch pants had become an indicator of socioeconomic status in the new China. "Children in the cities do not wear *kaidangku* anymore. But children in the countryside still do," he told *China Daily*. "This is the difference between the minds and living conditions of rural people and urban people," who, the paper added, might also be more mindful of city-government campaigns for cleaner public spaces overall, especially prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, which included exhortations to parents to diaper their children at least for the duration of the Games. A spokeswoman for domestic diaper maker Goodbaby admitted to the newspaper that it was harder to overcome resistance to diaper use outside cities. "Some people, especially farmers, may think they are too wasteful."

Other mothers used both open-crotch pants and diapers depending on the situation. In 2003 the *Times* reported that they were still frequently seen on hot days in Shanghai, although they were no longer ubiquitous in those conditions. A Zhejiang woman who ran a fruit stand in the city told the newspaper that she dressed her son in them only in that weather, since it was more comfortable for him and reduced the risk of diaper rash. And one Beijing mother whom *China Daily* spoke to while she watched her *kaidangku*-clad son at a Beijing playground dismissed opposition to the pants. "Even if people don't think it looks good, that's a minority opinion," she said. "This is a Chinese tradition."

By the end of the decade Pampers had become the top-selling diaper brand in China. Foreign and domestic observers alike confidently predicted the demise of *kaidangku*. In 2010 *Brandchannel* called them "a fading memory." Yet reports from China early in the next decade suggested their use continued.

## Advantages and disadvantages

Despite the increasing prevalence of diaper use, which became a $3-billion industry in the country by 2010, enough Chinese parents still use open-crotch pants, or consider doing so, for parenting websites in that language to list their benefits and detriments to better help parents make an informed decision. Among the former are that their use offsets the infant's inability to communicate, eliminates the need for scheduled toileting times and greatly reduces the need to wash soiled clothing. Most frequently cited is the ability to begin and finish toilet training earlier. It is not uncommon for infants in *kaidangku* to begin being toilet trained before their first birthday and be fully trained around that milestone or shortly afterwards, before most of their Western counterparts have even begun. During a 1981 visit to a Beijing preschool, Fox Butterfield, then a Chinese correspondent for *The New York Times*, reported that he expressed skepticism from his own contemporaneous parenting experience over the possibility that children that young could be successfully toilet trained, only to have it immediately dispelled by a 14-month-old girl's timely use of the spittoon provided for her.

However, parents are cautioned that *kaidangku* can be dirtier, leading to a higher risk of problems like urethritis, cystitis and other complications of urinary tract infections. Children in them are also believed to face a higher risk of frostbite in winter, and 163.com warns that boys with easy access to their exposed genitals "can easily develop bad habits." Goodbaby, the Shanghai-based diaper maker, lists some other problems with open-crotch pants on its website. In addition to the medical, sanitary and environmental drawbacks, it says that they show no respect for the child's privacy and that he may in the future be embarrassed by photographs of himself wearing them, particularly as they become less common. While it admits that *kaidangku* use results merely from different cultural values and not ignorance, it counsels, "we must admit foreign practices are more rigorous and show more respect for the child."

Wong, in her memoir, describes another negative side effect. In the early 1990s, she reported on China's leading penis-enlargement surgeon. Many of his patients were men who, as children on farms, suffered serious injury to their organs when they squatted in their open-crotch pants in areas where dogs or pigs ate their own feces and the animals bit the boys' penises in the confusion. Some had never married because of the injury. "China desperately needed a Pampers factory, or at least a dog-food industry," she wrote.

Lastly, in his 1996 memoir *The Attic*, artist Guanlong Cao recalls an incidental benefit of *kaidangku* to his parents:

> When \[my sister\] Chuen was three years old, she still wore open-crotch pants that revealed two banana-shaped slices of her bottom. She liked to climb the wooden ladder that leaned against the south window. The slanted roof outside the window was a constant temptation to her. But she was only allowed to climb three steps, poke her head outside, and sneak a peek at the world. As soon as her little foot moved toward the fourth rung of the ladder, a slap on the bottom was guaranteed. In addition to the hygienic convenience, I presume this was another technical advantage of the classic open-crotch pants.

## Use in West

As Chinese parents were migrating from *kaidangku* to diapers, some Western parents were going in the opposite direction, concerned about the environmental impact of used disposable diapers and the health effects on the child. In her 2006 book *Diaper Free*, Ingrid Bauer bemoaned the marketing success of diaper manufacturers in China. "The traditional *kaidangku* have rapidly disappeared from the major cities in the last half-decade and are rapidly being replaced by diapers ... Aggressive advertisers create an impression that consumer products are vastly superior to what mothers have practiced for eons and urge parents to buy what they can barely afford," she wrote.

Around that same time, inspired by the Chinese example, parents in the U.S. and other Western countries began forming "diaper-free" support groups and practicing elimination communication toilet training on younger babies, using the *ba* whistling sound to incite urination. Some that *The New York Times* talked to in 2005 suggested they had gone to that city's Chinatown to purchase open-crotch pants for their own children. Western parents working in China also saw the use of *kaidangku* up close, and in some cases decided to emulate Chinese methods in toilet training their own children.

## InfoBox

| Open-crotch pants | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese boy wearing open-crotch pants<br>at a park in Beijing | |
| Traditional Chinese | 開襠褲 |
| Simplified Chinese | 开裆裤 |
| Literal meaning | Open-crotch pants |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin kāidāngkù  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization hoi1 dong1 fu3 | |
|  | |


title: Onry Ozzborn

abstract: Michael Sean Martinez, better known by his stage name Onry Ozzborn, is an American rapper and producer from Seattle, Washington. He is a founding member of alternative hip hop groups such as Grayskul, Dark Time Sunshine, and Oldominion, among others. Onry Ozzborn has collaborated with notable artists such as Aesop Rock, Sleep, Mr. Lif, P.O.S, Slug, and Busdriver.

text:
# Onry Ozzborn

**Michael Sean Martinez** (born March 25, 1979)**,** better known by his stage name **Onry Ozzborn**, is an American rapper and producer from Seattle, Washington. He is a founding member of alternative hip hop groups such as Grayskul, Dark Time Sunshine, and Oldominion, among others.

Onry Ozzborn has collaborated with notable artists such as Aesop Rock, Sleep, Mr. Lif, P.O.S, Slug, and Busdriver.

## Life and career

### 1997-2003: Formation of Oldominon, Oraclez Creed, *Polarity* and *The Grey Area*

Michael Martinez was born and raised in a small town in Farmington, New Mexico. Here, he grew up playing baseball and creating hip hop music. In the small town's elementary school, he came to know another hip hop artist named Sleep, who alongside Pale Soul, created his first hip hop group, Oraclez Creed. Following Martinez's graduation, the group was put on hold as the members disbanded, with Martinez attending college in Arizona for his scholarship earned as a baseball player. Following a year, Sleep invited Martinez to visit Seattle, Washington. This visit led Martinez to drop out of school and focus solely on his musical career. Oraclez Creed soon came back together and through making connections in the Pacific Northwest hip hop scene, they met another trio of rappers named Frontline, which consisted of Destro, Nyqwil, and Snafu. Soon enough, the six founded the prominent collective known as Oldominion.

In 2002, Onry Ozzborn formed the duo Norman, consisting of Oldominion emcee Barfly and Onry himself. Together, they released the critically acclaimed rap opera album Polarity. Pitchfork gave it a very favorable 8.3 out of 10, saying: "The duo's cadences play leapfrog with the beats, and they often rap at halftime for a surreal effect. The depressive, layered production reflects the isolating, wet darkness that grips the Pacific Northwest nine months out of the year. It's the unmistakable sound of Seattle hip-hop."

Following various solo albums being released independently, Onry Ozzborn released his 2003 breakthrough solo album *The Grey Area*. It features guest appearances from Qwel, Luckyiam and Sleep, among others. The album was given very positive reviews, with XLR8R saying: "Onry Ozzborn gives us an album of wonderfully intricate storytelling and mostly tight production. Call it goth hop, call it abstract, call it what you want-we call it dope." The album also featured Onry's first collaborations with producer Mr. Hill, another Oldominion member who would help shape a new sound for Seattle and Grayskul alike.

### 2004-2007: Grayskul and Rhymesayers era

Through other Oldominion members and the local Seattle scene, Onry met another emcee named JFK Ninjaface. JFK Ninjaface was new to the circuit, as he had just moved from Virginia Beach, Virginia to live with his aunt after several run-ins with the law. At the time, JFK Ninjaface was only freestyling before meeting Onry Ozzborn, who had encouraged JFK to write. Not much later, the two formed the hip hop duo Grayskul. The duo's music went from being released independently to being in the hands of Siddiq, the CEO of indie hip hop label Rhymesayers Entertainment. Siddiq signed them and released their 2005 album *Deadlivers,* with most production handled by Mr. Hill. The album featured appearances from Canibus, Mr. Lif and Aesop Rock, the latter becoming a frequent collaborator to Onry Ozzborn. In the same year, Onry Ozzbron released his solo album In Between.

### 2008-2012: Fake Four Inc, *No Hoax*, *Hold On For Dear Life* and Dark Time Sunshine

Subsequently following the release of two Grayskul albums on Rhymesayers, Onry released *No Hoax* separately as EP's in preparation to the release of his solo album *Hold On For Dear Life*. The album reached #3 on KEXP charts and garnered favorable reviews as well. In 2009, he met the Chicago producer Zavala and formed the group Dark Time Sunshine. Later that year, he signed to Ceschi's indie label Fake Four Inc.

### 2013: *Zenith*

In 2013, Grayskul released their long awaited follow up album Zenith.

### 2016-present: *Duo, C V P ii D, Nervous Hvnd, THE RvTTLESNvKE MvRTINEZ MIXTvPE*

In 2016, Onry Ozzborn released *Duo,* a solo album which included guest features on every track from artists such as Kimya Dawson, Rob Sonic and P.O.S, among others. The album was released with a video consisting of short snippets of the album and played together as a short film.

In February 2017, Onry released *C V P ii D* (pronounced as Cupid) featuring Alison Baker.

In September 2018, Onry released *Nervous Hvnd*, a solo album which included guest features from DJ Comfortable Kathy/vioLit, Ethos, and Swamburger. Like previous albums, *Nervous Hvnd* released with a music video featuring short snippets from the album.

In October 2018, Onry released a surprise mixtape *THE RvTTLESNvKE MvRTINEZ MIXTvPE* which included guest features from Iame and Scotty Del.

## Style

Onry Ozzborn's lyrical style has been described as brooding, thoughtful, and unique. He is also known to use different names depending on the project he is working on.

## Discography

### Solo

#### Studio albums

* *Knightingale*
    + Released: March 22, 1997
    + Label: Self-released
* *Alone*
    + Released: January 8, 2002
    + Label: BSI Records/One Drop Records
* *The Grey Area*
    + Released: June 17, 2003
    + Label: One Drop Records
* *In Between*
    + Released: November 8, 2005
    + Label: Camobear Records
* *Hold On For Dear Life*
* *Duo*
    + Released: March 29, 2016
    + Label: Fake Four Inc.
* *C V P ii D*
    + Released: February 28, 2017
    + Label: Ted Records
* *Nervous Hvnd*
    + Released: September 13, 2018
    + Label: Ted Records
* *Tantrum* (Nigel)
    + Released: November 22, 2019
    + Label: Michael Martinez

#### EP's

* *Venom EP*
    + Released: January 31, 2001
    + Label: BSI Records
* *No Hoax (1-4)*
    + Released: December 26, 2010
    + Label: Fake Four Inc.

#### Mixtapes

* "Black Phillip"
    + Released: July 17, 2017
    + Label: 300 Club Records
* *THE RvTTLESNvKE MvRTINEZ MIXTvPE*
    + Released: October 31, 2018

### Collaborative

#### Aurora

* "S7V7N Days" (with Sleep)
    + Released: July 14, 2001
    + Label: Momentum Studios

#### Norman

* *Polarity* (with Barfly)
    + Released: March 4, 2003
    + Label: Under The Needle

## InfoBox

| Onry Ozzborn | |
| --- | --- |
| Onry Ozzborn performing live in 2010 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Michael Sean Martinez |
| Also known as | * Onry Of The Oraclez * Reason * Count Draven * Cape Cowen * Nigel * Rattlesnake Martinez * The Gigantics |
| Born | (1979-03-25) March 25, 1979<br>Farmington, New Mexico |
| Origin | Seattle, Washington |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation(s) | Rapper, Producer |
| Years active | 1997–present |
| Labels |  |


title: Open Your Heart (The Human League song)

abstract: "Open Your Heart" is a song by the British synth-pop group The Human League. It was released as a single in the UK in October 1981 and peaked at number six in the UK singles chart. It was written jointly by lead singer Philip Oakey and keyboard player Jo Callis. The song features a lead vocal by Oakey and female backing vocals by Susanne Sulley and Joanne Catherall, analogue synthesizers by Jo Callis, Philip Adrian Wright and Ian Burden. Drum machines, sequencing and programming were provided by producer Martin Rushent.

text:
# Open Your Heart (The Human League song)

"**Open Your Heart**" is a song by the British synth-pop group The Human League. It was released as a single in the UK in October 1981 and peaked at number six in the UK singles chart. It was written jointly by lead singer Philip Oakey and keyboard player Jo Callis. The song features a lead vocal by Oakey and female backing vocals by Susanne Sulley and Joanne Catherall, analogue synthesizers by Jo Callis, Philip Adrian Wright and Ian Burden. Drum machines, sequencing and programming were provided by producer Martin Rushent.

## Background

"Open Your Heart" was the third song from the *Dare* album. It was chosen by Virgin executive Simon Draper to be *Dare'*s taster single, deliberately issued just three weeks in advance of the album. It quickly reached number six in the UK singles chart and raised the band's profile to the highest it had been to that point, and acted as a powerful promotional vehicle for the album. The cover artwork and promotional video was deliberately coordinated with its parent album.
It was the first Human League record sleeve to feature new band member Jo Callis, who co-wrote the song with Phil Oakey and who also wrote the B-side "Non-Stop" with Adrian Wright. In an interview in October 2009 Callis said, "I had started to work out both those tunes on guitar, playing along to an early drum machine which had about six preset drum patterns, Open Your Heart did translate better on the keyboard and I think we used the same drum machine with the same preset on the original demo which was done in the League's old 8 track studio in Sheffield".

## Release

At the time, as a short-lived marketing tactic, The Human League were labeling their singles "Red" or "Blue" to help buyers differentiate between the band's musical styles. "Open Your Heart" was the first to be designated "Blue". When they were asked why, Susanne Sulley explained that "Red is for posers, for Spandy (Spandau Ballet) types." Oakey added: "Blue is for ABBA fans."

*Smash Hits* magazine wrote at the time:

> "You have to give the band their due. From being considered no-hopers, they're now Virgin's biggest (financial) hope. This is a number one. It's got everything – strong chorus, instant appeal and dreamboat topping."

The single entered the UK singles charts at no. 21 on 6 October 1981. The band appeared on Top of the Pops the same week to perform the song. The following week it reached its no. 6 peak staying there for two consecutive weeks. The promo video rather than a repeat of the studio appearance was shown on Top of the Pops on 22 October by which time the parent album "Dare" had been released, entering the UK Albums Chart at no. 2.

## B-side

"Non-Stop" is an upbeat instrumental track, written Callis and Wright which was also remixed for the 12" release of *Open Your Heart*. Unlike previous single B-side "Hard Times", it was not included on the remix album *Love and Dancing*.

## Promotional video

The music video which accompanies the original version of "Open Your Heart" was the first video that the band recorded. Previous Human League (Mk1) releases had been promoted with footage of the band onstage, interspersed with Philip Adrian Wright's slides and visuals. The preceding single "Love Action (I Believe in Love)" had originally been released without a video, but one was later recorded for its U.S. release in 1982.

Virgin Records and Oakey were keen to use the video to promote the future album as much as the current single, so video director Brian Grant borrowed heavily from the album's imagery. The opening scene is a video montage of the portraits of the six band members exactly as they appear on the cover of the album. The band are all dressed and made up in the same style as *Dare'*s photography. The video was shot in a studio on video tape and was mixed and enhanced using then cutting edge analogue video effects. Imagery of Oakey dominated most scenes, cut in with Sulley and Catherall dancing in slow motion and static shots of Wright, Callis, Burden. The video ends with a lingering shot on the actual cover of the then-unreleased *Dare*.

## Track listing

7" vinyl (Virgin VS453) 1. "Open Your Heart" – 3:53
2. "Non-Stop" – 4:15

12" vinyl (Virgin VS453-12) 1. "Open Your Heart/Non-Stop" – 8:15
2. "Open Your Heart/Non-Stop (Instrumentals)" – 8:41

## Charts

|
|  |
Weekly chart performance of "Open Your Heart"
| Chart (1982) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 12 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 8 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 20 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 43 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 6 |

## InfoBox

| "Open Your Heart" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by The Human League | |
| from the album  *Dare* | |
| B-side | "Non-Stop" |
| Released | 2 October 1981 |
| Recorded | Genetic Studios, Reading, England |
| Genre | New wave |
| Length | 3:56 |
| Label | Virgin |
| Songwriter(s) | Philip Oakey, Jo Callis |
| Producer(s) | Martin Rushent |
| The Human League singles chronology | |
| "Love Action (I Believe in Love)"
(1981) "**Open Your Heart**"
(1981) "Don't You Want Me"
(1981) | |


title: Onychoteuthis

abstract: Onychoteuthis is a genus of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. The type species is Onychoteuthis bergii. While the genus is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical oceans, they can also occur in the North Pacific Ocean. There were previously considered to be four species in the genus but there are now considered to be roughly 10. These squid are frequently observed in the surface waters at night and they are often caught using dipnet at nightlight stations. The young squid are usually the only specimens captured using standard midwater trawls, the older squid are apparently able to avoid the trawls. They can, however be collected from the air as individuals are able to leap high out of the water, sometimes even landing on the deck of a ship.

text:
# Onychoteuthis

***Onychoteuthis*** is a genus of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. The type species is *Onychoteuthis bergii*. While the genus is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical oceans, they can also occur in the North Pacific Ocean. There were previously considered to be four species in the genus but there are now considered to be roughly 10. These squid are frequently observed in the surface waters at night and they are often caught using dipnet at nightlight stations. The young squid are usually the only specimens captured using standard midwater trawls, the older squid are apparently able to avoid the trawls. They can, however be collected from the air as individuals are able to leap high out of the water, sometimes even landing on the deck of a ship.

## Anatomy

Most species belonging to the genus have a mantle length of under 200 mm, however the larger members may measure over 300 mm. The species in this genus have a densely muscular, cylindrical mantle which is tapered posteriorly into a pointed tail. Their skin is smooth and has no warts or wrinkles. The gladius can be seen through the skin along the midline of the back. The fins are rhomboid in shape, heart shape or arrow shaped and are pointed posteriorly. The species of *Onychoteuthis* have 8-10 prominent nuchal folds. Their tentacular clubs have 2 central series of 19-27 large, strong hooks on their manus and the adults either have no lateral sucker series no marginal series of suckers. or they are vestigial. The chitinous rings of the suckers on the arms is smooth, with no teeth. They have photophores in their mantle cavity with a small one placed anteriorly on the ink sac, another near the anus; a large one placed posteriorly on the intestine and a bilobed photophore located on the ventral surface of each eye.

## Species

The following species are included in the genus:

There are also two species which are considered *taxa inquirendum* and up to 11 which are classed as *nomen dubia*.

## InfoBox

| *Onychoteuthis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Onychoteuthis banksii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Order: | Oegopsida |
| Family: | Onychoteuthidae |
| Genus: | *Onychoteuthis*
Lichtenstein, 1818 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Onychoteuthis bergii*
Lichtenstein, 1818 | |
| Species | |
| *See text* | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Onychoteuthis horstkottei

abstract: Onychoteuthis horstkottei is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. The species is endemic to the Pacific Ocean.

text:
# Onychoteuthis horstkottei

***Onychoteuthis horstkottei*** is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. The species is endemic to the Pacific Ocean.

## InfoBox

| *Onychoteuthis horstkottei* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Cephalopoda |
| Order: | Oegopsida |
| Family: | Onychoteuthidae |
| Genus: | *Onychoteuthis* |
| Species: | ***O. horstkottei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Onychoteuthis horstkottei***
Bolstad, 2010 | |
|


title: Operation Spark (1973)

abstract: Operation Spark was a deception operation led by Syria and Egypt, aimed towards deceiving Israel of its intention to invade the Golan Heights and the Sinai Peninsula respectively, in 1973. The operation succeeded in that Israeli intelligence was not, as a whole, able to inform a nationwide alert that war was imminent and that mobilisation should proceed apace; the established 48-hour warning had proved advantageous to Israel in previous wars, most notably the Six-Day War. However, a number of Israeli generals, including General David Elazar, caught on to the fact that the Syrians and the Egyptians were mobilising their forces behind the ceasefire lines, preparing for offensive actions. Importantly, and arguably the fact that saved the Golan Heights from Syrian reconquest, was the ordering of the 7th Armoured Brigade to the area, even though this was a blatant disregard of the spirit of the Israeli High Command's current directives. Nevertheless, when war started, clearly Israel as a whole was surprised. Therefore, Operation Spark was a success, a preamble to Syrian and Egyptian initial success in the Yom Kippur War. However, as said, the initiative of some Israeli generals meant that some preparation was in place to try and resist the Arab advance.

text:
# Operation Spark (1973)

**Operation Spark** (Hebrew: מבצע ניצוץ) was a deception operation led by Syria and Egypt, aimed towards deceiving Israel of its intention to invade the Golan Heights and the Sinai Peninsula respectively, in 1973. The operation succeeded in that Israeli intelligence was not, as a whole, able to inform a nationwide alert that war was imminent and that mobilisation should proceed apace; the established 48-hour warning had proved advantageous to Israel in previous wars, most notably the Six-Day War.

However, a number of Israeli generals, including General David Elazar, caught on to the fact that the Syrians and the Egyptians were mobilising their forces behind the ceasefire lines, preparing for offensive actions. Importantly, and arguably the fact that saved the Golan Heights from Syrian reconquest, was the ordering of the 7th Armoured Brigade to the area, even though this was a blatant disregard of the spirit of the Israeli High Command's current directives.

Nevertheless, when war started, clearly Israel as a whole was surprised. Therefore, Operation Spark was a success, a preamble to Syrian and Egyptian initial success in the Yom Kippur War. However, as said, the initiative of some Israeli generals meant that some preparation was in place to try and resist the Arab advance.

* Dunstan, Simon (2003). *The Yom Kippur War 1973*. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-220-2.


title: OpenFeint

abstract: OpenFeint was a social platform for mobile games for devices running on Android or iOS. It was developed by Aurora Feint, a company named after a video game by the same developers. The platform consisted of an SDK for use by games, allowing its various social networking features to be integrated into the game's functionality. OpenFeint was discontinued at the end of 2012.

text:
# OpenFeint

**OpenFeint** was a social platform for mobile games for devices running on Android or iOS. It was developed by Aurora Feint, a company named after a video game by the same developers. The platform consisted of an SDK for use by games, allowing its various social networking features to be integrated into the game's functionality. OpenFeint was discontinued at the end of 2012.

## History

OpenFeint was founded by Jason Citron, who later founded Discord. The first iteration of OpenFeint was launched on February 17, 2009.

Version 2.0 was released in June 2009, and marked the first time that the platform was free for developers to integrate into their own applications. Harris Tsim joined to help with engineering.

Version 2.1 was released on August 14, 2009, featuring "Social challenges", which allowed users to create tasks for themselves and their friends to attempt within games and notified users when new challenges were available. It also allowed users to add "Friends" and introduced a new user interface.

Version 2.4 was released on January 8, 2010, with a revamped layout and a standalone OpenFeint app. As of January 2010, there were over 900 applications in the iOS App Store that used OpenFeint, and there were over ten million users registered on the network.

On September 15, 2010, OpenFeint announced that it would be supporting Android. The9 invested $5 million in the platform, and in October, Intel Capital announced that it had invested $3 million, combining with DeNA's $6 million investment to bring total investments to $12 million.

In 2011, OpenFeint was party to a class action suit with allegations including computer fraud, invasion of privacy, breach of contract, bad faith and seven other statutory violations. According to a news report "OpenFeint's business plan included accessing and disclosing personal information without authorization to mobile-device application developers, advertising networks and web-analytic vendors that market mobile applications".

On November 16, 2012, GREE announced that it would be discontinuing the service on December 14, 2012, primarily in favor of its own similar platform.

## Notable applications

The following is a list of some of the many applications that used or were integrated with OpenFeint:

## InfoBox

OpenFeint
|
|  |
|
| Initial release | February 17, 2009 (2009-02-17) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 2.7.5 (1.7 Android) / Nov 5, 2010 (Jan 27, 2011 Android) |
|  | |
| Operating system | Android, iOS |
| Type | Social networking |
| Website | http://www.gree.net Or http://www.openfeint.com/ |


title: Operation Épervier

abstract: Operation Épervier was the French military presence in Chad from 1986 until 2014.

text:
# Operation Épervier

**Operation Épervier** was the French military presence in Chad from 1986 until 2014.

## Containing Libya

Operation Épervier began on the night of February 13th and 14th 1986, under the defence agreement between France and Chad, and was prepared during a meeting in N'Djamena between the Chadian President Hissène Habré and the French Defence Minister Paul Quilès. Its goal was to contain the Libyan invasion that had resulted in the loss of all Chadian territory north of the 16th parallel and was threatening the capital; a new offensive had been started on 10 February by Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi in the belief that there would be no French reaction.

The French Air Force was the first to strike: on February 16 an air raid on Ouadi Doum badly damaged the Ouadi Doum airbase, a strategic air base in Chad from which Libyan planes could attack N'Djamena and hamper the deployment of troops. On February 17, 1986, in retaliation for the Ouadi Doum air raid, a LARAF Tupolev Tu-22B attacked the airport at N'Djamena. The bomber ran into technical problems on its return journey. U.S. reconnaissance planes based in Sudan monitored distress calls sent by the pilot of the Tu-22 that probably crashed before reaching its base at Aouzou (it may have been hit by twin-tubes that fired in N'Djamena airport). On February 18, 200 French Commandos took possession of Camp Dubut, near N'Djamena, which had previously been France's headquarters during Operation Manta (1983–1984). The commandos secured the camp for the mission's air force. The air force arrived the night of the 18th and was composed of six Mirage F1, four Jaguar fighter-bombers, and a battery of low altitude (anti-aircraft) Crotale missiles. To defend the capital and the camp against high altitude air attacks a battery of French Army Air Defense MIM-23 Hawk missiles arrived on March 3, and shortly afterwards a radar was stationed at Moussoro, defended by 150 French troops. This brought the total number of troops in the country to 900.

For months the troops remained largely inactive, and the air force limited itself to reconnaissance missions for the Chadian army, remaining careful not to cross the 16th parallel. But when in October the leader of the GUNT Goukouni Oueddei rebelled against Gaddafi, and vicious fighting erupted in the Tibesti between his People's Armed Forces militia (1,500 to 2,000 men) and the Libyan army, who had 8,000 men in Chad, the situation changed. Overwhelmed by superior forces, Goukouni's forces were in peril; this led France to plan a mission to help the Tibesti rebels. On the night of September 16th and 17th, two Transall transport aircraft parachuted 6,000 litres of gasoline, munitions, provisions and anti-tank and anti-aircraft missiles into the Tibesti. It was also reported by *Le Monde* that a small number of French soldiers had secretly entered the Tibesti to support Goukouni's men.

On 2 January 1987 Habré's troops invaded the capital of the Ennedi, Fada; the battle was a triumph for the Chadians, while 781 Libyans remained on the ground. A decisive role was played by French supplies, especially the anti-tank MILAN missiles. Gaddafi answered by violating the red line of the 16th parallel; Libyan planes bombed Arada, 110 km south of the line, and Oum-Chalouba, close to a new French base established at Kalaït, exactly on the 16th parallel, manned by 250 troops. France's reaction was to bomb again on January 7 the airbase of Ouadi Doum: the fourteen aircraft employed in the operation destroyed the Libyan radar station, but limited themselves to this.

In what appears to have been an escalation, Libyan forces raided the French-Chadian base of Kalaït on January 11; it was the first direct attack on the French contingent, which suffered no losses. Additionally, Gaddafi prepared a vast offensive: he added 4,000–6,000 troops to the 8,000 men stationed in the Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti. In the meantime, the French also strengthened their forces; in February Operation Épervier reached 2,200 men and established two new bases at Biltine and Abéché (Camp Moll), in eastern Chad.

Habré concentrated most of his forces near Fada; and when on March 18 the Libyan offensive was at last started the result was a disaster for Gaddafi. 1,200 Libyans were killed and 500 taken prisoner, and Faya-Largeau, the main Libyan stronghold in Chad, was taken without fighting on March 27. In this recapture of Northern Chad, France did not officially take part in the fighting; but it is believed that a special unit of the DGSE (Service Action) participated in the taking of Ouadi Doum. In May, when the French Defence Minister Alain Giraud visited the town of Faya-Largeau, the policy of respect of the 16th parallel by the French troops was declared no longer applicable.

Libyan expulsion from Chad did not end the Chadian–Libyan conflict: the dispute over who was the rightful possessor of the Aouzou strip remained open, and when Habré occupied Aouzou on August 8, the French contingent was once again involved. On August 25, Gaddafi's forces bombed Faya-Largeau, where a French parachute regiment was stationed, but damage was minimal. Habré started new offensive, on September 7 a Tupolev Tu-22 was sent to bomb the capital, but the aircraft was destroyed by the French Army MIM-23 Hawk battery. A simultaneous Libyan attack on Abéché was more successful, if not very effective, owing to the inadequacy of the French Air Force SAM Crotale battery recently deployed. France decided not to react to these attacks, to prevent an escalation.

On September 11, the Chadian and Libyan governments accepted a ceasefire mediated by the OAU, which put an end to the conflict. While long negotiations between the two parties started, the French continued to fortify their positions in Chad, including completion of an air strip at Abéché in September. The French started assuming humanitarian tasks, such as mine-clearing in northern Chad; it was during one of these missions that Operation Épervier reported on its first loss on January 14, 1988.

The Chadian–Libyan conflict officially came to an end in October 1988, when Chad resumed formal diplomatic relations with Libya, in accordance with recommendations made by the OAU. As a result, the French contingent started decreasing in size. Cost was another reason for a decrease in France's military presences: in 1987 alone, Operation Épervier had cost France 1.7 billion French francs. In 1989 the number of men deployed to Chad had fallen to 1,000, and many minor bases had been dismantled.

## New president in Chad, 1990s

Habré was an indirect victim of the fall of the Berlin Wall. The diminished importance of Africa for French policy also brought France to become more critical of Habré's bad human rights record. Habré moved to free himself from French tutelage by seeking friendship with the United States. Relations between Paris and N'Djamena diminished, to the point that the French decided to remain neutral in the conflict that started in April 1989 between the President and his former general Idriss Déby. Déby promised not to attack the French base at Abéché, and in his march to the capital was followed by an officer of the DGSE, Paul Fontbonne.

Déby occupied the Chadian capital on 3 December 1990, with the French maintaining themselves neutral. The increasing pillaging in the city did cause the troops to react: they secured the city's key-points (the airport, the embassy, the power station) and evacuated its 1250 western civilians.

With Déby in power, while Franco-Chadian relations remained good, those with Libya deteriorated considerably. Gaddafi sent a request to Déby for the deportation to Libya of the Haftar force, composed of former Libyan troops that had deserted. However, a secret joint operation to bring the troops to Nigeria was orchestrated by the CIA and components of Operation Épervier. Despite this failure, Chadian–Libyan relations remained good, and the last issues among the two countries were resolved in 1994 by the International Court of Justice of The Hague, that gave the Aouzou Strip to Chad.

The operation's key roles since have been logistical support in the restructuring and reduction of the Chadian army, that was reduced from 40,000 to 25,000 men, and in making possible the presidential election of 1996. Actions like the former helped the French authorities justify their presence in the country: when Amnesty International questioned them in April 1996 on this continued presence, the official answer was that Opération Épervier was being used to assist the democratic process in Chad, and also as an internal and external deterrent.

In theory, Operation Épervier, originally created to contain Libyan expansionism, should have come to an end with the settlement of all issues among the two countries; but Chad came to be seen as the "French aircraft carrier of the desert", of key strategic importance as one of the five countries (the others were Djibouti, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Gabon) with a continuing French military presence in August 2002. In that period Operation Épervier could count on 951 men, deployed in the bases of Hadji Kossei near N'Djamena and that of Croci next to Abéché.

## New Sudanese threat, 2000s

The threat represented by Sudan and its proxies had already brought the French forces to increase their units to 1,200 troops based near N'Djamena to protect the Chadian President Idriss Déby's administration in the event of a large scale attack by the United Front for Democratic Change rebels or an invasion by their chief tactical and financial supporters, the Sudanese military. French involvement, which increased by 300 troops in April 2006, further complicates the Chadian–Sudanese conflict. Air support at this time consisted of six Mirage F1 fighters, three tactical transport planes, two Breguet reconnaissance planes and three Puma helicopters.

Before and after the Battle of N'Djamena, French airplanes participated in reconnaissance missions to determine the scope of Sudanese involvement. The French forces also played a small but important part in the battle of N'Djamena, where they provided logistical support to the government but without taking sides in the fighting. They also provided the Chadian army with intelligence on the enemy's movements, and fired warning shots near the rebel column.

In 2006, President Déby responded to increasing instability by threatening to expel the 200,000 Sudanese Fur refugees: "If after June we can't guarantee the security of our citizens and the refugees, then it is up to the international community to find another country to shelter these refugees".

On 1 August 2014, Operation Épervier was replaced by Operation Barkhane.

## InfoBox

| Operation Épervier | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Chadian–Libyan conflict | |
| Date 13 February 1986 – 1 August 2014  Location Chad  Result Diplomatic Gains for France and Libya<br>* Libyan invasion stalled to Aouzou strip * Auzou strip returned to Chad after a peace treaty in 1994 | |


title: Operational Command East

abstract: Operational Command East is a formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces in eastern Ukraine. Its headquarters is currently located in Dnipro.

text:
# Operational Command East

**Operational Command East** (**OC East**) is a formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces in eastern Ukraine. Its headquarters is currently located in Dnipro.

## History

When Ukraine gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, there were three Soviet military districts in its territory. These were the Kyiv Military District, the Odesa Military District, and the Carpathian Military District. In January 1998, the Southern Operational Command was created from the Odesa MD and the eastern part of the Kyiv MD. In 2005, the Southern Operational Association was created from the Southern Operational Command. In October 2013, Operational Command South was created from the Southern Operational Association. In January 2015, Operational Command East was established with control over forces in Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk, and Zaporizhzhia oblasts. These areas were previously controlled by Operation Command South. The command at the time was led by Lieutenant General Serhii Naiev. Units under the operational control of OC East were involved in the War in Donbass.

Since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, units of OC East have been involved in heavy fighting with Russian forces during the battle of Donbas.

## Organization

Operational Command East has operational command of ground force units in Donetsk, Luhansk, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kharkiv oblasts.

### Additional forces

The following formations of other branches of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, respectively the general staff of the Ukrainian ground forces, are based in the area of Operational Command East and can be assigned to the command as needed:

## Leadership

### Commanders

### Chiefs of staff - first deputy commanders

1. "Russia did not capture Soledar, Ukraine insists". *news.yahoo.com*. 16 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
2. "Air defence struck down five drones, presumably Shahed UAVs, in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast". *Ukrainska Pravda*. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
3. Axe, David. "The Ukrainian Army Could Form Three New Heavy Brigades With All These Tanks And Fighting Vehicles It's Getting". *Forbes*. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
4. "Defense Express".
5. Kuzmuk, A. (2011). *Evolution of the structure of the Ukrainian Armed Forces (1991–2011)* (PDF) (in Ukrainian).
6. Командувач військ ОК «Схід» та голова Дніпропетровської ОДА перевірили хід будівництва фортифікаційних споруд у зоні АТО \[Commander of Operation Command East and head of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast administration inspect fortifications in anti-terrorist operations\]. *Ukrainian Armed Forces* (in Ukrainian). 2015-04-30. Archived from the original on 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
7. "Оперативне командування "Схід"". *www.facebook.com*. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
8. "Командувач військ ОК «Схід» та голова Дніпропетровської ОДА перевірили хід будівництва фортифікаційних споруд у зоні АТО | Міністерство оборони України". 2015-06-27. Archived from the original on 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
9. https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/3222018-25182
10. "ВИПУСКНИКИ ФАКУЛЬТЕТУ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ІНСТИТУТУ ПРИСЯГНУЛИ НА ВІРНІСТЬ НАРОДУ УКРАЇНИ". *mil.univ.kiev.ua*. August 22, 2017. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
11. "Зеленський провів кадрові призначення в ЗСУ: змінив командувачів Повітряних сил та Десантно-штурмових військ". *espreso.tv* (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
12. "У Маріуполі визначені переможці 5-го сезону чемпіонату України з футболу Ліги учасників АТО дивізіону «Схід»". *dn.gov.ua*. Retrieved 2023-12-07.

Media related to Operational Command East (Ukraine) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Operational Command East | |
| --- | --- |
| Оперативне командування Схід | |
| Shoulder sleeve insignia | |
| Active | January 1, 2015 - Present |
| Country | Ukraine |
| Branch | Ukrainian Ground Forces |
| Type | Military district |
| Garrison/HQ | Dnipro, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast |
| Engagements | War in Donbas
Russian Invasion of Ukraine |
| Website | https://www.facebook.com/EastOC |
| Commanders | |
| Current
commander | Oleh Mikats |


title: Operational Camouflage Pattern

abstract: Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP), originally codenamed Scorpion W2, is a military camouflage pattern adopted in 2015 by the United States Army for use as the U.S. Army's main camouflage pattern on the Army Combat Uniform (ACU). This pattern officially replaced the U.S. Army's previous Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) as the official combat uniform pattern for most U.S. soldiers at the end of September 2019. The pattern also superseded the closely related MultiCam, a pattern previously used for troops deploying to Afghanistan. The United States Air Force also replaced their former Airman Battle Uniform (ABU) with the ACU in OCP after positive feedback from airmen who wore the uniform while being deployed to Afghanistan with Army soldiers. In 2019, it also commenced use by United States Space Force personnel who had transferred from the Air Force to the Space Force. The original "Scorpion" pattern was developed by a joint venture of the Army's Natick Labs and Crye Precision as part of the Objective Force Warrior (OFW) program more than a decade prior. Crye then modified it to create MultiCam for commercial sales. In July 2014, the Army announced that OCP could be used in the field by the summer of 2015. In early April 2015, Army Chief of Staff Ray Odierno revealed that OCP uniforms were beginning to be issued to deployed soldiers going to Afghanistan, Iraq, Europe, and the Horn of Africa. The OCP ACU became available for soldiers to purchase starting 1 July 2015.

text:
# Operational Camouflage Pattern

**Operational Camouflage Pattern** (**OCP**), originally codenamed **Scorpion W2**, is a military camouflage pattern adopted in 2015 by the United States Army for use as the U.S. Army's main camouflage pattern on the Army Combat Uniform (ACU). This pattern officially replaced the U.S. Army's previous Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) as the official combat uniform pattern for most U.S. soldiers at the end of September 2019. The pattern also superseded the closely related MultiCam, a pattern previously used for troops deploying to Afghanistan.

The United States Air Force also replaced their former Airman Battle Uniform (ABU) with the ACU in OCP after positive feedback from airmen who wore the uniform while being deployed to Afghanistan with Army soldiers. In 2019, it also commenced use by United States Space Force personnel who had transferred from the Air Force to the Space Force.

The original "Scorpion" pattern was developed by a joint venture of the Army's Natick Labs and Crye Precision as part of the *Objective Force Warrior* (OFW) program more than a decade prior. Crye then modified it to create MultiCam for commercial sales. In July 2014, the Army announced that OCP could be used in the field by the summer of 2015.

In early April 2015, Army Chief of Staff Ray Odierno revealed that OCP uniforms were beginning to be issued to deployed soldiers going to Afghanistan, Iraq, Europe, and the Horn of Africa. The OCP ACU became available for soldiers to purchase starting 1 July 2015.

## Background

### Selection process

In the early 2010s, the U.S. Army concluded that the UCP did not adequately meet all of the concealment needs for Afghanistan's multiple regions.

In 2010, the United States Army Camouflage Improvement Effort considered 22 entrants. The Army eliminated the patterns down to five finalists who exceeded the baseline patterns and Scorpion W2 was among them in the Army's in-house submission (the Army later withdrew their submission leaving the four commercial vendors). The finalists in the Army's Phase IV camouflage testing were Crye Precision; ADS Inc. and Hyperstealth Inc.; Brookwood Companies Inc.; and Kryptek Inc.

The 2014 National Defense Authorization Act (NDA or NDAA), prevents any service from adopting a new camouflage pattern not already in inventory before the NDA, unless they get all other services to adopt the same pattern. As a result, the Army had to consider existing camouflage patterns within the United States Department of Defense.

Initially, the Army's first pattern choice was the MultiCam pattern developed by Crye Precision, but allegedly due to "printing fees", procurement discussions broke down. Crye Precision developed the original Scorpion pattern under a government contract in 2002. The pattern was modified by the United States Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center in 2009 and named the Scorpion W2 pattern. The Army owns the licensing rights for Scorpion W2, which lowers the overall cost, and allows the Army the option to restrict the pattern to service members only.

### Rollout

The ACU patterned in OCP first became available to U.S. Army soldiers on 1 July 2015, at 20 locations in the contiguous United States and in South Korea, with first-day sales exceeding $1.4 million. More installations began sales later in 2015, although soldiers deploying on real-world missions began receiving uniforms and equipment printed in OCP before that date. The color of the T-shirt and belt worn with the OCP ACU are Tan 499, as opposed to the desert sand color for the previous uniform, although soldiers were allowed to continue to wear the older color T-shirts, belts, and boots until October 2019. Body armor, packs, and pouches in previous UCP and MultiCam patterns will be worn until they can be replaced with OCP.

On 14 May 2018, the U.S. Air Force announced that all airmen will transition from the Airman Battle Uniform to the OCP uniform. Airmen were authorized to wear OCP uniforms beginning 1 October 2018. Recruits in basic training, and cadets in Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps, and Officer Training School were issued OCPs beginning 1 October 2019. All airmen were required to own OCP uniforms by 1 April 2021. Unlike the Army, the Air Force uses brown thread for name tapes and rank insignia and have a subdued-color flag patch at all times instead of when on deployment.

The U.S. Space Force has also adopted the OCP uniform, but with navy blue thread for ranks and tapes.

## Users

## InfoBox

| Operational Camouflage Pattern | |
| --- | --- |
| A swatch of OCP | |
| Type | Military camouflage pattern |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| In service | 2015–present |
| Used by | United States Army
United States Air Force
United States Space Force
United States Navy
(individual augmentees)
United States Coast Guard
(SMTC/DSF)
See Users for non-US users |
| Wars | War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Syrian civil war
Russian invasion of Ukraine |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Crye Precision and Natick Labs |
| Designed | 2002 (Initial pattern)
2009 (Modified by Natick) |
| Produced | 2015–present |
| Variants | See *Variants* |


title: Optical lens design

abstract: Optical lens design is the process of designing a lens to meet a set of performance requirements and constraints, including cost and manufacturing limitations. Parameters include surface profile types, as well as radius of curvature, distance to the next surface, material type and optionally tilt and decenter. The process is computationally intensive, using ray tracing or other techniques to model how the lens affects light that passes through it.

text:
# Optical lens design

**Optical lens design** is the process of designing a lens to meet a set of performance requirements and constraints, including cost and manufacturing limitations. Parameters include surface profile types (spherical, aspheric, holographic, diffractive, etc.), as well as radius of curvature, distance to the next surface, material type and optionally tilt and decenter. The process is computationally intensive, using ray tracing or other techniques to model how the lens affects light that passes through it.

## Design requirements

Performance requirements can include:

1. Optical performance (image quality): This is quantified by various metrics, including encircled energy, modulation transfer function, Strehl ratio, ghost reflection control, and pupil performance (size, location and aberration control); the choice of the image quality metric is application specific.
2. Physical requirements such as weight, static volume, dynamic volume, center of gravity and overall configuration requirements.
3. Environmental requirements: ranges for temperature, pressure, vibration and electromagnetic shielding.

Design constraints can include realistic lens element center and edge thicknesses, minimum and maximum air-spaces between lenses, maximum constraints on entrance and exit angles, physically realizable glass index of refraction and dispersion properties.

Manufacturing costs and delivery schedules are also a major part of optical design. The price of an optical glass blank of given dimensions can vary by a factor of fifty or more, depending on the size, glass type, index homogeneity quality, and availability, with BK7 usually being the cheapest. Costs for larger and/or thicker optical blanks of a given material, above 100–150 mm, usually increase faster than the physical volume due to increased blank annealing time required to achieve acceptable index homogeneity and internal stress birefringence levels throughout the blank volume. Availability of glass blanks is driven by how frequently a particular glass type is made by a given manufacturer, and can seriously affect manufacturing cost and schedule.

## Process

Lenses can first be designed using paraxial theory to position images and pupils, then real surfaces inserted and optimized. Paraxial theory can be skipped in simpler cases and the lens directly optimized using real surfaces. Lenses are first designed using average index of refraction and dispersion (see Abbe number) properties published in the glass manufacturer's catalog and through glass model calculations. However, the properties of the real glass blanks will vary from this ideal; index of refraction values can vary by as much as 0.0003 or more from catalog values, and dispersion can vary slightly. These changes in index and dispersion can sometimes be enough to affect the lens focus location and imaging performance in highly corrected systems.

The lens blank manufacturing process is as follows:

1. The glass batch ingredients for a desired glass type are mixed in a powder state,
2. the powder mixture is melted in a furnace,
3. the fluid is further mixed while molten to maximize batch homogeneity,
4. poured into lens blanks and
5. annealed according to empirically determined time-temperature schedules.

The glass blank pedigree, or "melt data", can be determined for a given glass batch by making small precision prisms from various locations in the batch and measuring their index of refraction on a spectrometer, typically at five or more wavelengths. Lens design programs have curve fitting routines that can fit the melt data to a selected dispersion curve, from which the index of refraction at any wavelength within the fitted wavelength range can be calculated. A re-optimization, or "melt re-comp", can then be performed on the lens design using measured index of refraction data where available. When manufactured, the resulting lens performance will more closely match the desired requirements than if average glass catalog values for index of refraction were assumed.

Delivery schedules are impacted by glass and mirror blank availability and lead times to acquire, the amount of tooling a shop must fabricate prior to starting on a project, the manufacturing tolerances on the parts (tighter tolerances mean longer fab times), the complexity of any optical coatings that must be applied to the finished parts, further complexities in mounting or bonding lens elements into cells and in the overall lens system assembly, and any post-assembly alignment and quality control testing and tooling required. Tooling costs and delivery schedules can be reduced by using existing tooling at any given shop wherever possible, and by maximizing manufacturing tolerances to the extent possible.

## Lens optimization

A simple two-element air-spaced lens has nine variables (four radii of curvature, two thicknesses, one airspace thickness, and two glass types). A multi-configuration lens corrected over a wide spectral band and field of view over a range of focal lengths and over a realistic temperature range can have a complex design volume having over one hundred dimensions.

Lens optimization techniques that can navigate this multi-dimensional space and proceed to local minima have been studied since the 1940s, beginning with early work by James G. Baker, and later by Feder, Wynne, Glatzel, Grey and others. Prior to the development of digital computers, lens optimization was a hand-calculation task using trigonometric and logarithmic tables to plot 2-D cuts through the multi-dimensional space. Computerized ray tracing allows the performance of a lens to be modelled quickly, so that the design space can be searched rapidly. This allows design concepts to be rapidly refined. Popular optical design software includes Zemax's OpticStudio, Synopsys's Code V, and Lambda Research's OSLO. In most cases the designer must first choose a viable design for the optical system, and then numerical modelling is used to refine it. The designer ensures that designs optimized by the computer meet all requirements, and makes adjustments or restarts the process when they do not.

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Smith, Warren J., *Modern Lens Design*, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992, ISBN 0-07-059178-4
* Kingslake, Rudolph, *Lens Design Fundamentals*, Academic Press, 1978
* Shannon, Robert R., *The Art and Science of Optical Design*, Cambridge University Press, 1997.


title: Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth

abstract: Operating Manual For Spaceship Earth is a short book by R. Buckminster Fuller, first published in 1969, following an address with a similar title given to the 50th annual convention of the American Planners Association in the Shoreham Hotel, Washington D.C., on 16 October 1967. The book relates Earth to a spaceship flying through space. Noting the lack of any user manual to help Earthians steward this ship, Fuller offers some reflections, prognostications, and guidance, based on contemporary concepts of linked relationships, that may help in the understanding, management, preservation, and sustainment of this ship. The spaceship has a finite amount of resources and cannot be resupplied.

text:
# Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth

***Operating Manual For Spaceship Earth*** is a short book by R. Buckminster Fuller, first published in 1969, following an address with a similar title given to the 50th annual convention of the American Planners Association in the Shoreham Hotel, Washington D.C., on 16 October 1967.

The book relates Earth to a spaceship flying through space. Noting the lack of any user manual to help Earthians steward this ship, Fuller offers some reflections, prognostications, and guidance, based on contemporary concepts of linked relationships, that may help in the understanding, management, preservation, and sustainment of this ship. The spaceship has a finite amount of resources and cannot be resupplied.

## Chapters

* **Comprehensive propensities**
* **Origins of specialization**
* **Comprehensively commanded automation**
* **Spaceship Earth**
* **General systems theory**
* **Synergy**
* **Integral functions**
* **The regenerative landscape**

## Main themes

### History

Fuller describes two epochs within modern and contemporary history.

The first epoch was one run by "Great Pirates" or "great outlaws." The source of their power is that they are the *only* masters of *global* information in a time where people are focused locally. They were aware that resources weren't evenly distributed around the world, so that items which are abundant in one area are scarce in another. This gives rise to trade which the *Great Pirates* exploit for their own advantage. They established sea-trade routes to connect previously isolated populations throughout the globe. As these people took to the sea they left the local, regional laws of their original communities and entered a transitional space where they invented their own laws based on their interests in retaining special access to the Earth's dispersed resources and to gaining power through trade. The Great Pirates had a special ability to comprehend and activate a wide range of skills and knowledges required to generalize, translate, navigate, and integrate existing systems.

Fuller posits that these Great Pirates established governments in various areas and supported leaders who will defend their trade routes. By providing the leaders with special access to global resources, the Great Pirates controlled regional politicians, military, and leaders; these puppets leaders served the role of facilitating the Great Pirates' work, and in exchange for providing the Great Pirates with special privileges the Great Pirates would reward them with a cut of their profits. This historical era found a vast increase in the circulation and advancements of tools, goods, and services.

Power struggles for waterways ensue, requiring people such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to design better defenses for the *Great Pirates*. As engineers become involved with the *Great Pirates* many new concepts appear, but the main one was of the Navy. As the size of the people in the *Great Pirates'* employment grow, training becomes a necessity, and the beginnings of schools and colleges ensue. Monarchs are encouraged to develop civil service systems to provide secure but *specialized* employment for their brightest subjects, which prevents them from competing with the *Great Pirates* in their lucrative global trading. Thus the *Great Pirates* guarded the advantages that their unique global perspective revealed.

This previous epoch set in place the current system of political organization rooted in the concept of sovereign nations which control the planet's natural resources and distribution networks. Fuller describes this as an outdated and illogical structure. This structure is based on colonization, imposing servility on anyone born outside of the borders of the privileged nations, and installing "identity classification" based on race, birth-nation, and citizenship as a status quo, and encouraging competitive ideologies based on politics, science, and religion.

Fuller describes that these separate sovereign nations with their competitive identities led to World War I and continued through World War II. World War I emerged from the struggle between the 'out-pirates' (electronic and chemical warfare) and the 'in-pirates' (electromagnetics). This change from the visible to the invisible forced the *Great Pirates* to rely on experts, which causes the end of the *Great Pirates* (who previously had been the only ones that were truly multi-disciplined). The public is unaware that *Great Pirates* had been ruling the earth, and the role falls back to kings and politicians, though the frameworks of trade, rating and accounting remain. Fuller declares that the Great Pirates society became extinct as a result of advances in industrial production and technology. Yet the systems that they had created were not altered. National leaders assumed the role of the Great Pirates, without having the necessary skills and experiences of a generalized world view. By default they reinforced the outdated systems of sovereignty.

In the current era, Fuller predicts that "planners, architects, and engineers take the initiative".

### Education

#### Specializations

One of the strategies used by the Great Pirates to control individuals by disconnecting them from comprehending the whole picture was the concept of specializations. Schools, colleges, and intellectual associations encourage individuals to devote themselves to a specialization at a young age. Fuller describes that "specialization is... only a fancy form of slavery wherein the 'expert' is fooled into accepting his slavery by making him feel that in return he is in a socially and culturally preferred, ergo, highly secure, lifelong position." Specializations were used as a way to fragment society by dividing individuals into only having one place in society, and to discourage them from understanding how their job relates to other disciplines and feeds into the larger picture. This form of control is used to limit one's experience, knowledge, focus, viewpoint, and network within only one segment, subservient to their specific organized societies. Specialists are discouraged from comprehension; Wide-ranging ambitions that span across larger networks, and are controlled by their superiors. Specialization is described as a loss of general adaptability, and leads to extinction.

#### Life fellowship

Since many jobs will be replaced by automation, and sustain life does not need to be dictated by labor, humans are free to be engaged in other pursuits. To realize potential wealth each person who is or becomes unemployed should be provided with a life fellowship in research and development, or just simply experience and experiments. Fuller states that for every 100,000 fellowships given out one person will come up with something so valuable that it will pay for the remaining 99,999 fellowships.

### Economics

The economic accounting systems that are most widely in use only measure physical matter, which is only actually one quality of wealth.

#### Access to vital resources

Fuller critiques the prevalence of poverty throughout the entire publication. He states that one of the qualities that make humans unique is their inventiveness. Human inventiveness is driven by curiosity, desire to communicate, adaptability, resourcefulness, and intellectual capabilities. Poverty injures all of Earth's population, by limiting a large percentage of the population's ability to realize their potential and engage in the furthering and betterment of the world's population. So far many of the solutions activated have been short-sighted and superficial, aimed at removing poverty from view.

It is also an outdated concept that tries to dictate which people are allowed to live the fullest lifespan possible.

#### Wealth

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it is only ever transformed. Thus the concept that energy is "spent" and that the universe could run out of energy is outdated. There is a finite amount of energy available to us that lives within a closed system where it cannot be expended with. The concepts of "spending" energy and of entropy are used to support outdated systems of thought which believe that in order for one group of lifeforms to survive, others must be made extinct.

Fuller argues instead that "Wealth is the product of the progressive mastery of matter by the mind." Wealth is rather better defined as the potential that one has to survive.

There is enough wealth in the world to satisfy all of the world's needs.

#### Industry

Contemporary industry requires the coordination of international networks and access to global resources.

### Technology

Defines tools as either craft tools that can be invented by one man, such as bows and arrows, and industrial tools that cannot be produced by one man, such as the S.S. *Queen Mary*. Finds language to be the first industrial tool. States that craft tools were used to create industrial tools.

#### Automation

The new technology of the computer allows the computer to specialize and allow humans to overcome their former roles, as specialists and laborers, and gain freedom to focus instead on their special abilities to comprehend and invent.

Fuller acknowledges that one of the largest critiques against automation comes from humans themselves, who fear the loss of their livelihoods, and thus their lives. This issue is easily solved through universal basic income.

#### Communication

Humans are uniquely driven by the desire to communicate. New technologies will enhance our ability to develop and strengthen connections.

### Ecology

One of the keys to survival of the human species involves further understanding of how to sustain life through managing energy in sustainable ways. The idea of the Earth as a spaceship alludes to it as a mechanical vehicle that requires maintenance, and that if we do not keep it in good order it will cease to function. Fuller critiques the pollution of air, water, and information as counter to survival.

#### Fossil fuels

Throughout this book Fuller heavily critiques the continued use of fossil fuels. Our scientific understanding of the planet Earth has taught us that not only is the continued use of fossil fuels unsustainable, it is self-destructive as well. Additionally, Fuller refers to fossil fuels as our savings account; if we burn through the finite amount available rather than reserving it, our energy potential will only become bankrupt.

He encourages instead the harvesting of regenerative sources, specifically the Sun's radiation and Moon's gravity via wind, solar, and water tools. Fuller states that we "must operate exclusively on our vast daily energy income from the powers of wind, tide, water, and the direct Sun radiation energy".

### Systems theory

It is not possible to identify the whole of the system through only analyzing its parts.

#### Synergy

Fuller describes synergy as the "behavior of whole systems unpredicted by the separately observed behaviors of any of the system's separate parts or any sub-assembly of the systems' parts."

* Fuller, Buckminster (2020) \[1969\]. *Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth*. Zurich, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers. ISBN 978-3-0377-8126-5.

## InfoBox

Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Buckminster Fuller |
| Publication date | 1969 |
| Media type | Print |


title: Opostega melitardis

abstract: Opostega melitardis is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1918. It is known from Natal, South Africa.

text:
# Opostega melitardis

***Opostega melitardis*** is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1918. It is known from Natal, South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Opostega melitardis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Opostegidae |
| Genus: | *Opostega* |
| Species: | ***O. melitardis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Opostega melitardis***<br>Meyrick, 1918 | |
|


title: Opostega orestias

abstract: Opostega orestias is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1880. It is known from Queensland, Australia.

text:
# Opostega orestias

***Opostega orestias*** is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1880. It is known from Queensland, Australia.

## InfoBox

| *Opostega orestias* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Opostegidae |
| Genus: | *Opostega* |
| Species: | ***O. orestias*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Opostega orestias***<br>Meyrick, 1880 | |
|


title: Petar Marić

abstract: Petar Marić is a Croatian professional basketball player for Jazine of the Croatian second-tier Prva muška liga. Standing at 1.96 m, he plays at the shooting guard position.

text:
# Petar Marić

**Petar Marić** (born November 2, 1987) is a Croatian professional basketball player for Jazine of the Croatian second-tier Prva muška liga. Standing at 1.96 m, he plays at the shooting guard position.

## Biography

Marić played for the youth selections for his hometown club Zadar. He signed his first professional contract with another club from Zadar, Voštarnica. Since 2010 he plays in the Croatian top-tier A-1 Liga. He spent the longest period, altogether four seasons in two stints, in Zabok, a team he also captained.

After a very good season in Kvarner 2010 in Summer 2016 he was signed by Croatian power-house Cibona where he spent one season.

After spending another season in Zabok, in July 2018 he signed a one-year contract with Zadar.

In September 2019, Marić renewed his contract with Zadar by one more year. In December, 2019, his contract with Zadar was terminated and Marić moved back to Sonik-Puntamika. Marić averaged 12.7 points, 3.3 rebounds, 3.1 assists and 1.3 steals per game. On 1 October 2020, he rejoined Zabok.

## InfoBox

Petar Marić
| No. 5  Jazine | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Shooting guard |
| League | Croatian League |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1987-11-02) 2 November 1987<br>Zadar, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia |
| Nationality | Croatian |
| Listed height | 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) |
| Career information | |
| NBA draft | 2009: undrafted |
| Playing career | 2005–present |
| Career history | |
| 2005–2006 | Voštarnica |
| 2006–2007 | Zagreb |
| 2007–2008 | Vajda Čakovec |
| 2008–2010 | Voštarnica |
| 2010–2012 | Borik Puntamika |
| 2012–2015 | Zabok |
| 2015–2016 | Kvarner 2010 |
| 2016–2017 | Cibona |
| 2017–2018 | Zabok |
| 2018–2019 | Zadar |
| 2019–2020 | Sonik-Puntamika |
| 2020–2021 | Zabok |
| 2021–2022 | Sonik-Puntamika |
| 2022–present | Jazine |
|  | |


title: Penzance School of Art

abstract: Penzance School of Art is an art school in Penzance, Cornwall, England, housed in a purpose-built Grade II listed building opened in 1881.

text:
# Penzance School of Art

**Penzance School of Art** is an art school in Penzance, Cornwall, England, housed in a purpose-built Grade II listed building opened in 1881.

## History and description

The building, designed by Silvanus Trevail, was erected in 1880–81 and opened on 7 March 1881. It was the first permanent home of the Penzance School of Art, founded in 1853 by Henry Geoffroi. The building was financed by the gift of land and other donations.

During the late 1880s there was remodelling of the façade, and a museum and science school were added, all designed by Henry White FRIBA, a former student. The building is constructed of dressed granite, with roofs of Cornish slate. The front of the building facing Morrab Street is in English Revival style.

In its early years, exhibitions were held at the museum of works by artists of the Newlyn School, such as Stanhope Forbes and Walter Langley. After the Newlyn Art Gallery was constructed in 1894, the museum was less often used as a venue for exhibitions, and it became a library, run by the Borough Council.

Visiting lecturers have included Lamorna Birch, Barbara Hepworth and Graham Sutherland; a pottery school was established by Bernard Leach. Past students include Peter Lanyon, Robin Welch, Jack Pender and Jonathon Coudrille. The Australian sculptor, Barbara Tribe taught there for 40 years until 1988.

The school was run from 1984 by Cornwall County Council, and since 1989 by Penwith College; the library closed in 2016.

Media related to Penzance School of Art and Library at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Penzance School of Art | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Morrab Road, Penzance, Cornwall, England |
| Coordinates | 50°07′02″N 5°32′23″W / 50.117169°N 5.539817°W / 50.117169; -5.539817 |
| Built | 1881 |
| Architect | Silvanus Trevail |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Official name | Penzance School of Art and Library |
| Designated | 5 September 2017 |
| Reference no. | 1447144 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Penzance School of Art in Cornwall | |


title: Mária Érdi

abstract: Mária Érdi is a Hungarian competitive sailor, 2023 World Champion and 2024 European Champion in the ILCA 6 class. She competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the women's Laser Radial. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo 2021, in Laser Radial. In 2023 she was named Hungarian Sportswoman of the Year.

text:
# Mária Érdi

**Mária Érdi** (born 18 February 1998) is a Hungarian competitive sailor, 2023 World Champion and 2024 European Champion in the ILCA 6 class.

She competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the women's Laser Radial. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo 2021, in Laser Radial.

In 2023 she was named Hungarian Sportswoman of the Year.

## InfoBox

Mária Érdi
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Hungarian |
| Born | (1998-02-18) 18 February 1998<br>Budapest, Hungary |
| Height | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 65 kg (143 lb) |
|  | |
| Sailing career | |
| Class(es) | ILCA 6, Byte, ILCA 4 |
| Club | MVM SE |
| Coach | Enrico Strazzera |
|  | |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Olympic finals | 14ª (2016) - 13ª (2020) |
| Competition record      Women's sailing  Representing  Hungary  World Championships  2023 The Hague  ILCA 6  ILCA European Championships  2024 Athens  ILCA 6  2023 Andora  ILCA 6  Youth World Championships  2015 Langkawi  Laser Radial | |


title: Tsujigahana

abstract: Tsujigahana Tsujigahana (辻ヶ花) is a Japanese fabric dyeing technique that originated in the Muromachi period.

text:
# Tsujigahana

***Tsujigahana*** (辻ヶ花) is a Japanese fabric dyeing technique that originated in the Muromachi period.

## History

The name *tsujigahana* translates to "flowers at the crossroads". Documents from the Muromachi and Momoyama periods use the term to describe garments, but are unclear about whether the term refers to color, motifs, or dyeing methods. During the 20th century, scholars redefined *tsujigahana* to refer to a specific textile technique that uses stitch-resist dyeing (*nuishime shibori*) and ink painting to decorate a plain weave, lightweight fabric, often silk. The fabric is often further embellished using embroidery and gold leaf.

Historically, tsujigahana garments were worn by the Japanese upper class during the 16th century. After the death of a man, these garments would have been preserved as family heirlooms. However, for tsujigahana garments owned by women, these garments were often donated to Buddhist temples to pay for the memorial service. Temples deconstructed these garments into individual textile fragments and reconfigured them into temple decorations. During the 19th century, Buddhist temples lost the financial protection of the state, and many temples sold these decorations. They began to circulate on the antiques market, and were often deconstructed into the original fabric panels or fragments.

Tsujigahana is a variety of kimono created by the technique of shibori. The extravagant patterns were rather more picturesque and it was more eye-catching than other ordinary kinds of kimono. Tsujigahana technique is in a shroud of mystery as it is not clearly known who invented it or why it was called Tsujigahana. The technique lasted for two eras from Muromachi period to Edo period for about 300 to 400 years. It quickly became forgotten after the rise of Japanese handicrafts technique. But Tsujigahana nevertheless contributed a lot for the decorative art phase in Azuchi-Momoyama period.

## 20th century revival

The art style was revived by Itchiku Kubota (1917–2003). Although the exact methods for recreating *tsujigahana* were lost, in 1962, he was able to recreate the style using his own methods, called *Itchiku Tsujigahana*. His life's work was a series of eighty kimono, known as the *Symphony of Light*. The series of kimono comprise a panoramic depiction of the four seasons, the oceans, and the universe. Kubota died before completing the collection, and his son, Satoshi Kubota, is continuing the work. Itchiku founded the Itchiku Kubota Art Museum.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Milhaupt, Terry Satsuki (2003). "Tsujigahana Textiles and Their Fabrication". In Murase, Miyeko (ed.). *Turning Point: Oribe and the Arts of Sixteenth-Century Japan*. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 1588390969. OCLC 52687969.