title: Peel railway station

abstract: Peel Railway Station was a terminus on the Isle of Man Railway; it served the town of Peel in the Isle of Man and was the final stopping place on a line that ran between the city of Douglas and the town. It was part of the Island's first railway line.

text:
# Peel railway station

**Peel Railway Station** (Manx: *Stashoon Raad Yiarn Phurt ny h-Inshey*) was a terminus on the Isle of Man Railway; it served the town of Peel in the Isle of Man and was the final stopping place on a line that ran between the city of Douglas and the town. It was part of the Island's first railway line.

## Construction

The station was built by the Isle of Man Railway and opened on 1 July 1873. The station was located at the end of the railway line from Douglas via St John's to the small town of Peel. The decision to locate the station by the harbour was taken late in 1872 when the Isle of Man Railway abandoned plans to extend the line to Ramsey. The station building was located next to Peel harbour. A small goods depot was situated next to the platforms, on the side farthest from the harbour.

## Services

Most trains from Douglas to Peel were combined with trains to Ramsey. The two sections split at St John's. The IoMR timetable for July 1922 shows twelve trains arriving at Peel from Douglas on weekdays. Nine were 'split trains', whilst three were complete trains from Douglas. The first arrival was at 8:58 am and the last was at 11:40 pm. The average time taken for the 12 miles from Douglas was 40 minutes. Regular trains ran to and from Douglas until the line was closed on 13 November 1965. Services resumed on 3 June 1967, but ceased permanently on 7 September 1968. The reopening day of the line in 1967 saw the celebrations centred on this station and nearly all the railway's serviceable rolling stock was on site together with five steam locomotives on the day, and a fair held on the station forecourt to mark the event. The last time a locomotive was on the site was in 1998 as part of the Steam 125 celebrations marking the anniversary of the line's opening when locomotive No. 1 *Sutherland* was operated on a short section of temporary track in the car park which was once the island platform. At various times there have been plans to create short sections of track from the station but none of these have ever come to fruition, though the Manx Transport Museum Group have their headquarters in the nearby former brickworks office, holding a number of railway-related items.

## After closure

After the final trains departed in 1968 the station remained in situ for a number of years. The rails were lifted in 1975, and then the site was surfaced and used as a boat park; the main station building also became a fisherman's shelter and the goods shed was converted in 1979 to house the replica Viking longboat *Odin's Raven* which was constructed in Norway and sailed to the Island to commemorate the millennium of the Island's parliament in that year. The locomotive shed at the eastern end of the yard was demolished at the same time as the rails were lifted, having become unsafe following a fire that engulfed the wooden lean-to some years previously, although the water tower beside it has survived and now forms part of a visitor's centre operated by the local heritage trust. This site also now houses one of the railway's original 1873 carriages, which has recently been cosmetically restored. The site remained in this format until 1998, when the award-winning visitor's centre was developed on the site. Next to the station is the Creek Inn, once called the Station Hotel; today it is a popular venue for live traditional music, and also features displays of old photographs and posters of the time the railway served the town.

## Today

The building that now forms a display area for the House of Mannanan in Peel was originally the terminus of the Isle of Man Railway It was used as a fishermen's shelter after the line closed. The building replaced the wooden original built for the opening in 1873. It was built in 1911 partly from distinctive local sandstone. In a picturesque harbourside setting, the station was a busy one. Lifted after closure in 1968, it is the most "intact" of the line's closed stations, with the station itself, water tower (now part of a transport museum) and goods shed still extant. The goods shed became home of the replica Viking longship "Odin's Raven" in 1979, but now houses an audio-visual display area as part of the museum. At the eastern end of the station next to the water tower was once the locomotive shed, long since gone, but an original four-wheel coach body is now on site as a potential restoration project for the museum group. The quayside on which the site sits has been considerably redeveloped in the last few years: many nearby buildings have been overhauled and repainted in period style; the area is having something of a renaissance as a popular destination with trippers and holidaymakers. The River Neb, next to the station site, has also had a marina facility installed. A contemporary designed toilet and shower block has also been installed on reclaimed land close to the former locomotive shed for use in connection with the vessels housed at the marina. Denoting the position of the former railway line, a replica fishtail semaphore signal stands at the end of the station yard, together with a small set of replica level crossing gates.

## Route

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Terminus* |  | Isle of Man Railway
Peel Line |  | St John's
*towards*
Douglas |
| *Terminus* |  | Isle of Man Railway
Knockaloe Branch |  | Knockaloe
Internment Camp
*1915-1920* |

## Bibliography

* Butt, R.V.J. (1995), *The Directory of Railway Stations*, Patrick Stephens, ISBN 1-85260-508-1
* St John Thomas, David, ed. (1985), *Bradshaw's July 1922 Railway Guide*, Guild Publishing

## Sources

* \[Isle of Man Steam Railway Supporters' Association\]

## InfoBox

| Peel
*Purt ny h-Inshey* | |
| --- | --- |
| The Isle of Man Railway Co., Ltd. | |
| The Station (After Closure) | |
| General information | |
| Location | Station Place, Peel,
Isle of Man, IM9 5LR. |
| Coordinates | 54°13′19″N 4°41′51″W / 54.2219°N 4.6974°W / 54.2219; -4.6974 |
| Owned by | Isle of Man Railway Co., Ltd.
Now Manx National Heritage |
| Line(s) | Peel Line
Between Douglas & Peel |
| Platforms | Three, Half-Raised
Various, Goods |
| Tracks | Four Running Lines
Various Sidings |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Station Building
Water Tower |
| Parking | Roadside |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 July 1873 |
| Closed | 9 September 1968 |
| Rebuilt | 1902 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Ticketing, waiting room, and toilet facilities | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Václav Mánes

abstract: Václav Mánes was a Czech painter. He was the brother of Antonín Mánes and uncle of Quido and Josef Mánes and Amalie Mánesová, all of whom were also painters. Little is known of him; even the date of his birth is uncertain. He never married; living and working in Antonín's household for the duration of his career.

text:
# Václav Mánes

**Václav Mánes** (c. 1793 – 31 January 1858) was a Czech painter. He was the brother of Antonín Mánes and uncle of Quido and Josef Mánes and Amalie Mánesová, all of whom were also painters. Little is known of him; even the date of his birth is uncertain. He never married; living and working in Antonín's household for the duration of his career.

## Life and work

He initially studied at a piarist school. Later, he was enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied with Joseph Bergler. In 1829, he was awarded the Klárovo Scholarship and spent the next three years living and working in Rome, where his chief companions were members of the Nazarenes.

Stylistically, his work hovered somewhere between neoclassicism and Romanticism. He served as interim director of the Prague Academy from 1835 to 1836 and again in 1840. He won some acclaim for his depictions of scenes from the Bible, and painted portraits as well. After 1835, he was also a member of "Krasoumná jednota" (Beautiful Unity), a society for promoting the fine arts. He died in Prague.

His works may be seen at the National Gallery Prague, the City of Prague Museum and the National Museum.

## Sources

* Jiří Kotalík, *Rodina Mánesů*, Prague, 1988, Exhibition catalog, Municipal Gallery Beroun
* Naděžda Blažíčková-Horová (Ed.), *Malířská rodina Mánesů*, Prague 2002, 335 s. ISBN 80-7035-236-1
* Naděžda Blažíčková-Horová (Ed.), *19th-Century Art in Bohemia: (1790–1910) - Painting, Sculpture, Decorative Arts*. Prague; National Gallery in Prague, 2009 ISBN 978-80-7035-426-1

Media related to Václav Mánes at Wikimedia Commons


title: Q-in-Law

abstract: Q-in-Law is a 1991 science fiction novel by American writer Peter David, part of the Star Trek: The Next Generation saga. It features Lwaxana Troi and Q. The book was ignored by the Star Trek office at Paramount, and apparently published only at the insistence of Majel Barrett, the actress who played Lwaxana on the television series, and was wife to its creator Gene Roddenberry.

text:
# Q-in-Law

***Q-in-Law*** is a 1991 science fiction novel by American writer Peter David, part of the *Star Trek: The Next Generation* saga. It features Lwaxana Troi and . The book was ignored by the *Star Trek* office at Paramount, and apparently published only at the insistence of Majel Barrett, the actress who played Lwaxana on the television series, and was wife to its creator Gene Roddenberry.

## Plot

The *Enterprise* (NCC-1701-D) is assigned to diplomatic duty to host the wedding between two houses of the Tizarin, a race that lives only in space and engages in commerce. One of the guests is Lwaxana Troi, to represent Betazed. The time setting places it after the events of "Deja Q" (third season) and before "Q-Pid" (fourth season). Kerin, heir to the house of Nistral, will marry Sehra, the daughter of the house of Graziunas.

puts in an appearance. Although he toys with Picard while asking to be allowed to attend the wedding festivities, he promises to behave himself. Q attracts Lwaxana's notice, and she is fascinated by Q. To Picard's horror, Q fans the flames of love. Later, Q also begins to fan the animosity between the two Tizarin houses, mainly by feeding on the occasional blowups between the bride and groom, who are themselves irritated: Sehra by her future father-in-law Nistral's comments and Kerin by his future mother-in-law Mrs. Graziunas' comments.

The two families come to battle, and a despairing Lwaxana wishes she could do something. Q gives her power, and Lwaxana stops the battle, and Kerin and Serah determine they will marry, no matter what. Meanwhile, Q has revealed his true colors: another way of annoying lower life forms. He scorns Lwaxana, who gives Q a serious thrashing.

Meanwhile, a gift of gratitude by Sehra to Wesley Crusher turns out to be anything but a joy, as Sehra gives Wesley a clumsy slave girl. After much pain and a broken rib, Wesley returns the slave girl to Sehra, who had been trying to get rid of her but is now happy to have her back.

## Production

The audiobook version of the novel was read by Majel Barrett and John de Lancie, who would talk in character during the sequences with Lwaxana and Q.

## InfoBox

Q-in-Law
| Front cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Peter David |
| Audio read by | Majel Barrett, John de Lancie |
| Cover artist | Keith Birdsong |
| Publisher | Pocket Books |
| Publication date | September 1991 |
| Pages | 256 |
| ISBN | 0671733893 |
| Followed by | *List of Star Trek novels* |
| Text | *Q-in-Law* at Internet Archive |


title: Neelam Sivia

abstract: Neelam Sivia is an Indian television and film actress.

text:
# Neelam Sivia

**Neelam Sivia** (born 1989) is an Indian television and film actress.

## Early life and career

She has worked in a Punjabi film *47 to 84*.

She has also worked in many television shows like *Kya Huaa Tera Vaada*, *MTV Webbed*, *Gumrah: End of Innocence*, *Love by Chance*, *Yeh Hai Aashiqui*, *Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya*, *Halla Bol*, *Saubhagyalakshmi*, *Nadaniyaan* and *Naamkarann*.

She finished working in 4 Lions Films' web series *Tanhaiyan* as Tanya and TV series called *Naamkarann* on Star Plus.

Currently, she is seen in the webseries called *Aafat*.

## Personal life

Sivia married musician and drummer Apoorv Singh.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Film | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | *47 to 84* | Reet |

### Television

| Year | Film | Role | Channel | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *Kya Huaa Tera Vaada* | Anika Sarkar Bhalla | Sony TV |  |
| 2013 | *Gumrah: End of Innocence* |  | Channel V India |  |
| 2013 | *MTV Webbed* | Surbhi Oberoi | MTV India |  |
| 2014 | *Love by Chance* | Sheetal | Bindaas |  |
| 2014 | *Yeh Hai Aashiqui* | Naina | Bindaas |  |
| 2015 | *Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya* | Saumya | Zing |  |
| 2015 | *Yeh Hai Aashiqui Siyappa Ishq Ka* | Pratyusha | Bindaas |  |
| 2015 | *Halla Bol* | Megha |  |  |
| 2016 | *Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya* | Ismaira | Zing |  |
| 2016 | *Saubhagyalakshmi* | Muskaan Prajapati | &TV |  |
| 2016 | *Nadaniyaan* | Nikki/Nikita Thapar | Big Magic |  |
| 2016 | *Tanhaiyan* | Tanya | Hotstar | Webseries |
| 2016-2017 | *Naamkarann* | Diksha | Star Plus |  |
| 2019 | *Aafat* | Anu Chhabra |  | Webseries |

## InfoBox

| Neelam Sivia | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Neelam Sivia<br>1989 (age 3435) |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Known for | *47 to 84* |


title: Puerto Cisnes

abstract: Puerto Cisnes is a town and seaport in Cisnes commune, Aysén Province, Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region in the Chilean Patagonia. The town is on the Puyuhuapi Channel at the outflow of Cisnes River. The town is located in the northwestern portion of the Aysén Region, an area that includes numerous islands, fjords and channels. The major island is Magdalena Island, which contains the national park that bears its name. Queulat National Park straddles the border between this commune and Lago Verde. Much of the commune area is covered with a lush vegetation and is divided by the Moraleda Channel. The main mountain of the area is Melimoyu volcano.

text:
# Puerto Cisnes

**Puerto Cisnes** (Spanish for: "port swans") is a town and seaport in Cisnes commune, Aysén Province, Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region in the Chilean Patagonia. The town is on the Puyuhuapi Channel at the outflow of Cisnes River. The town is located in the northwestern portion of the Aysén Region, an area that includes numerous islands, fjords and channels. The major island is Magdalena Island, which contains the national park that bears its name. Queulat National Park straddles the border between this commune and Lago Verde. Much of the commune area is covered with a lush vegetation and is divided by the Moraleda Channel. The main mountain of the area is Melimoyu volcano.

## Climate

| Climate data for Puerto Cisnes (1986–2015) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.1
(66.4) | 19.4
(66.9) | 17.2
(63.0) | 13.6
(56.5) | 10.5
(50.9) | 8.6
(47.5) | 7.8
(46.0) | 8.9
(48.0) | 11.5
(52.7) | 13.6
(56.5) | 15.4
(59.7) | 17.6
(63.7) | 13.6
(56.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.9
(48.0) | 8.3
(46.9) | 6.7
(44.1) | 5.1
(41.2) | 3.3
(37.9) | 2.0
(35.6) | 1.2
(34.2) | 1.8
(35.2) | 3.4
(38.1) | 4.6
(40.3) | 5.8
(42.4) | 7.6
(45.7) | 4.9
(40.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 181
(7.1) | 131
(5.2) | 209
(8.2) | 269
(10.6) | 378
(14.9) | 393
(15.5) | 341
(13.4) | 353
(13.9) | 242
(9.5) | 245
(9.6) | 227
(8.9) | 172
(6.8) | 3,142
(123.7) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84 | 85 | 83 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 87 | 86 | 84 | 82 | 80 | 75 | 84 |
| Source: Atlas Agroclimatico de Chile | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Location

To get to Puerto Cisnes, you must stray approximately 30 kilometers off of the Carretera Austral. The city itself has two entrances, one at the beginning of the city and one at the end. The first entrance has new road which has been redone recently due to the inflow of new tourists, while the other is the original road of Puerto Cisnes and it has more than enough pot holes.

The location of Puerto Cisnes is why it has been named the capital of the Cisnes Commune, which contains roughly 5,000 people. It's basically located right in the middle of its outlying Peninsulas of Puerto Gala and Puerto Gaviota and because the region travels more by ocean it has easy access to the other ports of the commune.

It's located 196 kilometers outside of the city of Coyhaique.

## Economy

The most viable economic possibilities for those living in Puerto Cisnes are the salmon industry due to the plentiful rivers and also trade. However, due to the increasing growth of tourism in their summer months, many have adapted to deal with many touristic services which include activities from adventures and hikes to personal tours. This also includes services of any type of living, hotels, cabins, hostels and more. The rest of the cities commerce includes restaurants of food of all types, gas stations and a bank. Other jobs include local volunteer fire fighters for the Bomberos de Chile, Hospital Jorge Ibar, police officers for the Carabineros de Chile and the location of Chile's Navy, the Armada de Chile right off the coast.

## InfoBox

| Puerto Cisnes | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Puerto CisnesLocation in Chile | |
| Coordinates: 44°45′S 72°42′W / 44.750°S 72.700°W / -44.750; -72.700 | |
| Country | Chile |
| Region | Aisén |
| Province | Aisén |
| Commune | Cisnes |
| Area | |
| Total | 16,093 km2 (6,214 sq mi) |
| Population (2002 Census) | |
| Total | 5,739 |
| Density | 0.36/km2 (0.92/sq mi) |
| Area code | 56 + ? |
| Climate | Cfb |


title: Progempylus

abstract: Progempylus is an extinct genus of prehistoric snake mackerel that lived during the lower Eocene.

text:
# Progempylus

***Progempylus*** is an extinct genus of prehistoric snake mackerel that lived during the lower Eocene.

## InfoBox

| *Progempylus*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scombriformes |
| Family: | Gempylidae |
| Genus: | *Progempylus*
Casier, 1966 |
|


title: Shelley's oliveback

abstract: Shelley's oliveback, also known as the Fernando Po oliveback, is a species of estrildid finch found in Africa. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 55,000 km⁲. It is found in Bioko island, western Cameroon and adjacent Nigeria. The IUCN has classified the species as being of least concern.

text:
# Shelley's oliveback

**Shelley's oliveback** (***Nesocharis shelleyi***), also known as the **Fernando Po oliveback**, is a species of estrildid finch found in Africa. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 55,000 km2.

It is found in Bioko island, western Cameroon and adjacent Nigeria. The IUCN has classified the species as being of least concern.

## InfoBox

| Shelley's oliveback | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Estrildidae |
| Genus: | *Nesocharis* |
| Species: | ***N. shelleyi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nesocharis shelleyi***
Alexander, 1903 | |
|


title: Nowy Dęblin

abstract: Nowy Dęblin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ryki, within Ryki County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

text:
# Nowy Dęblin

**Nowy Dęblin** \[ˈnɔvɨ ˈdɛmblin\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ryki, within Ryki County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Nowy Dęblin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nowy Dęblin | |
| Coordinates: 51°35′29″N 21°58′09″E / 51.59139°N 21.96917°E / 51.59139; 21.96917 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Ryki |
| Gmina | Ryki |


title: Mitja Gaspari

abstract: Mitja Gaspari is a Slovenian economist, banker, and politician. He served as Minister for Economic Development in the government of Borut Pahor.

text:
# Mitja Gaspari

**Mitja Gaspari** (born 25 November 1951) is a Slovenian economist, banker, and politician. He served as Minister for Economic Development in the government of Borut Pahor.

## Early life and education

Gaspari was born in Ljubljana. He studied economics at the University of Ljubljana and has graduated in monetary economics from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Economics.

## Career

### Career in the public sector

Gaspari worked in the National Bank of Yugoslavia, where he became vice-governor in 1988. In September 1991, he became a senior advisor in the World Bank. Between 1992 and 2000, he served as Slovenian Minister of Finance in the governments of Janez Drnovšek. Although he was considered close to the ruling Liberal Democracy of Slovenia, he never joined the party.

Gaspari served as the governor of the Bank of Slovenia between 2001 and 2007. During his mandate, Slovenia adopted the euro as its official currency.

### Political career

Gaspari was among the candidates at the 2007 Slovenian presidential election, supported by the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia. He received 24.09% of votes in the first round, finishing third. In 2012, he was nominated as Slovenia's candidate to succeed José Manuel González-Páramo on the Executive Board of the European Central Bank; the position eventually went to Yves Mersch.

In 2008, Gaspari was appointed Minister for Economic Development in the left wing government of Borut Pahor.


title: Pura McGregor

abstract: Pura McGregor, also known as Pura Makarika, was a community leader in Whanganui, New Zealand, and the first Māori woman to receive an MBE.

text:
# Pura McGregor

**Pura McGregor** MBE (née **Te Pura Manihera**, c. 1855 – 4 March 1920), also known as **Pura Makarika**, was a community leader in Whanganui, New Zealand, and the first Māori woman to receive an MBE.

## Biography

McGregor was born in about 1855 at Karatia on the Whanganui River. Her father was Maui Te Manihera of Ngā Poutama and her mother was Hohi Hori Kingi of Ngāti Ruakā and Ngāti Rangi. Her father was killed in the New Zealand Wars at the Battle of Moutoa in 1864. After her father's death her mother married Stewart Manson, who owned stores in Whanganui and surrounding settlements. Her uncle was Te Keepa Te Rangihiwinui (Major Kemp) and McGregor accompanied him on his campaigns against Te Kooti during the New Zealand Wars, leading the haka before Te Keepa went into battle.

In 1879 she married Gregor McGregor. McGregor was the son of Scottish settlers; his father was from Uist in the Outer Hebrides. His mother disapproved of her son's marriage to a Māori woman. After the marriage Gregor ran one of Stewart Manson's stores at Ranana on the Whanganui River, became a canoe-man on the river, was fluent in Māori and became the first station manager of Morikau station at Ranana. They had three children: two sons, Gregor and George Stewart, and a daughter, Rawinia who died in her teenage years. George married Maata Mahupuku, a muse of Katherine Mansfield.

McGregor resided for most of her married life at 129 Harrison Street in Whanganui, and became a notable community leader. She was president of the Putiki Maori Ladies' Branch of the Lady Liverpool League. She was active in the Wanganui Beautifying Society and enlisted the help of both Pākehā and Māori locals to plant native shrubs and trees around Rotokawau Virginia Lake in Whanganui as well as raising funds.

### Honour

McGregor's work supporting the Māori Expeditionary Force was recognised in the 1919 King's Birthday Honours. Her honour is recorded as an MBE in the 1919 Yearbook and other sources of the time. Other sources record it as an OBE. She was the first Māori woman to receive the honour.

## Death and legacy

McGregor died in Whanganui on 4 March 1920, and was buried at the Wanganui Old Cemetery, now the Heads Road Cemetery.

In 1921, a *waka maumahara* (memorial canoe) to McGregor was erected at Toronui Point on Rotokawau Virginia Lake; it consisted of a half tōtara river canoe set with the bow pointing towards the sky. It was decorated with a kowhaiwhai pattern traditional to her marae. The plaque at the base bore the inscription:

> "This Tiki is erected to the memory of Mrs Pura McGregor. E whakaturia tenei Tiki hei whakamahara Pura Makarika."

The canoe was removed in about 1987 after it had rotted. It was replaced with a new *waka maumahara* built of Corten steel for durability and decorated with a design by artist Cecelia Kumeroa; it was unveiled in 2020.

McGregor left her treasured possessions (taonga) to the Whanganui Regional Museum. Artist Alexis Neal, stimulated by seeing McGregor's artefacts during her 2012 Tylee Cottage residency in Whanganui, created a woven woollen cloak and other items for an exhibition held at the Sarjeant Gallery in 2015 in her memory.


title: Paulo S. L. M. Barreto

abstract:
Paulo Licciardi Barreto is a Brazilian-American cryptographer and one of the designers of the Whirlpool hash function
and the block ciphers Anubis and KHAZAD, together with Vincent Rijmen. He has also co-authored a number of research works on elliptic curve cryptography and pairing-based cryptography, including the eta pairing technique,
identity-based cryptographic protocols,
and the family of Barreto–Naehrig (BN) and Barreto–Lynn-Scott (BLS) pairing-friendly elliptic curves.
More recently he has been focusing his research on post-quantum cryptography, being one of the discoverers of quasi-dyadic codes
and quasi-cyclic moderate-density parity-check (QC-MDPC) codes
to instantiate the McEliece and Niederreiter cryptosystems and related schemes. His paper "Efficient Algorithms for Pairing-Based Cryptosystems", jointly written with Hae Y. Kim, Ben Lynn and Mike Scott and presented at the Crypto 2002 conference, has been identified in March 2005 as a "Hot Paper", and in December 2005 as "Fast Breaking Paper", by Thomson ISI's Essential Science Indicators, by virtue of being among the top one-tenth of one percent (0.1%) most cited papers and by having the largest percentage increase in citations in the Computer Science category. Barreto was born in Salvador, capital of the northeastern state of Bahia, Brazil. In 1987, he graduated in physics at the University of São Paulo. He subsequently worked at Unisys Brazil Ltd and Scopus Tecnologia S/A as a software developer and then as chief cryptographer. Barreto received his Ph.D. degree in 2003. He has been awarded the SFI E. T. S. Walton Award 2008–2009. He was associate professor at the Department of Computer and Digital Systems Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo. He is currently a professor at the School of Engineering and Technology of the University of Washington Tacoma.

text:
# Paulo S. L. M. Barreto

**Paulo Licciardi Barreto** (born **Paulo Sérgio Licciardi Messeder Barreto** on November 19, 1965) is a Brazilian-American cryptographer and one of the designers of the Whirlpool hash function and the block ciphers Anubis and KHAZAD, together with Vincent Rijmen. He has also co-authored a number of research works on elliptic curve cryptography and pairing-based cryptography, including the eta pairing technique, identity-based cryptographic protocols, and the family of Barreto–Naehrig (BN) and Barreto–Lynn-Scott (BLS) pairing-friendly elliptic curves. More recently he has been focusing his research on post-quantum cryptography, being one of the discoverers of quasi-dyadic codes and quasi-cyclic moderate-density parity-check (QC-MDPC) codes to instantiate the McEliece and Niederreiter cryptosystems and related schemes.

His paper "Efficient Algorithms for Pairing-Based Cryptosystems", jointly written with Hae Y. Kim, Ben Lynn and Mike Scott and presented at the Crypto 2002 conference, has been identified in March 2005 as a "Hot Paper", and in December 2005 as "Fast Breaking Paper", by Thomson ISI's Essential Science Indicators (now Science Watch), by virtue of being among the top one-tenth of one percent (0.1%) most cited papers and by having the largest percentage increase in citations in the Computer Science category.

Barreto was born in Salvador, capital of the northeastern state of Bahia, Brazil. In 1987, he graduated in physics at the University of São Paulo. He subsequently worked at Unisys Brazil Ltd and Scopus Tecnologia S/A as a software developer and then as chief cryptographer. Barreto received his Ph.D. degree in 2003. He has been awarded the SFI E. T. S. Walton Award 2008–2009. He was associate professor at the Department of Computer and Digital Systems Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo. He is currently a professor at the School of Engineering and Technology of the University of Washington Tacoma.

## InfoBox

| Paulo Barreto | |
| --- | --- |
| Paulo Barreto in 2015 | |
| Born | (1965-11-19) 19 November 1965
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil |
| Citizenship | Brazil (1965-present)
United States (2022-present) |
| Alma mater | University of São Paulo |
| Known for | Cryptographic hash functions, Pairing-based cryptography, Post-quantum cryptography |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Cryptography |
| Institutions | Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma |
| Thesis | (2003) |
|  | |
| Website | directory.tacoma.uw.edu/employee/pbarreto |


title: Vœuil-et-Giget

abstract: Vœuil-et-Giget is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

text:
# Vœuil-et-Giget

**Vœuil-et-Giget** (French pronunciation: \[vœj e ʒiʒɛ\]) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 744 |  |
| 1975 | 918 | +3.05% |
| 1982 | 1,009 | +1.36% |
| 1990 | 1,344 | +3.65% |
| 1999 | 1,436 | +0.74% |
| 2007 | 1,533 | +0.82% |
| 2012 | 1,576 | +0.55% |
| 2017 | 1,509 | −0.87% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Vœuil-et-Giget | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Vœuil | |
| Location of Vœuil-et-Giget | |
| Vœuil-et-GigetVœuil-et-Giget | |
| Coordinates: 45°35′13″N 0°09′19″E / 45.5869°N 0.1553°E / 45.5869; 0.1553 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Charente |
| Arrondissement | Angoulême |
| Canton | Boëme-Échelle |
| Intercommunality | Grand Angoulême |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Monique Chiron |
| Area**1** | 8.48 km2 (3.27 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,567 |
| Density | 180/km2 (480/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 16418 /16400 |
| Elevation | 55–147 m (180–482 ft)
(avg. 112 m or 367 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Pussigny

abstract: Pussigny is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.

text:
# Pussigny

**Pussigny** (French pronunciation: \[pysiɲi\]) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 209 |  |
| 1975 | 171 | −2.83% |
| 1982 | 160 | −0.95% |
| 1990 | 162 | +0.16% |
| 1999 | 184 | +1.42% |
| 2007 | 195 | +0.73% |
| 2012 | 183 | −1.26% |
| 2017 | 168 | −1.70% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Pussigny | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
| Location of Pussigny | |
| PussignyPussigny | |
| Coordinates: 46°59′37″N 0°34′15″E / 46.9936°N 0.5708°E / 46.9936; 0.5708 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Indre-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Chinon |
| Canton | Sainte-Maure-de-Touraine |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Alain Dubois |
| Area**1** | 8.48 km2 (3.27 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 162 |
| Density | 19/km2 (49/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 37190 /37800 |
| Elevation | 37–114 m (121–374 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Neue Post

abstract: Neue Post is a German-language weekly entertainment news magazine published in Hamburg, Germany. It has been in circulation since 1948.

text:
# Neue Post

***Neue Post*** is a German-language weekly entertainment news magazine published in Hamburg, Germany. It has been in circulation since 1948.

## History and profile

*Neue Post* was established in 1948. The magazine is part of the Bauer Group and is published by Bauer Verlag on a weekly basis. The company acquired *Neue Post* in 1961 when it bought the publisher of the magazine, Kurt Möller Verlag. The headquarters of the weekly is in Hamburg.

*Neue Post* is a pulp magazine which is called rainbow press in Germany. The target audience of the magazine is older women. The magazine provides news on celebrities and public figures and includes articles on leisure, fashion and health-related advice.

In the early 1990s *Neue Post* along with *Bunte* and *Freizeit Revue* published the photographs of Princess Caroline, spouse of Prince Ernst August von Hannover, which were taken in Paris leading to an unsuccessful legal action by Princess Caroline.

## Circulation

During the third quarter of 1992 *Neue Post* sold 1,848,000 copies. The circulation of the magazine was down to 1,563,667 copies between October and December 1994.

During the fourth quarter of 2000 its circulation was down to 1,278,012 copies. In 2001 *Neue Post* was the thirteenth best-selling women's magazine worldwide with a circulation of 1,278,000 copies. The magazine had an average circulation of 994,000 copies in 2003. In the fourth quarter of 2006 its circulation was down to 881,100 copies. The circulation of the magazine was down to 738,370 copies in 2010.

List of magazines in Germany

Official website

## InfoBox

*Neue Post*
| *Neuepost* logo | |
| --- | --- |
| Categories |  |
| Frequency | Weekly |
| Publisher | Bauer Verlag |
| First issue | 1948 |
| Company | Bauer Group |
| Country | Germany |
| Based in | Hamburg |
| Language | German |
| Website | *Neue Post* |
| OCLC | 647804353 |


title: Pun Kwok-shan

abstract: Pun Kwok-shan, MH, JP is a Hong Kong politician. He is vice-chairman of the New People's Party and member of Civil Force. He is also a former member of the Sha Tin District Council for Tin Sum.

text:
# Pun Kwok-shan

**Pun Kwok-shan**, MH, JP (Chinese: 潘國山; born 1961) is a Hong Kong politician. He is vice-chairman of the New People's Party and member of Civil Force. He is also a former member of the Sha Tin District Council for Tin Sum.

## Biography

Pun was first elected to the Sha Tin District Council in 2003 in a three-way contest in Tin Sum for local-based Civil Force. He was re-elected in 2007 and retired in 2011. His seat was replaced by Lau Kong-wah, member of both Civil Force and the pro-Beijing Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB), who went on contest the ill-fated 2012 Legislative Council election in the newly created District Council (Second) constituency.

Pun returned to the Sha Tin District Council in 2013 Tin Sum by-election when Lau Kong-wah resigned to take the position of Under Secretary of the Constitutional and Mainland Affairs. He won the seat by taking 2,432 votes. Under his leadership of Civil Force. The group allied with Legislative Councillor Regina Ip's New People's Party in 2014 when he was elected vice-chairman of the party. He was also elected to the Election Committee in 2016. He lost his seat in Shatin District Council in 2019 following a rout of pro-Beijing candidates amidst the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests.

In March 2021, Pun protested against H&M, a company that boycotted cotton from Xinjiang after suspected human rights concerns. However, Pun was spotted wearing shoes from Nike, another company which boycotted cotton from Xinjiang.


title: Progar

abstract: Progar is a suburban neighborhood of Belgrade, Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of Surčin.

text:
# Progar

**Progar** (Serbian Cyrillic: Прогар) is a suburban neighborhood of Belgrade, Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of Surčin.

## Location

Progar is located in Syrmia's sub-region of Podlužje, in southwestern corner of the municipality (Forest of Bojcin) and stretches from the left bank of the Sava at the mouth of the Jarčina canal, to the southern shores of the Živača pond. It is situated 18 km (11 mi) southwest of Surčin, its municipal seat, and 34 km (21 mi) from Belgrade, roughly at Sava's 45 km (28 mi). Local roads connect Progar with the villages of Kupinovo, on the west, and Boljevci, on the east.

Progar also marks the order of the administrative territory of the City of Belgrade in this section. First settlements to the west are Kupinovo and Ašanja, in the Pećinci municipality, in Vojvodina province. On the south, across the Sava, it borders another Belgrade's municipality, Obrenovac.

## Geography

The village is located in the fertile, floodplain of the Savа. It is surrounded by the preserved nature vegetation, including the Bojčin Forest, Crni Lug and Jasenska Forest, with combined forested area of 22 km2 (8.5 sq mi). The channeled Jarčina stream flows into the Sava at the western corner of the village. The horseshoe-shaped Živača pond is located northeast from Progar, stretching almost to Boljevci. An oxbow lake of Sava, Živača's water level is controlled by the Vok canal.

Progar is roughly triangularly shaped. In 21st century it began to expand to the north, in the direction of the Propadnica field, along the road which swerves around the western and northern shores of Živača, and connect Progar to Boljevci. The village is built in the locality of Rašina Bara, which extends to the west. Šojićeva Greda field locality separates Progar from Živača, while fields Debele Bare, Donje Polje, Dodaci and Duži extend into the south, in the direction of forested Crni Lug region. Along the Sava bank is the island of Progarska Ada. West of it, separated by the Sava's armlets along the embankment which connects the mainland and Progarska Ada, there is another, much smaller island.

The Bojčin Forest, located in the southeastern section of Syrmia, in the Sava valley, is the remnant of the once vast and thick pedunculate oak marshy forests. There are 185 plant species in the forest, of which 15 are under protection or strict protection, and 165 species of fungi (15 protected). There are 10 species of amphibians and reptiles, of which 8 are protected. One third of the entire number of the bird species found in Serbia, 108, can be found in Bojčin.

## History

The remains belonging to the Scordisci, a Celtic tribe which founded Singidunum and Taurunum, the predecessors of Belgrade and Zemun, respectively, were found in Progar.

The village was founded in 1521. It was built by the Serbs who escaped from the Ottoman army running across the Sava. They selected the location of the former, by this time completely burned and vacated settlement, and founded Progar on its location. The village was mentioned in the 1546 Ottoman census under the name of Živač. Under its present name, it was mentioned for the first time in 1716, when Austria occupied the area.

After the 1739 Treaty of Belgrade, the Sava became a permanent border between the Ottoman and Austrian empires. This made Progar an outpost within the Austrian Military Frontier. The Serbian Orthodox church dedicated to Saint Archangel Gabirel was built in 1799 and was declared a cultural monument in 1972.

Formerly part of the Zemun municipality, since 2003 it is within the Surčin municipality, after it split from Zemun. In December 2022, municipality announced plans for revitalization of Progar's central section. The plan includes reconstruction and expansion of the "Branko Radičević" elementary school and sports hall, and demolition of the old and construction of the new local dispensary and public, multi-functional venue instead of the local administrative office. The surrounding area, at the moment a regular crossroad, wll be adapted into the square, with new paving, green areas, parking lots and avenues. Works are scheduled to start in 2024.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1948 | 1,354 |  |
| 1953 | 1,267 | −6.4% |
| 1961 | 1,354 | +6.9% |
| 1971 | 1,239 | −8.5% |
| 1981 | 1,367 | +10.3% |
| 1991 | 1,457 | +6.6% |
| 2002 | 1,455 | −0.1% |
| 2011 | 1,445 | −0.7% |
| Source: | | |

Progar is statistically classified as a "rural settlement", or village. It is the second least populated settlement in the municipality, after Petrovčić, with the number of inhabitants being steady and stagnant for decades.

Because of the distance from Belgrade and slow economic development, it is one of the rare settlements in the municipality that doesn't have significant growth of population: 1,457 (1991 census) and 1,455 (2002 census; consisting of Serbs 1,381 (94,91%), Yugoslavs 9 (0,61%) Hungarians 8 (0,54%) and Croats 8 (0,54%).

## Economy

The field of Šojićeva Greda is location of the civil Progar Airstrip. It has a grassy, 700 m (2,300 ft) long runway.

By the 2020s, Progar still remained almost exclusively agricultural settlement, despite the numerous opportunities for development of tourism. They include the Bojčin Forest, Živača pond and the neighboring Boljevci fish pond, and river island of Progarska Ada on the Sava. At the bank, across the southernmost tip of the island there is a kayak and canoe club "Marina", which is organizing even some international events.

There is a small beach on the island, the Tarzan Beach (*Tarzan plaža*). The beach is 40 km (25 mi) southwest from downtown Belgrade. It has no facilities except for the small kafana. The beach got its name because of the vines hanging above the beach, often used by the swimmers to jump into the water, in the Tarzan style.

Summer festival "Bojčin Cultural Summer" (*Bojčinsko kulturno leto*) is held annually in the Forest of Bojčin. Every weekend, poets, musicians, dancers and theatrical troops perform on an open stage in the woods. In 2011 a permanent exhibition of the sculptures donated by the artists from Serbia, Bulgaria and North Macedonia was set in the forest. A number of hospitality and touristic venues developed by the 2020s in the forest area, in the northern extension of the village. There are other annual events held in the forest, like "Saint Peter's Day Fiacre Parade" (*Petrovdanska fijakerijada*) and "Equestrian Marathon" (*Konjički maraton*).

## InfoBox

| Progar | |
| --- | --- |
| Forest of Bojčin | |
| Progar | |
| Coordinates: 44°43′N 20°10′E / 44.717°N 20.167°E / 44.717; 20.167 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| Area | |
| Total | 39.25 km2 (15.15 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,445 |
| Density | 37/km2 (95/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Iridium 33

abstract: Iridium 33 was a communications satellite launched by Russia for Iridium Communications. It was launched into low Earth orbit from Site 81/23 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 01:36 UTC on 14 September 1997, by a Proton-K rocket with a Block DM2 upper stage. The launch was arranged by International Launch Services (ILS). It was operated in Plane 3 of the Iridium satellite constellation, with an ascending node of 230.9°.

text:
# Iridium 33

**Iridium 33** was a communications satellite launched by Russia for Iridium Communications. It was launched into low Earth orbit from Site 81/23 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 01:36 UTC on 14 September 1997, by a Proton-K rocket with a Block DM2 upper stage. The launch was arranged by International Launch Services (ILS). It was operated in Plane 3 of the Iridium satellite constellation, with an ascending node of 230.9°.

## Mission

Iridium 33 was part of a commercial communications network consisting of a constellation of 66 LEO spacecraft. The system uses L-Band to provide global communications services through portable handsets. Commercial service began in 1998. The system employs ground stations with a master control complex in Landsdowne, Virginia, a backup in Italy, and a third engineering center in Chandler, Arizona.

## Spacecraft

The spacecraft was 3-axis stabilized, with a hydrazine propulsion system. It had 2 solar panels with 1-axis articulation. The system employed L-Band using FDMA/TDMA to provide voice at 4.8 kbps and data at 2400 bps with a 16 dB margin. Each satellite had 48 spot beams for Earth coverage and used Ka-Band for crosslinks and ground commanding.

## Destruction

On 10 February 2009, at 16:56 UTC, at about 800 km altitude, Kosmos 2251 (1993-036A) (a derelict Strela satellite) and Iridium 33 collided, resulting in the destruction of both spacecraft. NASA reported that a large amount of space debris was produced by the collision, i.e. 1347 debris for Kosmos 2251 and 528 for Iridium 33.

## InfoBox

Iridium 33
| A mockup of an Iridium satellite | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Communication |
| Operator | Iridium Satellite LLC |
| COSPAR ID | 1997-051C |
| SATCAT no. | 24946 |
| Mission duration | 11 years |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Bus | LM-700A |
| Manufacturer | Lockheed Martin |
| Launch mass | 700 kg |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 14 September 1997, 01:36 UTC |
| Rocket | Proton-K / DM2 |
| Launch site | Baikonur, Site 81/23 |
| Contractor | Khrunichev
via International Launch Services |
|  | |
|  | |
| End of mission | |
| Destroyed | 10 February 2009, 16:56 UTC
Collision with Kosmos 2251 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Low Earth |
| Perigee altitude | 779.6 km |
| Apogee altitude | 799.9 km |
| Inclination | 86.4° |
| Period | 100.4 minutes |
| Epoch | 10 February 2009 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Nowy Dzikowiec

abstract: Nowy Dzikowiec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzikowiec, within Kolbuszowa County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Dzikowiec, 10 km (6 mi) east of Kolbuszowa, and 26 km (16 mi) north of the regional capital Rzeszów.

text:
# Nowy Dzikowiec

**Nowy Dzikowiec** \[ˈnɔvɨ d͡ʑiˈkɔvjɛt͡s\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzikowiec, within Kolbuszowa County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Dzikowiec, 10 km (6 mi) east of Kolbuszowa, and 26 km (16 mi) north of the regional capital Rzeszów.

## InfoBox

| Nowy Dzikowiec | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Nowy Dzikowiec | |
| Coordinates: 50°16′16″N 21°51′46″E / 50.27111°N 21.86278°E / 50.27111; 21.86278 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Subcarpathian |
| County | Kolbuszowa |
| Gmina | Dzikowiec |
|  | |


title: Mlechchha dynasty

abstract: The Mlechchha dynasty ruled Kamarupa from their capital at Harruppesvar in present-day Tezpur, Assam, after the fall of the Varman dynasty. According to historical records, there were twenty one rulers in this dynasty, but the line is obscure and names of some intervening rulers are not known. Like all other Kamarupa dynasties a semi-mythical lineage from Narakasura was constructed to accord legitimacy to their rule. The Mlechchha dynasty in Kamarupa was followed by the Pala kings. The dynasty is unrelated to the previous Varman dynasty.

text:
# Mlechchha dynasty

The **Mlechchha dynasty** (c. 650 - 900) ruled Kamarupa from their capital at Harruppesvar in present-day Tezpur, Assam, after the fall of the Varman dynasty. According to historical records, there were twenty one rulers in this dynasty, but the line is obscure and names of some intervening rulers are not known. Like all other Kamarupa dynasties a semi-mythical lineage from Narakasura was constructed to accord legitimacy to their rule. The Mlechchha dynasty in Kamarupa was followed by the Pala kings. The dynasty is unrelated to the previous Varman dynasty.

## Sources

Salasthambha is first mentioned in an inscription 175 years into the rule of the dynasty.

The Hayunthal Copper Plates, dated to the middle of 9th Century CE, mentions multiple kings from the dynasty in a chronological fashion — Salastamba, Vijaya, Palaka, Kumara, Vajradeva, Harsavarman, Balavarman, \[unnamed\], Harjaravarman, and Vanamala. The Tejpur Copper Plates (since lost), roughly dated to the same spans, primarily chronicles Vanamala — other rulers like Pralambha, and Harjaravarman are mentioned. The Parbatiya Copper Plates, again roughly dated to the middle of 9th Century CE, chronicles Vanamala.

## Origins and etymology

It is not clear how Salasthambha, the first of this dynasty, came to power.

Suniti Kumar Chatterji as well Dineshchandra Sircar propose that Salastambha was a Bodo-Kachari chief of Mech, which was later sanskritized to Mleccha; an inscription from the reign of a king from the later Pala dynasty claims him to be a *mlecchādhināth* (Lord of The Mlecchas). An illegible explanation of theirs being called mlecchas was provided over the Hayunthal Plates, too. Symbolically, Mleccha designation could mean suppression of Vedic religion and the predominance of tantric vamacara practised by saivites and saktas. So, ethnic identity of Salastambha family could be same as Varmans but came to be known as mlecchas.

According to some historians, the remnant of the Mlechchha kingdom formed the later Kachari kingdom.

## Rulers

The grants of Ratnapala give the list of 21 kings from Salastambha to his line.

* Salastamba (650-670)
* Vijaya alias Vigrahastambha
* Palaka
* Kumara
* Vajradeva
* Harshadeva alias Harshavarman (725-745)
* Balavarman II
* Jivaraja
* Digleswaravarman
* Pralambha
* Harjjaravarman (815-832)
* Vanamalavarmadeva (832-855)
* Jayamala alias Virabahu (855-860)
* Balavarman III (860-880)
* Tyagasimha (890-900)

## Bibliography

* Saikia, Yasmin (2004). *Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India*. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822333739.
* Shin, Jae-Eun (2018), "Region Formed and Imagined: Reconsidering temporal, spatial and social context of Kamarupa", in Dzüvichü, Lipokmar; Baruah, Manjeet (eds.), *Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation*, London & New York: Routledge, pp. 23–55
* Urban, Hugh (2009), *The Power of Tantra: Religion, Sexuality and the Politics of South Asian Studies*, Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 9780857715869
* Shin, Jae-Eun (2010). "Yoni, Yoginis and Mahavidyas : Feminine Divinities from Early Medieval Kamarupa to Medieval Koch Behar". *Studies in History*. **26** (1): 1–29. doi:10.1177/025764301002600101. S2CID 155252564.
* Nath, D. (1989). *History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615*. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788170991090.
* Baruah, S L (1986), *A Comprehensive History of Assam* (book), New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
* Ray, H.C. (1931). *Dynastic History Of Northern India Vol. 1*. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
* Bhattacharjee, J. B. (1992), "The Kachari state formation", in Barpujari, H. K. (ed.), *The Comprehensive History of Assam*, vol. 2, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board, pp. 391–397
* Sharma, M M (1978), *Inscriptions of Ancient Assam*, Guwahati: Gauhati University
* Sircar, D. C. (1990), "The Mlechchha Dynasty of Salasthambha", in Barpujari, H. K. (ed.), *The Comprehensive History of Assam*, vol. 1, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board
* Chatterji, S.K (1951). *Kirata-Jana-Krti*. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society.
* Shin, Jae Eun (2011). "Changing Dynasties, Enduring Genealogy: A Critical Study on the Political Legitimation in Early Medieval Kāmarūpa". *Journal of Ancient Indian History*. **27**: 173–187.
* Sen, S.N. (1999). *Ancient Indian History and Civilization*. New Age International. ISBN 9788122411980.
* Shin, Jae Eun (2016). "Searching for Kāmarūpa:Historiography of the Early Brahmaputra Valley in the Colonial and Post Colonial Period". *Journal of the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of West Bengal*. **1**: 115–32.

## InfoBox

| Kamarupa KingdomMlechchha dynasty | |
| --- | --- |
| 650 CE–900 CE | |
| Kamarupa Map | |
| Capital | Harruppesvar (present-day Tezpur) |
| Religion | Shaktism, Polytheism |
| Government | Monarchy |
| Maharajadhiraja |  |
|  | |
| c. 650 - c. 670 | Salasthamba |
| c. 815 – c. 832 | Harjjaravarman |
| c. 890 – c. 900 | Tyagasimha |
|  | |
| Historical era | Classical India |
|  | |
| Established | 650 CE |
| Disestablished | 900 CE |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Pura Meduwe Karang

abstract: Pura Meduwe Karang or Pura Maduwe Karang is a Balinese temple located in Kubutambahan, around 12 km east of Singaraja in Buleleng Regency, northern Bali. It is considered one of the principal temples of Bali, due to its size. Pura Meduwe Karang is noted for its statues and flowery style of decorative sculpture, characteristic of North Bali.

text:
# Pura Meduwe Karang

**Pura Meduwe Karang** or **Pura Maduwe Karang** is a Balinese temple located in Kubutambahan, around 12 km east of Singaraja in Buleleng Regency, northern Bali. It is considered one of the principal temples of Bali, due to its size. Pura Meduwe Karang is noted for its statues and flowery style of decorative sculpture, characteristic of North Bali.

## Temple compound

Pura Meduwe Karang (Balinese "temple of the (lord) ground possessor") was constructed in 1890 by people who arrived to Kubutambahan from an extinct Balinese village of Bulian. The temple is dedicated to Batara Meduwe Karang ("lord possessing the ground"), a god which offers protection on the fertility of the agricultural land. Pura Meduwe Karang also has shrines dedicated to the sun god Surya and to Mother Earth, all related with the concept of protection of the land's fertility. The temple compound is surrounded with walls, which is reinforced at intervals by pillars topped with carved floral decoration.

At the entrance of the temple is a parade of 36 stone figures representing characters from the Indian epic Ramayana. The sculptures are set on three levels, 13 figures in the lowest row, ten in the middle row, and 13 in the rear highest row. which is flanked by two entrance staircases. The central figure is Kumbhakarna, while surrounding him are the monkey troops of Sugriwa. The twin staircases lead to the entrance terrace (*jaba pura*). A candi bentar split gateway marks the threshold into the *jaba pisan*, the outer sanctum of the temple.

The outer sanctum is mainly a courtyard mainly used for gatherings during religious festival celebration. There is a pavilion in this courtyard which is used for gamelan performance during certain events.

The middle sanctum (*jaba tengah*) is reached from the outer sanctum via a four-tiered candi bentar split gateway. There is a set of two symmetrical pavilions in the middle sanctum.

The inner sanctum (*jero*), the most sacred zone of the pura, can be reached from the middle sanctum via another candi bentar split gateway. The highest point of the inner sanctum is reached after passing another candi bentar. This highest point contains the towering main shrine, the Betara Luhur Ing Angkasa shrine. The shrine is decorated with wall sculpture featuring subjects from Balinese legend. The main shrine is flanked to by two shrines to its left and right, one dedicated to Ratu Ayu Sari (a manifestation of the mother earth Ibu Prtiwi), the other is to Ratu Ngurah Sari (protector of the produce of the earth).

## Reliefs

On the side of the main shrine is a depiction of a man riding a bicycle. The relief is a depiction of Dutch artist W. O. J. Nieuwenkamp who explored Bali with his bicycle in 1904. This is not the only depiction of a man in a Balinese temple: At the temple of Pura Dalem, Jagaraga, to the east of Singaraja, a relief shows a car driven by bearded foreigners being held up by a gangster armed with a revolver. The reason for a number of international-influenced reliefs in the temples of northern Bali is because of it being the entrance to the island of Bali in the early 20th century. The man-on-bicycle relief is not in its original condition as it was badly damaged in the 1917 earthquake and was altered during the restoration process. The restoration added more floral decorations to the original bas-relief.

Another bas-relief shows the goddess Durga in her manifestation as the Mahisasuramardini, the destroyer of the malevolent bull-demon, Mahisha. It depicts Durga as demon-queen Rangda sitting with her knees spread open, exposing her genitalia. A dog is shown licking the secretions of her exposed genitalia. Her right hand is placed on top of a person's head while her right foot stomps a bull on its head.

## Cited works

Auger, Timothy, ed. (2001). *Bali & Lombok*. Eyewitness Travel Guides. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0751368709.

8°4′40″S 115°10′33″E / 8.07778°S 115.17583°E / -8.07778; 115.17583


title: Payanywhere

abstract: Payanywhere is a payments platform and app that allows merchants in the United States to accept credit and debit card payments while building customer relationships in-store, online, or on the go. Merchants may accept payments on their smartphone via a Bluetooth card reader or on an in-store “Storefront” solution featuring a tablet and stand, which was introduced on April 8, 2014. PayAnywhere offers credit card readers and apps that are compatible with both Apple and Android devices. Announced in late August 2015, a new Payanywhere reader for iOS phones and tablets added Apple Pay support, as well as NFC, EMV and magnetic stripe acceptance. It was available exclusively from Apple’s retail and online store(s). Android tablet support was added in early October of that year. A key feature of the solution platform beyond payment acceptance is Payanywhere Inside, an online merchant portal that enables businesses to access reporting, manage employee permissions, accept phone and online payments via a virtual terminal, send and manage invoices, take action on chargebacks, and access additional business management tools.

text:
# Payanywhere

**Payanywhere** is a payments platform and app that allows merchants in the United States to accept credit and debit card payments while building customer relationships in-store, online, or on the go. Merchants may accept payments on their smartphone via a Bluetooth card reader or on an in-store “Storefront” solution featuring a tablet and stand, which was introduced on April 8, 2014. PayAnywhere offers credit card readers and apps that are compatible with both Apple and Android devices.

Announced in late August 2015, a new Payanywhere reader for iOS phones and tablets added Apple Pay support, as well as NFC, EMV and magnetic stripe acceptance. It was available exclusively from Apple’s retail and online store(s). Android tablet support was added in early October of that year.

A key feature of the solution platform beyond payment acceptance is Payanywhere Inside, an online merchant portal that enables businesses to access reporting, manage employee permissions, accept phone and online payments via a virtual terminal, send and manage invoices, take action on chargebacks, and access additional business management tools.

## History

North (payment processing company) developed the Payanywhere app internally. Payanywhere officially launched in January 2011 on the iOS platform. In May 2011, Payanywhere made its app available for Android devices. Payanywhere launched an app for BlackBerry smartphones in May 2012, supporting BlackBerry models OS 4.7 or later.

In June 2012, Payanywhere released its Android SDK to complement its iOS SDK, which was made available in December 2011. The SDKs, available in Basic and Advanced, allow developers to embed credit card processing functionality into their own apps.

Payanywhere Storefront, a tablet and stand designed for retail payment acceptance, was launched in April 2014.

In August 2015, Payanywhere introduced a new version of its Payanywhere mobile credit card reader that would accept both EMV chip card and Apple Pay transactions. Then, in October of that same year, Payanywhere began offering the only mobile NFC reader on the market that accepted Apple Pay, Android Pay, and Samsung Pay.

In September 2017, Payanywhere became the first payment processor to offer Bluetooth EMV credit card readers without a monthly fee. As of December 2017, Payanywhere users are able to use a camera or barcode scanner to accept Alipay through both the mobile app and Payanywhere Storefront.

## Overview

Payanywhere’s payments platform allows merchants to accept credit and debit card payments on a smartphone or tablet (Storefront) while also enabling them to view reporting, send and receive invoices, accept online payments through a virtual terminal, and manage employees, customers, and inventory. Merchants may accept traditional magstriped credit and debit cards, along with EMV chip cards, and NFC payments like ApplePay – all with next-day funding, access to Payanywhere Inside, a secure, online merchant portal, and live customer and technical support.

## Business model

Payanywhere offers Standard (as low as 1.69% per swipe), Pay-As-You-Go (as low as 2.69% per swipe) and Custom pricing models. Up-to-date versions of the app can be downloaded, at no cost, in the App Store and Google Play. Merchants can accept Visa, MasterCard, Discover, and American Express credit and debit cards. As of December 2015, Payanywhere charges inactivity fees for idle accounts; otherwise they claim there are no monthly fees or cancellation fees.

The Payanywhere platform also includes security features like data encryption, tokenization, and fraud protection. Additionally, in-app and online reporting provide small and medium-sized business owners with analysis tools. Users can monitor their daily sales, create inventories and generate customized reports of all sales activity in real time. This enables users to track sales immediately or over the long term and evaluate sales based on time of day, week or month to assess inventory orders and product promotions.

## Features

Payanywhere offers the following features:

* Accept credit and cash transactions in store or on-the-go.
* Accept magstripe, EMV chip cards, and contactless payments like Apple Pay, Android Pay, and Samsung Pay
* Three different pricing plans
* Invoicing and dispute management tools
* Access to in-depth reports in-app and online
* Employee and customer management
* Online payment acceptance via a virtual terminal
* PCI-compliant equipment
* Custom discounts, tips, and tax by location
* Emailable receipts
* Cash drawer and printer connectivity and QuickBooks integration
* Access to SDKs, APIs, code samples, test accounts, hosted ecommerce solutions, and PC-based middleware
* Live customer support through live chat, phone, and email
* Access to Payanywhere Inside, a secure, online merchant portal

## Retail

At CTIA Wireless 2012, Payanywhere announced its intention to expand into the retail channel, making its mobile payment solution available in stores and online from retailers nationwide.

In November 2012 the company announced its nationwide retail rollout was live. Nationwide retailers include Walmart, OfficeMax and The Home Depot. Specialty retailers include Pep Boys and Hastings. Regional retailers include Fred Meyer and Meijer. Payanywhere is also available for purchase online at Walmart, OfficeMax, and Amazon.com.

## Awards and reception

PayAnywhere was a finalist for the Emerging Technology (E-Tech) Awards under the Mobile Applications: Mobile Commerce, Shopping & Rewards category.

Black Enterprise named PayAnywhere the “Most Dynamic Mobile App” at the 2012 Black Enterprise Best in Show Awards at CTIA Wireless 2012.

J.P. Morgan analyst Tien-tsin Huang commented that “being born out of a top merchant processor gives PayAnywhere an advantage in understanding the complex needs of businesses looking to accept card-based payments.”

In a mobile payment roundup, Eric Geier of PCWorld advised “PayAnywhere’s system is a good choice if you’re looking for a simple processor or even a POS-like system that supports cash drawers and can print receipts.”

Jessica Dolcourt of CNET reviewed PayAnywhere at CTIA Wireless 2012 and said “Payanywhere is taking swipes at Square’s credit card reader with a strong offering of its own and national distribution.”

## InfoBox

Payanywhere
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Mobile Payments |
| Founded | January 2011 |
| Founder | Marc Gardner |
| Headquarters | Troy, Michigan |
| Area served | United States |
| Website | www.payanywhere.com |


title: WACL

abstract: WACL is a classic rock-formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Elkton, Virginia, serving Harrisonburg, Staunton and Waynesboro in Virginia. WACL is owned and operated by iHeartMedia, Inc.

text:
# WACL

**WACL** is a classic rock-formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Elkton, Virginia, serving Harrisonburg, Staunton and Waynesboro in Virginia. WACL is owned and operated by iHeartMedia, Inc.

## History

### Pre-launch

The history of WACL begins on October 15, 1983, when Robert James Lacey applied for a construction permit to build a radio station licensed to Elkton, Virginia. The application asked that the station air on 98.3 FM and broadcast with an ERP of 3,000 watts. Lacey's application was returned on January 22, 1984, for undetermined reasons. On April 2, 1984, another company, Elkton Broadcasters, Inc. filed their own construction permit, also requesting use of the 98.3 FM frequency and to operate at 3,000 watts. Elkton Broadcasters, Inc. was operated by Pamela Joan Davis, her brother Fred W. Greaves Jr., and their father, Fred W. Greaves Sr.

On March 4, 1987, Administrative law judge Joseph B. Gonzalez held oral argument an appeal to determine whether the approval of Lacey's application (now operating as Stonewall Broadcasting Company) and the rejection of Elkton's was proper. Stonewall Broadcasting Company retained the license, applying for the WVLC call sign in late-July 1987. On September 22, 1988, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) amended the Table of allotments, moving the new station from 98.3 FM to 98.5 FM. The station's call sign was changed on February 22, 1989, to WPKZ.

### Post-launch

On March 6, 1989, WPKZ began broadcasting for the first time, carrying an adult contemporary format known as "The Peak". The Radio Futures Committee awarded WPKZ an "Honorable Mention" for Excellence in Creative Commercial Production on January 19, 1990. In late April 1990, M. Belmont VerStandig agreed to "program and advertise" Stonewall Broadcasting Company.-owned WPKZ for 10 years. By 1994, WPKZ had switched from an Adult Contemporary format to a Country format, as "Z-98".

On March 7, 1997, the station's call sign changed from WPKZ to its current WACL. and switched from Country to an Oldies and Classic Hits format, as "Cool 98.5", playing hits from the 1960s and 1970s. In early August 1997, Stonewall Broadcasting Company sold WACL to Mid-Atlantic Network, Inc. for $1.75 million. WACL joined current sister stations WKCY and WKCY-FM. The deal was approved by the FCC on August 26, 1997, and the transaction became final on September 2, 1997.

In early January 2001, Mid-Atlantic Network, Inc. sold WACL, along with sisters WKCY and WKCY-FM to Clear Channel Communications for $7.2 million. The deal was approved by the FCC on March 12, 2001, and the transaction closed on March 30, 2001. At midnight on May 2, 2001, WACL debuted its current "98 Rock; The Valley's Rock Station". Originally carrying a Mainstream Rock format, WACL has since segued to classic rock, competing with WWWV circa 2015.

## InfoBox

WACL
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area |  |
| Frequency | 98.5 MHz |
| Branding | 98 Rock |
| Programming | |
| Format | Classic rock |
| Affiliations | Premiere Networks |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | WAZR, WKCI, WKCY, WKCY-FM, WKDW, WSVO |
| History | |
| First air date | March 6, 1989 (1989-03-06) |
| Former call signs | * WVLC (1987–1989) * WPKZ (1989–1997) |
| Call sign meaning | Station branded as "Cool" |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 63491 |
| Class | B1 |
| ERP | 900 watts |
| HAAT | 490 meters (1,610 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 38°23′36.0″N 78°46′14.0″W / 38.393333°N 78.770556°W / 38.393333; -78.770556 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen live (via iHeartRadio) |
| Website | 98rockme.iheart.com |


title: Neoregelia ampullacea

abstract: Neoregelia ampullacea is a species of flowering plant in the genus Neoregelia. This species is endemic to Brazil.

text:
# Neoregelia ampullacea

***Neoregelia ampullacea*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Neoregelia*. This species is endemic to Brazil.

* Martinelli, Gustavo; Vieira, Cláudia Magalhães; Gonzalez, Marcos; Leitman, Paula; Piratininga, Andréa; Costa, Andrea Ferreira da; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (January 2008). "Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica Brasileira: lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação" \[Bromeliaceae of the brazilian Atlantic Forest: checklist, distribution and conservation\]. *Rodriguésia* (in Brazilian Portuguese). **59** (1): 209–258. doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859114. JSTOR 23499386.
* BSI Cultivar Registry Retrieved 11 October 2009

## InfoBox

| *Neoregelia ampullacea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Neoregelia* |
| Subgenus: | *Neoregelia subg. Neoregelia* |
| Species: | ***N. ampullacea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neoregelia ampullacea***<br>(E.Morren) L.B.Sm. | |
|


title: Pygora andranovory

abstract: Pygora andranovory is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.

text:
# Pygora andranovory

***Pygora andranovory*** is a species of Scarabaeidae, the dung beetle family.

## InfoBox

| *Pygora andranovory* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Genus: | *Pygora* |
| Species: | ***P. andranovory*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pygora andranovory***<br>Paulian, 1994 | |
|


title: Probability bounds analysis

abstract: Probability bounds analysis (PBA) is a collection of methods of uncertainty propagation for making qualitative and quantitative calculations in the face of uncertainties of various kinds. It is used to project partial information about random variables and other quantities through mathematical expressions. For instance, it computes sure bounds on the distribution of a sum, product, or more complex function, given only sure bounds on the distributions of the inputs. Such bounds are called probability boxes, and constrain cumulative probability distributions. This bounding approach permits analysts to make calculations without requiring overly precise assumptions about parameter values, dependence among variables, or even distribution shape. Probability bounds analysis is essentially a combination of the methods of standard interval analysis and classical probability theory. Probability bounds analysis gives the same answer as interval analysis does when only range information is available. It also gives the same answers as Monte Carlo simulation does when information is abundant enough to precisely specify input distributions and their dependencies. Thus, it is a generalization of both interval analysis and probability theory. The diverse methods comprising probability bounds analysis provide algorithms to evaluate mathematical expressions when there is uncertainty about the input values, their dependencies, or even the form of mathematical expression itself. The calculations yield results that are guaranteed to enclose all possible distributions of the output variable if the input p-boxes were also sure to enclose their respective distributions. In some cases, a calculated p-box will also be best-possible in the sense that the bounds could be no tighter without excluding some of the possible distributions. P-boxes are usually merely bounds on possible distributions. The bounds often also enclose distributions that are not themselves possible. For instance, the set of probability distributions that could result from adding random values without the independence assumption from two (precise) distributions is generally a proper subset of all the distributions enclosed by the p-box computed for the sum. That is, there are distributions within the output p-box that could not arise under any dependence between the two input distributions. The output p-box will, however, always contain all distributions that are possible, so long as the input p-boxes were sure to enclose their respective underlying distributions. This property often suffices for use in risk analysis and other fields requiring calculations under uncertainty.

text:
# Probability bounds analysis

**Probability bounds analysis** (**PBA**) is a collection of methods of uncertainty propagation for making qualitative and quantitative calculations in the face of uncertainties of various kinds. It is used to project partial information about random variables and other quantities through mathematical expressions. For instance, it computes sure bounds on the distribution of a sum, product, or more complex function, given only sure bounds on the distributions of the inputs. Such bounds are called probability boxes, and constrain cumulative probability distributions (rather than densities or mass functions).

This bounding approach permits analysts to make calculations without requiring overly precise assumptions about parameter values, dependence among variables, or even distribution shape. Probability bounds analysis is essentially a combination of the methods of standard interval analysis and classical probability theory. Probability bounds analysis gives the same answer as interval analysis does when only range information is available. It also gives the same answers as Monte Carlo simulation does when information is abundant enough to precisely specify input distributions and their dependencies. Thus, it is a generalization of both interval analysis and probability theory.

The diverse methods comprising probability bounds analysis provide algorithms to evaluate mathematical expressions when there is uncertainty about the input values, their dependencies, or even the form of mathematical expression itself. The calculations yield results that are guaranteed to enclose all possible distributions of the output variable if the input p-boxes were also sure to enclose their respective distributions. In some cases, a calculated p-box will also be best-possible in the sense that the bounds could be no tighter without excluding some of the possible distributions.

P-boxes are usually merely bounds on possible distributions. The bounds often also enclose distributions that are not themselves possible. For instance, the set of probability distributions that could result from adding random values without the independence assumption from two (precise) distributions is generally a proper subset of all the distributions enclosed by the p-box computed for the sum. That is, there are distributions within the output p-box that could not arise under any dependence between the two input distributions. The output p-box will, however, always contain all distributions that are possible, so long as the input p-boxes were sure to enclose their respective underlying distributions. This property often suffices for use in risk analysis and other fields requiring calculations under uncertainty.

## History of bounding probability

The idea of bounding probability has a very long tradition throughout the history of probability theory. Indeed, in 1854 George Boole used the notion of interval bounds on probability in his *The Laws of Thought*. Also dating from the latter half of the 19th century, the inequality attributed to Chebyshev described bounds on a distribution when only the mean and variance of the variable are known, and the related inequality attributed to Markov found bounds on a positive variable when only the mean is known. Kyburg reviewed the history of interval probabilities and traced the development of the critical ideas through the 20th century, including the important notion of incomparable probabilities favored by Keynes.

Of particular note is Fréchet's derivation in the 1930s of bounds on calculations involving total probabilities without dependence assumptions. Bounding probabilities has continued to the present day (e.g., Walley's theory of imprecise probability.)

The methods of probability bounds analysis that could be routinely used in risk assessments were developed in the 1980s. Hailperin described a computational scheme for bounding logical calculations extending the ideas of Boole. Yager described the elementary procedures by which bounds on convolutions can be computed under an assumption of independence. At about the same time, Makarov, and independently, Rüschendorf solved the problem, originally posed by Kolmogorov, of how to find the upper and lower bounds for the probability distribution of a sum of random variables whose marginal distributions, but not their joint distribution, are known. Frank et al. generalized the result of Makarov and expressed it in terms of copulas. Since that time, formulas and algorithms for sums have been generalized and extended to differences, products, quotients and other binary and unary functions under various dependence assumptions.

## Arithmetic expressions

Arithmetic expressions involving operations such as additions, subtractions, multiplications, divisions, minima, maxima, powers, exponentials, logarithms, square roots, absolute values, etc., are commonly used in risk analyses and uncertainty modeling. Convolution is the operation of finding the probability distribution of a sum of independent random variables specified by probability distributions. We can extend the term to finding distributions of other mathematical functions (products, differences, quotients, and more complex functions) and other assumptions about the intervariable dependencies. There are convenient algorithms for computing these generalized convolutions under a variety of assumptions about the dependencies among the inputs.

### Mathematical details

Let $\mathbb {D} $ denote the space of distribution functions on the real numbers $\mathbb {R} ,$ i.e.,

$$\mathbb {D} =\\{D|D:\mathbb {R} \to \[0,1\],D(x)\leq D(y){\text{ for all }x\<y\\}.}$$

A p-box is a quintuple

$$\left\\{{\overline {F},{\underline {F},m,v,\mathbf {F} \right\\},}}$$

where $\overline {F}$ and $\underline {F}\in \mathbb {D} $, $m$ and $v$ are real intervals, and $\mathbf {F} \subset \mathbb {D} $. This quintuple denotes the set of distribution functions $F\in \mathbf {F} \subset \mathbb {D} $ such that:

$$\begin{aligned}\forall x\in \mathbb {R} :\qquad &{\overline {F}(x)\leq F(x)\leq {\underline {F}(x)\\\\[6pt\]&\int \_{\mathbb {R} }xdF(x)\in m&&{\text{expectation condition}\\\&\int \_{\mathbb {R} }x^{2}dF(x)-\left(\int \_{\mathbb {R} }xdF(x)\right)^{2}\in v&&{\text{variance condition}\end{aligned}}}}}$$

If a function satisfies all the conditions above it is said to be *inside* the p-box. In some cases, there may be no information about the moments or distribution family other than what is encoded in the two distribution functions that constitute the edges of the p-box. Then the quintuple representing the p-box $\\{B\_{1},B\_{2},\[-\infty ,\infty \],\[0,\infty \],\mathbb {D} \\}$ can be denoted more compactly as \[*B*1, *B*2\]. This notation harkens to that of intervals on the real line, except that the endpoints are distributions rather than points.

The notation $X\sim F$ denotes the fact that $X\in \mathbb {R} $ is a random variable governed by the distribution function *F*, that is,

$$\begin{cases}F:\mathbb {R} \to \[0,1\]\\x\mapsto \Pr(X\leq x)\end{cases}$$

Let us generalize the tilde notation for use with p-boxes. We will write *X* ~ *B* to mean that *X* is a random variable whose distribution function is unknown except that it is inside *B*. Thus, *X* ~ *F**B* can be contracted to X ~ B without mentioning the distribution function explicitly.

If *X* and *Y* are independent random variables with distributions *F* and *G* respectively, then *X* \+ *Y* = *Z* ~ *H* given by

$$H(z)=\int \_{z=x+y}F(x)G(y)dz=\int \_{\mathbb {R} }F(x)G(z-x)dx=F\*G.$$

This operation is called a convolution on *F* and *G*. The analogous operation on p-boxes is straightforward for sums. Suppose

$$X\sim A=\[A\_{1},A\_{2}\],\quad {\text{and}\quad Y\sim B=\[B\_{1},B\_{2}\].}$$

If *X* and *Y* are stochastically independent, then the distribution of *Z* = *X* \+ *Y* is inside the p-box

$$\left\[A\_{1}\*B\_{1},A\_{2}\*B\_{2}\right\].$$

Finding bounds on the distribution of sums *Z* = *X* \+ *Y* *without making any assumption about the dependence* between *X* and *Y* is actually easier than the problem assuming independence. Makarov showed that

$$Z\sim \left\[\sup \_{z=x+y}\max(F(x)+G(y)-1,0),\inf \_{z=x+y}\min(F(x)+G(y),1)\right\]$$

These bounds are implied by the Fréchet–Hoeffding copula bounds. The problem can also be solved using the methods of mathematical programming.

The convolution under the intermediate assumption that *X* and *Y* have positive dependence is likewise easy to compute, as is the convolution under the extreme assumptions of perfect positive or perfect negative dependency between *X* and *Y*.

Generalized convolutions for other operations such as subtraction, multiplication, division, etc., can be derived using transformations. For instance, p-box subtraction *A**B* can be defined as *A* \+ (−*B*), where the negative of a p-box *B* = \[*B*1, *B*2\] is \[*B*2(−*x*), *B*1(−*x*)\].

## Logical expressions

Logical or Boolean expressions involving conjunctions (AND operations), disjunctions (OR operations), exclusive disjunctions, equivalences, conditionals, etc. arise in the analysis of fault trees and event trees common in risk assessments. If the probabilities of events are characterized by intervals, as suggested by Boole and Keynes among others, these binary operations are straightforward to evaluate. For example, if the probability of an event A is in the interval P(A) = *a* = \[0.2, 0.25\], and the probability of the event B is in P(B) = *b* = \[0.1, 0.3\], then the probability of the conjunction is surely in the interval

P(A & B) = *a* × *b* = \[0.2, 0.25\] × \[0.1, 0.3\] = \[0.2 × 0.1, 0.25 × 0.3\] = \[0.02, 0.075\]

so long as A and B can be assumed to be independent events. If they are not independent, we can still bound the conjunction using the classical Fréchet inequality. In this case, we can infer at least that the probability of the joint event A & B is surely within the interval

P(A & B) = env(max(0, *a*+*b*−1), min(*a*, *b*)) = env(max(0, \[0.2, 0.25\]+\[0.1, 0.3\]−1), min(\[0.2, 0.25\], \[0.1, 0.3\])) = env(\[max(0, 0.2+0.1–1), max(0, 0.25+0.3–1)\], \[min(0.2,0.1), min(0.25, 0.3)\]) = env(\[0,0\], \[0.1, 0.25\]) = \[0, 0.25\]

where env(\[*x*1,*x*2\], \[*y*1,*y*2\]) is \[min(*x*1,*y*1), max(*x*2,*y*2)\]. Likewise, the probability of the disjunction is surely in the interval

P(A v B) = *a* \+ *b**a* × *b* = 1 − (1 − *a*) × (1 − *b*) = 1 − (1 − \[0.2, 0.25\]) × (1 − \[0.1, 0.3\]) = 1 − \[0.75, 0.8\] × \[0.7, 0.9\] = 1 − \[0.525, 0.72\] = \[0.28, 0.475\]

if A and B are independent events. If they are not independent, the Fréchet inequality bounds the disjunction

P(A v B) = env(max(*a*, *b*), min(1, *a* \+ *b*)) = env(max(\[0.2, 0.25\], \[0.1, 0.3\]), min(1, \[0.2, 0.25\] + \[0.1, 0.3\])) = env(\[0.2, 0.3\], \[0.3, 0.55\]) = \[0.2, 0.55\].

It is also possible to compute interval bounds on the conjunction or disjunction under other assumptions about the dependence between A and B. For instance, one might assume they are positively dependent, in which case the resulting interval is not as tight as the answer assuming independence but tighter than the answer given by the Fréchet inequality. Comparable calculations are used for other logical functions such as negation, exclusive disjunction, etc. When the Boolean expression to be evaluated becomes complex, it may be necessary to evaluate it using the methods of mathematical programming to get best-possible bounds on the expression. A similar problem one presents in the case of probabilistic logic (see for example Gerla 1994). If the probabilities of the events are characterized by probability distributions or p-boxes rather than intervals, then analogous calculations can be done to obtain distributional or p-box results characterizing the probability of the top event.

## Magnitude comparisons

The probability that an uncertain number represented by a p-box *D* is less than zero is the interval Pr(*D* \< 0) = \[*F*(0), (0)\], where (0) is the left bound of the probability box *D* and *F*(0) is its right bound, both evaluated at zero. Two uncertain numbers represented by probability boxes may then be compared for numerical magnitude with the following encodings:

*A* \< *B* = Pr(*A**B* \< 0), *A* \> *B* = Pr(*B**A* \< 0), *A**B* = Pr(*A**B* ≤ 0), and *A**B* = Pr(*B**A* ≤ 0).

Thus the probability that *A* is less than *B* is the same as the probability that their difference is less than zero, and this probability can be said to be the value of the expression *A* \< *B*.

Like arithmetic and logical operations, these magnitude comparisons generally depend on the stochastic dependence between *A* and *B*, and the subtraction in the encoding should reflect that dependence. If their dependence is unknown, the difference can be computed without making any assumption using the Fréchet operation.

## Sampling-based computation

Some analysts use sampling-based approaches to computing probability bounds, including Monte Carlo simulation, Latin hypercube methods or importance sampling. These approaches cannot assure mathematical rigor in the result because such simulation methods are approximations, although their performance can generally be improved simply by increasing the number of replications in the simulation. Thus, unlike the analytical theorems or methods based on mathematical programming, sampling-based calculations usually cannot produce verified computations. However, sampling-based methods can be very useful in addressing a variety of problems which are computationally difficult to solve analytically or even to rigorously bound. One important example is the use of Cauchy-deviate sampling to avoid the curse of dimensionality in propagating interval uncertainty through high-dimensional problems.

## Relationship to other uncertainty propagation approaches

PBA belongs to a class of methods that use imprecise probabilities to simultaneously represent aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties. PBA is a generalization of both interval analysis and probabilistic convolution such as is commonly implemented with Monte Carlo simulation. PBA is also closely related to robust Bayes analysis, which is sometimes called Bayesian sensitivity analysis. PBA is an alternative to second-order Monte Carlo simulation.

## Applications

P-boxes and probability bounds analysis have been used in many applications spanning many disciplines in engineering and environmental science, including:

## Further references

* Bernardini, Alberto; Tonon, Fulvio (2010). *Bounding Uncertainty in Civil Engineering: Theoretical Background*. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-11189-1.
* Ferson, Scott (2002). *RAMAS Risk Calc 4.0 Software : Risk Assessment with Uncertain Numbers*. Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56670-576-9.
* Gerla, G. (1994). "Inferences in Probability Logic". *Artificial Intelligence*. **70** (1–2): 33–52. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)90102-3.
* Oberkampf, William L.; Roy, Christopher J. (2010). *Verification and Validation in Scientific Computing*. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11360-1.


title: Iridium 7

abstract: Iridium 7 was a U.S. Iridium communications satellite. It was launched into low Earth orbit from Vandenberg Air Force Base at 14:55 GMT on 5 May 1997, by a Delta II 7920-10C carrier rocket. It was operated in Plane 4 of the Iridium satellite constellation, with an ascending node of 262.4°. It had a partial technical failure in 2009 and was subsequently paired with Iridium 51, and relegated to following it and managing traffic routing.

text:
# Iridium 7

**Iridium 7** was a U.S. Iridium communications satellite. It was launched into low Earth orbit from Vandenberg Air Force Base at 14:55 GMT on 5 May 1997, by a Delta II 7920-10C carrier rocket. It was operated in Plane 4 of the Iridium satellite constellation, with an ascending node of 262.4°.

It had a partial technical failure in 2009 and was subsequently paired with Iridium 51, and relegated to following it and managing traffic routing.

## InfoBox

Iridium 7
| A mockup of an Iridium satellite | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Communication |
| Operator | Iridium Satellite LLC |
| COSPAR ID | 1997-020B |
| SATCAT no. | 24793 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Bus | LM-700A |
| Manufacturer | Lockheed Martin |
|  | |
|  | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 5 May 1997 (1997-05-05) |
| Rocket | Delta II 7920-10C |
| Launch site | Vandenberg SLC-2W |
|  | |
|  | |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Low Earth |
|  | |
|  | |


title: O'Malley, Australian Capital Territory

abstract: O'Malley is an affluent suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. At the 2021 census, O'Malley had a population of 928 people. There are numerous embassies in O'Malley. The suburb is named after King O'Malley, who was the politician who arranged the competition for a design for Canberra. Streets in O'Malley are named with Aboriginal words.

text:
# O'Malley, Australian Capital Territory

**O'Malley** (/mæli/) (postcode: 2606) is an affluent suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. At the 2021 census, O'Malley had a population of 928 people. There are numerous embassies in O'Malley. The suburb is named after King O'Malley, who was the politician who arranged the competition for a design for Canberra. Streets in O'Malley are named with Aboriginal words.

## Population

In the 2021 Census, there were 928 people in O'Malley. 53.0% of people were born in Australia and 52.9% of people only spoke English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion (26.4%) and Catholic (24.8%).

## Restrictions

Wood fire heaters are banned in the newer East O'Malley area to due concerns of air quality in that valley

## Geology

Deakin Volcanics green-grey and purple rhyodacite are under the suburb. To the east in the valley bottom is Deakin Volcanics purple and green tuff and up the slopes of Mount Mugga Mugga are Deakin Volcanics coarse dark purple rhyodacite.

## Embassies

|
|  |
| Embassies and High Commissions in O'Malley | | | | | |
| Bangladesh | Chile | Croatia | Cuba | Czech Republic |
| Ecuador | Eritrea | Georgia | Iran | Iraq |
| Kuwait | Laos | Libya | Malta | Mongolia |
| Morocco | Pakistan | Palestine | Portugal | Romania |
| Samoa | Serbia | Slovakia | United Arab Emirates | Uganda |
| Venezuela | Vietnam | Zimbabwe |

## InfoBox

| O'Malley
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| O'Malley | |
| Coordinates | 35°21′09″S 149°06′31″E / 35.35250°S 149.10861°E / -35.35250; 149.10861 |
| Population | 928 (SAL 2021) |
| Established | 1973 |
| Postcode(s) | 2606 |
| Elevation | 656 m (2,152 ft) |
| Area | 2.6 km2 (1.0 sq mi) |
| Location |  |
| District | Woden Valley |
| Territory electorate(s) | Murrumbidgee |
| Federal division(s) | Bean |
| **Suburbs around O'Malley:**  Phillip Garran *Mount Mugga Mugga*  Phillip O'Malley *Canberra Nature Park*  Mawson Isaacs | |


title: Where's Pete

abstract: Where's Pete is a Canadian drama short film, directed by Jim Purdy and released in 1986. The film stars Heath Lamberts and Nancy Beatty as parents grieving the recent death of their teenage son Pete in a car accident. The film was a Genie Award nominee for Best Live Action Short Drama at the 8th Genie Awards.

text:
# Where's Pete

***Where's Pete*** is a Canadian drama short film, directed by Jim Purdy and released in 1986. The film stars Heath Lamberts and Nancy Beatty as parents grieving the recent death of their teenage son Pete (Yannick Bisson) in a car accident.

The film was a Genie Award nominee for Best Live Action Short Drama at the 8th Genie Awards.

## InfoBox

| Where's Pete | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Jim Purdy |
| Written by | Jim Purdy |
| Produced by | Michael J. F. Scott |
| Starring | Heath Lamberts
Nancy Beatty
Yannick Bisson |
| Cinematography | Douglas Kiefer |
| Edited by | Jeff Warren |
| Music by | Glenn Morley
Lawrence Shragge |
| Release date | * 1986 (1986) |
| Running time | 26 minutes |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | English |


title: Puerto Chacabuco

abstract: Puerto Chacabuco is a Chilean town in Aisén commune. Administratively it belongs to Aysén Province in Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region and is located at the head of Aisén Fjord. It is the main port of the region, a port of call for ships sailing to the Laguna San Rafael National Park and the terminus of a Navimag ferry service from Puerto Montt. The town is the site of important fish and shellfish processing plants. From the 1990s up to August 2003 there were plans for building an aluminium smelter in the town. Before the great burnings of the Patagonian forests and the eruption of Mount Hudson volcano in 1991 Puerto Aisén was the main port in the Aisén Fjord, but the ashes and earth erosion decreased the navigability of Aisén River and the port had to be moved further to the coast where Puerto Chacabuco now stands. Puerto Chacabuco is named after the corvette Chacabuco with which Enrique Simpson explored the fjords and archipelagoes of Aysén Region in the 1870s. The ship is in turn named after the Battle of Chacabuco in 1817 during the Chilean Independence War.

text:
# Puerto Chacabuco

**Puerto Chacabuco** is a Chilean town in Aisén commune. Administratively it belongs to Aysén Province in Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region and is located at the head of Aisén Fjord. It is the main port of the region, a port of call for ships sailing to the Laguna San Rafael National Park and the terminus of a Navimag ferry service from Puerto Montt. The town is the site of important fish and shellfish processing plants. From the 1990s up to August 2003 there were plans for building an aluminium smelter in the town.

Before the great burnings of the Patagonian forests and the eruption of Mount Hudson volcano in 1991 Puerto Aisén was the main port in the Aisén Fjord, but the ashes and earth erosion decreased the navigability of Aisén River and the port had to be moved further to the coast where Puerto Chacabuco now stands.

Puerto Chacabuco is named after the corvette *Chacabuco* with which Enrique Simpson explored the fjords and archipelagoes of Aysén Region in the 1870s. The ship is in turn named after the Battle of Chacabuco in 1817 during the Chilean Independence War.

45°28′S 72°49′W / 45.467°S 72.817°W / -45.467; -72.817

## InfoBox

| Puerto Chacabuco | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| Puerto Chacabuco, in the middle of the map | |
| Region | Aisén |
| Province | Aisén |
| Municipalidad | Aisén |
| Comuna | Aisén |
| Government | |
| Type | Municipalidad |
| Alcade | Óscar Catalán Sánchez |
| Population (2017) | |
| Total | 1,239 |
| Sex | |
| Men | 619 |
| Women | 620 |
| Time zone | UTC−04:00 (Chilean Standard) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−03:00 (Chilean Daylight) |
| Area code | Country + town = 56 + ? |
| Climate | Cfb |


title: Peggy Babin

abstract: Peggy Babin is a retired French athlete who specialized in the 400 metres and 800 metres. She won the bronze medal at the 2001 Jeux de la Francophonie, and competed without reaching the final at the 2001 World Championships and the 2002 European Indoor Championships. In the 4 x 400 metres relay she finished fifth at the 2002 European Championships. Her personal best times are 52.83 seconds in the 400 metres, achieved in July 2002 in Paris; and 2:01.66 minutes in the 800 metres, achieved in July 2001 in Ottawa.

text:
# Peggy Babin

**Peggy Babin** (born 24 December 1976) is a retired French athlete who specialized in the 400 metres and 800 metres.

She won the bronze medal at the 2001 Jeux de la Francophonie, and competed without reaching the final at the 2001 World Championships and the 2002 European Indoor Championships. In the 4 x 400 metres relay she finished fifth at the 2002 European Championships.

Her personal best times are 52.83 seconds in the 400 metres, achieved in July 2002 in Paris; and 2:01.66 minutes in the 800 metres, achieved in July 2001 in Ottawa.

## InfoBox

Peggy Babin
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | France |
| Born | (1976-12-24) 24 December 1976 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Running |
| Event | Sprints |


title: Melanie Bak

abstract: Melanie Mie Bak is a Danish handball player who plays for HH Elite and the Danish national team. She made her debut on the Danish national team on 28 September 2018, against Norway in a friendly match.

text:
# Melanie Bak

**Melanie Mie Bak** (born 30 January 1994) is a Danish handball player who plays for HH Elite and the Danish national team.

She made her debut on the Danish national team on 28 September 2018, against Norway in a friendly match.

## Achievements

## Individual awards

## InfoBox

| Melanie Bak | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Melanie Mie Bak | | |
| Born | (1994-01-30) 30 January 1994<br>Randers, Denmark | | |
| Nationality | Danish | | |
| Height | 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Playing position | Left back | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | HH Elite | | |
| Number | 39 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 2009–2013 | Randers HK | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 2013–2014 | Randers HK | | |
| 2014 | RK Krim | | |
| 2015 | København Håndbold | | |
| 2016 | Union Mios Biganos-Bègles Handball | | |
| 2016–2019 | Gjerpen IF | | |
| 2019 | Brest Bretagne Handball | | |
| 2019 | Bourg-de-Péage Drôme Handball | | |
| 2020 | Randers HK | | |
| 2020 | Molde Elite | | |
| 2021 | Byåsen HE | | |
| 2021–2023 | SCM Craiova | | |
| 2023– | HH Elite | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2018– | Denmark | 3 | (6) |