title: Queen Elizabeth-class battleship

abstract: The Queen Elizabeth-class battleships were a group of five super-dreadnoughts built for the Royal Navy during the 1910s. These battleships were superior in firepower, protection and speed to their Royal Navy predecessors of the Iron Duke class as well as preceding German classes such as the König class. The corresponding Bayern-class ships were generally considered competitive, although the Queen Elizabeth class were 2 knots (3.7 km/h) faster and outnumbered the German class 5:2. The Queen Elizabeths are generally considered the first fast battleships of their day. The Queen Elizabeths were the first battleships to be armed with 15-inch (381 mm) guns, and were described in the 1919 edition of Jane's Fighting Ships as "the most successful type of capital ship yet designed." They saw much service in both world wars. Barham was lost to a U-boat attack in 1941, but the others survived the wars and were scrapped in the late 1940s.

text:
# Queen Elizabeth-class battleship

The ***Queen Elizabeth*-class battleships** were a group of five super-dreadnoughts built for the Royal Navy during the 1910s. These battleships were superior in firepower, protection and speed to their Royal Navy predecessors of the *Iron Duke* class as well as preceding German classes such as the *König* class. The corresponding *Bayern*-class ships were generally considered competitive, although the *Queen Elizabeth* class were 2 knots (3.7 km/h) faster and outnumbered the German class 5:2. The *Queen Elizabeth*s are generally considered the first fast battleships of their day.

The *Queen Elizabeth*s were the first battleships to be armed with 15-inch (381 mm) guns, and were described in the 1919 edition of *Jane's Fighting Ships* as "the most successful type of capital ship yet designed." They saw much service in both world wars. *Barham* was lost to a U-boat attack in 1941, but the others survived the wars and were scrapped in the late 1940s.

## Background and design

The early design history of the *Queen Elizabeth* class is not well known because not many records have survived in the files of the Admiralty. When Winston Churchill became First Lord of the Admiralty in October 1911, the ships of the 1911–1912 Naval Programme, the four *Iron Duke*-class battleships and the battlecruiser HMS *Tiger* were being ordered and preliminary design work had begun on the new class of battleships scheduled for the 1912–1913 Naval Programme. Each class received its own alphabetical designation with the *Iron Duke*s being MIV, the fourth major iteration of Design M. Presumably the improved 1912–1913 ships were Design N, but no details of it have been found in Admiralty records. The letter O was not used during this time. Naval historian Norman Friedman believes that Design P was a slow ship armed with ten 15-inch (381 mm) guns based on a passing reference in the official history of naval construction during the First World War that such a ship was a precursor to the *Queen Elizabeth*s.

Churchill and the retired First Sea Lord, Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher corresponded at length during this time with Fisher advocating for a fast (probably 28-knot (52 km/h; 32 mph)) ship armed with eight guns and nearly as well armoured as a battleship, something that he sometimes called a "super-Lion", referring to the battlecruiser HMS *Lion*. Friedman believes that the Director of Naval Construction (DNC), Sir Philip Watts, designated Fisher's concept as Design Q with a slower version being the *Queen Elizabeth* class as Design R. "The destruction of papers may thus have concealed the reality that instead of being a spectacular advance on previous battleships, the *Queen Elizabeth*s were a slow version of a ship which Fisher and probably Churchill badly wanted. Much of the fragmentary evidence for the fast ship is to be found in Fisher's letters to Churchill."

The tactical mission of these ships is portrayed as being fast enough to manoeuvre to catch the head of the enemy's battleline and concentrate fire against it, but they were actually intended to prevent the German battlecruisers, which were more heavily armoured than their British equivalents, from doing the same to the British fleet. A memo from Churchill to Rear-Admiral Gordon Moore, Third Sea Lord, on 27 October 1912, stated "the speed and power of the *Queen Elizabeth*s...is sufficient to protect the battle fleet against any turning movement by German battlecruisers.

Influenced by Fisher, Churchill ordered development of the 42-calibre BL 15-inch Mk I gun using the codename "14inch Experimental" in January 1912. This was a risky decision as development of new heavy guns and their turrets was normally a multi-year project, and a failure would seriously delay the completion of the ships. The first gun turret was successfully tested on 6 May 1914, likely much to the relief of the Admiralty.

The Admiralty decided on the design of the *Queen Elizabeth*s on 15 June 1912, with the decision on whether they would solely use fuel oil deferred to a subsequent meeting. That meeting must have happened very shortly afterwards because the design that received the Board's stamp the following day was oil-fueled. The design had not been optimised to burn oil instead of coal and the fuel tanks had different requirements than the coal bunkers previously planned. Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt, the DNC who followed Watts, estimated that the change so late in the design process cost some 300 long tons (300 ) that could have been put to better use. To guarantee a supply of oil in wartime, Churchill negotiated the Anglo-Persian Oil Convention.

Fisher also believed that the 1912–1913 ships should all be battlecruisers instead of the usual mix of three battleships and a battlecruiser. Churchill initially agreed with him, but was persuaded to go back to the original plan, much to Fisher's fury. Given the speed of the new ships, envisaged as 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph), it was decided that the battlecruiser would not be needed and a fourth battleship would be built instead. When the Federation of Malay States offered to fund a further capital ship, the Admiralty decided to add a fifth unit to the class, HMS *Malaya*.

In some respects, the ships did not quite fulfil their extremely demanding requirement. They were seriously overweight, as a result of which the draught was excessive and they were unable to reach the planned top speed of 25 knots. In the event, the combination of oil fuel and more boilers provided for a service speed of about 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph), still a useful improvement on the traditional battle line speed of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph) and just fast enough to be thought of as the first fast battleships. After Jutland Admiral John Jellicoe was persuaded that the slowest ship of this class was good only for about 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph), he concluded that, since this should be considered as the speed of the squadron, it would not be safe to risk them in operations away from the main battlefleet.

## Description

The ships of the *Queen Elizabeth* class were 600 feet 6 inches (183.0 m) long between perpendiculars, 634 ft 6 in (193.4 m) long at the waterline, and had a length overall of 643 ft 9 in (196.2 m), excluding the sternwalk fitted on several ships. They had a beam of 90 feet 6 inches (28 m) and a draught of 33 feet 7 inches (10.2 m) at deep load. They had a normal displacement of approximately 32,590 long tons (33,113 t) and 33,260 long tons (33,790 t) at deep load. The ships had a metacentric height of 6.5 feet (2.0 m) at deep load. Their crew numbered between 923 and 951 officers and ratings as completed; by 1920, the number of crew had grown to 1,016 then to 1,025. Service as a flagship increased these numbers from 1,249 to 1,262 that same year.

They were powered by two sets of direct-drive steam turbines, Parsons units were fitted in *Queen Elizabeth*, *Warspite* and *Malaya* while *Barham* and *Valiant* had Brown-Curtis turbines. The latter pair were not equipped with the cruising turbines to improve fuel economy at slow speeds used in the first three ships. Each turbine set drove two shafts with 12-foot (3.7 m), three-bladed propellers, using steam provided by 24 Babcock & Wilcox boilers at a working pressure of 235 psi (1,620 kPa; 17 kgf/cm2) in all but *Warspite* and *Barham*, which received boilers manufactured by Yarrow. The boilers were ducted into a pair of funnels. The turbines were divided into three watertight compartments arranged side by side; the low-pressure turbines driving the inner pair of shafts were in the centre engine room together, while the high-pressure outboard turbines were in the rooms on either side.

The turbines were rated at 75,000 shaft horsepower (56,000 kW) at overload and were intended to give the ships a maximum speed of 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph), although they fell short of that. Due to the war only *Barham* ran her sea trials on a measured course; in August 1916 she reached a top speed of 23.9 knots (44.3 km/h; 27.5 mph) from 70,788 shp (52,787 kW) at deep load. Fuel storage amounted to 3,400 long tons (3,500 t) of fuel oil which enabled the ships to steam for 5,000 nautical miles (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at a cruising speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph), which fell to 1,600 nautical miles (3,000 km; 1,800 mi) at full speed.

### Armament and fire control

The *Queen Elizabeth* class was equipped with eight breech-loading (BL) 15-inch Mk I guns in four twin-gun turrets, in two superfiring pairs fore and aft of the superstructure, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. The guns were initially supplied with 80 shells per gun, but the magazines were later modified to allow for up to one hundred shells per gun. The ships carried the guns in Mk I mounts that allowed for elevation to 20 degrees and depression to -5 degrees. The mounts had a weight of 782 t and a train of- 150 to + 150 degrees. The guns themselves had a weight of 101 t. They could be loaded at any angle, but the crews typically returned to +5 degrees, since the guns could be cleared faster that way. They fired 1,929-pound (875 kg) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2,450 ft/s (750 m/s) to a range of 24,423 yards (22,332 m). Their designed rate of fire was one shot every 36 seconds.

The gun even remained competitive in the Second World War after receiving further shell upgrades and mountings with greater elevation, and HMS *Warspite* would eventually record a hit during the Battle of Calabria which to this day is one of the longest-range naval gunnery hits in history - 24,000 metres (26,000 yd).

The guns could elevate to 20° and depress to −5°, but the turret sights could only elevate 15°, effectively limiting the range that could be achieved unless firing under director control. The sights were equipped to permit the guns to fire at full charge or with 34 charge.

The ships' secondary battery consisted of sixteen 45-calibre BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XII guns. The guns had a muzzle velocity of 2,825 ft/s (861 m/s) from their 100-pound (45 kg) projectiles. At their maximum elevation of 15 degrees, they had a range of 13,600 yd (12,400 m). As designed twelve of these were mounted in casemates on the upper deck, six of each on the broadside of the vessel amidships; the remaining four guns were on the main deck aft abreast 'Y' turret. In an effort to ameliorate the flooding problems that the casemated guns in the *Iron Duke*-class ships had in heavy seas, the guns in the *Queen Elizabeth*s were moved back from abreast 'A' turret to 'B' turret, but this made little difference in service. The aft guns were more prone to flood and were virtually useless even in moderate seas. Only *Queen Elizabeth* was completed with them; one pair was removed and the other was repositioned on the forecastle and protected by gun shields in May 1915. The casemates were plated over to improve their seaworthiness. The other ships were similarly modified while fitting-out.

Each gun was provided with 130 rounds. Stowage was provided for 30 rounds at each gun as the only ammunition hoists for them were located at the forward end of the battery. Captain Morgan Singer, commander of the RN's gunnery school HMS *Excellent*, criticized this arrangement, saying that it had been proven inefficient in the pre-dreadnought battleships and he recommended using dredger hoists as they were much faster. His comments were rejected as the Admiralty believed that the guns would only intermittently be in use as destroyers attempted to close to torpedo range and they desired to maintain a break in the cordite supply between the magazines and the battery. In service this led to the gun crews keeping additional rounds immediately available at the guns in case they were needed. This resulted in an ammunition fire aboard *Malaya* during the Battle of Jutland that nearly resulted in the loss of the ship.

The ships also mounted four 3-pounder (47-millimetre (1.9 in)) saluting guns. Their anti-aircraft (AA) armament consisted of two quick-firing (QF) 3-inch (76 mm) 20 cwt Mk I guns. They were fitted with four submerged 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes, two on each broadside. Each ship was supplied with a total of 20 Mk II or Mk IV torpedoes.

The *Queen Elizabeth*-class ships were completed with two fire-control directors. The one that was mounted above the conning tower was protected by an armoured hood and was fitted with a 15-foot (4.6 m) rangefinder. The other director was on top of the tripod mast and was equipped with a 9-foot (2.7 m). The main armament could be controlled by 'X' turret as well and each turret was fitted with a 15-foot rangefinder. A torpedo-control director with a 9-foot rangefinder was mounted at the aft end of the superstructure. The secondary armament was primarily controlled by directors mounted on each side of the compass platform on the foremast once they began to be fitted in March 1917. The rangefinders in 'B' and 'X' turrets were replaced by 30-foot (9.1 m) models between 1919 and 1922.

Flying-off platforms were fitted on all the ships on the roofs of 'B' and 'X' turrets in 1918. Between them the ships carried three fighters and seven reconnaissance aircraft.

### Armour

Armour protection was modified from the previous *Iron Duke* class, with a thicker belt and improved underwater protection. The scale of deck armour was less generous, though typical of contemporary practice.

## Ships

A further ship was authorised in 1914 and would have been named *Agincourt* (a name later applied to a dreadnought expropriated from Ottoman Turkey). Although most sources and several official papers in the class's Ships Cover describe her as a further repeat of the *Queen Elizabeth* design, one historian - Nicholas Lambert - has suggested that *Agincourt* would have been built on battlecruiser lines. This design would have kept the *Queen Elizabeth* armament, but substituted thinner armour down to 10 inches (254 mm) instead of 12 inches (305 mm), for example\] in order to gain a 28-knot (52 km/h; 32 mph) top speed.

Whatever the case, *Agincourt* was cancelled at the outbreak of war in 1914. The cancellation, proposed by Churchill in memoranda of 1 and 14 June 1914, was intended to shave around £900,000 off that year's naval estimates, which had met with resistance from leading members of the ruling Liberal Party. It had been proposed to build a new type of semi-submersible torpedo cruiser, the *Polyphemus* class, in place of *Agincourt*, and submarines in place of another planned battleship, HMS *Resistance*, and in place of all but two or three of that year's planned destroyers.

Construction data
| Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Queen Elizabeth* | HM Dockyard, Portsmouth | 21 October 1912 | 16 October 1913 | 22 December 1914 | Broken up at Dalmuir, 1948 |
| *Warspite* | HM Dockyard, Devonport | 31 October 1912 | 26 November 1913 | 8 March 1915 | Towed for scrapping at Faslane; ran aground at Prussia Cove April 1947
Broken up at Marazion, 1950 |
| *Valiant* | Fairfield, Clydebank | 31 January 1913 | 4 November 1914 | 13 January 1916 | Broken up at Cairnryan, 1948 |
| *Barham* | John Brown, Clydebank | 24 February 1913 | 31 December 1914 | 19 October 1915 | Sunk by submarine, 25 November 1941 |
| *Malaya* | Armstrong Whitworth, Tyneside | 20 October 1913 | 18 March 1915 | 1 February 1916 | Broken up at Faslane, 1948 |
| *Agincourt* | HM Dockyard, Portsmouth |  |  |  | Cancelled, August 1914 |

## Service

### First World War

In the First World War, *Queen Elizabeth* was detached from the squadron and took part in the Dardanelles Campaign, but missed Jutland as she was undergoing dock maintenance.

At the Battle of Jutland, four of the ships formed Admiral Hugh Evan-Thomas's 5th Battle Squadron, and in the clash with the German 1st Scouting Group under Admiral Franz von Hipper they "fired with extraordinary rapidity and accuracy" (according to Admiral Scheer, commander of the High Seas Fleet), damaging SMS *Lützow* and SMS *Seydlitz* and a number of other German warships. These battleships were able to engage German battlecruisers at a range of 19,000 yards (17,400 m), which was beyond the maximum range of the Germans' guns. Three of the *Queen Elizabeth*s received hits from German warships during the engagement, yet they all returned home. *Warspite* was the most heavily damaged, with her rudder jammed and taking fifteen hits, coming close to foundering.

### Between the wars

Between the wars, the ships received considerable upgrades, including new machinery, small-tube boilers, deck armour upgrades, torpedo belt armour, trunked funnels, new secondary armament and anti-aircraft armament, and many improvements in gunlaying and electronics. *Queen Elizabeth*, *Valiant*, and *Warspite* were the most modernised, with all three receiving the new "Queen Anne's Mansions" block superstructure for the bridge, whilst twenty 4.5" dual-purpose guns in 10 turret mountings replaced the 6" casemate secondary weapons on *Queen Elizabeth* and *Valiant*. *Warspite* kept her 6" secondary guns, now reduced to just four per battery.

### Second World War

By the Second World War, the class were showing their age. *Barham* and *Malaya*, the least-modernized of the class, were at a disadvantage compared to modern battleships. In spite of this, *Malaya* prevented an attack on a transatlantic convoy by the modern German battlecruisers *Scharnhorst* and *Gneisenau* by her presence. *Queen Elizabeth*, *Warspite*, and *Valiant*, the more modernised of the class, fared better. With her modern fire control equipment, *Warspite* scored a hit on an Italian battleship during the Battle of Calabria at a range of more than 26,000 yards, one of the longest range naval artillery hits in history.

Modern torpedoes outclassed their torpedo belt protection: in November 1941, *Barham* was torpedoed by a U-boat and sank in five minutes, with the loss of over 800 of her crew, when her magazines detonated. *Warspite* survived a direct hit and two near-misses by German glider bombs, while *Queen Elizabeth* and *Valiant* were repaired and returned to service after being badly damaged by limpet mines placed by Italian frogmen during a raid at Alexandria Harbour in 1941.

### HMS *Queen Elizabeth*

*Queen Elizabeth* took part in the Dardanelles Campaign of 1915 bombarding forts, but missed Jutland in 1916. She became Admiral Beatty's flagship in 1917 after he assumed command of the Grand Fleet. In the Second World War she was mined by Italian frogmen and badly damaged, but did not ground in the shallow water of Alexandria Harbour in 1941. She was subsequently repaired, and served in the Far East until 1945.

### HMS *Warspite*

*Warspite* suffered severe damage at Jutland, being hit by at least 15 heavy shells. She lost 14 men, with 32 wounded, firing a total of 259 shells. In the Second World War, she took part in many battles, including Narvik, Cape Matapan, Crete, and Salerno, where she was hit by a glider bomb. She was never fully repaired, and became a coastal bombardment ship, covering the Normandy landings, further operations in other parts of France, and the Walcheren landings. She holds the most battle honours for an individual ship in the Royal Navy's history, with 15.

### HMS *Valiant*

*Valiant* received no hits at Jutland but suffered one wounded and fired 288 shells. In the Second World War, she took part in the attack on the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir, and was mined and damaged at Alexandria in 1941. She was repaired, and served in the Far East until 1944. On 8 August 1944 whilst in the floating dock at Trincomalee, Ceylon, she was severely damaged when the dock collapsed with the result that repairs were stopped.

### HMS *Barham*

*Barham* was named after Lord Barham, First Lord of the Admiralty. The *Barham* received five hits at Jutland, suffering 26 dead and 46 wounded and fired 337 shells. In the Second World War, she fought at Cape Matapan. On 25 November 1941 she was struck by three torpedoes from *U-331*, commanded by *Oberleutnant zur See* Hans-Diedrich von Tiesenhausen, and went down with 850 of her crew.

### HMS *Malaya*

*Malaya* was hit eight times at Jutland, suffering 63 dead and 68 wounded, and fired 215 shells. In the Second World War, she escorted convoys and was damaged by a torpedo from *U-106* in 1941. Subsequently, she escorted several convoys and supported various operations following the Normandy invasion until she was decommissioned in 1945.

### HMS *Agincourt*

HMS *Agincourt* was to be the sixth member of the *Queen Elizabeth* class. She was authorized in 1913, and intended for completion in late 1916, but was cancelled after the outbreak of the First World War. She is not to be confused with HMS *Agincourt* that was ordered by Brazil, sold to the Ottoman Empire while under construction, and seized for use by the Royal Navy before the beginning of the first World War.

### Other ships

The Canadian Naval Aid Bill of 1913 intended to provide the funds for three modern battleships, which most likely would have been three more members of the *Queen Elizabeth* class, potentially named as *Acadia*, *Quebec* and *Ontario*, in much the same way as *Malaya* had been funded. The bill met with stiff opposition in Parliament, and was not passed. It is unclear if these ships would have served in the Royal Navy (as with outright gifts like *Malaya* or the battlecruiser *New Zealand*), or if they would have served in the Royal Canadian Navy (HMAS *Australia*, an *Indefatigable*-class battlecruiser, served with the Royal Australian Navy).

## Citations

1. Jane, Fred T. (Parkes, Surgeon-Lt. R.N. Dr. Oscar and Prendergast, Maurice co-ed.) (1919). *Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I*. London: Jane's Publishing (1990 reprint, Military Press, New York; dist. by Crown Publishers). p. 36. ISBN 0-517-03375-5.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
2. Friedman 2015, pp. 134–135 and footnote 5
3. Friedman 2015, pp. 134–135 and footnote 7
4. Burt 2012b, p. 277
5. Friedman 2014, p. 190 and footnote 5
6. Friedman 2015, p. 135
7. Friedman 2015, pp. 136–137
8. Raven & Roberts, p. 17
9. Greger, p. 101
10. Burt 2012b, pp. 281, 284–285
11. Raven & Roberts, p. 36
12. Burt 2012b, pp. 284, 286–287
13. Burt 2012b, p. 284
14. Friedman 2015, p. 138
15. "15-inch (38.1 cm) Mark I". Retrieved 22 July 2022.
16. Friedman 2011, pp. 43–47
17. ADM 186/216 *The Sight Manual, 1916*, pp. 20–22, 108
18. Friedman 2011, p. 84
19. Burt 2012b, p. 281
20. Raven & Roberts, pp. 20, 26
21. Campbell 1998, p. 132
22. Raven & Roberts, pp. 20–21, 30
23. Raven & Roberts, p. 30
24. Lambert, Nicholas A. "'Our Bloody Ships' or 'Our Bloody System': Jutland and the Loss of the Battle Cruisers, 1916." *The Journal of Military History*: **61**, January 1998, pp. 29–55
25. Breyer, p. 140.
26. Lambert 1999, pp. 300–301
27. Britain 15/42 (38.1 cm) Mark I
28. The Battleship Kongô
29. www.scharnhorst-class.dk
30. Winton, John (1998). *Cunningham*. John Murray Publishers, 1998. ISBN 0-7195-5765-8.
31. Burt 2012a, pp. 120–121: "Prior to the attack *Queen Elizabeth* had a draught of 33ft 5in forward and 32ft 7in aft; after the explosion: draught 41ft 10in forward, 33ft 10in aft." *Queen Elizabeth* was moored in approximately 48ft (8 fathoms) of water.
32. Brown, David. p. 225.
33. Schleihauf, William (2000). ""Necessary stepping stones" - The transfer of *Aurora*, *Patriot* and *Patrician* to the Royal Canadian Navy after the First World War". *Canadian Military History*. **9** (3): 21–28. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
34. Borden's Naval Aid Bill, 1912

## Bibliography

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* Brown, David (2002). *The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: November 1940 - December 1941, Volume II*. Frank Cass Publishers. ISBN 0-7146-5205-9.
* Brown, David K. (1999). *The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-315-X.
* Burt, R. A. (2012a). *British Battleships, 1919–1945* (2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-052-8.
* Burt, R. A. (2012b). *British Battleships of World War One* (2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-863-7.
* Campbell, John (1998). *Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting*. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-1-55821-759-1.
* Campbell, N. J. M. (1980). "Great Britain". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946*. New York: Mayflower Books. pp. 2–85. ISBN 0-8317-0303-2.
* Friedman, Norman (2015). *The British Battleship 1906–1946*. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-225-7.
* Friedman, Norman (2014). *Fighting the Great War at Sea: Strategy, Tactics and Technology*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-188-4.
* Friedman, Norman (2011). *Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory*. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
* Greger, René (1997). *Battleships of the World*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-069-X.
* Halpern, Paul, ed. (2011). *The Mediterranean Fleet 1920–1929*. Navy Records Society Publications. Vol. 158. Farnham, UK: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-2756-8.
* Jellicoe, John (1919). *The Grand Fleet, 1914–1916: Its Creation, Development, and Work*. New York: George H. Doran Company. OCLC 162593478.
* Lambert, Nicholas (2002) \[1999\]. *Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution*. Columbia, SC: University South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-492-3.
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* Preston, Antony (1985). "Great Britain and Empire Forces". In Gray, Randal (ed.). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
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## InfoBox

| *Queen Elizabeth* in her original configuration at Lemnos, 24 April 1915 | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Name | *Queen Elizabeth* class |
| Operators | Royal Navy |
| Preceded by | *Iron Duke* class |
| Succeeded by | *Revenge* class |
| In commission | 1914–1947 |
| Planned | 6 |
| Completed | 5 |
| Cancelled | 1 |
| Lost | 1 |
| Scrapped | 4 |
| General characteristics (as built) | |
| Type | Super dreadnought battleship |
| Displacement |  |
| Length | 643 ft 9 in (196.2 m) (o/a) |
| Beam | 90 ft 7 in (27.6 m) |
| Draught | 33 ft 7 in (10.2 m) (deep load) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion | 4 shafts; 2 steam turbine sets |
| Speed | 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) |
| Range | 5,000 nmi (9,260 km; 5,750 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
| Complement | * 923–951 (as completed) * 1,249–1,262 (as flagships, 1920) |
| Armament |  |
| Armour |  |


title: WKT (sealant)

abstract: WKT is a sealing compound that was developed by Paul Pietzschke at the Chemisch-Technische Fabrik in Hamburg, Germany in 1962. It was made for the yacht and ship building industries. WKT belongs to the silicone group of sealants.

text:
# WKT (sealant)

**WKT** is a sealing compound that was developed by Paul Pietzschke at the *Chemisch-Technische Fabrik* in Hamburg, Germany in 1962. It was made for the yacht and ship building industries. WKT belongs to the silicone group of sealants.

## Properties

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## Characteristics

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## Safety

WKT is physiologically harmless in its cured form.

## Other types of sealants


title: Neunkirchen (German district)

abstract: Neunkirchen is a Kreis (district) in the middle of the Saarland, Germany. Neighboring districts are Sankt Wendel, Kusel, Saarpfalz, Saarbrücken, and Saarlouis.

text:
# Neunkirchen (German district)

**Neunkirchen** (German: \[ˈnɔʏnˌkɪʁçn̩\] ) is a Kreis (district) in the middle of the Saarland, Germany. Neighboring districts are Sankt Wendel, Kusel, Saarpfalz, Saarbrücken, and Saarlouis.

## History

In 1814, the district Ottweiler was created; however, its history can be traced back to 1545 when it was created as *Herrschaft Ottweiler*, later *Amt* and *Oberamt Ottweiler*, and during the Napoleonic times as *Kanton Ottweiler*. Two years after its creation, it was reorganized in 1816 by order of the Congress of Vienna. In 1866, an attempt to move the district capital to Neunkirchen failed. In 1974, the districts were reorganized, the biggest change however was the change of the capital and thus the name to Neunkirchen. Some parts of the administration remained in Ottweiler.

## Geography

The entire district is located in the industrial area, which is centered in Saarbrücken. It is situated on either bank of the Blies, a major tributary of the Saar River.

## Coat of arms

The top part of the coat of arms show the lion of Nassau, as the area was ruled by a branch of the house of Nassau (Nassau-Saarbrücken, later Nassau-Ottweiler). In the bottom part it shows the main symbols of the two biggest cities in the district, the rose of Ottweiler and the wheel of Neunkirchen.

## Towns and municipalities

| Towns | Municipalities |
| --- | --- |
| 1. Neunkirchen 2. Ottweiler | 1. Eppelborn 2. Illingen 3. Merchweiler 4. Schiffweiler 5. Spiesen-Elversberg |

49°20′N 7°10′E / 49.33°N 7.17°E / 49.33; 7.17

## InfoBox

| Neunkirchen | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Saarland |
| Capital | Neunkirchen |
| Government | |
| District admin. | Sören Meng (SPD) |
| Area | |
| Total | 249.16 km2 (96.20 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2022) | |
| Total | 132,283 |
| Density | 530/km2 (1,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Vehicle registration | NK (since 1974)
OTW (1957–1974); OE 3/ OE 13/ OE 23/ OE 33 (1949–1956); SA 03 (1945–1949) |
| Website | landkreis-neunkirchen.de |


title: Olcott Park

abstract: Olcott Park is a city park in Virginia, Minnesota, United States.

text:
# Olcott Park

**Olcott Park** is a city park in Virginia, Minnesota, United States.

## History

Olcott Park was named after William J. Olcott, an officer of the Oliver Iron Mining Company. In 1905 the company first leased the land to the city for $1 a year if the city would pay taxes on it. The city purchased the land in 1939 for $9,015.

## Description

The Olcott Park in Virginia, Minnesota is a 40-acre (16 ha) amount of land on the north side of town. It is bordered by 9th St. N and Essentia Health/Virginia Regional Medical Center on the north and the Calvary Cemetery on the west. On the east it is bordered by N 9th Ave W, and a city museum (Heritage Museum). On the south, the park is bordered by Parkview Learning Center and some little-league baseball fields.

Along with a large playground area, the park also boasts a bandstand in its center where Virginia City Band performances take place in the summer. In the northern region of the park, a fountain still stands today that was built during the Great Depression and renovated in 2019. Also, a structure in the southern edge of the park still stands that held monkeys and bear cubs prior to World War II.

## Olcott Park Greenhouse

The Olcott Park Greenhouse is a 4,500-square-foot (420 m2), city-operated greenhouse located in the Olcott Park at N. 9th Avenue W. and 7th Street N. in Virginia, Minnesota, United States. It is open to the public year-round without charge.

This three-room greenhouse dates from the 1930s. Its central room contains a good collection of exotic plants, ranging in size from small specimens to mature Ponderosa lemon trees bearing fruit, with cacti and succulents, large agave, palm, and ficus specimens. Historically it was the site for huge begonia shows which attracted thousands of visitors. The north and south greenhouses were used to raise bedding plants for flower beds throughout the city.

## InfoBox

| Olcott Park | |
| --- | --- |
| A gazebo at the center of Olcott Park | |
|  | |
| Type | City park |
| Location | Virginia, Minnesota, United States |
| Coordinates | 47°31′45″N 92°33′00″W / 47.52917°N 92.55000°W / 47.52917; -92.55000 |
| Area | 40 acres (16 ha) |


title: Ghenadie Dudoglo

abstract: Ghenadie Dudoglo is a Moldovan male weightlifter, competing in the 62 kg category and representing Moldova at international competitions. He competed at world championships, including at the 2015 World Weightlifting Championships. In 2015 the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF) has suspended Ghenadie Dudoglo for anti-doping rule violation, after he returned a positive sample for anabolic agents (dehydrochlormethyltestosterone).

text:
# Ghenadie Dudoglo

**Ghenadie Dudoglo** (born 27 June 1986) is a Moldovan male weightlifter, competing in the 62 kg category and representing Moldova at international competitions. He competed at world championships, including at the 2015 World Weightlifting Championships.

In 2015 the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF) has suspended Ghenadie Dudoglo for anti-doping rule violation, after he returned a positive sample for anabolic agents (dehydrochlormethyltestosterone).

## Major results

| Year | Venue | Weight | Snatch (kg) | | | | Clean & Jerk (kg) | | | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | | |
| World Championships | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2015 | Houston, United States | 62 kg | 123 | ~~126~~ | ~~126~~ | DSQ | 143 | 147 | ~~149~~ | DSQ | **0** | DSQ |
| 2014 | Almaty, Kazakhstan | 62 kg | **123** | ~~127~~ | ~~127~~ | 13 | **143** | ~~147~~ | ~~148~~ | 22 | **266** | 18 |
| 2013 | Wrocław, Poland | 62 kg | ~~122~~ | **122** | ~~125~~ | 10 | ~~145~~ | ~~145~~ | ~~145~~ | --- | **0** | --- |
| 2011 | Paris, France | 62 kg | 123 | **127** | ~~130~~ | 11 | 145 | **150** | ~~153~~ | 22 | **277** | 15 |
| 2010 | Antalya, Turkey | 56 kg | ~~115~~ | ~~115~~ | **115** | 10 | **132** | ~~136~~ | ~~136~~ | 18 | **247** | 17 |

1. "2015 Weightlifting World Championships - Ghenadie Dudoglo". iwf.net. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
2. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE, iwf.net
3. "Alte 3 halterofili dopati: Federatia internationala de haltere i-a suspendat temporar din competitii pe sportivii moldoveni Artiom Pipa si Iurie Bulat" (in Romanian). protv.md. 25 December 2015.
4. The International Weightlifting Federation has provisionally banned four lifters. dopinglist.com

## InfoBox

Ghenadie Dudoglo
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1986-06-27) 27 June 1986 |
| Weight | 61.50 kg (135.6 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Moldova |
| Sport | Weightlifting |
| Team | National team |
| Updated on 31 August 2016 | |


title: Isaac Basha

abstract: Isaac Basha is an Indian politician who is member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council constituency Nandyal representing YSR Congress Party

text:
# Isaac Basha

**Isaac Basha** (born 4 June 1962) is an Indian politician who is member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council constituency Nandyal representing YSR Congress Party

## InfoBox

| Isaac Basha | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council | |
| **In office**<br>2021–2027 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1962-06-04) 4 June 1962 |
| Political party | YSR Congress Party |
| Parent | Jaffer |
|  | |


abstract: The People's Democratic Organisation for Independence and Socialism (PDOIS) is a socialist political party in the Gambia. Since 2005, it has been part of the National Alliance for Democracy and Development (NADD). It was part of Coalition 2016 in the 2016 presidential election, whose candidate, Adama Barrow, defeated long-time incumbent Yahya Jammeh. The PDOIS also publishes a party newspaper, Foroyaa, which was noted for its opposition to the Jammeh regime.

text:
# People's Democratic Organisation for Independence and Socialism

The **People's Democratic Organisation for Independence and Socialism** (**PDOIS**) is a socialist political party in the Gambia. Since 2005, it has been part of the National Alliance for Democracy and Development (NADD). It was part of Coalition 2016 in the 2016 presidential election, whose candidate, Adama Barrow, defeated long-time incumbent Yahya Jammeh. The PDOIS also publishes a party newspaper, *Foroyaa*, which was noted for its opposition to the Jammeh regime.

## History

The party was founded on 31 July 1986. It emerged from an earlier group, the People's Movement for Independence against Neo-Colonialism and Capitalism in The Gambia (PMINCC), whose members included Halifa Sallah, Sam Sarr, Amie Sillah, Adama Bah and Momodou Sarho. The PMINCC were also believed to be the publishers of the newspaper *The Voice of the Future*, and six members were put on trial for its publication in 1984, although all were acquitted.

Initially, the PDOIS had no official leader until December 1997, when Sidia Jatta was chosen as its first leader. It began publishing its own newspaper, *Foroyaa*, in July 1987, where it was critical of the pro-Western foreign policy of Dawda Jawara, and opposed the Senegambia Confederation. In 1987, it put forward five candidates in the parliamentary election, but all were defeated. In 1992, it put forward 14 candidates, but again, all were defeated. Jatta stood in the presidential election that year, and came fourth, winning 5.24% of the vote. The PDOIS was not banned following the 1994 coup by Yahya Jammeh as it did not publicly denounce it, but both Jatta and Sallah turned down the cabinet posts they were offered.

Jatta won 3% of the vote in the 1996 and 2001 presidential elections. In the 1997 parliamentary election, Jatta won their first seat in the National Assembly of Wuli West. In 2002, Jatta retained the seat and Sallah additionally won the seat of Serekunda Central. From 2002 to 2007, PDOIS was the largest opposition party in the National Assembly, and Sallah served as Leader of the Opposition. In 2005, the PDOIS joined the National Alliance for Democracy and Development (NADD), and Sallah was selected as the NADD candidate in the 2006 presidential election, but only won 6% of the vote. In the 2007 parliamentary election, NADD only won one seat, Jatta's, with Sallah losing his.

## Leadership

The party is led by a Central Committee, which is the highest working body of the party. It is composed of the following positions:

* Chairperson – Sidia Jatta
* Vice Chairperson
* Secretary General – Halifa Sallah
* Secretary to the Political Bureau
* Secretary to the Information Bureau – Sam Sarr
* Secretary to the Organizing Bureau
* Secretary to the Bureau on Women and Child Affairs – Amie Sillah
* Secretary to the Youth Bureau
* Treasurer
* Auditor
* Other members as the party Congress determines

## Electoral history

### Presidential elections

| Election | Party candidate | **Votes** | **%** | **Result** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | Sidia Jatta | 10,543 | 5.24% | **Lost** |
| | 1996 | 11,337 | 2.87% | **Lost** |
| | 2001 | 13,841 | 3.02% | **Lost** |
| 2006 | Halifa Sallah | 23,473 | 5.98% | **Lost** |
| 2011 | Hamat Bah | 73,060 | 11.11% | **Lost** |
| 2016 | Adama Barrow | 227,708 | 43.29% | **Won** |
| 2021 | Halifa Sallah | 32,435 | 3.77% | **Lost** |

### National Assembly elections

| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | Government |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1987 | Sidia Jatta | 2,069 | 0.98% | 0 / 53 | New | 5th | Extra-parliamentary |
| | 1992 | 4,632 | 2.31% | 0 / 53 | 0 | 5th | Extra-parliamentary |
| | 1997 | 24,272 | 7.88% | 1 / 49 | 1 | 4th | Opposition |
| | 2002 |  |  | 2 / 53 | 1 | 3rd | Opposition |
| | 2007 | 13,990 | 5.31% | 1 / 53 | 1 | 3rd | Opposition |
| | 2012 | *Election boycotted* | | 0 / 53 | 1 |  | Extra-parliamentary |
| | 2017 | 33,894 | 8.94% | 4 / 58 | 4 | 5th | Opposition |
| | 2022 | 24,683 | 5.01% | 2 / 58 | 2 | 4th | Opposition |

1. Run within National Alliance for Democracy and Development.
1. Perfect, David (27 May 2016). *Historical Dictionary of The Gambia*. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 336–337. ISBN 9781442265264.
2. "People's Democratic Organisation for Independence and Socialism". Independent Electoral Commission of Gambia.

## InfoBox

| People's Democratic Organisation for Independence and Socialism | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Leader | Halifa Sallah |
| Founder | Sidia Jatta |
| Founded | 31 July 1986 |
| Headquarters | Serekunda |
| Newspaper | *Foroyaa* |
| Ideology | Socialism |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| Colours | Brown |
| Slogan | "Liberty, Dignity and Prosperity" |
| National Assembly | 2 / 58 |
| Website | |
| www.pdois.org | |
|  | |


title: Mobile infantry

abstract:
Mobile infantry refers to infantry that has superior mobility to traditional infantry, the latter being expected to march into battle. Mobile infantry, on the other hand, is better equipped with vehicles for transportation to and on the battlefield. Examples include:
  - Mechanized infantry, equipped with armored personnel carriers (APCs) or infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs)
  - Motorized infantry, employing trucks or other vehicles, but not APCs or IFVs
  - Mounted infantry, riding horses. Dragoons were originally mounted infantry
  - Bicycle infantry, specifically employing bicycles for movement
  - Airmobile infantry, carried by helicopter or other aircraft.

text:
# Mobile infantry

**Mobile infantry** refers to infantry that has superior mobility to traditional infantry, the latter being expected to march into battle. Mobile infantry, on the other hand, is better equipped with vehicles for transportation to and on the battlefield. Examples include:

## In fiction

In the Robert A. Heinlein 1959 science fiction novel *Starship Troopers*, the Mobile Infantry is a separate branch of the armed forces whose soldiers wear powered exoskeletons which enable them to move faster and jump higher. The 1997 film of the same name was based on Heinlein's story and multiple spinoffs followed.


title: Queen Elizabeth (2023 film)

abstract: Queen Elizabeth is a 2023 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by M. Padmakumar and produced by Ranjith Manambarakkat, M. Padmakumar, and Sreeram Manambarakkar. It features Meera Jasmine in the title role, with Narain, as the main male lead. The other supporting cast includes Shwetha Menon, Johny Antony, Neena Kurup, Jude Anthany Joseph, Manju Pathros, and V. K. Prakash. The film was released theatrically on December 29, 2023. Subsequently, it premiered on ZEE5 on February 14, 2024.

text:
# Queen Elizabeth (2023 film)

***Queen Elizabeth*** is a 2023 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by M. Padmakumar and produced by Ranjith Manambarakkat, M. Padmakumar, and Sreeram Manambarakkar. It features Meera Jasmine in the title role, with Narain, as the main male lead. The other supporting cast includes Shwetha Menon, Johny Antony, Neena Kurup, Jude Anthany Joseph, Manju Pathros, and V. K. Prakash. The film was released theatrically on December 29, 2023. Subsequently, it premiered on ZEE5 on February 14, 2024.

## Plot

The movie is a light-hearted entertainer set in an urban backdrop about a headstrong and short-tempered unmarried woman named Elizabeth, who leads a simple life. While her character is frowned upon by the people around her, Alex is in a pursuit to win her over. Things change when Elizabeth goes to Coimbatore for a business meeting. She learns that she is diagnosed with 3rd stage pancreatic cancer and she has just three more months to live. She soon changes her character and befriends her employees and molds her relationship with her family. She becomes close to Alex and slowly falls in love with him. Towards the end, Elizabeth discloses her health issue to Alex, and they visit Dr. Vysakh. It is revealed that the doctor who consulted Elizabeth was suffering from a mental disorder due to her child's death from pancreatic cancer and that Elizabeth does not have cancer. The climax shows Elizabeth married to Alex and living happily.

## Cast

## Production

The film saw the lead cast Meera Jasmine and Narain reuniting after 17 years after they were seen together in *Achuvinte Amma* (2005), *Ore Kadal* (2007) and *Minnaminnikoottam* (2008). The shoots of *Queen Elizabeth* started in Kochi in April 2023 and was wrapped by 1 May 2023.

## Reception

The movie generated positive reviews. *Onmanorama* commented, “The movie is quite charming and will work for those who prefer watching films in the romantic comedy genre. Malayalam Samayam rated it 3 out of 5. *OTT Play* also rated it 3 out of 5 while commenting, “The movie satisfies the criteria for a family entertainer.”

## InfoBox

| Queen Elizabeth | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | M. Padmakumar |
| Written by | Arjun T. Sathyan |
| Produced by | Ranjith Manambarakkat
M. Padmakumar
Sreeram Manambarakkat
 |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Jithu Damodar Palakkad |
| Edited by | Akhilesh Mohan |
| Music by | Rajin Raj |
| Production
company | Blue Mount Production |
| Distributed by | ZEE5 |
| Release date | * 28 December 2023 (2023-12-28) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |
| Budget | 3 crore |


title: WGTH-FM

abstract: WGTH-FM is a Southern Gospel and Religious-formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Richlands, Virginia, serving the Richlands/Tazewell area. WGTH-FM is owned and operated by High Knob Broadcasters, Inc.

text:
# WGTH-FM

**WGTH-FM** is a Southern Gospel and Religious-formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Richlands, Virginia, serving the Richlands/Tazewell area. WGTH-FM is owned and operated by High Knob Broadcasters, Inc.

## InfoBox

WGTH
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Richlands, Virginia
Tazewell, Virginia |
| Frequency | 105.5 FM MHz |
| Branding | The Sheep |
| Programming | |
| Format | Southern Gospel
Religious |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | High Knob Broadcasters, Inc. |
| Sister stations | WGTH |
| History | |
| First air date | January 3, 1977 |
| Former call signs | WGTH (1977–1995)
WGTH-FM (1995–Present) |
| Call sign meaning | "Gates to Heaven" |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 27167 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 450 Watts |
| HAAT | 244 meters (801 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 37°9′20.0″N 81°46′11.0″W / 37.155556°N 81.769722°W / 37.155556; -81.769722 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | WGTH Webstream |
| Website | WGTH Online |


title: Qila Tara Singh

abstract: Qila Tara Singh is a town and union council of Depalpur Tehsil in the Okara District of Punjab Province, Pakistan. It is located near Diaram, also a town near Depalpur.

text:
# Qila Tara Singh

**Qila Tara Singh** is a town and union council of Depalpur Tehsil in the Okara District of Punjab Province, Pakistan. It is located near Diaram, also a town near Depalpur.

30°41′0″N 73°37′0″E / 30.68333°N 73.61667°E / 30.68333; 73.61667

## InfoBox

| Qila Tara Singh | |
| --- | --- |
| Town and union council | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Region | Okara District |
| District | Okara District |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |


title: Oenopota obsoleta

abstract: Oenopota obsoleta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

text:
# Oenopota obsoleta

***Oenopota obsoleta*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Sakhalin, Eastern Russia

* Golikov, A. N., and O. A. Scarlato. "Shell-bearing gastropod and bivalve molluscs of the shelf of southern Sakhalin and their ecology." Biocenoses and fauna of the shelf of south Sakhalin. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei 30.38 (1985): 360–487.

## InfoBox

| *Oenopota obsoleta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Mangeliidae |
| Genus: | *Oenopota* |
| Species: | ***O. obsoleta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oenopota obsoleta***<br>Golikov & Scarlato, 1985 | |
|


title: Prospect Harbor, Maine

abstract: Prospect Harbor is an unincorporated community in the town of Gouldsboro, Hancock County, Maine, United States. Its ZIP code is 04669.

text:
# Prospect Harbor, Maine

**Prospect Harbor** is an unincorporated community in the town of Gouldsboro, Hancock County, Maine, United States. Its ZIP code is 04669.

## InfoBox

| Prospect Harbor, Maine | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Prospect HarborProspect Harbor | |
| Coordinates: 44°24′32″N 68°01′34″W / 44.40889°N 68.02611°W / 44.40889; -68.02611 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maine |
| County | Hancock |
| Town | Gouldsboro |
| Elevation | 20 ft (6 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 207 |
| GNIS feature ID | 573836 |


title: 48 AD Regiment (India)

abstract: 48 Air Defence Regiment is an Air Defence regiment of the Indian Army.

text:
# 48 AD Regiment (India)

**48 Air Defence Regiment** is an Air Defence regiment of the Indian Army.

## Formation

The regiment was raised on 1 May 1962 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel RTK Foregard as **48 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment** at Deolali.

## Equipment

At the time of its formation, the Regiment was equipped with Bofors 40 mm L-60 anti-aircraft guns. Conversion to 40 mm L/70 guns was started on 20 May 1972 and completed on 27 July 1973. The Upgraded Super Fledermaus (USFM) radar replaced the Super Fledermaus (SFM) radars in September 2000.

## Operations

The regiment has taken part in the following operations-

* Indo-Pakistani War of 1965: The regiment took part in Operation Ablaze and Operation Savage in the Eastern Sector. It protected airfields and critical areas, including deployment over rafts over the Brahmaputra River.
* Indo-Pakistani War of 1971: The regiment served in both the Western and Eastern Sectors, covering a long period from 20 August 1971 to 12 March 1972. It protected many vital areas during this operation.
* Operation Trident: The regiment took part in this massive exercise in 1987.
* Operation Rakshak I: The regiment was involved in counter-insurgency roles in 1991.
* Operation Rakshak II: The regiment took part in counter-insurgency operations in the Kashmir Valley between 1995 and 1997.
* Operation Vijay: The regiment was actively involved between 26 May 1999 and 12 November 1999 in the Western desert.
* Operation Sahayata : The unit was deployed from 27 October 2001 to 5 November 2001 to aid the civilian authorities in the riot hit town of Malegaon
* Operation Parakram: The regiment was fully geared up during this operation between December 2001 and November 2002.
* Officers and men from the regiment have been deputed for anti-terrorist operations as part of Rashtriya Rifles.

## Honours and awards

## InfoBox

| 48 Air Defence Regiment | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1962 – present |
| Country | India |
| Allegiance | India |
| Branch | Indian Army |
| Type | Corps of Army Air Defence |
| Size | Regiment |
| Nickname(s) | “Sky Shooters” |
| Motto(s) | Sanskrit: आकाशे शत्रुन् जहि <br>English: Defeat the Enemy in the Sky |
| Colors | Sky Blue and Red |
| Equipment | 40 mm L/70 |
| Insignia | |
| Abbreviation | 48 AD Regt |


title: Percy Ford (racing driver)

abstract: Percy James Ford was an American racing driver.

text:
# Percy Ford (racing driver)

**Percy James Ford** (March 15, 1888 – March 8, 1962) was an American racing driver.

## Motorsports career results

### Indianapolis 500 results

## InfoBox

| Percy Ford | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Percy James Ford
(1888-03-15)March 15, 1888
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | March 8, 1962(1962-03-08) (aged 73)
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. |
|  | |
| Champ Car career | |
| 3 races run over 4 years | |
| Best finish | 13th (1921) |
| First race | 1917 20-mile Sprint (Speedway Park) |
| Last race | 1921 Indianapolis 500 (Indianapolis) |
| Wins Podiums Poles  0 1 0 | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Qiao'ergou Catholic Church

abstract: Qiao'ergou Catholic Church is a former Catholic church in Qiaogou Subdistrict, Baota District, Yan'an, Shaanxi. After the arrival of the Chinese Communist forces in Yan'an in 1936, it was used by the Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party and the Lu Xun Art Institute. It was listed as a major cultural heritage site under national-level protection of China in 1961.

text:
# Qiao'ergou Catholic Church

**Qiao'ergou Catholic Church** is a former Catholic church in Qiaogou Subdistrict, Baota District, Yan'an, Shaanxi. After the arrival of the Chinese Communist forces in Yan'an in 1936, it was used by the Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party and the Lu Xun Art Institute. It was listed as a major cultural heritage site under national-level protection of China in 1961.

## History

In 1924, the Spanish Catholic missionary Celestino Ibáñez y Aparicio purchased land to build a church. The construction began in 1931 and was completed in 1934. Due to the arrival of the Chinese Red Army in northern Shaanxi in 1935, the Catholic Church retreated from the region and left the church and the associated buildings.

After the Long March, the Chinese Communist Party leadership arrived in Yan'an in January 1936. The Central Party School of the CCP used the church as its auditorium. In 1938, the sixth plenary session of the 6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party happened at the church. From 1939 to 1945, Lu Xun Art Institute used the church building. In 1944, local Catholics celebrated Christmas at the church, and the Communist government sent a delegate to congratulate them.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the church has been listed as a site protected on the provincial level. In 1961, it was listed as one of the major cultural heritage sites under national-level protection.

## Architecture

The Romanesque Revival church is in basilica form. It is 36.28 m (119.0 ft) long and 15.858 m (52.03 ft) wide. The front façade is 11.04 m (36.2 ft) tall. The church has two bell towers that are 22.69 m (74.4 ft) tall.

The church faces south, with its altar placed at the north side of the church. The nave of the church is supported by 12 Corinthian pillars. Each pillar is 4.5 m (15 ft) tall. The nave is 7.2 m (24 ft) wide, while each of the aisles is 3.4 m (11 ft) wide. The altar and pillar capitals are decorated with traditional Chinese patterns. The choir loft is above the southern entrance.

### Citations

### Magazine articles

### Journal articles

* Wang, Li (2014). 陕北近代教堂建筑艺术研究 \[Research on the Architectural Art of Modern Churches in Northern Shaanxi\]. *The World Religious Cultures (世界宗教文化)* (6): 104–107.
* Wang, Li; Yang, Haozhong (2013). 延安地区近代教堂建筑研究 \[Research on Modern Church Architecture in Yan'an\]. *Sichuan Building Science (四川建筑科学研究)*. **39** (5): 254–258.
* Wang, Li; Zhang, Weijun (2008). 中西文化交融下的延安桥儿沟天主教教堂 \[Influence of Chinese and Western Culture Interaction on Catholic Churches of Qiao'ergou in Yan'an\]. *Chinese and Overseas Architecture (中外建筑)* (7): 68–70.
* Wu, Nong; Wu, Wei (2020). 陕北革命旧址中的延安桥儿沟天主堂 \[Yan’an Qiaoergou Catholic Church in the old site of northern Shaanxi revolution\]. *Shanxi Architecture (山西建筑)*. **46** (13): 13–14. doi:10.13719/j.cnki.cn14-1279/tu.2020.13.006.

## InfoBox

| Qiao'ergou Catholic Church | |
| --- | --- |
| 桥儿沟天主堂 | |
|  | |
| 36°37′18″N 109°31′13″E / 36.6218°N 109.5204°E / 36.6218; 109.5204 | |
| Location | Qiaogou Subdistrict, Baota District, Yan'an, Shaanxi |
| Country | China |
| Denomination | Catholic (until 1935) |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Romanesque Revival |
| Completed | 1934 |
| Closed | 1935 (abandoned) |
| Administration | |
| Archdiocese | Yan'an (until 1935) |


title: Whitton Baptist Church

abstract: Whitton Baptist Church is a church in Hounslow Road, Whitton in Richmond upon Thames, London. It is a member of the London Baptist Association.

text:
# Whitton Baptist Church

**Whitton Baptist Church** is a church in Hounslow Road, Whitton in Richmond upon Thames, London. It is a member of the London Baptist Association.

## History

The two foundation stones set into the front wall of the church carry the date October 20, 1934. The present church building was opened on 6 April 1935. The new building, financed by the sale of St Margarets Baptist Church, replaced Whitton Gospel Hall which had opened in 1881.

The church's halls were opened in September 1968 on the site of an old tennis court. They replaced two previous halls, one of which was destroyed in a fire in 1966, and the other on a site which is now part of the church's car park.

## Ministers

1936 Rev. Walter G. Davis 1943 Rev. Albert Cassidy 1970 Rev. Derek Buckingham 1976 Rev. Barry Vendy 1984 Rev. Martin Smith 1998 Rev. Andy Gore 2014 Rev. Gordon Hindmarch

## InfoBox

| Whitton Baptist Church | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 51°27′15.4″N 0°21′33.8″W / 51.454278°N 0.359389°W / 51.454278; -0.359389 | |
| Location | Hounslow Road, Whitton TW2 7BZ |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Denomination | Baptist |
| Website | www.whittonbaptist.co.uk |
| History | |
| Founded | 1934 |
| Administration | |
| Division | London Baptist Association. |
| Subdivision | Thames Valley District |
| Clergy | |
| Pastor(s) | Rev. Gordon Hindmarch |


title: Melbourne Magazine

abstract: Melbourne Magazine was an Australian television series that aired on Melbourne station ABV-2. The series debuted 16 January 1957 and ended on 18 December 1957. For most of its run, Melbourne Magazine was a fortnightly series. A weekly series broadcast on Wednesdays, Melbourne Magazine aired live and featured Corinne Kerby as the host for the first few episodes, with the rest of the series hosted by Reg Neal. The series is described as featuring "interviews with prominent personalities".

text:
# Melbourne Magazine

***Melbourne Magazine*** was an Australian television series that aired on Melbourne station ABV-2. The series debuted 16 January 1957 and ended on 18 December 1957. For most of its run, Melbourne Magazine was a fortnightly series.

A weekly series broadcast on Wednesdays, Melbourne Magazine aired live and featured Corinne Kerby as the host for the first few episodes, with the rest of the series hosted by Reg Neal. The series is described as featuring "interviews with prominent personalities".

## InfoBox

| *Melbourne Magazine* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Talk show |
| Presented by | * Corinne Kerby * Reg Neal |
| Country of origin | Australia |
| Original language | English |
| Original release | |
| Network | ABV-2 |
| Release | 16 January (1957-01-16) <br>18 December 1957 (1957-12-18) |


title: Şahlıq

abstract: Şahlıq is a village and municipality in the Ujar Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,038.

text:
# Şahlıq

**Şahlıq** (also, **Shakhlyk**) is a village and municipality in the Ujar Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,038.

## InfoBox

| Şahlıq | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Şahlıq | |
| Coordinates: 40°28′18″N 47°29′24″E / 40.47167°N 47.49000°E / 40.47167; 47.49000 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Ujar |
| Population | |
| Total | 1,038 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Glenevis

abstract: Glenevis is a hamlet in central Alberta, Canada within Lac Ste. Anne County. It is located on Highway 43, approximately 71 kilometres (44 mi) northwest of Edmonton. The community takes its name from Glennevis, in Nova Scotia. The former site of Glennevis School house from 1917 to 1947 which potentially served as a unofficial residential school for Alexis band members for a period of one year. Confirmation has yet to be made.

text:
# Glenevis

**Glenevis** is a hamlet in central Alberta, Canada within Lac Ste. Anne County. It is located on Highway 43, approximately 71 kilometres (44 mi) northwest of Edmonton.

The community takes its name from Glennevis, in Nova Scotia.

The former site of Glennevis School house from 1917 to 1947 which potentially served as a unofficial residential school for Alexis band members for a period of one year. Confirmation has yet to be made.

## Climate

| Climate data for Glenevis | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 13
(55) | 13.3
(55.9) | 15.5
(59.9) | 29.4
(84.9) | 31
(88) | 31.1
(88.0) | 31.5
(88.7) | 32
(90) | 33
(91) | 30
(86) | 20.5
(68.9) | 12.2
(54.0) | 33
(91) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −7.1
(19.2) | −3.8
(25.2) | 1.7
(35.1) | 10.7
(51.3) | 17.2
(63.0) | 20.4
(68.7) | 22.1
(71.8) | 21.1
(70.0) | 15.5
(59.9) | 10.9
(51.6) | 0
(32) | −6.9
(19.6) | 8.5
(47.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −12.1
(10.2) | −9.2
(15.4) | −3.8
(25.2) | 4.3
(39.7) | 10.4
(50.7) | 13.8
(56.8) | 15.7
(60.3) | 14.7
(58.5) | 9.5
(49.1) | 5.1
(41.2) | −4.5
(23.9) | −11.6
(11.1) | 2.7
(36.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −17
(1) | −14.5
(5.9) | −9.2
(15.4) | −2.2
(28.0) | 3.5
(38.3) | 7.1
(44.8) | 9.3
(48.7) | 8.2
(46.8) | 3.5
(38.3) | −0.7
(30.7) | −8.9
(16.0) | −16.2
(2.8) | −3.1
(26.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −42.2
(−44.0) | −36.5
(−33.7) | −32.8
(−27.0) | −27.5
(−17.5) | −7
(19) | −1.1
(30.0) | 0.5
(32.9) | −0.6
(30.9) | −7.8
(18.0) | −27
(−17) | −32.8
(−27.0) | −41.1
(−42.0) | −42.2
(−44.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 32
(1.3) | 23.2
(0.91) | 27.4
(1.08) | 26.6
(1.05) | 55.3
(2.18) | 104
(4.1) | 108.4
(4.27) | 70.8
(2.79) | 54.5
(2.15) | 25
(1.0) | 21.4
(0.84) | 36.8
(1.45) | 585.6
(23.06) |
| Source: Environment Canada | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

The population of Glenevis according to the 2008 municipal census conducted by Lac Ste. Anne County is 49.

## InfoBox

| Glenevis | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| GlenevisLocation of GlenevisGlenevisGlenevis (Canada) | |
| Coordinates: 53°47′23″N 114°31′01″W / 53.78972°N 114.51694°W / 53.78972; -114.51694 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| Region | Central Alberta |
| Census division | 13 |
| Municipal district | Lac Ste. Anne County |
| Government | |
| Type | Unincorporated |
| Governing body | Lac Ste. Anne County Council |
| Population (2008) | |
| Total | 49 |
| Time zone | UTC−07:00 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−06:00 (MDT) |
| Area code(s) | 780, 587, 825 |


title: Old Prince Edward County Clerk's Office

abstract: The Old Prince Edward County Clerk's Office is a historic clerk's office located at Worsham, Prince Edward County, Virginia. It was built in 1855, and is a one-story, brick building in the Roman Revival style. It features a one-story front portico with original Tuscan order columns and pilasters. It served as the clerk's office until the county seat moved to Farmville in 1872. It stands across the road from the Debtors' Prison. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

text:
# Old Prince Edward County Clerk's Office

The **Old Prince Edward County Clerk's Office** is a historic clerk's office located at Worsham, Prince Edward County, Virginia. It was built in 1855, and is a one-story, brick building in the Roman Revival style. It features a one-story front portico with original Tuscan order columns and pilasters. It served as the clerk's office until the county seat moved to Farmville in 1872. It stands across the road from the Debtors' Prison.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Old Prince Edward County Clerk's Office | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| The Old Prince Edward County Clerk's Office in 2016 | |
|  | |
| Location | U.S. 15, Worsham, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°13′43″N 78°26′33″W / 37.22861°N 78.44250°W / 37.22861; -78.44250 |
| Area | 1.3 acres (0.53 ha) |
| Built | 1855 (1855) |
| Architect | Guthrey & Thackston |
| Architectural style | Romanesque |
| NRHP reference No. | 79003072 |
| VLR No. | 073-0003 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | September 10, 1979 |
| Designated VLR | June 19, 1979 |


title: Pseudagrion torridum

abstract: Pseudagrion torridum is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is found in Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are freshwater lakes and freshwater marshes.

text:
# Pseudagrion torridum

***Pseudagrion torridum*** is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is found in Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are freshwater lakes and freshwater marshes.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudagrion torridum* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Suborder: | Zygoptera |
| Family: | Coenagrionidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudagrion* |
| Species: | ***P. torridum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudagrion torridum***
Selys, 1876 | |
|


title: Ispell

abstract: Ispell is a spelling checker for Unix that supports most Western languages. It offers several interfaces, including a programmatic interface for use by editors such as Emacs. Unlike GNU Aspell, ispell will only suggest corrections that are based on a Damerau–Levenshtein distance of 1; it will not attempt to guess more distant corrections based on English pronunciation rules. Ispell has a very long history that can be traced back to a program that was originally written in 1971 in PDP-10 Assembly language by R. E. Gorin, and later ported to the C programming language and expanded by many others. It is currently maintained by Geoff Kuenning. The generalized affix description system introduced by ispell has since been imitated by other spelling checkers such as MySpell. Like most computerized spelling checkers, ispell works by reading an input file word by word, stopping when a word is not found in its dictionary. Ispell then attempts to generate a list of possible corrections and presents the incorrect word and any suggestions to the user, who can then choose a correction, replace the word with a new one, leave it unchanged, or add it to the dictionary. Ispell pioneered the idea of a programming interface, which was originally intended for use by Emacs. Other applications have since used the feature to add spell-checking to their own interface, and GNU Aspell has adopted the same interface so that it can be used with the same set of applications. There are ispell dictionaries for most widely spoken Western languages. Ispell is available under a specific open-source license.

text:
# Ispell

**Ispell** is a spelling checker for Unix that supports most Western languages. It offers several interfaces, including a programmatic interface for use by editors such as Emacs. Unlike GNU Aspell, ispell will only suggest corrections that are based on a Damerau–Levenshtein distance of 1; it will not attempt to guess more distant corrections based on English pronunciation rules.

Ispell has a very long history that can be traced back to a program that was originally written in 1971 in PDP-10 Assembly language by R. E. Gorin, and later ported to the C programming language and expanded by many others. It is currently maintained by Geoff Kuenning. The generalized affix description system introduced by ispell has since been imitated by other spelling checkers such as MySpell.

Like most computerized spelling checkers, ispell works by reading an input file word by word, stopping when a word is not found in its dictionary. Ispell then attempts to generate a list of possible corrections and presents the incorrect word and any suggestions to the user, who can then choose a correction, replace the word with a new one, leave it unchanged, or add it to the dictionary.

Ispell pioneered the idea of a programming interface, which was originally intended for use by Emacs. Other applications have since used the feature to add spell-checking to their own interface, and GNU Aspell has adopted the same interface so that it can be used with the same set of applications.

There are ispell dictionaries for most widely spoken Western languages.

Ispell is available under a specific open-source license.

## InfoBox

| Developer(s) | Geoff Kuenning |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Stable release | 3.4.00 / 9 February 2015 (2015-02-09) |
|  | |
| Written in | C |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Type | Spell checker |
| License | Open source |
| Website | www.cs.hmc.edu/~geoff/ispell.html |


title: Pennsylvania Railroad 1361

abstract: Pennsylvania Railroad 1361 is a 4-6-2 K4 "Pacific" type steam locomotive built in May 1918 by the Pennsylvania Railroad's (PRR) Juniata Shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania. It hauled mainline passenger trains in Pennsylvania and commuter trains in Central New Jersey on the PRR until its retirement from revenue service in 1956. Restored to operating condition for excursion service in 1987, No. 1361 and its only surviving sister locomotive, No. 3750, were designated as the official state steam locomotives by the Pennsylvania General Assembly. In late 1988, it was sidelined due to mechanical problems and was currently owned by the Railroaders Memorial Museum (RMM) in Altoona, Pennsylvania, who were currently getting No. 1361 back to operation.

text:
# Pennsylvania Railroad 1361

**Pennsylvania Railroad 1361** is a 4-6-2 K4 "Pacific" type steam locomotive built in May 1918 by the Pennsylvania Railroad's (PRR) Juniata Shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania. It hauled mainline passenger trains in Pennsylvania and commuter trains in Central New Jersey on the PRR until its retirement from revenue service in 1956. Restored to operating condition for excursion service in 1987, No. 1361 and its only surviving sister locomotive, No. 3750, were designated as the official state steam locomotives by the Pennsylvania General Assembly. In late 1988, it was sidelined due to mechanical problems and was currently owned by the Railroaders Memorial Museum (RMM) in Altoona, Pennsylvania, who were currently getting No. 1361 back to operation.

## History

### Design changes, revenue service, and retirement as a display

No. 1361 was one of 425 K4 class steam locomotives built between 1914 and 1928 for the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) as their standard passenger locomotive. Built in May 1918 at PRR's Juniata Shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania, No. 1361 was assigned to haul PRR's mainline passenger trains, including the Broadway Limited, between New York City and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, via the PRR Main Line. When first built, No. 1361 was originally equipped with a square oil headlight, a round number plate, a long wooden pilot, and a 70-P-75 type tender, which held 7,000 US gallons (26,000 L) of water and 12.5 tonnes (28,000 lb) of coal. During the 1920s, No. 1361 was re-equipped with an electric headlight, a steel bar pilot, and a keystone style number plate. Additionally, the PRR's express passenger trains grew longer and heavier, which led to No. 1361 and the other K4s required to double head and even triple head each other.

When the PRR's Eastern Region line between New York and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania was electrified in the 1930s, No. 1361 was relocated to the Central Division, running between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh. Additionally, the No. 1361 locomotive was re-equipped with a 110-P-75 type tender, which held 11,980 US gallons (45,300 L) of water and 18.5 tonnes (41,000 lb) of coal along with a mechanical stoker made to increase the locomotive's performance. After the end of World War II in 1945, No. 1361 was re-equipped with a cast steel pilot and a vertically retractable coupler along with its headlight and dynamo's positions switched from the front and top of the smokebox. Additionally, a platform stand was added to the bottom front of No. 1361's smokebox for the maintenance crew to attend and inspect its headlight and dynamo.

In the early 1950s, 72 K4 locomotives, including No. 1361, were relocated to Central New Jersey to haul commuter trains between Perth Amboy and Bay Head, New Jersey on the New York and Long Branch line as their main line duties were taken over by the diesel locomotives. During that time, No. 1361 swapped out its original 110-P-75 tender with a 130-P-75 type, which held 13,475 US gallons (51,010 L) of water and 22 tonnes (49,000 lb) of coal.

In May 1956, No. 1361 was retired from the PRR and was cosmetically refurbished to be on display next to the PRR's famous Horseshoe Curve, where it was dedicated on June 8, 1957. It had traveled over 2,469,000 miles (3,973,000 km) during its revenue service. For three decades, No. 1361 sat on display outside exposed to the elements, so the members of the Horseshoe Curve Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society (NRHS) were volunteered to repaint and maintain the locomotive.

### Short excursion service

On September 16, 1985, PRR's successor Conrail and Assemblyman Richard Geist removed No. 1361 from its display site and moved it to the Railroaders Memorial Museum (RMM) in Altoona for its fifth anniversary. There were originally plans to have the No. 1361 locomotive cosmetically restored again, but the RMM have seek interest in restoring it to operating condition for excursion service. On April 15, 1986, the restoration work of No. 1361 began at Conrail's ex-PRR Altoona Car Shop. No. 1361's former display location at the Horseshoe Curve was taken over by an EMD GP9 diesel locomotive No. 7048, painted in PRR livery.

On April 12, 1987, the No. 1361 locomotive moved under its own power for the first time in 31 years and made its first excursion run from Altoona to Bellefonte, Pennsylvania. It also ran excursion trains on the Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad and Northern Central Railway. On December 18, 1987, the Pennsylvania General Assembly designated Nos. 1361 and 3750 as the official state steam locomotives; the same bill designated the GG1 4859 as the state electric locomotive. In August 1988, No. 1361 pulled an excursion on the Conrail mainline from Altoona to York, Pennsylvania, but during the return run, the locomotive suffered a main bearing and drive axle catastrophic failure near Lewistown. As a result, No. 1361 indefinitely had to be sidelined from excursion service for a complete rebuild.

### Second restoration attempt

In preparation for its second restoration, No. 1361's boiler shell passed an ultrasound test, but the backhead was discovered to have needed additional repairs, so the whole locomotive was disassembled inside Conrail's Altoona Car Shop. The RMM subsequently made plans to spin-off ownership of No. 1361 to a newly-formed group called Keystone Restoration and Preservation, Inc. (KR&P); KR&P would gain the rights to operate No. 1361 and raise funds for it, while the museum would retain the rights to display the locomotive on their property. In 1992, the National Park Service (NPS) awarded the RMM a $900,000 federal grant, which included a $420,000 grant being received from the Southwestern Pennsylvania Heritage Preservation Commission (SPHPC), and the RMM quickly prioritized the grant for No. 1361's rebuild.

In 1996, the No. 1361 locomotive was moved to the Steamtown National Historic Site in Scranton, Pennsylvania, for its rebuild to begin. The RMM had reorganized their plans for the restoration, and they arranged to have No. 1361 restored through a partnership between them, Steamtown, and the University of Scranton. But the restoration work progressed slowly, since to some its original parts needed to be replaced with fabricated duplicates. Scheduled completion dates were repeatedly pushed back, and the restoration work was eventually reestimated to cost $1.7 million to complete. In 2008, the plans to rebuild No. 1361 at the Steamtown facilities were cancelled, since the RMM stopped paying out the funds and made the decision to return the remains of the locomotive and its parts back to their property. In 2010, most of No. 1361's parts, including the cab, driving wheels, frame, and tender, have returned to the RMM, but the boiler and some other parts were stored at the East Broad Top Railroad shops in Orbisonia, Pennsylvania. In 2015, the museum had completed the construction of their new *Harry Bennett Memorial Roundhouse* to store No. 1361's boiler, tender, frame, and other part components.

### Third restoration

In May 2018, restoration hopes were renewed when former Philadelphia commissioner Bennett Levin and former Amtrak CEO Wick Moorman announced the creation of a private restoration fund. No. 1361 needed a newly welded boiler, which would cost at least $1,000,000. Levin and Moorman also announced that once the No. 1361 locomotive was fully restored, it will eventually pull a set of ex-PRR P70 passenger cars and B60 baggage cars for use as a demonstration exhibit train.

In February 2019, the group has planned to design a new boiler in order to meet the current Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and mechanical engineering standards. In October 2019, No. 1361's tender was fully repaired and upgraded with rolling bearing trucks. Additionally, the tender's water scoop was restored for demonstration purposes. On June 24, 2021, the museum announced that they hired the contracting firm FMW Solutions to rebuild No. 1361's boiler with a new firebox. The total cost of the restoration work are estimated to be $2.6 million. In October 2021, the old firebox was completely removed from No. 1361's boiler as part of FMW Solutions' total renovation.

In late June 2022, the construction of No. 1361's new firebox was commenced. At the same time, the Pennsylvania Railroad Technical and Historical Society (PRRTHS) donated $100,512.33 to the RRM for the construction. On October 14, 2022, the RMM went into partnership with the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad (WMSR) in Cumberland, Maryland, to run an evening fundraiser excursion being pulled by WSMR's No. 1309 steam locomotive with more than $13,000 raised to benefit No. 1361's restoration. By December 2022, the new firebox was nearing completion, although with thicker steel and other modifications of the 1914 design in order to comply with current FRA safety requirements.

On February 13, 2023, the RMM acquired an ex-PRR B60b baggage car from the Railway Excursion Management Company for use behind the proposed No. 1361 exhibition train. On May 6, 2023, during No. 1361's 105th anniversary, the RMM ran a fundraiser excursion with the Everett Railroad's No. 11 steam locomotive pulling it, while a press conference meeting about No. 1361's restoration progress was held at the RMM's roundhouse.

In July 2023, the construction work for the new firebox was fully funded. The original PRR firebox design significantly increased the cost and complexity of the work. Assembly of the inner sheets is anticipated to start in August or September. After completion of the firebox, the next phase is development of the work needed to mate the boiler and firebox to the frame and running gear. The new boiler is being fabricated with welded rather than riveted seams. It was announced in November 2023 that the restoration work determine the effects of this weight change on the running gear was ongoing. The remaining work is estimated to cost at least $1.9 million and would take three years for completion. In May 2024, the tender was unveiled in a new coat of paint.

1. Staufer (1962), pp. 159–160.
2. Staufer (1962), p. 163.
3. Withuhn (2019), p. 183.
4. "History & Technology". *The Railroaders Memorial Museum*. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
5. McGonigal, Robert S. (September 2, 2021). "Faces of the Pennsylvania Railroad's K4s steam locomotive". *Classic Trains*. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
6. Drury (2015), p. 269.
7. Schafer & Solomon (2009), p. 113.
8. Schafer & Solomon (2009), p. 107.
9. Keefe, Kevin (June 25, 2021). "Mileposts: Why K4 1361 matters". *Classic Trains*. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
10. Pennypacker & Staufer (1962), p. 152.
11. Staufer (1962), p. 161.
12. Cupper, Dan (June 28, 2022). "PRR group raises $100,000 toward restoration of K4s steam engine No. 1361". *Trains*. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
13. Pennypacker & Staufer (1962), p. 168.
14. Seidel (2008), p. 86.
15. "Horseshoe Curve Chapter, National Railway Historical Society – official website". Horseshoe Curve Chapter, National Railway Historical Society. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
16. Seidel (2008), pp. 91–92.
17. Cupper, Dan (June 25, 2021). "PRR K4s engine No. 1361 to be restored in $2.6 million campaign". *Trains*. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
18. Seidel (2008), p. 93.
19. Ziel (1990), p. 125.
20. "New effort will focus on restoration of famed Pennsylvania Railroad K4s No. 1361". *Trains*. Kalmbach Media. May 10, 2018. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
21. "Act of Dec. 18, 1987, P.L. 421, No. 89 Cl. 71 - OFFICIAL STATE LOCOMOTIVES - DESIGNATION". *www.legis.state.pa.us*. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
22. Cupper, Dan (December 1992). "Whatever happened to the K4?". *Trains*. Vol. 53, no. 12. Kalmbach Publishing. p. 28. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
23. "K4s #1361 MOVES TO SCRANTON FOR REPAIR". *The Railroaders Memorial Museum*. Archived from the original on January 20, 1997. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
24. Conway, Rachael (July 16, 2000). "Train repair picks up steam". *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*. p. B2.
25. Kaufman, Dirk W. (March 18, 2007). "Altoona awaits refurbished steam locomotive". *Pittsburgh Tribune-Review*. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
26. Kibler, William (April 14, 2010). "Official: Working K-4 plans derailed". *Altoona Mirror*. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
27. Kibler, William (May 18, 2008). "K-4 to return - in pieces". *Altoona Mirror*. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 3, 2022.
28. Bell, Kurt (November 1, 2018). "Ask Trains: Pennsy K4s No. 1361 status". *Trains*. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
29. Laepple, Wayne (February 2, 2015). "Altoona museum moves in to new roundhouse". *Trains*. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on December 2, 2018. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
30. "The Harry Bennett Memorial Roundhouse". *The Railroaders Memorial Museum*. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
31. Kibler, William (February 3, 2019). "Getting up to steam - Group planning new boiler for K4". *Altoona Mirror*. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
32. Schmidt, Brian (October 15, 2019). "Train of Thought: Pennsylvania tour: PRR 1361". *Trains*. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
33. "Museum Hires Contractor to Lead Pennsylvania K4 Restoration". *Railfan & Railroad*. White River Productions. June 24, 2021. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
34. "FMW Solutions Enlisted as Strategic Partner for Historic Pennsylvania Railroad Steam Locomotive". *FMW Solutions*. June 25, 2021. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
35. Cupper, Dan (November 23, 2021). "Firebox replacement plans advance for PRR K4s restoration project". *Trains*. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
36. "PRR K-4s #1361". *Philadelphia Chapter Pennsylvania Railroad Technical & Historical Society*. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
37. "Western Maryland Scenic Railroad to host special fundraiser for Pennsylvania locomotive restoration". *Western Maryland Scenic Railroad*. August 16, 2022. Archived from the original on April 29, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
38. Cupper, Dan (October 17, 2022). "Western Maryland Scenic No. 1309 powers benefit train for Altoona museum". *Trains*. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on October 17, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
39. Cupper, Dan (December 14, 2022). "New Belpaire firebox emerges for PRR K4s steam engine No. 1361". *Trains*. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
40. "Altoona museum adds PRR baggage car to K4s restoration project". *Trains*. Kalmbach Media. February 13, 2023. Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
41. "The Juniata Jewel Jubilee: K4 1361's 105th Birthday". *Explore Altoona*. 13 March 2023. Archived from the original on April 29, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
42. "Altoona RR museum planning 'birthday party' for iconic K4 steam engine". *WJAC-TV*. April 27, 2023. Archived from the original on April 29, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
43. "Everett RR Company hosting special excursion event to benefit K4 restoration project". *WJAC-TV*. April 28, 2023. Archived from the original on April 29, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
44. Cupper, Dan (July 7, 2023). "Fully funded, new firebox work advances on PRR K4s No. 1361". *Trains*. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
45. Lynch, Kelly; Defrancesco, Joe; Ward, Davidson; Fengler, Wolf (November 2023). "Pennsylvania Railroad No. 1361 Steam Locomotive". *Restoration Roundtable*. FMW Solutions.
46. Kibler, William (July 31, 2023). "Chugging along: New firebox is latest restoration to K4 train". Altoona, Pennsylvania: Altoona Mirror. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
47. Cupper, Dan (May 13, 2024). "T1 Trust shows frame and drivers; K4s 1361 tender painted". *Trains.com*. Waukesha, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Media. Retrieved May 13, 2024.

## Bibliography

## Further reading

* Cupper, Dan (July 1987). "Altoona's K4 under steam!". *Railfan & Railroad*. Vol. 6, no. 10. Carstens Publications. pp. 42–45.

## InfoBox

| Pennsylvania Railroad 1361 | |
| --- | --- |
| PRR No. 1361 on display at the Horseshoe Curve on February 23, 1969 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Designer J.T. Wallis, Alfred W. Gibbs, and Axel Vogt  Builder PRR's Juniata Shops  Serial number 3475  Build date May 1918 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 4-6-2  Gauge 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm)  Leading dia. 36 in (914 mm)  Driver dia. 80 in (2,032 mm)  Trailing dia. 50 in (1,270 mm)  Wheelbase 13 ft 10 in (4.2 m) between driving axles  Length 83 ft 6 in (25.5 m)  Axle load 66,500 lb (30,200 kg; 30.2 t)  Adhesive weight 199,500 lb (90,500 kg; 90.5 t)  Loco weight 304,500 lb (138,100 kg; 138.1 t)  Tender weight 212,725 lb (96,490 kg; 96.490 t)  Total weight 517,225 lb (234,609 kg; 234.609 t)  Tender type 130-P-75  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity 22 tonnes (49,000 lb)  Water cap. 13,475 US gallons (51,010 L)  Firebox:   Type Belpaire  Grate area 69.89 sq ft (6.49 m2)  Boiler 78+12 in (1,994 mm)  Boiler pressure 205 psi (1,413 kPa)  Heating surface 4,041 square feet (375 m2)  Cylinder size 27 in × 28 in (686 mm × 711 mm)  Valve gear Walschaert  Valve type Piston valves | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort 44,460 lbf (197.77 kN)  Factor of adh. 4.54 | |
| Career  Operators Pennsylvania Railroad  Class K4  Numbers * PRR 1361  Nicknames * "The Juniata Jewel" * "The Spirit of Altoona"  Delivered May 18, 1918  Retired May 1956 (revenue service)
August 1988 (1st excursion service)  Preserved June 8, 1957  Restored April 12, 1987 (1st restoration)  Current owner Railroaders Memorial Museum  Disposition Undergoing restoration to operating condition | |
| References: | |


title: Périgueux Foot

abstract: Périgueux Foot is a football club located in Périgueux, France. The team plays in the Départemental 2, the tenth tier of French football. The club's colours are red and white.

text:
# Périgueux Foot

**Périgueux Foot** is a football club located in Périgueux, France. The team plays in the Départemental 2, the tenth tier of French football. The club's colours are red and white.

## History

In 1978, FC Fossemagne, who were at the time playing in the Division d'Honneur, merged with US Gour de l'Arche to create FC Périgueux. The club entered the newly-created Division 4 in its first season in existence. From 1979 to 1990, the club went up and down between the Division 3 and the Division 4. However, in 1990, the club suffered relegation to the Division d'Honneur, returning to regional level football. The same year, the club was renamed to RC Périgueux. Périgueux has played at a regional level ever since. In 1998, a merger with CO Périgueux-Ouest meant that the club now became Périgueux Foot.

The club's best-ever performance in the Coupe de France was in the 1986–87 edition, when the club reached the round of 16.

### Name changes

* 19??–1978: FC Fossemagne
* 1978–1990: FC Périgueux (FC Fossemagne merged with US Gour de l'Arche)
* 1990–1998: RC Périgueux (club renamed)
* 1998–present: Périgueux Foot (RC Périgueux merged with CO Périgueux-Ouest)

### Managerial history

## Notable former players

## Honours

| Honours | No. | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Division d'Honneur Centre-Ouest | 1 | 1972–73 |

1. "Périgueux Foot". *Stat Football Club France* (in French). Retrieved 8 June 2021.
2. "Football - Périgueux". *LesSports.info* (in French). Retrieved 27 August 2021.

## InfoBox

Périgueux
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Périgueux Foot |
| Founded | 1978 (as FC Périgueux)
1998 (as Périgueux Foot) |
| Ground | Plaine des Jeux de Saltgourde |
| President | Jérôme Rebière |
| Manager | Alexis Jouandeau |
| League | Départemental 2 Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Dordogne-Périgord
Group B |
| Website | Club website |


title: Whitton Island

abstract: Whitton Island is an island situated at the western end of the Humber Estuary in northern England. The almond-shaped island straddles the county boundary between the counties of East Riding of Yorkshire to the north and North Lincolnshire which otherwise runs over tidal water roughly along the centre line of the estuary. Parts of the island fall within the boundaries of four civil parishes. Despite being named after the Lincolnshire parish of Whitton, the largest part of the island is in the Yorkshire parish of Blacktoft and much of the remainder is in the neighbouring parish of Broomfleet. Much smaller parts of the southeast coast of the island fall within the Lincolnshire parishes of Alkborough and Whitton. Whitton Island is an ait, formed by the deposit of sands and gravels washed down by the river, which accumulate over a period of time, and become consolidated by the vegetation that colonises them. Only in recent years has the island emerged sufficiently from the mud and sand bank known as Whitton Sand to be mapped by the Ordnance Survey as a new feature. Whitton Sands forms a part of the Humber Wildfowl Refuge. Whitton Island is owned by Associated British Ports who were in discussion with the RSPB during 2014 over its future management. In March 2017 the RSPB signed a 50-year lease on the then 120 hectare island to manage it as a Nature Reserve. To improve the island as a habitat for wetland birds, the RSPB dug a lagoon and several ponds. This has resulted in the arrival of increased numbers of birds some of which had not previously ventured so high up the estuary. The island now provides a safe nesting habitat for the avocet, and also good feeding and roosting areas for pink-footed geese, teal, wigeon, dunlin, spoonbills, curlew, turnstone and ringed plover.

text:
# Whitton Island

| Whitton Island | |
| --- | --- |
| Whitton IslandLocation within the East Riding of Yorkshire | |
| OS grid reference | SE878250 |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|  | |
| Police | Humberside |
| Fire | Humberside |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
|

**Whitton Island** is an island situated at the western end of the Humber Estuary in northern England.

The almond-shaped island straddles the county boundary between the counties of East Riding of Yorkshire to the north and North Lincolnshire which otherwise runs over tidal water roughly along the centre line of the estuary. Parts of the island fall within the boundaries of four civil parishes. Despite being named after the Lincolnshire parish of Whitton, the largest part of the island is in the Yorkshire parish of Blacktoft and much of the remainder is in the neighbouring parish of Broomfleet. Much smaller parts of the southeast coast of the island fall within the Lincolnshire parishes of Alkborough and Whitton.

Whitton Island is an ait (or eyot), formed by the deposit of sands and gravels washed down by the river, which accumulate over a period of time, and become consolidated by the vegetation that colonises them. Only in recent years has the island emerged sufficiently from the mud and sand bank known as Whitton Sand to be mapped by the Ordnance Survey as a new feature. Whitton Sands forms a part of the Humber Wildfowl Refuge.

Whitton Island is owned by Associated British Ports who were in discussion with the RSPB during 2014 over its future management. In March 2017 the RSPB signed a 50-year lease on the then 120 hectare island to manage it as a Nature Reserve. To improve the island as a habitat for wetland birds, the RSPB dug a lagoon and several ponds. This has resulted in the arrival of increased numbers of birds some of which had not previously ventured so high up the estuary. The island now provides a safe nesting habitat for the avocet, and also good feeding and roosting areas for pink-footed geese, teal, wigeon, dunlin, spoonbills, curlew, turnstone and ringed plover.

## InfoBox

Whitton Island
| Aerial view of Whitton Island | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Area | 1.2 km2 (0.46 sq mi) |
| Administration | |
| **England** | |
| County | East Riding of Yorkshire
Lincolnshire |
| Civil Parishes | Broomfleet, Blacktoft, Alkborough, Whitton |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 0 (2014) |