title: William Bateman, 1st Viscount Bateman

abstract: William Bateman, 1st Viscount Bateman KB, FRS was an English Whig politician and peer who sat in the British House of Commons from 1721 to 1734, representing the constituency of Leominster. Bateman was the son of Sir James Bateman, of Shobdon Court, Shobdon, Lord Mayor of London and Governor of the Bank of England, by his wife Esther Searle, daughter of John Searle, of Finchley, Middlesex. Bateman was returned as Member of Parliament for Leominster at a by-election in 1721 but did not stand at the 1722 general election. In 1725 he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron of Culmore, in the County of Londonderry, and Viscount Bateman. At the 1727 general election he was again elected to represent Leominster. In 1734 he was a candidate at Radnor, but was defeated and never stood for Parliament again. He was made a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1732 and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1733. Lord Bateman married Lady Anne Spencer, daughter of Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland and Lady Anne Churchill, daughter of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, in 1720. He died in Paris in December 1744 and was succeeded in the viscountcy by his son, John. Lady Bateman died in February 1769.

text:
# William Bateman, 1st Viscount Bateman

**William Bateman, 1st Viscount Bateman** KB, FRS (1695 – December 1744) was an English Whig politician and peer who sat in the British House of Commons from 1721 to 1734, representing the constituency of Leominster.

Bateman was the son of Sir James Bateman, of Shobdon Court, Shobdon, Lord Mayor of London and Governor of the Bank of England, by his wife Esther Searle, daughter of John Searle, of Finchley, Middlesex.

Bateman was returned as Member of Parliament for Leominster at a by-election in 1721 but did not stand at the 1722 general election. In 1725 he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as **Baron of Culmore**, in the County of Londonderry, and **Viscount Bateman**. At the 1727 general election he was again elected to represent Leominster. In 1734 he was a candidate at Radnor, but was defeated and never stood for Parliament again. He was made a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1732 and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1733.

Lord Bateman married Lady Anne Spencer, daughter of Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland and Lady Anne Churchill, daughter of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, in 1720. He died in Paris in December 1744 and was succeeded in the viscountcy by his son, John. Lady Bateman died in February 1769.


title: William Bedwell

abstract: William Bedwell was an English priest and scholar, specializing in Arabic and other "oriental" languages as well as in mathematics. Bedwell was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He served the Church of England as Rector of St Ethelburga's Bishopsgate and Vicar of All Hallows, Tottenham from 1607. He was the author of the first local history of the area, A Briefe Description of the Towne of Tottenham. He published in quarto an edition of the Epistles of John in Arabic, with a Latin version, printed by the Raphelengius family at Antwerp in 1612. He also left many Arabic manuscripts to the University of Cambridge and a typeface for printing them. According to McClure, it was Bedwell, and not Thomas Van Erpen, who was the first to revive the study of Arabic literature in Europe. His uncompleted preparations for an Arabic lexicon were eclipsed by the publication of a similar work by Jacobus Golius in 1653. He asserted that knowledge of Arabic was necessary to a deeper understanding of ancient Hebrew. Bedwell's manuscripts were loaned, following his death, to the University of Cambridge, where they were consulted by Edmund Castell during the creation of the monumental Lexicon Heptaglotton (1669). Another manuscript, for a dictionary of Persian, was in the possession of William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, and now resides at the Bodleian Library. Besides his Arabic Epistles of John, his best known published work was A Discovery of the Impostures of Mahomet and of the Koran, (1615). He was among the 'First Westminster Company' charged by James I of England with the translation of the first twelve books of the King James Version of the Bible. Bedwell also invented a ruler for geometrical purposes, similar to the Gunter's scale. He died at his vicarage at the age of 72.

text:
# William Bedwell

**William Bedwell** (c. 1561 – 5 May 1632 near London) was an English priest and scholar, specializing in Arabic and other "oriental" languages as well as in mathematics.

Bedwell was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He served the Church of England as Rector of St Ethelburga's Bishopsgate and Vicar of All Hallows, Tottenham (known at the time as 'Tottenham High Cross') from 1607. He was the author of the first local history of the area, *A Briefe Description of the Towne of Tottenham*.

He published in quarto an edition of the Epistles of John in Arabic, with a Latin version, printed by the Raphelengius family at Antwerp in 1612. He also left many Arabic manuscripts to the University of Cambridge and a typeface for printing them. According to McClure, it was Bedwell, and not Thomas Van Erpen, who was the first to revive the study of Arabic literature in Europe. His uncompleted preparations for an Arabic lexicon were eclipsed by the publication of a similar work by Jacobus Golius in 1653. He asserted that knowledge of Arabic was necessary to a deeper understanding of ancient Hebrew. Bedwell's manuscripts were loaned, following his death, to the University of Cambridge, where they were consulted by Edmund Castell during the creation of the monumental *Lexicon Heptaglotton* (1669). Another manuscript, for a dictionary of Persian, was in the possession of William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, and now resides at the Bodleian Library. Besides his Arabic Epistles of John, his best known published work was *A Discovery of the Impostures of Mahomet and of the Koran*, (1615). He was among the 'First Westminster Company' charged by James I of England with the translation of the first twelve books of the King James Version of the Bible.

Bedwell also invented a ruler for geometrical purposes, similar to the Gunter's scale. He died at his vicarage at the age of 72.

* Hamilton, Alastair. (1985) *William Bedwell the Arabist 1563–1632*. Leiden: E.J. Brill ISBN 90-04-07241-1
* McClure, Alexander. (1858) *The Translators Revived: A Biographical Memoir of the Authors of the English Version of the Holy Bible*. Mobile, Alabama: R. E. Publications (republished by the Maranatha Bible Society, 1984 ASIN B0006YJPI8 )
* Nicolson, Adam. (2003) *God's Secretaries: The Making of the King James Bible.* New York: HarperCollins ISBN 0-06-095975-4


title: William Bedloe

abstract: William Bedloe was an English fraudster and Popish Plot informer.

text:
# William Bedloe

**William Bedloe** (20 April 1650  20 August 1680) was an English fraudster and Popish Plot informer.

## Life

He was born at Chepstow in Monmouthshire; he was probably the son of Isaac Bedloe, himself the son of an Irish Army officer, and a cousin of William Kemys (or Kemish), who became High Sheriff of Monmouthshire in 1678. Bedloe appears to have been well educated; he was certainly clever, and after moving to London in 1670 he became acquainted with some Jesuits and was occasionally employed by them. Calling himself at one time Captain Williams, at others Lord Gerard or Lord Newport or Lord Cornwallis, he travelled from one part of Europe to another, usually accompanied by his brother James. In the 1670s he was imprisoned for fraud and became an expert in a number of criminal enterprises. The historian John Kenyon described him as "an experienced member of a London underworld of crime and vice of which we know almost nothing".

Then in 1678, following the lead of Titus Oates, he gave an account of a supposed Popish Plot to the English government, and his version of the details of the murder of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey was rewarded with £500. Kenyon concluded that while Bedloe probably had no direct knowledge about Godfrey's murder, he had learned enough about it from his extensive contacts in the criminal underworld to tell a convincing story. His record as a confidence trickster was so notorious that he chose to dwell on it, explaining that it was his career as a criminal which enabled him to give first-hand evidence about the plotters. While some government officials, like Henry Coventry, were wary of relying on the testimony of such a notorious criminal, the general view was that he was too valuable as a corroborative witness to Oates to be disregarded. However, his testimony was usually of little value, apart from during the trial of Berry, Green and Hill for Godfrey's murder, of which he may have had some personal knowledge: as a witness, he was rambling and incoherent, and had a habit of dragging in irrelevant grievances and private feuds. At most of the Popish Plot trials, like that of Edward Colman, his evidence was so weak that the Court disregarded it.

Emboldened by his success he denounced various Roman Catholics, married an Irish woman named Anna Purefoy, and having become very popular lived in luxurious fashion. Afterwards his fortunes waned, and he died at Bristol on 20 August 1680. His dying depositions, which were taken by Sir Francis North, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, revealed nothing of importance. Bedloe wrote a *Narrative and impartial discovery of the horrid Popish Plot* (1679), but all his statements are considered untrustworthy.

Lady Worcester, whose husband was an indirect target of Bedloe's accusations called him "a man whose whole life has been pageantry and villainy and whose word would not have been taken at sixpence". John Jeffreys, MP for Brecon and later Master of the Royal Hospital Kilmainham, who knew Bedloe personally, also denounced him as a villain. At Oates's trial for perjury, some years after Bedloe's death, Lord Chief Justice Jeffreys, who had condemned innocent men on Bedloe's evidence, called him the "infamous Bedloe".

## Sources


title: Mohammad Tafazzul Islam

abstract: Mohammad Tafazzul Islam is a Bangladeshi who served as the 17th Chief Justice of Bangladesh.

text:
# Mohammad Tafazzul Islam

**Mohammad Tafazzul Islam** (born 8 February 1943) is a Bangladeshi who served as the 17th Chief Justice of Bangladesh.

## Early life and education

Islam was born to Majeda Khatun and Momtazuddin Ahmed, a retired Superintendent of Police. His wife, Humaira Islam, is the founder executive director of Shakti Foundation, an NGO dedicated to empowering disadvantaged women. Islam graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in history from the University of Dhaka, continuing to complete his master's in the same subject and then his LLB. Later he completed his Bar vocational course in 1967. Islam stood first in Bangla recitation in the literary competition of Salimullah Muslim Hall in years 1959 and 1960. While doing the BVC in London, he was a news broadcaster in BBC.

## Career

Islam was called to the Bar of England and Wales from the Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn in 1967. He enrolled as an advocate of the High Court of East Pakistan in 1969. Later, in 1980, he became an advocate in the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh.

He was elevated to the bench in 1994, as a judge of the High Court Division, and then to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh in 2003. In 2009, he was appointed as the Chief Justice of Bangladesh.

During the period he was an advocate, Islam had been actively associated with the teaching profession. He was an adjunct faculty in the City Law College, teaching The Transfer of Property Act, 1882 and Equity and Trust. He also taught Corporate law at the Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka, and was an Examiner in Law in Dhaka University. As a member of the Corporate Law Commission of Bangladesh, he actively participated in the drafting of Bank Company Act, 1991 and The Companies Act (Bangladesh), 1994.

While a judge of the High Court Division, he also held the offices of Chairman of the Enrollment Committee of the Bangladesh Bar Council, from 2004 to 2008, and of the chairman of the Bangladesh Judicial Service Commission during 2008–9.

## Judgments

Islam was the principal author of several landmark judgments, laying the foundations for the development of laws and setting significant precedents. These include the judgments on repeal of the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Bangladesh, upholding the judgment of the High Court Division sentencing the killers of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , enlarging the powers of the High Court Division under The Companies Act (Bangladesh), 1994 in protecting the interests of minority shareholders, and reversing the decision of the High Court Division to allow the construction of markets in violation of the provisions of environmental laws.

## InfoBox

| Tafazzul Islam | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 17th Chief Justice of Bangladesh | |
| **In office**
23 December 2009  7 February 2010 | |
| Appointed by | Zillur Rahman |
| Preceded by | M. M. Ruhul Amin |
| Succeeded by | Mohammad Fazlul Karim |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1943-02-08) 8 February 1943
Nilphamari, Bengal, British India |
| Nationality | Bangladeshi |
| Relations |  |
| Alma mater | University of Dhaka |
|  | |


title: Mokoia

abstract: Mokoia is a small settlement in south Taranaki, in the western North Island of New Zealand. It is located on State Highway 3, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the east of Hāwera and about 17 km northwest of Patea.

text:
# Mokoia

**Mokoia** is a small settlement in south Taranaki, in the western North Island of New Zealand. It is located on State Highway 3, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the east of Hāwera and about 17 km northwest of Patea.

## History and culture

Mokoia is close to the site of Taiporohenui, a wharenui constructed in the 1850s between the Tangahoe and Manawapou rivers. The structure was 27.6 metres long and 9.2 metres wide, which at the time was one of the largest wharenui ever built in New Zealand.

The settlement of Mokoia was founded in 1867. Early settlers farmed sheep, cattle and horses. A flour mill was run by local Māori. A creamery was built in 1904 and expanded into a dairy factory in 1908. It expanded to include cheese-making in 1913, and again to produce casein in 1923, and closed in 1970.

A meteorite exploded above Mokoia on 26 November 1908, showering the area with fragments. It made international headlines. Two large fragments were recovered from the farm of Cecil Hawken by the Curator of the Wanganui Public Museum, George Marriner, and pieces taken from these are now held in collections all over the world.

Mokoia was one of the areas where soldiers were given rehab farms after World War II.

The *Rimu A1* well struck oil on the coast near Mokoia in December 1999, and eight more wells for oil and natural gas were subsequently developed by Swift Petroleum. The Rimu Production Station opened in 2002.

### Marae

The Mokoia Marae and meeting house is a meeting place for the Ngāti Ruanui hapū of Ngā Ariki.

## Education

Mokoia School is a coeducational contributing primary (years 1–6) school with a decile rating of 7 and a roll of 22. The first school in the area was built in 1904, but was replaced by the current school in the early 1940s.

## InfoBox

| Mokoia | |
| --- | --- |
| Mokoia | |
| Coordinates: 39°37′34″S 174°22′7″E / 39.62611°S 174.36861°E / -39.62611; 174.36861 | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Taranaki |
| District | South Taranaki District |


title: Mokokchung Village

abstract: Mokokchung Village, a village in Mokokchung district is an ancient village in the former Naga Hills, Nagaland, India. According to the folklores, the Ao Nagas emerged from ‘six stones’. These stones symbolise their forefathers and that location is named as ‘Longterok’ which means six stones. These stones are still intact at Chungliyimti in Tuensang district. From this village, the Ao tribe moved towards northern region crossing a river named Tzüla and settled at Soyim, also known as Ungma today. This was the first Ao Village ever known. After a few centuries, a group of people moved further to the north-east of Soyim and settled at a place named as Mokokchung, or today’s Mokokchung village. Many other Ao Naga villages came into being when people migrated out from this village including Ungma in the later part.

text:
# Mokokchung Village

**Mokokchung Village**, a village in Mokokchung district is an ancient village in the former Naga Hills, Nagaland, India. According to the folklores, the Ao Nagas emerged from ‘six stones’. These stones symbolise their forefathers and that location is named as ‘Longterok’ which means six stones. These stones are still intact at Chungliyimti in Tuensang district. From this village, the Ao tribe moved towards northern region crossing a river named Tzüla and settled at Soyim, also known as Ungma today. This was the first Ao Village ever known. After a few centuries, a group of people moved further to the north-east of Soyim and settled at a place named as Mokokchung, or today’s Mokokchung village. Many other Ao Naga villages came into being when people migrated out from this village including Ungma in the later part.

## Derivation of the Name

Mokokchung is the construction of *Mokok* and *Chung*, where Mokok means unwillingly and Chung means a group of people. Thus, the name *Mokokchung* would refer to a group of people who unwillingly departed from their settlement.

The founders of Mokokchung village were from Soyim. The Soyim people were requesting these founders not to go away from Soyim and had insisted them to stay together, but they did not listen and went away.

## Demography

Racially the Ao Nagas are Mongolians, therefore all Mokokchung villagers are Mongolians and is believed to have migrated from the far east 'through' Chungliyimti. There are five clans within the village --- *Pongener*, *Longkumer*, *Jamir*, *Atsongchanger* and *Kechutzar*. Marriage within the same clan are prohibited and monogamy is practised. Each clan is treated equally.

The village is divided into two *khels* (or sectors) – the upper khel and the lower khel. Although this division is normally based on the Ao dialect("Mongsen" and "Jungli") spoken by the people in other Ao villages, the case is different in Mokokchung Village. Both the khels speak only "Mongsen" dialect.

The average lifespan of Mokokchung villagers is 85–90 years. As of today (April'2014), the oldest person in the village is a 108-year-old lady named Mrs. Kashila and she still moves without anybody’s support.

Total population as per the (ongoing) census of 2010 is 9450 and there are 1194 buildings with 1470 households in the village.

## Location

Mokokchung village is adjacent to Mokokchung town, at an altitude of about 1350 metres above sea level – at the highest point, *Mongsen Salang* – which bears the longitude 94º31.9072 E and latitude 26º19.5864 N.

The temperature does not rise beyond 32 °C, and average summer temperature is 27 °C. In summer about 2500mm of rainfall is there from June to August.

## Village Administration system

Mokokchung Village is a recognized village under Nagaland State (India). Village administration is under the customary laws, which is approved by Government under the Nagaland Village and Area Councils Act, 1978. This village council is called the ‘*Putu Menden*’ and its council members are not contested but nominated from each clan for a period of thirty years. The chief of the council is not hereditary but elected by its members.

## Religion & Modernization

The Aos are religious and believe in life here-after. They had principles of worship pattern but not in systematic order, nor in written script. These rites were conducted by two priestly clans, Pongener for the Chungli khel and Atsongchanger for the Mongsen khel. In 1872, these highlanders and former head-hunters were influenced by the Christian missionaries under the American Foreign Baptist Mission. Reverend Edward Winter Clark of Boston, USA was the first white man to arrive into Naga soil, and Christianity was received. The first Christian convert from Mokokchung Village was in 1910, and a Church was established. Modern school came along with the Church in 1926 after the British colonizers had chosen this town as their administrative unit in 1890.

## Culture and lifestyle

The main annual festivals that were popular in the past are the *Moatsü* and the *Tsungremong*. The Moatsü festival is celebrated on 2 May in honour of *Lijaba*, – the creator of the whole earth – to appeal for his blessings in the cultivation that immediately follows after the sowing season. The Tsungremong festival – a celebration for harvesting – is held during the 1st week of August. In the modern times Christmas has become the most important festival along with all the Ao regions.

## Bibliography

* Clark, Mrs.Mary Mead (1907) *A Corner in India*, American Baptist Foreign Mission.
* Mills, J.P (1923) *The Ao Nagas*, Oxford university press.
* Alemchiba, M (1970) *A Brief Historical Account of Nagaland*, Naga Institute of Culture, Kohima.
* Majumdar, Surenthra Nath (1924) *The Ao Nagas*, Men in India, Vol.4.

## InfoBox

| Mokokchung Village | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| A view of Mokokchung Village | |
| Coordinates: 26°19′35.18″N 94°31′54.43″E / 26.3264389°N 94.5317861°E / 26.3264389; 94.5317861 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Nagaland |
| District | Mokokchung |
| Elevation | 1,350 m (4,430 ft) |
| Time zone | IST |


title: Mohammadreza Ghadiri

abstract: M. Reza Ghadiri is an Iranian-American chemist who studies nanoscale science and technology. Ghadiri holds a Ph.D. degree in chemistry (1987) from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is currently a Professor of chemistry at The Scripps Research Institute. The 1998 Feynman Prize was awarded to Ghadiri for work in constructing molecular structures through the use of self-organization. His lab also pioneered the development of peptide self-replication.

text:
# Mohammadreza Ghadiri

**M. Reza Ghadiri** is an Iranian-American chemist who studies nanoscale science and technology.

Ghadiri holds a Ph.D. degree in chemistry (1987) from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is currently a Professor of chemistry at The Scripps Research Institute.

The 1998 Feynman Prize was awarded to Ghadiri for work in constructing molecular structures through the use of self-organization. His lab also pioneered the development of peptide self-replication.

## Awards

* Searle Scholars Award 1991-1994;
* Arnold & Mabel Beckman Foundation, Beckman Young Investigators Award, 1991-1993;
* Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow 1993-1995;
* Eli Lilly Grantee 1994-1995;
* ACS Award in Pure Chemistry 1995;
* Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award, American Chemical Society 1999;
* Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology 1998;
* Merck-Frosst Lecturer, University of Victoria, British Columbia 2001;
* Belleau Lecturer, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec 2001.


title: William Gadsden

abstract: William Bell Gadsden was a South African cricketer who played first-class cricket for Natal from 1928 to 1931. Gadsden, a medium-pace bowler, took 8 for 64 for Natal against Transvaal on his first-class debut as an 18-year-old in 1928–29, twice taking two wickets with consecutive deliveries. He took 10 wickets in the match, for figures of 62.4–18–110–10. In his next match, which followed immediately, he had match figures of 44–23–47–7 against Border. He was selected for the tour of England in 1929 but did not go, apparently because his father said he was too young. Gadsden was the leading wicket-taker for Natal in 1929–30, when they came second in the Currie Cup, with 14 wickets at an average of 23.50. But after one more match in 1930–31 he disappeared from first-class cricket at the age of 20.

text:
# William Gadsden

**William Bell Gadsden** (29 June 1910 – 18 March 1995) was a South African cricketer who played first-class cricket for Natal from 1928 to 1931.

Gadsden, a medium-pace bowler, took 8 for 64 for Natal against Transvaal on his first-class debut as an 18-year-old in 1928–29, twice taking two wickets with consecutive deliveries. He took 10 wickets in the match, for figures of 62.4–18–110–10. In his next match, which followed immediately, he had match figures of 44–23–47–7 against Border. He was selected for the tour of England in 1929 but did not go, apparently because his father said he was too young.

Gadsden was the leading wicket-taker for Natal in 1929–30, when they came second in the Currie Cup, with 14 wickets at an average of 23.50. But after one more match in 1930–31 he disappeared from first-class cricket at the age of 20.

## InfoBox

William Gadsden
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | William Bell Gadsden |
| Born | (1910-06-20)20 June 1910
Durban, Natal, South Africa |
| Died | 18 March 1995(1995-03-18) (aged 84)
Durban, South Africa |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium-pace |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1928–29 to 1930–31 | Natal |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 9  Runs scored 87  Batting average 12.42  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 18  Balls bowled 1964  Wickets 35  Bowling average 16.82  5 wickets in innings 1  10 wickets in match 1  Best bowling 8/64  Catches/stumpings 7/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 20 December 2018 | |


title: Will J. Quinlan

abstract: Will J. Quinlan, artist, was born in Brooklyn on June 27, 1877. He lost his hearing as a child. He had an early interest in art and attended the National Academy of Design, Pratt Institute and Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn. He was an accomplished etcher, primarily of architectural city scenes, and also painted with oils. He was awarded the Black & White Prize in 1913 and the Shaw Etching Prize, all from the Salmagundi Club in New York City for two successive years, 1913 and 1914. Quinlan's works can be found in the permanent collections of the New York Public Library, the New York Historical Society, the Oakland Museum in California, the Hudson River Museum in Yonkers, New York, and the John H. Vanderpoel Art Gallery of Chicago. Two of his oil paintings, on loan from the Hudson River Museum, are displayed at Yonkers City Hall. The New York Historical Society has an extensive selection of his New York City etchings in its Print Collection. Quinlan died in Seattle, Washington on April 21, 1963.

text:
# Will J. Quinlan

**Will J. Quinlan** (William James Quinlan, 3rd, 1877–1963), artist, was born in Brooklyn on June 27, 1877. He lost his hearing as a child. He had an early interest in art and attended the National Academy of Design, Pratt Institute and Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn. He was an accomplished etcher, primarily of architectural city scenes, and also painted with oils. He was awarded the Black & White Prize in 1913 and the Shaw Etching Prize, all from the Salmagundi Club in New York City for two successive years, 1913 and 1914.

Quinlan's works can be found in the permanent collections of the New York Public Library, the New York Historical Society, the Oakland Museum in California, the Hudson River Museum in Yonkers, New York, and the John H. Vanderpoel Art Gallery of Chicago. Two of his oil paintings, on loan from the Hudson River Museum, are displayed at Yonkers City Hall. The New York Historical Society has an extensive selection of his New York City etchings in its Print Collection.

Quinlan died in Seattle, Washington on April 21, 1963.


title: Mona Obaidli

abstract: Mona Obaidli is a Norwegian handball player who plays for Nykøbing Falster Håndboldklub.

text:
# Mona Obaidli

**Mona Obaidli** (born 17 February 1997) is a Norwegian handball player who plays for Nykøbing Falster Håndboldklub.

## Career

Obaidli represented Norway at the 2016 Women's Junior World Handball Championship, placing 5th.

She is also a part of Norway's national recruit team in handball.

Since the beginning of her career she played in Molde Elite, before joining Danish side Nykøbing Falster Håndboldklub at the start of the 2023–2024 season.

## Personal life

Fellow handballers Anniken Obaidli and Sherin Obaidli are her sisters. Obaidli's father hails from Bahrain.

## InfoBox

| Mona Obaidli | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Born | (1997-02-17) 17 February 1997<br>Molde, Norway | | |
| Nationality | Norwegian | | |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Playing position | Left/centre back | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Nykøbing Falster Håndboldklub | | |
| Number | 26 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| –2013 | Molde HK | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| 2013–2023 | Molde Elite | | |
| 2023– | Nykøbing Falster Håndboldklub | | |


title: Mohammed Salim (footballer)

abstract: Mohammed Salim, nicknamed "the Indian juggler", was an Indian footballer from Calcutta, which at the time was part of the British Raj. He played predominantly as a defender. Salim was best known for his role in the fabled 1930s Mohammedan SC team which claimed five successive Calcutta Football League titles. He also became the first player from the Indian sub-continent to play for a European club, Celtic FC.

text:
# Mohammed Salim (footballer)

**Mohammed Salim** (; 1904 – 5 November 1980), nicknamed "the Indian juggler", was an Indian footballer from Calcutta (now Kolkata, West Bengal), which at the time was part of the British Raj. He played predominantly as a defender. Salim was best known for his role in the fabled 1930s Mohammedan SC team which claimed five successive Calcutta Football League titles. He also became the first player from the Indian sub-continent to play for a European club, Celtic FC.

## Early life

Salim was a chemist and a pharmacist from Bengal, born in Metiaburuz, a lower-middle-class locality in Calcutta in 1904. Uninterested in formal academic training, he displayed great footballing skill from childhood. Mohun Bagan's IFA Shield triumph in 1911 also contributed to drawing the young Salim to football.

## Career

### Early career

Indian nationalists were fighting for independence from British colonial rule during the 1920s and 1930s. Many Indians took to football to answer British jibes that Indians were incapable of home rule. They played in bare feet and managed to defeat British teams wearing boots which was seen as evidence that Indians were in no way inferior. Salim did not find it difficult to join the Chittaranjan Club of Bowbazar, Central Calcutta. Managed by a group of educated Bengali middle-class patrons, they instilled in Salim the fervent desire to beat the European in his game. Salim then had a short stint in the B team of Mohammedan Sporting Club. Struck by Salim's exceptional talent, Pankaj Gupta, Bengal's legendary sports administrator, recruited Salim to play for his club Sporting Union. He went on to spend a season with East Bengal Club before moving to the Aryans Club under the auspices of Choney Majumdar, a leading sportsman of contemporary Bengal.

### Mohammedan SC and Celtic FC

Salim rejoined Mohammedan Sporting Club in 1934 and was finally part of their first team setup. Salim was instrumental in helping the Club to five league titles in a row:

> With Salim in their ranks, the Club for the first time in its history won the Calcutta Football League. Winning soon became a habit. For the next four years Mohammedan went on to win the coveted title with Salim spearheading the attack. Exceptionally talented, Salim was winning thousands of hearts with his ball control, dribbling, correct passes and lobs. He knew at what height a pass should be given. His passing was one of the greatest attractions for Mohammedan supporters. This winning spree continued for five years and Salim was at the forefront in most of these years. With each triumph the number of his fans multiplied. The more people wanted to touch him and embrace him the more emotional he became. He celebrated his fifth straight league win by shedding a couple of teardrops and by thanking God for having helped him achieve what he wanted.

After the title win of 1936, Salim was invited to play in two exhibition matches against the Chinese Olympic side. The first would be an All India XI and the second would be a select civil and military side. These games were the first international matches played in India, organised by the provincial IFA, but it was not until the following year that the India national team began in earnest with the founding of the AIFF. The first match between the Indian and Chinese sides was a draw with Noor Mohammed scoring for the Indian team. After the first game, Salim was praised by the Chinese official Dr Chi Chao Yung:

> Allow me to congratulate most heartily the members of the India side for their wonderful display of good footwork. In the course of the game they showed perfect understanding and exceptional speed. It was most unlucky that they did not come out the winners. The forwards, Salim, Rahim, Bhattacharjee and Abbas were exceptional in their display.

Before the second match took place, Salim had disappeared. The police were solicited to search for him and advertisements were inserted in newspapers requesting that he join the Civil and Military XI immediately. These efforts were in vain as Salim was en route to Britain via Cairo. A relative called Hasheem who lived in England was visiting Calcutta and witnessed the first match. Having seen Salim's exceptional display, Hasheem had persuaded him to try his hand at European football.

After a few days in London, Hasheem took him to Celtic Park in Glasgow, Scotland. Salim was surprised to note that all the Celtic players were professionals but he was confident that he could compete with them. Hasheem spoke to Willie Maley, the Celtic manager, "A great player from India has come by ship. Will you please take a trial of his? But there is a slight problem. Salim plays in bare feet."

The idea of a bare-footed amateur from India competing against Scottish professionals was difficult for Maley to believe but he agreed to give him a trial. Salim was asked to demonstrate his skill before 1,000 club members and three registered coaches. Salim's ability, even in bare feet, astonished them. They decided to play him in two upcoming Alliance matches. As both of these games were friendlies, he is not recorded to have played.

Salim made his debut in a 5–1 victory against Hamilton Accies, where "he took a penalty and scored with a great shot." He thus became the first player from the Indian sub-continent to play for a European club.

On 28 August 1936, he helped Celtic win 7–1 against Galston. The Scottish Daily Express carried the headline "Indian Juggler – New Style" along with a magical description of Salim:

> Ten twinkling toes of Salim, Celtic FC's player from India hypnotised the crowd at Parkhead last night in an Alliance game with Galston. He balances the ball on his big toe, lets it run down the scale to his little toe, twirls it, hops on one foot around the defender, then flicks the ball to the center who has only to send it into goal. Three of Celtic's seven goals last night came from his moves. Was asked to take a penalty, he refused. Said he was shy. Salim does not speak English, his brother translates for him. Brother Hasheem thinks Salim is wonderful – so did the crowd last night.

The following is an excerpt from the Glasgow Observer:

> Abdul Salim, Celtic's Indian International trialist, tickled the crowd at Celtic Park on Friday with his magnificent ball manipulation. In his bare feet, he was a conspicuous figure but this was further emphasised by his dark skin against the white and green of the Celtic strip. His play was top class. Every ball he touched went exactly to the place he wanted it to. Not one inch was it out. His crosses into goal were simply shrieking to be nodded into the net. I wouldn't like to have calculated the score had McGrory been playing ..... \[Danny\] Dawson missed a penalty kick which Salim, despite the invitation of Alex Millar, refused to take.

Alan Breck's Book of Scottish Football also recorded Salim playing for Celtic:

> Celtic introduced a novel touch when, in an Alliance game against Galston, they fielded Abdul Salim, an Indian. Salim played without boots, his feet being tightly bandaged, as the pictures show. Mohamed Hashean, to give him his right name, proved an expert in trapping and lobbing the ball towards goal. He fairly hypnotised the opposing defenders, and seven goals were actually the outcome of his moves. Foreign footballers are by no means rare. But all have played in the regulation boots. Salim preferred to stick to his native way, and, what is more, he "saw the boots off" the other fellows. His accuracy in shooting and ball control greatly tickled the crowd.

Salim soon became homesick and was determined to return to India. Celtic pleaded with him to remain in Scotland for a season, even offering to organise a charity match on his behalf and promising him five percent of the total gate proceeds. Salim refused and asked that the money (£1,800; a large amount of money at the time) be donated to local orphans who were also to be invited to the match. Salim was also offered a professional contract to play in Germany. In the end, he travelled back to India to rejoin Mohammedan Sporting Club in time for the beginning of the 1937 Calcutta Football League.

## Legacy

When Salim fell ill due to old age, his second son Rashid Ahmed wrote a letter to Celtic about his illness and stated that he needed money for his treatment:

> I had no intention of asking for money. It was just a ploy to find out if Mohammed Salim was still alive in their memory. To my amazement, I received a letter from the club. Inside was a bank draft for £100. I was delighted, not because I received the money but because my father still holds a pride of place in Celtic. I have not even cashed the draft and will preserve it till I die. I just want my father's name to be put as the first Indian footballer to play abroad. That is the only thing that I want and nothing else.

Following Salim's death in 1980, an obituary message in the Amrita Bazar Patrika announced:

> Mohammed Salim (Sr) a member of the legendary Mohammedan Sporting Club side that claimed five successive Calcutta senior football league titles in the thirties died in Calcutta on Wednesday morning. He was 76. A right winger in his playing days, he was intimately connected with many sports clubs and took active interest in training youngsters. He is survived by his wife, four sons and three daughters.

In colonial India, challenging British superiority was the most difficult task of all. Salim had achieved this seemingly impossible task through his football. He demonstrated that bare-footed Indians could match the British. In a nation plagued by religious violence, and political and economic uncertainties he helped reassure Indians that the might of the colonial state could be successfully subverted on the sporting field.

## Honours

**Mohammedan Sporting Club**

**Individual**

ബൂട്ടിടാത്ത ആ ഇന്ത്യക്കാരനെ യൂറോപ്യൻ ക്ലബ് ഇന്നും ഓർക്കുന്നുണ്ട്'; ഇന്ത്യ മറന്ന മുഹമ്മദ് സലീമിന്റെ കഥ

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Mohammed Salim
| Salim (right) having his feet bandaged, due to playing barefoot, by Jimmy McMenemy, the Celtic trainer, 1936. | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Mohammed Salim | | |
| Date of birth | 1904 | | |
| Place of birth | Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India | | |
| Date of death | 5 November 1980(1980-11-05) (aged 75–76) | | |
| Place of death | Calcutta, West Bengal, India | | |
| Position(s) | Winger | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1926 | Chittaranjan Football Club |  |  |
| 1926–1927 | Mohammedan Sporting Club |  |  |
| 1927–1931 | Sporting Union |  |  |
| 1932 | East Bengal Club |  |  |
| 1933–1934 | Aryans Club |  |  |
| 1934–1936 | Mohammedan Sporting Club |  |  |
| 1936 | Celtic |  |  |
| 1936–1938 | Mohammedan Sporting Club |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1936 | All India XI | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: William Castell

abstract: Sir William Martin Castell is a British businessman who was chairman of the Wellcome Trust, a director of General Electric and a former director of BP. He was CEO of Amersham plc from 1989 until it was acquired by GE in April 2004 and then became CEO of GE Healthcare and a vice-chairman of GE. Castell was educated at St. Dunstan's College and Cass Business School, where he earned a BA. He qualified as an accountant with Spicer and Pegler (1971–75) and then joined Wellcome plc as financial controller of Europe (1976–79), rising to MD Wellcome Biotech (1982–84) and commercial director (1984–89). He was a non-executive director of The General Electric Company (UK) which became Marconi plc 1997–2002, and was appointed a non-executive director of BP in 2006, until April 2012. He joined the board of governors of the Wellcome Trust as chairman-designate on 1 January 2006, succeeding Sir Dominic Cadbury as chairman in May 2006. Prior to joining Amersham, he held various positions with the Wellcome pharmaceutical company, which was then owned by the Wellcome Trust. Alongside his business career he has been involved for many years in not-for-profit activities, including being a council member of the Medical Research Council (2001–2004) and chairman of the Prince's Trust (1998–2003). He is a former trustee of the Natural History Museum, a board member of the University of Michigan's Institute of Life sciences, a board member of the National Bureau of Asian Research, a visiting fellow at Green College, Oxford University, and an Honorary Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences.

text:
# William Castell

**Sir William Martin Castell** LVO FMedSci (born 10 April 1947) is a British businessman who was chairman of the Wellcome Trust, a director of General Electric and a former director of BP. He was CEO of Amersham plc from 1989 until it was acquired by GE in April 2004 and then became CEO of GE Healthcare and a vice-chairman of GE.

Castell was educated at St. Dunstan's College and Cass Business School, where he earned a BA. He qualified as an accountant with Spicer and Pegler (1971–75) and then joined Wellcome plc as financial controller of Europe (1976–79), rising to MD Wellcome Biotech (1982–84) and commercial director (1984–89).

He was a non-executive director of The General Electric Company (UK) which became Marconi plc 1997–2002, and was appointed a non-executive director of BP in 2006, until April 2012.

He joined the board of governors of the Wellcome Trust as chairman-designate on 1 January 2006, succeeding Sir Dominic Cadbury as chairman in May 2006. Prior to joining Amersham, he held various positions with the Wellcome pharmaceutical company, which was then owned by the Wellcome Trust.

Alongside his business career he has been involved for many years in not-for-profit activities, including being a council member of the Medical Research Council (2001–2004) and chairman of the Prince's Trust (1998–2003). He is a former trustee of the Natural History Museum, a board member of the University of Michigan's Institute of Life sciences, a board member of the National Bureau of Asian Research, a visiting fellow at Green College, Oxford University, and an Honorary Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences.

## Sources


title: William H. Forster

abstract: William Hull "Bud" Forster Sr. is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Army who served as military deputy to the U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research, Development and Acquisition from 1992 until his retirement from active duty in 1995. He previously served as commanding general of the Army Operational Test and Evaluation Command from August 1991 to August 1992.

text:
# William H. Forster

**William Hull "Bud" Forster Sr.** (born 24 June 1939) is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Army who served as military deputy to the U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research, Development and Acquisition from 1992 until his retirement from active duty in 1995. He previously served as commanding general of the Army Operational Test and Evaluation Command from August 1991 to August 1992.

## Early life and education

Born in Shelby, Mississippi, Forster graduated from University of Alabama in 1960 with a B.S. degree in chemistry. He was commissioned through the Army ROTC program and assigned to the 91st Division while attending graduate school. Forster earned an Ph.D. degree in nuclear chemistry from the University of California, Davis in 1965. His doctoral thesis was entitled *Cross section ratios of isobars from spallation reactions under varying conditions*. He is also a graduate of the Armed Forces Staff College, the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School and the Air War College.

## Military career

Forster served two combat tours in Vietnam, where he commanded the 173rd Assault Helicopter Company and an air defense artillery unit. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, two Bronze Star Medals and sixteen Air Medals.

After graduating from the Naval Test Pilot School, Forster became the first Army officer selected as an astronaut candidate. Robert L. Stewart eventually became the first Army astronaut, but Forster received the NASA Award for Outstanding Service after his time at the Johnson Space Center.

After commanding the 10th Combat Aviation Battalion, Forster took on a series of aviation administration assignments. He served as program manager for both the Kiowa and Apache helicopters. Forster was designated the first Program Executive Officer Aviation from 1987 to 1988. He later served as Director of Army Aviation at the Pentagon from 1989 to 1990.

## Additional awards

Forster received the Secretary of Defense Superior Management Award for his work in support of the Army helicopter improvement program. He was elected to the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences in 1992 while still serving as an American Army officer. Forster was designated a Technical Fellow of the American Helicopter Society in 1997. He was elected to the Army Aviation Association of America Hall of Fame in 2010.

## Personal

Forster is the son of William O. H. "Bill" Forster (11 October 1904 – 23 January 1994) and Amy Hull Forster (2 June 1910 – 30 December 1983). He has a brother and a sister.

Forster was married to Belle Fair (Brown) Forster (4 February 1940 – 25 January 2021). They had two sons and two grandsons.

After his first marriage ended in divorce on 31 January 1995, Forster married Francine M. Forster.

## InfoBox

| William H. "Bud" Forster | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1939-06-24) 24 June 1939
Shelby, Mississippi |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1960–1995 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Commands | U.S. Army Operational Test and Evaluation Command
10th Combat Aviation Battalion
173rd Assault Helicopter Company |
| Battles/wars | Vietnam War |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Medal (2)
Legion of Merit (2)
Distinguished Flying Cross
Bronze Star Medal (2)
Meritorious Service Medal (2)
Air Medal (16) |


title: Mohinder Singh Sarna

abstract: Mohinder Singh Sarna was an Indian civil servant and novelist who wrote in the Punjabi language. He won the 1994 Sahitya Akademi Award for his short story collection Nawen Yug De Waris. He served as an officer of Indian Audit and Accounts Service from the 1950 batch and is the father of diplomat Navtej Sarna.

text:
# Mohinder Singh Sarna

**Mohinder Singh Sarna** (1923, Rawalpindi, Punjab, British India \- 2001) was an Indian civil servant and novelist who wrote in the Punjabi language. He won the 1994 Sahitya Akademi Award for his short story collection *Nawen Yug De Waris*. He served as an officer of Indian Audit and Accounts Service from the 1950 batch and is the father of diplomat Navtej Sarna.

## Books

* Naweṃ yugga de wārasa
* Aba jhūjana ko dāu : mahāṅkāwi
* Aurata īmāna
* Camakaura.
* Dukh Bhanjan Tera Naam
* Gāthā g̲h̲ama de māriāṃ dī
* Inheritors of a new age
* Katala pañjāṃ pạ̄ṇīāṃ dā : desha-waṇḍa dīāṃ kahāṇīāṃ
* Kāliñgā.

## Awards

Sarna won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1994 for his book *Nawen Yug De Waris* (Short stories)


title: Mohammed al Khilewi

abstract: Mohammed Abdalla al Khilewi is a former Saudi Arabian diplomat and a millionaire noted for his May 1994 defection in which he issued a declaration on embassy letterhead proclaiming King Fahd to be "despotic" and calling for a redistribution of the country's wealth and power.

text:
# Mohammed al Khilewi

**Mohammed Abdalla al Khilewi** (born 1961) is a former Saudi Arabian diplomat and a millionaire noted for his May 1994 defection in which he issued a declaration on embassy letterhead proclaiming King Fahd to be "despotic" and calling for a redistribution of the country's wealth and power.

## Background

Born in 1961 in Saudi Arabia, al Khilewi studied politics at King Saud University and at the Institute for Diplomatic Studies, both in Riyadh. He joined the Saudi foreign service in 1985 and rose rapidly in its ranks, becoming its First Secretary to the United Nations Mission in New York City in 1992.

## 1994 defection

Al Khilewi defected in May 1994, bringing with him 14,000 internal government documents depicting the Saudi royal family’s corruption, human-rights abuses, and financial support for Islamist extremists, according to his lawyer, Michael J. Wildes. In particular, he claimed to have evidence that the Saudis had given financial and technical support to Hamas, a Palestinian Islamic militant organization. There was a meeting at the lawyer's office with two F.B.I. agents and an Assistant United States Attorney. "We gave them a sampling of the documents and put them on the table," Wildes told journalist Seymour Hersh, "but the agents refused to accept them." He and his client heard nothing further from federal authorities. Al-Khilewi also provided copies of cable traffic revealing that the Saudi Mission had conducted surveillance on two New York-based activist groups, the Jewish Defense League and the Jewish Defense Organization, and headquarters of having installed surveillance equipment "in their place.", and according to Greg Palast, detailed information describing "the $7 billion the Saudis gave to \[Iraq leader\] Saddam Hussein for his nuclear program—the first attempt to build an Islamic Bomb." However, FBI agents are "ordered not to accept evidence of Saudi criminal activity, even on US soil."

Al Khilewi later sought asylum, citing threats from the Saudi royal family; reportedly, Salman bin Abdulaziz, the then powerful Governor of Riyadh, summoned various members of his family and threatened them, saying "Tell your relative we can get him in the United States, we can get him even if he goes to the moon." His request was granted in August 1994, and he has since been living under cover in the New York City area.


abstract: Moimenta de Maceira Dão e Lobelhe do Mato is a civil parish in the municipality of Mangualde, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Moimenta de Maceira Dão and Lobelhe do Mato. The population in 2011 was 773, in an area of 7.15 km⁲.

text:
# Moimenta de Maceira Dão e Lobelhe do Mato

**Moimenta de Maceira Dão e Lobelhe do Mato** is a civil parish in the municipality of Mangualde, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Moimenta de Maceira Dão and Lobelhe do Mato. The population in 2011 was 773, in an area of 7.15 km2.

## InfoBox

| Moimenta de Maceira Dão e
Lobelhe do Mato | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil parish | |
| Moimenta de Maceira Dão e
Lobelhe do MatoLocation in Portugal | |
| Coordinates: 40°35′N 7°49′W / 40.58°N 7.82°W / 40.58; -7.82 | |
| Country | Portugal |
| Region | Centro |
| Intermunic. comm. | Viseu Dão Lafões |
| District | Viseu |
| Municipality | Mangualde |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.15 km2 (2.76 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 773 |
| Density | 110/km2 (280/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC±00:00 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (WEST) |


title: Moin-ud-Dowlah Gold Cup Tournament

abstract: The Moin-ud-Dowlah Gold Cup Tournament is an Indian cricket competition that has been held in Hyderabad since the 1930–31 season. From 1930–31 to 1937–38, and from 1962–63 to 1973–74, it had first-class status.

text:
# Moin-ud-Dowlah Gold Cup Tournament

The **Moin-ud-Dowlah Gold Cup Tournament** is an Indian cricket competition that has been held in Hyderabad (and sometimes nearby Secunderabad) since the 1930–31 season. From 1930–31 to 1937–38, and from 1962–63 to 1973–74, it had first-class status.

## 1930–31 to 1937–38

In 1930 the Nawab Moin-Ud-Dowlah Bahadur Asman Jah donated a trophy to be played for each year by a team representing Hyderabad and various invitational teams. Many of the best Indian players played in the tournaments, and in the 1930s several overseas players also played. In the final in 1930–31 Jack Hobbs and Herbert Sutcliffe played for the Maharaj Kumar of Vizianagram's XI in their victory over the Nawab of Moin-ud-Dowlah's XI, although the key player in the victory was C. K. Nayudu, who made a century and took seven wickets.

In the 1931–32 final Freelooters overwhelmed Aligarh Muslim University Past and Present by 432 runs; for the victors Vijay Merchant and Sorabji Colah each scored a century and Amar Singh took nine wickets. In 1932–33 Freelooters again won the final easily, beating Karachi by an innings and 166 runs, with another century to Colah, one to Dilawar Hussain, and seven more wickets to Amar Singh. The next tournament was in 1934–35, and despite being reinforced by the presence of Learie Constantine, Freelooters lost this time to Retrievers, by three wickets, in a match watched by 15,000 spectators. The last tournament in the 1930s was in 1937–38, when Hyderabad State beat Hyderabad Cricket Association XI by 159 runs.

The advent of the Ranji Trophy in 1934–35, which for the first time brought together teams from all over India in first-class competition, took away some of the interest in the Moin-Ud-Dowlah Gold Cup. It lost its first-class status after 1938 and became a minor local competition.

## 1962–63 to 1973–74

With the aim of strengthening domestic first-class cricket, the Board of Control for Cricket in India instituted the Irani Trophy in 1959–60, the Duleep Trophy in 1961–62, and revived the Moin-Ud-Dowlah Gold Cup in 1962–63. Held in October at Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad, for 12 years it served as a first-class season-opener for most of the leading Indian players. Many of the participating teams were sponsored: Vazir Sultan Tobacco, U-Foam (a polyurethane manufacturer) (both companies based in Hyderabad), State Bank of India and Associated Cement Company were some of the companies that fielded teams. The Indian Starlets team of young players also competed, and Hyderabad Cricket Association XI resumed the spot it had held in the competition in the 1930s.

At first Associated Cement Company, led by Madhav Mantri and Bapu Nadkarni, were the strongest team, but in the late 1960s State Bank of India came to dominate, winning seven of the last eight first-class competitions. They played 19 matches, winning 7, losing 2 and drawing 10. They were undefeated in their last 15 matches. The Test players Ajit Wadekar, Bishan Bedi, V.V. Kumar, Hanumant Singh, Baloo Gupte, Budhi Kunderan, Venkataraman Subramanya, Ambar Roy and Syed Abid Ali were among the team's regular members.

## First-class winners

In the years when the Moin-ud-Dowlah Gold Cup Tournament had first-class status, the winners and runners-up were as follows:

| Season | Winners | Runners-up | Margin |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930–31 | Maharaj Kumar of Vizianagram's XI | Nawab of Moin-ud-Dowlah's XI | 9 wickets |
| 1931–32 | Freelooters | Aligarh Muslim University Past and Present | 432 runs |
| 1932–33 | Freelooters | Karachi | Innings and 166 runs |
| 1934–35 | Retrievers | Freelooters | 3 wickets |
| 1937–38 | Hyderabad State | Hyderabad Cricket Association XI | 159 runs |
| 1962–63 | Associated Cement Company | M.A. Chidambaram's XI | First innings lead |
| 1963–64 | Maharaj Kumar of Vizianagram's XI | Associated Cement Company | 5 wickets |
| 1964–65 | Associated Cement Company | Indian Starlets | First innings lead |
| 1965–66 | Hyderabad Cricket Association XI | State Bank of India | 100 runs |
| 1966–67 | State Bank of India | Indian Starlets | 16 runs |
| 1967–68 | State Bank of India | Dungarpur XI | 7 wickets |
| 1968–69 | State Bank of India | Bandodkar's XI | 9 wickets |
| 1969–70 | R. K. Mody's XI | Hyderabad Cricket Association XI | 5 wickets |
| 1970–71 | State Bank of India | Hyderabad Cricket Association XI | First innings lead |
| 1971–72 | State Bank of India | Associated Cement Company | First innings lead |
| 1972–73 | State Bank of India | U-Foam | 8 wickets |
| 1973–74 | State Bank of India | U-Foam | First innings lead |
|

## Current status

The non-first-class competition was of three-day matches until 1989–90. After a hiatus it resumed in 1993-94 as a one-day 50-over competition. It is now held each year in August and September at various grounds in Hyderabad and Secunderabad, with the final at Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium in Hyderabad. Teams from various regional cricket associations around India compete. The Hyderabad Cricket Association XI won in 2017–18. The tournament has not been held since, although in 2020 Mohammad Azharuddin, the president of the Hyderabad Cricket Association, expressed the hope that it could be revived.

## Other source


title: Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals

abstract: Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, 27 Cal. 3d 916 (1980), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of California that first recognized that a "direct victim" of negligence can recover damages for emotional distress without an accompanying physical injury.

text:
# Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals

***Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals***, 27 Cal. 3d 916 (1980), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of California that first recognized that a "direct victim" of negligence can recover damages for emotional distress without an accompanying physical injury.

## Factual background

A doctor employed by the defendant hospital incorrectly diagnosed a patient as having syphilis. The doctor encouraged the patient to disclose the illness to her husband, and when she communicated the erroneous diagnosis to her husband, their marital relationship was destroyed. When it was determined that the diagnosis was incorrect, the husband brought an action against the hospital for negligent infliction of emotional distress.

## Decision

The court ruled that the risk of harm to the husband of the patient from a misdiagnosis was reasonably foreseeable, and that the tortious conduct was directed at the patient and her husband. As a "direct victim," the strict criteria for negligent infliction of emotional distress need not be fulfilled.

## InfoBox

| Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals | |
| --- | --- |
| **Supreme Court of California** | |
| Decided August 25, 1980 | |
| Full case name | *Stephen H. Molien, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, et al., Defendants and Respondents.* |
| Citation(s) | 27 Cal. 3d 916; 167 Cal. Rptr. 831; 616 P.2d 813 |
| Holding | |
| A plaintiff suffering solely from negligent infliction of emotional distress has sufficient cause of action, even if they were not also physically injured. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice | Rose Bird |
| Associate Justices | Mathew Tobriner, Stanley Mosk, William P. Clark Jr., Frank K. Richardson, Wiley Manuel, Frank C. Newman |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Mosk, joined by Bird, Tobriner, Newman, Manuel |
| Dissent | Clark, joined by Richardson |


title: Monomorium effractor

abstract: Monomorium effractor is a species of ant in the genus Monomorium. It is native to India.

text:
# Monomorium effractor

***Monomorium effractor*** is a species of ant in the genus *Monomorium*. It is native to India.

## InfoBox

| *Monomorium effractor* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Genus: | *Monomorium* |
| Species: | ***M. effractor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Monomorium effractor***
Bolton, 1987 | |
|


title: Monica (grape)

abstract: Monica is a red wine grape that is grown primarily in Sardinia and is one of the few grapes that wine regulations allow to appear on the wine label. The vine originated in Spain but is rarely grown there in recent times. The wine made from these grapes tends to be simple wines made to be consumed young. Monica di Cagliari is a notable sweet wine made from the grape. Monica di Sardegna is a drier wine.

text:
# Monica (grape)

**Monica** is a red wine grape that is grown primarily in Sardinia and is one of the few grapes that wine regulations allow to appear on the wine label. The vine originated in Spain but is rarely grown there in recent times. The wine made from these grapes tends to be simple wines made to be consumed young.

*Monica di Cagliari* is a notable sweet wine made from the grape. *Monica di Sardegna* is a drier wine.


title: William Henry (priest)

abstract: William Henry was an Anglo-Irish Anglican priest, who became Dean of Killaloe and Fellow of the Royal Society.

text:
# William Henry (priest)

**William Henry** (died 1768) was an Anglo-Irish Anglican priest, who became Dean of Killaloe and Fellow of the Royal Society.

## Life

Henry graduated Dublin Master of Arts (MA Dubl) at Trinity College, Dublin in 1748, and Bachelor of Divinity (BD) and Doctor of Divinity (DD) in 1750. He was the friend and chaplain to Josiah Hort, through whom he was collated to the benefice of Killesher in County Fermanagh, 1 October 1731. He later became rector of Urney, County Tyrone, in 1734.

Henry was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London on 20 February 1755, and became Dean of Killaloe 29 November 1761. His promotion as dean he owed to the patronage of the Shelburnes, John Petty, 1st Earl of Shelburne and William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, a connection via Hort and the linen manufacture of Ballymote.

Henry died in Dublin on 13 Feb. 1768, and was interred at St. Ann's Church, Dawson Street there. He was an advocate for temperance, and for civil and religious liberty.

## Works

Henry had three of his papers, read before the Royal Society, published in the *Philosophical Transactions*, one being *The Copper Springs in County Wicklow* (1753). *A Description of Lough Erne in Ireland* was edited by Charles King (Dublin, 1892), from manuscript.

At least twelve of Henry's sermons were printed. He also wrote pamphlets against the Jacobites, and Charles Lucas. He used the pseudonym "W. Hiberno-Britannus".

## Family

Henry's wife survived him. Remarrying with Surgeon Doyle of Dublin whom she also survived, she died in February or March 1793.

## Sources

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1891). "Henry, William (d.1768)". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 26. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: William Earnest Donnelly

abstract: William Ewart Donnelly was a New Zealander who became a teacher and General Secretary of the Students’ Christian Movement in New Zealand, in the early 1930s and early 40s. He volunteered for service in Fiji and he served as principal of the Methodist Church's Toorak Boys' High School in Suva. In late 1942, the Pacific Campaign of World War II was at its peak and the Colonial Authority was issued a command that all urban schools should close and surrender their compounds for use as military camps for forces fighting the Japanese threat. Other overseas teachers immediately left Fiji to await the end of the war elsewhere. But Donnelly, the determined missionary principal, sent a circular to all members of the senior classes of Classes Six, Seven, and Eight of Toorak Boys School, inviting volunteers to accompany him to continue their education. After consultation with the heads of the Methodist Church, he received permission to use the Principal's residence at the Davuilevu Technical School, in Nausori. As a result, he and 50 volunteers from Toorak Boys School, met at the Principal's residence on 3 March 1943. Their first classrooms were the two master bedrooms with the long verandah on the east side of the structure serving as the library. There were only two classes and the only teacher in addition to Donnelly was Semesa Sikivou. During the 1943 Methodist Church Annual Conference, Donnelly received permission to expand his classes along the same ridge and as a result, the boys themselves, with his guidance, built three large bures, where the teachers staff quarters presently stand. He remained principal of Lelean Memorial School from 1943 until 1945, when he returned to New Zealand. Donnelly returned to Fiji to establish Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna Memorial School in Suva, where he served for three years. He then served at Levuka Public School, on Ovalau, for one year in 1970 before returning to Lelean in 1971 after the Ms. Furnival tragedy. Under Donnelly's guidance, the Lelean school motto, “Seek wisdom and spiritual understanding” was formulated. William Donnelly was born in Thames, New Zealand, 27 December 1900. He died 15 September 1975 at Green Lane Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand after a short illness. He was married to Ella Mildred Fowler, with whom he had two children, Helen Janette and William Grant Donnelly.

text:
# William Earnest Donnelly

**William Ewart Donnelly** (27 December 1900 – 15 September 1975) was a New Zealander who became a teacher and General Secretary of the Students’ Christian Movement in New Zealand, in the early 1930s and early 40s. He volunteered for service in Fiji and he served as principal of the Methodist Church's Toorak Boys' High School in Suva.

In late 1942, the Pacific Campaign of World War II was at its peak and the Colonial Authority was issued a command that all urban schools should close and surrender their compounds for use as military camps for forces fighting the Japanese threat.

Other overseas teachers immediately left Fiji to await the end of the war elsewhere. But Donnelly, the determined missionary principal, sent a circular to all members of the senior classes of Classes Six, Seven, and Eight of Toorak Boys School, inviting volunteers to accompany him to continue their education. After consultation with the heads of the Methodist Church, he received permission to use the Principal's residence at the Davuilevu Technical School, in Nausori. As a result, he and 50 volunteers from Toorak Boys School, met at the Principal's residence on 3 March 1943. Their first classrooms were the two master bedrooms with the long verandah on the east side of the structure serving as the library. There were only two classes and the only teacher in addition to Donnelly was Semesa Sikivou. During the 1943 Methodist Church Annual Conference, Donnelly received permission to expand his classes along the same ridge and as a result, the boys themselves, with his guidance, built three large bures, where the teachers staff quarters presently stand.

He remained principal of Lelean Memorial School from 1943 until 1945, when he returned to New Zealand. Donnelly returned to Fiji  to establish Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna Memorial School in Suva, where he served for three years.

He then served at Levuka Public School, on Ovalau, for one year in 1970 before returning to Lelean in 1971 after the Ms. Furnival tragedy. Under Donnelly's guidance, the Lelean school motto, “Seek wisdom and spiritual understanding” was formulated.

William Donnelly was born in Thames, New Zealand, 27 December 1900. He died 15 September 1975 at Green Lane Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand after a short illness. He was married to Ella Mildred Fowler, with whom he had two children, Helen Janette and William Grant Donnelly.


title: Monika Das

abstract: Monika Das is an Indian politician. She was a Member of Parliament, representing Karnataka in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India's Parliament representing the Indian National Congress.

text:
# Monika Das

**Monika Das** is an Indian politician. She was a Member of Parliament, representing Karnataka in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India's Parliament representing the Indian National Congress.

## InfoBox

| Monika Das | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha | |
| **In office**<br>1980–1986 | |
| Constituency | Karnataka |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1939 |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Source: | |


title: William I. Dodge

abstract: William Irving Dodge was an American politician from New York.

text:
# William I. Dodge

**William Irving Dodge** (c. 1789 Johnstown, then in Montgomery Co., now in Fulton County, New York – January 1873) was an American politician from New York.

## Biography

He was the son of Maj. Gen. Richard Dodge (1762–1832) and Ann Sarah (Irving) Dodge (1770–1808), a sister of Washington Irving (1783–1859). On January 23, 1812, he married Patience Akin (1793–1879), and they had five children. He fought in the War of 1812 as a captain, and took part in the Battle of Plattsburgh in September 1814.

## Career

He was a presidential elector in 1820, voting for James Monroe and Daniel D. Tompkins. He was District Attorney of Montgomery County from 1821 to 1830. In 1824, he ran for Congress in the 16th District, but was defeated by Henry Markell. He was a member of the New York State Senate (4th D.) from 1831 to 1834, sitting in the 54th, 55th, 56th and 57th New York State Legislatures. Afterwards he removed to Syracuse, New York, and resumed the practice of law there.

Col. Richard Irving Dodge was his nephew.

* *The New York Civil List* compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 128ff, 140, 326 and 376; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858)


title: Machine (Static-X album)

abstract: Machine is the second studio album by American industrial metal band Static-X, released on May 22, 2001, and recorded at Studio 508. When compared to the band's other albums, Machine features more electronics and industrial effects, and more screamed vocals from Wayne Static. It was also the final Static-X album for eighteen years to feature drummer Ken Jay, and the last for four years to feature lead guitarist Koichi Fukuda, who, despite having already left Static-X, was credited as a keyboardist on the album.

text:
# Machine (Static-X album)

***Machine*** is the second studio album by American industrial metal band Static-X, released on May 22, 2001, and recorded at Studio 508 (Los Angeles). When compared to the band's other albums, *Machine* features more electronics and industrial effects, and more screamed vocals from Wayne Static. It was also the final Static-X album for eighteen years to feature drummer Ken Jay (although he received songwriting credits on the band's subsequent third album), and the last for four years to feature lead guitarist Koichi Fukuda, who, despite having already left Static-X, was credited as a keyboardist on the album.

## Background

While the band toured *Wisconsin Death Trip*, Wayne Static wrote the entirety of this record by himself on the band's tour bus while the rest of the band partied. Because of this isolated effort, when the band went in to record the record, Static insisted that royalties for the album's sales would not be split an even four ways. This created tension in the band, leading to Fukuda's departure before recording began and his eventual replacement with Tripp Eisen, and Jay's departure just before recording for *Shadow Zone* began. Static played all the guitars on the album and Eisen was only involved with the album's photoshoot.

## Promotion

The song "This Is Not" provided the album's first single and music video, and later a second single would be found in "Black and White". The song "Cold" also had a video made for it, and tied in with the film *Queen of the Damned*. It was featured on the film's soundtrack album, as was the exclusive "Not Meant for Me", performed by Wayne Static who replaced Jonathan Davis who sings it in the movie. The song "Anything but This", a bonus track from the Japanese version, is also found on the *Resident Evil* soundtrack. "Otsego Undead" was featured in the film *Dracula 2000*, as well as on its soundtrack.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Blabbermouth.net* | 6/10 |
| *Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal* | 5/10 |
| *Drowned in Sound* | 8/10 |
| *Exclaim!* | (mixed) |
| *NME* | 7/10 |
| *PopMatters* | (mixed) |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |
| *Spin* | 6/10 |

Critical reaction to the album was mixed, the most positive reviews came from *Rolling Stone*, *NME* and *Drowned in Sound*. Terry Bezer of *Drowned in Sound* stated in his review that "It is impossible to put into words just how much Static X have progressed since their last effort. True enough, it's not the most original of sounds (think Ministry crossed with Slipknot) but it does have all the enthusiasm of a bull charging for El Matador's red cloth and twice the power."

Despite the mixed reviews, *Machine* sold around 500,000 copies in the USA, making it the band's second most successful album (after *Wisconsin Death Trip*) and was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 10, 2003, a month after the release of *Shadow Zone.*

## Commercial performance

*Machine* debuted at No. 11 on the Billboard 200, selling 83,000 copies in its first week, becoming a chart and first week sales best for the band. The album spent 14 weeks on the chart. While not as successful as the last album, *Machine* has sold around 500,000 copies in the US, making it the band's second most successful album (after *Wisconsin Death Trip*) and was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 10, 2003, a month after the release of *Shadow Zone.*

## Production

In the unreleased Static-X DVD *Where the Hell Are We and What Day Is It... This Is Static-X*, it was commented that the songs for the album would have guitar solos; however, this didn't happen.

The opening sample of the track "A Dios Alma Perdida", a synthetic arrangement with a filtered voice speaking in what sounds at times like English (notably closing with an eerie "It's me!"), is from the 1978 film *Laserblast*. This sample is an abbreviated version of a conversation between the aliens in that movie.

## Comic book

A comic book series was created by Chaos! Comics entitled "Static-X Machine." Only one volume was made as Chaos! declared bankruptcy shortly after its release. The comic was packaged with a CD containing one track, "This Is Not (Live)," as well as multimedia content featuring back stage interviews with the band and a live music video of "This Is Not" from the 2002 Machine tour.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Wayne Static, Tony Campos and Ken Jay

All versions
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Bien Venidos" | 0:21 |
| 2. | "Get to the Gone" | 2:49 |
| 3. | "Permanence" | 4:01 |
| 4. | "Black and White" | 3:50 |
| 5. | "This Is Not" | 2:57 |
| 6. | "Otsego Undead" | 3:29 |
| 7. | "Cold" | 3:40 |
| 8. | "Structural Defect" | 3:39 |
| 9. | "...In a Bag" | 4:21 |
| 10. | "Burn to Burn" | 4:17 |
| 11. | "Machine" | 3:27 |
| 12. | "A Dios Alma Perdida" | 5:58 |
| Total length: | | 42:55 |

Japanese Edition bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 13. | "Anything but This" | 4:03 |
| 14. | "Sweat of the Bud" (Live) | 3:24 |

20th Anniversary Edition bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 13. | "I'm with Stupid" (Live 2019 Regeneration) | 3:27 |
| 14. | "Wisconsin Death Trip" (Live 2019 Regeneration) | 3:11 |
| 15. | "Sweat of the Bud" (Live 2019 Xer0) | 3:21 |

## Chart positions

## Personnel

Static-X Additional personnel Production * Ulrich Wild – producer, mixing, engineering
* Tom Baker – mastering
* Troy Wallace – A&R
* Flem – Art direction, design
* Eric Dinyer – artwork
* James McCrone – assistant mixer

## InfoBox

| Machine | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Static-X | |
| Released | May 22, 2001 (2001-05-22) |
| Recorded | October 2000 – January 2001 |
| Studio | Studio 508 (Los Angeles, California) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 42:55 |
| Label | Warner Bros. |
| Producer |  |
| Static-X chronology | |
| *Wisconsin Death Trip*
(1999) ***Machine***
(2001) *Shadow Zone*
(2003) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Machine* | |
| 1. "Black and White"
Released: 2001 2. "This Is Not"
Released: 2001 3. "Cold"
Released: April 29, 2002 | |
|  | |


title: Ōno, Ōita

abstract: Ōno was a town located in Ōno District, Ōita Prefecture, Japan. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,317 and the density of 48.56 persons per km⁲. The total area was 109.49 km⁲. On March 31, 2005, Ōno, along with the towns of Asaji, Inukai, Mie and Ogata, and the villages of Chitose and Kiyokawa, was merged to create the city of Bungo-Ōno.

text:
# Ōno, Ōita

**Ōno** (大野町, *Ōno-machi*) was a town located in Ōno District, Ōita Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,317 and the density of 48.56 persons per km2. The total area was 109.49 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Ōno, along with the towns of Asaji, Inukai, Mie and Ogata, and the villages of Chitose and Kiyokawa (all from Ōno District), was merged to create the city of Bungo-Ōno.


title: Pete Nash (game designer)

abstract: Pete Nash is a game designer who has worked primarily on role-playing games.

text:
# Pete Nash (game designer)

**Pete Nash** is a game designer who has worked primarily on role-playing games.

## Career

Pete Nash had worked on Chaosium fanzines. Mongoose Publishing started to publish game lines in 2008 to support the fourth edition of *Dungeons & Dragons* by Wizards of the Coast, one of which was *Wraith Recon* by Nash.

Nash and Lawrence Whitaker worked on updating the *RuneQuest* role-playing game for Mongoose, which they developed as *RuneQuest II* in 2010. Nash got new support for his *Wraith Recon* fantasy warfare setting through supplements for *RuneQuest II*. After Mongoose's license to *RuneQuest* expired, Mongoose kept the game in print under the title *Legend*. Meanwhile, Whitaker and Nash formed a company, The Design Mechanism, to pick up the *RuneQuest* license and publish a sixth edition of the game in 2012. That edition remained in print until 2016, when it was retitled *Mythras*.

Nash has also worked for Alephtar Games.

## InfoBox

| Pete Nash | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Game designer |


title: Orthoprosopa pacifica

abstract: Orthoprosopa pacifica is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

text:
# Orthoprosopa pacifica

***Orthoprosopa pacifica*** is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

New Caledonia.

## InfoBox

| *Orthoprosopa pacifica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Subfamily: | Eristalinae |
| Tribe: | Milesiini |
| Subtribe: | Tropidiina |
| Genus: | *Orthoprosopa* |
| Subgenus: | *Paratropidia* |
| Species: | ***O. pacifica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthoprosopa pacifica***<br>(Hippa, 1980) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Paratropidia pacifica* Hippa, 1980 | |


title: San Rafael Obrajuelo

abstract: San Rafael Obrajuelo is a municipality in the department of La Paz, El Salvador. As of 2017 it was estimated to have a population of 11,403.

text:
# San Rafael Obrajuelo

**San Rafael Obrajuelo** is a municipality in the department of La Paz, El Salvador. As of 2017 it was estimated to have a population of 11,403.

## History

According to the report of the Intendent of San Salvador Antonio Gutiérrez y Ulloa, in 1807 the estate of Obrajuelo, belonging to the Marquess of Aycinena existed. A prosperous settlement formed in the former state of Aycinena.

In mid-nineteenth century, the settlement had achieved notable commercial activity and retained the population required by law to form a new municipality. By the Legislative Decree of March 7, 1882, a town was erected under the name of San Rafael. Although the ereccional decree does not mention it, the new municipality founded in Obrajuelo and San Pedro Martir cantons, jurisdiction of San Juan Nonualco, its naming was considered a tribute for President Rafael Zaldívar, and performed during his tenure.

On March 30 of the same year, residents of the new municipality elected their first authorities, chaired by the provincial governor. On 1890, it had a popopulation of 900. Lately, out of habit, it has been called San Rafael Obrajuelo.

## Information

The municipality has an area of 11.01 km², with an elevation of 150 mamsl and 50 km away from San Salvador.

It is divided administratively in urban neighborhoods: San José, El Calvario, Concepción, El Centro, Nueva Alianza, and Las Delicias.

It is divided in cantons:

1. El Carao
2. La Longaniza
3. La Palma
4. San Jerónimo
5. San José Obrajuelo
6. San Pedro Martir

It also has 13 villages: El Centro, El Flor, Los Obrajes, San Jerónimo, Los Paredes, Los Realegeños, Los Alvarado, El Molino, Puente La Chaquina, San Miguel Obrajuelo, El Cobanal, La Palma, and Autopista

By 2015, it receives an allocation from FODES of $679,936.80.

The festivities are celebrated from October 10 through October 24 in honor of its patron St. Raphael Archangel.

## Sports

The local professional football club is named C.D. Maracaná San Rafael and it currently plays in the Salvadoran Third Division.

http://citypopulation.info/php/elsalvador-admin.php?adm2id=0819

https://lapaztimes.com/alcalde-de-san-rafael-obrajuelo-hoy-inicia-una-nueva-era-de-transparencia-y-desarrollo-para-todo-el-municipio/?amp=1

## InfoBox

| San Rafael Obrajuelo Distro de San Rafael Obrajuelo | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality of El Salvador | |
| District of San Rafael Obrajuelo | |
|  | |
| San Rafael ObrajueloLocation in El Salvador | |
| Coordinates: 13°30′N 88°56′W / 13.500°N 88.933°W / 13.500; -88.933 | |
| Country | El Salvador |
| Department | La Paz |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Marcela Pineda Nuevas Ideas |
| Elevation | 490 ft (150 m) |
| Population (2017) | |
| Total | 11,403 |
| Density | 2,680/sq mi (1,036/km2) |


title: Paracossus longispinalis

abstract: Paracossus longispinalis is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in China.

text:
# Paracossus longispinalis

***Paracossus longispinalis*** is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in China.

## InfoBox

| *Paracossus longispinalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Cossidae |
| Genus: | *Paracossus* |
| Species: | ***P. longispinalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Paracossus longispinalis***<br>(Chou et Hua, 1988) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bifiduncus longispinalis* Chou et Hua, 1988 | |


title: Maselino Paulino

abstract: Maselino Paulino is a Samoan rugby union player who plays as a second-row or flanker. He made his debut for the Samoa national rugby union team in September 2008, playing against New Zealand in New Plymouth. He has made 7 appearances for his country to date, spread over 8 calendar years. His last appearance came in the June 2015 international victory against Canada, but Paulino was not selected to be a part of Samoa's final squad for the 2015 Rugby World Cup. He stands at 205 cm in height, slightly under 6 ft 9 in. Paulino joined the Scarlets in October 2015, originally signing on trial before signing a season-long contract. To date, Paulino has received 3 yellow cards in 15 appearances, and he was also suspended for 3 weeks for striking Courtney Lawes in the Rugby Challenge Cup match against Northampton Saints in January 2016. In March 2016, Lyon announced that they had signed Paulino for the 2016–17 season. On 14 February 2017, Paulino would leave Lyon to join Pro D2 club RC Narbonne from the 2017–18 season.

text:
# Maselino Paulino

**Maselino Paulino** (born 21 June 1988) is a Samoan rugby union player who plays as a second-row or flanker.

He made his debut for the Samoa national rugby union team in September 2008, playing against New Zealand in New Plymouth. He has made 7 appearances for his country to date, spread over 8 calendar years. His last appearance came in the June 2015 international victory against Canada, but Paulino was not selected to be a part of Samoa's final squad for the 2015 Rugby World Cup. He stands at 205 cm in height, slightly under 6 ft 9 in.

Paulino joined the Scarlets in October 2015, originally signing on trial before signing a season-long contract. To date, Paulino has received 3 yellow cards in 15 appearances, and he was also suspended for 3 weeks for striking Courtney Lawes in the Rugby Challenge Cup match against Northampton Saints in January 2016. In March 2016, Lyon announced that they had signed Paulino for the 2016–17 season. On 14 February 2017, Paulino would leave Lyon to join Pro D2 club RC Narbonne from the 2017–18 season.

## InfoBox

Maselino Paulino
| Date of birth | (1988-06-21) 21 June 1988 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Samoa |
| Height | 2.05 m (6 ft 9 in) |
| Weight | 118 kg (18 st 8 lb; 260 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Lock, Flanker  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2011-12
2015–2016
2016–2017
2017–2018
2018- Hawke's Bay
Scarlets
Lyon
RC Narbonne
Stade Montois  7
16
11
15
32  (5)
(0)
(0)
(10)
(15)  Correct as of 29 December 2019 @ 09:31:42 AM(AEST)  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2008– Samoa  7  (0)  Correct as of 6 April 2016 | |


title: Mental Health Systems Act of 1980

abstract: The Mental Health Systems Act of 1980 (MHSA) was legislation signed by American President Jimmy Carter which provided grants to community mental health centers. In 1981 President Ronald Reagan, who had made major efforts during his governorship to reduce funding and enlistment for California mental institutions, pushed a political effort through the Democratically controlled House of Representatives and a Republican controlled Senate to repeal most of MHSA. The MHSA was considered landmark legislation in mental health care policy.

text:
# Mental Health Systems Act of 1980

The **Mental Health Systems Act of 1980** (**MHSA**) was legislation signed by American President Jimmy Carter which provided grants to community mental health centers. In 1981 President Ronald Reagan, who had made major efforts during his governorship to reduce funding and enlistment for California mental institutions, pushed a political effort through the Democratically controlled House of Representatives and a Republican controlled Senate to repeal most of MHSA. The MHSA was considered landmark legislation in mental health care policy.

## Historical background

In the backdrop of the 1960s and 1970s there was a rise in the community health movement as a response to deinstitutionalization efforts in health care. Coinciding with a movement during the 1970s for rehabilitation of people with severe mental illnesses, the Mental Health Systems Act supported and financed community mental health support systems, which coordinated general health care, mental health care, and social support services. Before this movement gained momentum, mentally ill individuals were often placed in some state run psychiatric hospitals for extended periods, where they received long-term custodial care. The community mental health movement sought to shift the focus of care from institutional settings to community-based services, transitioning from care to community based services, aiming for more compassionate and efficient treatment with the goal of providing more humane and effective treatment for those struggling with their mental health. One pivotal legislation supporting this shift was the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963, also known as the Community Mental Health Act (CMHCA). It provided federal funding for the establishment of community mental health centers (CMHCs) across the country. These centers were intended to offer a range of mental health services, including outpatient care, crisis intervention, and rehabilitation, with the goal of reducing the need for long-term institutionalization. However, by the late 1970s, it became clear that the initial promise of the community mental health movement had not been fully realized. While many CMHCs had been established, they faced challenges in securing ongoing funding and providing comprehensive services to individuals with mental illnesses. The law followed the 1978 Report of the President's Commission on Mental Health, which made recommendations for improving mental health care in the United States. While some concerns existed about the methodology followed by the President's Committee, the report served as the foundation for the MHSA, which in turn was seen as landmark legislation in U.S. mental health policy. In response to these challenges, Congress passed the Mental Health Systems Act in 1980.

## Short life of the act

The Mental Health Systems Act (MHSA) of 1980 could be considered as some sort of landmark legislation passed by the United States Congress, it has as its main goal to fundamentally reform the mental health care system in the country by emphasizing in community based care where focus of mental health services would shift from institutionalization towards community-based, where states would provide appropriate treatment and related services in most supportive settings, with oversight and funding. It tried to address deficiencies and shortcomings of the existing mental health system by boosting federal funding and support for community-based services. The act emphasized the importance of comprehensive, integrated mental health care that addressed the needs of individuals across the lifespan and provided support for services such as crisis intervention, rehabilitation, and housing. The MHSA represented a moment in the evolution of health policy in the United States as it was enacted during a time when there was increased awareness and advocacy for mental health services. The goal was to revitalize the community health movement that began in the 1960s by prompting states to amend their laws to ensure protection and services for mental health patients while enhancing community based mental health services at a national level. Additionally it introduced a Patients' Bill of Rights Act, which served as the Patients' Bill of Rights specifically tailored for mental health patients. It also included an advocacy provision offering grants for experimental pilot programs designed to provide mental health advocacy services to individuals, with mental disabilities.

### Key components

* One of the aspects of the Mental Health Systems Act involved allocating block grants to states to bolster the establishment and growth of community health services. The block grants gave states flexibility in using funds allowing them to customize services to fit the unique needs of their communities. These grants were designated for establishing and expanding community health centers nationwide. The goal was to offer a range of health services, such, as prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation at the community level rather than in large institutions.
* The Mental Health Systems Act provided funding to states for creating and implementing community based health services with a focus on building an accessible mental health care system that emphasized research and evaluation to enhance services. It also set aside funds for research on illness prevention, treatment effectiveness and the structure of health systems.
* Furthermore the Mental Health Systems Act stressed the importance of collaboration among state and local governments well as between mental health providers, social service agencies and other community groups. It acknowledged that meeting the needs of individuals with illnesses required a unified approach involving various disciplines.

Despite its objectives some members of Congress and the Reagan administration opposed the Mental Health Systems Act due to doubts about the governments role, in funding and supervising mental health services.

## Repeal of most of the provisions in 1981

The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, passed by a Democratic-controlled House of Representatives and a Republican-controlled Senate, and signed by President Ronald Reagan on August 13, 1981, combined funding for social service programs, including mental health services, into a single grant given to states. Supporters believed this approach gave states flexibility and independence. Critics feared it would result in reduced funding for mental health services and go against the community mental health movements objectives. The repeal occurred within the broader context of shifting political ideologies and priorities in the United States, following the election of President Ronald Reagan in 1980. Reagan advocated for smaller government, reduced federal spending, and greater emphasis on states' rights and local control. With a focus on government decreased spending and promoting states rights and local governance there was a reevaluation of federal involvement and financing in areas, like mental health. It included provisions that repealed most of the MHSA, discontinuing federal funding and the support for community mental health centers established under the MHSA. OBRA redirected mental health funding mechanisms and transferred more responsibility for mental health services to the states, reducing significantly federal funding for mental health programs. The repeal of most provisions of the MHSA in 1981 reflected broader shifts in political priorities, budgetary constraints, and changing attitudes toward federal involvement in mental health policy and funding. It was primarily driven by several reasons and circumstances.

### Consequences of the repeal

Undoubtedly the repeal of the Mental Health Systems Act had an effect on the health system in America. The Mental Health Systems Act of 1980 was an initiative aimed at enhancing and broadening community based health services across the country. Yet its influence was brief as it was only in effect for 10 months. Changes in politics during the 1980s resulted in its removal and a notable decrease in government backing for health programs. Though the objectives of the community mental health initiative are still applicable today, the difficulties in obtaining funding and assistance for health services persist as a significant issue.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Mental Health Systems Act of 1980
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Long title | A bill to improve the provision of mental health services and otherwise promote mental health throughout the United States; and for other purposes. |
| Acronyms (colloquial) | MHSA |
| Enacted by | the 96th United States Congress |
| Citations | |
| Public law | Pub.L. 96-398 |
| Codification | |
| Acts amended | Community Mental Health Centers Act, Public Health Service Act, Social Security Act |
| Titles amended | 42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare |
| U.S.C. sections created | 42 U.S.C. §§ 94019523 |
| U.S.C. sections amended | 42 U.S.C. § 210, § 225a, § 242a, § 300m, § 1396b, § 2689 |
| Legislative history | |
|  | |