title: Film chain

abstract: A film chain or film island is a television – professional video camera with one or more projectors aligned into the photographic lens of the camera. With two or more projectors a system of front-surface mirrors that can pop-up are used in a multiplexer. These mirrors switch different projectors into the camera lens. The camera could be fed live to air for broadcasting through a vision mixer or recorded to a VTR for post-production or later broadcast. In most TV use this has been replaced by a telecine.

text:
# Film chain

A **film chain** or **film island** is a televisionprofessional video camera with one or more projectors aligned into the photographic lens of the camera. With two or more projectors a system of front-surface mirrors that can pop-up are used in a multiplexer. These mirrors switch different projectors into the camera lens. The camera could be fed live to air for broadcasting through a vision mixer or recorded to a VTR for post-production or later broadcast. In most TV use this has been replaced by a telecine.

## Projectors

The projectors often are: 16 mm film movie projector, a 35 mm slide projector and a 35 mm film movie projector. In low-end use the motion picture 35 mm projector would be replaced by a second 16 mm projector or 8 mm film, or Super 8 mm film or Single-8 projector. The multiplexer with the camera and projectors surrounding it would often be called a *film island*. The optical or mag or magnetic strip soundtrack on the motion picture would be picked up by the projector and would be fed to an audio sound mixing console or to the VTR. (See: Sound-on-film, Film sound, and 35 mm sound.)

The slide projector at a TV station would be used for the TV station's logo, the familiar "Please Stand By" slide, Emergency Broadcast System test or alert slides and some test patterns. Some used a dual-rotating drum slide projector that would have its own mirrors to switch between the drums.

The film projectors used in a film chain are not standard. A special five-blade shutter is used to convert the film's 24 frames per second into NTSC's 30 frame per second video. If this was not used, the video would have major flicker problems. This process is called a "3:2" pull down. Modern telecines use the same process, but it is done electronically, not with a five-blade shutter. "3:2" pull down means that a film frame is shown for three TV fields. The next film frame is shown for two TV fields. The add field in the "3" is used to convert the 24 frames per second to 30 frames per second. A normal projector has a two-bladed shutter that shows the same frame twice. Before modern continuous motion telecines, film chains were sometime referred to as telecines.

All film projectors use sprocket rollers to move the film and a pull-down claws to move and stop the film in the gate. The film is moved in the gate while the shutter blocks the light.

In PAL, SECAM, and other 25 frames per second systems, the film projector speed is increased one frame per second to 25 frame/s. This gives a one-to-one film to video frame transfer ratio. Thus a standard two-bladed shutter can be used.

See frame rate differences for more information.

## The camera

A film chain usually used a video camera tube as this reduced flicker. Vidicon image pick up tubes were the preferred pick up for film chains as these gave the least amount of flicker. When charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras were introduced these were also used in a film chain. CCD cameras often gave a sharper picture, but with more flicker.

Early film chains had black and white (B&W) cameras and many were later replaced with color. The camera could be a standard professional video camera, but most often was a camera designed for the purpose of film transfer.

Originally only print positive film was used. Later cameras that could invert and color correct color negative film were used.

Professional video cameras made for film chains were used for broadcast use.

A scene-by-scene color correction option was later added to film chains. This was first done by notching the edge of the film where a color change was wanted. Later, machines that counted the sprocket holes were used. At the mark (the notch or the electronic sprocket-count number) the next stored color correction would occur. See color grading for more information.

## Products

* RCA was by far the largest maker of film chains for broadcast with the monochrome TK-21 and the color TK-26, TK-27, TK-28, and TK-29 film pickup cameras.

Its broadcast division also designed and built 16mm projectors for television use, including the TP-6, that was often used with a TP-15 Multiplexer. Early 16mm installations tended to be RCA TP-16 or Eastman 250. A different RCA division developed 35mm projectors for television use, culminating in the 35mm FR-35 and a not so well regarded 16mm FR-16 projectors. Early 35mm installations tended to be RCA TP-35. RCA's TP-66, which debuted in the early 1960s, was widely used in stations and networks for 16mm silent, optical, and magnetic sound film playback, both live on air and to videotape for editing or delayed broadcast. It is still used by a number of home movie transfer outfits due to its generally low cost of acquisition, and that it was designed to run 24/7 playing back without problems the film content that made up much television programming in television's first 30 years. RCA's final film pickup camera, the TK-29, came in three models, A, B and C. The "A" was a basic model, "B" added more control and options. The TK-29C was RCA's "teleproduction" version, and could be equipped with "ChromaComp", an early form of color correction hardware. For transfer of high-end television commercials to videotape, TK-29Cs were equipped by some post-production houses with various forms of triggering the color correction settings in sync with film movement. Punched paper tape was one of the methods used to record the settings, much like film color timing systems of that era. As television program suppliers moved to videotape and then satellite distribution, prints of theatrical films and programs were transferred to videotape, often from separate 35mm picture and sound elements. Sacramento independent television station KRBK (31) kept its film islands and 1" recorders busy transferring Hollywood-created material for syndication. One of the two islands that had a TK-29C, FR-35, and an electronic pitch shifter to restore the natural pitch of the sound when films and shows were speeded up to gain more commercial time. Episodes of *Little House on the Prairie* were transferred at KRBK, and are still being fed to stations for airing. * General Electric also made film chains, both in B&W and color; among its color film cameras were the PE-24 and PE-240, both of which used four vidicon tubes (designated as "4-V"). GE film chains were also prevalent in many television stations; one of its largest clients was ABC. CBS also used GE film pickup cameras.
* Eastman Kodak made several well regarded 16mm projectors for television use.
* TeleMation Inc. made B&W and color film chains like the TMM-203 Multiplexer and TMU-100 Uniplexers. TeleMation cameras and later film chain camera racks were used for the pick up. These often used Bell & Howell projectors, like the B&H 379. Bell & Howell later purchased Telemation. Fotomat used a fleet of TeleMation units for 16mm, 8mm, and S8mm transfers to VHS.
* Bosch Fernseh made a number of color and B&W film chains for many years, such as the OMY Color Film Chain; color film chain with a KCU-40 camera, B&W film chain in 1968.
* A number of manufacturers made small home film transfer systems.

The introduction of the Rank Cintel Mark III flying spot scanner and Bosch Fernseh FDL60, called a telecines, paved the way to shift from projector-based transfer to a gentler system, continuous transport motion, that allowed the easy transfer of negative film and print film and thus the decline of film chains. Film slides were replaced by 2D computer graphics devices.

## Further reading


title: Finnsnes IL

abstract: Finnsnes Idrettslag is a sports club in Finnsnes, Norway. It is most known for its association football, which once played in the Norwegian Second Division, the third tier of Norwegian football. It plays in the Norwegian Fourth Division. It has a rival team «FK Senja» because they are on opposite sides of the bridge between Finnsnes and Silsand. In 2024 they got knocked out by Storelva in the NM Cup in the first round. They got knocked 5–3 on penalties.

text:
# Finnsnes IL

**Finnsnes Idrettslag** is a sports club in Finnsnes, Norway. It is most known for its association football, which once played in the Norwegian Second Division, the third tier of Norwegian football. It plays in the Norwegian Fourth Division. It has a rival team «FK Senja» because they are on opposite sides of the bridge between Finnsnes and Silsand. In 2024 they got knocked out by Storelva in the NM Cup in the first round. They got knocked 5–3 on penalties.

## History

| Season |  | Pos. | Pl. | W | D | L | GS | GA | P | Cup | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | 3. divisjon | **1** | 22 | 18 | 1 | 3 | 86 | 21 | **55** | First round | Promoted |
| 2012 | 2. divisjon | **13** | 26 | 8 | 3 | 15 | 35 | 51 | **27** | First round | Relegated |
| 2013 | 3. divisjon | **1** | 22 | 21 | 1 | 0 | 92 | 11 | **64** | Second qualifying round | Promoted |
| 2014 | 2. divisjon | **6** | 26 | 14 | 1 | 11 | 45 | 41 | **43** | Second round |  |
| 2015 | 2. divisjon | **4** | 26 | 15 | 4 | 7 | 53 | 45 | **49** | Second round |  |
| 2016 | 2. divisjon | **2** | 26 | 16 | 8 | 2 | 52 | 22 | **56** | Second round |  |
| 2017 | 2. divisjon | **12** | 26 | 6 | 4 | 16 | 26 | 45 | **22** | Second round | Relegated |
| 2018 | 3. divisjon | **8** | 26 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 41 | 34 | **34** | First round |  |
| 2019 | 3. divisjon | **2** | 26 | 16 | 6 | 4 | 67 | 29 | **54** | Second qualifying round |  |
| 2020 | *Season cancelled* | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2021 | 3. divisjon | **14** | 13 | 2 | 0 | 11 | 17 | 36 | **6** | First round | Relegated |
| 2022 | 4. divisjon | **3** | 26 | 16 | 1 | 5 | 88 | 49 | **49** | First round |  |

## InfoBox

Finnsnes Idrettslag
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 29 January 1922 (1922-01-29) |
| Ground | Finnsnes stadion |
| Capacity | 500 |
| Chairman | Ivar Holand |
| Manager | Jonathan Barlow |
| League | 4. divisjon |
| 2021 | 3. divisjon Group 6, 14th of 14 (relegated) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Finnstick

abstract: A finnstick is the name given by birdwatchers to a stick used to support a binoculars. The one end of the stick is steadily attached to the binocular while the other end rests against the belly. Finnsticks help to keep the binoculars steady especially when they are used for a prolonged time. In addition to keeping the image steady which allows for finer details of the object to be discerned, the use of the stick reduces muscle strain thus enabling longer viewing with less sore muscles afterwards. Some birdwatchers feel that the use of a finnstick does not markedly improve the viewer's ability to resolve detail, but rather improves viewing comfort and prevents premature fatigue. The finnstick is especially useful when watching migration when the horizon may be scanned literally for hours to find migrant birds. As the name implies the stick was invented by the Finns but is now also used in other countries, mainly in Europe. Alternative strategies for steadying the binoculars include supporting the arms against the body. Some birdwatchers have extended the idea by using a telescoping stick either as a finnstick or a monopod, depending on the situation.

text:
# Finnstick

A **finnstick** is the name given by birdwatchers to a stick used to support a binoculars. The one end of the stick is steadily attached to the binocular while the other end rests against the belly.

Finnsticks help to keep the binoculars steady especially when they are used for a prolonged time. In addition to keeping the image steady which allows for finer details of the object to be discerned, the use of the stick reduces muscle strain thus enabling longer viewing with less sore muscles afterwards. Some birdwatchers feel that the use of a finnstick does not markedly improve the viewer's ability to resolve detail, but rather improves viewing comfort and prevents premature fatigue.

The finnstick is especially useful when watching migration (e.g. seabirds, raptors) when the horizon may be scanned literally for hours to find migrant birds.

As the name implies the stick was invented by the Finns but is now also used in other countries, mainly in Europe. Alternative strategies for steadying the binoculars include supporting the arms against the body.

Some birdwatchers have extended the idea by using a telescoping stick either as a finnstick or a monopod, depending on the situation.

## Manufacture

A simple finnstick can be made from a piece of wood such as an old hockey stick, or from the leg of an old tripod. The upper end of the stick needs to be adjusted to each binocular model. In the cold Finnish climate it is common to cover finnsticks made of metal with an insulator to keep the hands warmer.

Finnsticks are also commercially available and some binocular manufacturers provide an attachment for a finnstick (or a monopod) as an accessory.

* Collins, Walter S., 1993: "The Finnstick". *Birding* **25**:264
* Mikkola, Karno, 1996: Seipiö. *Alula* **2**: 36 (in Finnish)


title: Fiji at the 1964 Summer Paralympics

abstract: Fiji competed at the 1964 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, Japan. It was Fiji's first participation in the Paralympic Games. The country was represented by a single athlete, who competed in weightlifting, and did not win a medal.

text:
# Fiji at the 1964 Summer Paralympics

**Fiji** competed at the **1964 Summer Paralympics** in Tokyo, Japan. It was Fiji's first participation in the Paralympic Games. The country (a British colony at the time) was represented by a single athlete, who competed in weightlifting, and did not win a medal.

## Weightlifting

| Name | Event | Result | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nakatabrca | Men's Middleweight | 90 kg | 5th (out of 5) |

## InfoBox

| Fiji at the<br>1964 Summer Paralympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IPC code | FIJ |
| NPC | Fiji Paralympic Association |
| in Tokyo | |
| Competitors | 1 in 1 sport |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Paralympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Fine by Me (Chris Brown song)

abstract: "Fine by Me" is a song by American singer Chris Brown from his seventh studio album Royalty. It was released as a single on November 27, 2015, by RCA Records.

text:
# Fine by Me (Chris Brown song)

"**Fine by Me**" is a song by American singer Chris Brown from his seventh studio album **Royalty**. It was released as a single on November 27, 2015, by RCA Records.

## Background

On October 7, 2015, he posted on his Instagram account a video where he was lip-synching a snippet of "Fine by Me". The song was released, along with the pre-order on iTunes on November 26, 2015. On the following day, it was officially released as the album's fourth single.

## Music video

On November 27, 2015, Brown uploaded the music video for "Fine by Me" on his YouTube and Vevo account.

### Synopsis

The video begins at the end of his video "Zero", and starts with Brown stumbling out of a convenience store before a girl lures him into a mysterious warehouse. He is told to change clothes and is greeted by a man on the screen who is out for blood. The madman unleashes his henchmen, who fight Brown on the dance floor doing an orchestrated fight-dance scene, but at the end he's able to defeat them all with his fighting moves.

## Charts

| Chart (2015–16) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium Dance (Ultratop Wallonia) | 46 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) | 53 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 97 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 76 |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (*Billboard*) | 13 |
| US Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles (*Billboard*) | 7 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Fine by Me" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Chris Brown | |
| from the album  *Royalty* | |
| Released | November 27, 2015 |
| Recorded | 2015 |
| Genre | Nu-disco |
| Length | 3:27 |
| Label | RCA |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Chris Brown singles chronology | |
| "Back to Sleep"
(2015) "**Fine by Me**"
(2015) "Something New"
(2016) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Fine by Me" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Fine electronic structure

abstract: In solid state physics and physical chemistry, the fine electronic structure of a solid are the features of the electronic bands induced by intrinsic interactions between charge carriers. Valence and conduction bands split slightly compared to the difference between the various bands. Some mechanisms that allow it are angular momentum couplings, spin-orbit coupling, lattice distortions, and other interactions described by crystal field theory. The name comes from the fine structure of atoms, where energy levels suffer from a similar effect from the non-relativistic calculation due to effects like spin–orbit interaction, zitterbewegung, and corrections to the kinetic energy.

text:
# Fine electronic structure

In solid state physics and physical chemistry, the **fine electronic structure** of a solid are the features of the electronic bands induced by intrinsic interactions between charge carriers. Valence and conduction bands split slightly compared to the difference between the various bands. Some mechanisms that allow it are angular momentum couplings, spin-orbit coupling, lattice distortions (Jahn–Teller effect), and other interactions described by crystal field theory.

The name comes from the fine structure of atoms, where energy levels suffer from a similar effect from the non-relativistic calculation due to effects like spin–orbit interaction, zitterbewegung, and corrections to the kinetic energy.


title: First Women's Bank of California

abstract: The First Women's Bank of California was a Los Angeles-based bank dedicated to helping women save money and establish credit. It operated from 1976 until its sale in 1984. The bank was founded by a group of area businesswomen, which included Virginia Mullan, Laura Liswood, "Cappy"(Gladys) Fogel, Betty Lessner, Veryl Mortenson, Lee Agajanian, Dianne Freestone (Modisett) Kully, Helene Beck and Julann Elizabeth Wright Griffin. Griffin is the former wife of producer/entertainer Merv Griffin, and she was instrumental in convincing celebrities to buy stock in the bank and open accounts. Florence Henderson was the bank's first customer, and eventually Jane Fonda, Loretta Swit, Phyllis Diller, Farrah Fawcett, and Anne Bancroft all had accounts there. The bank's mission was generally feminist. The bank therefore focused managing women’s money, especially after divorce, although the bank’s founders publicly disavowed feminism as their mission on several occasions. Ironically, when the bank’s board members first searched for a CEO, they were unable to find a qualified woman. Therefore, Rowan Henry, a man, was hired. By late 1976, more than $1.5 million in First Women’s Bank stock had been sold to about 1,300 shareholders, 63% of whom were women. Asked in Occidental College’s alumni magazine what it meant to be a bank for women, board member Dianne Modisett answered, "It means that we eliminate discrimination on the basis of sex. An individual must still qualify for credit or a loan, but if she doesn't, we want to assist her in becoming qualified…It doesn't make any difference to us whether the woman is single, married, divorced, or widowed." First Women's Bank was sold in 1984 for $2.7 million and reorganized as the Guaranty Bank of California, now GBC International Bank.

text:
# First Women's Bank of California

**The First Women's Bank of California** was a Los Angeles-based bank dedicated to helping women save money and establish credit. It operated from 1976 until its sale in 1984.

The bank was founded by a group of area businesswomen, which included Virginia Mullan, Laura Liswood, "Cappy"(Gladys) Fogel, Betty Lessner, Veryl Mortenson, Lee Agajanian, Dianne Freestone (Modisett) Kully, Helene Beck and Julann Elizabeth Wright Griffin. Griffin is the former wife of producer/entertainer Merv Griffin, and she was instrumental in convincing celebrities to buy stock in the bank and open accounts.

Florence Henderson was the bank's first customer, and eventually Jane Fonda, Loretta Swit, Phyllis Diller, Farrah Fawcett, and Anne Bancroft all had accounts there.

The bank's mission was generally feminist. The bank therefore focused managing women’s money, especially after divorce, although the bank’s founders publicly disavowed feminism as their mission on several occasions.

Ironically, when the bank’s board members first searched for a CEO, they were unable to find a qualified woman. Therefore, Rowan Henry, a man, was hired. By late 1976, more than $1.5 million in First Women’s Bank stock had been sold to about 1,300 shareholders, 63% of whom were women.

Asked in Occidental College’s alumni magazine what it meant to be a bank for women, board member Dianne Modisett answered, "It means that we eliminate discrimination on the basis of sex. An individual must still qualify for credit or a loan, but if she doesn't, we want to assist her in becoming qualified…It doesn't make any difference to us whether the woman is single, married, divorced, or widowed."

First Women's Bank was sold in 1984 for $2.7 million and reorganized as the Guaranty Bank of California, now GBC International Bank.

## InfoBox

The First Women's Bank of California
|
|  |
| Founded | November 1976 |
| Headquarters | 12301 Wilshire Blvd. Los Angeles, California |
| Area served | Southern California |
| Key people | Julann Griffin, Cappy Fogel |


title: Fiorenza Donato

abstract: Fiorenza Donato is an Italian theoretical astroparticle physicist whose research involves the study of cosmic rays and their use in understanding the nature of dark matter, the possible products of particle collisions involving dark matter, the creation and behavior of antimatter among high-energy cosmic particles, and gamma-ray astronomy. She is a full professor of theoretical physics at the University of Turin.

text:
# Fiorenza Donato

**Fiorenza Donato** is an Italian theoretical astroparticle physicist whose research involves the study of cosmic rays and their use in understanding the nature of dark matter, the possible products of particle collisions involving dark matter, the creation and behavior of antimatter among high-energy cosmic particles, and gamma-ray astronomy. She is a full professor of theoretical physics at the University of Turin.

## Education and career

Donato graduated magna cum laude from the University of Turin in 1995, and continued at the university for a Ph.D. in physics, completed in 1998. She earned a French habilitation in 2002, and an Italian professorial habilitation in 2013.

She was a postdoctoral researcher at the Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de physique des particules from 1998 to 2001, at the University of Turin from 2002 to 2004, and as an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Physics from 2004 to 2005.

She continued as a researcher at the University of Turin, becoming an associate professor there in 2015 and full professor in 2021.

## Recognition

Donato was elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 2015, after a nomination from the APS Division of Astrophysics, "for extensive ground breaking contributions in astro particle physics and indirect dark matter searches". She became a corresponding member of the Accademia delle Scienze di Torino in 2021.


title: Fifths tuning

abstract:
Fifths tuning is a non-standard tuning for the double bass, used primarily in classical and jazz music. In this tuning, the double bass is tuned like a cello but an octave lower. Although fifths tuning was once the most common double bass tuning in France in the 19th century, standard fourths tuning (E-A-D-G) has since become the most used tuning for the instrument. Fifths has recently been repopularised by a small but increasing number of bassists, most notably American Red Mitchell and Canadian Joel Quarrington who now is Principal in the London Symphony. Other players who use the tuning include Dennis Masuzzo, Silvio Dalla Torre, Paul Unger, Larry Holloway and Tomoya Aomori. Although still relatively uncommon, its popularity is ever increasing. Its advocates say the advantages of fifths tuning are:
  - Increased resonance, volume and quality of sound.
  - Superior intonation with the rest of the string section due to the uniform tuning.
  - Best method of obtaining a low C, without an extension or a fifth string.
  - Mostly used by jazz players for the major tenth which can be played easily without a position shift.

text:
# Fifths tuning

**Fifths tuning** is a non-standard tuning for the double bass, used primarily in classical and jazz music. In this tuning, the double bass is tuned like a cello but an octave lower (C-G-D-A low to high).

Although fifths tuning was once the most common double bass tuning in France in the 19th century, standard fourths tuning (E-A-D-G) has since become the most used tuning for the instrument. Fifths has recently been repopularised by a small but increasing number of bassists, most notably American Red Mitchell and Canadian Joel Quarrington who now is Principal in the London Symphony. Other players who use the tuning include Dennis Masuzzo, Silvio Dalla Torre, Paul Unger, Larry Holloway and Tomoya Aomori. Although still relatively uncommon (most fifths players are in Canada), its popularity is ever increasing.

Its advocates say the advantages of fifths tuning are:

* Increased resonance, volume and quality of sound (the strings have more common overtones, causing the strings to vibrate sympathetically).
* Superior intonation with the rest of the string section due to the uniform tuning (for classical players).
* Best method of obtaining a low C, without an extension or a fifth string.
* Mostly used by jazz players for the major tenth which can be played easily without a position shift.


title: Pastor Obligado

abstract: Pastor Obligado was an Argentine lawyer and lawmaker who served as Governor of the secessionist State of Buenos Aires from 1853 to 1858.

text:
# Pastor Obligado

**Pastor Obligado** (August 9, 1818 – March 12, 1870) was an Argentine lawyer and lawmaker who served as Governor of the secessionist State of Buenos Aires from 1853 to 1858.

## Life and times

### Early life and career

Obligado was born in Buenos Aires to Juana María Tejedor and Manuel Obligado. The elder Obligado had enrolled at the bar at the Royal Audiencia of Charcas, was among the signatories of the Open Cabildo of May 22, 1810, that ushered the May Revolution, and served as Economy Minister for the subsequent Directorate.

The younger Obligado married the former Fortunata Gómez in 1839, and they had four children. He earned a law degree at the University of Buenos Aires in 1845, and despite having publicly supported Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas, Obligado was appointed provincial circuit judge the day after Rosas' 1852 overthrow. He advocated against Buenos Aires' ratification of the San Nicolás Agreement, and became one of a leading group of Unitarian Party lawmakers most opposed to any pact signed with the now paramount Entre Ríos Governor, Justo José de Urquiza.

This group, which also included Adolfo Alsina, Valentín Alsina, José Mármol, and Carlos Tejedor, spearheaded the September 11, 1852, establishment of the State of Buenos Aires, seceding from the Argentine Confederation led by Urquiza. Obligado's advocacy on behalf of the Port of Buenos Aires and the Buenos Aires Customs (the chief sources of public revenue), as well as the support from Domingo Sarmiento and Rufino de Elizalde helped result in his election as Governor by the Legislature on June 28, 1853.

### Tenure as Governor

Governor Obligado obtained passeage of the Constitution of Buenos Aires on April 12, 1854, and initiated an ambitious public works program, installing the first gas lamps and running water system in the city, and establishing what later became the Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires, as well as a network of public primary schools for the largely illiterate population at the time. The 1854 constitution, drafted by Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield, asserted the sovereignty of Buenos Aires, including its right to engage in its own diplomatic relations, as well as a bicameral legislature and freedom of worship.

Obligado reformed the practice of emphyteusis, after which land could be sold at a regulated rate of 16,000 silver pesos (*pesos fuerte*, nearly at par with the U.S. dollar) per square league (4,428 acres). He established a national mint under the auspices of the Bank of the Province of Buenos Aires, and subsidies for industry and commerce; on August 30, 1857, the recently established Buenos Aires Western Railway inaugurated its first line, designed by British engineer William Bragge.

Obligado attended the first demonstration of the telegraph in Argentina on October 14, 1855. The event, coordinated by French engineer Adolphe Bertonnet, failed to persuade the governor, however, despite its enthusiastic coverage by the official news daily, Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield's *El Nacional*.

The establishment of a free trade agreement by the Confederation between the Port of Rosario (its chief port) and the Port of Montevideo proved detrimental to Buenos Aires trade. Worsening relations thus led to the re-election of the more intransigent Valentín Alsina as Governor at the end of 1858, and in February 1859, Alsina enacted retaliatory tariffs against Confederate goods. Tensions culminated in the Battle of Cepeda (1859) and the Battle of Pavón (1861), leading to significant concessions from the Confederation toward Buenos Aires, and to their reunification in December 1861.

Obligado served in the Buenos Aires Legislature following the end of his tenure as governor, fought in the Battles of Cepeda and Pavón, and served in Bartolomé Mitre's cabinet as Minister of War following the 1862 election of the Buenos Aires leader as President of Argentina. Obligado served concurrently in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies, to which he was elected in 1862.

He died in Córdoba Province in 1870, at age 51, and was interred at La Recoleta Cemetery.

* *Historical Dictionary of Argentina*. London:Scarecrow Press, 1978.

## InfoBox

| Pastor Obligado | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Governor of the State of Buenos Aires | |
| **In office**
June 28, 1853 – December 21, 1858 | |
| Preceded by | Manuel Guillermo Pinto |
| Succeeded by | Valentín Alsina |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | August 9, 1818
Buenos Aires |
| Died | March 12, 1870(1870-03-12) (aged 51)
Jesús María, Córdoba |
| Political party | Unitarian Party |
| Spouse | Fortunata Gómez |
| Alma mater | University of Buenos Aires |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
|  | |


title: Newton R. Casey

abstract: Newton R. Casey was an American doctor and politician from Illinois. A son of Zadok Casey, Casey attended Ohio University and practiced medicine in Benton and Mount Vernon, Illinois. In 1858, he moved to the newly established Mound City, Illinois, where he became their longtime mayor. A supporter of Stephen A. Douglas, Casey was elected to three terms in the Illinois House of Representatives.

text:
# Newton R. Casey

**Newton R. Casey** (January 27, 1826 – June 6, 1899) was an American doctor and politician from Illinois. A son of Zadok Casey, Casey attended Ohio University and practiced medicine in Benton and Mount Vernon, Illinois. In 1858, he moved to the newly established Mound City, Illinois, where he became their longtime mayor. A supporter of Stephen A. Douglas, Casey was elected to three terms in the Illinois House of Representatives.

## Biography

Newton R. Casey was born in Jefferson County, Illinois on January 27, 1826. He was the son of Zadok Casey, the fourth Lieutenant Governor of Illinois (1830–1833) and a five-term U.S. Representative. His brothers were Samuel K., Thomas S., and John R. Casey. Casey attended public schools until 1838, when his father sent him to Hillsboro Academy. Two years later he studied at Mount Vernon Academy, and then was accepted to Ohio University in 1842. Casey graduated three years later and returned to Mount Vernon, Illinois to study medicine under Dr. John W. Corwin. In 1847, Casey moved to Benton, Illinois and founded a medical practice with a Dr. Towns.

Casey practiced in Benton for a year before again returning to Mount Vernon. He attended courses at the Missouri Medical College in 1856–1857, receiving a medical degree. He then moved to Mound City, Illinois, a city founded by his father-in-law three years earlier. Casey was elected to the city council the next year and was elected mayor in 1859. He held the office of mayor until 1874. Casey was a delegate to the 1860 Democratic National Convention, supporting eventual candidate Stephen A. Douglas. When the Mound City Civil War Naval Hospital was founded in 1861, Casey volunteered his services. He eventually was named assistant surgeon, and held that position for most of his life.

In 1866, Casey was nominated by the Democratic Party for a seat on the Illinois House of Representatives. He was re-elected two years later. In both terms, Casey was the Democratic nominee for Speaker of the House, but the Republican Party held the majority in both sessions and Casey was defeated. Although defeated in a re-election bid following the 1870 state redistricting, he was re-elected in 1872. He was again nominated and defeated in a bid for Speaker. During this term, he successfully rallied support to build a monument at Mound City National Cemetery. Casey largely retired from politics in 1874 to focus on his medical practice, though he was elected to one more term as Mound City mayor in the 1880s.

Casey married Flora Rawlings on December 4, 1847. They had three children: Ida M., Frank R., and Maude H. Casey died in Mound City, Illinois after a brief illness.

## InfoBox

| Dr. N. R. Casey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Illinois House of Representatives
from the 1st district | |
| **In office**
1866 (1866)–1870 (1870) | |
| Preceded by | Henry W. Webb |
| Succeeded by | H. Watson Webb |
| Member of the Illinois House of Representatives
from the 51st district | |
| **In office**
1872 (1872)–1874 (1874) | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 27, 1826
Jefferson County, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | June 6, 1899
Mound City, Illinois, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Profession | Physician |
|  | |


title: Pseudataenius

abstract: Pseudataenius is a genus of aphodiine dung beetles in the family Scarabaeidae. There are at least three described species in Pseudataenius.

text:
# Pseudataenius

***Pseudataenius*** is a genus of aphodiine dung beetles in the family Scarabaeidae. There are at least three described species in *Pseudataenius*.

## Species

These three species belong to the genus *Pseudataenius*:

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Pseudataenius* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Scarabaeidae |
| Tribe: | Eupariini |
| Genus: | *Pseudataenius*<br>Brown, 1927 |
|


title: My Aunts and I

abstract: My Aunts and I is a 1937 French comedy film directed by Yvan Noé and starring René Lefèvre, Marguerite Moreno and Jacqueline Francell. Three Aunts keep a close watch on their nephew's romantic developments. The film's sets were designed by the art director Marcel Magniez.

text:
# My Aunts and I

***My Aunts and I*** (French: ***Mes tantes et moi***) is a 1937 French comedy film directed by Yvan Noé and starring René Lefèvre, Marguerite Moreno and Jacqueline Francell. Three Aunts keep a close watch on their nephew's romantic developments.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Marcel Magniez.

## Cast

1. Rège p.381

## Bibliography

* Rège, Philippe. *Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1*. Scarecrow Press, 2009.

## InfoBox

| My Aunts and I | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Yvan Noé |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | Simon Schiffrin |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Nicolas Hayer |
| Edited by | Isa Elmann |
| Music by | Jane Bos |
| Production<br>company | Flag Films |
| Distributed by | Gray-Film |
| Release date | * 5 February 1937 (1937-02-05) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: List of bacterial orders

text:
# List of bacterial orders

This article lists the orders of the Bacteria. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 132 by The All-Species Living Tree Project.

## Phylogeny

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy was initially used to decorate the genome tree via tax2tree. The 16S rRNA-based Greengenes taxonomy is used to supplement the taxonomy particularly in regions of the tree with no cultured representatives. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) is used as the primary taxonomic authority for establishing naming priorities. Taxonomic ranks are normalised using phylorank and the taxonomy manually curated to remove polyphyletic groups.

Cladogram was taken from GTDB release 08-RS214 (28 April 2023).

## Clade Terrabacteria

### Phylum Chloroflexota

### Phylum Dormiibacterota

* Class "Dormiibacteria" (sic) Montgomery et al. 2021 (AD3)

### Phylum Armatimonadota

* Class "Heboniibacteriia" corrig. Carlton et al. 2023 (CAIYQO01)
* Class "Zipacnadia" Carlton et al. 2023 (UBA5377)
* Class Abditibacteriia Tahon et al. 2018 (FBP)
* Class HRBIN17
    + "*Candidatus* Fervidibacter" Rinke et al. 2013 {HRBIN17: HRBIN17} (OctSpa1-106)
* Class UBA5829
    + "*Candidatus* Hippobium" Gilroy et al. 2022 {UBA5829: UBA5829}
* Class Fimbriimonadia Im et al. 2012
* Class Chthonomonadia Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016
* Class Armatimonadia Tamaki et al. 2011 (OP10)

### Phylum Eremiobacterota

* Class "Eudoremicrobiia" Paoli et al. 2022
* Class "Xenobia" Ji et al. 2021 (UBP9)
* Class "Eremiobacteriia" corrig. Ward, Cardona & Holland-Moritz 2019 (WPS2)
    + "Baltobacterales" Ward, Cardona & Holland-Moritz 2019 ("Palusbacterales"; "Rubrimentiphilales"; "Vulcanimicrobiales")
    + "Eremiobacterales" Ward, Cardona & Holland-Moritz 2019

### Clade Firmicutes

#### Firmicutes incertae sedis

#### Phylum Bacillota E

* Class "Thermaerobacteria" Chuvochina et al. 2023
* Class UBA3575
    + "*Candidatus* Acetocimmeria" Smith et al. 2021 {UBA3575: UBA3575}
* Class "Symbiobacteriia" Wang et al. 2021 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
* Class "Sulfobacillia" Chuvochina et al. 2023

#### Phylum Bacillota G

* Class Limnochordia Watanabe, Kojima & Fukui 2015
* Class "Hydrogenisporia" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022

#### Phylum "Halanaerobiaeota"

#### Phylum Bacillota D

* Class "Proteinivoracia"
* Class "Dethiobacteria" Sorokin & Merkel 2022
    + "*Candidatus* Contubernalis" corrig. Zhilina et al. 2005 {SKNC01: SKNC01}
    + "Dethiobacterales" Sorokin & Merkel 2022
* Class "Natranaerobiia" Sorokin et al. 2021 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023

#### Phylum "Selenobacteria"

#### Phylum "Desulfotomaculota"

#### Phylum Bacillota A

)

#### Phylum "Bacillota"

### Phylum Actinomycetota

### Clade Cyanoprokaryota

#### Phylum "Margulisiibacteriota"

#### Phylum "Cyanobacteriota"

## Clade "Thermotogida"

### Phylum Atribacterota

* Class Atribacteria Katayama et al. 2021 (OP9)
    + Atribacterales Katayama et al. 2021 ("Caldatribacteriales")

### Phylum Synergistota

### Phylum "Lithacetigenota"

* Class "Lithacetigenia"
    + "Lithacetigenales"

### Phylum Dictyoglomota

### Phylum "Thermodesulfobiota"

### Phylum Coprothermobacterota

### Phylum "Caldisericota"

### Phylum Thermotogota

## Clade

### Clade "Fusobacterida"

#### Phylum "Muiribacteriota"

* Class "Muiribacteriia" corrig. Chuvochina et al. 2023
    + "Muiribacteriales" corrig. Chuvochina et al. 2023

#### Phylum "Rifleibacteriota"

* Class "Ozemibacteria" corrig. Kadnikov et al. 2018 (RIF32/ACD39)
    + "Ozemibacterales" corrig. Kadnikov et al. 2018

#### Phylum "Macinerneyibacteriota"

* Class "Macinerneyibacteriia" corrig. Yadav et al. 2020
    + "Macinerneyibacteriales" corrig. Yadav et al. 2020

#### Phylum Fusobacteriota

### Clade Candidate Phyla Radiation

#### Phylum "Elulota"

* Class "Elulimicrobiia" Rodriguez-R et al. 2020
    + ?"Elulimicrobiales" Rodriguez-R et al. 2020

#### Phylum "Patescibacteria"

* Class "Wirthbacteria"
* Class "Dojkabacteria" (WS6)
* Class "Katanobacteria" (WWE3)
* Class "Microgenomatia"
    + Clade GWA2-44-7
    + "Chazhemtobacteriales" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[UBA1400\]
    + "Curtissbacterales"
    + "Daviesbacterales"
    + "Gottesmanbacterales"
    + "Levybacterales"
    + "Roizmanbacterales"
    + "Shapirobacterales"
    + "Woykebacterales" (RIF34)
* Class "Absconditabacteria"
    + "Absconditabacterales" (sic)Yakimov et al. 2022 (SR1)
    + "*Candidatus* Altimarinus" Rinke et al. 2013 {BD1-5: UBA6164} (GN02)
* Class "Gracilibacteria"
    + "Abawacabacterales" (RIF46)
    + "Fertabacterales" (DOLZORAL124\_38\_8; "Fallacibacteriota")
    + "Peregrinibacterales" (PER)
    + "Peribacterales" Anantharaman et al. 2016
* Class "Berkelbacteria" (ACD58)
* Class "Kazanbacteria" (Kazan)
* Class "Howlettbacteria" (CPR2)
* Class "Saccharimonadia" corrig. Lemos et al. 2019 (TM7)
    + "Saccharimonadales" corrig. Lemos et al. 2019 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
* Class "Andersenbacteria" (RIF9)
* Class "Doudnabacteria" (SM2F11)
* Class "Torokbacteria" (GCA-2792135)
* Class "ABY1"
    + ?"Brownbacterales"
    + "Buchananbacterales" (RIF37)
    + "Falkowbacterales"
    + "Jacksonbacterales" (RIF38)
    + "Kerfeldbacterales" (RIF4)
    + "Komeilibacterales" (RIF6)
    + "Kuenenbacterales"
    + "Magasanikbacterales"
    + "Moisslbacterales" \[UBA2591\]
    + "Uhrbacterales"
    + "Veblenbacterales" (RIF39)
* Class "Paceibacteria" Chuvochina et al. 2023
    + "Azambacterales"
    + Clade UBA6257
    + Clade UBA9983
    + Clade UBA9983\_A
    + ?"Montesolbacterales"
    + "Moranbacterales" (OD1-i)
    + "Paceibacterales" Chuvochina et al. 2023
    + "Parcunitrobacterales" Castelle et al. 2017
    + "Portnoybacterales" (RIF22)
    + "Ryanbacterales" (RIF10)
    + "Spechtbacterales" (RIF19)
    + "Sungbacterales" (RIF17)
    + "Tagabacterales" (RIF12)
    + "Terrybacterales" (RIF13)
    + "Yanofskybacterales" (2-02-FULL-40-12)

### Clade

#### Phylum "Bipolaricaulota"

#### Phylum Deinococcota

## Clade Hydrobacterida

### Clade

#### Phylum "Goldiibacteriota"

* "*Candidatus* Cellulosimonas" Doud et al. 2020

#### Phylum Elusimicrobiota

#### Phylum "Aerophobota"

#### Phylum "Auribacterota"

#### Phylum "Omnitrophota"

### Clade Spirochaetobacteriobiontes

#### Phylum "Babelota"

* Class "Babeliae" (sic) Yeoh et al. 2016 (TM6)

#### Phylum Spirochaetota

### Clade Planctobacteria

#### Phylum Planctomycetota

#### Phylum Chlamydiota

#### Phylum Verrucomicrobiota

### Clade

#### Phylum "Saltatorellota"

* Class "Saltatorellae" Wiegand et al. 2019

#### Phylum "Hinthialibacterota"

* Class "Hinthialibacteria" Williams et al. 2022
    + "Hinthialibacterales" Williams et al. 2022

#### Phylum "Sumerlaeota"

* Class "Sumerlaeia" Kadnikov et al. 2018

#### Phylum "Poribacteriota"

#### Phylum "Hydrogenedentota"

* Class "Hydrogenedentia" Chuvochina et al. 2023 (NKB19)

### Clade FCB group

#### Phylum "Heilongiota"

* Class "Heilongiia" corrig. Zhang et al. 2022
    + ?"Heilongiales" Zhang et al. 2022

#### Phylum "Neomarinimicrobiota"

* ?"*Candidatus* Neomarinimicrobium" Rinke et al. 2013 corrig. Oren et al. 2020 (Candidate phylum SAR406; candidate phylum Marine Group A)

#### Phylum "Tianyaibacteriota"

#### Phylum "Fermentibacterota"

#### Phylum "Latescibacterota"

#### Phylum "Krumholzibacteriota"

#### Phylum Gemmatimonadota

#### Phylum "Hydrothermota"

* Class "Stahlbacteria" (WOR-3)
* Class "Hydrothermia" Chuvochina et al. 2019 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
    + "Hydrothermales" Chuvochina et al. 2019 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023 (EM3)
    + "Caldipriscales" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[LBFQ01\]

#### Phylum "Cloacimonadota"

* Class "Cloacimonadia" Williams et al. 2021 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
    + "*Candidatus* Celaenobacter" Williams et al. 2021 {JGIOTU-2: JGIOTU-2}
    + "Cloacimonadales" Williams et al. 2021 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023 (WWE1)

#### Phylum Fibrobacterota

#### Phylum "Electryoneota"

* Class "Electryoneia" Williams et al. 2022
* Class "Tariuqbacteria" Vigneron, Vincent & Lovejoy 2023

#### Phylum "Marinisomatota"

#### Phylum "Cosmopoliota"

* Class "Cosmopolitia" (sic) Zhang et al. 2023

#### Phylum Calditrichota

* Class Calditrichia Kublanov et al. 2022

#### Phylum Bacteroidota

### Clade Proteobacteria

#### Phylum "Canglongiota"

#### Phylum Acidobacteriota

#### Phylum SAR324

#### Phylum Bdellovibrionota

#### Phylum Lernaellota

#### Phylum "Binatota"

* Class "Binatia" Chuvochina et al. 2019 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023
    + "Binatales" Chuvochina et al. 2019 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023

#### Phylum Myxococcota

* Class Myxococcia Waite et al. 2020
    + Myxococcales Tchan, Pochon & Prévot 1948 \[Archangiales; "Angiobacteriales"; "Angiococcales"\] (fruiting gliding bacteria)
* Class "Bradymonadia" corrig. Chuvochina et al. 2023
* Class Polyangiia corrig. Waite et al. 2020

#### Phylum "Deferrisomatota"

#### Phylum "Deferrimicrobiota"

#### Phylum "Moduliflexota"

* Class "Moduliflexia" Sekiguchi et al. 2015 (KSB3)

#### Phylum "Methylomirabilaeota"

#### Phylum "Tectimicrobiota"

* Class "Entotheonellia" Chuvochina et al. 2023

#### Phylum Nitrospinota

* Class "Nitrospinia" Lucker et al. 2013

#### Phylum Nitrospirota

#### Phylum Desulfobacterota F

#### Phylum Thermodesulfobacteriota

#### Phylum "Calescibacteriota"

* Class "Calescibacteriia" Chuvochina et al. 2023 (EM19)

#### Phylum Desulfobacterota G

#### Phylum Acidulodesulfobacteriota

* Class "Acidulodesulfobacteriia" (sic) Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 \[SZUA-79\]

#### Phylum "Thermosulfidibacterota"

* Class "Thermosulfidibacteria" Cavalier-Smith 2020 ex Chuvochina et al. 2023

#### Phylum "Chrysiogenota"

#### Phylum Deferribacterota

#### Phylum Aquificota

#### Phylum Campylobacterota

#### Phylum Leptospirillaeota

* Class "Leptospirillia" Chuvochina et al. 2023

#### Phylum Pseudomonadota

## List of Candidate Phyla

1. J.P. Euzéby. "Bacteria". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2021-06-27.
2. Sayers; et al. "Bacteria". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
3. All-Species Living Tree Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 132". Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
4. Parks, DH; Chuvochina, M; Waite, DW; Rinke, C; Skarshewski, A; Chaumeil, PA; Hugenholtz, P (November 2018). "A standardized bacterial taxonomy based on genome phylogeny substantially revises the tree of life". *Nature Biotechnology*. **36** (10): 996–1004. bioRxiv 10.1101/256800. doi:10.1038/nbt.4229. PMID 30148503. S2CID 52093100.
5. Parks, DH; Chuvochina, M; Chaumeil, PA; Rinke, C; Mussig, AJ; Hugenholtz, P (September 2020). "A complete domain-to-species taxonomy for Bacteria and Archaea". *Nature Biotechnology*. **38** (9): 1079–1086. bioRxiv 10.1101/771964. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0501-8. PMID 32341564. S2CID 216560589.
6. Chaumeil, PA; Mussig, AJ; Hugenholtz, P; Parks, DH (15 November 2019). "GTDB-Tk: a toolkit to classify genomes with the Genome Taxonomy Database". *Bioinformatics*. **36** (6): 1925–1927. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btz848. PMC 7703759. PMID 31730192.
7. Almeida, Alexandre; Nayfach, Stephen; Boland, Miguel; Strozzi, Francesco; Beracochea, Martin; Shi, Zhou Jason; Pollard, Katherine S.; Sakharova, Ekaterina; Parks, Donovan H.; Hugenholtz, Philip; Segata, Nicola; Kyrpides, Nikos C.; Finn, Robert D. (20 July 2020). "A unified catalog of 204,938 reference genomes from the human gut microbiome". *Nature Biotechnology*. **39** (1): 105–114. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0603-3. PMC 7801254. PMID 32690973.
8. Nayfach, Stephen; et al. (9 November 2020). "A genomic catalog of Earth's microbiomes". *Nature Biotechnology*. **39** (4): 499–509. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0718-6. PMC 8041624. PMID 33169036.
9. "GTDB release 08-RS214". *Genome Taxonomy Database*. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
10. "bac120\_r214.sp\_label". *Genome Taxonomy Database*. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
11. "Taxon History". *Genome Taxonomy Database*. Retrieved 10 May 2023.


title: Meramec Heights, Missouri

abstract: Meramec Heights is a locally designated name located on the intersection of Highway 21 and East/West Rock Creek. Meramec Heights does not have its own post office. All residents residing on the east side of 21 have an Arnold, Missouri address, and all residents residing on the west side of 21 have an Imperial, Missouri address.

text:
# Meramec Heights, Missouri

38°25′34″N 90°34′05″W / 38.426°N 90.568°W / 38.426; -90.568 **Meramec Heights** is a locally designated name located on the intersection of Highway 21 and East/West Rock Creek. Meramec Heights does not have its own post office. All residents residing on the east side of 21 have an Arnold, Missouri address, and all residents residing on the west side of 21 have an Imperial, Missouri address.

1. "1 Meramec Heights Shopping Ctr - Arnold MO - MapQuest".


title: Run to the Water

abstract: "Run to the Water" is a song by alternative rock group Live, released on January 11, 2000, as the second single from their fifth studio album, The Distance to Here (1999). It became a moderate hit in early 2000, reaching the top 40 in Australia, Finland, and the Netherlands as well as on the American and Canadian rock charts. In Iceland, the song topped the chart for three weeks, becoming Live's second consecutive number-one single.

text:
# Run to the Water

"**Run to the Water**" is a song by alternative rock group Live, released on January 11, 2000, as the second single from their fifth studio album, *The Distance to Here* (1999). It became a moderate hit in early 2000, reaching the top 40 in Australia, Finland, and the Netherlands as well as on the American and Canadian rock charts. In Iceland, the song topped the chart for three weeks, becoming Live's second consecutive number-one single.

## Chart performance

The song was not released as a single in the United States but reached at number 14 on the *Billboard* Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 17 on the *Billboard* Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. In Canada, "Run to the Water" reached number 10 on the *RPM* Top 30 Rock Report. The single also charted at number 15 in Finland, number 25 in the Netherlands, number 34 in Australia, and number 44 in New Zealand. It peaked at number one in Iceland for three weeks, from April 28 to May 12, 2000, and became the band's second consecutive number-one single.

## Music video

The official music video for the song was directed by Martin Weisz. In the video, Ed Kowalczyk sings the song in a dilapidated bathroom, while the people in the street below, including the other band members, are harassed by the police. Kowalczk descends to the street where he and the other band members stand facing the riot police. Conflict seems inevitable until it begins to rain and the tension is released. Soon after, a bomb, thrown by the police, explodes and the water turns to fire, into which the band members jump. Kowalczyk wakes with a start to discover that he has been dreaming and smiles ecstatically as he washes his face in the sink.

There's also a second version of that video where, at the end, Kowalczyk comes out a pond on another plane of dimension, giving the story her full meaning.

## Track listings

## Credits and personnel

Credits are lifted from the US promo CD liner notes and *The Distance to Here* album booklet.

**Studios**

**Live**

**Other personnel**

## Charts

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | January 11, 2000 |  | Radioactive |  |
| | January 25, 2000 | | Contemporary hit radio |  |
| | April 3, 2000 | | Hot adult contemporary radio |  |

## InfoBox

| "Run to the Water" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Live | |
| from the album  *The Distance to Here* | |
| Released | January 11, 2000 (2000-01-11) |
| Studio |  |
| Length | 4:27 |
| Label | Radioactive |
| Composer(s) |  |
| Lyricist(s) | Ed Kowalczyk |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Live singles chronology | |
| "The Dolphin's Cry"
(1999) "**Run to the Water**"
(2000) "They Stood Up for Love"
(2000) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Run to the Water" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Palio of Ferrara

abstract: The Palio of Ferrara is a competition among the 8 neighborhoods (contrade) of the town of Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy. Four of these neighborhoods correspond to four wards located inside the medieval town fortifications. The remaining four correspond to external boroughs. The Palio is an historical reenactment based on 1259 celebrations for the return from Rome of Borso d'Este after receiving the duchy investiture from Pope Paul II. The celebrations were repeated regularly until around 1600. After a long interruption the tradition was briefly reenacted in 1933, stopped again during World War II and eventually restarted in 1967.

text:
# Palio of Ferrara

The **Palio of Ferrara** is a competition among the 8 neighborhoods (*contrade*) of the town of Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy. Four of these neighborhoods correspond to four wards located inside the medieval town fortifications. The remaining four correspond to external boroughs. The Palio is an historical reenactment based on 1259 celebrations for the return from Rome of Borso d'Este after receiving the duchy investiture from Pope Paul II. The celebrations were repeated regularly until around 1600. After a long interruption the tradition was briefly reenacted in 1933, stopped again during World War II and eventually restarted in 1967.

## InfoBox

| Palio of Ferrara | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Frequency | Last Sunday in May |
| Location(s) | Piazza Ariostea |
| Country | Italy |
| Years active | 12591600
19331939
since 1967 |
| Sponsor | Ente Palio di Ferrara |
| Website | www.paliodiferrara.it |


title: Fannie Stebbins

abstract: Fannie Adelle Stebbins was an American science teacher and naturalist. She spent most of her career working in Springfield, Massachusetts. Fannie Stebbins Memorial Wildlife Refuge, a protected area of the Connecticut River, is named in her honor.

text:
# Fannie Stebbins

**Fannie Adelle Stebbins** (September 3, 1858  July 1, 1949) was an American science teacher and naturalist. She spent most of her career working in Springfield, Massachusetts. Fannie Stebbins Memorial Wildlife Refuge, a protected area of the Connecticut River, is named in her honor.

## Biography

Fannie Stebbins was born in Wilbraham, Massachusetts to George and Cynthia (Billings) Stebbins. Her father, a farmer, died when she was 15 years old. She had two brothers, one who became a patent attorney in Washington, D.C., and one who was a "chief bill clerk" in Springfield when he died in 1919. She went to school in Wilbraham and college at Westfield State Teachers College, graduating in 1880.

She was a teacher in the Springfield, Massachusetts public schools for most of her career, ultimately serving as supervisor of nature study for the district. According to *The Auk*, in 1888, "she was appointed a training teacher in science and nature study in the Springfield Normal Training School, when these subjects were relatively new as studies for children. The courses that she developed, with field trips extending to the Berkshires and throughout the Connecticut valley, were highly successful." One of her students was a Maine teacher and ornithologist named Cordelia Stanwood. In all she was a teacher, school principal, and supervisor of science instruction for 42 years.

In 1912 Stebbins co-founded the Allen Bird Club, which is considered the longest continuously operating birding club in Massachusetts. Her sightings of a glossy ibis (in 1926) and a scissor-tailed flycatcher (in 1932) were considered significant and memorable.

Lewis H. Weld cited observations made by "Miss Stebbins", author of "Insect Galls of Springfield, Massachusetts and Vicinity" (1909), in his 1926 paper published by the Smithsonian, "Field Notes on Gall-Inhabiting Cynipid Wasps with Descriptions of New Species".

Stebbins also presented papers on local geology to the Springfield Geology Club, and studied and taught botany and astronomy. In 1896 she donated a number of photographs and lantern slides to the Springfield Library. Circa 1910 she was lecturing on mineralogy to community groups at the library. She was an Associate of the American Ornithologists' Union, an honorary life member of the American Nature Study Society, and "considerable data were supplied by her to the old U. S. Biological Survey". In 1938 she was named a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1946 she was made an honorary member of Delta Kappa Gamma, a professional organization for female educators.

Circa 1924 she owned the "old Mary Leach house" in Middlefield. She died at a nursing home in Chicopee, Massachusetts in 1949.

The day after she died, a Holyoke, Massachusetts newspaper wrote: "Miss Stebbins opened the books for the science of nature that is all around us and \[tried\] to tell us of our relationships with the trees and the rocks and the stars. Her city, this Connecticut Valley, her country, and its government, all turned to Fannie Stebbins for her own findings in the fields of natural science. For her, and lot of us, that started with her love and study of birds and their way of life. Personally she was a most comfortable woman, robust, friendly, keen, warm-hearted, pleasant-spoken, rather a daughter of Nature. Now she is dead at age 91 — and leaves one of those lovely trails that some people are able to build — a trail which countless followers will keep living."

## Legacy

Fannie Stebbins Memorial Wildlife Refuge, a 371-acre (150 ha) park also known as the Fannie Stebbins Unit of the Silvio O. Conte National Fish and Wildlife Refuge, is named in her honor. The refuge was established by the Allen Bird Club in 1951. The refuge is a floodplain of the Connecticut River that has been identified as an important birding area by the Massachusetts Audubon Society. The Fannie Stebbins Refuge is located on Pondside Road, Longmeadow, Hampden County, Massachusetts.

## InfoBox

| Fannie Stebbins | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1858-09-03)September 3, 1858
Wilbraham, Massachusetts |
| Died | July 1, 1949(1949-07-01) (aged 90)
Chicopee, Massachusetts |
| Occupation(s) | Schoolteacher, naturalist |


title: Pam Buchanan

abstract: Pamela Ann Buchanan was an Australian politician who was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia between 1983 and 1992. She represented the Labor Party for the majority of her time in parliament, and was a minister in the Lawrence government, but resigned to sit as an independent in 1991.

text:
# Pam Buchanan

**Pamela Ann Buchanan** (née **Slocombe**; 6 February 1937 – 31 March 1992) was an Australian politician who was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia between 1983 and 1992. She represented the Labor Party for the majority of her time in parliament, and was a minister in the Lawrence government, but resigned to sit as an independent in 1991.

## Biography

Buchanan was born in Perth to Doris May (née Brittain) and Walter Scott Slocombe. She attended Perth Girls' High School, and later went on to Perth Technical College. From 1967 to 1976, she was a preschool administrator in Roebourne, in the state's north-west, where she also ran an adult education centre for Aboriginals. A member of the Labor Party from 1976, from 1980 to 1982 Buchanan was an assistant in the Karratha office of Peter Dowding, a member of the Legislative Council for North Province and also a future premier. Later president of the party's Wickham branch, she ran for the seat of Pilbara at the 1983 state election, winning with 58.77% of the vote. She replaced the retiring Liberal member, Brian Sodeman, who had held the seat since 1974. Buchanan increased her majority to 64.67% at the 1986 election, after which she was made a government whip.

At the 1989 election, Buchanan successfully transferred to the newly recreated seat of Ashburton, with her replacement in Pilbara, Larry Graham, retaining that seat for Labor. The re-elected Dowding government persisted only until February 1990, when it was replaced by the Lawrence government following Dowding's forced resignation. New premier Carmen Lawrence elevated Buchanan to the ministry as Minister for Works and Services and Minister for Regional Development. She was also made assistant minister to Lawrence in her capacity as Minister for Aboriginal Affairs. However, the regional development portfolio was abolished in December 1990, and Buchanan lost her remaining portfolios in February 1991, as part of a ministerial reshuffle prompted by an internal spill motion. Jeff Carr and Gavan Troy were also removed as ministers, with Carr consequently resigning from parliament. Buchanan herself resigned to sit as an independent on 1 February 1991, before the new ministry was sworn in four days later. She consequently became the first woman in the Parliament of Western Australia to sit as an independent. Buchanan resigned due to ill health just over a year later, in March 1992, and died at the end of that month, aged 55. She had married George Maitland Buchanan in April 1957, with whom she had two daughters. Her resignation prompted a by-election in Ashburton, which was won by the Labor candidate Fred Riebeling.

## InfoBox

| Pam Buchanan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Legislative Assembly
of Western Australia | |
| **In office**
19 February 1983  4 February 1989 | |
| Preceded by | Brian Sodeman |
| Succeeded by | Larry Graham |
| Constituency | Pilbara |
| **In office**
4 February 1989  3 March 1992 | |
| Preceded by | None (new creation) |
| Succeeded by | Fred Riebeling |
| Constituency | Ashburton |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Pamela Ann Slocombe
(1937-02-06)6 February 1937
Perth, Western Australia, Australia |
| Died | 31 March 1992(1992-03-31) (aged 55)
Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia |
| Political party | Labor (to 1991)
Independent (from 1991) |
|  | |


title: Pam Brown

abstract: Pamela Jane Barclay Brown is an Australian poet.

text:
# Pam Brown

**Pamela Jane Barclay Brown** (born 1948) is an Australian poet.

## Career

Pam Brown was born in Seymour, Victoria. Most of her childhood was spent on military bases in Toowoomba and Brisbane. Since her early twenties, she has lived in Melbourne and Adelaide, and has travelled widely in the Pacific and Indian Ocean regions as well as Europe and the U.S., but mostly she has lived in Sydney, on the unceded land of the Eora Nation. She has made her living variously as a silkscreen printer, bookseller, postal worker and has taught writing, multi-media studies and film-making. Pam Brown worked from 1989 to 2006 as a librarian at University of Sydney.

From 1997 to 2002 Pam Brown was the poetry editor of *Overland* and from 2004 to 2011 she was the associate editor of *Jacket* magazine. She has been a guest at poetry festivals worldwide, taught at the University for Foreign Languages, Hanoi, and during 2003 had Australia Council writers residency in Rome. In 2013 she held the Distinguished Visitor Award at the University of Auckland, New Zealand.

## Awards and nominations

**Nominations**

* 1984 — NSW Premier's Literary Award for Poetry for *New & Selected Poems 1971–1982*
* 1999 — NSW Premier's Kenneth Slessor Award for Poetry for *50-50*
* 2004 — The Age Book Of The Year Award — Poetry, VIC for *True Thoughts*
* 2010 — Adelaide Festival Award for Poetry, SA for *True Thoughts*
* 2010 — The Age Book Of The Year Award — Poetry, VIC for *Authentic Local*
* 2018 — Judith Wright Calanthe Award — Poetry, QLD for *click here for what we do*
* 2019 — Prime Minister's Literary Award for Poetry — for *click here for what we do*
* 2023 — NSW Premier's Kenneth Slessor Award for Poetry — for *Stasis Shuffle*

**Awards**

## Bibliography

### Books published

* *Sureblock,* (Pat Woolley, Melbourne, 1972)
* *Cocabola's Funny Picture Book,* (Tomato Press, Sydney, 1973)
* *Automatic Sad,* (Tomato Press, Sydney, 1974)
* *Cafe Sport,* (Sea Cruise Books, Sydney, 1979)
* *Correspondences,* (Red Press, Sydney, 1979)
* *Country & Eastern,* (Never-Never Books, Sydney, 1980)
* *Small Blue View,* (E.A.F./Magic Sam, Adelaide, 1982)
* *Selected Poems 1971–1982,* (Redress/Wild & Woolley, Sydney, 1984)
* *Keep It Quiet,* (Sea Cruise Books, Sydney, 1987)
* *New & Selected Poems,* (Wild & Woolley, Sydney, 1990)
* *This World. This Place.* (University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1994)
* *50 – 50,* (Little Esther Books, Adelaide, 1997)
* *Text thing* (Little Esther Books, Adelaide, 2002)
* *Dear Deliria* (New & Selected Poems), *(Salt Publishing, UK/US/Aust, 2003)*
* *True Thoughts* (Salt Publishing, U.K./U.S.A/Aust, 2008)
* *Authentic Local* (Soi 3 Modern Poets, papertiger media, Aust/Thailand, 2010 )
* *Home by Dark* (Shearsman Books, UK/US/Aust, 2013)
* *Alibis* (poems translated into French by Jane Zemiro) (Société Jamais-Jamais, Sydney, 2014)
* *Missing up* (Vagabond Press, Tokyo/Sydney, 2015)
* *Click here for what we do* (Vagabond Press, Tokyo/Sydney, 2018)
* *Endings & Spacings* (Never-Never Books, Sydney, 2021)
* *Stasis Shuffle* (Hunter Publishers, Saint Lucia, QLD 2021)

### Chapbooks

* *Little Droppings* (Never-Never Books, Sydney 1994)
* *My Lightweight Intentions* (Salt/Folio, U.K./Perth 1998)(2nd Edition Never-Never Books, Sydney 2006)
* *Drifting Topoi* (Vagabond Press, Sydney, 2000)
* *eleven 747 poems* (Wild Honey Press, Ireland, 2002)
* *Let’s Get Lost* (with Ken Bolton and Laurie Duggan)(Vagabond Press, Sydney 2005)
* *Peel Me A Zibibbo* (Never-Never Books, Sydney, 2006)
* *farout\_library\_software* (with Maged Zaher) (Tinfish Press, Hawai'i, USA 2007)
* *Sentimental* (Longhouse Books, USA 2010)
* *In My Phone* (Picaro Press, NSW 2011)
* *Anyworld* (flying island books, Macau, 2012)
* *More than a feuilleton* (Little Esther Books, Adelaide, 2012)
* *Westernity* (Stale Objects De Press, Sydney, 2016)
* *A mockery* (Otoliths, QLD, 2017)
* *from Shimmy* (with John Kinsella), (Shed Under the Mountain Press, W.A., 2019)
* *(pressure's on)* (Never-Never Books, Sydney, 2020)
* *A love supreme* (Now Orries Press, Melbourne, 2023)

### In translation

* *Alibis* poems translated from English into French by Jane Zemiro (Société Jamais-Jamais, Sydney 2014)

### Electronic books

* *The Meh of Z Z Z Z* (AhaDada Books, US/Japan 2010)

## InfoBox

| Pam Brown | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Pamela Jane Barclay Brown
1948 (age 7576)
Seymour, Victoria, Australia |
| Occupation | Poet |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Partner | Jane Zemiro |


title: Palmeraie (Marrakesh)

abstract: Palmeraie is a palm oasis of several hundred thousand trees outside of Marrakesh, Morocco. Situated at the edge of the city's northern section, it measures 5 miles (8.0 km) in length, and covers an area of 54 square miles (140 km⁲). It is known for its eponymous palm trees and resorts and camel rides, as well as the Palmeraie Rotana Resort, and Nikki Beach. It is approached on the Circuit de la Palmeraie, which branches off from the N8 highway to Fez.

text:
# Palmeraie (Marrakesh)

**Palmeraie** (palm grove) is a palm oasis of several hundred thousand trees outside of Marrakesh, Morocco. Situated at the edge of the city's northern section, it measures 5 miles (8.0 km) in length, and covers an area of 54 square miles (140 km2). It is known for its eponymous palm trees and resorts and camel rides, as well as the Palmeraie Rotana Resort, and Nikki Beach. It is approached on the Circuit de la Palmeraie, which branches off from the N8 highway to Fez.

## History

Although legend mentions that this Palmeraie was created from date seeds cast off centuries ago by Arab warriors, it was created during the Almoravid period, using a *khettara* network.

The ancient tale (more than 1000 years old) refers to this garden of palm trees as "the ardent children of the African earth and sun". Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin, while searching for land to establish his Almoravid dynasty had camped at the plain of Haouz. His soldiers, who had camped there, after consuming palm-dates had thrown the date seeds around and some of them had dropped into holes created by the lances which they had pitched there, and these sprouted into trees. Many centuries later the same plain had become an oasis of a lush garden of 50,000 trees. Here, Stuart Church, an American architect and designer, and Jaoud Kadiri created their dream project of building an edifice of oriental culture and Buddhist philosophy, which they called the Dar Alhind, which is a mansion which permeates the spirit and traditions of India.

Now there are over 100,000 date palms, as well as olive and fruit trees. In the present day, nearby reservoirs and artesian wells supply the irrigation.

In the town planning norms of the 1920s, buildings were not allowed be built to heights taller than the palm trees and as a result palm trees have grown in pavements also. However, in recent years urbanization has affected the area.

## Bibliography

## Further reading

* *La palmeraie de Marrakech: un paysage culturel à valoriser* (2014) (in French)
* Ghachem-Benkirane, Narjess; Saharoff, Philippe (1990). "La Palmeraie". *Marrakech, demeures et jardins secrets*. ACR Edition Internationale. ISBN 978-2-86770-043-9. (in French)


title: Palaestes

abstract:
Palaestes is a genus of beetles in the family Cucujidae. It contains eight currently recognized species. Like all members of the Cucujidae, adults are greatly dorso-ventrally compressed. All known species of Palaestes are brightly colored red or yellow and black, and the males have curiously modified mandibles that look like ice tongs; female mandibles are not modified. Palaestes shares with the Australian-New Zealand genus Platisus the character of the male genitalia, which lacks a flagellum, lying on its side in the abdomen, versus inverted in Cucujus and Pediacus. The biology of Palaestes species is almost entirely unknown, as are the immature stages. They are presumed to be predacious like other cucujids for which the biology is better known. Specimens are uncommon in collections. The genus is confined to Central and South America. Described species are:
  - Palaestes abruptus Sharp, 1899
  - Palaestes freyreissi
  - Palaestes nicaraguae Sharp, 1899
  - Palaestes nigriceps Waterhouse
  - Palaestes nigridens Sharp, 1899
  - Palaestes scutellaris Sharp, 1899
  - Palaestes tenuicornis Waterhouse
  - Palaestes variipes Sharp, 1899

text:
# Palaestes

***Palaestes*** is a genus of beetles in the family Cucujidae. It contains eight currently recognized species. Like all members of the Cucujidae, adults are greatly dorso-ventrally compressed. All known species of *Palaestes* are brightly colored red or yellow and black, and the males have curiously modified mandibles that look like ice tongs; female mandibles are not modified. *Palaestes* shares with the Australian-New Zealand genus *Platisus* the character of the male genitalia, which lacks a flagellum, lying on its side in the abdomen, versus inverted in *Cucujus* and *Pediacus*.

The biology of *Palaestes* species is almost entirely unknown, as are the immature stages. They are presumed to be predacious like other cucujids for which the biology is better known. Specimens are uncommon in collections. The genus is confined to Central and South America. Described species are:

* *Palaestes abruptus* Sharp, 1899
* *Palaestes freyreissi* (Heyden in Maples, 1827)
* *Palaestes nicaraguae* Sharp, 1899
* *Palaestes nigriceps* Waterhouse
* *Palaestes nigridens* Sharp, 1899
* *Palaestes scutellaris* Sharp, 1899
* *Palaestes tenuicornis* Waterhouse
* *Palaestes variipes* Sharp, 1899

## InfoBox

| *Palaestes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Palaestes abruptus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Superfamily: | Cucujoidea |
| Family: | Cucujidae |
| Genus: | ***Palaestes***<br>Perty, 1830 |
|


title: Palaephatus nielseni

abstract: Palaephatus nielseni is a moth of the family Palaephatidae. It is found in the wetter areas of the Valdivian forest region of southern Argentina and Chile. The length of the forewings is 5.2–7 mm for males and 6–7 mm for females. Adults have lustrous, light bronzy forewings, irregularly marked with various shades of brown, fuscous and white. They are on wing from October to November, in one generation per year.

text:
# Palaephatus nielseni

***Palaephatus nielseni*** is a moth of the family Palaephatidae. It is found in the wetter areas of the Valdivian forest region of southern Argentina and Chile.

The length of the forewings is 5.2–7 mm for males and 6–7 mm for females. Adults have lustrous, light bronzy forewings, irregularly marked with various shades of brown, fuscous and white. They are on wing from October to November, in one generation per year.

## Etymology

This species is named in honor of Dr. E.S. Nielsen, in recognition of the extensive fieldwork on this and other families of primitive Lepidoptera that he has conducted in austral South America.

## InfoBox

| *Palaephatus nielseni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Palaephatidae |
| Genus: | *Palaephatus* |
| Species: | ***P. nielseni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Palaephatus nielseni***<br>Davis, 1986 | |
|


title: FK Radnički Berane

abstract: FK Radnički is a football club from Berane, Montenegro. The club was founded in 2012.

text:
# FK Radnički Berane

**FK Radnički** is a football club from Berane, Montenegro. The club was founded in 2012.

## History

Football club Radnički was founded at 2012 as a third team in the city, after FK Berane and FK Napredak. After only two seasons, FK Radnički won the trophy in the Third League - North, and after the playoffs against FK Iskra and OFK Federal, they gained historical promotion to the 2014–15 Montenegrin Second League.
FK Radnički spent three consecutive seasons in the Montenegrin Second League and played overall 93 games. In the 2016-17 season, due to lack of finances, the team finished at the bottom of the table, with relegation to the Third League.

## Honours and achievements

## Current squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  GK  SRB Nemanja Jevrić  MF  MNE Srđan Bošković *(captain)*  DF  MNE Stefan Lutovac  DF  MNE Nikola Tmušić  DF  MNE Aleksandar Raković  DF  MNE Vojin Jeknić  MF  MNE Aldin Kalač  MF  MNE Mladen Šoškić  MF  KOR Kim Nam Gou | No. Pos. Nation Player  DF  MNE Lazar Čantrić  MF  MNE Milovan Milović  MF  MNE Saša Medenica  MF  MNE Danilo Cvetković  FW  MNE Vuk Vulević  FW  MNE Zoran Nisavic  FW  UKR Evgen Radionov  FW  MNE Ivan Asanović |
| --- | --- |

## Stadium

FK Radnički plays their home games on Berane City Stadium. It's the largest stadium in Northern Montenegro, with a capacity of 8,000 seats. Last renovation was finished in 2018, when stadium got the modern stand with seats, roofs, dressing rooms and offices under the UEFA standards.

## InfoBox

FK Radnički Berane
| Full name | Fudbalski klub Radnički Berane |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2012 |
| Ground | Gradski Stadion
Berane,
Montenegro |
| Capacity | 8,000 |
| President | Karmelo Marko Iritano |
| Head Coach | Ivica Ćulafić |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: FK Radnički Niš in European football

text:
# FK Radnički Niš in European football

Radnički Niš is a professional football club, based in Niš, Serbia, founded in 1923.

The greatest success in European competitions was achieved in the 1981–82 season, when they reached the semifinals of UEFA Cup.

## Matches

### UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League

| Season | Stage | Opponent | | Date | Venue | Score | Agg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Team | Country | | | | |
| 1980–81 | R1 | LASK Linz | Austria | 17 September 1980 | Linzer Stadion, Linz | 2–1 | 6–2 |
| | | 1 October 1980 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 4–1 | |
| | R2 | Beroe Stara Zagora | Bulgaria | 22 October 1980 | Beroe Stadium, Stara Zagora | 1–0 | 3–1 |
| | | 5 November 1980 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 2–1 | |
| | R3 | AZ | Netherlands | 26 November 1980 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 2–2 | 2–7 |
| | | 10 December 1980 | Alkmaarderhout, Alkmaar | 0–5 | |
| 1981–82 | R1 | Napoli | Italy | 16 September 1981 | Stadio San Paolo, Naples | 2–2 | 2–2 () |
| | | 30 September 1981 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 0–0 | |
| | R2 | Grasshoppers | Switzerland | 21 October 1981 | Hardturm, Zürich | 0–2 | 2–2 (3–0 ) |
| | | 4 November 1981 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 2–0 | |
| | R3 | Feyenoord | Netherlands | 25 November 1981 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 2–0 | 2–1 |
| | | 9 December 1981 | De Kuip, Rotterdam | 0–1 | |
| | QF | Dundee United | Scotland | 3 March 1982 | Tannadice, Dundee | 0–2 | 3–2 |
| | | 17 March 1982 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 3–0 | |
| | SF | Hamburg | West Germany | 7 April 1982 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 2–1 | 3–6 |
| | | 21 April 1982 | Volksparkstadion, Hamburg | 1–5 | |
| 1983–84 | R1 | St. Gallen | Switzerland | 14 September 1983 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 3–0 | 5–1 |
| | | 27 September 1983 | Espenmoos, St. Gallen | 2–1 | |
| | R2 | Inter Bratislava | Czechoslovakia | 19 October 1983 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 4–0 | 6–3 |
| | | 2 November 1983 | Štadión Pasienky, Bratislava | 2–3 | |
| | R3 | Hajduk Split | Yugoslavia | 23 November 1983 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 0–2 | 0–4 |
| | | 7 December 1983 | Stadion Poljud, Split | 0–2 | |
| 2018–19 | QR1 | Gżira United | Malta | 12 July 2018 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 4–0 | 5–0 |
| | | 19 July 2018 | Centenary Stadium, Ta' Qali | 1–0 | |
| | QR2 | Maccabi Tel Aviv | Israel | 26 July 2018 | Netanya Stadium, Netanya | 0–2 | 2–4 |
| | | 2 August 2018 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 2–2 | |
| 2019–20 | QR1 | Flora | Estonia | 11 July 2019 | A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn | 0–2 | 2–4 |
| | | 18 July 2019 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 2–2 | |

Notes * **QR**: Qualifying round
* **R1**: First round
* **R2**: Second round
* **R3**: Third round
* **QF**: Quarter-finals
* **SF**: Semi-finals

### UEFA Europa Conference League

| Season | Stage | Opponent | | Date | Venue | Score | Agg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Team | Country | | | | |
| 2022–23 | QR2 | Gżira United | Malta | 21 Jul 2022 | Centenary Stadium, Ta'Qali | 2–2 | 5–5 (1–3 ) |
| | | 28 Jul 2022 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 3–3 | |
|

### UEFA Intertoto Cup

| Season | Stage | Opponent | | Date | Venue | Score | Agg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Team | Country | | | | |
| 1964-65 | Group B2 | Gwardia Warsaw | Poland | 21 Jun 1964 | WKS Gwardia, Warsaw | 2–4 | 4th out of 4 |
| | | 26 Jul 1964 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 5–1 | |
| | | Empor Rostock | East Germany | 28 Jun 1964 | | Čair Stadium, Niš | 3–0 |
| | | 12 Jul 1964 | Ostseestadion, Rostock | 1–3 | |
| | | Norrköping | Sweden | 5 Jul 1964 | | Idrottspark, Norrköping | 2–2 |
| | | 19 Jul 1964 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 0–2 | |
| 1965-66 | Group B2 | Zagłębie Sosnowiec | Poland | 19 Jun 1965 | Away | 2–5 | 3rd out of 4 |
| | | 17 Jul 1965 | Čair Stadium, Niš | 0–0 | |
| | | Empor Rostock | East Germany | 26 Jun 1965 | | Čair Stadium, Niš | 2–1 |
| | | 10 Jul 1965 | Ostseestadion, Rostock | 0–3 | |
| | | Košice | Czechoslovakia | 3 Jul 1965 | | Čair Stadium, Niš | 7–2 |
| | | 24 Jul 1965 | ?, Košice | 0–2 | |

## InfoBox

FK Radnički Niš in European football
| Club | Radnički Niš |
| --- | --- |
| First entry | 1964–65 Intertoto Cup |
| Latest entry | 2022–23 UEFA Europa Conference League |


title: Farmington Canal State Park Trail

abstract: Farmington Canal State Park Trail is a Connecticut state park forming a portion of the Farmington Canal Heritage Trail in the towns of Cheshire and Hamden. The developed section of the trail within state park boundaries runs over 17.0 miles (27.4 km) from Lazy Lane in Southington to Todd Street in Hamden and includes the historic Farmington Canal's restored Lock 12, located south of Brooksvale Road in Cheshire. The paved, multiple-use trail is used for hiking, biking, jogging, in-line skating and cross-country skiing.

text:
# Farmington Canal State Park Trail

**Farmington Canal State Park Trail** is a Connecticut state park forming a portion of the Farmington Canal Heritage Trail in the towns of Cheshire and Hamden. The developed section of the trail within state park boundaries runs over 17.0 miles (27.4 km) from Lazy Lane in Southington to Todd Street in Hamden and includes the historic Farmington Canal's restored Lock 12, located south of Brooksvale Road in Cheshire. The paved, multiple-use trail is used for hiking, biking, jogging, in-line skating and cross-country skiing.

## History

The site of the greenway was originally used by the native Quinnipiac tribes as a path prior to its expansion as a road by the colonists. In 1822, it was proposed that a canal be dug for water transportation as a route to bypass the Connecticut River traffic through Hartford. The project began on July 4, 1825, and represented Connecticut's entry into the "national canal craze" and a new transportation era in Connecticut. The ground-breaking ceremony was modest and included Connecticut Governor Oliver Wolcott Jr. having the honor of turning the first spadeful of earth, but the spade broke and would later be recognized as a bad omen.

Leary wrote that the canal began at Long Wharf in New Haven, Connecticut and exited the state of by the Congamnond Ponds, some 56 miles (90 km) to the north. The canal had a total of 28 lift locks which measured 90 feet (27 m) long by 12 feet (3.7 m) wide. These lift locks were required due to the significant elevation changes from New Haven to Massachusetts. Beginning in New Haven, the first 1.25 miles (2.01 km) had masonry walls, but the rest of the canal was "simply a ditch" about 4 feet (1.2 m) deep that was only suitable for a flat bottomed canal boat. Leary describes the canal was "unquestionably Connecticut's foremost engineering feat before the advent of the railroads." The first sections of the canal were operational in 1828, and the canal boats were pulled by mules up the canal, but it wasn't complete until the late 1830s. The operation of the canal was affected by the precipitation, with drought-like conditions resulting in closed sections, but it had a great impact on the local businesses and industries adjoining the canal.

The Farmington and Hampshire companies were in severe debt by 1836 and established the New Haven-Northampton Company to take ownership of the canal on June 22, 1836. The stocks of the companies were relinquished and "the debts were partially paid and subscribers bought stock in the amount of $120,184.92". The reorganization in 1836 resulted in the loss of $1 million for the original investors. A rival appeared with the opening of the New Haven Railroad, running between New Haven and Meriden, Connecticut. Stockholders petitioned the Connecticut General Assembly for authority to construct a railroad on the canal bed, a charter was granted and work on the railroad began in January 1847. Gugino wrote that the "\[t}he road opened to Plainville January 18th, 1848, to Tariffville January 19th, 1850, and to Collinsville, February 28th, 1850."

The railroad construction cost only $186,000.33 and took one year, in contrast, the canal cost its investors $1,089,425.10 and took five years to complete. Though the railroad was significantly impacted by the canal work, with the established right-of-way and the graded banks that could be used as a railroad bed, Guigino estimates it as saving about a third of the ordinary costs.

The railroad continued to operate until the 1980s, "when the railroad rights-of-way were abandoned". Railroad service was discontinued over most of the canal line and central New England by the late 1980s, but a "rails-to-trails" movement was created. The Farmington Valley Trails Council was founded in 1992 and sought to preserve the canal by converting it into a park. Funding came from the six town governments and federal funding from the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. Paving began in Simsbury and Farmington and the 2.9 mile length of the Farmington Canal Linear Park was dedicated May 22, 1994.

## Lock 12

On North Brooksvale road in Cheshire is Lock 12, it is the "best-preserved relic of Connecticut's canal era." Lock 12 Historical Park includes a pavilion, picnic area and museum. In the early 1980s', the building at Lock 12 was donated to the town of Cheshire by Raimon L. Beard, who also credited as "instrumental in galvanizing support for the preservation of Lock 12". The museum houses "tools and implements of the canal era and wares manufactured in Cheshire during that time." It is open on weekends from late spring to early fall and by appointment.

## Activities

Farmington Canal State Park Trail is divided into two parts. The one is a 5.5 miles (8.9 km) multi-use trail extending south from Cornwall Avenue in Cheshire to Todd Street in Hamden. At the end of Todd Street is the beginning of Sleeping Giant State Park. The second is a 12.0 miles (19.3 km) trail that runs from Connecticut Route 68 in Cheshire to Lazy Lane in Southington. The trail is complete, with the final section having opened in fall of 2017. The trail is able to be used by "walkers, joggers, bicyclists and skaters." Leary states that the Farmington Canal Heritage Trail is part of a larger greenway that consists of three sections in Avon, Farmington, and Simbury that will combine into one long trail.

1. Gugino's text states Oliver Wolcott instead of Oliver Wolcott Jr., this has been corrected. Both Oliver Wolcott and Oliver Wolcott Jr. were Connecticut governors, but Oliver Wolcott, died in 1797. His son, Oliver Wolcott Jr. was the then-current Governor of Connecticut.
2. Leary's text erroneously notes that the right-of-way was sold to railroad proponents in 1936. This has been addressed by Gugino's text.
3. Gugino's text has a typographical error in the text that reads "Finally on June 22, 1846, the New Haven-Northampton Company was established to take the place of the two original companies." The correct year is 1836, this is demonstrably an error due to the numerous accounts and records including the claim being cited in a published history of Farmington, Connecticut.

## InfoBox

| Farmington Canal State Park Trail | |
| --- | --- |
| Restored Lock 12 | |
| Location in ConnecticutFarmington Canal State Park Trail (the United States) | |
| Location | Cheshire, Hamden, New Haven, Connecticut, United States |
| Coordinates | 41°28′42″N 72°55′17″W / 41.47833°N 72.92139°W / 41.47833; -72.92139 |
| Elevation | 135 ft (41 m) |
| Established | Unspecified |
| Governing body | Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection |
| Website | Farmington Canal State Park Trail |