title: Friedrich Obleser

abstract: Friedrich-Erich Obleser was a German general in the Bundeswehr. During World War II, he served as a fighter pilot in the Luftwaffe. A fighter ace, Obleser was credited with 120 aerial victories and was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. For his post-war service in the German Air Force, he received the Grand Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.

text:
# Friedrich Obleser

**Friedrich-Erich Obleser** (21 February 1923 – 5 June 2004) was a German general in the Bundeswehr. During World War II, he served as a fighter pilot in the Luftwaffe. A fighter ace, Obleser was credited with 120 aerial victories and was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. For his post-war service in the German Air Force, he received the Grand Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.

## Early life and career

Obleser was born on 21 February 1923 in Pottenstein in the district of Baden in Lower Austria in Austria. In 1940, he volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe. Following flight training, Obleser was assigned to 8. *Staffel* (8th squadron) of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing), a squadron of III. *Gruppe* of JG 52.

## World War II

World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. In January 1943, Obleser arrived with 8. *Staffel* under command of *Hauptmann* Günther Rall at the Gigant airfield which was located in the vicinity of Salsk. At the time, the Red Army had launched Operation Koltso, the final phase of the Battle of Stalingrad. Rall made Obleser his wingman and also appointed him as technical officer of the *Staffel*, a position which was responsible for the overall readiness of the equipment and aircraft. Obleser flew his first combat mission on 12 January 1943 on the Eastern Front. There, he claimed his first aerial victory on 28 March over a Bell P-39 Airacobra. On 28 May 1943, Obleser was wounded when his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-4 (*Werknummer* 19284—factory number) was hit by anti-aircraft artillery resulting in a forced landing at Varenikovskaya. Following his convalescence, he was appointed *Staffelkapitän* (squadron leader) of 8. *Staffel* of JG 52 on 6 July 1943, succeeding Rall who took command of III. *Gruppe*. Obleser received the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (*Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe*) on 8 November 1943 and the German Cross in Gold (*Deutsches Kreuz in Gold*) six days later.

Obleser was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes*) on 23 March 1944 following his 80th aerial victory. At one point he questioned the aerial victory claims made by Erich Hartmann. Hartmann asked Rall to have Obleser transferred to be Hartmann's wingman for a while. Obleser became a witness on some of Hartmann's claims and no longer questioned Hartmann's claims. On 21 July 1944, Obleser was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 87th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.

On 12 December, III. *Gruppe* moved to an airfield at Zagórze, located 36 kilometers (22 miles) west of Kraków. The *Gruppe* flew relatively few missions at the time. Obleser toyed around with a *Panzerfaust*, a recoil-less anti-tank weapon, in an attempt to increase its firing range. On 30 December, Obleser was severely wounded when a *Panzerfaust* exploded in his hand. He did not see any further action before the end of the war in May 1945. He was temporarily replaced by *Leutnant* Karl Gratz until *Leutnant* Viktor Petermann officially succeeded Obleser on 7 January 1945 as commander of 10. *Staffel*.

## Later life

After Obleser was released from US captivity, he worked as a commissioner of a recycling company, which predominantly had to dismantle and dispose of bomber aircraft. He then became head of an industrial application department in the private industry. In 1956, Obleser continued his military career, joining the German Air Force of West Germany as a *Hauptmann*. Following multiple assignments to various fighter units, Obleser was appointed wing commander of *Jagdgeschwader* 72 in Leck, later known as *Jagdbombergeschwader* 43, and then commander of *Jagdbombergeschwader* 31 "Boelcke". Obleser then held the position of system officer for the multirole combat aircraft (MRCA) within the German Air Staff. He then was appointed general manager of the NATO MRCA Management Agency.

Obleser then served as chief of the Air Force Office (*Luftwaffenamt*) and commanding general of the Air Force Support Command (*Luftwaffenunterstützungskommando*). From 1 October 1978 until his retirement on 31 March 1983, he held the position of Inspector of the Air Force in the Bundeswehr, achieving the rank of *Generalleutnant*.

In June 1981, the Federal Minister of Defence Hans Apel threatened Obleser with early retirement following Obleser's report to the Defense Committee of the German Bundestag (*Verteidigungsausschuss des Deutschen Bundestages*). Obleser had stated that, due to the latest defense budget cut, the German Air Force could only partially fulfill its obligations. Apel had viewed Obleser's statement as lack of loyalty towards his superiors. Earlier in March 1981, although skeptical of the proposal, Obleser had approved two budget cuts suggested by Inspector General of the Bundeswehr Jürgen Brandt.

Obleser died of natural causes on 5 June 2004 in Neunkirchen-Seelscheid, at 81 years of age.

## Summary of career

### Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Obleser was credited with 120 aerial victories. Mathews and Foreman, authors of *Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims*, researched the German Federal Archives and state that Obleser was credited with 112 aerial victories, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front. In addition to these claims, Obleser claimed nine undocumented aerial victories over United States Army Air Forces aircraft, two heavy bombers and seven fighter aircraft.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = *Planquadrat*), for example "PQ 34 Ost 86724". The Luftwaffe grid map (*Jägermeldenetz*) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.

| Chronicle of aerial victories | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Obleser an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.    This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Barbas, Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman. | | | | | | | | | |
| Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location |
| – 8. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — 4 February – 31 December 1943 | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | 28 March 1943 | 05:37 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 86724
vicinity of Tichonowskij | 42 | 22 August 1943 | 08:23 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 88283, southwest of Kuybyshev
1 km (0.62 mi) south of Jalisawehino |
| 2 | 11 April 1943 | 15:55 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 85153
vicinity of Nowo Nekrassowskij | 43 | 22 August 1943 | 18:00 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 88284
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Jalisawehino |
| 3 | 20 April 1943 | 07:04 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 85192
vicinity of Erdol | 44 | 24 August 1943 | 12:44 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 88282, west of Kuibyschewo
5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Jalisawehino |
| 4 | 21 April 1943 | 10:57 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 75452
8 km (5.0 mi) south of Novorossiysk | 45 | 24 August 1943 | 15:13 | Il-2 | PQ 34 Ost 88252, Marinowka
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Kuteinikowo |
| ? | 21 April 1943 | 11:05 | Il-2 | 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Novorossiysk | 46 | 26 August 1943 | 06:49 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 88273
15 km (9.3 mi) west-southwest of Jalisawehino |
| 5 | 21 April 1943 | 11:06 | Yak-1? | PQ 34 Ost 75
Black Sea, 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Novorossiysk | 47 | 29 August 1943 | 06:24 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 88343
25 km (16 mi) southwest of Kuteinikowo |
| 6 | 24 April 1943 | 16:48 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 75 444
Black Sea, 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Novorossiysk | 48 | 5 September 1943 | 17:15 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 79484
25 km (16 mi) north-northeast of Grischino |
| 7 | 24 April 1943 | 16:53 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 75461
Black Sea, 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Kabardinka | 49 | 14 September 1943 | 09:25 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 69413
20 km (12 mi) east of Polohy |
| 8? | 27 April 1943 | 14:18 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 76713 | 50 | 18 September 1943 | 07:30 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 69711
30 km (19 mi) north-northwest of Pokrowskoje |
| 9 | 27 April 1943 | 16:03 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 75713
over sea, south of Gelendzhik | 51 | 18 September 1943 | 13:40 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 68373
15 km (9.3 mi) west-northwest of Polohy |
| 10 | 27 April 1943 | 16:20 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 85112
north of Mertschanskaja | 52♠ | 19 September 1943 | 05:25 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 59444
20 km (12 mi) west-northwest of Pavlohrad |
| 11 | 30 April 1943 | 14:50 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 85113, east of Krymskaja
east of Krymsk | 53♠ | 19 September 1943 | 08:07 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 59524
15 km (9.3 mi) east of Dnepropetrovsk |
| 12 | 3 May 1943 | 05:08 | I-153? | PQ 34 Ost 76854
east of Varenikovskaya | 54♠ | 19 September 1943 | 08:10 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 59553
25 km (16 mi) south-southeast of Dnepropetrovsk |
| 13 | 3 May 1943 | 05:12 | I-153 | PQ 34 Ost 76862
vicinity of Imeni Dimitrowo | 55♠ | 19 September 1943 | 15:07 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 59583
25 km (16 mi) east of Dnepropetrovsk |
| 14 | 4 May 1943 | 15:55 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 85313
southeast of Schapssugskaja | 56♠ | 19 September 1943 | 15:26 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 59641
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Pavlohrad |
| 15 | 5 May 1943 | 07:22? | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 85174, southwest of Abinskaja
vicinity of Nowenjkij | 57 | 21 September 1943 | 13:40 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 59383
south-southeast of Dnepropetrovsk |
| 16 | 5 May 1943 | 07:38? | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 85161
west of Eriwanskaja | 58 | 23 September 1943 | 14:07 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 58993
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Zaporizhia |
| 17 | 6 May 1943 | 05:15 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 75241
vicinity of Neberdshajewskaja | 59 | 25 September 1943 | 15:03 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 58672
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Bolschoj-Tokmak |
| 18 | 8 May 1943 | 16:05 | Spitfire | PQ 34 Ost 85113, east of Krymskaja
east of Krymsk | 60 | 25 September 1943 | 15:05 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 58673
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Bolschoj-Tokmak |
| 19 | 9 May 1943 | 07:20 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 75262
south of Krymsk | 61 | 26 September 1943 | 06:51 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 58673
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Bolschoj-Tokmak |
| 20 | 11 May 1943 | 06:29 | LaGG | PQ 34 Ost 85152, north of Abinskaja
east of Sorin | 62 | 26 September 1943 | 07:10 | Il-2 | PQ 34 Ost 58331
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Zaporizhia |
| 21 | 11 May 1943 | 06:40 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 86112
north of Mertschanskaja | 63 | 27 September 1943 | 14:15 | LaGG | PQ 34 Ost 58192
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Zaporizhia |
| 22 | 22 May 1943 | 09:25 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 85563
over sea, south of Gelendzhik | 64 | 29 September 1943 | 14:10 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 58672, Bolschoj Tokmak
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Bolschoj-Tokmak |
| 23 | 26 May 1943 | 13:19 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 76861
north of Kessjetowa | 65 | 30 September 1943 | 11:23 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 58564, northeast of Michailowka
vicinity of Kalinowka |
| 24 | 26 May 1943 | 16:05 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 76894
vicinity of Kijewakoje | 66 | 1 October 1943 | 06:50 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 58674
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Bolschoj-Tokmak |
| 25 | 27 May 1943 | 06:35 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 85113, east of Krymskaja
east of Krymsk | 67 | 1 October 1943 | 07:20 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 58133
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Zaporizhia |
| 26 | 28 May 1943 | 12:12 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 76894
vicinity of Kijewakoje | 68 | 1 October 1943 | 12:25 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 58561
vicinity of Kalinowka |
| 27 | 3 August 1943 | 08:45 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 35 Ost 61293
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Prochorowka | 69 | 3 October 1943 | 08:23 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 58153
northeast of Zaporizhia |
| 28 | 3 August 1943 | 18:39 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 61194
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Krasnyi Lyman | 70 | 3 October 1943 | 16:12 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 58583
20 km (12 mi) northwest of Beloserka |
| 29 | 4 August 1943 | 04:48 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 61332, northwest of Belgorod
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Tomarovka | 71 | 4 October 1943 | 11:45 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 58672, Bolschoj Tokmak
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Bolschoj-Tokmak |
| 30 | 4 August 1943 | 10:55 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 61154
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Krasnyi Lyman | 72 | 6 October 1943 | 07:10 | P-39 | PQ 34 Ost 58674
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Bolschoj-Tokmak |
| 31 | 4 August 1943 | 15:15 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 61624
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Belgorod | 73 | 7 October 1943 | 07:44 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 49173
55 km (34 mi) east-northeast of Myronivka |
| 32 | 5 August 1943 | 09:43 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 61412
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Belgorod | 74 | 7 October 1943 | 11:10 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 49322, west of Schulgowka
60 km (37 mi) west-northwest of Dnepropetrovsk |
| 33 | 7 August 1943 | 08:46 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 51612
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Grayvoron | 75 | 7 October 1943 | 11:15 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 49321
60 km (37 mi) west-northwest of Dnepropetrovsk |
| 34 | 8 August 1943 | 15:00 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 61532
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Belgorod | 76 | 8 October 1943 | 06:40 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 49321
60 km (37 mi) west-northwest of Dnepropetrovsk |
| 35 | 9 August 1943 | 05:35 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 61652
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Vovchansk | 77 | 8 October 1943 | 13:06 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 58683
5 km (3.1 mi) north of Bolschoj-Tokmak |
| 36 | 9 August 1943 | 05:39 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 61633
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Vovchansk | 78 | 10 October 1943 | 06:00 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 34 Ost 58164, east of Zaporizhia
20 km (12 mi) east of Zaporizhia |
| 37 | 14 August 1943 | 14:52 | Pe-2 | PQ 35 Ost 60163
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Kharkiv | 79 | 28 November 1943 | 14:35 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 48644
20 km (12 mi) south-southeast of Nikopol |
| 38 | 19 August 1943 | 09:32 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 88263
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Marinowka | 80 | 7 December 1943 | 13:53 | Il-2 m.H. | north of Nowa Praha
north Nowaja Praga |
| 39 | 19 August 1943 | 11:38 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 88254, Kalinowka
vicinity of Dmitrijewka | 81 | 17 December 1943 | 13:45 | Boston | northeast of Losowatka
northeast of Losowatka |
| 40 | 19 August 1943 | 11:44 | LaGG-3 | PQ 34 Ost 88281
5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Jalisawehino | 82 | 19 December 1943 | 12:10 | Il-2 m.H. | south of Nowo-Dnjeprowka |
| 41 | 21 August 1943 | 13:20 | Il-2 | PQ 34 Ost 88283, southwest of Kuibyschewo
1 km (0.62 mi) south of Jalisawehino |  |  |  |  |  |
| – 8. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — 1 January – 31 December 1944 | | | | | | | | | |
| 83 | 7 January 1944 | 11:35 | P-39 | PQ 39763
20 km (12 mi) west-southwest of Perekop | 95 | 15 April 1944 | 16:18 | Il-2 | PQ 35311
Black Sea, 35 km (22 mi) west-northwest of Sevastopol |
| 84 | 15 January 1944 | 10:30 | Il-2 | PQ 19494
25 km (16 mi) west of Kirovograd | 96 | 17 April 1944 | 15:30 | LaGG | PQ 35451
Dzhankoi |
| 85 | 23 January 1944 | 10:30 | P-39 | PQ 38824
45 km (28 mi) south of Apostolove | 97 | 27 June 1944 | 19:40 | Pe-2 | PQ 95243 |
| 86 | 30 January 1944 | 12:02 | LaGG | PQ 19152
25 km (16 mi) south-southwest of Signajewka | 98 | 7 July 1944 | 15:15 | LaGG | PQ 55393
45 km (28 mi) east of Otopeni |
| 87 | 1 February 1944 | 07:28 | LaGG | PQ 19274
25 km (16 mi) south-southeast of Signajewka | 99 | 19 July 1944 | 14:45 | P-39 | PQ 42552
25 km (16 mi) northwest of Liuboml |
| 88 | 1 February 1944 | 10:06 | LaGG | PQ 19134
10 km (6.2 mi) south-southwest of Signajewka | 100 | 21 July 1944 | 18:58 | P-39 | PQ 31876
20 km (12 mi) south of Rawa Ruska |
| 89 | 26 February 1944 | 12:02 | Pe-2 | PQ 19452
30 km (19 mi) west-northwest of Kirovograd | 101 | 24 July 1944 | 18:28 | LaGG | PQ 30694
5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Stryj |
| 90 | 14 March 1944 | 15:34 | LaGG | PQ 70543
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Balakleya | 102 | 12 August 1944 | 14:04 | LaGG | PQ 11383
25 km (16 mi) north-northwest of Mielec |
| 91 | 21 March 1944 | 16:21 | LaGG | PQ 70551
20 km (12 mi) north of Izium | 103 | 17 August 1944 | 12:44 | P-39 | PQ 11474
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Sandomierz |
| 92 | 31 March 1944 | 15:53? | LaGG | PQ 51783
10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Brody | 104 | 22 August 1944 | 15:20 | P-39 | PQ 11417
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Sandomierz |
| 93 | 4 April 1944 | 14:03 | LaGG | PQ 50674
25 km (16 mi) south of Ternopol | 105 | 22 August 1944 | 15:33 | LaGG | PQ 11287
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Sandomierz |
| 94 | 15 April 1944 | 16:15 | LaGG | Laspinskaya Bukhta
Black Sea, 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Laspi Bight |  |  |  |  |  |
| – 10. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 –
Eastern Front — 1 January – 31 December 1944 | | | | | | | | | |
| 106 | 26 August 1944 | 10:45 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 11189
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów | 110 | 2 September 1944 | 14:09 | LaGG | PQ 11197
vicinity of Opatów |
| 107 | 27 August 1944 | 15:24 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 11319
25 km (16 mi) southwest of Opatów | 111 | 15 October 1944 | 10:48 | LaGG | PQ 20759
45 km (28 mi) south of Sanok |
| 108 | 31 August 1944 | 18:33 | LaGG | PQ 11321
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Opatów | 112 | 25 October 1944 | 14:59 | Il-2 m.H. | PQ 25599
25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Prahovo |
| 109 | 1 September 1944 | 11:15 | Il-2 | PQ 11385
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Opatów |  |  |  |  |  |

### Awards

### Citations

1. Obermaier 1989, p. 175.
2. 1978–1982 Friedrich Obleser.
3. Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
4. Rall 2007, pp. 142–144.
5. Prien et al. 2012, p. 478.
6. Prien et al. 2012, p. 496.
7. Barbas 2010, p. 280.
8. Barbas 2010, p. 283.
9. Schreier 1990, p. 177.
10. interview by Colin Heaton Archived 2008-02-10 at the Wayback Machine
11. Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
12. Barbas 2010, pp. 196, 321.
13. Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 929.
14. Der Spiegel Volume 24/1981.
15. Zabecki 2019, p. 330.
16. Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 929–931.
17. *Planquadrat*.
18. Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 929–930.
19. Prien et al. 2012, p. 488.
20. Prien et al. 2012, p. 479.
21. Prien et al. 2012, p. 489.
22. Prien et al. 2012, p. 480.
23. Prien et al. 2012, p. 481.
24. Prien et al. 2012, p. 490.
25. Prien et al. 2012, p. 482.
26. Prien et al. 2012, p. 485.
27. Prien et al. 2012, p. 491.
28. Prien et al. 2012, p. 486.
29. Prien et al. 2012, p. 487.
30. Prien et al. 2012, p. 493.
31. Prien et al. 2012, p. 494.
32. Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 930–931.
33. Barbas 2010, p. 373.
34. Barbas 2010, p. 375.
35. Barbas 2010, p. 378.
36. Barbas 2010, p. 379.
37. Barbas 2010, p. 374.
38. Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 931.
39. Barbas 2010, p. 380.
40. Dixon 2023, p. 85.
41. Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 335.
42. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 328.
43. Scherzer 2007, p. 574.
44. Ministerialblatt 1980, p. 3.

### Bibliography

* Barbas, Bernd (2010). *Die Geschichte der III. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 52* \[*The History of 3rd Group of Fighter Wing 52*\] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-94-6.
* Bergström, Christer \[in Swedish\]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". *Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat*. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
* Bergström, Christer \[in Swedish\]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). *Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces*. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
* Dixon, Jeremy (2023). *Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1943–1945*. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-39903-073-1.
* Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer \[in German\] (2000) \[1986\]. *Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile* \[*The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches*\] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
* Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). *Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 3 M–R*. Walton-on-Thames, UK: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-20-2.
* Obermaier, Ernst (1989). *Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945*\] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
* Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). *Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II* \[*The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2*\] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
* Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). *Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/II—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943* \[*The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/II—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943*\] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-05-5.
* Rall, Günther (2007). Braatz, Kurt \[in German\] (ed.). *Günther Rall: Mein Flugbuch—Erinnerungen 1938–2004* \[*Günther Rall: My Flight Book—Recollections 1938–2004*\] (in German). Moosburg, Germany: NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag. ISBN 978-3-9807935-3-7.
* Scherzer, Veit (2007). *Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives*\] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
* Schreier, Hans (1990). *JG 52 Das erfolgreichste Jagdgeschwader des 2. Weltkriegs* \[*JG 52 The Most Successful Fighter Wing of World War II*\] (in German). Berg am See: K. Vowinckel. ISBN 978-3-921655-66-5.
* Zabecki, David T., ed. (2019). *The German War Machine in World War II*. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-44-086918-1.
* "Ablösung für Obleser" \[Replacement for Obleser\]. *Der Spiegel* (in German). No. 24. 1981. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
* "Generalleutnant Friedrich Obleser" \[Lieutenant General Friedrich Obleser\]. *Bundeswehr* (in German). Retrieved 1 February 2017.
* "Ministerialblatt für das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen" \[Ministerial Newspaper for the State of North Rhine-Westphalia\]. *recht.nrw.de* (in German). 7 January 1980. Retrieved 9 February 2022.

## InfoBox

| Friedrich Obleser | |
| --- | --- |
| Obleser during his service in the Bundeswehr | |
| Born | (1923-02-21)21 February 1923
Pottenstein, Austria |
| Died | 5 June 2004(2004-06-05) (aged 81)
Neunkirchen-Seelscheid, Germany |
| Allegiance |  |
| Service/branch | Luftwaffe
German Air Force |
| Years of service | 1940–1945, 1956–1983 |
| Rank |  |
| Unit | JG 52 |
| Commands |  |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards |  |
|  | |
|  | |
| Inspector of the Air Force | |
| **In office**
1978–1983 | |
| Preceded by | Gerhard Limberg |
| Succeeded by | Eberhard Eimler |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wimmersperg Spz

abstract: The Wimmersperg Spz was a family of German assault rifles that was in the planning stage during the latter days of Nazi Germany.

text:
# Wimmersperg Spz

The **Wimmersperg Spz** ("Sp" stands for STEN-pistole, "z" for zweiteilig. English: Sten pistol, made of two parts) was a family of German assault rifles that was in the planning stage during the latter days of Nazi Germany.

## Overview

The overall weapon is largely made up from Sten Mk II submachine gun components (which the Germans copied as Gerät Potsdam), most notably the receiver and buttstock. The magazine and magazine release are from the StG-44, and so were the barrel blanks. There were three variants designed. The Spz-l (*lange Bauart*, long variant) used a conventional layout with separate pistol grip, while in the Spz-kr (*kurze Bauart mit Regler für Serienfeuer*, short model with burst-fire switch) and Spz-kv (*kurze Bauart mit Verschlußzündung*, striker-fired short model) the magazine itself was the pistol grip. The Spz-l and Spz-kr were hammer-fired, while the Spz-kv was striker-fired. All variants were gas-operated, had swappable barrels, and were designed for selective fire. Single-shot fire could be applied by pulling the trigger half way, while pulling the trigger further to the rear produced burst fire (except Spz-l). This function predates the similar operation used on the present day Steyr AUG series of rifles.

There is no trace of these weapons in official Nazi documents or even in some German manufacturer's archives. Wimmersperg however had contacts with Mauser, Simson & Co, and Fokker for some of his other designs. It is possible that Wimmersperg designed the Spz's on behalf of the metal goods factory Spreewerke.

Currently, there is only one true-to-scale museum grade replica of the Spz-l in the world. This was reconstructed in full scale by a German designer on the basis of the original construction plans and then built by him.

The gun was designed by Heinrich von Wimmersperg, who was born in Prague in 1900. He then grew up in Vienna, where he passed his Matura and studied mechanical engineering up to his intermediate diploma. From 1936 on he lived in Berlin, where he initially worked as a freelance weapons designer on his own weapons developments. With the beginning of World War II, he worked directly for the Wehrmacht, Luftwaffe and Navy of the German Reich on various weapons projects until the end of the war. In 1947 he emigrated to the USA and settled in Detroit, where he died in 1985. From Detroit, he worked as an independent designer for the U.S. Department of Defense on various armament projects. He also developed numerous occupant protection systems for passenger cars.

He also designed the *Wimmersperg Maschinengewehr* in 1937, a double-barreled, combined gas/recoil operated firearm fed from either magazines or a belt feed with 7.92×57mm cartridges — which was unusual for that the top barrel acted as a gas piston. The over/under barrels fire and reload vice versa. In his later years, he patented designs for car seats for infants and toddlers.

## InfoBox

| Wimmersperg Spz | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Substitute Assault Rifle/ Light machine gun |
| Place of origin | Nazi Germany |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Heinrich von Wimmersperg |
| Designed | Autumn 1944-January 1945 |
| Variants | Spz-l, Spz-kr, Spz-kv |
| Specifications | |
| Length | 680 mm |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | 7.92×33mm Kurz |
| Caliber | 7.92 mm |
| Action | Gas-operated |
| Effective firing range | 400 m (440 yd) |
| Feed system | 30-round box magazine |
| Sights | Iron sights, ZF-4 scope |


title: VSIP

abstract: The Visual Studio Industry Partner (VSIP) Program allows third-party developers and software vendors to develop tools, components and languages for use in the Microsoft Visual Studio.NET IDE. The program offers partnership benefits including co-marketing opportunities, and Visual Studio licensing options as well as extended access to Microsoft technical and premier support. The VSIP SDK facilitates development of integrated tools and includes development software and documentation that can be used within the Visual Studio.NET IDE directly. Extensions to the IDE, also known as "Add-ins", can be as simple as adding a custom server control to the toolbox, or as complex as adding support for a new CLR-compliant language. Visual Studio Express is limited and does not support third-party extensions.

text:
# VSIP

The **Visual Studio Industry Partner (VSIP)** Program (formerly Visual Studio Integration Program) allows third-party developers and software vendors to develop tools, components and languages for use in the Microsoft Visual Studio .NET IDE. The program offers partnership benefits including co-marketing opportunities, and Visual Studio licensing options as well as extended access to Microsoft technical and premier support.

The VSIP SDK (software development kit) facilitates development of integrated tools and includes development software and documentation that can be used within the Visual Studio .NET IDE directly. Extensions to the IDE, also known as "Add-ins", can be as simple as adding a custom server control to the toolbox, or as complex as adding support for a new CLR-compliant language.

Visual Studio Express is limited and does not support third-party extensions.


title: Matt Lepay

abstract: Matt Lepay is an American sportscaster. Since 1988, Lepay has been the radio voice for the Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team, and since 1994, the voice of the Wisconsin Badgers football team.

text:
# Matt Lepay

**Matt Lepay** (born March 9, 1962) is an American sportscaster. Since 1988, Lepay has been the radio voice for the Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team, and since 1994, the voice of the Wisconsin Badgers football team.

## Early life

Lepay is a native of Vandalia, Ohio and graduated from Ohio State University.

## Career

### Radio

Lepay came to Madison, Wisconsin in 1988 and began calling games for the Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team that same year. In 1994, following a brief period as sports director for WTSO Radio in Madison, he began working for WIBA handling Wisconsin Badgers football broadcasts as well. Lepay is currently employed by the university through their rights deal with the national college sports broadcasting outfit Learfield Sports.

### Television

Lepay also hosts the weekly *Badger Sports Report*, an all-sport Badger athletics/coach's show which airs on Fox Sports Wisconsin and statewide on local stations, including WISC-TV.

### Milwaukee Brewers

In January 2014, it was announced that Lepay would handle play-by-play for the Milwaukee Brewers television broadcasts on Fox Sports Wisconsin, as a substitute for Brian Anderson, while Anderson handled national assignments for Turner Sports, including NBA playoff coverage for TNT and baseball coverage for TBS. Lepay has continued to fill in for Anderson in each subsequent season, into 2021.

## Awards and honors

Lepay is a seven-time winner of the Wisconsin Sportscaster of the Year Award.

in May 2012, Lepay was honored by The Madison Hall of Fame Club.

## Personal

Lepay lives in Cross Plains, Wisconsin with his wife Linda.

1. "Lucas and Lepay". The Big 1070. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
2. "A conversation with UW announcer Matt Lepay". OnMilwaukee. August 22, 2006.
3. "Matt Lepay joins Milwaukee Brewers broadcast team on Fox Sports Wisconsin". SB Nation. January 26, 2014.
4. "Local Voices Aren't So Eager to Go National". *The New York Times*. March 28, 2014.
5. "Wisconsin Sports Featured in New TV and Radio Show Format". University of Wisconsin Madison. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
6. "Matt Lepay to join Brewers broadcast team". *Fox Sports*. January 26, 2014.
7. "Brewers: 'Voice of the Badgers' Matt Lepay will be the fill-in voice on Fox Sports-Wisconsin this summer". Wisconsin State Journal. January 27, 2014.
8. "Brian Anderson's return set for Brewers telecasts on Fox Sports Wisconsin - Milwaukee - Milwaukee Business Journal". Retrieved July 17, 2016.
9. L, Jaymes (2019-03-08). "Brewers announce all 162 games will be televised in 2019". *Brew Crew Ball*. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
10. "Brewers tap Lepay to fill in on telecasts". *MLB.com*. January 26, 2014.
11. "Lepay and Martin honored by Madison Sports Hall of Fame Club". University of Wisconsin Madison. May 22, 2013.
12. "Matt Lepay to join Brewers broadcast team". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. January 26, 2014.
*
*
*
*


abstract: This is a list of the weekly Canadian RPM magazine number one Top Singles chart of 1966.

text:
# List of number-one singles of 1966 (Canada)

This is a list of the weekly Canadian *RPM* magazine number one Top Singles chart of 1966.

| **Volume:Issue** | **Issue Date(s)** | **Song** | **Artist** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4:19 | 3 January | "Flowers on the Wall" | Statler Brothers |
| 4:20 | 10 January | "Five O'Clock World" | The Vogues |
| 4:21 | 17 January | "No Matter What Shape (Your Stomach's In)" | The T-Bones |
| 4:22 | 24 January | "We Can Work It Out" | The Beatles |
| 4:23 | 31 January | "Yesterday Man" | Chris Andrews |
| 4:24 | 7 February | "As Tears Go By" | The Rolling Stones |
| 4:25 | 14 February | "My Love" | Petula Clark |
| 4:26 | 21 February | "Lightnin' Strikes" | Lou Christie |
| 5:1 | 28 February | "Michelle" | David and Jonathan |
| 5:2 | 7 March | "These Boots Are Made for Walking" | Nancy Sinatra |
| 5:3 | 14 March | "At the Scene" | Dave Clark 5 |
| 5:4 | 21 March | "Listen People" | Herman's Hermits |
| 5:5 | 28 March | "Nowhere Man" | The Beatles |
| 5:6 | 4 April | "Woman" | Peter & Gordon |
| 5:7 | 11 April | "Magic Town" | The Vogues |
| 5:8 | 18 April | "Daydream" | The Lovin' Spoonful |
| 5:9 | 25 April | "Good Lovin'" | The Young Rascals |
| 5:10 | 2 May | "Kicks" | Paul Revere & the Raiders |
| 5:11 | 9 May | "Good Lovin'" | The Young Rascals |
| 5:12 | 16 May | "Monday, Monday" | The Mamas & the Papas |
| 5:13 | 23 May | | |
| 5:14 | 30 May | | |
| 5:15 | 6 June | "When a Man Loves a Woman" | Percy Sledge |
| 5:16 | 13 June | "Paint It, Black" | The Rolling Stones |
| 5:17 | 20 June | "Green Grass" | Gary Lewis |
| 5:18 | 27 June | "Sweet Talkin' Guy" | The Chiffons |
| 5:19 | 4 July | "Paperback Writer" | The Beatles |
| 5:20 | 11 July | "Red Rubber Ball" | The Cyrkle |
| 5:21 | 18 July | "The Pied Piper" | Crispian St. Peters |
| 5:22 | 25 July | "Hanky Panky" | Tommy James and the Shondells |
| 5:23 | 1 August | "Sweet Pea" | Tommy Roe |
| 5:24 | 8 August | "I Saw Her Again" | The Mamas & the Papas |
| 5:25 | 15 August | "Summer in the City" | The Lovin' Spoonful |
| 5:26 | 22 August | | |
| 6:1 | 29 August | "See You in September" | The Happenings |
| 6:2 | 5 September | "Bus Stop" | The Hollies |
| 6:3 | 12 September | "Get Away" | Georgie Fame |
| 6:4 | 19 September | "Yellow Submarine"/"Eleanor Rigby" | The Beatles |
| 6:5 | 26 September | "Sunny Afternoon" | The Kinks |
| 6:6 | 3 October | "Cherish" | The Association |
| 6:7 | 10 October | "Black Is Black" | Los Bravos |
| 6:8 | 17 October | "See See Rider" | Eric Burdon and The Animals |
| 6:9 | 24 October | | |
| 6:10 | 31 October | "96 Tears" | Question Mark & the Mysterians |
| 6:11 | 7 November | "Last Train to Clarksville" | The Monkees |
| 6:12 | 14 November | "Dandy" | Herman's Hermits |
| 6:13 | 21 November | "Poor Side of Town" | Johnny Rivers |
| 6:14 | 28 November | "Winchester Cathedral" | New Vaudeville Band |
| 6:15 | 5 December | | |
| 6:16 | 12 December | "Lady Godiva" | Peter & Gordon |
| 6:17 | 19 December | "Stop! Stop! Stop!" | The Hollies |
| 6:18 | 26 December | "I'm a Believer" | The Monkees |

Notes


title: Upward Stars

abstract: Upwards Stars is a semi-professional club soccer team in Spartanburg, South Carolina. They started playing in the National Premier Soccer League.

text:
# Upward Stars

**Upwards Stars** is a semi-professional club soccer team in Spartanburg, South Carolina. They started playing in the National Premier Soccer League.

## Players

| No. | Position | Player | Nation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1 |  | Ruben Rodriguez | United States |
| 2 |  | Ricardo Barbetty | United States |
| 3 |  | Ben Allen | United States |
| 5 |  | Jon Finlay | United States |
| 6 |  | Juan Quintero | United States |
| 7 |  | Bilal Nakhli | United States |
| 9 |  | Jonathan Grant | United States |
| 10 |  | Miguel Teos | United States |
| 11 |  | Alejandro Sanchez | United States |
| 13 |  | Ara Amirkhanian | United States |
| 14 |  | Andre Carle | United States |
| 17 |  | Nicolas Lique Cifuentes | United States |
| 19 |  | Jovany Macias | United States |
| 22 |  | Mitch McKay | United States |
| 24 |  | Andres Lozano | United States |
| 28 |  | Haven Bruce | United States |
| 31 |  | Joaquin Diez | United States |
| 37 |  | Tayeb Ahmadi | United States |
| 41 |  | Camilo Botero | United States |
| 43 |  | Bastien Montagnon | United States |
|  |  | Austen Burnikel | United States |
|  |  | Keenon Copeland | United States |
|  |  | Staford Karnwie | United States |
|  |  | Benjamin Montry | United States |
|  |  | Erick Torres | United States |

### Coaching Staff

* Paul Henson - *Head Coach*
* Camilo Rodriguez - *Assistant Coach*
* Mitch McKay - *Goalkeepers Coach*

## InfoBox

Upward Stars
| Ground | USC Upstate Stadium |
| --- | --- |
| Capacity | 2,000 |
| League | National Premier Soccer League |
| Website | Club website |
|


title: Yuhi Kabhi

abstract: Yuhi Kabhi is a 1994 Bollywood romance drama film produced by S.P.Kukreja, directed by Kumar Bhatia starring Anil Dhawan, Ashok Kumar, Parikshat Sahni in lead roles.

text:
# Yuhi Kabhi

***Yuhi Kabhi*** is a 1994 Bollywood romance drama film produced by S.P.Kukreja, directed by Kumar Bhatia starring Anil Dhawan, Ashok Kumar, Parikshat Sahni in lead roles.

## Plot

Rajoo lives alone and works in a decent company. He also has a girlfriend, who he intends to marry, that being Pooja. God suddenly appears to Rajoo one day and asks him to spread His word. Naive Rajoo does so, and this results in chaos, misunderstandings, and confusion. And as a result poor Rajoo is hauled up in Court, and the only one witness that can save Rajoo is God, but will God make an earthly appearance?

## Cast

## Soundtrack

| # | Title | Singer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Tum Ho Agar Saath Mere" | Udit Narayan |
| 2 | "Yuhi Kabhi Kuch Mil Gaya Hai" | Kumar Sanu |
| 3 | "Kai Baar Pehle" | Kavita Krishnamurthy, Udit Narayan |
| 4 | "Yuhi Kabhi Kuchh Mil Gaya" v2 | Kumar Sanu |
| 5 | "Chikna Chikna Chikna Chow" | Udit Narayan, Kavita Krishnamurthy |
|

*Yuhi Kabhi* at IMDb

## InfoBox

| Yuhi Kabhi (1994)
यूँही कभी (1994) | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Kumar Bhatia |
| Produced by | S.P.Kukreja |
| Starring |  |
| Music by | Nikhil Vinay |
| Production
company | Komal Pictures |
| Release date | * 18 February 1994 (1994-02-18) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |


title: Vitamin C and the Common Cold (book)

abstract: Vitamin C and the Common Cold is a popular book by Linus Pauling, first published in 1970, on vitamin C, its interactions with common cold and the role of vitamin C megadosage in human health. The book promoted the idea that taking large amounts of vitamin C could reduce the duration and severity of the common cold. A Nobel Prize-winning chemist and activist, Pauling promoted a view of vitamin C that is strongly at odds with most of the scientific community, which found little evidence for the alleged health benefits of greatly increased vitamin C intake. The book went through multiple editions, and a revised version that discussed the flu and other diseases, retitled Vitamin C, the Common Cold & the Flu, came out in 1976. The book characterizes the inability of humans and some other animals to produce vitamin C in terms of evolution and Pauling's concept of "molecular disease". Pauling argues that the loss of vitamin C synthesis first arose as a molecular disease, because of a genetic mutation that resulted in the loss of the biochemical capacity to make the vitamin, but because diets of the primate ancestors of humans consisted of high levels of vitamin C from plant sources, the loss of that biochemical mechanism was not harmful and may have even been beneficial. He argues, however, that the subsequent shift to a high-meat, lower-plant diet resulted in widespread vitamin C deficiency.

text:
# Vitamin C and the Common Cold (book)

***Vitamin C and the Common Cold*** is a popular book by Linus Pauling, first published in 1970, on vitamin C, its interactions with common cold and the role of vitamin C megadosage in human health. The book promoted the idea that taking large amounts of vitamin C could reduce the duration and severity of the common cold. A Nobel Prize-winning chemist and activist, Pauling promoted a view of vitamin C that is strongly at odds with most of the scientific community, which found little evidence for the alleged health benefits of greatly increased vitamin C intake. The book went through multiple editions, and a revised version that discussed the flu and other diseases, retitled ***Vitamin C, the Common Cold & the Flu***, came out in 1976.

The book characterizes the inability of humans and some other animals to produce vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in terms of evolution and Pauling's concept of "molecular disease" (first articulated in his 1949 study, "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease"). Pauling argues that the loss of vitamin C synthesis first arose as a molecular disease, because of a genetic mutation that resulted in the loss of the biochemical capacity to make the vitamin, but because diets of the primate ancestors of humans consisted of high levels of vitamin C from plant sources, the loss of that biochemical mechanism was not harmful and may have even been beneficial. He argues, however, that the subsequent shift to a high-meat, lower-plant diet resulted in widespread vitamin C deficiency.

## Research, writing and revisions

Pauling began studying vitamin C mega-dosage, and orthomolecular medicine more broadly, after he was contacted in 1966 by biochemist Irwin Stone, who suggested that taking enough vitamin C would let him live another fifty years. Pauling reinterpreted the large body of research on vitamin C based on comparative studies of the biochemical genetics of vitamin C synthesis in different species, as well his own theories about "molecular disease" and recent developments in molecular evolution. He criticized the design of studies that did not find positive results for vitamin C mega-dose treatment, and promoted those that did. He and other vitamin C advocates thought the vitamin boosts the body's ability to fight all kinds of infection. By 1970, after following Stone's regimen for four years and studying and debating the issue extensively, Pauling was sure enough that organized medicine had it wrong that he wrote *Vitamin C and the Common Cold* to popularize his vitamin C message.

In 1970, he found an in-depth 1942 study from public health researcher at the University of Minnesota, "Vitamins for the Prevention of Colds", which became a focal point for his subsequent criticism of what he saw as flawed vitamin C research. One chapter was added to the second edition in 1971. By 1976, following confrontations with researchers holding to the mainstream view of vitamin C, Pauling expanded the book to include evidence related to a wide variety of other illnesses, and the flu in particular. That edition and a further revision in 1981 were issued under the title *Vitamin C, the Common Cold & the Flu*.

## Reception

The book was well received by the public and garnered considerable popular attention, resulting in a rush of vitamin C sales. Paperback editions were issued in 1971 and 1973, and Pauling subsequently authored several related books: *Vitamin C and Cancer* (1979) and *How to Live Longer and Feel Better* (1986).

The book and Pauling himself faced considerable criticism from scientists and physicians. The book's claim of taking a daily vitamin C intake of 2,300 mg or more for "optimum" health is not supported by scientific evidence. Charles W. Marshall author of *Vitamins and Minerals: Help or Harm?*, has commented that the "vast majority of reputable medical and nutritional scientists strongly disagree" with Pauling's recommendations. Marshall also noted that "there have been at least 30 experiments done to test the effects of vitamin C against colds in humans. Most biomedical scientists who have analyzed the results of these trials have found Pauling's claims mainly unsupported in 15 of those trials which were the best designed."

* Ted Goertzel and Ben Goertzel, *Linus Pauling: A Life in Science and Politics*, BasicBooks, 1995. ISBN 0-465-00672-8
* Linus Pauling, *Vitamin C, the Common Cold & the Flu*, Berkley Books, 1981. ISBN 0-425-04853-5

## InfoBox

Vitamin C and the Common Cold: A Nobel Prize-winning Scientist Tells how You May Avoid Colds and Improve Your Health
| Cover image of *Vitamin C and the Common Cold* | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Linus Pauling |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Vitamin C and the common cold |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Publisher | Freeman |
| Publication date | 1970 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Published in English | 1970 |


title: María Luisa Peña

abstract: María Luisa Peña is a Spanish sports shooter. She competed in the women's 25 metre pistol event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

text:
# María Luisa Peña

**María Luisa Peña** (born 16 April 1935) is a Spanish sports shooter. She competed in the women's 25 metre pistol event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

María Luisa Peña
| María Luisa Peña, 1978 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Born | (1935-04-16) 16 April 1935 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sports shooting |


title: Marie Forleo

abstract: Marie Forleo is an American entrepreneur and founder of Marie Forleo International. She is known for her advice books Everything is Figureoutable and Make Every Man Want You, as well as the online business program B-School. Forleo hosts MarieTV, a YouTube web series, and The Marie Forleo Podcast.

text:
# Marie Forleo

**Marie Forleo** (born December 7, 1975) is an American entrepreneur and founder of Marie Forleo International. She is known for her advice books *Everything is Figureoutable* and *Make Every Man Want You,* as well as the online business program B-School. Forleo hosts MarieTV, a YouTube web series, and *The Marie Forleo Podcast*.

## Personal life

Forleo was raised in New Jersey. She graduated as valedictorian from Seton Hall University with a degree in business finance in 1997.

She is married to actor Josh Pais.

## Career

After graduating from college, Forleo became a trading assistant on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). She left the NYSE to work for *Gourmet* and *Mademoiselle*. In 2001, she established an online newsletter and gained subscribers and coaching clients from relationships she formed while bartending and instructing fitness and dance classes.

In 2008, Forleo released *Make Every Man Want You: How to Be So Irresistible You'll Barely Keep from Dating Yourself!*. The following year, she founded Marie Forleo International, a business coaching practice. She also started a web television show called MarieTV. In May of 2011, she launched the online business course "Rich, Happy & Hot B-School" with fellow entrepreneur Laura Roeder. Eventually, the program name was shortened to "B-School."

Forleo starred in the 5-part docuseries, *Transcendence: Live Life Beyond the Ordinary*, in 2018, and in the documentary, *We Rise Up*, in 2019. In September 2019, Forleo released *Everything is Figureoutable: One Simple Belief to Create Unstoppable Success*. The book was a #1 *New York Times* bestseller.

## Works

* *Make Every Man Want You: How to Be So Irresistible You'll Barely Keep from Dating Yourself!* (2008) ISBN 978-0071597814
* *Everything is Figureoutable: One Simple Belief to Create Unstoppable Success* (2019) ISBN 978-0525534990

## Filmography

* *Crunch Cardio Dance Blast* (2005)
* *Prevention Fitness Systems - Dance Yourself Thin* (2006)
* Women’s Health- The Wedding Workout(2006)
* *Dance Off: Tummy Tone Party* (2006)
* *Dream Girl* (2016)
* *Transcendence* (2018)
* *Today Show* (2019)
* *We Rise Up* (2019)

## InfoBox

| Marie Forleo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1975-12-07) December 7, 1975 |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Seton Hall University |
| Occupation(s) | Life coach, motivational speaker, author, web television host |
| Spouse | Josh Pais (m. 2006) |
| Website | www.marieforleo.com |


title: Friedrich Oltmanns

abstract:
Friedrich Oltmanns was a German biologist phycologist. In 1884 he received his doctorate at the University of Strasbourg, afterwards working as an assistant at the University of Rostock. In 1893, he was appointed an associate professor of botany at the University of Freiburg, where in 1902 he became a full professor and director of the botanical garden. With Max Verworn, Hermann Theodor Simon, Eugen Korschelt and others, he was co-editor of the 10-volume Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften. He was the author of the three volume Morphologie und Biologie der Algen:
  - Volume 1: Chrysophyceae, Chlorophyceae.
  - Volume 2: Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae.
  - Volume 3: Morphologie, Fortpflanzung, die Ernährung der Algen, der Haushalt der Gewässer, die Lebensbedingungen, Vegetations-Perioden, das Zusammenleben. The algae genera of Oltmannsiella and Oltmannsia are named in his honor, the latter genus being circumscribed by Austrian phycologist Josef Schiller (1877-1960).

text:
# Friedrich Oltmanns

**Friedrich Oltmanns** (11 July 1860, in Oberndorf  13 December 1945) was a German biologist phycologist.

In 1884 he received his doctorate at the University of Strasbourg, afterwards working as an assistant at the University of Rostock (from 1885). In 1893, he was appointed an associate professor of botany at the University of Freiburg, where in 1902 he became a full professor and director of the botanical garden. With Max Verworn, Hermann Theodor Simon, Eugen Korschelt and others, he was co-editor of the 10-volume *Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften*.

He was the author of the three volume *Morphologie und Biologie der Algen* (Morphology and biology of algae):

The algae genera of *Oltmannsiella* and *Oltmannsia* are named in his honor, the latter genus being circumscribed by Austrian phycologist Josef Schiller (1877-1960).

The standard author abbreviation Oltm. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.


title: William Vizard

abstract: William Vizard (1774–1859) was an English lawyer, known for his role in the 1820 trial of Queen Caroline.

text:
# William Vizard

**William Vizard** (1774–1859) was an English lawyer, known for his role in the 1820 trial of Queen Caroline.

## Life

He was born in Dursley, Gloucestershire, the son of William Vizard (died 1807), a solicitor there, and his wife, Ann Phelps. He went to London in 1790 and worked for his articles under Thomas Lewis of Gray's Inn Square, an attorney of the Court of Exchequer.

In 1797 Vizard went in practice on his own account as a solicitor in Holborn Square. This office became a law firm that was the ancestor of Vizard Oldham Brooke Blain (Vizards). After further corporate changes, it became part of Veale Wasbrough Vizards LLP, trading as VWV. For a period the firm traded as Vizard & Lemans of Lincoln's Inn Fields, where Vizard was in partnership with James Leman (1793–1876), Henry Leman and William Leman.

Through Thomas Creevey, Vizard encountered Whig politicians. He worked with Henry Brougham to have the Orders in Council (1807) repealed, on behalf of a group of merchants of Liverpool and Manchester, from 1807 to 1812.

From around 1812, Vizard became active in Whig politics, initially as an unsuccessful candidate at Bristol in the 1812 general election. It was at this period that he was appointed solicitor to Caroline, Princess of Wales, at Brougham's suggestion. She was largely absent from the United Kingdom, from 1814.

When George IV came to the throne in 1820, he attempted to impose "pain and penalties" on his wife Queen Caroline, by means of a bill in the House of Lords to dissolve their marriage. Vizard defended the Queen, by organising opposition to the bill's second reading. This took place from August to November 1820. The defence was successful, and Vizard announced the bill's withdrawal from the balcony of the House of Lords.

In later years, Vizard was a legal reformer, proposing changes in the 1820s to the Court of Chancery. When Brougham was Lord Chancellor, from 1830, Vizard worked on his reform of bankruptcy. He died at Little Faringdon on 15 January 1859.


title: VSI BASIC for OpenVMS

abstract: VSI BASIC for OpenVMS is the latest name for a dialect of the BASIC programming language created by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and now owned by VMS Software Incorporated (VSI). It was originally developed as BASIC-PLUS in the 1970s for the RSTS-11 operating system on the PDP-11 minicomputer. It was later ported to OpenVMS, first on VAX, then Alpha, Integrity, and most recently x86-64. Past names for the product include: BASIC-PLUS, Basic Plus 2, VAX BASIC, DEC BASIC, Compaq BASIC for OpenVMS and HP BASIC for OpenVMS. Multiple variations of the titles noting the hardware platform also exist.

text:
# VSI BASIC for OpenVMS

**VSI BASIC for OpenVMS** is the latest name for a dialect of the BASIC programming language created by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and now owned by VMS Software Incorporated (VSI). It was originally developed as BASIC-PLUS in the 1970s for the RSTS-11 operating system on the PDP-11 minicomputer. It was later ported to OpenVMS, first on VAX, then Alpha, Integrity, and most recently x86-64.

Past names for the product include: **BASIC-PLUS**, **Basic Plus 2** (**BP2** or **BASIC-Plus-2**), **VAX BASIC**, **DEC BASIC**, **Compaq BASIC for OpenVMS** and **HP BASIC for OpenVMS**. Multiple variations of the titles noting the hardware platform (VAX, AlphaServer, etc.) also exist.

## Notable features

VSI BASIC has many FORTRAN-like extensions, as well as supporting the original Dartmouth BASIC matrix operators.

Line numbers are optional, unless the "ERL" function is present. It allows you to write "WHEN ERROR" error handlers around protected statements. The more traditional but less elegant "ON ERROR" statement lacks such context or scope.

One of VSI BASIC's more noteworthy features is built-in support for OpenVMS's powerful Record Management Services (RMS). Before the release VAX BASIC, native RMS support was only available in DEC's COBOL compiler.

## History

The VSI BASIC for OpenVMS product history spans a period of more than 30 years, and it has gone through many name and ownership changes in that time. It has also been ported to a succession of new platforms as they were developed by DEC, Compaq, HP and VSI. The company and/or platform name has often been included in the product name, contributing to the proliferation of names.

### BASIC-PLUS

VSI BASIC began as **BASIC-PLUS**, created by DEC for their RSTS-11 operating system and PDP-11 minicomputer. Programming language statements could either be typed into the command interpreter directly, or entered into a text editor, saved to a file, and then loaded into the command interpreter from the file. Errors in source code were reported to the user immediately after the line was entered.

Programs were stored as a .BAS source file, using the "SAVE" command. It could be "compiled" into a non-editable binary .BAC file, using the "COMPILE" command. This command did not produce true machine language programs, but rather a byte code called "tokens". The tokens were interpreted upon execution, in a manner similar to the more modern Java.

Programs were entered into the command interpreter starting with line numbers, integers from 1 to 32767. Lines could be continued onto multiple lines by using a line feed character. For ease of external editing of the source file, later versions of BASIC-PLUS also allowed the & character as a line-continuation character. Multiple statements could be placed on a single line using `\` as the statement separator.

For PDP-11 systems with virtual memory (RSTS/E), address space was limited to about 64 KB. With BASIC-PLUS, about half of this was used by the combined command interpreter and run-time library. This limited user programs to about 32 KB of memory. Older RSTS-11 systems lacked virtual memory, so the user program had to fit into whatever was left of physical memory after RSTS and BASIC-PLUS took up their share. For example, on a PDP-11/35 with 32K of physical memory, running RSTS-11 V04B-17, user programs were limited to 7 KB. Large programs could be broken up into various pieces by use of the "CHAIN" instruction. Programs could chain to specific line numbers in a secondary program. The use of a shared memory section called core common also allowed programs to pass data among each other as needed; disk files could also be used but were slower.

The interpreter included a garbage collecting memory manager, used for both string data and byte-code. A running program could be interrupted, have variables examined and modified, and then be resumed. Many of the control structures used in other high-level languages existed in BASIC-PLUS, including WHILE and UNTIL. The language also supported the use of conditional modifiers on a single line. For example, the line "`PRINT I UNLESS I < 10`" would print the value of "I" unless I was less than 10.

### BASIC Plus 2

**Basic Plus 2** (**BP2** or **BASIC-Plus-2**) was later developed by DEC to add additional features and increase performance. It used true compilation into threaded code, and wrote its output to machine language object files. These were compatible with other object files on the system, and could be assembled into libraries. A linker (the TKB taskbuilder) then created executable files from them. TKB also supported overlays; this allowed individual routines to be swapped into the main memory space as needed.

BP2 programs ran under RSX-11 or RSTS/E's RSX Run Time System. This RTS only occupied 8KB (later, 2KB) of the user's address space, leaving 56KB for the user's program. These two factors allowed individual BP2 programs to be much larger than BASIC-PLUS programs, often eliminating the need for CHAINing. Unlike BASIC-PLUS (which was only available on RSTS-11), BP2 allowed use on the RSX-11 operating system as well.

### VAX BASIC and DEC BASIC

With the creation of the VAX minicomputer, DEC ported BASIC-PLUS-2 to the new VMS operating system, and called it **VAX BASIC**. VAX BASIC used the standard VMS calling standards, so object code produced by VAX BASIC could be linked with object code produced by any of the other VMS languages. Source code for BASIC Plus 2 would usually run without major changes on VAX BASIC.

When DEC created their Alpha microprocessor, VMS was ported to it and renamed OpenVMS. VAX BASIC was likewise ported to Alpha and renamed **DEC BASIC**. The BASIC interpreter was permanently dropped at this point, which meant that DEC BASIC programs could only be run as OpenVMS executables, produced by a compile followed by a link.

### Compaq, HP and VSI

When DEC was purchased by Compaq in 1997/98, the products were renamed **Compaq BASIC for OpenVMS VAX** and **Compaq BASIC for OpenVMS Alpha**.

Likewise, when Compaq merged with HP in 2001/02, the products were renamed **HP BASIC for OpenVMS on VAX** and **HP BASIC for OpenVMS on AlphaServer**. HP later released **HP BASIC for OpenVMS on Integrity** for their Integrity server platforms based upon Intel's Itanium processors.

In mid 2014, HP sold the whole OpenVMS ecosystem to VSI who renamed the product **VSI BASIC for OpenVMS**.

## Sample code

VSI BASIC is a structured variant of BASIC in which line numbers are optional, and the language supports both SUBs and FUNCTIONs.

### Hello, world

```
print "Hello, world!"
```

### Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion

```
function real to_fahrenheit(real celsius)
  to_fahrenheit = (celsius * 1.8) + 32
end function

external real function to_fahrenheit(real)
declare real temp_celsius

when error in
  print "Enter a temperature in celsius";
  input x
  temp_celsius = real(x)
use
  print "Error: enter a valid numeric value, please."
end when

print "Temperature in degrees fahrenheit is ";  to_fahrenheit(temp_celsius)

end
```

## InfoBox

VSI BASIC for OpenVMS
| Paradigm | imperative |
| --- | --- |
| Developer | Digital Equipment Corporation |
| OS | OpenVMS |


title: Maurice Taylor (British Army officer)

abstract: Lieutenant-General Sir Maurice Grove Taylor (1881–1960) was a British Army officer.

text:
# Maurice Taylor (British Army officer)

Lieutenant-General **Sir Maurice Grove Taylor** KCB, CMG, DSO (1881–1960) was a British Army officer.

## Military career

After being educated at St. Mark's School, Windsor and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Taylor was commissioned into the Royal Engineers on 2 May 1900. He married in 1906 and 1910 saw him as a captain. After attending the Staff College, Camberley, he was a staff officer with Scottish Command.

Initially serving as a railway transportation officer, he later saw action on the Western Front during First World War, for which he was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order. He was also mentioned in dispatches seven times during the war.

After the war he became Deputy Director of Movements at the War Office in 1919, Senior Instructor at the Staff College in 1921 and Assistant Quartermaster-General at Eastern Command in 1925. He went on to become commander of 166th (South Lancashire) Brigade in December 1927, General Officer Commanding the 46th (North Midland) Division in December 1932 and Major-General, Administration at Aldershot Command in April 1934.

After that he became Deputy Master-General of the Ordnance at the War Office in December 1937 and then Senior Military Adviser to the Ministry of Supply before retiring in 1941, during the Second World War.

## Works

* *A Little Knight Music - Selected Works by Sir Maurice Grove Taylor*.

## Bibliography

* Smart, Nick (2005). *Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War*. Barnesley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 1844150496.

## InfoBox

| Sir Maurice Taylor | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1881 |
| Died | 1960 (aged 78−79)
Cornwall, England |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1900−1941 |
| Rank | Lieutenant-General |
| Service number | 962 |
| Unit | Royal Engineers |
| Commands | 166th (South Lancashire) Brigade
46th (North Midland) Division |
| Battles/wars | First World War
Second World War |
| Awards | Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George
Distinguished Service Order
Mentioned in dispatches (7) |


# List of number-one singles of 1965 (Ireland)

This is a list of singles that topped the Irish Singles Chart in 1965.

Prior to 1992, the Irish singles chart was compiled from trade shipments from the labels to record stores, rather than on consumer sales.

The chart release date changed from Friday to Monday effective 4 January and then to Sunday on 5 December.

| Issue Date | Song | Artist | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4 January | "I Feel Fine" | The Beatles |  |
| 11 January | | |  |
| 18 January | "The Hucklebuck" | Brendan Bowyer |  |
| 25 January | | |  |
| 1 February | | |  |
| 8 February | | |  |
| 15 February | | |  |
| 22 February | | |  |
| 1 March | | |  |
| 8 March | "Born to Be with You" | Butch Moore |  |
| 15 March | | |  |
| 22 March | "If I Didn't Have a Dime" | Tom Dunphy |  |
| 29 March | | |  |
| 5 April | "Walking the Streets in the Rain" | Butch Moore |  |
| 12 April | | |  |
| 19 April | | |  |
| 26 April | "Ticket to Ride" | The Beatles |  |
| 3 May | | |  |
| 10 May | | |  |
| 17 May | | |  |
| 24 May | "Every Step Of The Way" | Dickie Rock |  |
| 31 May | | |  |
| 7 June | | |  |
| 14 June | "Long Live Love" | Sandie Shaw |  |
| 21 June | | |  |
| 28 June | "Crying In The Chapel" | Elvis Presley |  |
| 5 July | | |  |
| 12 July | | |  |
| 19 July | "I'm Alive" | The Hollies |  |
| 26 July | "Mr. Tambourine Man" | The Byrds |  |
| 2 August | "Help!" | The Beatles |  |
| 9 August | | |  |
| 16 August | | |  |
| 23 August | | |  |
| 30 August | | |  |
| 6 September | "Don't Lose Your Hucklebuck Shoes" | Brendan Bowyer |  |
| 13 September | "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" | The Rolling Stones |  |
| 20 September | | |  |
| 27 September | | |  |
| 4 October | | |  |
| 11 October | "Tears" | Ken Dodd |  |
| 18 October | | |  |
| 25 October | | |  |
| 1 November | | |  |
| 8 November | "Yesterday Man" | Chris Andrews |  |
| 15 November | | |  |
| 22 November | "Wishing It Was You" | Dickie Rock |  |
| 29 November | | |  |
| 5 December | "The Carnival Is Over" | The Seekers |  |
| 12 December | | |  |
| 19 December | "Day Tripper"/"We Can Work It Out" | The Beatles |  |
| 26 December | | |  |

1. "The top ten chart this week in 1965". *Irish Independent*. 25 July 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2024.


title: Margaret Mensah-Williams

abstract: Margaret Natalie Mensah-Williams is a Namibian politician, diplomat, and prominent SWAPO member. She currently serves as Namibia's ambassador to the United States. Mensah-Williams also served as a councillor of Windhoek's Khomasdal North constituency from 1998 until 2019, and from this position was elected to represent Khomas Region in the National Council, the upper house of the Namibian Parliament from 2015 to 2019. In the National Council she was elected deputy chairperson in 1998, and chairperson in 2015. She resigned from all regional representative positions prior to the 2019 Namibian general election in order to contest for a seat in the National Assembly, Namibia's lower house, and subsequently became a member of Parliament.

text:
# Margaret Mensah-Williams

**Margaret Natalie Mensah-Williams** (born 25 December 1961) is a Namibian politician, diplomat, and prominent SWAPO member. She currently serves as Namibia's ambassador to the United States.

Mensah-Williams also served as a councillor of Windhoek's Khomasdal North constituency from 1998 until 2019, and from this position was elected to represent Khomas Region in the National Council, the upper house of the Namibian Parliament from 2015 to 2019. In the National Council she was elected deputy chairperson in 1998, and chairperson in 2015. She resigned from all regional representative positions prior to the 2019 Namibian general election in order to contest for a seat in the National Assembly, Namibia's lower house, and subsequently became a member of Parliament.

## Early life and education

Mensah-Williams was born in Mariental in central South West Africa (now Namibia). She attended school at Keetmanshoop. She obtained a teaching diploma from Dower College, South Africa, in 1983, a diploma in Housing and Community Development from the University of Cape Town in 1985, a diploma in Negotiation Skills from the Institute of Management and Leadership Training in Windhoek in 1992, and a further diploma in Management and Leadership from the Eastern and Southern African Management Institute in Arusha, Tanzania, in 1993. She also holds a Master of Business Administration.

Mensah-Williams ventured into politics during her time as a student at the University of Cape Town where she was involved in organising protest marches against the apartheid regime both in her native Namibia and in South Africa. After university, she began her career as a teacher and later on worked in civil society.

## Political career

In the 1998 regional elections, Mensah-Williams became a councillor of Khomasdal North on a SWAPO ticket. She was subsequently selected to represent Khomas Region in the National Council, and in 1999 she became its vice-chairperson (Deputy Speaker), the first woman to be elected to a major decision-making position in Namibia.

Mensah-Williams was re-elected as councillor for Khomasdal North in 2004, 2010, and 2015. She also continued to serve in the National Council and was elected chairperson in 2015.

Until March 2018, Mensah-Williams served for two consecutive terms as a member of the Inter-Parliamentary Union Executive Committee and served the same body as the President of the IPU Bureau of Women Parliamentarians for two terms. Furthermore, she was elected vice-chairperson of the IPU Working Group on Syria during the 137th IPU Assembly in Russia.

She resigned from all regional representative positions prior to the 2019 Namibian general election in order to contest for a seat in the National Assembly, Namibia's lower house, and subsequently became a member of Parliament, and later resigned as a member of the National Assembly (01-12-2023). In December 2020 she was appointed Namibia's ambassador to the United States.

Mensah-Williams is a member of both the politburo and the central committee of the SWAPO Party. She is married with three children.

## InfoBox

| HonourableMargaret Mensah-WilliamsMP | |
| --- | --- |
| Mensah-Williams in 2017 | |
|  | |
| Namibian ambassador to the United States | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
December 2020 | |
| Preceded by | Monica Nashandi |
| Chairperson of the National Council | |
| **In office**
8 December 2015  9 December 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Asser Kuveri Kapere |
| Succeeded by | Bernard Sibalatani |
| Regional Councillor for the Khomasdal Constituency | |
| **In office**
1998–2019 | |
| Preceded by | Karel Persendt |
| Succeeded by | Samuel Angolo |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | **Margaret Natalie Mensah**
(1961-12-25) 25 December 1961
Mariental, South West Africa (now Namibia) |
| Nationality | Namibian |
| Political party | SWAPO |
| Residence(s) | 1605 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. |
| Alma mater | Eastern and Southern African Management Institute |
| Occupation | Teacher |
| Profession | Politician
Diplomat |
| Committees | Chairperson of the National Council Standing Committee on Women Caucus |
|  | |


title: Youth Justice Coalition

abstract: Youth Justice Coalition (YJC) is a Los Angeles-based non-profit organization focused on juvenile justice, prison and police abolition, and criminal legal reforms. YJC is a non-profit organization devoted to challenging race, gender and class inequality in California’s juvenile and criminal justice systems.

text:
# Youth Justice Coalition

**Youth Justice Coalition** (**YJC**) is a Los Angeles-based non-profit organization focused on juvenile justice, prison and police abolition, and criminal legal reforms. YJC is a non-profit organization devoted to challenging race, gender and class inequality in California’s juvenile and criminal justice systems.

## Advocacy positions

### Gang injunctions

YJC has been a part of movement to challenge the impact of gang injunctions on young people in minority communities. YJC was successful in blocking an injunction in the Imperial Courts Housing Projects in the early 2000s.

### New jail construction

In 2015, YJC was part of a coalition that opposed the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors 2 billion dollar jail expansion project. Kim McGill from YJC argued for mental health programs in the community instead of jail for the mentally ill.

### Police shootings

In 2014, YJC published a report on police-involved homicides. YJC petitioned Kamala Harris to appoint special prosecutors for police-involved homicides. In 2015, YJC organized a "Die In" protest at the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors building. About 400 protestors carried cardboard coffins to represent the killings by police officers.

### School searches

YJC has protested Los Angeles Unified School District search policies, including LAUSD’s Random Metal Detector Search Policy, arguing that these policies erode trust between students and school staff. YJC is a part of the "Students Not Suspects" campaign, aligning with the American Civil Liberties Union, Black Lives Matter, Public Counsel and others.

1. "WE ARE UNSTOPPABLE, and we can't stop because the goal is abolition!!" https://www.instagram.com/p/CCWwtEXAnPj/?igshid=xdi0i9xxq5kq&hl=en https://www.instagram.com/youthjusticela
2. "Activists and law enforcement square off over gang injunctions". *Daily Breeze*. 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
3. Radio, Southern California Public (2017-09-26). "Activists mount new effort to block downtown LA mental health jail". *Southern California Public Radio*. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
4. "Is Obedience the Only Way to Avoid Police Brutality?". *Vice*. 2014-09-15. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
5. "Los Angeles marchers carry 617 mock coffins to protest police brutality". *Daily News*. 2015-04-08. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
6. Radio, Southern California Public (2018-02-02). "Castro incident sheds fresh light on LAUSD's security policy". *Southern California Public Radio*. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
7. Ferlito, Dahlia (2018-01-11). "LAUSD's Failed Metal Detector Policy". *KNOCK*. Retrieved 2018-02-26.


title: Math Kernel Library

abstract: Intel oneAPI Math Kernel Library, formerly known as Intel Math Kernel Library, is a library of optimized math routines for science, engineering, and financial applications. Core math functions include BLAS, LAPACK, ScaLAPACK, sparse solvers, fast Fourier transforms, and vector math. The library supports x86 CPUs and Intel GPUs and is available for Windows and Linux operating systems. Intel oneAPI Math Kernel Library is not to be confused with oneMKL Interfaces, an open-source wrapper library that allows DPC++ applications to call oneMKL routines that can be offloaded to multiple hardware architectures and vendors defined during runtime.

text:
# Math Kernel Library

**Intel oneAPI Math Kernel Library** (Intel **oneMKL**) , formerly known as Intel Math Kernel Library, is a library of optimized math routines for science, engineering, and financial applications. Core math functions include BLAS, LAPACK, ScaLAPACK, sparse solvers, fast Fourier transforms, and vector math.

The library supports x86 CPUs and Intel GPUs and is available for Windows and Linux operating systems.

*Intel oneAPI Math Kernel Library* is not to be confused with oneMKL Interfaces, an open-source wrapper library that allows DPC++ applications to call oneMKL routines that can be offloaded to multiple hardware architectures and vendors defined during runtime.

## History and licensing

Intel launched the oneAPI Math Kernel Library in November 1994, and called it Intel BLAS Library. In 1996, the library was renamed to Intel Math Kernel Library until April 2020, when intel oneMKL has become part of oneAPI initiative to support multiple hardware architectures, holding the current name Intel oneAPI Math Kernel Library.

The library is available as part of oneAPI Toolkits and in a standalone form, free of charge under the terms of Intel Simplified Software License which allow redistribution. Commercial support for Intel oneMKL is available when purchased as part of oneAPI Base Toolkit.

Following Apple’s transition away from x86 CPUs, Intel oneMKL last release available for macOS is the version 2023.2.2 and it is scheduled for removal by the end of 2024.

## Performance and vendor lock-in

MKL and other programs generated by the Intel C++ Compiler and the Intel DPC++ Compiler improve performance with a technique called function multi-versioning: a function is compiled or written for many of the x86 instruction set extensions, and at run-time a "master function" uses the CPUID instruction to select a version most appropriate for the current CPU. However, as long as the master function detects a non-Intel CPU, it almost always chooses the most basic (and slowest) function to use, regardless of what instruction sets the CPU claims to support. This has netted the system a nickname of *"cripple AMD" routine* since 2009. As of 2020, Intel's MKL remains the numeric library installed by default along with many pre-compiled mathematical applications on Windows (such as NumPy, SymPy). Although relying on the MKL, MATLAB implemented a workaround starting with Release 2020a which ensures full support for AVX2 by the MKL also for non Intel (AMD) CPUs.

## Details

### Functional categories

Intel oneMKL has the following functional categories:

* **Linear algebra:** BLAS routines are vector-vector (Level 1), matrix-vector (Level 2) and matrix-matrix (Level 3) operations for real and complex single and double precision data. LAPACK consists of tuned LU, Cholesky and QR factorizations, eigenvalue and least squares solvers. MKL also includes Sparse BLAS, ScaLAPACK, Sparse Solver, Extended Eigensolver (FEAST, PARDISO), PBLAS and BLACS. MKL is even better at small dimensions than libxsmm. Since oneMKL uses standard interfaces for BLAS and LAPACK, the application which uses other implementations can get better performance on Intel and compatible processors by re-linking with MKL libraries.
* oneMKL includes a variety of **Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs)** from 1D to multidimensional, complex to complex, real to complex, and real to real transforms of arbitrary lengths. Applications written with the open source FFTW can be easily ported to MKL by linking with interface wrapper libraries provided as part of MKL for easy migration. Cluster versions of LAPACK and FFTs are also available as part of MKL to take advantage of MPI parallelism in addition to single node parallelism from multithreading.
* **Vector math** functions include computationally intensive core mathematical operations for single and double precision real and complex data types. These are similar to libm functions from compiler libraries but operate on vectors rather than scalars to provide better performance. There are various controls for setting accuracy, error mode and denormalized number handling to customize the behavior of the routines.
* **Statistics** functions include random number generators and probability distributions, optimized for multicore processors. Also included are compute-intensive in and out-of-core routines to compute basic statistics, estimation of dependencies etc.
* **Data fitting** functions include splines (linear, quadratic, cubic, look-up, stepwise constant) for 1-dimensional interpolation that can be used in data analytics, geometric modeling and surface approximation applications.
* **Partial Differential Equations**
* **Nonlinear Optimization Problem Solvers**

Once, oneMKL included Deep Neural Network functions, but they were removed in version 2020 as a spin-off that originated the open-source Intel oneAPI Deep Neural Network Library.

## InfoBox

Intel oneAPI Math Kernel Library
| Developer(s) | Intel |
| --- | --- |
| Initial release | November 1994 (1994-11) |
|  | |
| Stable release | 2024.2 / June 14, 2024 (2024-06-14) |
|  | |
| Written in | /C++, DPC++, Fortran |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows, Linux |
| Platform | CPU GPU |
| Type | Library and framework |
| License | freeware under ISSL |
| Website | www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/onemkl.html |


title: María José Pueyo

abstract: María José Pueyo Bergua is a Spanish marathon runner. At age thirty-eight, Pueyo made her official debut for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she competed in the women's marathon, along with her compatriots Alessandra Aguilar and Cuban-born Yesenia Centeno. She finished the race in sixty-fourth place by thirty-one seconds ahead of Hungary's Petra Teveli, with a time of 2:48:01.

text:
# María José Pueyo

**María José Pueyo Bergua** (born March 16, 1970, in Jaca, Huesca) is a Spanish marathon runner. At age thirty-eight, Pueyo made her official debut for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she competed in the women's marathon, along with her compatriots Alessandra Aguilar and Cuban-born Yesenia Centeno. She finished the race in sixty-fourth place by thirty-one seconds ahead of Hungary's Petra Teveli, with a time of 2:48:01.

## InfoBox

María José Pueyo
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | María José Pueyo Bergua |
| Nationality | Spain |
| Born | (1970-03-16) 16 March 1970<br>Jaca, Huesca, Spain |
| Height | 1.74 m (5 ft 8+12 in) |
| Weight | 56 kg (123 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | Marathon |
| Club | Zenit Olimpo |
| Coached by | Jose Fernando García |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best | **Marathon**: 2:32:22 (2008) |


title: Marie Fikáčková

abstract: Marie Fikáčková was a Czechoslovak suspected serial killer, convicted for the killing of two newborn babies in Sušice in 1960. A neonatal nurse, Fikáčková claimed to have killed at least ten newborns between 1957 and 1960, and was executed by hanging in 1961.

text:
# Marie Fikáčková

**Marie Fikáčková** (9 September 1936 – 13 April 1961) was a Czechoslovak suspected serial killer, convicted for the killing of two newborn babies in Sušice in 1960. A neonatal nurse, Fikáčková claimed to have killed at least ten newborns between 1957 and 1960, and was executed by hanging in 1961.

## Early life

Marie Fikáčková (née Schmidl) was born on 9 September 1936 in Sušice, Czechoslovakia, to German parents. She was raised in a dysfunctional family, and her marriage to a Czech man failed. In 1955, Fikáčková graduated from the medical school in Klatovy, and in 1957 began working as a nurse in the obstetrics department of the hospital in Sušice.

## Murders

On 23 February 1960, two newborn babies died at the obstetric department while Fikáčková was working. Both newborns were females, aged 20 hours and 5 weeks, and the following autopsy found the babies had died an unnatural violent death. Four days later, on 27 February, Fikáčková was arrested directly in the workplace, and during the subsequent interrogation, she confessed to killing the children. She admitted that both had their skull cracked, and broke one of their hands, and acknowledged she also used violence against a dozen other newborns, but those - in her words - survived the attack. During the investigation, Fikáčková confessed to killing at least ten newborn babies at Sušice hospital since she began working there in 1957.

The motive for the murders was never officially confirmed, but based on statements made by Fikáčková, claimed she developed temporary feelings of paedophobia (fear of children) during her menstruation periods. While invoking crying in the newborn children as part of her work, the crying would cause her to enter a rage where she beat the children severely. The court doctors found Fikáčková to be sane, but prone to depression, hysteria and uncontrollable outbursts of anger.

At her trial, Fikáčková was charged and convicted for only the two murders on 23 February 1960, as it was not possible to prove the older killings she claimed to have committed. The hospital was found to have lacked properly functioning supervision mechanisms to deal with the deaths of newborns, and the murders were discovered only because she killed two children in one day and their corpses were properly examined. No responsible physician or administrator was charged or even demoted, and the whole affair was kept secret from the public for decades.

## Death

Fikáčková portrayed madness. The attacks of aggression were caused by psychopathy. Fikáčková was convicted of murder, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging at Pankrác Prison in Prague on 13 April 1961.

## InfoBox

| Marie Fikáčková | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Marie Schmidl
(1936-09-09)9 September 1936
Sušice, Czechoslovakia |
| Died | 13 April 1961(1961-04-13) (aged 24)
Pankrác Prison, Prague, Czechoslovakia |
| Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
| Criminal status | Executed |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Murder |
| Criminal penalty | Death |
| Details | |
| Victims | 2–10+ |
| Span of crimes | 1957–1960 |
| Country | Czechoslovakia |
|  | |


title: Philip Og O'Reilly

abstract: Philip Og O'Reilly was an MP for Cavan in the Parliament of Ireland of 1689.

text:
# Philip Og O'Reilly

**Philip Og O'Reilly** (c.1640–1703) was an MP for Cavan in the Parliament of Ireland of 1689.

## Early life

His name in Gaelic was Pilib Óg O'Raghallaigh. He was probably called Pilib Óg (Young Philip) to distinguish him from Philip Reyley who represented County Cavan as an MP in the same Patriot Parliament. His ancestry was Phillip Óg mac Aodh Buidhe mac Maol Mordha Ruadh mac Phillip Dubh mac Aodh Conallach O'Raghallaigh, of whom the latter two ancestors were both Lords of East Breifne and chiefs of the O'Reilly clan. Philip Og's mother was Jane Betagh, probably from Moynalty, Barony of Kells Lower, County Meath, who married his father some time before November 1641. In the Irish 1641 rebellion, Philip's father was a captain of the rebels and is referred to in the 1641 Depositions as "Captain Hugh McMulmore O'Rely of Killyvaghan, Shercock", so it is likely Philip was born in Killyvaghan, Shercock, County Cavan. Philip Og had a younger brother Aodh Óg O'Raghallaigh.

## Career

Reyley was probably the *Philip Reilly junior* who was elected a member of Cavan Corporation on 23 February 1688. In the Patriot Parliament of 1689, Philip Og was elected to represent the Borough of Cavan along with Hugh Reily. After the defeat of King James II of England by King William III of England, Philip Og was outlawed by the new government. His name appears in the 1689 list of Cavan Jacobites outlawed for treason as "Philip Oge Reily, Reary, gent" (Reary is probably the townland of Raragh, Kinscourt, Co. Cavan). It is likely Philip fled the country to France along with most of the other outlaws.

## Death

Philip Og O'Reilly died early in 1703 and is probably buried in France. He left at least two sons, Maol Mordha O'Reilly and Friar Sean O'Reilly. Poem XXIII in James Carney's 'Poems on the O'Reillys' was written to commemorate his death by the author Fr. Thomas O'Clery, parish priest of Killann, Barony of Clankee, County Cavan.


title: Willis House (York, Pennsylvania)

abstract: The Willis House is an historic, American home that is located in Manchester Township, York County, Pennsylvania. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

text:
# Willis House (York, Pennsylvania)

The **Willis House** is an historic, American home that is located in Manchester Township, York County, Pennsylvania.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

## History and architectural features

The builder of this historic residence, William Willis (1726–1801), was a Quaker who received 480 acres from Thomas Penn and Richard Penn Sr. in 1752. His grandfather, John Willis, was born in 1668 in Great Britain. In 1675, the family migrated to Westbury, Long Island, New York. His son, Samuel Willis (1778–1848), is frequently mentioned in local histories as "kindly Friend Willis," and was a major figure in the Underground Railroad.

Built in 1762, this historic structure is a 2+12-story, banked brick dwelling with a partly exposed basement. It measures 30 feet (9.1 m) long by 31 feet (9.4 m) wide and has a steeply pitched gable roof. The interior is laid out in a variation of a Georgian center hall plan.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Willis House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Willis House in January 1963 | |
|  | |
| Location | 135 Willis Run Rd., north of York, Manchester Township, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 39°58′20″N 76°44′15″W / 39.97222°N 76.73750°W / 39.97222; -76.73750 |
| Area | 2.6 acres (1.1 ha) |
| Built | 1762 |
| Architect | Willis, William |
| Architectural style | English Georgian |
| NRHP reference No. | 79002370 |
| Added to NRHP | April 20, 1979 |


title: VSI Tampa Bay FC

abstract: VSI Tampa Bay FC was an American soccer team based in Plant City, Florida. They played in USL Pro, the third tier of the American soccer pyramid, in the 2013 season. VSI Tampa Bay FC were owned by VisionPro Sports Institute and were affiliated with a women's team in the W-League, an amateur team in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), and a youth team in the Super-20 League. All the teams folded in 2013.

text:
# VSI Tampa Bay FC

**VSI Tampa Bay FC** was an American soccer team based in Plant City, Florida. They played in USL Pro, the third tier of the American soccer pyramid, in the 2013 season. VSI Tampa Bay FC were owned by VisionPro Sports Institute and were affiliated with a women's team in the W-League, an amateur team in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), and a youth team in the Super-20 League. All the teams folded in 2013.

## History

In 2011, English soccer development academy VisionPro Sports Institute announced a venture to establish a soccer organization in the United Soccer Leagues in the United States. VSI partnered with the local Brandon, Florida area youth soccer organization, West Florida Flames, to build VSI Tampa Flames, "the perfect platform for vertical progression, giving talented youngsters the opportunity to progress from junior soccer all the way through to the professional game," according to VSI's CEO, Simon Crane. The USL Pro team was to serve as the pinnacle of the youth pyramid for men; the club also included a women's team in the W-League, an amateur team in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), and a youth team in the Super-20 League. The W-League, PDL, and Super-20 League teams started play in 2012, while the USL Pro team was to join in 2013. On November 22, 2012, the team changed its name to "VSI Tampa Bay FC" and named Matt Weston as the head coach.

Their first game was played on March 30, 2013, losing to Phoenix FC 1–0. They defeated the Los Angeles Blues 1-0 for their first win on April 2, 2013. Antonio Neto scored the first goal in team history.

VSI Tampa Bay chose Plant City Stadium as their home venue on April 4, 2013, moving all the teams there. Matt Weston resigned as Head Coach on May 8, 2013, and Joel Harrison was named as Interim Head Coach.

While the W-League and PDL teams had been successful in 2012, the USL Pro team struggled throughout its only season. The remote stadium in Plant City made it difficult to attract fans, and the team suffered from competition from the more successful Tampa Bay Rowdies of the North American Soccer League. The organization folded all of its teams after the 2013 season.

## Final roster

| No. | Position | Player | Nation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1 | GK | Alex Horwath | United States |
| 2 | DF | Jamie McGuinness | England |
| 3 | DF | Bitielo Jean Jacques | Haiti |
| 4 | MF | Antonio Neto | Brazil |
| 5 | DF | Troy Cole | United States |
| 6 | DF | Kyle Hoffer | United States |
| 7 | MF | Douglas Dos Santos | Brazil |
| 8 | DF | Alex Freitas | Brazil |
| 9 | FW | Andriy Budnyi | Ukraine |
| 10 | FW | Karamba Janneh | Gambia |
| 11 | MF | Tony Donatelli | United States |
| 12 | MF | Christian Silva | United States |
| 13 | MF | Sébastien Thurière | Haiti |
| 14 | DF | Richard Dixon | Jamaica |
| 15 | MF | Darren Toby | Trinidad and Tobago |
| 16 | MF | Dominic Cutrofello | United States |
| 17 | MF | J. T. Noone | United States |
| 18 | DF | Sean Reynolds | United States |
| 19 | GK | Jeremy Crumpton | United States |
| 20 | MF | Shawn Chin | United States |
| 21 | MF | Jarod Stigall | United States |
| 22 | FW | Sallieu Bundu | Sierra Leone |
| 23 | FW | Mauricio Salles | Brazil |
| 24 | DF | Josh Rife | United States |
| 25 | MF | Chad Burt | United States |
| 26 | DF | Cheyne Roberts | United States |
| 00 | GK | Dave Martin | United States |

## Staff

* Joel Harrison - Head Coach
* Sheldon Cipriani - Head Coach, PDL Team / First Team Assistant Coach
* Sam Mitchell - Head Coach, Super-20 League Team / First Team Assistant Coach
* Jorge Zavala - Goalkeeping Coach / First Team Assistant Coach
* Mac McCarthy - Performance Coach
* John Mitchell - Head of Operations
* Clay Roberts - Director of Soccer

## Team records

### Year-by-Year

| Year | Division | League | Regular season (W-T-L) | Playoffs | Open Cup | Avg. attendance | Top scorer | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | 3 | USL | 10th (9-5-12) | *did not qualify* | 2nd Round | 452 | Mauricio Salles | 10 |

### Head coaches

* Includes USL Regular season, USL Play-offs and U.S. Lamar Hunt Open Cup

**All time VSI Tampa Bay FC Coaching Stats**
| Coach | Nationality | Start | End | Games | **Win** | Loss | Draw | Win % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Matt Weston** | United States | November 2012 | May 2013 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 071.43 |
| **Joel Harrison** | United States | May 2013 | August 2013 | 19 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 021.05 |

## InfoBox

VSI Tampa Bay FC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | VisionPro Sports Institute Tampa Bay Football Club |
| Nickname(s) | *Flames* |
| Founded | 2011 |
| Dissolved | 2013 |
| Stadium | Plant City Stadium<br>Plant City, Florida |
| Capacity | 6,700 |
| General Manager | Alex Miranda |
| Head Coach | Joel Harrison |
| League | USL Pro |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Matthew Barney: No Restraint

abstract: Matthew Barney: No Restraint is a 2006 documentary directed by Alison Chernick. It follows artist Matthew Barney and his collaborator, singer-songwriter Björk, as they embark on a filmmaking journey in Japan. It reveals Barney's process in creating Drawing Restraint 9, a cinematic "piece" that combines a whaling vessel; 45,000 pounds of petroleum jelly; and traditional Japanese rituals into a fantasy love story. It premiered at the Berlin Film Festival and had its theatrical release in December 2006 after being acquired by IFC/The Weinstein Company.

text:
# Matthew Barney: No Restraint

***Matthew Barney: No Restraint*** is a 2006 documentary directed by Alison Chernick. It follows artist Matthew Barney (best known for *The Cremaster Cycle*) and his collaborator, singer-songwriter Björk, as they embark on a filmmaking journey in Japan. It reveals Barney's process in creating Drawing Restraint 9, a cinematic "piece" that combines a whaling vessel; 45,000 pounds of petroleum jelly; and traditional Japanese rituals into a fantasy love story.

It premiered at the Berlin Film Festival and had its theatrical release in December 2006 after being acquired by IFC/The Weinstein Company.

1. Catsoulis, Jeannette (2006-12-20). "An Artist Shows His Process by Way of a Film Within a Film". *The New York Times*. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-20.


abstract: This is a list of the French Singles & Airplay Chart Reviews number-ones of 1966.

text:
# List of number-one singles of 1966 (France)

This is a list of the French Singles & Airplay Chart Reviews **number-ones of 1966**.

## Summary

### Singles Chart

| Week | Issue Date | Artist | Single |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 January | Sheila | *"Le Folklore Américain"* |
| 2 | 8 January | Henri Salvador | *"Le Travail C'est la Santé"* |
| 3 | 15 January | Charles Aznavour | *"La Bohème"* |
| 4 | 22 January | | |
| 5 | 29 January | | |
| 6 | 5 February | The Beatles | *"Michelle"* |
| 7 | 12 February | | |
| 8 | 19 February | | |
| 9 | 26 February | Salvatore Adamo | *"Une Mèche de Cheveux"* |
| 10 | 5 March | | |
| 11 | 12 March | | |
| 12 | 19 March | | |
| 13 | 26 March | | |
| 14 | 2 April | Mireille Mathieu | *"Mon Crédo"* |
| 15 | 9 April | | |
| 16 | 16 April | Sheila | *"Le Cinéma"* |
| 17 | 23 April | | |
| 18 | 30 April | | |
| 19 | 7 May | | |
| 20 | 14 May | | |
| 21 | 21 May | | |
| 22 | 28 May | Johnny Hallyday | *"Cheveux Longs, Idées Courtes"* |
| 23 | 4 June | | |
| 24 | 11 June | | |
| 25 | 18 June | Salvatore Adamo | *"Ton Nom"* |
| 26 | 25 June | | |
| 27 | 2 July | | |
| 28 | 9 July | Michel Polnareff | *"Love Me, Please Love Me"* |
| 29 | 16 July | Salvatore Adamo | *"Ton Nom"* |
| 30 | 23 July | | |
| 31 | 30 July | | |
| 32 | 6 August | | |
| 33 | 13 August | | |
| 34 | 20 August | | |
| 35 | 27 August | | |
| 36 | 3 September | | |
| 37 | 10 September | | |
| 38 | 17 September | | |
| 39 | 24 September | | |
| 40 | 1 October | Johnny Hallyday | *"Noir, C'est Noir"* |
| 41 | 8 October | | |
| 42 | 15 October | | |
| 43 | 22 October | | |
| 44 | 29 October | Sheila | *"L'Heure de la Sortie"* |
| 45 | 5 November | Salvatore Adamo | *"Le Coeur en Bandoulière"* |
| 46 | 12 November | | |
| 47 | 19 November | Sheila | *"L'Heure de la Sortie"* |
| 48 | 26 November | | |
| 49 | 3 December | Jacques Dutronc | *"Les Playboys"* |
| 50 | 10 December | | |
| 51 | 17 December | | |
| 52 | 24 December | | |
| 53 | 31 December | | |


title: Uppland Runic Inscription 678

abstract: U 678 is the Rundata catalog number for a Viking Age image stone with a runic inscription located in Skokloster, Uppland, Sweden.

text:
# Uppland Runic Inscription 678

**U 678** is the Rundata catalog number for a Viking Age image stone with a runic inscription located in Skokloster, Uppland, Sweden.

## Description

This runestone was found walled inside a church at Skokloster, and has been moved to a location behind the church. One side of the stone has an image of a man on a horse, and the other side has a similar image with a surrounding runic inscription within runic bands. At the top of the second side with the runic text is carved a man's mask above a Christian cross. Other runestones with a similar mask above a cross motif include inscriptions on Sö 86 in Åby, Sö 112 in Kolunda, Sö 367 in Släbro, Nä 34 in Nasta, and U 1034 in Tensta. Other inscriptions with facial masks include DR 62 in Sjelle, DR 81 in Skern, the now-lost DR 286 in Hunnestad, DR 314 in Lund, Vg 106 in Lassegården, Sö 167 in Landshammar, U 508 in Gillberga, U 670 in Rölunda, U 824 in Örsundsbro, and U 1150 in Björklinge, and on the Sjellebro Stone.

The inscription is signed by the runemaster Fot, who was active in the mid eleventh century. His signature in the runic text **fotr × hiuk × runaR** or *Fotr hiogg runaR* ('Fótr cut the runes') is located on the text bar under the figure on the horse. Other inscriptions signed by him include U 167 in Östra Ryds, U 177 in Stav, U 268 in Harby, U 464 in Edeby, U 605 in Stäket, U 638 in Mansängen, and U 945 in Danmarks. He is also noted for the consistency of his use of the punctuation mark **×** between the words of the runic inscription, and this mark is used to separate the words in the text on this stone. Due to the unusual imagery of the inscription, assumed to be from an earlier time period, it has been suggested that Fot used earlier carved imagery to add his new runic text to. This runestone is classified as being carved in runestone style RAK. This is the classification for inscriptions with runic text without dragon or serpent heads and where the ends of the runic bands are straight.

## Inscription

A transliteration of the runic inscription into roman letters is:

**antuitr × auk × kulaifr × auk × kunar × auk × haursi × auk × rulaifR × litu \[×\] rai(s)\[a\] × s(t)\[ain × a\](t) × þorþ × faþur × sin fotr × hiuk × runaR**

59°42′16″N 17°37′28″E / 59.7045°N 17.6245°E / 59.7045; 17.6245

## InfoBox

| Uppland Runic Inscription 678 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Created | 11th Century (Possibly older) |
| Discovered | Skokloster, Uppland, Sweden |
| Runemaster | Fot |
| Text – Native | |
| Old Norse : Andvettr ok GullæifR ok "Gunnarr ok Horsi ok "RolæifR letu ræisa stæin at Thordh, fadhur sinn. Fotr hiogg runaR. | |
| Translation | |
| Andvéttr and Gulleifr and Gunnarr and Haursi and Hródhleifr had the stone raised in memory of Thórdhr, their father. Fótr cut the runes. | |