title: Missy Elliott production discography

text:
# Missy Elliott production discography

The following is a discography of songs with production and writing credits from American woman rapper Missy Elliott, sorted by album, date, and title.

## 1993

**Raven-Symoné*Here's to New Dreams***

## 1995

**Tony Thompson*Sexsational***

* 10. "Slave" (produced by DeVante Swing, additional production & written by Missy Elliott)

**Jason Weaver*Stay with Me* (EP)**

* 02. "U R the 1" (writing credit)

**Jodeci*The Show, the After Party, the Hotel***

* 06. "S-More" (writing credit)

**Various – *Dangerous Minds soundtrack***

## 1996

**702*No Doubt***

* 01. "Get Down Like Dat"
* 02. "Steelo"
* 05. "Not Gonna"
* 07. "Round & Round"

**Aaliyah*One in a Million***

* 01. "Beats 4 da Streets (Intro)" (writing credit)
* 02. "Hot like Fire" (writing credit)
* 03. "One in a Million" (writing credit)
* 04. "A Girl Like You" (featuring Treach) (uncredited writing and vocal arrangement)
* 05. "If Your Girl Only Knew" (writing credit)
* 08. "4 Page Letter" (writing credit)
* 13. "Heartbroken" (writing credit)
* 14. "Never Comin' Back" (writing credit)
* 15. "Ladies in da House" (writing credit)

**Busta Rhymes*It's a Party*** (Vinyl)

* 02. "It's a Party (AllStar Remix)" (featuring SWV) (writing credit)

**Ginuwine*Ginuwine...The Bachelor***

* 09. "I'll Do Anything/I'm Sorry" (writing credit)
* 12. "G. Thang" (writing credit)

## 1997

**Tha Truth – *Makin' Moves***

* 01. "Makin' Moves" (co-produced by T-Smoov)
* 02. "Gotta Find... (A New Love)" (co-produced by T-Smoov)
* 03. "I Wanna Know" (co-produced by Erick Sermon)
* 07. "Don't Rush" (co-produced by Marc Gordon)
* 08. "U Better Be Ready"
* 09. "Candy" (co-produced by Marc Gordon)
* 10. "How We Roll"
* 11. "Red Lights"/"Bustin Out (On Funk)" (featuring Erick Sermon)

**Shades – *Shades***

**Adina Howard*Welcome to Fantasy Island***

* 05. "Crank Me Up"

**Mariah Carey*Butterfly***

* 07. "Babydoll" (produced by Cory Rooney, additional production & written by Missy Elliott)

**Puff Daddy & the Family*No Way Out***

**SWV*Release Some Tension***

* 02. "Release Some Tension" (featuring Foxy Brown) (re-purposed from b-side "Release the Tension" from the "Sock It 2 Me" single)
* 05. "Can We" (featuring Missy Elliott) (co-produced by Timbaland)

**Timbaland & Magoo*Welcome to Our World***

* 01. "Beep Beep" (sampling credit)
* 16. "Man Undercover" (featuring Aaliyah & Missy Elliott) (co-produced by Timbaland)

## 1998

**Melanie B*Hot***

* 09. "I Want You Back" (featuring Missy Elliott) (co-produced by Gerard Thomas)

**MC Lyte*Seven & Seven***

* 01. "In My Business"
* 02. "Too Fly" (featuring Pam from Total)
* 12. "Want What I Got" (featuring Missy Elliott & Mocha)

**Various – *Cousin Skeeter***

* 00. 702 – "Cousin Skeeter (Theme)"
    + Sample credit: 702 – "Steelo"

**Yo Yo*Ebony***

* 10. "I Would If I Could" (featuring Missy Elliott)

**Elusion*Think About It***

* 02. "Good & Plenty"
    + Sample credit: Missy Elliott – "I'm Talkin'"

**Nicole*Make It Hot***

* 02. "Seventeen" (co-produced by Gerard "Soundman" Thomas & Donald "Lenny" Holmes)
* 03. "In da Street" (featuring Missy Elliott & Mocha) (co-produced by Gerard Thomas & Donald Holmes)
* 09. "Nervous" (featuring Lil' Mo) (co-produced by Gerard Thomas & Donald Holmes)
* 11. "Boy You Should Listen" (co-produced by Gerard Thomas & Donald Holmes)

**Total*Kima, Keisha, and Pam***

* 01. "Trippin'" (featuring Missy Elliott) (produced with Darryl Pearson, co-production by Timbaland, Puff Daddy & Mario Winans)
* 02. "I Tried"
* 03. "Rock Track" (writing credit)
* 10. "There Will Be No #!\*@ Tonight! (Interlude)"
* 11. "Do Something" (featuring Missy Elliott & Mocha)
* 15. "I Don't Wanna"
* 16. "Move Too Fast"

**Timbaland*Tim's Bio: Life from da Bassment***

* 13. "Talking on the Phone" (Kelly Price featuring Missy Elliott and Lil' Man) (co-production)
* 15. "John Blaze" (Aaliyah featuring Missy Elliott) (co-production)
* 17. "3:30 in the Morning" (co-production)

**Whitney Houston*My Love Is Your Love***

* 06. "In My Business" (featuring Missy Elliott) (co-produced by Kelvin Bradshaw & Lloyd Turner)
* 08. "Oh Yes" (co-produced by Kelvin Bradshaw & Lloyd Turner)

**Various – *Why Do Fools Fall in Love* soundtrack**

**Various – *Hav Plenty* soundtrack**

* 09. SWV – "I Wanna Be Where You Are"

**Various – *Dr. Dolittle* soundtrack**

## 1999

**Destiny's Child*The Writing's on the Wall***

* 04. "Confession" (featuring Missy Elliott) (co-produced by Gerard Thomas & Lenny Holmes)

**702*702***

**Missy Elliott – *Da Real World***

**Nas*I Am...***

* 08. "You Won't See Me Tonight" (featuring Aaliyah) (writing credit)

## 2000

**Take 5*Against All Odds***

* 02. "Hottie" (writing credit)

**Tamar*Tamar***

* 03. "No Disrespect"

**Tamia*A Nu Day***

**Various – *Bait soundtrack***

* 07. Total – "Quick Rush" (featuring Missy Elliott)

**Various – *Romeo Must Die soundtrack***

## 2001

**Various – *Moulin Rouge!* soundtrack**

**Aaliyah*Aaliyah***

**Bubba Sparxxx*Dark Days, Bright Nights***

**Missy Elliott – *Miss E ...So Addictive***

## 2002

**Mary J. Blige*No More Drama***

* 13. "Never Been"

**Karen Clark Sheard*2nd Chance***

**Me'Shell Ndegeocello*Cookie: The Anthropological Mixtape***

**Code5 – *Code5... The Secret's Out***

* 02. "Hottie" (featuring Missy Elliott & Timbaland) (co-written & vocally arranged by Lil' Mo)
    + Sample credit: Take 5 – "Hottie"

**Missy Elliott – *Under Construction***

* 01. "Go to the Floor" (main production by Timbaland)
* 02. "Bring the Pain" (featuring Method Man) (main production by Timbaland)
* 03. "Gossip Folks" (featuring Ludacris) (main production by Timbaland)
* 04. "Work It" (main production by Timbaland)
* 05. "Back in the Day" (featuring Jay-Z) (main production by Timbaland)
* 06. "Funky Fresh Dressed" (featuring Ms. Jade) (main production by Timbaland)
* 07. "Pussycat" (co-produced by Erroll "Poppi" McCalla, Jr.)
* 08. "Nothing Out There for Me" (featuring Beyoncé) (co-produced by Craig Brockman & Nisan Stewart)
* 09. "Slide" (main production by Timbaland)
* 10. "Play That Beat" (main production by Timbaland)
* 11. "Ain't That Funny" (main production by Timbaland)
* 12. "Hot" (main production by Timbaland)
* 13. "Can You Hear Me" (featuring TLC) (co-produced by Craig Brockman & Nisan Stewart)
* 14. "Work It (Remix)" (featuring 50 Cent) \[Hidden Track\]
* 15. "Drop tha Bomb"

**TLC*3D***

* 09. "Dirty Dirty" (co-produced by Timbaland)

**Trina*Diamond Princess***

**Tweet*Southern Hummingbird***

* 13. "Call Me" (produced by Timbaland, additional production & written by Missy Elliott)
* 17. "Big Spender" (produced with Troy Johnson)
    + Sample credit: *Sweet Charity Original Broadway Album* – "Big Spender"

**Whitney Houston*Just Whitney***

* 03. "Things You Say" (co-produced by CKB)

## 2003

**Beyoncé*Dangerously in Love***

* 08. "Signs" (featuring Missy Elliott) (co-produced by Craig Brockman & Nisan Stewart)

**Lil' Mo*Meet the Girl Next Door***

* 03. "Doing Me Wrong" (co-produced by Walter "Lil' Walt" Millsap III)

**Sticky Fingaz*Decade: "...but wait it gets worse"***

* 04. "Can't Call It" (produced by Scott Storch, additional production & written by Missy Elliott)

**Missy Elliott – *This Is Not a Test!***

**Karen Clark Sheard*The Heavens Are Telling***

* 07. "Go Ahead" (featuring Missy Elliott)

**Monica*After the Storm***

**Mýa*Moodring***

**Various – *Honey* soundtrack**

* 01. "Hurt Sumthin'"
* 08. "Thugman" (Tweet featuring Missy Elliott)

**Various – *The Fighting Temptations* soundtrack**

## 2004

**213*The Hard Way***

* 19. "So Fly"
    + Sample credit: Monica – "So Gone"

**Angie Stone*Stone Love***

* 04. "U-Haul" (co-produced by Craig Brockman & Nisan Stewart)

**Ciara*Goodies***

Fantasia Barrino*Free Yourself*

**Various – *Shark's Tale***

## 2005

**Missy Elliott – *The Cookbook***

**Tweet*It's Me Again***

## 2006

**Fantasia*Fantasia***

* 08. "I'm Not That Type" (co-produced by Lamb)
* 10. "Two Weeks Notice" (co-produced by Craig Brockman)
* 14. "Bump What Your Friends Say" (co-produced by Soul Diggaz, Phil Lees)

**Monica*The Makings of Me***

## 2007

**Keyshia Cole*Just Like You***

* 03. "Let It Go" (featuring Missy Elliott & Lil' Kim)
    + Sample credit: Mtume – "Juicy Fruit", Yarborough and Peoples – "Don't Stop the Music"

## 2008

**Jazmine Sullivan*Fearless***

* 02. "Need U Bad" (co-produced by Lamb)
    + Sample credit: Nicholas Taylor Stanton – "Higher Mediation Riddim Version", Tapper Zukie – "Papa Big Shirt"
* 08. "Dream Big" (co-produced by Lamb)

**Jennifer Hudson*Jennifer Hudson***

* 08. "I'm His Only Woman" (featuring Fantasia Barrino) (co-produced by Jack Splash)

**Jessica Betts – *Jessie Pearl***

## 2009

**Angie Stone*Unexpected***

* 10. "Think Sometimes"

## 2010

**Monica*Still Standing***

**Jazmine Sullivan*Love Me Back***

* 01. "Holding You Down (Goin' In Circles)" (co-produced by Lamb)
* 07. "Excuse Me" (co-produced by Lamb)
* 12. "Luv Back"

## 2012

**Monica*New Life***

## 2014

**Sharaya J*Takin' It No More* single**

* 01. "Takin' It No More" (additional production, produced by DJ Jayhood)
    + Sample credit: Missy Elliott – "Take Away" (featuring Ginuwine & Kameelah "Meelah" Williams of 702)
* 02. "Shut It Down" (co-produced by Aaron "Dboy" Monroe)

**Missy Elliott*Block Party***

* 00. "9th Inning" (featuring Timbaland) (additional production, produced by Timbaland & Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon)
* 00. "Pin the Tail" (co-produced by Timbaland)
* 00. "Blow Ya Whistle" (co-produced by Souldiggaz)
* 00. "Talk a Lotta Trash" (co-produced by Alicia "4Bia" Cherry)
* 00. "Pre Madonna/Prima Donna" (co-produced by Timbaland)
* 00. "Bounce It Up and Down" (co-produced by Timbaland)
* 00. "Rather" (co-produced by Lamb)

## 2015

**Monica*Code Red***

* 00. "Code Red" (featuring Missy Elliott & Laiyah Brown)
* 00. "I Love Him"

## 2016

**Tweet*Charlene***

* 06. "Somebody Else Will" (featuring Missy Elliott) (co-produced by Timbaland)

**Fifth Harmony*7/27***

* 10. "Not That Kinda Girl" (featuring Missy Elliott) (writing credit)

## 2019

**Missy Elliott *Iconology***

* 01. "Throw It Back" (writing credit)
* 02. "Cool Off" (writing credit)
* 03. "DripDemeanor" (featuring Sum1) (writing credit) and (co-produced by Timbaland)
* 04. "Why I Still Love You" (writing credit)
* 05. "Why I Still Love You" (Acapella) (writing credit)

## 2020

**Toni Braxton*****Spell My Name***

* 02. "Do It (Remix)" (featuring Missy Elliott) (co-produced by Hannon Lane)

**Bad Bunny*****YHLQMDLG***

## 2023

**Various*****The Color Purple* soundtrack**

## Unreleased / Non-album songs

**702**

* "Speakers Blow" (featuring Missy Elliott)
* "Gotta Leave (Remix)" (featuring Missy Elliott)

**Aaliyah**

**Blaque*Torch***

* 02. "Ugly" (featuring Missy Elliott) (co-produced by CKB, Craig Brockman, Dante Nolen, Nisan Stewart)
* 03. "Freakazoid"
* 09. "Nappy Dugout"
* 10. "Dat's Right"
* 15. "No Ganksta"
* 00. "Lingerie"

**Cheri Dennis**

* "Wrapped Around Me" (co-produced by Timbaland)

**Eminem**

**Fantasia**

* "Clap Ya Hands" (featuring Missy Elliott)
* "Turn This Party Up" (featuring Missy Elliott)
* "No Stoppin'"

**Janet Jackson**

**Jazmine Sullivan *Break My Little Heart***

* 00. "Break My Little Heart"
* 00. "Don't Let Me Get Started"
* 00. "Feel Nice"
* 00. "Backstabbers" (co-produced by Timbaland)
* 00. "Where Did He Go? (Bus Stop)"

**Jessica Betts**

**Missy Elliott**

* "What U Say" (featuring LaTocha Scott)
* "Come On Back"
* "Release the Tension"
* "Can We" (SWV demo)
* "Drop tha Bomb"
* "Let's Get Married" (co-produced by Timbaland)
* "It's a Woman's World"
* "Sexy Enough" (featuring Free & Raje Shwari)
* "Pussycat" (Remix) (featuring Janet Jackson & Lil' Kim)
* "Swing Your Partner" (featuring Eve)
* "I Want You Back" (Mel B demo)

**Mocha – *Bella Mafia***

**Monica**

* "Best Friends"
* "Girl, Please"
* "No Stoppin'"
* "Let Me Know" (featuring Missy Elliott)
* "U Turn Me On" (featuring Missy Elliott)

**Nicole*Elektric Blue***

* 00. "Bangin' (Don't Lie)" (featuring Prodigy of Mobb Deep) (writing credit)
* 00. "Single Life (Interlude)" (featuring Missy Elliott)
* 00. "Last Night a DJ..." (featuring Missy Elliott)

**Olivia**

* "Cherry Pop"
* "Not Alone"
* "Right One for You"

**Sarah Jo Martin**

**So Def**

* "Navigator"
* "I Like It"
* "Hell Naw"
* "Happy Birthday" (featuring Izza Kizza & Missy Elliott) (co-produced by Souldiggaz)

**Timbaland*The World Is Ours***

**Torrey Carter*The Life I Live***

* 01. "Floss Ya Jewels"
* 02. "Take That" (featuring Missy Elliott) (co-produced by Charlamagne)
* 04. "The Life I Wanna Live" (featuring Nokio of Dru Hill) (co-produced by Nokio)
* 08. "Now I Got a Girl" (co-produced & co-written by Lil Mo)
* 09. "Same 'Ol" (featuring Missy Elliott) (co-produced by Timbaland)

**Total**

**Tweet**

* "Shook Up" (featuring Free)
* "Mr. DJ" (featuring Missy Elliott) (co-produced by Soul Diggaz)
* "Procrastination" (featuring Missy Elliott & Timbaland) (co-produced by Timbaland)


title: WHCC

abstract: WHCC is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Ellettsville, Indiana, United States, the station serves Bloomington, Indiana area. The station is currently owned by Sound Management, LLC.

text:
# WHCC

**WHCC** (105.1 FM, "Hoosier Country 105") is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Ellettsville, Indiana, United States, the station serves Bloomington, Indiana area. The station is currently owned by Sound Management, LLC.

## InfoBox

WHCC
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Bloomington, Indiana |
| Frequency | 105.1 FM (MHz) |
| Branding | Hoosier Country 105 |
| Programming | |
| Format | Commercial; Country |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Sound Management, LLC |
| Sister stations | WBWB |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 33540 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 1,700 watts |
| HAAT | 189 meters (620 feet) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 39°11′32″N 86°41′46″W / 39.19222°N 86.69611°W / 39.19222; -86.69611 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live! |
| Website | http://www.whcc105.com/ |


title: New Khartoum International Airport

abstract: New Khartoum International Airport is an international airport under construction in Omdourman, Sudan, to be located 40 km south of Khartoum's city centre.

text:
# New Khartoum International Airport

**New Khartoum International Airport** (Arabic:مطار الخرطوم الدولي الجديد) is an international airport under construction in Omdourman, Sudan, to be located 40 km (24.8 miles) south of Khartoum's city centre.

## History

Completion was scheduled for 2022. This was planned to have two 4000 metre runways, a passenger terminal of 86,000 square metres and a 300-room international hotel. Construction was to be carried out by China Harbour Engineering Co. (CHEC), but Turkey based construction firm Summa was later selected for construction of New Khartoum Airport in 2018, but construction has been suspended as of 2021.

## InfoBox

| New Khartoum International Airport
مطار الخرطوم الدولي الجديد
Maṭār Al-Khurṭūm Al-Duwaliyy Al-Gadīd | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Hub for |  |
| Coordinates | 15°15′56″N 032°21′35″E / 15.26556°N 32.35972°E / 15.26556; 32.35972 |


title: Gliese 414 Ab

abstract: Gliese 414 Ab, also known as GJ 414 Ab, is a sub-Neptune exoplanet orbiting Gliese 414 A, an orange dwarf located 39 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Ursa Major. It is at least 7.6 times more massive than the Earth and is 3 times larger, having a diameter of 37600 km. It orbits its host star at a distance of 0.24 astronomical units (36,000,000 km), completing one revolution every 51 days. The distance of Gliese 414 A b from its star makes it to be located in the inner part of the optmistic habitable zone, and the planet has a equilibrium temperature of 35.5 °C.

text:
# Gliese 414 Ab

**Gliese 414 Ab**, also known as **GJ 414 Ab**, is a sub-Neptune exoplanet orbiting Gliese 414 A, an orange dwarf located 39 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Ursa Major. It is at least 7.6 times more massive than the Earth and is 3 times larger, having a diameter of 37600 km. It orbits its host star at a distance of 0.24 astronomical units (36,000,000 km), completing one revolution every 51 days. The distance of Gliese 414 A b from its star makes it to be located in the inner part of the optmistic habitable zone, and the planet has a equilibrium temperature of 35.5 °C.

## Characteristics

Gliese 414 Ab is classified as a sub-Neptune planet. With a diameter of 37600 km, it is about 3 times larger than Earth, but 24% smaller than Neptune. Having a minimum mass of 7.6 *M*🜨, it is likely that it is not a rocky planet, but instead has an volatile-rich envelope. NASA Eyes on Exoplanets cites it as a Neptune-like planet.

Gliese 414 Ab completes one orbit around its star every 51 days, being located at a distance of 0.24 astronomical units (36,000,000 km). Its orbit is highly eccentric (e = 0.45), which means that the distance from its star varies from 0.13 to 0.34 astronomical units (19,400,000 km to 50,860,000 km). The orbital variation of Gliese 414 Ab causes to occasionally be located within its star's habitable zone, which has an inner limit of 0.21 AU according to a more optimistic model. According to another model, the star's habitable zone is located from 0.37 to 0.7 AU.

As it orbits close to the habitable zone, it is a warm planet, having a surface temperature estimated at around 36 °C. The margin of error of 33.5 implies that the temperature can be as high as 69.1°C, and as low as 2°C.

## Discovery

Gliese 414 Ab was discovered in 2020 by analyzing radial velocity data from Keck's HIRES instrument and the Automated Planet Finder at Lick Observatory, as well as photometric data from KELT.

## Host star

Its parent star, known as **Gliese 414 A**, is an orange dwarf about 70% the size of the Sun. In addition to Gliese 414 Ab, the star also hosts Gliese 414 Ac, a Super-Neptune orbiting at a distance 6 times greater, of 1.4 AU.

It also has a red dwarf companion, located at a distance of 408 AU from the main star.

## Notes and references

1. Martin, Pierre-Yves (2020). "Planet Gliese 414 Ab". *Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia*. Archived from the original on 2023-12-14. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
2. "GJ 414 A b". *Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System*. Archived from the original on 2023-12-14. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
3. "Open Exoplanet Catalogue - Gliese 414 Ab". *www.openexoplanetcatalogue.com*. Archived from the original on 2023-12-14. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
4. "⬤ Exoplanet Gliese 414 A b". *Stellar Catalog*. Archived from the original on 2024-01-13. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
5. Dedrick, Cayla M.; Fulton, Benjamin J.; Knutson, Heather A.; Howard, Andrew W.; Beatty, Thomas G.; Cargile, Phillip A.; Gaudi, B. Scott; Hirsch, Lea A.; Kuhn, Rudolf B.; Lund, Michael B.; James, David J.; Kosiarek, Molly R.; Pepper, Joshua; Petigura, Erik A.; Rodriguez, Joseph E. (2021-02-01). "Two Planets Straddling the Habitable Zone of The Nearby K Dwarf Gl 414A". *The Astronomical Journal*. **161** (2): 86. arXiv:2009.06503. Bibcode:2021AJ....161...86D. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abd0ef. ISSN 0004-6256.
6. "HD 97101". *simbad.cds.unistra.fr*. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
7. Hill, Michelle L.; Bott, Kimberly; Dalba, Paul A.; Fetherolf, Tara; Kane, Stephen R.; Kopparapu, Ravi; Li, Zhexing; Ostberg, Colby (2023-01-05). "A Catalog of Habitable Zone Exoplanets". *The Astronomical Journal*. **165** (2): 34. arXiv:2210.02484. Bibcode:2023AJ....165...34H. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aca1c0. ISSN 0004-6256.
8. Anderson, Natali (2020-09-21). "Astronomers Find Two Massive Exoplanets in Nearby Binary System | Astronomy | Sci-News.com". *Sci.News: Breaking Science News*. Archived from the original on 2024-01-13. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
9. "Gliese 414 | NASA Exoplanet Archive". *exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu*. Archived from the original on 2023-12-09. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
1. Assuming a bond albedo of 0.32.
1. Obtained with a right ascension of 11h 11m 5.17s and a declination of +30° 26 45.7 on this website.

## InfoBox

Gliese 414 Ab
| Artistic representation of a sub-Neptune exoplanet. | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by | Dedrick et al. |
| Discovery date | 2020 |
| Detection method | Radial velocity |
| Designations | |
| Alternative names | HD 97101 Ab, HIP 54646 b, LHS 2367 b,  119-60 b, TIC 9001920 b, WISEA J111105.67+302643.6 b |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Periastron | 0.13 AU |
| Apoastron | 0.34 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 0.24±0.01 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.45+0.19
−0.22 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 50.817+0.031
−0.03 |
| Argument of perihelion | 111+36
−52 |
| Star | Gliese 414 A |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mean radius | 2.95+1.11
−0.91 *R*🜨 |
| Mass | \>7.6+2.44
−2.19 *M*🜨 |
| Temperature | 308.6±33.5  (35.5 °C (95.9 °F)) |
|  | |


title: Pseudopostega acrodicra

abstract: Pseudopostega acrodicra is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Donald R. Davis and Jonas R. Stonis, 2007. It is known from south-central Brazil. The length of the forewings is 5-5.6 mm. Adults have been recorded from September to November.

text:
# Pseudopostega acrodicra

***Pseudopostega acrodicra*** is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Donald R. Davis and Jonas R. Stonis, 2007. It is known from south-central Brazil.

The length of the forewings is 5-5.6 mm. Adults have been recorded from September to November.

## Etymology

The species name is derived from the Greek *akron* (meaning tip, end) and *dikros* (meaning forked, cloven) in reference to the small, apical furcation of the caudal lobe of the male gnathos.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudopostega acrodicra* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Opostegidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudopostega* |
| Species: | ***P. acrodicra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudopostega acrodicra***<br>D.R. Davis & J.R. Stonis, 2007 | |
|


title: Shirley Hibberd

abstract: James Shirley Hibberd was one of the most popular and successful gardening writers of the Victorian era. He was a best-selling editor of three gardening magazines, including Amateur Gardening, the only 19th-century gardening magazine still being published today. He wrote over a dozen books on gardening and several more on natural history and related subjects. He promoted town gardening, aquariums, bee-keeping, vegetarianism, water recycling, environmental conservation and the prevention of cruelty to animals and birds, all before they were taken up as 'causes' in the twentieth century. Most important of all, he taught and promoted amateur gardening, before it was acceptable among the gardening establishment, and helped to found the whole consumer industry in amateur gardening that we have today.

text:
# Shirley Hibberd

**James Shirley Hibberd** (1825 – 16 November 1890) was one of the most popular and successful gardening writers of the Victorian era. He was a best-selling editor of three gardening magazines, including *Amateur Gardening*, the only 19th-century gardening magazine still being published today. He wrote over a dozen books on gardening and several more on natural history and related subjects. He promoted town gardening, aquariums, bee-keeping, vegetarianism, water recycling, environmental conservation and the prevention of cruelty to animals and birds, all before they were taken up as 'causes' in the twentieth century. Most important of all, he taught and promoted amateur gardening, before it was acceptable among the gardening establishment, and helped to found the whole consumer industry in amateur gardening that we have today.

## Early life

Shirley Hibberd was born in Mile End Old Town, now part of Stepney, in east London, England. His parentage is obscure but it is believed that his father died when he was about 14 and he then started work as a bookbinder or bookseller. His earliest known writing dates to about 1849, when he was active in the Vegetarian Society and edited their magazine, the *Vegetarian Advocate*. During that time he was described as an 'operative chemist', which meant an experimental scientist. As well as editing the magazine he lectured on vegetarianism throughout east London. By 1851, however, he seems to have lost interest in vegetarianism, and then began to lecture more widely on science, natural history and other subjects. He even gave a series of talks on the Crimean War at Wyld's Great Globe in Leicester Square. As a journalist, Hibberd worked on a succession of popular family magazines and was a frequent contributor to *Notes and Queries*.

After his marriage in 1850 to Sarah Voyer, Hibberd moved into a small house in Pentonville, north London, and began to take an interest in gardening, which seems to have been a natural progression from his childhood interest in wild flowers, birds and insects. He soon discovered the difficulties of gardening in inner city London where the atmosphere was laden with soot, and fog and smog was prevalent throughout the winter. The other problem was that there was very little information available for amateur gardeners, especially those living in towns and cities. The professional gardeners, who dominated the gardening press, refused to believe that city gardening was either possible or desirable. This was Hibberd's opportunity to make a name for himself, and he began to teach himself gardening, discovering what plants could survive in London and how amateurs could learn things for themselves.

## Publications

Hibberd's first gardening book was *The Town Garden* (1855), which described his own garden in Pentonville and advised novices how to start gardening. The same year he had already published *Brambles and Bay Leaves*, a book of essays on science and natural history, largely based on articles he had previously written for magazines or on lectures he had given. These were followed by three books on aquariums, another enduring interest for early scientists, who were fascinated with the complexities of preserving living things in water and how oxygen was used. By 1856 Hibberd had moved to Tottenham, further north in London, and there began to keep a variety of aquatic creatures, birds and bees. These experiences led to his best known book, *Rustic Adornments for Homes of Taste*. The book was so successful that a second edition followed in 1857, and in 1858 his publishers, Groombridges, invited him to start a monthly magazine for amateur gardeners, *The Floral World and Garden Guide*. With the *Floral World*, Hibberd proved himself to be one of the first successful writers for amateur gardeners. He encouraged correspondence and discussion, answered queries and encouraged local amateurs to write for him. He began to publish a series of books on every aspect of gardening and reported on his own experiments in trying out different varieties of plants. He became particularly interested in the problem of potato blight which had caused the Irish famine, developing his own method of growing potatoes on tiles to combat the disease.

By 1858 Hibberd had moved to Lordship Terrace, Stoke Newington in north-east London, and maintained his garden there for about thirteen years, writing about it in all his books and providing illustrations of the garden for his readers. In 1862 he took over *The Gardener's Weekly Magazine*, an ailing publication, which he re-launched in 1865 as *The Gardener's Magazine*. This became a serious rival to the well-established *Gardeners' Chronicle* and *Cottage Gardener* and put him in the forefront of horticultural publishing. From 1863 onwards he produced titles on every aspect of gardening, including *Profitable Gardening*, *The Rose Book*, *The Fern Garden*, *The Amateur's Flower Garden*, *The Amateur's Greenhouse and Conservatory* and *The Amateur's Kitchen Garden*. He produced two series of books with coloured plates, *New and Rare Beautiful-Leaved Plants* and *Familiar Garden Flowers*, a book about wild flowers, *Field Flowers* and was the first person to make a study of ivy with his monograph, *The Ivy*. In 1884 he started another magazine, *Amateur Gardening*, which still survives today.

## Environmental work

Shirley Hibberd always believed that man should live in harmony with the natural world. As an observational bee-keeper he realised the importance of bees in pollinating plants and tried out many of the new types of hive which were designed to prolong the lives of bees, avoid swarming and increase the yield of honey. He exhibited his 'town honey' at horticultural shows and promoted the idea of keeping bees on balconies and even inside people's houses, where they could come and go through windows. He was adamant that cruelty to animals should cease, protected garden birds and caged birds, and developed a method of growing watercress in troughs, to avoid diseases from plants grown in polluted water. This was explained in his book *Home Culture of the Watercress* for which he was awarded a gold medal by the Royal Horticultural Society. He also designed a system of water tanks for collection of rainwater for use in houses, published in a pamphlet *Water for Nothing – Every House its own Water Supply* in 1879. He denigrated the 'spoliation' of wild flowers and in particular native ferns, which had become a collecting obsession, known as pteridomania in the 1860s and 70s. In his books he gave detailed instructions for growing plants in glass cases, known as a Wardian case, inside houses. He looked at the science behind the way the plants grew and promoted the idea of growing wild flowers in the cases, rather than the usual ferns and foliage plants.

## Personal life

Shirley Hibberd's first marriage to Sarah Elizabeth Voyer (1823–1880) was childless, and she spent much of her life as an invalid. He refers in his writing to a 'tragedy' that befell them in the early part of their marriage, possibly relating to a lost pregnancy, which might also have been connected with a heart defect suffered by his wife, who died of heart disease at the age of 56. He wrote a moving account of their life after 1870, when they took on a new garden, fraught with difficulty, which he believed contributed to her death. Four years later, however, he married his cook, Ellen Mantle, who was 28, while he was 59. They moved to a large house in Kew, south-west London, where Ellen gave birth to a daughter, but she died a few days after giving birth. The daughter, also called Ellen, survived. Hibberd himself died five years later at the age of 65, and his daughter was adopted by his nephew, Charles Montague Mitchell. She subsequently trained as a nurse at the Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, in east London.

## Conflicts

Shirley Hibberd never flinched from argument if he felt justified in his own position. During the 1860s he used the pages of the *Gardener's Magazine* to criticise the workings of the Royal Horticultural Society because he believed it was badly run and was not giving a fair chance to working class amateur gardeners. Later, however, when the society had been reformed, he worked closely with them, and the main reason he moved to Kew was to help re-organise the neglected RHS garden at Chiswick. During the 1870s and 80s he had a series of arguments with the gardener and writer William Robinson. Hibberd had helped Robinson in the 1860s by publishing articles by him in the Floral World and giving good reviews of Robinson's early books. However, in 1871 Robinson started his own gardening magazine, *The Garden*, closely followed by *Gardening Illustrated* and set himself up as a rival to Hibberd. This in itself did not worry Hibberd, but Robinson was a well known plagiarist and also frequently picked quarrels with other writers to gain publicity. Resentment surfaced after Robinson had copied an article on vegetables that first appeared in Hibberd's magazine and then criticised Hibberd's book, *The Ivy*. Hibberd then reported on an asparagus competition organised by Robinson that was a failure. In a series of articles in 1881 the two men hurled abuse at each other which Robinson chose to take as racist remarks (he was Irish). Hibberd ended the quarrel with a quotation from Shakespeare's *King John* implying that Robinson was of so little account that a drop of water would drown him.

## Legacy

Shirley Hibberd is rarely given the credit he deserves as a pioneer in amateur gardening. Other well-known Victorian gardeners, such as Gertrude Jekyll and William Robinson, have gardens still remaining that have been restored. Hibberd's gardens, being town gardens in inner London, have all disappeared through being built over. The only garden connected with him that does remain is Islington Green, a small park he laid out in 1865. Unlike the books of Jekyll and Robinson, Hibberd's books are all out of print, although two were re-issued as facsimiles in the 1980s. It is sometimes thought that he promoted what is considered as typical Victorian formal gardening, based on half-hardy 'bedding plants' and that his books are therefore old-fashioned and irrelevant today. In fact, nothing could be further from the truth. Hibberd constantly condemned the use of bedding plants by amateurs as he felt they were unsuitable for small gardens whose owners would not have the facilities for growing them in glasshouses or the finances to buy them in sufficient quantities, and nor would they be able to maintain such displays adequately. He stated that the most important part of a flower garden was the display of herbaceous perennial plants and shrubs. He also taught amateurs all the skills of growing fruit and vegetables, secrets so closely guarded by professionals that they refused to write about them for general readers. Hibberd's true legacy is his promotion of amateur gardening as a self-contained market where plants, equipment, tools, books, magazines and every other consumer product connected with gardening were made cheaply available to anyone who wanted to use them, and the practice and love of gardening effectively brought together people of different classes as equals.

## Selected publications

* "Hibberd, Shirley". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

## Bibliography

* Anne Wilkinson (2012), pub.: Cortex Design. *Shirley Hibberd, The Father of Amateur Gardening: His Life and Works 1825–1890*. ISBN 978-0-956-809605

## InfoBox

| Shirley Hibberd | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1825 (1825) |
| Died | 1890 (aged 6465) |
| Subject | Gardening and horticulture |
| Years active | 1849–1890 |
| Spouse | *   Sarah Voyer  (m. 1850; died 1880) *   Ellen Mantle  (m. 1884; died 1885) |
| Children | Ellen Shirley Hibberd (1885–1975) |


title: Penumbra (TV series)

abstract: Penumbra is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa for Telesistema Mexicano in 1962.

text:
# Penumbra (TV series)

***Penumbra*** is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa for Telesistema Mexicano in 1962.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| *Penumbra* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Telenovela |
| Country of origin | Mexico |
| Original language | Spanish |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 30 |
| Original release | |
| Network | Telesistema Mexicano |
| Release | 1962 (1962) |


title: Qing'an County

abstract: Qing'an County is a county of west-central Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China. It is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Suihua.

text:
# Qing'an County

**Qing'an County** (simplified Chinese: 庆安县; traditional Chinese: 慶安縣; pinyin: *Qìng'ān Xiàn*) is a county of west-central Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China. It is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Suihua.

## Administrative divisions

Qing'an County is divided into 4 subdistricts, 8 towns and 6 townships.

3 subdistricts 8 towns 6 townships

## Demographics

The population of the district was 366,985 in 1999.

## Climate

| Climate data for Qing'an (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 0.0
(32.0) | 8.5
(47.3) | 18.9
(66.0) | 28.5
(83.3) | 33.5
(92.3) | 37.5
(99.5) | 36.7
(98.1) | 35.8
(96.4) | 31.3
(88.3) | 25.8
(78.4) | 14.7
(58.5) | 3.9
(39.0) | 37.5
(99.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −14.8
(5.4) | −8.6
(16.5) | 1.2
(34.2) | 12.5
(54.5) | 20.6
(69.1) | 25.6
(78.1) | 27.5
(81.5) | 25.8
(78.4) | 20.7
(69.3) | 11.1
(52.0) | −2.0
(28.4) | −12.6
(9.3) | 8.9
(48.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −20.8
(−5.4) | −15.4
(4.3) | −4.8
(23.4) | 6.4
(43.5) | 14.4
(57.9) | 20.2
(68.4) | 22.8
(73.0) | 20.7
(69.3) | 14.4
(57.9) | 5.4
(41.7) | −7.0
(19.4) | −17.9
(−0.2) | 3.2
(37.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −26.4
(−15.5) | −21.9
(−7.4) | −10.6
(12.9) | 0.4
(32.7) | 8.4
(47.1) | 15.2
(59.4) | 18.4
(65.1) | 16.2
(61.2) | 8.8
(47.8) | 0.3
(32.5) | −11.5
(11.3) | −22.8
(−9.0) | −2.1
(28.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −41.2
(−42.2) | −38.3
(−36.9) | −33.9
(−29.0) | −13.0
(8.6) | −5.4
(22.3) | 3.6
(38.5) | 9.0
(48.2) | 6.0
(42.8) | −5.4
(22.3) | −16.3
(2.7) | −31.1
(−24.0) | −39.0
(−38.2) | −41.2
(−42.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4.3
(0.17) | 4.1
(0.16) | 12.7
(0.50) | 22.7
(0.89) | 52.7
(2.07) | 100.7
(3.96) | 150.1
(5.91) | 124.0
(4.88) | 61.4
(2.42) | 28.6
(1.13) | 12.2
(0.48) | 8.0
(0.31) | 581.5
(22.88) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.7 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 7.5 | 11.7 | 14.1 | 14.6 | 14.2 | 9.6 | 7.5 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 107.8 |
| Average snowy days | 8.9 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.6 | 8.3 | 11.0 | 48.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 71 | 63 | 56 | 58 | 69 | 79 | 81 | 73 | 66 | 70 | 76 | 70 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 174.1 | 207.7 | 255.9 | 240.4 | 257.8 | 238.5 | 230.5 | 222.5 | 225.6 | 195.4 | 170.6 | 152.0 | 2,571 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 62 | 71 | 69 | 59 | 55 | 50 | 49 | 51 | 61 | 59 | 61 | 58 | 59 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Notes and references

1. "国家统计局" (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
2. (in English) National Population Statistics Materials by County and City - 1999 Period, *in* China County & City Population 1999, Harvard China Historical GIS
3. 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
4. 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 5 July 2023.

## InfoBox

| Qing'an County 庆安县 | |
| --- | --- |
| County | |
| Qing'an in Suihua | |
| Suihua in Heilongjiang | |
| Coordinates: 46°52′48″N 127°30′29″E / 46.880°N 127.508°E / 46.880; 127.508 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Heilongjiang |
| Prefecture-level city | Suihua |
| Area | |
| Land | 5,468.7 km2 (2,111.5 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 386,162 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


title: Mohammad Abdul Haque

abstract: Mohammad Abdul Haque (1918-1996) was a Bangladeshi bureaucrat and government minister.

text:
# Mohammad Abdul Haque

**Mohammad Abdul Haque** (1918-1996) was a Bangladeshi bureaucrat and government minister.

## Early life

Haque was born on 1 January 1918 at Kamalpur, Zakiganj Upazila, Sylhet District, Assam, British India. He graduated from Murari Chand College in 1942 with a B.A. in English.

## Career

Haque passed the Assam Public Service Commission examination in 1943 and was appointed to the police with the rank of deputy superintendent. He opted to join the Pakistan Police Service after the Partition of India in 1947. He served as the district superintendent of police of Dhaka District, Mymensingh District, Noakhali District, and Rangpur District. In 1959, he was awarded the President Police Medal. In 1960, he was made the additional inspector general of police. He was awarded the Tamgha-i-Pakistan in 1963. From 1965 to 1969, he served as the chairman of the Road Transport Corporation. He received the Sitara-i-Khidmat award from the government of Pakistan in 1969.

Haque founded a hospital after retirement. His hospital served as a shelter for civilians during Bangladesh Liberation war. He joined politics in the 1970s and was elected to parliament in 1979 as an independent candidate. From 1985 to 1986, he served as the Minister of Land Administration and Land Reforms in the cabinet of President Hussain Mohammad Ershad. He received the Bhasani Medal and Sher-e-Bangla Medal award for his philanthropic contribution.

## Death

Haque died on 6 April 1996 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.


title: Quindim

abstract: Quindim is a popular Brazilian baked dessert with Portuguese heritage, made chiefly from sugar, egg yolks and ground coconut. It is a custard and usually presented as an upturned cup with a glistening surface and intensely yellow color. The mixture can also be made in a large ring mold in which case it is called a "quindão" and served in slices.

text:
# Quindim

**Quindim** (Portuguese pronunciation: \[ ˈdʒĩ\] ) is a popular Brazilian baked dessert with Portuguese heritage, made chiefly from sugar, egg yolks and ground coconut. It is a custard and usually presented as an upturned cup with a glistening surface and intensely yellow color. The mixture can also be made in a large ring mold (like a savarin mold) in which case it is called a "quindão" and served in slices.

## Etymology

The word quindim comes from *dikende* in Kikongo, a Bantu language. It means "the gestures, or demeanor, or humor characteristic of adolescent girls."

## Origins

The heavy use of egg yolks is characteristic of many Portuguese sweets and pastries, such as the *papo de anjo* ("angel's crop") and *fios de ovos* ("egg threads"). Their combination with coconut and sugar was probably created by African slaves in 17th century Brazilian Northeast, where coconuts were abundant and sugar (from sugarcane) was a major industry.

Quindim is also a rhinoceros character (named after the dessert) featured in Monteiro Lobato's children's books.

It is also the subject of the song Os Quindins de Yayá which is featured in The Three Caballeros and sung by Aurora Miranda.

## InfoBox

Quindim
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Custard |
| Course | Dessert |
| Place of origin | Brazil |
| Serving temperature | Cold |
| Main ingredients | Ground coconut, sugar, egg yolks |
|  | |


title: WRME-LD

abstract: WRME-LD is a low-power television station in Chicago, Illinois, United States, affiliated with Jewelry Television. The station's audio channel, transmitting at 87.75 MHz, lies within the FM band; as a result, WRME-LD's audio channel operates as a radio station at 87.7 FM. Owned by Venture Technologies Group and operated under a local marketing agreement (LMA) by Weigel Broadcasting, the station airs a soft adult contemporary/oldies format via the 87.75 MHz audio channel under the brand 87.7 MeTV FM, a brand extension of Weigel's MeTV television network. The WRME-LD studios are co-located with Weigel's headquarters in Chicago's Greektown neighborhood, while the transmitter resides atop the John Hancock Center. Because of the station's low-power status, WRME-LD is not subject to the FCC's educational and informational programming requirements, allowing a full 24/7 format without interruption for other programming. In November 2019, the station began airing news and weather updates from WBBM-TV during the morning and afternoon drive times. After the 2009 digital television transition for full-power stations, WRME-LP became one of several such "Franken-FM" stations that were actually analog TV stations on channel 6; the video signal aired unrelated material to the audio, including a loop of weather and traffic information. When low-power stations were required to transition to digital, Venture Technologies Group obtained special temporary authority to convert the station to ATSC 3.0 Next Gen TV and also maintain an analog audio signal on 87.7 FM. The ATSC 3.0 channel occupies the lower 5.509 MHz of the 6 MHz channel. Officially, the second HD Radio channel of Audacy-owned WMYX-FM in Milwaukee, Wisconsin is a repeater of WRME-LD's audio signal, and both stations identify together as "WRME-LD, Chicago and WMYX-FM-HD2, Milwaukee". The WMYX-HD2 signal also carried by the Audacy app, which is available throughout the United States and on its website.

text:
# WRME-LD

**WRME-LD** (channel 33) is a low-power television station in Chicago, Illinois, United States, affiliated with Jewelry Television. The station's audio channel, transmitting at 87.75 MHz (or VHF channel 6), lies within the FM band; as a result, WRME-LD's audio channel operates as a radio station at 87.7 FM. Owned by Venture Technologies Group and operated under a local marketing agreement (LMA) by Weigel Broadcasting, the station airs a soft adult contemporary/oldies format via the 87.75 MHz audio channel under the brand **87.7 MeTV FM**, a brand extension of Weigel's MeTV television network. The WRME-LD studios are co-located with Weigel's headquarters in Chicago's Greektown neighborhood, while the transmitter resides atop the John Hancock Center.

Because of the station's low-power status, WRME-LD is not subject to the FCC's educational and informational programming requirements, allowing a full 24/7 format without interruption for other programming. In November 2019, the station (as WRME-LP) began airing news and weather updates from WBBM-TV (channel 2) during the morning and afternoon drive times.

After the 2009 digital television transition for full-power stations, WRME-LP became one of several such "Franken-FM" stations that were actually analog TV stations on channel 6; the video signal aired unrelated material to the audio, including a loop of weather and traffic information. When low-power stations were required to transition to digital, Venture Technologies Group obtained special temporary authority to convert the station to ATSC 3.0 Next Gen TV and also maintain an analog audio signal on 87.7 FM. The ATSC 3.0 channel occupies the lower 5.509 MHz of the 6 MHz channel.

Officially, the second HD Radio channel of Audacy-owned WMYX-FM in Milwaukee, Wisconsin is a repeater of WRME-LD's audio signal, and both stations identify together as "WRME-LD, Chicago and WMYX-FM-HD2, Milwaukee". The WMYX-HD2 signal also carried by the Audacy app, which is available throughout the United States and on its website.

## History

### Move to Channel 6

When the station first signed on the air in 2003, it broadcast on Channel 55 using the call sign W55DF. It later moved to Channel 6 because of Qualcomm's MediaFLO service expanding to the Chicago area. Its programming once consisted of infomercials, home shopping services, MTV Tr3s, and Azteca América. It became WLFM-LP in 2006.

On March 9, 2009, Venture announced that it signed letters of intent to lease out their Channel 6 signals on both WLFM-LP and KSFV-CA in Los Angeles's San Fernando Valley, which would pave the way for the launching a dance format on the stations. Programming was to have begun under that format June 1, 2009, and be patterned after Mega Media's New York City outlet WNYZ-LP and be branded as Pulse 87.

In the interim, on April 1, 2009, Channel 6 switched to an alternative country music format as "The L." One month later, Venture announced it would not pursue the deal with Mega Media. Channel 6 continued with the alt-country format until a format change in Chicago opened a new opportunity.

### Smooth Jazz

On May 22, 2009, WNUA (95.5 FM) dropped its smooth jazz sound for Spanish contemporary music. That afternoon, Channel 6 immediately picked up the abandoned format, becoming an affiliate of the Broadcast Architecture Smooth Jazz Network, and adopting the name "87.7 Chicago's Smooth Jazz." Channel 6 originally broadcast still photographs of Chicago and Jazz musicians on its video signal, since all television licensees are still required to transmit video while on air. In the summer of 2011, Channel 6 began airing traffic maps and a weather scroll on its video signal.

Initially, WLFM's smooth jazz format consisted of round-the-clock programming from the Broadcast Architecture Smooth Jazz Network. But later on the station added two local weekday hosts, both veterans WNUA DJs: midday host Rick O'Dell (also the station's program director) and evening personality Loni Taylor. In addition, channel 6 featured syndicated shows from Kenny G, Mindi Abair, Dave Ramsey and Dave Koz along with local specialty shows, such as Paul Wertico's *Wild World of Jazz* Sunday nights at 9 p.m., *The Sounds of Brazil with Scott Adams* heard Saturdays at midnight, *The Smooth Jazz Top 20 Countdown* with Allen Kepler, *Dinner Party* with Bill Cochran, and *Sunrise Soundscapes* and *The Smooth Jazz Sunday Brunch* with Rick O'Dell. Channel 6 General Manager Pat Kelley had also worked at WNUA.

In July 2009, Channel 6 began simulcasting on a subchannel of WCHU-LD (33.2, mapped to virtual channel 61.2). In June 2011, Channel 6 became available on Comcast digital cable as Channel 877.

In October 2010, WLFM tweaked its format to "Smooth Adult Contemporary" (again using a Broadcast Architecture source). The format was a mix of mainstream and rhythmic adult contemporary tracks with a few smooth jazz instrumentals per hour.

### All-News and Alternative Rock

On April 24, 2012, Merlin Media, LLC, entered into a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Venture Technologies Group to take over the programming and ad sales for WLFM-LP as of April 30, 2012. Merlin Media was headed by noted radio executive Randy Michaels. Venture Technologies retained the station's license and ownership. Later on the 24th, Smooth 87.7's Rick O'Dell revealed on the station's website that smooth jazz would be replaced on April 30, 2012. Venture Technologies management termed the LMA with Merlin as a "business decision" based in part on the future status of low-power analog TV stations, whose signals must be turned off or transitioned to digital by September 2015. "Smooth 87.7" ended before midnight on April 29, 2012, with David Sanborn's "Chicago Song" the last song played. Afterwards, the station changed over to a simulcast of Merlin's all-news station, WIQI (101.1 FM). (Twice-hourly news updates from WIQI were added to WLFM on April 24, Merlin's first noticeable change to the station.) A call sign change from WLFM-LP to WKQX-LP took effect on May 1, 2012.

The smooth jazz format continued on the HD3 subchannel of Merlin's WLUP-FM (97.9-HD3), which launched on May 3, 2012. Additionally, WLFM-LP alum Rick O'Dell launched an online radio station, SmoothJazzChicago.net, on November 12, 2012. The channel was added to the HD2 subchannel of WTMX (101.9-HD2) in January 2014.

On May 6, 2012, WKQX "Q87.7" ("Underground. Alternative.") was launched, with "Satellite" by Chicago band Rise Against as the first song played. The station, perhaps inspired by its low-FM dial position and its uncertain future ("Already there are some people maneuvering to shut us down"), cultivated a hard-edged "outlaw mystique." It targeted a younger audience that may normally listen to music through online sources. A message on the station's website at its launch noted that "older radios won't pick us up... so if someone has a radio that doesn't get 87.7FM, then they just don't get it!"

### LMA with Cumulus Media

On January 3, 2014, Merlin Media announced a local marketing agreement with Cumulus Media that would have Cumulus take over operations of Merlin-owned 101.1 WIQI and 97.9 WLUP-FM. The deal also created an expansion of Cumulus' Chicago operations. The company already owns and operates talk station WLS (890 AM) and classic hits station WLS-FM (94.7).

In announcing the deal, Cumulus indicated that it would move the alternative rock format from WKQX-LP to WIQI. The move took place on January 10, 2014, with both 87.7 and 101.1 simulcasting for approximately 30–45 days. Once the simulcast ended, alt-rock remained on 101.1 which re-adopted the WKQX call sign on January 16, 2014. Cumulus' long-term plans for WKQX-LP were initially unclear.

### Sports Talk

Cumulus wrapped up its LMA with WKQX-LP on February 17, 2014. Tribune Broadcasting announced that it would enter into a local marketing agreement for WKQX-LP as an "FM expansion" for its primary station, WGN (720 AM). Venture applied to change the call sign of WKQX-LP to WGWG-LP.

On February 17, 2014, the *Chicago Tribune* reported that WKQX-LP would flip to a WGN-produced sports talk format known as "The Game." Jonathon Brandmeier hosted its morning show, while WGN's David Kaplan moved to late-mornings on "The Game." Howard Griffith and Alex Quigley hosted an early afternoon show, with former WMVP personalities Harry Teinowitz and Spike Manton in afternoon drive time, and Mark Carman hosting an evening show. The remaining dayparts featured NBC Sports Radio programming. The Game also served as the alternate station for the Chicago Blackhawks during conflicts with WGN's coverage of Chicago Cubs games, ending the previous agreement with WIND (AM 560).

The arrangement was initially slated to last through September 2015, the FCC's original deadline for converting low-power television stations to digital broadcasting. But in October 2014, the FCC voted to tentatively delay the low-power digital transition.

Until sometime in 2014, the FCC database reflected the station's city of license as Rochelle, Illinois, a community in Ogle County located south of Rockford. With the new Tribune LMA, the city of license became Chicago. The station's primary signal does not get far beyond Chicago's western suburbs. The station's signal range remains under restriction due to other Channel 6 stations nearby, WITI in Milwaukee and KWQC-TV in Davenport, Iowa, which had their analog broadcasts on Channel 6 and continue to use that designation for their digital virtual channels.

On November 20, 2014, Robert Feder reported that Tribune would discontinue *The Game* on December 31, 2014; Jonathon Brandmeier's program, which was simulcast from Tribune's Internet radio station WGN.fm, was also immediately dropped. The decision came in response to its low advertising revenue, along with poor ratings. On December 31, 2014, WGWG-LP was changed to an FM simulcast of WGN's talk programming until the end of Tribune's LMA with Venture Technologies Group.

### LMA with Weigel Broadcasting

On December 30, 2014, Weigel Broadcasting, which owns WCIU-TV and several other low-power TV stations in Chicago, said it would take over WGWG-LP in February 2015. The station marked Weigel's first venture into the radio industry. Weigel assumed control on February 23, 2015, playing a soft oldies format branded as "MeTV FM." It would serve as a brand extension of its MeTV classic television network, seen locally on another low-power station, WWME-CD. The call letters were changed to WRME-LP.

MeTV FM features a broad playlist of approximately 3,500 songs, mostly from 1960 to 1989, in the soft to mid-tempo range. "Light My Fire" by The Doors was noted in 2018 as the hardest rock song on the station's playlist, its inclusion having been extensively debated among station staff. In recent years, the range of records played on WRME has expanded to include those by performers usually considered to be "Album-Oriented Rock" artists.

By May 2017, despite the obstacles posed by its frequency and limited signal, WRME was tied in the Nielsen ratings with its full-power competitors WJMK and WLS-FM at an audience share of 2.7, putting it 14th in the market. Weigel decided to syndicate the branding and format through a partnership with Envision Networks. By February 2018, WRME had risen to 6th in the market and second in middays.

To maintain the visual requirements of maintaining television service, WRME-LP's video signal displayed a screen layout reminiscent of that used by cable radio service Music Choice mixed with The Weather Channel's automated Weatherscan service. On the top of the screen, the current artist/song title is displayed, with the station logo to the right, while below it, a consistently panning map of the Chicago metropolitan area displays the latest expressway travel times and weather radar conditions for several parts of the region. Finally, along the right side of the screen, a visual station identification with the station's calls is in the bottom right corner, along with a display ad for Xfinity and the hour's current featured advertiser.

On July 13, 2021, as a result of the final transition deadline for low-power television stations, WRME-LP converted from analog directly to ATSC 3.0, becoming the first Next Gen TV station in Chicago. Its call sign switched to WRME-LD on July 15 to reflect this change, and took the virtual channel of 33. The lone channel broadcast on the television service is Jewelry Television, mapped to virtual channel 33.1. MeTV FM audio programming continued to be available in analog on 87.7 FM due to a Special Temporary Authority grant from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). On July 20, 2023, an FCC "Report and Order" included this station as one of 13 "FM6" stations allowed to continue to operate an FM radio broadcast, as a "ancillary or supplementary" service. As of 2024, WRME's analog signal radius, freed of any need to carry video content, is comparable to that of most Chicago area full-power FM radio stations and is audible throughout the entirety of Chicagoland, with WRME-LD's signal radius also similar to carry its video programming.

## Subchannel

Subchannels of WRME-LD
| Channel | Video | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6.1 | 720p | 16:9 | JTVHD | Jewelry TV |

## InfoBox

WRME-LD
| ATSC 3.0 station | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Channels |  |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations | **6.1:** Jewelry Television |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | * Venture Technologies Group * (WLFM, LLC) |
| Operator | Weigel Broadcasting |
| Sister stations | WTVK, WCHU-LD, WCIU-TV, WWME-CD, WMEU-CD |
| History | |
| First air date | May 16, 2003 (2003-05-16) |
| Former call signs | * W55DF (2003–2006) * WLFM-LP (2006–2012) * WKQX-LP (2012–2014; 2014) * WIQI-LP (2014) * WGWG-LP (2014–2015) * WRME-LP (2015–2021) |
| Former channel number(s) | * **Analog:** 55 (UHF, 2003–2007); 6 (VHF, 2007–2021) |
| Call sign meaning | Radio MeTV |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 128239 |
| Class | LD |
| ERP | 3 kW |
| HAAT | 385.1 m (1,263 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 41°53′56.1″N 87°37′23.2″W / 41.898917°N 87.623111°W / 41.898917; -87.623111 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Radio station information | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Chicago metro area |
| Frequency | 87.7 MHz |
| Branding | 87.7 MeTVFM |
| Programming | |
| Format |  |
| Technical information | |
| Class | A |
| Repeater(s) | 99.1-2 WMYX-HD2 (Milwaukee) |
| Links | |
| Webcast | Listen live (via Audacy) |
| Website | metv.fm |
|  | |


title: Gliese 412

abstract: Gliese 412 is a pair of stars that share a common proper motion through space and are thought to form a binary star system. The pair have an angular separation of 31.4″ at a position angle of 126.1°. They are located 15.8 light-years distant from the Sun in the constellation Ursa Major. Both components are relatively dim red dwarf stars. The two stellar components of this system have a projected separation of about 152 AU, and an estimated orbital semimajor axis of 190 AU. The primary has about 48% of the Sun's mass, while the secondary is only 10%. The primary has a projected rotation velocity at the equator of less than 3 km/s; the secondary has a rotation velocity of 7.7±1.7 km/s. The primary star was monitored for radial velocity (RV) variations caused by a Jupiter-mass companion in a short-period orbit. It displayed no significant excess of RV variation that could be attributed to a planet. A search of the system using near-infrared speckle interferometry also failed to detect a companion orbiting at distances of 1–10 AU. Nor has a brown dwarf been detected orbiting within this system. The space velocity components of this system are U = 141, V = –7 and W = 7. They are members of the halo population of the Milky Way galaxy.

text:
# Gliese 412

**Gliese 412** is a pair of stars that share a common proper motion through space and are thought to form a binary star system. The pair have an angular separation of 31.4″ at a position angle of 126.1°. They are located 15.8 light-years distant from the Sun in the constellation Ursa Major. Both components are relatively dim red dwarf stars.

The two stellar components of this system have a projected separation of about 152 AU, and an estimated orbital semimajor axis of 190 AU. The primary has about 48% of the Sun's mass, while the secondary is only 10%. The primary has a projected rotation velocity at the equator of less than 3 km/s; the secondary has a rotation velocity of 7.7±1.7 km/s.

The primary star was monitored for radial velocity (RV) variations caused by a Jupiter-mass companion in a short-period orbit. It displayed no significant excess of RV variation that could be attributed to a planet. A search of the system using near-infrared speckle interferometry also failed to detect a companion orbiting at distances of 1–10 AU. Nor has a brown dwarf been detected orbiting within this system.

The space velocity components of this system are U = 141, V = –7 and W = 7. They are members of the halo population of the Milky Way galaxy.

## X-ray source

The secondary is a flare star that is referred to as WX Ursae Majoris. It is characterized as a UV Ceti-type variable star that displays infrequent increases in luminosity. This star was observed to flare as early as 1939 by the Dutch astronomer Adriaan van Maanen.

Component B (WX Ursae Majoris) has been identified as an X-ray source, while no significant X-ray emission was detected from component A. This system had not been studied in X-rays prior to ROSAT. The Gaia DR2 release gives a parallax of 204.059 ±0.169 mas for B, indicating a distance of around 16 light-years.

## InfoBox

Gliese 412 A/B
| Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000 | |
| --- | --- |
| **Constellation** | Ursa Major |
|
| **Gliese 412 A** | |
| **Right ascension** | 11h 05m 22.3101s |
| **Declination** | +43° 31 51.0404 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 8.68 |
| **Gliese 412 B** | |
| **Right ascension** | 11h 05m 30.8856s |
| **Declination** | +43° 31 17.8843 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 14.45 |
| Characteristics | |
|
| Spectral type | M1.0V/M6.0V |
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|
| U−B color index | +1.16/— |
| B−V color index | +1.54/2.08 |
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| Astrometry | |
| Gliese 412 A | |
| **Radial velocity (Rv)** | +64.9 ± 0.9 km/s |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −4410.43±0.78 mas/yr
Dec.: 942.93±0.70 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 203.8876 ± 0.0332 mas |
| **Distance** | 15.997 ± 0.003 ly
(4.9047 ± 0.0008 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | 10.34 |
| Gliese 412 B | |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: −4339.891±0.167 mas/yr
Dec.: 960.780±0.162 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 203.8323 ± 0.0500 mas |
| **Distance** | 16.001 ± 0.004 ly
(4.906 ± 0.001 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | 16.05 |
| Details | |
| GJ 412 A | |
| **Mass** | 0.48 |
| **Radius** | 0.398±0.009 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 4.90 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 3,687/ |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | -0.43 dex |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | \<3 km/s |
| **Age** | 3 Gyr |
| GJ 412 B | |
| **Mass** | 0.10 |
| **Radius** | 0.13 |
| **Temperature** | 2,700 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | −0.32 dex |
| **Rotational velocity (*v* sin *i*)** | 7.7±1.7 km/s |
| Other designations | |
| BD+44°2051, GJ 412, CCDM J11055+4332AB, WDS J11055+4332AB **A:** Gaia DR2 778947814402405120, HIP 54211, SAO 43609,  176-11, LAL 21258, LFT 757, LHS 38, LTT 12976, NLTT 26245
**B:** WX UMa, Gaia DR2 778947608243864320,  176-12, LFT 758, LHS 39, LTT 12977, NLTT 26247 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | The system |
|  |  |
|  |  |
| Gliese 412Location of Gliese 412 in the constellation Ursa Major
 | |


title: Old Broadway Synagogue

abstract: Old Broadway Synagogue, officially Chevra Talmud Torah Anshei Marovi, is an Orthodox Jewish synagogue located at 15 Old Broadway, in the Manhattanville neighborhood of Harlem, Manhattan, in New York City, New York, United States. The congregation practises in the Ashkenazi rite. The congregation was incorporated in 1911 under the name Chevra Talmud Torah Anshei Marovi by Morris Schiff, a Polish immigrant who lived in the Harlem area, an area with a high Jewish population at the time. As of 2011, the congregation claimed to represent the diversity of the West Harlem community, including students from Columbia University, Barnard College, and the Jewish Theological Seminary. Built in 1923, the synagogue building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in January 2002.

text:
# Old Broadway Synagogue

**Old Broadway Synagogue**, officially **Chevra Talmud Torah Anshei Marovi**, is an Orthodox Jewish synagogue located at 15 Old Broadway, in the Manhattanville neighborhood of Harlem, Manhattan, in New York City, New York, United States. The congregation practises in the Ashkenazi rite.

The congregation was incorporated in 1911 under the name Chevra Talmud Torah Anshei Marovi by Morris Schiff, a Polish immigrant who lived in the Harlem area, an area with a high Jewish population at the time. As of 2011, the congregation claimed to represent the diversity of the West Harlem community, including students from Columbia University, Barnard College, and the Jewish Theological Seminary.

Built in 1923, the synagogue building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in January 2002.

## Description

The Synagogue is located at 15 Old Broadway (a rare vestige of the Bloomingdale Road in Manhattan). The Old Broadway Synagogue is a "vernacular" style synagogue built in 1923 by the architectural firm of Meisner and Uffner. The congregation formed from the mostly Ashkenazic Jewish population of Russian and Polish immigrants to New York during the 1880s who had made their way up to Central Harlem, then migrated to blocks west. The members initially met in storefronts and purportedly in the back room of a bar until the congregation purchased a house on Old Broadway. This structure was torn down shortly thereafter to make way for the synagogue. The congregation had an active Talmud Torah (Hebrew school) probably from its founding until the 1960s or 1970s. Among its early rabbis were the author Simon Glazer and Shepard Brodie.

The Synagogue is perhaps best known for its late rabbi, Jacob Kret, a former Rosh yeshiva in Bialystok and later Ostrów Mazowiecka, both in Poland. After the division of Poland between Germany and USSR, Rabbi Kret was arrested by the Soviet authorities while attempting to bring his students to relative safety in Lithuania. He was then deported to a Soviet labor camp, and was later released. After the war, Rabbi Kret headed a yeshiva that was in or associated with the Displaced Persons camp in Zeilsheim, a section of Frankfurt. By the time Rabbi Kret became the spiritual leader of the Old Broadway Synagogue in 1950, many of the founding families had moved away. Rabbi Kret recruited Holocaust survivors who were moving to New York at that time to settle in the vicinity of the synagogue. These survivors, many of whom came from Polish Hasidic backgrounds, helped fill the synagogue in the 1950s and 1960s. By the time most of these had moved away, in the 1970s and 1980s, Rabbi Kret had become a *mashgiach* (kosher food supervisor) in the nearby Barnard College dining hall as well as a Talmud tutor at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America students. As such Rabbi Kret had a deep influence on many Columbia University, Barnard College and Jewish Theological Seminary students until he retired from the Synagogue in November 1997. He died in February 2007.

## Today

Since 2000, the Synagogue has attracted young people who live in Harlem and Washington Heights, as well as from Morningside Heights and the Upper West Side. The Synagogue offers a weekly class on *Pirkei Avot* (Ethics of the Fathers), a section of the *Talmud* containing ethical maxims.

Dr. Paul Radensky, Museum Educator for Jewish Schools for the Museum of Jewish Heritage \- A Living Memorial to the Holocaust, is the president of the congregation. The synagogue also has a "Shabbaton" once a month where they bring in a guest scholar, whether that be a speaker or a Rabbi to come and speak, in addition to having meals for Friday night, Sabbath day, and Sabbath afternoon.

## InfoBox

| Old Broadway Synagogue | |
| --- | --- |
| Old Broadway Synagogue in 2014 | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Orthodox Judaism |
| Rite | Nusach Ashkenaz |
| Ecclesiastical or organizational status | Synagogue |
| Status | Active |
| Location | |
| Location | 15 Old Broadway, Manhattanville, Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, New York 10027 |
| Country | United States |
| Location in Manhattan | |
| Geographic coordinates | 40°48′55″N 73°57′27″W / 40.81528°N 73.95750°W / 40.81528; -73.95750 |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Meisner and Uffner |
| Type | Synagogue |
| Style | Gothic Revival |
| Date established | 1911 (as a congregation) |
| Completed | 1923 |
| Website | |
| oldbroadwaysynagogue.blogspot.com | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Old Broadway Synagogue | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Area | 0.1 acres (0.040 ha) |
| NRHP reference No. | 01001440 |
| Added to NRHP | January 11, 2002 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Gibberula philippii

abstract: Gibberula philippii is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Cystiscidae.

text:
# Gibberula philippii

***Gibberula philippii*** is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Cystiscidae.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Gibberula philippii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Cystiscidae |
| Subfamily: | Cystiscinae |
| Genus: | *Gibberula* |
| Species: | ***G. philippii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Gibberula philippii***<br>(Monterosato, 1878) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Shirley Herz

abstract: Shirley Herz was an American Broadway theatre production press representative. Herz had publicized Broadway, Off-Broadway and Off-Off Broadway productions, ballet companies, circuses, worlds fairs, films and television programs, beginning in 1954, aged 28, when she was the press assistant for the Truman Capote and Harold Arlen musical, House of Flowers. She worked with many notables, including Tallulah Bankhead, Rosalind Russell, Eva Le Gallienne, Jerry Herman, and Julie Harris, as well as with many off-Broadway and off-off-Broadway companies. The Broadway League and the American Theatre Wing presented Herz with a special Tony Award for Excellence in Theatre at the 63rd Tony Awards ceremony on June 7, 2009.

text:
# Shirley Herz

**Shirley Herz** (December 30, 1925  August 11, 2013) was an American Broadway theatre production press representative.

Herz had publicized Broadway, Off-Broadway and Off-Off Broadway productions, ballet companies, circuses, worlds fairs, films and television programs, beginning in 1954, aged 28, when she was the press assistant for the Truman Capote and Harold Arlen musical, *House of Flowers*. She worked with many notables, including Tallulah Bankhead, Rosalind Russell, Eva Le Gallienne, Jerry Herman, and Julie Harris, as well as with many off-Broadway (such as Manhattan Theatre Club) and off-off-Broadway companies.

The Broadway League and the American Theatre Wing presented Herz with a special Tony Award for Excellence in Theatre at the 63rd Tony Awards ceremony on June 7, 2009.

## Death

Herz suffered a stroke on July 18, 2013 and died on August 11, aged 87. Her sole immediate survivor is her widower, Herbert Boley, to whom she was married from 1948 until her death.

## Productions

Broadway productions for which she acted as press agent or representative include:


title: Perotrochus quoyanus

abstract:
Perotrochus quoyanus is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pleurotomariidae, the slit snails.
  - Subspecies
  -
  - Perotrochus quoyanus insularis Okutani & Goto, 1985
  - Perotrochus quoyanus quoyanus

text:
# Perotrochus quoyanus

***Perotrochus quoyanus*** is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pleurotomariidae, the slit snails.

Subspecies * *Perotrochus quoyanus insularis* Okutani & Goto, 1985 (synonym: *Perotrochus insularis* Okutani & Goto, 1985 )
* *Perotrochus quoyanus quoyanus* (P. Fischer & Bernardi, 1856) (synonyms: *Pleurotomaria quoyana* Fischer & Bernardi, 1856; *Perotrochus gemma* F. M. Bayer, 1966; *Perotrochus coltrorum* Rios, 2003)

## Description

The shell of *Perotrochus quoyanus quoyanus* has a trochiform shape. It is obtusely carinated, with the base rounded, flattened and concave but not umbilicated. The spire is turbinate, terminating in an acuminate apex. The nine, granulose whorls are slowly increasing. They are rounded and swollen toward the suture. They are divided into two unequal portions by the slit fasciole. The slit fascicle below the middle is decussated by semicircular and spiral striae. The slit is wide in length, but short in height. The umbilical depression is excavated, nacreous, iridescent, and surrounded by slight concentric grooves. The semioval aperture is nacreous within. The columellar margin is recurved with a nacreous callosity. The nearly sharp outer lip is not reflexed. The color of the shell is pale rose, with obscure dashes or flammules of reddish brown.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Caribbean Sea and the Lesser Antilles.
Fresh-dead (crabbed) shells have been trapped offshore West coast BARBADOS, at depths around 180-200 metres.
Living specimens were recovered during the late 1980s, via Johnson Sea-Link II submersible, operating from R.V. Seward Johnson of Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at greater depths, 2-3 miles offshore West coast Barbados.

## InfoBox

| *Perotrochus quoyanus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing with an apertural view of a shell of *Perotrochus quoyanus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Pleurotomariida |
| Superfamily: | Pleurotomarioidea |
| Family: | Pleurotomariidae |
| Genus: | *Perotrochus* |
| Species: | ***P. quoyanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Perotrochus quoyanus***<br>(Fischer & Bernardi, 1856) | |
|


title: Quarterback sack

abstract: In gridiron football, a sack occurs when the quarterback is tackled behind the line of scrimmage before throwing a forward pass, when the quarterback is tackled behind the line of scrimmage in the "pocket" and without clear intent, or when a passer runs out of bounds behind the line of scrimmage due to defensive pressure. This often occurs if the opposing team's defensive line, linebackers or defensive backs are able to apply pass pressure to quickly get past blocking players of the offensive team, or if the quarterback is unable to find a back to hand the ball off to or an available eligible receiver to catch the ball, allowing the defense a longer opportunity to tackle the quarterback. Performing a sack is advantageous for the defending team as the offense loses a down, and the line of scrimmage retreats several yards. Even better for the defense is a sack causing the quarterback to fumble the ball at or behind the line of scrimmage; this is also known as a strip sack and can result in a turnover if the defense manages to obtain the ball. A quarterback who is pressured but avoids a sack can still be adversely affected by being forced to hurry. The quarterback must pass the statistical line of scrimmage to avoid the sack. If a passer is sacked in his own end zone, the result is a safety and the defending team is awarded two points. If the football is fumbled and recovered either inside the end zone by the defense, or outside the end zone and is returned to the end zone this results in a touchdown for the defense.

text:
# Quarterback sack

Quarterback Matthew Stafford being sacked by multiple Washington Football Team players.

In gridiron football, a **sack** occurs when the quarterback (or another offensive player acting as a passer) is tackled behind the line of scrimmage before throwing a forward pass, when the quarterback is tackled behind the line of scrimmage in the "pocket" and without clear intent, or when a passer runs out of bounds behind the line of scrimmage due to defensive pressure. This often occurs if the opposing team's defensive line, linebackers or defensive backs are able to apply **pass pressure** (also called a **pass rush**) to quickly get past blocking players of the offensive team (the quarterback's protection), or if the quarterback is unable to find a back to hand the ball off to or an available eligible receiver (including wide receivers, running backs and tight ends) to catch the ball, allowing the defense a longer opportunity to tackle the quarterback.

Performing a sack is advantageous for the defending team as the offense loses a down, and the line of scrimmage retreats several yards. Even better for the defense is a sack causing the quarterback to fumble the ball at or behind the line of scrimmage; this is also known as a strip sack and can result in a turnover if the defense manages to obtain the ball. A quarterback who is pressured but avoids a sack can still be adversely affected by being forced to **hurry**.

The quarterback must pass the statistical line of scrimmage to avoid the sack. If a passer is sacked in his own end zone, the result is a safety and the defending team is awarded two points. If the football is fumbled and recovered either inside the end zone by the defense, or outside the end zone and is returned to the end zone this results in a touchdown for the defense.

## Statistical record rules

To be considered a sack, the quarterback must intend to throw a forward pass. If the play is designed for the quarterback to rush (run) the ball, any loss is subtracted from the quarterback's rushing total (and the play is ruled a tackle for loss as opposed to a sack). If the quarterback's intent is not obvious, statisticians use certain criteria, such as the offensive line blocking scheme, to decide. Unique situations where a loss reduces a quarterback's rushing total (not a sack) are "kneel downs" (used to run time off the game clock).

A player will receive credit for half of a sack when multiple players contribute to the sacking of a quarterback, even if more than two players contributed.

In the National Football League (NFL), it is possible to record a sack for zero yards. The NFL subtracts yards lost due to sacks from teams' passing totals (though the quarterback's individual passing total stats remain unchanged), while the NCAA subtracts sack yardage from individual rushing totals.

## History

The term "sack" was first popularized in the 1960s by Hall of Fame defensive end Deacon Jones, who felt that a quarterback being sacked devastated the offense in the same way that a city was devastated when it was sacked. In 1999, Jones provided a *Los Angeles Times* reporter with some other detailed imagery about his forte: "You take all the offensive linemen and put them in a burlap bag, and then you take a baseball bat and beat on the bag. You're sacking them, you're bagging them. And that’s what you're doing with a quarterback."

According to former NFL coach Marv Levy, Washington Redskins coach George Allen may have coined the term when referring to Dallas Cowboys quarterback Craig Morton when he purportedly stated before a game, "Before we play those Dallas Cowboys, we’re going to take that Morton salt and pour him into a sack."

Prior to "sack", the term "dump" was often used, as the NFL's statistical office recorded all sacks under "dumping the passer".

The NFL only began to keep track of times passers lost yardage in 1961 and no credit was given to the defensive player responsible until 1982. Researcher John Turney of the Pro Football Researchers Association estimated that Jones recorded 173½ sacks in his career.

Controversial NFL rule changes made for the 2018 season prohibit tacklers from landing on the quarterback after making a sack, with the punishment being a roughing the passer penalty.

## Pass pressure

Of all forms of defensive pressure against the opposition's passer, sacks provide the most immediate impact by ending the offensive play. However, quarterbacks sometimes avoid a sack by throwing an incomplete pass or risking an interception. According to Football Outsiders, a quarterback hurry is the most common form of pass pressure. In the 2009 NFL season, there were 1,106 sacks and 3,268 hurries, and a hurried quarterback generally averaged fewer yards per pass play compared to the average pass play.

## NFL records

These records are from 1982 onwards, the year the NFL started officially recording sacks.

* NFL Super Bowl most sacks, career *(sacks compiled since XVII)*

1. "2011 Football Statisticians Manual, p. 17" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
2. "Sack or Dump: To Quarterback It's All Downhill". *The Milwaukee Journal*. November 7, 1975. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
3. "Guide for Statisticians" (PDF). National Football League. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
4. "2018 Football Statisticians' Manual" (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association.
5. "Jones, NFL coiner of 'sack the quarterback,' dies at 74". *CNN*. June 4, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
6. Goldstein, Richard (June 6, 2013). "Deacon Jones Dies at 74; Made Quarterback Sack Brutal and Enthralling". *The New York Times*. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
7. Florio, Mike (June 16, 2013). "Levy explains how Deacon Jones came up with 'sack'". *Profootballtalk.com*. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
8. NFL Records
9. NFL Records
10. Branch, John (November 4, 2006). "Unofficially, Sack Record Doesn't Add Up". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on September 1, 2015.
11. Stiles, Adam (September 27, 2018). "The NFL's controversial new roughing the passer rule, explained in a 3-minute read". *SBNation.com*. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
12. Schatz, Aaron (June 1, 2010). "Examining the art of the hurry". *ESPN.com*. Retrieved February 2, 2014.(subscription required)
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16. "Steelers' NFL record of 75 games with a sack ends vs. Bengals". September 27, 2021.
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18. NFL Single-Season Sacked Leaders – Pro-Football-Reference.com
19. NFL Single Game Sacked Leaders – Pro-Football-Reference.com
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21. Heath, Jon (February 14, 2022). "Von Miller made NFL history in Super Bowl LVI". *Broncos Wire*. Retrieved February 14, 2022.


title: Wilhelmine Gulowsen

abstract: Wilhelmine Mentzine Gulowsen was a Norwegian author, poet, editor and translator.

text:
# Wilhelmine Gulowsen

**Wilhelmine Mentzine Gulowsen** (21 May 1848 – 26 May 1899) was a Norwegian author, poet, editor and translator.

## Early life

Wilhelmine Mentzine Sissener was born on 21 May 1848 in Kongsvinger to Captain Johan Peter Brandt Sissener and his first wife Oline Riiser. She was the sister of author Valborg Seeberg. On 2 December 1866, she married Anders Gulowsen.

## Career

Gulowsen's first independent publication was the poetry collection *Strengeleg*, published under the pseudonym Waldemar Steen and consists of a number of love poems written from a traditionally male perspective, in which she celebrates female beauty.

In 1882, she published *Mindeblade over fru Johanne Reimers*, a book about actress Johanne Regine Reimers. That same year, Gulowsen became the editor of the culture-oriented weekly magazine *Figaro*, which she led from 1882 to 1883. She was also a cultural writer for several of the daily newspapers at the time.

Gulowsen embarked on several trips throughout Europe, which was reflected in her next releases. In 1884, she published *Lidt om Recensionerne og Theatrene i Stockholm* under the pseudonym Annar Mentz and in 1885 she released *Alene med mange – reisebreve fra Frankrig, Italien og Schweitz, af den der har gjort turen*.

## Later life and death

Gulowsen died on 26 May 1899, at the age of 51.

## InfoBox

| Wilhelmine Gulowsen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Wilhelmine Mentzine Sissener
(1848-05-21)21 May 1848
Kongsvinger, Innlandet, Norway |
| Died | 26 May 1899(1899-05-26) (aged 51) |
| Pen name | * Waldemar Steen * Annar Mentz |
| Spouse | Anders Gulowsen (m. 1866) |
| Relatives | Valborg Seeberg (sister) |


title: Quindici

abstract: Quindici is a town and comune of the province of Avellino in the Campania region of southern Italy. Its population is about 3,000 inhabitants. Bracigliano, Forino, Lauro, Moschiano, Sarno and Siano are nearby towns.

text:
# Quindici

**Quindici** is a town and *comune* of the province of Avellino in the Campania region of southern Italy. Its population is about 3,000 inhabitants.

Bracigliano, Forino, Lauro, Moschiano, Sarno and Siano are nearby towns.

## History

Quindici has been inhabited by Ausonians, Osci, Etruscans, Greeks and Samnites, followed by the Romans who named the village Quindecim. The name Quindici, implying fifteen, is derived from the Latin word ‘Quindecim’.

A local legend states that the town was founded by fifteen deserters of Barbarossa's army during the Middle Ages. This legend is unfounded; archeological evidence suggests that human settlements in the area date back to pre-Roman times. Original settlers were likely Samnites from either the Pentri, Carricini, Caudini or Irpini tribes.

The Fusco clan, a subset of the Pentris, were early settlers and became one of Quindici's principal families. Legend suggests they were the lead clan of fifteen, preying on merchant caravans that made the trek overland from the coastal city of Barium after offloading goods from the east. The modern Italian surname "Fusco" is a derivative from Fuscus, meaning "dark one". The family is still represented in Quindici although many emigrated to the US in the early 20th century.

Both the Fusco and Graziano clans vied for control of the town and region for many years with heads of both families claiming to be 'Boss' at various times. The Graziano family left for the new world in the late 1800s, leaving the Fusco family in control until their emigration ca. 1920.

There are many immigrant families from Quindici who settled in the north eastern area of the US, especially to Lawrence, MA, New Jersey, towns of Hoboken and Paterson, Springfield, MA, and Utica, NY. There is also a significant population of Quindicese living in Connecticut.

Over the years, and continuing today, rival clans have fought for control of Quindici. These include the Bonavita, Santaniello, Cava, Vivenzio, Scibelli, Tranghese, Siniscalchi, Grasso, Fusco, Graziano, and Manzi families.

## Festivals

The town has one or two processions or feasts each month.

The principal church is that of the town's patron saint, Maria S.S. Delle Grazie (Our Lady of Grace). Her feast day is held on 8 September.

The feast for San Sebastiano (St. Sebastian) and for San Antonio Abate (St. Anthony the Abbot, Anthony the Great, St. Anthony of Egypt) is held on 17 January and is accompanied by large bonfires.

In an open space near the church of St Anthony the Abbot, local farmers bring their livestock and drivers bring their vehicles to be blessed by parish priests.

Other town festivals include St. Lucia and St. Aniello in June; the Feast for the Immaculate Conception in December; the Feast of the Corpus Domini in July; and the Reenactment of the Death of Jesus Christ, accompanied by a late night procession around town, during Holy Week.

The Church of St Theodore is located on a nearby peak 240 metres (800 ft) above the town. The Visitation takes place the day after Easter Sunday. The celebration includes a small procession by the chapel's statue of St Theodore and around the outskirts of the church.

Next to this church is a house where the Hermit of St Theodore resides. A Quindicese, he has the key of the monastery/church.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Quindici | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Quindici | |
|  | |
| Location of Quindici | |
| QuindiciLocation of Quindici in ItalyQuindiciQuindici (Campania) | |
| Coordinates: 40°52′N 14°39′E / 40.867°N 14.650°E / 40.867; 14.650 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Campania |
| Province | Avellino (AV) |
| Area | |
| Total | 23 km2 (9 sq mi) |
| Population (2018-01-01) | |
| Total | 3,040 |
| Density | 130/km2 (340/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Quindicese |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 83020 |
| Dialing code | 081 |


title: Melanoseps rondoensis

abstract: The Rondo limbless skink is an extant species of skink, a lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is found in Tanzania.

text:
# Melanoseps rondoensis

The **Rondo limbless skink** (***Melanoseps rondoensis***) is an extant species of skink, a lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is found in Tanzania.

## InfoBox

| *Melanoseps rondoensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Scincidae |
| Genus: | *Melanoseps* |
| Species: | ***M. rondoensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Melanoseps rondoensis***<br>Loveridge, 1942 | |
|


title: Ștefan Bănică Jr.

abstract: Ștefan Bănică Jr. is a Romanian actor, singer, film director, and television presenter. Bănică was born in Bucharest to actor Ștefan Bănică Sr. and journalist Sanda Vlad-Liteanu. He graduated from the Ion Luca Caragiale High School. In his early career, he starred in multiple successful romance films. He is well known in Romania for presenting Dansez pentru tine, the most long-lived dance competition ever aired in the country; broadcast on Pro TV; and for his role as a talent judge on The X Factor. He is the father of the singer Radu Ștefan Bănică, born on 07 February 2002, also in Bucharest. He has another child, Ana Violeta Bănică, born on 15 December 2007. Later he concentrated on television acting, playing the character of Ciupanezu in the TV series Băieți buni, which aired on Pro TV in 2005. That same year, Bănică also played the role of Billy Flynn in the Romanian stage version of the musical Chicago at the National Theatre in Bucharest. He released several rock music albums, and successfully toured the country. In January 2006, he married television producer and show host Andreea Marin. In January 2013, they announced their divorce on amicable terms. They have a daughter together.

text:
# Ștefan Bănică Jr.

**Ștefan Bănică Jr.** (Romanian pronunciation: \[ʃteˈfan bəˈnikə\]; born 18 October 1967) is a Romanian actor, singer, film director, and television presenter.

Bănică was born in Bucharest to actor Ștefan Bănică Sr. and journalist Sanda Vlad-Liteanu. He graduated from the Ion Luca Caragiale High School. In his early career, he starred in multiple successful romance films (*Liceenii*, *Liceenii Rock'n'Roll*). He is well known in Romania for presenting *Dansez pentru tine*, the most long-lived dance competition ever aired in the country; broadcast on Pro TV; and for his role as a talent judge on *The X Factor*. He is the father of the singer Radu Ștefan Bănică, born on 07 February 2002, also in Bucharest. He has another child, Ana Violeta Bănică, born on 15 December 2007.

Later he concentrated on television acting, playing the character of Ciupanezu in the TV series *Băieți buni* ("Good Guys"), which aired on Pro TV in 2005. That same year, Bănică also played the role of Billy Flynn in the Romanian stage version of the musical *Chicago* at the National Theatre in Bucharest.

He released several rock music albums, and successfully toured the country. In January 2006, he married television producer and show host Andreea Marin. In January 2013, they announced their divorce on amicable terms. They have a daughter together.

## InfoBox

| Ștefan Bănică Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1967-10-18) 18 October 1967
Bucharest, Romania |
| Occupations | * Actor * singer * television presenter |
| Years active | 1984–present |
| Spouses | *   Mihaela Rădulescu  (m. 1997; div. 1999) *   Andreea Marin  (m. 2006; div. 2013) *   Lavinia Pârva (m. 2017) |
| Partner(s) | Camelia Constantinescu (2000–2005)
Lavinia Pârva (2013–2017) |
| Children | 3 |
| Parent | Ștefan Bănică Sr. |
| Website | www.stefanbanicajr.ro |


title: Isospidia

abstract: Isospidia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Drepaninae.

text:
# Isospidia

***Isospidia*** is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Drepaninae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Isospidia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Hexapoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Drepanidae |
| Subfamily: | Drepaninae |
| Genus: | ***Isospidia***<br>Watson, 1965 |
|


title: Perales de Tajuña

abstract: Perales de Tajuña is a town and municipality of Spain located in the Community of Madrid. It is about 40 km to the southeast of Madrid in the area known as the Comarca de Las Vegas. The municipality covers 48.92 km,⁲ and it has a population of 2,738 inhabitants and a population density of 55.97 inhabitants/km⁲. To the north it borders with Arganda del Rey and Campo Real, to the east with Tielmes, to the south with Villarejo de Salvanés, and to the west with Morata de Tajuña and Valdelaguna.

text:
# Perales de Tajuña

**Perales de Tajuña** is a town and municipality of Spain located in the Community of Madrid. It is about 40 km to the southeast of Madrid in the area known as the *Comarca de Las Vegas*. The municipality covers 48.92 km,2 and it has a population of 2,738 inhabitants and a population density of 55.97 inhabitants/km2. To the north it borders with Arganda del Rey and Campo Real, to the east with Tielmes, to the south with Villarejo de Salvanés, and to the west with Morata de Tajuña and Valdelaguna.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1991 | 1,961 |  |
| 1996 | 1,991 | +1.5% |
| 2001 | 2,089 | +4.9% |
| 2004 | 2,358 | +12.9% |
| 2008 | 2,738 | +16.1% |

## Education

In Perales de Tajuña there is one public nursery school and one infant and primary school, also public.

## Architecture

### Religious

* Parish church of Our Lady of the Castle
* Hermitage of San Isidro

### Historical

* Town Hall
* Remains of watchtown and walls
* Ruins of Hermitage of San Sebastián
* Ruins of old hermitage of San Isidro
* Telegraph Tower-Fortress

### Nature

* *Risco de las Cuevas* (Cliff caves)
* *Prado de Arriba* (Top field)

### Fountains

* *Mariblanca* fountain
* Round fountain
* Barracks fountain
* *Lagasca* fountain
* *Butrera* fountain

## Festivities

* San Blas, third of February
* Our Lady of the Castle, first Sunday of May
* San Isidro, fifteenth of May
* Town festival, month of August

## Communications

Perales de Tajuña is well connected by road to Madrid and all the surrounding towns.

## InfoBox

| Perales de Tajuña | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Perales de TajuñaPerales de Tajuña | |
| Coordinates: 40°14′N 3°21′W / 40.233°N 3.350°W / 40.233; -3.350 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Region | Community of Madrid |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Yolanda Cuenca Redondo (Since 2012) (PP) |
| Area | |
| Total | 48.92 km2 (18.89 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 595 m (1,952 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 2,831 |
| Density | 58/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Peraleño,-a |
| Province code | 28 |
| Website | www.ayto-peralestajuna.org |