title: Wongabinda, New South Wales

abstract: Wongabinda is a locality in the northwest of New South Wales, Australia, north-east of the town of Moree. The railway line to Boggabilla passes through, and a railway station existed between 1932 and 1975.

text:
# Wongabinda, New South Wales

**Wongabinda** is a locality in the northwest of New South Wales, Australia, north-east of the town of Moree. The railway line to Boggabilla passes through, and a railway station existed between 1932 and 1975.

| Preceding station | Former services | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Milguytowards Boggabilla |  | Boggabilla Line |  | CamurraTerminus |

29°23′S 150°04′E / 29.383°S 150.067°E / -29.383; 150.067


title: Wonga pigeon

abstract: The wonga pigeon or wonga wonga is a pigeon that inhabits areas in eastern Australia with its range being from Central Queensland to Gippsland, eastern Victoria, Australia.

text:
# Wonga pigeon

The **wonga pigeon** or **wonga wonga** (***Leucosarcia melanoleuca***) is a pigeon that inhabits areas in eastern Australia with its range being from Central Queensland to Gippsland, eastern Victoria, Australia.

## Distribution and habitat

Previously they could be found as far north as Cairns and as far south as the Dandenongs, but due to land clearance, shootings in the 1940s for crop protection, and fox predation, they are rarely seen in these areas, but their populations have improved.

## Description

The wonga pigeon is a large, plump pigeon that has a short neck, broad wings, and a long tail. Its length varies from 38 to 40 centimetres (15.2 to 16 inches). It has pastel blue-grey back feathers. The head fades to a creamy-white colour. The underside is white with dotted dark grey spots such that a white V can be seen on its chest. Their eyes are a dark red-brown colour and they have pink eye-rings that encircle them. Legs are red and the sexes appear identical but immature pigeons are browner with a less distinct V pattern.

## Diet and behaviour

They are very elusive birds, more often being heard but not seen, producing explosive wing claps when disturbed. They tend to occur on the ground foraging and are located in rainforests, wet eucalypt forests, coastal forests, picnic areas, walking tracks, car parks and gardens. Their diet consists of fruit, berries, seeds from native forest trees and the odd insect.

## Call

The call of the wonga pigeon is a loud, high-pitched 'coo' repeated over long periods of time for a number of seconds. When males are displaying mating, bowing occurs with a soft, trilling coo.

## Breeding

The wonga pigeon is monogamous and breeds between October and January. It builds a twig platform nest with a diameter of about 30 centimetres, from about 3 to 20 metres above the ground, defended by breeding pairs. The pigeon will sometimes use abandoned nests from topknot pigeons or tawny frogmouths. Two eggs up to 4 centimetres long are normally laid.

## InfoBox

| Wonga pigeon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Columbiformes |
| Family: | Columbidae |
| Genus: | *Leucosarcia*
Gould, 1843 |
| Species: | ***L. melanoleuca*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Leucosarcia melanoleuca***
(Latham, 1801) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Leucosarcia picata* | |


title: Mouse Museum

abstract: The Myshkin National Ethnographic Museum is located in the ancient town of Myshkin in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia. Established in 1990, it is also uniquely known as the Mouse Museum for its collection of 2,000 mouse-related items from all over the globe. Mice made of various materials using diverse art techniques form a unique collection. Pieces have been gathered from different countries. In 1996, Myshkin held The International Festival "Mouse-96". Every decade or so, when it is the Year of the Rat in the Chinese calendar, the town also holds a big celebration. The last such event was in 2008 and among the celebrants was President Dmitry Medvedev, who had a private tour of the town and was given a copy of The Town Named Mouse, an illustrated children's book in separate Russian and English editions written by Robert Aronson and illustrated by Marina Zorina. The nonprofit Museum of the Mouse staff have also created and operate four other museums nearby—the Museum of Navigation, the Museum of Unique Machines, an outdoor Museum of Wooden Architecture and a Museum dedicated to the inventor of vodka, Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov. The website of the Museum of the Mouse is www.myshkingrad.ru. The King-Myshaus site also operates a virtual Kingdom MouseLand. Contrary to reports, although there was a fire in one of the buildings near the museum, The Museum of the Mouse remains very much "alive and well" and is one of the main tourist sights in the Golden Ring of Russia. Each year more than 100,000 people visit the town and its many museums.

text:
# Mouse Museum

The **Myshkin National Ethnographic Museum** (Russian: Мышкинский народный этнографический музей, *Myshkinsky Narodny Etnografichesky Muzey*) is located in the ancient town of Myshkin in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia. Established in 1990, it is also uniquely known as the **Mouse Museum** for its collection of 2,000 mouse-related items from all over the globe. Mice made of various materials using diverse art techniques form a unique collection. Pieces have been gathered from different countries. In 1996, Myshkin held The International Festival "Mouse-96".

Every decade or so, when it is the Year of the Rat in the Chinese calendar, the town also holds a big celebration. The last such event was in 2008 and among the celebrants was President Dmitry Medvedev, who had a private tour of the town and was given a copy of The Town Named Mouse, an illustrated children's book in separate Russian and English editions written by Robert Aronson and illustrated by Marina Zorina.

The nonprofit Museum of the Mouse staff have also created and operate four other museums nearby—the Museum of Navigation, the Museum of Unique Machines (including an American school bus from Indiana), an outdoor Museum of Wooden Architecture and a Museum dedicated to the inventor of vodka, Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov.

The website of the Museum of the Mouse is www.myshkingrad.ru (only in Russian, but with photos). The King-Myshaus site also operates a virtual Kingdom MouseLand. Contrary to reports, although there was a fire in one of the buildings near the museum, The Museum of the Mouse remains very much "alive and well" and is one of the main tourist sights in the Golden Ring of Russia. Each year more than 100,000 people visit the town and its many museums.

## InfoBox

Myshkin National Ethnographic Museum
| Мышкинский народный этнографический музей | |
| --- | --- |
| Facade of the museum | |
|  | |
| Established | 1990 (1990) |
| Location | Myshkin, Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia |
| Coordinates | 57°46′58″N 38°26′58″E / 57.78278°N 38.44944°E / 57.78278; 38.44944 |


title: Woltersdorf, Brandenburg

abstract: Woltersdorf is a municipality in the Oder-Spree district in Brandenburg. It is often referred to as "near Berlin" or "near Erkner" as there are a number of other places bearing the same name in Germany.

text:
# Woltersdorf, Brandenburg

**Woltersdorf** is a municipality in the Oder-Spree district in Brandenburg. It is often referred to as "near Berlin" (German: "bei Berlin") or "near Erkner" (German: "bei Erkner") as there are a number of other places bearing the same name in Germany.

## Geography

The municipality is located at the three lakes Flakensee, Kalksee and the Bauernsee, between Schöneiche, the Berlin forest and Erkner.

### Bordering municipalities

Woltersdorf borders (in clockwise direction, starting in north) on Rüdersdorf, Erkner, Berlin and Schöneiche.

## History

Around 1240 14 farmer families settled on a bank. Today the church, the city hall and the "old school" (German *"alte Schule"*) are located here, representing the Woltersdorf "downtown". The first residents were farmers and mariners. In 1319 Woltersdorf was first documented as *Waltersdorf slawika*. Waltersdorf means "the village from Walter". In 1375 Woltersdorf was first noted in the "Landbuch". Together with Rahnsdorf, it paid taxes for the castle of Köpenick.

In 1487 Berlin acquired Woltersdorf. Then in 1550 a lock was built between the Flakensee and the Kalksee, the same year the first church of Woltersdorf was built. Between 1618 till 1648 Woltesdorf was desolated (Thirty Years' War) and temporarily uninhabited. About 1886 a touristic observation tower is built on top of the Kranichsberge. It granted a great perspective from a height of 105 meters, and on clear days you were able to see the Berliner Fernsehturm. Inside the tower today is an exhibition "When Woltersdorf still was Hollywood" (German *"Als Woltersdorf noch Hollywood war"*). It recalls the 1920s, where Joe May shot famous movies (*Das indische Grabmal* (1920), *Herrin der Welt* (1919) and *Der Tiger von Eschnapur*). Today you are able to find remains of the movie scenery on site.

At the end of the 19th century the rail from Berlin to the east was finished. In the bordering commune of Woltersdorf, Erkner, a train station was built. Many Berlin people had their summer residence in Woltersdorf. Since 1913 a tramway has run between the lock and the S-Bahn station of Rahnsdorf.

## Demography

At the time of the German reunification, 4,790 people lived in Woltersdorf. Since then, the population of Woltersdorf has risen from 6,800 (2001) to nearly 8,000 (2010). Today, Woltersdorf is the youngest commune in the Oder-Spree district. More than 12% of the population is younger than 15 years of age.

Woltersdorf: Population development
within the current boundaries (2020)
| Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1875  728       1890  1,323 +4.06%  1910  2,517 +3.27%  1925  3,348 +1.92%  1939  6,071 +4.34%  1950  6,202 +0.19%  1964  6,156 −0.05% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  1971  6,109 −0.11%  1981  5,520 −1.01%  1985  5,318 −0.93%  1990  4,902 −1.62%  1995  5,007 +0.42%  2000  6,799 +6.31%  2005  7,564 +2.16% | Year Pop. ±% p.a.  2010  7,802 +0.62%  2015  8,092 +0.73%  2016  8,163 +0.88%  2017  8,193 +0.37%  2018  8,259 +0.81%  2019  8,302 +0.52%  2020  8,423 +1.46% |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Politics

The City Council has 18 members, one however has not accepted his seat which remains vacant.

(Election 2008)

* Elections 2014
* Unser Woltersdorf (UW): 5 (+5)
* Woltersdorfer Bürgerforum (WBF): 4 (+1)
* The Left: 3 (-1)
* CDU: 2 (-2)
* SPD: 1 (-2)
* FDP: 1
* Greens: 1
* Single candidate Siegfried Bronsert: 1

## Famous Persons

## InfoBox

| Woltersdorf | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| New commune center with the town hall in the background | |
| Location of Woltersdorf within Oder-Spree district | |
| Woltersdorf Woltersdorf | |
| Coordinates: 52°26′52″N 13°45′26″E / 52.44778°N 13.75722°E / 52.44778; 13.75722 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Brandenburg |
| District | Oder-Spree |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202129) | Christian Stauch (SPD) |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.12 km2 (3.52 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 50 m (160 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 8,520 |
| Density | 930/km2 (2,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 15569 |
| Dialling codes | 03362 |
| Vehicle registration | LOS |
| Website | www.woltersdorf-schleuse.de |


title: Mr. Monk Gets Even

abstract: Mr. Monk Gets Even is the fifteenth novel written by Lee Goldberg to be based on the television series Monk. It was published on December 31, 2012. Like the other novels, the story is narrated by Natalie Teeger, Monk's assistant. It is the final novel of the series to be written by Lee Goldberg.

text:
# Mr. Monk Gets Even

***Mr. Monk Gets Even*** is the fifteenth novel written by Lee Goldberg to be based on the television series *Monk*. It was published on December 31, 2012. Like the other novels, the story is narrated by Natalie Teeger, Monk's assistant. It is the final novel of the series to be written by Lee Goldberg.

## Plot summary

Natalie Teeger is working as a police officer in New Jersey and her daughter Julie takes her place as Adrian Monk's temporary assistant. Ambrose Monk is about to marry his girlfriend and assistant Yuki Nakamara. Meanwhile, Adrian investigates a series of apparent accidental deaths and suicides, but he suspects they were all murders. After accusing a man of these murders, his nemesis Dale the Whale escapes from prison and Leland Stottlemeyer is under suspicion of helping him escape. Adrian Monk is then assigned to put his private life in order and find out the truth behind the series of murders and Dale's escape.

## Mr. Monk Sees the Light

*Mr. Monk Sees the Light* is an excerpt from *Mr. Monk Gets Even* that was published as a short story in the December 2012 issue of *Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine* before the release of the book.

## List of characters

### Characters from the television series

### Original characters

* **Amy Devlin**: A lieutenant who is Stottlemeyer's right hand in the San Francisco Police Department
* **Yuki Nakamara**: Assistant to Dub Clemens until his death, now is the assistant and girlfriend of Ambrose Monk
* **Ellen Morse**: The owner of a shop in Summit, New Jersey that sells items made with sanitized excrement. Despite her profession, Adrian develops a relationship with her based on her love of symmetry and sanitization

## InfoBox

Mr. Monk Gets Even
| 1st edition 2012 hard cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Lee Goldberg |
| Language | English |
| Series | Monk mystery novel series |
| Genre | Mystery novel |
| Publisher | Signet Books |
| Publication date | December 31, 2012 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardcover) |
| Preceded by | *Mr. Monk is a Mess* |
| Followed by | *Mr. Monk Helps Himself* |


title: Move On (Modern Romance song)

abstract: "Move On" is a single by the UK band Modern Romance. It was released in 1984 as a 7-inch single and 12-inch single by RCA Records and was produced by Tony Visconti. It is taken from their studio album Burn It! (1984) as is the B-side, "That's Entertainment".

text:
# Move On (Modern Romance song)

"**Move On**" is a single by the UK band Modern Romance. It was released in 1984 as a 7-inch single and 12-inch single by RCA Records and was produced by Tony Visconti. It is taken from their studio album *Burn It!* (1984) as is the B-side, "That's Entertainment".

## Formats

7-inch single * "Move On"
* "Come On"

12-inch single * "Move On"
* "Come On"
* "That's Entertainment"

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| "Move On" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Modern Romance | |
| from the album  *Burn It!* | |
| Released | 1984 |
| Genre | Pop music, electronic music, disco music |
| Label | RCA Records |
| Songwriter(s) | D. Jaymes, Mullins, Tony Visconti |
| Producer(s) | Tony Visconti |
| Modern Romance singles chronology | |
| "Burn It!"
(1984) "**Move On**"
(1984) "That's What Friends Are For"
(1984) | |


title: Witches' Night (1937 film)

abstract: Witches' Night is a 1937 Swedish drama film directed by Schamyl Bauman and starring Gösta Ekman, Signe Hasso and Ruth Stevens. The film's sets were designed by the Austrian art director Erwin Scharf.

text:
# Witches' Night (1937 film)

***Witches' Night*** (Swedish: ***Häxnatten***) is a 1937 Swedish drama film directed by Schamyl Bauman and starring Gösta Ekman, Signe Hasso and Ruth Stevens. The film's sets were designed by the Austrian art director Erwin Scharf.

## Synopsis

A teacher and poet is much missed when he leaves a school to get married, particularly by one of the students Majken. Five years later she encounters him again.

## Cast

1. Gustafsson p.33

## Bibliography

* Gustafsson, Fredrik. *The Man from the Third Row: Hasse Ekman, Swedish Cinema and the Long Shadow of Ingmar Bergman*. Berghahn Books, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Witches' Night | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Schamyl Bauman |
| Written by | Oscar Hemberg |
| Starring | Gösta Ekman
Signe Hasso
Ruth Stevens |
| Cinematography | Willy Goldberger |
| Edited by | Rolf Husberg |
| Music by | Olof Thiel |
| Production
company | Irefilm |
| Distributed by | Irefilm |
| Release date | * 1 November 1937 (1937-11-01) |
| Running time | 81 minutes |
| Country | Sweden |
| Language | Swedish |


title: Mick Dorney

abstract: Mick Dorney was an Irish hurler who played as a forward for the Cork senior team. Dorney joined the team during the 1905 championship and became a regular player over the next decade. During that time he failed to secure an All-Ireland winner's medal, however, he did win a Munster winner's medal. At club level, Dorney enjoyed a successful career with Blackrock, winning six county club championship winners' medals.

text:
# Mick Dorney

**Mick Dorney** (1884 - 17 March 1952) was an Irish hurler who played as a forward for the Cork senior team.

Dorney joined the team during the 1905 championship and became a regular player over the next decade. During that time he failed to secure an All-Ireland winner's medal, however, he did win a Munster winner's medal.

At club level, Dorney enjoyed a successful career with Blackrock, winning six county club championship winners' medals.

## InfoBox

Mick Dorney
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Mícheál Ó Doirinne* | | |
| Sport | Hurling | | |
| Born | 1884
Blackrock, County Cork, Ireland | | |
| Died | 17 March 1952 (aged 68)
Blackrock, County Cork, Ireland | | |
| Nickname | Down Down | | |
| Occupation | Fisherman | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
| 1900s-1910s | Blackrock | | |
| Club titles | | | |
| Cork titles | 6 | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | **Apps (scores)** |
| 1905-1913 | Cork | 12 (1-2) |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Munster titles | 1 | | |
| All-Irelands | 0 | | |


title: Michael Jarrett (judge)

abstract: Michael Jarrett is a Judge of the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia. He was previously a Judge of the Federal Circuit Court of Australia until its merger with the Family Court of Australia. Before then, he was a Federal Magistrate of the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia, before it was named the Federal Circuit Court of Australia. Jarrett has presided over a variety of cases, including family law, administrative law, bankruptcy, copyright, human rights, industrial law, and trade practices. Prior to being a judge, Jarrett was a barrister. In 2016, Jarrett decided an action involving three Queensland University of Technology (QUT) students who were accused of racial vilification under Section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth). One of the students was alleged to have breached Section 18C because of a Facebook post which read: "Just got kicked out of the unsigned Indigenous computer room. QUT stopping segregation with segregation." In November 2016, Jarrett held the claim had no reasonable prospects of success and threw out the lawsuit.

text:
# Michael Jarrett (judge)

**Michael Jarrett** is a Judge of the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia. He was previously a Judge of the Federal Circuit Court of Australia until its merger with the Family Court of Australia. Before then, he was a Federal Magistrate of the **Federal Magistrates Court of Australia**, before it was named the Federal Circuit Court of Australia. Jarrett has presided over a variety of cases, including family law, administrative law, bankruptcy, copyright, human rights, industrial law, and trade practices. Prior to being a judge, Jarrett was a barrister.

In 2016, Jarrett decided an action involving three Queensland University of Technology (QUT) students who were accused of racial vilification under Section 18C of the *Racial Discrimination Act 1975* (Cth). One of the students was alleged to have breached Section 18C because of a Facebook post which read: "Just got kicked out of the unsigned Indigenous computer room. QUT stopping segregation with segregation." In November 2016, Jarrett held the claim had no reasonable prospects of success and threw out the lawsuit.


title: Michinoo Station

abstract: Michinoo Station is a passenger railway station located in the town of Nagayo, Nishisonogi District, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Kyushu.

text:
# Michinoo Station

**Michinoo Station** (道ノ尾駅, *Michinoo-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in the town of Nagayo, Nishisonogi District, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Kyushu.

## Lines

The station is served by the old line or the Nagayo branch of the Nagasaki Main Line and is located 18.9 km from the branch point at Kikitsu. Only local trains run on this branch.

## Station layout

The station consists of a side platform serving a single track at grade. The station building is a timber structure of traditional Japanese design and houses a waiting room and staffed ticket window. A bike shed and parking lots are available at the station forecourt. Across from the platform can be seen the remnants of another, disused platform and the trackbed of a second track, now removed.

Management of the station has been outsourced to the JR Kyushu Tetsudou Eigyou Co., a wholly owned subsidiary of JR Kyushu specialising in station services. It staffs the ticket window which is equipped with a POS machine but does not have a *Midori no Madoguchi* facility.

## Adjacent stations

|  |  | Service |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nagasaki Main Line (old line) | | | | |
| Kōda | | Local | Nishi-Urakami | |

## History

The private Kyushu Railway, had opened a track from Tosu to Saga by 5 May 1895, and thereafter expanding southwards in phases, as part of the construction of a line to Nagasaki. Separately, a track was laid from Urakami (then known as Nagasaki) north to Nagayo, which opened on 22 July 1897 as the terminus. On the same day, Michinoo was opened as an intermediate station between Urakami and Nagayo. When the Kyushu Railway was nationalized on 1 July 1907, Japanese Government Railways (JGR) took over control of the station. On 12 October 1909, track from Tosu through Haiki, Ōmura, Michinoo to Nagasaki was designated the Nagasaki Main Line. On 2 October 1972, a shorter inland bypass route was opened between Kikitsu through Ichinuno to Urakami was opened, which became known as the new line or Ichinuno branch of the Nagasaki Main Line. The section serving Michinoo became known as the old line or the Nagayo branch. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, control of the station passed to JR Kyushu.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2020, the station was used by an average of 950 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), and it ranked 139th among the busiest stations of JR Kyushu.

## Surrounding area

* National Route 206
* Nagasaki City Iwaya Junior High School
* Nagasaki Technical High School
* Nagasaki Iwaya Post Office

Media related to Michinoo Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Michinoo Station
道ノ尾駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Michinoo Station in 2009 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Kodago, Nagayo-cho, Nishisonogi-gun, Nagasak-ken 851-2127
Japan |
| Coordinates | 32°48′16″N 129°51′10″E / 32.80444°N 129.85278°E / 32.80444; 129.85278 |
| Operated by | JR Kyushu |
| Line(s) | JH Nagasaki Main Line |
| Distance | 18.9 km from Kikitsu (starting point of branch) |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At grade |
| Parking | Available |
| Bicycle facilities | Bike shed |
| Accessible | Yes - no steps to platform |
| Other information | |
| Status | Staffed ticket window (outsourced) |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 22 July 1897 (1897-07-22) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2020 | 950 daily |
| Rank | 139th (among JR Kyushu stations) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Michinoo StationLocation within Nagasaki PrefectureMichinoo StationMichinoo Station (Japan) | |


title: Michaela Schabinger

abstract: Michaela Schabinger is a German sprinter. She competed in the women's 200 metres at the 1984 Summer Olympics representing West Germany.

text:
# Michaela Schabinger

**Michaela Schabinger** (born 23 March 1961) is a German sprinter. She competed in the women's 200 metres at the 1984 Summer Olympics representing West Germany.

## InfoBox

Michaela Schabinger
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | German |
| Born | (1961-03-23) 23 March 1961 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sprinting |
| Event | 200 metres |


title: Michaela Robertson

abstract: Michaela Ashleigh Robertson is a New Zealand professional footballer who plays as a forward for Wellington Phoenix. She was part of the New Zealand Football team in the football competition at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Michaela Robertson

**Michaela Ashleigh Robertson** (born 28 August 1996) is a New Zealand professional footballer who plays as a forward for Wellington Phoenix. She was part of the New Zealand Football team in the football competition at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Michaela Robertson
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Michaela Ashleigh Robertson | | |
| Date of birth | (1996-08-28) 28 August 1996 | | |
| Place of birth | New Zealand, | | |
| Height | 1.50 m (4 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2013–2020 | Wellington United | 100+ | (100+) |
| 2022–2024 | Wellington Phoenix | 25 | (4) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 28 May 2024 | | | |


title: Micranthes oregana

abstract: Micranthes oregana is a species of flowering plant known by the common name Oregon saxifrage. It is native to western North America, including the mountainous regions of the western United States. It can be found in moist habitat, such as marshes and other wetlands. It is a perennial herb growing from a thick, fleshy or woody caudex. It produces a basal rosette of linear to lance-shaped leaves each up to 25 centimeters long. The inflorescence arises on a stout peduncle which may exceed a meter in height. It is topped with one or more dense clusters of white-petaled flowers.

text:
# Micranthes oregana

***Micranthes oregana*** is a species of flowering plant known by the common name **Oregon saxifrage**. It is native to western North America, including the mountainous regions of the western United States. It can be found in moist habitat, such as marshes and other wetlands. It is a perennial herb growing from a thick, fleshy or woody caudex. It produces a basal rosette of linear to lance-shaped leaves each up to 25 centimeters long. The inflorescence arises on a stout peduncle which may exceed a meter in height. It is topped with one or more dense clusters of white-petaled flowers.

## InfoBox

| *Micranthes oregana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Saxifragales |
| Family: | Saxifragaceae |
| Genus: | *Micranthes* |
| Species: | ***M. oregana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Micranthes oregana***<br>(Howell) Small | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Saxifraga oregana* | |


title: Micrantheum

abstract: Micrantheum is a genus of four species of flowering plant in the family Picrodendraceae and is endemic to Australia. Plants in the genus Micrantheum are heath-like, monoecious shrubs with simple leaves usually in groups of three, and flowers arranged singly or in small clusters in leaf axils, male flowers with three, six or nine stamens.

text:
# Micrantheum

***Micrantheum*** is a genus of four species of flowering plant in the family Picrodendraceae and is endemic to Australia. Plants in the genus *Micrantheum* are heath-like, monoecious shrubs with simple leaves usually in groups of three, and flowers arranged singly or in small clusters in leaf axils, male flowers with three, six or nine stamens.

## Description

Plants in the genus *Micrantheum* are heath-like, monoecious shrubs with many branches, the leaves usually arranged in groups of three, sometimes in groups of two, four or five. The leaves are simple and leathery, the groups of leaves arranged alternately along the branches on a short petiole with tiny stipules at the base. The flowers are arranged singly or in small groups in leaf axils with bracts at the base and four or six sepal lobes, the petals often absent. Male flowers are on a short peduncle and have three, six or nine stamens. Female flowers have an ovary with two or three cells with two ovules per cell, and two or three styles. The fruit is a capsule containing seeds with a caruncle.

## Taxonomy

The genus *Micrantheum* was first formally described in 1818 by René Louiche Desfontaines in *Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle*, and the first species he described (the type species) was *Micrantheum ericoides*.

### Species list

The following is a list of species of *Micrantheum*, accepted by the Australian Plant Census as of September 2023:

## InfoBox

| *Micrantheum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Micrantheum serpentinum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Picrodendraceae |
| Tribe: | Caletieae |
| Subtribe: | Pseudanthinae |
| Genus: | *Micrantheum*<br>Desf. |
|
| Synonyms | |
| List * + *Allenia* Ewart     + *Caletia* Baill. p.p.     + *Caletia* Baill. sect. *Caletia*     + *Caletia* sect. *Eucaletia* Müll.Arg. nom. inval.     + *Caletia* sect. *Micrantheum* (Desf.) Kuntze     + *Micranthea* F.Muell. orth. var.     + *Micranthemum* Hook.f. orth. var.     + *Micrantheum* subg. *Allenia* (Ewart) Pax & K.Hoffm. nom. illeg.     + *Micrantheum* subg. *Allenium* Grüning     + *Micrantheum* subg. *Eucaletia* Grüning     + *Micrantheum* subg. *Eumicrantheum* Grüning nom. inval.     + *Micrantheum* Desf. subg. *Micrantheum* | |


title: Mickey Waldman

abstract: Mickey Waldman was a prominent radio personality/host and producer at influential WBAI in New York.

text:
# Mickey Waldman

**Mickey Waldman** (August 12, 1942 – May 20, 2008) was a prominent radio personality/host and producer at influential WBAI in New York.

## Early life and education

Born **Marian Zucker** on August 12, 1942, in New York City, she gained the nickname "Mickey" while studying at the University of Chicago. She graduated with a Bachelor's degree in 1965. She married in 1968 and kept the surname Waldman after getting divorced. Waldman earned her Juris Doctor from Hofstra University in 1981.

## Career

Mickey Waldman started working at WBAI, the Pacifica Foundation's New York station, as an assistant and technician, along with Nancy Allen, for Bob Fass on his late night radio show, *Radio Unnameable*. She began as a volunteer, but in time became one of the station's relatively few paid employees.

Waldman went on to produce freeform radio shows titled *Swan Song* and *The Next Swan* for WBAI-FM in New York City for approximately 4 years. The latter title was derived from the legendary story of the tenor who missed the mechanical swan he was to board and upon which he was to be taken off stage who then, stuck awkwardly on stage, launched into an improvised song including the lyric "What time is the next swan?" as he made his way offstage. She presented discussion and interviews with literati of the moment.

Waldman was expert in the intricacies of the 1973 Carlin Case and provided coverage of the particulars and of the free speech issues the case presented.

## Personal

Station Manager and on-air personality Larry Josephson commented on her intelligence and literacy, referring to her as someone who "eats dictionaries." She could often be seen behind the master control console at WBAI with her signature pack of cigarettes and cup of black coffee. She was never far from either. She was never able to break her 3-pack a day habit.

## Death

Mickey Waldman died of cancer on May 20, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Mickey Waldman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Marian Zucker
(1942-08-12)August 12, 1942
New York City, New York, USA |
| Died | May 8, 2008(2008-05-08) (aged 65) |
| Nationality | United States |
| Alma mater | University of Chicago
Hofstra University |
| Occupation(s) | radio personality and producer |
| Employer | WBAI |


title: Michel Charlin Tcheumaleu

abstract: Michel Charlin Tcheumaleu is a Cameroonian footballer, who plays for Thailand Premier League club side Samut Songkhram FC.

text:
# Michel Charlin Tcheumaleu

**Michel Charlin Tcheumaleu**  (born 21 April 1975 in Ebolowa) is a Cameroonian footballer, who plays for Thailand Premier League club side Samut Songkhram FC.

## InfoBox

Michel Tcheumaleu
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Michel Charlin TCHEUMALEU | | |
| Date of birth | (1975-04-21) April 21, 1975 | | |
| Place of birth | Ebolowa, Cameroon | | |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defensive Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | CUSTOM UNITED FC | | |
| Number | 37 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Les Brasseries du Cameroon | | |
|  | Rail FC Douala | | |
|  | Avignon (1995), Montaigu (1997) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1996–1997 | Rail FC Douala |  |  |
| 1997–2000 | Stade FC Bandjoun |  |  |
| 2000–2002 | Sable FC |  |  |
| 2002–2005 | Renaissance FC Ngoumou |  |  |
| 2006 | Samut Prakan F.C. |  |  |
| 2006–2007 | Raj-Vithi F.C. |  |  |
| 2007–2008 | Osotspa Saraburi F.C. | 25 | (0) |
| 2009–present | Samut Songkhram FC/Custom United FC |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Michael Roberts (politician)

abstract: Michael Hilary Arthur Roberts was a British Conservative Party politician.

text:
# Michael Roberts (politician)

**Michael Hilary Arthur Roberts** (6 May 1927 – 10 February 1983) was a British Conservative Party politician.

## Early life

Roberts was born in Aberystwyth, and was educated at the Neath Grammar School for Boys and the University College of Wales, Cardiff. He was the first Headteacher of the Bishop of Llandaff Church in Wales High School when it opened in 1963, and was president of the Cardiff branch of the National Union of Teachers.

## Parliamentary career

Roberts contested Aberdare in a 1954 by-election, placing third. He fought Cardiff South East in 1955 and 1959, being defeated both times by future Labour Prime Minister James Callaghan, on the second occasion by only 868 votes.

He was Member of Parliament for Cardiff North from 1970 to February 1974, and thereafter for Cardiff North West. He became a junior Welsh Office minister when the Margaret Thatcher government came to power in 1979.

## Death

At around 9:44PM on 10 February 1983, Roberts collapsed from a massive heart attack while speaking at the despatch box in the House of Commons during an adjournment debate and was pronounced dead, aged 55, on arrival at hospital. Roberts had been in poor health for two years prior to his death. Ordinarily there would have been a by-election to succeed him but none was called due to the impending 1983 general election, in which boundary changes abolished his Cardiff North West seat.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Michael Roberts | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Wales | |
| **In office**
5 May 1979  10 February 1983Serving with Wyn Roberts | |
| Member of Parliament
for Cardiff North West | |
| **In office**
28 February 1974  10 February 1983 | |
| Preceded by | *Constituency established* |
| Succeeded by | *Constituency abolished* |
| Member of Parliament
for Cardiff North | |
| **In office**
18 June 1970  8 February 1974 | |
| Preceded by | Ted Rowlands |
| Succeeded by | Ian Grist |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Michael Hilary Arthur Roberts
(1927-05-06)6 May 1927
Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales |
| Died | 10 February 1983(1983-02-10) (aged 55)
Westminster, London, England |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Education | University College of Wales, Cardiff |
| Profession | Educator |
|  | |


title: Microeconomic reform

abstract: Microeconomic reform comprises policies directed to achieve improvements in economic efficiency, either by eliminating or reducing distortions in individual sectors of the economy or by reforming economy-wide policies such as tax policy and competition policy with an emphasis on economic efficiency, rather than other goals such as equity or employment growth. "Economic reform" usually refers to deregulation, or at times to reduction in the size of government, to remove distortions caused by regulations or the presence of government, rather than new or increased regulations or government programs to reduce distortions caused by market failure. As such, these reform policies are in the tradition of laissez faire, emphasizing the distortions caused by government, rather than in ordoliberalism, which emphasizes the need for state regulation to maximize efficiency.

text:
# Microeconomic reform

**Microeconomic reform** (or often just **economic reform**) comprises policies directed to achieve improvements in economic efficiency, either by eliminating or reducing distortions in individual sectors of the economy or by reforming economy-wide policies such as tax policy and competition policy with an emphasis on economic efficiency, rather than other goals such as equity or employment growth.

"Economic reform" usually refers to deregulation, or at times to reduction in the size of government, to remove distortions caused by regulations or the presence of government, rather than new or increased regulations or government programs to reduce distortions caused by market failure. As such, these reform policies are in the tradition of laissez faire, emphasizing the distortions caused by government, rather than in ordoliberalism, which emphasizes the need for state regulation to maximize efficiency.

## Microeconomic reform in Australia

Microeconomic reform dominated Australian economic policy from the early 1980s until the end of the 20th century. The beginning of microeconomic reform is commonly dated to the floating of the Australian dollar in 1983. The last major policy initiatives associated with the microeconomic reform agenda was the package of tax reforms centered on the Goods and Services Tax (GST) which came into force in July 2000, and the privatization of Telstra which began in 1998 and was completed in 2006.

There were, however, some instances of microeconomic reform before the 1980s, notably including the Whitlam government’s 25 percent tariff cut. Similarly, the consequences of some microeconomic reforms initiated in the 1990s, such as National Competition Policy are still being worked through.

The policy agenda associated with microeconomic reform included:

## Microeconomic reform in the People's Republic of China

The **Chinese economic reform** (simplified Chinese: 改革开放; traditional Chinese: 改革開放; pinyin: *Gǎigé kāifàng*) refers to the program of economic changes called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that were started in 1978 by pragmatists within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) led by Deng Xiaoping and are ongoing as of the early 21st century. The goal of Chinese economic reform was to generate sufficient surplus value to finance the modernization of the mainland Chinese economy. Neither the socialist command economy, favored by CCP conservatives, nor the Maoist attempt at a Great Leap Forward from socialism to communism in China's agriculture (with the commune system) had generated sufficient surplus value for these purposes. The initial challenge of economic reform was to solve the problems of motivating workers and farmers to produce a larger surplus and to eliminate economic imbalances that were common in command economies. Economic reforms started since 1978 have helped lift millions of people out of poverty, bringing the poverty rate down from 53% of the population in 1981 to 8% by 2001.

## Microeconomic reform in India

The economic liberalization of 1991, initiated by then Indian prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and his finance minister Manmohan Singh, did away with investment, industrial and import licensing and ended many public monopolies, allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors. Since then, the overall direction of liberalization has remained the same, irrespective of the ruling party, although no party has yet tried to take on powerful lobbies such as the trade unions and farmers, or contentious issues such as reforming labor laws and reducing agricultural subsidies.

The effect of these reforms has been positive, and since 1990, India has had high growth rates and has emerged as one of the wealthiest economies in the developing world. During this period, the economy has grown constantly with only a few major setbacks. This has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy, literacy rates, and food security since then.

## Economic Reform in Iran

## Economic reform in New Zealand

After the snap election of 1984 in New Zealand, the new Finance Minister, Roger Douglas, began a speedy reform of the New Zealand economy. The speed of the reforms can be partially attributed to the currency crisis that resulted from the former government's refusal to devalue the New Zealand dollar.

The policies included cutting subsidies and trade barriers, privatising public assets and the control of inflation through measures rooted in monetarism. These policies were regarded in some quarters of Douglas's New Zealand Labour Party as a betrayal of traditional Labour ideals. The Labour Party subsequently retreated from these policies, but it became the core doctrine of the New Zealand ACT party.

The reforms created a very business-friendly regulatory framework. A 2008 study ranked New Zealand 99.9% in "business freedom", and 80% overall in "economic freedom", noting amongst other things that it only takes 12 days to establish a business in New Zealand on average, compared with a worldwide average of 43 days. Other indicators measured were property rights, labor market conditions, government controls and corruption, the last being considered "next to non-existent" in The Heritage Foundation and *Wall Street Journal* study.

## Economic reform in the USSR and Russia

Economic reforms began in the Soviet Union when Perestroika was introduced in June 1985 by the then Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Its literal meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet economy.

During the initial period (1985–1987) of Mikhail Gorbachev's time in power, he talked about modifying central planning, but did not make any truly fundamental changes (*uskoreniye*, acceleration). Gorbachev and his team of economic advisers then introduced more fundamental reforms, which became known as *perestroika* (economic restructuring).

## Economic reform in Africa

Economic reform began in Africa throughout Africa in the mid-1990s. Before that, the two decades of donor-sponsored reform efforts to Africa failed to help most sub-Saharan economies to overcome the fiscal and balance of payments deficits. During the mid-1990s, several civil wars ended and a wave of democratization started. The growth rate reached 1.2 percent a year between 1994 and 1997 which is the highest rate during that generation. However, the growth is a result of a donor-led process of structural adjustment as compatible with the survival of the status quo. The growth rate started to decline after 1998 and civil wars reactivated again by then. The two-decade failure reform leaves many African countries incapable of leading another economic reform.

## Economic reform in North Korea

North Korea is a communist country with the central economic planning system. With the ongoing nuclear issue, North Korea is politically and economically isolated from other countries. Therefore, several tries for economic reforms did not appear to be successful.

Its economy relied heavily on the defense industry and the consumer goods industry had been overlooked according to the *juche* policy. Under the Third Seven-Year Economic Plan (1987–93), DPRK aimed to focus on technology-based industry and to solve their scarcity of electricity. Nevertheless, it did not give a satisfiable result. One of the causes was its relationship with trading partners and losing supportive allies. In response, North Korea tried to attract foreign investors by endorsing joint venture and opening some free-trade zones. Unluckily, with other factors, this policy was not practical. In addition, it also had to encounter a massive military expenditure to secure its leader with both internal and external threat.

Later in 2002, there was another attempt to make a market liberalization reform, which the government tries to let the demand and supply determine the price level, which used to be controlled by the central government. It also gave some authority to local producers to make some economic decisions by themselves. Other than the decentralization policy, North Korea also kept trying to induce foreign investors in several ways, including depreciation of its currency and the initiation of Sinuiju Special Administrative District.

Still, its solution to successfully reform its economy appears to be contradicting with its leader security regimes. Kim Jong-il's goal, “kangsong taeguk” or “rich nation/strong army,” appears to be unachievable. It caused him facing a reform dilemma. Opening up the country likely to facilitate the reform to be successful, while it would also make its dictatorship insecure.

1. Fighting Poverty: Findings and Lessons from China’s Success Archived 2013-09-22 at the Wayback Machine (World Bank). Retrieved August 10, 2006.
2. Panagariya, Arvind (2004). "India in the 1980s and 1990s: A Triumph of Reforms". *International Trade*.
3. "That old Gandhi magic". *The Economist*. November 27, 1997.
4. "Survey ranks NZ in top six for economic freedom". *The New Zealand Herald*. 16 January 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
5. Van de Walle, Nicolas. 2004. “Economic Reform: Patterns and Constraints”.
6. Chung, Joseph Sang-Hoon (June 1972). "North Korea's "Seven Year Plan" (1961-70): Economic Performance and Reforms". *Asian Survey*. **12** (6): 527–545. doi:10.2307/2643049. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2643049.
7. Kim, Sungwoo (1993). "Recent Economic Policies of North Korea: Analysis and Recommendations". *Asian Survey*. **33** (9): 864–878. doi:10.2307/2645234. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2645234.
8. "DPRK Briefing Book: North Korea's Economic Reforms and Security Intentions". *Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability*. 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2019-09-24.


abstract: Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält is a chorale fantasia for organ composed by Johann Sebastian Bach in the early 18th century, likely between 1705 and 1710. The Zahn 4441a hymn tune for Justus Jonas's 1524 hymn "Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält", a paraphrase of Psalm 124, is the basis of the composition. A copy of the chorale fantasia resurfaced on 15 March 2008 at an auction of items from the collection of the 19th-century Bach scholar Wilhelm Rust. The piece, until then known as BWV Anh. 71, could by this discovery be authenticated as Bach's and was reassigned the number BWV 1128.

text:
# Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, BWV 1128

***Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält*** is a chorale fantasia for organ composed by Johann Sebastian Bach in the early 18th century, likely between 1705 and 1710. The Zahn 4441a hymn tune for Justus Jonas's 1524 hymn "Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält", a paraphrase of Psalm 124 ("If it had not been the Lord who was on our side ..."), is the basis of the composition.

A copy of the chorale fantasia resurfaced on 15 March 2008 at an auction of items from the collection of the 19th-century Bach scholar Wilhelm Rust. The piece, until then known as BWV Anh. 71, could by this discovery be authenticated as Bach's and was reassigned the number BWV 1128.

## Context

In the late 17th century, when he was not yet 15, Bach was already acquainted with the chorale fantasia genre, by such settings as Buxtehude's *Nun freut euch, lieben Christen g'mein*, BuxWV 210, and Reincken's *An Wasserflüssen Babylon*. Apart from *Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält*, there is only one other known chorale fantasia for organ by Bach: *Christ lag in Todesbanden*, BWV 718, which was composed before c.1715. From mid 1707 Bach was organist at the Divi Blasii church in Mühlhausen. Before that time he had been working in Arnstadt, where he played the Wender organ of the *Neue Kirche*. After he moved to Weimar in mid 1708, he revisited Mühlhausen several times in the next few years, for instance supervising the remodelling of the organ of the Divi Blasii according to his design, which was completed in 1709, and performing cantatas he composed for council election in 1709 and 1710 (BWV 1138.1 and 1138.2).

### Time of origin

Stylistic analysis, conducted by, among others, Jean-Claude Zehnder, indicates that Bach composed *Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält* between c.1705 and c.1710, or, more narrowly, in the c.1707–1708 period. From what is known about the organs played by Bach around that time, the organ of the Divi Blasii, after completion of the changes initiated by Bach, appears to be the best fit for the composition's performance specifications and range, although it is assumed that Bach composed all his organ music so that it could be performed on more than one specific instrument.

### Hymn

Justus Jonas's paraphrase of Psalm 124, "Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält", was first published in the *Erfurt Enchiridion* (1524). The hymn consists of eight stanzas of seven lines. Its first stanza reads:

According to Stephan Blaut it is primarily the content of this first stanza which is illustrated by Bach's organ setting. Several hymn tunes were composed for Jonas's hymn. Bach's chorale fantasia is based on a setting of the hymn in bar form, first published in Wittenberg by Joseph Klug, in the second quarter of the 16th century (Zahn No. 4441a).

### Chorale fantasia genre

In the chorale fantasia for organ, a genre as apparent in the 17th-century north German models by Buxtehude and Reincken which Bach knew, the melody of each line of a hymn stanza is treated separately: the treatment consisting of applying diverse techniques, such as echo, countermelodies and other embellishments or variations, to such fragments of the hymn tune, until all phrases of the chorale melody are treated consecutively. Sections in which the phrases of the hymn tune are treated can be connected with transitional passages, for instance in the form of a coda. This is different from a chorale fantasia type of movement in a vocal composition, where the phrases of the chorale melody are usually sung as a cantus firmus, against a backdrop of vocal and instrumental accompaniment and harmonisation, which usually also exhibits independent musical material, often in interludia between the phrases of the hymn. An example of such vocal chorale fantasia by Bach on the "Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält" hymn, also using the Zahn 4441a melody, is the opening chorus of his chorale cantata named after the hymn, *Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält*, BWV 178, composed in the 1720s.

## Music

Bach's composition consisting of 85 bars of organ music is based on the Wittenberg melody used for Jonas's hymn. The large-scale fantasia is of moderate difficulty in four contrapuntal voices, and is scored for Rückpositiv, Oberwerk and Pedal.

After an introductory section, the ornamented chorale appears in the right hand beginning with bar 12, proceeding verse by verse with interludes, chromaticism and echo sections. It concludes with a coda in a flurry typical of *stylus phantasticus*.

## Reception

### Manuscripts

The first public record of the composition is in the 1845 estate auction of Johann Nicolaus Julius Kötschau who had been organist at St. Mary's in Halle. According to the auction record the manuscript was once owned by Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, Johann Sebastian's eldest son, and predecessor of Kötschau as organist in Halle. When Wilhelm Friedemann died in 1784 he left it along with other manuscripts, which included his *Clavier-Büchlein*, to his distant relative and student Johann Christian. When this Johann Christian died in 1814, Kötschau acquired these pieces from the estate auction. Kötschau later loaned the manuscript to Felix Mendelssohn, and then to the Leipzig publisher C. F. Peters.

In the 1845 auction of Kötschau's estate, the manuscript, along with other Bach works, was acquired by Friedrich August Gotthold. In 1852, to preserve his collection, Gotthold donated it to the Königsberg Library, where, 25 years later, Joseph Müller listed it in a catalogue describing "24 books of organ compositions by J. S. Bach," which contained as fascicle No. 5 "Fantasia Sopra il Corale *Wo Gott der Herr nicht bey uns hält* pro Organo à 2 Clav. e Pedale."

Learning about the piece, Wilhelm Rust had the manuscript sent on a library loan to Berlin, where he copied it in 1877. Rust, who had edited more than half of the volumes of the *Bach Gesamtausgabe* (BGA), resigned from the BGA project over conflicts, particularly with Philipp Spitta. Rust shared his knowledge about the piece with Spitta's rival Bach biographer Carl Hermann Bitter, who listed "141. Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält. Fantasia sopra il Chorale. G-moll. (Königsberger Bibliothek.)" as a chorale prelude by Bach in Vol. IV of his second edition of *J. S. Bach* (Dresden 1880 / Berlin 1881). After Rust's death in 1892, a large part of his collection went to a student of his, Erich Prieger. Prieger's collection, in turn, was put up for auction after World War I in three sections, one of which, with 18th- and 19th-century Bachiana, went in 1924 to the Cologne book dealer M. Lempertz.

The manuscript owned by Kötschau went lost in the Second World War. According to Hans-Joachim Schulze there is some hope it may have survived in a Russian library. As the chorale fantasia did not get included in the BGA, Wolfgang Schmieder listed it as a doubtful work in the second Appendix (Anhang) of the 1950 first edition of the *Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis* (BWV Anh. II 71), where it remained in subsequent versions of the catalogue that were printed in the 20th century.

Parts of Prieger's collection, including some compositions by Rust and his copy of BWV Anh. II 71, went up for auction on 15 March 2008. The Rust items were acquired by the University and State Library of Halle, and finally the chorale fantasia was authenticated by Stephan Blaut and Michael Pacholke of Halle University, and got the BWV number 1128.

### Publication

On 10 June 2008 Ortus published the score, based on two 19th-century manuscript sources:

### Performance and recording

On 13 June 2008, Ullrich Böhme played BWV 1128 at the opening concert of the Bachfest Leipzig, which included Bach's cantata BWV 178 on the same chorale, sung by the Thomanerchor. The same day a CD by Rondeau Production containing these two works was released.

## Sources


title: Wolgok station

abstract: Wolgok Station is a railway station on Seoul Subway Line 6 located in Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul. Its station subname is Dongduk Women's University, as it is within the vicinity of Dongduk Women's University.

text:
# Wolgok station

**Wolgok Station** is a railway station on Seoul Subway Line 6 located in Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul. Its station subname is **Dongduk Women's University**, as it is within the vicinity of Dongduk Women's University.

## Station layout

| **G** | Street level | Exit |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **L1
Concourse** | Lobby | Customer Service, Shops, Vending machines, ATMs |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **L2
Platform level** | Side platform, doors will open on the right | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Westbound | Line 6 toward Eungam (Korea University) |
| | Eastbound | Line 6 toward Sinnae (Sangwolgok) |
| | Side platform, doors will open on the right | |

| Preceding station | Seoul Metropolitan Subway | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Korea Universitytowards Eungam |  | Line 6 |  | Sangwolgoktowards Sinnae |

## InfoBox

| **월곡 (동덕여대)**
**Wolgok
(Dongduk Women's Univ.)** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 월곡역 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Wolgongnyeok* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Wŏlgongnyŏk* |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | 35-1 Hawolgok-dong,
107 Wolgongno,
Seongbuk-gu, Seoul |
| Coordinates | 37°36′07″N 127°02′30″E / 37.60194°N 127.04167°E / 37.60194; 127.04167 |
| Operated by | Seoul Metro |
| Line(s) | Line 6 |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Key dates | |
| December 15, 2000 | Line 6 opened |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Wolgwang Waterside Park

abstract:
Wolgwang Water's Edge Park is a park that is located in Daegu Dalseo-gu, South Korea.
The area of park is 40,163 m⁲. It opened in 2000 April.
As there are a lot of roses around the park, a rose festival is held in spring.

text:
# Wolgwang Waterside Park

**Wolgwang Water's Edge Park** is a park that is located in Daegu Dalseo-gu, South Korea. The area of park is 40,163 m2. It opened in 2000 April. As there are a lot of roses around the park, a rose festival is held in spring.

http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=763277

## InfoBox

| Wolgwang Waterside Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Hangul | 월광수변공원 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Wolgwang subyeon gongwon* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Wŏlgwang subyŏn kongwŏn* |


title: Mr Gay UK

abstract: Mr Gay UK was a British annual beauty contest for gay men, with regional heats held in gay nightclubs with a grand final usually at a gay venue. It began in 1982 as "Mr Hardware" designed to promote a gay mail order company. The event, held in the Heaven nightclub, was filmed by the BBC as part of a documentary entitled Something For the Ladies. In 1984, the competition name was changed to Mr Gay UK. Since then, the event has been recorded for video release (1993), featured on a Channel 4 series, Passengers (1994) and the event itself was broadcast on Five in 1998 and 1999. The competition's website has not been updated since 2014 and no winners are listed after 2013.

text:
# Mr Gay UK

**Mr Gay UK** was a British annual beauty contest for gay men, with regional heats held in gay nightclubs with a grand final usually at a gay venue. It began in 1982 as "Mr Hardware" (named after a fragrance) designed to promote a gay mail order company. The event, held in the Heaven nightclub, was filmed by the BBC as part of a documentary entitled *Something For the Ladies*.

In 1984, the competition name was changed to Mr Gay UK. Since then, the event has been recorded for video release (1993), featured on a Channel 4 series, *Passengers* (1994) and the event itself was broadcast on Five in 1998 and 1999.

The competition's website has not been updated since 2014 and no winners are listed after 2013.

## Mr Gay UK winners

| Year | Winner | Hometown | Profession | Heat Won |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993 | Anthony Morley | Leeds |  | Body Heat @ The Ritzy, Doncaster |
| 1994 | David Jackson | Manchester | DJ | Cruz 101, Manchester |
| 1995 | Lance Trimble | Birmingham |  | Subway City, Birmingham |
| 1996 | Roy Fairhurst | Leeds | DJ | Primos II, Leeds |
| 1997 | Shaun McVeigh | Manchester |  | Cruz 101, Manchester |
| 1998 | Ben Harris | London | Builder's Mate |  |
| 1999 | Mark Ledsham | Preston | Business Student |  |
| 2000 | Harry French | Glasgow | Lifeguard | Bennets, Glasgow |
| 2001 | Carl Austin | Manchester | Events Manager | Cruz 101, Manchester |
| 2002 | Rob Conn | Bristol | IT manager | Queens Shilling, Bristol |
| 2003 | Jarrod Batchelor | Newport, Isle of Wight | Fireman |  |
| 2004 | Mark Roberts | Walsall | Plasterer | The Golden Lion, Walsall |
| 2005 | Richard Carr | Birmingham | Supermarket Manager | The Nightingale, Birmingham |
| 2006 | Mark Carter | Huddersfield | Police Officer | Birmingham |
| 2007 | Daniel Broughton | Blackpool | Stage Manager | Flamingo Club, Blackpool |
| 2008 | Dino Gamecho | Cardiff | Student | Ritz, Manchester |
| 2009 | *contest not held* | | | |
| 2010 | *contest not held* | | | |
| 2011 | Samuel Keen | Cardiff | Hairdresser |  |
| 2012 | Leroy Williamson | Sheffield | Manager | Leeds |
| 2013 | Stuart Hatton | South Shields | Model |  |

Since 2005, the winner has gone on to represent the UK in Mr Gay Europe.

## 2011 contest

As with previous years, heats for the 2011 contest were held in various gay venues across the country. Participants could apply in advance directly with the venue, or just turn up on the evening and complete an application form. In total there are 14 finalists from the heats that took place between September and October 2011.

In this year the rules and the feeling of the competition were changed. A public vore was put into place and contestants were expected to campaign for votes in any way they could. Each finalist could receive votes through a premium rate phone and text number, a 'like' on their individual Facebook page and a Twitter and E-mail vote accessible from the main Mr Gay UK website. Voting ended on 29 November 2011 and the five finalists were announced. They were Greg Lumley – Middlesbrough, Charlie Drummond – Bristol, John Wheeldon – Leeds, Nik Chapman – Newcastle and Samuel Kneen – Cardiff, who eventually went on to win the competition

A media relations push was made on the competition with articles appearing in local and regional media and radio, but also had national coverage in guardian.co.uk and the three of finalists appeared on Loose Women bringing on Julie Goodyear.

The grand final was held on Saturday 10 December at Mission 2 in Leeds. Judges included Kieron Richardson from Hollyoaks, Rob Gunn from the competition's sponsor Manhunt and photographer Jay Eff.

## Hosts

Presenters have included Dannii Minogue, Lily Savage, Jason Donovan, Mark Little, Robbie Williams, Jane McDonald, Terry George (entrepreneur), Richard Newman, Nadia Almada, Brian Dowling and Philip Olivier and judges have included Jean Paul Gaultier, Michael Cashman, Danny La Rue, Scott Neal, Lea Walker, Jonathan Kerrigan, Su Pollard and Christopher Biggins. In 2007, the presenters were Andy Scott-Lee and his wife Michelle Heaton. The judges were Shahbaz from *Big Brother 2006*, James Sutton of *Hollyoaks*, long-standing Adam Lowe of *Bent* magazine and The Sheilas of Sheilas' Wheels. The event was hosted at Flamingo's nightclub in Blackpool, where Daniel Broughton (also from Blackpool) won.

## Notable contestants

Mr Gay 2001, Carl Austin-Behan, became the 119th Lord Mayor of Manchester in 2016, serving until 2017.

Mr Gay UK 2003, Jarrold Batchelor, went on to appear in the Channel 4 reality series, *The Games*.

In 2006, police officer Mark Carter made national headlines when he won the competition.

Mr Gay UK 1998, Ben Harris, became the winner of the Channel 4 show Playing It Straight in 2004.

In 2008 the first winner of the contest, Anthony Morley, was convicted of murder and cannibalism.

Mr Gay Newcastle 2007, Charlie Drummond, became a *Big Brother* housemate in the 2009 series, where he sparked an "are they?/aren't they" relationship with fellow bisexual housemate Rodrigo Lopes. He made it to the final, finishing in 4th place. Drummond later went on to become Mr Gay Bristol 2011.

Mr Gay UK winner 2013, Stuart Hatton, went on to represent the United Kingdom in Austria at Mr Gay Europe and was second runner up. Two months later Hatton travelled to Rome, Italy to represent the United Kingdom once more as Mr Gay UK but this time at The Mr Gay World Contest where he won the Mr Gay World title becoming the first United Kingdom winner to receive the global award.


title: Microeca

abstract: Microeca is a genus of passerine birds in the Australasian robin family Petroicidae. The species in this genus are commonly known as flyrobins.

text:
# Microeca

***Microeca*** is a genus of passerine birds in the Australasian robin family Petroicidae. The species in this genus are commonly known as **flyrobins** (along with the closely related torrent flyrobin).

## Species

The genus contains three species:

| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Microeca hemixantha* | Golden-bellied flyrobin or Tanimbar flyrobin | Tanimbar Islands. |
|  | *Microeca flavigaster* | Lemon-bellied flyrobin or lemon-bellied flycatcher | Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea |
|  | *Microeca fascinans* | Jacky winter | Australia and also in Papua New Guinea. |
|

Several other species were formerly placed in this genus:

There is also an undescribed taxon of *Microeca* called the "Bismarck Flyrobin" (see Dutson, *Birds of Melanesia,* p. 162 (2011)). A recording of its songs has been made.

## InfoBox

| *Microeca* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Jacky winter (*Microeca fascinans*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Infraorder: | Passerides |
| Family: | Petroicidae |
| Genus: | *Microeca*
Gould, 1841 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Microeca assimilis*
Gould, 1841 | |
| Species | |
| see text | |


title: North Assam Division

abstract: North Assam is an administrative division of Assam under the jurisdiction of a Commissioner, who is officially stationed at Tezpur. It consists of the following districts: Udalguri, Darrang, Sonitpur and Biswanath. Shri Rakesh Kumar, IAS is the current Commissioner of this division.

text:
# North Assam Division

**North Assam** is an administrative division of Assam under the jurisdiction of a Commissioner, who is officially stationed at Tezpur. It consists of the following districts: Udalguri, Darrang, Sonitpur and Biswanath. Shri Rakesh Kumar, IAS is the current Commissioner of this division.

## Districts

North Assam district comprises mainly 4 districts, namely Udalguri, Darrang, Sonitpur and Biswanath.

| Code | District | Headquarter | Population (2011) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| BS | Biswanath | Biswanath Chariali | 612 491 | 1,100 | 557 |
| DR | Darrang | Mangaldai | 928 500 | 1,585 | 586 |
| ST | Sonitpur | Tezpur | 1 311 619 | 2,076 | 632 |
| UD | Udalguri# | Udalguri | 831 688 | 1,852 | 449 |
| Total | 4 |  | 3 684 298 | 6,613 | 557 |

# Districts within the Bodoland Territorial Region

## Demographics

As per 2011 census, North Assam division has a population of 3,684,298

### Languages

Languages spoken in North Assam Division (2011)

Assamese (36.36%)  Bengali (25.07%)  Boro (10.57%)  Sadri (8.54%)  Nepali (4.98%)  Hindi (3.42%)  Others (11.06%)

According to 2011 census, the total number of Assamese speakers in the division were 1,339,782, Bengali speakers were 923,791, Boro speakers were 389,390, Sadri speakers were 314,665, Nepali speakers were 183,601 and Hindi speakers were 125,908.

## InfoBox

| North Assam Division | |
| --- | --- |
| Division of Assam | |
| The five divisions of Assam | |
| Country | India |
| State | Assam |
| Capital | Tezpur |
| Largest City | Tezpur |
| Area | |
| Total | 6,613 km2 (2,553 sq mi) |
| Population (2011 census) | |
| Total | 3 684 298 |


title: Mark Whitlock

abstract: Mark Whitlock is an English retired footballer. Primarily a centre back, Whitlock played initially for Hampshire-based club Southampton, before moving to local rivals Bournemouth in 1986, Reading in 1988, and Aldershot in 1990.

text:
# Mark Whitlock

**Mark Whitlock** (born 14 March 1961) is an English retired footballer. Primarily a centre back, Whitlock played initially for Hampshire-based club Southampton, before moving to local rivals Bournemouth in 1986, Reading in 1988, and Aldershot in 1990.

## Club career

Whitlock was born in Portsmouth and was educated at Bridgemary School. He played youth football with Sarisbury Sparks. He began his career as a youth player with Southampton, starting as an associate schoolboy in October 1975 before becoming an apprentice in August 1977 and signing professional terms in March 1979, having already played regularly in the reserve-team since December 1977.

He made his league debut for the club in September 1981, playing the full 90 minutes of a 4–1 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers in the First Division, and scored his first goal in March 1982 against Stoke City. After spending spells on loan at Grimsby Town and Aldershot in the 1982–83 season, he became a semi-regular starting player in the 1983–84 season, and made a total of 61 appearances in all competitions before leaving the club in July 1986. Described as a "quiet, effective central defender", he initially vied with Ken Armstong to be centre-back, before the emergence of Mark Wright and the signing of Kevin Bond in September 1984 led to him being deployed in various midfield roles.

Along with Saints' teammate David Puckett, Whitlock was transferred to local side Bournemouth in July 1986 as part of a deal which saw Northern Irish striker Colin Clarke moving to The Dell. He helped Bournemouth win their first Third Division championship in his first season with the club. Whitlock remained with Bournemouth for the following season, when the team finished 17th in the Second Division, but left less than halfway through the 1988–89 campaign to move back down a division with Reading. The defender stayed with Reading until the end of the 1989–90 season, at which point he moved to Fourth Division side Aldershot until the club was dissolved in 1992.

## Later career

On retiring from League football, Whitlock found employment as a security guard, and turned out occasionally for the Aerostructures works team at Hamble.

## Honours

**Bournemouth**

* Mark Whitlock at Post War English & Scottish Football League A–Z Player's Transfer Database

## InfoBox

Mark Whitlock
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Mark Whitlock | | |
| Date of birth | (1961-03-14) 14 March 1961 | | |
| Place of birth | Portsmouth, England | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre back | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Sarisbury Sparks | | |
| 1975–1979 | Southampton | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1979–1986 | Southampton | 61 | (1) |
| 1982 | Grimsby Town (loan) | 8 | (0) |
| 1983 | Aldershot (loan) | 14 | (0) |
| 1986–1988 | Bournemouth | 99 | (1) |
| 1988–1990 | Reading | 27 | (0) |
| 1990–1992 | Aldershot | 39 | (2) |
| 1992–19?? | Aerostructures S & S |  |  |
| Total |  | **248** | **(4)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Neocollyris brendelli

abstract: Neocollyris brendelli is a species in the tiger beetle family Cicindelidae. It was described by Naviaux in 1994.

text:
# Neocollyris brendelli

***Neocollyris brendelli*** is a species in the tiger beetle family Cicindelidae. It was described by Naviaux in 1994.

## InfoBox

| *Neocollyris brendelli* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cicindelidae |
| Tribe: | Collyridini |
| Genus: | *Neocollyris* |
| Species: | ***N. brendelli*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Neocollyris brendelli***<br>Naviaux, 1994 | |
|


title: Queen and pawn versus queen endgame

abstract: The queen and pawn versus queen endgame is a chess endgame in which both sides have a queen and one side has a pawn, which one tries to promote. It is very complicated and difficult to play. Cross-checks are often used as a device to win the game by forcing the exchange of queens. It is almost always a draw if the defending king is in front of the pawn. Karsten Müller and Frank Lamprecht say that this endgame occurs quite frequently but Mark Dvoretsky says that it occurs quite seldom. This is the second most common "piece and pawn versus piece" endgame, next to the rook and pawn versus rook endgame.

text:
# Queen and pawn versus queen endgame

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

Müller & Lamprecht, diagram 9.12A White to play wins; Black to play draws

The **queen and pawn versus queen endgame** is a chess endgame in which both sides have a queen and one side has a pawn, which one tries to promote. It is very complicated and difficult to play. Cross-checks are often used as a device to win the game by forcing the exchange of queens. It is almost always a draw if the defending king is in front of the pawn.

Karsten Müller and Frank Lamprecht say that this endgame occurs quite frequently but Mark Dvoretsky says that it occurs quite seldom. This is the second most common "piece and pawn versus piece" endgame, next to the rook and pawn versus rook endgame.

## History

Before about 1940 all that was known about this endgame was based on some superficial analysis of a few positions from the time of Philidor (1726–95). Analysts gradually started to analyze the endgame. The endgame occurred in a 1944 game between Botvinnik and Ravinsky (below) and much analysis followed. Paul Keres published a large amount of analysis in 1947–49. This analysis was put to the test in the 1954 game between Botvinnik and Minev (below). Minev followed the suggestions of Keres and lost – revealing major flaws in the analysis. In 1955, Shakhmaty v SSSR started a competition for the best analysis of this endgame. Several theorists had contributed useful analysis by the time the competition ended in 1959. Early analysts thought that the ending was almost always drawn with a knight pawn, but Yuri Averbakh questioned that in the 1950s. Averbakh, working with previous analysis, published his extensive analysis in 1962.

A complete analysis was not done until the advent of endgame tablebases, which showed that more positions can be won than was previously thought. Before tablebases, Averbach provided the best coverage, but the 70 pages of analysis in *Comprehensive Chess Endgames* mainly covered only simple positions with the pawn already on the seventh rank. John Nunn wrote three books based on the most important endgames in the five-piece endgame tablebases but omitted this endgame because "... it proved too hard to understand". He also commented "This is the trickiest of all five-man endings, which is unfortunate as it is one of the most common to arise in practice."

## General considerations

According to Reuben Fine and Pal Benko, this ending is a draw unless the pawn is a bishop pawn or a central pawn (i.e. king pawn or queen pawn) and the pawn is in the seventh rank and is supported by its king. If the defending king can get in front of the pawn, the game is a draw; otherwise it is best for the defender to keep their king far away from the pawn. The defender should keep checking until they run out of checks, and then, if possible, pin the pawn. Based on computer analysis, Müller and Lamprecht give a different description. According to them, normally the defending king needs to be in front of the pawn. A rook pawn or knight pawn is a theoretical draw if the defending king is in front or near the pawn or if the king is in the corner opposite the pawn's promotion square. A knight pawn has more practical winning chances than a rook pawn. A bishop pawn or central pawn is a win if the defending king is not in front of the pawn. A bishop pawn has better winning chances than a central pawn. The position of the defending king is especially important. John Nunn states that analysis since Fine's initial work (published in 1941 in *Basic Chess Endings*) has shown that there are many more winning positions than were known at that time (ignoring the fifty-move rule in some cases). Wins by the side with the pawn take up to 59 moves. A cross-check may be necessary to win.

Edmar Mednis gave this breakdown when the defending king is not able to help:

* A bishop pawn is the best pawn to have. It is relatively easy to advance and is a win once it reaches the seventh rank.
* A central pawn wins if it reaches the seventh rank, but it is difficult to get it there. Even if the pawn reaches the sixth rank, the position is usually a draw.
* A knight pawn is relatively easy to get to the seventh rank, but the position may be a theoretical draw.
* Positions with rook pawns are theoretical draws, but in practice it may be difficult to draw.

John Nunn gives this summary for the defense:

* with a central pawn, the defense has two possibilities: get the king in front of the pawn or get the king to corner nearest to the pawn's promotion square
* with a bishop pawn, the defender's only chance is to get the king in front of the pawn
* with a knight pawn, the defender must get the king in front of the pawn or in the corner furthest from the promotion square
* a rook pawn is generally a draw and the defensive guidelines are the same as for a knight pawn.

Naturally, the less advanced the pawn is, the better the defensive chances.

### Rook pawn

Nunn, 2007, p. 150 Black king on white dots: win with White to move, draw with Black to move; on black dots – win with either to move; other squares – draw

In 1985 the chess computer Belle completed the endgame tablebase for this ending. The rook pawn is the most important for actual games since it arises the most frequently, since it is the least likely pawn to have been exchanged. A rook pawn needs to be on at least the sixth rank to have decent winning chances.

Mednis gave the following guidelines, based on his analysis of the tablebase. Assume that White has a pawn on the h-file.

To draw:

* The best area for the king is in the corner opposite the pawn's promotion square. This keeps it from blocking checks by its queen.
* When the white queen is centralized, the safest place for the black king is probably b3.
* Once the king is in the far corner it should stay there.
* At certain points the king can be on other squares and still draw, but it is much more difficult to play correctly.
* The queen should be centralized.
* The queen checks on the central squares for more flexibility on future moves.
* The queen checks in ways so that the white queen cannot be centralized.
* The queen is used to keep the king in front of its pawn.
* The queen is used to prevent the white queen from becoming active.
* If the queen is on e5 it will draw against a pawn on h7 and queen on g6 or f7 if the black king is in the far corner.
* The queen is kept active and in a flexible place. It will be more active on c2 than h7.
* The queen on h7 is often good enough to draw.

To win:

* The worst place for the king is in front of the pawn.
* There are two good places for the king:
    + to the side of the pawn, e.g. f7, f8, or e8.
    + close to the black king, which allows for counterchecks.
* The pawn is advanced to the seventh rank only if the queen is in place to prevent perpetual check.
* If the pawn is on h7, the best square for the queen is e4. In favorable circumstances, other squares (e.g. f5, d7) will also win.

Example of a long theoretical win involving a rook pawn.  Position after ...Qa7+. Mate can be forced in 235 plies, but under the fifty-move rule the position is a draw.

### Knight pawn

Nunn, 2007, p. 151

A knight pawn should be on at least the fifth rank to have good winning chances. A knight pawn on the fifth rank has better winning chances than a rook pawn on the sixth rank. There are two reasons for this:

* the king has squares on the adjacent rook file to try to avoid perpetual check
* the exchange of queens is less likely to lead to a drawn king and pawn versus king endgame.

The best place for the defending king is in front of the pawn and the second-best place is in the corner opposite its promotion square.

### Bishop pawn

Nunn, 2007, p. 152

A bishop pawn offers the best winning chances. One reason is that there is no drawing zone in the opposite corner for the black king if the pawn is on at least the fourth rank. If the pawn is on the fifth rank the defender's chances are small unless the king is in front of the pawn. A pawn on the sixth rank wins unless the defending king is in front of the pawn.

### Central pawn

Nunn, 2007, p. 152

A central pawn has better chances to win than a rook pawn or knight pawn, but not as good as a bishop pawn. As with the bishop pawn, there is no drawing zone for the defending king in the opposite corner. It is better for the defending king to be on the "short side" of the pawn rather than the "long side".

Example of a long theoretical win involving a central pawn.  Position after ...Qh6+. Mate can be forced in 247 plies.

## Examples from games

### Botvinnik vs. Ravinsky, Moscow (ch-USSR) 1944

|
|  |
Botvinnik vs. Ravinsky, 1944
|  |

In 1944, Botvinnik played a perfect endgame against Grigory Ravinsky. The starting position, after 86...b1=Q, is winning.

87.Qa7+! \[The only move that wins!\] 87...Kf6 88.Qf7+ Ke5 89.Kh6 Qh1+ 90.Kg7 Kd4 91.Qf6+ Kc5 92.Kg8 Kb5 93.g7 Ka4 94.Kf7 Qh5+ 95.Ke7 Qc5+ 96.Qd6 Qg5+ 97.Kf8 Qf5+ 98.Ke8 Qh5+ 99.Kf8 Qf5+ 100.Ke7 Qg5+ 101.Qf6 Qc5+ 102.Kd7 Qd5+ 103.Kc7 Qa5+ 104.Kb7 Qb5+ 105.Qb6 Qd7+ 106.Qc7! Qb5+ 107.Ka7 Qd5 108.Kb8 Qg8+ 109.Ka7 Qd5 110.Qf4+ Ka5 111.Qf6 Qc5+ 112.Kb7 Qb5+ 113.Kc7 Qc5+ 114.Kd7 Qd5+ 115.Ke7 Qc5+ 116.Kf7 Qc4+ 117.Ke7 Qc5+ 118.Ke6 Qc8+ 119.Ke5 Qc3+ 120.Kf5 Qd3+ 121.Kg5 Qe3+ 122.Kg6 Qe8+ 123.Kh6 Qg8 124.Qe5+ Ka4 125.Kg6 Qc8 126.Qf4+ 1–0

A possible continuation, by endgame tablebases, could have been:

126...Kb3 127.Qf7+ Ka4 128.g8=Q Qg4+ 129.Kh6 Qh4+ 130.Kg7 Qg3+ 131.Kf8 Qd6+ 132.Qe7 Qh6+ 133.Qgg7 Qf4+ 134.Qgf7 Qb8+ 135.Qfe8++-\[Exchanging queens.\]

After 135.Qfe8+

### Botvinnik vs. Minev, Amsterdam (ol) 1954

|
|  |
Botvinnik vs. Minev, 1954
|  |

Ten years later, analyzing his adjourned game against Nikolay Minev, Botvinnik improved the winning method. But even then he erred two times (at 61 and 77). The position after 55...a1=Q is drawn. The game continued:

56.Qg4+ Ka5 57.Qxe6 Qh8+ 58.Kg6 Qc3 59.g4 Qd2 60.g5 Qd4? \[60...Ka4=\] 61.Qf5+? \[61.Kh7!+-\] 61...Ka4= 62.Kh5 Qh8+ 63.Kg4 Qh1? \[63...Ka3=\] 64.Qf4++- Ka5 65.Qe5+ Ka4 66.g6 Qd1+ 67.Kg5 Qd8+ 68.Kf5 Qc8+ 69.Kf4 Qc1+ 70.Qe3 Qc7+ 71.Qe5 Qc1+ 72.Kf5 Qc8+ 73.Kg5 Qd8+ 74.Qf6 Qd5+ 75.Qf5! Qd8+ 76.Kh5 Qe8 77.Qf4+? \[77.Kg4+-\] 77...Ka5? \[77...Ka3!=\] 78.Qd2++- Ka4 79.Qd4+ Ka5 80.Kg5 Qe7+ 81.Kf5 Qf8+ 82.Ke4 Qh6 83.Qe5+ Ka4 84.g7 Qh1+ 85.Kd4 Qd1+ 86.Kc5 Qc1+ 87.Kd6 Qd2+ 88.Ke6 Qa2+ 89.Qd5 Qe2+ 90.Kd6 Qh2+ 91.Kc5 1–0

Now either a cross-check will force the exchange of queens, or else the pawn will promote.

## Queen and two pawns versus a queen

This is usually a win for the two pawns, but victory can be difficult to achieve even in winning positions, as even the slightest inaccuracy may lead to perpetual check. Positions in which one of the pawns is vulnerable to attack may be drawn, but they are unusual.

There are a number of other drawing exceptions, most notably with connected rook and knight pawns (a- & b-pawns, or g- & h-pawns) in which the defending king is ahead of the pawns.

|
|  |
Lputian vs. Haroutjunian, 2001
|  |

An example is Smbat Lputian vs. Gevorg Harutjunyan, 2001. The position after 86.h6 (the last pawn move of the game) is a draw. Play continued until move 142, with inaccuracies on both sides swinging the position from a draw to a forced win, and back again. Interestingly, Black could have claimed a draw by the fifty-move rule for the last several moves, including the final position in which he resigned, but he did not.

## Queen and two pawns versus a queen and pawn

Normally this is a win for the two pawns, but a surprising result of seven-piece Lomonosov tablebases is that the longest possible win requires 594 plies. In Kasparov versus the World, however, Kasparov was the side with a single pawn, but won because his pawn was far more advanced than the world team's pawns, which also hindered perpetual checks by them.

### Bibliography