title: Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery

abstract: Micro-invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) is the latest advance in surgical treatment for glaucoma, which aims to reduce intraocular pressure by either increasing outflow of aqueous humor or reducing its production. MIGS comprises a group of surgical procedures which share common features. MIGS procedures involve a minimally invasive approach, often with small cuts or micro-incisions through the cornea that causes the least amount of trauma to surrounding scleral and conjunctival tissues. The techniques minimize tissue scarring, allowing for the possibility of traditional glaucoma procedures such as trabeculectomy or glaucoma valve implantation to be performed in the future if needed. Traditional glaucoma surgery generally involves an external approach through the conjunctiva and sclera; however, MIGS procedures reach their surgical target from an internal route, typically through a self-sealing corneal incision. By performing the procedure from an internal approach, MIGS procedures often reduce discomfort and lead to more rapid recovery periods. While MIGS procedures offer fewer side effects, the procedures tend to result in less intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering than with trabeculectomy or glaucoma tube shunt implantation.

text:
# Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery

**Micro-invasive glaucoma surgery** (**MIGS**) is the latest advance in surgical treatment for glaucoma, which aims to reduce intraocular pressure by either increasing outflow of aqueous humor or reducing its production. MIGS comprises a group of surgical procedures which share common features. MIGS procedures involve a minimally invasive approach, often with small cuts or micro-incisions through the cornea that causes the least amount of trauma to surrounding scleral and conjunctival tissues. The techniques minimize tissue scarring, allowing for the possibility of traditional glaucoma procedures such as trabeculectomy or glaucoma valve implantation (also known as glaucoma drainage device) to be performed in the future if needed.

Traditional glaucoma surgery generally involves an external (ab externo) approach through the conjunctiva and sclera; however, MIGS procedures reach their surgical target from an internal (ab interno) route, typically through a self-sealing corneal incision. By performing the procedure from an internal approach, MIGS procedures often reduce discomfort and lead to more rapid recovery periods. While MIGS procedures offer fewer side effects, the procedures tend to result in less intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering than with trabeculectomy or glaucoma tube shunt implantation.

## Medical uses

Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders in which there is a chronic and progressive damage of the optic nerve. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main and only modifiable risk factor, attributed to the progression of the disease. During the last 25 years, glaucoma management has been based in the use of pharmaceutical therapies and incisional surgery. MIGS procedures can provide the patient sustained IOP reduction while minimizing the risk and complications associated with glaucoma interventions and decrease the dependence of glaucoma medications.

## Adverse events

MIGS procedures offer an excellent safety profile, with minimal incidence of complications, especially when compared with other forms of glaucoma surgery.

## Procedures

MIGS objective, like all glaucoma surgeries, is to achieve lowering of IOP by either increasing aqueous humour outflow, the fluid that is produced by the eye and fills the space between the cornea and the lens, or decreasing the production of aqueous humour. MIGS encompasses numerous devices and techniques, including trabecular outflow and Schlemm's canal targeted interventions, suprachoroidal outflow, gonioscopy-assisted procedures, and subconjunctival shunts.

### Micro-stent/shunt devices

#### iStent

The iStent Trabecular Micro-Bypass Stent, or simply iStent, is the smallest implantable medical device, designed to lower intraocular pressure by facilitating trabecular outflow of aqueous fluid. The trabecular outflow is one of the major outflow pathways for aqueous humor in the eye and has been the target of both pharmaceutical and surgical therapeutic approaches in glaucoma.

The 1-millimeter long iStent is a titanium device inserted via an internal approach through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm’s Canal, bypassing the trabecular meshwork and facilitating flow of aqueous from the eye. Studies have shown that the iStent is an effective procedure, typically lowering intraocular pressure to the mid-teens.

The iStent is the first MIGS device to get FDA approval for implantation in combination with cataract surgery. The device has also been shown to offer better IOP control than cataract surgery alone up to one year of follow-up in a large randomized controlled FDA study, although the effectiveness was significantly reduced by 2 years. Safety of the iStent was comparable to cataract surgery alone which is much better than conventional trabeculectomy. Common complications include failure to implant the device, touching the iris with the device, and touching the undersurface of the cornea (endothelium) with the device. Multiple studies have since confirmed the MIGS-type efficacy and safety profile of the iStent.

To address the reduced effectiveness at 2 years, some studies have been performed with multiple iStents.

A 2019 Cochrane Review found that individuals who receive iStents in combination with cataract surgery may be less likely than those who only receive cataract surgery to need glaucoma eye drops at medium-term follow-up; however, the evidence for this finding was of low quality.

The trabecular micro-bypass stents have been approved for use in the UK by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).

#### CyPass micro-stent

The CyPass Micro-Stent is the first MIGS device developed for lowering of IOP through the suprachoroidal space (virtual space between the choroid and sclera created by implantation of the device), a part of the uveoscleral outflow pathway for aqueous humor. The uveoscleral pathway is an important pathway for aqueous outflow and drainage which can account for up to 57% of total outflow. Cyclodialysis cleft procedures were initially used to access this pathway with significant IOP lowering, but the cleft was prone to high anatomic variability as well as early postoperative closure due to the lack of a permanent drainage implant with a standardized and uniform conduit.

It has a microlumen of 300 micrometres (0.012 in) and is designed to augment outflow to the suprachoroidal space in order to control intraocular pressure; it is indicated for the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma. The stent is implanted through an ab interno approach and inserted into the supraciliary space (between the ciliary body and sclera), effectively creating a controlled cyclodialysis cleft, which is kept open by the device.

The first clinical data on the device was presented in 2010 showed sustained IOP lowering and MIGS-like safety profile. This has been substantiated in subsequent studies in the combined setting with cataract surgery and as a stand-alone treatment for patients failing glaucoma topical therapy. Data from a large randomized controlled study has reported positive efficacy after 2 years of follow-up and will be submitted to FDA for approval. The CyPass device has been CE-marked since 2009.

The CyPass micro-stent was voluntarily withdrawn from the market by manufacturers Alcon in August 2018.

#### Hydrus

The Hydrus Microstent is an implantable MIGS device for the treatment of primary open angle glaucoma; implantation of this device can be performed in conjunction with cataract surgery. The Hydrus Microstent is the longest of the MIGS devices (8-millimeter long implant), and similar to the iStent it is designed to increase trabecular outflow.

The implant is inserted through the trabecular meshwork, thus bypassing resistance of aqueous flow through the tissue. However, other glaucoma surgeries, such as canaloplasty, have shown that mechanical dilation of Schlemm's canal is also associated with a reduction in intraocular pressure. The Hydrus Microstent takes advantage of this property by mechanically dilating and holding open Schlemm’s Canal. The length of the Hydrus Microstent is thought to open approximately one quarter of Schlemm’s Canal, routing aqueous into open downstream collector channels.

Clinical data from a randomized controlled study demonstrates efficacy of the device at 1 and 2 years. The Hydrus Microstent is currently being investigated in an FDA approved study for mild-to-moderate glaucoma.

#### XEN gel stent

The XEN Gel Stent is an implantable transscleral microsurgical device that allows the aqueous fluid to drain from the anterior chamber into the subconjunctival space, a pathway utilized by traditional trabeculectomy and glaucoma drainage device surgeries. Unlike the latter two procedures, the XEN Gel Stent is performed through an internal approach and avoids directly incising and disrupting the conjunctiva itself.

The 6-millimeter stent is placed through the trabecular meshwork, with one end of the stent sitting directly underneath the conjunctiva, past the outer wall of the sclera. The inner tip of the stent sits in the anterior chamber, allowing a direct connection for aqueous to flow into the subconjunctival space. The stent is made of a non-bioreactive material, which does not promote scarring of the conjunctiva. The XEN Gel Stent was FDA approved on Nov 22, 2016.

#### InnFocus Microshunt

The InnFocus Microshunt is a small tube, 8 mm in length, that is inserted in to the eye to help lower intraocular pressure and reduce the need for medications. A Cochrane Review published in December 2019 did not find any published clinical trials to assess whether the InnFocus Microshunt is safer and more comfortable for patients than standard glaucoma surgery (trabeculectomy).

The InnFocus Microshunt has now been renamed the Preserflo.

### Minimally invasive procedures

#### Endocyclophotocoagulation

Aqueous humor is produced in the portion of the eye known as the ciliary body. The ciliary body contains 72 protrusions known as ciliary processes, from which the aqueous is produced. The destruction of these ciliary processes with a diode laser, known as cyclophotocoagulation, can be used to decrease the amount of aqueous humor produced, thereby reducing the intraocular pressure.

Cyclophotocoagulation traditionally has been performed using an external laser through the sclera, known as transscleral cyclophotocoagulation. However, side effects of the transscleral approach can include significant inflammation, chronically low intraocular pressure, intraocular bleeding, and permanent shutdown of the eye, known as phthisis. Recent advances have now allowed a diode laser to be combined with a camera (endoscope) allowing for direct visualization of the ciliary processes during the ablation (Endo Optiks, Beaver Visitec, Waltham, MA).

Endocyclophotocoagulation is indicated for the treatment of both open and closed angle glaucoma and is performed in eyes which have already undergone cataract surgery or performed concomitantly with cataract removal. The largest investigation of endocyclophotocoaguation has shown a significant decrease in intraocular pressure of up to 10 mmHg, as well as a significant reduction in number of glaucoma medications needed. Reported adverse reactions include intraocular inflammation, bleeding, and cystoid macular edema (swelling of the retina). A Cochrane Review published in 2019 found no relevant published studies on endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation to assess its effectiveness compared to other surgical treatments (including other MIGS), laser treatment or medical treatment.

#### Trabectome

The Trabectome, or trabeculectomy ab interno, is a microsurgical device cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration since 2006, used in patients with open angle glaucoma to excise a strip of trabecular meshwork, the tissue primarily responsible for the increased resistance of aqueous outflow in glaucoma. The Trabectome uses electrocautery via an internal approach to vaporize the trabecular meshwork, creating a large pathway for aqueous to flow, with minimal trauma to surrounding tissues. The procedure can be performed alone or in conjunction with cataract surgery.

Trabectome is unique among the MIGS procedures, as there is no physical device implanted inside the eye; the pressure lowering is a direct result from the destruction and removal of the trabecular meshwork. Studies have found a decrease in intraocular pressure to the mid-teens following the procedure, which has a favorable safety profile. The most common complication from Trabectome surgery is bleeding, which can blur vision and take extra time to recover. The surgery site can scar over time and the pressure can go back up.

In early 2014, the NeoMedix received a warning letter from the FDA regarding marketing practices.

#### Excimer laser trabeculostomy

Excimer laser trabeculostomy is a procedure which creates holes in the trabecular meshwork to reduce intraocular pressure by using a excimer laser. First developed in 1987, a 2020 review of 8 studies found the procedure reduced intraocular pressure by 20-40% and had generally positive outcomes.

## InfoBox

| Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery | |
| --- | --- |
| Specialty | ophthalmology |


title: Minimally manipulated cells

abstract: Minimally manipulated cells are non-cultured (non-expanded) cells isolated from the biological material by its grinding, homogenization or selective collection of cells, which undergo minimal manipulation. Minimally manipulated cells are usually using for the treatment of skin ulceration, alopecia, and arthritis. Minimally manipulated cells can be used for the intraoperative creation of tissue-engineered grafts in situ.

text:
# Minimally manipulated cells

**Minimally manipulated cells** are non-cultured (non-expanded) cells isolated from the biological material by its grinding, homogenization or selective collection of cells, which undergo minimal manipulation. Minimally manipulated cells are usually using for the treatment of skin ulceration, alopecia, and arthritis. Minimally manipulated cells can be used for the intraoperative creation of tissue-engineered grafts *in situ*.

## International regulation

Minimally manipulated cells are allowed to be an object of manufacture and homologous transplantation in USA and European Countries. The criteria of "minimal manipulation" are variative in different countries. European regulations, according to the Reflection Paper on the classification of advanced therapy medicinal products of the European Medicines Agency, define "minimal manipulation" as the procedure that does not change biological characteristics and functions of cells. In particular, enzymatic digestion of biomaterial is prohibited, when cell-to-cell contacts are dissociated.

According to the US regulations (US 21 Code of Federal Regulations § 1271.3(f)(1), Section 361) human cells and tissues and tissue-based products (section 361 HCT/Ps), “minimal manipulation” is a processing that does not alter the original relevant characteristics of the structural tissue relating to the tissue’s utility for reconstruction, repair, or replacement.

Russian regulations provide no specific definition for “minimally manipulated” cells. However, it follows from the content of the Order of Russian Ministry of Health No. 1158n “On amending the list of transplantation objects”. According to the Order, cells obtained from the biomaterial by its grinding, homogenization, enzymatic treatment, removal of unwanted components or by selective collection of cells, could be considered as “minimally manipulated”. Minimally manipulated cells are allowed to be an object of transplantation, when they do not contain any other substances except for water, crystalloids, sterilizing, storage, and (or) specific preserving agents.


title: Minnesota State Highway 200

abstract: Minnesota State Highway 200 (MN 200) is a 201.203-mile-long (323.805 km) highway in northwest and northeast Minnesota, which runs from North Dakota Highway 200 at the North Dakota state line near Halstad, and continues east to its eastern terminus at its intersection with U.S. Highway 2 in Northeast Aitkin County, 9-miles west of Floodwood. At the western terminus, upon crossing the Red River, the roadway continues westward as state highways numbered 200 all the way to Idaho, a total distance of about 1,356 miles (2,182 km). The route runs across Minnesota from west to east, connecting Ada, Mahnomen, Walker, and Floodwood.

text:
# Minnesota State Highway 200

**Minnesota State Highway 200** (**MN 200**) is a 201.203-mile-long (323.805 km) highway in northwest and northeast Minnesota, which runs from North Dakota Highway 200 at the North Dakota state line near Halstad, and continues east to its eastern terminus at its intersection with U.S. Highway 2 in Northeast Aitkin County, 9-miles west of Floodwood.

At the western terminus, upon crossing the Red River, the roadway continues westward as state highways numbered *200* all the way to Idaho, a total distance of about 1,356 miles (2,182 km).

The route runs across Minnesota from west to east, connecting Ada, Mahnomen, Walker, and Floodwood.

## Route description

Highway 200 serves as an eastwest route in northwest and northeast Minnesota between Halstad, Ada, Mahnomen, Walker, Remer, Hill City, and Floodwood. Highway 200 parallels U.S. Highway 2 throughout its route

For part of its route (8-miles), Highway 200 is concurrent with Highway 371 through the city of Walker.

Highway 200 also runs together with U.S. Highway 71 for 13 miles (21 km) in Hubbard County between the town of Kabekona and Itasca State Park.

Highway 200 passes through the following forests:

Highway 200 crosses the Mississippi River twice: once at Jacobson in northeast Aitkin County, and once near Itasca State Park in southeast Clearwater County. Itasca State Park is located on Highways 200 and 71 at the headwaters of the Mississippi River. The north park entrance is located on Highways 92 / 200 between Park Rapids and Bagley.

Highway 200 is also known as *Minnesota Avenue* in Walker and *Main Street* in Remer.

## History

Highway 200 was designated and signed c.1969 as part of a link of state routes numbered *200* stretching from Minnesota to Idaho.

The route in Minnesota was previously numbered:

* *State Highway 116* (from the North Dakota state line to U.S. 75.)
* *State Highway 31* (from *U.S. 75*, later the North Dakota state line to State Highway 92; later extended to Highway 371 near Walker.)
* *State Highway 92* (from the intersection of present-day Highways 92 and 200 to U.S. 71; then later extended to Highway 371 near Walker.)
* *State Highway 85* (from U.S. 71 to Highway 371 near Walker.)
* State Highway 34 (from Highway 371 at Walker to U.S. 2, west of Floodwood.)

The route was mostly gravel in 1940, mostly paved by 1953, and completely paved by 1960.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Red River of the North | | 0.000 | 0.000 |
ND 200 west Hillsboro | Continuation into North Dakota |
| | MinnesotaNorth Dakota line | | |
| Norman | Halstad | 0.910 | 1.465 |
US 75 north Crookston | Northern end of US 75 concurrency |
| | Hendrum Township | 4.910 | 7.902 |
US 75 south Moorhead | Southern end of US 75 concurrency |
| | Ada | 18.841 | 30.322 | MN 9 US 10, Crookston |  |
| | Wild Rice Township | 29.858 | 48.052 |
MN 32 south Twin Valley | Southern end of MN 32 concurrency |
| | 31.885 | 51.314 |
MN 32 north / CSAH 23 Gary, Fertile | Northern end of MN 32 concurrency |
| Mahnomen | Marsh CreekPembina
township line | 46.674 | 75.115 | US 59 Detroit Lakes, Thief River Falls |  |
| Clearwater | Zerkel | 74.368 | 119.684 |
MN 92 north / CSAH 37 Bagley | Southern terminus of MN 92 |
| | Itasca Township | 84.197 | 135.502 |
CSAH 2 / CR 102 / Great River Road (National Route) Itasca State Park, La Salle Lake State Recreation Area |  |
| Hubbard | Lake Alice Township | 91.359 | 147.028 |
US 71 south / Lake Country Scenic Byway Park Rapids | Western end of US 71 concurrency |
| | Kabekona | 105.034 | 169.036 |
US 71 north Bemidji | Eastern end of US 71 concurrency |
| | Hendrickson Township | 109.660 | 176.481 |
MN 64 south Akeley |  |
| Cass | Shingobee Township | 119.594 | 192.468 |
MN 371 north Cass Lake | Northern end of MN 371 concurrency |
| | Walker | 123.674 | 199.034 |
MN 34 west / Lake Country Scenic Byway Akeley, Park Rapids |  |
| | Ah-gwah-ching | 126.439 | 203.484 | CSAH 37 (Ah-gwah-ching Road west) | Former MN 290 |
| | Shingobee Township | 128.419 | 206.670 |
MN 371 south Pine River, Brainerd | Southern end of MN 371 concurrency |
| | Kego Township | 144.030 | 231.794 |
MN 84 south / CSAH 8 Longville, Federal Dam |  |
| | Remer Township | 158.137 | 254.497 |
MN 6 south Crosby | Western end of MN 6 concurrency |
| | Remer | 158.908 | 255.738 |
MN 6 north Deer River | Eastern end of MN 6 concurrency |
| Aitkin | Hill Lake Township | 175.181 | 281.926 | US 169 Aitkin, Grand Rapids |  |
| | Mississippi River | 191.381–
191.419 | 307.998–
308.059 | Jacobson Bridge | |
| | Jacobson | 191.552 | 308.273 |
MN 65 south McGregor | Southern end of MN 65 concurrency |
| | Ball Bluff Township | 191.949 | 308.912 |
MN 65 north / CR 70 Range Cities | Northern end of MN 65 concurrency |
| | Northeast Aitkin | 201.318 | 323.990 | US 2 Duluth, Grand Rapids |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Minnesota State Highway 200KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Trunk Highway 200 | |
| --- | --- |
| MN 200 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MnDOT | |
| Length | 201.203 mi (323.805 km) |
| Existed | 1969–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | ND 200 at the Red River in Halstad |
| Major intersections |  |
| East end | US 2 in Northeast Aitkin |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| Counties | Norman, Mahnomen, Clearwater, Hubbard, Cass, Aitkin |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Minnesota Trunk Highway System** | |
| MN 197   MN 210 | |


title: Viira, Lääne-Saare Parish

abstract: Viira was a village in Lääne-Saare Parish, Saare County in western Estonia. During the administrative reform in 2017, the village was unified with Randvere village, which was thereafter renamed to Suur-Randvere.

text:
# Viira, Lääne-Saare Parish

**Viira** was a village in Lääne-Saare Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.

During the administrative reform in 2017, the village was unified (along with several other villages) with Randvere village, which was thereafter renamed to Suur-Randvere.

58°18′00″N 22°24′01″E / 58.30000°N 22.40028°E / 58.30000; 22.40028

## InfoBox

| Viira | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Estonia |
| County | Saare County |
| Parish | Lääne-Saare Parish |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Mąchocice Kapitulne

abstract: Mąchocice Kapitulne is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Masłów, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) east of Masłów and 10 km (6 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Mąchocice Kapitulne

**Mąchocice Kapitulne** \[mɔ̃xɔˈt͡ɕit͡sɛ kapiˈtulnɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Masłów, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) east of Masłów and 10 km (6 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Mąchocice Kapitulne | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Mąchocice Kapitulne | |
| Coordinates: 50°54′0″N 20°45′22″E / 50.90000°N 20.75611°E / 50.90000; 20.75611 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Kielce |
| Gmina | Masłów |
| Population | 1,366 |


title: Washington Bears

abstract: The Washington Bears were an all-black professional basketball team of the 1940s. Sponsored by movie theater owner Abe Lichtman, the Bears played their home games at Turner's Arena in Washington, DC. Most of the team was composed of former New York Renaissance players, such as Pop Gates, Tarzan Cooper, Jackie Bethards, and John Isaacs. In 1943, the Bears achieved a 41-0 record and won the World Professional Basketball Tournament, defeating the Oshkosh All-Stars in the championship game.

text:
# Washington Bears

The **Washington Bears** were an all-black professional basketball team of the 1940s.

Sponsored by movie theater owner Abe Lichtman, the Bears played their home games at Turner's Arena in Washington, DC. Most of the team was composed of former New York Renaissance players, such as Pop Gates, Tarzan Cooper, Jackie Bethards, and John Isaacs. In 1943, the Bears achieved a 41-0 record and won the World Professional Basketball Tournament, defeating the Oshkosh All-Stars in the championship game.


title: Minot Park District

abstract: The Minot Park District is the unit of the Minot, North Dakota municipal government responsible for maintaining city parks. The District is managed by a board of five directors elected by city voters to four year terms. The district also serves as the local forestry service, trimming and planting trees across the city. Through its efforts, Minot became a Tree City USA in 1992.

text:
# Minot Park District

The **Minot Park District** is the unit of the Minot, North Dakota municipal government responsible for maintaining city parks. The District is managed by a board of five directors elected by city voters to four year terms.

The district also serves as the local forestry service, trimming and planting trees across the city. Through its efforts, Minot became a Tree City USA in 1992.

## Parks

11th & 11th Park Green Valley Park Hammond Park Jefferson Park Leach Park Milla Vista Park Moose Park Nubbin Park **Oak Park** Second largest park in the city, located in a dense thicket of Oak trees. Polaris Park Radio City Park Riverside Park **Roosevelt Park:** Minot's largest park, adjacent to a zoo. Rosey Park **Shirley Bicentennial Park**, commonly known as the Scandinavian Heritage Park. Includes a stave church and the Minot Convention and Visitors Bureau. Sunnyside Park Via View

## Other facilities

Corbett Field (baseball stadium) MAYSA Arena (ice rinks) Optimist Soccer Complex Souris Valley Golf Course

48°13′57″N 101°17′45″W / 48.23250°N 101.29583°W / 48.23250; -101.29583


title: 1948 PGA Championship

abstract: The 1948 PGA Championship was the 30th PGA Championship, held May 19–25 at Norwood Hills Country Club in St. Louis, Missouri. Ben Hogan won the match play championship, 7 and 6 over Mike Turnesa in the Tuesday final; the winner's share was $3,500 and the runner-up's was $1,500. It was Hogan's second and final PGA Championship victory and the second of his nine major titles; the first was a 6 and 4 win in 1946 at Portland, and the third came a few weeks later at the U.S. Open at Riviera. Following a near-fatal auto accident in early 1949, his debilitated condition did not agree with the grueling five-day schedule of 36 holes per day in summer heat. Hogan did not enter the PGA Championship again until 1960, its third year as a 72-hole stroke play event, at 18 holes per day. Defending champion Jim Ferrier lost in the second round to semifinalist Claude Harmon, 1 up. Harmon defeated Sam Snead in 42 holes in the quarterfinals, but was stopped by Turnesa in 37 holes in the next round. Hogan became only the second of four players in history to win the U.S. Open and the PGA Championship in the same calendar year. He was preceded by Gene Sarazen in 1922 and followed by Jack Nicklaus in 1980. Through 2016, Tiger Woods is the last to win both, in 2000, part of his Tiger Slam of four consecutive majors.

text:
# 1948 PGA Championship

St. Louisclass=notpageimage|Location in the United States Norwood Hills Country Clubclass=notpageimage|Location in Missouri

The **1948 PGA Championship** was the 30th PGA Championship, held May 19–25 at Norwood Hills Country Club in St. Louis, Missouri. Ben Hogan won the match play championship, 7 and 6 over Mike Turnesa in the Tuesday final; the winner's share was 3,500 and the runner-up's was $1,500.

It was Hogan's second and final PGA Championship victory and the second of his nine major titles; the first was a 6 and 4 win in 1946 at Portland, and the third came a few weeks later at the U.S. Open at Riviera. Following a near-fatal auto accident in early 1949, his debilitated condition did not agree with the grueling five-day schedule of 36 holes per day in summer heat. Hogan did not enter the PGA Championship again until 1960, its third year as a 72-hole stroke play event, at 18 holes per day.

Defending champion Jim Ferrier lost in the second round to semifinalist Claude Harmon, 1 up. Harmon defeated Sam Snead in 42 holes in the quarterfinals, but was stopped by Turnesa in 37 holes in the next round.

Hogan became only the second of four players in history to win the U.S. Open and the PGA Championship in the same calendar year. He was preceded by Gene Sarazen in 1922 and followed by Jack Nicklaus in 1980. Through 2016, Tiger Woods is the last to win both, in 2000, part of his *Tiger Slam* of four consecutive majors.

## Format

The match play format at the PGA Championship in 1948 called for 12 rounds (216 holes) in seven days:

* Wednesday and Thursday – 36-hole stroke play qualifier, 18 holes per day;
    + defending champion Jim Ferrier and top 63 professionals advanced to match play
* Friday – first two rounds, 18 holes each
* Saturday – third round – 36 holes
* Sunday – quarterfinals – 36 holes
* Monday – semifinals – 36 holes
* Tuesday – final – 36 holes

## Final results

*Tuesday, May 25, 1948*

| Place | Player | Money () |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Ben Hogan** | 3,500 |
| 2 | Mike Turnesa | 1,500 |
| T3 | Jimmy Demaret | 750 |
| | Claude Harmon | |
| T5 | Johnny Bulla | 500 |
| | George Fazio | |
| | Chick Harbert | |
| | Sam Snead | |

## Final eight bracket

|  | Quarter-finals
May 23 | | |  |  | Semi-finals
May 24 | | |  |  | Finals
May 25 | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | **Ben Hogan** | | 2&1 |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | || | | |
|  | Chick Harbert | |  |  | ||
|  | |  | | | **Ben Hogan** | | 2&1 |  ||
|  | | |  | | | | |  ||
|  | |  |  | Jimmy Demaret | |  |  ||
|  | **Jimmy Demaret** | | | | | | 5&4 |  ||
|  | |  | | | | | | ||
|  | | George Fazio | |  |  ||
|  | |  | | | **Ben Hogan** | | 7&6 |  |
|  | | |  | | | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | Mike Turnesa | |  |  |
|  | **Mike Turnesa** | | | | | | 6&5 |  |  | | | | |
|  | |  | | | | | | | |
|  | | Johnny Bulla | |  | |  |
|  | |  | | | **Mike Turnesa** | | 37h |  |
|  | | |  | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | Claude Harmon | |  |  |
|  | | | | **Claude Harmon** | | | | 42h |  |
|  | |  | | | | | | |
|  | | Sam Snead | |  |  |

## Final match scorecards

*Morning*

| Hole | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Par | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
| Hogan | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| Turnesa | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
| Leader |  | T1 | T1 |  | H1 | H2 | H2 | H2 | H1 | H1 | H1 | H1 | H2 | H3 | H4 | H3 | H4 | H4 |

*Afternoon*

| Hole | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Par | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
| Hogan | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 3 | Hogan wins
7 and 6 | | | | | |
| Turnesa | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | |
| Leader | H5 | H5 | H6 | H5 | H5 | H5 | H4 | H5 | H4 | H5 | H6 | H7 | |

Source:

38°43′23″N 90°16′59″W / 38.723°N 90.283°W / 38.723; -90.283

## InfoBox

1948 PGA Championship
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | May 19–25, 1948 |
| Location | St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. |
| Course(s) | Norwood Hills Country Club |
| Organized by | PGA of America |
| Tour(s) | PGA Tour |
| Format | Match play \- 6 rounds |
| Statistics | |
| Par | 71 |
| Length | 6,467 yards (5,913 m) |
| Field | 133 players,
64 to match play |
| Cut | 150 (+8), playoff |
| Prize fund | 17,700 |
| Winner's share | $3,500 |
| Champion | |
| Ben Hogan | |
| def. Mike Turnesa, 7 and 6 | |
|  | |


title: Pollicipora

abstract: Pollicipora is a monotypic genus of bryozoans belonging to the monotypic family Polliciporidae. The only species is Pollicipora fucata.

text:
# Pollicipora

***Pollicipora*** is a monotypic genus of bryozoans belonging to the monotypic family **Polliciporidae**. The only species is ***Pollicipora fucata***.

## InfoBox

| *Pollicipora* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Bryozoa |
| Class: | Gymnolaemata |
| Order: | Cheilostomatida |
| Family: | Polliciporidae
Moyano, 2000 |
| Genus: | *Pollicipora*
Moyano, 2000 |
| Species: | ***P. fucata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pollicipora fucata***
Moyano, 2000 | |
|


title: Tréauville

abstract: Tréauville is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France.

text:
# Tréauville

**Tréauville** (French pronunciation: \[tʁeovil\]) is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France.

## Heraldry

|  | The arms of Tréauville are blazoned :
*Per fess 1: Azure, 2 barulets argent below a lion passant argent armed, langued, crowned and tailed Or; 2: Argent, a chief gules, overall a pale sable, between 2 demi-vols gules.*

 |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Tréauville | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Manor house | |
| Location of Tréauville | |
| TréauvilleTréauville | |
| Coordinates: 49°31′55″N 1°48′38″W / 49.5319°N 1.8106°W / 49.5319; -1.8106 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Manche |
| Arrondissement | Cherbourg |
| Canton | Les Pieux |
| Intercommunality | CA Cotentin |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jacques Viger |
| Area**1** | 12.84 km2 (4.96 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 736 |
| Density | 57/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Tréauvillais |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 50604 /50340 |
| Elevation | 4–130 m (13–427 ft)
(avg. 30 m or 98 ft) |
| Website | www.treauville.fr |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Virgin Fugs

abstract: Virgin Fugs is a 1967 album by The Fugs. While it is their third released album, it consists of outtakes from the two 1965 sessions for their first album, The Village Fugs. While that album emphasized the second recording session, this compilation favors the first, making this arguably their chronologically "real first" album. It was released on ESP Disc, possibly without the foreknowledge or permission of the Fugs. Their site refers to it as a bootleg, though it was distributed through the same channels as their authorized previous ESP album. ESP followed this release with a 1975 compilation including seven more outtakes from these sessions, Fugs 4, Rounders Score. Original copies of this ESP-Disk LP contained a bumper sticker which read "FUG-CUE" Four tracks from Virgin Fugs were released as bonus tracks on the CD version of The Fugs First Album. Bob Dylan featured and writes about "C.I.A. Man" in his book "The Philosophy of Modern Song".

text:
# Virgin Fugs

***Virgin Fugs*** is a 1967 album by The Fugs. While it is their third released album, it consists of outtakes from the two 1965 sessions for their first album, *The Village Fugs* (also released as *The Fugs First Album*). While that album emphasized the second recording session, this compilation favors the first, making this arguably their chronologically "real first" album. It was released on ESP Disc (ESP 1038), possibly without the foreknowledge or permission of the Fugs. Their site refers to it as a bootleg, though it was distributed through the same channels as their authorized previous ESP album. ESP followed this release with a 1975 compilation including seven more outtakes from these sessions, *Fugs 4, Rounders Score.*

Original copies of this ESP-Disk LP contained a bumper sticker which read "FUG-CUE"

Four tracks from *Virgin Fugs* were released as bonus tracks on the CD version of *The Fugs First Album*.

Bob Dylan featured and writes about "C.I.A. Man" in his book "The Philosophy of Modern Song".

## Track listing

Side one 1. "We're the Fugs" (Ed Sanders)  1:09A ^
2. "New Amphetamine Shriek" (Peter Stampfel)  2:18
3. "Saran Wrap" (Sanders)  1:12
4. "The Ten Commandments" (Tuli Kupferberg and GOD)  2:50 ^
5. "Hallucination Horrors" (Kupferberg)  2:03
6. "I Command the House of the Devil" (Sanders)  3:22

Side two 1. "C.I.A. Man" (Kupferberg)  2:48 ^
2. "Coca Cola Douche" (Kupferberg)  1:35
3. "My Bed Is Getting Crowded" (Kupferberg)  2:30
4. "Caca Rocka" (Kupferberg)  1:30
5. "I Saw the Best Minds of My Generation Rot" (Allen Ginsberg, Sanders)  4:43 ^

^ Tracks A1, A4, B1, B5 released as bonus tracks on *The Fugs First Album* CD.

## Personnel

### Performance

### Production

## Additional sources

## InfoBox

| Virgin Fugs | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Fugs | |
| Released | 1967 |
| Recorded | 1965 |
| Genre |  |
| Label | ESP-Disk |
| Producer | Ed Sanders, Harry Smith |
| The Fugs chronology | |
| *The Fugs*
(1966) ***Virgin Fugs***
(1967) *Tenderness Junction*
(1968) | |


title: Metropolitan Railway K Class

abstract: The Metropolitan Railway K Class consisted of six 2-6-4T steam locomotives, numbered 111 to 116.

text:
# Metropolitan Railway K Class

The **Metropolitan Railway K Class** consisted of six 2-6-4T steam locomotives, numbered 111 to 116.

## Construction

They were built by Armstrong Whitworth in 1925, using parts manufactured at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, to the design of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway N class 2-6-0 locomotives and part of a family of 200 or so "mogul" engines designed by Richard Maunsell. Final design was by the Metropolitan Railway's George Hally. The boilers had been made by Robert Stephenson and Company of Darlington. Some unusual variations included footsteps below the buffer beam and curved handrails at the front either side of the smokebox.

## Service

The **K Class** were used on heavy freight trains along London's Metropolitan Railway mainline, including coal to the power station at Neasden, although they were used on occasional passenger trains. In 1937, all six were transferred to the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) where they were based at Neasden (LNER) Shed. The LNER numbered them 6158–6163, and classified them as L2 Class. They were used for passenger services for a short stint in 1938 and 1942 when H2 4-4-4T's were unavailable for maintenance or transferred elsewhere.

## Withdrawal

All were withdrawn and scrapped between 1943 and 1948.

## InfoBox

| Metropolitan Railway K Class
LNER Class L2 | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 114, circa 1928 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Builder Armstrong Whitworth  Build date 1925 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 2-6-4T  UIC 1'C2'ht  Leading dia. 37 in (940 mm)  Driver dia. 5 ft 6 in (1,680 mm)  Trailing dia. 37 in (940 mm)  Wheelbase 36 ft 7 in (11,150 mm)  Axle load 18.45 long tons (18.75 t; 20.66 short tons)  Loco weight 87.35 long tons (88.75 t; 97.83 short tons)  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity 4.00 long tons (4.06 t; 4.48 short tons)  Water cap. 2,000 imp gal (9,100 L; 2,400 US gal)  Firebox:   Grate area 25 sq ft (2.3 m2)  Boiler pressure 200 psi (1.38 MPa) superheated  Heating surface:   Firebox 135 sq ft (12.5 m2)  Tubes 1,017 sq ft (94.5 m2)  Flues 356 sq ft (33.1 m2)  Superheater:
   Heating area 285 sq ft (26.5 m2)  Cylinders Two, outside  Cylinder size 19 in × 28 in (483 mm × 711 mm)  Valve gear Walschaerts  Valve type 10 in (254 mm) piston valves | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort 26,036 lbf (115.81 kN) | |
| Career  Operators Metropolitan Railway
London and North Eastern Railway  Class MET: K
LNER L2  Number in class 6  Numbers MET:111–116
LNER 6158–6163  Retired 1943–1948  Disposition All scrapped | |


title: Miriam Libicki

abstract: Miriam Libicki is an American-Israeli graphic novelist based in Vancouver, Canada. Her work often centers on the intersection of being Jewish and American. Her past service in the Israel Defense Forces has provided both the basis of some of her work and the source of controversy in her career.

text:
# Miriam Libicki

**Miriam Libicki** is an American-Israeli graphic novelist based in Vancouver, Canada. Her work often centers on the intersection of being Jewish and American. Her past service in the Israel Defense Forces has provided both the basis of some of her work and the source of controversy in her career.

## Early years

Libicki was born in Columbus, Ohio and raised as an Orthodox Jew. She received a Bachelor of Fine Arts from Emily Carr University of Art and Design and a Master of Fine Arts from the University of British Columbia.

Libicki voluntarily served as a clerk in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in 2000, during the time of the Second Intifada.

## Career

Libicki began creating comics due to a school assignment. Working to transcribe an entry in her army service diary showed her that comics were a good way to document her military career. In 2008, she self-published her first graphic novel, *jobnik!*, collecting a "pretty close to autobiographical" work she had serialized in self-published issues.

In 2017, Libicki was named Writer In Residence at the Vancouver Public Library, becoming the first graphic novelist named to that position.

In 2020, she drew a story to a University of Victoria effort to document the lives of Holocaust survivors in graphic novel form, having been located for the gig via a Google search. The book saw print in 2022 as *But I Live*.

In addition to her career as an illustrator, Libicki teaches cartooning and illustration at Emily Carr University of Art and Design.

In 2024, the Vancouver Comics Arts Festival denounced Libicki and apologized for accepting her as an exhibitor in 2024 and 2022. The organization announced that she was barred due to "public safety concerns" arising from her having served in the IDF and the impact that would have on "those who are directly affected by the ongoing genocide in Palestine and Indigenous community members alike." Libicki received support from local authors, international creators, and indigenous artists, as well as Palestinian American author Marguerite Dabaie. Libicki issued the statement, "I believe all policing of artists' personal identities and nationalities is wrong" and noted her support for Palestinian statehood, following which the festival deleted their denunciation. The festival issued a formal apology to Libicki declaring those involved in her banning resigned from the festival or were in the process of leaving with the transition to a new management team. Libicki used the attention generated by this controversy to sell prints raising money for The Mothers' Call, a collaborative effort between Palestinian peace group Women of the Sun and Israeli peace group Women Wage Peace.

## Awards and honors

In 2016, *Forbes* named *Toward a Hot Jew* one of the top ten graphic novels of the year.

She has also received the following accolades:

## Personal life

Libicki is married to Mike Yoshioka, a Japanese-Buddhist-Canadian. She had two children as of 2017.

## Publications

* Libicki, Miriam (2008). *Jobnik!: An American Girl's Adventures in the Israeli Army*. Real Gone Girl Studios. ISBN 978-0-97-842770-2.
* Libicki, Miriam (2016). *Toward A Hot Jew: Graphic Essays*. Fantagraphics. ISBN 978-1-60-699981-3.
* Libicki, Miriam (2019). *Who Gets Called an "Unfit" Mother?*. The Nib.
* Libicki, Miriam (2021). *How the Soviet Jews Changed the World: A Graphic Tale of Tragedy and Triumph*. The Conversationalist.
* Schallié, Charlotte, ed. (2022). *But I Live: Three Stories of Child Survivors of the Holocaust*. Illustrated by Barbara Yelin, Gilad Seliktar, and Miriam Libicki. New Jewish Press. ISBN 978-1-48-752684-9.

## InfoBox

| Miriam Libicki | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Columbus, Ohio, U.S. |
| Nationality | Dual: American and Israeli |
| Area(s) | Cartoonist, Writer, Artist |
| Notable works | * *Toward a Hot Jew* * *But I Live: Three Stories of Child Survivors of the Holocaust* |


title: Mishi Donovan

abstract: Mishi Donovan was a Chippewa Cree, Canadian actress, musician, First Nations activist and HIV/AIDS educator. A Chippewa Cree originally from the Turtle Mountain region, she was taken from her birth family in the Sixties Scoop and was raised entirely by white foster families. In the 1980s, Donovan was a court worker with Native Counselling Services in Edmonton, Alberta, and later became a director of Feathers of Hope, a First Nations HIV/AIDS charity, after her adopted brother Ken Ward came out as HIV-positive. Having long written and performed music as a personal hobby, she signed to Sunshine Records in 1993 after submitting some demo recordings to the label, and released her debut album Spirit in Flight in 1995. She followed up with two further albums, The Spirit Within in 1997 and Journey Home in 2000. The Spirit Within won the Juno Award for Aboriginal Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 1998, and Journey Home was a shortlisted nominee for the same award at the Juno Awards of 2001. As an actress, Donovan had roles in the television series Big Bear and MythQuest. Late in her life, Donovan revealed that she had been diagnosed with dystonia, and died in 2013 at age 48.

text:
# Mishi Donovan

**Mishi Donovan** (1964 - 2013) was a Chippewa Cree, Canadian actress, musician, First Nations activist and HIV/AIDS educator.

A Chippewa Cree originally from the Turtle Mountain region, she was taken from her birth family in the Sixties Scoop and was raised entirely by white foster families. In the 1980s, Donovan was a court worker with Native Counselling Services in Edmonton, Alberta, and later became a director of Feathers of Hope, a First Nations HIV/AIDS charity, after her adopted brother Ken Ward came out as HIV-positive.

Having long written and performed music as a personal hobby, she signed to Sunshine Records in 1993 after submitting some demo recordings to the label, and released her debut album *Spirit in Flight* in 1995. She followed up with two further albums, *The Spirit Within* in 1997 and *Journey Home* in 2000. *The Spirit Within* won the Juno Award for Aboriginal Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 1998, and *Journey Home* was a shortlisted nominee for the same award at the Juno Awards of 2001.

As an actress, Donovan had roles in the television series *Big Bear* and *MythQuest*.

Late in her life, Donovan revealed that she had been diagnosed with dystonia, and died in 2013 at age 48.

## Discography

* *Spirit in Flight* (1995)
* *The Spirit Within* (1997)
* *Journey Home* (2000)


title: Mite biting bees

abstract: Mite biting is one of the behavioral mechanisms of honey bees used to fight off the ectoparasitic mites Varroa destructor. This behavior has been studied since the late 1990s for honey bee breeding and improvement of honeybee stocks towards mite resistance. Krispn Given and Dr. Greg Hunt at Purdue University started a hierarchical selective breeding program in 1997–present for increased mite-biting and grooming behavior of European honey bee. A group of Midwest bee breeders visiting the Purdue bee lab were inspired to start the Heartland Honey Bee Breeders Cooperative as a result of their pioneering work. The Bee Research Lab at Central State University led by Dr. Hongme Li-Byarlay has studied the grooming and mite-biting behavior and selected mite resistant stocks since the fall of 2017 and discovered that morphological changes in the bee mandibles may explain the better mite-biting behavior in the breeding stocks. CSU stocks are called Ohio mite Biter #1 (OB1) stocks in Central Ohio by integrating genetics from Ohio feral colonies.

text:
# Mite biting bees

**Mite biting** is one of the behavioral mechanisms of honey bees used to fight off the ectoparasitic mites *Varroa destructor*. This behavior has been studied since the late 1990s for honey bee breeding and improvement of honeybee stocks towards mite resistance. Krispn Given and Dr. Greg Hunt at Purdue University started a hierarchical selective breeding program in 1997–present for increased mite-biting and grooming behavior of European honey bee (*Apis mellifera*). A group of Midwest bee breeders visiting the Purdue bee lab were inspired to start the Heartland Honey Bee Breeders Cooperative as a result of their pioneering work.

The Bee Research Lab at Central State University led by Dr. Hongme Li-Byarlay has studied the grooming and mite-biting behavior and selected mite resistant stocks since the fall of 2017 and discovered that morphological changes in the bee mandibles may explain the better mite-biting behavior in the breeding stocks. CSU stocks are called Ohio mite Biter #1 (OB1) stocks in Central Ohio by integrating genetics from Ohio feral colonies.

## Breeding program

Counting damaged mites is a method to measure the trait of mite-biting behavior in honey bee colonies. Procedures for mite counts included 1) collecting mites, 2) placing mites on microscope slides, 3) counting the number of mites, 4) observing mites for any damage under a microscope, and 5) summarizing the data for each colony.


title: Mississippi Highway 432

abstract: Mississippi Highway 432 is a highway in Central Mississippi. The western terminus is at MS 433 then it continues east towards Pickens and has an interchange with I-55, The eastern terminus is at US 51 in Pickens.

text:
# Mississippi Highway 432

**Mississippi Highway 432** (**MS 432**) is a highway in Central Mississippi. The western terminus is at MS 433 then it continues east towards Pickens and has an interchange with I-55, The eastern terminus is at US 51 in Pickens.

## Route description

MS 432 starts at MS 433 in Benton and it goes through rural Yazoo County and it has an interchange with I-55 near Pickens and it ends at US 51 in Pickens.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Yazoo County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Benton |  |  |
MS 433 to MS 16 Yazoo City, Canton | Western terminus |
|  |  |  | I-55 Grenada, Jackson | Interchange; I-55 exit 139 |
| Pickens |  |  | US 51 Goodman, Canton | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Mississippi Highway 432 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MDOT | |
| Length | 16.5 mi (26.6 km) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | MS 433 in Benton |
| Major intersections |  |
| East end | US 51 in Pickens |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| Counties | Yazoo |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| MS 431   MS 433 | |


title: Mitsubishi Ki-147

abstract: The Mitsubishi I-Gо̄ Model 1 Kо̄, otherwise known as Ki-147 was a radio-guided air to surface missile developed by Japan in World War II. The Imperial Japanese Army's main envisioned role for the platform was for strikes against U.S. and allied ships. The Ki-147 was planned to be installed on Ki-67 heavy bombers which would act as the control platform. The Ki-147 was developed during 1944-1945 along with its sister project of the smaller Kawasaki I-Gо̄ Model 1 Otsu (Ki-148) radio-guided air-to-surface missile and the later Tokyo Imperial University designed I-Gо̄ Model 1 Hei. The first prototype of the Ki-147 was completed in October 1944, and 10 missiles were completed in November. Drop tests were later conducted, but due to malfunction of the gyro stabilizer and difficulties in adjusting the radio equipment for operation, it was not put into practical use.

text:
# Mitsubishi Ki-147

The **Mitsubishi I-Gо̄ Model 1 Kо̄** (No.1 Model 1A), otherwise known as **Ki-147** was a radio-guided air to surface missile developed by Japan in World War II. The Imperial Japanese Army's main envisioned role for the platform was for strikes against U.S. and allied ships. The Ki-147 was planned to be installed on Ki-67 heavy bombers which would act as the control platform. The Ki-147 was developed during 1944-1945 along with its sister project of the smaller Kawasaki I-Gо̄ Model 1 Otsu (Ki-148) radio-guided air-to-surface missile and the later Tokyo Imperial University designed I-Gо̄ Model 1 Hei.

The first prototype of the Ki-147 was completed in October 1944, and 10 missiles were completed in November. Drop tests were later conducted, but due to malfunction of the gyro stabilizer and difficulties in adjusting the radio equipment for operation, it was not put into practical use.

## Specifications

* Length: 5.77 m (18 ft 11 in)
* Wing Span: 3.60 m (11 ft 10 in)
* Height: 1.06 m (3 ft 6 in)
* Wing Area: 3.60 square metres
* All-Up Weight: 1,400 kg
* Main Engine: 1 x Toku-Ro Mark 1 Model 3 rocket (240 kgf)
* Max Speed: 550 km/h
* Range: 11 km
* Warhead: 800 kg No.80 ordinary bomb

* "I-Go Type1 – Ko". *KokuFan* (1): 82, 16. 1961.
* "I-Go Type1 – Ko". *KokuFan* (１0): 23–25. 1965.
* "I-Go Type1 – Ko". *KokuJoho* (9): 94–95. 1957.


title: Mitsubishi Ki-21

abstract: Mitsubishi Ki-21 The Mitsubishi Ki-21, formal designation "Type 97 Heavy Bomber" was a Japanese heavy bomber during World War II. It began operations during the Second Sino-Japanese War participating in the Nomonhan Incident, and in the first stages of the Pacific War, including the Malayan, Burmese, Dutch East Indies and New Guinea Campaigns. It was also used to attack targets as far-flung as western China, India and northern Australia. The Allies designated it under the reporting names "Sally" /"Gwen".

text:
# Mitsubishi Ki-21

The **Mitsubishi Ki-21**, formal designation "**Type 97 Heavy Bomber**" (九七式重爆撃機, *Kyūnana-shiki jūbakugekiki*) was a Japanese heavy bomber during World War II. It began operations during the Second Sino-Japanese War participating in the Nomonhan Incident, and in the first stages of the Pacific War, including the Malayan, Burmese, Dutch East Indies and New Guinea Campaigns. It was also used to attack targets as far-flung as western China, India and northern Australia. The Allies designated it under the reporting names "**Sally**" /"**Gwen**".

## Design and development

In 1936, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service issued a requirement for a new heavy bomber to replace both the Ki-20 (Army Type 92 Heavy Bomber) and the Ki-1 (Army Type 93 Heavy Bomber). The design called for a crew of at least four, top speed of 400 km/h (250 mph), endurance of at least five hours, and a bombload of 750 kg (1,650 lb). The design parameters were very ambitious for the mid-1930's; few twin-engine bombers anywhere in the world could exceed such performance at that time.

Both Mitsubishi and Nakajima were asked to build two prototypes each, a further proposal from Kawasaki was rejected. The Mitsubishi design was an all-metal mid-wing cantilever monoplane with retractable landing gear, ventral bomb bay and two radial engines. The first prototype flew on 18 December 1936, with the second prototype, which differed in replacing the dorsal turret of the first prototype with a long greenhouse canopy, following later in the month. In the resulting competition, Mitsubishi's Ki-21 and Nakajima's Ki-19 were found to be similar, with the Ki-21 having better performance, while the Nakajima design was a better bombing platform and had more reliable engines. In order to make a final decision, two further prototypes were ordered from both Mitsubishi and Nakajima, with Mitsubishi instructed to change its own 615 kW (825 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-6 radial engines for the Nakajima Ha-5 engines used by the Nakajima design and vice versa, while the Ki-21 gained a revised glazed nose similar to that of the Ki-19 and revised tail surfaces. Thus modified, the Ki-21 proved superior and was ordered into production in November 1937 as the "Army Type 97 Heavy Bomber Model 1A".

Production aircraft began to enter service in August 1938, supplementing and then replacing the Fiat BR.20 bombers which had been purchased as an interim measure.

Several improved versions followed before the production of the type ended in September 1944. A total of 2,064 aircraft were built, 1,713 by Mitsubishi and 351 by Nakajima.

## Operational history

The **Ki-21-Ia** was used in combat in the war with China by the 60th *Sentai* from autumn 1938, carrying out long-range unescorted bombing missions in conjunction with the BR.20 equipped 12th and 98th *Sentai*s. The Ki-21 proved to be more successful than the BR.20, having a longer range and being more robust and reliable. Two more *Sentai*s, the 58th and 61st deployed to Manchuria in the summer of 1939 for operations against China, with aircraft from the 61st also being heavily used against Russian and Mongolian Forces during the Nomonhan Incident in June–July 1939.

Losses were high during early combat operations, with weaknesses including a lack of armament and self-sealing fuel tanks, while the aircraft's oxygen system also proved unreliable. The **Ki-21-Ib** was an improved version designed to address the armament issue by increasing the number of 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Type 89 machine guns to five, and incorporating improvements to the horizontal tail surfaces and trailing edge flaps. In addition, the bomb bay was enlarged. The tail gun was a 'stinger' installation and was remotely controlled. Also, the fuel tanks were partially protected with laminated rubber sheets.

This was followed in production by the **Ki-21-Ic** with provision for a 500 L (130 US gal) auxiliary fuel tank, fitted in the rear weapons bay and one more 7.7 mm (0.303 in) machine gun, bringing the total to six. Four 50 kg (110 lb) bombs were carried externally. To offset the increase in weight, the main wheels of the Ki-21-IC were increased in size.

However, by the attack on Pearl Harbor and the start of the Pacific War, improvements in the ROC Air Force caused losses to mount, and most Ki-21-1a, -1b and -1c were relegated to training or second-line duties.

Front line units from mid-1940 were equipped with the **Ki-21-IIa** ("Army Type 97 Heavy Bomber Model 2A") with the more powerful 1,118 kW (1,500 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-101 air-cooled engines and larger horizontal tail surfaces. This became the main version operated by most IJAAF heavy bomber squadrons at the beginning of the Pacific War and played a major role in many early campaigns. For operations over the Philippines, the JAAF's 5th, 14th and 62nd Air Groups, based in Taiwan, attacked American targets at Aparri, Tuguegarao, Vigan and other targets in Luzon on 8 December 1941. The 3rd, 12th, 60th, and 98th Air Groups, based in French Indochina, struck British and Australian targets in Thailand and Malaya, bombing Alor Star, Sungai Petani and Butterworth under escort by Nakajima Ki-27 and Ki-43 fighters. However, starting from operations over Burma in December 1941 and early 1942, the Ki-21 began to suffer heavy casualties from Curtiss P-40s and Hawker Hurricanes.

To partially compensate, the IJAAF introduced the **Ki-21-IIb**, with a pedal-operated upper turret with one 12.7 mm (0.50 in) Type 1 machine gun, redesigned cockpit canopies and increased fuel capacity. Although used in all fronts in the Pacific theater, it became clear by 1942 that the design was rapidly becoming obsolete, and was increasingly shifted away from front-line service.

In spite of its shortcomings, the Ki-21 remained in service until the end of the war, being utilized as transport (along with the civil transport version **MC-21**), bomber crew and paratrooper trainer, glider towing, liaison and communications, special commando and secret missions, and *kamikaze* operations.

Nine Ki-21-Ia/b's were sold by Japan to Thailand in 1940 for use by the Royal Thai Air Force against Vichy French forces in French Indochina but did not participate in the French-Thai War as its crews had not completed training.

Towards the end of the war, remaining Ki-21s were used by *Giretsu* Special Forces in strikes against American forces in Okinawa and the Ryūkyū Islands. One of the noted operations was an attack on the Allied-held Yontan airfield and Kadena airfield on the night of 24 May 1945. Twelve Ki-21-IIb's of the *Daisan Dokuritsu Hikōtai* were dispatched for a strike, each with 14 commandos. Five managed to crash-land on the Yontan airfield. Only one plane landed successfully. The surviving raiders, armed with submachine guns and explosives, then wrought havoc on the supplies and nearby aircraft, destroyed 70,000 US gallons (260,000 L) of fuel and nine aircraft, and damaged 26 more.

A number of Ki-21-Ia were modified to serve as military transports for use by Greater Japan Airways, which was under contract by the Japanese Army in China for transportation. Designated "**MC-21**", these aircraft had all armament and military equipment removed. Used primarily as cargo transports, each could also seat nine paratroopers. Aircraft built from the start as transports were given the separate designation of Mitsubishi Ki-57, with equivalent civil aircraft being designated MC-20.

### Code Names

The Ki-21 had more than one Allied codename. Initially called "Jane", the name was quickly changed to "Sally" when General Douglas MacArthur objected that the name was the same as that of his wife. When the Ki-21-IIb entered service, the absence of the long dorsal "greenhouse" led Allied observers to mistake it for a completely new type, which was designated "Gwen". However, when it was realized that "Gwen" was a new version of the Ki-21, it was renamed "Sally 3", with "Sally 1" referring to the earlier Ha-5 powered models, and "Sally 2" referring to the Ha-101 powered Ki-21-IIa.

## Variants

Ki-21 Prototype models with various engines and armament combinations for evaluation. Final version with Nakajima Ha-5 engine. 8 built Ki-21-Ia (Army Type 97 Heavy Bomber, Model IA) First production model, with 634 kW (850 hp) Nakajima Ha-5-kai engines. Most were built by Mitsubishi, 143 manufactured by Nakajima Ki-21-Ib (Army Type 97 Heavy Bomber, Model IB) Improved version with additional 7.7 mm (0.303 in) machine guns, larger bomb compartment and flaps, redesigned tail. 120 built by Mitsubishi, 351 (including Ki-21 Ib and Ic) by Nakajima Ki-21-Ic (Army Type 97 Heavy Bomber, Model IC) Improved type with one additional 7.7 mm (0.303 in) machine gun, increased fuel capacity, 160 built by Mitsubishi Ki-21-II Evaluation model with more powerful engines, 4 built Ki-21-IIa (Army Type 97 Heavy Bomber, Model IIA) Production model based on Ki-21-II, 590 built Ki-21-IIb (Army Type 97 Heavy Bomber, Model IIB) Final production version based on Ki-21-IIa with modified canopy, clear upper cabin replaced by rotating turret, 688 built. MC-20-I (Army Type 100 Transport, Model I) Unarmed civilian transport version, converted from Ki-21-Ia; approximately 100 aircraft were converted

## Operators

Japan  Manchukuo  Thailand

### Postwar

France  Indonesia

## Specifications (Ki-21-IIb)

*Data from* *The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II*

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 5-7
* **Length:** 16 m (52 ft 6 in)
* **Wingspan:** 22.5 m (73 ft 10 in)
* **Height:** 4.85 m (15 ft 11 in)
* **Wing area:** 69.9 m2 (752 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 6,070 kg (13,382 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 10,600 kg (23,369 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 2 × Mitsubishi Ha101 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 1,100 kW (1,500 hp) each (long designation Army Type 100 1,450hp Air Cooled Radial)
* **Propellers:** 3-bladed variable-pitch propellers

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 485 km/h (301 mph, 262 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 380 km/h (240 mph, 210 kn)
* **Range:** 2,700 km (1,700 mi, 1,500 nmi)
* **Service ceiling:** 10,000 m (33,000 ft)
* **Time to altitude:** 6,000 m (20,000 ft) in 13 minutes 13 seconds

**Armament**

* **Guns:**
* **Bombs:**
+ 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) of bombs

**Related development**

**Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era**

**Related lists**

## Bibliography

* Francillon, René J. (1970). *Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War*. London: Putnam & Company Ltd. ISBN 0370000331.
* Francillon, René J. (1979). *Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War* (2nd ed.). London: Putnam. ISBN 0-370-30251-6..
* Jowett, Philip (2002). *The Japanese Army 1931–1945, Volume 2*. Botley, Oxfordshire, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-354-3.
* Lawrence, Joseph (1945). *The Observer's Book Of Airplanes*. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.
* "Mitsubishi Ki-21...Stalwart of the Imperial Army Air Force". *Air International*. Vol. 31, no. 2. August 1986. pp. 74–80, 100–101. ISSN 0306-5634.
* Mondey, David (1996). *The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II*. London: Chancellor Press. ISBN 1-85152-966-7.
* Pelletier, Alain (August 1995). "Les Avions japonais à Cocardes françaises". *Le Fana de l'Aviation* (in French). No. 309. pp. 14–23.
* Young, Edward M. (August–November 1984). "France's Forgotten Air War". *Air Enthusiast*. No. 25. ISSN 0143-5450.

## Further reading

* Donald, David (editor). *The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft*. Prospero Books, 1997. ISBN 1-85605-375-X.
* Francillon, René J. *The Mitsubishi Ki-21 (Aircraft in Profile number 172)*. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
* Gunston, Bill. *The Illustrated Directory of Fighting Aircraft of World War II*. ISBN 0-86101-390-5.
* Lake, Jon. *Great Book of Bombers*. London: Zenith Press, 2002. ISBN 0-7603-1347-4.
* Mikesh, Robert and Shorzoe Abe. *Japanese Aircraft 1910–1941*. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990. ISBN 1-55750-563-2.
* Ministry of Defense Japan. *Senshi Sosho Volume 36: Rikugun Koku Sakusen(means,Army Air Operation),Okinawa etc*. Asagumo Shimbunsha 1970.
* Soumille, Jean-Claude (September 1999). "Les avions japonais aux coleurs françaises" \[Japanese Aircraft in French Colors\]. *Avions* (in French) (78): 6–17. ISSN 1243-8650.

## InfoBox

| Ki-21 | |
| --- | --- |
| Mitsubishi Ki-21 | |
| General information | |
| Type | Heavy bomber |
| Manufacturer | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries |
| Primary users | Imperial Japanese Army Air Service Royal Thai Air Force |
| Number built | 2,064 units (excluding Ki-57) |
| History | |
| Introduction date | 1938 |
| First flight | 18 December 1936 |
| Retired | 1945 |
| Variants | Mitsubishi Ki-57 |


title: Miyano Station

abstract: Miyano Station Miyano Station is a passenger railway station located in the city of Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the West Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Miyano Station

**Miyano Station** (宮野駅, *Miyano-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

## Lines

Miyano Station is served by the JR West Yamaguchi Line, and is located 15.5 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Shin-Yamaguchi.

## Station layout

The station consists of one unnumbered island platforms connected to the station building by a level crossing. The station is unattended.

### Platforms

| **opposite side** | Yamaguchi Line | for Yamaguchi and Shin-Yamaguchi |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **station side** | Yamaguchi Line | for Yamaguchi and Tsuwano |

## History

Miyano Station was opened on 1 July 1917. With the privatization of the Japan National Railway (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the aegis of the West Japan railway Company (JR West).

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2020, the station was used by an average of 272 passengers daily.

## Surrounding area

* Yamaguchi Prefectural University
* Japan Ground Self-Defense Force Exercise Area
* Yamaguchi Municipal Miyano Elementary School
* Yamaguchi City Miyano Junior High School

Media related to Miyano Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Miyano Station
宮野駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Miyano Station in November 2007 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 2-chōme-8 Orimoto, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi-ken 753-0022
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°11′29.07″N 131°29′54.19″E / 34.1914083°N 131.4983861°E / 34.1914083; 131.4983861 |
| Owned by | West Japan Railway Company |
| Operated by | West Japan Railway Company |
| Line(s) | Yamaguchi Line |
| Distance | 15.5 km (9.6 mi) from Shin-Yamaguchi |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | * Bus stop |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 July 1917 (1917-07-01) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2020 | 272 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR West Following station  Kami-Yamaguchitowards Shin-Yamaguchi  Yamaguchi Line**Local**  Nihotowards Masuda | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Miyano StationLocation within Yamaguchi PrefectureMiyano StationMiyano Station (Japan) | |


title: Miyanohira Station

abstract: Miyanohira Station is a passenger railway station located in the city of Ōme, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Miyanohira Station

**Miyanohira Station** (宮ノ平駅, *Miyanohira-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Ōme, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Miyanohira Station is served by the Ōme Line, located 20.6 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Tachikawa Station.

## Station layout

The station has one island platform serving two tracks. The station is unattended.

### Platforms

| **1** | JC Ōme Line | for Mitake and Okutama |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | JC Ōme Line | for Ōme, Tachikawa, Shinjuku, and Tokyo |

## History

The station opened on 1 April 1914. It was nationalized in 1944. It became part of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) with the breakup of the Japanese National Railways in 1987. A new station building was completed in 2009.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2010, the station was used by an average of 504 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

Media related to Miyanohira Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| JC63
Miyanohira Station
宮ノ平駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Miyanohira Station, May 2021 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 2-Hinatawada, Ōme-shi, Tokyo-to 198-0046
Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°47′16″N 139°14′14″E / 35.7877°N 139.2373°E / 35.7877; 139.2373 |
| Operated by | JR East |
| Line(s) | JC Ōme Line |
| Distance | 20.6 km from Tachikawa |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| Station code | JC63 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 April 1914 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2010 | 504 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR East Following station  HinatawadaJC64towards Oku-Tama  Ōme LineRapid**Local**  ŌmeJC62towards Tachikawa | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Miyanohira StationLocation within TokyoMiyanohira StationMiyanohira Station (Japan) | |


title: Miyanomae Station

abstract: Miyanomae Station is a tram stop on the Tokyo Sakura Tram.

text:
# Miyanomae Station

**Miyanomae Station** (宮ノ前停留場, *Miyanomae-teiryūjō*) is a tram stop on the Tokyo Sakura Tram.

## Lines

Miyanomae Station is served by the Tokyo Sakura Tram.

35°45′0.4″N 139°45′53.9″E / 35.750111°N 139.764972°E / 35.750111; 139.764972

## InfoBox

|
Miyanomae Station
宮ノ前停留場 | |
| --- | --- |
| The Waseda-bound platform in December 2018 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Nishiogu 2-chome, Arakawa Ward, Tokyo
Japan |
| Operated by | Toei |
| Line(s) | Toden Arakawa Line |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At grade |
| Other information | |
| Station code | SA10 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1 April 1913 (1913-04-01) |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Toei Following station  Odaitowards Waseda  Toden Arakawa Line  Kumanomaetowards Minowabashi | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Miyanomae StationLocation within Special wards of TokyoMiyanomae StationMiyanomae Station (Tokyo Bay and Bōsō Peninsula)Miyanomae StationMiyanomae Station (Tokyo)Miyanomae StationMiyanomae Station (Japan) | |


title: Missa Tu es Petrus

abstract: Missa Tu es Petrus is a parody mass for six voices (SSATBB) by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina first printed in the Missarum, Liber 15 (1887) of Franz Xaver Haberl's edition. The eponymous model Tu es Petrus is one of three motets by Palestrina, all on the same text, intended “for the Feast of St. Paul and St. Peter”; the other two are for 5 and 7 voices. In fact there are three Missae Tu es Petrus, the less well-known being a six-voice paraphrase mass on the gregorian antiphon posthumously published in Missarum, Liber 12 (1601), and a polychoral mass for 18vv of doubtful authenticity that like the other parody mass adapts the music of the same 1572 motet to the texts of the Ordinary of the Mass.

text:
# Missa Tu es Petrus

***Missa Tu es Petrus*** is a parody mass for six voices (SSATBB) by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina first printed in the *Missarum, Liber 15* (1887) of Franz Xaver Haberl's edition. The eponymous model *Tu es Petrus* ("Thou art Peter") is one of three motets by Palestrina, all on the same text, intended “for the Feast of St. Paul and St. Peter” (29 June); the other two are for 5 and 7 voices. In fact there are three *Missae Tu es Petrus*, the less well-known being a six-voice paraphrase mass on the gregorian antiphon posthumously published in *Missarum, Liber 12* (1601), and a polychoral mass for 18vv of doubtful authenticity that like the other parody mass adapts the music of the same 1572 motet to the texts of the Ordinary of the Mass.

## History

Palestrina frequently employed parody technique, reworking old material in newer works. The text of the model is in Latin and is based on Matthew 16:18–19:

> Tu es Petrus, et super hanc petram
> Aedificabo Ecclesiam meam,
> Et portae inferi non praevalebunt adversus eam:
> Et tibi dabo claves
> Regni coelorum.
> Quodcumque ligaveris super terram,
> Erit ligatum et in coelis;
> Et quodcumque solveris super terram
> Erit solutum et in coelis.
> You are Peter, and on this rock
> I will build My church,
> And the gates of hell will not prevail against it:
> And I will give you the keys
> To the kingdom of heaven.
> Whatever you bind on earth
> Will be bound also in heaven;
> And whatever you release on earth
> Will be released also in heaven.
>
> Matthew 16:18–19

## Analysis

The mass consists of seven movements, standard for a choral mass: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, Agnus Dei 1 and Agnus Dei 2.

In the opening of the majority of the main movements in the mass, Palestrina copies almost exactly the notation of the motet from the original work. The added features give the piece a more, “fugal” feel. The work is antiphonal in its structure and is meant to convey an overwhelming sense of joy. The work requires singers to balance respect for the religious nature of the work, while exhibiting a sense of glee. The major key also adds to its blissful character. The music combines vivacity with quiet and tender touches that suit its intended performance venue, i.e. a church/cathedral. In general, its tempi are reasonably calm, so the sense of excitement and ecstasy ensues in its transformation through performance.

In AllMusic, Donato Mancini wrote, "Palestrina's style has virtually become a stand-in for sacred-sounding music, partly because his was the last generation of composers dedicated to a purely contrapuntal style. His own stylistic aim seems to have been to sum up and bring to a peak of refinement and clarity the accomplishments of those who came before him. *Missa Tu es Petrus* is one of those works where that aim is most perfectly achieved."

## Bibliography

* Classical Net Review - Palestrina - Missa Tu es Petrus
* Emmanuel Music - Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina: "Tu es Petrus" - Translation
* Palestrina: Missa Tu es Petrus & Missa Te Deum laudamus
* Tu es Petrus a 6 (Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina) - ChoralWiki


title: Mitterkirchen im Machland

abstract: Mitterkirchen im Machland is a municipality in the district of Perg in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

text:
# Mitterkirchen im Machland

**Mitterkirchen im Machland** is a municipality in the district of Perg in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 1,430 |  |
| 1880 | 1,442 | +0.8% |
| 1890 | 1,435 | −0.5% |
| 1900 | 1,483 | +3.3% |
| 1910 | 1,469 | −0.9% |
| 1923 | 1,499 | +2.0% |
| 1934 | 1,509 | +0.7% |
| 1939 | 1,579 | +4.6% |
| 1951 | 1,498 | −5.1% |
| 1961 | 1,505 | +0.5% |
| 1971 | 1,533 | +1.9% |
| 1981 | 1,617 | +5.5% |
| 1991 | 1,775 | +9.8% |
| 2001 | 1,793 | +1.0% |
| 2009 | 1,695 | −5.5% |
| 2015 | 1,728 | +1.9% |

## InfoBox

| Mitterkirchen im Machland | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Mitterkirchen im MachlandLocation within Austria | |
| Coordinates: 48°11′01″N 14°42′34″E / 48.18361°N 14.70944°E / 48.18361; 14.70944 | |
| Country | Austria |
| State | Upper Austria |
| District | Perg |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Anton Aichinger (SPÖ) |
| Area | |
| Total | 28.93 km2 (11.17 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 235 m (771 ft) |
| Population (2018-01-01) | |
| Total | 1,718 |
| Density | 59/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 4343 |
| Area code | 07269 |
| Vehicle registration | PE |
| Website | www.mitterkirchen.at |


title: Modern Artillery

abstract: Modern Artillery is the third studio album by Australian punk rock band the Living End, released on 28 October 2003 internationally and on 2 March 2004 in the United States. It is the first album to feature drummer Andy Strachan, since Travis Demsey had left the band after their second album, Roll On. The song "Who's Gonna Save Us?" was released as a single and appeared in commercials for the documentary film Fahrenheit 9/11. "End of the World" is featured on the soundtrack for the video game Tony Hawk's Underground 2. ARIA publicised that the album had officially achieved platinum status in Australia in November 2007.

text:
# Modern Artillery

***Modern Artillery*** (stylized as ***MODERN ARTillery***) is the third studio album by Australian punk rock band the Living End, released on 28 October 2003 internationally and on 2 March 2004 in the United States. It is the first album to feature drummer Andy Strachan, since Travis Demsey had left the band after their second album, *Roll On*.

The song "Who's Gonna Save Us?" was released as a single and appeared in commercials for the documentary film *Fahrenheit 9/11*. "End of the World" is featured on the soundtrack for the video game *Tony Hawk's Underground 2*.

ARIA publicised that the album had officially achieved platinum status in Australia in November 2007.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Chris Cheney, except where noted

*Modern Artillery* track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "What Would You Do?" (Scott Owen) | 1:28 |
| 2. | "One Said to the Other" | 2:46 |
| 3. | "Who's Gonna Save Us?" | 3:21 |
| 4. | "End of the World" | 3:36 |
| 5. | "Jimmy" | 3:29 |
| 6. | "Tabloid Magazine" | 3:21 |
| 7. | "In the End" | 4:16 |
| 8. | "Maitland Street" | 4:07 |
| 9. | "Putting You Down" | 3:47 |
| 10. | "Short Notice" (Owen, Cheney, Andy Strachan) | 2:43 |
| 11. | "So What?" | 2:58 |
| 12. | "Rising Up from the Ashes" | 3:16 |
| 13. | "Hold Up" | 2:28 |
| 14. | "The Room" | 8:07 |
| Total length: | | 49:43 |

* On vinyl releases of the album, the tracks "One Said to the Other" and "Tabloid Magazine" are swapped.

### Bonus DVD

Released as a limited edition bonus DVD with the Australian version of the album, it includes six live tracks from *Splendour in the Grass* 2003, as well as backstage footage. All tracks were recorded live at Splendour in the Grass, Byron Bay, Australia.

1. "Roll On"
2. "Save the Day"
3. "Carry Me Home"
4. "West End Riot"
5. "E-Boogie"
6. "Second Solution"

## Singles

## Personnel

## Charts

Chart performance for *Modern Artillery*
| Chart (2003) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 3 |
| New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) | 43 |

## Certifications

Certifications for *Modern Artillery*
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Platinum | 70,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Modern Artillery | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by the Living End | |
| Released | 28 October 2003 |
| Recorded | 2003 |
| Studio | Ocean (Burbank, California) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 49:43 |
| Label |  |
| Producer | Mark Trombino |
| The Living End chronology | |
| *Roll On*
(2000) ***Modern Artillery***
(2003) *From Here on In*
(2004) | |


title: Miyajimaguchi

abstract: Miyajimaguchi (宮島口) is a neighborhood in Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, Japan. It was a part of the town of Ōno until 2005 when the town was annexed by the city of Hatsukaichi. It is located on Route 2 from Osaka to Fukuoka, and is served by the JR West train station Miyajimaguchi Station and Hiroden-miyajima-guchi Station on the Hiroden Miyajima Line from Hiroshima. The JR Miyajima Ferry terminus and private ferry terminus are a short walk from the station, and provide access to the island of Miyajima, also now a part of Hatsukaichi.

text:
# Miyajimaguchi

**Miyajimaguchi** (宮島口) is a neighborhood in Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, Japan. It was a part of the town of Ōno until 2005 when the town was annexed by the city of Hatsukaichi.

It is located on Route 2 from Osaka to Fukuoka, and is served by the JR West train station Miyajimaguchi Station and Hiroden-miyajima-guchi Station on the Hiroden Miyajima Line from Hiroshima.

The JR Miyajima Ferry terminus and private ferry terminus are a short walk from the station, and provide access to the island of Miyajima, also now a part of Hatsukaichi.


title: Minnesota State Highway 20

abstract: Minnesota State Highway 20 is a short 7.471-mile-long (12.023 km) highway in southeast Minnesota, which runs from its intersection with State Highway 19 in Cannon Falls and continues north to its northern terminus at its intersection with State Highway 50 near Miesville, 400 feet west of U.S. 61. Highway 20 passes through the city of Cannon Falls and Douglas Township.

text:
# Minnesota State Highway 20

**Minnesota State Highway 20** (**MN 20**) is a short 7.471-mile-long (12.023 km) highway in southeast Minnesota, which runs from its intersection with State Highway 19 in Cannon Falls (near U.S. 52) and continues north to its northern terminus at its intersection with State Highway 50 near Miesville, 400 feet west of U.S. 61.

Highway 20 passes through the city of Cannon Falls and Douglas Township.

## Route description

Highway 20 serves as a northsouth route between Cannon Falls and State Highway 50 near Miesville. Its northern terminus is 400 feet west of Highway 50's junction with U.S. 61.

Highway 20 is also known as:

The route crosses the Cannon River in the city of Cannon Falls.

There are no signs at the Highway 19 exit from U.S. 52 at Cannon Falls that indicate the short connection via Highway 19 to Highway 20, though at the end of the offramps the connection is indicated.

## History

Highway 20 was designated and signed in 1920 from the Iowa border near Canton to its current northern terminus. U.S. Route 55 was established in 1927 along this road from the Iowa border to Cannon Falls. When U.S. Route 52 was extended into Minnesota in 1934 to replace U.S. 55, the Highway 20 designation was removed from this portion of the highway, leaving only the section that remains today.

The route was paved by 1940.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Goodhue | Cannon Falls | 0.000 | 0.000 | MN 19 / CSAH 20 |  |
| | | 1.272 | 2.047 |
CSAH 29 to US 52 |  |
| Dakota | Douglas Township | 7.488 | 12.051 |
MN 50 to US 61 Hampton, Hastings, Red Wing |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Minnesota State Highway 20KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Trunk Highway 20 | |
| --- | --- |
| MN 20 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by MnDOT | |
| Length | 7.471 mi (12.023 km) |
| Existed | 1920–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | MN 19 at Cannon Falls |
| North end | MN 50 at Douglas Township |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| Counties | Goodhue, Dakota |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Minnesota Trunk Highway System** | |
| MN 19   MN 21 | |


title: Massandra Winery

abstract: The Massandra Winery is a winery in Crimea.

text:
# Massandra Winery

The **Massandra Winery** is a winery in Crimea.

## History

The winery was founded by Knyaz Lev Golitsyn in 1894 under the aegis of Czar Nicholas II. In 1922, in the wake of the Russian Revolution, the winery was nationalized, and it was protected by a law passed in 1936 that offered state protection to its cellars. The guestbook of the winery was stolen by Nazi occupiers during the Second World War. The winery was exempted from the uprooting of Russian vineyards that occurred in the wake of anti-alcohol laws passed by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s. In the present day, the vast majority of the winery's output is exported to Russia. The ownership of the winery reverted to Russia from the Ukrainian government with the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014. The enoteca of the winery contains about one million bottles of wine.

## Notable visitors

Though initially popular with the Russian aristocracy who spent their summers near Czar Nicholas, the winery has since been visited by several notable personalities including Anton Chekhov, Maxim Gorky, Ho Chi Minh, and Josip Broz Tito. Gorky wrote a tribute to Massandra that is inscribed in a metal plaque on the wall of the winery. On two occasions, wines from the Massandra Winery have been attempted to be given as gifts to Presidents of the United States. In 1987 Gorbachev requested wines from the year of Ronald Reagan's birth to give to him as Reagan was on a visit to Russia. The bottles were delivered by hand to the Kremlin, but never given to Reagan. In 1994 a bottle from the year of Bill Clinton's birth was given to an American businessman to give to him, yet no further message was heard. In 2015 the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, visited the winery with the former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi. While touring the winery, Putin and Berlusconi allegedly drank from a 1775 bottle of Jerez de la Frontera worth $90,000. The tour was conducted by the winery's pro-Russian director, Yanina Pavlenko, and charges of embezzlement were subsequently prepared against her by Ukrainian prosecutors.

## InfoBox

| Massandra Winery | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Crimea |
| Coordinates | 44°31′01″N 34°11′12″E / 44.51694°N 34.18667°E / 44.51694; 34.18667 |
| Founded | 1894 |
| Website | http://massandra.su/ |


title: Yeovil Olympiads Athletics Club

abstract: Yeovil Olympiads Athletics Club was the first track and field athletics club in Yeovil, Somerset, England. The club is based at the Bill Whistlecroft Athletics Arena, formerly Yeovil Arena before it was renamed on 14 September 2014. This club was founded in 1969. It has produced many international athletes since its creation. The first was Eric Berry who came 6th in the 1973 European Juniors in the hammer event. Olympians who started with the club include Max Robertson and Gary Jennings, both 400 metres hurdlers. In 2008, the senior men's section of the club was promoted to the British Athletics League. The Club gained promotion to Division 3 of the League in 2014. In 2009, the club will also contest the South West Athletics League, The Southern Women's League, and The Young Athletes League. In 2010 the title of Top Athletics Team in the South West was awarded by UK Athletics and South Somerset District Council who awarded the Club Top Sports Team in the area. In 2017, the club is contesting the British Athletics League, the Southern Athletics League and the South-West Athletics League. Athletes join with Wells City Harriers for Road Running and Cross Country events. The club is affiliated to South of England Athletics Association and England Athletics.

text:
# Yeovil Olympiads Athletics Club

**Yeovil Olympiads Athletics Club** was the first track and field athletics club in Yeovil, Somerset, England. The club is based at the Bill Whistlecroft Athletics Arena, formerly Yeovil Arena before it was renamed on 14 September 2014.

This club was founded in 1969. It has produced many international athletes since its creation. The first was Eric Berry who came 6th in the 1973 European Juniors in the hammer event. Olympians who started with the club include Max Robertson and Gary Jennings, both 400 metres hurdlers.

In 2008, the senior men's section of the club was promoted to the British Athletics League. The Club gained promotion to Division 3 of the League in 2014.

In 2009, the club will also contest the South West Athletics League, The Southern Women's League, and The Young Athletes League. In 2010 the title of Top Athletics Team in the South West was awarded by UK Athletics and South Somerset District Council who awarded the Club Top Sports Team in the area.

In 2017, the club is contesting the British Athletics League, the Southern Athletics League and the South-West Athletics League.

Athletes join with Wells City Harriers for Road Running and Cross Country events.

The club is affiliated to South of England Athletics Association and England Athletics.

## 2013 IAUM World Championships

In 2013, after holding a test event in 2012, Yeovil Olympiads hosted the International Association for Ultra-Multievents World Championships from 24 to 25 August, consisting of an icosathlon and tetradecathlon.

## Kit

The club vest has an orange body with dark blue sides. Club athletes typically wear black shorts.

50°57′06″N 2°38′18″W / 50.95167°N 2.63833°W / 50.95167; -2.63833


title: Watagan, New South Wales

abstract: Watagan is a locality in the City of Cessnock, in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. It is located east of Laguna.

text:
# Watagan, New South Wales

**Watagan** is a locality in the City of Cessnock, in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. It is located east of Laguna.

## History

Watagan was previously a part of the locality of Laguna, until 23 October 2015 when Watagan was separated from Laguna. The locality has been previously known as Watagan/Watagon/Wattagan/Wattagon Creek. A school existed at the locality in various guises from January 1862 until December 1944.

## InfoBox

| Watagan<br>New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Watagan | |
| Coordinates | 33°01′24″S 151°11′04″E / 33.02333°S 151.18444°E / -33.02333; 151.18444 |
| Population | 37 (SAL 2021) |
| Postcode(s) | 2325 |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10) |
| • Summer (DST) | AEDT (UTC+11) |
| LGA(s) | City of Cessnock |
| Region | Hunter |
| County | Northumberland |
| Parish | Hay |
| State electorate(s) | Cessnock |
| Federal division(s) | Hunter |


title: Poovalur, Thanjavur district

abstract: Poovalur is a village in the Pattukkottai taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

text:
# Poovalur, Thanjavur district

**Poovalur** is a village in the Pattukkottai taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

## Demographics

As per the 2001 census, Poovalur had a total population of 1335 with 640 males and 695 females. The sex ratio was 1086. The literacy rate was 66.7.

* "Primary Census Abstract - Census 2001". Directorate of Census Operations-Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009.

## InfoBox

| Poovalur | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Thanjavur |
| Taluk | Pattukkottai |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 1,335 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: 1948 Pacific Tigers football team

abstract: The 1948 Pacific Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Pacific—now known as the University of the Pacific—as a member of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) during the 1948 college football season. In their second season under head coach Larry Siemering, the Tigers compiled an overall record of 7–1–2 with a mark 4–1 in conference play, placing second in the CCAA. They outscored all opponents by a combined total of 356 to 147. At the end of the season, the Tigers were invited to the Grape Bowl in Lodi, California, where they tied Hardin–Simmons, 35–35. Pacific was ranked at No. 67 in the final Litkenhous Difference by Score System ratings for 1948.

text:
# 1948 Pacific Tigers football team

1948 California Collegiate Athletic Association football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| San Jose State $ | 5 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Pacific (CA) | 4 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 1 |  | 2 |
| Santa Barbara | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
| Fresno State | 2 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 6 |  | 1 |
| San Diego State | 1 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 4 |  | 7 |  | 0 |
| Cal Poly | 1 |  | 4 |  | 0 |  |  | 3 |  | 5 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1948 Pacific Tigers football team** was an American football team that represented the College of the Pacific—now known as the University of the Pacific—as a member of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) during the 1948 college football season. In their second season under head coach Larry Siemering, the Tigers compiled an overall record of 7–1–2 with a mark 4–1 in conference play, placing second in the CCAA. They outscored all opponents by a combined total of 356 to 147. At the end of the season, the Tigers were invited to the Grape Bowl in Lodi, California, where they tied Hardin–Simmons, 35–35.

Pacific was ranked at No. 67 in the final Litkenhous Difference by Score System ratings for 1948.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 25 | Cal Poly |  | W 33–13 | 10,000 |  |
| October 2 | Loyola (CA)* | * Baxter Stadium * Stockton, CA | T 14–14 | 10,500 |  |
| October 9 | at San Diego State |  | W 41–14 | 9,000 |  |
| October 16 | Portland* | * Baxter Stadium * Stockton, CA | W 61–15 |  |  |
| October 30 | San Jose State |  | L 7–14 |  |  |
| November 6 | at Montana* |  | W 32–14 |  |  |
| November 13 | at San Francisco* |  | W 32–14 | 10,000 |  |
| November 20 | Santa Barbara | * Baxter Stadium * Stockton, CA | W 46–14 |  |  |
| November 25 | at Fresno State |  | W 55–0 | 6,487 |  |
| December 11 | Hardin–Simmons* |  | T 35–35 | 12,000 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1948 Pacific Tigers football | |
| --- | --- |
| Grape Bowl, T 35–35 vs. Hardin–Simmons | |
| Conference | California Collegiate Athletic Association |
| Record | 7–1–2 (4–1 CCAA) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | Baxter Stadium, Grape Bowl |
|


title: Tré Armstrong

abstract: Tré Armstrong is a Canadian actress, choreographer and dancer.

text:
# Tré Armstrong

**Tré Armstrong** (born August 17, 1978) is a Canadian actress, choreographer and dancer.

## Early life and education

Born in Toronto, Armstrong's family lived in Parkdale until she was four. Her early dance schooling at age five in ballet, tap and jazz dance techniques is what has shaped her into who she is today.

## Career

Armstrong has appeared on the television programs *Top of the Pops:*, *Canadian Idol*, *106 & Park* and the MTV Video Music Awards. Celebrities she has worked with include: Sean Combs, Hilary Duff, Missy Elliott, Jay-Z, Rihanna and Kreesha Turner. Armstrong has performed in multiple feature films, award shows, reality-based television shows, and all across the United States, Canada, St. Kitts, Australia, New Zealand, Europe and Japan. She is also one of the judges on *So You Think You Can Dance Canada*, and is in six episodes of *The Next Step*.

### Choreography

### Filmography

Armstrong was featured in the documentary film *Breakin' In: The Making of a Hip Hop Dancer* (2005), which highlighted her as one of Canada's top rising stars.

## InfoBox

| Tré Armstrong | |
| --- | --- |
| Armstrong in November 2010 | |
| Born | (1978-08-17) August 17, 1978 |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Other names | Tracey "Tre" Armstrong<br>Tracey Armstrong |
| Citizenship | Canada |
| Occupation(s) | Choreographer, dancer |


title: Viola orbiculata

abstract: Viola orbiculata, the darkwoods violet or western roundleaf violet, is a species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae, native to the Pacific Northwest. A perennial reaching 7.5 cm (3 in), it can have yellow or purple flowers.

text:
# Viola orbiculata

***Viola orbiculata***, the **darkwoods violet** or **western roundleaf violet**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae, native to the Pacific Northwest. A perennial reaching 7.5 cm (3 in), it can have yellow or purple flowers.

## InfoBox

| *Viola orbiculata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Habit | |
|  | |
| Botanical illustration by Mary Vaux Walcott | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Violaceae |
| Genus: | *Viola* |
| Species: | ***V. orbiculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Viola orbiculata***<br>(A.Gray) Geyer ex B.D.Jacks. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Viola sarmentosa* var. *orbiculata* A.Gray * *Viola sempervirens* var. *orbiculata* (A.Gray) J.K.Henry * *Viola sempervirens* subsp. *orbiculata* (A.Gray) M.S.Baker | |