title: Émile Loubet

abstract: Émile François Loubet was the 45th Prime Minister of France from February to December 1892 and later President of France from 1899 to 1906. Trained in law, he became mayor of Montélimar, where he was noted as a forceful orator. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876 and the Senate in 1885. He was appointed as a Republican minister under Carnot and Ribot. He was briefly Prime Minister of France in 1892. As President, he saw the successful Paris Exhibition of 1900, and the forging of the Entente Cordiale with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, resolving their sharp differences over the Boer War and the Dreyfus Affair.

text:
# Émile Loubet

**Émile François Loubet** (French: \[emil lubɛ\]; 30 December 1838  20 December 1929) was the 45th Prime Minister of France from February to December 1892 and later President of France from 1899 to 1906.

Trained in law, he became mayor of Montélimar, where he was noted as a forceful orator. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876 and the Senate in 1885. He was appointed as a Republican minister under Carnot and Ribot. He was briefly Prime Minister of France in 1892. As President, he saw the successful Paris Exhibition of 1900, and the forging of the Entente Cordiale with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, resolving their sharp differences over the Boer War and the Dreyfus Affair.

## Early life

Loubet was born on 30 December 1838, the son of a peasant proprietor and mayor of Marsanne (Drôme). Admitted to the Parisian bar in 1862, he took his doctorate in law the next year. He was still a student when he witnessed the sweeping triumph of the Republican party in Paris at the general election in 1863, during the Second French Empire. He settled down to the exercise of his profession in Montélimar, where in 1869 he married Marie-Louise Picard. He also inherited a small estate at Grignan.

## Physical description

American politician William Jennings Bryan described Loubet as "below the medium height, even for Frenchmen. His shoulders are broad and his frame indicative of great physical strength. His hair is snow white, as are also his beard and mustache. He wears his beard square cut at the chin. . . . His voice is soft, and he speaks with great vivacity, emphasizing his words by expressive gestures."

## Political career

At the crisis of 1870, which brought about the Empire's end, he became mayor of Montélimar, and thenceforward was a steady supporter of Léon Gambetta. Elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876 by Montélimar, he was one of the notable 363 parliamentarians who in the 16 May 1877 crisis passed a vote of no confidence in the ministry of Albert, the duke of Broglie.

In the general election of October he was re-elected, local enthusiasm for him being increased by the fact that the government had driven him from the mayoralty. In the Chamber he occupied himself especially with education, fighting the clerical system established by the *Loi Falloux*, and working for the establishment of free, obligatory and secular primary instruction. In 1880 he became president of the departmental council in Drôme. His support of the second Jules Ferry ministry and his zeal for the colonial expansion of France gave him considerable weight in the moderate Republican party.

He had entered the Senate in 1885, and he became minister of public works in the Tirard ministry (December 1887 to March 1888). In 1892 President Sadi Carnot, who was his personal friend, asked him to form a cabinet. Loubet held the portfolio of the interior with the premiership, and had to deal with the anarchist crimes of that year and with the great strike of Carmaux, in which he acted as arbitrator, giving a decision regarded in many quarters as too favourable to the strikers. He was defeated in November on the question of the Panama scandals, but he retained the ministry of the interior in the next cabinet under Alexandre Ribot, though he resigned on its reconstruction in January.

## President of the French Republic (1899–1906)

His reputation as an orator of great force and lucidity of exposition and as a safe and honest statesman procured for him in 1896 the presidency of the Senate, and in February 1899 he was chosen president of the republic in succession to Félix Faure by 483 votes as against 279 recorded by Jules Méline, his only serious competitor.

He was marked out for fierce opposition and bitter insult, as the representative of that section of the Republican party which sought the revision of the Dreyfus affair. On the day of President Faure's funeral Paul Déroulède met the troops under General Roget on their return to barracks, and demanded that the general should march on the Elysée. Roget sensibly took his troops back to barracks. At the Auteuil steeplechase in June, the president was struck on the head with a cane by an anti-Dreyfusard. In that month President Loubet summoned Waldeck-Rousseau to form a cabinet, and at the same time entreated Republicans of all shades of opinion to rally to the defence of the state. By the efforts of Loubet and Waldeck-Rousseau the Dreyfus affair was settled, when Loubet, acting on the advice of General Galliffet, minister of war, remitted the ten years' imprisonment to which Dreyfus was condemned at Rennes.

Loubet's presidency saw an acute stage of the clerical question, which was attacked by Waldeck-Rousseau and in still more drastic fashion by the Combes ministry. The French ambassador was recalled from the Vatican in April 1905, and in July the separation of church and state was voted in the Chamber of Deputies. Feeling had run high between France and Britain over the mutual criticisms passed on the conduct of the South African War and the Dreyfus affair respectively. These differences were composed, by the Anglo-French *entente*, and in 1904 a convention between the two countries secured the recognition of French claims in Morocco in exchange for non-interference with the British occupation of Egypt. President Loubet belonged to the peasant-proprietor class, and had none of the aristocratic proclivities of President Faure. He inaugurated the Paris Exhibition of 1900, received the emperor Nicholas II of Russia at the French maneuvers of 1901 and paid a visit to Russia in 1902.

On 4 July 1902 President Loubet was elected an honorary member of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati.

Loubet also exchanged visits with King Edward VII, with the king of Portugal, the king of Italy and the king of Spain. During the king of Spain's visit in 1905, an attempt was made on his life, a bomb being thrown under his carriage as he and with his guest left the Opéra Garnier. When his presidency came to an end in January 1906, he became the first President of the Third Republic to have served a full term and without resigning a second one. He retired into private life and died on 20 December 1929 at the age of 90.

## Honours

He received the following orders and decorations:

## Loubet's Ministry, 27 February  6 December 1892

**Changes**

* 8 March 1892 – Godefroy Cavaignac succeeds Roche as Minister for the Colonies. Roche remains Minister of Commerce and Industry.

## Further reading

* Hennlichová, Marcela. "The Royal Visit to Paris and the Presidential Visit to London in 1903—An Icebreaker of the Public Opinion or a Milestone in the History of the Entente Cordiale?" *Prague Papers on the History of International Relations* 1 (2019): 38-53. online

* Larkin, M. J. M. "Loubet's Visit To Rome And The Question Of Papal Prestige." *The Historical Journal* 4.1 (1961): 97-103. online

## InfoBox

| Émile Loubet | |
| --- | --- |
| Photograph by Paul Nadar, 1900 | |
|  | |
| 8th President of France | |
| **In office**
18 February 1899  18 February 1906 | |
| Prime Minister | Charles Dupuy
Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
Émile Combes
Maurice Rouvier |
| Preceded by | Félix Faure |
| Succeeded by | Armand Fallières |
| Prime Minister of France | |
| **In office**
27 February 1892  6 December 1892 | |
| President | Sadi Carnot |
| Preceded by | Charles de Freycinet |
| Succeeded by | Alexandre Ribot |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1838-12-30)30 December 1838
Marsanne, France |
| Died | 20 December 1929(1929-12-20) (aged 90)
Montélimar, France |
| Political party | Democratic Republican Alliance |
| Spouse(s) | Marie-Louise Picard  (m. 18691925); her death |
| Alma mater | University of Paris |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Pseudischnochiton

abstract: Pseudischnochiton is an extinct genus of polyplacophoran molluscs. Pseudischnochiton became extinct during the Miocene period.

text:
# Pseudischnochiton

***Pseudischnochiton*** is an extinct genus of polyplacophoran molluscs. *Pseudischnochiton* became extinct during the Miocene period.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudischnochiton*<br>Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Polyplacophora |
| Order: | Lepidopleurida |
| Family: | Leptochitonidae |
| Subfamily: | Helminthochitoninae |
| Genus: | *Pseudischnochiton* |
|


title: Patrice Estanguet

abstract: Patrice Estanguet is a French slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 1990 to 2004. He is the older brother of triple Olympic champion Tony Estanguet.

text:
# Patrice Estanguet

**Patrice Estanguet** (born 19 April 1973 in Pau) is a French slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 1990 to 2004. He is the older brother of triple Olympic champion Tony Estanguet.

## Career

Patrice Estanguet won a bronze medal in the C1 event at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.

He also won four medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with two silvers (C1 team: 1997, 2003) and two bronzes (C1: 2002, C1 team: 1999).

He won the overall World Cup title in the C1 class in 1996 and 1997.

## World Cup individual podiums

|  |
| --- |
| |  |  |  | Total |
| C1 | 6 | 13 | 3 | **22** |
|

| Season | Date | Venue | Position | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1993** | 18 July 1993 | La Seu d'Urgell | 1st | C1 |
| **1994** | 26 June 1994 | Nottingham | 3rd | C1 |
| | 17 July 1994 | La Seu d'Urgell | 2nd | C1 |
| **1995** | 9 July 1995 | Mezzana | 3rd | C1 |
| **1996** | 21 April 1996 | Ocoee | 2nd | C1 |
| | 9 June 1996 | La Seu d'Urgell | 1st | C1 |
| | 29 September 1996 | Três Coroas | 2nd | C1 |
| **1997** | 22 June 1997 | Bourg St.-Maurice | 1st | C1 |
| | 29 June 1997 | Björbo | 2nd | C1 |
| | 6 July 1997 | Bratislava | 2nd | C1 |
| | 28 July 1997 | Ocoee | 2nd | C1 |
| | 3 August 1997 | Minden | 2nd | C1 |
| **1998** | 28 June 1998 | Augsburg | 2nd | C1 |
| | 13 September 1998 | La Seu d'Urgell | 2nd | C1 |
| **1999** | 20 June 1999 | Tacen | 2nd | C1 |
| | 15 August 1999 | Bratislava | 1st | C1 |
| | 3 October 1999 | Penrith | 3rd | C1 |
| **2000** | 18 June 2000 | Ocoee | 1st | C1 |
| | 9 July 2000 | La Seu d'Urgell | 2nd | C1 |
| **2001** | 3 June 2001 | Merano | 1st | C1 |
| **2002** | 26 May 2002 | Guangzhou | 2nd | C1 |
| | 4 August 2002 | Prague | 2nd | C1 |

## InfoBox

Patrice Estanguet
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's canoe slalom | | |
| Representing  France | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 1996 Atlanta | C1 |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 1997 Três Coroas | C1 team |
|  | 2003 Augsburg | C1 team |
|  | 1999 La Seu d'Urgell | C1 team |
|  | 2002 Bourg St.-Maurice | C1 |
| Junior World Championships | | |
|  | 1990 Tavanasa | C1 team |
|  | 1990 Tavanasa | C1 |


title: Northern Islands High School

abstract: Northern Islands High School (NIHS) is a secondary school in Wotje, Marshall Islands. It is a part of the Marshall Islands Public School System. The school serves the following atolls and islands in the north of the country: Wotje, Ailuk, Aur, Likiep, Maloelap, Mejit, and Utrik. It has a boarding program for students from distant atolls and islands.

text:
# Northern Islands High School

**Northern Islands High School** (**NIHS**) is a secondary school in Wotje, Marshall Islands. It is a part of the Marshall Islands Public School System.

The school serves the following atolls and islands in the north of the country: Wotje, Ailuk, Aur, Likiep, Maloelap, Mejit, and Utrik.

It has a boarding program for students from distant atolls and islands.

## History

Anil Construction built the building. The construction plans were finalized in 1991. The school was scheduled to open in 1998.

## InfoBox

| Northern Islands High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Wotje<br>Marshall Islands | |
| Coordinates | 9°27′50″N 170°14′17″E / 9.4639129°N 170.2380563°E / 9.4639129; 170.2380563 |
| Information | |
| Type | High school |
| School district | Marshall Islands Public School System |


title: Shelter Island meteorite

abstract: Shelter Island meteorite was found on Mars by the Opportunity rover on October 1, 2009. It is about 27 centimetres (11 in) long.

text:
# Shelter Island meteorite

**Shelter Island meteorite** was found on Mars by the *Opportunity* rover on October 1, 2009. It is about 27 centimetres (11 in) long.

## History

Shelter Island was the second of three iron meteorites encountered by the rover on Meridiani Planum within a few hundred meters, the others being Block Island and Mackinac Island.

Shelter Island may have fallen on Mars in the late Noachian period and is extensively weathered.

## InfoBox

| Shelter Island meteorite | |
| --- | --- |
| Shelter Island meteorite viewed by the *Opportunity* rover (October 3, 2009). | |
| Type | Iron |
| Parent body | Unknown |
| Composition | Kamacite, taenite |
| Weathering grade | Large-scale, cavernous weathering |
| Country | Mars |
| Region | Meridiani Planum |
| Coordinates | 02°07′04″S 05°31′41.30″W / 2.11778°S 5.5281389°W / -2.11778; -5.5281389 |
| Observed fall | No |
| Fall date | Possibly late Noachian |
| Found date | December 1, 2009 |
| Strewn field | Possibly |
| Shelter Island meteorite - close-up (October 1, 2009). | |
| Related media on Wikimedia Commons | |


title: Vukota Pavić

abstract: Vukota Pavić is a Montenegrin professional basketball player, who lastly played for Mornar Bar of the Montenegrin League.

text:
# Vukota Pavić

**Vukota Pavić** (born February 3, 1993) is a Montenegrin professional basketball player, who lastly played for Mornar Bar of the Montenegrin League.

## Professional career

On November 16, 2016, Pavić signed for the rest of the season with the Montenegrin club Mornar Bar.

## InfoBox

Vukota Pavić
| Free Agent | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Power forward |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1993-02-03) February 3, 1993<br>Nikšić, Montenegro, FR Yugoslavia |
| Nationality | Montenegrin |
| Listed height | 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) |
| Listed weight | 100 kg (220 lb) |
| Career information | |
| NBA draft | 2015: undrafted |
| Playing career | 2010–present |
| Career history | |
| 2010–2011 | Bonus Nikšić |
| 2011–2014 | Mornar Bar |
| 2014–2015 | Balkan Botevgrad |
| 2015–2016 | Sutjeska |
| 2016 | HKK Zrinjski Mostar |
| 2016 | Feni Industries |
| 2016–2021 | Mornar Bar |
| 2019 | Lovćen 1947 |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Medals      Representing  Montenegro  Men's Basketball  Games of the Small States of Europe  2017 San Marino National Team | |


title: Pristimantis lymani

abstract:
Pristimantis lymani, also known as Lyman's robber frog, is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in southern Ecuador and northern Peru.
Its natural habitats are montane forests, sub-páramo, and páramo. These common frogs have been found under stones by streams as well as in large bromeliads on rocky slopes and cliffs. While common and having a stable population trend, it is suffering from habitat loss.

text:
# Pristimantis lymani

***Pristimantis lymani***, also known as **Lyman's robber frog**, is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in southern Ecuador and northern Peru. Its natural habitats are montane forests, sub-páramo, and páramo. These common frogs have been found under stones by streams as well as in large bromeliads on rocky slopes and cliffs. While common and having a stable population trend, it is suffering from habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Pristimantis lymani* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Strabomantidae |
| Genus: | *Pristimantis* |
| Species: | ***P. lymani*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristimantis lymani***
(Barbour & Noble, 1920) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eleutherodactylus lymani* Barbour and Noble, 1920 * *Eleutherodactylus carrioni* Parker, 1932 | |


title: Weston Library

abstract: The Weston Library is part of the Bodleian Library, the main research library of the University of Oxford, reopened within the former New Bodleian Library building on the corner of Broad Street and Parks Road in central Oxford, England.

text:
# Weston Library

Weston Libraryclass=notpageimage|Location of the Weston Library within central Oxford

The **Weston Library** is part of the Bodleian Library, the main research library of the University of Oxford, reopened within the former **New Bodleian Library** building on the corner of Broad Street and Parks Road in central Oxford, England.

## History

From 1937 to 1940, Sir Giles Gilbert Scott worked on the **New Bodleian Library**, in Broad Street, Oxford. It is not generally considered his finest work. Needing to provide storage for millions of books without building higher than the surrounding structures, Scott devised a construction going deep into the earth, behind two elevations no higher than those around them. His biographer A. S. G. Butler commented, "In an attempt to be polite to these – which vary from late Gothic to Victorian Tudor – Scott produced a not very impressive neo-Jacobean design". A later biographer, Gavin Stamp, praises the considerable technical achievement of keeping the building low in scale by building underground, but agrees that aesthetically the building is not among Scott's most successful designs. Nikolaus Pevsner dismisses it as "neither one thing nor the other".

The building was constructed of Bladon stone with Clipsham dressings and was opened by King George VI. The Rockefeller Foundation donated 60% of the £1 million cost for the new library building. It included administrative and reading rooms, together with an 11-storey bookstack, three of which are underground. This was connected with the original Bodleian Library underground by a conveyor belt system for books. It is still possible to walk underground between the Radcliffe Camera and the new library building.

In the early 21st century, the building was rebuilt internally to the design of WilkinsonEyre behind its original façade to provide improved storage facilities for rare and fragile material, as well as better facilities for readers and visitors. It reopened to readers as the Weston Library on 21 March 2015. Richard Ovenden (Bodley's Librarian) awarded the Bodley Medal to Professor Stephen Hawking and Sir David Attenborough as part of the official opening ceremony.

The transformed library has been generally well-received, being described as a "hey presto moment for the city" by *The Independent* newspaper.

In July 2016, the building was shortlisted for the Stirling Prize for excellence in architecture.

51°45′18″N 1°15′18″W / 51.755°N 1.255°W / 51.755; -1.255

## InfoBox

| Weston Library | |
| --- | --- |
| View of the library building. | |
|  | |
| Location | Broad Street, Oxford, United Kingdom |
| Type | Academic library |
| Established | 2015 (2015) |
| Collection | |
| Items collected | Books, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, maps, prints, drawings and manuscripts |
| Access and use | |
| Access requirements | By reader card for the library itself. The Blackwell Hall, two exhibition rooms, a gift shop, and cafe are open to the public. |
| Members | Students and fellows of University of Oxford |
| Other information | |
| Website | bodleian.ox.ac.uk/weston |


title: Pterolebias

abstract: Pterolebias is a genus of killifish from the family Rivulidae which are native to temporary swamps and ponds in South America. It includes two groups, which sometimes are regarded as separate genera: Pterolebias from the southern Amazon and Paraguay river basins, and Gnatholebias from the Orinoco river basin. Depending on the exact species, these annual killifish reach up to 7–12 cm (2.8–4.7 in) in total length.

text:
# Pterolebias

***Pterolebias*** is a genus of killifish from the family Rivulidae which are native to temporary swamps and ponds in South America. It includes two groups, which sometimes are regarded as separate genera: *Pterolebias* (*sensu stricto*) from the southern Amazon and Paraguay (including the Pantanal) river basins, and *Gnatholebias* from the Orinoco (including the Llanos) river basin.

Depending on the exact species, these annual killifish reach up to 7–12 cm (2.8–4.7 in) in total length.

## Species

There are four recognized species in *Pterolebias* according to FishBase, but two of these are sometimes placed in a separate genus, *Gnatholebias*. The two groups are relatively distantly related and if kept in a single genus *Pterolebias* is paraphyletic.

## InfoBox

| *Pterolebias* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cyprinodontiformes |
| Family: | Rivulidae |
| Genus: | *Pterolebias*
Garman, 1895 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Pterolebias longipinnis*
Garman, 1895 | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Gnatholebias* W. J. E. M. Costa, 1998 | |


title: Pseudopostega elachista

abstract: Pseudopostega elachista is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Walsingham, Lord Thomas de Grey, in 1914. It is known from Guerrero, Mexico. The length of the forewings is about 4.4 mm (0.17 in). Adults have been recorded in September.

text:
# Pseudopostega elachista

***Pseudopostega elachista*** is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Walsingham, Lord Thomas de Grey, in 1914. It is known from Guerrero, Mexico.

The length of the forewings is about 4.4 mm (0.17 in). Adults have been recorded in September.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudopostega elachista* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Opostegidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudopostega* |
| Species: | ***P. elachista*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudopostega elachista***<br>(Walsingham, 1914) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Opostega elachista* Walsingham, 1914 | |


title: Pseudoconvexity

abstract:
In mathematics, more precisely in the theory of functions of several complex variables, a pseudoconvex set is a special type of open set in the n-dimensional complex space Cn. Pseudoconvex sets are important, as they allow for classification of domains of holomorphy. Let
  - G ⊂ C n be a domain, that is, an open connected subset. One says that G is pseudoconvex if there exists a continuous plurisubharmonic function φ on G such that the set
  - { z ∈ G ∣ φ < x } is a relatively compact subset of G for all real numbers x. In other words, a domain is pseudoconvex if G has a continuous plurisubharmonic exhaustion function. Every (geometrically) convex set is pseudoconvex. However, there are pseudoconvex domains which are not geometrically convex. When G has a C 2 boundary, this notion is the same as Levi pseudoconvexity, which is easier to work with. More specifically, with a C 2 boundary, it can be shown that G has a defining function, i.e., that there exists ρ : C n → R  :\mathbb {C} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} } which is C 2 so that G = { ρ < 0 }, and ∂ G = { ρ = 0 }. Now, G is pseudoconvex iff for every p ∈ ∂ G and w in the complex tangent space at p, that is,
  - ∇ ρ w = ∑ i = 1 n ∂ ρ ∂ z j w j = 0, we have
  - ∑ i, j = 1 n ∂ 2 ρ ∂ z i ∂ z j ¯ w i w j ¯ ≥ 0. The definition above is analogous to definitions of convexity in Real Analysis. If G does not have a C 2 boundary, the following approximation result can be useful. Proposition 1 If G is pseudoconvex, then there exist bounded, strongly Levi pseudoconvex domains G k ⊂ G with C ∞ (smooth) boundary which are relatively compact in G, such that
  - G = ⋃ k = 1 ∞ G k. This is because once we have a φ as in the definition we can actually find a C∞ exhaustion function.

text:
# Pseudoconvexity

In mathematics, more precisely in the theory of functions of several complex variables, a **pseudoconvex set** is a special type of open set in the *n*-dimensional complex space **C**<sup>*n*</sup>. Pseudoconvex sets are important, as they allow for classification of domains of holomorphy.

Let

$$G\subset {\mathbb {C} }^{n}$$

be a domain, that is, an open connected subset. One says that $G$ is *pseudoconvex* (or *Hartogs pseudoconvex*) if there exists a continuous plurisubharmonic function $\varphi $ on $G$ such that the set

$$\\{z\in G\mid \varphi (z)\<x\\}$$

is a relatively compact subset of $G$ for all real numbers $x.$ In other words, a domain is pseudoconvex if $G$ has a continuous plurisubharmonic exhaustion function. Every (geometrically) convex set is pseudoconvex. However, there are pseudoconvex domains which are not geometrically convex.

When $G$ has a $C^{2}$ (twice continuously differentiable) boundary, this notion is the same as Levi pseudoconvexity, which is easier to work with. More specifically, with a $C^{2}$ boundary, it can be shown that $G$ has a defining function, i.e., that there exists $\rho :\mathbb {C} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} $ which is $C^{2}$ so that $G=\\{\rho \<0\\}$, and $\partial G=\\{\rho =0\\}$. Now, $G$ is pseudoconvex iff for every $p\in \partial G$ and $w$ in the complex tangent space at p, that is,

$\nabla \rho (p)w=\sum \_{i=1}^{n}{\frac {\partial \rho (p)}{\partial z\_{j}w\_{j}=0}}$, we have

$$\sum \_{i,j=1}^{n}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\rho (p)}{\partial z\_{i}\partial {\bar {z\_{j}w\_{i}{\bar {w\_{j}\geq 0.}}}}}}$$

The definition above is analogous to definitions of convexity in Real Analysis.

If $G$ does not have a $C^{2}$ boundary, the following approximation result can be useful.

**Proposition 1** *If $G$ is pseudoconvex, then there exist bounded, strongly Levi pseudoconvex domains $G\_{k}\subset G$ with $C^{\infty }$ (smooth) boundary which are relatively compact in $G$, such that*

$$G=\bigcup \_{k=1}^{\infty }G\_{k}.$$

This is because once we have a $\varphi $ as in the definition we can actually find a *C* exhaustion function.

## The case *n* = 1

In one complex dimension, every open domain is pseudoconvex. The concept of pseudoconvexity is thus more useful in dimensions higher than 1.

* Bremermann, H. J. (1956). "Complex Convexity". *Transactions of the American Mathematical Society*. **82** (1): 17–51. doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1956-0079100-2. JSTOR 1992976.
* Lars Hörmander, *An Introduction to Complex Analysis in Several Variables*, North-Holland, 1990. (ISBN 0-444-88446-7).
* Steven G. Krantz. *Function Theory of Several Complex Variables*, AMS Chelsea Publishing, Providence, Rhode Island, 1992.
* Siu, Yum-Tong (1978). "Pseudoconvexity and the problem of Levi". *Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society*. **84** (4): 481–513. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1978-14483-8. MR 0477104.
* Catlin, David (1983). "Necessary Conditions for Subellipticity of the $\bar {\partial }$-Neumann Problem". *Annals of Mathematics*. **117** (1): 147–171. doi:10.2307/2006974. JSTOR 2006974.
* Zimmer, Andrew (2019). "Characterizing strong pseudoconvexity, obstructions to biholomorphisms, and Lyapunov exponents". *Mathematische Annalen*. **374** (3–4): 1811–1844. arXiv:1703.01511. doi:10.1007/s00208-018-1715-7. S2CID 253714537.
* Fornæss, John; Wold, Erlend (2018). "A non-strictly pseudoconvex domain for which the squeezing function tends to 1 towards the boundary". *Pacific Journal of Mathematics*. **297**: 79–86. arXiv:1611.04464. doi:10.2140/pjm.2018.297.79. S2CID 119149200.

*This article incorporates material from Pseudoconvex on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.*


title: Paul Logasa Bogen

abstract: Paul Logasa Bogen was an early proponent of the Army as nation builders. He was a United States Army soldier known for his work at the Defense Intelligence Agency, the Army War College and for General Westmoreland in Vietnam. He also innovated the use of helicopters for close combat support and planned security for Khrushchev's visit to the United States in 1959.

text:
# Paul Logasa Bogen

**Paul Logasa Bogen** (March 15, 1915 – June 4, 1972) was an early proponent of the Army as nation builders. He was a United States Army soldier known for his work at the Defense Intelligence Agency, the Army War College and for General Westmoreland in Vietnam. He also innovated the use of helicopters for close combat support and planned security for Khrushchev's visit to the United States in 1959.

## Early life

Paul Logasa Bogen was born on March 15, 1915, to Dr. Louis Isaac Bogen and Jeanie Deanna Logasa in Lincoln, Nebraska. His mother was the sister of Charles Logasa and Hannah Logasa He was originally expected to be born on Saint Patrick's Day and was to be named Patrick. When he was born two days early his parents named him Paul instead.

Bogen attended the University of Nebraska from 1933 to 1937, originally majoring in Mechanical Engineering before switching to Speech Communications. He was a member of the Army ROTC program obtaining the rank of Cadet Captain and being elected Finance Office of Phalanx, the University's military honor fraternity. Here he met an Elizabeth Jane Herd, whom he would marry on May 16, 1942, at Fort Benning, Georgia, in the Post Chapel.

## Military service

After graduation, Bogen was commissioned as a reserve officer in the Army and assigned the command of a CCC division in Louisiana. After the Nazi invasion of Poland, Bogen requested his reserve commission to be activated. Upon activation, he was assigned to the 2nd Armored Division as an assistant to then Colonel George S. Patton at Fort Benning, Georgia.

He served in World War II in the 6th Armored Division, first as a tank commander, then as a scout, and finally as the Assistant G-3, I&E, where he co-authored the official unit history. He saw combat from Normandy, Brittany, North France, the Ardennes, the Rhineland, and across Germany. He was among early American Army soldiers to meet up with the Russians near Mittweida, Germany along the Zschopau River on May 8, 1945.

### Graduate education

After World War II, he left active duty and became an Army reserve lieutenant colonel. During this time, he pursued a doctorate in Speech Communications at Ohio State University with research in the nascent fields of educational radio and television. As he neared completion of his degree, the growing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union led to the Army re-activating him.

When he returned from his tour of duty, he was disappointed to find that his faculty adviser at Ohio State had published his dissertation as his own work. He decided not to start over so he did not get his doctorate.

### Korean War

From 1951 to 1954, during the Korean War, he was an instructor at the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas where he revamped the curriculum, introduced modern pedagogical techniques, better training of instructors, and helped design Bell Hall. During this time, he served on the local School Board. In June 1954, he was assigned to Fort Richardson, Alaska, as Chief of Staff to the commander of Army forces in Alaska, General James F. Collins. In June 1957, he was assigned to Fort Knox, Kentucky, where he was a commanding officer of a battalion. In June 1958, he was awarded a Regular Army commission and promoted to the rank of colonel and sent to Carlisle, Pennsylvania to the U.S. Army War College as a student in Strategy and Logistics. Upon graduation, he became a professor at the War College. When the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) was established in 1961, Bogen was made the Assistant to the Director. During his time at the DIA, Bogen was assigned to be the chief of security for the visit of Nikita Khrushchev to the United States.

### Vietnam War

From 1964 to 1965, Colonel Bogen served under General William Westmoreland as the head of the Army Concept Team in Vietnam and was an outspoken opponent of the Tactical Air Command System Report that favored consolidating all tactical air operations under the US Air Force. During his service in Vietnam, he received the Legion of Merit twice, a Bronze Star, and an Air Medal.

### Return to War College

In 1966 after returning from Vietnam, Colonel Bogen was again a faculty member at the U.S. Army War College as the first recipient of the Eisenhower Chair of Strategic Appraisal During this time, he was recognized as one of the first professional soldiers to advocate the military as nation-builders.

### 4th Army

In 1969, Bogen was transferred to Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas, where he served as the chief of staff of the 4th Army. Upon the merging of the 4th and 5th Armies in 1971, he was offered a promotion to brigadier general as commander of Schofield Barracks in Hawaii after being passed over at least four times for a promotion.

## Retirement

Colonel Bogen, however, decided he did not want to relocate again, particularly since his second oldest son had just started college and his youngest was in the middle of high school. Instead, he retired and began to write his memoirs. However, he died of anaphylactic shock from a hornet sting at his home in San Antonio in 1972. His youngest son, John, died in 2003, his oldest son, James, died in 2005, his wife, Elizabeth, died in 2009, his middle son, Charles, died in 2010 and his daughter, Patricia died in 2019. He was survived by 9 grandchildren.

1. Patterson, Rebecca (2014-09-17). *The Challenge of Nation-Building: Implementing Effective Innovation in the U.S. Army from World War II to the Iraq War*. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442236950.
2. "University of Nebraska Yearbook display". *yearbooks.unl.edu*. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
3. "Armored Sentinel (Temple, Tex.), Vol. 21, No. 27, Ed. 1 Friday, October 11, 1963". *The Portal to Texas History*. 1963-10-11. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
4. "6th Armored Division, Combat Record: Excerpts". *www.super6th.org*. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
5. Dyer, George (1945). *XII Corps: Sprearhead of Patton's Army*. XII U.S. Army Corps.
6. "Military Review, May 1952 :: Military Review". *cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org*. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
7. Doughty, Robert A. (21 April 1978). "Service at the Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 20 January 1948 to 30 June 1978" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
8. Horwood, Ian (2006). "Interservice Rivalry and Airpower in the Vietnam War" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-16. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
9. "Paul Bogen - Recipient - Military Times Hall Of Valor". *testvalor.militarytimes.com*. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
10. Kunkleman, John A. (1 September 1966). "War College Pays Double Tribute". *news.google.com*. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
11. "Military Review, July 1973. :: Military Review". *cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org*. Retrieved 2019-03-13.


title: North Ormsby Priory

abstract:
North Ormsby Priory was a Gilbertine priory in North Ormsby, Lincolnshire, England. It was founded by Gilbert son of Robert of Ormsby with the consent of his lord, William, earl of Albemarle. Robert was steward of William of Percy and gave the nuns the churches of Sth Elkington and Little
Grimsby pasture, and land. The number of inmates was limited by Saint Gilbert to 100 nuns and lay sisters, and 50 canons and lay brothers.
In 1534 the prior subscribed to the kings supremacy, and the house was surrendered by the prior and 5 canons and 9 nuns in 1538. The last prior was Christopher Cartwright. The site is still visible as earthworks and is scheduled.

text:
# North Ormsby Priory

**North Ormsby Priory** was a Gilbertine priory in North Ormsby, Lincolnshire, England.

It was founded by Gilbert son of Robert of Ormsby with the consent of his lord, William, earl of Albemarle. Robert was steward of William of Percy and gave the nuns the churches of Sth Elkington and Little Grimsby pasture, and land. The number of inmates was limited by Saint Gilbert to 100 nuns and lay sisters, and 50 canons and lay brothers. In 1534 the prior subscribed to the kings supremacy, and the house was surrendered by the prior and 5 canons and 9 nuns in 1538. The last prior was Christopher Cartwright. The site is still visible as earthworks and is scheduled.

53°25′08″N 0°03′54″W / 53.419008°N 0.06488°W / 53.419008; -0.06488


title: Sherbrooke Missal

abstract: The Sherbrooke Missal is one of the earliest examples of a Missal that was produced in England, dating from circa 1310 to 1320. Only two other Missals from an English source are known to pre-date the Sherbrooke Missal. However, the Sherbrooke Missal is unusual as it contains many beautiful miniatures which are depictions of the manuscript's text. These images are similar in style to those found in the British Library's Queen Mary Psalter, which is also from the early fourteenth century. From the sixteenth to the nineteenth century the manuscript was owned by the Sherbrooke family of Oxton, Nottinghamshire, and it is from their library that the Sherbrooke Missal takes its name. It was then the property of the artist William Morris, before being sold twice by Sotheby's, first to Henry Yates Thompson in 1898, and then to Gwendoline Davies in 1920. It was donated to the National Library of Wales by Margaret Davies in 1951, and it is now part of the General Manuscript Collection, with the catalogue number NLW MS 15536E.

text:
# Sherbrooke Missal

The **Sherbrooke Missal** (NLW MS 15536E) is one of the earliest examples of a Missal that was produced in England, dating from circa 1310 to 1320. Only two other Missals from an English source are known to pre-date the Sherbrooke Missal. However, the Sherbrooke Missal is unusual as it contains many beautiful miniatures which are depictions of the manuscript's text. These images are similar in style to those found in the British Library's Queen Mary Psalter, which is also from the early fourteenth century.

From the sixteenth to the nineteenth century the manuscript was owned by the Sherbrooke family of Oxton, Nottinghamshire, and it is from their library that the Sherbrooke Missal takes its name. It was then the property of the artist William Morris, before being sold twice by Sotheby's, first to Henry Yates Thompson in 1898, and then to Gwendoline Davies in 1920. It was donated to the National Library of Wales by Margaret Davies in 1951, and it is now part of the General Manuscript Collection, with the catalogue number NLW MS 15536E.


title: Volvarina yaeli

abstract: Volvarina yaeli is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

text:
# Volvarina yaeli

***Volvarina yaeli*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Distribution

This small marine species occurs off the Canary Islands.

* Espinosa J., Martin J. & Ortea J. (2018). Dos nuevas especies del género Volvarina Hinds, 1844 (Gastropoda: Marginellidae) de Fuerteventura, islas Canarias. Avicennia. 22: 59–60.

## InfoBox

| *Volvarina yaeli* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Subfamily: | Marginellinae |
| Genus: | *Volvarina* |
| Species: | ***V. yaeli*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Volvarina yaeli***<br>Espinosa, J. Martin & Ortea, 2018 | |
|


title: German aircraft carrier II

abstract: The aircraft carrier II was a proposed conversion project for the incomplete French cruiser De Grasse. The ship was laid down in November 1938 and lay incomplete in the Arsenal de Lorient shipyard when Germany invaded France in May 1940. In 1942, Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine decided to convert the cruiser into an auxiliary aircraft carrier with a capacity for twenty-three fighters and dive bombers. Work ceased in February 1943, however, due to concerns with the ship's design, a severe shortage of material and labor, and the threat of Allied bombing raids. The ship was eventually completed as an anti-aircraft cruiser in 1956 by the French Navy.

text:
# German aircraft carrier II

The aircraft carrier **II** was a proposed conversion project for the incomplete French cruiser *De Grasse*. The ship was laid down in November 1938 and lay incomplete in the Arsenal de Lorient shipyard when Germany invaded France in May 1940. In 1942, Nazi Germany's *Kriegsmarine* decided to convert the cruiser into an auxiliary aircraft carrier with a capacity for twenty-three fighters and dive bombers. Work ceased in February 1943, however, due to concerns with the ship's design, a severe shortage of material and labor, and the threat of Allied bombing raids. The ship was eventually completed as an anti-aircraft cruiser in 1956 by the French Navy.

## Design

The French cruiser *De Grasse* was laid down at the Arsenal de Lorient shipyard in Lorient on 28 August 1939; work was temporarily halted on 3 September following the outbreak of World War II, but was resumed on 28 September. Work on the unfinished ship stopped a second time on 10 June during the final stage of the German conquest of France in May–June 1940. By that time, the ship was twenty-eight percent complete. The Germans occupied the shipyard on 22 June and initially planned on completing the hull so it could be launched to clear the slipway.

In 1942, the *Kriegsmarine* considered several proposals to convert the cruiser into an auxiliary aircraft carrier, and the final proposal was completed by August. Accounts of the conversion work differ; according to the German historian Erich Gröner, work began soon after but was cancelled by February 1943. But the historians John Jordan and Jean Moulin state that work was delayed until late 1943 owing to delivery delays for the equipment required to complete the vessel. They also note that the French shipyard workers had little interest in completing a warship for their German occupiers and worked slowly. The project had been abandoned, for several reasons. The shipyard suffered from a shortage of labor and materials, and the design staff had significant concerns over the arrangement of the engine system. The Allies also posed a serious threat, as Lorient was well within the range of Allied bombers, and the ship was hit twice by bombs while under German control.

The ship was eventually retaken by the French Navy after the port was liberated on 9 May 1945 and it was discovered that the shipyard workers had hidden significant quantities of material in her double bottom, rather than work them into the ship. She was finally launched in 1946, and was ultimately completed in 1956 as an anti-aircraft cruiser.

### Characteristics

The converted ship would have been 180.4 m (591 ft 10 in) long at the waterline and 192.5 m (631 ft 7 in) long overall. She would have had a beam of 24.4 m (80 ft 1 in) and a draft of 5.6 m (18 ft 4 in) as designed. Her designed displacement would have been 11,400 long tons (11,600 ). The ship's propulsion system consisted of two sets of Rateau-Bretagne geared steam turbines, with steam supplied by four Indret ultra-high-pressure water-tube boilers. The engines were rated at 10,000 shaft horsepower (7,500 kW) and would have provided a top speed of 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph). The carrier would have had a range of 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at a cruising speed of 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph).

As converted, the ship was to be armed with several types of anti-aircraft guns. The heavy anti-aircraft battery consisted of twelve 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK C/33 guns in twin mountings. The mounts were the Dopp LC/31 type, originally designed for earlier 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK C/31 guns. The LC/31 mounting was triaxially stabilized and capable of elevating to 80°. This enabled the guns to engage targets up to a ceiling of 12,500 m (41,000 ft). Against surface targets, the guns had a maximum range of 17,700 m (58,100 ft). The guns fired fixed ammunition weighing 15.1 kg (33 lb); the guns could fire HE and HE incendiary rounds, as well as illumination shells. Close-range anti-aircraft weaponry consisted of twelve 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 guns and twenty-four 2 cm (0.79 in) Flak 38 guns. The 3.7 cm gun was a single-shot gun, with a rate of fire of around 30 rounds per minute. At its maximum elevation of 85°, the gun had a ceiling of 6,800 m (22,300 ft). The 2 cm gun was a magazine-fed automatic weapon, firing at up to 500 rounds per minute. Twenty and forty-round magazines were supplied for the guns.

The ship's aircraft facilities consisted of a 177.5 m (582 ft) long, 24 m (79 ft) wide flight deck and two elevators. Aircraft were handled in a single hangar, which was 142 m (466 ft) long and 18.6 m (61 ft) wide. The ship's air complement was to have consisted of eleven Bf 109 fighters and twelve Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers. The Bf 109 fighters were a navalized version of the "E" model, designated as Bf 109T. Their wings were longer than the land-based model to allow for shorter take-off. The Ju 87s were to have been the "E" variant, which was a navalized version of the Ju 87D, and were modified for catapult launches and were equipped with arresting gear.

* Caldwell, Donald & Muller, Richard (2007). *The Luftwaffe Over Germany: Defense of the Reich*. London: MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-85367-712-0.
* Campbell, John (1985). *Naval Weapons of World War II*. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-459-2.
* Gröner, Erich (1990). *German Warships: 1815–1945*. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6.
* Jordan, John & Moulin, Jean (2013). *French Cruisers 1922 - 1956*. Yorkshire: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-133-5.
* Kay, Antony K. & Couper, Paul (2004). *Junkers Aircraft and Engines, 1913–1945*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-985-0.
* Sieche, Erwin (1992). "Germany". In Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger (eds.). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946*. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 218–254. ISBN 978-0-85177-146-5.

## Further reading

* Schenk, Peter (2008). "German Aircraft Carrier Developments". *Warship International*. **45** (2). Toledo: International Naval Research Organization: 129–158. ISSN 0043-0374. OCLC 1647131.

## InfoBox

| Plan and profile drawing of the final design | |
| --- | --- |
| Class overview | |
| Name | II |
| Builders | Arsenal de Lorient |
| Preceded by | *Jade* class |
| Succeeded by | None |
| Planned | 1 |
| Cancelled | 1 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Light aircraft carrier |
| Displacement | Design: 11,400 long tons (11,600 ) |
| Length | 192.5 m (631 ft 7 in) (loa) |
| Beam | 24.4 m (80 ft 1 in) |
| Draft | 5.6 m (18 ft 4 in) |
| Installed power |  |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 32 kn (59 km/h; 37 mph) |
| Range | At 19 kn (35 km/h; 22 mph): 7,000 nmi (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) |
| Armament |  |
| Aircraft carried |  |
| Aviation facilities |  |


title: Mir-367 microRNA precursor family

abstract: In molecular biology mir-367 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. miR302/367 cluster, together with Hdac2 inhibition, reprograms human and mouse fibroblasts to iPS cells, faster and more efficient than the custom viral infection (OSKM) strategy. Expression of miR367 is essential for Oct4 expression and miR302/367-mediated reprogramming.

text:
# Mir-367 microRNA precursor family

In molecular biology **mir-367 microRNA** is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.

**miR302/367 cluster**, together with Hdac2 inhibition, reprograms human and mouse fibroblasts to iPS cells, faster and more efficient than the custom viral infection (OSKM) strategy. Expression of miR367 is essential for Oct4 expression and miR302/367-mediated reprogramming.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| mir-367 | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | mir-367 |
| Rfam | RF00735 |
| miRBase family | MIPF0000162 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | microRNA |
| Domain(s) | *Eukaryota;* |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: Pterolebias zonatus

abstract: Pterolebias zonatus is a species of fish in the family Aplocheilidae endemic to the Orinoco River basin in Venezuela where it is found in open waters exposed to sunlight. This species grows to a length of 10 cm (3.9 in). It is found in the aquarium trade. This species is often included in the genus Gnatholebias, of which it has been designated the type species. This species, and Pterlolebias hoignei, are rather distantly related to the other species in Pterolebias and some workers argue that their inclusion in that genus makes it paraphyletic.

text:
# Pterolebias zonatus

***Pterolebias zonatus*** is a species of fish in the family Aplocheilidae endemic to the Orinoco River basin in Venezuela where it is found in open waters exposed to sunlight. This species grows to a length of 10 cm (3.9 in). It is found in the aquarium trade. This species is often included in the genus *Gnatholebias*, of which it has been designated the type species. This species, and *Pterlolebias hoignei*, are rather distantly related to the other species in *Pterolebias* and some workers argue that their inclusion in that genus makes it paraphyletic.

## InfoBox

| *Pterolebias zonatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cyprinodontiformes |
| Family: | Rivulidae |
| Genus: | *Pterolebias* |
| Species: | ***P. zonatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterolebias zonatus***<br>G. S. Myers, 1935 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Gnatholebias zonatus* (Myers, 1935) | |


title: Provinces of Solomon Islands

text:
# Provinces of Solomon Islands

Solomon Islands is divided into nine provinces. The national capital, Honiara, on the island of Guadalcanal, is separately governed as the country's Capital Territory.

## History

Under the British Solomon Islands Protectorate, there were initially 12 administrative districts: Choiseul, Eastern Solomons, Gizo, Guadalcanal, Lord Howe, Malaita, Nggela and Savo, Rennell and Bellona Islands, Santa Cruz, Shortlands, Sikaiana (Stewart), and Ysabel and Cape Marsh. The administrative centre was in Tulagi.

After World War II, the protectorate was reorganised into four districts, namely Central, Western, Eastern, and Malaita, which were then further subdivided into councils. The administrative centre was moved from Tulagi to Honiara.

At its independence in 1978, the protectorate became the sovereign state of Solomon Islands. Honiara continued to function as the capital of the sovereign nation, and the inherited districts and councils remained until 1981, when the nation was reorganised into seven provinces by splitting some of the districts into provinces: the Central District was split into Central, Guadalcanal, and Isabel provinces, while the Eastern District was split into Makira-Ulawa and Temotu provinces. The other two districts, Western and Malaita, were also designated as provinces. These new provinces corresponded to the councils of the districts before 1981.

In 1983, the 22 square-kilometre Honiara was split from Guadalcanal Province and became a separately-governed capital territory. The city remains as the capital of Guadalcanal Province.

In 1995, Choiseul Province was split from Western Province, and Rennell and Bellona Province was split from Central Province, resulting in the nine provinces and one town council of today.

## Population

The population census data is from the 1999, 2009 and 2019 Censuses, as provided by the Solomon Islands National Statistics Office. They show that the population has increased in the past decade for most of the provinces, especially the more urban ones, as urbanisation increases.

The figures for Guadalcanal Province do not include the separately-administered Capital Territory of Honiara; if included, that province would have had a total population of 109,382 in 1999, when it was the second largest province by population; by 2009, the combined census total for Guadalcanal and the Capital Territory would be 179,166, which would have made it the most populous province; by 2019 the combined total would be 284,326.

## Provinces

| # | Province | Capital | Premier | Area
(km2) | Population
census
1999 | Population
census
2009 | Population
census
2019 | Population
estimate
2022 | Population
per km2
(2019) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Central Province | Tulagi | Stanely Manetiva | 615 | 21,577 | 26,051 | 30,326 | 33,476 | 49.3 |
| 2 | Choiseul Province | Taro Island | Harrison Benjamin | 3,837 | 20,008 | 26,372 | 30,619 | 38,453 | 8.0 |
| 3 | Guadalcanal Province | Honiara | Francis Sade | 5,336 | 60,275 | 106,023 | 154,150 | 166,838 | 28.9 |
| 4 | Isabel Province | Buala | Rhoda Sikilabu | 4,136 | 20,421 | 26,158 | 30,399 | 36,688 | 7.3 |
| 5 | Makira-Ulawa Province | Kirakira | Julian Maka'a | 3,188 | 31,006 | 40,419 | 52,006 | 57,396 | 16.3 |
| 6 | Malaita Province | Auki | Daniel Suidani | 4,225 | 122,620 | 152,307 | 173,347 | 163,085 | 41.0 |
| 7 | Rennell and Bellona Province | Tigoa | Japhet Tuhanuku | 671 | 2,377 | 3,041 | 4,091 | 4,465 | 6.1 |
| 8 | Temotu Province | Lata | Clay Forau Soalaoi | 868 | 18,912 | 21,362 | 22,132 | 25,701 | 25.5 |
| 9 | Western Province | Gizo | Christian Mesepitu | 7,509 | 62,739 | 76,649 | 94,209 | 102,083 | 12.5 |
|  | Capital Territory | Honiara | Eddie Siapu (mayor) | 22 | 49,107 | 73,143 | 130,176 | 94,206 | 5,917.1 |
|  | **Solomon Islands** | Honiara |  | 30,407 | 409,042 | 515,870 | 721,455 | 722,392 | 23.7 |

\[1\] excluding the Capital Territory of Honiara


title: Nelson W. Cheney

abstract: Nelson Welch Cheney was an American politician from New York.

text:
# Nelson W. Cheney

**Nelson Welch Cheney** (June 27, 1875 – November 23, 1944) was an American politician from New York.

## Life

He was born on June 27, 1875, in Buffalo, New York, the son of Edgar Orlando Cheney (1843–1904) and Philena C. (Welch) Cheney. There he attended the public schools, and Central High School. He graduated B.A. from Cornell University in 1899.

On June 4, 1904, he married Edith Ingram, and they had four children. They lived in Eden

Cheney was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1916, 1917 (both Erie Co., 9th D.), 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928 and 1929 (all twelve Erie Co., 8th D.). He was Chairman of the Committee on Claims in 1918, and later for many years Chairman of the Committee on Banks.

He was a member of the New York State Senate (50th D.) from 1930 to 1938, sitting in the 152nd, 153rd, 154th, 155th, 156th, 157th, 158th, 159th, 160th and 161st New York State Legislatures.

He died on November 23, 1944; and was buried at the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo.

Assemblyman Nelson Welch (1808–1900) was his grandfather.


title: Pseudoconsensus

abstract:
A pseudoconsensus is a false consensus, reached most commonly when members of a group feel they are expected to go along with the majority decision, as when the voting basis is a large supermajority and nothing can be done unless some of the members of the minority acquiesce. This can cause problems such as the Abilene paradox. Robert's Rules of Order notes that this was part of the impetus for switching from consensus to majority as the voting basis in the British House of Lords:
This evolution came about from a recognition that a requirement of unanimity or near unanimity can become a form of tyranny in itself. In an assembly that tries to make such a requirement the norm, a variety of misguided feelings – reluctance to be seen as opposing the leadership, a notion that causing controversy will be frowned upon, fear of seeming an obstacle to unity – can easily lead to decisions being taken with a pseudoconsensus which in reality implies elements of default, which satisfies no one, and for which no one really assumes responsibility.... Robert saw, on the other hand, that the evolution of majority vote in tandem with lucid and clarifying debate – resulting in a decision representing the view of the deliberate majority – far more clearly ferrets out and demonstrates the will of the assembly.
The book Creating a Life Together: Practical Tools to Grow Ecovillages identifies pseudoconsensus as a problem that can occur in communal environments with a consensus voting basis. Various forms of pseudoconsensus identified were the Big League Complex; Decision by Endurance; Everyone Decides Everything; and "I Block, I Block!"

text:
# Pseudoconsensus

A **pseudoconsensus** is a false consensus, reached most commonly when members of a group feel they are expected to go along with the majority decision, as when the voting basis is a large supermajority and nothing can be done unless some of the members of the minority acquiesce. This can cause problems such as the Abilene paradox. Robert's Rules of Order notes that this was part of the impetus for switching from consensus to majority as the voting basis in the British House of Lords:

> This evolution came about from a recognition that a requirement of unanimity or near unanimity can become a form of tyranny in itself. In an assembly that tries to make such a requirement the norm, a variety of misguided feelings  reluctance to be seen as opposing the leadership, a notion that causing controversy will be frowned upon, fear of seeming an obstacle to unity  can easily lead to decisions being taken with a pseudoconsensus which in reality implies elements of default, which satisfies no one, and for which no one really assumes responsibility. ... Robert saw, on the other hand, that the evolution of majority vote in tandem with lucid and clarifying debate  resulting in a decision representing the view of the deliberate majority  far more clearly ferrets out and demonstrates the will of the assembly.

The book *Creating a Life Together: Practical Tools to Grow Ecovillages* identifies pseudoconsensus as a problem that can occur in communal environments with a consensus voting basis. Various forms of pseudoconsensus identified were the Big League Complex; Decision by Endurance; Everyone Decides Everything; and "I Block, I Block!"


title: Paul M. Lally

abstract: Paul M. Lally is a North American television producer, writer, and director.

text:
# Paul M. Lally

**Paul M. Lally** is a North American television producer, writer, and director.

## Career

Lally directed over 100 episodes of *Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood*

His PBS screenwriting credits include *Alias Jimmy Valentine*, an O. Henry adapted screenplay for *American Playhouse*, and episodic writing for *Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood*. His commercial screenplay credits include *Little Red Riding Hood* and *Hansel and Gretel* for Walt Disney Productions.

He was host and narrator of four public television storytelling series; *Gather 'Round, Teletales, Gentle Giant" and A Fairy Tale Comforter for Children.*

His PBS executive producing credits include *Ciao Italia with Mary Ann Esposito*, an Italian how-to cooking series broadcast nationwide on PBS stations.

He wrote and directed *Golden: The Hobey Baker Story*

He narrated American music composer's Ward Dilmore's *The Nightingale* and *The Snow Queen,* as performed by the ballet troupe *Petit Papillon,* under the direction of Patricia Walker.

His ten novels include the alternate military history trilogies *RISE AGAIN* and *AMERIKA*, and the novels, *RIDE THE TITANIC*, *BAR HARBOR GOLD*, *SILK*, and BATTLESHIP BOYS.

## InfoBox

| Paul M. Lally | |
| --- | --- |
| Lally in 2016 | |


title: North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

abstract: The North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast was an oblast which existed from 1924 until 1936. It was then established as the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936.

text:
# North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

The **North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast** was an oblast which existed from 1924 until 1936. It was then established as the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936.

1. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 г." Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-10-17.

## InfoBox

| North Ossetian Autonomous OblastЦӕгат Ирыстоны AО (Ossetian)
Северо-Осетинская АО (Russian) | |
| --- | --- |
| Autonomous oblast of the Russian SFSR | |
| 1924–1936 | |
| Flag    Emblem | |
| Capital | Vladikavkaz |
| Demonym | North Ossetian |
| Population |  |
|  | |
| 1926 | 152,435 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Type | Autonomous oblast |
|  | |
| History |  |
|  | |
| Established | 1924 |
| Disestablished | 1936 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Today part of | Russia
**·**  North Ossetia–Alania |


title: Volvarina yani

abstract: Volvarina yani is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

text:
# Volvarina yani

***Volvarina yani*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 5.62 mm, its diameter 2.5 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Guadeloupe in the Caribbean Sea.

## InfoBox

| *Volvarina yani* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell and animal of *Volvarina yani* (holotype at MNHN, Paris) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Subfamily: | Marginellinae |
| Genus: | *Volvarina* |
| Species: | ***V. yani*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Volvarina yani***<br>Espinosa & Ortea, 2012 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Volvarina (Carivolva) yani* Espinosa & Ortea, 2012 · alternate representation | |


title: Princess of the Midnight Ball

abstract: Princess of the Midnight Ball is a 2009 young adult fantasy novel written by Jessica Day George. It is based on the fairy tale "The Twelve Dancing Princesses".

text:
# Princess of the Midnight Ball

***Princess of the Midnight Ball*** is a 2009 young adult fantasy novel written by Jessica Day George. It is based on the fairy tale "The Twelve Dancing Princesses".

## Plot summary

Princess Rose and her sisters Lily, Jonquil, Hyacinth, Violet, Daisy, Poppy, Iris, Lilac, Orchid, Pansy, and Petunia are trapped in a curse. Every third night, they have to dance at the Midnight Ball with the twelve sons of the King Under Stone, who lives in a realm below the earth. The curse prevents them from speaking of it, and every prince who attempts to learn their secret in hopes of marrying one of them and inheriting the crown ends up dead by the next full moon.

Galen Werner is a soldier who is returning from the Westfalin-Analousia war. On his way to the city of Bruch to live with his mother's sister Liesel Orm, Galen meets an old woman. After he shares his food with her, the woman gives him white and black yarn and an invisibility cloak, saying that he would have to use them when "He" tries to get to the surface.

When Galen meets Rose, she knows that he can try to break the curse, but will he succeed despite the complications they come across?

## Characters

* **Galen Werner:** The protagonist of the story, the only son of a soldier and an army laundress. Galen had been a soldier since he was fifteen when his father died in battle. With the Westfalin-Analousia war over, Galen Werner goes to live with his mother's sister and her family.
* **Princess Rose:** Another protagonist, the eldest daughter of King Gregor and the late Queen Maude. She is protective of her sisters and wants desperately to break the curse they inherited from their mother. Rose is clever and courageous but is deeply burdened with the curse of dancing at the Midnight Ball. She is 18 at the time.
* **Princess Lily**: The second daughter of King Gregor, who has worked with Rose for years to attempt to break the spell upon them. She is described as a gracious and artful young woman, as well as endlessly brave. She is an excellent shot with a pistol, having been taught by her sweetheart, Heinrich Orm, Galen's cousin, before he left to become a soldier. She is 17.
* **The King Under Stone:** The prime antagonist, who manipulated circumstances that forced Queen Maude to dance to provide him with energy and then have her bear twelve daughters to become brides for his twelve sons. His true name is Wolfram von Aue and was trapped long ago underground by the power of twelve magicians.
* **King Gregor:** The King of Westfalin and the father of Rose and her sisters. Out of love for his wife, Queen Maude, he ordered a Breton garden to be made, containing each of her favorite flowers. He loves his daughters deeply and despairs that they are mysteriously exhausting themselves each night, dancing until their shoes are worn out.
* **Walter Vogel:** An elderly gardener who has worked in the Queen's Garden since Rose was born. He becomes Galen's mentor when Galen becomes one of the palace gardeners, and indirectly aids Galen to discover the secret of the princesses and help defeat the King Under Stone. It is stated on the author's website that Walter was named after the German poet Walter von der Vogelweide.
* **The Orm Family:** Galen's only surviving family. His aunt, Liesel, is the sister of Galen's mother Renata, and she welcomes him into her home. Liesel's husband, Reiner, is a proud man who does not trust others easily and is proud of his position as the king's Chief Gardener. Liesel and Reiner's daughter is Ulrike, a gentle sentimental girl who enjoys reading, while their son Heinrich and Princess Lily were in love. Because Heinrich chose to become a soldier rather than remaining a gardener during the Westfalin-Analousian war, Reiner disowned him and convinced his wife and daughter that Heinrich died. Heinrich and Lily eventually marry.
* **The Other Princesses**: Rose and Lily's younger sisters, the daughters of King Gregor and late Queen Maude, in order of age. The three eldest princesses are known as the "Older Set" and the three youngest form the "Youngest Set", with the six remaining sisters known as the "In-Betweens."

* **Jonquil**, the third eldest princess, well-known for her good looks and her tendency to dress ostentatiously. She shares a room with Lily and Rose; the three eldest princesses are known as the "Older Set." She is 16. By the events of *Princess of the Silver Woods*, she remains unmarried as recurring nightmares of her experience at the Midnight Balls have marred her beauty and discouraged her suitors.
* **Hyacinth**, the fourth eldest princess, known to be extremely pious and prays often, but is also said to be graceful and an exquisite dancer. She shares a room with Violet and the twins. She is 15. In the years after the Midnight Balls, Hyacinth becomes considerably more forceful towards the King Under Stone's successors. In *Princess of the Silver Woods*, she has married Jacques, an Analousian aristocrat.
* **Violet**, the fifth eldest, is musically inclined. She loves to play the pianoforte and is a fine singer, but is also good at cards. She is 14. In *Princess of the Silver Woods*, it is revealed that she has married the son of the Archduke von Schwabian, Prince Frederick, who shares Violet's musical inclinations.
* **Poppy and Daisy**, twin sisters, the sixth (Poppy) and seventh (Daisy) eldest in their family. Poppy is tough and outspoken and an excellent cardsharp, while Daisy is easily frightened and well-behaved. The twins are 13 during the novel. Poppy is the heroine of the sequel, *Princess of Glass*, where she develops a relationship with Prince Christian of the Danelaw during their stay in Breton, whom she marries at the conclusion of *Princess of the Silver Woods*. Daisy eventually marries Prince Ricard of Venenzia.
* **Iris**, the eighth princess, known to be kindhearted. She is 12.
* **Lilac**, the ninth princess, who enjoys watching plays. She is 11.
* **Orchid**, the tenth princess, who also enjoys watching plays and is rather studious. She and Iris are often mistaken for one another, even though Orchid distinctly wears spectacles. She forms the "Youngest Set" with her sisters Pansy and Petunia. She is 10.
* **Pansy**, the second youngest princess, a delicate girl who hates dancing to the point of hysteria and Rose fears that Pansy may lose her sanity over time if they are forced to continue. Her favorite sister is Lily. She is 7.
* **Petunia**, the youngest princess who still loves to dance, not fully understanding the implications of the curse of the King Under Stone. She is 6 years old during *Princess of the Midnight Ball*. Petunia is described as being very short in her adolescence, which strengthens her resemblance to her mother, Queen Maude. She is the heroine of the series' third book, *Princess of the Silver Woods*, when she is approximately 16 years old and had spent time in Russaka as a guest of Grand Duchess Volenskaya during *Princess of Glass*.
* **Under Stone's Sons:** All twelve of the King Under Stone's sons are half-mortal; according to Queen Maude's diaries, their mothers were princesses who were somehow summoned by Under Stone. The other sons mentioned in the novel include Blathen (Poppy's dance partner), Tirolian (Daisy's dance partner), Telinros (Pansy's partner), and Kestilan (Petunia's partner). A story told at the beginning of the novel implies that four of the sons were mothered by four princesses of Russaka. On Jessica Day George's website (under the *Princess of the Silver Woods* section), the princes not mentioned by name in the book are Parian (Lily's partner), Stavian (Hyacinth's partner), Kadros (Violet's partner), Derivos (Iris's partner), Talivor (Lilac's partner), and Hapken (Orchid's partner). The nine older sons are each a son of one of the Nine Daughters of Russaka, the daughters of the Emperor of Russaka; the three youngest sons are the sons of minor nobility. Kestilan’s mother was a Belgique countess, as the Grand Duchess Volenskaya says in the third book.
    + **Illiken:** The eldest son of the King Under Stone, another antagonist. Rose's dance partner at the Midnight Ball. Like the rest of Under Stone's sons, he fears his father. When his father is killed, Illiken receives his powers and becomes the new King. Upon inheriting his father's powers, he becomes much more dangerous and openly cruel.
    + **Rionin:** One of the King Under Stone's sons. He is Jonquil's dance partner. He notably leads Under Stone's sons above ground to abduct the princesses when illness prevents them from attending the Midnight Ball, though they are warded off when Lily shoots at them. He is described as less stoic than his brothers and known for being particularly cruel. In the sequel *Princess of Glass*, Rionin is the new King Under Stone, presumably after the deaths of both Illiken and Lily's partner, and enjoys taunting his former partner Jonquil by suggesting Rose or Lily are more suitable brides for himself.
* **Queen Maude:** King Gregor's late wife and the mother to the princesses. She was the one responsible for placing the curse upon her daughters; she had bargained with the King Under Stone for a child (only to get eleven more), and then again to end the war. She comes from Breton and brought a number of Bretoner ladies-in-waiting, including Anne Lewiston and Emily Ellsworth-Saxony (the former becoming the governess to Maude's daughters and the latter eventually marrying the Earl of Saxeborg-Rohlstein and becoming the mother of Oliver, Petunia's love interest).
* **Anne Lewiston:** The princesses' governess from Breton, an educated and accomplished woman. Anne had originally accompanied Queen Maude to Westfalin as an interpreter and confidante but was requested to remain in Westfalin to become the governess of the princesses. However, when the princesses' nightly dancing comes to light, Anne is accused of witchcraft and imprisoned until Galen is able to clear her name by solving the mystery regarding the princesses' curse.
* **Dr Kelling:** The royal physician who is also good friends with the family and grew up with King Gregor.
* **Bishop Schelker:** The highest-ranking clergyman in Westfalin, as well as the royal family's personal priest and a personal friend of King Gregor, as well as Petunia's godfather. He is surprisingly open towards supernatural occurrences.

## InfoBox

Princess of the Midnight Ball
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Jessica Day George |
| Cover artist | Larry Rostant, Donna Mark |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Fantasy |
| Publisher | Bloomsbury |
| Publication date | 2009 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Published in English | 2009 |
| Pages | 272 |
| ISBN | 1-59990-322-9 |
| Followed by | *Princess of Glass* |


title: Mir-370 microRNA precursor family

abstract: In molecular biology mir-370 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. This microRNA, mir-370-3p, has been shown to play a role in heart failure. The upregulation of mir-370-3p in the sinus node leads to downregulation of the pacemaker ion channel, HCN4, and thus downregulation of the corresponding ionic current, which causes sinus bradycardia.

text:
# Mir-370 microRNA precursor family

In molecular biology **mir-370 microRNA** is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. This microRNA, mir-370-3p, has been shown to play a role in heart failure. The upregulation of mir-370-3p in the sinus node leads to downregulation of the pacemaker ion channel, HCN4, and thus downregulation of the corresponding ionic current, which causes sinus bradycardia.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| mir-370 | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | mir-370 |
| Rfam | RF00740 |
| miRBase family | MIPF0000167 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | microRNA |
| Domain(s) | *Eukaryota;* |
| PDB structures | PDBe |


title: Pyongyang Ice Rink

abstract: The Pyongyang Ice Rink is an indoor ice hockey venue on the bank of Pothong River in Pyongyang, North Korea. The Pyongyang Peoples Outdoor Ice Rink is a recent construction.

text:
# Pyongyang Ice Rink

The **Pyongyang Ice Rink** (Korean: 평양빙상관; Hanja: 平壤氷上館) is an indoor ice hockey venue on the bank of Pothong River in Pyongyang, North Korea. The Pyongyang Peoples Outdoor Ice Rink is a recent construction.

## History

The arena was built in 1982. It has 6,000 seats, making it the biggest indoor ice rink in North Korea. It is mainly used for ice hockey, figure skating and speed skating, however other sports such as table tennis, basketball, and volleyball have also been played at the venue.

The Paektusan Prize International Figure Skating Festival was held here every February. In March 2007, the IIHF Women's World Championship Division II was held at the arena. The design of the Ice Rink is very similar to the Cathedral of Brasília.

39°01′22″N 125°43′51″E / 39.0228°N 125.7308°E / 39.0228; 125.7308

## InfoBox

Pyongyang Ice Rink
| 평양빙상관 | |
| --- | --- |
| Pyongyang Ice Rink photographed during sunset in March 2014. | |
|  | |
| Location | Pyongyang, North Korea |
| Coordinates | 39°01′22″N 125°43′51″E / 39.022778°N 125.730833°E / 39.022778; 125.730833 |
| Public transit | Hwanggumbol Station |
| Capacity | 6000 |
| Construction | |
| Broke ground | June 1980 |
| Opened | 1982 |


title: Pseudoceryx

abstract: Pseudoceryx is a monotypic moth genus in the subfamily Arctiinae. Its single species, Pseudoceryx dohertyi, is found in New Guinea. Both the genus and species were first described by Rothschild in 1910.

text:
# Pseudoceryx

***Pseudoceryx*** is a monotypic moth genus in the subfamily Arctiinae. Its single species, ***Pseudoceryx dohertyi***, is found in New Guinea. Both the genus and species were first described by Rothschild in 1910.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudoceryx* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | ***Pseudoceryx***
Rothschild, 1910 |
| Species: | ***P. dohertyi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudoceryx dohertyi***
Rothschild, 1910 | |
|


title: Ó Coileáin

abstract: Ó Coileáin is a Modern Irish surname generally belonging to the descendants of the last leading family of the Uí Chonaill Gabra, a sept and small but notable overkingdom of medieval and ancient Ireland, based in western County Limerick. Throughout much of their history the Uí Chonaill Gabra were in turn the leading sept of the greater regional overkingdom of the Uí Fidgenti, considered among the highest ranked princes or flatha in all the Province of Munster. Ó Coileáin/Ua Cuiléin is most commonly anglicized O'Collins and O'Cullane. The surname has also long been found in County Cork, believed largely due to the migration there, probably in the late 12th or early 13th century, of a junior branch of the County Limerick dynasty.

text:
# Ó Coileáin

**Ó Coileáin** (Middle Irish: *Ua Cuiléin*) is a Modern Irish surname generally belonging to the descendants of the last leading family of the Uí Chonaill Gabra, a sept and small but notable overkingdom of medieval and ancient Ireland, based in western County Limerick. Throughout much of their history the Uí Chonaill Gabra were in turn the leading sept of the greater regional overkingdom of the Uí Fidgenti, considered among the highest ranked princes or flatha in all the Province of Munster. Ó Coileáin/Ua Cuiléin is most commonly anglicized **O'Collins** and **O'Cullane**. The surname has also long been found in County Cork, believed largely due to the migration there, probably in the late 12th or early 13th century, of a junior branch of the County Limerick dynasty.

## Kings of Uí Chonaill Gabra

> **AT1155.12**: Two kings of Ó Conaill Gabhra .i.e. Ó Cindfaeladh, son of Conchobhair, and Ó Cuilén, son of Conchobhar, fell one day among themselves.

> **MCB1156.1**: Cuiléan Ó Cuiléin, king of Uí Chonaill Gabhra, was killed by Ó Cinn Fhaoladh, and he himself was killed forthwith in retribution.

> **AI1177.4**: An expedition by Domnall Ua Donnchada, {i.e. the son of Amlaíb Mór Ua Donnchada, king of Uí Echach and champion of larmumu}, and by Cuilén Ua Cuiléin with the nobles of Desmumu to raid In Machaire, and they took away many cows. Peace was afterwards made by the son of Mac Carthaig and by the Uí Briain.

> **AC1266**: Mahon o'Cullen, Prince of the Cloenglasse, was killed with a stabb of a knife by his own wife for Jealousie.

## Carbery branch

It is believed that what is probably a junior branch of the Uí Chonaill kings joined their distant kin the O'Donovan family of the Uí Chairpre Áebda, another great sept of the Uí Fidgenti, in their exodus to Carbery in West Cork between the late 12th and early 13th centuries.

> **AI1177.3**: Great warfare this year between Tuadmumu and Desmumu, and from Luimnech to Corcach and from Clár Doire Mór to Cnoc Brénainn was laid waste, both church and lay property. And the Uí Meic Caille and the Uí Liatháin came into the west of Ireland, and the Eóganacht Locha Léin came as far as Férdruim in Uí Echach, the Ciarraige Luachra into Tuadmumu, and the Uí Chonaill and Uí Chairpri as far as Eóganacht Locha Léin.

> **MCB1177.2**: A great war broke out between Domhnall Mór Ó Briain and Diarmaid Mór Mac Carthaigh, and they laid waste from Limerick to Cork, and from Clár Doire Mhóir and Waterford to Cnoc Bréanainn, both church and lay property. The Uí Mac Caille fled southwards across the Lee into Uí Eachach, the Eóghanacht Locha Léin fled to Féardhruim in Uí Eachach, the Ciarraighe Luahra into Thomond, the Uí Chairbre, the Uí Chonaill, and the Uí Dhonnabháin into Eóghanacht Locha Léin, and to \[the country\] around Mangarta.

## Modern

* Michael Collins, believed his family were descendants of the Uí Chonaill Gabra. They belonged to the minor landed gentry of Carbery, and were situated in the right place, very near to O'Donovan country, for this to be quite plausible.
* Con Collins, County Limerick politician
* Mountcollins, village in the extreme southwest of County Limerick


title: Psychroflexus torquis

abstract: Psychroflexus torquis is a species of bacterium. It is psychrophilic and its type strain is strain ACAM 623T. It has the ability to synthesize the polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid.

text:
# Psychroflexus torquis

***Psychroflexus torquis*** is a species of bacterium. It is psychrophilic and its type strain is strain ACAM 623T. It has the ability to synthesize the polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Psychroflexus torquis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacteroidota |
| Class: | Flavobacteriia |
| Order: | Flavobacteriales |
| Family: | Flavobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Psychroflexus* |
| Species: | ***P. torquis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psychroflexus torquis***
Bowman et al. 1999 | |
|


title: Patricia Ranson

abstract: Patricia Moon Ranson was an American politician who served in the Kansas State Senate as a Republican from the 25th district from 1993 to 2000.

text:
# Patricia Ranson

**Patricia Moon Ranson** (January 1, 1937November 4, 2011) was an American politician who served in the Kansas State Senate as a Republican from the 25th district from 1993 to 2000.

## Biography

Patricia Ranson was born on January 1, 1937, in Columbine, Wyoming. Upon graduating from high school in Independence, Kansas in 1954, Ranson entered the Independence Junior College and later transferred to the University of Kansas. She obtained a Bachelor of Science in education in 1957.

After graduation, Ranson worked as a high school teacher and an administrative assistant for Governor Robert Bennett. She was elected to the Senate in 1992, and was re-elected in 1996.

## InfoBox

| Patricia Ranson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Kansas Senate
from the 25th district | |
| **In office**
1993–2000 | |
| Preceded by | Joe Harder |
| Succeeded by | Jean Schodorf |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1937-01-01)January 1, 1937
Columbine, Wyoming, U.S. |
| Died | (2011-11-04)November 4, 2011
Independence, Kansas |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Bob Storey (m. August 1958-divorced ????); Jack Ranson (m. May 14, 1982) |
| Children | 2 |
| Residence | Wichita, Kansas |
| Alma mater | University of Kansas |
|  | |


title: North Ossetia constituency

abstract: The North Ossetia constituency (No.25) is a Russian legislative constituency covering the entirety of North Ossetia.

text:
# North Ossetia constituency

The **North Ossetia constituency (No.25)** is a Russian legislative constituency covering the entirety of North Ossetia.

## Members elected

| Election | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1993 | Aleksandr Dzasokhov | Independent |
|  | 1995 | | |
|  | *1998* | Khazbi Bogov | Independent |
|  | 1999 | Anatoly Chekhoyev | Communist Party |
|  | 2003 | Arsen Fadzayev | Union of Right Forces |
| 2007 | | *Proportional representation \- no election by constituency* | |
| 2011 | | |
|  | 2016 | Artur Taymazov | United Russia |
|  | 2021 | | |

## Election results

### 1993

Summary of the 12 December 1993 Russian legislative election in the North Ossetia constituency
| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Aleksandr Dzasokhov** | Independent | **143,574** | **55.96%** |
|  | Beksoltan Dziov | Independent | - | 9.50% |
|  | | | | |
| Total | | | 256,580 | 100% |
|  | | | | |
| Source: | | | |  |

### 1995

Summary of the 17 December 1995 Russian legislative election in the North Ossetia constituency
| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Aleksandr Dzasokhov (incumbent)** | Independent | **139,445** | **52.62%** |
|  | Ruslan Gioyev | Independent | 46,144 | 17.41% |
|  | Avram Dzotsiyev | Communist Party | 36,479 | 13.77% |
|  | Viktor Ivanov | Liberal Democratic Party | 17,200 | 6.49% |
|  | Margarita Kulova | Independent | 2,936 | 1.11% |
|  | Vera Aliyeva | Independent | 2,555 | 0.96% |
|  | Valery Tsibirov | Pamfilova–Gurov–Lysenko | 2,283 | 0.86% |
|  | against all | | 10,553 | 3.98% |
|  | | | | |
| Total | | | 265,003 | 100% |
|  | | | | |
| Source: | | | |  |

### 1998

Summary of the 21 June 1998 by-election in the North Ossetia constituency
| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Khazbi Bogov** | Independent | **58,171** | **39.40%** |
|  | Khasan Albegonov | Independent | 37,460 | 25.37% |
|  | Tamerlan Tsomayev | Independent | 27,461 | 18.60% |
|  | against all | | 3,541 | 3.23% |
|  | | | | |
| Total | | | - | 100% |
|  | | | | |
| Source: | | | |  |

### 1999

Summary of the 19 December 1999 Russian legislative election in the North Ossetia constituency
| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Anatoly Chekhoyev** | Communist Party | **52,631** | **22.93%** |
|  | Khazbi Bogov (incumbent) | Independent | 48,775 | 21.25% |
|  | Viktor Dedegkayev | Fatherland – All Russia | 36,408 | 15.86% |
|  | Arkady Kadokhov | Independent | 33,146 | 14.44% |
|  | Kazbek Khetagurov | Independent | 11,296 | 4.92% |
|  | Amirkhan Torchinov | Independent | 8,369 | 3.65% |
|  | Valery Revazov | Independent | 5,656 | 2.46% |
|  | Ruslan Gioyev | Independent | 2,722 | 2.19% |
|  | Ruslan Dzalayev | Liberal Democratic Party | 2,610 | 1.14% |
|  | Georgy Katayev | Independent | 1,649 | 0.72% |
|  | Artur Kochiyev | Russian Socialist Party | 1,489 | 0.65% |
|  | Ruslan Khugayev | Independent | 1,431 | 0.62% |
|  | Oleg Datiyev | Our Home – Russia | 1,392 | 0.61% |
|  | Badri Gazzati | Independent | 953 | 0.42% |
|  | Inal Ostayev | Independent | 773 | 0.34% |
|  | Uruzmag Karkusov | Independent | 662 | 0.29% |
|  | against all | | 15,194 | 6.62% |
|  | | | | |
| Total | | | 229,578 | 100% |
|  | | | | |
| Source: | | | |  |

### 2003

Summary of the 7 December 2003 Russian legislative election in the North Ossetia constituency
| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Arsen Fadzayev** | Union of Right Forces | **94,414** | **42.78%** |
|  | Uruzmag Ogoyev | Independent | 66,886 | 30.31% |
|  | Soslan Andiyev | United Russia | 16,125 | 7.31% |
|  | Anatoly Chekhoyev (incumbent) | Rodina | 11,405 | 5.17% |
|  | Vladimir Dzakhov | Independent | 6,564 | 2.97% |
|  | Viktor Dedegkayev | Party of Russia's Rebirth-Russian Party of Life | 2,414 | 1.09% |
|  | Marat Dzhioyev | Independent | 1,910 | 0.87% |
|  | Slavik Ikayev | Liberal Democratic Party | 1,833 | 0.83% |
|  | Elbrus Kallagaty | Russian Pensioners' Party-Party of Social Justice | 1,539 | 0.70% |
|  | against all | | 12,219 | 5.54% |
|  | | | | |
| Total | | | 221,283 | 100% |
|  | | | | |
| Source: | | | |  |

### 2016

Summary of the 18 September 2016 Russian legislative election in the North Ossetia constituency
| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Artur Taymazov** | United Russia | **374,194** | **82.71%** |
|  | Gary Kuchiyev | A Just Russia | 31,007 | 6.85% |
|  | Vladimir Pisarenko | Rodina | 10,221 | 2.26% |
|  | Soslan Bestayev | Liberal Democratic Party | 9,560 | 2.11% |
|  | Nugzar Musulbes | Communists of Russia | 9,179 | 2.03% |
|  | Ruslan Gioyev | Party of Growth | 4,954 | 1.09% |
|  | Fatima Khatsayeva | The Greens | 4,804 | 1.06% |
|  | Aleksey Khatagov | Yabloko | 4,652 | 1.03% |
|  | | | | |
| Total | | | 452,421 | 100% |
|  | | | | |
| Source: | | | |  |

### 2021

Summary of the 17-19 September 2021 Russian legislative election in the North Ossetia constituency
| Candidate | | Party | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Artur Taymazov (incumbent)** | United Russia | **340,844** | **76.01%** |
|  | Soslan Bestayev | Liberal Democratic Party | 24,725 | 5.51% |
|  | Soslan Didarov | A Just Russia — For Truth | 23,915 | 5.33% |
|  | Alan Makayev | Communist Party | 17,733 | 3.95% |
|  | Kazbek Zoloyev | Rodina | 14,396 | 3.21% |
|  | Nugzar Musulbes | Communists of Russia | 11,039 | 2.46% |
|  | Tamerlan Bigayev | The Greens | 7,692 | 1.72% |
|  | | | | |
| Total | | | 267,967 | 100% |
|  | | | | |
| Source: | | | |  |

1. "ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ ЗАКОН Об утверждении схемы одномандатных избирательных округов для проведения выборов депутатов Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации". Archived from the original on 2021-10-05. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
2. "Сведения о проводящихся выборах и референдумах". *.n-osset-alania.vybory.izbirkom.ru*. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
3. Результаты выборов по одномандатному избирательному округу, 1993
4. "Избирательные округа - Республика Северная Осетия - Алания". *www.socarchive.narod.ru*. Archived from the original on 30 July 2003. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
5. Результаты дополнительных выборов по одномандатному избирательному округу, 1998
6. "Результаты выборов по одномандатному избирательному округу, 1999". Archived from the original on 2021-09-21. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
7. "Результаты выборов по одномандатному избирательному округу, 2003". Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
8. Результаты выборов по одномандатному избирательному округу, 2016
9. Результаты выборов по одномандатному избирательному округу, 2021

## InfoBox

| North Ossetia single-member constituency | |
| --- | --- |
| **Constituency of the
Russian State Duma** | |
|  | |
| Deputy | Artur Taymazov
United Russia |
| Federal subject | Republic of North Ossetia–Alania |
| Districts | Alagirsky, Ardonsky, Digorsky, Irafsky, Kirovsky, Mozdoksky, Pravoberezhny, Prigorodny, Vladikavkaz |
| Voters | 520,526 (2021) |


title: Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School

abstract: Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School was a state-operated school for the blind. It was replaced by the Iowa Educational Services for the Blind and Visually Impaired. Vinton, Iowa, hosted the school and continued as host of the state agency that replaced it until 2020. Students from all over Iowa were housed and educated at the school. During its existence, students in special education were entitled to educational programming until age 21. Students could attend the school for short-term enrollment for specialized skill development and training. Students attended classes that met individual educational needs. Some students attended select classes at the local public school. Instruction was provided in specialized areas of core curriculum for students with visual impairments, which include compensatory skills, orientation and mobility, social interaction skills, independent living skills, career education/work experience, use of assistive/adaptive technology and visual efficiency skills. The school opened in 1852 as the Iowa College for the Blind. Mary Ingalls, sister of Laura Ingalls Wilder, attended the school, graduating in 1889. Her stay was typical for blind students of that era. In the novel Little Town on the Prairie, Wilder describes her sister's curriculum at the college as "political economy, and literature, and higher mathematics, and sewing, knitting, beadwork and music." The subsequent novel These Happy Golden Years mentions Mary's use of a Braille slate and attendance at the college's chapel. As of fall 2011, IBSSS no longer had a residential component. Instead, all school-age visually impaired children in Iowa received specialized instruction in their local school districts from professionals employed by the agency, whose administrative offices were located in the old school building in Vinton.

text:
# Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School

42°09′44″N 92°01′58″W / 42.162205°N 92.032732°W / 42.162205; -92.032732

**Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School** was a state-operated school for the blind. It was replaced by the Iowa Educational Services for the Blind and Visually Impaired. Vinton, Iowa, hosted the school and continued as host of the state agency that replaced it until 2020.

Students from all over Iowa were housed and educated at the school. During its existence, students in special education were entitled to educational programming until age 21. Students could attend the school for short-term enrollment for specialized skill development and training. Students attended classes that met individual educational needs. Some students attended select classes at the local public school. Instruction was provided in specialized areas of core curriculum for students with visual impairments, which include compensatory skills, orientation and mobility, social interaction skills, independent living skills, career education/work experience, use of assistive/adaptive technology and visual efficiency skills.

The school opened in 1852 as the Iowa College for the Blind. Mary Ingalls, sister of Laura Ingalls Wilder (author of the *Little House on the Prairie* series), attended the school, graduating in 1889. Her stay was typical for blind students of that era. In the novel *Little Town on the Prairie*, Wilder describes her sister's curriculum at the college as "political economy, and literature, and higher mathematics, and sewing, knitting, beadwork and music." The subsequent novel *These Happy Golden Years* mentions Mary's use of a Braille slate and attendance at the college's chapel.

As of fall 2011, IBSSS no longer had a residential component. Instead, all school-age visually impaired children in Iowa received specialized instruction in their local school districts from professionals employed by the agency, whose administrative offices were located in the old school building in Vinton.

## Transformation into statewide support organization

As part of its transformation from a residential school to a state agency, it underwent a name change to the Iowa Statewide System For Vision Services. The plan called for students to continue to come to the school for short-term summer programs in the future, though the difficulty of maintaining trained staff without an ongoing residential program affected the viability of such programs.

Iowa Educational Services for the Blind & Visually Impaired (IESBVI), is now headquartered in Council Bluffs.

The school was a member of Council of Schools and Services for the Blind (COSB), a commitment that is carried on by the IESBVI.

## Development of Campus & Facilities

The school had dormitories for students.

Since 2008, the North Central Region headquarters for AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC) has been located on the campus. During the July 2011 derecho, the campus and buildings sustained considerable damage.

The City of Vinton bought the former facility for $1 in 2020. The city plans to establish offices and areas for special events.

## InfoBox

| Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 1002 G Avenue
Vinton, Iowa
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public special school |
| Established | 1852 (1852) |
| School district | Iowa Board of Regents |
| Mascot | Rams |
| Website | Official Website |


title: Volvarina xamaneki

abstract: Volvarina xamaneki is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

text:
# Volvarina xamaneki

***Volvarina xamaneki*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Caribbean Sea off Quintana Roo, Mexico.

* Espinosa J. & Ortea J. (2015). Nuevas especies de la familia Marginellidae (Mollusca: Neogastropoda) de Puerto Rico, Cuba, México y los Cayos de la Florida. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias. 27: 189–242.

## InfoBox

| *Volvarina xamaneki* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Subfamily: | Marginellinae |
| Genus: | *Volvarina* |
| Species: | ***V. xamaneki*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Volvarina xamaneki***<br>Espinosa & Ortea, 2015 | |
|