title: Naval Air Station North Island

abstract: Naval Air Station North Island or NAS North Island, at the north end of the Coronado peninsula on San Diego Bay in San Diego, California, is part of the largest aerospace-industrial complex in the United States Navy – Naval Base Coronado (NBC), and the home port of several aircraft carriers of the United States Navy. The commanding officer of NAS North Island (NASNI) is also the Commanding Officer, Naval Base Coronado (NBC). As such, they command or administer NASNI and seven other naval facilities: Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (NABC); Naval Outlying Landing Field Imperial Beach; Silver Strand Training Complex; Remote Training Site, Warner Springs; Mountain Warfare Training Camp Michael Monsoor; Camp Morena; and Naval Auxiliary Landing Field San Clemente Island. NBC, with only its commands in the metropolitan San Diego area, brackets the city of Coronado from the entrance to San Diego Bay to the Mexican border. NAS North Island itself is host to 23 aviation squadrons and 80 additional tenant commands and activities—one of which, the Fleet Readiness Center Southwest, is San Diego's largest aerospace employer.

text:
# Naval Air Station North Island

**Naval Air Station North Island** or **NAS North Island** (IATA: **NZY**, ICAO: **KNZY**, FAA LID: **NZY**), at the north end of the Coronado peninsula on San Diego Bay in San Diego, California, is part of the largest aerospace-industrial complex in the United States NavyNaval Base Coronado (NBC), and the home port of several aircraft carriers of the United States Navy.

The commanding officer of NAS North Island (NASNI) is also the Commanding Officer, Naval Base Coronado (NBC). As such, they command or administer NASNI and seven other naval facilities: Naval Amphibious Base Coronado (NABC); Naval Outlying Landing Field Imperial Beach; Silver Strand Training Complex; Remote Training Site, Warner Springs; Mountain Warfare Training Camp Michael Monsoor; Camp Morena; and Naval Auxiliary Landing Field San Clemente Island.

NBC, with only its commands in the metropolitan San Diego area, brackets the city of Coronado from the entrance to San Diego Bay to the Mexican border. NAS North Island itself is host to 23 aviation squadrons and 80 additional tenant commands and activities—one of which, the Fleet Readiness Center Southwest, is San Diego's largest aerospace employer.

## Organization

NAS North Island also operates two other airfields in the Southern California region. One is Naval Auxiliary Landing Facility (NALF) San Clemente Island, located approximately 70 miles (110 km) northwest of San Diego in the Channel Islands. The other is Naval Outlying Landing Field (NOLF) Imperial Beach. Formerly an independent naval air station, NOLF Imperial Beach is located in the city of Imperial Beach, on the U.S.-Mexico border, 10 miles (16 km) south of NAS North Island. The air station was known as Ream Field in the 1950s and 1960s.

NAS North Island resembles a small city in its facility content and its operations. It has its own police and fire departments, as well as advanced military security stations. It has large factory-type buildings which comprise the Naval Aviation Depot, employing 3,300 civilians, and its own commissary, Navy Exchange, and housing units. Recreation facilities include officer, chief petty officer and enlisted clubs, movie theater, golf course, tennis courts, bowling alley, parks and beaches.

Its airfield has over 230 stationed aircraft, and its quay wall is homeport to three aircraft carriers: USS *Abraham Lincoln*, USS *Carl Vinson*, and USS *Theodore Roosevelt*. Additionally, the base was home to the Navy's only Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicles, *Mystic* (DSRV-1) and *Avalon* (DSRV-2). The DSRV motor vessel support ships are also homeported here.

North Island is headquarters for four major military flag staffs including:

* Commander, Naval Air Forces (COMNAVAIRFOR or CNAF), responsible for maintenance and training of all naval aircraft and aircraft carriers in the Atlantic Fleet, Pacific Fleet, the Naval Air Reserve, and the Naval Air Training Command
* Commander, Naval Air Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet (COMNAVAIRPAC or CNAP), responsible for maintenance and training of all naval aircraft and aircraft carriers in the Pacific Fleet. This is a dual-hatted post in that it is concurrently held by the Commander, Naval Air Forces
* Commander, Carrier Strike Group One and Commander, Carrier Strike Group Seven

With all the ships in port, the population of the station is nearly 35,000 active duty military, selected reserve military, and civilian personnel. Department of Defense (DoD) contractors perform transportation flights from the air station to NALF San Clemente Island. Contractors also provide tactical training warfare for the DoD in joint efforts with the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps. These aircraft include C-26 Metroliner, Learjet, Gulfstream, and Twin Otter aircraft.

## History

North Island was commissioned a Naval Air Station in 1917, called **Naval Air Station San Diego** until 1955. On August 15, 1963, the station was granted official recognition as the "Birthplace of Naval Aviation" by resolution of the House Armed Services Committee.

The U.S. Navy's first aviator, Lieutenant Theodore Ellyson, and many of his colleagues were trained at North Island starting as early as 1911. This was just eight years after Orville and Wilbur Wright flew the first manned aircraft at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. At that time, North Island was an uninhabited sand flat. It had been used in the late 19th century for horseback riding and hunting by guests of J. D. Spreckels's resort hotel, the Hotel del Coronado.

North Island derived its name from the original geography. In the nineteenth century it was referred to as North Coronado Island, because it was separated from South Coronado (now the city of Coronado) by a shallow bay known as the Spanish Bight, which was later filled in 1945 during World War II. In 1886, North Coronado Island and South Coronado were purchased by a developer to become a residential resort. South Coronado, which is not an island but the terminus of a peninsula known as the Silver Strand, became the city of Coronado.

However, North Coronado was never developed. Instead, Glenn Curtiss opened a flying school and held a lease to the property until the beginning of World War I. Curtiss invited both the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy to use the site for aviation training, with the Navy being the first to open a station in 1912. However the Navy abandoned its camp and did not return for five years, while the Army established an aviation school in 1913 at the southern end of the island. In 1917, Congress appropriated the land, and two airfields were commissioned on its sandy flats. The Navy started with a tent city known as "Camp Trouble". As its name suggests, things did not always go well in the early days. The Navy shared North Island with the Army's Signal Corps, Air Service, and Air Corp's Rockwell Field until 1937, when the Army left and the Navy expanded its operations to cover the whole of North Island.

In 1914, then-unknown aircraft builder Glenn Martin took off and demonstrated his pusher aircraft over the island with a flight that included the first parachute jump in the San Diego area. The jump was made by a ninety-pound civilian woman named Tiny Broadwick. Other aviation milestones originating at North Island included the first seaplane flight in 1911, the first mid-air refueling, and the first non-stop transcontinental flight, both in 1923. One of history's most famous aviation feats was the flight of Charles A. Lindbergh from New York to Paris in May 1927. That flight originated at Rockwell Field on North Island on May 10, 1927, when Lindbergh began the first leg of his journey. Forefathers of today's "Blue Angels", the three-plane "Sea Hawks" from VF-6B, the "Felix the Cat" squadron, were thrilling audiences with flight demonstrations as early as 1928. They demonstrated the training skills of Navy fighter and bomber pilots and on many occasions, flew their aircraft in formation with the wings tethered together.

The list of American military pilots trained at North Island reads like the Who's Who of aviation; however, the U.S. was not the only country interested in aviation early in the twentieth century. Six years before the Naval Air Station was commissioned, Glenn Curtiss trained the first group of Japanese aviators at his flying school on North Island. Among them were a Lieutenant Yamada, later the head of the Imperial Japanese Navy's Naval Aviation arm in World War II and Chikuhei Nakajima, founder of Nakajima Aircraft Company.

Even the base's first commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander Earl Winfield Spencer Jr., USN, added a degree of celebrity to North Island. His wife was Wallis Warfield, a prominent socialite who was to remarry twice and finally become Wallis Warfield Spencer Simpson Windsor, better known as the Duchess of Windsor, for whom King Edward VIII abdicated his throne in 1936.

During World War II, North Island was the major continental U.S. base supporting the operating forces in the Pacific. Those forces included over a dozen aircraft carriers, the Coast Guard, Army, Marines, and Seabees. The city of Coronado became home to most of the aircraft factory workers and dependents of the mammoth base which was operating around the clock. Major USO entertainment shows and bond drives were held weekly at the Ship's Service auditorium, which was later replaced by the 2,100 seat Lowry Theater. Famous people stationed here or on ships home ported here during the war years included Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Guy Madison, future television cowboy star of the 1950s and 1960s as Wild Bill Hickok, was at that time Seaman Bob Mosely, a lifeguard at the NAS crews' pool. Stars like the Marx Brothers and Bob Hope appeared regularly at USO shows at the auditorium.

## Tenant squadrons

| MH-60S Seahawk | HH-60H Seahawk | MH-60R Seahawk | C-40A Clipper | C-2 Greyhound | CMV-22B (V22) |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Ships

## Tenant commands

* Commander, Naval Air Forces
* Commander, Naval Air Forces, Pacific Fleet (COMNAVAIRPAC)
* Commander, Helicopter Maritime Strike WING Pacific (CHSMWP)
* Combat Camera Group, Pacific
* Commander, Carrier Strike Group One (CCSG-1)
* Commander, Carrier Strike Group Three (CCSG-3)
* Commander, Carrier Strike Group Seven (CCSG-7)
* Commander, Carrier Strike Group Eleven (CCSG-11)
* Commander, Cruiser Destroyer Group One (COMCARDESGRU 1)
* Commander Destroyer Group Seven (COMDESRON 7)
* Commander, Destroyer Squadron Twenty-One (COMDESRON 21)
* Commander, Tactical Air Control Group One (COMTACGRU 1)
* Construction Battalion Unit 405 (CBU 405)
* Deep Submergence Unit (DSU)
* Defense Enterprise Computing Center Det San Diego
* DSU Det Mystic (DSRV 1)
* DSU Diving System Support Detachment
* DSU Unmanned Vehicle Detachment
* Fleet Aviation Specialized Operational Training Group Pacific
* Fleet Imaging Command Pacific
* Fleet Logistics Multi-Mission Wing (VRMW)
* Fleet Readiness Center Southwest
* Fleet Weather Center - San Diego
* HSC Weapons School, Pacific
* HSM Weapons School, Pacific
* Naval Air Technical Data and Engineering Service Center (NATEC)
* Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station
* Naval Leader Training Unit, Coronado
* Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center
* Naval Public Affairs Support Element, West
* Naval Special Clearance Team One
* Center for Naval Aviation Technical Training Unit (CNATTU)
* Naval Information Warfare Training Group, San Diego (formerly NIOC San Diego)
* Navy Reserve Center North Island (formerly Navy Operational Support Center North Island, formerly Naval Air Reserve San Diego)
* Maritime Expeditionary Security Squadron(MSS-3)

## Climate

NAS North Island features some of the warmest winter temperatures anywhere on the west coast of the continental United States. Under the Köppen climate classification system, it is classified as a semi-arid climate (*BSh* or warm steppe).

| Climate data for North Island NAS (32.7°N, 117.2°W Altitude: 7.9 m asl) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.4
(68.8) | 20.2
(68.3) | 20.5
(68.9) | 21.4
(70.5) | 22.1
(71.7) | 23.1
(73.6) | 25.3
(77.5) | 26.1
(78.9) | 25.8
(78.5) | 24.4
(75.9) | 22.4
(72.3) | 20.2
(68.3) | 22.7
(72.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 15.4
(59.8) | 15.7
(60.3) | 16.6
(61.9) | 17.8
(64.1) | 19.1
(66.3) | 20.3
(68.6) | 22.3
(72.1) | 23.1
(73.6) | 22.5
(72.5) | 20.6
(69.0) | 17.7
(63.8) | 15.2
(59.3) | 18.9
(65.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.4
(50.8) | 11.3
(52.4) | 12.7
(54.9) | 14.2
(57.6) | 16.1
(60.9) | 17.6
(63.7) | 19.3
(66.8) | 20.1
(68.2) | 19.2
(66.6) | 16.7
(62.1) | 13.0
(55.4) | 10.2
(50.3) | 15.1
(59.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 43
(1.69) | 52
(2.04) | 42
(1.66) | 18
(0.72) | 2.0
(0.08) | 1.5
(0.06) | 0.51
(0.02) | 0.51
(0.02) | 3.8
(0.15) | 17
(0.65) | 24
(0.93) | 35
(1.39) | 239.32
(9.41) |
| Source 1: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/datatools/normals | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/datasets/normal\_mly/stations/GHCND:USW00093112/detail | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Education

The housing on-post is in the Coronado Unified School District, and the zones for Village Elementary School, Coronado Middle School, and Coronado High School.

This article incorporates public domain material from *Naval Air Station North Island*. United States Navy. Retrieved May 10, 2019.

## InfoBox

| Naval Air Station North Island | |
| --- | --- |
| *Halsey Field* | |
| Part of Naval Base Coronado | |
| San Diego, California in the United States | |
| Three US Navy *Nimitz*-class aircraft carriers, USS *Carl Vinson* (CVN-70), USS *Ronald Reagan* (CVN-76), and USS *John C. Stennis* (CVN-74) pierside at NAS North Island during June 2015 | |
|  | |
| NAS North IslandLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates | 32°41′57″N 117°12′55″W / 32.69917°N 117.21528°W / 32.69917; -117.21528 |
| Type | Naval Air Station/Naval Base |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Department of Defense |
| Operator | US Navy |
| Controlled by | Navy Region Southwest |
| Condition | Operational |
| Website | Official website |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1917 (1917) (as NAS San Diego) |
| In use | 1917 – present |
| Garrison information | |
| Current
commander | Captain John DePree |
| Airfield information | |
| Identifiers | IATA: NZY, ICAO: KNZY, FAA LID: NZY, WMO: 722906 |
| Elevation | 7.8 metres (26 ft) AMSL |
| Runways  Direction Length and surface  18/36 2,438.4 metres (8,000 ft) Porous European Mix  11/29 2,286 metres (7,500 ft) Porous European Mix | |
| Other airfield
facilities | 13x helipads |
| **Source:** Federal Aviation Administration | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
| Official name | Naval Air Station, San Diego, Historic District |
| Criteria | Event; Architecture/engineering |
| Designated | 21 May 1991 |
| Reference no. | 91000590 |
| Architects | Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue;
Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks |
| Architecture | Mission and Spanish Revival |
| Areas of significance | Military; architecture |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 1967 British flying saucer hoax

abstract: The 1967 British flying saucer hoax was originally thought to be the unidentified landing of six 'spaceships' that occurred across Southern England on Monday, 4 September 1967. A major police and army response followed the discovery of the 'spacecraft', which were 54 inches (1.4 m) long, 30 inches (0.76 m) wide and 20 inches (0.51 m) deep, weighed 100 pounds (45 kg) and emitted an electronic noise. The six craft were located along the 51st line of latitude from the Thames Estuary to the Bristol Channel, roughly equidistant from each another; one each at a new housing estate near Queenborough on the Isle of Sheppey, Bromley golf course in south London, a horse paddock in Winkfield village, the village of Welford, in Berkshire, Chippenham in Wiltshire and on Dial Hill in Clevedon in Somerset. The hoax was undertaken by aircraft engineering apprentices from the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) at Farnborough.

text:
# 1967 British flying saucer hoax

The **1967 British flying saucer hoax** was originally thought to be the unidentified landing of six 'spaceships' that occurred across Southern England on Monday, 4 September 1967.

A major police and army response followed the discovery of the 'spacecraft', which were 54 inches (1.4 m) long, 30 inches (0.76 m) wide and 20 inches (0.51 m) deep, weighed 100 pounds (45 kg) and emitted an electronic noise. The six craft were located along the 51st line of latitude from the Thames Estuary to the Bristol Channel, roughly equidistant from each another; one each at a new housing estate near Queenborough on the Isle of Sheppey, Bromley golf course in south London, a horse paddock in Winkfield village (near Ascot), the village of Welford (near Newbury), in Berkshire, Chippenham in Wiltshire and on Dial Hill in Clevedon in Somerset.

The hoax was undertaken by aircraft engineering apprentices from the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) at Farnborough.

## Planning and building the 'spacecraft'

The idea behind the hoax was planned in January 1967 as part of Farnborough college's upcoming Rag Week. The apprentices created their flying saucers in fibreglass halves and then covered them in metal with no aerials or portholes visible. Inside each saucer was placed electronic equipment that would make an eerie sound when the saucer was flipped over. Each saucer was also filled with a mixture of flour and water.

Groups of two or three then drove to the selected locations in the dead of night and carried the saucers into fields. Here they flipped the saucers over causing them to emit the electronic sound. They then left the field and headed back to Farnborough. None of the teams was detected.

## Response from the authorities

When each of the saucers was later reported to the police each was cordoned off. The British army's southern command, several police forces, army bomb disposal units, RAF helicopters were all mobilised. The Ministry of Defence was informed and the army blew up the saucer found at Chippenham. The one on the Isle of Sheppey was removed by helicopter. Another was sent to the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston and one to the guided weapons division of the British Aircraft Corporation. When one of the saucers was drilled into, the mixture inside exploded, covering police officers in foul-smelling slime.

## Revealing the hoax

The pranksters responsible were Christopher Southall and Roger Palmer, both aged just 21. The idea behind the hoax was to raise funds during the college's Rag Week. The hoax garnered extensive media attention - both in Britain and abroad. The apprentices did not think the hoax would create such a media storm but several were later interviewed on television. They revealed the hoax the same day as the saucers were found. No action was taken against the hoaxers and they raised £2,000 for charity.


title: 1971 in Syria

abstract: Events in the year 1971 in Syria.

text:
# 1971 in Syria

Events in the year **1971 in Syria**.

## Incumbent

| Post | Name |
| --- | --- |
| President of Syria | Ahmad al-Khatib (until 12 March); Hafez al-Assad (starting 12 March) |
| Vice President of Syria | Mahmoud al-Ayyubi (starting 22 February) |
| Prime Minister of Syria | Hafez al-Assad (until 3 April); Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (starting 3 April) |
| Cabinet of Syria | Hafez al-Assad Government |

## Events

### March

### September

## Sport

1. Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) *Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I*, p221 ISBN 0-19-924958-X

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1971<br>List of years in Syria |


title: 1971–72 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season

abstract: Huddersfield Town's 1971–72 campaign was Town's last season in the Football League's top division. They finished bottom of the table with only 25 points, the same as Nottingham Forest. Town won only 6 matches in the league all season and did not win any games from December to the end of the season. The only bright spark came in the FA Cup campaign which saw Town reach the 6th round, before losing to Birmingham City. Town only scored 6 away goals in 1972, and 2 of those were own goals. This would be the start of Town's slump which would see Town relegated to Division 4 in 1975, and they would not return to the top flight, by then the Premier League, until 2017.

text:
# 1971–72 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season

**Huddersfield Town's 1971–72 campaign** was Town's last season in the Football League's top division. They finished bottom of the table with only 25 points, the same as Nottingham Forest. Town won only 6 matches in the league all season and did not win any games from December to the end of the season. The only bright spark came in the FA Cup campaign which saw Town reach the 6th round, before losing to Birmingham City. Town only scored 6 away goals in 1972, and 2 of those were own goals. This would be the start of Town's slump which would see Town relegated to Division 4 in 1975, and they would not return to the top flight, by then the Premier League, until 2017.

## Squad at the start of the season

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  -- GK  ENG David Lawson  -- GK  ENG Gary Pierce  -- GK  ENG Terry Poole  -- DF  ENG Trevor Cherry  -- DF  ENG Dennis Clarke  -- DF  ENG Roy Ellam  -- DF  ENG Geoff Hutt  -- DF  ENG Alan Jones  -- MF  WAL Mike Barry  -- MF  ENG Les Chapman | No. Pos. Nation Player  -- MF  ENG Terry Dolan  -- MF  ENG Bobby Hoy  -- MF  ENG Brian Mahoney  -- MF  SCO Jimmy McGill  -- MF  NIR Jimmy Nicholson  -- MF  ENG Steve Smith  -- FW  WAL Dick Krzywicki  -- FW  ENG Jimmy Lawson  -- FW  ENG Dave Smith  -- FW  ENG Frank Worthington |
| --- | --- |

## Review

Following their first season back in Division 1 for 15 years, Town were hoping to try to reach the summit of English football. This season would be one of Town's worst in their history. Town were bottom of the table all season, with the exception of a small period in September. They had a run of 4 wins in 5 during that time including a 2–1 win over rivals Leeds United. Town's last league win on 27 November was a 2–1 win over Derby County, who would become champions at the end of the season.

Town never won another league game until the next season, but they put on an inspired run in the FA Cup. After beating Division 2 sides Burnley and Fulham, Town hosted West Ham United and put on a thrilling display culminating in a 4–2 win over the Hammers. They then lost to Birmingham City in the 6th round and were then promptly relegated to Division 2 with 25 points, the same as Nottingham Forest.

## Squad at the end of the season

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  -- GK  ENG David Lawson  -- GK  ENG Gary Pierce  -- GK  ENG Terry Poole  -- DF  ENG Trevor Cherry  -- DF  ENG Dennis Clarke  -- DF  ENG Roy Ellam  -- DF  ENG Geoff Hutt  -- DF  ENG Alan Jones  -- MF  WAL Mike Barry  -- MF  ENG Les Chapman | No. Pos. Nation Player  -- MF  ENG Terry Dolan  -- MF  ENG Bobby Hoy  -- MF  NIR Jimmy Nicholson  -- MF  ENG Steve Smith  -- FW  IRL Mick Fairclough  -- FW  WAL Dick Krzywicki  -- FW  ENG Jimmy Lawson  -- FW  ENG Dave Lyon  -- FW  ENG Dave Smith  -- FW  ENG Frank Worthington |
| --- | --- |

## Results

### Division One

| **Date** | **Opponents** | **Home/
Away** | **Result
F–A** | **Scorers** | **Attendance** | **Position** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14 August 1971 | Leicester City | H | 2–2 | Worthington, Cherry | 16,285 | 9th |
| 17 August 1971 | Arsenal | H | 0–1 |  | 21,279 | 15th |
| 21 August 1971 | Tottenham Hotspur | A | 1–4 | J. Lawson | 33,260 | 20th |
| 25 August 1971 | Newcastle United | A | 0–0 |  | 40,880 | 19th |
| 28 August 1971 | Chelsea | H | 1–2 | Worthington | 15,303 | 22nd |
| 31 August 1971 | Sheffield United | A | 1–3 | J. Lawson | 35,007 | 22nd |
| 4 September 1971 | Southampton | A | 2–1 | Chapman, J. Lawson | 17,372 | 21st |
| 11 September 1971 | West Bromwich Albion | H | 1–0 | Chapman | 9,938 | 18th |
| 18 September 1971 | Stoke City | A | 0–1 |  | 16,463 | 21st |
| 25 September 1971 | Leeds United | H | 2–1 | J. Lawson, Ellam | 26,340 | 16th |
| 2 October 1971 | Nottingham Forest | A | 2–1 | Worthington, J. Lawson | 15,693 | 14th |
| 9 October 1971 | Manchester United | H | 0–3 |  | 33,458 | 16th |
| 16 October 1971 | Leicester City | A | 0–2 |  | 22,412 | 18th |
| 23 October 1971 | Liverpool | A | 0–2 |  | 41,627 | 18th |
| 26 October 1971 | Nottingham Forest | H | 0–1 |  | 9,459 | 18th |
| 30 October 1971 | Manchester City | H | 1–1 | D. Smith | 20,153 | 19th |
| 6 November 1971 | Coventry City | A | 1–2 | D. Smith | 16,400 | 19th |
| 13 November 1971 | West Ham United | H | 1–0 | D. Smith | 14,177 | 18th |
| 20 November 1971 | Ipswich Town | A | 0–1 |  | 16,165 | 18th |
| 27 November 1971 | Derby County | H | 2–1 | Worthington, J. Lawson | 15,329 | 17th |
| 4 December 1971 | Wolverhampton Wanderers | A | 2–2 | J. Lawson, Dolan | 21,498 | 17th |
| 11 December 1971 | Crystal Palace | H | 0–1 |  | 11,692 | 19th |
| 18 December 1971 | Southampton | H | 0–2 |  | 10,436 | 19th |
| 27 December 1971 | Everton | A | 2–2 | Worthington, J. Lawson | 41,088 | 19th |
| 1 January 1972 | Stoke City | H | 0–0 |  | 12,655 | 19th |
| 8 January 1972 | Chelsea | A | 2–2 | Chapman, S. Smith | 30,801 | 19th |
| 22 January 1972 | Arsenal | A | 0–1 |  | 36,670 | 19th |
| 29 January 1972 | Newcastle United | H | 0–0 |  | 12,829 | 19th |
| 12 February 1972 | Liverpool | H | 0–1 |  | 18,702 | 20th |
| 19 February 1972 | Manchester City | A | 0–1 |  | 36,421 | 21st |
| 4 March 1972 | West Ham United | A | 0–3 |  | 18,481 | 21st |
| 11 March 1972 | Manchester United | A | 0–2 |  | 53,581 | 21st |
| 21 March 1972 | Sheffield United | H | 0–0 |  | 17,729 | 21st |
| 25 March 1972 | West Bromwich Albion | A | 1–1 | Robertson (og) | 18,501 | 21st |
| 28 March 1972 | Tottenham Hotspur | H | 1–1 | J. Lawson | 16,123 | 21st |
| 1 April 1972 | Everton | H | 0–0 |  | 17,265 | 21st |
| 5 April 1972 | Leeds United | A | 1–3 | S. Smith | 46,148 | 21st |
| 8 April 1972 | Ipswich Town | H | 1–3 | Hunter (og) | 12,139 | 21st |
| 11 April 1972 | Coventry City | H | 0–1 |  | 11,782 | 21st |
| 15 April 1972 | Derby County | A | 0–3 |  | 31,414 | 21st |
| 22 April 1972 | Wolverhampton Wanderers | H | 0–1 |  | 11,677 | 21st |
| 29 April 1972 | Crystal Palace | A | 0–0 |  | 18,120 | 21st * Town did not drop to 22nd until Nottingham Forest finished their matches at a later date. |

### FA Cup

| **Date** | **Round** | **Opponents** | **Home/
Away** | **Result
F–A** | **Scorers** | **Attendance** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15 January 1972 | Round 3 | Burnley | A | 1–0 | Clarke | 21,563 |
| 5 February 1972 | Round 4 | Fulham | H | 3–0 | Chapman, J. Lawson (2) | 18,000 |
| 26 February 1972 | Round 5 | West Ham United | H | 4–2 | J. Lawson, Dolan, D. Smith, Worthington | 27,080 |
| 18 March 1972 | Round 6 | Birmingham City | A | 1–3 | Cherry | 52,500 |

### Football League Cup

| **Date** | **Round** | **Opponents** | **Home/
Away** | **Result
F–A** | **Scorers** | **Attendance** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 September 1971 | Round 2 | Bolton Wanderers | H | 0–2 |  | 10,131 |

## Appearances and goals

| Name | Nation | Position | League Apps | League Goals | FA Cup Apps | FA Cup Goals | League Cup Apps | League Cup Goals | Total Apps | Total Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mike Barry | Wales | MF | 2 (3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **2 (3)** | **0** |
| Les Chapman | England | MF | 38 (1) | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | **43 (1)** | **4** |
| Trevor Cherry | England | DF | 42 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | **46** | **2** |
| Dennis Clarke | England | DF | 41 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | **45** | **1** |
| Terry Dolan | England | MF | 18 (2) | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **22 (2)** | **2** |
| Roy Ellam | England | DF | 42 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **47** | **1** |
| Mick Fairclough | Republic of Ireland | FW | 5 (3) | 0 | 0 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5 (4)** | **0** |
| Bobby Hoy | England | MF | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **23** | **0** |
| Geoff Hutt | England | DF | 42 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **47** | **0** |
| Alan Jones | England | DF | 10 (2) | 0 | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | **11 (3)** | **0** |
| Dick Krzywicki | Wales | MF | 10 (3) | 0 | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | **11 (4)** | **0** |
| David Lawson | England | GK | 32 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **37** | **0** |
| Jimmy Lawson | England | MF | 40 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | **45** | **12** |
| Dave Lyon | England | DF | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **2** | **0** |
| Brian Mahoney | England | MF | 4 (1) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5 (1)** | **0** |
| Jimmy McGill | Scotland | MF | 10 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **11 (1)** | **0** |
| Jimmy Nicholson | Northern Ireland | MF | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **5** | **0** |
| Gary Pierce | England | GK | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **10** | **0** |
| Dave Smith | England | MF | 8 (2) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | **10 (2)** | **4** |
| Steve Smith | England | MF | 40 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | **45** | **2** |
| Frank Worthington | England | FW | 39 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | **44** | **6** |
|

## InfoBox

Huddersfield Town
| 1971–72 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | Frank Drabble |
| Manager | Ian Greaves |
| Football League First Division | 22nd (relegated) |
| FA Cup | Quarter-finals
(knocked out by Birmingham City) |
| Football League Cup | Second round
(knocked out by Bolton Wanderers) |
| Top goalscorer | League: Jimmy Lawson (9)
All: Jimmy Lawson (12) |
| Highest home attendance | 33,458 vs Manchester United (9 October 1971) |
| Lowest home attendance | 9,459 vs Nottingham Forest (26 October 1971) |
| Biggest win | 3–0 vs Fulham (5 February 1972) |
| Biggest defeat | 1–4 vs Tottenham Hotspur (21 August 1971)
0–3 vs Manchester United (9 October 1971)
0–3 vs West Ham United (4 March 1972)
0–3 vs Derby County (15 April 1972) |
|  | |


title: 1967–68 Midland Football League

abstract: The 1967–68 Midland Football League season was the 68th in the history of the Midland Football League, a football competition in England.

text:
# 1967–68 Midland Football League

The **1967–68 Midland Football League** season was the 68th in the history of the Midland Football League, a football competition in England.

## Clubs

The league featured 21 clubs which competed in the previous season, no new clubs joined the division this season.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Ilkeston Town | 40 | 22 | 11 | 7 | 66 | 35 | 1.886 | 55 |  |
| 2 | Heanor Town | 40 | 25 | 5 | 10 | 90 | 51 | 1.765 | | 55 |
| 3 | Arnold | 40 | 20 | 12 | 8 | 100 | 62 | 1.613 | | 52 |
| 4 | Gainsborough Trinity | 40 | 21 | 9 | 10 | 80 | 47 | 1.702 | 51 | Founder members of the Northern Premier League |
| 5 | Goole Town | 40 | 19 | 10 | 11 | 71 | 61 | 1.164 | | 48 |
| 6 | Grantham | 40 | 19 | 10 | 11 | 79 | 68 | 1.162 | 48 |  |
| 7 | Scarborough | 40 | 21 | 4 | 15 | 67 | 52 | 1.288 | 46 | Founder members of the Northern Premier League |
| 8 | Long Eaton United | 40 | 17 | 11 | 12 | 48 | 36 | 1.333 | 45 |  |
| 9 | Worksop Town | 40 | 16 | 13 | 11 | 76 | 68 | 1.118 | 45 | Founder members of the Northern Premier League |
| 10 | Alfreton Town | 40 | 18 | 6 | 16 | 84 | 71 | 1.183 | 42 |  |
| 11 | Matlock Town | 40 | 18 | 6 | 16 | 74 | 71 | 1.042 | | 42 |
| 12 | Sutton Town | 40 | 15 | 11 | 14 | 64 | 60 | 1.067 | | 41 |
| 13 | Lockheed Leamington | 40 | 16 | 6 | 18 | 66 | 69 | 0.957 | | 38 |
| 14 | Retford Town | 40 | 14 | 7 | 19 | 70 | 64 | 1.094 | | 35 |
| 15 | Belper Town | 40 | 13 | 9 | 18 | 70 | 69 | 1.014 | | 35 |
| 16 | Grimsby Town reserves | 40 | 10 | 11 | 19 | 53 | 61 | 0.869 | 31 | Resigned from the league |
| 17 | Stamford | 40 | 11 | 9 | 20 | 53 | 89 | 0.596 | 31 |  |
| 18 | Scunthorpe United reserves | 40 | 10 | 10 | 20 | 49 | 90 | 0.544 | 30 | Resigned from the league |
| 19 | Skegness Town | 40 | 9 | 9 | 22 | 56 | 94 | 0.596 | 27 |  |
| 20 | Loughborough United | 40 | 6 | 13 | 21 | 43 | 78 | 0.551 | | 25 |
| 21 | Spalding United | 40 | 6 | 6 | 28 | 50 | 113 | 0.442 | 18 | Transferred to the United Counties League |

Source: nonleaguematters
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
The points system until the 1990–91 season: 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for losing.

## InfoBox

Midland Football League
| Season | 1967–68 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Ilkeston Town |
| Promoted | Gainsborough Trinity
Goole Town
Scarborough
Worksop Town |
| Matches played | 420 |
| Goals scored | 1,409 (3.35 per match) |
| 1966–67 1968–69 | |


title: 1974 American Airlines Tennis Games

abstract: The 1974 American Airlines Tennis Games was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 1st edition of the Indian Wells Masters and was an ATP sanctioned tournament but was not part of the WCT or Grand Prix seasons. The tournament was played in Tucson, Arizona in the United States and ran from March 18 through March 24, 1974. First-seeded John Newcombe won the singles title and $25,000 first-prize money.

text:
# 1974 American Airlines Tennis Games

The **1974 American Airlines Tennis Games** was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 1st edition of the Indian Wells Masters and was an ATP sanctioned tournament but was not part of the WCT or Grand Prix seasons. The tournament was played in Tucson, Arizona in the United States and ran from March 18 through March 24, 1974. First-seeded John Newcombe won the singles title and $25,000 first-prize money.

## Finals

### Singles

John Newcombe defeated  Arthur Ashe 6–3, 7–6

### Doubles

Charlie Pasarell /  Sherwood Stewart defeated  Tom Edlefsen /  Manuel Orantes 6–4, 6–4

## InfoBox

| 1974 American Airlines Tennis Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | March 18–24 |
| Edition | 1st |
| Draw | 64S / 32D |
| Prize money | $150,000 |
| Surface | Hard / outdoor |
| Location | Tucson, Arizona, United States |
| Champions | |
| Singles | |
| John Newcombe | |
| Doubles | |
| Charlie Pasarell /  Sherwood Stewart | |
|  | |


title: 1972 Norwegian Second Division

abstract: The 1972 2. divisjon was a Norwegian second-tier football league season. The league was contested by 35 teams, divided into a total of four groups; A and B and two district groups which contained teams from Northern Norway: district IX–X and district XI. The winners of group A and B were promoted to the 1973 1. divisjon, while the winners of the district groups qualified for the Northern Norwegian final. The second placed teams in group A and B met the winner of the district IX–X in a qualification round where the winner was promoted to 1. divisjon. The winner of district XI was not eligible for promotion. The bottom team in group A and B were relegated to the 3. divisjon. The two second last teams in group A and B met in a qualification round where the losing team was relegated to the 3. divisjon.

text:
# 1972 Norwegian Second Division

The **1972 2. divisjon** was a Norwegian second-tier football league season.

The league was contested by 35 teams, divided into a total of four groups; A and B (non-Northern Norwegian teams) and two district groups which contained teams from Northern Norway: district IX–X and district XI. The winners of group A and B were promoted to the 1973 1. divisjon, while the winners of the district groups qualified for the Northern Norwegian final. The second placed teams in group A and B met the winner of the district IX–X in a qualification round where the winner was promoted to 1. divisjon. The winner of district XI was not eligible for promotion. The bottom team in group A and B were relegated to the 3. divisjon. The two second last teams in group A and B met in a qualification round where the losing team was relegated to the 3. divisjon.

## Overview

### Summary

Start won group A with 24 points. Frigg won group B with 29 points. Both teams promoted to the 1973 1. divisjon. Raufoss won the qualification play-offs and was also promoted.

## Tables

### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion, qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Start (C, P) | 18 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 29 | 23 | +6 | 24 | Promotion to First Division |
| 2 | Pors | 18 | 11 | 0 | 7 | 35 | 16 | +19 | 22 | Qualification for the promotion play-offs |
| 3 | Østsiden | 18 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 22 | 17 | +5 | 22 |  |
| 4 | Moss | 18 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 29 | 20 | +9 | | 21 |
| 5 | Odd | 18 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 22 | 21 | +1 | | 19 |
| 6 | Sandefjord BK | 18 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 24 | 25 | 1 | | 16 |
| 7 | Florvåg | 18 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 31 | 34 | 3 | | 16 |
| 8 | Vard | 18 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 23 | 26 | 3 | | 16 |
| 9 | Bryne (O) | 18 | 6 | 2 | 10 | 21 | 30 | 9 | 14 | Qualification for the relegation play-offs |
| 10 | Ulf (R) | 18 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 18 | 42 | 24 | 10 | Relegation to Third Division |

Source: rsssf.no
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (O) Play-off winners; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated

### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion, qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Frigg (C, P) | 18 | 13 | 3 | 2 | 45 | 16 | +29 | 29 | Promotion to First Division |
| 2 | Raufoss (O, P) | 18 | 12 | 2 | 4 | 41 | 15 | +26 | 26 | Qualification for the promotion play-offs |
| 3 | Steinkjer | 18 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 28 | 16 | +12 | 24 |  |
| 4 | Stabæk | 18 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 23 | 13 | +10 | | 21 |
| 5 | Molde | 18 | 9 | 3 | 6 | 29 | 23 | +6 | | 21 |
| 6 | Aalesund | 18 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 16 | 16 | 0 | | 18 |
| 7 | Clausenengen | 18 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 18 | 27 | 9 | | 16 |
| 8 | Vålerengen | 18 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 15 | 18 | 3 | | 14 |
| 9 | Brumunddal (R) | 18 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 15 | 36 | 21 | 10 | Qualification for the relegation play-offs |
| 10 | Verdal (R) | 18 | 0 | 1 | 17 | 6 | 56 | 50 | 1 | Relegation to Third Division |

Source: rsssf.no
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (O) Play-off winners; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated

### District IX–X

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Mo (C) | 14 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 32 | 12 | +20 | 23 | Qualification for the promotion play-offs |
| 2 | Bodø/Glimt | 14 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 23 | 10 | +13 | 16 |  |
| 3 | Harstad | 14 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 29 | 18 | +11 | | 16 |
| 4 | Mosjøen | 14 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 21 | 15 | +6 | | 15 |
| 5 | Stålkameratene | 14 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 18 | 13 | +5 | | 15 |
| 6 | Lyngen (R) | 14 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 13 | 16 | 3 | 15 | Relegation to Third Division |
| 7 | Tromsø (R) | 14 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 12 | 23 | 11 | | 9 |
| 8 | Saltdalkameratene (R) | 14 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 9 | 50 | 41 | | 3 |

Source: rsssf.no
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated

### District XI

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Stein (C) | 12 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 33 | 10 | +23 | 19 |  |
| 2 | Norild | 12 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 17 | 7 | +10 | | 17 |
| 3 | Vadsø Turn | 12 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 16 | 13 | +3 | | 13 |
| 4 | Kirkenes | 12 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 25 | 20 | +5 | | 12 |
| 5 | Polarstjernen | 12 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 10 | | 9 |
| 6 | Rafsbotn | 12 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 17 | 32 | 15 | | 9 |
| 7 | Sandnes (R) | 12 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 14 | 30 | 16 | 5 | Relegation to Third Division |

Source: rsssf.no
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated

## Promotion play-offs

### Results

*Raufoss won the qualification round and won promotion to the 1. divisjon.*

### Play-off table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Raufoss (O, P) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 2 | +4 | 3 | Promotion to First Division |
| 2 | Pors | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 |  |
| 3 | Mo | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 4 | | 1 |

Source: rsssf.no
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(O) Play-off winners; (P) Promoted

## Relegation play-offs

### Results

*4–4 on aggregate.*

#### Replay

*Bryne won the qualification round and remained in the 2. divisjon. Brummunddal was relegated to the 3. divisjon.*

## Northern Norwegian Final

A Northern Norwegian Final was played between the winners of the two district groups, Mo and Stein.

## InfoBox

2. divisjon
| Season | 1972 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Start (Group A)
Frigg (Group B)
*Mo (District IX–X)
Stein (District XI)* |
| Promoted | Start (Group A)
Frigg (Group B)
Raufoss (Group B) |
| Relegated | Sandnes Ulf (Group A)
Brumunddal (Group B)
Verdal (Group B) |
| 1971 1973 | |


title: 1973 Australian incomes referendum

abstract: The Constitution Alteration (Incomes) 1973 was a referendum proposed by the Australian Labor Party in December 1973 which sought to alter section 51 of the Australian Constitution to give the Commonwealth legislative power over incomes. The Whitlam government's most prominent reason for posing this amendment was the issue of inflation, as they argued that with government power over incomes, inflation would be better managed. The proposal did not pass due to a majority "no" vote from all states. This referendum was extremely unpopular and had the lowest percentage of public support when compared to any previous referendum held in Australia.

text:
# 1973 Australian incomes referendum

**The Constitution Alteration (Incomes) 1973** was a referendum proposed by the Australian Labor Party in December 1973 which sought to alter section 51 of the Australian Constitution to give the Commonwealth legislative power over incomes. The Whitlam government's most prominent reason for posing this amendment was the issue of inflation, as they argued that with government power over incomes, inflation would be better managed.

The proposal did not pass due to a majority "no" vote from all states. This referendum was extremely unpopular and had the lowest percentage of public support when compared to any previous referendum held in Australia.

## Question

The question presented on the ballot paper:

*Do you approve the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled "An Act to alter the Constitution so as to enable the Australian Parliament to make laws with respect to incomes"?*

## Background

### Economic context

Inflation escalated rapidly from the early 1970s to 1980s. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) in 1970 was 3.5% pa but quickly rose to 15.3% pa in 1975, indicating a significant increase in the rate of inflation. In addition, a supply shock hit the Australian economy with the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) strikes and "Oil Shock", which not only led to an increase in oil prices but an international recession. The Australian economy became increasingly unstable within the global context. Significant pressure was placed on the Whitlam government to overcome these economic issues and restabilise the economy resulting in the 1973 Referendum (Incomes), Whitlam’s main attempt to control inflation.

### Political context

The Whitlam government held power from 1972-1975, and was the first Labor government to be elected in 23 years. Whitlam’s government was prone to criticism over the number of policies his government tried to implement in a short period of time. Whitlam was also frequently criticised by some media, economists and the public for his management of the economy, especially in a time of economic crisis.

Many Australians supported Whitlam for his charisma and charm, believing he made positive impacts on Australia. Whilst others believed that he failed to effectively govern Australia, especially economically. ABC political journalist Annabel Crabb stated that it was Whitlam’s "irrepressible curiosity and quest for wisdom in his life" that was so appealing. However, some Australian commentators, such as Andrew Bolt, argue that this charisma was not enough, and that Whitlam governed "chaotically" as Prime Minister. Whitlam’s government remained controversial, especially in regard to its economic decisions and support for First Nations Australians. This overall controversy meant that there was no likely outcome for Whitlam’s 1973 Income referendum, especially considering the failed history of many Australian referendums.

## Public opinion and polls

At the beginning of the campaign before any major press or debates surrounding the income referendum, public opinion polls revealed that three states (NSW, VIC, and SA) would potentially vote ‘Yes’. However, as more press was garnered and Whitlam and Snedden began to make their cases for and against, public approval dwindled significantly, and polls suggested that no state was predicted to vote ‘Yes’.

The McNair Gallup opinion poll was published in the Melbourne Herald in October 1973. This poll was conducted before the referendum campaign had properly begun and therefore only showed early opinions. It contained the following data:

|  | Yes | No | Undecided |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Voting Intention | 49 | 37 | 3 |

The Bulletin opinion poll was conducted in mid-November 1973, published on 8 December 1973 and indicated the following spread of public opinion:

|  | Yes | No | Undecided |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Voting Intention | 47 | 37 | 16 |

The Age opinion poll was conducted on 6 December 1973 and revealed the following data:

|  | Yes | No | Undecided |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Voting Intention | 41.6 | 51.5 | 6.9 |

This level of opposition to the referendum was a result of many factors. The referendum was posed at a time when Whitlam’s government was dealing with the Watergate scandal as well as anxieties surrounding the conflict in Vietnam. Much of the Australian public blamed Whitlam for these issues and were therefore less willing to place more power and trust in his government. Furthermore, polls suggested the public felt that the Whitlam government was not being clear enough about how the Labor government intended to use its power over income and believed their campaign to be unconvincing and vague. The general public confusion surrounding the referendum was emphasised by newspapers and journalists, such as Kenneth Davidson from The Australian, reporting that the parties themselves were confused about how income powers would be exercised.

The Sydney Morning Herald stated that incomes were a particularly personal and "hip pocket" issue for Australians, justifying the large degree of hesitation and apprehension around the proposed bill, revealed in numerous public opinion polls. The Sydney Morning Herald also argued that due to the personal nature of this referendum, The Liberal Party has been using this apprehension to foster a sense of fear, promoting a "When in doubt vote No" campaign. Public opinion polls revealed that the public had a general lack of understanding of the implications of the referendum and an overall ambivalent attitude towards the income referendum. The public's general lack of understanding, and their ambivalent attitude surrounding the incomes referendum was reflected throughout much of the campaign, revealed in many public opinion polls.

## Support and opposition

Whitlam’s Labor government proposed this bill and argued the ‘Yes’ case. Snedden’s Liberal party was the opposing party, arguing ‘No’.

### Labor (support)

The main arguments from Whitlam’s Labor government in support of increasing income power were:

1. States were not able to effectively deal with inflation themselves, and therefore, an increase of federal power over incomes was needed.
2. Inflation could be dealt with through the introduction of quarterly wage adjustments and without the need for wage freezes or increased unemployment.
3. This power would advance equal pay for women and would create a more equitable income and wage system.
4. It would not be enough to just have powers over prices. Power over incomes was crucial in stabilising the economy.

### Liberal (opposition)

The main arguments in opposition to the increase of income power from Snedden’s Liberal party were:

1. The increase in federal powers would be a direct threat to federalism and defeat the purpose of the separation and division of powers to the states.
2. The proposal would be unnecessary as states were capable of managing income control.
3. That the Labor government were trying to abuse the declining economy to secure more power.
4. That it was unclear how the federal government intended on using this power once obtained.
5. Concerns about the permanency of the power and how that could be used and potentially abused by governments that succeeded Whitlam.
6. There would be a better way of dealing with inflation by holding a conference with federal and state governments and a variety of unions and other industry organisations. Here, they would create an effective plan to deal with the declining economy.

### Other opposition

The Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), and other trade unions, almost unanimously advocated for a ‘No’ vote to federal powers over incomes. The leader of the ACTU, Bob Hawke, had significant influence in leading the trade union campaigns against the income referendum. Their main concerns focused on what those powers could be used for in the future by non-labor governments and they did not believe wages should be controlled by the federal government. The unions did not believe that the proposed powers would be effective in controlling inflation.

Other minor political parties including the Country Party, led by Doug Anthony, also voted and supported the ‘No’ campaign as they believed that by controlling incomes and capping wages it would be more difficult to maintain productive workplaces.

### Other support

Whilst the support for the passing of the income referendum did fall in the minority, some economists and academics in support of increasing income controls, such as Stephen J. Turnovsky and Michael Parkin, believed that the government had little choice to do anything else. Their views were that if the government did not increase their controls over income, they would have to allow for unemployment to grow and the economy to stagnate. However, they believed that if they didn’t gain control over incomes, inflation would be likely to continue escalating.

Economists from The Australian Economic Review acknowledged that inflation in Australia in 1973 was a result of a ‘wage-price spiral’. They argued that the increasing price levels in Australia resulted in the Australian public demanding higher wages, thus, resulting in a "wage-price spiral". Many economists, including those at The Australian Economic Review, argued that if the Whitlam government did not step in and take control over incomes and manage this ‘wage-price spiral’, inflation would continue to escalate, and the public would be negatively impacted.

## Results

The 1973 Referendum (Incomes) failed to achieve a ‘Yes’ majority from any state. 34.42% of voters voted ‘Yes’ to the incomes question with a minority of 2 191 770 votes.

Result
| State | Electoral roll | Ballots issued | For | | Against | | Informal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Vote | % | Vote | % | |
| New South Wales | 2,827,989 | 2,618,673 | 1,041,429 | 40.31 | 1,542,217 | 59.69 | 35,027 |
| Victoria | 2,129,494 | 2,001,924 | 657,756 | 33.44 | 1,309,302 | 66.56 | 34,866 |
| Queensland | 1,128,417 | 1,055,299 | 331,163 | 31.70 | 713,562 | 68.30 | 10,574 |
| South Australia | 737,573 | 700,333 | 193,301 | 28.25 | 490,943 | 71.75 | 16,089 |
| Western Australia | 588,789 | 542,122 | 133,531 | 25.21 | 396,199 | 74.79 | 12,392 |
| Tasmania | 241,207 | 229,016 | 63,135 | 28.31 | 159,862 | 71.69 | 6,019 |
| Total for Commonwealth | 7,653,469 | 7,147,367 | 2,420,315 | 34.42 | 4,612,085 | 65.58 | 114,967 |
| Results | *Obtained majority in no state and an overall minority of 2,191,770 votes.* **Not carried** | | | | | | | |

## Aftermath

### Legacy

Owing to the failure of this referendum and the majority opposition towards increased controls over income, the Labor government were unable gain control over incomes. Whitlam’s main impact on issues surrounding income was the implementation of universal healthcare and policies to improve social housing. Both of these reforms aimed to give more equal opportunities to those with lower incomes, however, they could not manage inflation. Academic Joan Rydon, writing in 1974, asserted that "Already the referendum seems to have faded into the past.", indicating the insignificant legacy of this referendum.

### Reasons for rejection

The rejection of the income referendum was believed to be due to a multitude of reasons. Alec Robertson, a political journalist for Tribune, the newspaper for the Communist Party of Australia, stated that this rejection of the referendum would significantly impact Australians on lower wages. This was due to the disproportionate impact that inflation, and particularly "stagflation", had on those with lower socio-economic statuses as unemployment increased along with the increase of prices. Furthermore, Robertson argued that a major reason that this referendum did not pass was due to the Labor government’s insistence on posing two referendum questions at once. One question on government control over prices and one on incomes. Robertson asserted that "workers were torn between loyalty to the Labor Government and loyalty to the trade union movement." He believed that if one question had been asked, this would have allowed the government to gain some economic controls to manage inflation as there would have been less confusion and the public would have been less divided.

For the Whitlam government, the failure of this referendum was a clear sign that no other referendum proposed by his government, succeeding the 1973 referendum, would have any hope of passing. This referendum ultimately served to affirm the notion that the Australian constitution is notoriously difficult to amend, and continued the history of failed referendums. Of the twenty seven referendums posed since Federation in 1901, the incomes referendum was the twenty second failed referendum. It also became the most unpopular referendum in Australian history, with the lowest amount of support from voters.

### Economic trajectory

Inflation continued to escalate rapidly, exacerbated by a ‘wages explosion’ in 1974. Inflation levels peaked at 19 percent in 1974 and continued to remain at a high level for the next two decades. Economists, such as Richard Holden, in hindsight, view Whitlam’s increase in government spending after the failed referendum to be a large failing by the Labor government. Holden believed that Whitlam only served to worsen the inflation crisis and ‘wage price spiral’ at the time with his economic management. The rejection of Whitlam's 1973 income referendum gave way to later policies that attempted to manage the Australian economy such as the 1975 Wage Indexation Policy. This policy was in response to rapidly increasing wages and attempted to restrict any further growth. However, Bruce Hockman, former Chief Economist at the Australian Bureau of Statistics, argues that this indexation policy only ended up "locking in inflation in the long run". The Australian economy fell into a greater recession from 1982-83.

## InfoBox

Australian Income Control referendum, 1973
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Do you approve the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled "An Act to alter the Constitution so as to enable the Australian Parliament to make laws with respect to incomes"? | |
| Outcome | Not carried |
| Results | |
| Choice Votes  %  Yes 2,420,315 34.42%  No **4,612,085** **65.58%**  Valid votes 7,032,400 98.39%  Invalid or blank votes 114,967 1.61%  **Total votes** **7,147,367** **100.00%**  Registered voters/turnout 7,653,469 93.39% | |
| --- | |
| Results by state | |
| Note: The darker the shade of green, the more "yes" votes | |


abstract: The Constitution Alteration (Prices) 1973 was a bill proposing amendments to section 51 of the Australian Constitution which would give the Commonwealth legislative power over prices. The proposed changes to the constitution were not upheld, with Australians voting against the constitutional alteration. The Whitlam government proposed the amendments to the constitution reasoning that by granting increased power to federal government over prices they would be able to control inflation, which at the time was increasing significantly. However, it was ultimately determined by the voters that this was an unnecessary intervention by government, with concerns raised about the future possibility of the abuse of such powers.

text:
# 1973 Australian price control referendum

**The Constitution Alteration (Prices) 1973** was a bill proposing amendments to section 51 of the Australian Constitution which would give the Commonwealth legislative power over prices. The proposed changes to the constitution were not upheld, with Australians voting against the constitutional alteration.

The Whitlam government proposed the amendments to the constitution reasoning that by granting increased power to federal government over prices they would be able to control inflation, which at the time was increasing significantly. However, it was ultimately determined by the voters that this was an unnecessary intervention by government, with concerns raised about the future possibility of the abuse of such powers.

## Background

### Economic context

The economic context that led to the eventual proposition of the 1973 Prices Referendum was driven by numerous economic factors. A resource boom derived from the demands of Japanese industrialisation and increased capital inflows due to the Australian dollar being perceived as undervalued drove Australia's economy in the early 1970s. These factors contributed to an economic environment in 1971 that was generally considered strong, with the AUD rising to $1.40, unemployment at 2% and economic growth rising 5% per year.

However, in the same period, inflation rose steadily to 7.3% as average weekly earnings rose to over 10% per annum. Australia's inflation post World War II averaged around 2%. Therefore, this increase in inflation was very significant at the time. Fiscal policy was expansionary with concerns over the slow rise of unemployment. The Whitlam Labor government announced tax cuts, along with spending on education, health, urban development and the environment. Additionally, Whitlam's government supported pay rises, improvements in working conditions and gender equality in income. This led to an increase in minimum wage for women from 75% to 100% of the corresponding male wage.

In 1973, average weekly earnings had increased to 15.3% driven by wage decisions and consequently the inflation rate began to push double figures. In October 1973, the Arab-Israel conflict quadrupled world oil prices, triggering global high unemployment and high inflation or "stagflation". Australia's own inflation rate rose to 10.1% in 1973.

### Political context

By 1973, Gough Whitlam's government was under growing pressure to slow the rising inflation. Snedden's Liberal party opposition accused Whitlam of allowing inflation to get out of control, while instead spending extensively on social issues like education and health. They also criticised Labor as hypocritical, because as the opposition Labor scrutinised the Liberal government for not acting on inflation which at the time was in a more stable state.

Whitlam argued the Labor Party had inherited 'stagflation' from the previous government who had instigated wage rises and created circumstances for an overvalued dollar. Whitlam offered several policies to address the issue, such as famously cutting tariffs by 25% across the board. In August 1973, Whitlam introduced legislation that established the Prices Justification Tribunal, which ultimately scrutinised price changes by large corporations. Although this provided the federal government with some general powers on pricing, the Prices Justification Tribunal was not given the power to act on decisions found from their enquiries. Opponents of the tribunal criticised its ineffectiveness, arguing that the tribunal had no real power in effecting market prices and thus curbing inflation. The ineffective nature of the tribunal was under fire with Snedden ironically calling it the Prices "Exemption" Tribunal. However, supporters of the tribunal argued that it was effective in holding back price rises. The first Prices Justification Tribunal Annual Report identified the difference between prices originally proposed to the tribunal and the prices found to be justified by the tribunal was $253 million. Additionally, the existence of the tribunal made companies more cautious about price rises, although the effect of this is unquantifiable. In a ploy to boost the effectiveness of the tribunal and silence critics, Whitlam on 22 September proposed the Prices Referendum that sought to give power to Australian Parliament to control prices as one element in an anti-inflationary strategy.

## Question

The question appeared on the ballot paper as:

> Do you approve the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled "An Act to alter the Constitution so as to enable the Australian Parliament to control prices"?

## Public opinion polls

Numerous polls were published before the referendum by reputable polling organisations. Overwhelmingly, these public opinion polls predicted that voting intentions were to affirm the referendum.

A poll published in *The Age* on 6 December predicted:

|  | Yes | No | Undecided |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opinion poll | 54.6% | 39.8% | 5.6% |

Another poll was taken by the McNair Gallup Poll on 23 October, which was published in *The Herald*. It must be noted that this poll was taken early in the referendum campaign and thus may not have captured accurate public voting intentions. The poll predicted:

|  | Yes | No | Undecided |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opinion poll | 70% | 27% | 3% |

Morgan Polls published a poll in *The Bulletin* in mid-November. This poll predicted:

|  | Yes | No | Undecided |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opinion poll | 57% | 28% | 15% |

## Arguments for and against

### Major political parties

The referendum was debated primarily on party lines, with Whitlam's Labor Party proposing the "Yes" case and Snedden's Liberal Party proposing the "No" case.

Whitlam's "Yes" case can be summarised into three arguments:

1. For the government to be effective in fighting inflation, it must have every possible weapon at its disposal to effectively curb inflation.
2. The government should have the power to prevent, where necessary and logical, at times of global economic uncertainty the excessive rise of prices in essential commodities.
3. It is logical that power over prices are exercised by the federal government and not by state government. State government have historically been unable and unwilling to utilise its power over prices in an effective manner.

Snedden's "No" case can be summarised into three arguments:

1. The uncertain economic circumstance is being taken advantage by government to get a power that has the potential to change the social and economic circumstances of Australia. A "No" vote would safeguard federalism, ensuring that an already centralist government would not gain additional power, which is essential in maintaining democracy and individual liberty. This was an especially potent argument with the Watergate scandal at its height, raising the level of scrutiny on governments globally.
2. There is no evidence that giving government power over prices will prove an effective tool in curbing inflation. Additionally, the government have been ambiguous and secretive of details in how it intends to use this power.
3. The opposition proposed differing policy in curbing inflation. The policy was threefold; pulling back public sector spending, a temporary freeze on incomes and prices and a national conference of federal and state governments, unions and employer organisations to agree on a plan to fight inflation.

A Melbourne-based newspaper, *The Age*, summarised the debate: "If you hate inflation, love your country and trust Gough Whitlam, vote "yes"... If you hate controls, fear the unknown and believe Bill Snedden, vote "no"..."

### Minor parties

Other minor party stances included support for the proposal by the Australia Party and Aarons Communist Party. Opposition to the proposed changes were supported by the Democratic Labour Party and Maoists.

### Organised groups

Groups other than political parties took clear sides in regard to the proposal outside of Parliament. It is a common occurrence for organised groups to participate actively in referendums, where they usually would not in general elections.

Trade unions such as the ACTU and Queensland Trades and Labour Unions along with other unions generally advocated in favour of the proposed change. Strong public opposition to the proposed changes came from organisations that considered the governments control of prices a direct threat to their industry. Such organisations included the Chamber of Commerce, Chamber of Manufacturers, Real Estate Institutes, the Wool Growers and Grazer’s Association, the NSW Institute of Public Affairs and various other organisations that had a vested interest in the proposal.

## Results

Result
| State | Electoral roll | Ballots issued | For | | Against | | Informal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Vote | % | Vote | % | |
| New South Wales | 2,827,989 | 2,618,673 | 1,257,499 | 48.55 | 1,332,485 | 51.45 | 28,689 |
| Victoria | 2,129,494 | 2,001,924 | 891,144 | 45.18 | 1,081,120 | 54.82 | 29,660 |
| Queensland | 1,128,417 | 1,055,299 | 402,506 | 38.47 | 643,770 | 61.53 | 9,023 |
| South Australia | 737,573 | 700,333 | 282,754 | 41.16 | 404,181 | 58.84 | 13,398 |
| Western Australia | 588,789 | 542,122 | 169,605 | 31.90 | 362,121 | 68.10 | 10,396 |
| Tasmania | 241,207 | 229,016 | 85,631 | 38.22 | 138,416 | 61.78 | 4,969 |
| Total for Commonwealth | 7,653,469 | 7,147,367 | 3,089,139 | 43.81 | 3,962,093 | 56.19 | 96,135 |
| Results | *Obtained majority in no state and an overall minority of 872,954 votes.* **Not carried** | | | | | | | |

Before the 1977 Australian Referendum citizens living in Australian Territories were not able to vote in referendums.

## Aftermath

### Prices Justification Tribunal

Following the failed referendum in 1974 Whitlam further strengthened the powers of the Prices Justification Tribunal. The power was extended so that the tribunal could inquire and report on prices charged by a company irrespective of their annual turnover. Where previously the tribunal could only inquire and report on companies with annual turnover of $20 million or more. These changes were aimed at examining retail prices and the price of imported goods, which were previously not examined by the tribunal. However, the jurisdiction of the tribunal was not extended to make the findings of inquiries mandatory for companies to comply with. Therefore, the tribunal was scrutinised for lacking the appropriate power to make real economic differences. Additionally, separate legislation that gave pricing power to state governments such as New South Wales, South Australia, Australian Capital Territory and Northern Territory meant that giving the tribunal further power over prices would contradict this existing legislation.

The coverage and role of the Prices Justification Tribunal was reduced, as Fraser's Liberal party took office in 1975. In addition to scrutiny over the ineffective nature of the tribunal, concerns were raised about compliance costs, the overlapping of the tribunals operations with existing government bodies and the effect of the tribunal on industry efficiency and investment decisions. The tribunal was ultimately abolished in 1981.

### Economic policy

The rejection of the referendum and the ultimate reduction of the Prices Justification Tribunal, meant that other economic policies took greater credence. As such two key economic policies were adopted; monetary targeting and indexation.

Following the global trend of inflation targeting, the Reserve Bank of Australia employed a loose form of monetary targeting. The policy objective was to reduce the rate of increase in domestic prices. From 1976 to 1985, between which monetary targeting was employed, the inflation rate decreased from 13% to 8.4%. Although the decline in inflation would suggest this policy was a success, the policy relied on a consistent and stable relationship between growth rates and price changes. However, this period proved this consistent relationship was not the case suggesting a causal link between the decrease in domestic prices and monetary targeting. This led to the RBA's ultimate transition to inflation targeting.

Indexation was adopted by the Arbitration Commission in 1975, on the basis that it would restrain wage increases. Indexation linked wage increases to past price increases. Inflation began to decrease with the establishment of indexation, decreasing from a peak of nearly 20% in 1975 to 10% by 1977. This showed the effectiveness of wage indexation in constraining wage increases. However, after 1977 wages rapidly increased due to pressure from unions who argued that wage increases were falling behind cost of living increases. The Arbitration Commission was unable to keep relevant parties in agreement with its indexation approach. As such indexation was abolished in 1981.

Although these policies had contributed to decreasing the inflation rate to 10% in 1977, further success proved difficult. In 1977 Australia experienced high economic growth and rising oil prices which forced an increase in inflation before it was back under control.

## InfoBox

Australian Price Control referendum, 1973
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| "Do you approve the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled "An Act to alter the Constitution so as to enable the Australian Parliament to control prices"? | |
| Results | |
| Choice Votes  %  Yes 3,089,139 43.81%  No **3,962,093** **56.19%**  Valid votes 7,051,232 98.65%  Invalid or blank votes 96,135 1.35%  **Total votes** **7,147,367** **100.00%**  Registered voters/turnout 7,653,469 93.39% | |
| --- | |
| Results by state | |
| Note: Darkness of colour denotes strength of vote | |


title: 1973 Australian Rally Championship

abstract: The 1973 Australian Rally Championship was a series of six rallying events held across Australia. It was the sixth season in the history of the competition. Peter Lang and navigator Warwick Smith in the Holden Torana GTR XU-1 were the winners of the 1973 Championship.

text:
# 1973 Australian Rally Championship

The **1973 Australian Rally Championship** was a series of six rallying events held across Australia. It was the sixth season in the history of the competition.

Peter Lang and navigator Warwick Smith in the Holden Torana GTR XU-1 were the winners of the 1973 Championship.

## Season review

The sixth Australian Rally Championship was decided over six events, staged across the Eastern States of Australia with two events each in New South Wales and Victoria and one each in Queensland and South Australia. The series saw more domination from the Holden Torana GTR XU-1's which won all six rounds, three wins for Peter Lang/Warwick Smith, two wins for Colin Bond/George Shepheard and one win for Steward McLeod/Adrian Mortimer. Lang and Smith managed high placings in the events that they didn't win and thus convincingly took out the 1973 championship.

## The Rallies

The six events of the 1973 season were as follows.

| Round | Rally | Date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Uniroyal Southern Rally (SA) | 10/11 March 1973 |
| 2 | Classic Rally (VIC) | 24/25 March 1973 |
| 3 | Bunbury Curran (NSW) | 14/15 April 1973 |
| 4 | Bega Valley Rally (NSW) | 2–4 June 1973 |
| 5 | Warana Rally (QLD) | 22/23 September 1973 |
| 6 | Alpine Rally (VIC) | 8/9 December 1973 |

### Round One – Uniroyal Southern 500 Rally

| Position | Driver | Navigator | Car | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Stewart McLeod | Adrian Mortimer | Torana GTR XU-1 | 68 |
| 2 | Dean Rainsford | Graham West | Citroen GS | 78 |
| 3 | Tony Roberts | Jeff Beaumont | Peugeot 504 | 79 |
| 4 | Colin Bond | George Shepheard | Torana GTR XU-1 | 87 |
| 5 | Bob Holden | Roger Bonhomme | Torana GTR XU-1 | 100 |
| 6 | Frank Kilfoyle | Mike Osborne | Datsun 240Z | 107 |
|

### Round Two – Classic Rally

| Position | Driver | Navigator | Car | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Colin Bond | George Shepheard | Torana GTR XU-1 | 79 |
| 2 | Peter Lang | Warwick Smith | Torana GTR XU-1 | 96 |
| 3 | Tony Roberts | Jeff Beaumont | Peugeot 504 | 112 |
| 4 | Ed Mulligan | Mike Batten | Mazda RX-2 Coupe | 119 |
| 5 | Stewart McLeod | Adrian Mortimer | Torana GTR XU-1 | 135 |
| 6 | Bruce Hodgson | Fred Gocentas | Ford XA Falcon GTHO | n/a |
|

### Round Three – Bunbury Curran Rally

| Position | Driver | Navigator | Car | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Peter Lang | Warwick Smith | Torana GTR XU-1 | 24 |
| =2 | Stewart McLeod | Adrian Mortimer | Datsun 240Z | 38 |
| =2 | Frank Kilfoyle | Mike Osborne | Datsun 240Z | 38 |
| 4 | Tony Roberts | Jeff Beaumont | Peugeot 504 | 53 |
| 5 | Bruce Hodgson | Fred Gocentas | Ford XA Falcon GTHO | 65 |
| 6 | Wal Glass | R Smith | Holden HR | 75 |
|

### Round Four – Bega Valley Rally

| Position | Driver | Navigator | Car | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Peter Lang | Warwick Smith | Torana GTR XU-1 | 79 |
| 2 | Colin Bond | George Shepheard | Torana GTR XU-1 | 84 |
| 3 | Ed Mulligan | Mike Batten | Mazda RX-2 Coupe | 85 |
| 4 | Stewart McLeod | Adrian Mortimer | Torana GTR XU-1 | 97 |
| 5 | Roy Denny | Richard Denny | Triumph 2.5 PI | 181 |
| 6 | Wal Glass | R Smith | Holden HR | n/a |
|

### Round Five – Warana Rally

| Position | Driver | Navigator | Car | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Colin Bond | George Shepheard | Torana GTR XU-1 | 40 |
| 2 | Ed Mulligan | Mike Batten | Mazda RX-2 Coupe | 61 |
| 3 | John Shera | Lloyd Meller | Mazda 1300 | 104 |
| 4 | Peter Lang | Warwick Smith | Torana GTR XU-1 | 106 |
| 5 | Bryan Evans | Barry Lake | Datsun 240Z | 115 |
| 6 | Jim Reddiex | Moss Pollack | Citroen GS | 168 |
|

### Round Six – Golden Alpine Rally

Note that Kilfoyle and Osborne won this event outright in a works Datsun 180B SSS but were ineligible for ARC points.

| Position | Driver | Navigator | Car | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Peter Lang | Warwick Smith | Torana GTR XU-1 | 118 |
| 2 | Stewart McLeod | Adrian Mortimer | Torana GTR XU-1 | 132 |
| 3 | Bruce Hodgson | Fred Gocentas | Ford XA Falcon GTHO | 147 |
| 4 | Ed Mulligan | Mike Batten | Mazda RX-2 Coupe | 156 |
| 5 | Colin Bond | George Shepheard | Torana GTR XU-1 | 744 |
| 6 | Roy Denny | Richard Denny | Triumph 2.5 PI | 776 |
|

## 1973 Drivers and Navigators Championships

Final pointscore for 1973 is as follows.

### Peter Lang – Champion Driver 1973

| Position | Driver | Car | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Peter Lang | Torana GTR XU-1 | 36 |
| 2 | Colin Bond | Torana GTR XU-1 | 29 |
| 3 | Stewart McLeod | Torana GTR XU-1 | 25 |
| 4 | Ed Mulligan | Mazda RX-2 Coupe | 16 |
| 5 | Tony Roberts | Peugeot 504 & Saab | 11 |
| 6 | Bruce Hodgson | Falcon GT | 7 |
| =7 | Dean Rainsford | Citroen GS | 6 |
| =7 | Frank Kilfoyle | Datsun 240Z | 6 |
| 9 | John Shera | Mazda 1300 | 4 |
| 10 | Bryan Evans | Datsun 240Z | 2 |
|

### Warwick Smith – Champion Navigator 1973

| Position | Navigator | Car | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Warwick Smith | Torana GTR XU-1 | 36 |
| 2 | George Shepheard | Torana GTR XU-1 | 29 |
| 3 | Adrian Mortimer | Torana GTR XU-1 | 25 |
| 4 | Mike Batten | Mazda RX-2 Coupe | 16 |
| 5 | Jeff Beaumont | Peugeot 504 & Saab | 11 |
| 6 | Fred Gocentas | Falcon GT | 7 |
| =7 | Grahame West | Citroen GS | 6 |
| =7 | Mike Osborne | Datsun 240Z | 6 |
| 9 | Lloyd Meller | Mazda 1300 | 4 |
| 10 | Barry Lake | Datsun 240Z | 2 |
|

* Results of Snowy Mountains Rally and ARC results.


abstract: Local elections to Northumberland County Council, a county council in the north east of England, were held on 12 April 1973, resulting in a council with no party forming a majority.

text:
# 1973 Northumberland County Council election

**Local elections to Northumberland County Council**, a county council in the north east of England, were held on 12 April 1973, resulting in a council with no party forming a majority.

## Results

1973 Northumberland County Council election
| Party | | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | 28 |  |  |  |  | **47.4** | **34,313** |  |
|  | Independent | 21 |  |  |  |  | 27.5 | 19,902 |  |
|  | Conservative | 10 |  |  |  |  | 15.0 | 10,881 |  |
|  | Liberal | 3 |  |  |  |  | 9.3 | 6,756 |  |
|  | Independent Socialist | 0 |  |  |  |  | 0.8 | 564 |  |

## InfoBox

1973 Northumberland County Council election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 62 seats
to Northumberland County Council
32 seats needed for a majority | |
| First party Second party   Party Labour Independent  Seats won 28 21  Popular vote **34,313** 19,902  Percentage **47.4%** 27.5%   ---  Third party Fourth party   Party Conservative Liberal  Seats won 10 3  Popular vote 10,881 6,756  Percentage 15.0% 9.3% | |
| ---  **Control of Council after election**

No overall control | |


title: 1981 Tour de Romandie

abstract: The 1981 Tour de Romandie was the 35th edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 5 May to 10 May 1981. The race started in Morat and finished in Vernier. The race was won by Tommy Prim of the Bianchi team.

text:
# 1981 Tour de Romandie

The **1981 Tour de Romandie** was the 35th edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 5 May to 10 May 1981. The race started in Morat and finished in Vernier. The race was won by Tommy Prim of the Bianchi team.

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tommy Prim (SWE) Bianchi–Piaggio 21h 54' 15"  2  Giuseppe Saronni (ITA) Gis Gelati–Campagnolo \+ 27"  3  Peter Winnen (NED) Capri Sonne–Koga Miyata \+ 1' 27"  4  Michel Laurent (FRA) Peugeot–Esso–Michelin \+ 1' 31"  5  Joaquim Agostinho (POR) Sem–France Loire–Campagnolo \+ 2' 16"  6  Gianbattista Baronchelli (ITA) Bianchi–Piaggio \+ 2' 45"  7  Robert Millar (GBR) Peugeot–Esso–Michelin \+ 3' 30"  8  Johan De Muynck (BEL) Splendor–Wickes Bouwmarkt–Europ Decor \+ 4' 11"  9  Jo Maas (NED) TI–Raleigh–Creda \+ 4' 17"  10  Gottfried Schmutz (SUI) Cilo–Aufina \+ 4' 28" |
| --- |

## InfoBox

1981 Tour de Romandie
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 5–10 May 1981 |
| Stages | 5 + Prologue |
| Distance | 859.8 km (534.3 mi) |
| Winning time | 21h 54' 15" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Tommy Prim (SWE)  (Bianchi–Piaggio)  Second  Giuseppe Saronni (ITA)  (Gis Gelati–Campagnolo)  Third  Peter Winnen (NED)  (Capri Sonne–Koga Miyata) | |
|


title: Muhammad Ali vs. Richard Dunn

abstract: Muhammad Ali vs. Richard Dunn was a professional boxing match contested on 24 May 1976, for the undisputed heavyweight championship. This fight would mark Ali’s 37th and final knockout win of his career.

text:
# Muhammad Ali vs. Richard Dunn

**Muhammad Ali vs. Richard Dunn** was a professional boxing match contested on 24 May 1976, for the undisputed heavyweight championship. This fight would mark Ali’s 37th and final knockout win of his career.

## Background

In the build up to fight, Dunn appeared on the popular ITV program This Is Your Life in which Ali appeared via video message to taunt Dunn, saying "So you've taken 67 parachute drops, well, I want you to mark this down now: you have one more big drop to come, a big hard drop, it's going to be the longest sharp drop you've ever had."

## The fight

Dunn would start the fight on the front foot chasing Ali who would land a number of overhand rights early. A pair of lefts from Dunn landed in third however Ali scored knockdown with a right later in round. Dunn would taste the canvas twice more in fourth and once early in fifth before a windmilling right from Ali sent Dunn down for the fifth and final time prompting referee Herbert Tomser to wave the contest off.

The fight is remembered for being the last time Ali would knock down any opponent in the ring in his boxing career. The punch Ali used to knockout Dunn was taught to Ali by Taekwondo Grandmaster Jhoon Rhee. Rhee called that punch the "Accupunch", which he learnt from Bruce Lee. Rhee was Ali's head coach for this Dunn fight.

## Aftermath

Ali would praise Dunn, telling NBC broadcast: “He is better than I thought and I predict you will hear more from Richard Dunn.”

Tens of thousands of people would line the streets of Bradford to praise Dunn’s gutsy performance and welcome him home.

## Undercard

Confirmed bouts:

| Winner | Loser | Weight division/title belt(s) disputed | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Peter Wulf | Peter Scheibner | German Super Welter | Unanimous decision. |
| Duane Bobick | Bunny Johnson | Heavyweight (10 rounds) | 2nd-round TKO. |
| Alan Minter | Frank Reiche | Middleweight (10 rounds) | 8th-round TKO. |
| Ngozika Ekwelum | Tony Moore | Heavyweight (8 rounds) | Unanimous decision. |
| Rodney Bobick | Hartmut Sasse | Heavyweight (8 rounds) | 3rd-round KO. |
| Horst Lang | Arno Prick | Heavyweight (6 rounds) | Draw. |

## Broadcasting

| Country | Broadcaster |
| --- | --- |
| Australia | Nine Network |
| Brazil | Band |
| Canada | CTV |
| France | TF1 |
| Germany | ARD |
| Japan | TBS |
| Mexico | Televisa |
| Philippines | RPN 9 |
| Spain | TVE |
| United Kingdom | ITV |
| United States | NBC |

## InfoBox

Muhammad Ali vs Richard Dunn
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 24 May 1976 |
| Venue | Olympiahalle, Munich, Germany |
| Title(s) on the line | WBA, WBC and *The Ring* undisputed heavyweight championship |
| Tale of the tape | |
| Boxer  Muhammad Ali  Richard Dunn  Nickname  "The Greatest"   Hometown Louisville, Kentucky, U.S. Halifax, West Yorkshire, UK  Purse   £52,000  Pre-fight record  51–2 (36 KO)  33–9 (16 KO)  Age  34 years, 4 months  31 years, 4 months  Height  6 ft 3 in (191 cm)  6 ft 3 in (191 cm)  Weight  220 lb (100 kg)  207 lb (94 kg)  Style Orthodox Southpaw  Recognition WBA, WBC and *The Ring* undisputed
Heavyweight Champion British, Commonwealth and European
Heavyweight Champion | |
| Result | |
| Ali wins via 5th-round **TKO** | |


title: Ulster Chess Championship

abstract:
The Ulster Chess Championship is an annual chess tournament organised by the Ulster Chess Union which has been held since 1892. It is currently open to all players who qualify as having been born in any of the 9 counties of Ulster. Nearly all Championships since 1982 have been played in Belfast. Among the winners in recent years have been two players, both also Irish Champions, who now have the title of International Master (IM), Mark Orr and Brian Kelly (1994/95). Recent winners are
  - Michael Waters
  - Stephen Scannell
  - Eugene O'Hare
  - Adrian Gillen
  - Tom Clarke
  - Michael Holmes (twice)
  - Stephen Gillen (twice)
  - David Houston Some winners have represented Ireland at chess Olympiads and European Team Chess Championship.

text:
# Ulster Chess Championship

The **Ulster Chess Championship** is an annual chess tournament organised by the Ulster Chess Union which has been held since 1892. It is currently open to all players who qualify as having been born in any of the 9 counties of Ulster. Nearly all Championships since 1982 have been played in Belfast. Among the winners in recent years have been two players, both also Irish Champions, who now have the title of International Master (IM), Mark Orr (4 times, most recently in 2001/02) and Brian Kelly (1994/95). Recent winners are

* Michael Waters (4 times)
* Stephen Scannell (8 times)
* Eugene O'Hare (6 times)
* Adrian Gillen (3 times)
* Tom Clarke (3 times)
* Michael Holmes (twice)
* Stephen Gillen (twice)
* David Houston (4 times)

Some winners have represented Ireland at chess Olympiads and European Team Chess Championship.

## Champions

### Early Champions

### After 1932

*The Ulster Chess Union was founded in 1932 and relaunched the Ulster Championship.*

* 1933 - William John Allen
* 1934 - W. J. Allen
* 1935 - P. J. (Joe) McMahon
* 1936 - J. Watson
* 1937 - R. Lennox
* 1938 - J. D. Peebles
* 1939 - William Minnis
* 1944 - A. L. Davies
* 1945 - William Minnis
* 1946 - R.A. Heaney
* 1947 - J.D. Peebles
* 1949 - J.A. Flood
* 1950 - G. A. Kearney
* 1951 - W. D. Kerr
* 1952 - Robert Jones
* 1953 - G. J. Boyd & W. D. Kerr
* 1954 - Douglas Eric Arnold Riley
* 1955 - R. A. Heaney
* 1956 - A. Torney
* 1957 - Jack Wrigley
* 1958 - G. J. Boyd
* 1959 - E. McGlinchey
* 1960 - Eugene O'Hare
* 1961 - E. O'Hare
* 1962 - H. Harte & E. O'Hare
* 1963 - E. O'Hare & Edward Whiteside
* 1964 - Hugh MacGrillen & E. O'Hare
* 1965 - John Larkin Moles & M. O'Leary
* 1966 - H. Boyd
* 1967 - J. L. Moles
* 1968 - M. O'Leary
* 1969 - E. O'Hare
* 1970 - F. Coll
* 1971 - John Nicholson
* 1972 - Ray Devenney
* 1973 - J. Nicholson
* 1974 - Adrain McDaid
* 1975 - P. Hadden & D. Harkin
* 1976 - J. Nicholson & E. Whiteside
* 1977 - J. Nicholson
* 1978 - Keith Allen
* 1979 - K. Allen
* 1980 - K. Allen, John Hegarty, John Kennedy & Derek McGill
* 1981 - James Quigley
* 1982 - David Houston & Michael Smyth
* 1983 - M. Smyth
* 1984 - M. Smyth & Tom Clarke
* 1985 - Mark Orr
* 1986 - K. Allen
* 1987 - Tom Brown & Niall Carton
* 1988 - K Allen, D. Houston & M. Orr
* 1989 - K. Allen & M. Orr
* 1990 - D. Houston
* 1991 - Diarmuid Simpson
* 1992 - Kieran Greer
* 1993 - Adrian Gillen
* 1994 - Stephen Gillen & K. Greer
* 1995 - S. Gillen & Brian Kelly
* 1996 - A. Gillen
* 1997 - A. Gillen
* 1998 - Michael Holmes & James McDonnell
* 1999 - J. McDonnell & Stephen Scannell
* 2000 - Timothy Douglas, M. Holmes & S. Scannell

### Champions since 2000

* 2001 - Stephen Scannell
* 2002 - Mark Orr IM
* 2003 - Tom Clarke
* 2004 - Stephen Scannell
* 2005 - Tom Clarke
* 2006 - Michael Waters & Stephen Scannell
* 2007 - Stephen Scannell
* 2008 - Stephen Scannell
* 2009 - Stephen Scannell
* 2010 - Michael Waters
* 2011 - Michael Waters
* 2012 - Michael Waters
* 2013 - Mike Redman
* 2014 - Gábor Horváth
* 2015 - Gábor Horváth
* 2016 - Stephen Rush (QUB)
* 2017 - Stephen Scannell
* 2018 - Thomas Donaldson
* 2019 - Daniil Zelenchuk
* 2020 - no championship due to covid
* 2021 - Thomas Donaldson


title: George Washington Truett

abstract: George Washington Truett, also known as George W. Truett, was an American clergyman who was the pastor of the First Baptist Church of Dallas, Texas, from 1897 until 1944, and the president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 1927 to 1929. He was one of the "most famous Southern Baptist" preachers and writers of his era while still known today effectively for his educational impact among his many generational ministry legacies in addition to his exegetical preaching and outstanding oratorical skill.

text:
# George Washington Truett

**George Washington Truett**, also known as **George W. Truett** (May 6, 1867  July 7, 1944), was an American clergyman who was the pastor of the First Baptist Church of Dallas, Texas, from 1897 until 1944, and the president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 1927 to 1929. He was one of the "most famous Southern Baptist" preachers and writers of his era while still known today effectively for his educational impact among his many generational ministry legacies in addition to his exegetical preaching and outstanding oratorical skill.

## Early life and education

Truett was born on a farm in Hayesville in Clay County in remote Western North Carolina, the seventh child of Charles L. Truett and the former Mary R. Kimsey. His ancestors were of English and Scots-Irish descent, and were pioneers in Appalachia. Several were well-known Baptist preachers. He entered school at Hayesville Academy in 1875 and graduated in 1885. He had a dramatic conversion experience at a camp meeting revival in 1886.

Truett taught in a Towns County, Georgia, school. In 1887, he founded the Hiawassee Academy in that same county, with the intention of making enough money from private students to pay for law school. In 1889, however, he left his position with the academy to move with his parents to Whitewright, Texas. There he joined the Whitewright Baptist Church and attended Grayson College. He was ordained to the Baptist ministry at the Whitewright church in 1890. He preached his first sermon at the First Baptist Church in nearby Sherman, Texas.

### Baylor University

In 1891, Truett was hired by the president of Baylor University in Waco, Texas, to serve as its financial secretary. Enterprising and energetic, Truett raised $92,000 in less than two years and completely wiped out the school's indebtedness. After his stint as the school's financial secretary, Truett enrolled as a freshman at Baylor in 1893. From 1893 to 1897, he studied at Baylor and served as a student-pastor of the East Waco Baptist Church to pay for his tuition. He graduated in June 1897 with an A.B. degree. Truett would later serve as a Baylor trustee from 1934 to 1939.

## Pastorship

Dr. Truett forgoes the position of becoming President of Baylor University to follow his ministerial call accepting the position as pastor of the First Baptist Church in Dallas in September 1897, a position he would hold until his death. During the forty-seven year pastorate, the membership rolls increased from 715 to 7,804; a total of 19,531 new members were received, and total contributions were $6,027,741.52. The church was rebuilt three times during his tenure there to accommodate the expanding congregation. His preaching made him nationally famous, as he criss-cross the nation leading revivals, participating in religious organizations, and raising funds for churches. He was a leader in the national "Seventy-Five Million Campaign," but the financial results were disappointing. In Texas he led the fundraising for the Texas Baptist Memorial Sanitarium, the forerunner of Baylor Hospital. He avoided politics except for prohibition issues and gambling.

Dr. Truett was the president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 1927 to 1929 and of the Baptist World Alliance from 1934 to 1939. During World War I, he was appointed by President Woodrow Wilson as one of 20 preachers sent by the president for a six-month tour to preach to the Allied forces.

One of Dr. Truett's most famous sermons, "Baptists and Religious Liberty", was delivered on the steps of the Capitol in Washington, D.C., on May 16, 1920. In this sermon, he claimed that the United States was founded on the principles of religious freedom and separation of church and state. He elaborated anti-Catholic views as the core element in his defense of religious liberty and the separation of church and state. He argued that the Catholic doctrine of baptismal regeneration and transubstantiation is fundamentally subversive of the gospel of Christ. Likewise, the Catholics built their church to separate the individual soul from God, making it "a ghastly tyranny" that frustrates the grace of God, destroys freedom of conscience, and hinders the coming of Kingdom of God. He warned his flock that America was “menaced by our vast and fast-growing cities,” which had become dens of “lawlessness.” Urban centers drew “the alien populations of the world with their strange customs and beliefs and ideals and sentimentalisms.” He said that Catholics rejected separation of church and state and were secretly plotting papal control of the American government.

Dr. Truett forgoes seminary to become the financial secretary for Baylor University which ultimately saved the school's existence from its indebtedness, leading to its current operability to date. He was orthodox in his beliefs which was largely shaped by following a mentor of his, Benajah Harvey Carroll. (B.H. Carroll). He opposed efforts in the 1920s to pass state laws against the teaching of evolution. Fundamentalist elements attacked him for welcoming Northern Baptists to preach at his church in Dallas, and for fighting against the divisive influence of J. Frank Norris. Over the course of his pastoral career, he published ten volumes of sermons, two volumes of addresses, and two volumes of Christmas messages.

Reverend Truett worried that cowboys who worked the cattle drives were too isolated from family, church, and society. He made annual trips through the Davis Mountains of West Texas for thirty-seven years, traveling with cattle drives there and preaching.

## Personal life and death

Truett married Judge Jenkins daughter who was also a fellow Baylor Alumnus, Josephine Jenkins on June 28, 1894, with whom he had three children, all daughters. He died in Dallas on July 7, 1944. His wife died twelve years later. Both are interred at Sparkman-Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery in Dallas.

## Legacy

According to John S. Ezell:

In his prime George W. Truett was nearly six feet tall and weighed about 200 pounds, with unusually broad shoulders and erect carriage. Solemn in appearance, he was black-haired, with blue-gray eyes and a wide, sensitive mouth. His remarkable voice made him audible to large crowds without the aid of an amplifying system. He was orthodox in theology, and his oratory, which led him to be compared with William Jennings Bryan, was characterized by directness and conviction; it earned him a place as one of the great preachers of his day.

In 1957 Truett was portrayed by Victor Jory in the episode "Lone Star Preacher" of the syndicated television series, *Crossroads*. The actress Barbara Eiler was cast as Truett's wife, Jo, who died eleven months before the episode aired.

An authorized but unsourced biography of Truett written by Powhatan James was published in 1939 by Macmillan.

### Namesakes

## Published works

* George W. Truett (1915). *We Would see Jesus: and other Sermons*. New York: Fleming H. Revell.
* George W. Truett (1917). *A Quest for Souls*. Harper & Brothers.
* George W. Truett (1946). *Some Vital Questions*. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
* George W. Truett (1954). *After His likeness*. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
* George W. Truett (1973). *Sermons from Paul (George W. Truett Library)*. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House. ISBN 0-8010-8796-1.

## Further reading

* Canipe, Christopher L. "A captive church in the land of the free: EY Mullins, Walter Rauschenbusch, George Truett, and the rise of Baptist democracy, 1900–1925" (PhD. Diss. Baylor University, 2004). online
* Canipe, Lee. “The Echoes of Baptist Democracy: George Truett’s Sermon at the U.S. Capitol as Patriotic Apology.” *American Baptist Quarterly* 21.4 (December 2002): 415–431.
* Durso, Keith E. *Thy Will Be Done: A Biography of George W. Truett* (Mercer University Press, 2009), a standard scholarly biography
* Ezell, John S. "Truett, George Washington, (May 6, 1867 - July 7, 1944)" in *Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 3* (1973)
* Farnsley, Arthur Emery. *Southern Baptist Politics: Authority and Power in the Restructuring of an American Denomination* (Pennsylvania State UP, 1994) online
* Hankins, Barry. *Uneasy in Babylon: Southern Baptist Conservatives and American Culture* (U Alabama Press, 2002) online
* Hatch, Derek Christopher. "E.Y. Mullins, George W. Truett, and a Baptist theology of nature and grace" (PhD Theology. Diss. University of Dayton, 2011) online.
* Holcomb, J. David. “A Millstone Hanged about His Neck?: George W. Truett, AntiCatholicism, and Baptist Conceptions of Religious Liberty.” *Baptist History and Heritage* 43.3 (Summer/Fall 2008): 68–81. online
* James, Powhatan W. *George W. Truett: A Biography* (Broadman Press, 1939). online
* Locke, Joseph. "Making the Bible Belt: Preachers, Prohibition, and the Politicization of Southern Religion, 1877-1918" (PhD . Diss. 2012) online.
    + Locke, Joseph L. *Making the Bible Belt: Texas Prohibitionists and the Politicization of Southern Religion* (Oxford UP, 2017).
* McBeth, H. Leon. "George W. Truett: Baptist Statesman" *Baptist History and Heritage* 32.2 (April 1997): 9-22.
* McBeth, H. Leon.  *Texas Baptists: A Sesquicentennial History* (Dallas: Baptistway Press, 1998).
* Thompson, James J. *Tried as by Fire: Southern Baptists and the Religious Controversies of the 1920s.* (Mercer UP, 1982).
* Young, Doyle L. "Leadership That Motivates: A Study in the Life of George W. Truett." *Baptist History and Heritage* 20#1 (1985): 45–51.

## InfoBox

| George Washington Truett | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1867-05-06)May 6, 1867
Hayesville, North Carolina, US |
| Died | July 7, 1944(1944-07-07) (aged 77)
Dallas, Texas, US |
| Education | Grayson College,
Baylor University |
| Occupation | Pastor |
| Years active | 1890–1944 |
| Spouse | Josephine "Jo" Jenkins Truett (married 1894–1944, his death) |
| Parent(s) | Charles L. and Mary R. Kimsey Truett |
|  | |
| Religion | Southern Baptist |
| Church | First Baptist Church of Dallas (1897–1944) |
| Ordained | Whitewright Baptist Church (1890) |
| Offices held | President, Southern Baptist Convention (1927–1929) |
|  | |


title: Willi Billmann

abstract: Willi Billmann was a German international footballer.

text:
# Willi Billmann

**Willi Billmann** (15 January 1911 – 5 July 2001) was a German international footballer.

## International career

He won 11 caps between 1937 and 1941 for the Germany national team.

## InfoBox

Willi Billmann
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1911-01-15)15 January 1911 | | |
| Place of birth | Nuremberg, Germany | | |
| Date of death | 5 July 2001(2001-07-05) (aged 90) | | |
| Place of death | Nuremberg, Germany | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1923–1929 | TV Leonhard-Schweinau | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1929–1940 | 1. FC Nürnberg |  |  |
| 1944 | Hertha BSC |  |  |
| 1945–1949 | 1. FC Nürnberg |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1937–1941 | Germany | 11 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |