title: Reverse zoonosis

abstract: A reverse zoonosis, also known as a zooanthroponosis or anthroponosis, is a pathogen reservoired in humans that is capable of being transmitted to non-human animals.

text:
# Reverse zoonosis

A **reverse zoonosis**, also known as a **zooanthroponosis** (Greek *zoon* "animal", *anthropos* "man", *nosos* *"*disease") or **anthroponosis**, is a pathogen reservoired in humans that is capable of being transmitted to non-human animals.

## Terminology

Anthroponosis refers to pathogens sourced from humans and can include human to non-human animal transmission but also human to human transmission. The term zoonosis technically refers to disease transferred between any animal and another animal, human or non-human, without discretion, and also been defined as disease transmitted from animals to humans *and vice versa*. Yet because of human-centered medical biases, zoonosis tends to be used in the same manner as anthropozoonosis which specifically refers to pathogens reservoired in non-human animals that are transmissible to humans.

Additional confusion due to frequency of scientists using "anthropozoonosis" and "zooanthroponosis" interchangeably was resolved during a 1967 Joint Food and Agriculture and World Health Organization committee meeting that recommended the use of "zoonosis" to describe the bidirectional interchange of infectious pathogens between animals and humans.

Furthermore, because humans are rarely in direct contact with wild animals and introduce pathogens through "soft contact", the term "sapronotic agents" must be introduced. Sapronoses (Greek *sapros* "decaying") refers to human diseases that harbor the capacity to grow and replicate (not just survive or contaminate) in abiotic environments such as soil, water, decaying plants, animal corpses, excreta, and other substrata. Additionally, sapro-zoonoses can be characterized as having both a live host and a non-animal developmental site of organic matter, soil, or plants. Obligate intracellular parasites that cannot replicate outside of cells and are entirely reproductively reliant on entering the cell to use intracellular resources such as viruses, rickettsiae, chlamydiae, and Cryptosporidium parvum cannot be sapronotic agents.

## Etymological pitfalls

Categorizing of disease into epidemiologic classes by the infection's supposed source or the direction of transmission raises a number of contradictions that could be resolved by the use of cyclical models. See the following scenarios:

### *Zoonosis* vs *reverse zoonosis* vs *anthroponosis*

In the case of diseases transferred from arthropod vectors such as urban yellow fever, dengue, epidemic typhus, tickborne relapsing fever, zika fever, and malaria, the differentiation between terms becomes ever more hazy. For example, a human infected with malaria is bitten by a mosquito that is subsequently infected as well. This is a case of reverse zoonosis (human to animal). However, the newly infected mosquito then infects another human. This could be a case of zoonosis (animal to human) if the mosquito is considered the original source, or anthroponosis (human to human) if the human is considered the original source. If this infected mosquito instead infected a non-human primate, it could be considered a case of reverse zoonosis/zooanthroponosis (human to animal) if the human is considered the primary source, or simply zoonosis (animal to animal) if the mosquito is considered the primary source.

### *Zoonosis* vs *anthroponosis*

Similarly, HIV originating in simians (crossover due to humans consuming wild chimpanzee bushmeat) and influenza A viruses originating in avians (crossover due to an antigenic shift) could have initially been considered a zoonotic transference as the infections first came from vertebrate animals, but could currently be regarded as an anthroponosis because of its potential to transfer between human to human.

### *Sapronosis* vs *sapro-zoonosis*

Typical examples of sapronotic agents are fungal such as coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, *Microsporum gypseum*. Some can be bacterial from the sporulating clostridium and bacillus to *Rhodococcus equi, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Listeria*, *Erysipelothrix*, *Yersinia pseudotuberculosis,* legionellosis, Pontiac fever, *and* nontuberculous mycobacterioses. Other sapronotic agents are amebic as in primary amebic meningoencephalitis. Yet again, difficulties in classification arise in the case of sporulating bacteria whose infectious spores are only produced after a significant period of inactive vegetative growth within an abiotic environment, yet this is still considered a case of sapronoses. However, cases of zoo-sapronoses involving *Listeria*, *Erysipelothrix*, *Yersinia pseudotuberculosis*, *Burkholderia pseudomallei*, and *Rhodococcus equi* can be transferred by an animal or an abiotic substrate but usually occur via a fecal-oral route between humans and other animals.

## Cases with modes of transmission

### Arthropod vectors

#### Malaria

Malaria involves the cyclical infection of animals (human and non-human) and mosquitoes from the genus Anopheles with a number of Plasmodium species. The Plasmodium parasite is transferred to the mosquito as it feeds on the blood of the infected animal whereupon it begins a sporogenic cycle in the gut of the mosquito that will infect another animal at the next blood meal. There does not seem to be any deleterious effects to the mosquito as a result of the parasitic infection. The Plasmodium brasilianum parasite normally found in primates is morphologically similar to the malarial inducing Plasmodium malariae that is more commonly found in humans and it is contested as to whether the two are actually different species. Nevertheless, 12 reports of malaria in the remotely located indigenous Yanomami communities of the Venezuelan Amazon arose where it was surprisingly found to be caused by a strain of P. brasilianum with 100% identical to sequences found in Alouatta seniculus monkeys. This suggests a definite zoonosis and high possibility of spillback back into non-human primate bands as reverse zoonoses.

#### African sleeping sickness

*Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. gambiense) is a species of* African trypanosomes which are protozoan hemoflagellates responsible for trypanosomiasis (more commonly known as African sleeping sickness) in humans and other animals. The protozoa are transferred via Tsetse flies where they multiply and can be transferred to yet another animal host during the fly's blood meal feeding. Outbreaks of sleeping sickness in certain human communities have been eliminated but only temporarily as constant re-introduction from unknown sources statistically suggests the presence of a non-human reservoir where spillback of the pathogen is maintained in a sylvatic cycle and re-introduced into the urban cycle. The presence of T. b. gambiense has been found separately in humans and livestock. This spurred a molecular study comparing serum reactivity of pigs, goats, and cows to human serum where notable similarities in all samples but especially in pig samples. Combined, these findings implicate a reverse zoonotic human to animal transmission.

#### Arboviruses

Yellow fever viruses, Dengue fever viruses, and Zika viruses are of the Flavivirus genera and Chikungunya virus is of the Alphavirus genera. All of them are considered arboviruses denoting their ability to be transmitted through arthropod vectors. Sylvatic transmission cycles for arboviruses within non-human primate communities have the potential to spillover into an urban cycle within humans where humans could be dead-end hosts in scenarios where further intermingling is eliminated but much more probable is a reemergence of these viruses into either cycle due to spillback. Apparently the maintenance of an arboviral urban cycle between humans requires a rare or understudied conjunction of factors to occur. One of the following situations occurs:

* An infected human in an urban environment feeds a sylvatic (typically remotely located) mosquito such as Haemogogus (which has a relatively long lifespan compared to other mosquitoes and can transmit the virus for extended periods) that infects another human or non-human animal that will serve as a reservoir.
* An urban Aedes (more commonly found in urban areas feeds and transmits the virus to another human or non-human animal that will serve as a reservoir.
* Sufficient numbers of sylvatic vector mosquito and the animal reservoir inhabit the same ecologic niche in close contact to promote and sustain the zoonotic cycle of the virus.
* The animal reservoir of the virus maintains a suitable virus level in the blood to allow the infection of a vector mosquito.
* A bridge-vector mosquito such as Aedes albopictus, which can survive in an urban area and spread to rural, semi-rural, and forest areas could carry the virus to a sylvatic environment.

* **Zika fever:** The Zika virus is caused by the single stranded RNA Flavivirus that uses the Aedes mosquito as a vector to infect other human and animal hosts. A 2015 zika virus strain isolated from a human in Brazil was used to infect pregnant rhesus macaques intravenously and intraamniotically. Both the dams and the placentas were infected with Zika positive tissue samples being recorded for up to 105 days. This confirms a reverse zoonotic transference potential between humans and non-human primates.
* **Yellow fever:** Yellow fever virus also transmitted by the bite of an infected Aedes or Haemagogus species of mosquitoes that feed off an infected animal. The historical course of the American slave trade is a prime example of introduction of a pathogen to create a completely new sylvatic cycle. Previous hypotheses of a "New World YFV" were laid to rest in a 2007 study that examined rates of nucleotide substitution and divergence to determine that yellow fever was introduced into the Americas approximately 400 years ago from West Africa. It was also around the 17th century that yellow fever was documented by Europeans complicit in slave trafficking. The actual mode of introduction could have played out in a number of scenarios whether a viremic Old World human, infected Old World mosquito, eggs laid by an Old World infected mosquito, or all three were transported to the Americas seeing that yellow fever transmission was not uncommon on sailing vessels. Amidst more recent yellow fever outbreaks in southeastern Brazil, the spillback potential was highly indicated. Molecular comparisons of non-human primate outbreak strains proved to be more closely related to human strains than strains derived from other non-human primates thus suggesting a continuing reverse zoonosis.
* **Chikungunya:** The Chikungunya virus is a single stranded RNA alphavirus typically transmitted by the Aedes mosquitoes to another animal host. There is no evidence to suggest a barrier to Chikungunya switching hosts between humans and non-human primates because it has no preferences in any given primate species. It has a high potential to spill-over or spill-back into sylvatic cycles as was the case with the similar arbovirus that was imported to the Americas during the slave trade. Studies have proven chikungunya's potential to orally infect sylvatic types of mosquitoes including *Haemagogus leucocelaenus* and *Aedes terrens*. Moreover, in a serologic survey carried out in non-human primates of urban and peri-urban areas of Bahia State, 11 animals showed chikungunya neutralizing antibodies.
* **Dengue fever:** The Dengue virus is a flavivirus also transmissible by *Aedes* mosquito vectors to other animal hosts. Dengue was also introduced to the Americas by the slave trade along with *Aedes* aegypti. A 2009 study in French Guiana found that infections of dengue viruses types 1 through 4 were present in various different types of neotropical forest mammals other than primates such as rodents, marsupials, and bats. After sequence analyses, it was revealed that the 4 non-human mammalian strains had an 89% to 99% similarity index to human strains circulating at the same time. This confirms that other mammals in the vicinity have the potential to be infected by human sources and indicates presence of an urban cycle. A case to prove the arthropod vectors are capable of being infected comes from Brazil where *Aedes albopictus* (which frequents the backyards of human houses but easily spreads into rural, semi-rural, and wild environments) was found infected with dengue virus 3 in São Paulo State. Meanwhile, in the State of Bahia, the sylvatic vector *Haemogogus leucocelaenus* was found to be infected with dengue virus 1. In another study carried out in the Atlantic Forest of Bahia, primates (*Leontopithecus chrysomelas* and *Sapajus xanthosternos*) were found with antibodies dengue viruses 1 and 2 while sloths (Bradypus torquatus) had antibodies for dengue virus 3 therefore suggesting the possible presence of an established sylvatic cycle.

### Wild animals

A large number of wild animals with habitats that have yet to be encroached upon by humans are still affected by sapronotic agents through contaminated water.

#### Giardia

#### Influenza A virus subtype H1N1

* **Seals:** In 1999, wild seals were admitted into a Dutch seal rehabilitation center with flu-like symptoms and it was found that they were in fact infected with a human influenza B like virus that had circulated in humans in 1995 and had undergone an antigenic shift since adaptation to its new seal host.

#### Tuberculosis

* **Red deer, wild boar:** In areas of intensive game management that included big game fencing, supplementary feeding locations, and grazing livestock, cases of tuberculosis lesions in wild red deer and wild boars appeared. Some boars and deer shared the same strains of tuberculosis which were similar to those found in livestock and humans suggesting a possible sapronotic or sapro-zoonotic contamination of shared water sources, supplemental feed, direct contact with humans or livestock, or their excretions.

### Domesticated companionship animals

#### E. coli

* **Dogs, horses:** Evidence of infection by human E. coli strains in several dogs and horses across Europe was found, thus implicating the possibility of zoonotic inter-special transmission of multiresistant strains from humans to companion animals and vice versa.

#### Tuberculosis

* **Dog:** A Yorkshire terrier was admitted into a veterinary clinic with a chronic cough, poor weight retention, and vomiting being reported for months where it was revealed that the owner had recovered from tuberculosis, however the dog initially tested negative for tuberculosis in 2 different molecular assays and was discharged. 8 days later the dog was euthanized because of a urethral obstruction. A necroscopy was performed where liver and tracheobronchial lymph node samples in fact tested positive for the exact same strain of tuberculosis the owner had previously. This is a very clear case of reverse zoonosis.

#### Influenza A virus subtype H1N1

* **Ferrets:** Ferrets are often used in human clinical studies thus the potential for human influenza to infect them was previously confirmed. However confirmation of natural transference of a human H1N1 strain from the 2009 outbreak in household pet ferrets further implicates human to animal transference.

#### COVID-19

Amidst the 2020 global pandemic of COVID-19, susceptibility of cats, ferrets, dogs, chickens, pigs, and ducks to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus was examined and it was found that it can be replicated in cats and ferrets with lethal results.

* **Cats:** The virus can be transmitted in the air between cats. Viral RNA was detected in feces within 3–5 days of infection and pathological studies detected viral RNA in the soft palate, tonsils, and trachea. Kittens acquired massive lesions in the lungs, nasal and tracheal mucosa epitheliums. Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in cats should be considered as an adjunct to elimination of COVID-19 in humans.
* **Ferrets:** Ferrets were inoculated with viral strains from the environment of the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan, China as well as human isolates from Wuhan. It was found that with both isolates, that the virus can replicate in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets for up to 8 days without causing disease or death and viral RNA was detected in rectal swabs. Pathological studies performed after 13 days of infection revealed mild peribronchitis in the lungs, severe lymphoplasmacytic perivasculitis and vasculitis amongst other ailments with antibody production against SARS-CoV-2 detected in all ferrets. The fact that SARS-CoV-2 replicates efficiently in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets makes them a candidate animal model for evaluating antiviral drugs or vaccine candidates against COVID-19.
* **Dogs:** Of the Beagle dogs tested, viral RNA was detected in fecal matter and 50% of the Beagles that were inoculated seroconverted after 14 days while the other 50% remained seronegative demonstrating a low susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 in dogs.
* **Chicken, duck, pig:** There was no evidence of susceptibility in chickens, ducks, or pigs with all viral RNA swabs returning negative results and seronegative after 14 days post inoculation.

### Domesticated livestock animals

#### Influenza A virus subtype H1N1

* **Turkeys:** A Norwegian turkey breeder's flock exhibited a decrease in egg production with no other clinical signs after a farm hand reported having H1N1. A study revealed that the turkeys also had H1N1 and were seropositive to its antigens. Maternally derived H1N1 antibodies were detected in egg yolks and further genetic analyses revealed an identical H1N1 strain in the turkeys as the farm worker who likely infected the turkeys during artificial insemination.
* **Pigs:** Human to pig H1N1 transmission was reported in Canada, Korea, and eventually came to include every continent save Antarctica during the 2009 outbreak. It has also been known to spread during seasonal epidemics in France between humans and pigs.

#### Methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus* *aureus*

* **Horses:** 11 equine patients admitted into a veterinary hospital for various reasons from different farms over the span of approximately one year exhibited MRSA infections later. Considering that MRSA isolates are extremely rare in horses, it was suggested that the MRSA outbreak was due to nosocomial infection derived from a human during the horses' stays at the hospital.
* **Cows, turkeys, pigs:** A case of reverse zoonosis was proposed to explain how a particular human Methicillin Sensitive Streptococcus Aureus strain was found in livestock (pigs, turkeys, cows) with not only a loss of human virulence genes (which could decrease zoonotic potential for human colonization) but also the addition of methicillin resistance and a tetracycline (which will increase occurrence of MRSA infections). The concern here being that excessive antibiotic use in livestock production exacerbates the creation of novel antibiotic resistant zoonotic pathogens.

### Wild animals in captivity

#### Tuberculosis

* **Elephants:** In 1996, The Hawthorne Circus Corporation reported 4 of their elephants and 11 of their keepers harboring *M. tuberculosis* infections. Unfortunately, these elephants had been sub-leased out to different circus acts and zoological gardens all over America. This spurred a nation-wide epidemic, but because tuberculosis isn't a disease that's typically transmitted from animals to humans, it was suggested that the epidemic was because of transference from a human handler to a captive elephant.

#### Coronavirus

* **Alpacas:** A 2007 outbreak of alpaca coronavirus because of the intermingling happening at a national alpaca exhibition led to a comparison between human and alpaca coronaviruses in an attempt to deduce the source of the outbreak. It was found that the alpaca coronavirus is most evolutionarily similar to a human coronavirus strain that was isolated in the 1960s suggesting that an alpaca coronavirus could have very well been circulating for decades causing respiratory illness in herds undetected for lack of diagnostic capabilities. It also suggests a human to alpaca mode of transmission.

#### Measles

* **Non-human primates:** In 1996, a measles outbreak occurred in a sanctuary in 94 non-human primates. Although the source of the outbreak was never determined, serum and urine testing proved that the virus was definitely associated with recent human cases of measles in the U.S.

#### *Helicobacter pylori*

* **Marsupials:** The stripe-face dunnart is an Australian marsupial that has faced multiple outbreaks of *Helicobacter pylori* in captivity. Stomach sampling from the marsupial revealed that the *H. pylori* strain responsible for the outbreaks aligned 100% with a strain originating from the human intestinal tract. Thus, it can be assumed that the outbreak was caused by the handlers.

### Wild animals in conservation areas

#### Coronaviruses

#### Rhinovirus C

* **Chimpanzees:** Though previously considered a uniquely human pathogen, human Rhinovirus C was determined to be the cause of a 2013 outbreak of respiratory infections in chimpanzees in Uganda. Examination of chimpanzees from all over Africa found that they show a universal homozygosity for the 3 CDHR3-Y529 allele (cadherin related family member) which is a receptor that drastically increases susceptibility to rhinovirus C infection and asthma in humans. If respiratory viruses of human origin are capable of maintaining circulation in non-human primates, this would prove to be harmful should the infection spillback into human communities.

#### Tuberculosis

* **Elephants:** A necroscopy of a free-ranging African elephant (*Loxodonta africana*) in Kruger National Park in South Africa found significant lung damage due to a human strain of *M. tuberculosis.* Elephants explore their environment with their trunks therefore it was very likely that aerosolized pathogens from domestic waste, contaminated water from a human community upstream, human excrement, or contaminated food from tourists was the source of the infection.

#### Pneumoviruses

#### Reverse zoonosis in gorillas


title: Palghar railway station

abstract: Palghar railway station is a railway station on the Western Railway line of Mumbai Suburban Railway. Palghar is the headquarters of the Palghar district in India's Maharashtra state, which comes under the Mumbai metropolitan region. Palghar is well served with EMU and MEMU trains, which provide direct connectivity to various parts of Mumbai, Thane and Panvel. Many long-distance trains also stop at Palghar.

text:
# Palghar railway station

**Palghar railway station** (station code: **PLG**) is a railway station on the Western Railway line of Mumbai Suburban Railway.

Palghar is the headquarters of the Palghar district in India's Maharashtra state, which comes under the Mumbai metropolitan region. Palghar is well served with EMU (Mumbai Locals) and MEMU trains, which provide direct connectivity to various parts of Mumbai, Thane and Panvel. Many long-distance trains also stop at Palghar.

## History

An 1864 Timetable of the BB&CIR's first passenger train serviice between Grant Rd and Ahmedabad advertised in the Bombay Gazette mentions the station as 'Palghur'. A table of elevation of the stations and major bridges along the line published in the Magazine, *Bombay Builder* of 5 April 1867 further mentions a station named 'Palghur Station' on the line. However, one source suggests that Palghar railway station was opened in the year 1893. This might suggest that a small or temporary station must have been constructed earlier, later replaced by a proper station. The case might be similar to that of Sion Railway station, which although was a halt for the first trains of the GIP Railway when it started services from Bombay to Tannah (Thane) in 1853, it received an official station much later after 1872.

The presence of the station, and due to the plague epidemic of the 1890s, caused the rich from the nearby Mahim-Kelwa village, to settle in the village, aiding in the locality's growth. A Sessional paper of 1901 stated that the double line from Virar to Palghar opened on 1 December 1897, while that from Palghar to Dahanu Rd was opened on 17 January 1898.

## Major trains

The following trains stop at Palghar railway station:

## InfoBox

|
Palghar | |
| --- | --- |
| Mumbai Suburban Railway station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Mahim Road, Palghar, Maharashtra |
| Coordinates | 19°42′N 72°46′E / 19.7°N 72.77°E / 19.7; 72.77 |
| Elevation | 15.490 metres (50.82 ft) |
| Owned by | Ministry of Railways, Indian Railways |
| Line(s) | Western Line
Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line |
| Platforms | 3 |
| Tracks | 5 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Standard on-ground station |
| Parking | Yes |
| Bicycle facilities | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Status | Active |
| Station code | PLG |
| Fare zone | Western Railways |
| History | |
| Electrified | Yes |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Mumbai Suburban Railway Following station  Kelve Roadtowards Churchgate  Western line  Umrolitowards Dahanu Road | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  PalgharLocation within IndiaPalgharPalghar (Maharashtra) | |


title: Reidy's Home of Music

abstract: Reidy's Home of Music is a large musical instrument retailer based in Blackburn, Lancashire. A family-run business, Reidy's Home of Music opened in 1922 and specialised in selling sheet music and musical instruments. It has since gone on to become one of the largest online music stores in the world and an iconic name in the Lancashire area. In the 1960s, in a meeting held above the Blackburn music store the decision was made to name a local music group "The Four Pennies", after "Penny Street", the street Reidy's was situated on, until 2013, when it relocated. Reidy's now stocks a wide range of musical instruments from multiple manufacturers, most notably, Fender and Yamaha.

text:
# Reidy's Home of Music

**Reidy's Home of Music** is a large musical instrument retailer based in Blackburn, Lancashire.

A family-run business, Reidy's Home of Music opened in 1922 and specialised in selling sheet music and musical instruments. It has since gone on to become one of the largest online music stores in the world and an iconic name in the Lancashire area. In the 1960s, in a meeting held above the Blackburn music store the decision was made to name a local music group "The Four Pennies", after "Penny Street", the street Reidy's was situated on, until 2013, when it relocated. Reidy's now stocks a wide range of musical instruments from multiple manufacturers, most notably, Fender and Yamaha.

## Relocation

In September 2013, Reidy's Home of Music celebrated its 90th anniversary with the official unveiling of its brand new 6,500 square foot store on Nab Lane, just off Feilden St, Blackburn. Here they expanded their guitar and piano departments, and dispensed with their CD and vinyl records departments. They introduced the Reidy's Live Stage, a permanent sound stage designed to showcase local bands and regular talent competitions, however it has also played host to well-established artists such as Wilko Johnson.

## Internet store

In 2001 Reidy's opened its internet store, which specialises in selling keyboards, pianos, amps and guitars among other musical instruments worldwide. It currently stocks over 30,000 items, including over 4,000 guitars and over 1,000 keyboards, making it one of the largest online music stores in the world.


title: Jim Rasenberger

abstract: Jim Rasenberger is an American writer, born in Washington, D.C. and living in New York City. He has published four books, and contributed to many publications, especially the New York Times, Vanity Fair, and Smithsonian. In February 2004, Rasenberger wrote an influential article that was published by the New York Times about the 1964 murder of Kitty Genovese. Rasenberger's article revealed that the original March 27, 1964, news story about the murder had been exaggerated by A. M. Rosenthal, metropolitan editor for the New York Times, contained multiple inaccuracies, including factually incorrect reporting that none of the 37 witnesses rendered aid or even called police. Rasenberger's article also featured an interview with Genovese's roommate, Mary Ann Zielonko, who revealed that she and Kitty had been lovers. Rasenberger's book The Brilliant Disaster about the Bay of Pigs Invasion during JFK's administration, was named by Kirkus Reviews as one of the best nonfiction books of 2011. The Miami Herald pointed out that while Rasenberger had a personal connection to the story—his father was a lawyer who aided the Kennedy brothers’ efforts to free the jailed Cuban rebels—“he is no apologist for the administration; he concedes the arrogance and incompetence that blinded the so-called best and brightest to the invasion plan’s glaring flaws.” Rasenberger is a graduate of Dartmouth College.

text:
# Jim Rasenberger

**Jim Rasenberger** is an American writer, born in Washington, D.C. and living in New York City. He has published four books, and contributed to many publications, especially the *New York Times*, *Vanity Fair,* and *Smithsonian*.

In February 2004, Rasenberger wrote an influential article that was published by the *New York Times* about the 1964 murder of Kitty Genovese. Rasenberger's article revealed that the original March 27, 1964, news story about the murder had been exaggerated by A. M. Rosenthal, metropolitan editor for the *New York Times*, contained multiple inaccuracies, including factually incorrect reporting that none of the 37 witnesses rendered aid or even called police. Rasenberger's article also featured an interview with Genovese's roommate, Mary Ann Zielonko, who revealed that she and Kitty had been lovers.

Rasenberger's book *The Brilliant Disaster* about the Bay of Pigs Invasion during JFK's administration, was named by *Kirkus Reviews* as one of the best nonfiction books of 2011. *The Miami Herald* pointed out that while Rasenberger had a personal connection to the story—his father was a lawyer who aided the Kennedy brothers’ efforts to free the jailed Cuban rebels—“he is no apologist for the administration; he concedes the arrogance and incompetence that blinded the so-called best and brightest to the invasion plan’s glaring flaws.”

Rasenberger is a graduate of Dartmouth College.

## Publications

* *Revolver: Sam Colt and the Six-Shooter that Changed America* New York: Scribner, 2020.
* *The Brilliant Disaster: JFK, Castro, and America's Doomed Invasion of Cuba's Bay of Pigs* New York: Scribner, 2011. In over 900 libraries according to WorldCat
* *America, 1908: The Dawn of Flight, the Race to the Pole, the Invention of the Model T, and the Making of a Modern Nation* New York: Scribner, 2007. In over 700 libraries according to WorldCat
* *High Steel: The Daring Men who Built the World's Greatest Skyline* New York, NY: Harper Collins, 2004. In over 500 libraries according to WorldCat


title: Raduń, Gryfino County

abstract: Raduń is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chojna, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) west of Chojna, 33 km (21 mi) south-west of Gryfino, and 52 km (32 mi) south-west of the regional capital Szczecin. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. The village has a population of 10.

text:
# Raduń, Gryfino County

**Raduń** \[ˈraduɲ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chojna, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) west of Chojna, 33 km (21 mi) south-west of Gryfino, and 52 km (32 mi) south-west of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 10.

## InfoBox

| Raduń | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Raduń | |
| Coordinates: 52°59′44″N 14°14′36″E / 52.99556°N 14.24333°E / 52.99556; 14.24333 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | West Pomeranian |
| County | Gryfino |
| Gmina | Chojna |
| Population | 10 |


title: Michael Knox (software businessman)

abstract: Michael Anthony Knox was an American software businessman and expert. Knox was a co-founder of Park Place Productions with Troy Lyndon in 1989, which produced such classic video games as John Madden Football and Muhammad Ali Heavyweight Boxing. Knox first became interested in the software gaming industry while he was living in Tracy, California, with his family. A woman, who lived in the area, introduced Knox to the fledgling video game industry. Knox and his older brother, Richard Knox Jr., later enlisted in the United States Navy, where he worked as an engineer and computer programmer. In 1989, Knox founded Park Place Productions with Troy Lyndon. At the time, Park Place Productions was one of the largest independent software development companies in North America. With Knox as a producer, the company developed approximately 70 video game titles, including John Madden Football, which has been called "the most successful sports game of all time." Other notable productions included Batman Returns, Monday Night Football and Muhammad Ali Heavyweight Boxing. Knox and Lyndon received the Inc. Magazine's "Entrepreneur of the Year" award by Ernst & Young and Merrill Lynch for the software industry category for the Greater San Diego Country region in 1993. Michael Knox died on September 15, 2009, of colon cancer in Kaneohe, Hawaii, at the age of 48. He is survived by his parents, Vickie Lenore Knox and Richard James Knox Sr., son Aaron Michael Knox, daughter Tyra Renee Knox, sisters Kanani L.Y. Fung and Kahle Miller, and two grandchildren.

text:
# Michael Knox (software businessman)

**Michael Anthony Knox** (February 1, 1961 – September 15, 2009) was an American software businessman and expert. Knox was a co-founder of Park Place Productions with Troy Lyndon in 1989, which produced such classic video games as John Madden Football and Muhammad Ali Heavyweight Boxing.

Knox first became interested in the software gaming industry while he was living in Tracy, California, with his family. A woman, who lived in the area, introduced Knox to the fledgling video game industry. Knox and his older brother, Richard Knox Jr., later enlisted in the United States Navy, where he worked as an engineer and computer programmer.

In 1989, Knox founded Park Place Productions with Troy Lyndon. At the time, Park Place Productions was one of the largest independent software development companies in North America. With Knox as a producer, the company developed approximately 70 video game titles, including John Madden Football, which has been called "the most successful sports game of all time." Other notable productions included *Batman Returns*, *Monday Night Football* and *Muhammad Ali Heavyweight Boxing*.

Knox and Lyndon received the Inc. Magazine's "Entrepreneur of the Year" award by Ernst & Young and Merrill Lynch for the software industry category for the Greater San Diego Country region in 1993.

Michael Knox died on September 15, 2009, of colon cancer in Kaneohe, Hawaii, at the age of 48. He is survived by his parents, Vickie Lenore Knox and Richard James Knox Sr., son Aaron Michael Knox, daughter Tyra Renee Knox, sisters Kanani L.Y. Fung and Kahle Miller, and two grandchildren.


title: Monika Conjar

abstract: Monika Conjar Lovrić is a Croatian football forward currently playing for Osijek in the Prva HNLŽ, and the Croatia national team.

text:
# Monika Conjar

**Monika Conjar Lovrić** (born 21 April 1995) is a Croatian football forward currently playing for Osijek in the Prva HNLŽ, and the Croatia national team.

## Personal life

She is married to Croatian footballer Kristijan Lovrić.

## InfoBox

Monika Conjar Lovrić
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Monika Conjar Lovrić | | |
| Date of birth | (1995-04-21) 21 April 1995 | | |
| Place of birth | Zagreb, Croatia | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Osijek | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2011-2013 | Agram | 37 | (41) |
| 2013–2017 | Pomurje | 77 | (173) |
| 2017–2019 | Split | 34 | (46) |
| 2019 | Osijek | 20 | (25) |
| International career | | | |
| 2011–2012 | Croatia U17 |  |  |
| 2011–2014 | Croatia U19 |  |  |
| 2012– | Croatia | 35 | (5) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 20 November 2019 | | | |


title: Partie Traumatic

abstract: Partie Traumatic is the debut album by American Indie rock band Black Kids, released by Almost Gold on July 7, 2008 in the United Kingdom, and released by Columbia Records on July 22, 2008 in North America. The album debuted at #5 on the UK Albums chart and placed on several year-end best albums lists. According to bassist Owen Holmes, the album got its title from an instructional Artie Traum DVD on how to play the guitar which Holmes and Reggie Youngblood rented from their local library. The band played with the name Artie Traum, calling him Partie Traum and eventually Partie Traumatic.

text:
# Partie Traumatic

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 75/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The A.V. Club* | B |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | B+ |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *MSN Music* (Consumer Guide) | A− |
| *NME* | 8/10 |
| *Pitchfork* | 3.3/10 |
|  |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *Spin* |  |

***Partie Traumatic*** is the debut album by American Indie rock band Black Kids, released by Almost Gold on July 7, 2008 in the United Kingdom, and released by Columbia Records on July 22, 2008 in North America. The album debuted at #5 on the UK Albums chart and placed on several year-end best albums lists.

According to bassist Owen Holmes, the album got its title from an instructional Artie Traum DVD on how to play the guitar which Holmes and Reggie Youngblood rented from their local library. The band played with the name Artie Traum, calling him Partie Traum and eventually Partie Traumatic.

## Track listing

All songs written by Black Kids

1. "Hit the Heartbrakes" – 3:44
2. "Partie Traumatic" – 3:10
3. "Listen to Your Body Tonight" – 3:08
4. "Hurricane Jane" – 4:32
5. "I'm Making Eyes at You" – 4:30
6. "I've Underestimated My Charm (Again)" – 3:55
7. "I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You" – 3:37
8. "Love Me Already" – 4:04
9. "I Wanna Be Your Limousine" – 3:16
10. "Look at Me (When I Rock Wichoo)" – 4:10

## Usage in media

"Hit the Heartbrakes" was used in the mobile phone game, *First Touch Soccer 2015*. "Partie Traumatic" was used in *Midnight Club: Los Angeles*. "Hurricane Jane" was used in the football game by Konami, *Pro Evolution Soccer 2010*. "I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You" was used as The Twelves remix version in the EA Sports game, *FIFA 09* and also the 2008 comedy film *Role Models*.

## Personnel

* Owen Holmes – bass guitar
* Kevin Snow – drums
* Dawn Watley – keyboards and vocals
* Ali Youngblood – keyboards and vocals
* Reggie Youngblood – guitar and vocals
* Makoto Sakamoto - bongos on "Partie Traumatic" and "Love Me Already"
* Producer: Bernard Butler
* Mastering: Chris Potter at Alchemy Studio
* Engineer: Seb Lewsley
* Mixing: Lexxx at Miloco Studios and Olympic Studios
* Assisting: David Emery, Matt Paul, Adrian Breakspear
* Album design: Brendon Clark and Black Kids
* Photography: Dean Chalkley
* Published by Universal Music Publishing Ltd.
* Recorded at West Heath Studios In England

## Charts

| Chart (2008) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA Charts) | 88 |
| UK Albums Chart | 5 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 127 |

## Honors

* Best of 2008 (#4) – *New York Post*, December 2008
* 50 Best Albums of the Year (#39) – *The Observer*, December 2008
* The 40 Best Albums of 2008 (#22) – *Spin*, December 2008
* The Top 50 Albums of 2008 (#43) – *NME*, December 2008

## InfoBox

| Partie Traumatic | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Black Kids | |
| Released | July 7, 2008 |
| Recorded | December 2007 – April 2008 |
| Studio | West Heath Studios, London, England |
| Genre | Indie rock, indie pop |
| Length | 38:09 |
| Label | Almost Gold / Columbia (USA)
Mercury (EU) |
| Producer | Bernard Butler |
| Black Kids chronology | |
| ***Partie Traumatic***
(2008) *ROOKIE*
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Partie Traumatic* | |
| 1. "I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You"
Released: April 7, 2008 2. "Hurricane Jane"
Released: June 23, 2008 3. "Look at Me (When I Rock Wichoo)"
Released: September 8, 2008 | |
|  | |


title: Rhionaeschna

abstract: Rhionaeschna is the scientific name of a genus of dragonflies from the family Aeshnidae. They are also known as blue-eyed darners.

text:
# Rhionaeschna

***Rhionaeschna*** is the scientific name of a genus of dragonflies from the family Aeshnidae. They are also known as **blue-eyed darners**.

## Species

The genus includes the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Rhionaeschna* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *R. multicolor* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Infraorder: | Anisoptera |
| Family: | Aeshnidae |
| Genus: | *Rhionaeschna*<br>Förster, 1909 |
|


abstract: The Palace of the Diputación del General del Reino de Aragón, historically known as Casas del Reino or Casa de la Diputación del Reino, was a building in the Plaza de la Seo in Zaragoza in 1436, as the headquarters of the Diputación del General del Reino de Aragón, the Cortes and the Justicia de Aragon. The palace was a Gothic building located in Zaragoza next to the Puerta del Ángel, the Puente de Piedra, the Casas del Puente and the Llotja. It was one of the most important buildings in Zaragoza for its symbolism, political and artistic importance. Its equivalent palaces in the rest of the Deputations of the General of the Crown of Aragon are the Palau de la Generalitat de Cataluña and the Palau de la Generalitat de Valencia, both of which are current seats of the governments of both autonomous communities. The palace was burned during the Siege of Zaragoza and after the end of the war it remained in ruins until it was demolished to build the Conciliar Seminary. It should not be confused with the Casa de los Diputados del Reino de Aragón, which is a Renaissance palace also disappeared and located in Zaragoza, acquired in 1590 by the Diputación to serve as lodging for those elected deputies not residing in Zaragoza, since they were obliged to reside in the capital.

text:
# Palace of the Diputación del General del Reino de Aragón

The **Palace of the Diputación del General del Reino de Aragón**, historically known as *Casas del Reino* (Medieval Aragonese: *Casas del Reyno*) or *Casa de la Diputación del Reino*, was a building in the *Plaza de la Seo* in Zaragoza in 1436, as the headquarters of the *Diputación del General del Reino de Aragón*, the *Cortes* and the *Justicia de Aragon*.

The palace was a Gothic building located in Zaragoza next to the *Puerta del Ángel*, the *Puente de Piedra*, the *Casas del Puente* (headquarters of the municipal council) and the *Llotja*. It was one of the most important buildings in Zaragoza for its symbolism, political and artistic importance.

Its equivalent palaces in the rest of the Deputations of the General of the Crown of Aragon are the *Palau de la Generalitat de Cataluña* and the *Palau de la Generalitat de Valencia*, both of which are current seats of the governments of both autonomous communities.

The palace was burned during the Siege of Zaragoza and after the end of the war it remained in ruins until it was demolished to build the Conciliar Seminary.

It should not be confused with the *Casa de los Diputados del Reino de Aragón*, which is a Renaissance palace also disappeared and located in Zaragoza, acquired in 1590 by the *Diputación* to serve as lodging for those elected deputies not residing in Zaragoza, since they were obliged to reside in the capital.

## Description

The building consisted of three floors organized around a large inner courtyard or moon. The floor was paved with river stones forming patterns.

It had three facades: one facing the *Plaza de la Catedral*, another facing the *Casas del Puente* and the last and best known, facing the *Paseo del Ebro*.

It had two entrances: one from Cuchillería Street (currently Don Jaime Street) and the other from the *Plaza de la Diputación* (currently *Plaza de la Seo*).

### First Floor

On the second floor there was a chapel with a 1502 altarpiece by Gil Morlanes carved in alabaster and separated into three parts: in the center, the "Coronation of the Virgin", and on the sides stories of St. George and St. Engratia, local saints. On the walls there were paintings by Pablo Ravilla.

### Second floor

On the second floor was the so-called *Hall of St. George,* the *Hall of Cortes* or *Hall of the Kingdom,* which measured 292 palms in length, 52 in width and 56 in height. The *Cortes* and other solemn acts were held there. It had six windows, two to the east and four to the north. At the back of the hall, on the wall of the east side, the alabaster image of St. George and the dragon, which was the work of the Pamplona sculptor Miguel de Ancheta, was placed as an altar. On the walls hung pictures of all the kings of Aragon, painted by Filippo Ariosto with their respective Latin inscriptions by Jerónimo de Blancas. The ceiling was decorated in mudéjar style, gilded and adorned with figures of griffins, lions, centaurs and mythological animals. The Court of Justice met in an adjoining room adorned with portraits of the *Justicia de Aragón* painted by Rolan de Moys.

### Third floor

It served as an archive and armory and was decorated with a roof of German tiles forming black and white lozenges. The small Church of St. John was also part of the complex and was used as a royal chapel.

## History

In the *Cortes* of Aragon held in 1427 it was decided to build a permanent headquarters for the *Diputación del General del Reino de Aragón*. The building was constructed under the economic direction of Ramón de Mur and the works lasted between 1437 and 1450. The main masters responsible for the work were: Johan de Laredo, master of the stonework, Moris Perrin, master of the carpentry work and designer of the roof, and Mahoma Rafacon. They were subordinated masters by Bernart Arnault, Bernart Soler and Ibrahim de Ceuta.

In 1559 the viewpoint on the side of the Ebro River was built under the direction of Juan de Gali and Jaime Crosian. In 1670 a roof covering the inner courtyard was built.

In 1707 the Kingdom of Aragon and all its institutions were abolished as a result of the Nueva Planta Decrees of Philip V. The Royal Audience of Aragon took over the building and renamed it "*Casas de la Audiencia*".

On January 27, 1809, several bombs from Napoleon's army besieging Zaragoza fell on the building, creating a three-day fire. However, the building was not completely burned by the flames but was largely spared. Part of the documentation kept in the archives was saved from the fire by being thrown out of the windows into the *Plaza de la Catedral*. The remains of the archives remained in the private home of Ramón de Les until 1820, when they were transferred to the newly created *Diputación de Aragón* (now the Deputation of the Province of Zaragoza).

Once its institutional function was abandoned, and in need of reconstruction, the building was abandoned by the public institutions while the neighbors took advantage of the construction materials. In addition, the palace was partially converted into dwellings that were inhabited until 1828.

In 1830 the palace was ceded to the Archbishop of Zaragoza. Immediately the construction of the Conciliar Seminary began, taking advantage of the remains of the old palace. In 1845 the remains of the Church of St. John were demolished.

## Remains and possible reconstruction

In the Zaragoza Museum there are two reliefs with the coat of arms of the *Diputación* sculpted in sandstone, attributed to Franci Gomar and Fortaner de Usesques between 1448 and 1449.

Part of the files were saved and are preserved in the archive of the *Diputación de Zaragoza*. Another part is still missing and in private hands as an auction in 2017 brought to light.

Several sculptural remains from the building were discovered during the excavation of the *Plaza de la Catedral* in 1989. In addition, the foundations and part of the walls may have been preserved as part of the current building of the former Conciliar Seminary (now *"Casa de la Iglesia"*).

In the 2015 election campaign the PAR candidacy proposed to rebuild the building again.

1. English: Palace of the Deputation General of the Kingdom of Aragon
2. English: Houses of the Kingdom.
3. English: House of the Deputation of the Kingdom
4. English: Houses of the Audience

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Palace of the Deputation of the Kingdom of Aragon | |
| --- | --- |
| Palacio de la Diputación del General del Reino de Aragón | |
| Detail of the painting in 1647 by J.B. Martínez del Mazo, sometimes attributed to his master, Velázquez.
The landmarks represented correspond to:
1.- Lantern Tower of the Seo
2.- Mudejar Tower of the Seo
3.- Palace of the Diputación del General del Reino de Aragón
4.- Llotja

5.- Puente de Piedra
 | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Zaragoza |
| Country | Spain |
| Coordinates | 41°39′21″N 0°52′33″W / 41.655733°N 0.875931°W / 41.655733; -0.875931 |
| Groundbreaking | 1450 |
| Construction started | 1437 |
| Landlord | *Diputación del General del Reino de Aragón*, *Cortes del Reino de Aragón* and *Justicia de Aragón* |


title: Reid–White–Philbin House

abstract: Reid–White–Philbin House, also known as Evergreen House, is a historic home located at Lexington, Virginia. It was built in 1821, and is a two-story, Federal style brick dwelling. It features an early entry porch supported by Ionic order columns A two-story brick addition was made to the left-hand gable end in 1847. The addition has a two-tier front portico and a post-bellum conservatory with bay window. Attached to the rear is a 1+1⁄2-story stone kitchen wing dated to the second half of the 18th century. Also on the property is a contributing early- to mid-19th century dependency. It was built for locally prominent businessman, educator, and politician Samuel McDowell Reid. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It is located in the Lexington Historic District.

text:
# Reid–White–Philbin House

**Reid–White–Philbin House**, also known as Evergreen House, is a historic home located at Lexington, Virginia. It was built in 1821, and is a two-story, Federal style brick dwelling. It features an early entry porch supported by Ionic order columns A two-story brick addition was made to the left-hand gable end in 1847. The addition has a two-tier front portico and a post-bellum conservatory with bay window. Attached to the rear is a 1+12-story stone kitchen wing dated to the second half of the 18th century. Also on the property is a contributing early- to mid-19th century dependency. It was built for locally prominent businessman, educator, and politician Samuel McDowell Reid.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It is located in the Lexington Historic District.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Reid–White–Philbin House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| Reid–White–Philbin House, HABS Photo | |
|  | |
| Location | 208 W. Nelson St., Lexington, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°47′8″N 79°26′45″W / 37.78556°N 79.44583°W / 37.78556; -79.44583 |
| Area | 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) |
| Built | 1821 (1821), 1847 |
| Built by | Reid, Samuel McDowell; Sewell, Edward |
| Architectural style | Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 00000889 |
| VLR No. | 117-0014 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | August 2, 2000 |
| Designated VLR | June 14, 2000 |


title: Jim Hendy

abstract: James Cecil Valdamar Hendy was an ice hockey writer, historian, and statistician born in Barbados, British West Indies. A member of the Hockey Hall of Fame in the "Builder" category, he is credited with developing the statistical methods for tracking professional player and team performance. His methods have been in use since the 1930s.

text:
# Jim Hendy

**James Cecil Valdamar Hendy** (May 6, 1905  January 14, 1961) was an ice hockey writer, historian, and statistician born in Barbados, British West Indies. A member of the Hockey Hall of Fame in the "Builder" category, he is credited with developing the statistical methods for tracking professional player and team performance. His methods have been in use since the 1930s.

## Writing and statistical work

Hendy spent time in Vancouver, British Columbia before moving to New York City and working a number of odd jobs. He took a position submitting statistics and other information to Western Union for various sporting events at Madison Square Garden. His accuracy, graceful style, and general sports knowledge earned him a reputation as a quality writer with newspapers in the city. This reputation led him to a number of other writing posts for publications such as The New York Telegraph, Saturday Evening Post and McCall's.

In 1933, Hendy began publishing a statistical work entitled *The Hockey Guide* which he produced yearly until 1951. Due to the increase in demands on his time by his career, he transferred responsibility for his statistics to the National Hockey League (NHL). In the following years, Hendy took numerous jobs in hockey including president of the United States Hockey League, publicist for the NHL New York Rangers, and general manager of the American Hockey League Cleveland Barons.

## Reputation and honors

Hendy earned several honors with the Cleveland Barons as they won the AHL Calder Cup three times during his tenure from 1949 to 1961, including being named "Executive of the Year" twice by The Hockey News. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1968 and is listed as a major contributor to modern web sites such as the Internet Hockey Database.

Hendy died of a heart attack January 14th, 1961. He was buried at Lakewood Park Cemetery in Rocky River, Ohio.


title: Raduń, Pomeranian Voivodeship

abstract: Raduń is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dziemiany, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of Dziemiany, 22 km (14 mi) south-west of Kościerzyna, and 72 km (45 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kashubia in the historic region of Pomerania. Raduń was a royal village of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Tczew County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. During the German occupation of Poland, in 1939 and 1944, the Germans expelled many Polish families from the village, either to the General Government or to forced labour in Germany.

text:
# Raduń, Pomeranian Voivodeship

**Raduń** \[ˈraduɲ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dziemiany, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of Dziemiany, 22 km (14 mi) south-west of Kościerzyna, and 72 km (45 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kashubia in the historic region of Pomerania.

Raduń was a royal village of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Tczew County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), in 1939 and 1944, the Germans expelled many Polish families from the village, either to the General Government or to forced labour in Germany.

## InfoBox

| Raduń | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Raduń Lake | |
| Raduń | |
| Coordinates: 53°58′10″N 17°45′46″E / 53.96944°N 17.76278°E / 53.96944; 17.76278 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Kościerzyna |
| Gmina | Dziemiany |
| Population | 170 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Yucca

abstract: Yucca is a genus of perennial shrubs and trees in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae. Its 40–50 species are notable for their rosettes of evergreen, tough, sword-shaped leaves and large terminal panicles of white or whitish flowers. They are native to the Americas and the Caribbean in a wide range of habitats, from humid rainforest and wet subtropical ecosystems to the hot and dry (arid) deserts and savanna. Early reports of the species were confused with the cassava. Consequently, Linnaeus mistakenly derived the generic name from the Taíno word for the latter, yuca. The Aztecs living in Mexico since before the Spanish arrival, in Nahuatl, call the local yucca species iczotl, which gave the Spanish izote. Izote is also used for Yucca filifera.

text:
# Yucca

***Yucca*** is a genus of perennial shrubs and trees in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae. Its 40–50 species are notable for their rosettes of evergreen, tough, sword-shaped leaves and large terminal panicles of white or whitish flowers. They are native to the Americas and the Caribbean in a wide range of habitats, from humid rainforest and wet subtropical ecosystems to the hot and dry (arid) deserts and savanna.

Early reports of the species were confused with the cassava (*Manihot esculenta*). Consequently, Linnaeus mistakenly derived the generic name from the Taíno word for the latter, *yuca*. The Aztecs living in Mexico since before the Spanish arrival, in Nahuatl, call the local yucca species (*Yucca gigantea*) *iczotl*, which gave the Spanish *izote*. *Izote* is also used for *Yucca filifera*.

## Distribution

The natural distribution range of the genus *Yucca* (49 species and 24 subspecies) covers a vast area of the Americas. The genus is represented throughout Mexico and extends into Guatemala (*Yucca guatemalensis*). It also extends to the north through Baja California in the west, northwards into the southwestern United States, through the drier central states as far north as southern Alberta in Canada (*Yucca glauca* ssp. *albertana*).

Yucca is also native northward to the coastal lowlands and dry beach scrub of the coastal areas of the southeastern United States, along the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic States from coastal Texas to Maryland.

Yuccas have adapted to an equally vast range of climatic and ecological conditions. They are found in rocky deserts and badlands, in prairies and grassland, in mountainous regions, woodlands, in coastal sands (*Yucca filamentosa*), and even in subtropical and semitemperate zones. Several species occur in humid tropical zones (*Yucca lacandonica*) but most species occur in arid conditions, with the deserts of North America being regarded as the center of diversity for the genus.

## Ecology

Yuccas have a very specialized, mutualistic pollination system; being pollinated by yucca moths (family Prodoxidae); the insect transfers the pollen from the stamens of one plant to the stigma of another, and at the same time lays an egg in the flower; the moth larva then feeds on some of the developing seeds, always leaving enough seed to perpetuate the species. Certain species of the yucca moth have evolved antagonistic features against the plant. They do not assist in the plant's pollination efforts while continuing to lay their eggs in the plant for protection.

Yucca species are the host plants for the caterpillars of the yucca giant-skipper (*Megathymus yuccae*), ursine giant-skipper (*Megathymus ursus*), and Strecker's giant-skipper (*Megathymus streckeri*).

Beetle herbivores include yucca weevils, in the Curculionidae.

## Uses

Yuccas are widely grown as ornamental plants in gardens. Many species also bear edible parts, including fruits, seeds, flowers, flowering stems, and (more rarely) roots. References to yucca root as food often arise from confusion with the similarly pronounced, but botanically unrelated, yuca, also called cassava or manioc (*Manihot esculenta*). Roots of soaptree yucca (*Yucca elata*) are high in saponins and are used as a shampoo in Native American rituals. Dried yucca leaves and trunk fibers have a low ignition temperature, making the plant desirable for use in starting fires via friction. The stem (when dried) that sports the flowers is often used in conjunction with a sturdy piece of cedar for fire-making. In rural Appalachian areas, species such as *Yucca filamentosa* are referred to as "meat hangers". With their sharp-spined tips, the tough, fibrous leaves were used to puncture meat and knotted to form a loop with which to hang meat for salt curing or in smokehouses. The fibers can be used to make domestic items or for manufacturing cordage, be it sewing-thread or rope. Yucca extract is also used as a foaming agent in some beverages such as root beer and soda. Yucca powder and sap are derived from the logs of the plant; such extracts can be produced by mechanical squeezing and subsequent evaporation of the sap, and are widely used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals

### Gastronomy

The flower petals are commonly eaten in Central America, but the plant's reproductive organs (the anthers and ovaries) are first removed because of their bitterness. The petals are blanched for 5 minutes, and then cooked *a la mexicana* (with tomato, onion, chili) or in *tortitas con salsa* (egg-battered patties with green or red sauce). In Guatemala, they are boiled and eaten with lemon juice.

In El Salvador, the tender tips of stems are eaten and known locally as *cogollo de izote*.

## Cultivation

The most common houseplant yucca is *Yucca gigantea*.

Yuccas are widely grown as architectural plants providing a dramatic accent to landscape design. They tolerate a range of conditions but are best grown in full sun in subtropical or mild temperate areas. In gardening centres and horticultural catalogues, they are usually grouped with other architectural plants such as cordylines and phormiums.

Several species of yucca can be grown outdoors in temperate climates, including:-

## Symbolism

The yucca flower is the state flower of New Mexico in the southwest United States. No species name is given in the citation; however, the New Mexico Centennial Blue Book from 2012 references the soaptree yucca (*Yucca elata*) as one of the more widespread species in New Mexico.

The Yucca flower is also the national flower of El Salvador, where it is known as *flor de izote*.

## Species

As of February 2012, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes 49 species of *Yucca* and several hybrids:

| Plant | Flowers | Species name | Common name |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | *Yucca aloifolia* L. (Type species) (syn. *Yucca yucatana*) | Aloe yucca, Spanish bayonet |
|  |  | *Yucca angustissima* Engelm. ex Trel. (including *Yucca kanabensis*) | Narrowleaf yucca, Spanish bayonet |
|  |  | *Yucca arkansana* Trel. |  |
|  |  | *Yucca baccata* Torr. (including *Yucca thornberi*) | Banana yucca, datil |
|  |  | *Yucca baileyi* Wooton & Standl. (syn. *Yucca standleyi* McKelvey) |  |
|  |  | *Yucca brevifolia* Engelm. | Joshua tree |
|  |  | *Yucca campestris* McKelvey |  |
|  |  | *Yucca capensis* L.W.Lenz |  |
|  |  | *Yucca carnerosana* (Trel.) McKelvey |  |
|  |  | *Yucca cernua* E.L.Keith |  |
|  |  | *Yucca coahuilensis* Matuda & I.L.Pina |  |
|  |  | *Yucca constricta* Buckley | Buckley's yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca decipiens* Trel. | Palma china |
|  |  | *Yucca declinata* Laferr. |  |
|  |  | *Yucca desmetiana* Baker |  |
|  |  | *Yucca elata* (Engelm.) Engelm. | Soaptree yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca endlichiana* Trel. |  |
|  |  | *Yucca faxoniana* Sarg. (syn. *Yucca torreyi*) | Torrey yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca filamentosa* L. | Spoonleaf yucca, filament yucca, or Adam's needle |
|  |  | *Yucca filifera* Chabaud | Palma china |
|  |  | *Yucca flaccida* Haw. | Flaccid leaf yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca gigantea* Lem. (syn. *Yucca guatemalensis*) | Spineless yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca glauca* Nutt. | Great Plains yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca gloriosa* L. (including *Yucca recurvifolia*) | Moundlily yucca, Adam's needle, Spanish dagger |
|  |  | *Yucca grandiflora* Gentry | Sahuiliqui yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca harrimaniae* Trel. (syn. *Yucca nana*) | Harriman's yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca intermedia* McKelvey | Intermediate yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca jaliscensis* (Trel.) Trel. | Izote |
|  |  | *Yucca lacandonica* Gómez Pompa & J.Valdés | Tropical yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca linearifolia* Clary |  |
|  |  | *Yucca luminosa* (syn. *Yucca rigida*) | Blue yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca madrensis* Gentry | Soco yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca mixtecana* García-Mend. |  |
|  |  | *Yucca necopina* Shinners |  |
|  |  | *Yucca neomexicana* Wooton & Standl. | New Mexican Spanish bayonet |
|  |  | *Yucca pallida* McKelvey | Pale yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca periculosa* Baker | Izote |
|  |  | *Yucca potosina* Rzed. |  |
|  |  | *Yucca queretaroensis* Piña Luján |  |
|  |  | *Yucca reverchonii* Trel. |  |
|  |  | *Yucca rostrata* Engelm. ex Trel. | Beaked yucca, Big Bend yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca rupicola* Scheele | Texas yucca, or twist-leaf yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca schidigera* Roezl ex Ortgies | Mojave yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca* × *schottii* | Hoary yucca or mountain yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca sterilis* (Neese & S.L.Welsh) S.L.Welsh & L.C.Higgins |  |
|  |  | *Yucca tenuistyla* Trel. |  |
|  |  | *Yucca thompsoniana* Trel. | Thompson's yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca treculeana* Carrière | Texas bayonet, Trecul's yucca |
|  |  | *Yucca utahensis* McKelvey |  |
|  |  | *Yucca valida* Brandegee | Datilillo |
|

A number of other species previously classified in *Yucca* are now classified in the genera *Dasylirion*, *Furcraea*, *Hesperaloe*, *Hesperoyucca*, and *Nolina*.

## Cultivars

From 1897 to 1907, Carl Ludwig Sprenger created and named 122 *Yucca* hybrids.

1. "*Yucca* L." *Germplasm Resources Information Network*. United States Department of Agriculture. 2010-01-19. Archived from the original on 2010-05-30. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
2. Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, and Xanthorrhoeaceae", *Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society*, **161** (2): 132–136, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
3. Irish, Gary (2000). *Agaves, Yuccas, and Related Plants: a Gardener's Guide*. Timber Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-88192-442-8.
4. Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). *CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names*. Vol. 4 R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2862. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3.
5. ASALE, RAE-; RAE. "izote | Diccionario de la lengua española". *«Diccionario de la lengua española» - Edición del Tricentenario* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-23.
6. "Yucca gigantea Spineless yucca, Izote PFAF Plant Database". *pfaf.org*. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
7. Guillot Ortiz, Daniel (2009). *El género Yucca L. en España*. Piet van der Meer. Jaca: Jolube. p. 55. ISBN 978-84-937291-8-9. OCLC 1123383406.
8. Clary, K. H., & Simpson, B. B. (1995). Systematics and character evolution of the genus Yucca (Agavaceae): Evidence from morphology and molecular analyses. Botanical Sciences, (56), 77 - 88. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1466
9. Segraves, Kari A.; Althoff, David M. & Pellmyr, Olle (1 October 2008). "The evolutionary ecology of cheating: does superficial oviposition facilitate the evolution of a cheater yucca moth?". *Ecological Entomology*. **33** (6): 765–770. Bibcode:2008EcoEn..33..765S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01031.x. S2CID 55871573.
10. Daniels, Jaret C. "Yucca Giant-Skipper Butterfly, *Megathymus yuccae* (Boisduval & Leconte) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)". *Electronic Data Information Source*. University of Florida IFAS Extension. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
11. "Ursine Giant-Skipper *Megathymus ursus* Poling, 1902". Butterflies and Moths of North America. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
12. "Strecker's Giant-Skipper *Megathymus streckeri* (Skinner, 1895)". Butterflies and Moths of North America. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
13. Couplan, François (1998). *The Encyclopedia of Edible Plants of North America*. McGraw Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-87983-821-8.
14. Baugh, Dick (1999). "the Miracle of Fire by Friction". In David Wescott (ed.). *Primitive Technology: A Book of Earth Skills* (10 ed.). pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-0-87905-911-8.
15. Buchanan, Rita (1 January 1999) \[1987\]. "Plant Fibers for Spinning and Stuffing". *A Weaver's Garden: Growing Plants for Natural Dyes and Fibers*. Mineola, New York: Courier Corporation. pp. 51–52. ISBN 9780486407128. Retrieved 26 September 2023. Yucca leaves, and fibers derived from them, were some of the first plant materials used by early man in North America. Long before early hunters and gatherers settled down to building villages or raising crops, they already were making baskets, fishnets, carrying bags, sandals and mats from yucca and other native plant fibers. In the Southwest, yucca leaves are still used to make round trays and baskets. \[...\] During World War II, researchers studied the possibility of harvesting fibers from existing wild populations of yucca in the Southwest \[...\]. \[...\] Yucca fibers vary in length and fineness depending on the species, but in general they are softer and more flexible than sisal or agave fibers. \[...\] Hand-processed yucca fibers can be spun into fine yarns for use in weaving, braiding or twining.
16. United States Department of Agriculture (1880). "Vegetable Fibers". *Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the year 1879*. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 599. Retrieved 26 September 2023. \[...\] specimens of yucca cordage and coarse 'cloth' (matting) from *Y. filamentosa* \[...\].
17. "Yucca: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions". *RxList*. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
18. "FOAMATION". *www.ingredion.com*. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
19. Bononi, M., Guglielmi, G., Rocchi, P., & Tateo, F. (2013). First data on the antimicrobial activity of Yucca filamentosa L. bark extracts. Italian Journal of Food Science, 25(2), 238–238.
20. Pieroni, Andrea (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). *The Cultural History of Plants*. Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 0415927463.
21. "Yucca: the November 2020 Houseplant of the Month". December 2020.
22. *RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants*. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
23. "maquilishuat tree | plant | Britannica". *www.britannica.com*. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
24. *World Checklist of Selected Plant Families*, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2012-02-23, search for "Yucca"
General * Fritz Hochstätter (Hrsg.):  *Yucca (Agavaceae). Band 1 Dehiscent-fruited species in the Southwest and Midwest of the USA, Canada, and Baja California* , Selbst Verlag, 2000. ISBN 3-00-005946-6
* Fritz Hochstätter (Hrsg.):  *Yucca (Agavaceae). Band 2 Indehiscent-fruited species in the Southwest, Midwest, and East of the USA*, Selbst Verlag. 2002. ISBN 3-00-009008-8
* Fritz Hochstätter (Hrsg.):  *Yucca (Agavaceae). Band 3 Mexico* , Selbst Verlag, 2004. ISBN 3-00-013124-8

## InfoBox

| *Yucca* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Yucca filamentosa* naturalized in New Zealand | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asparagaceae |
| Subfamily: | Agavoideae |
| Genus: | *Yucca*<br>L. |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Monte Arcibessi

abstract: Monte Arcibessi is a mountain located in the Sicilian province of Ragusa and is one of the highest peaks in the Hyblaen Mountain chain. It stretches between the Chiaramonte Gulfi and Ragusa communes. With its adjacent mountains, Monte Arcibessi is a part of the Miocene volcanic submarine complex, but they are no longer active. There are fortified settlements (castellieri) of the Bronze Age and Iron Age in the area of Monte Arcibessi. Prehistoric inhabitants, remnants of Archaic Greek settlements, signs from the Hellenistic and Roman periods and Byzantine and Medieval remains. As one of the highest in the area, it is the site of numerous antenna installations for radio stations and television transmitters.

text:
# Monte Arcibessi

**Monte Arcibessi** is a mountain located in the Sicilian province of Ragusa and is one of the highest peaks in the Hyblaen Mountain chain. It stretches between the Chiaramonte Gulfi and Ragusa communes. With its adjacent mountains, Monte Arcibessi is a part of the Miocene volcanic submarine complex, but they are no longer active.

There are fortified settlements (*castellieri*) of the Bronze Age and Iron Age in the area of Monte Arcibessi. Prehistoric inhabitants, remnants of Archaic Greek settlements, signs from the Hellenistic and Roman periods and Byzantine and Medieval remains.

As one of the highest in the area, it is the site of numerous antenna installations for radio stations and television transmitters.

## InfoBox

| Monte Arcibessi | |
| --- | --- |
| Mount Arcibessi in winter | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 907 m (2,976 ft) |
| Coordinates | 37°01′49″N 14°43′00″E / 37.03028°N 14.71667°E / 37.03028; 14.71667 |
| Geography | |
| Monte ArcibessiItaly | |
| Location | Province of Ragusa, Italy |
| Parent range | Hyblaean Mountains |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | mountain walk from the road at Chiaramonte Gulfi. |


title: Microplanus

abstract: Microplanus is a genus of dwarf spiders that was first described by Alfred Frank Millidge in 1991.

text:
# Microplanus

***Microplanus*** is a genus of dwarf spiders that was first described by Alfred Frank Millidge in 1991.

## Species

As of May 2019 it contains two species:

* *Microplanus mollis* Millidge, 1991 (type) – Colombia
* *Microplanus odin* Miller, 2007 – Panama

## InfoBox

| *Microplanus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Linyphiidae |
| Genus: | *Microplanus*
Millidge, 1991 |
|
| Type species | |
| *M. mollis*
Millidge, 1991 | |
| Species | |
| 2, see text | |


title: Rhodopteriana nakitomana

abstract: Rhodopteriana nakitomana is a moth in the family Eupterotidae. It was described by Philippe Darge in 2013. It is found in Uganda.

text:
# Rhodopteriana nakitomana

***Rhodopteriana nakitomana*** is a moth in the family Eupterotidae. It was described by Philippe Darge in 2013. It is found in Uganda.

## InfoBox

| *Rhodopteriana nakitomana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Eupterotidae |
| Genus: | *Rhodopteriana* |
| Species: | ***R. nakitomana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhodopteriana nakitomana***<br>Darge, 2013 | |
|


title: Remuched

abstract: Remuched is a double CD released by Berlin-based indie punk band Bonaparte. The first disc (Remuched) contains remixes and a B side from their debut album, Too Much, while the second disc contains live songs.

text:
# Remuched

***Remuched*** is a double CD released by Berlin-based indie punk band Bonaparte. The first disc (*Remuched*) contains remixes and a B side from their debut album, *Too Much*, while the second disc (*Blood, Sweat & Würstchen*) contains live songs.

## Track listing

### Remuched

1. "Killing Time"  2:01
2. "Do You Want to Party" (Remuched by Siriusmo)  3:08
3. "Ego" (Remuched by Filewile)  4:47
4. "Too Much" (Remuched by Housi Housemeister)  4:32
5. "Who Took the Pill?" (Remuched by Markus Lange)  4:53
6. "Blow It Up" (Remuched by Marvin Suggs)  4:40
7. "Lvdngrslvngklls" (Remuched by Rampa)  7:05
8. "Wrygdwylife?" (Remuched by One Shot Orchestra)  5:00
9. "Who Took the Pill?" (Siriusmo's Reprise)  1:06
10. "3 Minutes in the Brain of Bonaparte" (Remuched by Jcll)  6:11
11. "Anti Anti" (Remuched by Quinto)  5:00
12. "Ego" (Remuched by Jack Tennis)  4:57
13. "Blow It Up" (Remuched by Hifi Brown)  2:57
14. "Anti Anti" (Aminus' Clap 'til You Die Mix)  3:14
15. "Who Took the Pill?" (Remuched by Death of a Cheerleader)  3:35
16. "Ego" (Remuched by Zachov)  4:28
17. "A Song in ©" (Bonaparte vs. Benfay)  2:46
18. "3 Minutes in the Brain of Bonaparte" (Michael Szedlak Mix)  3:28

### Blood, Sweat & Würstchen

1. "Do You Want to Party" (Live at Admiralspalast Berlin)  1:55
2. "Tú me molas" (Live at Festsaal Kreuzberg)  2:52
3. "Wrygdwylife?" (Live at Dachstock Bern)  3:23
4. "Anti Anti" (Live at Admiralspalast Berlin)  3:27
5. "Ego" (Live in the Emperor's Brain)  3:49
6. "I Can't Dance" (Live at Dachstock Bern)  3:18
7. "Blow It Up" (Live in Carlos' Cellar Dungeon)  3:22
8. "A-a-ah" (Live at Mrs. Bonaparte's Château)  4:29
9. "Killing Time" (Bosie Sold His Soul to the Devil)  1:35
10. Interlude: Xixi's Paranoid Panamanian Fruit Salad  1:21
11. "Who Took the Pill?" (Live at Grand Theatre Groningen)  3:14
12. "Too Much" (Live in the Bloody Bunny's Costume)  3:53
13. Interlude: Le strip de Lulu le Squelette (Leçon 01)  1:20
14. "Bienvenido" (Live in Between Caesar's Stripes)  2:45
15. "No, I'm Against It!" (Live at Admiralspalast Berlin)  2:05
16. "Lvdngrslvngklls" (Live at Cannonman's Helmet)  4:17
17. "Gigolo Vagabundo" (Live Somewhere im Grenzbereich)  4:59
18. "Anti Anti" (Reprise - Welcome to Madness...)  2:13
19. "Blow It Up" (Jazz & Cheese at the Kaiser's House)  2:43

### Notes

* The digital download version divided the double CD into two separate releases: *Remuched - Remixed* (with alternate artwork) and *Remuched - Blood, Sweat & Würstchen*.
* Additional remixes, live tracks and videos were available on http://www.bonaparte.cc/remuched/. The audio tracks found on this website are:

1. "Blow It Up" (Jazz & Cheese Version)  2:43
2. "A-a-ah" (Round Table Knights Remix)  4:15
3. "Anti Anti" (Markus Lange Remix)  5:55
4. "Blow It Up" (Damien Qwerty Blip It Up Mix)  3:30
5. "Ego" (Jack Tennis Vocal Mix)  5:24
6. "Ego" (Jacob Suske Old Rmxxl Mas)  3:42
7. "I Can't Dance" (Bellwethers I Can't Surf Mix)  4:09
8. "Lvdngrslvngklls" (Kg Baltimore Club Mix)  4:55
9. "Too Much" (Elektroluk Remix)  4:03
10. "Too Much" (Jack Tennis Reggae Mashup)  3:52
11. "Too Much" (Markus Lange Remix)  5:25
12. "Tú me molas" (Bellwethers Maximum Drama Mix)  5:30
13. "Gigolo Vagabundo" (Almost Live)  4:20
14. "I Can't Dance" (Almost Live)  2:48
15. "Lvdngrslvngklls" (Live)  3:29
16. "This War" (Unreleased Early Bonaparte Song Script)  4:47
17. "Who Took the Pill?" (Almost Live)  3:14
    * A re-recorded version of "This War" was included as a bonus track on the vinyl version of the band's next studio album, *My Horse Likes You*.
    * "Anti Anti (Markus Lange Remix)" was subsequently released as "Anti Anti (Markus Lange Dub)" on *Anti Anti (Remixes)*.
    * "I Can't Dance (Bellwethers I Can't Surf Mix)" and "Tú me molas (Bellwethers Maximum Drama Mix)" were subsequently released in an edited form by New Zealander duo Bellwethers in their debut EP, *Cattle Battle*. The EP includes two additional remixes of "A-a-ah" and "Gigolo Vagabundo", which are exclusive to that release.

## InfoBox

| Remuched | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Remix album and live album by Bonaparte | |
| Released | March 6, 2009 (2009-03-06) |
| Genre | Indie punk |
| Length | 73:38 (Remix CD)
56:48 (Live CD) |
| Label | Staatsakt |
| Producer | Tobias Jundt |
| Bonaparte chronology | |
| *Too Much*
(2008) ***Remuched***
(2009) *My Horse Likes You*
(2010) | |


title: Rainiera

abstract: Rainiera is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the daisy family, Asteraceae. The single species, Rainiera stricta (Greene) Greene, is endemic to the northwestern United States. The genus is part of the tribe Senecioneae, and appears to be most closely related to Luina, another genus of northwestern North America, in which it was once placed. Rainiera stricta is of conservation concern, with a G2G3 ranking from NatureServe, and is considered to be globally imperiled. It is known by the common name false silverback.

text:
# Rainiera

***Rainiera*** is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the daisy family, Asteraceae. The single species, ***Rainiera stricta*** (Greene) Greene, is endemic to the northwestern United States (Oregon and Washington). The genus is part of the tribe Senecioneae, and appears to be most closely related to *Luina*, another genus of northwestern North America, in which it was once placed. *Rainiera stricta* is of conservation concern, with a G2G3 ranking from NatureServe, and is considered to be globally imperiled. It is known by the common name **false silverback**.

## Description

*Rainiera stricta* is an herbaceous perennial with both basal and cauline, alternate, petiolate leaves. It has 30-70 discoid heads arranged in a raceme-like or thyrse-like capitulescence. The disk florets are about 5 per head, and have yellow, sometimes purple-tinged corollas. The cypselae (achenes) are glabrous and have a pappus of white or straw-colored bristles. It is distinguished from *Luina* by the having fewer florets per head and a racemiform, rather than corymbiform, capitulescence.

## Taxonomy

The genus name of *Rainiera* is in honour of Peter Rainier (1741–1808), who was a Royal Navy officer who served during the Seven Years' War, the American Revolutionary War and the Napoleonic Wars. From 1794 to 1805, he was commander-in-chief of the Navy's East Indies Station.

The genus was circumscribed by Edward Lee Greene in Pittonia vol.3 on page 291 in 1898.

## InfoBox

| *Rainiera* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Rainiera stricta* in Mount Rainier National Park | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Asteroideae |
| Tribe: | Senecioneae |
| Genus: | *Rainiera*
Greene |
| Species: | ***R. stricta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rainiera stricta***
(Greene) Greene | |
|


title: Nabam Tempol

abstract: Nabam Tempol is an Indian cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut on 12 November 2019, for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. He made his first-class debut on 3 January 2020, for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2019–20 Ranji Trophy. He made his List A debut on 25 February 2021, for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy.

text:
# Nabam Tempol

**Nabam Tempol** (born 25 September 1994) is an Indian cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut on 12 November 2019, for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. He made his first-class debut on 3 January 2020, for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2019–20 Ranji Trophy. He made his List A debut on 25 February 2021, for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy.

## InfoBox

Nabam Tempol
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1994-09-25) 25 September 1994<br>Upper Tubung, Balijan, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right arm medium fast |
| Role | Bowler |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 2019–20 | Arunachal Pradesh |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNcricinfo, 12 November 2019 | |


title: Microplaninae

abstract: Microplaninae is a subfamily of land planarians.

text:
# Microplaninae

**Microplaninae** is a subfamily of land planarians.

## Description

The subfamily Microplaninae was defined by Ogren and Kawakatsu (1988) for land planarians with a short and cylindroid form, an anterior end that is blunt, eyes often small and subepithelial musculature weak. The male copulatory apparatus is often complicated and has a well-developed penis. The female apparatus is very variable, with or without a seminal bursa and with or without a connection with the intestine.

It was originally considered, based on morphological evidence, to be the sister group of the subfamily Rhynchodeminae. However, recent phylogenetic analyses indicated that both subfamilies are not closely related.

## Genera

Eight genera of Microplaninae are known:

## Phylogeny

Phylogenetic tree including the land planarian subfamilies after Álvarez-Presas et al., 2008. Note that *Spathula* and *Romankenkius* belong to the Dugesiidae family:

## InfoBox

| Microplaninae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Microplana* sp. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Order: | Tricladida |
| Family: | Geoplanidae |
| Subfamily: | Microplaninae<br>Pantin, 1953 |
|
| Genera | |
| See text | |


title: William Larson

abstract: William Larson is an American photographer who has influenced the photographic world with conceptual pieces that examine the role of technology in art.

text:
# William Larson

**William Larson** (October 14, 1942 - April 4, 2019) is an American photographer who has influenced the photographic world with conceptual pieces that examine the role of technology in art.

## Life

Larson completed his master's degree from the prestigious Institute of Design in Chicago in 1968, where he studied under Harry Callahan and Aaron Siskind. Although he began his career half a century ago, he has never stopped analyzing and experimenting with the medium of photography.

His first exploration dealt primarily with the issues of time, continuity, and movement. Larson was one of the first to create slit-scan photographs (see strip photography), made using medium format film and a special motorized camera. With these stretched-out images, Larson managed to portray the fluid feeling of moving cinema within a still photograph. At the same time, he displayed his incredible technical expertise. In his next step, Larson questioned the inherently “visual” aspect of image-making. Fascinated by the way a fax machine could convert a photograph using audio code, he used this new technological device to create works of art. Through the last few decades, Larson has delved into the moving image, investigating film projectors and toying with notions of video art. He has shown at Gallery 339, in Philadelphia, and is represented by Gitterman Gallery, in New York.

Larson's continuing innovation in the field of photography has earned him many honors in the art community. His works can be found in many significant collections such as the George Eastman Museum, the Center for Creative Photography and the National Gallery of Australia, and in smaller quantities at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art, the J. Paul Getty Museum and the Philadelphia Museum of Art.

Born in North Tonawanda, NY, Larson lived and worked out of Philadelphia, PA.

## Awards

He has received a Guggenheim Fellowship (1982), a Pew Fellowships in the Arts (2001), several fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts (1995, 1994, 1992, 1971, 1979, 1986), two Pennsylvania Council on the Arts Fellowships (1988, 1983), an Aaron Siskind Foundation Fellowship (1993), and two grants from the Polaroid Corporation (1979).


title: Microplagia

abstract: Microplagia is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Microplagia

***Microplagia*** is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## Distribution

Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Microplagia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Dexiinae |
| Tribe: | Voriini |
| Genus: | *Microplagia*
Townsend, 1915 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Microplagia nitens*
Townsend, 1915 | |


title: Paronychora

abstract: Paronychora is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Paronychora

***Paronychora*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". *Butterflies and Moths of the World*. Natural History Museum, London.

## InfoBox

| *Paronychora* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | ***Paronychora*** |
|


title: Rhynchotropis

abstract: Rhynchotropis is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes two species of herbs native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, and Zambia. Typical habitats include seasonally-dry tropical woodland and wooded grassland in the northern Zambezian region, often in seasonally-damp or open sandy and rocky areas. It belongs to tribe Indigofereae of subfamily Faboideae.

text:
# Rhynchotropis

***Rhynchotropis*** is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes two species of herbs native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, and Zambia. Typical habitats include seasonally-dry tropical woodland and wooded grassland in the northern Zambezian region, often in seasonally-damp or open sandy and rocky areas. It belongs to tribe Indigofereae of subfamily Faboideae.

## Species

*Rhynchotropis* comprises the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Rhynchotropis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Tribe: | Indigofereae |
| Genus: | *Rhynchotropis*<br>Harms |
|
| Species | |
| two; see text | |


title: Painda

abstract: Painda is a village in the Attock District of Punjab, Pakistan, located about 64 km north-west of Islamabad. Painda is a populated place based on the region font code of Asia/Pacific. It is located at an elevation of 285 meters above sea level. The village has a long yet uncertain history, however, it has been confirmed that people arrived in Painda with Mahmud of Ghazni when he invaded the Indian subcontinent.

text:
# Painda

**Painda** is a village in the Attock District of Punjab, Pakistan, located about 64 km (40 mi) north-west of Islamabad. Painda is a populated place (class P - Populated Place) based on the region font code of Asia/Pacific. It is located at an elevation of 285 meters above sea level. The village has a long yet uncertain history, however, it has been confirmed that people arrived in Painda with Mahmud of Ghazni when he invaded the Indian subcontinent.

## History

The two major tribes of Painda are Arain and Awan. Although some Awans are considered locals, the majority of them originally come from nearby villages like Kamulpur Musa. The third most populous tribe is the Tharkhan, which originated from the village of Daman. The village's economy is primarily agriculture-based. Some villagers now live abroad in places like Hong Kong, the United States, and Saudi Arabia. There are 8 mosques in the village. There are two primary schools: one for boys and one for girls. There is a madrassa under the supervision of Hafiz Haqniwaz Sahib, which provides religious education to students from all over Pakistan. Including some of those who completed Hifz from Afghanistan. The major language of Painda is Hindku, but some people also speak Pushto.village painda is located at this place since 400 years before that it was situated near Bank of Indus River about 800 hundred years but according to history a Village was there before 20 bc at same place.

## InfoBox

| Painda | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Painda | |
| Coordinates: 32°29′N 72°29′E / 32.49°N 72.48°E / 32.49; 72.48 | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Province | Punjab |
| District | Attock |
| Tehsil | Hazro |
| Region | Chhachh |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |


title: Remta

abstract: Remta is a small village under Barpali block in Bargarh District, Odisha, India.

text:
# Remta

**Remta** is a small village under Barpali block in Bargarh District, Odisha, India.

## Location

Remta is a village situated 3 km from the block/tehsil headquarters at Barpali, which is the nearest town, and 27km away from Bargarh, the district headquarters of the eponymous district.

## Demographics

The total geographical area of village is 562 hectares. Remta has a total population of 2,649 people. There are about 680 houses in Remta village. Barpali is the nearest town to Remta. The main occupation of the villagers is cultivation, about 99% of the people are associated with farming. & Some people are in service sector jobs.

Remta has a gram panchayat office according to 2009 statistics.. Remta Gram panchyat includes Dhirpur and Krushakpalli two near by villages. The village also has a government high school named Government High School, Remta, kalyan mandap, primary veterinary, and a post office in service. According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Remta village is 380445.

## Culture

The village is known for its temples, which include Gopalji Temple at the centre of the village, Lingaraj Temple, Dwarpal Temple, Samleswari Temple, Kalika Devi Temple, Mangala Temple, and Gramadevi Temple.

The festival of Nuakhai is celebrated at a great way in this village. The youth association named "Yuva Jyoti Sanskritika Sangha" celebrates Nuakhai Eve as part of their cultural entertainment programme. Durga Puja in Dussera has been celebrated in this village since 2012.

## InfoBox

| Remta | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| RemtaLocation in Odisha, IndiaRemtaRemta (India) | |
| Coordinates: 21°12′04″N 83°37′10″E / 21.200993°N 83.619457°E / 21.200993; 83.619457 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Odisha |
| District | Bargarh |
| Elevation(Above MSL) | 178 m (584 ft) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Oriya |
| Local | Sambalpuri |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | OD |
| Website | odisha.gov.in |


title: Jim Hall (announcer)

abstract: Jim Hall was an American sports announcer for New York Giants football games at MetLife Stadium, located in East Rutherford, New Jersey.

text:
# Jim Hall (announcer)

**Jim Hall** (May 30, 1933  June 12, 2017) was an American sports announcer for New York Giants football games at MetLife Stadium, located in East Rutherford, New Jersey.

## Career

Hall served as spotter and understudy to legendary New York Yankees and Giants PA announcer Bob Sheppard from the opening of Giants Stadium in 1976 until the beginning of the 2006 season, when he replaced the retiring Sheppard as principal announcer. He held that position until the end of the 2015 season.

Hall met Sheppard when he was in high school, as Sheppard would judge Hall in speech and debate events. Hall, like Sheppard, taught in high school and at St. John's University, where he became the chairman of the Department of Speech, Communication and Theater for twelve years out of a forty-five year tenure, before retiring in 2004.

Hall also served as Sheppard's understudy at Yankee Stadium for many years, beginning in the mid-1960s. He filled in for Sheppard for the 2007 postseason when Sheppard developed bronchitis. For the entire 2008 season, Hall served as the Yankees PA Announcer for their final season at Yankee Stadium, as Sheppard was never able to return. In his one full season as the Yankees PA Announcer, Hall got to call the 2008 MLB All-Star Game and the Yankees last game at Yankee Stadium. Paul Olden took over as the full-time Yankee Stadium announcer when the Yankees moved to their new ballpark in 2009.

Hall's voice was quite similar to Bob Sheppard's. When he filled in for Sheppard, visiting teams and media often did not know that Sheppard was not announcing. This was purposeful, as Hall has said Sheppard asked him to speak in his same style and cadence so as not to distract the fans.

Hall died on June 12, 2017, at the age of 84.