title: Fort Stark

abstract: Fort Stark is a former military fortification in New Castle, New Hampshire, United States. Located at Jerry's Point on the southeastern tip of New Castle Island, most of the surviving fort was developed in the early 20th century, following the Spanish–American War, although there were several earlier fortifications on the site, portions of which survive. The fort was named for John Stark, a New Hampshire officer who distinguished himself at the Battle of Bennington in the American Revolution. The purpose of Fort Stark was to defend the harbor of nearby Portsmouth and the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. The fort remained in active use through the Second World War, after which it was used for reserve training by the US Navy. The property was partially turned over to the state of New Hampshire in 1979, which established Fort Stark Historic Site, and the remainder of the property was turned over in 1983. The grounds are open to the public during daylight hours.

text:
# Fort Stark

**Fort Stark** is a former military fortification in New Castle, New Hampshire, United States. Located at Jerry's Point (also called Jaffrey's Point) on the southeastern tip of New Castle Island, most of the surviving fort was developed in the early 20th century, following the Spanish–American War, although there were several earlier fortifications on the site, portions of which survive. The fort was named for John Stark, a New Hampshire officer who distinguished himself at the Battle of Bennington in the American Revolution. The purpose of Fort Stark was to defend the harbor of nearby Portsmouth and the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. The fort remained in active use through the Second World War, after which it was used for reserve training by the US Navy. The property was partially turned over to the state of New Hampshire in 1979, which established **Fort Stark Historic Site**, and the remainder of the property was turned over in 1983. The grounds are open to the public during daylight hours.

## History

### 18th century

The site of the present Fort Stark was first fortified in 1746 as Battery Cumberland, with nine 32-pounder cannon. It was rebuilt in 1775 for the American Revolution, but the guns (two 32-pounders and six 24-pounders) were soon removed to arm other forts in the area. Several of the guns captured at nearby Fort William and Mary were used to rearm this fort in September 1775. The fort was garrisoned until 1778 and is one of several forts in the area that may have been named Fort Hancock during the Revolution. In 1794 a new battery for nine guns was built on the site as part of the First System of US fortifications; the remains of a circular stone redoubt excavated in 1982, probably this one, can be seen in front of Battery Hunter.

### 19th century

During the War of 1812 a company of 120 militiamen under Captain William Marshall garrisoned the redoubt. The guns at this time were a mix of 6-pounder and 9-pounder weapons. The redoubt was abandoned soon after the war ended in 1815.

Plans were drawn up in 1861 for a large stone fort on the site, part of the Third System of fortifications, but the fort was never built. In 1873, the United States acquired the property as part of a modernization of seacoast defenses. The stone forts of the Civil War and earlier had been shown to be vulnerable to rifled cannon in that war, and new defenses centered on earthworks were planned. After modifying the plan for reduced cost in 1874, earthworks for eight 15-inch (381 mm) Rodman smoothbore guns were planned as the "Battery at Jerry's Point", with an additional three "heavy guns" in the old redoubt. However, funding was cut off in 1876 with the new battery about two-thirds complete. Minor construction occurred in 1879 and 1885–1886, but it appears the battery was never armed. A small portion of it can still be seen. In 1887 the Jerry's Point Lifesaving Station was built on the west side of the site, which remained in service until 1908 when the Portsmouth Harbor Lifesaving Station was built on Wood Island near Fort Foster.

In 1885, the Endicott Board recommended a large-scale fortification plan that eventually included Fort Stark. However, construction on the new fort did not begin until 1901. In 1898, shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, emergency batteries were constructed to quickly arm key points, as most of the Endicott batteries were still years from completion and it was feared the Spanish fleet would bombard the US East Coast. At Jerry's Point this consisted of two 8-inch (203 mm) M1888 guns mounted on converted carriages built for Rodman guns in the 1870s emplacements. These guns were removed in 1900 to arm new Endicott batteries elsewhere and to make room for the new batteries at Fort Stark.

### Endicott Period

Construction began on the newly named Fort Stark in 1901 and was completed in 1905. Four batteries were originally built: Battery Hunter with two 12-inch (305 mm) M1895 guns on disappearing carriages, Battery Kirk with two 6-inch (152 mm) M1903 guns on disappearing carriages, and Batteries Hays and Lytle, each with two 3-inch (76 mm) M1902 guns on pedestal mounts. Battery Hunter was named for Major General David Hunter of the Civil War, Battery Kirk was named for Brigadier General Edward N. Kirk, Battery Hays was named for Major General Alexander Hays, and Battery Lytle was named for Brigadier General William Haines Lytle. Each of the last three were killed in action in the Civil War. Facilities for controlling an underwater minefield in the harbor were added in 1907-1909; Batteries Hays and Lytle were built primarily to defend this minefield against minesweepers. As with other US seacoast forts, Fort Stark was garrisoned by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps. The fort was part of the Coast Defenses of Portsmouth (Harbor Defenses after 1925), along with Fort Foster and Fort Constitution.

### World War I

After the American entry into World War I the two 6-inch (152 mm) guns of Battery Kirk were dismounted for use on the Western Front on field carriages. These guns were sent to France and returned to the United States after the war, but were not returned to Fort Stark. A history of the Coast Artillery in World War I states that none of the regiments in France equipped with 6-inch guns completed training in time to see action before the Armistice. In 1918 Battery Kirk was converted into the Post Telephone Switchboard room. The Mine Command station, built in 1909, was converted into the "H" Station in 1921 when the mine complex was moved to Fort Constitution.

### World War II

In 1940-1944, the Harbor Defenses of Portsmouth were garrisoned by the 22nd Coast Artillery Regiment. In 1941 the former lifesaving station was occupied by the Navy and would become the Navy HECP. The "H" Station was occupied by the Army, who used it as a temporary HECP until 1944, when a new reinforced concrete structure was built on top of Battery Kirk that would house both the Army and Navy operations until 1948.

Although most of the heavy guns in the Portsmouth area were superseded by the new 16-inch (406 mm) gun battery at Fort Dearborn, Battery Hunter's 12-inch guns remained in service until February 1945, several months after the guns at Fort Dearborn entered service. The original Batteries Hays and Lytle were deactivated in 1942. Battery Hays' two 3-inch guns were sent to Battery Hackleman at Fort Constitution, while a new Battery Lytle was built just south of Battery Hunter, consisting of two concrete pads atop the 1870s earthworks. A 90 mm gun battery, called Anti-Motor Torpedo Boat Battery 953 (AMTB 953), was authorized for Fort Stark but not built.

### Postwar

With all the guns scrapped, the fort was deactivated in 1948 and turned over to the Navy in 1950. The Navy used the fort for harbor defense purposes until 1953, when it became a reserve training center for a Mobile Inshore Undersea Warfare Unit until 1980. In 1963, two Navy 3-inch (76 mm) guns were placed on the "new" Battery Lytle's gun blocks as a memorial to USS *Thresher* (SSN-593), lost while operating from Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. Years later, one gun was returned to the shipyard, while the other gun was left derelict after a 1978 storm dislodged its mounting block. The fort is now a state park, with a small museum in the Visitors' Center that includes the remaining 3-inch gun. Visitors are welcome to view the gun batteries and HECP and enjoy the views of the Atlantic Ocean.

### Notes

* Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015). *American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide* (Third ed.). McLean, Virginia: CDSG Press. ISBN 978-0-9748167-3-9.
* Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979). *Seacoast Fortifications of the United States*. Annapolis: Leeward Publications. ISBN 978-0-929521-11-4.

## InfoBox

| Fort Stark Historic Site | |
| --- | --- |
| 1944 Harbor Entrance Control Post (HECP). Originally disguised as a "modernistic building" and painted white in the early 1960s. | |
| Location of Fort Stark in New Hampshire | |
| Location | New Castle, Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States |
| Coordinates | 43°03′27″N 70°42′46″W / 43.05750°N 70.71278°W / 43.05750; -70.71278 |
| Area | 10 acres (4.0 ha) |
| Elevation | 0 ft (0 m) |
| Governing body | New Hampshire Parks and Recreation |
| Website | Fort Stark State Historic Site |


title: Martin Urban

abstract: Martin Urban is a retired Slovak football player.

text:
# Martin Urban

**Martin Urban** (born 24 April 1972) is a retired Slovak football player.

## Playing career

Urban began his playing career with Lokomotíva Košice, Tatran Prešov and Ružomberok before joining PAS Giannina in January 2000. Urban would appear in just 9 Alpha Ethniki matches for PAS Giannina. Next, he moved to Cyprus where he would play for Enosis Neon Paralimni. In January 2005, Urban returned to Slovakia where he would finish his career with MŠK Rimavská Sobota.

## InfoBox

Martin Urban
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Martin Urban | | |
| Date of birth | (1972-04-24) 24 April 1972 | | |
| Place of birth | Czechoslovakia | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1995–1998 | Lokomotíva Košice | 82 | (5) |
| 1998–2000 | Tatran Prešov | 41 | (2) |
| 2000 | Ružomberok | 12 | (2) |
| 2001–2003 | PAS Giannina | 9 | (0) |
| 2003–2005 | Enosis Neon Paralimni | 26 | (8) |
| 2005 | Rimavská Sobota | 13 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: NHK Tokyo Children's Choir

abstract: NHK Tokyo Children's Choir, or NHK Tokyo Children's Chorus, is the children's choir attached to the Tokyo Broadcasting Station (JOAK) of the NHK - Japan Broadcasting Corporation radio-TV network. Since 1943 NHK had used the Otowa Yurikago Kai, established in 1933, to be its children's choir, but since 1952 has organized its own. Through its broadcasting and recording activities, it has played an important role in popularizing Japanese and overseas children's songs in Japan. It also toured extensively throughout the world and has won important awards, such as in BBC World Amateur Chorus Competition, the Centennial of Zoltán Kodály's Birth Competition, EBU World Chorus Competition, etc.

text:
# NHK Tokyo Children's Choir

**NHK Tokyo Children's Choir** (NHK東京児童合唱団, *NHK Tōkyō Jidō Gasshō-Dan*), or NHK Tokyo Children's Chorus, is the children's choir attached to the Tokyo Broadcasting Station (JOAK) of the NHK - Japan Broadcasting Corporation radio-TV network. Since 1943 NHK had used the Otowa Yurikago Kai, established in 1933, to be its children's choir, but since 1952 has organized its own.

Through its broadcasting and recording activities, it has played an important role in popularizing Japanese and overseas children's songs in Japan. It also toured extensively throughout the world and has won important awards, such as in BBC World Amateur Chorus Competition (No. 2 in the children's area), the Centennial of Zoltán Kodály's Birth Competition (No. 1 in the children's area), EBU World Chorus Competition (No. 1 in the children's area), etc.

1. The Profile of NHK Tokyo Children's Choir (in Japanese)


title: Tsukigaseguchi Station

abstract: Tsukigaseguchi Station is a passenger railway station operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR-West) in the village of Minamiyamashiro, Kyoto, Japan.

text:
# Tsukigaseguchi Station

**Tsukigaseguchi Station** (月ヶ瀬口駅, *Tsukigaseguchi-eki*) is a passenger railway station operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR-West) in the village of Minamiyamashiro, Kyoto, Japan.

## Lines

Tsukigaseguchi Station is served by the Kansai Main Line, and lies 44.9 km (27.9 mi) from the starting point of the line at Kameyama.

## Layout

The station has two unnumbered opposed side platforms serving two tracks, connected by a footbridge. The station is staffed. Automatic ticket vending machines are not installed, and tickets are only issued by POS terminals.

### Platforms

| **Westbound** | Kansai Main Line | for Kamo |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Eastbound** | Kansai Main Line | for Kameyama, Tsuge, and Iga-Ueno |

## History

Tsukigaseguchi Station opened on 28 December 1951. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR West.

## Passenger statistics

According to the Kyoto Prefecture statistical book, the average number of passengers per day is as follows.

| Year | Passengers |
| --- | --- |
| 2008 | 255 |
| 2009 | 219 |
| 2010 | 216 |
| 2011 | 216 |
| 2012 | 216 |
| 2013 | 205 |
| 2014 | 184 |
| 2015 | 186 |
| 2016 | 164 |
| 2017 | 136 |
| 2019 | 115 |

## Surrounding area

Media related to Tsukigaseguchi Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Tsukigaseguchi Station
月ヶ瀬口駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| JR-West regional rail station | |
| Tsukigaseguchi Station, April 2021 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Tondahirao, Ōaza Kitaōkawara, Minamiyamashiro-mura, Soraku-gun, Kyoto-fu 619-1411
Japan |
| Coordinates | 34°45′46″N 136°01′25″E / 34.762803°N 136.023703°E / 34.762803; 136.023703 |
| Owned by | JR-West |
| Line(s) | Kansai Main Line |
| Distance | 44.9 km (27.9 mi) from Kameyama |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Train operators | JR-West |
| Bus stands | 1 |
| Connections | Bus stop |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | At grade |
| Bicycle facilities | Available |
| Accessible | None |
| Other information | |
| Website | Official website (in Japanese) |
| History | |
| Opened | 28 December 1951 (1951-12-28) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2019 | 115 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  JR West Following station  Ōkawaratowards Kamo  Kansai Line  Shimagaharatowards Nagoya | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Tsukigaseguchi StationLocation within Kyoto PrefectureTsukigaseguchi StationTsukigaseguchi Station (Japan) | |


title: Salem Township, Monroe County, Ohio

abstract: Salem Township is one of the eighteen townships of Monroe County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 831, including 280 people in the village of Clarington.

text:
# Salem Township, Monroe County, Ohio

**Salem Township** is one of the eighteen townships of Monroe County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 831, including 280 people in the village of Clarington.

## Geography

Located in the eastern part of the county along the Ohio River, it borders the following townships:

Marshall County, West Virginia lies across the Ohio River to the east.

The village of Clarington is located in northeastern Salem Township along the Ohio River.

## Name and history

It is one of fourteen Salem Townships statewide.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

## InfoBox

| Salem Township, Monroe County, Ohio | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| State Route 7 along the Ohio River | |
| Location of Salem Township in Monroe County | |
| Coordinates: 39°46′1″N 80°52′46″W / 39.76694°N 80.87944°W / 39.76694; -80.87944 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| County | Monroe |
| Area | |
| Total | 26.4 sq mi (68.5 km2) |
| Land | 25.7 sq mi (66.6 km2) |
| Water | 0.7 sq mi (1.9 km2) |
| Elevation | 620 ft (189 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 831 |
| Density | 31/sq mi (12/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 39-69918 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1086657 |


title: Nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio

abstract: The nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio is a measurement used in cell biology. It is a ratio of the size of the nucleus of a cell to the size of the cytoplasm of that cell. The N:C ratio indicates the maturity of a cell, because as a cell matures the size of its nucleus generally decreases. For example, "blast" forms of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and megakaryocytes start with an N:C ratio of 4:1, which decreases as they mature to 2:1 or even 1:1. An increased N:C ratio is commonly associated with precancerous dysplasia as well as with malignant cells.

text:
# Nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio

The **nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio** (also variously known as the **nucleus:cytoplasm ratio**, **nucleus–cytoplasm ratio**, **N:C ratio**, or **N/C**) is a measurement used in cell biology. It is a ratio of the size (i.e., volume) of the nucleus of a cell to the size of the cytoplasm of that cell.

The N:C ratio indicates the maturity of a cell, because as a cell matures the size of its nucleus generally decreases. For example, "blast" forms of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and megakaryocytes start with an N:C ratio of 4:1, which decreases as they mature to 2:1 or even 1:1 (with exceptions for mature thrombocytes and erythrocytes, which are anuclear cells, and mature lymphocytes, which only decrease to a 3:1 ratio and often retain the original 4:1 ratio).

An increased N:C ratio is commonly associated with precancerous dysplasia as well as with malignant cells.

## Further reading

* Herbert E. Nieburgs (1967). "Nuclear/Cytoplasmic Ratio (N/C) and Nuclear Chromatin". *Diagnostic cell pathology in tissue and smears*. New York & London: Grune & Stratton. pp. 15–16.
* Takahashi, Masayoshi (1981). *Color atlas of cancer cytology* (2nd ed.). New York: Igaku-Shoin. pp. 32–34, 50. ISBN 0-89640-050-6.
* John D. Bancroft; Alan Stevens (1982). *Theory and practice of histological techniques* (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 438–439.


title: O'Rourke's Diner

abstract: O'Rourke's Diner is a diner located in the Main Street Historic District in Middletown, Connecticut.

text:
# O'Rourke's Diner

**O'Rourke's Diner** is a diner located in the Main Street Historic District in Middletown, Connecticut.

## History

The diner was established in 1941 by John O'Rourke, who later brought the 1946 Mountain View diner car that anchored the diner's distinctive appearance into Middletown. John's nephews, John and Brian bought the diner in 1976. In 1986, due to corrupted business practices John sold his half share of the diner to his cousin Brian.

On August 31, 2006, O'Rourke's Diner suffered tremendous damage from a fire that broke out after a hamburger steamer was left on overnight. Because the diner did not have fire insurance, fundraising efforts were launched to cover the estimated $350,000 cost of repairs. By June 2007, $180,000 had been raised and preparations for reconstruction were underway. On February 11, 2008, following successful renovations which included assistance from the local community and Wesleyan University, O'Rourke's was reopened at 5:00 am.

## Awards/Distinctions

## InfoBox

| O'Rourke's Diner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Art Deco |
| Town or city | Middletown, Connecticut |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 41°33′53″N 72°39′07″W / 41.564732°N 72.651891°W / 41.564732; -72.651891 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Mountain View Diner Company |


title: OR6T1

abstract: Olfactory receptor 6T1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR6T1 gene. Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.

text:
# OR6T1

**Olfactory receptor 6T1** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *OR6T1* gene.

Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.

## Further reading

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| OR6T1 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | OR6T1, OR11-277, olfactory receptor family 6 subfamily T member 1 | | |
| External IDs | GeneCards: OR6T1; OMA:OR6T1 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001005187   n/a   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001005187   n/a   Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 123.94 – 123.94 Mb n/a  PubMed search  n/a | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human | | | |


title: Nylatron

abstract:
Nylatron is a tradename for a family of nylon plastics, typically filled with molybdenum disulfide lubricant powder. It is used to cast plastic parts for machines, because of its mechanical properties and wear-resistance. Nylatron is a brand name of Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, Inc. and was originally developed and manufactured by Nippon Polypenco Limited. Nylatron is used in several applications such as:
  - rotary lever actuators where unusual shapes are required
  - heavy-duty caster wheels, normally as a replacement for cast iron or forged steel
  - plain bearing material, especially in screw conveyor applications

text:
# Nylatron

**Nylatron** is a tradename for a family of nylon plastics, typically filled with molybdenum disulfide lubricant powder. It is used to cast plastic parts for machines, because of its mechanical properties and wear-resistance.

Nylatron is a brand name of Mitsubishi Chemical Advanced Materials, Inc. and was originally developed and manufactured by Nippon Polypenco Limited.

Nylatron is used in several applications such as:

* rotary lever actuators where unusual shapes are required
* heavy-duty caster wheels, normally as a replacement for cast iron or forged steel
* plain bearing material, especially in screw conveyor applications


title: OIC Resolution 10/11

abstract: Organisation of the Islamic Conference Resolution 10/11, titled "The aggression of the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan", is an Organisation of the Islamic Conference Resolution on Nagorno-Karabakh conflict adopted by its member states on March 13–14, 2008 during the OIC summit in Dakar, Senegal. The resolution, titled "Aggression by the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan," aims to express concern over Armenia's aggression against Azerbaijan and to provide comprehensive support for the territorial integrity of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The Dakar conference is considered a "successful step" towards supporting Azerbaijan's just cause. It was during this session that the new Charter of the Islamic Cooperation Organization was adopted, and in the section on the purposes and objectives of this international organization, it was stipulated that the member states support the right of states under occupation to restore their territorial integrity. The document is one of several resolutions by OIC on Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

text:
# OIC Resolution 10/11

**Organisation of the Islamic Conference Resolution 10/11**, titled "The aggression of the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan", is an Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) Resolution on Nagorno-Karabakh conflict adopted by its member states on March 13–14, 2008 during the OIC summit in Dakar, Senegal. The resolution, titled "Aggression by the Republic of Armenia against the Republic of Azerbaijan," aims to express concern over Armenia's aggression against Azerbaijan and to provide comprehensive support for the territorial integrity of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The Dakar conference is considered a "successful step" towards supporting Azerbaijan's just cause. It was during this session that the new Charter of the Islamic Cooperation Organization was adopted, and in the section on the purposes and objectives of this international organization, it was stipulated that the member states support the right of states under occupation to restore their territorial integrity.

The document is one of several resolutions by OIC on Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

## Background

In the late 1980s, armed conflict broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan, resulting in the displacement of nearly one million Azerbaijanis as refugees and internally displaced persons, as well as the occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh and its surrounding seven districts by Armenian armed forces. Finally, with the mediation of Russia, a ceasefire was achieved on the front lines in May 1994.

Despite the ceasefire agreement, the ceasefire regime was frequently violated in the subsequent years. The first significant clash between the parties occurred on March 4, 2008. According to a statement by the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Azerbaijan, a reconnaissance-sabotage group of Armenians attempted to seize the frontline positions of the Azerbaijani army near the occupied village of Chilaburt in the Tartar region. As a result of the armed confrontation, four Azerbaijani servicemen were martyred. On the other side, it was reported that 12 soldiers were killed and 15 were injured. Subsequently, tension escalated again along the contact line in the direction of the Aghdam region on March 8-9. Eldar Sabiroglu, the head of the press service of the Ministry of Defense, reported that as a result of the Armenian military units opening fire on Azerbaijani villages, two Azerbaijani civilians were killed and two others were injured. Additionally, one Armenian soldier was killed in response fire. Ali Hasanov, a spokesperson for the Administration of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, referred to the situation on the front lines as Armenian provocations and linked it to the protests following the presidential elections held in Armenia in 2008. The protests, which were forcibly dispersed by the police, were organized by Levon Ter-Petrosyan, a presidential candidate and former president of the Republic of Armenia, and his supporters. According to Hasanov, "the Armenian leadership resort to such provocations to divert the attention of Armenians and the international community from the internal situation in the country." The Azerbaijani media noted that President Robert Kocharyan preferred to create artificial tension along the contact line to divert attention from internal processes and human rights violations.

## The text of the resolution

The resolution consists of 23 paragraphs. It expresses serious concern over the aggression of member states of the organization, particularly the Republic of Armenia, against the Republic of Azerbaijan, resulting in the occupation of approximately 20 percent of Azerbaijan's territory. Deep concern is expressed about the continued occupation of significant parts of Azerbaijani territory and the illegal transfer of Armenian nationals to these territories. The document also expresses profound sorrow over the dire situation of over a million Azerbaijani refugees and internally displaced persons as a result of Armenia's aggression, as well as the scale and severity of these humanitarian problems. The resolution reaffirms the obligation of all member states to respect the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan, as stipulated in Resolution 21/10-P(IS) adopted during the 10th session of the Islamic Summit Conference held in Putrajaya on October 16-17, 2003. The disruptive effect of Armenia's policy of occupation within the framework of the OSCE peace process is noted in the resolution.

According to the second paragraph of the resolution, the organization considers actions committed against the civilian Azerbaijani population in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan as crimes against humanity. In the third paragraph, the looting and destruction of archaeological, cultural, and religious monuments in Azerbaijan's occupied territories are strongly condemned. The organization demands the full and unconditional withdrawal of Armenian armed forces from all occupied Azerbaijani territories, including Nagorno-Karabakh, in accordance with UN Security Council resolutions 822, 853, 874, and 884, as well as the respect of Azerbaijan's sovereignty and territorial integrity by Armenia. Subsequently, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation expresses concern over Armenia's failure to comply with the demands reflected in the aforementioned resolutions of the UN Security Council.

The document also includes calls to the United Nations (UN). Accordingly, the organization urges the UN Security Council to recognize the existence of aggression against the Republic of Azerbaijan, take necessary steps to ensure compliance with its resolutions under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, and condemn and end the aggression against the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Subsequently, member states of the organization decide to take coordinated actions in the UN for this purpose.

In the seventh paragraph, all states are called upon to refrain from providing any arms and military equipment to Armenia to prevent further escalation of the aggressor conflict and to continue the occupation of Azerbaijani territories. According to the resolution, the territories of member states should not be used for the transit of such cargo.

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation urges its member states to encourage their legal and physical entities not to engage in economic activities in the Nagorno-Karabakh region and other occupied territories of Azerbaijan. Additionally, it reaffirms its full solidarity with the efforts of the Azerbaijani government and people in defending their country and extends gratitude to all member states providing humanitarian assistance to refugees and internally displaced persons, while calling on others to contribute their share. In addition to member states, the Organization requests financial and humanitarian assistance from the Islamic Development Bank and other Islamic institutions, which is greatly needed by the Republic of Azerbaijan.

The Organization calls on Armenia and all member states of the OSCE Minsk Group to actively participate in the ongoing OSCE peace process based on the relevant resolutions and decisions of the UN Security Council and the OSCE, including the decisions of the OSCE First Additional Meeting. According to the document, Azerbaijan has the right to receive compensation for the damages incurred as a result of the conflict. Accordingly, the organization places the responsibility for the adequate payment of this damage on Armenia.

## The importance

With this resolution, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation member states have adopted a decision to support Azerbaijan's territorial integrity during voting at the United Nations General Assembly in New York. This decision was reached with the active participation of member states in the voting process, as presented by Azerbaijan's Permanent Representative to the UN, Aqshin Mehdiyev, during the 62nd session of the UN General Assembly on March 14, 2008. Still, during the Dakar conference, Azerbaijani Foreign Minister Elmar Mammadyarov expressed the following thoughts:

> I call on all Organization of Islamic Cooperation countries to vote in favor of this resolution. Your support will be a reflection of Islamic solidarity and brotherhood towards Azerbaijan.

During the session, Munir Akram, the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations and the head of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation's New York group, stated that the conflict in and around Nagorno-Karabakh poses a constant threat to peace and stability in the region, regretting that the relevant resolutions of the UN Security Council have not been implemented to date. Following the subsequent vote, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 62/243 under the title "The Situation in the Occupied Territories of Azerbaijan." Member states of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation played a decisive role in the adoption of the resolution.

Another significant aspect of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation's resolution is that it underscores the illegitimacy and non-recognition, from a legal standpoint, of any actions taken in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan, including the organization of the voting process, in order to strengthen the current situation and status quo in those territories.

## InfoBox

| OIC Resolution 10/11 | |
| --- | --- |
| Ratified | 13—14 march 2008 |
| Location | Dakar, Senegal |
| Purpose | Expressing concern for the aggression of the Republic of Armenia on the Republic of Azerbaijan, providing comprehensive support for the territorial integrity of the Republic of Azerbaijan |


title: Obertauern

abstract: Obertauern is a tourist destination which is located in the Radstädter Tauern in the Salzburger Land of Austria. The winter sports resort is separated in two communities: Tweng and Untertauern.

text:
# Obertauern

class=notpageimage|Location of Obertauern in Austria

**Obertauern** is a tourist destination which is located in the Radstädter Tauern in the Salzburger Land of Austria. The winter sports resort is separated in two communities: Tweng and Untertauern.

## Geography

Obertauern lies in the southeast of the state of Salzburg in the Radstädter Tauern mountains at heights of between 1,630 and 2,526 metres above sea level. The village is near to the highest point of the Radstädter Tauern Pass over which the Katschberg road (*Katschberger Straße*, the B 99) runs. Obertauern belongs to two districts: St. Johann/Pongau and Tamsweg, hence why the community is separated into the two municipalities of Untertauern (Pongau) and Tweng (Lungau). The municipal boundary runs at the height of the pass and hence through the centre of the village.

### Climate

Obertauern has a subarctic climate (Köppen *Dfc*).

| Climate data for Obertauern: 1772m (1991−2020 normals) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 10.5
(50.9) | 12.6
(54.7) | 15.0
(59.0) | 18.2
(64.8) | 23.9
(75.0) | 28.2
(82.8) | 28.1
(82.6) | 28.1
(82.6) | 22.7
(72.9) | 21.1
(70.0) | 16.2
(61.2) | 11.0
(51.8) | 28.2
(82.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.6
(29.1) | −1.3
(29.7) | 1.7
(35.1) | 5.6
(42.1) | 10.1
(50.2) | 13.7
(56.7) | 15.4
(59.7) | 15.5
(59.9) | 11.4
(52.5) | 7.5
(45.5) | 2.2
(36.0) | −1.1
(30.0) | 6.6
(43.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.5
(23.9) | −4.3
(24.3) | −1.6
(29.1) | 2.1
(35.8) | 6.6
(43.9) | 10.4
(50.7) | 12.2
(54.0) | 12.3
(54.1) | 8.1
(46.6) | 4.5
(40.1) | −0.5
(31.1) | −3.8
(25.2) | 3.5
(38.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.9
(19.6) | −8.0
(17.6) | −4.8
(23.4) | −1.5
(29.3) | 2.3
(36.1) | 5.8
(42.4) | 7.5
(45.5) | 7.6
(45.7) | 4.2
(39.6) | 1.0
(33.8) | −3.1
(26.4) | −6.1
(21.0) | −0.2
(31.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −20.6
(−5.1) | −22.2
(−8.0) | −22.3
(−8.1) | −14.8
(5.4) | −6.5
(20.3) | −3.2
(26.2) | −0.7
(30.7) | −1.5
(29.3) | −4.9
(23.2) | −13.7
(7.3) | −16.8
(1.8) | −22.3
(−8.1) | −22.3
(−8.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 39.0
(1.54) | 27.8
(1.09) | 49.4
(1.94) | 53.3
(2.10) | 103.3
(4.07) | 158.6
(6.24) | 182.9
(7.20) | 168.8
(6.65) | 112.4
(4.43) | 79.6
(3.13) | 55.5
(2.19) | 35.1
(1.38) | 1,065.7
(41.96) |
| Source: Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## History

### Celts and Romans

Obertauern has a long history, which goes back to the era of the Celts (4th – 1st century B.C.). Also, the Roman road led over the Tauern Pass (in Alpe) to Iuvavum (Salzburg). The tracks of old Roman wagons have been uncovered on this road. The relics of old milestones attest to Roman use of the pass. The upgrade of the road probably dates back to the time of the Emperor Claudius (41-54).

### Development of the village

The first definite mention of the Radstädter Tauern was in the year 1207. In 1224, the records note that there was already a small church at the top of the pass. In 1517, it is documented that there were two innkeepers on the Tauern, referring to the houses of Schaidberg and Wisenegg. These two buildings are still in good order today. In 1519, the road was widened for to take coaches and wagons. In 1764, Archbishop Sigismund of Schrattenbach opened the posting house of Untertauern and there were two post runs per week. In 1870 this increased to four per week, and, in 1895, to twice daily. In 1902, the first skiers are recorded.

### The tourist resort of Obertauern

In 1920, after the First World War, the first skiers came to Obertauern – on foot. Their baggage was transported by horse-drawn sleighs. From 1925 to 1927, the so-called Tauern races for cars and motorcycles took place, attracting many visitors. The people of Obertauern date the foundation of their village to 8 December 1929, because it was on that day that regular winter traffic over the Tauern Pass began for the first time. In 1948, the first lift was installed at the Seekarhaus. From 1948 to 1960, the slope was posted by skiers. For one hour of piste preparation, they got 3 free runs. Roads and avalanche protection were extended in 1950 and the first button lifts were built. The creation of the hotel village of Obertauern began in 1952. Between 1952 and 1961, a large number of modern cable cars, gondola lifts and drag lifts were installed.

### From the 1960s to the present day

In 1961, the modern cable car on the Zehnerkar was taken into service. In 1962, Obertauern became the official name of the village. One year later, the first motorised piste basher in Austria started work in Obertauern and the pistes no longer had to be tamped down by foot by the skiers. At that time the "Skiing Comprehensive School" (*Schifahrende Volksschule*) became well-known; the school incorporating skiing in the afternoons, after following the normal timetable in the mornings.

In 1965, Obertauern was used by The Beatles in their film, "Help!". The town was chosen as it was one of the few areas to have snow at the time.

1967 saw piste construction using bulldozers took place for the first time. This resulted in radical changes to the terrain in order to make the runs easier to negotiate for piste maintenance equipment and also for a wider range of tourists. By linking several of the lifts, a precursor to the present day Tauern Circuit (*Tauernrunde*) was created.

In 1985 the first snow cannon was installed and in the years that followed numerous drag lifts and chair lifts were replaced. Between 1991 and 1998 many modernization projects were completed – such as the floodlit ski slope and the introduction of the contactless ski pass system. In December 1999, the German, Christian Flühr, set the world marathon skiing record in Obertauern – skiing for three days non-stop (68 hours and 23 minutes). This is the distance between America and Europe. One season later, in February 2001, Christian Flühr set the world record again by skiing for more than 4 days (103 hours and 21 minutes) non-stop. Later, he beat this world record several times but in other locations.

Obertauern has also established itself as one of the top après ski resorts in Austria. The Edelweißalm and the area around the Lürzer Alm are internationally renowned.

## Cemetery of the Unknown

At the top of the pass is the Cemetery of the Unknown (*Friedhof der Namenlosen*). The name comes from the time when people crossed the Tauern Pass on foot with poor clothing and equipment, often in bad weather, losing their lives as a result. Often these travellers could not be identified and were thus buried "nameless". Today it is the cemetery for the population of the ski village of Obertauern.

## Winter sport in Obertauern

### Skiing and snowboarding

Skiing is the most popular sporting activity in Obertauern, followed by snowboarding. The ski region has around 100 kilometres of prepared pistes and 26 lifts that are capable of transporting 48,000 - 49,000 people per hour. The area is served by 1 gondola, 19 chair lifts and 6 drag lifts, and has 100 km of runs. The pistes are graded using a colour scheme: blue (61%) for easy runs, red (35%) for runs of medium difficulty and black (4%) for difficult pistes, the piste alongside the Gamsleiten 2 lift being the second steepest run in Austria. All the lifts will take non-skiers to the top as well, but only the Zehnerkarbahn and Grünwaldkopfbahn will take passengers down again. Daytime visitors may park on the 24,000 m2 of car parks in the vicinity of the slopes. The *Liftgemeinschaft Obertauern* (LGO) is responsible for all the lifts.

### The Tauern Circuit

Because the lifts are laid out in a circle around the village, it is possible to do a "Tauern Circuit" (*Tauernrunde*), either clockwise (following the red signs) or anti-clockwise (following the green signs). To cross the B 99 (*Katschberg-Straße*) there are ski bridges by the Gamsleiten/Edelweiß, Kirchbühel (two bridges) and Grünwaldkopf/Zehnerkar pistes. The circuit may begin at any lift and returns the skier to the start. Good signposting also enables pistes outside the circuit to be skied.

### Cross-country skiing

In addition to downhill skiing and snowboarding, Obertauern offers other winter sport activities. Visitors may used the 26 kilometres of cut cross-country skiing tracks, including one used for the world cup, as well as hiking trails.

### Ski passes

Obertauern has its own ski pass that, since the 2012/13 season, is also valid for the Großeck-Speiereck ski region some 15 kilometres away. The Lungo Ski Pass (for the Obertauern - Lungau - Katschberg region) and the "Super Salzburg Ski Card" (Salzburger Land) are also valid, but not the Ski Amadé pass.

## Summer tourism

In summer, Obertauern is a popular base for numerous hiking trails because the village lies on the Central Alpine Way (*Zentralalpenweg*). The two Alpine huts, *Oberhütte* towards Styria and the *Südwiener Hütte* in the direction of Flachau may be reached in 2 hours on foot.

In August and September, motorcycle gatherings take place.

However, Obertauern is mostly a winter resort and many hotels and businesses are closed in the summertime.

## Obertauern sports centre

Obertauern has a sports centre (the *Sportzentrum Obertauern*) where visitors may play various sports. Facilities include: 2 tennis indoor courts, 3 squash courts, 1 badminton court, 3 fully automatic bowling alleys, a bodybuilding and fitness room with a cardio area, a multi-purpose hall as well as a billiards facility. There is also a big vitality centre (600 square metres) and sports medical advice is available. In earlier times, famous sportsmen like Hermann Maier and Michael Walchhofer trained in this centre between races. Heinz Schilchegger, a world-class skier, is also from Obertauern.

## Flora and fauna

Obertauern is also popular with scientists and friends of nature. In this region you can find the rare red-breasted bluethroat.

47°15′02″N 13°33′19″E / 47.2505°N 13.5552°E / 47.2505; 13.5552


title: Obert Mpofu

abstract: Obert Moses Mpofu is a Zimbabwean politician, who served as Minister of Home Affairs from 2017 to September 2018. Previously he was Minister of Macro-Economic Planning and Investment Promotion; Minister of Industry and International Trade; Minister of Mines and Mining Development; and Minister of Transport and Infrastructure Development. The Cabinet of Zimbabwe was later dissolved on 27 November 2017. He was reappointed as Minister of Home Affairs in Mnangagwa's first cabinet on 30 November 2017. The Culture portfolio was added to his ministry. Mpofu was later removed from the Zimbabwe cabinet in September 2018.

text:
# Obert Mpofu

**Obert Moses Mpofu** is a Zimbabwean politician, who served as Minister of Home Affairs from 2017 to September 2018. Previously he was Minister of Macro-Economic Planning and Investment Promotion; Minister of Industry and International Trade; Minister of Mines and Mining Development; and Minister of Transport and Infrastructure Development. The Cabinet of Zimbabwe was later dissolved on 27 November 2017. He was reappointed as Minister of Home Affairs in Mnangagwa's first cabinet on 30 November 2017. The Culture portfolio was added to his ministry. Mpofu was later removed from the Zimbabwe cabinet in September 2018.

## Political career

Mpofu, previously the Governor of Matabeleland North Province, was appointed as Minister of Industry and International Trade in mid-April 2005, following the March 2005 parliamentary election. He was placed on the United States sanctions list in 2003.

At the beginning of 2014, Mpofu was reported to be seeking nomination from ZANU-PF’s Matabeleland North provincial leadership for the position of party Chairman. It was reported that his main rival for the position was the Speaker of the Zimbabwean Parliament, Jacob Mudenda. It is believed that Mpofu was one of the earliest ZPRA guerillas to be trained for the Zimbabwean Liberation War way back in the 1960s.

## Ministry of Industry and Trade

Mpofu masterminded the freeze of basic commodities in Zimbabwe in mid-2007. He was appointed by Robert Mugabe to lead the price monitoring regime that was created following the price-freeze. He withdrew operating licenses from abattoirs across the country during the price freeze, a situation that resulted in beef becoming scarce in shops across the country. In early 2008, he initiated the idea of 'people's shops' government run retail shops that would sell products cheaply.

## 2008 general election

Mpofu was nominated again as the ZANU-PF candidate for the House of Assembly seat from Umguza constituency in the March 2008 parliamentary election. Mpofu was initially endorsed as unopposed, but Mark Mbayiwa challenged this in court and was successful in getting Mpofu's unopposed endorsement overturned.

Campaigning in Umguza, Mpofu singled out Simba Makoni as an agent of western imperialism.

Mpofu won the seat, receiving 7,065 votes and defeating two candidates of the two Movement for Democratic Change factions, Cornelius Mbayiwa (MDC-T) and Edmund Masuku (MDC-M), who respectively received 2,846 and 2,120 votes. He also defeated Mark Mbayiwa, who ran as an independent and received 555 votes.

## Minister of Mines

When the ZANU-PF–MDC national unity government was sworn in on 13 February 2009, Mpofu became Minister of Mines.

## Minister of Transport and Infrastructure

Mpofu was appointed as Minister of Transport and Infrastructure in February 2014 and served until 2015.

## Minister of Macro-Economic Planning and Investment Promotion

Mpofu was Minister of Macro-Economic Planning and Investment Promotion from 2015 until 2017.

## Minister of Home Affairs

Following the dissolution of the Cabinet of Zimbabwe in 2017, it was announced that Robert Mugabe's successor Emmerson Mnangagwa had allowed only Patrick Chinamasa and Simbarashe Mumbengegwi to remain as acting ministers of Finance and Foreign Affairs respectively until the appointment of a new cabinet. However, Mpofu was appointed as Minister of Home Affairs and Culture in the new cabinet. Mpofu was later removed from the Mnangagwa Cabinet in September 2018.

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableObert MpofuMP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister of Home Affairs and Culture | |
| **In office**
30 November 2017  11 September 2018 | |
| President | Emmerson Mnangagwa |
| Minister of Home Affairs | |
| **In office**
9 October 2017  27 November 2017 | |
| President | Robert Mugabe |
| Preceded by | Ignatius Chombo |
| Minister of Macro-Economic Planning and Investment Promotion | |
| **In office**
11 September 2015  9 October 2017 | |
| President | Robert Mugabe |
| Preceded by | Elton Mangoma |
| Succeeded by | Simbarashe Mumbengegwi |
| Minister of Transport, Communication and Infrastructural Development | |
| **In office**
10 September 2013  11 September 2015 | |
| President | Robert Mugabe |
| Preceded by | Nicholas Goche |
| Succeeded by | Joram Gumbo |
| Minister of Mines and Mining Development | |
| **In office**
13 February 2009  10 September 2013 | |
| President | Robert Mugabe |
| Prime Minister | Morgan Tsvangirai |
| Preceded by | Amos Midzi |
| Succeeded by | Walter Chidhakwa |
| Minister of Industry and International Trade | |
| **In office**
April 2005  13 February 2009 | |
| President | Robert Mugabe |
| Succeeded by | Welshman Ncube |
| Governor of Matabeleland North | |
| **In office**
2000–2005 | |
| Preceded by | Welshman Mabhena |
| Succeeded by | Sithokozile Mathuthu |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1951-10-12) 12 October 1951
Southern Rhodesia |
| Political party | ZANU-PF |
| Children | Bukhosie Mkhokheli |
|  | |


title: O Du people

abstract: The Ơ Đu (O'du) are an aboriginal ethnic group in Vietnam and Laos. Their total population is more than 570.

text:
# O Du people

The **Ơ Đu** (**O'du**) are an aboriginal ethnic group in Vietnam and Laos. Their total population is more than 570.

## Name variation

The Ơ Đu are also commonly referred to as O'Du, O Du, Iduh, Tay Hat, Hat, and Haat.

## Culture

The Ơ Đu subsist mainly on slash-and-burn agriculture and raising cattle, augmented by hunting, gathering, and weaving.

## Language

The Ơ Đu have a language also called *O'du*, which is a Khmuic language. The Khmuic languages are Austro-Asiatic. There is some debate as to whether the Khmuic languages are of the Mon–Khmer branch, but the majority opinion is that they are not. Most Ơ Đu presently speak Thai.

## Geographic distribution

## InfoBox

O Du
| Total population | |
| --- | --- |
| 570 (est.) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Vietnam 428 (2019)<br>Laos | |
| Languages | |
| O’du, • VietnameseLao | |
| Religion | |
| AnimismChristianity | |


title: OBI (retail chain)

abstract: OBI GmbH & Co. Deutschland KG is a German multinational home improvement supplies retailing company. It is headquartered in Wermelskirchen and operates 668 stores in Europe, of which 351 are in Germany.

text:
# OBI (retail chain)

**OBI GmbH & Co. Deutschland KG** is a German multinational home improvement supplies retailing company. It is headquartered in Wermelskirchen and operates 668 stores in Europe, of which 351 are in Germany.

## History

Obi was founded in 1970 by Emil Lux, Manfred Maus and Klaus Birker with the opening of the first Obi store in the Alstertal shopping center in Hamburg-Poppenbüttel.

In 1985 the Tengelmann Group acquired a majority stake in Obi. The share was increased in 2007 by buying the shares of the Lux founding family.

Obi has been present in Switzerland since 1999, in partnership with the Migros cooperative.

It formerly had operated 13 stores in mainland China but these were sold to B&Q in 2005.

The company expanded in Romania in 2008, where it opened 7 stores until 2010. Due to the economic crisis and the small market share, the company decided in 2014 to close the stores, 5 of which were sold to Jumbo. Also in 2008 the company opened the first 2 stores in Ukraine, followed in 2009 by a third store. They closed in 2013.

In 2015, Obi took over 68 stores from bankrupt Baumax, 48 of which are located in Austria, 14 stores in Slovakia, two stores in Slovenia, and four locations in Czechia.

In March 2022, Obi closed all operations in Russia due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

On April 27, 2022, the chain's stores began to resume work in Russia. The retailer sold its business to a Russian investor. The businessman Josef Liokumovich became the new owner. According to him, he acquired the Russian business of OBI for a symbolic price of 600 rubles (10 USD).

On December 9, 2022, one of OBI's Russian stores burnt down due to a chemical explosion, resulting in at least one fatality.

## Operations

| **Country** | **First store** | **Number of stores** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Germany | 1970 | 351 |
| Italy | 1993 | 55 |
| Austria | 1995 | 82 |
| Poland | 1998 | 61 |
| Czech Republic | 1995 | 33 |
| Hungary | 1994 | 29 |
| Russia | 2003 | 27 |
| Slovakia | 2008 | 14 |
| Slovenia | 1998 | 8 |
| Switzerland (owned by Migros) | 1999 | 10 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (owned by Solomaher) | 2003 | 1 |

## InfoBox

OBI Bau- und Heimwerkermärkte GmbH & Co. Franchise Center KG
|
|  |
| Trade name | OBI Bau- und Heimwerkermärkte |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Home improvement
DIY store |
| Founded | 1970 (1970) in Hamburg-Poppenbüttel, Germany |
| Founders | Dr. Emil Lux
Manfred Maus |
| Headquarters | Wermelskirchen, Germany |
| Number of locations | 668 (2018) |
| Areas served | * Germany * Italy * Austria * Hungary * Czech Republic * Poland * Russia * Slovakia * Slovenia * Switzerland * Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Key people | Sebastian Gundel, CEO |
| Revenue | 7.7 billion (2018) |
| Number of employees | 42,000 (2015) |
| Parent | Tengelmann Group |
| Website | www.obi.de |


title: Oberea artocarpi

abstract: Oberea artocarpi is a species of flat-faced longhorn beetle in the tribe Saperdini in the genus Oberea, discovered by Gardner in 1941.

text:
# Oberea artocarpi

***Oberea artocarpi*** is a species of flat-faced longhorn beetle in the tribe Saperdini in the genus *Oberea*, discovered by Gardner in 1941.

## InfoBox

| *Oberea artocarpi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Oberea* |
| Species: | ***O. artocarpi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oberea artocarpi***<br>Gardner, 1941 | |
|


title: Object–role modeling

abstract: Object–role modeling (ORM) is used to model the semantics of a universe of discourse. ORM is often used for data modeling and software engineering. An object–role model uses graphical symbols that are based on first order predicate logic and set theory to enable the modeler to create an unambiguous definition of an arbitrary universe of discourse. Attribute free, the predicates of an ORM Model lend themselves to the analysis and design of graph database models in as much as ORM was originally conceived to benefit relational database design. The term "object–role model" was coined in the 1970s and ORM based tools have been used for more than 30 years – principally for data modeling. More recently ORM has been used to model business rules, XML-Schemas, data warehouses, requirements engineering and web forms.

text:
# Object–role modeling

**Object–role modeling** (**ORM**) is used to model the semantics of a universe of discourse. ORM is often used for data modeling and software engineering.

An object–role model uses graphical symbols that are based on first order predicate logic and set theory to enable the modeler to create an unambiguous definition of an arbitrary universe of discourse. Attribute free, the predicates of an ORM Model lend themselves to the analysis and design of graph database models in as much as ORM was originally conceived to benefit relational database design.

The term "object–role model" was coined in the 1970s and ORM based tools have been used for more than 30 years – principally for data modeling. More recently ORM has been used to model business rules, XML-Schemas, data warehouses, requirements engineering and web forms.

## History

The roots of ORM can be traced to research into semantic modeling for information systems in Europe during the 1970s. There were many pioneers and this short summary does not by any means mention them all. An early contribution came in 1973 when Michael Senko wrote about "data structuring" in the IBM Systems Journal. In 1974 Jean-Raymond Abrial contributed an article about "Data Semantics". In June 1975, Eckhard Falkenberg's doctoral thesis was published and in 1976 one of Falkenberg's papers mentions the term "object–role model".

G.M. Nijssen made fundamental contributions by introducing the "circle-box" notation for object types and roles, and by formulating the first version of the conceptual schema design procedure. Robert Meersman extended the approach by adding subtyping, and introducing the first truly conceptual query language.

Object role modeling also evolved from the *Natural language Information Analysis Method*, a methodology that was initially developed by the academic researcher, G.M. Nijssen in the Netherlands (Europe) in the mid-1970s and his research team at the Control Data Corporation Research Laboratory in Belgium, and later at the University of Queensland, Australia in the 1980s. The acronym **NIAM** originally stood for "Nijssen's Information Analysis Methodology", and later generalised to "Natural language Information Analysis Methodology" and *Binary Relationship Modeling* since G. M. Nijssen was only one of many people involved in the development of the method.

In 1989, Terry Halpin completed his PhD thesis on ORM, providing the first full formalization of the approach and incorporating several extensions.

Also in 1989, Terry Halpin and G.M. Nijssen co-authored the book "Conceptual Schema and Relational Database Design" and several joint papers, providing the first formalization of object–role modeling.

A graphical NIAM design tool which included the ability to generate database-creation scripts for Oracle, DB2 and DBQ was developed in the early 1990s in Paris. It was originally named Genesys and was marketed successfully in France and later Canada. It could also handle ER diagram design. It was ported to SCO Unix, SunOs, DEC 3151's and Windows 3.0 platforms, and was later migrated to succeeding Microsoft operating systems, utilising XVT for cross operating system graphical portability. The tool was renamed OORIANE and is currently being used for large data warehouse and SOA projects.

Also evolving from NIAM is "*Fully Communication Oriented Information Modeling*" FCO-IM (1992). It distinguishes itself from traditional ORM in that it takes a strict communication-oriented perspective. Rather than attempting to model the domain and its essential concepts, it models the communication in this domain (universe of discourse). Another important difference is that it does this on instance level, deriving type level and object/fact level during analysis.

Another recent development is the use of ORM in combination with standardised relation types with associated roles and a standard machine-readable dictionary and taxonomy of concepts as are provided in the Gellish English dictionary. Standardisation of relation types (fact types), roles and concepts enables increased possibilities for model integration and model reuse.

## Concepts

### Facts

Object–role models are based on elementary facts, and expressed in diagrams that can be verbalised into natural language. A fact is a proposition such as "John Smith was hired on 5 January 1995" or "Mary Jones was hired on 3 March 2010".

With ORM, propositions such as these, are abstracted into "fact types" for example "Person was hired on Date" and the individual propositions are regarded as sample data. The difference between a "fact" and an "elementary fact" is that an elementary fact cannot be simplified without loss of meaning. This "fact-based" approach facilitates modeling, transforming, and querying information from any domain.

### Attribute-free

ORM is attribute-free: unlike models in the entity–relationship (ER) and Unified Modeling Language (UML) methods, ORM treats all elementary facts as relationships and so treats decisions for grouping facts into structures (e.g. attribute-based entity types, classes, relation schemes, XML schemas) as implementation concerns irrelevant to semantics. By avoiding attributes, ORM improves semantic stability and enables verbalization into natural language.

### Fact-based modeling

Fact-based modeling includes procedures for mapping facts to attribute-based structures, such as those of ER or UML.

Fact-based textual representations are based on formal subsets of native languages. ORM proponents argue that ORM models are easier to understand by people without a technical education. For example, proponents argue that object–role models are easier to understand than declarative languages such as Object Constraint Language (OCL) and other graphical languages such as UML class models. Fact-based graphical notations are more expressive than those of ER and UML. An object–role model can be automatically mapped to relational and deductive databases (such as datalog).

### ORM 2 graphical notation

ORM2 is the latest generation of object–role modeling. The main objectives for the ORM 2 graphical notation are:

* More compact display of ORM models without compromising clarity
* Improved internationalization (e.g. avoid English language symbols)
* Simplified drawing rules to facilitate creation of a graphical editor
* Extended use of views for selectively displaying/suppressing detail
* Support for new features (e.g. role path delineation, closure aspects, modalities)

### Design procedure

System development typically involves several stages such as: feasibility study; requirements analysis; conceptual design of data and operations; logical design; external design; prototyping; internal design and implementation; testing and validation; and maintenance. The seven steps of the conceptual schema design procedure are:

1. Transform familiar information examples into elementary facts, and apply quality checks
2. Draw the fact types, and apply a population check
3. Check for entity types that should be combined, and note any arithmetic derivations
4. Add uniqueness constraints, and check arity of fact types
5. Add mandatory role constraints, and check for logical derivations
6. Add value, set comparison and subtyping constraints
7. Add other constraints and perform final checks

ORM's conceptual schema design procedure (CSDP) focuses on the analysis and design of data.

## Further reading


title: Oberwil-Lieli

abstract: Oberwil-Lieli is a municipality in the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

text:
# Oberwil-Lieli

**Oberwil-Lieli** is a municipality in the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## History

During the Roman era the municipal area was lightly settled. On the site of the current church there was a Roman farm. The ruins of an Alemanni settlement was also discovered in the municipality.

Oberwil-Lieli is first mentioned in 1040 as *Willare* in a land grant to Einsiedeln Abbey. During the 12th century, Engelberg and Muri Abbey were also given grants in the village. The rights to high and low justice were held by the Counts of Habsburg-Laufenburg. Their rights came in the 14th century to the lords of Schönenwerd and the knight Heinrich Biber, but in 1352 they went to the Family Stagel of Zurich. In 1429, the sovereign rights were granted to Bremgarten. After 1415 Oberwil was under the high justice of the city of Zurich.

The *Kollatur* (first mentioned in 1186) went out from under the authority of Engelberg Abbey in 1303 to the hospital at Konstanz and in 1527 was sold to Bremgarten. The parish church of St. Michael (church tower from the 11th century) was destroyed in 1445 and 1656. The present building dates from 1672 to 1673.

After the decline of the vineyards from 1860 onwards the population declined until 1960. Since then the number of new residential neighborhoods has increased steadily. The residential areas are oriented toward Zurich and since 2006 they follow the A4 motorway. The Oberwil municipality united in 1908 with Lieli to form Oberwil. Since 1984, it has been called Oberwil-Lieli.

## Geography

Oberwil-Lieli has an area of 5.4 square kilometers (2.1 sq mi). Of this area, 57.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 26.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 14.9% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (0.2%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes).

The municipality is located in the Bremgarten district on a terrasse in the Reuss river valley. It is on the edge of the former, historical *Kelleramt* district. It consists of the villages of Oberwil and Lieli.

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Argent a Pear Tree eradicated Vert fructed Or and Coupeaux of the second*. The pear tree on the flag of Oberwil-Lieli is from the *Holzbirrliberg*, a mountain where the village is located.

## Demographics

Oberwil-Lieli has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 2,501. As of 2008, 8.2% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 23.4%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (95.1%), with Italian being second most common ( 1.1%) and English being third ( 1.0%).

The age distribution, as of 2008, in Oberwil-Lieli is; 231 children or 11.1% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 213 teenagers or 10.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 188 people or 9.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 273 people or 13.1% are between 30 and 39, 411 people or 19.7% are between 40 and 49, and 307 people or 14.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 271 people or 13.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 143 people or 6.9% are between 70 and 79, there are 41 people or 2.0% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 6 people or 0.3% who are 90 and older.

As of 2000 the average number of residents per living room was 0.52 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 (43 sq ft) as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 67% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement). As of 2000, there were 60 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 242 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 368 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. The average number of people per household was 2.45 individuals. In 2008 there were 407 single family homes (or 44% of the total) out of a total of 917 homes and apartments. There were a total of 8 empty apartments for a 0.9% vacancy rate. As of 2007, the construction rate of new housing units was 14.6 new units per 1000 residents.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 38.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (17.8%), the SP (15.6%) and the CVP (12.5%).

In Oberwil-Lieli about 86% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the school age population (in the 2008/2009 school year), there are 175 students attending primary school, there are 16 students attending secondary school in the municipality.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1850 | 544 |  |
| 1900 | 468 | −14.0% |
| 1910 | 637 | +36.1% |
| 1950 | 605 | −5.0% |
| 2000 | 1,729 | +185.8% |

## Economy

As of  2007, Oberwil-Lieli had an unemployment rate of 1.4%. As of 2005, there were 88 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 23 businesses involved in this sector. 44 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 16 businesses in this sector. 177 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 71 businesses in this sector.

As of 2000 there was a total of 975 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 768 or about 78.8% of the residents worked outside Oberwil-Lieli while 84 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 291 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 18.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 53.2% used a private car.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 725 or 41.9% were Roman Catholic, while 663 or 38.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 individual who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith.

## Education

Schulhaus Falter serves children living in Oberwil-Lieli.

Nearby secondary schools:

## Politics

In 2015, the mayor of Oberwil-Lieli at that time, Andreas Glarner, announced that the village would not agree to house its allocation of 10 asylum seekers and instead pay a CHF 290,000 annual compensation. He said that it was not clear if the asylum seekers would be refugees from Syria or economic migrants, as the majority of asylum seekers in Switzerland were from Eritrea. After intense debate, the village accepted to host a family of Syrian refugees and paid a donation of CHF 50,000 to a private organization helping refugees in Greece and Turkey.

1. "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
2. "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
3. *Oberwil-Lieli* in German, French and Italian in the online *Historical Dictionary of Switzerland*.
4. Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 1 March 2010
5. Flags of the World.com accessed 1 March 2010
6. "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". *bfs.admin.ch* (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
7. Statistical Department of Canton Aargau -Bereich 01 -Bevölkerung (in German) accessed 20 January 2010
8. Statistical Department of Canton Aargau -Bevölkerungsdaten für den Kanton Aargau und die Gemeinden (Archiv) (in German) accessed 20 January 2010
9. Eurostat. "Housing (SA1)". *Urban Audit Glossary* (PDF). 2007. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
10. Urban Audit Glossary pg 17
11. Statistical Department of Canton Aargau – Aargauer Zahlen 2009 (in German) accessed 20 January 2010
12. Statistical Department of Canton Aargau (in German) accessed 20 January 2010
13. Statistical Department of Canton Aargau-Bereich 11 Verkehr und Nachrichtenwesen (in German) accessed 21 January 2010
14. "Schulen." Oberwil-Lieli. Retrieved on 30 May 2016.
15. "A Swiss village has banned refugees, and decided to pay a £200,000 fine instead". *The Independent*.
16. "Swiss village that refused refugees has change of heart". *thelocal.ch*. 28 November 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2021.

## InfoBox

| Oberwil-Lieli | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Oberwil-Lieli | |
| Oberwil-LieliOberwil-Lieli | |
| Coordinates: 47°20′N 8°24′E / 47.333°N 8.400°E / 47.333; 8.400 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Aargau |
| District | Bremgarten |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.35 km2 (2.07 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 530 m (1,740 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 2,416 |
| Density | 450/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 8966 |
| SFOS number | 4074 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-AG |
| Surrounded by | Aesch bei Birmensdorf (ZH), Arni, Berikon, Birmensdorf (ZH), Unterlunkhofen, Zufikon |
| Website | oberwil-lieli.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Martic Township, Pennsylvania

abstract: Martic Township is a township in southwestern Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 5,237. Martic Township was organized in 1729. It borders Conestoga, Providence, Pequea and Drumore townships.

text:
# Martic Township, Pennsylvania

**Martic Township** is a township in southwestern Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 5,237. Martic Township was organized in 1729. It borders Conestoga, Providence, Pequea and Drumore townships.

## History

The Baumgardner's Mill Covered Bridge, Duncan Island (36LA60,61), and Shenks Ferry Site (36LA2) are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 32.7 square miles (84.7 km2), of which 29.0 square miles (75.2 km2) are land and 3.7 square miles (9.6 km2), or 11.28%, are water. Pequea Creek runs through the township and is home to the Baumgardener's Covered Bridge. Unincorporated communities in the township include Marticville, Pequea, Mt. Nebo, Rawlinsville, Erbs Mill, Drytown, Bethesda, Holtwood, and part of Martic Forge.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 4,990 |  |  |
| 2010 | 5,190 |  | 4.0% |
| 2020 | 5,237 |  | 0.9% |
| 2021 (est.) | 5,203 |  | −0.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

At the 2000 census there were 4,990 people, 1,713 households, and 1,365 families living in the township. The population density was 172.0 inhabitants per square mile (66.4/km2). There were 1,789 housing units at an average density of 61.7 units per square mile (23.8 units/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.32% White, 0.48% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.20% from other races, and 0.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.36%.

There were 1,713 households, 40.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.9% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.3% were non-families. 15.6% of households were made up of individuals, and 4.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.25.

The age distribution was 30.2% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.6 males.

The median household income was $52,106 and the median family income was $56,185. Males had a median income of $40,366 versus $24,853 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,151. About 1.5% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.9% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.

39°53′00″N 76°19′00″W / 39.88333°N 76.31667°W / 39.88333; -76.31667

## InfoBox

| Martic Township, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Baumgardener's Covered Bridge in Martic Township | |
| Map of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania highlighting Martic Township | |
| Map of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Lancaster |
| Settled | 1691 |
| Incorporated | 1729 |
| Government | |
| Type | Board of Supervisors |
| Area | |
| Total | 32.62 sq mi (84.49 km2) |
| Land | 29.03 sq mi (75.20 km2) |
| Water | 3.59 sq mi (9.29 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 5,237 |
| Estimate (2021) | 5,203 |
| Density | 179.07/sq mi (69.14/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 717 |
| FIPS code | 42-071-47824 |
| Website | www.martictownship.com |


title: Optimization Systems Associates

abstract: Optimization Systems Associates (OSA) was founded by John Bandler in 1983. OSA produced the first commercial implementation of space mapping optimization to enhance the speed and accuracy of engineering design. OSA’s primary thrust was in computer-aided design (CAD) and simulation and optimization of radio-frequency and microwave circuits and systems. Its products included developments of Bandler's space mapping concept and methodology, which facilitates effective modeling and design optimization of computationally intensive engineering systems.

text:
# Optimization Systems Associates

**Optimization Systems Associates** (OSA) was founded by John Bandler in 1983. OSA produced the first commercial implementation of space mapping optimization to enhance the speed and accuracy of engineering design. OSA’s primary thrust was in computer-aided design (CAD) and simulation and optimization of radio-frequency and microwave circuits and systems. Its products included developments of Bandler's space mapping concept and methodology, which facilitates effective modeling and design optimization of computationally intensive engineering systems.

## History

Bandler founded OSA in 1983 to commercialize optimization methodology and algorithms which he and his colleagues had developed. OSA's first major project was the reengineering of key software for simulation and optimization of waveguide multiplexers for satellite communications under contract to COM DEV International.

In the 1980s OSA contributed optimization methodology and algorithms to EEsof’s early microwave CAD software Touchstone and Libra, and then reengineered Compact Software’s principal software products SuperCompact and Microwave Harmonica.

OSA implemented a yield-driven CAD and optimization capability for Raytheon Research Division in 1985. OSA was then subcontracted by Compact Software Inc. as part of the Raytheon/Texas Instruments Joint Venture MIMIC Program within the U.S. Department of Defense. Intended contributions included optimal design centering, enhanced circuit optimization with tolerances, and enhanced wafer/chip yield in a CAE environment.

When Hewlett-Packard Company (HP) acquired OSA in 1997, the company became part of HP EEsof.

Other users of OSA's technology included Siemens, Hughes Aircraft, TRW, Raytheon, Texas Instruments and British Telecom.

## Products

OSA introduced the software product RoMPE in 1988. Subsequent software products included HarPE, which was introduced in 1989, OSA90 and OSA90/hope in 1991, Empipe in 1992, Empipe3D and EmpipeExpress 1996. OSA created "empath" in 1996, which was marketed by Sonnet Software, Inc.

OSA's new Geometry Capture technique allowed it to link its software directly to the premier electromagnetic simulators marketed by HP (now Keysight and PathWave Design), Ansoft (now Ansys) and Sonnet Software. The Empipe family became the framework for HFSS Designer and Momentum Optimization after HP acquired OSA.

OSA products which have been used by engineers during the implementation of design optimization include OSA90, OSA90/hope and Empipe.

Technical details of OSA's product line in 1996 are available.

1. Osacad.com The homepage for Optimization Systems Associates, archived in 1996 by The Wayback Machine.
2. Executive product summaries of Optimization Systems Associates, archived in 1997 by the Wayback Machine.
3. Simulation Optimization Systems Research Laboratory
4. Bandler Corporation
5. Sonnet Software
6. Optimization Systems Associates

'


title: Peripheral edema

abstract: Peripheral edema is edema in tissues perfused by the peripheral vascular system, usually in the lower limbs. In the most dependent parts of the body, it may be called dependent edema.

text:
# Peripheral edema

**Peripheral edema** is edema (accumulation of fluid causing swelling) in tissues perfused by the peripheral vascular system, usually in the lower limbs. In the most dependent parts of the body (those hanging distally), it may be called dependent edema.

## Cause

The condition is commonly associated with vascular and cardiac changes associated with aging but can be caused by many other conditions, including congestive heart failure, kidney failure, liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, trauma, alcoholism, altitude sickness, pregnancy, hypertension, sickle cell anemia, a compromised lymphatic system or merely long periods of time sitting or standing without moving. Some medicines (e.g. amlodipine, pregabalin) may also cause or worsen the condition.

## Prognosis

Successful treatment depends on control of the underlying cause. Severe swelling can cause permanent damage to nerves, resulting in peripheral neuropathy. Many cases from temporary or minor causes resolve on their own, with no lasting damage.

## InfoBox

| Peripheral edema | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Peripheral oedema, dependent edema |
|  | |
| Leg edema | |


title: Pediatric Nursing (journal)

abstract: Pediatric Nursing is a peer-reviewed nursing journal published bimonthly by Jannetti Publications, Inc. Its focus is professional pediatric nursing in clinical practice, education, research, and administration. The editor in chief is Judy A. Rollins. The journal sponsors the Annual Pediatric Nursing Conference.

text:
# Pediatric Nursing (journal)

***Pediatric Nursing*** is a peer-reviewed nursing journal published bimonthly by Jannetti Publications, Inc. Its focus is professional pediatric nursing in clinical practice, education, research, and administration. The editor in chief is Judy A. Rollins. The journal sponsors the Annual *Pediatric Nursing* Conference.

## InfoBox

*Pediatric Nursing*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Pediatrics, nursing |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Judy A. Rollins |
| Publication details | |
| Publisher | Jannetti Publications, Inc. (United States) |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Pediatr. Nurs.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| CODEN | PENUEI |
| ISSN | 0097-9805
 |
| OCLC no. | 39841876 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Marolles-sur-Seine

abstract: Marolles-sur-Seine is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.

text:
# Marolles-sur-Seine

**Marolles-sur-Seine** (French pronunciation: \[maʁɔl syʁ sɛn\] , literally *Marolles on Seine*) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.

## Demographics

Inhabitants are called *Marollais*.

## InfoBox

| Marolles-sur-Seine | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Marolles-sur-Seine | |
|  | |
| Location of Marolles-sur-Seine | |
| Marolles-sur-SeineMarolles-sur-Seine | |
| Coordinates: 48°23′07″N 3°01′55″E / 48.3853°N 3.0319°E / 48.3853; 3.0319 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Île-de-France |
| Department | Seine-et-Marne |
| Arrondissement | Provins |
| Canton | Montereau-Fault-Yonne |
| Intercommunality | CC Pays de Montereau |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Julien Poireau |
| Area**1** | 20.19 km2 (7.80 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,812 |
| Density | 90/km2 (230/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 77279 /77130 |
| Elevation | 46–70 m (151–230 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Michael Hissmann

abstract: Michael Hissmann was a German philosopher, an advocate of French sensualism, and a radical materialist who translated Condillac, Charles de Brosses, and Joseph Priestley into German. Hissmann studied philosophy at Erlangen and Göttingen. From 1778 to 1783 he edited the Magazin für die Philosophie und ihre Geschichte. He became an extraordinary professor at Göttingen in 1782, and a full professor in 1784.

text:
# Michael Hissmann

**Michael Hissmann** (1752, Hermannstadt – 1784, Göttingen) was a German philosopher, an advocate of French sensualism, and a radical materialist who translated Condillac, Charles de Brosses, and Joseph Priestley into German.

Hissmann studied philosophy at Erlangen and Göttingen. From 1778 to 1783 he edited the *Magazin für die Philosophie und ihre Geschichte*. He became an extraordinary professor at Göttingen in 1782, and a full professor in 1784.

## Selected works

* *De Infinito*, 1776
* *Geschichte der Lehre von der Association der Ideen*, 1776.
* *Psychologische Versuche, ein Beytrag zur esoterischen Logik*, 1777.
* *Anleitung zur Kenntniß der auserlesenen Literatur in allen Theilen der Philosophie*, 1778.
* *Briefe über Gegenstände der Philosophie*, 1778.
* *Magazin für die Philosophie und ihre Geschichte*, 6 volumes, 1778–83.
* *Untersuchungen über den Stand der Natur*, 1780.
* *Vesuch über das Leben des Freyhernn von Leibnitz*, 1783.
* *Ausgewählte Schriften*, edited by Udo Roth und Gideon Stiening, Berlin 2013.


title: Saluda Factory Historic District

abstract: Saluda Factory Historic District is a national historic district located at West Columbia, Lexington County, South Carolina. It encompasses three contributing sites associated with the development of the area along the Saluda River; Saluda Factory, Camp Sorghum and old State Road. The Saluda Factory ruins consist of the granite foundation and sluices from a textile mill that operated on the river between the years 1834 and 1884. The Camp Sorghum site was the site of a Confederate prison camp. It held 1,300 Union soldiers, who were confined there from the autumn of 1864 to February 1865, and subsequently transferred to Charlotte, North Carolina. The old State Road, originally the Cherokee Path, bounded Saluda Factory and Camp Sorghum on the east. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

text:
# Saluda Factory Historic District

**Saluda Factory Historic District** is a national historic district located at West Columbia, Lexington County, South Carolina. It encompasses three contributing sites associated with the development of the area along the Saluda River; Saluda Factory, Camp Sorghum and old State Road. The Saluda Factory ruins consist of the granite foundation and sluices from a textile mill that operated on the river between the years 1834 and 1884. The Camp Sorghum site was the site of a Confederate prison camp. It held 1,300 Union soldiers, who were confined there from the autumn of 1864 to February 1865, and subsequently transferred to Charlotte, North Carolina. The old State Road, originally the Cherokee Path, bounded Saluda Factory and Camp Sorghum on the east.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Saluda Factory Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Along Saluda River SE of jct. of I 126 and I 26, West Columbia, South Carolina |
| Coordinates | 34°00′29.16″N 81°5′7.584″W / 34.0081000°N 81.08544000°W / 34.0081000; -81.08544000 |
| Area | 110 acres (45 ha) |
| NRHP reference No. | 73001718 |
| Added to NRHP | May 25, 1973 |


title: Horizontes da Memória

abstract: Horizontes da Memória was a Portuguese historical documentary television series about the History of Portugal. As of 2023, it airs on RTP Memória.

text:
# Horizontes da Memória

**Horizontes da Memória** (lit. *Horizons of Memory*) was a Portuguese historical documentary television series about the History of Portugal. As of 2023, it airs on RTP Memória.

## InfoBox

| *Horizontes da Memória* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Historical documentary |
| Created by | José Hermano Saraiva |
| Presented by | José Hermano Saraiva |
| Production | |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | RTP |


title: Horsfieldia pandurifolia

abstract: Horsfieldia pandurifolia is a species of plant in the family Myristicaceae. It is endemic to China. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Horsfieldia pandurifolia

***Horsfieldia pandurifolia*** is a species of plant in the family Myristicaceae. It is endemic to China. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Horsfieldia pandurifolia* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Magnoliales |
| Family: | Myristicaceae |
| Genus: | *Horsfieldia* |
| Species: | ***H. pandurifolia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Horsfieldia pandurifolia***
Hu | |
|


title: Horsfieldia sterilis

abstract: Horsfieldia sterilis is a species of plant in the family Myristicaceae. It is endemic to Borneo where it is confined to Sabah.

text:
# Horsfieldia sterilis

***Horsfieldia sterilis*** is a species of plant in the family Myristicaceae. It is endemic to Borneo where it is confined to Sabah.

## InfoBox

| *Horsfieldia sterilis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Magnoliales |
| Family: | Myristicaceae |
| Genus: | *Horsfieldia* |
| Species: | ***H. sterilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Horsfieldia sterilis***
W.J.de Wilde | |
|


title: Hospital Nacional Simão Mendes

abstract: Hospital Nacional Simão Mendes is a hospital in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. It is situated next to the cemetery. It is named after António Simões Mendes (1930–1966), a nurse born in Canchungo who treated PAICG fighters during the War of Independence, was jailed by PIDE in 1961 and killed in a Portuguese Air Force raid in February 1966. As of 1998, the hospital contained the only paediatric ward in the country. In 2009–2011, it underwent significant redevelopment. In 2011, it contained 417 beds and offered 21 specialisations, of which the maternity ward, pediatrics, ophtalmology, radiology and the laboratory were the most sought after. At the time it had 41 doctors and 82 nurses. On 20 October 2016, a factory for medicinal oxygen was inaugurated on the hospital site. At the end of 2018, the hospital had more than 500 beds, and one doctor was specialised in cardiology. The Paediatric Ward had 158 beds and counted with 9 doctors and 40 nurses.

text:
# Hospital Nacional Simão Mendes

**Hospital Nacional Simão Mendes** is a hospital in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. It is situated next to the cemetery. It is named after António Simões Mendes (1930–1966), a nurse born in Canchungo who treated PAICG fighters during the War of Independence, was jailed by PIDE in 1961 and killed in a Portuguese Air Force raid in February 1966. As of 1998, the hospital contained the only paediatric ward in the country. In 2009–2011, it underwent significant redevelopment. In 2011, it contained 417 beds and offered 21 specialisations, of which the maternity ward, pediatrics, ophtalmology, radiology and the laboratory were the most sought after. At the time it had 41 doctors and 82 nurses. On 20 October 2016, a factory for medicinal oxygen was inaugurated on the hospital site. At the end of 2018, the hospital had more than 500 beds, and one doctor was specialised in cardiology. The Paediatric Ward had 158 beds and counted with 9 doctors and 40 nurses.

## InfoBox

| Hospital Nacional Simão Mendes | |
| --- | --- |
| National hospital Simão Mendes, 2020 | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Bissau, Guinea-Bissau |
| Coordinates | 11°51′51″N 15°34′48″W / 11.86417°N 15.58000°W / 11.86417; -15.58000 |
| Organisation | |
| Type | National Hospital |
| Services | |
| Beds | more than 500 (2018) |
| Links | |
| Lists | Hospitals in Guinea-Bissau |


title: Hours of the Day

abstract: Hours of the Day is an outdoor memorial and sculpture commemorating correctional workers by Paul Raff Studios, installed in Toronto, Ontario. The work was unveiled in 2018.

text:
# Hours of the Day

***Hours of the Day*** is an outdoor memorial and sculpture commemorating correctional workers by Paul Raff Studios, installed in Toronto, Ontario. The work was unveiled in 2018.

## InfoBox

| Hours of the Day | |
| --- | --- |
| The sculpture in 2023 | |
|  | |
| Artist | Paul Raff Studios |
| Year | 2018 (2018) |
| Location | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Coordinates | 43°39′44″N 79°23′21.3″W / 43.66222°N 79.389250°W / 43.66222; -79.389250 |


title: Hornbeck Stone House

abstract: The Hornbeck Stone House is a historic home located on Whitfield Road near the hamlet of Kerhonkson, New York, United States, in the Town of Rochester in Ulster County, New York. It was built in two sections in the mid-18th century. Its appearance has been slightly altered since its construction, but it retains the integrity of its original design. In 1999 it and several outbuildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Hornbeck Stone House

The **Hornbeck Stone House** is a historic home located on Whitfield Road near the hamlet of Kerhonkson, New York, United States, in the Town of Rochester in Ulster County, New York. It was built in two sections in the mid-18th century.

Its appearance has been slightly altered since its construction, but it retains the integrity of its original design. In 1999 it and several outbuildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Building

The house is on an irregularly shaped 11.3-acre (4.6 ha) lot on the east side of Whitfield Road almost two miles (3.2 km) north of the US 209 highway. The lot is bisected by the North Peterskill, a tributary of Rondout Creek. It is wooded, giving way to small fields in surrounding areas. Other land in the area is used for farming or similar large residential lots, with the exception of the high ground of Whitfield Cemetery to the northeast.

There are four buildings on the property, a chicken coop, garage and shed in addition to the house. All besides the house are not considered contributing to its historic character. Its main block is a one-and-a-half-story five-bay rectangular stone structure topped by a steeply pitched gable roof pierced by two chimneys and three shed-roofed dormers. A small one-story wing projects from the south.

Full-width shed-roofed porches supported by wooden square pillars run the length of the west (front) elevation and the east. The main entrance is off-center, located on the second northern bay between two-over-two double-hung sash windows. A secondary entrance is located at the west corner of the south gable end. The shed dormers have a pair of eight-over-eight sash on the sides and a single one in the center.

## History

The house was built in two separate sections around 1750. The southern third came first; its intact exterior wall is still visible in the interior. When completed the house had one single shed dormer with three windows in the middle of the west elevation; late 20th-century renovations created the current configuration. The southernmost front window was once a third entryway.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Hornbeck Stone House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| West elevation, 2008 | |
|  | |
| Location | Kerhonkson, NY |
| Coordinates | 41°49′1″N 74°13′19″W / 41.81694°N 74.22194°W / 41.81694; -74.22194 |
| Area | 11.3 acres (4.6 ha) |
| Built | 1750 |
| MPS | Rochester MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 95000957 |
| Added to NRHP | August 10, 1995 |


title: Hornbek House

abstract: The Hornbek House, also known as the Adaline Hornbek Homestead, in Florissant, Colorado was built in 1878 for Adaline Hornbek, who established a ranch in the area to the west of Pike's Peak in the 1870s. The log house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as an example of an early homestead. It is an excellent example of homestead-era log construction, with unusual Greek Revival window trim on one wing. The property includes a number of outbuildings which were relocated to the site. The property was sold to the National Park Service in 1973 and is included in Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument. Adaline Hornbek was an early homesteader who established a substantial ranch in an area that had seen only subsistence farming.

text:
# Hornbek House

The **Hornbek House**, also known as the **Adaline Hornbek Homestead**, in Florissant, Colorado was built in 1878 for Adaline Hornbek, who established a ranch in the area to the west of Pike's Peak in the 1870s. The log house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as an example of an early homestead. It is an excellent example of homestead-era log construction, with unusual Greek Revival window trim on one wing. The property includes a number of outbuildings which were relocated to the site. The property was sold to the National Park Service in 1973 and is included in Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument.

Adaline Hornbek was an early homesteader who established a substantial ranch in an area that had seen only subsistence farming.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Hornbek House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, Teller County, Colorado, USA |
| Nearest city | Florissant, Colorado |
| Coordinates | 38°55′34″N 105°16′56″W / 38.92611°N 105.28222°W / 38.92611; -105.28222 |
| Built | 1878 |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 81000105 |
| Added to NRHP | December 08, 1981 |