title: Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway

abstract: The Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway, also called the Wuguang high-speed railway and short for Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong high-speed railway, Wuhan–Guangzhou section, is a 968-kilometre (601 mi) high-speed rail line, operated by China Railway High-speed (CRH), connecting Wuhan and Guangzhou, the provincial capitals of Hubei and Guangdong, respectively. It was the world's fastest train service, initially using coupled CRH2C and CRH3C trains which averages 313 km/h (194 mph) in non-stop commercial service. The line is part of the 2230-km long Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong high-speed railway. Since the railway line opened ten years ago, it has transported 500 million passengers and provided over 500000 train services.

text:
# Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway

| Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Simplified Chinese | 武广高速铁路 |
| Traditional Chinese | 武廣高速鐵路 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Wǔguǎng Gāosù Tiělù  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping mou5gwong2 gou1cuk1 tit3lou6 | |
| Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong HSR, WuhanGuangzhou section | |
| Simplified Chinese | 京广深港高速铁路武广段 |
| Traditional Chinese | 京廣深港高速鐵路武廣段 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Jīngguǎngshēngǎng gāosù tiělù Wǔ-Guǎng duàn  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping ging1gwong2sam1gong2 gou1cuk1 tit3lou6 mou5gwong2 dyun6 | |
|  | |

The **Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway**, also called the **Wuguang high-speed railway** and short for **Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong high-speed railway, Wuhan–Guangzhou section**, is a 968-kilometre (601 mi) high-speed rail line, operated by China Railway High-speed (CRH), connecting Wuhan and Guangzhou, the provincial capitals of Hubei and Guangdong, respectively. It was the world's fastest train service, initially using coupled CRH2C and CRH3C trains which averages 313 km/h (194 mph) in non-stop commercial service.

The line is part of the 2230-km long Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong high-speed railway. Since the railway line opened ten years ago, it has transported 500 million passengers and provided over 500000 train services.

## Rolling stock

When the line opened, the trains had a maximum in-service speed of 350 km/h (217 mph) according to Chinese sources. Each train consists of two eight-car electric multiple units coupled together to make a 16-car train. The passenger capacity of the train is about 1114 (CRH3C×2) or 1220 (CRH2C×2). The trains are based on technology developed by Siemens (China Railways CRH3) and Kawasaki (China Railways CRH2) modified to the standards of China Railway High-speed. The trains used on the line are manufactured in China.

On December 3, 2010, the new China Railways CRH380A trainset started serving this line.

## Commercial service

The first commercial trains left Wuhan and Guangzhou North at 9:00 am on December 26, 2009, and reached their destinations in three hours, compared with ten and a half hours for the previous service.

From December 28, 2009, until Guangzhou South Station was opened on January 30, 2010, 28 passenger train services run on the line daily each way. Of these 28 trains, two run between Wuhan and Changsha South, five run between Changsha South and Guangzhou North, and 21 run between Wuhan and Guangzhou North.

Nonstop trains, now cancelled, covered the 922 km (573 mi) long journey in a scheduled 02h57m (Southbound) or 02h58m (Northbound). This is an average speed of 313 km/h (194 mph) between stations. Before this line was opened, the fastest commercial train service between stations was the train run between Lorraine TGV and Champagne TGV in France, averaging 279 km/h (173 mph).

Guangzhou South Railway Station was opened on January 30, 2010, just before the Chinese New Year. Trains arrive at or depart from Guangzhou South instead of Guangzhou North since then. During the first 56 days in 2010, the railway transported 1.108 million people, or 43 thousand per day. The total ticket income was about ¥700 million, exceeding earlier predictions.

More trains have been added to the route since March 3, 2010.

On July 1, 2010, coupled trains were replaced by single trains, and service frequency was doubled – from two daily non-stop 03h08m-long services between Wuhan and Guangzhou to six daily 03h16m-long services with one stop in Changsha South – these services departed on the hour (i.e. 08:00, 14:00, 16:00).

On September 20, 2010, even more trains were added. There were then 75 trains in each direction on weekdays and 80 trains in each direction on weekends. The average train interval had been cut to 11 minutes. On October 1, 2010 during the National holidays, the railway line transported 118 thousand people in a single day.

In August 2011 the maximum speed of Chinese high-speed trains was reduced to 300 km/h (186 mph) following the Wenzhou train collision but was restored to 350 km/h (217 mph) in late 2017. In August 2011 the fastest trains between Wuhan and Guangzhou South, with one stop at Changsha South, had a scheduled trip time of 3 hours and 33 minutes.

From April 1, 2012, the service was extended with through trains running between Wuhan and Shenzhen North station. Initially there are 10 services each day in each direction with the fastest train (train no G1014) taking 4 hours, 11 minutes.

Since the railway line opened ten years ago, it has transported 500 million passengers and provided over 500000 train services.

On January 23, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and as part of the efforts to contain it, the Chinese authorities and city government announced that all services were suspended until further notice.

## Line

Construction work began on June 23, 2005. The line cost approximately CN¥116.6 billion. Xu Fangliang was the general engineer in charge of designing the line.

468 km (291 mi) of the railway line is laid on bridges, and 177 km (110 mi) is in tunnels, totaling 2/3 of the entire length. There are 684 bridges and 226 tunnels along the line. The signalling system deployed on the line is CTCS-3.

There are eighteen stations on the line. Fourteen of them are opened for passenger service. The northern terminal, Wuhan Railway Station was opened simultaneously with the railway line. Guangzhou South station was opened later on January 30, 2010. Lechang East and Yingde West stations are under construction. Wulongquan East is an overtaking station which is not open for service.

On December 9, 2009, a train achieved a top speed of 394.2 kilometres per hour (244.9 mph) and took 02h55m to travel from Guangzhou South to Wuhan during a test run.

## Fare

The second class fare is about 0.465 per kilometer between 0–500 km (0–311 mi), ¥0.415 per kilometer between 500–1,000 km (311–621 mi) and ¥0.365 per kilometer after 1,000 km (621 mi). The first class fare is 60% higher. Deluxe class is also available on CRH3 trains, which is about 80% higher than second class. Like other train services in China, insurance of ¥0.0011722 per kilometer is included for every ticket. The ratemaking distance is based on the existing Jingguang Railway, not the actual rail distance of the new railway. Hence, though the actual rail distance between Wuhan and Guangzhou South is 968 km (601 mi), 1,069 km (664 mi) is charged. The ticket price between the two terminal stations is ¥490 and ¥780 ($75 and $115 in U.S. currency).

### Reaction from existing passengers

With an average speed 4 times faster, the fare for the high-speed railway is also about 4 times expensive than the ordinary railway fare. Some believe this is too high for the public. RMB490 is about 15% of the average monthly income of workers in Guangzhou. After opening of the high-speed railway, 13 out of 45 ordinary trains were cancelled, a decision criticized to have harmed the welfare of low-income workers. Hence, the existing passengers complain that they are "forced to travel high-speed".

Many passengers also disliked the cancellation of many of the "conventional" trains that used to provide overnight service between Wuhan and Guangzhou (or between Changsha and Guangzhou). While they were much slower than the new high-speed train, overnight service (which has been much reduced now) provided the convenience of traveling while sleeping.

There has also been some vocal criticism of a lack of group discounts, so organised tour operators have to pay full fares for every tourist, when airlines will offer special discounts. With airlines reducing services on the high-speed routes, high-speed rail is the only effective time saving option during the short holiday breaks, such as Mid-Autumn Festival, May Day and Qing Ming Festival, making such trips more expensive.

### Reaction from airlines

China Southern Airlines, a national airline which hubs in Guangzhou, spoke of concern over eroding market share from competition. 38 of 160 plus China Southern domestic routes will compete with the rail line. The airline has aggressively cut fares, slashing the advance purchase price of flights between Wuhan and Guangzhou by almost half.

Tan Wangeng, president of China Southern Airlines, said, "In the long run, the coming of high-speed railway age is an opportunity rather than challenge to our airline company. China Southern is expecting cooperation with the railway company to extend the market and develop more packaged travel products for the passengers."

1. "武广高铁通车一周年 客运量逾2058万人次\_网易财经". Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
2. “五一”奋战在工地. Xinhua News. May 4, 2009. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011.
3. Mitchell, Tom (December 28, 2009). "Chinese Harmony train sets speed record". *Financial Times*. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
4. "Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed rail handles over 500 mln passengers – Xinhua | English.news.cn". *www.xinhuanet.com*. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
5. Wuhan-Guangzhou bullet train link to hit airlines hard, China Daily, 2009-12-26
6. *World's fastest rail journey starts operation*, Xinhua, December 26, 2009, archived from the original on January 15, 2010.
7. "新一代高速动车组CRH380A明起亮相武广高铁". *Sohu*. December 3, 2010. Archived from the original on December 8, 2010.
8. "China unveils 'world's fastest train link'". AFP via Google. December 26, 2009. Archived from the original on December 29, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
9. Colin Taylor (September 2007). "TGV Est lifts the record" (PDF). Railway Gazette International.
10. 武广高铁试运营56天票价收入7亿. Sina News. March 7, 2010.
11. "1日武广高铁发送11.8万人次 创单日客流量新高 – 今日关注 – 湖南在线 – 华声在线".
12. "G1005 Train Wuhan to Shenzhen North Route Map & Timetable".
13. "Shenzhen-Wuhan High Speed Train will be operated | China Travel News". *www.amoytrip.com*. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013.
14. Bendix, Aria (January 26, 2020). "China has put 33 million people on lockdown because of the coronavirus outbreak. An urban planner says there's no way to seal off a city". *Business Insider Australia*. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
15. "Record-breaking Chinese rail opening piles pressure on airlines". *The Independent*. December 25, 2009. Archived from the original on December 26, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
16. "人民网—404页面".
17. 跑出394公里时速 “武广”创世界高铁速度之最\]. December 10, 2009.
18. Video of trial run. View of speedometer at 1m22s
19. 武广高铁票价定为780 490. CCTV (CCTV.com). Retrieved December 26, 2009.
20. 去年广州职工平均工资49215元 比上海低1.4万. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
21. 准备迈入高铁时代，需要警惕"被高速", Xinhua Daily Telegraph, February 7, 2010
22. 高鐵來了我"被高速"了, 中國經濟網, February 7, 2010
23. Bullock, Richard; Salzberg, Andrew; Jin, Ying (2012), "High-Speed Rail – The First Three Years: Taking the Pulse of China's Emerging Program" (PDF), *China Transport Topics*, no. 4 (February), World Bank Office, Beijing, pp. 3–4
24. "Wuhan–Guangzhou bullet train link to hit airlines hard", *The China Post*, December 27, 2009.

## InfoBox

| Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong
high-speed railway   ---  Wuhan–Guangzhou section | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Other name(s) | * Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway * Wuguang high-speed railway |
| Native name | 京广深港高速铁路武广段
京广高速线武汉至广州段 |
| Status | Operational |
| Owner |  |
| Locale |  |
| Termini |  |
| Stations | 18 |
| Service | |
| Type | High-speed rail |
| System | China Railway High-speed |
| Operator(s) |  |
| Rolling stock |  |
| Daily ridership | 56,400 |
| History | |
| Opened | December 26, 2009 (Wuhan–Guangzhou North)
January 30, 2010 (Guangzhou North–Guangzhou South) |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 968 km (601 mi) |
| Number of tracks | 2 (Double-track) |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge |
| Minimum radius | 7,000 m (4.3 mi) |
| Electrification | 25 kV 50 Hz AC (Overhead line) |
| Operating speed | 350 km/h (220 mph) |
| Maximum incline | 20‰ |
| Route map | |


title: Nemophila breviflora

abstract: Nemophila breviflora is a species of flowering plant in the borage family known by the common names basin nemophila, Great Basin nemophila, and Great Basin baby-blue-eyes. It is native to southwestern Canada and the northwestern United States, where it generally grows in wooded and forested areas in thickets and moist streambanks. It is an annual herb with a fleshy, somewhat prickly stem growing 10 to 30 centimeters tall. The alternately arranged leaves are divided into several wide, pointed lobes. Flowers are solitary, each on a short pedicel. The flower has a calyx of sepals each a few millimeters long, pointed, and edged with stiff hairs, and there are reflexed appendages between the sepals. The bell-shaped flower corolla is white or purple-tinged and a few millimeters wide. The fruit is a capsule which develops within the calyx of sepals and contains a single red, pitted seed.

text:
# Nemophila breviflora

***Nemophila breviflora*** is a species of flowering plant in the borage family known by the common names **basin nemophila**, **Great Basin nemophila**, and **Great Basin baby-blue-eyes**. It is native to southwestern Canada and the northwestern United States, where it generally grows in wooded and forested areas in thickets and moist streambanks.

It is an annual herb with a fleshy, somewhat prickly stem growing 10 to 30 centimeters tall. The alternately arranged leaves are divided into several wide, pointed lobes. Flowers are solitary, each on a short pedicel. The flower has a calyx of sepals each a few millimeters long, pointed, and edged with stiff hairs, and there are reflexed appendages between the sepals. The bell-shaped flower corolla is white or purple-tinged and a few millimeters wide. The fruit is a capsule which develops within the calyx of sepals and contains a single red, pitted seed.

## InfoBox

| *Nemophila breviflora* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Boraginales |
| Family: | Boraginaceae |
| Genus: | *Nemophila* |
| Species: | ***N. breviflora*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nemophila breviflora***
A.Gray | |
|


title: Vukosav Puhalović

abstract: Vukosav Puhalović was a Serb hajduk commander active in the Ottoman territories of Herzegovina and southern Dalmatia during the Venetian–Ottoman war (1645–69). The hajduks, Ottoman subjects, crossed into Venetian territory from where they "jumped into" Ottoman territory. These guerilla forces closely cooperated and were recruited by the Republic of Venice to defend the Venetian–Ottoman frontier during the war. He was a comrade of acclaimed Bajo Pivljanin. Puhalović was among the most notable hajduk leaders during the Cretan War. In early April 1669 Pivljanin and Puhalović took great loot in Herzegovina. The next month Puhalović raided Ottoman territory crossing Konavle, and returned with five heads and eleven captured Ottoman noblemen from Novi. In December 1669 Antonio Priuli brought from Perast to Venice hajduk leaders including Pivljanin, Grujica Žeravica, Puhalović and buljubaša Milošević. Earlier, in June, the Venetian provedditore issued the termination of the "chiefs that protect the Kotor area", the first three mentioned, and had them included in the list of soldiers having the right of pay and bread. He had the rank of harambaša. Vukosav Puhalović is known from Serbian epic poetry.

text:
# Vukosav Puhalović

**Vukosav Puhalović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Вукосав Пухаловић; fl. 1665–69) was a Serb *hajduk* commander active in the Ottoman territories of Herzegovina and southern Dalmatia during the Venetian–Ottoman war (1645–69). The hajduks, Ottoman subjects, crossed into Venetian territory from where they "jumped into" Ottoman territory. These guerilla forces closely cooperated and were recruited by the Republic of Venice to defend the Venetian–Ottoman frontier during the war. He was a comrade of acclaimed Bajo Pivljanin.

Puhalović was among the most notable hajduk leaders during the Cretan War. In early April 1669 Pivljanin and Puhalović took great loot in Herzegovina. The next month Puhalović raided Ottoman territory crossing Konavle, and returned with five heads and eleven captured Ottoman noblemen from Novi. In December 1669 Antonio Priuli brought from Perast to Venice hajduk leaders including Pivljanin, Grujica Žeravica, Puhalović and *buljubaša* Milošević. Earlier, in June, the Venetian *provedditore* issued the termination of the "chiefs that protect the Kotor area", the first three mentioned, and had them included in the list of soldiers having the right of pay and bread. He had the rank of *harambaša* ("bandit leader").

Vukosav Puhalović is known from Serbian epic poetry.

## Sources


title: Orders in Council (1807)

abstract: The 1807 Orders in Council were a series of decrees, in the form of Orders in Council, made by the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in the course of the wars with Napoleonic France which instituted its policy of commercial warfare. The Orders are important for the role they played in shaping the British war effort against France, but they are also significant for the strained relations—and sometimes military conflict—they caused between Great Britain and neutral countries, whose trade was affected by them. In Europe, restrictive British trade policy, as enacted in the Orders, led to the formation of the Second League of Armed Neutrality and deteriorating relations with other neutral powers, notably Denmark and Russia. In the Atlantic, the Orders in Council were one of the main sources of tension between the United Kingdom and the United States which led to the War of 1812.

text:
# Orders in Council (1807)

The 1807 **Orders in Council** were a series of decrees, in the form of Orders in Council, made by the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in the course of the wars with Napoleonic France which instituted its policy of commercial warfare. The Orders are important for the role they played in shaping the British war effort against France, but they are also significant for the strained relations—and sometimes military conflict—they caused between Great Britain and neutral countries, whose trade was affected by them.

In Europe, restrictive British trade policy, as enacted in the Orders, led to the formation of the Second League of Armed Neutrality and deteriorating relations with other neutral powers, notably Denmark (with whom the British would fight a series of wars) and Russia. In the Atlantic, the Orders in Council were one of the main sources of tension between the United Kingdom and the United States which led to the War of 1812.

## Terminology

Formally, an "Order in Council" is an order by the Sovereign at a meeting of the Privy Council by which the British government decrees policies. This type of legislation is still used on occasion, particularly in the exercise of the Royal Prerogative.

Especially in American history, the term "the Orders in Council" is also used collectively to refer to the group of such orders in the late 18th and early 19th centuries which restricted neutral trade and enforced a naval blockade of Napoleonic France and its allies. In total, the collective term "Orders in Council" refers to more than a dozen sets of blockade decrees in the years 1783, 1793, 1794, 1798, 1799, 1803–1809, 1811, and 1812; it is most often associated in particular with the decrees of 7 January 1807, 11 November 1807, and 26 April 1809 which were most inflammatory to the Americans.

## Background

By 1806, Napoleon was master of continental Europe, effectively locking Great Britain out of the continent. However, the defeat of the French and Spanish navies at the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) ended any thoughts of an invasion of Great Britain. Napoleon, aware of British commercial strength, thus resorted to a policy of economic warfare, in what became known as the Continental System.

### British Order in Council of 16 May 1806

In response to a British Order in Council of 16 May 1806, which had declared all ports from Brest to the Elbe to be under a state of blockade, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree of 21 November 1806, which forbade French, allied or neutral ships to trade with Britain. By this means, Napoleon hoped to destroy British trade, disrupt its growing industrial expansion, diminish its credit, and ultimately force a peace settlement.

### British Orders in Council of 1807

Great Britain responded with the **Orders in Council of 1807** issued on 6 January and 11 November 1807, extending the range and scope of the blockade instituted the previous year. These forbade French trade with Great Britain, its allies, or neutrals, and instructed the Royal Navy to blockade French and allied ports. This order required all shipment to stop in English ports to be checked for military supplies that could have aided France. Ships that did not stop to be checked at English ports were liable to British seizure.

### Milan Decree of 1807

On 17 December 1807, Napoleon retaliated with the Milan Decree, which declared that all neutral shipping using British ports, or paying British tariffs, were to be regarded as British and seized.

## Consequences

Due to the strength of the Royal Navy, the British blockade of continental Europe was reasonably effective. French trade suffered, and its primitive industrial revolution was set back. Great Britain, on the other hand, actually increased trade with its overseas colonies over the period. Smuggling persisted, and even Napoleon made exceptions to his embargo so he could procure necessary supplies for his war effort.

More significantly, enforcing the economic blockades led both Great Britain and France into a series of military engagements. The British bombarded Copenhagen in September 1807 (Battle of Copenhagen) to prevent the Danish joining the Continental System, and the British policy of stopping neutral ships trading with France played a large part in the outbreak of the Anglo-American War of 1812 (the three laws most repugnant to the Americans were in fact repealed five days after the declaration of war, but before Prime Minister Lord Liverpool was aware of it). However, it was Napoleon's invasion of Russia in the same year, again in part to enforce his continental system, that proved to be the turning point of the war. He was never able to recover militarily from that defeat.

The economic warfare ended with Napoleon's final defeat in 1815.

## Repeal of the Orders in Council

The British made their greatest concession to the United States in June 1812. On 16 June 1812, two days before the United States declaration of war, Lord Castlereagh, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs announced in Parliament that the Order in Council would be suspended.

On the very day that the Minister took his formal leave from the United States, 23 June 1812, a new British government headed by Lord Liverpool provisionally repealed the Order in Council.

Forty-one days after the United States Congress declared war, the news reached London on 29 July 1812. Two days later, the Ministry ordered its first counter-measures. It forbade British ships to sail except in convoys, and restrained American ships in British ports. The Orders in Council had been repealed on 23 June 1812, but the ministers did not intend to take additional measures until they could learn the American reaction. Word of the repeal of the Orders did not reach President James Madison until 12 August 1812, some fifty days later. Even then he refused to halt hostilities because he did not know how Britain had reacted to the declaration of war.

1. Holmberg, Tom. "The Acts, Orders in Council, &c. of Great Britain (on Trade), 1793–1812".
2. Hickey, Donald (1989). *The War of 1812*. University of Illinois Press. p. 42. ISBN 0-252-06059-8.
3. Hitsman, J. (1999). *The Incredible War of 1812*. Robin Brass Studio. p. 48. ISBN 1-896941-13-3.
4. Mahon, John (22 March 1991). *The War of 1812*. Da Capo Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-306-80429-8.


title: Leonard Woodcock

abstract: Leonard Freel Woodcock was President of the United Auto Workers (UAW) and the first US ambassador to the People's Republic of China after being the last Chief of the US Liaison Office in Beijing.

text:
# Leonard Woodcock

**Leonard Freel Woodcock** (February 15, 1911 – January 16, 2001) was President of the United Auto Workers (UAW) and the first US ambassador to the People's Republic of China after being the last Chief of the US Liaison Office in Beijing.

## Early life

Woodcock was born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1911. He was the son of Ernest Woodcock and Margaret Freel. At the outbreak of World War I, the family was living in Germany, and Ernest was interned. While Leonard had been born in the United States, his parents were British. Both mother and son returned to the United Kingdom for the duration of the war, where he attended school.

The family members were eventually reunited and sought a new life in North America. Originally settled in Canada, they relocating a few years later, to Detroit, Michigan.

## Early career

The pressures of the Great Depression led Woodcock to drop out of College of the City of Detroit in 1933. He found work as a machine assembler in Detroit, and both he and his father became involved in the union movement. Woodcock became International Vice President in 1955.

## UAW president

In 1970, he became UAW president, succeeding Walter Reuther, who died in a plane crash.

Woodcock was an active participant in the Civil Rights Movement, marching with Martin Luther King Jr. and adding his voice and political clout to the cause. He was a champion of both minority and women's rights, pushing for comprehensive nondiscrimination rules and introducing the first union-wide contracted maternity leave in the United States.

Woodcock appeared on Nixon's enemies list at #9 while he was UAW president with the annotation "No comments necessary."

## China

In 1977, Woodcock retired from the union and was named by President Jimmy Carter as head of the United States Liaison Office in Beijing, which, in the absence of full diplomatic relations, served as the *de facto* U.S. embassy in the People's Republic of China. During the same period, Woodcock was charged with leading a special delegation to Laos and Vietnam in search of US soldiers who were prisoners-of-war or missing in action.

After leading negotiations to establish full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1979, Woodcock was appointed the first US ambassador there. He was the first ambassador to Mainland China since 1949, when Leighton Stuart served as ambassador to the Republic of China. Though some questioned appointing a labor leader to head the delicate diplomatic mission, Carter insisted that he needed a negotiator.

In a 2000 speech at the White House to celebrate 20 years of Most Favored Nation status, Carter said:

> One of the choices I had to make was whom to send to China to begin the secret negotiations with Deng Xiaoping; he was the unquestioned ruler of the nation. And I chose a man who was the senior statesman of the American labor movement, Leonard Woodcock—respected by, I guess, every working man and woman who was a member of a union or not in this country, and he was also respected by all those who had dealt with him from the management side. And he was my personal representative in Beijing.
> Leonard Woodcock, working directly with me from the White House, negotiated successfully the terms for normalization of diplomatic relations. And on the first day of January, 1979, we formed those relationships. That year, Leonard Woodcock, still highly conversant with, and whose heart was attuned to, the labor movement of America, negotiated the first trade agreement, Most Favored Nations agreement, with China, in 1979. And now for 20 years, each year the Congress has confirmed his decision, and mine.

## Personal life

Woodcock married Loula Martin, with whom he had three children, in 1941. He was remarried in 1978, to Sharon Tuohy, a nurse working with the American delegation in China. He later taught political science at the University of Michigan, living in Ann Arbor with Sharon until his death on January 16, 2001.

Woodcock had three children, Leslie Woodcock Tentler (professor of history), Janet Woodcock (photographer) and John Woodcock (ret. Lt Col, USAF); two daughters-in-law (Carol, framer, partner of Janet and Susan, married to John) and a son-in-law (Thomas Tentler, professor of history); and three grandchildren, Sarah Tentler (speechwriter and political advisor), Daniel Tentler (lawyer) and Gregory Tentler (professor of art history).

## Archival records

The archival records of Woodcock can be found mostly at the Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs. Notable are the *UAW President's Office: Leonard Woodcock Records* and *UAW Vice-President’s Office: Leonard Woodcock Records*, two extensive collections that document his time as an executive with the UAW. The materials include Woodcock’s personal correspondence, photographs, official memorandum, and other various record types. Additional repositories with historical materials chronicling Woodcock are the Bentley Historical Library and the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum.

* "Woodcock, Leonard Freel." *Encyclopædia Britannica*. 2004.

## InfoBox

| Leonard Woodcock | |
| --- | --- |
| Woodcock c. 1971 | |
|  | |
| 1st United States Ambassador to the People's Republic of China | |
| **In office**
February 27, 1979  February 13, 1981 | |
| President | Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Himself
as Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office |
| Succeeded by | Arthur W. Hummel, Jr. |
| Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China | |
| **In office**
July 26, 1977  February 27, 1979 | |
| President | Jimmy Carter |
| Preceded by | Thomas S. Gates, Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Himself
as Ambassador to China |
| 5th President of the United Auto Workers | |
| **In office**
1970–1977 | |
| Preceded by | Walter Reuther |
| Succeeded by | Douglas Fraser |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1911-02-15)February 15, 1911
Providence, Rhode Island, U.S. |
| Died | January 16, 2001(2001-01-16) (aged 89)
Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouses | * Lola A. Martin (m. 1941) * Sharon Tuohy (m. 19782001) |
| Children | 3 |
| Alma mater | College of the City of Detroit |
|  | |


title: Polydore Plasden

abstract: Polydore Plasden (1563–1591) was one of the Catholic Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. A native of London, he studied for the priesthood at Rheims and Rome, and was ordained in 1586 before being sent back to England soon after.

text:
# Polydore Plasden

**Polydore Plasden** (15631591) was one of the Catholic Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. A native of London, he studied for the priesthood at Rheims and Rome, and was ordained in 1586 before being sent back to England soon after.

## Life

Polydore Plasden was born in 1563, the son of a London horner. He was educated at the Rheims, and at the English College at Rome, where he was ordained priest on 7 December 1586. He remained at Rome for more than a year, and then was at Rheims from 8 April till 2 September 1588, when he was sent on the mission. While at Rome he had signed a petition for the retention of the Jesuits as superiors of the English College, but in England he was considered to have suffered injury through their agency. Plasden ministered in Sussex and in London from 1588 to 1591.

On 2 November 1591, he was captured by priest hunter Richard Topcliffe at the house of Swithun Wells on Gray's Inn Lane, a centre of hospitality for recusants, where Edmund Gennings was celebrating Mass. As Topcliffe and his men attempted to break in, some of the congregation held the door closed until the Mass concluded, at which point they surrendered peacefully. Wells was not present, but he and his wife, along with Sydney Hodgson, and John Mason (with the possible exception of Brian Lacey) were condemned as traitors. Mrs. Wells was reprieved, and died in prison in 1602.

On 6 December, together with Edmund Gennings and Eustace White (priests), and Sydney Hodgson, Swithun Wells, and John Mason (laymen), he was tried before the King's Bench, and condemned for coming into England contrary to the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584.

All were executed on the same day: Gennings and Wells opposite the house of the latter at Gray's Inn Lane; Plasden, White, Hodgson, and Mason at Tyburn. At his execution on 10 December 1591, Plasden acknowledged Elizabeth as his lawful queen, whom he would defend to the best of his power against all her enemies, and he prayed for her and the whole realm, but said that he would rather forfeit a thousand lives than deny or fight against his religion. Sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered, Sir Walter Raleigh ordered that he be allowed to hang till he was dead, to spare him the suffering that followed.

He was beatified in 1929, and was canonized in 1970 by Pope Paul VI as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales.

## InfoBox

| Saint
Polydore Plasden | |
| --- | --- |
| Detail from a mural in the English Martyrs Parish in Derby. All martyrs shown died on 10 December 1591. From left to right: Saint Swithun Wells, Saint Edmund Gennings, Saint Eustace White, and Saint Polydore Plasden. | |
| Priest and Martyr | |
| Born | c. 1563
London, England |
| Died | 10 December 1591 (aged 27 - 28)
Tyburn, London, England |
| Beatified | 15 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI |
| Canonized | 25 October 1970 by Pope Paul VI |
| Feast | 10 December (individual), 25 October (collectively with Forty Martyrs of England and Wales) |


title: Othello (paintings)

abstract: Othello is a series of paintings executed in 1985 by Nabil Kanso. The subjects of the paintings are loosely based on Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello. The series comprises 60 paintings dealing with themes of love, race, jealousy, betrayal, and evil. They depict scenes embodying compositions of figural and metaphorical imagery that may be seen as visually reflecting the intimate and dramatic relationship between Othello and Desdemona, and the tense and uneasy relation that passes between and through Othello, Desdemona and Iago.

text:
# Othello (paintings)

***Othello*** is a series of paintings executed in 1985 by Nabil Kanso. The subjects of the paintings are loosely based on Shakespeare’s tragedy *Othello*. The series comprises 60 paintings dealing with themes of love, race, jealousy, betrayal, and evil. They depict scenes embodying compositions of figural and metaphorical imagery that may be seen as visually reflecting the intimate and dramatic relationship between Othello and Desdemona, and the tense and uneasy relation that passes between and through Othello, Desdemona and Iago.

## Description

The *Othello* paintings depict a sequence of figural images with oil and acrylic on canvases and paperboards ranging in size from 30×40 inches (102×76 cm) to 120×216 inches (300×550 cm). The overtones are often conveyed with wide-rugged brushstrokes of black against a red background with areas of orange and yellow, and with figures and shapes of animals, humans, hooded faces, and monsters. It is pointed out that in the painting surface of the works on paper, "the brushstrokes seem even more aggressive, often giving the figures the immediacy of gesture sketches."

The physical substance of the paintings reflects a process of forming imagery that may correspond in form, texture, tone, and color to the subject it represents. The intense colors and violent movement of the brush seem to add emphasis to the nature of the subject. The embraces of the figures representing Othello and Desdemona are viewed by some as scenes that move "from tender and loving to confusion and rage." When the *Othello* were exhibited at the gallery space of a theater in Atlanta in 1985, the paintings were considered “too provocative” and were taken down the day after the exhibit had been hung.

The paintings in the series are divided almost equally in two parts. The first part consists of works often depicting compositions of naked human figures encountered in intimate situations heightened by the contrast of light and dark, and various sexual metaphors.

The second part contains about thirty canvases dealing with themes of intrigue, suspicion, and killing making direct references to the characters Iago, Othello, and Desdemona in Shakespeare’s tragedy. They reveal images of aggressiveness, intensity, and violence with webs of turbulent rhythm, whirling forms, and allegorical concepts as a means of conjuring imagery with layers of meanings and symbols that may visually reinterpret the intensity of events leading to Othello killing of Desdemona.

1. Nabil Kanso Othello Paintings, NEV Editions, Atlanta, GA 1996, ISBN 1-888536-19-5
2. Othello Paintings, p. 7
3. Wehner, Rob: “Othello Paintings”, The Bloosbury Review, p. 6, July/August, 1998
4. Othello Paintings, p. 12
5. Seaberg, Ronnog: "Kanso’s Work" Vår Lősen, September, 1997, p. 379, author’s translation online excerpt RS Stockholm, Sweden
6. Wehner, Bloomsbury Review, p. 6,
7. Seaberg, Steve, "Commentary" on the controversial circumstances surrounding the Othello, *Art Papers*, p. 69, July/August, 1985
8. Levy, Sharon, "Commentary" on the controversial circumstances surrounding the Othello exhibit *Art Papers*, p. 69, July/August, 1985
9. Othello Paintings, pp.11-12
10. *Othello Paintings*, pp.16-47
11. Othello Paintings, pp.49-87


title: USS SC-6

abstract: USS SC-6, until July 1920 known as Submarine Chaser No. 6 or S.C. 6, was an SC-1-class submarine chaser built for the United States Navy during World War I. SC-6 was a wooden-hulled 110-foot submarine chaser built at the New York Navy Yard at Brooklyn, New York. She was commissioned on 19 August 1917 as USS Submarine Chaser No. 6, abbreviated at the time as USS S.C. 6. When the U.S. Navy adopted its modern hull number system on 17 July 1920, Submarine Chaser No. 6 was classified as SC-6 and her name was shortened to USS SC-6. On 24 June 1921, the Navy sold SC-6 to Joseph G. Hitner of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

text:
# USS SC-6

**USS *SC-6***, until July 1920 known as ***Submarine Chaser No. 6*** or ***S.C. 6***, was an *SC-1*-class submarine chaser built for the United States Navy during World War I.

*SC-6* was a wooden-hulled 110-foot (34 m) submarine chaser built at the New York Navy Yard at Brooklyn, New York. She was commissioned on 19 August 1917 as USS *Submarine Chaser No. 6*, abbreviated at the time as USS *S.C. 6*.

When the U.S. Navy adopted its modern hull number system on 17 July 1920, *Submarine Chaser No. 6* was classified as SC-6 and her name was shortened to USS *SC-6*.

On 24 June 1921, the Navy sold *SC-6* to Joseph G. Hitner of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

* *This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*
* NavSource Online: Submarine Chaser Photo Archive: SC-6
* Woofenden, Todd A. *Hunters of the Steel Sharks: The Submarine Chasers of World War I*. Bowdoinham, Maine: Signal Light Books, 2006. ISBN 978-0-9789192-0-7.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | * USS *Submarine Chaser No. 6* (1917-1920) * USS *SC-6* (1920-1921) |
| Builder | New York Navy Yard, Brooklyn, New York |
| Commissioned | 19 August 1917 |
| Fate | Sold 24 June 1921 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *SC-1*-class submarine chaser |
| Displacement | * 77 tons normal * 85 tons full load |
| Length |  |
| Beam | 14 ft 9 in (4.50 m) |
| Draft | * 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) normal * 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) full load |
| Propulsion | Three 220 bhp (160 kW) Standard Motor Construction Company six-cylinder gasoline engines, three shafts, 2,400 US gallons (9,100 L) of gasoline; one Standard Motor Construction Company two-cylinder gasoline-powered auxiliary engine |
| Speed | 18 knots (33 km/h) |
| Range | 1,000 nautical miles (1,900 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h) |
| Complement | 27 (2 officers, 25 enlisted men) |
| Sensors and <br>processing systems | One Submarine Signal Company S.C. C Tube, M.B. Tube, or K Tube hydrophone |
| Armament |  |


title: Ornativalva plicella

abstract: Ornativalva plicella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Sattler in 1976. It is found in southern Iran. Adults have been recorded on wing in April.

text:
# Ornativalva plicella

***Ornativalva plicella*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Sattler in 1976. It is found in southern Iran.

Adults have been recorded on wing in April.

## InfoBox

| *Ornativalva plicella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Ornativalva* |
| Species: | ***O. plicella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ornativalva plicella***<br>Sattler, 1976 | |
|


title: Ornativalva sattleri

abstract: Ornativalva sattleri is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Hou-Hun Li and Zhe-Min Zheng in 1995. It is found in Xinjiang, China. The wingspan is 9.5–10 mm.

text:
# Ornativalva sattleri

***Ornativalva sattleri*** is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Hou-Hun Li and Zhe-Min Zheng in 1995. It is found in Xinjiang, China.

The wingspan is 9.5–10 mm.

## Etymology

The species is named for Dr. K．Sattler of the Natural History Museum in London.

## InfoBox

| *Ornativalva sattleri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Ornativalva* |
| Species: | ***O. sattleri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ornativalva sattleri***<br>H.-H. Li & Z.-M. Zheng, 1995 | |
|


title: Eswatini Democracy Campaign

abstract: The Eswatini Democracy Campaign consists of organisations from Eswatini and South Africa that advocate democracy in Eswatini. The campaign supports the democratic initiatives of trade unions, NGOs, student organisations and other organisations that further the cause of democratization in Eswatini. The campaign calls upon the South African government and those of other SADC countries to acknowledge that they are in effect protecting the undemocratic and repressive Eswatini regime. The campaign seeks the removal of restrictions on political parties, the news media and political gatherings, and calls for free, multi-party elections.

text:
# Eswatini Democracy Campaign

The **Eswatini Democracy Campaign** consists of organisations from Eswatini and South Africa that advocate democracy in Eswatini. The campaign supports the democratic initiatives of trade unions, NGOs, student organisations and other organisations that further the cause of democratization in Eswatini. The campaign calls upon the South African government and those of other SADC countries to acknowledge that they are in effect protecting the undemocratic and repressive Eswatini regime. The campaign seeks the removal of restrictions on political parties, the news media and political gatherings, and calls for free, multi-party elections.


title: Oregon lunar sample displays

abstract: The Oregon lunar sample displays are two commemorative plaques consisting of small fragments of Moon specimen brought back with the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 lunar missions and given in the 1970s to the people of Oregon by United States President Richard Nixon as goodwill gifts.

text:
# Oregon lunar sample displays

The  **Oregon lunar sample displays**  are two commemorative plaques consisting of small fragments of Moon specimen brought back with the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 lunar missions and given in the 1970s to the people of Oregon by United States President Richard Nixon as goodwill gifts.

## Description

### Apollo 11

At the request of Nixon, NASA had about 250 presentation plaques made following Apollo 11 in 1969. Each included about four rice-sized particles of Moon dust from the mission totaling about 50 mg. The Apollo 11 lunar sample display has an acrylic plastic button containing the Moon dust mounted with the recipient's country or state flag that had been to the Moon and back. All 135 countries received the display, as did the 50 states of the United States and the U.S. provinces and the United Nations.

The plaques were given as gifts by Nixon in 1970.

### Apollo 17

The sample Moon rock collected during the Apollo 17 mission was later named lunar basalt 70017, and dubbed the *Goodwill rock*. Pieces of the rock weighing about 1.14 grams were placed inside a piece of acrylic lucite, and mounted along with a flag from the country that had flown on Apollo 17 it would be distributed to.

In 1973 Nixon had the plaques sent to 135 countries, and to the United States with its territories, as a goodwill gesture.

## History

The Oregon Apollo 11 lunar sample display is exhibited in the governor's ceremonial office at the Oregon State Capitol.

According to Moon rocks researcher Robert Pearlman, the Oregon Apollo 17 "goodwill Moon rock" plaque display is at the Earth Science Hall of the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry in Portland.

## Further reading


title: Orophia haemorrhanta

abstract: Orophia haemorrhanta is a species of moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1924 and is known from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

text:
# Orophia haemorrhanta

***Orophia haemorrhanta*** is a species of moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1924 and is known from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## InfoBox

| *Orophia haemorrhanta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Orophia* |
| Species: | ***O. haemorrhanta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orophia haemorrhanta***<br>(Meyrick, 1924) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cryptolechia haemorrhanta* Meyrick, 1924 | |


title: Ethan Van der Ryn

abstract: Ethan Van der Ryn is an American sound editor and sound designer.

text:
# Ethan Van der Ryn

**Ethan Van der Ryn** (born October 21, 1962) is an American sound editor and sound designer.

## Career

He won 2 Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing for *The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers* and *King Kong*. He earned further Academy Awards nominations for *Transformers* (2007), *Transformers: Dark of the Moon* (2011), *Argo* (2012), and *A Quiet Place* (2018). He is an alumnus of San Francisco State University.

## InfoBox

| Ethan Van der Ryn | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1962-10-21) October 21, 1962<br>Alameda, California, USA |
| Occupation | Sound editor |
| Years active | 1986-Present |


title: Orthogonius pachlatkoi

abstract: Orthogonius pachlatkoi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Tian & Deuve in 2006.

text:
# Orthogonius pachlatkoi

***Orthogonius pachlatkoi*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Orthogoniinae. It was described by Tian & Deuve in 2006.

## InfoBox

| *Orthogonius pachlatkoi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Orthogonius* |
| Species: | ***O. pachlatkoi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthogonius pachlatkoi***<br>Tian & Deuve, 2006 | |
|


title: Orme's law

abstract: Orme's law is a rule of thumb to assist modelers when they design an electric power system for their radio-controlled model. Orme's law simply recommends the use of one NiMH rechargeable battery cell for every 35 square inches (230 cm⁲) of wing area for sport planes. One cell for every 50 square inches (320 cm⁲) of wing area for trainers. When using LiPo cells with higher voltage, the number of cells is cut in half, since a LiPo cell has double the voltage.

text:
# Orme's law

**Orme's law** is a rule of thumb to assist modelers when they design an electric power system for their radio-controlled model. Orme's law simply recommends the use of one NiMH rechargeable battery cell for every 35 square inches (230 cm2) of wing area for sport planes. One cell for every 50 square inches (320 cm2) of wing area for trainers. When using LiPo cells with higher voltage, the number of cells is cut in half, since a LiPo cell has double the voltage.

## Origin

This rule is the work of Matthew Orme, who used to manage the sales of Aveox's line of motors to the hobby market, and later developed a small high performance line of brushless motors at RazorMotors. Matt wanted to come up with a simpler way to recommend systems to the many people who ask him for advice powering their models. Brushless motors are very versatile and it can be hard for newcomers to decide which system they should use.

## Need for Orme's law

The main purpose was to demonstrate to the modeler that the electric motor was not the source of power like an internal combustion engine. With an IC engine, a particular sized engine will have a particular power output. Typically a model airplane manufacturer will recommend a 2-cycle glow plug motor by its size (typically .40-.60 cubic inch for the average sized plane) Since electric motors operate over a much wider range, there was no good way to recommend an electric motor for a plane.

Orme's law makes it clear that the battery pack is the power source, and it determines the available power, not the electric motor. Once the power requirements of any particular airplane model have been determined, an electric motor can be chosen to match the power source. i.e., a 10 cell NiMh battery pack produces approximately 1 volt per cell under load. At 30 amps, that translates to .4 HP.

## System selection

Matt Orme's rule makes system selection easy. Orme's law assumes that the hobbyist will be using 1700 to 2000 mAH cells and will prop for 4 minutes of flight, or 30 amps. 2000 mAH = 2 amp hours or 120 amp minutes, hence the 4-minute flight time (120 amp-minutes /30 amps) at full throttle, with increasing flight times at reduced throttle settings.

Applying the rule using a hobbyist's Citabria Pro electric conversion, which has 560 square inches (3,600 cm2) of wing area, it needs exactly 16 cells according to Orme's law. Before Orme's law, much more work was needed to design the power for the system.


title: Orthomorphism

abstract: In abstract algebra, an orthomorphism is a certain kind of mapping from a group into itself. Let G be a group, and let θ be a permutation of G. Then θ is an orthomorphism of G if the mapping f defined by f(x) = x−1 θ(x) is also a permutation of G. A permutation φ of G is a complete mapping if the mapping g defined by g(x) = xφ(x) is also a permutation of G. Orthomorphisms and complete mappings are closely related.

text:
# Orthomorphism

In abstract algebra, an **orthomorphism** is a certain kind of mapping from a group into itself. Let *G* be a group, and let *θ* be a permutation of *G*. Then *θ* is an orthomorphism of *G* if the mapping *f* defined by *f*(*x*) = *x*<sup>−1</sup> *θ*(*x*) is also a permutation of *G*. A permutation *φ* of *G* is a complete mapping if the mapping *g* defined by *g*(*x*) = (*x*) is also a permutation of *G*. Orthomorphisms and complete mappings are closely related.


title: Orthomus

abstract: Orthomus is a genus in the beetle family Carabidae. There are more than 30 described species in Orthomus.

text:
# Orthomus

***Orthomus*** is a genus in the beetle family Carabidae. There are more than 30 described species in *Orthomus*.

## Species

These 37 species belong to the genus *Orthomus*:

## InfoBox

| *Orthomus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Orthomus barbarus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Pterostichinae |
| Tribe: | Pterostichini |
| Subtribe: | Euchroina |
| Genus: | *Orthomus*<br>Chaudoir, 1838 |
|
| Subgenera | |
| * Eutrichopus Tschitscherine, 1897 * Gietopus Machado, 1992 * Nesorthomus Bedel, 1899 * Orthomus Chaudoir, 1838 * Trichopedius Bedel, 1899 * Wolltinerfia Machado, 1985 | |


title: Osco, Leventina

abstract: Osco is a former municipality in the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, it was incorporated into the municipality of Faido along with the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico and Mairengo.

text:
# Osco, Leventina

**Osco** is a former municipality in the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, it was incorporated into the municipality of Faido along with the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico and Mairengo.

## History

Osco is first mentioned in 1171 as *Hoscho*. In 1237 it was mentioned as *Osco*. Golasecca culture (6th century BC) graves have been discovered in Freggio and Brusgnano. Osco was one of the three Degagne of the *Vicinanza* of Faido. This organization was mentioned in the Statute (Statuti) of 1237, one of the oldest documents of its kind in the Alpine region, which involved the organization of pass traffic and maintenance of roads.

The Church of San Maurizio was first mentioned in 1171, but the church's present appearance dates back to 1673. Until 1602 it was under the authority of the parish church of San Siro in Mairengo. After that, Osco was an independent parish.

The mule track over the Gotthard pass, led by the southern part of Osco and crossed the Monte Piottino gorge near the old *Sust* or storage house, which is now only ruins. After 1550, the Canton of Uri built a new road. The Cantonal road of 1819 followed the old mule path and was replaced by a tunnel, completed in 1934.

The residents of Osco lived mostly off livestock and alpine pastures in the Bedretto valley (Alp Cruina) on the north side of the Lukmanier pass. From the mid-19th century onwards, the population decreases rapidly, because of emigration (mostly as cooks, assistants, farmers and hoteliers). With the construction of second homes, at the beginning of the 20th century, the decline has been only partially stopped. In 2005, 62% of the population worked in agriculture.

In 2004 voters rejected a merger with Faido and other municipalities of the middle Levantine.

## Geography

Osco has an area, as of 1997, of 11.9 square kilometers (4.6 sq mi). Of this area, 0.57 km2 (0.22 sq mi) or 4.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 6.37 km2 (2.46 sq mi) or 53.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.31 km2 (0.12 sq mi) or 2.6% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.24 km2 (0.093 sq mi) or 2.0% is either rivers or lakes and 2.59 km2 (1.00 sq mi) or 21.8% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 0.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.8%. Out of the forested land, 46.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 4.3% is used for growing crops. Of the water in the municipality, 0.9% is in lakes and 1.1% is in rivers and streams. Of the unproductive areas, 11.7% is unproductive vegetation and 10.1% is too rocky for vegetation.

The municipality is located in the Leventina district, at en elevation of 1,157 m (3,796 ft) on the left side of the Leventina valley. It is on a terrace above the *Monte Piottino* canyon. It consists of the village of Osco which is made up of the sections of Vigera, Brusgnano and Freggio.

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Azure three bees one and two above a bee-hive all Or.* The bees symbolize the activity of its people carrying goods over Gottard pass, which was very important in the economic life in those days, as reported by the statutes dated 1237.

## Demographics

Osco has a population (as of December 2020) of 127. As of 2008, 7.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of -3.8%.

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks Italian (94.6%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common ( 2.4%) and German being third (0.6%). Of the Swiss national languages (as of 2000), 1 speaks German, 1 person speaks French and 159 people speak Italian. The remainder (7 people) speak another language.

As of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 53.0% male and 47.0% female. The population was made up of 64 Swiss men (48.5% of the population), and 6 (4.5%) non-Swiss men. There were 60 Swiss women (45.5%), and 2 (1.5%) non-Swiss women. In 2008 there was 1 live birth and 2 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 1 while the foreign population remained the same. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources) was a decrease of 2 and the non-Swiss population change was an increase of 1 people. This represents a population growth rate of -0.8%.

The age distribution, as of 2009, in Osco is; 10 children or 7.6% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 7 teenagers or 5.3% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 11 people or 8.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 29 people or 22.0% are between 30 and 39, 9 people or 6.8% are between 40 and 49, and 12 people or 9.1% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 27 people or 20.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 9 people or 6.8% are between 70 and 79, there are 18 people or 13.6% who are over 80.

As of 2000 the average number of residents per living room was 0.48 which is fewer people per room than the cantonal average of 0.6 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 (43 sq ft) as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 72.1% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

As of 2000, there were 43 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2. persons per household. In 2000 there were 167 single family homes (or 85.6% of the total) out of a total of 195 inhabited buildings. There were 18 two family buildings (9.2%) and 4 multi-family buildings (2.1%). There were also 6 buildings in the municipality that were multipurpose buildings (used for both housing and commercial or another purpose).

The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2008, was 1.23%. In 2000 there were 217 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was the 5 room apartment of which there were 57. There were 17 single room apartments and 57 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 43 apartments (19.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 171 apartments (78.8%) were seasonally occupied and 3 apartments (1.4%) were empty. As of 2007, the construction rate of new housing units was 7.9 new units per 1000 residents.

The historical population is given in the following table:

| year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 1237 | 59 Hearths |
| 1567 | 78 |
| 1745 | 366 |
| 1850 | 452 |
| 1900 | 285 |
| 1950 | 188 |
| 2000 | 168 |
|

## Sights

The entire villages of Brusgnano-Freggio and Osco are designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites

## Politics

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 33.28% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (26.52%), the Ticino League (16.12%) and the SP (12.31%). In the federal election, a total of 75 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 60.0%.

In the 2007 *Gran Consiglio* election, there were a total of 125 registered voters in Osco, of which 94 or 75.2% voted.1 null ballot was cast, leaving 93 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PLRT which received 27 or 29.0% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PPD+GenGiova (with 26 or 28.0%), the SSI (with 16 or 17.2%) and the LEGA (with 10 or 10.8%).

In the 2007 *Consiglio di Stato* election, 1 blank ballot and 2 null ballots were cast, leaving 91 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the PLRT which received 25 or 27.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PLRT (with 25 or 27.5%), the SSI (with 17 or 18.7%) and the LEGA (with 13 or 14.3%).

## Economy

As of  2007, Osco had an unemployment rate of 1.06%. As of 2005, there were 16 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 7 businesses involved in this sector. people were employed in the secondary sector and there were businesses in this sector. 10 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 5 businesses in this sector. There were 115 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 7.8% of the workforce.

In 2000, there were 96 workers who commuted away from the municipality. Of the working population, 2.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 13.9% used a private car.

As of 2009, there was one hotel in Osco.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 149 or 88.7% were Roman Catholic, while 3 or 1.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. There are 12 individuals (or about 7.14% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), and 4 individuals (or about 2.38% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Education

In Osco about 53% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).

In Osco there were a total of 14 students (as of 2009). The Ticino education system provides up to three years of non-mandatory kindergarten and in Osco there were 2 children in kindergarten. The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the municipality, 5 students attended the standard primary schools and 1 student attended the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There were 1 student in the two-year middle school and 0 in their pre-apprenticeship, while 2 students were in the four-year advanced program.

The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 0 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 3 who attend part-time.

As of 2000, there were 7 students from Osco who attended schools outside the municipality.

## InfoBox

| Osco | |
| --- | --- |
| Former municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Osco | |
| OscoOsco | |
| Coordinates: 46°30′N 8°47′E / 46.500°N 8.783°E / 46.500; 8.783 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Ticino |
| District | Leventina |
| Area | |
| Total | 11.9 km2 (4.6 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,157 m (3,796 ft) |
| Population (December 2004) | |
| Total | 111 |
| Density | 9.3/km2 (24/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 6763 |
| SFOS number | 5075 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-TI |
| Surrounded by | Blenio, Dalpe, Mairengo, Prato (Leventina), Quinto |
| Website | www.osco.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Oscar Borg

abstract: Oscar Borg was a Norwegian composer and conductor. He is best known for his compositions of marches for wind bands. Alfred Oscar Johannessen Borg was born in Halden, Norway. His father, Ole Peter Johannesen (1816–1890), was from the Borg farm in Solør, from which the family name originated. His father was music sergeant in the 1st Brigades Band of Fredriksten Fortress in Halden. Oscar Borg attended the Royal College of Music in Stockholm, under the sponsorship of the Crown Prince of Sweden, later King Oscar II of Sweden. He entered the academy in 1869 and took the music director exam with top marks in the spring of 1872. He had a contractual obligation to return to his old band. He gave his first concert in his hometown as flautist and violinist during October 1872. When in 1881, conductor Friedrich August Reissiger resigned as director of the 1st Brigades Band, Oscar Borg was his replacement. Borg remained the director of the 1st Brigades Band in Halden until he resigned 11 June 1918. Borg's compositions are characterized by good melodies, euphonious harmonies and skillful instrumentation. Oscar Borg composed 60 marches for military bands, 275 songs and about 170 arrangements. Among the marches most played are Kong Haakon VIIs Honnørmarsj (1905), Kronprins Olavs Honnørmarsj, Den Norske Løve (1894) and Norsk Turnermarsj (1886). He received the King's Medal of Merit in gold and was made a Knight 1st Class of the Order of Vasa. He was awarded the King Oscar II Medal in gold, and Kaiser Wilhelms Krieg Verdienstmedalje.

text:
# Oscar Borg

**Oscar Borg** (11 June 1851  29 December 1930) was a Norwegian composer and conductor. He is best known for his compositions of marches for wind bands.

Alfred Oscar Johannessen Borg was born in Halden, Norway. His father, Ole Peter Johannesen (1816–1890), was from the Borg farm in Solør, from which the family name originated. His father was music sergeant in the 1st Brigades Band of Fredriksten Fortress in Halden.

Oscar Borg attended the Royal College of Music (*Musikaliska Akademien*) in Stockholm, under the sponsorship of the Crown Prince of Sweden, later King Oscar II of Sweden. He entered the academy in 1869 and took the music director exam with top marks in the spring of 1872. He had a contractual obligation to return to his old band. He gave his first concert in his hometown as flautist and violinist during October 1872. When in 1881, conductor Friedrich August Reissiger resigned as director of the 1st Brigades Band, Oscar Borg was his replacement. Borg remained the director of the 1st Brigades Band in Halden until he resigned 11 June 1918.

Borg's compositions are characterized by good melodies, euphonious harmonies and skillful instrumentation. Oscar Borg composed 60 marches for military bands, 275 songs and about 170 arrangements. Among the marches most played are *Kong Haakon VIIs Honnørmarsj* (1905), *Kronprins Olavs Honnørmarsj, Den Norske Løve* (1894) and *Norsk Turnermarsj* (1886). He received the King's Medal of Merit in gold and was made a Knight 1st Class of the Order of Vasa. He was awarded the King Oscar II Medal in gold, and Kaiser Wilhelms Krieg Verdienstmedalje.

## Personal life

Oscar Borg was married twice. In 1874, he married Emilie Göthilda Brunstedt (1853–1904). In 1906, he married Marie Gribsrud (1875–1907). Oscar Borg had 12 children, three of whom died early. Several of the children excelled in the artistic direction: Helge Borg (1894–1965) as a composer of dance music, Dag Borg (1893–1966) as architect and artist and his daughter Ellen (Ragnhild) Borg was a singer.

## Other sources

* Hjorthaug, S. *Oscar Borg. Hans betydning for musikklivet i Fredrikshald og hans mannskorsanger* (University of Oslo: 1970)
* Gundersen, E.A. *Oscar Borg. Norges Marsjkonge* (Skien: 1991)

## InfoBox

| Oscar Borg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1851-06-11)11 June 1851<br>Halden, Norway |
| Died | 29 December 1930(1930-12-29) (aged 79) |
| Nationality | Norwegian |
| Occupation | composer |


title: Ethnicity in Saint George

text:
# Ethnicity in Saint George

Saint George does not have a particularly ethnically diverse population compared to the rest of Antigua and Barbuda. In 2011, African descendants were the largest ethnic group in the parish, with 89.29% of the parish identifying with that group. The second largest group in the parish were Mixed black/white and other mixed groups, comprising 1.14% and 5.15% of the parishes population respectively.

## Ethnic makeup of the population

In 2011, 0.42% of the population didn't know or didn't state their ethnicity.

### African descendant

African descendants are the majority of the people living in Saint George. 0.19% of African descendants were born in Africa, 0.04% were born in "other Latin American or North American countries", 76.71% were born in Antigua and Barbuda, 0.97% were born in "other Caribbean countries", 0.33% were born in Canada, 0.01% were born in "other Asian countries", 0.03% were born in "other European countries", 3.36% were born in Dominica, 0.21% were born in the Dominican Republic, 3.83% were born in Guyana, 3.92% were born in Jamaica, 0.86% were born in Montserrat, 0.52% were born in St. Kitts and Nevis, 1.59% were born in Saint Lucia, 0.79% were born in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 0.43% were born in Trinidad and Tobago, 0.79% were born in the United Kingdom, 3.43% were born in the United States, 0.59% were born in the U.S. Virgin Islands, and 1.38% did not state.

### Caucasian/White

White people make up 0.97% of the population of Saint George. 1.37% of white people were born in Africa, 1.37% in "other Latin American or North American countries", 20.55% in Antigua and Barbuda, 4.11% in "other Caribbean countries", 12.33% in Canada, 4.11% in "other Asian countries", 12.33% in "other European countries", 2.74% in the Dominican Republic, 1.37% in Guyana, 1.37% in St. Kitts and Nevis, 1.37% in St. Lucia, 4.11% in Trinidad and Tobago, 21.92% in the United Kingdom, and 10.96% in the United States.

### East Indian/Indian

Indian people make up 1.01% of the population of Saint George. 14.47% were born in Antigua and Barbuda, 1.32% in other Caribbean countries, 14.47% in other Asian countries, 2.63% in other European countries, 46.05% in Guyana, 3.95% in Jamaica, 2.63% in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 9.21% in Trinidad and Tobago, 2.63% in the United States, and 2.63% not stated.

### Mixed (Black/White)

Mixed black/white people make up 1.14% of the population of Saint George. 1.16% were born in other Latin or North American countries, 55.81% in Antigua and Barbuda, 3.49% in other Caribbean countries, 1.16% in Canada, 2.33% in other European countries, 4.65% in Dominica, 3.49% in the Dominican Republic, 6.98% in Guyana, 3.49% in Jamaica, 1.16% in Montserrat, 1.16% in St. Kitts and Nevis, 1.16% in St. Lucia, 1.16% in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, 2.33% in Trinidad and Tobago, 4.65% in the United Kingdom, and 5.81% in the United States.

### Mixed (Other)

Other mixed people make up 5.15% of the population of Saint George. 0.77% were born in other Latin or North American countries, 53.35% in Antigua and Barbuda, 3.09% in other Caribbean countries, 1.55% in Canada, 9.28% in Dominica, 15.98% in Guyana, 3.61% in Jamaica, 0.26% in Montserrat, 0.77% in St. Kitts and Nevis, 1.80% in Saint Lucia, 4.90% in Trinidad and Tobago, 0.26% in the United Kingdom, 2.32% in the United States, and 2.06% not stated.

### Hispanic

Hispanic people make up 0.97% of the population of Saint George. 5.48% were born in other Latin or North American countries, 15.07% in Antigua and Barbuda, 10.96% in other Caribbean countries, 67.12% in the Dominican Republic, and 1.37% in the United States.

### Syrian/Lebanese

Syrian/Lebanese people make up 0.37% of the population of Saint George. 3.57% were born in other Latin or North American countries, 75.00% in Antigua and Barbuda, 10.71% in Syria, 3.57% in Trinidad and Tobago, and 7.14% in the United States.

### Other

Other groups make up 0.68% of the population of Saint George. 21.57% were born in Antigua and Barbuda, 19.61% in other Asian countries, 19.61% in Dominica, 7.84% in the Dominican Republic, 11.76% in Guyana, 1.96% in Jamaica, 7.84% in Trinidad and Tobago, 7.84% in the United States, and 1.96% not stated.


title: Orocrambus vittellus

abstract: Orocrambus vittellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Henry Doubleday in 1843. It is endemic to New Zealand. This species has been recorded in the North and South Islands, as well as Stewart Island. It prefers a habitat that consists of grasslands. The wingspan is 19–28 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from November to April. The larvae feed on Agrostis tenuis and probably other grasses.

text:
# Orocrambus vittellus

***Orocrambus vittellus*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Henry Doubleday in 1843. It is endemic to New Zealand. This species has been recorded in the North and South Islands, as well as Stewart Island. It prefers a habitat that consists of grasslands.

The wingspan is 19–28 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from November to April.

The larvae feed on *Agrostis tenuis* and probably other grasses.

## InfoBox

| *Orocrambus vittellus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Female | |
|  | |
| Male | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Subfamily: | Crambinae |
| Tribe: | Crambini |
| Genus: | *Orocrambus* |
| Species: | ***O. vittellus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orocrambus vittellus***<br>(Doubleday in White and Doubleday, 1843) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Crambus vittellus*  Doubleday in White and Doubleday, 1843 * *Crambus bisectellus*  Zeller, 1863 * *Crambus bissectellus*  Bleszynski & Collins, 1962 * *Crambus conopias*  Meyrick, 1907 * *Crambus incrassatellus*  Zeller, 1863 * *Crambus nexalis*  Walker, 1863 * *Crambus sublicellus*  Zeller, 1863 * *Crambus transcissalis*  Walker, 1863 * *Crambus vapidus*  Butler, 1877 * *Crambus rapidus*  Dugdale, 1988 * *Crambus vitellus*  Walker, 1863 | |


title: Orthaga eumictalis

abstract: Orthaga eumictalis is a species of snout moth in the genus Orthaga. It is found in New Guinea.

text:
# Orthaga eumictalis

***Orthaga eumictalis*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Orthaga*. It is found in New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Orthaga eumictalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Orthaga* |
| Species: | ***O. eumictalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthaga eumictalis***<br>Hampson, 1916 | |
|


title: Orthaga fuscofascialis

abstract: Orthaga fuscofascialis is a species of snout moth in the genus Orthaga. It is found in New Guinea.

text:
# Orthaga fuscofascialis

***Orthaga fuscofascialis*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Orthaga*. It is found in New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Orthaga fuscofascialis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Orthaga* |
| Species: | ***O. fuscofascialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthaga fuscofascialis***<br>Kenrick, 1907 | |
|


title: Oroplema simplex

abstract: Oroplema simplex is a species of moth of the family Uraniidae. It is found in southern India and Sri Lanka.

text:
# Oroplema simplex

***Oroplema simplex*** is a species of moth of the family Uraniidae. It is found in southern India and Sri Lanka.

## InfoBox

| *Oroplema simplex* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Uraniidae |
| Genus: | *Oroplema* |
| Species: | ***O. simplex*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Oroplema simplex***<br>(Warren, 1899) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Epiplema simplex* Warren, 1899 | |


title: Orophosaurus

abstract: Orophosaurus is an dubious genus of elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous of New Mexico.

text:
# Orophosaurus

***Orophosaurus*** is an dubious genus of elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous of New Mexico.

## Taxonomy

*Orophosaurus* is known only from the type species, *O. pauciporus*, which is based on AMNH 5692 (portions of three cervical vertebrae). The holotype was found in the Late Cretaceous Fox Hills Formation of the San Juan Basin in New Mexico. Welles (1962) judged *Orophosaurus* to be a *nomen vanum* because of the very fragmentary nature of the holotype.

## InfoBox

| *Orophosaurus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Sauropsida |
| Subclass: | Enaliosauria |
| Order: | Sauropterygia |
| Genus: | ***Orophosaurus*** |
|


title: Ortholeptura

abstract:
Ortholeptura is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:
  - Ortholeptura insignis
  - Ortholeptura obscura
  - Ortholeptura valida

text:
# Ortholeptura

***Ortholeptura*** is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Ortholeptura* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Ortholeptura valida* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Ortholeptura*** |
|


abstract: Osmanthus Flowers Blooming Everywhere in August is a Chinese Red Army folk song from Sichuan province, and is among the best-known revolutionary songs from the wartime and Maoist periods in China. The song is based on a folk melody called "Eight Pieces of Brocade" from the Dabie Mountains where the Eyuwan Soviet was based. The revolutionary version of the song was very popular during the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s; Deputy Secretary of Defence General Tan Zheng's wife, captain Wang Changde, used to sing the song on his visits to the troops in the early 1960s, prior to his imprisonment during the Cultural Revolution. It was featured in the 1964 musical The East is Red, and is now regarded as one of the most popular “new” folk songs.

text:
# Osmanthus Flowers Blooming Everywhere in August

**Osmanthus Flowers Blooming Everywhere in August** (Chinese: 八月桂花遍地开; pinyin: *bāyuè guìhuā biàndì kāi*) is a Chinese Red Army folk song from Sichuan province, and is among the best-known revolutionary songs from the wartime and Maoist periods in China.

The song is based on a folk melody called "Eight Pieces of Brocade" (八段锦; *bā duàn jǐn*) from the Dabie Mountains where the Eyuwan Soviet was based. The revolutionary version of the song was very popular during the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s; Deputy Secretary of Defence General Tan Zheng's wife, captain Wang Changde, used to sing the song on his visits to the troops in the early 1960s, prior to his imprisonment during the Cultural Revolution. It was featured in the 1964 musical *The East is Red*, and is now regarded as one of the most popular “new” folk songs.


title: Osmanthus delavayi

abstract:
Osmanthus delavayi is a species of flowering plant in the olive family Oleaceae. It is
an evergreen shrub native to the Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan regions of southern China, and widely cultivated as an ornamental in temperate and subtropical zones elsewhere.

text:
# Osmanthus delavayi

***Osmanthus delavayi*** is a species of flowering plant in the olive family Oleaceae. It is an evergreen shrub native to the Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan regions of southern China, and widely cultivated as an ornamental in temperate and subtropical zones elsewhere.

## History

*Osmanthus delavayi* was discovered by the Jesuit missionary-botanist Fr Pierre Jean Marie Delavay in the mountains near Lan-kong in Yunnan province, China, in 1890. He sent seed to the French nurseryman Vilmorin. Though Maurice de Vilmorin distributed the seed among various correspondents, only a single seed germinated. All the *O. delavayi* of European gardens were cloned from this one source, until George Forrest obtained further supplies of seed in China after World War I.

## Description

Over several weeks in late winter to spring, *Osmanthus delavayi* bears fragrant flowers that are more prominent but less fragrant than *Osmanthus fragrans*, but substitutes for *O. fragrans* in less balmy gardens. The shrub currently holds an Award of Garden Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society which it first received in 1923 and has been praised by British garden writers. It is a garden staple in the east coast of Australia as far south as Tasmania. Its USDA Zone range is 7-9 (it can survive -15C), making it hardy in sheltered locations as far north as coastal New York and in the Pacific Northwest. It is a medium-sized shrub, eventually reaching up to 4 m (13 ft) tall and broad, though this may take up to 20 years, as the plant is relatively slow-growing.

## *Osmanthus* × *burkwoodii*

*O.* × *burkwoodii*, a garden hybrid of *Osmanthus decorus* × *Osmanthus delavayi*, (syn. ×*Osmarea burkwoodii*) is also a popular garden shrub, and has also won an Award of Garden Merit. Growing to 3 m (9.8 ft) tall and broad, it is somewhat more compact than *O. delavayi*. It is named after the brothers Arthur and Albert Burkwood, 19th century hybridisers.

## InfoBox

| *Osmanthus delavayi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Oleaceae |
| Genus: | *Osmanthus* |
| Species: | ***O. delavayi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Osmanthus delavayi***<br>Franch. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ligustrum phillyrea* H.Lév. * *Siphonosmanthus delavayi* (Franch.) Stapf | |


title: Orthonecroscia

abstract: Orthonecroscia is a genus of stick insect first described by William Forsell Kirby in 1904.

text:
# Orthonecroscia

***Orthonecroscia*** is a genus of stick insect first described by William Forsell Kirby in 1904.

## Taxonomy

*Orthonecroscia* contains the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Orthonecroscia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Phasmatodea |
| Family: | Lonchodidae |
| Subfamily: | Necrosciinae |
| Tribe: | Necrosciini |
| Genus: | *Orthonecroscia*<br>Kirby, 1904 |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Orthonama

abstract: Orthonama is a genus of the geometer moth family (Geometridae). It belongs to the tribe Xanthorhoini of the "carpet" subfamily (Larentiinae). Nycterosea is usually included here by modern authors, but may in fact be distinct enough to warrant recognition as an independent genus. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1825.

text:
# Orthonama

***Orthonama*** is a genus of the geometer moth family (Geometridae). It belongs to the tribe Xanthorhoini of the "carpet" subfamily (Larentiinae). *Nycterosea* is usually included here by modern authors, but may in fact be distinct enough to warrant recognition as an independent genus. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1825.

## Selected species

Species of *Orthonama* (*sensu lato*) include:

## Synonyms

Junior synonyms of *Orthonama* are:

* *Nycterocea* (*lapsus*)
* *Nycterosea* Hulst, 1896 (but see above)
* *Nyctosia* (*lapsus; non* Hampson, 1900: preoccupied)
* *Orthonoma* (*lapsus*)
* *Percnoptilota* Hulst, 1896
* *Plemyria* Hübner, 1825a (*non* Hübner, 1825b: preoccupied)

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| *Orthonama* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Adult oblique carpet (*O. vittata*)
at Commanster in the Belgian Ardennes | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Tribe: | Xanthorhoini |
| Genus: | *Orthonama*
Hübner, 1825 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Geometra lignata*
Hübner, 1799 | |
| Species | |
| Several, see text | |
| Synonyms | |
| Numerous, see text | |


title: Needwood Forest

abstract: Needwood Forest was a large area of ancient woodland in Staffordshire, England, which was largely lost at the end of the 18th century.

text:
# Needwood Forest

**Needwood Forest** was a large area of ancient woodland in Staffordshire, England, which was largely lost at the end of the 18th century.

## History

The forest was on extensive lands owned by the Berkeley family of Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire. The forest was home to extensive stocks of wild boar and fallow deer.

In the 13th century, Thomas de Berkeley was assigned to be the keeper of the Tutbury ward, and while resident at Tutbury Castle liked to hunt the forest. He had a hunting lodge built, Byrkley Lodge. In 1267, Thomas married the daughter of William de Ferrers, the Earl of Derby.

During the rebellion of Simon de Montford against King Henry III, the de Ferrers family allied themselves with the rebellion. After the rebellion was put down, the de Ferrers were forced to forfeit their estates to the crown. Henry III gave the forest to his son Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster, in 1266. His son Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster died childless in 1322, and thus the wood passed to the King. Renamed Needwood Chase or royal forest, it was subsequently owned by the Duchy of Lancaster until it passed into the possession of Henry IV in 1399.

By this time the lodge had become the residence of the local keeper (judge). The lodge was redeveloped by King Edward IV, and used extensively for hunting by both himself and King James I. It was during this period that the forest became commonly associated with Sir Gawain's Green Knight.

## Enclosure and deforestation

In 1776, Francis Noel Clarke Mundy privately published a book of poetry called *Needwood Forest* which contained his own poem of the same name and supportive contributions from Sir Brooke Boothby Bt., Erasmus Darwin and Anna Seward. The purpose of Mundy's poems was to resist calls for the enclosure of the forest. Seward wrote a poem called "The fall of Needwood Forest", which she regarded as "*one of the most beautiful local poems*". Seward's parents adopted Honora Sneyd Edgeworth, who was probably related to the engraver, Mary Emma Sneyd. By the early 1790s, Thomas Gisborne held the perpetual curacy of Barton-under-Needwood. Gisborne regarded Needwood much as Gilbert White did Selborne, and wrote of his walks in the forest to resist enclosure.

| Needwood Forest or Chase Inclosure Act 1801 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | |
| Long title | An act for dividing; allotting and inclosing the forest or chase of Needwood, in the county of Stafford. |
| Citation | 41 Geo. 3. (U.K.) c. lvi |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 20 June 1801 |

However, in 1803 an act of Parliament was passed, allowing the forestry commissioners to enclose the lands and deforest it. By 1811 the land had been divided amongst a number of claimants. By 1851 Needwood Forest was described as forming "one of the most beautiful and highly cultivated territories in the honour of Tutbury, which contains 9,437 acres (38.19 km2) of land, in the five parishes of Hanbury, Tutbury, Tatenhill, Yoxall, and Rolleston, and subdivided into the four wards of Tutbury, Barton, Marchington, and Yoxall, which together form a district of over seven miles (11 km) in length and three in breadth, extending northwards from Wichnor to Marchington Woodlands."

## Present

The name lives on in the village and civil parish of Barton-under-Needwood, south of the former forest; and the hamlet of Needwood, in Anslow and Tatenhill parishes.

The former forest area now encloses some twenty farms, on which dairy farming is the principal enterprise. Byrkley Lodge was demolished in 1953, and today its former grounds are the site of the English National Football Centre, St George's Park.

490 acres (2.0 km2) of woodland remain, with some parts still open to the public. Jackson Bank at Hoar Cross is a mature, mixed 80-acre (320,000 m2) woodland still owned by the Duchy of Lancaster, which is open to the public. Bagot's Wood near Abbots Bromley claims to be the largest remaining part of the forest.

The National Forest is an environmental project planned to link the ancient forests of Needwood and Charnwood. Portions of Leicestershire, Derbyshire and Staffordshire are being planted, in an attempt to create a 200 square miles (520 km2) area blending ancient woodland with new plantings to create a new national forest.

## InfoBox

| Needwood Forest | |
| --- | --- |
| *A Cottage in Needwood Forest* by Joseph Wright 1790 | |
|  | |
| Type | Woodland |
| Location | Staffordshire |
| Coordinates | 52°49′N 1°46′W / 52.81°N 1.76°W / 52.81; -1.76 |
| Area | 9,437 acres (38.19 km2) |
| Created | 1266 |
| Status | Some parts remain |


title: Volvarina zonata

abstract:
Volvarina zonata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.
  - Subspecies, forma, variety
  -
  - Volvarina zonata f. bilineata
  - Volvarina zonata f. cleo Bartsch, 1915: synonym of Volvarina zonata f. bilineata
  - Volvarina zonata var. kraussi

text:
# Volvarina zonata

***Volvarina zonata*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

Subspecies, forma, variety * *Volvarina zonata f. bilineata* (Krauss, 1848)
* *Volvarina zonata f. cleo* Bartsch, 1915: synonym of *Volvarina zonata f. bilineata* (Krauss, 1848)
* *Volvarina zonata var. kraussi* (W. H. Turton, 1932) (taxon inquirendum)

## Description

The length of the shell attains 7.5 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off South Africa.

* Kilburn, R.N. & Rippey, E. (1982) Sea Shells of Southern Africa. Macmillan South Africa, Johannesburg, xi + 249 pp.
* Steyn, D.G. & Lussi, M. (1998) Marine Shells of South Africa. An Illustrated Collector's Guide to Beached Shells. Ekogilde Publishers, Hartebeespoort, South Africa, ii + 264 pp.

## InfoBox

| *Volvarina zonata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Shell of *Volvarina zonata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Genus: | *Volvarina* |
| Species: | ***V. zonata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Volvarina zonata***<br>(Kiener, 1841) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Marginella zonata* Kiener, 1841 (original combination) | |


title: Leonardo Marin

abstract: Leonardo Marin is an Italian professional rugby union player who primarily plays fly-half for Benetton of the United Rugby Championship. He has also represented Italy at international level, having made his test debut against France during the 2022 Six Nations Championship. Marin has previously played for clubs such as Mogliano in the past.

text:
# Leonardo Marin

**Leonardo Marin** (Italian pronunciation: \[maˈrin\]; born 23 February 2002) is an Italian professional rugby union player who primarily plays fly-half for Benetton of the United Rugby Championship. He has also represented Italy at international level, having made his test debut against France during the 2022 Six Nations Championship. Marin has previously played for clubs such as Mogliano in the past.

## Professional career

Marin signed for Benetton in July 2021 ahead of the 2021–22 United Rugby Championship. He made his debut in Round 1 of the 2021–22 season against the Stormers.

In 2021 Marin was named in Italy U20s squad for annual Six Nations Under 20s Championship. On 14 October 2021, he was selected by Alessandro Troncon to be part of an Italy A 28-man squad for the 2021 end-of-year rugby union internationals.

On 13 January 2022, he was selected by Kieran Crowley to be part of an Italy 33-man squad for the 2022 Six Nations Championship. He made his debut against France.

On 13 January 2024 he was called in Italy Under 23 squad for test series against IRFU Combined Academies.

## InfoBox

Leonardo Marin
| Full name | Leonardo Marin |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (2002-02-23) 23 February 2002 |
| Place of birth | Mestre, Italy |
| Height | 188 cm (6 ft 2 in) |
| Weight | 88 kg (194 lb; 13 st 12 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Fly-half, Centre  **Current team** Benetton  Youth career  2008-2018 Mogliano  2019-2021 F.I.R. Academy  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2018-2019 Mogliano  4  (0)  2021– Benetton  19  (35)  Correct as of 11 March 2024  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2021 Italy under-20  5  (23)  2021 Italy A  2  (17)  2022– Italy  8  (5)  Correct as of 11 March 2024 | |


title: Polecat (band)

abstract: Polecat was an early band of singer-guitarist Ted Stevens of Omaha, Nebraska. He later went on to form Lullaby For The Working Class who recorded for Bar/None Records and Saddle Creek Records. He is currently a guitarist in Saddle Creek's Cursive and Mayday. Polecat's first Ghostmeat release was the song "1979" on the Apollo's Salvage compilation released in 1995. Later that year, Ghostmeat and Lumberjack Records collaborated to release a Sunbrain & Polecat split 7-inch. The A-side single of Polecat's 2500 Ft of Our Love, "Saddle Creek," partially inspired the name of Omaha label Saddle Creek Records.

text:
# Polecat (band)

**Polecat** was an early band of singer-guitarist Ted Stevens of Omaha, Nebraska. He later went on to form Lullaby For The Working Class who recorded for Bar/None Records and Saddle Creek Records. He is currently a guitarist in Saddle Creek's Cursive and Mayday. Polecat's first Ghostmeat release was the song "1979" on the Apollo's Salvage compilation released in 1995. Later that year, Ghostmeat and Lumberjack Records (which later became Saddle Creek) collaborated to release a Sunbrain & Polecat split 7-inch.

The A-side single of Polecat's *2500 Ft of Our Love*, "Saddle Creek," partially inspired the name of Omaha label Saddle Creek Records.

## Band members

## Discography

* *Dilly Dally* (1993, Lumberjack Records)
* "2500 ft. of our Love" ("Saddle Creek" b/w "Chinese Water Torture") (1994, Double Zero Records, -ismist Recordings)
* Polecat/Sunbrain split 7-inch (1995, Lumberjack Records/Ghostmeat Records)
* You Smell Like a Polecat Feat. (1999, Comp2 Records)
* "1979" on the compilation *Apollo's Salvage* (1995)


title: Roger Davis (film actor)

abstract: Roger Davis was an American actor.

text:
# Roger Davis (film actor)

**Roger Davis** (January 20, 1884 – March 3, 1980) was an American actor.

## Career

Davis was born in Maryland, and played small parts in a number of Hollywood films of the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. They included A Social Celebrity, (1926), *Are You There?* (1930) and Youth Takes a Fling (1938). He played roles such as butlers and waiters, and appeared in two of the Tracy-Hepburn vehicles, *Adam's Rib* (1949) and *Pat and Mike* (1952). Davis died of cancer on March 3, 1980, at the age of 96.

## InfoBox

| Roger Davis | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | January 20, 1884
Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | March 3, 1980(1980-03-03) (aged 96)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |