title: Mountain caracara

abstract: The mountain caracara, is a species of bird of prey in the family Falconidae. It is found in puna and páramo in the Andes, ranging from northern Ecuador, through Peru and Bolivia, to northern Argentina and Chile. It is generally uncommon to fairly common. It resembles the closely related Carunculated Caracara and White-throated Caracara, but unlike those species, its chest is uniform black. Juveniles are far less distinctive than the red-faced pied adults, being overall brown with dull pinkish-grey facial skin.

text:
# Mountain caracara

The **mountain caracara** (***Phalcoboenus megalopterus***), (Spanish: **corequenque**) is a species of bird of prey in the family Falconidae. It is found in puna and páramo in the Andes, ranging from northern Ecuador, through Peru and Bolivia, to northern Argentina and Chile. It is generally uncommon to fairly common. It resembles the closely related Carunculated Caracara and White-throated Caracara, but unlike those species, its chest is uniform black. Juveniles are far less distinctive than the red-faced pied adults, being overall brown with dull pinkish-grey facial skin.

## Description

A medium-sized caracara with a faintly blue beak tip turning to bright orange, strongly contrasted by the jet-black feathers of its head, back and chest. Its rump, belly and upper tail and undertail coverts are pure white, changing sharply from black to white between the belly and chest. Its black wings have small white shoulder patches and it has white spots on some of its outer primaries. In the 1960s, 17 individual birds were caught and measured and it was noted that the species wing length could range from 358 to 403 mm, giving them a medium-sized wing for a caracara, but a comparatively short tail. Despite an important food source being carcasses, the Mountain Caracara's head and throat remain feathered (unlike some vultures), and only its lores are kept naked. Its legs are yellow and the males and females look similar, while the juveniles are brown.

## Habitat and Distribution

Mountain Caracaras are endemic to South America and are found throughout several countries, including Bolivia, Chile, Peru and Argentina. They prefer unforested regions where they can perch on power poles or fence posts to overlook a large area. They are usually grouped near cities and along highways.

## Behaviour

### Diet

A highly opportunistic bird commonly seen walking on the ground, it feeds on both carrion and virtually any small animal it can catch. Those living in the high plains of northwestern Argentina seem to rely more heavily on animal carcasses as a food source, while some studied in the Andes of South Central Chile left pellets that were composed mostly of insect remains (up to 94%). These birds scratch and stamp at the dirt to scare up bugs from the ground and flip over rocks to find more arthropods and even rodents. Group foraging behaviour has been observed and several birds are able to overturn rocks that would be impossible for a single bird to move on its own. These groups are most often formed by a couple of adults and a juvenile that combine their efforts in search of food. Small birds, such as the Plain-mantled Tit-spinetail also fall prey to them. Lone Caracaras were also recorded to follow human vehicles that would periodically throw out scraps of food. Being opportunistic feeders, they have adapted well to living near humans and are more concentrated near cities where they are more likely to be able to feast on carrion and refuse.

### Reproduction

The Caracara species are unique among the family Falconidae in that they build their own nests of sticks, though these can range from a bare minimum of materials to quite a substantial amount; some nests consist merely of an empty cliff ledge while others are massive weaves of branches. Breeding season is from October to December and the nest will usually contain two eggs, and very rarely three, that hatch in December. The chicks have fledged and are independent by March, though they may stay with their parents for months afterward.

### Group Foraging

It is still unknown why some Mountain Caracaras use a group foraging method to hunt down food. Even though the hunting party may be able to overturn bigger rocks and cover more ground, the prey captured is usually not shared amongst the hunters and usually little to no benefit is received by the youngest in the group. The Caracara that decides on the most likely rock to move is usually the bird who grabs and eats the prey, though if enough food is available, all members could potentially receive a meal at some point during their forage.

## Vocalizations

When group foraging, an adult who finds a rock worth turning over will call out to attract the rest of its nearby party. A flight call has also been recorded.

## Taxonomy

The Mountain Caracara is closely related to the other birds of the genus *Phalcoboenus*, a group which separated from the rest of the Caracaras around 1.9 million years ago. The White-throated Caracara (*Phalcoboenus albogularis*) is the Mountain Caracara's closest relative and there have been recordings of hybridization events between the two species. They differ mostly by the colour of their plumage and by their habitat preference. It is supposed that the *Phalcoboenus* taxa diverged within themselves roughly 0.6 million years ago when there was a large amount of glacial activity in the area.

The American Ornithological Society, the International Ornithological Committee, and BirdLife International's *Handbook of the Birds of the World* place the mountain caracara in genus *Phalcoboenus*. The Clements taxonomy places it in genus *Daptrius*.

## Traditional use

The feathers were used to decorate the crown, or Mascapaicha, of the Sapa Inca.

## InfoBox

| Mountain caracara | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mountain caracara in the Cordillera Real, Bolivia | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Falconiformes |
| Family: | Falconidae |
| Genus: | *Phalcoboenus* |
| Species: | ***P. megalopterus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phalcoboenus megalopterus***
(Meyen, 1834) | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Aquila megaloptera* Meyen 1834
*Daptrius megalopterus* | |


title: Walker Creek, Falkland Islands

abstract: Walker Creek is a settlement on East Falkland, in the Falkland Islands, in Lafonia. It is on the shore of the Choiseul Sound, and overlooks Sea Lion Island in the distance. It is the second largest settlement on East Falkland south of Goose Green, after North Arm.

text:
# Walker Creek, Falkland Islands

**Walker Creek** is a settlement on East Falkland, in the Falkland Islands, in Lafonia. It is on the shore of the Choiseul Sound, and overlooks Sea Lion Island in the distance. It is the second largest settlement on East Falkland south of Goose Green, after North Arm.

## InfoBox

| Walker Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Walker CreekMap showing location of Walker Creek | |
| Coordinates: 51°58′3.72″S 58°46′37.56″W / 51.9677000°S 58.7771000°W / -51.9677000; -58.7771000 | |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Overseas territory | Falkland Islands |
| Island | East Falkland |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.06 sq mi (0.16 km2) |
| Land | 0.06 sq mi (0.15 km2) |
| Water | 0.004 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 16 ft (5 m) |


title: Ministry of Justice (Spain)

abstract: The Ministry of Justice (MJUS) was the department of the Government of Spain responsible for preparing and carrying out the government policy in order to bring the legal system off, specially in criminal, civil, commercial and procedural law affairs, supporting the Administration of Justice and the legal and international cooperation. Likewise, it was responsible for processing the documents relative to grace right, titles of nobility and Grandees which resolution is given by the King and is carried out by the Council of Ministers, giving legal attendance to the State administrations and it is the communication channel of the Government with the Administration of Justice, with the General Council of the Judiciary and with the Prosecution Ministry, through the Attorney General, as well as with the governing bodies of the autonomous communities with judicial responsibilities, the Spanish Data Protection Agency and the associations of legal experts. The MJUS was headed by the Minister of Justice, who is appointed by the King of Spain at request of the Prime Minister, after hearing the Council of Ministers. The Minister is assisted by three main officials, the Secretary of State for Justice, the Under Secretary of Justice and the Secretary-General for Innovation and Quality of the Public Justice Service. The Solicitor General depends from the Minister. The present last minister of justice under this ministry was Pilar Llop, who served from 2021 to 2023. The ministry had its headquarters in the Palace of the Marchioness of Sonora, Madrid.

text:
# Ministry of Justice (Spain)

The **Ministry of Justice** (**MJUS**) was the department of the Government of Spain responsible for preparing and carrying out the government policy in order to bring the legal system off, specially in criminal, civil, commercial and procedural law affairs, supporting the Administration of Justice and the legal and international cooperation.

Likewise, it was responsible for processing the documents relative to grace right, titles of nobility and Grandees which resolution is given by the King and is carried out by the Council of Ministers, giving legal attendance to the State administrations and it is the communication channel of the Government with the Administration of Justice, with the General Council of the Judiciary and with the Prosecution Ministry, through the Attorney General, as well as with the governing bodies of the autonomous communities with judicial responsibilities, the Spanish Data Protection Agency and the associations of legal experts.

The MJUS was headed by the Minister of Justice, who is appointed by the King of Spain at request of the Prime Minister, after hearing the Council of Ministers. The Minister is assisted by three main officials, the Secretary of State for Justice, the Under Secretary of Justice and the Secretary-General for Innovation and Quality of the Public Justice Service. The Solicitor General depends from the Minister. The present last minister of justice under this ministry was Pilar Llop, who served from 2021 to 2023.

The ministry had its headquarters in the Palace of the Marchioness of Sonora, Madrid.

## History

### Origin

The administration of justice was a real prerogative and would continue being it until the 19th century, with the firsts constitutions. However, the monarchs already delegate its judicial powers on civil servants in charge of administering justice but the first time that a kind-of government department was created for judicial affairs was in 1705. That year, King Philip V split the Secretariat of the Universal Dispatch into two secretariats, one for War and Treasury and other «for everything else», which primarily included justice and religion affairs.

### The beginnings

However, the true germ of the ministry is found in the Royal Decree of 30 November 1714, which, similar to the French model, divided matters by subject, creating four Secretariats of the Dispatch, among which was the Secretariat of State and of the Dispatch of Ecclesiastical Affairs, Justice and Jurisdiction, in charge of religious affairs, maintenance of royalties from the Crown, the regime of universities, and justice and jurisdiction of Councils and courts, especially in appointments. This secretariat was assumed by Manuel Vadillo Velasco who previously assumed the «Secretariat of the Dispatch for everything else».

This Secretariat of State and of the Dispatch of Ecclesiastical Affairs, Justice and Jurisdiction is renamed Secretariat of the Dispatch of Justice, Political Government and Treasury of Spain and the Indies on 2 April 1717, since it assumes the powers of the Treasury after the General Supervision had been eliminated and after being merged most of the Secretariats of the Dispatch, preserving just three of them. However, this situation will last a short time because in December 1720 the Treasury business regained autonomy, splitting from the Ministry of Justice.

### Grace and Justice

The great reforms carried out by Ferdinand VI in 1754-1755 established the definitive classification of the Secretariats of the Dispatch and their powers. Thus, between 15 May 1754 and 14 May 1755, by a series of Royal Decrees, the Secretariats of the Dispatch become five (the Treasury one is re-created), and they are endowed with a permanent organization. In the case of the Secretariat of Ecclesiastical Affairs, Justice and Jurisdiction, by the Decree of 16 August 1754, it changes its name to «Secretariat of State and of the Dispatch of Grace and Justice». The subsequent reform of the year 1787 gives rise to a greater division of the Secretariats, as a solution to the accumulation of affairs and businesses from the Indies.

As for the functions of this Secretariat of the Dispatch of Grace and Justice, it corresponded to it the matters previously dealt with by the Chamber of Castile and the Royal Council, basically those relating to royal patronage, ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and the organization and operation of the Courts of Justice. Thus, it was attributed to this Secretariat everything to the appointments of archbishops, bishops, ecclesiastical dignities, perks, trades and chaplaincies; the government of courts and chancery, the appointment of its presidents, governors and ministers, and the resources of justice; the provision of the corregimientos not destined to war and property; the conservation of royalties of the Crown, as well as the dispatch of what is convenient to the royal houses and the provision of their jobs and the care of the observance of laws and pragmatics.

In 1787, the pre-existing Secretariat of the Navy and the Indies is divided into three, with the names of: Navy, Grace and Justice of the Indies, and War, Treasury, Commerce and Navigation of the Indies, bringing the judicial affairs of the Indies to this moment assumed by the Indies Secretariat to a new the Secretariat of Grace and Justice of the Indies. However, this reform did not end the problems it had tried to remedy, so by Royal Decree of 25 April 1790, the classic division into five Secretaries of State and of the Dispatch was re-established: «State», «War», «Navy», «Treasury» and «Grace and Justice», each of which assumed the corresponding matters to the Indies. This division of the different branches of the Administration will be maintained until the Cortes of Cádiz, which will introduce other reforms.

### The Ministry

In 1812, the name «Secretariat of the Dispatch of Grace and Justice» was changed to «Ministry of Grace and Justice». But in fact, already the Statute of Bayonne of 1808 and the Constitution of 1837 used the term «minister» to refer to the secretaries of the Dispatch, since both terms were used as synonyms until the Royal Decree of 20 September 1851 changed the name of the Secretariat of State and of the Dispatch of Public Works to Ministry of Development, making official the denomination of «ministries» for the former Secretariats of the Dispatch and, consequently, it is definitively called Ministry of Grace and Justice.

Since then, the Ministry of Justice has hardly changed (except for those of internal organization) and the most significant changes were in the Second Republic, specifically on 14 April 1931, when it was renamed «Ministry of Justice» and the period from 25 September 1935 to 19 February 1936, in which the name of the department was «Ministry of Labor, Health and Justice».

Already in democracy, the most significant change was between May 1994 and May 1996, when it merged with the Ministry of the Interior, giving rise to the Ministry of Justice and the Interior.

In 2020, the department lost the powers over the fundamental right of freedom of worship and the matters related with the Historical Memory Act.

In November 2023, the Ministry was disestablished and it was merged with the Ministry of the Presidency. It was the second time in three centuries that the Ministry of Justice was abolished after its merger with the Ministry of the Interior from 1994 to 1996.

## Organization chart

The Ministry of Justice was organised in the following managerial bodies:

* The **Secretariat of State for Justice.**
    + The **General Secretariat for Innovation and Quality of the Public Justice Service.**
        - The Directorate-General for the Public Justice Service.
        - The Directorate-General for the Digital Transformation of the Administration of Justice.
        - The Directorate-General for Legal Security and Certification.
        - The Deputy Directorate-General for Innovation and Quality of the Fiscal and Judicial Office.
    + The Directorate-General for International Legal Cooperation and Human Rights.
* The **Undersecretary of Justice.**
    + The Technical General Secretariat.
    + The Budget Office.
    + The Deputy Directorate-General for Human Resources.
    + The Deputy Directorate-General for Hiring and Economic Management.
    + The Deputy Directorate-General for Building and Heritage.
    + The Deputy Directorate-General for Administrative Information and General Inspection of Services.
    + The Division for the Right of Grace and other Rights.
* The **Office of the Solicitor General.**
    + The Directorate-General for Advisory Services.
    + The Directorate-General for Litigation Services.
    + The Deputy Directorate-General for Human and Material Resources.
    + The Deputy Directorate-General for Constitutional Affairs and Human Rights.
    + The Deputy Directorate-General for European Union and International Affairs.
    + The Deputy Directorate-General for Internal Audit and Knowledge Management.
    + The Technical Cabinet of the Solicitor General.
    + The Offices of the Solicitor General at the Spanish regions and autonomous cities.

### Agencies

* The Center for Legal Studies.
* The General Mutual Benefit Society for Civil Servants of the Administration of Justice.

## First Notary of the Kingdom

**First Notary of the Kingdom** or **Chief Notary of the Kingdom**, in Spanish *Notario Mayor del Reino* is the title held by the Minister of Justice as the person in charge of giving faith of the big events of the country like taking oath of high-ranking officials of the Kingdom. Among its most important tasks is the record of the swearing and promises of the King or Queen, the Prime Minister, the Ministers and the Secretaries of State.

Likewise, the First Notary of the Kingdom also intervened in the civil acts of the Spanish royal family, raising the records of the births, marriages and deaths of their individuals, and authorizing their marital capitulations, powers, assignments and other provisions and contracts. Said protocols and other papers of the civil acts that concern the royal family are kept in the dependencies of the Directorate-General of Registries and Notaries.

The title is exercised ex officio, from its appointment until its cessation as Minister of Justice. This position does not confer any notarial authority nor does it have any relationship with the General Council of the Notariat (the nationwide organization who represents the notaries), whose highest authority is the President of the General Council.

In case of the absence of the minister himself and as public notary, the Director-General of the Registries and the Notary, who is the secretary of the First Notary's Office, acts as the Acting First Notary of the Kingdom.

## List of ministers of justice of Spain

### Reign of Joseph I (1808–1813)

| Took office | Left office | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 7 July 1808 | 1 August 1808 | **Sebastián Piñuela Alonso** (1) |
| 5 September 1808 | 27 February 1812 | **Manuel Romero** (1) |
| 27 February 1812 | 27 June 1813 | **Pablo Arribas**(1) |

### Junta Suprema Central (1808–1812)

| Took office | Left office | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 15 February 1808 | 6 February 1810 | **Benito Ramón de la Hermida** (3) |
| 6 February 1810 | 19 January 1811 | **Nicolás María Sierra** (3) |
| 19 January 1811 | 12 August 1811 | **José Antonio Larrumbide Urquidizar** (3) |
| 12 August 1811 | 23 June 1812 | **Ignacio Pezuela** (3) |
| 23 June 1812 | 10 February 1813 | **Antonio Cano Ramírez de Arellano** (3) |
| 10 February 1813 | 4 May 1814 | **Manuel García Herreros** (3) |

### Reign of Fernando VII (1814–1833)

| Took office | Left office | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 4 May 1814 | 8 November 1814 | **Pedro Macanaz** (3) |
| 8 November 1814 | 27 January 1816 | **Tomás Moyano** (3) |
| 27 January 1816 | 29 February 1816 | **Pedro Cevallos Guerra** (3) |
| 29 February 1816 | 29 January 1817 | **José García de León y Pizarro** (3) |
| 29 January 1817 | 1 November 1819 | **Juan Esteban Lozano de Torres** (3) |
| 1 November 1819 | 9 March 1820 | **Bernardo Mozo de Rosales** (3) |
| 9 March 1820 | 8 April 1820 | **José García de la Torre** (3) |
| 8 April 1820 | 2 March 1821 | **Manuel García Herreros** (1) |
| 2 March 1821 | 28 February 1822 | **Vicente Cano Manuel Ramírez de Arellano** (1) |
| 28 February 1822 | 23 July 1822 | **Nicolás María Garelli** (1) |
| 23 July 1822 | 5 August 1822 | **Damián de la Santa** (1) |
| 5 August 1822 | 12 May 1823 | **Felipe Benicio Navarro** (1) |
| 12 May 1823 | 30 September 1823 | **José María Calatrava** (1) |
| 30 September 1823 | 2 December 1823 | **José García de la Torre** (3) |
| 2 December 1823 | 18 January 1824 | **Narciso Heredia y Begines de los Ríos** (3) |
| 18 January 1824 | 1 February 1832 | **Francisco Tadeo Calomarde** (3) |
| 1 February 1832 | 14 December 1832 | **José Cafranga Costilla** (3) |
| 14 December 1832 | 25 March 1833 | **Francisco Fernández del Pino** (3) |
| 25 March 1833 | 29 November 1833 | **Juan Gualberto González Bravo Delgado** (3) |

### Regency of María Cristina (1833–1840)

| Took office | Left office | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 29 November 1833 | 15 January 1834 | **Juan Gualberto González Bravo** (1) |
| 15 January 1834 | 17 February 1835 | **Nicolás María Garelli** (1) |
| 17 February 1835 | 13 June 1835 | **Juan de la Dehesa** (1) |
| 13 June 1835 | 27 September 1835 | **Manuel García Herreros** (1) |
| 29 September 1835 | 15 May 1836 | **Álvaro Gómez Becerra** |
| 15 May 1836 | 14 August 1836 | **Manuel Barrio Ayuso** (1) |
| 14 August 1836 | 18 August 1837 | **José Landero y Corchado** (1) |
| 18 August 1837 | 1 February 1837 | **Ramón Salvato** (1) |
| 1 February 1837 | 4 February 1837 | **Juan Antonio Castejón** (1) |
| 4 February 1837 | 16 December 1837 | **Pablo Mata Vigil** (1) |
| 16 December 1837 | 6 September 1838 | **Francisco Castro y Orozco** (1) |
| 6 September 1838 | 21 November 1838 | **Domingo Ruiz de la Vega** (1) |
| 21 November 1838 | 9 December 1838 | **Antonio González y González** (1) |
| 9 December 1838 | 20 July 1840 | **Lorenzo Arrazola** (1) |
| 20 July 1840 | 12 August 1840 | **Antonio González y González** (1) |
| 12 August 1840 | 29 August 1840 | **Francisco Agustín Silvela y Blanco** (1) |
| 29 August 1840 | 11 September 1840 | **Modesto Cortázar** (1) |
| 11 September 1840 | 16 September 1840 | **Álvaro Gómez Becerra** (1) |

### Regency of Baldomero Espartero (1840–1843)

| Took office | Left office | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 16 September 1840 | 20 May 1841 | **Álvaro Gómez Becerra** (1) |
| 20 May 1841 | 17 June 1842 | **José Alonso Ruiz de Conejares** (1) |
| 17 June 1842 | 9 May 1843 | **Miguel Antonio de Zumalacarregui** (1) |
| 9 May 1843 | 19 May 1843 | **Joaquín María López** (1) |
| 19 May 1843 | 30 July 1843 | **Álvaro Gómez Becerra** (1) |

### Reign of Isabel II (1843–1868)

| Took office | Left office | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 25 July 1843 | 24 November 1843 | **Joaquín María López** (1) |
| 24 November 1843 | 1 December 1843 | **Claudio Antón de Luzuriaga** (1) |
| 5 December 1843 | 12 February 1846 | **Luis Mayans y Enríquez de Navarra** (1) |
| 13 February 1846 | 16 March 1846 | **Lorenzo Arrazola** (1) |
| 16 March 1846 | 5 April 1846 | **Pedro Egaña** (1) |
| 5 April 1846 | 28 January 1847 | **Joaquín Díaz Caneja** (1) |
| 28 January 1847 | 28 March 1847 | **Juan Bravo Murillo** (1) |
| 30 March 1847 | 3 September 1847 | **Florencio Rodríguez Vaamonde** (1) |
| 3 September 1847 | 4 February 1847 | **Florencio García Goyena** (1) |
| 4 February 1847 | 19 February 1849 | **Lorenzo Arrazola** (1) |
| 19 February 1849 | 20 February 1849 | **José Manresa** (1) |
| 20 February 1849 | 14 January 1851 | **Lorenzo Arrazola** (1) |
| 14 January 1851 | 14 December 1852 | **Ventura González Romero** (1) |
| 14 December 1852 | 9 April 1853 | **Federico Vahey Alba** (1) |
| 14 April 1853 | 19 September 1853 | **Pablo Govantes** (1) |
| 19 September 1853 | 16 January 1854 | **José de Castro y Orozco** (1) |
| 16 January 1854 | 17 July 1854 | **Jacinto Félix Domenech** (1) |
| 18 July 1854 | 30 July 1854 | **Pedro Gómez de la Serna** (1) |
| 30 July 1854 | 29 November 1854 | **José Alonso Ruiz de Conejares** (1) |
| 29 November 1854 | 6 June 1855 | **Joaquín Aguirre de la Peña** (1) |
| 6 June 1855 | 15 January 1856 | **Manuel Fuente Andrés** (1) |
| 15 January 1856 | 14 July 1856 | **José Arias Uría** (1) |
| 14 July 1856 | 7 August 1856 | **Claudio Antón de Luzuriaga** (1) |
| 7 August 1856 | 12 February 1856 | **Cirilo Álvarez** (1) |
| 12 February 1856 | 15 February 1857 | **Manuel Seijas Lozano** (1) |
| 15 February 1857 | 25 February 1857 | **Fernando Álvarez** (1) |
| 25 February 1857 | 14 January 1858 | **Joaquín José Casaus** (1) |
| 14 January 1858 | 30 June 1858 | **José Fernández de la Hoz** (1) |
| 30 June 1858 | 17 January 1863 | **Santiago Fernández Negrete** (1) |
| 17 January 1863 | 9 February 1863 | **Nicomedes Pastor Díaz** (1) |
| 9 February 1863 | 2 March 1863 | **Pedro Nolasco Aurioles Aguado** (1) |
| 2 March 1863 | 17 January 1864 | **Rafael Monares Cebrián** (1) |
| 17 January 1864 | 1 March 1864 | **Fernando Álvarez** (1) |
| 1 March 1864 | 16 September 1864 | **Luis Mayans y Enríquez de Navarra** (1) |
| 16 September 1864 | 21 June 1865 | **Lorenzo Arrazola** (1) |
| 21 June 1865 | 10 July 1866 | **Fernando Calderón Collantes** (1) |
| 10 July 1866 | 27 June 1867 | **Lorenzo Arrazola** (1) |
| 27 June 1867 | 15 June 1868 | **Joaquín de Roncali y Ceruti** (1) |
| 15 June 1868 | 30 September 1868 | **Carlos María Coronado** (1) |

### Sexenio Democrático

| Took office | Left office | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 8 February 1868 | 18 June 1869 | **Antonio Romero Ortiz** (1) |
| 18 June 1869 | 13 July 1869 | **Cristóbal Martín de Herrera** (1) |
| 13 July 1869 | 9 January 1870 | **Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla** (1) |
| 9 January 1870 | 4 January 1871 | **Eugenio Montero Ríos** (1) |

### Reign of Amadeo I (1871–1873)

| Took office | Left office | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 4 January 1871 | 24 July 1871 | **Augusto Ulloa** (1) |
| 24 July 1871 | 5 October 1871 | **Eugenio Montero Ríos** (1) |
| 5 October 1871 | 26 May 1872 | **Eduardo Alonso Colmenares** (1) |
| 26 May 1872 | 13 June 1872 | **Alejandro Groizard** (1) |
| 13 June 1872 | 12 February 1873 | **Eugenio Montero Ríos** (1) |

### First Spanish Republic (1873–1874)

| Took office | Left office | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 12 February 1873 | 11 June 1873 | **Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso** (1) |
| 11 June 1873 | 28 June 1873 | **José Fernando González** (1) |
| 28 June 1873 | 18 July 1873 | **Joaquín Gil Bergés** (1) |
| 19 July 1873 | 4 September 1873 | **Pedro José Moreno Rodríguez** (1) |
| 8 September 1873 | 3 January 1874 | **Luis del Río y Ramos** (1) |
| 3 January 1874 | 4 January 1874 | **Eugenio García Ruiz** (1) |
| 4 January 1874 | 13 May 1874 | **Cristino Martos Balbi** (1) |
| 13 May 1874 | 3 September 1874 | **Manuel Alonso Martínez** (1) |
| 3 September 1874 | 31 December 1874 | **Eduardo Alonso Colmenares** (1) |

### Reign of Alfonso XII (1874–1885)

| Took office | Left office | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 31 December 1874 | 12 September 1875 | **Francisco de Cárdenas Espejo** (1) |
| 12 September 1875 | 2 December 1875 | **Fernando Calderón Collantes** (1) |
| 2 December 1875 | 14 January 1877 | **Cristóbal Martín de Herrera** (1) |
| 14 January 1877 | 6 January 1879 | **Fernando Calderón Collantes** (1) |
| 6 January 1879 | 7 March 1879 | **Saturnino Álvarez Bugallal** (1) |
| 7 March 1879 | 9 December 1879 | **Pedro Nolasco Aurioles Aguado** (1) |
| 9 December 1879 | 8 February 1881 | **Saturnino Álvarez Bugallal** (1) |
| 8 February 1881 | 9 January 1883 | **Manuel Alonso Martínez** (1) |
| 9 January 1883 | 13 October 1883 | **Vicente Romero Girón** (1) |
| 13 October 1883 | 18 January 1884 | **Aureliano Linares Rivas** (1) |
| 18 January 1881 | 27 November 1885 | **Francisco Silvela Le Vielleuze** (1) |

### Regency of María Cristina (1885-1902)

| Took office | Left office | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 27 November 1885 | 11 December 1888 | **Manuel Alonso Martínez** (1) |
| 11 December 1888 | 21 January 1890 | **José Canalejas y Méndez** (1) |
| 21 January 1890 | 5 July 1890 | **Joaquín López Puigcerver** (1) |
| 5 July 1890 | 23 November 1891 | **Raimundo Fernández Villaverde** (1) |
| 23 November 1891 | 11 December 1892 | **Fernando Cos-Gayón y Pons** (1) |
| 11 December 1892 | 6 July 1893 | **Eugenio Montero Ríos** (1) |
| 6 July 1893 | 4 November 1894 | **Trinitario Ruiz Capdepón** (1) |
| 4 November 1894 | 23 March 1895 | **Antonio Maura Montaner** (1) |
| 23 March 1895 | 14 December 1895 | **Francisco Romero Robledo** (1) |
| 14 December 1895 | 4 October 1897 | **Manuel Aguirre de Tejada** (1) |
| 4 October 1897 | 4 March 1899 | **Alejandro Groizard y Gómez de la Serna** (1) |
| 4 March 1899 | 24 October 1899 | **Manuel Durán y Bas** (1) |
| 24 October 1899 | 18 April 1900 | **Luis María de la Torre y de la Hoz** (1) |
| 18 April 1900 | 6 March 1901 | **Francisco Javier González de Castejón y Elío** (1) |
| 6 March 1901 | 19 March 1902 | **Julián García-San Miguel** (1) |
| 19 March 1902 | 17 May 1902 | **Juan Montilla y Adán** (1) |

### Reign of Alfonso XIII (1902-1923)

| Took office | Left office | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 17 May 1902 | 15 November 1902 | **Juan Montilla y Adán** (1) |
| 15 November 1902 | 6 December 1902 | **Joaquín López Puigcerver** (1) |
| 6 December 1902 | 20 July 1903 | **Eduardo Dato Iradier** (1) |
| 20 July 1903 | 5 December 1903 | **Francisco Guzmán y Carballeda** (1) |
| 5 December 1903 | 16 December 1904 | **Joaquín Sánchez de Toca** (1) |
| 16 December 1904 | 23 June 1905 | **Francisco Javier Ugarte Pagés** (1) |
| 23 June 1905 | 31 October 1905 | **Joaquín González de la Peña** (1) |
| 31 October 1905 | 1 December 1905 | **Joaquín López Puigcerver** (1) |
| 1 December 1905 | 10 June 1906 | **Manuel García Prieto** (1) |
| 10 June 1906 | 6 July 1906 | **José María Celleruelo Poviones** (1) |
| 6 July 1906 | 30 November 1906 | **Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres** (1) |
| 30 November 1906 | 25 January 1907 | **Antonio Barroso Castillo** (1) |
| 25 January 1907 | 21 October 1909 | **Juan Armada y Losada** (1) |
| 21 October 1909 | 9 February 1910 | **Eduardo Martínez del Campo y Acosta** (1) |
| 9 February 1910 | 3 April 1911 | **Trinitario Ruiz Valarino** (1) |
| 3 April 1911 | 29 June 1911 | **Antonio Barroso Castillo** (1) |
| 29 June 1911 | 12 March 1912 | **José Canalejas y Méndez** (1) |
| 3 April 1911 | 29 June 1911 | **Trinitario Ruiz Valarino** (1) |
| 29 June 1911 | 12 March 1912 | **José Canalejas y Méndez** (1) |
| 12 March 1912 | 31 December 1912 | **Diego Arias de Miranda y Goytia** (1) |
| 31 December 1912 | 24 May 1913 | **Antonio Barroso Castillo** (1) |
| 24 May 1913 | 13 June 1913 | **Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres** (1) |
| 13 June 1913 | 27 October 1913 | **Pedro Rodríguez de la Borbolla** (1) |
| 27 October 1913 | 7 September 1914 | **Francisco Javier González de Castejón y Elío** (1) |
| 7 September 1914 | 4 January 1915 | **Eduardo Dato Iradier** (1) |
| 4 January 1915 | 9 December 1915 | **Manuel de Burgos y Mazo** (1) |
| 9 December 1915 | 8 October 1916 | **Antonio Barroso Castillo** (1) |
| 8 October 1916 | 19 April 1917 | **Juan Alvarado y del Saz** (1) |
| 19 April 1917 | 11 June 1917 | **Trinitario Ruiz Valarino** (1) |
| 11 June 1917 | 3 November 1917 | **Manuel de Burgos y Mazo** (1) |
| 3 November 1917 | 22 March 1918 | **Joaquín Fernández Prida** (1) |
| 22 March 1918 | 10 October 1918 | **Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres** (1) |
| 10 October 1918 | 9 November 1918 | **Antonio Maura y Montaner** (1) |
| 9 November 1918 | 5 December 1918 | **José Roig y Berdagá** (1) |
| 5 December 1918 | 15 April 1919 | **Alejandro Roselló y Pastors** (1) |
| 15 April 1919 | 20 July 1919 | **José Bahamonde y de Lanz** (1) |
| 20 July 1919 | 12 December 1919 | **Pascual Amat y Esteve** (1) |
| 12 December 1919 | 5 May 1920 | **Pablo Garnica y Echevarría** (1) |
| 5 May 1920 | 1 September 1920 | **Gabino Bugallal Araújo** (1) |
| 1 September 1920 | 13 March 1921 | **Mariano Ordóñez García** (1) |
| 13 March 1921 | 7 July 1921 | **Vicente Piniés Bayona** (1) |
| 7 July 1921 | 14 August 1921 | **Julio Wais San Martín** (1) |
| 14 August 1921 | 8 March 1922 | **José Francos Rodríguez** (1) |
| 8 March 1922 | 1 April 1922 | **José Bertrán y Musitu** (1) |
| 1 April 1922 | 4 December 1922 | **Mariano Ordóñez García** (1) |
| 4 December 1922 | 7 December 1922 | **Carlos Cañal y Migolla** (1) |
| 7 December 1922 | 26 May 1923 | **Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres** (1) |
| 26 May 1923 | 15 September 1923 | **Antonio López Muñoz** (1) |

### Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923-1931)

| Took office | Left office | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 17 September 1923 | 21 December 1923 | **Fernando Cadalso Manzano** (1) |
| 21 December 1923 | 22 January 1924 | **Ernesto Jiménez Sánchez** (1) |
| 22 January 1924 | 3 December 1925 | **Francisco García Goyena y Alzugaray** (1) |
| 3 December 1925 | 3 November 1928 | **Galo Ponte y Escartín** (1) |
| 3 November 1928 | 30 January 1930 | **Galo Ponte y Escartín** (2) |
| 30 January 1930 | 25 November 1930 | **José Estrada y Estrada** (2) |
| 25 November 1930 | 18 February 1931 | **Joaquín de Montes Jovellar** (2) |
| 18 February 1931 | 14 April 1931 | **Manuel García Prieto** (2) |

### Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939)

| Took office | Left office | Name | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14 April 1931 | 16 December 1931 | **Fernando de los Ríos Urruti** | PSOE |
| 16 December 1931 | 4 July 1933 | **Álvaro de Albornoz Liminiana** | PRS |
| 4 July 1933 | 12 September 1933 | **Santiago Casares Quiroga** | FRG |
| 12 September 1933 | 29 November 1933 | **Juan Botella Asensi** | IRS |
| 29 November 1933 | 16 December 1933 | **Domingo Barnés Salinas** | Indep. |
| 16 December 1933 | 17 April 1934 | **Ramón Álvarez Valdés** | PLD |
| 17 April 1934 | 28 April 1934 | **Salvador de Madariaga Rojo** | Indep. |
| 28 April 1934 | 4 October 1934 | **Vicente Cantos Figuerola** | PRR |
| 4 October 1934 | 3 April 1935 | **Rafael Aizpún Santafé** | CEDA |
| 3 April 1935 | 6 May 1935 | **Vicente Cantos Figuerola** | PRR |
| 6 May 1935 | 25 September 1935 | **Cándido Casanueva y Gorjón** | CEDA |
| 25 September 1935 | 14 December 1935 | **Federico Salmón Amorín** (4) | CEDA |
| 14 December 1935 | 30 December 1935 | **Alfredo Martínez García** (5) | PLD |
| 30 December 1935 | 19 February 1936 | **Manuel Becerra Fernández** (5) | PC |
| 19 February 1936 | 13 May 1936 | **Antonio Lara Zárate** | Republican Union |
| 13 May 1936 | 4 September 1936 | **Manuel Blasco Garzón** | Republican Union |
| 4 September 1936 | 4 November 1936 | **Mariano Ruiz-Funes García** | IR |
| 4 November 1936 | 17 May 1937 | **Juan García Oliver** | CNT |
| 17 May 1937 | 11 December 1937 | **Manuel de Irujo y Ollo** | PNV |
| 11 December 1937 | 5 April 1938 | **Tomás Bilbao Hospitalet** | ANV |
| 5 April 1938 | 1 April 1939 | **Ramón González Peña** | PSOE |

### Francoism (1939-1975)

| Took office | Left office | Name |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 3 October 1936 | 30 January 1938 | **José Cortés López** |
| 30 January 1938 | 9 August 1939 | **Tomás Domínguez Arévalo** |
| 9 August 1939 | 16 March 1943 | **Esteban Bilbao y Eguía** |
| 16 March 1943 | 18 July 1945 | **Eduardo Aunós** |
| 18 July 1945 | 18 July 1951 | **Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta** |
| 18 July 1951 | 7 July 1965 | **Antonio Iturmendi Bañales** |
| 7 July 1965 | 9 June 1973 | **Antonio María de Oriol y Urquijo** |
| 9 June 1973 | 11 March 1975 | **Francisco Ruiz-Jarabo** |
| 11 March 1975 | 12 December 1975 | **José María Sánchez-Ventura** |

### Reign of Juan Carlos I (1975–2014)

| Took office | Left office | Name | | Party | | Prime Minister | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 12 December 1975 | 5 July 1976 |  | **Antonio Garrigues Díaz-Cañabate** |  |  |
| 5 July 1976 | 4 July 1977 |  | **Landelino Lavilla Alsina** |  |  |
| 4 July 1977 | 6 April 1979 | | **Landelino Lavilla Alsina** |  | UCD |  | Adolfo Suárez |
| 5 July 1979 | 9 September 1980 |  | **Íñigo Cavero Lataillade** |  | | | UCD |
| 9 September 1980 | 1 September 1981 |  | **Francisco Fernández Ordóñez** |  | | | UCD |
| 1 September 1981 | 3 December 1982 |  | **Pío Cabanillas Gallas** |  | UCD |  | Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo |
| 2 December 1982 | 12 July 1988 |  | **Fernando Ledesma Bartret** |  | PSOE |  | Felipe González |
| 12 July 1988 | 12 March 1991 |  | **Enrique Múgica Herzog** |  | PSOE | | |
| 12 March 1991 | 13 July 1993 |  | **Tomás de la Quadra-Salcedo** |  | PSOE | | |
| 14 July 1993 | 19 December 1995 |  | **Juan Alberto Belloch** |  | PSOE | | |
| 5 May 1996 | 27 April 2000 |  | **Margarita Mariscal de Gante** |  | PP |  | José María Aznar |
| 28 April 2000 | 10 July 2002 |  | **Ángel Acebes Paniagua** |  | PP | | |
| 10 July 2002 | 18 April 2004 |  | **José María Michavila** |  | PP | | |
| 18 April 2004 | 12 February 2007 |  | **Juan Fernando López Aguilar** |  | PSOE |  | José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero |
| 12 February 2007 | 23 February 2009 |  | **Mariano Fernández Bermejo** |  | PSOE | | |
| 23 February 2009 | 22 December 2011 |  | **Francisco Caamaño Domínguez** |  | PSOE | | |
| 22 December 2011 | 23 September 2014 |  | **Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón** |  | PP |  | Mariano Rajoy |

### Reign of Felipe VI (since 2014)

| Took office | Left office | Name | | Party | | Prime Minister | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 23 September 2014 | 29 September 2014 |  | **Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría** |  | PP (Interim) |  | Mariano Rajoy |
| 29 September 2014 | 7 June 2018 |  | **Rafael Catalá Polo** |  | PP | | |
| 7 June 2018 | 13 January 2020 |  | **Dolores Delgado García** |  | Independent |  | Pedro Sánchez |
| 13 January 2020 | 12 July 2021 |  | **Juan Carlos Campo** |  | PSOE | | |
| 12 July 2021 | 21 November 2023 |  | **Pilar Llop Cuenca** |  | PSOE | | |

If the Minister has no number, their title was Minister of Justice.

1. Minister of Grace and Justice
2. Minister of Justice and Religion
3. Secretary of the Office of Grace and Justice
4. Minister of Labour and Justice
5. Minister of Labour, Justice and Health
6. Minister of the Presidency, Justice and Relations with the Cortes

## InfoBox

Ministry of Justice
| Ministerio de Justicia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| <br>Headquarters of the Ministry | |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 30 November 1714 (1714-11-30) (as Secretary of State and of the Dispatch of Ecclesiastical Issues, Justice and Jurisdiction) |
| Preceding agency | * Ministry of Justice and Interior |
| Dissolved | 20 November 2023 |
| Superseding agency |  |
| Type | Ministry |
| Jurisdiction | Government of Spain |
| Headquarters | Palacio de la Marquesa de la Sonora (Madrid) |
| Annual budget | 2.5 billion, 2023 |
| Website | Ministry of Justice(in Spanish) |


title: Pyongyang Golf Course

abstract: Pyongyang Golf Club is a golf course in North Korea, situated on the banks of Taicheng Lake, 27 kilometres (17 mi) from central Pyongyang along the Youth Hero Highway. The 18‑hole 72‑par course covers 120 hectares with 45 hectares of green and is approximately 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) long. Its clubhouse covers 2,700 square metres (29,000 sq ft), includes a pro shop and a restaurant that is said to be the best in the country. The golf course is the largest in North Korea. According to the authorities, 40 players use the course on a daily basis. In 1994, Park Young-man, the course regular, told Australian journalist Eric Ellis that Kim Jong-il once scored a 34 on the course. Park continued that Kim achieved a birdie or better on every hole and had five holes-in-one. Later, this claim was further embellished to say that he had scored 11 holes in one, and that this was on the first round played at the course in 1987, and there were 17 bodyguards who witnessed it. It is not clear whether the exaggerated version was spread by the North Korean state or foreign news reporting. However, clarification within North Korea indicates the reported score was due to a discrepancy in recording methods. The scorer recorded the net score relative to par, e.g., 1 for bogey, 2 for double bogey, etc. Therefore the suggested score would be 34 over par or 106, still difficult to believe for a first time golfer. The website of the DPRK Amateur Golf Open credits German player Claudio Consul with the course record, with a score of 71. In 2018, major expansion projects were initiated on the golf course, including 9 new holes, and new building and lodging facilities.

text:
# Pyongyang Golf Course

**Pyongyang Golf Club** is a golf course in North Korea, situated on the banks of Taicheng Lake, 27 kilometres (17 mi) from central Pyongyang along the Youth Hero Highway. The 18‑hole 72‑par course covers 120 hectares (300 acres) with 45 hectares (110 acres) of green and is approximately 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) long. Its clubhouse covers 2,700 square metres (29,000 sq ft), includes a pro shop and a restaurant that is said to be the best in the country. The golf course is the largest in North Korea. According to the authorities, 40 players use the course on a daily basis.

In 1994, Park Young-man, the course regular, told Australian journalist Eric Ellis that Kim Jong-il once scored a 34 on the course. Park continued that Kim achieved a birdie or better on every hole and had five holes-in-one. Later, this claim was further embellished to say that he had scored 11 holes in one, and that this was on the first round played at the course in 1987, and there were 17 bodyguards who witnessed it. It is not clear whether the exaggerated version was spread by the North Korean state or foreign news reporting. However, clarification within North Korea indicates the reported score was due to a discrepancy in recording methods. The scorer recorded the net score relative to par, e.g., 1 for bogey, 2 for double bogey, etc. Therefore the suggested score would be 34 over par or 106, still difficult to believe for a first time golfer.

The website of the DPRK Amateur Golf Open credits German player Claudio Consul with the course record, with a score of 71.

In 2018, major expansion projects were initiated on the golf course, including 9 new holes, and new building and lodging facilities.

## Scorecard

Pyongyang Golf Club
| Tee | Rating/Slope | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Out | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | In | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Back |  | 340 | 180 | 380 | 340 | 510 | 340 | 140 | 340 | 530 | 3100 | 340 | 360 | 490 | 160 | 350 | 330 | 420 | 190 | 460 | 3100 | 6200m |
| Regular |  | 320 | 150 | 360 | 320 | 480 | 320 | 120 | 320 | 510 | 2900 | 320 | 340 | 470 | 140 | 330 | 310 | 370 | 170 | 450 | 2900 | 5800m |
| Par |  | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 36 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 36 | 72 |

## InfoBox

Pyongyang Golf Club
| The 7th hole par 3 in 2015 | |
| --- | --- |
| Club information | |
| Coordinates | 38°53′54″N 125°26′09″E / 38.898268°N 125.435830°E / 38.898268; 125.435830 |
| Location | Pyongyang, North Korea |
| Established | 1987 |
| Type | Public |
| Total holes | 18 |
| Events hosted | DPRK Amateur Golf Open<br>(2011–present) |
|  | |
| Par | 72 |
| Length | 6,200 m (6,800 yd) |
| Course record | 71 – Claudio Consul (2015) |
|  | |
| Pyongyang Golf Club Crest | |


title: Year of the Snitch

abstract: Year of the Snitch is the sixth studio album by experimental hip hop group Death Grips, released on June 22, 2018, through Third Worlds and Harvest Records.

text:
# Year of the Snitch

***Year of the Snitch*** is the sixth studio album by experimental hip hop group Death Grips, released on June 22, 2018, through Third Worlds and Harvest Records.

## Background

With the release of *Steroids (Crouching Tiger Hidden Gabber Megamix)*, Death Grips announced they were "working on the new Death Grips album". The band shared via social media that they had been working on the album with new collaborators, including Australian experimental musician Lucas Abela, New Zealand film director Andrew Adamson, and Justin Chancellor, bassist for the progressive rock band Tool.

The band posted a black and white image of text reading "Year of the Snitch - new album coming soon..." on their official webpage on March 22, 2018. Death Grips shared the album artwork for *Year of the Snitch* on April 6, 2018. The band's imprint label Third Worlds' website was also updated with this information.

The tracklist for the album was released on April 11, through a video posted to social media and the band's YouTube channel. The video consisted of the track names being sent via SMS to the user of an iPhone through a screen recorder, while short videos played in the foreground. Accompanying the differing ringtones, screamed vocals of the band's frontman MC Ride can be heard, coming from the album's last track, "Disappointed".

Death Grips uploaded a music video for the track "Streaky" on their YouTube channel on May 5, 2018, as the album's first single, followed by the track "Black Paint" on May 15, and the music video for the third album single, "Flies", on May 22.

The band posted a short video to Instagram on May 23, featuring DJ Swamp performing on a turntable in a recording studio, with the caption stating that "the majority of *Year of the Snitch* features \[him\]".

The fourth single, "Hahaha", was uploaded by the band to their YouTube page on June 7. That same day, the album's release date was announced as June 22. A music video for the track "Dilemma" featuring Andrew Adamson was uploaded on the Death Grips YouTube channel on June 15. A fifth single, "Shitshow", was uploaded to YouTube two days later. Three days later, on June 20, the official video for "Shitshow" was released. It was directed by Zach Hill and Galen Pehrson.

### Interpretations

The band has been notorious for their invocation of infamous cult-leader Charles Manson, stemming from their sampling of his voice in their debut mixtape "Exmilitary". Prior to the album's release, the title "Year of the Snitch" was speculated to be a reference to the 69th birthday of Manson Family member-turned-key witness Linda Kasabian. This theory is supported by the album's release date on June 22, one day after Kasabian's birthday, as well as the fourth track "Linda's in Custody", which seems to allude to her role in the Tate-LeBianca murders.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AnyDecentMusic? | 7.3/10 |
| Metacritic | 69/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Highsnobiety* | 4.0/5 |
| *The Line of Best Fit* | 8/10 |
| *MusicOMH* |  |
| *Pitchfork* | 7.3/10 |
| *PopMatters* | 7/10 |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |

*Year of the Snitch* received generally favorable reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 69 out of 100, based on 8 reviews. In his review for AllMusic, Rob Wacey claimed that "Not one of their releases is the same as another, and with *Year of the Snitch*, they continue to break boundaries and expectations. The record is another example of true experimentation with their sound along with an uncompromising work ethic and a thirst for originality." Writing for *The Line of Best Fit*, Steven Loftin called the band "one of the more exciting bands currently active" and described the album as "pushing every boundary around them". Ian Cohen of *Pitchfork* called the album "explosive" and "fun as hell", but "lacking in a clear target to give it meaning".

Christopher R. Weingarten of *Rolling Stone* named the song "Black Paint" as his 2018 pick for the magazine's "song of the summer" series.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Death Grips Is Online" |  | 3:32 |
| 2. | "Flies" | * Morin * Hill * Burnett * Keys | 2:33 |
| 3. | "Black Paint" | * Morin * Hill * Burnett * Keys | 3:49 |
| 4. | "Linda's in Custody" | * Hill * Burnett * Keys | 3:30 |
| 5. | "The Horn Section" | * Hill * Keys | 1:32 |
| 6. | "Hahaha" | * Hill * Burnett * Keys | 3:35 |
| 7. | "Shitshow" | * Hill * Burnett * Keys | 1:45 |
| 8. | "Streaky" | * Morin * Hill * Burnett * Keys | 2:56 |
| 9. | "Dilemma" |  | 3:54 |
| 10. | "Little Richard" | * Hill | 2:25 |
| 11. | "The Fear" | * Morin * Hill * Burnett * Keys | 3:21 |
| 12. | "Outro" | * Morin * Hill * Abela | 1:02 |
| 13. | "Disappointed" |  | 3:21 |
| Total length: | | | 37:15 |

**Notes**

* "Hahaha" was spelled "Ha Ha Ha" in early publications before the single's release.

## Personnel

* Stefan Burnett – vocals, lyrics
* Zach Hill – drums, production, vocals on "Little Richard", lyrics
* Andy Morin – keyboards, production, lyrics

**Additional personnel**

## Charts

| Chart (2018) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 97 |
| US Top Alternative Albums (*Billboard*) | 10 |
| US Top Rock Albums (*Billboard*) | 16 |

## InfoBox

| Year of the Snitch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Death Grips | |
| Released | June 22, 2018 |
| Recorded | 2017–2018 |
| Studio | Sunset Sound Recorders |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 37:13 |
| Label |  |
| Producer | Zach Hill, Andy Morin (co) |
| Death Grips chronology | |
| *Steroids (Crouching Tiger Hidden Gabber Megamix)*
(2017) ***Year of the Snitch***
(2018) *Gmail and the Restraining Orders*
(2019) | |
|  | |
| Death Grips studio album chronology | |
| *Bottomless Pit*
(2016) ***Year of the Snitch***
(2018) | |
| Singles from  *Year of the Snitch* | |
| 1. "Streaky"
Released: May 5, 2018 2. "Black Paint"
Released: May 15, 2018 3. "Flies"
Released: May 22, 2018 4. "Hahaha"
Released: June 7, 2018 5. "Shitshow"
Released: June 17, 2018 | |
|  | |


title: Yang Guanghua

abstract: Yang Guanghua or Guang-Hwa Yang, was a Chinese chemist and chemical engineer. He was the President of China University of Petroleum, and a pioneer of China's oil industry.

text:
# Yang Guanghua

**Yang Guanghua** or **Guang-Hwa Yang** (Chinese: 杨光华; 1923–2006), was a Chinese chemist and chemical engineer. He was the President of China University of Petroleum, and a pioneer of China's oil industry.

## Biography

Yang was born in Liuyang, Hunan, on 10 April 1923. In 1945, he graduated from the Department of Chemical Engineering of Zhejiang University in Hangzhou. He was a teaching assistant in the same department. In 1948, Yang went to study in the United States, and obtained his Doctor of Engineering degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1951.

Yang went back to China in May 1951. Yang was a professor at Peking University and Tsinghua University. In 1953, Yang joined to found the Beijing Petroleum College (北京石油学院; predecessor of current China University of Petroleum). In 1956, Yang was a visiting researcher at Moscow Petroleum Institute, USSR. In 1965, Yang was pointed Vice-president of Beijing Petroleum College. After 1969, Yang was Vice-president, later President of East China Petroleum College (华东石油学院). From 1988 to 1992, Yang was the President of China University of Petroleum (CUP), a national key university. Yang died in Beijing on 11 November 2006 at age 83. Yang donated his books and academic collections to the library of CUP.

In 1950s, Yang and Prof. Wu Chi (武迟) co-founded the first educational program of oil and natural gas engineering/refining in China.

Yang's son Yang Wei, a mechanical engineer, served as President of Zhejiang University.

## Honors

Asteroid 10410 Yangguanghua, discovered by the Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program in 1997, is named in his memory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 26 October 2018 (M.P.C. 112427).


title: Yelkenler, Gerede

abstract: Yelkenler is a village in the Gerede District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Its population is 117 (2021).

text:
# Yelkenler, Gerede

**Yelkenler** is a village in the Gerede District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Its population is 117 (2021).

## InfoBox

| Yelkenler | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| YelkenlerLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 40°45′N 32°09′E / 40.750°N 32.150°E / 40.750; 32.150 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Bolu |
| District | Gerede |
| Population (2021) | 117 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Yazali

abstract: Yazali is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Karlapalem mandal of Tenali revenue division.

text:
# Yazali

**Yazali** is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Karlapalem mandal of Tenali revenue division.

## Geography

Yazali is situated to the south of the mandal headquarters, Karlapalem, at 15°53′10″N 80°32′49″E / 15.886°N 80.547°E / 15.886; 80.547. It is spread over an area of 2,423 ha (5,990 acres).

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Yazali had a population of 3,103. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Yazali has an average literacy rate of 23%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with 35% of the males and 15% of females literate. 10% of the population is under six years of age. The majority occupation of the village is agriculture.

## Governance

Yazali gram panchayat is the local self-government of the village. It is divided into wards, and each ward is represented by a ward member.

## Education

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has 11 schools. These include 2 private and 9 Zila/Mandal Parishad schools.

## InfoBox

| Yazali | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| YazaliLocation in Andhra Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 15°53′10″N 80°32′49″E / 15.886°N 80.547°E / 15.886; 80.547 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | Guntur |
| Mandal | Karlapalem |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayati raj |
| Body | Yazali gram panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 2,423 ha (5,987 acres) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 7,975 |
| Density | 330/km2 (850/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Area code | +91– |
| Vehicle registration | AP |


title: Yenny Acuña

abstract: Yenny Andrea Acuña Berrios is a Chilean professional footballer who plays as a striker for Colo-Colo on loan from Brazilian Série A1 club Internacional and the Chile women's national team.

text:
# Yenny Acuña

**Yenny Andrea Acuña Berrios** (born 18 May 1997) is a Chilean professional footballer who plays as a striker for Colo-Colo on loan from Brazilian Série A1 club Internacional and the Chile women's national team.

## Club career

Acuña started her career on Deportes Iquique. After 2020 campaign and scoring 19 goals, Acuña joined to Santiago Morning. She scored the first goal, a "Rabona" shoot, in the 2020 Chilean final against Universidad de Chile, was victory for Morning 2-0.

In February 2023, she joined Brazilian club Bahia. In November of the same year, she switched to Internacional. In the second half of 2024, she was loaned out to Colo-Colo until the end of the year.

## International career

Acuña made her senior debut on 13 April 2021 in a 0-0 draw against Cameroon for the Olympics Intercontinental Play-offs Women.

She represented Chile at the 2023 Pan American Games, where Chile won the silver medal.

### International goals

| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 23 September 2023 | Estadio Bicentenario de La Florida, Santiago, Chile | New Zealand | **2**–0 | 3–0 | Friendly |
| 2. | 5 December 2023 | Estadio Municipal de La Cisterna, Santiago, Chile | Peru | **5**–0 | 6–0 | |
|

## Honours

**Chile**

## InfoBox

Yenny Acuña
| Yenny Acuña with Chile in 2021 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Yenny Andrea Acuña Berrios | | |
| Date of birth | (1997-05-18) 18 May 1997 | | |
| Place of birth | Iquique, Chile | | |
| Height | 1.61 m (5 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Colo-Colo
(on loan from Internacional) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2017–2019 | Deportes Iquique |  |  |
| 2020–2023 | Santiago Morning |  |  |
| 2023 | Bahia | 12 | (4) |
| 2024– | Internacional |  |  |
| 2024– | Colo-Colo (loan) | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2021– | Chile | 25 | (4) |
| Medal record      Women's football  Representing  Chile  Pan American Games  2023 Santiago Team | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 29 November 2023
‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 21 February 2023 | | | |


title: Yirrkala blind snake

abstract: The Yirrkala blind snake is a species of snake in the Typhlopidae family.

text:
# Yirrkala blind snake

The **Yirrkala blind snake** (***Anilios yirrikalae***) is a species of snake in the Typhlopidae family.

## InfoBox

| Yirrkala blind snake | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Typhlopidae |
| Genus: | *Anilios* |
| Species: | ***A. yirrikalae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Anilios yirrikalae***
(Kinghorn, 1942) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Typhlops yirrikalae* * *Ramphotyphlops yirrikalae* * *Austrotyphlops yirrikalae* | |


title: Yeniçeşme, Beyağaç

abstract: Yeniçeşme is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Beyağaç, Denizli Province in Turkey. Its population is 252 (2022).

text:
# Yeniçeşme, Beyağaç

**Yeniçeşme** is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Beyağaç, Denizli Province in Turkey. Its population is 252 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Yeniçeşme | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| YeniçeşmeLocation in TurkeyYeniçeşmeYeniçeşme (Turkey Aegean) | |
| Coordinates: 37°15′N 28°58′E / 37.250°N 28.967°E / 37.250; 28.967 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Denizli |
| District | Beyağaç |
| Population (2022) | 252 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Ylldren Ibrahimaj

abstract: Ylldren Ibrahimaj is a professional footballer who plays for Norwegian club Lillestrøm. His primary position is a winger, but he can also play as an attacking or central midfielder. Born in Norway, Ibrahimaj represents Kosovo internationally.

text:
# Ylldren Ibrahimaj

**Ylldren Ibrahimaj** (born 24 December 1995) is a professional footballer who plays for Norwegian club Lillestrøm. His primary position is a winger, but he can also play as an attacking or central midfielder. Born in Norway, Ibrahimaj represents Kosovo internationally.

## Club career

### Early career and Mjøndalen

Ibrahimaj was part of the youth team of IK Grane until December 2011. From 2012, he played for the club of his birthplace, Arendal for five years and made 129 league appearances and scored fourteen goals.

On 22 December 2017, Ibrahimaj signed a four-year contract with 1. divisjon club Mjøndalen. On 2 April 2018, he made his debut against Florø after being named in the starting line-up and scored his side's only goal during a 1–1 home draw.

### Viking

> Viking is a big club in Norway, and a club everyone wants to play for. It is obvious that they belong in the Eliteserien, and I want to help get them up there again.

— Ibrahimaj after the transfer to Viking, July 2018.

On 20 July 2018, Ibrahimaj joined 1. divisjon side Viking, on a two-and-a-half-year contract. Two days later, he made his debut in a 4–1 home win against Jerv after coming on as a substitute at 77th minute in place of Usman Sale.

### Ural Yekaterinburg

On 16 January 2021, Ibrahimaj signed a three-year contract with Russian Premier League club Ural Yekaterinburg and received squad number 17. On 28 February 2021, he made his debut in a 2–2 away draw against Krasnodar after being named in the starting line-up.

### Lillestrøm

On 7 February 2022, Ibrahimaj signed a three-year contract with Eliteserien club Lillestrøm and received squad number 20.

## International career

On 22 May 2019, Ibrahimaj received a call-up from Kosovo for the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying matches against Montenegro and Bulgaria, but he was not available for these matches after FIFA did not permit him to play for Kosovo due to problems with his documentation. His debut with Kosovo came on 13 January 2020 in a friendly match against Sweden after being named in the starting line-up.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of match played 9 May 2024*

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | Cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Arendal | 2012 | 3. divisjon | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 |  | | 5 | 0 |
| | 2013 | 2. divisjon | 24 | 1 | 1 | 0 |  | | 25 | 1 |
| | | 2014 | 24 | 1 | 2 | 0 |  | | 26 | 1 |
| | | 2015 | 24 | 2 | 3 | 1 |  | | 27 | 3 |
| | | 2016 | 25 | 8 | 1 | 0 |  | | 26 | 8 |
| | 2017 | 1. divisjon | 28 | 2 | 2 | 3 |  | | 30 | 5 |
| | Total | | 129 | 14 | 10 | 4 |  | | 139 | 18 |
| Mjøndalen | 2018 | 1. divisjon | 15 | 1 | 3 | 1 |  | | 18 | 2 |
| Viking | 2018 | | 11 | 3 | 0 | 0 |  | | 11 | 3 |
| | 2019 | Eliteserien | 28 | 4 | 7 | 2 |  | | 35 | 6 |
| | | 2020 | 29 | 7 |  | | 1 | 0 | 30 | 7 |
| | Total | | 68 | 14 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 76 | 16 |
| Ural Yekaterinburg | 2020–21 | Russian Premier League | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 |  | | 7 | 0 |
| | 2021–22 | | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 |  | | 4 | 0 |
| | Total | | 9 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 11 | 0 |
| Lillestrøm | 2022 | Eliteserien | 30 | 4 | 5 | 0 |  | | 35 | 4 |
| | 2023 | | 29 | 2 | 5 | 0 |  | | 34 | 2 |
| | 2024 | | 6 | 0 | 4 | 0 |  | | 10 | 0 |
| | Total | | 65 | 6 | 14 | 0 |  | | 79 | 6 |
| Career total | | | 275 | 35 | 36 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 312 | 42 |

### International

*As of 13 January 2020*

Appearances and goals by national team and year
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kosovo | 2020 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | | 1 | 0 |

## Honours

**Viking**

**Individual**

1. Ylldren Ibrahimaj at WorldFootball.net
2. Ylldren Ibrahimaj at National-Football-Teams.com
3. "Henter Arendal-stjerneskudd" \[Fetching Arendal sparklers\] (in Norwegian). Mjøndalen IF. 22 December 2017.
4. "Mjøndalen vs. Florø 1–1". *Soccerway*. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
5. "Velkommen, Ylldren!" \[Welcome, Ylldren!\] (in Norwegian). Viking FK. 20 July 2018.
6. "Viking–Jerv" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Football Federation. 22 July 2018.
7. "Илльдрен Ибрахимай – новичок ФК "Урал"!" \[Ylldren Ibrahimaj is the newcomer of FC Ural!\] (in Russian). FC Ural Yekaterinburg. 16 January 2021.
8. "Krasnodar vs. Ural 2–2". *Soccerway*. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
9. "Ylldren Ibrahimaj klar for LSK: – Jeg gleder meg veldig" \[Ylldren Ibrahimaj ready for LSK: – I'm really looking forward to it\] (in Russian). FC Ural Yekaterinburg. 7 February 2022.
10. "Bernard Challandes publikon listën e futbollistëve për dy ndeshjet e qershorit" \[Bernard Challandes publish the list of footballers for two June matches\] (in Albanian). Football Federation of Kosovo. 22 May 2019.
11. "Challandes: Dy prurjet e reja të Kosovës, s'do të mund të luajnë kundër Malit të Zi" \[Challandes: The two new newcomers of Kosovo, will not be able to play against Montenegro\] (in Albanian). Gazeta Express. 6 June 2019.
12. "Sweden (1–0) Kosovo". *eu-football.info*. 12 January 2020.
13. Ylldren Ibrahimaj at Soccerway
14. "Ylldren Ibrahimaj". *eu-football.info*. 12 January 2020.

## InfoBox

Ylldren Ibrahimaj
| Ibrahimaj with Ural Yekaterinburg in 2021 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1995-12-24) 24 December 1995 | | |
| Place of birth | Arendal, Norway | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Winger | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Lillestrøm | | |
| Number | 7 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 0000–2011 | IK Grane | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2012–2017 | Arendal | 129 | (14) |
| 2018 | Mjøndalen | 15 | (1) |
| 2018–2020 | Viking | 68 | (14) |
| 2021–2022 | Ural Yekaterinburg | 9 | (0) |
| 2022– | Lillestrøm | 65 | (6) |
| International career | | | |
| 2020 | Kosovo | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 9 May 2024<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 12 January 2020 | | | |


title: Yoram Harth

abstract:
Yoram Harth is an Israeli dermatologist and inventor. He co-invented blue light acne vulgaris phototherapy, as well as a radio frequency device for home treatment for wrinkle reduction. Harth was the founder, President, and Medical Director of CureLight Medical Ltd. He was the Chief Medical Officer and the founder of Endymed Medical Ltd.
and he is now the co-founder and medical director of MDacne.

text:
# Yoram Harth

**Yoram Harth** (Hebrew: **יורם הרט**; born 27 August 1958) is an Israeli dermatologist and inventor. He co-invented blue light acne vulgaris phototherapy, as well as a radio frequency device for home treatment for wrinkle reduction.

Harth was the founder, President, and Medical Director of CureLight Medical Ltd. He was the Chief Medical Officer and the founder of Endymed Medical Ltd. and he is now the co-founder and medical director of MDacne.

## Biography

Yoram Harth's father was a physician who specialised in internal medicine. Harth is a magna cum laude graduate of the Sackler School of Medicine in Tel Aviv University (1982). Harth received his Dermatology training in the department of Dermatology at Rambam Medical School in Haifa and served as a research fellow in the department of Dermatology at the Columbia – Presbyterian Medical center in New York City.

He co-founded the Phototherapy Unit, Rambam Medical center, and was Director of the Photodynamic Therapy Unit, Elisha Medical Center in Haifa. Harth served on the faculty of American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) as part of the Photobiology training team and the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery (ASLMS).

Harth holds several patents and has authored a number of papers and book chapters.

## Scientific and business activity

Starting in 1998 Harth co-founded Curelight, an Israeli company, and developed Clearlight, an acne phototherapy therapy system.

Curelight was chosen by the Israeli Venture Capital Association as Best Startup company of 2002 (Medical Devices). Curelight was a finalist in the contest Entrepreneur of the year 2003, (Ernst & Young, Israel).

Harth was also a pioneer in the development of other novel devices for dermatological treatment, among them the patented invention in the field of targeted multi–wavelength phototherapy for psoriasis and Vitiligo.

In 2007 Harth co-founded Endymed Medical and Israeli company specializing in multisource radiofrequency devices for the professional and home use markets. Harth and his co-founder developed the first ever radiofrequency technology that uses 6 phase controlled generators. This technology allows multiple aesthetic treatments, including painless skin tightening and lifting for the face and body. Fraction of a RF skin resurfacing for skin rejuvenation, acne scars and stretch and more. Endymed's home use device was the world's first energy based RF device to be approved by the FDA for home use facial wrinkle reduction.

This device was a winner of the Edison Product innovation award for 2013. Endymed medical was the Europe fastest growing biomedical company in the Deloitte Touche Fast 500 list for 2013 and is traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (ENDY:TASE).

In 2017 Harth co-founded with Oded Harth, MDacne, a company that uses computer vision and deep learning technologies to help people with acne. MDacne mobile app analyzes the user skin and provides FDA cleared anti-acne topical customized medications that are personalized to the user's skin type and acne condition. In 2021 Oded Harth and Yoram Harth launched MDhair, a service that provides customized treatment for people with hair loss. The company is based in San Francisco and is backed by Khosla Ventures, Y Combinator and SV Angel.

## InfoBox

| Yoram Harth | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | יורם הרט<br>(1958-08-27) August 27, 1958 |
| Known for | dermatologist, inventor |


title: Yetman, New South Wales

abstract: Yetman is a hamlet in the New England region of northern New South Wales, Australia. At the 2006 census, Yetman and the surrounding area had a population of 178. It is located on the Macintyre River about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of the Queensland border and 701 kilometres (436 mi) north of Sydney. It is located at the intersection of the roads south to Tamworth, east to Tenterfield and north-west to Boggabilla.

text:
# Yetman, New South Wales

**Yetman** is a hamlet in the New England region of northern New South Wales, Australia. At the 2006 census, Yetman and the surrounding area had a population of 178. It is located on the Macintyre River about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of the Queensland border and 701 kilometres (436 mi) north of Sydney. It is located at the intersection of the roads south to Tamworth, east to Tenterfield and north-west to Boggabilla.

## History

The area was once occupied by the Bigambul, a sub-group of the Murri Aboriginal people who used to fish along the Macintyre River. Yetman Station was established in 1837 by the Dights, who followed Allan Cunningham's trail to the north.

The first two hotel licences were issued in 1866 at about same time as the first store was built - the Yetman Hotel first and then the Macintyre Hotel. The Macintyre Hotel was built and first operated by William Watson Rainbow. Country hotels were often the social hub of the town and the Macintyre Hotel was no exception. Its verandah served as a stand for the racing stewards at the Easter Races of 1870. New Year and Easter Races saw the "squatters and gentry" mix with the selectors and station labourers - master and man united in their enthusiasm for racing, betting and celebratory dinners. The latter were often hosted by the publican, who often put up a prize or two for the winners. The Macintyre Hotel is no more, while the Yetman Hotel became what is now the Codfish Hotel.

The first public school was established in 1867, following a letter from local people - William Watson Rainbow, Sidonia Hensler, William Playle, Jacob Miller, William Sleuk and George Kobs - to the Council of Education. The Yetman Post Office opened on 1 September 1867. In applying for a post office the applicants claimed that the population was then about 100 but this was considered a considerable exaggeration. The publican of the Yetman Hotel, Richard Holmes, became the first Postmaster. The first police station was built in 1874. St Andrews Church was built in the 1870s for use by both Presbyterian and Anglican congregations.

The town has always been associated with beef cattle and horses, with the sheep, wool and timber industries developing only slightly later. The thick rabbit and prickly-pear-ridden scrub of the brigalow and belah country was reclaimed from expiring leases in the 1920s and the back-breaking work of rendering it fit for agriculture did not bear fruit until the 1950s when wheat-growing became and remains a highly successful enterprise. Some crops are also grown on the fecund black soils of the river flats.

Yetman travel guide from Wikivoyage

## InfoBox

| Yetman<br>New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| The Codfish Hotel | |
| Yetman | |
| Coordinates | 28°54′S 150°47′E / 28.900°S 150.783°E / -28.900; 150.783 |
| Population | 207 (2016 census) |
| Postcode(s) | 2410 |
| Elevation | 257 m (843 ft) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Inverell Shire |
| State electorate(s) | Northern Tablelands |
| Federal division(s) | New England |


abstract: You Brainstorm, I Brainstorm, but Brilliance Needs a Good Editor is the second extended play (EP) by American rock band Manchester Orchestra, released through Favorite Gentlemen Recordings in 2005. Favorite Gentlemen made the EP available for purchase through the band's merchandising website. On March 26, 2016, a partial image of a vinyl pressing of the EP was posted on lead singer & principle songwriter Andy Hull's Instagram. This vinyl pressing was not made available for purchase until November 23, 2016. The limited edition EP featured white vinyl with all five tracks on side A, and an etched image of the album artwork on side B.

text:
# You Brainstorm, I Brainstorm, but Brilliance Needs a Good Editor

***You Brainstorm, I Brainstorm, but Brilliance Needs a Good Editor*** is the second extended play (EP) by American rock band Manchester Orchestra, released through Favorite Gentlemen Recordings in 2005.

Favorite Gentlemen made the EP available for purchase through the band's merchandising website.

On March 26, 2016, a partial image of a vinyl pressing of the EP was posted on lead singer & principle songwriter Andy Hull's Instagram.

This vinyl pressing was not made available for purchase until November 23, 2016 (the night of Manchester Orchestra's seventh-annual Thanksgiving-eve concert at the Center Stage Music Complex in Atlanta, GA). The limited edition EP featured white vinyl with all five tracks on side A, and an etched image of the album artwork on side B.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Procession" | 3:27 |
| 2. | "Alice and Interiors" | 4:59 |
| 3. | "Slow to Learn" | 2:40 |
| 4. | "I'd Rather Have" | 4:33 |
| 5. | "Play It Again, Sam! You Don't Have Any Feathers" | 5:54 |

## InfoBox

| You Brainstorm, I Brainstorm But Brilliance Needs a Good Editor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Manchester Orchestra | |
| Released | 2005 |
| Recorded | 2005 |
| Genre | Indie rock |
| Length | 21:33 |
| Label | Favorite Gentlemen |
| Producer | Andy Hull |
| Manchester Orchestra chronology | |
| *Nobody Sings Anymore*
(2005) ***You Brainstorm, I Brainstorm But Brilliance Needs a Good Editor***
(2005) *I'm Like a Virgin Losing a Child*
(2006) | |


title: You Bred Raptors?

abstract: You Bred Raptors? is an American post-rock trio based in Astoria, New York and is composed of Peter Rains, Tara Hanish (cello), and Danny Sher. They have recorded four albums and make a living busking under the streets of New York City as part of Music Under New York. They have been featured in New York Magazine, The Economist, and The Atlantic.

text:
# You Bred Raptors?

**You Bred Raptors?** is an American post-rock trio based in Astoria, New York and is composed of Peter Rains (8-string electric bass and glockenspiel), Tara Hanish (cello), and Danny Sher (drums and glockenspiel). They have recorded four albums and make a living busking under the streets of New York City as part of Music Under New York. They have been featured in New York Magazine, The Economist, and The Atlantic.

## History

Formed by Rains in 2010, the band originally consisted of only bass and drums. A month after its inception, You Bred Raptors? successfully auditioned for the Music Under New York Program, allowing them to perform in subway stations across New York City. The band's name is inspired by the iconic line from Jurassic Park and each of their albums is named after a character from the movie. The group always performs with a variety of masks, including SWAT Team, Mexican wrestling, and Venetian masks.

In 2011, determined to expand the sound of the band, Rains added cellist, Bryan Wilson, after posting an ad for a string player on Craigslist. You Bred Raptors? released their third album, Hammond, in 2012, which was recorded, mixed, and mastered by Colin Marston. The band released, Grant, in 2014, which heavily features the collaborative songwriting of both Rains and Wilson.

## Musical style

The music of You Bred Raptors? is all instrumental and the songs have a heavy, post-rock, experimental, film score-like sound. Rains is endorsed by Conklin Guitars and performs with a custom made 8 string electric bass, which provides a wide pitch range for composition.

### Albums

* *Muldoon* \- 2011
* *Hammond* \- 2012
* *Grant* \- 2014
* *International Genetics* \- 2017
* *Lysine* \- 2023

### EPs

* *Lex and Tim* \- 2010

## InfoBox

| You Bred Raptors? | |
| --- | --- |
| You Bred Raptors? in 2012 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Astoria, New York, United States |
| Genres | Post-rock |
| Years active | 2010–Present |
|  | |
| Members | Peter Rains, Tara Hanish, Danny Sher |
|  | |
| Website | youbredraptors.com |


title: You Know What

abstract: "You Know What" is a song by American singer Avant featuring rapper Lil Wayne. It was written by Avant, Lil Wayne, Jermaine Dupri, and Manuel Seal for his fourth studio album Director (2006), while production was helmed by Dupri and Seal. Geffen Records released the song as the lead single from the album. It peaked at number 58 on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. A video for the song was directed by Benny Boom.

text:
# You Know What

"**You Know What**" is a song by American singer Avant featuring rapper Lil Wayne. It was written by Avant, Lil Wayne, Jermaine Dupri, and Manuel Seal for his fourth studio album *Director* (2006), while production was helmed by Dupri and Seal. Geffen Records released the song as the lead single from the album. It peaked at number 58 on the US *Billboard* Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. A video for the song was directed by Benny Boom.

## Music video

An accompanying music video for "You Know What" was directed by Benny Boom and filmed in Los Angeles, California. The video shows Avant finding a girl, portrayed by Candace Pillay, and gets attracted to her. When they start kissing, they are interrupted by someone three times.

## Track listings

CD single
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "You Know What" (featuring Lil Wayne) | 3:49 |

## Charts

| Chart (2006) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (*Billboard*) | 58 |
|

## InfoBox

| "You Know What" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Avant featuring Lil Wayne | |
| from the album  *Director* | |
| Released | 2006 |
| Genre | R&B |
| Length | 3:47 |
| Label | Geffen |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Jermaine Dupri * Manuel Seal (co.) |
| Avant singles chronology | |
| "Can't Wait"
(2004) "**You Know What**"
(2006) "4 Minutes"
(2006) | |
|  | |
| Lil Wayne singles chronology | |
| "Holla at Me"
(2006) "**You Know What**"
(2006) "You"
(2006) | |
|  | |


title: Young Girl (song)

abstract: "Young Girl" is a RIAA million-selling Gold-certified single that was written, composed, and produced by Jerry Fuller and performed by Gary Puckett & The Union Gap with instrumental backing by members of "The Wrecking Crew". It was released in 1968. The song hit No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks, stuck behind "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" by Otis Redding for the first week and "Honey" by Bobby Goldsboro for the remaining two. It also reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart and the US Cash Box listing. It made No. 34 on the US Easy Listening. It climbed to No. 2 in South Africa. In the UK, "Young Girl" was re-released in 1974 as part of a CBS Records series entitled "Hall of Fame Hits", and enjoyed a second UK chart run, peaking at No. 6.

text:
# Young Girl (song)

**"Young Girl"** is a RIAA million-selling Gold-certified single that was written, composed, and produced by Jerry Fuller and performed by Gary Puckett & The Union Gap with instrumental backing by members of "The Wrecking Crew". It was released in 1968.

The song hit No. 2 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 for three weeks, stuck behind "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" by Otis Redding for the first week and "Honey" by Bobby Goldsboro for the remaining two. It also reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart and the US *Cash Box* listing. It made No. 34 on the US Easy Listening. It climbed to No. 2 in South Africa.

In the UK, "Young Girl" was re-released in 1974 as part of a CBS Records series entitled "Hall of Fame Hits", and enjoyed a second UK chart run, peaking at No. 6.

## Lyrics

The song is delivered from the point of view of a man who has become distressed upon finding out that the girl he is with, contrary to the first impression she had made upon him, is actually younger than the legal age of consent. He is asking her to leave before things go any further: "Get out of here / before I have the time / to change my mind / 'cause I'm afraid we'll go too far".

## Chart history

## InfoBox

| "Young Girl" | |
| --- | --- |
| 1968 45rpm record label | |
| Single by Gary Puckett & The Union Gap | |
| from the album  *Young Girl* | |
| B-side | "I'm Losing You" |
| Released | March 1968 |
| Recorded | January 9, 1968 (1968-01-09) |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:16 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Songwriter(s) | Jerry Fuller |
| Producer(s) | Jerry Fuller |
| Gary Puckett & The Union Gap singles chronology | |
| "Woman, Woman"
(1967) "**Young Girl**"
(1968) "Lady Willpower"
(1968) | |


title: You've Got Possibilities

abstract:
"You've Got Possibilities" is an American show tune. It was created by Charles Strouse
and Lee Adams for the 1966 Broadway show It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman and sung by Linda Lavin in the show. Lavin plays a secretary at the Daily Planet with a crush on Clark Kent and the song describes her hope to change Kent's mild-mannered, square persona. It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman was not a big hit, but "You've Got Possibilities", generally considered the show's most memorable tune, became something of a cabaret standard. Peggy Lee recorded the song on her 1966 album Big $pender and released it as the B-side of the single "Come Back to Me". Joanie Sommers released "You've Got Possibilities" as the B-side of her single "Never Throw Your Dreams Away", also in 1966, while Carol Ventura released it also in 1966 as an A-side single. Linda Lavin included the song on her 2011 album Possibilities. Matt Monro's version appears on his Here's To My Lady (1966) and The Best of the Capitol Years (1990), Jason Graae released a version on You're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile (1996), Wendy Coates on Journeys (2001), and Karen Akers on Like It Was (2006). Barbara McNair recorded a version for Motown Records in 1966, but it was not released until 2016, in digital format on Motown Unreleased: 1966. Song composer Charles Strouse himself is heard singing "You've Got Possibilities" on the album Charles Sings Strouse (2006), part of the Songwriter Series produced in conjunction with the Library of Congress. "You've Got Possibilities" was used in a 2005 television advertising campaign for Pillsbury Grand biscuits.

text:
# You've Got Possibilities

"**You've Got Possibilities**" is an American show tune. It was created by Charles Strouse and Lee Adams for the 1966 Broadway show *It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman* and sung by Linda Lavin in the show. Lavin plays a secretary at the *Daily Planet* with a crush on Clark Kent and the song describes her hope to change Kent's mild-mannered, square persona ("Let me pry you from your shell... You've got possibilities... you don't even know you've got").

*It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman* was not a big hit, but "You've Got Possibilities", generally considered the show's most memorable tune, became something of a cabaret standard.

Peggy Lee recorded the song on her 1966 album *Big $pender* and released it as the B-side of the single "Come Back to Me". Joanie Sommers released "You've Got Possibilities" as the B-side of her single "Never Throw Your Dreams Away", also in 1966, while Carol Ventura released it also in 1966 as an A-side single.

Linda Lavin included the song on her 2011 album *Possibilities* (she had earlier sung it on the 1966 original cast album for *It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman*). Matt Monro's version appears on his *Here's To My Lady* (1966) and *The Best of the Capitol Years* (1990), Jason Graae released a version on *You're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile* (1996), Wendy Coates on *Journeys* (2001), and Karen Akers on *Like It Was* (2006).

Barbara McNair recorded a version for Motown Records in 1966, but it was not released until 2016, in digital format on *Motown Unreleased: 1966*. Song composer Charles Strouse himself is heard singing "You've Got Possibilities" on the album *Charles Sings Strouse* (2006), part of the Songwriter Series produced in conjunction with the Library of Congress.

"You've Got Possibilities" was used in a 2005 television advertising campaign for Pillsbury Grand biscuits.

## InfoBox

| "You've Got Possibilities" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Linda Lavin | |
| Language | English |
| Composer(s) | Charles Strouse |
| Lyricist(s) | Lee Adams |


title: Young Guard (Die Erste Wache!)

abstract: Young Guard is a musical score written for piano composed by Harry Appel. The score was first published in 1909 by Seminary Music Co. in New York, NY. The sheet music cover, designed by Frew, features a photo of a small boy with a stick in Prussian helmet standing guard. The score is dedicated to Prinz Wilhelm Von Preussen. The sheet music can be found at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library.

text:
# Young Guard (Die Erste Wache!)

**Young Guard (Die Erste Wache!)** is a musical score written for piano composed by Harry Appel. The score was first published in 1909 by Seminary Music Co. in New York, NY. The sheet music cover, designed by Frew, features a photo of a small boy with a stick in Prussian helmet standing guard. The score is dedicated to Prinz Wilhelm Von Preussen.

The sheet music can be found at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library.

## InfoBox

| "Young Guard (Die Erste Wache!)" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song | |
| Language | English and German |
| Published | 1909 |
| Songwriter(s) | Harry Appel |


title: Yoldia sapotilla

abstract: Yoldia sapotilla, or the short yoldia, is a clam in the family Yoldiidae. It can be found along the Atlantic coast of North America, ranging from Labrador to North Carolina.

text:
# Yoldia sapotilla

***Yoldia sapotilla***, or the **short yoldia**, is a clam in the family Yoldiidae. It can be found along the Atlantic coast of North America, ranging from Labrador to North Carolina.

## InfoBox

| *Yoldia sapotilla* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Nuculanida |
| Family: | Yoldiidae |
| Genus: | *Yoldia* |
| Species: | ***Y. sapotilla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Yoldia sapotilla***<br>(Gould, 1841) | |
|


title: Yoldoshboy Shahrisabziy Madrasa

abstract: The Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy Madrasa was a madrasa in Bukhara. The madrasa has not been preserved to this day. The Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy Madrasa was built by Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy during the reign of Amir Abdulahad Khan in the Bukhara Emirate in the 19th century. The scholar Abdusattor Jumanazarov studied a number of waqf documents related to this madrasa and provided information about the madrasa. For example, in the first waqf document, Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy endowed five shops in the Sozangaron passage for the construction of the madrasa on March 16, 1885. Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy also endowed nine thousand tengas to complete the construction of the madrasa. The madrasa was supposed to consist of nine cells and one classroom. If there was any surplus, one shop and one palace had to be purchased. The madrasa had the house of Mir Shamsiddin, son of Mirzo Solih, on the north, and a street on the south and east. The waqf trustee of the madrasa was the endower himself. After him, this duty was performed by the chief of Bukhara. The Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy Madrasa was one of the active educational centers in Bukhara. A number of waqf documents related to the madrasa have been preserved. Mainly, they reflect the material support of the teachers and students of the Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy Madrasa. Two students lived in each cell of the madrasa. Sadri Ziyo wrote that there were nine cells in this Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy Madrasa. The Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy Madrasa consisted of nine cells. This madrasa was built in the style of Central Asian architecture. The madrasa was made of baked brick, wood, stone and plaster.

text:
# Yoldoshboy Shahrisabziy Madrasa

The **Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy Madrasa** (Uzbek: Yoʻldoshboy Shahrisabziy madrasasi) was a madrasa in Bukhara. The madrasa has not been preserved to this day. The Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy Madrasa was built by Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy during the reign of Amir Abdulahad Khan in the Bukhara Emirate in the 19th century. The scholar Abdusattor Jumanazarov studied a number of waqf documents related to this madrasa and provided information about the madrasa. For example, in the first waqf document, Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy endowed five shops in the Sozangaron passage for the construction of the madrasa on March 16, 1885. Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy also endowed nine thousand tengas to complete the construction of the madrasa. The madrasa was supposed to consist of nine cells and one classroom. If there was any surplus, one shop and one palace had to be purchased. The madrasa had the house of Mir Shamsiddin, son of Mirzo Solih, on the north, and a street on the south and east. The waqf trustee of the madrasa was the endower himself. After him, this duty was performed by the chief of Bukhara. The Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy Madrasa was one of the active educational centers in Bukhara. A number of waqf documents related to the madrasa have been preserved. Mainly, they reflect the material support of the teachers and students of the Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy Madrasa. Two students lived in each cell of the madrasa. Sadri Ziyo wrote that there were nine cells in this Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy Madrasa. The Yoldashboy Shahrisabziy Madrasa consisted of nine cells. This madrasa was built in the style of Central Asian architecture. The madrasa was made of baked brick, wood, stone and plaster.


title: Yoshimatsu, Kagoshima

abstract: Yoshimatsu was a town located in Aira District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,818 and the density of 88.44 persons per km⁲. The total area was 54.48 km⁲. On March 22, 2005, Yoshimatsu, along with the town of Kurino, was merged to create the town of Yūsui and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

text:
# Yoshimatsu, Kagoshima

**Yoshimatsu** (吉松町, *Yoshimatsu-chō*) was a town located in Aira District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,818 and the density of 88.44 persons per km2. The total area was 54.48 km2.

On March 22, 2005, Yoshimatsu, along with the town of Kurino (also from Aira District), was merged to create the town of Yūsui and no longer exists as an independent municipality.


title: Youth leadership

abstract: Youth leadership is the practice of teens exercising authority over themselves or others. Youth leadership has been elaborated upon as a theory of youth development in which young people gain skills and knowledge necessary to lead civic engagement, education reform and community organizing activities. Countless programs around the world seek to teach young people particular skills associated with leadership, particularly those programs associate with youth voice or youth empowerment. According to the study, it should increase the capacity of both individuals and communities. Models of youth leadership focus on several aspects, including youth voice, youth empowerment and youth engagement for young people of color, low-income youth and youth of other diverse identities and abilities.

text:
# Youth leadership

**Youth leadership** is the practice of teens exercising authority over themselves or others.

Youth leadership has been elaborated upon as a theory of youth development in which young people gain skills and knowledge necessary to lead civic engagement, education reform and community organizing activities. Countless programs around the world seek to teach young people particular skills associated with leadership, particularly those programs associate with youth voice or youth empowerment. According to the study, it should increase the capacity of both individuals and communities.

Models of youth leadership focus on several aspects, including youth voice, youth empowerment and youth engagement for young people of color, low-income youth and youth of other diverse identities and abilities.

## Examples


title: Ysgol Tryfan

abstract: Ysgol Tryfan is a bilingual comprehensive school for pupils aged 11–18, situated in Bangor, Gwynedd. 496 pupils were enrolled at the school in 2023. The majority of pupils live in Bangor, with a large proportion coming from the surrounding towns and villages, including Llanfairfechan, Bethesda, Y Felinheli and Menai Bridge. The school shares the same catchment area of primary schools as Ysgol Friars. On average, around 34% of pupils from primary schools situated in Bangor transfer to Ysgol Tryfan. Welsh is the school's administrative and official language. According to the latest Estyn inspection report carried out in 2019, 64% of pupils come from Welsh-speaking homes. As of 2015, 72% of pupils aged 11–15 were fluent in Welsh. According to the Welsh Government, Ysgol Tryfan was ranked 47th out of 207 in 2019.

text:
# Ysgol Tryfan

**Ysgol Tryfan** is a bilingual (Welsh - English) comprehensive school for pupils aged 11–18, situated in Bangor, Gwynedd. 496 pupils were enrolled at the school in 2023.

The majority of pupils live in Bangor, with a large proportion coming from the surrounding towns and villages, including Llanfairfechan, Bethesda, Y Felinheli and Menai Bridge. The school shares the same catchment area of primary schools as Ysgol Friars. On average, around 34% of pupils from primary schools situated in Bangor transfer to Ysgol Tryfan.

Welsh is the school's administrative and official language. According to the latest Estyn inspection report carried out in 2019, 64% of pupils come from Welsh-speaking homes. As of 2015, 72% of pupils aged 11–15 were fluent in Welsh. According to the Welsh Government, Ysgol Tryfan was ranked 47th out of 207 in 2019.

## Notable former pupils

## InfoBox

| Ysgol Tryfan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Lôn Powys
Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2TU
Wales | |
| Coordinates | 53°13′13″N 4°08′42″W / 53.220234°N 4.144979°W / 53.220234; -4.144979 |
| Information | |
| Former name | Bangor Grammar School for Girls |
| Type | Comprehensive |
| Established | 1978 (1978) |
| Local authority | Gwynedd |
| Headteacher | Geraint Jones |
| Age | 11 to 18 |
| Enrolment | 496 (2023) |
| Language | Welsh Bilingual (Type A) |
| Standards Group (1-5) | 1 |
| Website | www.ysgoltryfan.org |


title: Youth of the Big City

abstract: Youth of the Big City is a 1929 German silent drama film directed by Rudolf Walther-Fein and starring Harry Liedtke, Ida Wüst and Maria Paudler. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Botho Hoefer and Hans Minzloff.

text:
# Youth of the Big City

***Youth of the Big City*** (German: ***Grosstadtjugend***) is a 1929 German silent drama film directed by Rudolf Walther-Fein and starring Harry Liedtke, Ida Wüst and Maria Paudler.

The film's sets were designed by the art directors Botho Hoefer and Hans Minzloff.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Grange, William. *Cultural Chronicle of the Weimar Republic*. Scarecrow Press, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Youth of the Big City | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Rudolf Walther-Fein |
| Written by | Franz Rauch |
| Starring | Harry Liedtke
Ida Wüst
Maria Paudler |
| Cinematography | Edoardo Lamberti
Guido Seeber |
| Production
company | Aafa-Film |
| Distributed by | Aafa-Film |
| Release date | * 24 May 1929 (1929-05-24) |
| Country | Germany |
| Languages | Silent
German intertitles |


title: Yrjö Pulkkinen

abstract: Yrjö Rafael Pulkkinen was a Finnish lawyer and politician, who was born in Parkano. He was a member of the National Coalition Party. He served as Minister of Finance in Lauri Ingman's second cabinet, as Minister of Trade and Industry in Antti Tulenheimo's cabinet and as a Member of Parliament.

text:
# Yrjö Pulkkinen

**Yrjö Rafael Pulkkinen** (1 April 1875 – 4 February 1945) was a Finnish lawyer and politician, who was born in Parkano. He was a member of the National Coalition Party. He served as Minister of Finance in Lauri Ingman's second cabinet (31 May 1924 – 31 March 1925), as Minister of Trade and Industry in Antti Tulenheimo's cabinet (31 March 1925 – 31 July 1925) and as a Member of Parliament (5 September 1922 – 31 July 1929).